FRUIT MANUAL y^^i^r-: ^iO^^:-^ ^:.m Digitized by the Internet Archive ^ in 2007 with funding from ^^' Microsoft Corporation [tp://www.archive.org/details/fruitmanualguideOO. Vr^i UNIVERSITY OP CALIF*- -»NIA LIBRARY i' THE IF I^ U I T IMI^^lTTJ^^L " Fruit of all kinds, in coat, Bough or smooth rind, or bearded husk or ahelL"— MiLTOW. v.^^^^^5^ THE FRUIT MANUAL: THE FEUITS AND FEUIT TEEES OF GEEAT BEITAIN. Br EGBERT HOGG, LL.D., F.L.S., Viee-Prttident, and latt Secretary, of The Royal Horticultural Society ; Editor of the *' Journal of horticulture," dtc, ±c., dte. FIFTH EDITION. JOURNAL OF HORTICULTUEE OFFICE, 171, FLEET STREET. 1884. ipfl i p tfs i»^ (^ fl Co t^t pernor; of i^t htt MR. THOMAS RIVERS, OF BAWBKIDOEWORTH, THIS FIFTH EDITION OF THE FRUIT MANUAL; NOT THAT HE REQUIRES A MEMORIAL OTHER THAN THAT WHICH HE HIMSELF HAS RAISED; BUT FOR FORTY YEARS WE WERE KNIT TOGETHER BY THE CLOSEST FRIENDSHIP, WORKING TOGETHER AND STIMULATING ONE ANOTHER IN THE STUDY OF POMOLOGY: AND NOW THAT HE HAS PASSED AWAY I THUS CHERISH IN MY MEMORY A SINCERE FRIEND AND A GOOD MAN. HE 3DIEID OOTOBER. IVth, ia7"7. Aged 80 Years. y/j PREFACE. It is twenty-four years since this work was first published, and during the first fifteen of that period it passed through three large editions. The fourth appeared nine years ago, and that has long since been out of print. I have now finished the Fifth Edition, in which will be found a great deal of new matter, enlarging the work to upwards of 150 pages more than there were in the last. The increase in size is mainly due to the introduction of additional descriptions of Fruits which are actually existing in our Gardens and Orchards, as I have been desirous of putting on record a description of all the fruits generally cultivated in the United Kingdom so far as it was in my power to do so. I could easily have increased the size of this volume if I had been so disposed by introducing fruits cultivated abroad or which are described in foreign works; but this would have answered no useful purpose, for until these have been grown in this country w^e can form no idea of what their merits or demerits might be. Much harm has already been done and much disappointment has been caused by the indiscriminate introduction and recommend- ation of foreign fruits with the merits they are reputed to possess in other soils and other climates. Fruits are so easily influenced by these two agencies that even in this country, in localities not far distant from each other, we meet with the most conflicting results. In the fertile valley of the Thames about Teddington and Twickenham every kind of hardy fruit might be expected to Vlll PREFACE. be produced in its greatest perfection ; but the reports furnished by that experienced cultivator and acute observer, Mr. R. D. Blackmore, which will be found in the descriptions of Peaches and Pears, are quite staggering, and destroy the long-cherished opinion which some of us have held respecting our favourite fruits. The new Classification of the Apple upon which I have for some years been engaged is another additional feature in this volume, and I trust that, when its principles have been mastered, it will be found of service in the identification of the different varieties. The same success that has attended my Classification of the Apple has been denied me in my attempt to do the same for the Pear. I have merely given a sketch of a system which I hope to be able some day more fully to elaborate. If one could every year, or even at short intervals of years, ensure a crop of fruit the work might soon be accomplished ; but in this uncertain climate we must be content to proceed by slow marches and wait with patience till our opportunities arise. I have consented to a request which has been frequently made to introduce descriptions of the leading kinds of Pine-apples. Since the large importations of this fruit from the West Indies and the Azores, where it is extensively grown for the supply of the European markets, the cultivation of the Pine-apple has fallen off in British gardens. Nevertheless, it is all the more needful that some convenient record should be accessible for the identification of those varieties which have been grown in the pine-stoves of our large establishments. CONTENTS PAGE Almonds 1 Classification of 1 Apples 4 Classification of xi Lists of Select 253 The Best Dessert 257 The Best Kitchen 258 The Best Cideb 259 Apricots 260 Synopsis of 260 Lists of Select 273 Berberries 273 Cherries 274 Synopsis of 274 Lists op Select 316 Chestnuts 317 Cranberries 317 Currants 318 Lists of Select 322 Figs 322 Synopsis of 322 Lists of Select 337 Gooseberries 337 Synopsis of 337 Lists of Select 365 Table for Weights of 366 Grapes 366 Synopsis op 366 Lists of Select 413 Medlars 414 Mulberries 414 Nectarines 415 Synopsis of 415 List of Select 426 Nuts and Filberts 426 Synopsis of 426 List of Select 433 X CONTENTS. PAGE Peaches .----*- 43H Synopsis op 43B List of Select 464 Pears 465 Classification of 465 Lists of Select 670 The Best ... - 673 Pine-apples 675 Synopsis of 675 Plums 680 Synopsis of 680 Lists of Select 733 The Best Desseet 733 Quinces 734 Raspbeeries 734 Synopsis of 734 List of Select 739 Strawbeeeies -- 739 List of Select 758 Walnuts 758 CLASSIFICATION OF APPLES. Many attempts have been made to devise a classification for the Apple. Diel, Sickler, Dochnahl, Lucas, and others have each produced one, but they are all modifications or altered forms the one of the other, and the characters upon which they are constructed are too inconstant and indefinite to render their work of much practical utility. As the ultimate design of classification is mainly to facilitate the identification of the numerous objects that are the subject of inquiry, if it fails in this, much of its usefulness is impaired. The systems to which I have alluded have all proved failures, and, with the exception of Diel's and Doehnahl's, I am not aware that under either of them the numerous varieties of Apples have ever been classified. In British Pomolof/y, which was published many years ago, I suggested a classification for the Apple that was intended to lead to the discovery of the names of the difl'erent varieties described in that work, but its scope was too limited, and it consequently failed in its purpose. Previous to this I had attempted to make use of Diel's arrangement, but without success, and then I resolved to search out for myself characters upon which to base a system that would accomphsh what I had in view. In 1876 my earliest views of a new system were published in The Journal of Horticulture. It appeared while I was absent from home, and was set up in so confused a manner that it called forth some well- merited criticism. I reconstructed it in what I conceived to be a better shape, and it was printed in a tUstinct form as A New Classiji cation of Ajjples. This is the basis upon which my new and amended system is founded. I find, however, that in this as in every other classification of natural objects there are the usual difiiculties to contend with. Kature refuses to be bound, and will not submit to be confined, within the narrow limits that man would assign to her. There is still the debatable ground to deal with, where there arc no definite boundaries XU THE FRUIT MANUAL. and we are met on every hand by the difficulties experienced by M. Milne-Edwards, who says, " We sometimes see the transition of one plan of structure to an entirely different scheme of organisation take place by degrees so completely shaded one into the other that it becomes very difficult to trace the line of demarcation between the groups thus connected ; " and it must always be so. No classification of natural objects has yet been constructed on perfectly fixed principles, and if we were to wait, expecting to arrive at that state of scientific accuracy, we should continue waiting. Every system now in use has been crude in its beginning. The natural system of botany, for instance, which is now almost universally in use, was evolved, and is still being evolved, out of one which "abounded in errors and imper- fections." I am not discouraged, therefore, when I meet with difficulties in applying my system. I feel assured that after it has been put into operation, and some of its imperfections have been discovered and have disappeared, it will eventually be found to answer the purpose for which it is intended ; for I am convinced that the principles upon which it is founded are sound. The structural characters on which this classification is based are — 1. The Stamens; 2. The Tube; 3. The Carpels; and 4. The Sepals. When we make a longitudinal section of an Apple through the centre of the eye to the stalk we see these various organs. At the top of the section are the calycine segments, or what is technically called the eye, and immediately below them there is a cavity called by botanists the flower-tube. Inserted in this tube is a ring of small bristle-like organs, which are the remains of the stamens, and these occupy three difi'erent positions. In some fruits they are very near the top of the tube ; in others they are lower down, and occupy a position about the middle ; whilst in others they are very near the base. The tube itself is of two forms — the conical and the funnel- shaped. Just below the tube is the core, composed generally of five cells or carpels, and these assume four difi'erent forms — round, ovate, obovate, and elliptical ; and each of these varies in its relation to the axis of the fruit, some extending close to it and forming symmetrical cells, while others are distant from it and are unsymmetrical. These being the principal characters with which we have to deal, I shall now proceed to treat of them individually. CLASSIFICATION OF APPLES. XIU 1. The Stamens. — I have already stated that these occupy three different positions in the tube, and 1 have adopted them as the primary divisions of this system, having found by experience that they are on the whole the most reliable characters where all are more or less changeable. The marjinal position is shown in Fim. 1, 2 a, 3, and 4 a ; the median in Fif/s. 5 a, G a, and 7 ; and the basal in Figs. 8 a and 9 n. 2. The Tube. — The tube is of two distinct forms — the conical and \he funnel-shaped — and these are more or less modified in shape, as will be seen on reference to the various diagrams. The outlines of the conical tube, as shown in F'^s. 1, 2, 6, and 9, proceed from the base of the sepals in a curved line downwards towards the core, forming an inverted cone. These curves are generally inwards, but occasionally they are outwards, as in Fuj. 1, which has suggested to me the forma- tion of another division under the name of urn-shaped ; but it occurs so seldom that no importance need be attached to it. The lines of the funnel-shaped tube proceed, like those of the conical, from the base of the sepals, curving outwards in the same downward direction, and then, curving inwards, form a hump or shoulder which is higher or lower than the middle of the tube ; and this has the appearance of a funnel shape, as is shown in Figs. 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8. 3. The Cay-pels. — These constitute what is popularly called the core of the apple. They are generally five, occasionally they are four, and I have seen only three, but this is very rarely met with. These carpels or seed-cells vary in shape. If one is spht down the middle its walls or membranous lining will be either rounds as represented in Fig. 2 b ; ovate, as in Fig. 6 b ; obovate, as in Fig. 9 6; or elliptical, as in Fig. 4 b. Then in relation to the axis of the fruit, they are either axile or abaxile. When the walls extend to the axis, and these characters will be best seen by making a transverse section of the fruit, the cells are symmetrical, as shown in Figs. 10 and 11, and then they are said to be axile, whether they are open, as in Fig. 11, or closed, as in Fig. 10. When they are distant from the axis, and the cells are unsymmetrical, as shown in Fig. 12, they are called abaxile. 4. The Sepals or Eye. — These are a portion of the remains of the flower, which in their original form, when accompanied by the corolla, were uniformly expanded and spreading. After the petals drop, and as the fruit develops, they gradually assume various directions, and when it is perfectly matured we find them in four distinct forms. The first of these is shown in Fig. 13, where the segments are quite reflexed, frequently so much as to fall back flat on the fruit in tha XIV THE FRUIT MANUAL. \m y Fig. 1. F g. 3. Fig. 2. Fig. 6. Fig. 4. Fig. 7. Fig. 9. 6- Fig. 6. Fix. 8. CLASSIFICATION OF APPLES. Fig. 10. Fig. 12. Fi?. 14. Fig. 11. Fig. i; ?v"-r -"-W- Fig. 16. Fig. 18. XYl THE FBUIT MANUAL. form of a star; they are then said to be divergent. In Fig. 14 we have another form, in which the segments are never reflexed, but are erect with their margins merely touching and their points divergent ; and these are erect convergent. Then there is the flat convergent position [Figs. 15 and 16), in which the segments are flat, closing the eye, but with their margins merely touching and not overlapping each other. And lastly we have the connivent form (Figs. 17 and 18), in which the segments are all close together, overlapping each other and forming a compact cone. The minor divisions require no great explanation. They classify the fruit according to form as they are round or oblate, conical or ovate, and these again are further divided according to their surface colouring. This latter character requires a little explanation. When fruit is said to be pale it signifies that it is of an uniform colour of yellow or green, notwithstanding that it may be faintly tinged on the Bun side with orange or pale red. It is said to be striped when the only additional colour to that of the ground colour consists of distinct red stripes without any ground colour of red. It is said to be coloured when the skin is wholly or partially a decided red, and this may be accompanied with stripes or with some russet. The 7'usset skin is that in which a russet coat prevails. When a russet coat has a brown or red cheek the fruit is not on that account to be classed in the coloured section. In every case I have indicated the time of year during which the fruit is in use as a further help to the identification of it. SYNOPSIS OF THE CLASSIFICATION. ANALYTICAL KEY. In all Apples the stamens are inserted either near the margin, in the middle, or at the base of the tube ; and these characteristics constitute the three primary divisions of this classification. Stamens marpnal A. Stamens median B. Stamens basal C. A. STAMENS MARGINAL. Tube conical I. Tube funnel-shaped . . . .II. I. Tube Conical. Cells round, axile. Group Calyx divergent 1 Calyx erect convergent 2 Calyx flat convergent 3 Calyx connivent 4 Cells round, abaxile. *■ Calyx divergent 5 Calyx erect convergent 6 Calyx flat convergent 7 Calyx connivent 8 Cells ovate, axile. Calyx divergent 9 Calyx erect convergent 10 Calyx flat convergent 11 Calyx connivent 12 Cells ovate, abaxile. Calyx divergent 13 Calyx erect convergent 14 Calyx flat convergent 15 Calyx connivent 16 Cells obovate, axile. Calyx divergent 17 Calyx erect convergent 18 Calyx flat convergent 19 Calyx connivent 20 Cells obovate, abaxile. Calyx divergent 21 Calyx erect convergent 22 Calyx flat convergent 23 Calyx connivent .24 b .'Ill THE FRUIT MANUAL. Cells elliptical, axile. Group Calyx divergent 25 Calyx erect convergent 26 Calyx flat convergent 27 Calyx connivent 28 Cells elliptical, abaxile. Calyx divergent 29 Calyx erect convergent 30 Calyx flat convergent 31 Calyx connivent 32 II. Tube Funnel-shaped. Cells round, axile. Calyx divergent 3$ Calyx erect convergent 34 Calyx flat convergent 35 Calyx connivent 36 Cells round, at) axile. Calyx divergent 37 Calyx erect convergent 38 Calyx flat convergent 39 Calyx connivent 40 Cells ovate, axile. Calyx divergent 41 Calyx erect convergent 42 Calyx flat convergent 43 Calyx connivent 44 Cells ovate, abaxile. Calyx divergent 45 Calyx erect convergent 46 Calyx flat convergent. iT Calyx connivent 48 Cells obovate, axile. Calyx divergent 49 Calyx erect convergent 50 Calyx flat convergent 51 Calyx connivent 52 Cells obovate, abaxile. Calyx divergent 53 Calyx erect convergent 54 Calyx flat convergent 55 Calyx connivent 56 Cells elliptical, axile. Calyx divergent 57 Calyx erect convergent 58 Calyx flat convergent 59 Calyx connivent 60 Cells elliptical, abaxile. Calyx divergent 61 Calyx erect convergent 62 Calyx flat convergent 63 Calyx connivent 64 SYNOPSIS OF THE CLASSIFICATION. XIX B. STAMENS MEDIAN. Tube conical I. Tube funnel-shaped . . . .II. I. Tube Conical. Cells round, axile. Group Calvx divergent 65 Calyx erect convergent 66 Calyx flat convergent 67 Calyx connivent 68 Cells round, abaxile. Calyx divergent 69 Calyx erect convergent 70 Calyx flat convergent 71 Calyx connivent 72 Cells ovate, axile. Calyx divergent 73 Calyx erect convergent 74 Calyx flat convergent 75 Calyx connivent 76 Cells ovate, abaxile. Calyx divergent 77 Calyx erect convergent 78 Calyx flat convergent 79 Calyx connivent 80 Cells obovate, axile. Calyx divergent 81 Calyx erect convergent 82 Calyx flat convergent 83 Calyx connivent 84 Cells obovate, abaxile. Calyx divergent 85 Calyx erect convergent 86 Calyx flat convergent 87 Calyx connivent 88 Cells elliptical, axile. Calyx divergent 89 Calyx erect convergent 90 Calyx flat convergent 91 Calyx connivent 92 Cells elliptical, abaxile. Calyx divergent 93 Calyx erect convergent 94 Calyx flat convergent 95 Calyx connivent 96 II. Tube Funnel-shaped. Cells round, axile. Calyx divergent 97 Calyx erect convergent 98 Calyx flat convergent 99 Calyx connivent 100 XX THE FKUIT MANUAL. Cells round, abaxile. Group Calyx divergent 101 Calyx erect convergent 102 Calyx flat convergent 103 Calyx connivent 104 Cells ovate, axile. Calyx divergent 105 Calyx erect convergent 106 Calyx flat convergent 107 Calyx connivent 108 Cells ovate, abaxile. Calyx divergent 109 Calyx erect convergent 110 Calyx flat convergent Ill Calyx connivent 112 Cells ob ovate, axile. Calyx divergent 113 Calyx erect convergent 114 Calyx flat convergent 115 Calyx connivent 116 Cells obovate, abaxile. Calyx divergent 117 Calyx erect convergent 118 Calyx flat convergent 119 Calyx connivent 120 Cells elliptical, axile. Calyx divergent 121 Calyx erect convergent 122 Calyx flat convergent 123 Calyx connivent 124 Cells elliptical, abaxile. Calyx divergent 125 Calyx erect convergent 126 Calyx flat convergent 127 Calyx connivent 128 C. STAMENS BASAL. Tube conical I. Tube funnel-shaped . . . .II. I. Tube Conical. Cells round, axile. Calyx divergent 129 Calyx erect convergent 130 Calyx flat convergent 131 Calyx connivent 132 Cells round, abaxile. Calyx divergent 133 Calyx erect convergent 134 Calyx flat convergent 135 Calyx connivent .136 SYNOPSIS OF THE CLASSIFICATION. XX Cells ovate, axile. Group Calyx divergent 137 Calyx erect convergent 138 Calyx flat convergent 139 Calyx connivent 140 Cells ovate, abaxlle. Calyx divergent 141 Calyx erect convergent 142 Calyx flat convergent 143 Calyx connivent 144 Cells obovate, axile. Calyx divergent 145 Calyx erect convergent 146 Calyx flat convergent 147 Calyx connivent 148 Cells obovate, abaxile. Calyx divergent 149 Calyx erect convergent 150 Calyx flat convergent 151 Calyx connivent 152 Cells elliptical, axile. Calyx divergent 153 Calyx erect convergent 154 Calyx flat convergent 155 Calyx connivent 156 Cells elliptical, abaxile. Calyx divergent 157 Calyx erect convergent 158 Calyx flat convergent 159 Calyx connivent 160 II. Tube Funnel-shaped. Cells round, axile. Calyx divergent 161 Calyx erect convergent 162 Calyx flat convergent 163 Calyx connivent 164 Cells round, abaxile. Calyx divergent 165 Calyx erect convergent 166 Calyx flat convergent 167 Calyx connivent 168 Cellsovate, axile. Calyx divergent 169 Calyx erect convergent 170 Calyx flat convergent 171 Calyx connivent 172 Cells ovate, abaxile. Calyx divergent 173 Calyx erect convergent 174 Calyx flat convergent 175 Calyx connivent 176 xxu THE FEUIT MANUAL. Cells obovate, axile. Group Calyx divergent 177 Calyx erect convergent 178 Calyx flat convergent 179 Calyx connivent 180 Cells obovate, abaxile. Calyx divergent 181 Calyx erect convergent 182 Calyx flat convergent 183 Calyx connivent 184 Cells elliptical, axile. Calyx divergent 185 Calyx erect convergent 186 Calyx flat convergent 187 Calyx connivent " . 188 Cells elliptical, abaxile. Calyx divergent 189 Calyx erect convergent 190 Calyx flat convergent 191 Calyx connivent 192 A. STAMENS MARGINAL. I. Tube Conical. Cells round, axile. (1) Calyx divergent. * Fruit round or oblate. Pale. Grosse Casseler Eeinette, Nov. — ^Jan. Striped. Haffner's Gold Eeinette, Nov. — Dec. ** Fruit conical or ovate. Pale. Beachamwell, Dec. — Mar. (2) Calyx erect convergent, * Fruit round or oblate. Pale. Leyden Pippin, Aug. Coloured. Lord Burghley, Dec. — May. Melon, Dec. Sops in Wine, Oct. Surrey Flatcap, Oct. — Jan. (3) Calyx flat convergent. None. (4) Calyx connivent. * Fruit round or oblate. Pale. Early Julyan, Aug. Coloured. Bastard Foxwlielp, Oct. — Dec. Cornish Mother, Oct. — Nov. Kerry Pippin, Sep. — Oct. Striped. Slack my Girdle, Oct. — Dec. ** Fruit conical or ovate. Coloured. Vale Mascal Pearmain, Dec- Feb. Cells round, abaxile. (5) Calyx divergent. None. (6) Calyx erect convergent. * Fruit conical or ovate. Coloured. Corn Apple, Oct. — Dec. (7) Calyx flat convergent. * Fruit round or oblate. Pale. Hawthornden, Oct. — Dec. STAMENS MARGINAL. XXlll (8) Calyx connivent. * Fruit round or oblate. Pale. New Hawthomden, Sep. — Oct. Russian Transparent, Nov. — Jan. Striped. Frogmore Prolific, Sep. — Dec. Cells ovate, axile. (9) Calyx divergent. * Fruit round or oblate. Pale. Flat Nonpareil, Oct. — Jan. Coloured, Nanny, Oct. ** Fruit conical or ovate. Striped. Royal Somerset, Nov. — Mar. (10) Calyx erect convergent. * Fruit round or oblate. Pale. Keddleston Pippin, Nov. — May. Striped. Nonesuch, Sep. — Oct. Jiusset. Martin Nonpareil, Dec. — Mar. ** Fruit conical or ovate. Coloured. Tom Putt, Nov. (11) Calyx flat convergent. * Fruit round, roundish or oblate. jRusset. St, Edmund's Pippin, Oct. Acklam Russet, Nov. — Mar. (12) Calyx connivent. * Fruit round or oblate. Pale. Early Julyan, Aug. Green Norman, Oct. — Dec. Ringer, Nov. — Feb. Striped. Ringer, Nov. — Feb. Coloured. Devonshire Quarrenden, Aug. — Sept. Busset. Royal Russet, Nov. — May. ** Fruit conical or ovate. Colimred. Handsome Norman, Oct. — Jan. Red Foxwhelp, Oct. — Nov. Cells ovate, abaxile. (13) Calyx divergent. None. (14) Calyx erect convergent. None. (15) Calyx flat convergent. None. (16) Calyx connivent. * Fruit round or oblate. Pale. Maiden's Blush, Sep. — Oct. ** Fruit conical or ovate. Pale. Dutch Codlin, Aug. — Sep. Lord Grrosvenor, Sep. — Nov. Coloured. Sheep's Nose, Oct. — Nov. Cells obovate, axile. (17) Calyx divergent. * Fruit round or oblate. Pale. Burr-Knot, Oct. — Nov. Cambusnethan Pippin, Oct. — Nov. Christie's Pippin, Dec. — Feb. Bringewood Pippin, Jan. — Mar. Reinette Blanche d'Espagne, Dec. — Apr. Ronalds's Grooseberry Pippin, Nov.— Feb. Small's Golden Pippin, Dec. — Jan. Waltham Abbey Seedling, Sep. —Dec. Coloured. Allen's Everlasting, Nov. — May. Cherry Apple, Oct. — Nov. Uellners Gold Reinette, Jan. — May. Russet. Caraway Russet, Nov. — Feb. Pitmaston Nonpareil, Dec. — Jan. Sam Young, Nov. — Feb. Screveton Golden Pippin, Dec. — Apr. ** Fruit conical or ovate. Coloured. Rosemary Russet, Dec. — Feb. Tulip, Nov. — Apr. XXIV THE FRUIT MANUAL. (18) Calyx erect convergent. * Fruit round or oblate. Pale. Whiting Pippin, Oct. — Jan. Gralloway Pippin, Nov. — Jan. Keddleston Pippin, Nov. — Mar. Coloured. De Neige, Nov. — Jan. Lord Burghley, Dec. — May. Marriage-maker, Oct. — Dec. Team's Pippin, Nov. — ^Feb. Russet. Ashmead's Kernel, Dec. — May. Sweeny Nonpareil, Jan. — ^Apr. ** Fruit conical or ovate. Coloured. Lewis's Incomparable. (19) Caljrx flat convergent. * Fruit round or oblate. Pale. Hunt's Green Newtown Pippin, Dec. — Mar. North End Pippin, Apr. — May. Coloured. Kadford Beauty, Oct. — Dec. Kymer, Oct. — Dec. ** Fruit conical or ovate. Pale. Mark Marshall. . (20) Calyx connivent. * Fruit round or oblate. Pale. Early Julyan, Aug. Ringer, Nov. — Feb. Early Nonpareil, Oct. — Dec. Striped. Dutch Mignonne, Dec. — May. Pomeroy of Hereford, Sep. — Oct. Winter Strawberry, Dec. — Mar. Coloured. Early Harvest, Aug. Hawkridge, Aug. Mr. Gladstone, Aug. Irish Peach, Aug. Kerry Pippin, Sep. — Oct. Joeby Crab, Oct. — Dec. Philip Maundy, Oct.— Dec. Api, Oct. — Apr. Cherry Norman, Oct. — Dec. Musset. Pomeroy of Hereford, Sep. — Oct. Greenwood Eusset, Nov. — Feb. New Rock Pippin, Jan. — May. ** Fruit;conical, oblong or obovate. Pale. Edmund Jupp, Sep. — Dec. Coloured. Goose Apple, Oct. — Jan. Cornish Gilliflower, Dec. — May. Ord's, Jan. Cells obovate, abaxile. (21) Calyx divergent. * Fruit round or oblate. Pale. No Core, Sep. (22) Calyx erect convergent. * Fruit round, roundish or oblate. Pale. Shoreditch White, Sep. — Nov. (23) Calyx flat convergent. * Fruit round or ovate. Pale. Hawthomden, Oct. — Dec. (24) Calyx connivent. * Fruit round or oblate. Pale. Jolly Beggar, Aug. — Oct. Huntingdon Codlin, Aug. — Sep. Grenadier, Sept. — Oct. Potts's Seedling, Sept. — Oct. Curl Tail, Oct.— Jan. Calville Blanche d'Hiver, Jan. — Apr. Coloured. Malakovna, Oct. — Dec. Annie Elizabeth, Dec. — Mar. Kentish Fillbasket, Nov. — Jan. ** Fruit conical or ovate. Pale. Springrove Codlin, Sep. — Oct. Coloured. Cornish Gilliflower, Dec. — May. Cells elliptical, axile. (25) Calyx divergent. * Fruit conical or ovate. Coloured. Lady's Finger of Hereford. Oct. — Jan. Brabant Bellefleur, Nov. — Apr. (26) Calyx erect convergent. None. (27) Calyx flat convergent. * Fruit conical or ovate. Pale. Hunthouse, Dec. — Mar. STAMENS MARGINAL. XXV Coloured. Bennet, Oct. — Dec. (28) Calyx connivent. * Fruit round or ovate. Pale. Croft Peannain, Oct. — Dec. White Norman, Oct. — Dec. Coloured. Handsome Norman, Oct. — Dec. Royal Wildinf^, Oct. — Dec. Cells elliptical, abaxile. (29) Calyx divergent. None. (30) Calyx erect convergent. None. (31) Calyx flat convergent. * Fruit conical or ovate. Pale. Melrose, Oct. — Jan. (32) Calyx connivent. * Fruit round or oblate. Pale. New Hawthornden, Sep. — Oct. Grenadier, Sep. — Oct. II. Tube Funnel-shaped. Cells round, axile. (33) Calyx divergent. * Fruit round, roundish or oblate. Pale. Frogmore Nonpareil, Oct. — Nov. Colo^ired. Lucombe's Seedling, Oct. — Feb. Iiui(i A Gros Fruit. See Large Fruited Sweet. A Noyau Tendre. See Tender -Shelled, A Petit Fruit. See Common Sweet, A Petit Fruit Douce. See Common Sweet. A Petit Fruit et Noyau Tendre. See Sultana. Common. See Common Sweet. COMMON SWEET (Common ; A Petit Fruit ; Commune ; A Petit Fruit Douce ; Douce ; Gemeine HartschaWje : Siisse Mandel ; Kleine Siisse Steinmandel). — Fruit, one inch and a quarter to one inch and three- quarteru long, one inch and a half wide, and one inch and a quarter thick. 1 2 THE FRUIT MANUAL. Skin, pale green, and covered with a thick down. Stone, very hard and thick, furrowed Hke that of a peach. Kernel, sweet, and terminated by a sharp point. It ripens in the end of August. The flowers are always produced before the leaves, and are very pale, nearly white. Commune. See Common Sweet. Damen. See Tender- Shelled. Des Dames. See Tender' Shelled. Douce. See Common Sweet. Douce a Coque Dur. See Lair/e Fruited Sweet. Douce a la Peau Molle. See Tender- Shelled. Doux a Coque Tendre. See Tende?-- Shelled. Gemeine Hartschalige. See Common Sweet. Grosse Siisse. See Large Fruited Siveet, Jordan. See Tender- Shelled. Kleine Siisse. See Common Siveet. Kleine Siisse Krachmandel. See Sultana. Ladies' Thin-shell. See Tender- Shelled. LAKGE FRUITED SWEET {Sweet ; Long Hard-shell ; A Gros Fruit; Douce d, Coque Dur ; Grosse Siisse). — Fruit, large, about two inches long, and an inch and a quarter broad, terminated at the point by a nipple, and marked on one side with a deep suture, and covered with a pretty thick down. Stalk, thick and short, placed on one side of the base, and inserted in a deep and furrowed cavity. Stone, thick and hard. Kernel, large, about an inch and a half long, sweet, and of an excellent flavour. It ripens in the beginning of October. Long Hard-shell. See Large Fruited Sweet. PEACH (Peche). — This, which is of no real value, is singular from being a hybrid between the almond and the peach, and possessing a great deal of the character of both parents. It is covered with a very thick and fleshy rind, which is charged with a bitter acid ; but in some parts of France it acquires in warm seasons considerable succulence and fla.vour ; even in the neighbourhood of Paris it attains as great perfection as the Peches de vigne. The shell is very hard and thick, as much so as that of the peach. Kernel, large, long, and pointed, yellowish-white, and with a half-sweet, half-bitter flavour. It ripens in the end of October. This is a very old variety, beinf; mentioned by Camerarius, Gesner, Matthiolas, end John and Caspar Bauhin, under the names of Amygdalo-Persicus, Persica Amygdaloides, &c., Ac. PISTACHE (Pistachia Sweet; Pistazien Mandel). — Fruit, small, less so than the Sultana, about an inch and a quarter long, terminating in ALMONDS. ' 3 a blunt point, and covered with fine down. The stone terminates in a sharp point, and is about the size and shape of a Pistachia, hence the name ; it is tender, but not so easily broken between the fingers as the Tender-Shelled. The kernel is sweet and well-flavoured. It ripens in the end of August. This, of all others, is most esteemed in Provence and the southern departments of France, particularly when it is green, as being then more relishing. Pistachia Sweet. See Pistache. Pistazien Mandel. See Pistache. Princesse. See Tender- Shelled. Prinzessia See Tender- Shelled. Soft-Shelled Sweet. See Tender- Shelled, Sultan. See Sultana. SULTANA {A Petit Fruit et Noyau Tendre ; Sultane ; Sultana Sweet ; Sultan ; Kleine Susse Krachmandel). — This is larger than the Pistache, but much smaller than the Tender- Shelled Almond, of which it is a variety, and possesses the same delicate shell. The kernel is sweet and well-flavoured. It ripens in the beginning of September. Sultana Sweet. See Sultana, Sultane. See Sultana. Sultane a Coque Tendre. See Tender- Shelled. Siisse Elrachmandel. See Tender-Shelled. Siisse Mandel. See Common Sweet. Sweet. See Large Fruited Sweet. TENDER-SHELLED (A Coque Tendre; A Noyau Tendre; Doux d Coque Tendre ; Sultan a Coque Tendre ; Des Dames ; A Coque Tendre et h Fruit Douce ; Douce d la Peau Molle ; Soft- Shell Sweet ; Ladie^ Thin-Shell ; Jordan ; Damen ; Prinzessin ; Siisse Krachmandel ; Abel- Ian : Princesse). — Fruit, above one inch and a half long, and one inch wide ; rather oval, at least more so than any of the other varieties, convex on one side, and almost straight on the other, terminated with a small point, and marked with a suture, which is higher on one side than the other. Stalk, inserted in a plain cavity. Shell, very tender, consisting of a network of large fibres, which are easily removed, because the exterior layer is more tender than the interior, so much so that it may be broken between the finger and thumb, and so porous as to be easily rubbed to dust. Kernel, large, white, sweet, and relishing. It ripens in the end of August and beginning of September. The tree attains a good size, is vigorous, and bears well ; the flowers are very small, and of a pale red colour, and are produced at the same time as the leaves. This is the Sweet or Jordan Almond of the fruit shops. It very frequently has a double kernel. 4 THE FKUIT MANUAL. BITTER ALMONDS. — Besides the common, there are several varieties of Bitter Almond, such as the Large Fruited, the Tender- Shelled, and the Amandier d'ltalie, but as they cannot be regarded as esculent fruit, and as they are not likely ever to be cultivated in British fruit gardens, even as objects of curiosity, it is foreign to the design of this work to introduce them here. APPLES. ACKLAM RUSSET {Aclemy Russet).— Fvmi, below the medium size, two inches and a quarter wide, and two inches high ; round and somewhat flattened, and bluntly angular. Skin, pale yellow tinged with green, and covered with thin grey russet, particularly on the side exposed to the sun, and sometimes it is quite covered with russet, so much so that only small spots of the ground is visible. Eye, small and closed, with flat convergent segments, set in a smooth, round, and shallow basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, short, conical. Stalk, short, inserted in a moderately deep cavity. Flesh, white with a greenish tinge, firm, crisp, juicy, and highly flavoured. Cells, ovate ; axile, slit. A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; ripe in November, and will keep under favourable circumstances till March. The tree is very hardy, and an excellent bearer. It succeeds best in a dry soil, and is well adapted for espalier training. This variety originated at the village of Acklam, in Yorkshire. Ackland Vale. See Orange Gof. Aclemy Russet. See Acklam Russet. ADAMS'S PEARMAIN (Hanging Pearmain; Norfolk Pippin).— Fruit, large, varying from two inches and a half to three inches high, and about the same in breadth at the widest part ; pearmain-shaped, very even, and regularly formed. Skin, pale yellow, tinged with green, and covered with delicate russet on the shaded side ; but deep yellow tinged with red, and delicately streaked with livelier red, on the side next the sun. Eye, small and open, with acute erect divergent seg- ments, set in a narrow, round, and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped, sometimes conical. Stalk, varying from half an inch to an inch long, obliquely inserted in a shallow cavity, and generally with a fleshy protuberance on one side of it. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, rich, and sugary, with an agreeable and plea- santly perfumed flavour. Cells, obovate ; abaxile. A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from December to February. It is a very handsome variety, and worthy of general APPLES. 5' cultivation. The tree is a free and healthy grower, i)roducing long slender shoots, by which, and its spoon-shaped ovate leaves, it is easily distinguished. It is an excellent bearer, even in a young state, particularly on the paradise or doucin stock, and succeeds well as an espalier. I have endeavoured unsuccessfully to discover the origin of this valuable apple. The name of Adams is that of a gentleman who, about the year 1826, gave scions of it to the Horticultural Society of London under the name of Norfolk Pippin, because he had received them from Norfolk. No evidence can be found of its having at any time been considered a Norfolk apple ; and it was not till I attended the first Pomological Meeting of the Woolhope Club at Hereford that I obtained a clue as to its history. I there found it exhibited in almost every collection as the Hanging Pearmain, and so widely is it grown in the county, there cannot be any doubt that it is originally a Ilerefordshire apple. It is also called Lady's Finger in the county, but as there is also a cider Lady's Finger, the synonyme should be suppressed. -^sopus Spitzenberg. See Esopus Spitzenberg. Alexander. See Emperor Alexander, ALEXANDRA {Bumjard's Seedliruj). — ^Fruit, small, roundish, of the shape of Golden Harvey, even and regular in its outline. Skin, yellowish, and covered with a thin coat of pale russet, with a blush of orange on one side. Eye, small and half open, set in a wide basin. Stalk, nearly an inch long, slender. Flesh, tender, very juicy, and very richly flavoured, with a fine aroma. This is a delicious little early apple ; ripe in the first week of September. It was raised by Messrs. Bunyard & Son, nurserymen, Maidstone, and first fruited in 1868. ALFRISTON {Lord Gwydijr's Newtoum Pippin ; Oldaker's New ; Shepherd's Pipjnn ; Shepherd's Seedling). — Fruit of the largest size, generally about three inches and a half wide, and from two and three- quarters to three inches high ; roundish and angular on the sides. Skin, greenish yellow on the shaded side, and tinged with orange next the sun, covered all over with veins, or reticulations of russet. Eye, open, with erect convergent segments, set in a deep and uneven basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, sugary, and briskly flavoured. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile. This is one of the largest and best culinary apples. It comes into use in the beginning of November and continues till April. The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, very hardy, and an abun dant bearer, but on strong soils that are not well drained it is apt to canker. This variety was raised by a person of the name of Shepherd, at Uckfield, in Sussex, and has for many years been extensively cultivated in that county, under the names of Shepherd's Seedling and Shepherd's Pippin. Some years ago a Mr., Brooker, of Alfriston, near Hailsham, sent specimens of the fruit to the London Horticultural Society, and being unknown, it was called the Alfriston, a name by which it is now generally known. By some it is erroneously called the Baltimore and Newtown Pippin. 6 THE FRUIT MANUAL. ALGARKIRK BEAUTY (Algarkirk Seedling).— Fxuii, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and an inch and three-quarters high; roundish oblate, even and symmetrical in its outline. Skin, entirely covered with brilliant crimson, which is streaked with darker crimson except a small patch on the shaded side, which is orange. Eye, small, half open, with erect convergent segments set in a shallow wide basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped, deep. Stalk, from half an inch to an inch long, slender, set in a round russety cavity. Flesh, yellowish, very tender, sweet, juicy, of good flavour, and with a pleasant perfume. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit or closed. A very beautiful apple for the dessert. It is not of the first quality, but is well worth growing for the fine appearance it has on the table. It would be a very attractive market apple. Ripe in September. ALLEN'S EVERLASTING.— Fruit, rather below medium size, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two inches high ; oblate, even and regular in its outline. Skin, greenish yellow, becoming clearer yellow as it ripens, and with a few faint streaks of red or a red cheek showing through the russet coat ; sometimes it has a bright deep crimson cheek next the sun, which extends almost all over the shaded side, where it is paler, and also marked with a good deal of rough brown russet. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Eye, large and open, set in a wide and pretty deep round basin. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, set in a wide deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, sweet, crisp, juicy, and richly flavoured, with a fine bouquet. Cells, obovate ; axile. A very useful apple either for the dessert or kitchen use. It keeps well till May. Althorp Pippin. See Marmalade Pippin. AMASSIA. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and the same high ; conical, like a small Codlin, narrowing abruptly to the eye, where it forms a sort of snout. Skin, smooth, greenish yellow on the shaded side, and washed with red, which is streaked with bright crimson next the sun. Eye, very small and closed, set in a narrow puckered basin surrounded with small knobs or ridges. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep wide funnel-shaped. Stalk, from a half to three-quarters of an inch long, set in a pretty deep cavity. Flesh, white, crisp, tender, very juicy, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, wide open, ovate oblong ; abaxile. A fine apple for kitchen use. It is excellent in a tart, and requires no sugar. It does not cook to a pulp, the pieces retain the shape into which they are cut. This is a very beautiful and ornamental apple. On some soils, when the fruit is much exposed to the sun, it is bright crimson all over, marked with broken streaks on a bright yellow ground. It is the apple most generally grown in Asia Minor, on the shores of the Mediterranean. APPLES. 7 American Fall Pippin. See Fall Pippin, AMERICAN GOLDEN RUSSET.— Fruit, about the size of Golden Harvey. In form it is roundish ovate, even and regular in its outline. Skin, yellow when ripe, and covered with patches of pale brown, or rather ashen grey russet. Eye, closed, set in a narrow and shallow basin. Stalk, an inch long and slender. Flesh, yellowish, very tender and fine grained, juicy, rich, and with an aromatic flavour. This is a very valuable dessert apple, and is in use from October to January. The origin of this variety is unknown, but it has long existed in America, being mentioned by Coxe in 1817. AMERICAN MOTHER {Mother Ajiple ; Queen Anne ; Gardener's Aj)ple). — Fniit, medium size, two inches and three-quarters wide, and the same in height ; conical, even, and slightly undulating on its sur- face, and generally longer on one side of the axis than the other. Skin, golden yellow, covered with mottles and streaks of crimson on the side next the sun, and strewed with russet dots. Eye, small, closed and tapering, set in a narrow basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical, inclining to funnel-shape. Stalk, half an inch long, very slender, inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, remark- ably tender, crisp, and breaking, very juicy, sweet, and with a balsamic aroma. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile, wide and Codlin-like. One of the finest dessert apples in October. In shape it resembles Adams's Pearmain. This is an American apple, and one of the few that ripen well in this country. I may here state that the indiscriminate introduction and recommendation of American fruits have led to grievous disappointment, and growers cannot exercise too much caution in the reception of advice on this subject. I have distinguished this as the " American " Mother Apple, as there are other varieties in this country known as the Mother Apple. It originated at Bolton, Massachusetts. American Newtown Pippin. See Newtown Pippin, American Plate. See Golden Pipjnn, AMERICAN SUMMER PEARMAIN {Early Summer Pearmain). — ^Fruit, medium sized, obloug, regularly and handsomely shaped. Skin, yellow, covered with patches and streaks of hght red, on the shaded side, and streaked with fine bright red, interspersed with markings of yellow, on the side next the sun. Eye, set in a wide and deep basin. Stalk, slender, inserted in a round and deep cavity. Flesh, yellow, very tender, rich, and pleasantly flavoured. An excellent early apple, either for dessert or kitchen use. It is ripe in the end of August, and will keep till the end of September. The tree is a healthy grower, a prolific bearer, and succeeds well on hght soils. AMPHLETT'S FAVOURITE.— Fniit, two inches and a half wide, 8 THE FRUIT MANUAL. and two inches high ; roundish oblate, prominently ribbed on the sides, and with five prominent ridges round the crown. Skin, bright red on the side next the sun, and striped with darker red, but where shaded it is yellow with a greenish tinge ; over the base it is covered with thin pale grey russet. Eye, with long, pointed, somewhat divergent segments, set in a deep angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, and very slender, inserted its whole length in the cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, juicy, and of good flavour. Cells, round; axile, open. A culinary apple of Herefordshire in use during the autumn and up to Christmas. Anglesea Pippin. See Red Astrachan. ANNAT SCAKLET. — Fruit, two inches wide, and an inch and a. half high ; roundish oblate, even and regular in its outline, and bear- ing a close resemblance to Devonshire Quarrendon, both in shape and colour. The flesh is also stained with red, but it is inferior in flavour to Devonshire Quarrendon. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Cells, closed, round. It was raised by Mr. A. Gorrie, at Annat, Perthshire. ANNIE ELIZABETH.— Fruit, large, round, widest at the base, prominently ribbed or angular. Skin, pale yellow on the shaded side,, streaked and spotted on the side next the sun with bright crimson. Eye, with connivent segments, deeply set in an irregular angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, deep conical. Stalk, short, deeply set, frequently with a swelling on one side of it. Flesh, white, and of firm, yet crisp and tender texture, with a fine, brisk, sprightly flavour. Cells, obovate ; abaxile. An excellent late kitchen or dessert apple. A seedling raised by Messrs. Harrison & Sons, of Leicester. Keceived a First Class Certificate from the Royal Horticultural Society, 1868. API (Lady Apple ; Api Rouge ; Pomme d'Api ; Petit Api Rouge ; Api Petit). — Fruit, small, oblate. Skin, thick, smooth, and shining, yellowish green in the shade, changing to pale yellow as it attains maturity, and deep glossy red, approaching to crimson, on the side next the sun. Eye, small, set in a rather deep and plaited basin. Stalk, short, and deeply inserted. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical- Flesh, white, crisp, tender, sweet, very juicy, and slightly perfumed. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit. A beautiful little dessert apple in use from October to April. It should be eaten with the skin on, as it is there that the perfume is. contained. The skin is very sensitive of shade, and any device may be formed upon it, by causing pieces of papers, in the form of the design required, to adhere on the side exposed to the sun, before it has- attained its deep red colour. The tree is of a pyramidal habit of growth, healthy, and an abundant APPLES. 9 bearer. It succeeds well in almost any situation, provided the soil is rich, loamy, and not too light or dry ; and may be grown with equal success either on the doucin or crab stock. When worked on the French paradise it is well adapted for pot culture. The fruit is firmly attached to the spurs and forcibly resists the effects of high winds. It has been asserted that this apple was brought from Peloponessus to Rome by Appius Claudius. Whether this be true or not, there can be no doubt it is of great antiquity, as all the oldest authors regard it as the production of an age prior to their own. Dalechamp and Harduin are of opinion that it is the Tetisia of Pliny ; but J. Baptista Porta considers it to be the Appiana of that author, who thus describes it, "Odor est his cotoneorum magnitudo quee Claudianis, color rubens."* From this description it is evident that two varieties are referred to, the Appiana and Claudiana. Such being the case, J. Baptista Porta says, *' duo sunt apud nos mala, magnitudine, et colore paria, et preciosa, quorum unum odorem servat cotoneorum, alterum minimd. Quod odore caret, vulgo dictum Melo rosa. Id roseo colore perfusum est, mira teneritudine et sapore, rainime fugax, pomum magnitudine media, ut facile cum ceteris de principatu certet, nee indignum Claudii nomine. Hoc Claudianum dicerem."t This Melo Rosa may possibly be the Pomme Rose or Gros Api ; and if so, we may infer that the Api is the Appiana, and the Gros Api the Claudiana of Pliny, This, however, may be mere conjecture, but as the authority referred to was a native of Naples, and may be supposed to know something of the traditionary associations of the Roman fruits, I have deemed it advisable to record his opinion on the subject. According to Merlet, the Api was first discovertd as a wilding m the Forest of Api, in Brittany. Although mentioned by most of the early continental writers, the Api does not appear to have been known in this country till towards the end of the 17th century. It is first mentioned by Worlidge, who calls it "Pomme Appease, a curious apple, lately propagated ; the fruit is small and pleasant, which the Madams of France carry in their pockets, by reason they yield no unpleasant scent." Lister, in his ''Journey to Paris, 1698," speaking of this as being one of the apples served up in the dessert, says, " Al.»o the Pome d'Apis, which is served here more for show than for use ; being a small flat apple, very beautiful, and very red on one side, and pale or white on the other, and may serve the ladies at their toilets as a pattern to paint by." De Quintinye calls it '* Une Pomme des Damoiselles et de bonne compagnie." Under the name of Lady Apple, large quantities of the Api are annually imported to this country from the United States, where it is grown extensively and profitably, as it always commands the highest price of any other fancy apple in the market. In the winter months they may be seen encircled with various coloured tissue papers, adorning the windows of the fruiterers in Covent Garden Market. There are other varieties mentioned by J. Baptista Porta as belonging to the Api family ; one which ripened in August, in size like the Claudiana already men- tioned, and commonly called Melo Appio Bosso, because it retained the scent of the Api ; this is probably the Rother Sommer-api of Diel. There is another, of which he says, " Assererem tuto esse Melapium Plinii," and which was held in such estimation as to give rise to the proverb — " Omme malum malum praeter appium malum.** API ETOILLE {Pomme EtoilUe ; Sternapfel). — This is a variety of the Api, from which it is distinguished by being very much flattened, and furnished with five very prominent angles on the sides, which give it the appearance of a star, hence its name. Skin, of a deep yellow on • Plinii Hist. Nat. Lib. xt., cap. 14. t Villa, p. 278. 10 THE FRUIT MANUAL. the shaded side, and reddish orange next the sun. It is a well-flavoured apple, but only of second-rate quality ; and ripens about the middle or end of September. The variety received under this name by the London Horticultural Society must have been incorrect, as in the last edition of their catalogue it is made synonymous with Api Petit. API GROS {Pomme Rose; Fomme d'Api Gros ; Fasse-rose). — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two inches high ; oblate. Skin, pale green, changing as it ripens to pale 3^ellow on the shaded side, and pale red, mottled with green, where exposed to the sun. Eye, small and closed, set in a shallow and plaited basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a wide, rather deep, and russety cavity. Flesh, greenish, tender, crisp, very juicy, and briskly flavoured. Suitable either for the dessert, or for culinary purposes ; it is inferior to the Api and not a first-rate apple. In use from December to March. The tree has much similarity to the Api in its growth, and is a good bearer. This is a variety of Api, and closely resembles it in all its parts, except that it is much larger. "La Pomme Kose resemble extremement partout son exterieur a la Pomme d*Apis, mais a mon godt elle ne la vaut pas quoy que puissent dire les curieux du Rhone, qui la veulent autant elever aussi au dessus des autres, qu'ils elevent la Poire Chat au dessus des autres Poires." — De Quintinye. API NOIR. — Fruit, small, but a little larger and somewhat flatter than the Api, to which it bears a close resemblance. Skin, tender, smooth, and shining as if varnished, and almost entirely covered, where exposed to the sun, with very dark crimson, almost approaching to black, like the Pomme Violette, but becoming paler towards the shaded side, where there is generally a patch of light j^ellow ; it is strewed with fawn-coloured dots, and some markings of russet. Eye, very small, set in a pretty deep and plaited basin. Stalk, slender, about three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a rather deep, wide, and funnel-shaped cavity, which is slightly marked with russet. Flesh, pure white, firm and juicy, tinged with red under the skin, and with a pleasant, vinous, and slightly perfumed flavour. A dessert apple, inferior to the Api, and cultivated merely for curiosity. It is in use from November to April, but is very apt to become mealy. The habit of the tree is similar to that of the Api, but it is rather a larger grower. Api Petit. See Api. Api Rouge. See Api. Aporta. See Emperor Alexander. Arbroath Pippin. See Oslin. Arley. See Wyken Pij>pin. APPIJ2S. 11 AROMATIC RUSSET.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and about two inches and a quarter high ; roundish ovate, and flattened at both ends. Skin, greenish yellow, almost entirely covered with brownish grey russet, strewed with brownish scales on the shaded side, and slightly tinged with brownish red, strewed with silvery scales on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, small and open, with broad recurved segments, and set in a rather shallow basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a deep and round cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, firm, crisp, brisk, sugary, and richly aromatic. A very richly flavoured dessert apple of the first quality, in use from December to February. The tree is very hardy, and an abundant bearer. The Golden Russet is often confounded with this, but the former is covered with cinnainun-coloored russet and has often a bright red cheek next the sun as if varnished. ASHMEAD'S KERNEL.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a half to two and three-quarters wide, and two and a quarter to two and a half high, round and flattened, but sometimes considerably elongated. Skin, light greenish yellow, covered with yellowish brown russet, and a tinge of brownish orange next the sun. Eye, small and partially open, placed in a moderately deep round and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, inserted in a round and deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, sugary, rich, and highly aromatic. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit. A dessert apple of the very first quality, possessing all the richness of the Nonpareil, but with a more sugary juice. It comes into use in November, and is in greatest perfection from Christmas till May. The tree is very hardy, an excellent bearer, and will succeed in situations unfavourable to the Nonpareil, to which its leaves and shoots bear such a similarity as to justify Mr. Lindley in believing it to be a seedling from that variety. I have seen an apple called Improved Ashmead's Kernel^ which is no improvement at all. It is much like the old one, and has more orange next the sun. This delightful apple was raised at Gloucester, about the beginning of last century, by Dr. Ashmead, an eminent physician of that city. The original tree existed within the first quarter of the present century, in what had originally been Dr. Ashmead's garden, but was destroyed in consequence of the ground being required for building. It stood on the spot now occupied by Clarence Street. It is difficult to ascertain the exact period when it was raised ; but the late Mr. Hignell, an orchardist at Tewkesbury, in Gloucestershire, informed me in 1840 that the first time he ever saw the fruit of Ashmead's Kernel was from a tree in the nursery of Mr. Wheeler, of Gloucester, in the year 1796, and that the tree in question had been worked from the original, and was at that time upwards of thirty years old. From this it may be inferred that the original tree had attained some celebrity by the middle of last century. Ashmead's Kernel has long been a favourite apple in all the gardens of West Gloucestershire, but it does not seem to have been known in other parts of the country. Like the Ribston Pippin it appears to have remained long in obscurity, before its value was generally appreciated ; it 12 THE FRUIT MANUAL. is not even mentioned in the catalogue of the extensive collection which was cul- tivated by Miller and Sweet, of Bristol, in 1790. I find it was cultivated in the Brompton Park Nursery in 1780, at which time it was received from Mr. Wheeler, nurseryman, of Gloucester, who was author of " The Botanist's and Gardener's Dictionary," published in 1763, and great-grandfather of the present proprietor of the nursery. Astrachan. See White Astrachan. AUGUSTUS PEARMAIN.— Fruit, below medium size ; pearmain- shaped, regular and handsome. Skin, thick and membranous, yellow in the shade, and marked with a few broken stripes of red ; but red, streaked all over with deeper red, on the side next the sun ; it is dotted with grey dots, and sometimes marked with patches of grey- coloured russet, which is strewed with scales of a darker colour. Eye, small and closed, with long segments, set in a narrow and even basin. Stalk, very short, not protruding beyond the base, and having the appearance of a knob obliquely attached. Flesh, tender, juicy, brisk, and vinous, with a pleasant aromatic flavour. A dessert apple, generally of only second-rate quality ; but in some seasons it is of a rich flavour and of first-rate quality. It is in use from November to Christmas. Aurore. See Golden Reinette. Autumn Calville. See Calville Rouge d'Automne. Autumn Bed Calville. See Calville Rouge d' Automne, Autumn Pearmain. See Summer Pearmain, BACHELOR'S GLORY. — Fruit large, three inches wide, and two and three-quarters high ; roundish and irregularly ribbed, generally higher on one side of the eye than on the other. Skin, smooth and shining, striped with deep golden yellow, and crimson stripes. Eye, closed, with broad flat segments, and set in a plaited, irregular, and angular basin. Stalk, about half an inch long, deeply inserted in a funnel-shaped cavity, which is lined with rough scaly russet. Flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, and pleasantly flavoured. A second-rate fruit, suitable either for the dessert or culinary pur- poses ; in use from October to November. This is a variety grown in the neighbourhood of Lancaster, where it is much esteemed, but in the southern districts, where the more choice varieties can be brought to perfection, it can only rank as a second -rate Iruit. Bache's Kernel. See Best Bache. Baddow Pippin. See D'Arcy Spice. BALCHIN'S PEARMAIN. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and three-quarters wide, and the same high. Roundish in shape, but narrowing a little towards the apex, one side of which is higher than the other. Skin, smooth and lemon yellow, with a few scattered broken streaks of pale crimson on the shaded side, and a light crimson APPLES. IB cheek marked with broken stripes of darker crimson on the side exposed to the sun ; the whole surface is strewed very thinly with small brown dots. Eye, small and open, with erect pointed segments, and set in a deep and wide basin. Stalk, short and slender, the cavity of which is very shallow and straight, not unlike that of Kerry Pippin. Flesh, white, firm, crisp, very juicy, sugary, and well-flavoured. An excellent apple, either for the dessert or kitchen purposes, the great recommendation of which is that it keeps in sound condition till May. So highly was it appreciated by the Fruit Committee of the Hoyal Horticultural Society that it was awarded a first-class certificate in 1867. This was raised by Mr. Balchin, Master of the Union, Dorking. BALDWIN (Red Baldwin; Butters; Woodpecker). — Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and about three inches high ; ovato- conical. Skin, smooth, yellow on the shaded side, and on the side next the sun deep orange, covered with stripes of bright red, which sometimes extend over the whole surface to the shaded side, and marked with large russety dots. Eye, closed, set in a deep, narrow, and plaited basin. Stalk, about an inch long, slender, and inserted in a deep cavity, from which issue ramifying patches of russet. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, and pleasantly acid, with a rich and agreeable flavour. A culinary apple, in season from November to March. The tree is vigorous, and an abundant bearer ; but, like the generality of the American sorts, it does not attain the size or flavour in this country which it does in its native soil. This is considered one of the finest apples in the Northern States of America, and is extensively grown in Massachusetts, for the supply of the Boston market. Balgone Pippin. See Golden Pippin. Baltimore. See Gloria Mundi. BANK APPLE. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-quar- ters wide, and about two inches and a half high ; roundish-ovate, regularly and handsomely formed. Skin, greenish yellow, with a blush and faint streaks of red next the sun, dotted all over with minute dots, and marked with several large spots of rough russet ; the base is covered with a coating of russet, strewed with silvery scales. Eye, large and open, set in a shallow and plaited basin. Stalk, half an inch long, obliquely inserted by the side of a fleshy prominence. Flesh, firm, crisp, brisk, juicy, and pleasantly acid, resembUng the Winter Greening in flavour. It is an excellent culinary apple, in use from November to February ; but as it has nothing to recommend it, in preference to other varieties already in cultivation, it need only be grown in large colietitions. The original tree was produced from a pip, accidentally sown in the home 14 THE FRUIT MANUAL. nursery of Messrs. Konalds, of Brentford, and from growing on a bank by the side of a ditch, it was called the Bank Apple. BARCELONA PEARMAIN (.Speckled Golden Beinette ; Speckled Pearmain ; Polinla Pearmam). — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a half wide, and the same high ; ovate. Skin, clear pale yellow, mottled with red in the shade, but dark red next the sun, the whole covered with numerous star-like russety specks, those on the shaded side being brownish, and those next the sun yellow. Eye, small and open, with erect acuminate segments, and set in a round, even, and pretty deep basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, about an inch long, slender, inserted in a rather shallow cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp, very juicy, and with a rich, vinous, and highly aromatic flavour. Cells, roundish oblate ; axile, One of the best dessert apples, and equally valuable for culinary purposes. It comes to perfection about the end of November, and continues in use till March. The tree is a free grower, but does not attain the largest size. It is very hardy, an abundant bearer, and succeeds well either as a standard or an espalier. In the third edition of the Horticultural Society's Catalogue, this is said to be the same as Reinette Rouge. I do not think that it is the Reinette Rouge of the French, which Duhamel describes as being white, or clear yellow in the shade, having often prominent ribs round the eye, which extend down the sides, so as to render the shape angular ; a character at variance with that of the Barcelona Pearmain. But I have no doubt of its being the Reinette Rousse of the same author, which is described at page 302, vol. i., as a variety of Reinette Franche, and which he says is of an elongated shape, skin marked with a great number of russety spots, the most part of which are of a longish figure, so much so, when it is ripe, it appears as if variegated with yellow and red ; a character in every way applicable to the Barcelona Pearmain. BARCHARD'S SEEDLING. —Fruit, below medium size ; roundish ovate, with broad obtuse angles on the sides, terminating in knobs round the crown. Skin, clear greenish yellow on the shaded side, and lemon yellow, striped and suffused with bright crimson, on the side next the sun and all the exposed parts. Eye, wide open, set in a rather deep plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch to an inch long, slender, deeply set. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp, sweet, and with a fine brisk sub-acid flavour, like that of Manks Codlin. Cells, round or obovate ; axile, sht. An excellent culinary or dessert apple ; ripe in October. The tree is a constant bearer. It is now much grown in some of the market gardens about London, its fine colour making it attractive in the markets. In shape and in colour it has a resemblance to the Nonesuch. This was raised by Mr. Higgs, gardener to R. Barchard, Esq., Putney Heath, Surrey, and was brought into notice by being exhibited by Mr. Alexander Dancer, of Fulham, at a meeting of the British Pomological Society, in 1856. APPLES. 15 BARON "WARD. — Fruit, small, two and a quarter inches wide, and two inches high ; roundish ovate. Skin, smooth and shining, of a fine uniform deep yellow colour, marked with broken streaks of pale red Dext the sun. Eye, slightly open, and not much depressed, set in a shallow plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, very short. Flesh, tender, crisp, juicy, and agreeably acid. Cells, elliptical ; axile. This is an excellent apple for culinary purposes, but its small size is a great objection to it. It is in use from January till May. This was raised, from Dumelow's Seedling, in 1850, by Mr. Samuel Bradley, at Elton Manor, Nottingham, and first exhibited at the British Pomological Society, May 5th, 1859. BARTON'S INCOMPARABLE.— Fruit, below medium size; in shape somewhat like a Golden Pippin, ovate or conical, with obtuse ribs on the sides, which terminate in ridges round the eye. Skin, yellowish green, covered with patches of pale brown russet, thickly strewed with large russety freckles, like the Barcelona Pearmain, and tinged with orange next the sun. Eye, small, open, with erect seg- ments, which are reflexed at the tips, set in a narrow and angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, nearly three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a narrow and round cavity. Flesh, yel- lowish white, tender, crisp, brittle, very juicy, and when eaten is quite a mouthful of lively, vinous juice. Cells, roundish ovate ; axile, open. A dessert apple of the highest excellence ; in use from October to February. The tree is a good and healthy grower, attains a considerable size, and is an excellent bearer. This variety seems to be but little known, and, considering its excellence, too rarely cultivated. I am not aware that it exists in any of the nurseries, or that it was at any period extensively propagated. The only place where I ever met with it was in the private garden of the late Mr. Lee, of Hammersmith, whence I pro- cured grafts from a tree in the last stage of decay. BASCOMBE MYSTERY.— Fruit, two inches and a half wide, and two inches high ; roundish oblate, obscurely ribbed on the sides, and with ridges round the eye. Skin, of an uniform grass green colour, changing to greenish yellow as it ripens. Eye, closed, with erect segments, which are pointed and reflexed at the tips, and set in a narrow, shallow, and ribbed basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, conical. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, set in a wide and deep cavity. Flesh, tender, crisp, juicy, sweet, and with a delicate perfume. Cells, round ; axile, closed. An excellent dessert apple, with tender flesh ; ripe in November and December. BASTARD FOXWHELP.— Fruit, small, an inch and three-quarters wide, and an inch and a half high ; oblate, sometimes inclining to roimdish, even and regularly formed. Skin, smooth, and shining as 16 THE FEUIT MANUAL. if varnished, entirely covered with bright crimson, and striped with darker crimson on the side exposed to the sun ; but on the shaded side it is greenish yellow striped with crimson ; the stalk cavity only is lined with russet. Eye, very small, and closed with short connivent segments. Stamens, marginal; tube, conical. Stalk, very long and slender at its insertion and throughout its length, except at the end ; inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, stained with red ; firm, and unusually acid. Cells, round ; axile, slit. A Herefordshire cider apple. BAUMANN'S REINETTE.— Fruit, two inches and a quarter wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; oblate, with blunt angles on the sides, which extend to the crown, and form ridges round the eye. Skin, smooth, bright yellow, tinged with bright red on the shaded side, and a briUiant red cheek on the side next the sun, with a large stellate patch of russet over the base, the whole surface strewed with imbedded pearly specks. Eye, small and closed, with erect pointed segments, and set in a narrow, rather deep, and ribbed basin. Stamens, marginal; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, inserted in a deep narrow cavity. Flesh, white, crisp, juicy, and with a pleasant aroma. Cells, oblate ; axile, open. A good but not high-class dessert apple. It is, however, very beautiful, and in the eye and round the crown resembles Pomme de Neige. It is ripe in the end of November, and keeps till March. It was raised by MM, Baumann, of Bolwyller, in Alsace. BAXTER'S PEARMAIN.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and the same high ; roundish ovate or conical, ^nd slightly angular. Skin, pale green, but tinged with red, and marked with a few indistinct streaks of darker red on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, open, with long spreading segments, and placed in a moderately deep basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and thick, not deeply inserted. Flesh, yellowish, firm, brisk, and sugary, and with an abundance of pleasantly acid juice. Cells, obovate ; axile. An excellent apple, suitable either for culinary purposes or the des- sert ; in use from November to March. The tree is hardy, vigorous, a most abundant bearer, and even in seasons when other varieties fail this is almost safe to ensure a plen- tiful crop. It is extensively cultivated in Norfolk, and deserves to be more generally known in other districts of the country. Bay. See Brap (TOr. Bayfordbury Pippin. See Golden Pippin. BEACHAMWELL {Motteux's Seedling). — Fruit, small, about two inches wide, and the same in height ; ovate or conical, handsomely and regularly formed. Skin, greenish yellow, covered with patches and dots of russet, particularly round the eye. Eye, small and open, set APPLES. 17 in a sliallow, narrow, and even basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, about half an inch to three-quarters long, almost imbedded in a round cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, crisp, and very juicy, with a rich, brisk, and sugary flavour. Cells, oblate ; axile. A rich and deUciously flavoured dessert apple, of the highest excel- lence ; in use from December to March. The tree is perfectly hardy, a healthy and vigorous grower, but does not attain a large size ; it is an excellent bearer. This variety was raised by John Motteux, Esq., of Beachamwell, in Norfolk, where, according to Mr. George Lindley, the original tree still existed in 1831. It is not very generally cultivated, but ought to form one even in the smallest collection. BEAUTY OF KENT.— Fruit, large ; roundish ovate, broad and flattened at the base, and narrowing towards the apex, where it is terminated by several prominent ridges. Skin, deep yellow slightly tinged with green, and marked with faint patches of red on the shaded eide ; but entirely covered with deep red, except where there are a few patches of deep yellow, on the side next the sun. Eye, small and closed, with short erect segments, and set in a narrow and angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, deep, conical. Stalk, short, inserted in a wide and deep cavity, which, with the base, is entirel}'' covered with brown russet. Flesh, yellowish, tender, and juicy, with a plea- sant sub-acid flavour. Cells, roundish obovate ; abaxile. A valuable and now well-known culinary apple ; in use from October to February. When well-grown, the Beauty of Kent is perhaps the most magnificent apple in cultivation. Its great size, the beauty of its colouring, the tenderness of the flesh, and a profusion of sub-acid juice, constitute it one of our most popular winter apples for culinary purposes, nnd one of the most desirable and useful, either for a small garden, or for more extended cultivation. The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, attains a large size, and is a good bearer ; but I have always found it subject to canker when grown on the paradise stock, and in soils which are moist and heavy. I have not been able to ascertain the time when, or the place where, this variety originated. It is first noticed by Forsvth in his Treatise on Fruit Trees, but is not mentioned in any of the nurserymen's catalogues, either of the last or the early part of the present century. It was introduced to the Brompton I'ark Nursery about the year 1820, and is now as extensively cultivated as most other leading varieties. In America, Downing says, " the fruit in this climate is one of the most magnificent of all a])ples, frequently measuring sixteen or eighteen inches in circumfert-nce." Tliis has a good deal of resemblance to the liambour Franc of the French pomologisis. BEAUTY OF WALTHAM.— Fruit, medium sized, of a slight Pearmain shape, flattened at both ends ; large, being somewhat angular. Skin, greenish yellow, streaked and flushed with crimson on the side next the sun. Eye, large, open, deeply set. Stalk, 2 18 THE FRUIT MANUAL. very long and slender, deeply set in a very regularly formed cavity. Flesh, soft, yellowish, sweet, and pleasant, but somewhat wanting in juiciness. A very pretty apple for dessert use in September and October. This was raised by Mr. William Paul, of Waltham Cross, and exhibited by him. at the Royal Horticultural Society in 1868. BEDFORDSHIRE FOUNDLING {Cambridge Pippin).— Frmir large, three inches and a quarter wide, and three inches and a half high ; roundish ovate, inclining to oblong, with irregular and pro- minent angles on the side, which extend to the apex, and form ridges round the eye. Skin, dark green at first, and changing as it attain* maturity to pale greenish yellow on the shaded side ; but tinged with orange on the side next the sun, and strewed with a few fawn-coloured dots. Eye, open, set in a deep, narrow, and angular basin. Stamens^ basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh,, yellowish, tender, pleasantly sub-acid, and with a somewhat sugary flavour. Cells, obovate ; abaxile. An excellent culinary apple of first-rate quality ; in use from Novem- ber to March. BEDFORDSHIRE TWIN.— This is a true twin fruit, being twa apples on one stalk, and so closely united at the base and on one sid& as to form one apple with two perfectly distinct eyes. The section is three inches and a quarter long, by two inches and an eighth deep.. Skin, yellow, strewed with russet dots, and streaked with red. Eye^ with erect half open segments set in a deep depression. Stamens, mar- ginal ; tube, short, conical. Stalk, very short, and quite imbedded in the cavity. Flesh, firm, pleasantly sub-acid, and with a good though not a rich flavour. Cells, axile, closed. A very firm, solid, long-keeping apple, continuing in use till April. This curious apple was sent me in 1877 by Mr. G. B. Clarke, a chemist and druggist, of Woburn, Bedfordshire. It is totally distinct from the Cluster Golden Pippin, which frequently produces the fruit in pairs, for almost invariably the Bed- fordshire Twin is in this condition. Mr. Clarke informed me that he found this ir* the garden of Mr. Bowler, a butcher at Husboriie Crawley, near Woburn, who' about twenty years previously obtained the grafts from the orchard of a Mr. George,, who lived at Bythorne, near Huntingdon. The twin fruits vary considerably in the degree of the twin development. Ii> some there is the mere suspicion of a swelling surmounted with a small " eye" ; others have a small twin the size of a hazel nut attached to one four times its size^ while the perfect apple is in pairs of equal size. BELLE BONNE (Winte?- Belle Bonne; Bellijhand ; Uolland). — Fruit, above medium size, from two and a half to three inches wide,, and two and three-quarters to three and a quarter high ; conical, even and regular in its outline ; narrow at the crown. Skin, thick, smooth, with only a few traces and thin patches of russet network here and there, pale greenish yellow, and marked with a few reddish, streaks on the side next the sun, and sometimes it has a brownish APPLES. 19 tingo on the exposed side near the stalk, which, when the fruit is ripe, becomes lively red. Eye, small and closed, with flat segments set in a narrow, plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, and sometimes obliquely inserted under a fleshy lip. Flesh, white, firm, juicy, crisp, and well flavoured. Cells, roundish ovate ; axile. A valuable culinary apple ; in use from October to January. The tree is very hardy, a strong, vigorous, and healthy grower, and a good bearer. This is a very old English variety. It was known to Parkinson so early as 1629, and also to Worlidge and Bay. Bat it is not noticed by any subsequent author, nor in any of the nursery catalogues of the last century, until discovered by George Lindlcy, growing in a garden at Gatton, near Norwich, and published by him in the Transactions of the London Horticultural Society, vol. iv., p. 58. He seems to be uncertain whether it is the Summer or Winter Belle Bonne of these early authors, but Worlidge's description leaves no doubt as to its identity. He says, " The Summer Belle et Bonne is a good bearer, but the fruit is not long lasting. The Winter Belle and Bon is much to be preferred to the Summer in every respect." I have no doubt, therefore, that the latter is the Belle Bonue of Lindley. Parkinson says " they are both fair fruit to look on, being yellow, and of a meane (medium) bignesse." BELLEDGE PIPPIN. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a half wide, and two inches high ; roundish, narrowing a little towards the apex, regularly and handsomely formed. Skin, pale green, changing to yellow as it ripens, with a tinge of brown where exposed to the sun, and strewed with grey russety dots. Eye, small, partially closed with short segments, and placed in a round, narrow, and rather shallow basin. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a round and deep cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, tender, soft, brisk, sugary, and aromatic. An excellent, but not first-rate, apple ; suitable either for the dessert or culinary purposes. It is in use from November to March. Belle Dubois. See Gloria Mundi. BELLE GRIDELINE. — Fruit, medium sized ; round and regularly formed. Skin, clear yellow, marbled and washed with clear red, and intermixed with thin grey russet next the sun. Eye, set in a deep, round basin. Stalk, slender, deeply inserted in a round cavity. Flesh, white, firm, crisp, and briskly flavoured. An excellent dessert apple ; in season from December to March. The tree is healthy and vigorous, of the middle size, and an excellent bearer. This beautiful variety was first brought into notice by Mr. George Lindley, who found it growing in a small garden near Surrey Street Gates, Norwich, where it had originated about the year 1770. Mr. Lindley first propagated it in 1793, and the original tree died about seven years afterwards. Bell's Scarlet. See Scarlet Pearmain, BENNET APPLE. — Fruit, rather small, conical, irregularly shaped, broad at the base, and narrow at the apex, but sometimes broader at the middle than either of the extremities, with distinctly five angles. 20 THE FRUIT MANUAL. which terminate at the eye. Skin, yellow, dingy-coloured russety grey in the shade, and on the sunny side deep clear red, with numerous streaks and patches of orange colour and muddy red. Eye, small and nearly closed, with very short, flat segments. Stamen's, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch long, and very slender, sometimes obliquely inserted by the side of a prominent protuberance. Flesh, yellowish, with a greenish tinge under the skin, tender, juicy, sweet, and without much acidity. Cells, elliptical ; axile. The specific gravity of the juice is 1073. This is a good cider apple, and produces liquor of great excellence when mixed with other varieties. It is chiefly grown in the deep strong soils of the south-west part of Herefordshire, and is common in the district known as the Golden Vale. Knight says it was a very old variety, and was known previous to the 17th century, but I have not been able to find any record of it in the early works on Pomology. BENONI. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a half wide, by two and a quarter high ; roundish oblate, even and regular in its outline except at the crown, where it is somewhat undulating, and generally higher on one side than the other. Skin, when fully ripe, rich yellow, with a crimson cheek where exposed to the sun, with short, broken streaks of darker crimson ; here and there, especially towards the crown, there are patches of russet. Eye, closed, with flat segments, set in a rather deep and irregular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, a quarter to half an inch long, very slender, and deeply inserted in a round cavity. Flesh, yellow, very tender and delicate, sweet, brisk, with a remarkably high perfume, Hke that of pine apple. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed. A delicious dessert apple, ripe in September. This is an American apple, and originated at Dedham, in Massachusetts. It ■was introduced to this country by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, to whom I am indebted for the specimens from which this description is taken. BENWELL'S PE ARM AIN. — Fruit, medium sized; Pearmain- shaped. Skin, dull green, with broken stripes of dull red on the side next the sun. Eye, small, set in a shallow and slightly plaited basin. Stalk, deeply inserted in a round cavity, scarcely protruding beyond the base. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, brisk, and aromatic. A dessert apple ; in use from December to January. It received its name from a gentleman of the name of Benwell, of Henley-on- Thames, from whom it was received and brought into cultivation by Kirke, a nurseryman at Brompton. BERE COURT PIPPIN.— Fruit, medium sized ; round, and slightly flattened. Skin, pale green, and changing to yellow as it ripens, with stripes of red next the sun. Eye, open, placed in a wide and shallow basin. Stalk, inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, crisp, juicy, and briskly acid. An excellent culinary apple ; in use during September and October. This variety was raised by the Rev, S. Breedon, D.D., of Bere Court, near Pangbourne, in Berkshire. APPLES. 21 BESS POOL. — Fruit, above medium size, two inches and three- quarters wide, and nearly three inches high ; roundish ovate, inclining to conical, and handsomely shaped. Skin, yellow with a few markings of red on the shaded side ; but where exposed to the sun it is almost entirely washed and striped with fine clear red. Eye, small and par- tially open, with erect convergent segments, set in a rather deep and plaited basin, which is surrounded with five prominent knobbed plaits. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and thick, inserted in a rather shallow cavity, with generally a fleshy protuberance on one side of it, and a knobbed end, and surrounded with yellowish brown russet, which extends over a considerable portion of the base. Flesh, white, sometimes stained with red tinder the skin, tender, and juicy, with a sweet vinous flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile, open, or abaxile. A very handsome and excellent apple, either for culinary or dessert use. It is in season from November to March. The tree is hardy, a vigorous grower, but an indifi'erent bearer till it is old. The flowers are very late in expanding, and are, therefore, not liable to be injured by spring frosts ; but they are so crowded in clusters, and the stalks are so slender and weak, they sufl'er much if attacked by honeydew or aphis. This is a Nottinghamshire apple. In a communication I received from the late Mr. J. R. Pearson, of Chilwell, he says, " My father became so in love with the Bess Pool that he planted it largely. lie used to tell how a girl named Bess Pool found in a wood the seedling tree full of ripe fruit ; how, showing the apples in her father's house — he kept a village inn — the tree became known, and my grandfather procured grafts. lie would then show the teven first-planted trees of the kind in one of our nurseries ; tell how Loudon had been to see them and given an account of them in his Gardeners^ Magazine ; make his visitors try to clasp round their boles, and measure the space covered by their branches. He would then boast how, one season, when apples were very scarce, the fruit of these trees was sold at 7s. 6d. a peck, and made £70, or an average of £10 a tree. " So far from thinking the Bess Pool a regular bearer, I believe it to be a very uncertain one, and anything but a profitable one to plant." BEST BACHE {Bache's Kernel).— Fruit, medium sized ; oblong, with obtuse angles on the sides, which extend to the apex. Skin, yellow, shaded with pale red, and streaked with darker red, interspersed with a few black specks. Eye, small, segments short and flat. Stalk, short and stout. Specific gravity of the juice, 1073. A cider apple, grown in the south-east part of Herefordshire. BETSEY. — Fruit, small, about two inches wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; roundish, inclining to conical and flattened. Skin, dark green at first, and considerably covered with ashy grey russet, but changing to pale yellow, and with a brownish tinge on the side next the sun. Eye, open, with short reflexed segments, and set in a very shallow depression. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, about a quarter of an inch long, with a fleshy protuberance on one side of it, and inserted in a shallow and narrow cavity. Fleshy 22 THE FRUIT MANUAL. greenish yellow, tender, juicy, rich, and sugary. Cells, open, pointed, oblato-obovate. A dessert apple of first-rate quality, in use from November to January. BETTY GEESON.— Fruit, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two inches high, quite flat and with obtuse ribs on the sides. Skin, smooth and shining, of a fine bright yellow colour, and a deep blush on the side next the sun. Eye, large, open, with divergent segments, and set in a deep, wide, and irregular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, over half an inch long, slender, deeply set in a wide cavity. Flesh, white, tender, sweet, and with a brisk acidity. Cells, obovate, open. A valuable late-keeping kitchen apple, which continues in use till April or May. The tree is a great bearer, and from its small growth is well adapted for bush culture. In the last edition of this work I described Betty Geeson as a Yorkshire apple. It is really a "Worcestershire variety, and was sent to a meeting of the British Pomological Society, in 1854, by Dr. Davies, of Pershore, by whom grafts were distributed among the members of the Society. Bide's Walking-stick. See Burr-knot, BIGGS'S NONESUCH.— Fruit, medium sized ; round, and broadest at the base. Skin, yellow, striped with bright crimson next the sun. Eye, open, with long reflexed segments, set in a wide and deep basin. Stalk, short and deeply inserted. Flesh, yellowish, tender, and jiiicy. An excellent culinary apple, in use from October to December. It is fit for use immediately it is gathered ofi" the tree, and has a strong resemblance to the old Nonesuch, but keeps much longer. The tree is hardy and an excellent bearer ; attains to the medium size, and is less liable to the attacks of the woolly aphis than the old Nonesuch. This variety was raised by Mr. Arthur Biggs, gardener to Isaac Swainson, Esq., of Twickenham, Middlesex. BIRDSTOW WASP {Wasp Apple).— Yxmi, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish oblate, irregular in its outline, having several prominent ribs which extend to the crown, but sometimes the shape is more regular. Skin, smooth, deep lemon yellow where shaded, and with a red cheek where exposed to the sun, and which is splashed with broken streaks of crimson. Eye, large, with broad convergent segments set in a pretty deep angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, set in a shallow, narrow cavity. Flesh, soft and tender, mild, and with little or no flavour. Cells, ovate, large, abaxile, and Codlin- like. I^An early cooking apple, ripe in September and October. APPLES. 28 This derives its name from the parish of Birdstow, near Ross, Herefordshire, and is called " the Wasp Apple," because these insects are so fond of it. The skin is greasy when handled, and leaves the apple scent on the hands. BIRMINGHAM PIPPIN (Grumass Pippin,; Brummage Pippin; Grumvuuje Pippin ; Stone Pippin). — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; round, and slightly flattened. Skin, pale dingy yellow, mottled and veined with very thin grey russet, and russety round the base. Eye, small, quite open, frequently without any segments, and placed in a very slight depres- sion. Stalk, short, scarcely at all depressed. Flesh, greenish, very firm, crisp, and juicy, briskly and pleasantly flavoured. A very good dessert apple : in use from January to June. It is remarkable for the firmness and density of its flesh, and Mr. Lindley says its specific gravity is greater than that of any other apple with which he was acquainted. The tree is of diminutive size, with short but very stout shoots. It is a good bearer. This variety is supposed to be a native of Warwickshire. It is what is generally icnown in the nurseries under the name of Stone Pippin. Black Blenheim. See Hambledon Peux Ans. BLACK CRAB. — Fruit, small, roundish, regular in its outline. Skin, of a dark mahogany colour, sometimes approaching black next the «un ; and greenish fawn where shaded. Eye, small and closed, with abort erect segments. Stamens, median ; tube, long, conical. Stalk, Tery short and stout. Flesh, greenish yellow ; sub -acid. Cells, ovate ; axile, closed. An apple of inferior quality which keeps till Christmas. BLACK FOXWHELP. — Fruit, small, roundish ovate, inclining to short conical ; even in its outline, slightly angular towards the crown, where it is prominently plaited round the eye. Skin, smooth and rather shining, of a dark mahogany colour on the side next the sun ; "but on the shaded side greenish yellow, covered with broad broken streaks of bright crimson. Eye, small and rather open, with some- what connivent segments prominently set. Stamens, median ; tube, very short, conical. Stalk, short and slender, set in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellow, sometimes with a greenish tinge, and briskly acid. ■Cells, obovate ; axile, open. A Herefordshire cider apple. Black Jack. See Winter Colman, BLACK NORMAN. — Fruit, roundish, nearly oblate ; obscurely ribbed, especially round the eye. Skin, smooth and shining, unctuous to feel after the fruit has been gathered ; dull mahogany red on the side next the sun, and gradually becoming paler towards the shaded «ide, which is green and slightly mottled with red. Eye, closed, with 24 THE FRUIT MANUAL. long leafy convergent segments set in a rather deep irregular basin. Stamens, median; tube, short, conical. Stalk, nearly an inch long, slender, set in a wide, funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, greenish, tender, juicy, and crisp, with a faint sweetness. Cells, ovate ; axile. A Herefordshire cider apple. BLACK TAUNTON {Taunton Black),— Froii, two inches and three- quarters wide, and two inches high ; roundish oblate, even and regular, but undulating round the apex. Skin, very prettily coloured with crimson, and streaked with darker crimson, which streaks extend to the shaded side and mingle with the rich yellow ground colour ; the surface prettily speckled with large fawn-coloured dots. Eye, open or closed, the segments being sometimes erect and sometimes connivent, set in a pretty deep depression, which is angular. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, and inserted in a deep, wide, funnel-shaped cavity, which is lined with cinnamon- coloured russet. Flesh, yellowish, tender, with a mild acidity. Cells, open, ovate; axile. A popular Somersetshire cider apple. Blanche de Leipsic. See Borsdorfer. BLAND'S JUBILEE {Jubilee Pippi7i).— Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and three-quarters high; round, narrowing a little towards the eye, and obscurely ribbed. Skin, dull yellow tinged with green, but changing to clear yellow as it ripens ; marked with russet in the basin of the eye, and strewed over its surface with large russety dots. Eye, small and closed, with long acuminate segments, set in a narrow, deep, and even basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a moderately deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy, sugary, and perfumed. An excellent apple, either for culinary purposes or the dessert. It is in use from October to January. This was raised by Michael Bland, Esq., of Norwich. The seed was sown on the day of the jubilee which celebrated the 50th year of the reign of George III., in 1809, and the tree first produced fruit in 1818. It is not a variety which is met within general cultivation, but deserves to be more widely known. Blenheim Orange. See Blenheim Pippin, BLENHEIM PIPPIN {Blenheim Orange; Woodstock Pippin; Northwick Pippin; Kempster's Pippin). — Fruit, large, being generally three inches wide, and two and a half high ; globular, and some- what flattened, broader at the base than the apex, regularly and handsomely shaped. Skin, yellow, with a tinge of dull red next the sun, and streaked with deeper red. Eye, large and open, with short stunted segments, placed in a round and rather deep basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and stout, rather deeply inserted, and scarcely extending beyond the base. Flesh, yellow, crisp, juicy, sweet, and pleasantly acid. Cells, open, obovate ; axile. APPLES. 25 A very valuable and highly esteemed apple, either for the dessert or culinary purposes, but, strictly speaking, more suitable for the latter. It is in use from November to February. The common complaint against the Blenheim Pippin is that the tree is a bad bearer. This is undoubtedly the case when it is young, being of a strong and vigorous habit of growth, and forming a large and very beautiful standard ; but when it becomes a little aged, it bears regular and abundant crops. It may be made to produce much earlier, if grafted on the paradise stock, and grown either as an open dwarf or an espalier. This valuable apple was first discovered at Woodstock, in Oxfordshire, and received its name from Blenheim, the seat of the Duke of Marlborough, which is in the immediate neigbbourhood. It is not noticed in any of the nursery cata- logues of the last century, nor was it cultivated in the London nurseries till about the year 1818. The following interesting account of this favourite variety appeared some years ago in the Gardeners^ Chronicle : — '* In a somewhat dilapidated corner of the decaying borough of ancient Woodstock, within ten yards of the wall of Blenheim Park, stands all that remains of the original stump of that beautiful and justly celebrated apple, the Blenheim Orange. It is now entirely dead, and rapidly falling to decay, being a mere shell about ten feet high, loose in the ground, and having a large hole in the centre ; till within the last three years, it occasionally sent up long, thin, wiry twigs, but this last sign of vitality has ceased, and what remains will soon be the portion of the woodlouse and the worm. Old Grimmett, the basket-maker, against the comer of whose garden-wall the venerable relict is supported, has sat looking on it from his workshop window, and while he wove the pliant osier, has meditated, for more than fifty successive summers, on the muta- bility of all sublunary substances, on juice, and core, and vegetable, as well as animal, and tlesh, and blood. He can remember the time when, fifty years ago, he was a boy, and the tree a fine, full-bearing stem, full of bud, and blossom, and fruit, and thousands thronged from all parts to gaze on its ruddy, ripening, orange burden ; then gardeners came in the spring-tide to select the much-coveted scions, and to hear the tale of his horticultural child and sapling, from the lips of the son of the white-haired Kempster. But nearly a century has elai>sed since Kempster fell, like a ripened fruit, and was gathered to his fathers. He lived in a narrow cottage garden in Old Woodstock, a plain, practical, labouring man ; and in the midst of his bees and flowers around him, and in his * glorioua pride,' in the midst of his little garden, he realised Virgil's dream of the old Corycian : * Et regum equabat opes animis.' " The provincial name for this apple is still * Kempster^s Pippin,'' a lasting monu- mental tribute and inscription to him who first planted the kernel from whence it sprang." Bonnet Carre. See Calville Blanche d'Hiver, Borowitsky. See Duchess of Oldenburg. BORDEN PIPPIN. — Fruit, two inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and a half high ; conical, even, and regular in its outline, and frequently larger and longer on one side of the axis than the other. Skin, quite covered with dark bright crimson, thickly sprinkled with large fawn-coloured russet dots, and patches of russet of the same colour on the side next the sun, and yellow streaked with red on the shaded side. Eye, small and closed, with convergent segments set almost level with the surface. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel- 26 THE FRUIT MANUAL. fihaped. Stalk, very short, generally with a swelling of the flesh on one side of it. Flesh, firm, juicy, sweet, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, roundish elliptical ; axile, open. It is a good market apple in use at Christmas. I received it from Mr. Killick, of Langley, near Maidstone, and I believe it takes its name from the village of Borden, near Sittingboume. Borsdorf. See Borsdorfer. Borsdorf Hative. See Borsdorfer, BORSDOKFER {Borsdorf Hative; Queen's Apple; Bed Bors- dorfer; Borsdorf; Postophe d'Hiver; Pomme de prochain; Beinette d'Allemagne; Blanche de Leipsic ; Beinette de Misnie ; Grand Bohe- mian Borsdorfer ; Garret Pippin; King; Ki7ig George; King George the Third). — Fruit, below medium size ; roundish oblate, rather nar- rower at the apex than the base, handsomely and regularly formed, without ribs or other inequalities. Skin, shining, pale waxen yellow in the shade, and bright deep red next the sun ; it is strewed with dots, which are yellowish on the sunny side, and brownish in the shade, and marked with veins and slight traces of delicate, yellowish-grey russet. Eye, large and open, with long reflexed segments, placed in a rather deep, round, and pretty even basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel- shaped. Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a narrow, even, and shallow cavity, which is lined with thin russet. Flesh, white with a yellowish tinge, crisp and delicate, brisk, juicy, and sugary, and with a rich, vinous, and aromatic flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed or slit. A dessert apple of the first quality ; in use from November to January. The tree is a free grower, and very hardy, not subject to canker, and attains the largest size. It is very prolific when it has acquired its full growth, which, in good soil, it will do in fifteen or twenty years ; and even in a young state it is a good bearer. If grafted on the paradise stock it may be grown as an open dwarf or an espalier. The bloom is very hardy, and withstands the night frosts of spring better than most other varieties. This, above all other apples, is the most highly esteemed in Germany. Diel calls it the Pride of the Germans. It is believed to ha-ve originated either at a village of Misnia, called Borsdorf, or at a place of the same name near Leipsic. According to Forsyth it was such a favourite with Queen Charlotte that she had a considerable quantity of them annually imported from Germany for her own private use. It is one of the earliest recorded varieties of the continental authors, but does not seem to have been known in this country before the close of the last century. It was first grown in the Brompton Park Mursery in 1785. It is men- tioned by Cordus, in 1561, as being cultivated in Misnia, which circumstance has no doubt given rise to the synonyme *' Beinette de Misnie " ; he also informs us it is highly esteemed for its sweet and generous flavour, and the pleasant perfume which it exhales. Wittichius, in his '' Methodus Simplicium," attributes to it the power of dispelling epidemic fevers and madness ! There is a proverb in Germany which says, " Ihre wangen sind so roth wie ein Borsdorfer apfel " (Her cheeks are as red as a Borsdorfer apple). APPLES. 27 BOSSOM. — Fruit, large and conical ; handsomely and regularly formed. Skin, pale greenish yellow, considerably covered with russet, and occasionally marked with bright red next the sun. Eye, set in a shallow and plaited basin. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, crisp, juicy, and sugary, and with a pleasant sub-acid flavour. An excellent culinary apple, though not of the first quaUty ; in use during December and January. The flesh is said to assume a fine colour when baked. BOSTON nXJ a^ET (RoA'bury Russet: Shippen's Russet; PutmarCs Russet). — Fruit, medium sized, three inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish, somewhat flattened, narrowing towards the apex, and slightly angular. Skin, covered entirely with brownish yellow russet intermixed with green, and sometimes with a faint tinge of reddish brown next the sun. Eye, closed, set in a round and rather shallow basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, long, slender, and inserted in a moderately deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, juicy, sugary, briskly, and richly flavoured. Cells, elUptical ; axile. A very valuable dessert apple, of the first quality, in season from January to April, and will even keep till June. It partakes much of the flavour of the Ribston Pippin, and, as a late winter dessert apple, is not to be surpassed. The tree is not large, but healthy, very hardy, and an immense bearer, and, when grafted on the paradise stock, is well suited for being grown either as a dwarf or an espalier. This is an old American variety, and one of the few introduced to this country which attains perfection in our climate. It is extensively grown in the neighbour- hood of Boston, U.S., both for home consumption and exportation, and realises a considerable and profitable return to the growers. Bough. See Large Yellow Boiujh, BOWES'S NONESUCH.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a half wide, and two inches high ; roundish and angular, particu- larly towards the crown, which is ridged and knobbed. Skin, smooth and shining, and, when quite ripe, of a pale waxen yellow colour on the shaded side, and marked with a few broken streaks of crimson ; but where exposed to the sun it is washed almost all over with pale red, which is covered with broken streaks of dark crimson. Eye, slightly closed, with broad leaf-like segments, and considerably sunk. Stalk, a quarter of an inch long, stout, and inserted in a deep round russety cavity. Flesh, pale yellowish white, very tender and melting, mildly and agreeably acid, with a very delicate flavour. A pretty little culinary apple ; in use from October to Christmas. This was introduced to me by Mr. M*Ewen, gardener to the Duke of Norfolk, at Arundel Castle. Bowyer's Golden Pippin. See Bowyei-'s Russet, 28 THE FRUIT MANUAL. BOWYER'S RUSSET (Boinjer's Golden Pippin).- -Fvuit, small, two inches bigh, and about two and a half broad at the base ; roundish ovate. Skin, entirety covered with fine yellow-coloured russet. Eye, small and closed, set in a small and slightly plaited basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a round cavity. Flesh, greenish white tinged with yellow, crisp, brisk, and aromatic. A dessert apple of the first quality ; in use during September and October. The tree attains a good size, is an abundant bearer, very healthy, and not subject to canker. BRABANT BELLEFLEUR {Glory of Flanders; Iron Apple).— Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and three and a quarter high ; roundish ovate, inclining to oblong or conical, ribbed on the sides, and narrowing towards the eye. Skin, greenish yellow, changing to lemon yellow as it attains maturity, and striped with red next the sun. Eye, large and open, with long broad segments, set in a wide and angular basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep, conical. Stalk, short, inserted in a deep and wide cavity, which is lined with brown russet. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp, and juicy, with a sugary, aromatic, and pleasantly sub-acid flavour. Cells, closed, elliptical. An excellent culinary apple of the finest quality ; in use from Novem- ber to April. The tree is hardy, and though not strong, is a healthy grower, attaining the middle size, and an excellent bearer. This variety was forwarded to the gardens of the London Horticultural Society by Messrs. Booth, of Hamburgh. BRADDICK'S NONPAREIL {Ditton Nonpareil).— Fmit, medium sized ; roundish and flattened, inclining to oblate. Skin, smooth, greenish yellow in the shade, and brownish red next the sun, russety round the eye, and partially covered, on the other portions of the surface, with patches of brown russet. Eye, open, with short broad segments, set in a narrow, deep, round, saucer-like basin, which is slightly plaited. Stamens, median, or basal ; tube, very short ; conical. Stalk, very short, not half an inch long, inserted in a round and rather shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, rich, sugary, and aroma- tic. Cells, ovate ; axile. One of the best winter dessert apples ; in use from November to April, and by many considered more sweet and tender than the old Nonpareil. The tree is quite hardy, a slender grower, and never attains to a large size, but is a very excellent bearer. It succeeds well on the paradise stock, and is well adapted for dwarfs, or for being grown as an espalier. This excellent variety was raised by John Braddick, Esq., of Thames Ditton, an ardent horticulturist, who died at Boughton Mount, near Maidstone, April 14th, 1828, aged 63. APPLES. 29 BRAMLEY'S SEEDLING.— Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and two inches and a half high ; handsome, and at first sight resembling a Blenheim Pippin. It is oblate, even in its outline, and with five rather distinct knobs at the crown. Skin, very much covered with a tinge of pale red, which is much striped with darker red, and where shaded the ground colour is yellow. Eye, rather open, with erect segments, which are reflexed at the tips and set in a wide, round, saucer-like basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, sometimes a mere knob. Flesh, with a yellowish tinge, tender, and with a fine brisk acidity. Cells, round ; aiile, open. A very valuable cooking apple ; in use up till January. It is a iVottinghamshire apple, and was sent me by Messrs. Merry weather k Son, of Southwell. Brandy Apple. See Golden Harvey. BREEDON PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, and somewhat oblate, broader at the base than the apex, where it assumes somewhat of a four-sided shape. Skin, deep dull yellow tinged with reddish orange ; inclining to red on the side exposed to the sun, and marked with a few traces of delicate brown russet. Eye, open, with short ovate reflexed segments, which are frequently four in number, set in a broad, shallow, and plaited basin. Stalk, half an inch to three-quarters long, inserted in a round and shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, and with a rich, vinous, and brisk flavour, resembling that of a pine-apple. This is one of the best dessert apples ; and is in use during October and November. It bears some resemblance to the Court of Wick, but is considerably richer in flavour than that variety. The tree is hardy, a slender grower, and does not attain a large size ; it is, how- ever, an excellent bearer. It is well adapted for dwarf training, and succeeds well on the paradise stock. This esteemed variety was raised by the Rev. Dr. Symonds Breedon, at Bero Court, near Pangbourne, Berkshire. BREITLING (Lnthrinrjcr Rmnhour ; Weisser Somer Bambour ; Eambour Blanc iVJ^te). — Fruit, three inches and a half wide, and three inches and a quarter high ; sometimes much larger ; round, with obtuse ribs on the sides extending to the apex, round which they form prominent ridges. Skin, smooth and shining, of a clear greenish lemon yellow when ripe, except on the side exposed to the sun, which has a faint blush of thin red. Eye, sometimes open, with erect, slightly divergent segments, but generally closed, with long segments which overlap each other. Stamens, basal ; tube, large, conical. Stalk, very short, quite imbedded in the cavity. Flesh, very tender, juicy, and pleasantly acid. Cells, obovate ; abaxile. A large handsome kitchen apple of the first quality ; in use in the end of September and beginning of October. 80 THE FRUIT MANUAL. This is a very popular apple in Germany, whence it was introduced by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, to whom I am indebted for speci- mens of it. It ought to be grown in every garden. The name Breit- ling is equivalent to the English word Broading. BRENCHLEY PIPPIN.— Fruit, two inches and a half wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, inclining to a cylindrical shape ; even and regular in its outline. Skin, greenish on the shaded side, and covered on that next the sun with brownish orange strewed with russet dots, and with a thin russet coat on the shaded side. Eye, closed, with flat convergent segments, which are set in a pretty deep plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a rather shallow cavity. Flesh, tender, yellowish, with a greenish tinge, tender, juicy, sweet, and well flavoured. Cells, elliptical ; axile, slit. An excellent dessert apple, which keeps well till May. It was first brought to my notice by Mr. Harrison Weir, the artist, who informed me that it was raised at Brenchley, in Kent, and is there grown to a considerable extent. BRICKLEY SEEDLING.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half broad, and two inches high ; roundish, even and regular in the outline. Skin, greenish yellow in the shade, and red marked with broken streaks of dark crimson where exposed to the sun, with a few streaks of red where the two colours blend, strewed with large russet dots. Eye, small and open, set in a smooth and rather shallow basin, with diver- gent segments. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, inserted in a wide cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, rich, sugary, and highly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit. A very desirable winter dessert apple, of first-rate quality ; it is in use from January to April. The tree is hardy and an abundant bearer, and the fruit has some resemblance to Court-pendu-plat. BRIDGEWATER PIPPIN.— Fruit, large, roundish, and somewhat flattened, with prominent ribs on the sides, which extends to the basin of the eye. Skin, deep yellow, strewed with russety dots, and with a blush of red which sometimes assumes a lilac hue near the stalk. Eye, large and open, set in a deep and angular basin. Stalk, rather short, inserted in a deep, wide, irregular, and angular cavity. Flesh, yellowish, briskly and pleasantly flavoured. A good culinary apple of second-rate quality ; in use from October to December. This is a very old English variety, being mentioned by Rea, in 1665^ and of which he says, " It is beautiful to the eye, and pleasant to the palat.'* BRINGEWOOD PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; almost round or oblate, a good deal like a flattened Golden Pippin, and occasionally conical. Skin, of a fine rich yellow colour, covered with greyish dots, russety round the eye. APPLE3. 31 and marked with a few russety dots on the side next the sun. Eye, small and open, with reflexed segments, and placed in a shallow basin. Stamens, basal, occasionally somewhat marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a moderately deep cavity, which is lined with greenish grey russet. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, and sugary, with a rich and perfumed flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed. An excellent dessert apple, yery much like Yellow Ingestrie, but is in use from January to March. The tree is hardy, but a weak and slender grower, and never attains a great size. It succeeds well on the paradise stock. This is one of the varieties raised by Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., ofDownton Castle, Herefordshire, and which he. obtained by impregnating the Golden Pippin with the pollen of the Golden Harvey. He considered it a good cider apple. BRISTOL PEARMAIN.— Fruit, small, about two inches and a quarter wide, and the same in height ; oblong, slightly angular on tho side, and ridged round the eye. Skin, dull yellowish green, with a few palo stripes of crimson, and considerably covered with patches and dots of thin grey russet on the shaded side ; but marked with thin dull red, striped with deeper and brighter red, on the side exposed to the sun, and covered with numerous dark russety dots. Eye, small and closed, with erect, acute segments, set in a deep, round, and plaited basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a shallow cavity, which is lined with thin brown russet, strewed with silvery scales. Flesh, yellow, firm, not very juicy, but briskly flavoured. An apple of little merit ; in use from October to February. The onl J place where I ever met with this variety ia in the neighbourhood of Odihani, in Hampshire. BROAD-END {Winter Broading ; Kentish Broading\ Brooding). — Frait, large, three inches and three-quarters broad, and three inches high ; roundish, broadest at the base, and considerably flattened at the ends, somewhat oblate. Skin, yellowish green in the shade, but tinged with red next the sun, interspersed with a few streaks of red, and covered in some places with patches of fine russet. Eye, large and open, set in a rather deep and angular basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp, rich, juicy, and with a pleasant sub-acid flavour. An excellent culinary apple of the first quality ; in use from November to Christmas. The tree is a strong, healthy, and vigorous grower, and an excellent bearer. Broading. See Broad-end, BROAD-EYED PIPPIN.— Fruit, large and oblate. Skin, greenish yellow in the shade, with faint streaks of red, and with a bright red blush, streaked with darker red, on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, 32 THE FRUIT MANUAL. large and open, like that of Blenheim Pippin, set in a wide and shallow basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, set in a rather wide and shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp, brisk, and juicy. Cells, obovate ; axile, open. An excellent culinary apple, of the first size and quality; in use from September to January, but said by Forsyth to keep till May. This is a very old English variety; it is mentioned by Ray, who makes it synonymous with Kirton or Holland Pippin. BROCKHEAD (Ihockhead Seedling). — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a half wide, and two and a quarter high ; round, and slightly angular in outline. Skin, smooth, rich golden yellow, streaked with pale broken streaks of crimson on the side next the sun, strewed all over with russet dots, and here and there a few traces of russet. Eye, closed, with flat, convergent segments, set in a narrow and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, about half an inch long, inserted in a pretty deep russety cavity. Flesh, yellow, tender, very juicy, sweet, and briskly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile. A pretty cooking or dessert apple ; in use from November till Christmas. A Somersetshire apple. BROMLEY. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a quarter wide, and two inches high ; roundish and flattened, very uneven and angular on the sides, and knobbed both at the crown and the base. Skin, of a bright lemon yellow very much covered with crimson, and streaked with darker crimson, extending almost over the whole surface, but paler on the shaded side, very russety over the base. Eye, closed, with broad, flat, convergent segments, set in a deep, angular, and narrow basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, long and slender, set in a round deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp, very juicy, and with a grateful acidity. Cells, obovate ; axile. This is one of the best cider apples, and as a sauce apple it is un- surpassed. It keeps till February, when it is as hard and firm in the flesh as it was in October. This is grown in the Gloucestershire and Herefordshire orchards, where it is greatly esteemed. BROOKE S'S. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and the same in height; conical. Skin, yellow in the shade, but oraDge, thinly mottled with red, next the sun, and considerably covered with thin brown russet. Eye, open and prominent, with reflexed segments, and placed in a very shallow basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a small, round, and shallow cavity, which is lined with rough russet. Flesh, yellowish, firm, not very juicy, but with a rich, sweet, and highly aromatic flavour. A dessert apple of the first quality; in use from September to APPLES. 33 February. Tho tree is a slender grower, and never attains a great size, but is a good bearer. BROUGHTOX.— Fruit, small, conical, and regularly formed. Skin, pale greenish yellow in the shade, but covered with fine, delicate, lively red, which is marked with a few streaks of deeper red on the side next the sun, and strewed with minute russety dots. Eye, small and closed, set in a shallow and plaited basin. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a round and shallow cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, tender, delicate, brisk, sugary, and richly fitivoured. A valuable dessert apple of first-rate quality; in use from October to December. BROWN RENTING. — Fruit, above medium size, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish, and slightly ribbed on the sides. Skin, greenish yellow, marked with distinct and well-defined figures, and reticulations of russet, like the Fenouillet Jaune, on the bhaded side, and over the base ; but green, which is almost entirely covered with a coating of smooth, thin, pale brown russet, on the side next the sun. Eye, small and closed, set in a narrow and shallow basin. Stalk, an inch long, slender and woody, inserted in a funnel-shaped cavity, which is of a green colour, and very slightly marked with russet. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, and tender, with a brisk, somewhat sugary, and pleasant aromatic flavour. An excellent dessert apple, of first-rate quaUty ; in use from October to Christmas, after which it becomes mealy. BROWN'S SEEDLING.— Fruit, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two and a quarter high ; roundish oblate, very much of the shape of Golden Reinette, even and regular in its outline, except in the basin of the eye, where it is slightly ribbed. Skin, lemon yellow where shaded, but almost entirely covered with light crimson over three-fourths of the surface, and this again is covered with broken streaks and blotches of deeper and brighter crimson. Eye, closed, with flat and irregular segments, set in a pretty deep, angular, and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, deeply inserted in a round, even, russety cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, fine grained, tender, very juicy, having a plea- sant acidity, without much flavour or aroma. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile, closed. A very handsome apple, excellent for culinary purposes, but of little use in the dessert except for appearance. In use during winter. It was raised by Messrs. Brown, nurserymen, of Stamford, from whom I received it in 1874. BROWNLEES'S RUSSET.— Large, roundish ovate, and rather flattened. Skin, green and russety, with brownish red next the sun. Eye, closed, in a narrow, shallow, plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short conical. Stalk, short, deeply inserted, with a swelling on 3 84 THE FRUIT MANUAL. one side of it. Flesh, greenish white, tender, juicy, sweet, briskly flavoured, and aromatic. Cells, pointed ovate ; axile, open. An excellent late apple, suitable either for cooking or the dessert. In use from January to May. This was introduced by Mr. William Brownlees, a nurseryman at Hemel Hemp- sted, Herts, about the year 1848. Brown Spice. See Burntisland Spice. Brummage Pippin. See Birmingham Pippin. BUFF-COAT. — Fruit, medium size, but sometimes large, being three inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and a half high ; oblate or roundish, uneven in its outline from having prominent blunt angles on the sides, and unevenly ridged round the crown. Skin, greenish yellow, becoming quite yellow when ripe, but so overspread with light brown russet as to expose the ground colour in large blotches. Eye, half open, with erect flat segments, somewhat recurved at the points, set in a rather deep, regular, and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, more than half an inch long, rather slender, and inserted in a deep, round cavity. Flesh, greenish, fine grained, crisp, juicy, and sweet, with a good flavour. Cells, round ; abaxile. An excellent culinary or dessert apple, which keeps till May, but is very liable to shrivel. BULL'S GOLDEN EEINETTE.— Fruit, exactly similar in shape to a medium-sized Blenheim Pippin. Skin, more highly coloured than that variety, the side next the sun being covered with a streak of deep, brilliant crimson ; on the shaded side it is yellow^, with a few broken streaks of pale crimson, the whole surface sparingly dotted with rather large grey dots. Eye, quite open, set in a plaited saucer- like basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long ; inserted in a round, even, and deep cavity ; russety over the base. Flesh, yellowish, very tender, juicy, sweet, and with a fine aroma. Cells, ovate ; axile, slit. A very handsome apple of the first quaUty, suitable for the dessert ; and in use in December and January. Bunyard's SeedHng. See Alexandra. BURCHARDT'S REINETTE.— Fruit, from two and a quarter inches to three inches wide, and from one and a half to two inches and a quarter high ; roundish oblate, evenly and regularly formed. Skin, greenish yellow, much covered with dark brown russet net- work, and large patches of the same. Eye, quite open, with short reflexed segments, set in a rather deep saucer-like basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, inserted the whole of its length APPLES. 85 in the cavity. Flesh, tender, crisp, juicy, and when highly ripened of a rich and sweet flavour. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile. A dessert apple of excellent quality when grown in a warm soil and favourable situation. This was raised by Herr von Hartwiss, director of the roval garden at Nikita, and was named in honour of the celebrated pomologist, Herr von Burchardt, of Landsberg, on the Warta, BURNTISLAND SPICE {Burntisland Pippin: Broivn Spice: Book's Nest). — Fruit, two inches and a half wide, and two inches and a quarter hi}:jh ; roundish ovate, ribbed on the sides, and puckered at the eye. Skin, green, much mottled with dingy brown russet in lines and patches. Eye, small and closed, set in a puckered basin ; seg- ments, short. Stamens, marginal ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, long and slender, deeply inserted in an uneven cavity. Flesh, very tender and loose grained, mealy, and without flavour. Cells, ovate, wide open. A worthless apple, ripe in October. Burntisland Pippin. See Burntisland Spice. BURN'S SEEDLING. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three- quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, flattened at the base, and narrowing towards the apex, sometimes inclining to conical. Skin, yellow, but with a blush and a few streaks of red next the sun, marked with a few patches of russet, and sprinkled with russety dots, which are thickest round the eye. Eye, large and open, set in a shallow and irregular basin. Stalk, short, thick, and fleshy, generally obliquely inserted by the side of a fleshy swelling, and surrounded with a patch of rough russet. Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, and sub-acid. An excellent cuUnary apple, of the first quaUty ; in use from October to Christmas. This variety was raised by Mr. Ilcnry Burn, gardener to the Marquis of Ayles- bury, at Savernake Forest, near Marlborough. Bur-Knot. See Oslin. BURR-KNOT {Bide's WaUcinrj - stick). —Fmii, large, three inches wide, and two inches and a half high ; in shape not unlike Cox's Orange Pippin, but sometimes with prominent angles on the sides, which extend to the crown, round, and even in its outline. Skin, smooth and shining, of a clear lemon yellow colour, and with a blush of red on the side next the sun, and thickly strewed with a few russet dots. Eye, open, with reflexed segments set in a narrow and plaited basin. Stamens, mar- ginal ; tube, deep conical. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, and of an agreeable acid flavour. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile, open. A good kitchen apple ; in use during October and November. 36 THE FRUIT MANUAL. The tree is a close and compact grower, and a profusion of burrs are produced on the branches which emit incipient roots. If a branch furnished with these burrs is inserted in the ground it will take root and become a tree. The name of " Bide's Walking-stick" originated from a person of that name having cut a branch for a walking-stick in Cheshire and brought it to his place near Hertford, when having inserted it in the ground, it took root and became a tree. Butters. See Baldwin. BYSON WOOD RUSSET.— Fruit, below medium size; oblato- ovate, regularly and handsomely shaped. Skin, green, entirely covered with ashy grey russet, and strewed with greyish white freckles. Eye, small, and slightly closed, set in a round and even basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, an inch long, slender, inserted in a rather shallow and angular cavity. Flesh, greenish, firm, crisp, and juicy, with a brisk, sugary, and aromatic flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile, slit. A dessert apple of the first quality ; in use from December to February. Caldwell. See Eymer, Calville Blanche. See Calville Blanche d'Hiver. CALVILLE BLANCHE D'ETE {White Summer Calville). —Fmit, medium sized, about three inches broad, and two inches high ; roundish and flattened at the ends, with prominent ribs on the sides, which extend to the eye and form ridges round the apex — the true character of the Calvilles. Skin, tender and dehcate ; when ripe, of a very pale straw colour, and without the least tinge of red on the side exposed to the sun, but sometimes marked with a few traces of delicate russet, but no dots. Eye, large, and closed with long, broad segments, and set in a pretty deep and very angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel- shaped. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, stout, inserted in a wide and rather shallow cavity, which is lined with thin russet. Flesh, white, tender, and delicate, with a sweet and pleasant flavour. Cells, roundish; axile. A very good early culinary apple, but not of the finest quality, being too soft and tender ; it is ripe during August, and lasts till the middle of September. The tree is a very strong and vigorous grower, with a large round head, and is an excellent bearer. It is distinguished by its very large foliage, the leaves being four and a half inches long by three and a quarter broad. This is an old continental variety, but has been very little noticed by writers on Pomology. It is mentioned in the Jardinier Frangais of 1653, and by De La Quintinye ; but the first work in which it is either figured or described is Knoop's "Pomologie." Duhamel does not notice it, although it is enumerated in the catalogue of the Chartreuse, from whose garden he received the materials for producing his work on fruits. CALYILLE BLANCHE D'HIVER (Bonriet Carre; Calville APPLES. 37 Blanche; White Calville ; White Winter Calville). — Fruit, largo, three iuches and a half wide, and three inches and a quarter hifjh ; roundish and flattened, with l>road uneven and unecjual ribs, extending the whole length of the fruit, and terminating at the apex in prominent unequal ridges. Skin, delicate, pale yellow tinged with green, becoming bright golden yellow at maturity, washed with deep red on the side next the sun, and strewed with brown dots, and a few markings of greyish white russet. Eye, small and closed, with stout and pointed segments, set in a deep, irregular, five-ribbed basin, which is surrounded with knobs. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep conical. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, slender, and inserted the whole of its length in a deep and angular cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish white, delicate, and juicy, with a rich, hvely, and agreeable aromatic flavour. Cells, obovate ; abaxile. A valuable winter apple, admirably adapted for all culinary pur- poses, and excellent also for the dessert. It is in use from January to April. The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, and a good bearer, but does not attain more than the middle size. It is rather liable to canker in damp situations, and is better suited for a dwarf than a standard ; if grown on the paradise stock the appearance of the fruit is very much improved. Tliis variety is sometimes called Pumme Glace, which is, however, a distinct variety, known by the names of Rouge des Chnrtreux and Pomme de Concombre ; it is a form of Calville Blanche d'Hiver, the fruit is about the size of an egg, but twice as long. CALVILLE MALINGRE (Malimjre d'Anifleten-e). — Fruit, very large, elongated, ribbed like the Calville Blanche d'Hiver, but not so much flattened as that variety. Skin, a httle yellow on the shaded side, and of a beautiful deep red next the sun, which is marked with stripes of darker red, strewed all over with minute dots. Eye, small, set in a broad, deep, and angular basin, which is surrounded with prominent knobs. Stalk, slender, deeply inserted in an angular cavity. Flesh, white, delicate, very juicy, and charged with an agreeable acid. A culinary apple of the first quality ; in use from January to April, and keeps well. The tree is a very vigorous grower, much more so than the gene- rahty of the Calvilles ; it is very hardy and an abundant bearer, and is better adapted for being cultivated as a dwarf than an espalier ; but it does not succeed well on the paradise stock. According to the French pomologists, this variety seems to have some connec- tion with this country, but there is no evidence that it was at any period grown to any extent in England, or thixt it was ever known to any of our early pomologists. It is said by some that the name malingre is applied to this variety from the fruit becoming mealy or unsound, but from the observation in the Chartreux Catalogue, " est bonne cuite pour les malades," it is more probable that it is so called from being useful to invalids. CALVILLE ROUGE D'AUTOMNE {Autumn Calville; Autumn 38 THE FRUIT MANUAL. Bed Calville). — Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and three and a quarter high ; not so much flattened as the other Calvilles. Skin, pale red, with a trace of yellow on the shaded side, but of a beautiful deep crimson next the sun, and marked with yellowish dots on the shaded side. Eye, half open, set in a rather shallow and ribbed basin, which is lined with fine down. Stamens, median or basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, rather short, inserted in a wide and deep cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, white, tinged with red under the skin, and very much so on the side which is exposed to the sun ; it is tender, delicate, and juicy, with a pleasant, vinous, and violet scented flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile, open. A culinary apple of inferior quality in this country, but highly esteemed on the Continent, both as a culinary and a dessert fruit. It is in season during October and November. The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, and attains the largest size. It is also an abundant bearer. To have the fruit in perfection it ought to be grown on the paradise stock as an open dwarf, in a fine sandy loam, and not too closely pruned. CALVILLE EOUGE D'ETE [Bed Calville).— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and about the same high ; roundish, nar- rowing towards the apex, and with prominent ribs on the sides like the other Calvilles. Skin, yellowish white, streaked and veined with red on the shaded side, but covered with beautiful deep shining crimson on the side next the sun, and strewed with numerous white dots. Eye, small and prominent, set in a narrow and wrinkled basin. Stalk, from an inch to an inch and a half long, inserted in a deep and narrow cavity, which is lined with thin russet. Flesh, white tinged with red, crisp, and tender, agreeably and pleasantly flavoured. A culinary apple of second-rate quality, ripe during July and August. The flesh is stained with red, particularly on the side next the sun, and partakes somewhat of the flavour of the strawberry. It is valued only for its earliness. The tree is of small habit of growth, but an excellent bearer. There is great confusion subsisting between this variety and the Passe-pomme Rouge, which Duhamel has described under the name of Cahille d'Ete. CALYILLE ROUGE D'HIA\ER.— Fruit, large, about three inches high, and the same in width ; oblong, but not nearly so much ribbed on the sides as the other Calvilles already described. Skin, covered with a bluish bloom, deep shinirg crimson on the side next the sun, but paler red on the shaded side, and strewed with numerous yellowish dots. Eye, large and closed, with long segments set in a deep warted and wrinkled basin. Stalk, slender, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a deep cavity, which is lined with thin brown russet. Flesh, greenish white stained with red, not very juicy, tender, vinous, and with a pleasant perfumed flavour. A culinary apple of second-rate quality, ripe during November and APPLES. 89 December. The tree attains about the middle size, is vigorous and healthy in its young state, and is a good bearer. It is well adapted for growing as dwarfs on the paradise btock, and requires a rich and warm soil. CALVILLE ROUGE DE MICOUD.— Fruit, below medium size; oblate, and ribbed on the sides. Skin, tough, and bitter tasted, red all over ; but of a deeper and darker colour on the side next the sun, and streaked and spotted with paler red on the shaded side. Eye, open, placed in a wide and deep basin. Stalk, long, inserted in a round cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, and delicate, crisp, sweet, and perfumed. This cui-ious apple has the extraordinary property of producing three crops of fruit in one season. The tirst flowers appear at the usual time in April, the second in June, and then for a time it ceases to produce any more till the month of August, when it again blooms during the whole of that month, September, October, and November, until it is checked by the severity of the frosts. The first fruit is generally ripe during August ; the second in October, which are about the size of a pigeon's egg, and quite as good as the tirst. And so on it continues until retarded by the frosts ; but those last produced are rarely tit for use. This variety was first brought into notice by M. Thoain, of Paris, who says the tree oripinaicd on the farm ot the Baroness de Micoud, near La Charitc sur Loire, in the deparimeut of Nievre. Calville Rouge Precoce. See Early Red Calville. Cambridge Pippin. See Bedfordshire Foundling. CAMBUSNETHAN VlFFm {]Vatch Apple ; Winter Red-streak).^ Fruit, two inches and a quarter to two inches and a half wide, and two inches and a half high ; oblate or roundish oblate, even in its out- line, and slightly ribbed round the eye. Skin, pale lemon- yellow, with a few broken streaks of pale crimson on the side next the sun, and roughly russety over the base and round the stalk. Eye, wide open, with short divergent segments, which are reflexed, set in a shallow saucer-like basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, nearly half an inch long, inserted in a narrow shallow cavity. Flesh, tender and juicy, with a mild acidity. Cells, roundish obovate or obovate, open. A good second-rate dessert apple in the south, but highly esteemed in Scotland, where it is called *'Cam'nethan Pippin," from an ancient monastery in Stirlingshire, where it is supposed to have originated. It is in use from October to January. Camuesar. See Rcinette Blanche d'Espagne. Canada Reinette. See Reinette de Canada. Canadian Reinette. See Reinette de Canada. 40 THE FRUIT MANUA.L. CAPTAIN KERNEL.— Fruit, two inches and a half wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, inclining to oblate, even in its outline. Skin, smooth and shining, yellow where shaded, and very much streaked and coloured with bright red where exposed to the sun,, and here and there marked with a patch of thin russet. Eye, closed^ with flat convergent segments, set in a round and rather shallow basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, slender, from a quarter to half an inch long, inserted in a narrow greenish cavity. Flesh, tender, juicy, mildly acid. Cells, obovate, open. This is one of the best Gloucestershire cider apples. CARAWAY RUSSET. — Fruit, below medium size ; two inches and a half wide, and about two inches high ; oblate, even and regular in its outline. Skin, covered with a very thin coat of pale brown russet,, which is dotted with darker russet ; and on the sun side the colour is inclining to orange. Eye, wide open, with long broad reflexed segments, set in a pretty deep, wide, and saucer- like basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, and rather slender, inserted, in a deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, rich, juicy, and sweet,, with a very fine aroma. Cells, very small, obovate ; axile, closed. A dessert apple of great excellence, which keeps till February. Carel's Seedling. See Pinner Seedling. CARLISLE CODLIN. — Fruit, above medium size ; ovate, flat at- the base, irregular and angular on the sides. Skin, smooth and unctuous, pale yellow, and strewed with a few russety specks. Eye,, closed, set in a narrow, rather deep, and plaited basin. Stalk, very short, imbedded in the cavity, which is lined with russet, a few lines. of which extend over the base. Flesh, white, tender, crisp, and juicy, with a fine, brisk, and sugary flavour. A culinary apple of the first quality ; in use from August to- December. The tree is very hardy, a free grower, and an abundant bearer. As it does not attain a great size, it may be grown more closely together than most other sorts. It is a dwarf variety of the old English. Codlin. It is one of the most useful as well as one of the best culinary apples we have, beinj^ fit for use when no larger than a walnut, and after attaining their growth continuing in perfection as late as Christmas. If blanched in warm water, wlien used smalJ, the outer rind slips off, and they may be baked whole ; their colour id then a trans- parent green ; and their flavour is exquisite, resembling that of a green apricot. When it is about the size of a large nutmeg, it may be made into apple marmalade^ or a dried sweetmeat, which rivals the finest Portugal plum. CAROLINE. — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish. Skin, fine rich deep yellow, streaked with broad patches of red. Eye, small, set in a narrow and plaited basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a shallow cavity, which is- lined with russet. Flesh, firm, brisk, juicy, and highly flavoured. APPLES. 41 A culinary apple of fi rst-rate quality ; in use from November to February. This variety was named in honour of Caroline, Lady Suffield, the wife of the second Lord Suffield, of Blickling and Gunton Hall, Norfolk. She was Lady Caroline Ilobart, daughter of the second Earl of Buckinghamshire. CASTLE MAJOR. — Fruit, lari,'e, three inches to three and a quarter wide, and the same in height ; conical, and prominently ribbed, the ribs extending from the base to the apex, where they terminate in the form of small knobs in the basin of the eye. Skin, deep yellow over the whole surface, except on the side next the sun. where there is a blush of reddish orange. Eye, closed, or nearly so, with erect con- vergent segments, which are slightly divergent, sot in a narrow knobbed ca\ity. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, quite imbedded in the deep angular cavity, which is slightly russety. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, and with a mild acidity. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile. An excellent cooking apple ; in use during October and November. It is a favourite among the Kentish orcbardists, and is frequently met with in the London markets. CATSHEAD. — Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter broad, and the same in height ; oblong, nearly as broad at the apex as at the base, with prominent ribs on the sides, which extend into the basin of the eye, and terminate in several knobs round the crown. Skin, smooth and unc- tuous, pale green, but with a brownish tinge next the sun, and strewed with minute russety dots. Eye, large and open, set in a large, angular, and rather deep basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical, inclining to funnel-shape. Stalk, short and slender for the size of the fruit, inserted in a shallow and angular cavity. Flesh, tender, juicy, and sweet, with a pleasant, acid, and slightly perfumed flavour. Cells, ovate ; abaxile. One of our oldest and best culinary apples ; it is in use from October to January. The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, and attains the largest size, and though not an abimdant bearer during the early period of its growth, it is much more productive as it becomes aged. In the Horticultural Society's Catalogue of Fruits, and also in Lindley's Guide to the Orchard, this is made synonymous with the Costard of Hay, which is undoubtedly an error, the Costard being distinct. The Catshcad is one of our oldest varieties, and was always highly esteemed for its great size. Phillips, in his poem on Cyder, says — " Why should we sing the Thrift, Codling or I'omroy, or of pimpled ooat The Russet, or the Cafs neaa'a weighty orb. Enormous in its growth, for various use Tho' these are meet, tho' after full repast, Are oft requir'd, and crown the rich dessert." In Ellis's "Modem Husbandman," he says the Catshead is "a very useful apple to the farmer, because one of them pared and wrapped up in dough serves with little trouble for making an apple dumpling, so much in request with the Kentish farmer, for l)eing part of a ready meal, that in the cheapest manner satiates the keen appetite of the hungry ploughman, both at home and in the field, and, there- fore, has now got into such reputation in Hertfordshire, and some other counties, that it is hecome the most common food with a piece of bacon or pickle-pork for families." 42 THE FRUIT MANUAL. 0t C>. Jfe?*^^ CELLINI. — Fruit, rather above medium size ; roundish, and flat- ""^tened at both ends. Skin, rich deep yellow, with spots and patches of lively red on the shaded side ; and bright red streaked and mottled with dark crimson next the sun, with here and there a tinge of yellow breaking through. Eye, large and open, with short, acute, and re- flexed segments, and set in a shallow and slightly plaited basin. Stalk, very short, inserted in a funnel-shaped cavity. Stamens, median, or basal ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Flesh, white, tender, very juicy, brisk, and pleasantly flavoured, with a somewhat balsamic aroma. Cells, roundish or obovate ; axile, open. A culinary apple of the first quality ; in use during October and November. It is a fine, showy, and handsome apple, bearing a strong resemblance to the Nonesuch, from which in all probabihty it was raised. It originated with Mr. Leonard Phillips, of Vauxhall. Chalmers' Large. See Butch Codlin. CHALLENGE PIPPIN.— Fruit, from two and a quarter to two and a half inches wide, and two to two and a quarter inches high ; either cylindrical or ovate in shape ; even and regular in its outline. Skin, smooth and shining, of a bright grass-green ground colour, and entirely covered with bright dark crimson streaks on the side next the sun, and paler on the shaded side. Eye, open, with divergent segments, set in a pretty deep plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel- shaped. Stalk, short and stout, inserted in a round russety cavity. Flesh, greenish, tender, juicy, and pleasantly acid, with a brisk flavour. Cells, roundish ; axile, open. An excellent culinary apple, grown in Cornwall, and sent to me by J. Vivian, Esq., of Hayle. It keeps well till Christmas. Charlamowiski. See Duchess of Oldenhimj. CHARLEMAGNE. — Fruit, two inches and a quarter wide, and under two inches high ; roundish oblate, even and regular in its out- line, flattened on the top, and with five prominent round knobs round the eye. Skin, of an uniform pale yellow, with a faint blush of rose, dotted with deeper red on the side next the sun. Eye, large and closed, with broad segments, which are reflexed at the tips, three of which are broader, and cover the other two. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, woody, slender, and deeply inserted. Flesh, yellowish, very soft and tender, rather sweet, and without much flavour. Cells, elliptical ; axile. An early apple ; ripe in the second or third week in August, and soon becomes mealy. CHAXHILL RED. — Fruit, two inches and three-quarters wide, and a little over two inches high ; roundish oblate, even and regularly formed. Skin, completely covered with deep crimson, streaked with APPLES. 48 deeper and brighter colour, except where it is shaded, and there it is greenish yellow, thinly washed and streaked with red ; green and russety round the stalk. Eye, small, with connivent segments, set in a round, even, and shallow basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and stout, quite imbedded in the narrow cavity. Flesh, tender, with a mild sub-acid flavour. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile, open. A Gloucestershire apple, which was awarded a first-class certificate at Gloucester about the year IS 73 fur its excellence for cider. CHERRY APPLE {Scarlet Siberian Crab),— Fmii, very small, about three-quarters of an inch broad, and the same in height ; oblato -oblong. Skin, thin and shining, of a beautiful lemon colour on the shaded side, but entirely covered with dark blood-red on the side exposed to the sun, and which extends towards the shaded side of a fine crimson. Stalk, very slender, an inch and a half long, inserted in a small round cavity. Eye, small, with divergent deciduous seg- ments, placed in a shallow basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, and juicy, with a very pleasant and hvely sub-acid flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile. A beautiful little apple, more resembling a cherry in its general appearance than an apple. It is ripe in October. The tree, when full grown, is from fifteen to twenty feet high, and produces an abundance of its beautiful fruit. It is perfectly hardy, and may be grown on almost any description of soil. It forms a beautiful object when grown as an ornamental tree on a lawn or shrubbery. CHERRY NORMAN. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an inch and a half high ; roundish oblate, narrowing a little towards the crown, even and regular in its outline. Skin, smooth, golden yellow, and with a bright rose cheek on the side next the sun, which is also some- times marked with patches of pale brown russet. Eye, closed, with erect convergent segments which are reflexed at the tips, and set in a narrow, shallow, plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, short conical. Stalk, from a quarter to half an inch long, set in a small and shallow cavity, generally with a fleshy swelling on one side. Flesh, quite white, tender and soft, juicy, and with an astringent as well as a sweet taste. Cells, very regular, obovate ; axile, open. This pretty little apple, which is so brilliant in colour as to be a rival to the Lady Apple, is a Herefordshire cider variety. CHERRY PEARMAIN. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and a half wide, and the same in height ; roundish, but occasionally somewhat conical, even in its outline, but sometimes bluntly angular. Skin, entirely covered with brilliant crimson and broken streaks of darker colour, except on the shaded side, where it is rich yellow, flushed and streaked with crimson ; the whole of the surface is strewed with distinct russet dots. Eye, small, and closed, with connivent segments 44 THE FRUIT MANUAL. set in a pretty even basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, inserted all its length in a russet-Hued cavity. Flesh, yellowish, stained with red at the eye, and with a red line extending all round the core, tender, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, roundish or roundish obovate ; axile, open. A Herefordshire cider apple. CHRISTIE^S PIPPIN.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a half wide, and two inches high ; oblate and roundish, without angles, and handsomely shaped. Skin, yellow, tinged with green on the shaded side ; occasionally streaked and mottled with red next the sun, and speckled all over with large russety dots. Eye, open, with short erect segments, set in a round, even, and rather shallow basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep conical. Stalk, short and slender, not protruding beyond the margin, inserted in a deep cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, brisk, juic}', sugary, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, open. A dessert apple of the first quality ; in use from December to February. The tree is an abundant bearer, but constitutionally weak, a delicate grower, and subject to canker and mildew. On the paradise stock it forms a beautiful, compact, and handsome little pyramid. It was raised by a Mr. Christie, at Kingston-on-Thames. Christ's Golden Reinette, See Dutch Migjionne. Chucket Egg. See Teuchat's Egg. Claremont. See Winter Greening. CLARKE'S PIPPIN. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; oblate or roundish, even and symmetrical in its outline. Skin, with a bright green ground, which becomes paler and yellowish as it ripens, especially on the shaded side, and the whole surface is covered with veins and mottles of rough brown russet, interspersed with grey russet dots. Eye, set in a round even saucer-like basin with broad convergent segments whice close the eye. Stamens, quite basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short and slender, inserted the whole of its length in a round deep cavity. Flesh, greenish, firm, crisp, very juicy, and brisk, with a fine flavour. Cells, obovate, very full of seeds ; axile, closed. A Herefordshire dessert apple. It keeps till Christmas. CLAYGATE PEARMAIN.— Fruit, medium sized; Pearmain-shaped. Skin, dull yellow mixed with green, and a thin coating of russet and numerous dots on the shaded side, but marked with broken stripes of dark red on the side exposed to the sun. After being kept the ground colour becomes golden yellow, and the streaks bright crimson. Eye, large and open, with long segments set in a deep basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in APPLES. 45 a smooth and rather deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, rich, and sugary, partaking of the flavour of the Ribstou Pippin. Cells, obovate or elliptical ; axile. A valuable and highly esteemed dessert apple of the first quality ; it comes into use in November, and will continue till March. The tree, though not a strong or vigorous grower, is hardy and healthy, attains the middle size, and is an abundant bearer. It suc- ceeds well grafted on the paradise stock, and grown as an espalier or an open dwarf. Its shoots are slender and drooping. This excellent variety was discovered by John Draddick, E«q., growing in a hedge near his residence at Claygate, a hamlei in the parish of Thames Ditton, in Surrey. See Braddich's Nonpareil. Clifton Nonesuch. See Fearn*s Pippin. Clissold's Seedling. See Lodgemore Nonpareil. CLUSTER GOLDEN PIPPIN (Cluster Pippin; Twin-cluster Pipjnn : lliickset). — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and two inches high ; round, and slightly flattened at the top, very frequently two united, forming one fruit with two distinct eyes. Skin, smooth, greenish yellow, with a tinge of orange on the exposed side when ripe, and covered with markings and network of thin grey russet, with large patches round the stalk and the eye. Eye, large and open, nearly level with the surface. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel- shaped. Stalk, short. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, brisk, and sweet. Cells, obovate ; axile. A good second-rate apple, remarkable more for its peculiarity of being occasionally produced in united pairs than for its excellence. It is in use from November till March. Cluster Pippin. See Cluster Golden Pippin. CLYDE TRANSPARENT.— Fruit, rather below medium size ; roundish and irregularly angular in its outline. Skin, with a clear bright red which completely covers the side next the sun, mixed here and there with a short broken streak of darker crimson ; on the shaded side it is clear straw yellow. Eye, closed, inserted in a shallow and plaited basin. Stalk, very short, included in a deep smooth funnel- shaped cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, sweet, and juicy. Coates's. See Yorkshire Greening. Coeur de Pigeon. See Pigeon. Cobbett's Fall Pippin. See Fall Pippin. COBHAM (Popes). — Fruit, large ; ovate, handsomely and regularly formed. Skin, clear yellow, tinged with greenish patches, and strewed with dark dots ; on the side next the sun it is marked with a few faint streaks of crimson. Eye, large and open, like that of the Blenheim Pippin, and set in a wide and plaited basin. Stalk, short, deeply 46 THE FEUIT MANUAL. inserted in a round cavity, which is lined with rough russet. Flesh, yellowish, tender, crisp, sugary, and juicy, with a rich and excellent flavour. A very valuable apple, either for the dessert or culinary purposes ; it is in use from November to March. This variety has all the properties of the Blenheim Pippin, and is much superior to it, keeps longer, and has the great advantage of being an early and abundantbearer. I met with this excellent apple in the neighbourhood of Sittingbonrne, in Kent, about the year 1842. The account I received of it was, that the original tree grew in the garden of a cottager of the name of Pope, at Cellar Hill, in the parish of Linstead, near Sittingbourne. It was highly prized by its owner, to whom the crop afforded a little income, and many were the unsuccessful applications of his neighbours for grafts of what became generally known as Pope's Apple. The proprietor of Pope's cottage built a row of other dwellings adjoining, in the gardens of which there were no fruit trees, and, for the sake of uniformity, he cut down Pope's apple-tree, notwithstanding the offer of twenty shillings a year more rent to spare it. The tree, being condemned, was cut down in 1846, at which period it was between fifty and sixty years old. The name of Cobham was given to it by Kirke, the nurseryman at Brompton. COCCAGEE. — Fruit, medium sized ; ovate. Skin, fine yellow, smooth, and marked with green specks. Eye, small and closed. Stalk, short. Flesh, yellowish white, soft, sharply acid, and austere. One of the oldest and best cider apples ; in use from October to December. Although it is perhaps the most harsh and austere apple known, and generally considered only fit for cider, still it is one of the best for all culinary purposes, especially for baking, as it possesses a particularly rich flavour when cooked. COCKLE'S PIPPIN (Nutmeg Pippin).— Fruit, medium sized ; conical or ovate, and slightly angular on the sides. Skin, gi*eenish yellow, changing as it ripens to deeper yellow, dotted with small grey dots, and covered all over the base with delicate pale brown russet. Eye, small, and slightly closed, set in an irregular and somewhat angular basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, an inch long, rather slender, obliquely inserted in a round and deep cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish, firm, tender, crisp, juicy, and sugary, with a pleasant aromatic flavour. Cells, elliptical ; axile, open. An excellent dessert apple, of the finest quality ; in use from January to April. This was raised in Sussex by a person of the name of Cockle, and it is extensively grown in this as well as the adjoining county of Surrey. It is mentioned by Forsyth, in a MS. memorandum book in my possession, as a Sussex apple. COCKPIT. — Fruit, about medium size ; obtuse ovate, and some- what angular on the sides. Skin, green, changing as it ripens to greenish yellow, with a faint orange tinge next the sun ; covered all over with small russety dots and some lines of russet. Eye, closed, with converging segments, placed in a rather shallow puckered basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep, funnel-shaped. Stalk, about half an APPLES. 47 inch long, inscrtcvl in an abrupt cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish white, bonder, juicy, and with a pleasant, brisk acidity, Cells, obovate ; axile, sht. A culinary apple of good quality ; ripe during November and De- cember. In Yorkshire this is a favourite apple. CODLIN. — The variety to which the generic name of Codlin was given is the English Codlin. See English Codlin. COE'S GOLDEN DROP.— Fruit, small and conical ; even and regular. Skin, yellow, with a blush of crimson, and a few crimson spots next the sun, and marked with small patches of thin, deHcate russet. Eye, small and open, even with the surface, and surrounded with a few shallow plaits. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep, funnel- shaped. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a small and shallow depression, which, together with the base, is entirely covered with russet. Flesh, greenish yellow, firm, crisp, and very juicy, brisk, sugary, and viuous. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed. A delicious little dessert apple of the first quality ; in use from November to May. The tree is hardy, a free, upright grower, and a good bearer. It does well on the paradise stock for dwarf and espaliers. This excellent variety was introduced to notice by Gervase Coe. of Bury St. Edmunds, who raised the Golden Drop Plum. It has been said that it is a very old variety, which has existed for many years in some Essex orchards, but was propagated by Coe, and represented by him to be a seedling of his own. COLE. — Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter broad, and two and a half high ; roundish, considerably flattened, almost oblate, and angular on the sides. Skin, yellowish, almost entirely covered with deep crimson, and slightly marked with russet. Eye, large and closed, set in a wide and open basin. Stalk, long, covered with down, and inserted in a close, narrow cavity, with a fleshy prominence on one side of it. Flesh, white, firm, juicy, and sweet, with a rich, brisk, and pleasant flavour. A first-rate early kitchen apple, and second-rate for the dessert. It is in use during August and September, and will even keep as long as Christmas if well preserved. The tree is hardy, vigorous, and a good bearer ; and on account of the size of the fruit should be grown rather as a dwarf than a standard. Colonel Yaughan's. See Kentish Pippin, COLLEGE APPLE. — Fruit, medium sized, three inches high, and two and a half inches wide at the base ; conical or Pearmain- shaped, even and regular in its outline, and not unlike Adams's Pear- main. Skin, smooth and shining, streaked all over with crimson stripes on a yellow ground, and with patches of brown russet on the base. Eye, small, set in a narrow shallow basin, which is surrounded 48 THE FRUIT MANUAL. with ridges ; segments, erect convergent, with divergent tips. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep, funnel-shaped. Stalk, a fleshy knob, about a quarter of an inch long, inserted in a very narrow and shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, soft, and briskly acid. Cells, four in the form of a cross, roundish obovate ; axile. A culinary apple ; in use till December. This is a Herefordshire apple, and takes its name from being grown on the estate belonging to the College of Vicars in that city. The fruit of this variety always fetches as high a price in Manchester market as that of Blenheim Pippin. Combermere Apple. See Mere de Menage. COMEY NORMAN {Murdy).—Fvmi, small, two inches high, and the same in width at the base ; conical, even and regular in its outline, though it has sometimes one or two prominent angles on the side ; it is wide at the base, and very narrow at the apex. Skin, greenish yellow on the shaded side, but on the side next the sun it has a thin red cheek, which is speckled with deep crimson ; russety round the stalk, and sprinkled over the surface with minute dots. Eye, prominent, closed, and set in a narrow plaited basin ; segments, broad and leaf-like, erect conver- gent, and with divergent tips. Stamens, median, but when the tube is very long they are marginal ; tube, conical, sometimes very wide for the depth, and sometimes very deep. Stalk, from a quarter of an inch to an inch long, slender, and inserted in a close, deep, irregular cavity. Flesh, very tender, juicy, and rather of a bitter-sweet flavour. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile. A Herefordshire cider apple. It is very largely grown in South Wales, and its name is derived from the Welsh wordCwym, a valley. Concombre Ancien. See Reinette Blanche d'Espagne. Concombre des Chartreuses. See St. Julien. COOK'S KERNEL — Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and two and a quarter high ; roundish, inclining to obtuse ovate, even in its outline. Skin, smooth and shining, streaked all over with bright crimson, on a golden yellow ground, and dotted with large russet dots, which are thickly sprinkled over the whole surface. Eye, set in a shallow, smooth, saucer-like basin, with convergent segments, the tips of which are divergent. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, sometimes a mere knob, or half an inch long, and slender, set in a wide, round, funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, yellowish, rather dry, soft, and with a brisk, rough acidity. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed. A Herefordshire cider apple, which is a favourite in the midland districts of the county. COOLE'S SEEDLING". — Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and two inches high ; roundish, inclining to ovate, even and regular in outline. Skin, lemon yellow, with a few streaks and mottles of crimson on the side exposed to the sun, and here and there some traces of APPLES. 49 rosset. Eve, open, with broad divergent segments, set in a wide, plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, and sometimes a fleshy swelling on one side of it, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, firm and crisp, juicy and sweet Cells, obovate ; axile, closed. An excellent dessert apple ; in use from October to December. This was raised at Cheltenham by a lady named Miss Coolc. and it was awarded a Firbt-class Certificate by the lioyal llort'icultural Society in 1868. Copmanthorpe Crab. See Dutch Mignonne. CORN APPLE. — Fruit, small, two inches and an eighth wide, and two inches and five-eighths high ; conical, with prominent ribs on the sides, terminating at the crown in sharp ridges, and in broad undulations at the base. Skin, almost entirely covered with blood crimson, streaked with darker crimson, and intermingled with yellow streaks of the ground colour ; on the shaded side it is paler, and on the sun side it is sometimes shining as if varnished. Eye, with erect convergent segments, divergent at the points, set in a deep, narrow, furrowed basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical, sometimes ap- proaching to funnel-shape. Stalk, half an inch to three-quarters long, deeply inserted in an undulating-shaped cavity. Flesh, tender, juicy, and sweet, with a rough flavour. Cells, roundish ; abaxile. This is a Herefordshire cider apple, extensively grown in the northern part of the county, and yields cider which is considered equal ia quality to that of the Fox. whelp. CORNISH AROMATIC— Fruit, above medium size, three inches wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish, distinctly libbed on the sides, and narrowing towards the eye, where it terminates, in more or less prominent ridges. Skin, yellow on the shaded side, and covered with large patches of pale brown russet, which extend all over the base, and sprinkled with green and russety dots ; but of a beautiful bright red, which is streaked with deeper red, and strewed with patches and dots of russet, on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, small and closed, with long flat segments, which are reflexed at the tips and set in an irregular ribbed basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a deep and narrow cavity, which is Hned N\ith russet. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, rich, and highly aromatic. Cells, obovate ; axile. A valuable dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from October to Christmas. The tree is a free grower and an excellent bearer. CORNISH GILLIFLOWER.— Fruit, large ; ovate, angular on the sides, and ribbed round the eye, somewhat like a Quoining. Skin, dull green on the shaded side, and brownish red streaked with brighter red on the side next the sun ; some parts of the surface marked with thin russet. Eye, large and closed, set in a narrow and angular basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, 4 60 THE FKUIT MANUAL. three quarters of an inch long, inserted in a rather shallow cavity. Flesh, 3^ellowish, firm, rich, and aromatic. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile or abaxile. This is one of our best dessert apples, remarkable for its rich and aromatic flavour ; it is in use from December to May. The tree ia hardy and a free grower, attaining the middle size, but not an abun- dant bearer ; it produces its fruit at the extremities of the last year's wood, and great care should, therefore, be taken to preserve the bearing shoots. It succeeds well grafted on the paradise stock, and grown as an espalier or an open dwarf. This valuable apple was brought into notice by Sir Christopher Hawkins, who- sent it to the London Horticultural Society in 1813. It was discovered about the beginning of the present century, growing in a cottager's garden near Truro. The name July-flower is very often applied to this and some other varieties of apples, and also to flowers ; but it is only a corruption of the more correct name, Gilliflower, which is derived from the French Girojie, signifying a clove, and hence the flower, which has the scent of that spice, is called Girojiier, which has been transformed to Gilli' flower. In Chaucer's " Romaunt of the Rose " he writes it Gylofre: " There was eke wexyng many a ppice, As Clowe Gylofre and liquorice." Turner writes it Gelower and Gehjfloure. The proper name, therefore^ is Gilliflower, and not July-flower. CORNISH MOTHER {Mother Apple in Cornwall).— Fruit, below medium size, nearly two inches wide, and two and a quarter high ; roundish, inclining to cylindrical, distinctly angular. Skin, smooth^, almost entirely covered with crimson, which has broad broken streaks of a darker colour dotted all over with russet dots ; on the shaded side it is of a paler colour, and is streaked with crimson and yellow. Eye,, closed, with erect convergent segments, set in a pretty deep and close basin, which is angular and plaited. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical,, sometimes so deep as to extend to the core. Stalk, long and slender, inserted in a deep narrow cavity. Flesh, greenish white, very tender and juicy, sweet, with a pleasant flavour and agreeable aroma. Cells,. roundish ; axile. A very good tender-fleshed dessert apple ; in use up to November. This was sent me from Cornwall by Mr. Vivian, of Hayle, under the name of Mother Apple, but as there are so many apples which are known by this name iti* necessary to give them some specific distinction, and this I have named theCoruibh. Mother. CORRAS APPLE. — Fruit small, two inches in diameter, round or oblato-cylindrical, sometimes roundish, even and regular in its out- line. Skin, entirely covered with yellowish brown russet, except on the sunny side, where it has a bright deep red cheek, glossy as if it were varnished. Eye, with convergent segments, closed or half open, set in a shallow depression. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. APPLES. 61 Stalk, short, generally not extending beyond the base, slender. Flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured. Cells, sometimes only four, obovate ; axile. A richly-flavoured dessert apple, the great value of which consists in its late keeping. I received this, as well as most of the Herefordshire apples, from my friend Dr. Henry Bull, of Hereford. CORSE HILL {Corset Hill; Cosset Hill).— Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a quarter wide, and over two inches high ; short Pearmain- shaped, smooth and even in its outline, narrowing abruptly from the middle to the crown, which gives the upper part of the fruit a snouted figure. Skin, thick and membranous, shining, pale lemon on the shaded side, but with a fine bright red cheek on the side next the sun, which frequently extends over two-thirds of the surface of the fruit, and the whole is thickly strewed with minute russety points. Eye, rather large, and closed, with long and broad leaf- like segments, placed in a round, even, and saucer-like, shghtly plaited basin. Stalk, a mere fleshy knob, but occasionally, and very rarely, a quarter of an inch long and woody, inserted in a very shallow cavity, lined with pale brown russet. Flesh, white, tender, not very juicy, brisk, and shghtly sweet. A culinary apple of second-rate quality, which takes well, and is in use during December and January. It is much grown in the Gloucestershire orchards, and received its name from having been raised at Corse Hill, near Gloucester, where the seedling tree is still existing. I received it from T. Wintle, Esq., of Gloucester. Corset Hill. See Corse Hill. Cosset HilL See Corse Hill. COSTARD (Coulthard ; Prussian Pippin). — The large oblong five- ribbed and five-sided apple, with a green skin and sometimes a brownish tinge on the side next the sun, an open eye and short stalk, is no doubt synonymous with the Catshead ; and this accounts for George Lindley saying they are the same variety. But there are two other varieties of Costard which are undoubtedly distinct, and these are the Herefordshire or Dadnor Costard and the Gloucestershire Costard, which will be found described under these names. The Costard is one of our oldest Enghsh apples. It is mentioned under the name of "Poma Costard " in the fruiterers' bills of Edward the First, in 1292, at which time it was sold for a shilling a hundred. The true Costard is now rarely to be met with, but at an early period it must have been very extensively grown, for the retailers of it were called Costardmongers, an appellation now transformed into Coster- mongers. It is mentioned by William Lawson, in 1597, who, in his quaint style, says, " Of your apple-trees you shall flnde diflurence in growth. A good pipping will grow large, and a Costard-tree : stead them on the north side of your other apples, thus being placed, the 52 THE FRUIT MANUAL. least will give sunne to the rest, and the greatest will shroud their fellowes." Modern authors make the Costard synonymous with the Catshead, chiefly, I think, on the authority of Mr. George Lindley, who has it so in the " Guide to the Orchard " ; but this is evidently an error. All the early authors who mention both varieties regard them as distinct. Parkinson describes two varieties of Costard — the *' Gray " and the *' Greene." Of the former he says, "It is a good great apple, somewhat whitish on the outside, and abideth the winter. The Green Costard is like the other, but greener on the outside continually." Kay describes .both the Catshead and Costard as distinct, and Leonard Meager -enumerates three varieties of Costard in his list — the white, grey, .and red. Some etymologists, and Dr. Johnson among the number, consider ibis name to be derived from Cost, a head ; but what similarity there is beween this apple and a head, more than in any other variety, must puzzle any one to discover. Is it not more probable that it is derived from Costatus [Anglice, costate, or ribbed), on account of the promi- nent ribs or angles on its sides ? I think this a much more likely derivation. COUL BLUSH. — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish, and angular on the sides. A good deal resembling the Hawthornden. Skin, pale yellow, marked with dull red next the sun, and streaked and dotted with deeper red. Stalk, slender. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, brisk, and well-flavoured. An excellent culinary apple ; in use from October to February. It is said to be of finer flavour than the Hawthornden, and to be even a good dessert apple. The tree is hardy, a strong, vigorous, and upright grower, and an abundant bearer. It is well suited for all northern and exposed situations. This is one of the vaxietics raised by Sir G. S. Mackenzie, Bart, of Coul, llosshire. Coulthard. See Costard. Counsellor. See Greenup's Pippin. COUET OF WICK {Frys Pippin; Golden Drop; Knightwick Pippin ; Phillips's lieinette ; Wood's Huntingdon ; Weeks s Pippin ; Yellow Pippin). — Fruit, below medium size ; roundish ovate, regular and handsome. Skin, when fully ripe, of a fine clear yellow, with bright orange, which sometimes breaks out in a faint red next the sun, and covered all over with russety freckles. Eye, large and open, with long, acuminate, and reflexed segments, set in a wide, shallow, and even basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a smooth and even cavity, which is lined with thin russet. Flesh, yellow, tender, crisp, very juicy, rich, and Jhighly flavoured. Cells, roundish elliptical ; axile. APPLES. 58 One of the best and most valuable dessert apples, both as regards the hardiness of the tree and the rich and delicious flavour of the fruit, which is not inferior to that of the Golden Pippin. It is in use from October to March. The tree attains the middle size, is healthy, hardy, and an abundant bearer. There is scarcely any description of soil or exposure where it does not succeed, nor is it subject to the attacks of blight and canker. It grows well on the paradise stock, producing fruit much larger than on the crab, but not of so long duration. There are some soils, such as the Hastings Sand, which produce the fruit of Court of Wick of a fine clear orange with a somewhat crimson cheek on the side next the sun. This variety is said to have oripnatetl at Court of Wick, near Yatton, in Somer- setshire, and to have been raised from seed of the Golden Pippin. In his Survey of Somersetshire^ Billingsly says, " The favourite ai)ple, both as a table and cider fruit, is the Court of Wick Pippin, taking its name from the spot where it was first produced. It originated from the pip or seed of the Golden Pippin, and mny be considered as a beautiful variety of that fruit. In shape, colour, and flavour it has not its superior.*' It was called Wood's Huntingdon from being propagated by Mr. Wood, nurseryman, of Huntingdon, and sent out by him under that name aboai the year 1790. Court-pendu-doree. See Golden Beinette, COURT-PENDU-PLAT (Courtpendu; Court-pendu plat roiigedtre ; Court -pendu rond gros ; Court-pendu rond tres gros ; Court-pendU rond roiigedtre; Court-pendu rosat ; Court-pendu musque ; Court- pendii-rouge musque ; Court-pnuiu rouge ; Courpendu vermeil ; Go- rianda rose; Kurtzstiel ; Court-pendu rouge; Court-pendu rosaar ; lieinette Court-pendu rouge; Princesse Noble Zoete ; Garnons ; Wollaton Pippin ; Wise Apple). — Fruit, medium sized ; oblate, regu- larly and handsomely shaped. Skin, bright green at first on the shaded side, but changing as it ripens to clear yellow, marked with traces of russet, and russety dots ; but entirely covered with rich deep red next the sun. Eye, large and open, with short segments, which are reflexed at the tips, set in a wide, rather deep basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and deeply inserted. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, very juicy, richly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile. slit. A valuable dessert apple of the first quahty ; in use from December to May. The tree is of small growth, very hardy, and an abundant bearer. Grafted on the paradise stock it makes excellent bushes and espaliers. The blossom of this variety expands later than that of any other variety, and on that account is less liable to be injured by spring frosts ; and hence it has been called the Wise Apple. This is not the Capendu of Duharael, as quoted by Lindley and Downing ;. neither is it the Court-Pendu of Forsyth and De La Quintinye, that variety being the Fenouillet Rouge of Duhamel. The Courpendu of Miller is also a different apple from any of those just mentioned, and is distinguished by having a long and slender stalk, " so that the fruit is always hanging downwards." The name of this variety is derived from Corps pendu, translated by some Hanging Body, whereas. 54 THE FEUIT MANUAL. that of the variety above described is from Court pendu, signifying suspended short, the stalk being so short that the fruit sits, as it were, upon the branch. The name Capendu, or Capendua, is mentioned by the earliest authors, but applied to ditferent varieties of apples. It is met with in Ruellius, Tragus, Curtius, and Dalechamp, the latter considering it the Cestiana of Pliny. Curtius applies the name to a yellow apple, and so also does Ruellius ; but Tragus considers it one of the varieties of Passe-pomme. He says, " Capendua magna sunt alba et dulcia, in quorum utero seniina per maturitatem sonant, Ruellio Passipoma apellantur." They are also mentioned by J. Bauhin, " Celeberrimum hoc pomi genus est totius Europaj, sic dicta, quod ex curto admodum pendeant pediculo." It is called Garnons from the residence of the Cotterell family, near Hereford, where it had been grown without a name, and bence became known as the Garnons apple. For the same reason it is called Wollaton Pippin from the residence of Lord Middleton in Nottinghamshire. COWAN'S SEEDLING.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and two and a quarter high ; round, and sometimes oval, when it has a large fleshy swelling at the base ; somewhat angular, and terminating in prominent ridges round the eye. Skin, rich yellow, almost covered with broken streaks of crimson, and with a crimson cheek where exposed to the sun ; there is a little thin russet about the crown. Eye, small, and closed, with erect convergent segments set in a pretty deep angular and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, with a large swelling on one side. Flesh, tender, juicy, sweet, aud with a pleasant flavour. Cells, obovate ; abaxile. A very pretty dessert apple ; in use in October. COWAENE QUOINING.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; ovate or conical, with obtuse ribs on the sides, which extend to the eye and there form distinct ridges. Skin, smooth, shining, and almost entirely covered with deep bright crimson, which is darker on the side next the sun, but paler and streaked in the shade, where the yellow ground colour is exposed ; the whole surface is sprinkled with rather large russet dots. 'Eye, small, set in a narrow basin, which is surrounded with ridges, the segments convergent and nearly erect. Stamens, basal; tube, short, conical. Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a rather deep, round, and narrow cavity. Flesh, tender, juicy, sw^eet, and of good flavour, pervaded with veins and stains of red. Cells, large and symmetrical, obovate ; axile, open. A dessert apple of Herefordshire ; in use from January to March. COWARNE RED. — Fruit, small, about two inches wide, and one and a half high ; oblate, even and regular in outline. Skin, streaked with yellow and red on the shaded side and round the base, but of a bright red over a great part, and where fully exposed to the sun of an intense, deep, purplish crimson ; there are numerous short streaks, which mark the shady part of the fruit. Eye, small, with very short converging segments, the tips of which are divergent. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, over half an inch long, very stifl" and straight. Flesh, dry, woolly, and acid. Cells, open, obovate; axile. APPLES. 65 Specific gravity of its juice, 1071. A cider apple, which takes its name from the parish of Cowarne, near Broom- jard, in Herefordshire, where it was raised about the beginning of the last century. COX'S ORANGE PIPPIN.— Fruit, medium sized ; roundish ovate, •even and regular in its outline. Skin, greenish yellow, and streaked with red in the shade, but dark red where exposed to the sun, and this extends over three-fourths of the whole surface. Over the coloured part are patches and traces of ash grey russet forming a smooth and firm crust. Eye, small and open, or closed, filled with stamens and with short erect segments, set in a somewhat shallow saucer-like basin, which is plaited and entii'ely lined with russet. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, somewhat fleshy, set in a moderately deep cavity, which has a slight swelling on one side, and is covered with russet extending over the base. Flesh, yellowish, very tender in the grain, crisp, juicy, and sweet, with a fine perfume and rich flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit. One of the best dessert apples ; in use from October to February. The tree is admirably adapted for dwarfs or pyramids, succeeds well on the paradise stock, and is a free bearer. This excellent variety was raised at Colnbrook Lawn, near Slough, Bucks, by a Mr. Cox, who was formerly a brewer at Berniondsey, and who retired to Colnbrook Lawn, where he devoted the remaining: years of his life to gardening pursuits. The apple originated in 1 830, and is said to have been from a pip of Ribston Pippin. COX'S POMONA. — Fruit, above the medium size, three inches wide, «nd two and a half high, sometimes large ; roundish, somewhat flattened, angular on the sides, and with ridges round the eye. Skin, yellow, and very much streaked with bright crimson, and where fully exposed to tho «un entirely crimson, marked with stripes and patches of dark crim- son ; russety in the cavity of the stalk and over the base. Eye, slightly open, with erect segments, set in a deep and angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, conical. Stalk, an inch long, slender, deeply mserted. Flesh, white, tender, very juicy, and pleasantly acid. •Cells, obovate ; axile. A first-rate and very handsome culinary apple ; ripe in October. This was raised by Mr. Cox, of Colnbrook Lawn, who also raised Cox's Orange Pippin, CRAY PIPPIN. — Fruit, below medium size ; conical, and angular on the sides. Skin, pale yellow, with a tinge of red next the sun. Eye, small and closed, set in an even basin. Stalk, short, and deeply inserted. Flesh, yellow, crisp, sweet, and highly flavoured. An excellent dessert apple ; ripe in October. CRIMSON QUOINING {Scarlet Queening; Summer Queening; Red Queening; Herefordshire Queening). — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; conical and angular, sometimes distinctly five-sided, widest in the 66 THE FRUIT MANUAL. middle, and narrowing to the base and the apex. Skin, dull red, streaked with darker red where exposed to the sun, and greenish yellow, with a few faint streaks of pale red, on the shaded side. Eye, open, with long, reflexed, divergent segments, set in a narrow and prominently ribbed basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep, funnel- shaped. Stalk, over half an mch long, inserted in a deep and angular cavity. Flesh, white, with a greenish tinge, tender, juicy, and with a pleasant, brisk flavour. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile. A second-rate apple, suitable either for the dessert or kitchen use ; in season from December till March. Croft en Eeich. See Galloway Pippin. CROFT PEARMAIN.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a half wide, and the same in height ; round, with blunt angles on the sides, and rather irregular in its outline. Skin, lemon yellow, closely freckled all over with specks of cinnamon-coloured russet, and large russet dots. Eye, large, and prominently set on the surface, with a small knob at the base of each segment ; segments connivent, over- lapping each other, broad and leaf-hke. Stamens, marginal ; tube, wide and conical, rather irregular. Stalk, half an inch long, deeply inserted. Flesh, white, very tender and translucent, juicy, and with a brisk flavour. Cells, elliptical ; axile, closed. A good kitchen apple ; in use up till Christmas. This is much grown in the neighbourhood of Kingto:i, Herefordshire. CROFTON SCARLET.— Fruit, medium sized; oblate, slightly angular on the sides. Skin, covered with yellowish russet, except on the side next the sun, where it is bright red, with a mixture of russet. Eye, set in a wide and shallow basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a moderately deep cavity. Flesh, firm, crisp, juicy, sugary, and richly flavoured. A most delicious dessert apple, of first-rate quality ; in use from October to December, and does not become mealy. The Scarlet Crofton is of Irish origin. CULLEN. — Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and three inches high ; ovate, obtusely angular, terminating in ridges round the eye and small furrows into the basin of it. Skin, with a dull yellowish green tinge, striped with broken streaks of red on the shaded side, a dull brownish blush on the side next the sun, which is also marked with short, broken streaks of crimson. Eye, closed, with convergent segments, set in a deep and furrowed basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, over half an inch long, stout, deeply set in a greenish russet-lined cavity ; sometimes it is about an inch long, slender, and obliquely inserted by the side of a fleshy prominence. Flesh, tender, very juicy, mildly acid. Cells, obovate ; axile or abaxile. A very excellent culinary apple ; in use up till Christmas, and a great favourite among the Kentish orchardists about Maidstone. APPLES. 57 Camberland Favonrite. See Greenup's Pippin. CURL TAIL. — Fruit, medium sized, three inches wide, and the same in height, indusive of the prominent swelling at the stalk; round and flattened, somewhat obtusely angular, and with furrows at the crown. It has an extraordinary enlargement at the stalk, which curls round like a parrot's beak, which is russety. Skin, straw-coloured, without any traces of red or russet. Eye, closed, with convergent segments, set in a rather deep and furrowed basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, deep and wide, conical. Stalk, nearly obsolete, being the point of the fleshy swelling. Flesh, white, very tender, sweet, and agreeably flavoured. Cells, obovate ; abaxile. An extraordinary-looking apple, which possesses little merit, and is only fit for cooking. It is in use up till Christmas. D'ARCY SPICE (B addon- Pippin ; Essex Sjnce ; Sprimj Pdbston).— Fruit, medium sized ; roundish or rather oblate, with prominent ribs on the sides, which terminate in four, and sometimes five, considerable ridges at the crown, very much in the character of the London Pippin. It is sometimes of an ovate shape, caused by the stalk being prominent instead of depressed, in which case the ribs on the sides, and ridges round the eye, are less apparent. Skin, deep lively green, changing as it ripens to yellowish green, on the shaded side ; but covered on the side next the sun with dull red, which changes to orange where it blends with the yellow ground ; the whole considerably marked with thin brown russet, and russety dots. Eye, rather large and half open, with short, broad convergent segments, which are reflexed at the tips, and set in a deep angular and plaited basin. Stamens, basal; tube, wide conical. Stalk, very short, not more than a quarter of an inch long, and inserted the whole of its length in a shallow cavity. Flesh, greenish white, firm, crisp, juicy, sugary, and with a particularly rich and vinous flavour, partaking somewhat of the Nonpareil and Ribston, but par- ticularly the latter. Cells, open, roundish obovate ; axile. This is a first-rate dessert apple ; in use in November, and possessing the desirable property of keeping till April or May. This vahial)le apple was discovered in the garden of The Hall, Tolesbnnt 3^'Arcy, near Colchester, and many Qid Irees are still existing in that neighbour- iiood. It was always known by the name of D'Arcy Spice, or simply Spice Apple, till 1848, when Mr. John Harris, a nurseryman at Broomfield, near Chelmsford, propagated it from grafts taken from one of these old trees, and sold it under the name of Baddow Pippin. A few years later Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, put it in his catalogue as Spring Ribston. DARLING PIPPIN.— Fruit, of medium size ; oblato-conical. Skin, bright lemon yellow, thickly set with small embedded pearly specks. Eye, small, and placed in a shallow basin, surrounded with prominent plaits. Stalk, short and slender, not deeply inserted. Flesh, yellow- ish, firm, crisp, juicy, and sugary, with a pleasant sub-acid flavour. A dessert apple of good quality ; in use from November to January. This is one of our old English varieties. It is mentioned by Rea in 1665, who 58 THE FRUIT MANUAL. calls it " a larjie gold yellow apple, of an excellent, quick, something sharp taste, and bears well." It is also noticed by Ray as " Pomum dclicatulum Cestrise." David T. Fish. See Warner's King. DEANS' CODLIN. — Fruit, very large, three inches and a quarter wide, and three inches and three-quarters high ; conical or oblong, with prominent ribs on the sides, which extend to the apex, and form corresponding ridges round the eye. Skin, clear, deep yellow, dotted with large russet dots. Eye, closed, with somewhat erect segments, set in a deep and furrowed basin. Stamens, median, inclining to marginal ; tube, deep, funnel-shaped. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, rather slender for the size of the fruit, inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, wide open, Codlin-like, elliptical ; abaxile. A first-rate kitchen apple ; in use from November till February. This was introduced by Mr. "VV. Deans, a nurser3'man at Jedburgh, N.B. Delaware. See Trumjymjton. DE NEIGE (Fameiise ; La Fameuse). — Fruit, about the medium size, two inches and a half broad, and two inches high ; roundish, sometimes oblate. Skin, tender, smooth, and shining, of a beautiful pale waxen yellow colour, tinged with pale red, on the shaded side, but covered with deeper red on the side next the sun. Eye, small, half- open, with short segments, reflexed at the tips, and set in a narrow, shallow, and puckered basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep, conical. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a round and pretty deep cavity. Flesh, pure white, remarkably tender and delicate, sweet, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile. A very beautiful and handsome apple, but not of great merit. It is suitable for dessert use, and is in perfection from November to January. The tree is of a small habit of growth, hardy, and bears well ; but in some soils it is liable to canker. This variety is supposed to be of Canadian origin, and was introduced to this country by a Mr. Barclay, of Brompton, near London. It is grown very extensively in Canada, and is very higbly appreciated. The name of Pomme de Neige has been applied to several very distinct varieties, and it can be traced back as far as the beginning of the seventeenth century; but the variety to which it was then applied, and which appears to have been a sort of early White Codlin, has long since disappeared, and any attempt to identify it must be mere conjecture. Deux Ans of Kent. See Graham. DEVONSHIRE BUCKLAND {Dredge's WJdte Lily; Pile's Vic- toria ; White Lily ; Lily Bucldand). — Fruit, above medium size ; roundish, and flattened, angular on the sides. Skin, waxen yellow, strewed with minute russet dots. Eye, open, with erect segments, reflexed at the tips. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, deeply APPLES. 59 inserted. Flesh, yellow, crisp, very juicy, brisk, sweet, and perfumed. Cells, round ; axile. A very good and useful apple, either for culinary or dessert use ; in season from October to February. DEVONSHIRE QUARRENDEX {Quarnwjton ; Fed Quarriwfdim ; Sack A]tjjle). — Fruit, rather below medium size ; oblate, and sometimes a little angular in its outline. Skin, smooth and shioing, entirely covered with deep purplish red, except where it is shaded by a leaf or twig, and then it is of a delicate pale green, presenting a clear and well-defined outline of the object which shades it. Eye, quite closed, with very long tomentose segments, and placed in an undulating and shallow basin, which is sometimes knobbed, and generally lined with thick wool. Stamens, marginal ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, about three-quarters of an inch long, fleshy at the insertion, deeply set in a round and funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, white, frequently stained with red, crisp, brisk, and very juicy, with a rich vinous and refreshing flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile, slit. A ver}' valuable and first-rate dessert apple. It ripens on the tree the first week in August, and lasts till the end of September. It is one of the earliest summer dessert apples, and at that season is parti- cularly rchshed for its fine, cooling, and refreshing vinous juice. The tree attains a considerable size ; it is particularly hardy, and a most prolific bearer. It succeeds well in almost every soil and situa- tion, and is admirably adapted for orchard planting. In almost every latitude of Great Britain, from Devonshire to the Moray Frith, I have observed it in perfect health and luxuriance, producing an abundance of well-ripened fruit, which, though not so large, nor so early in the northern parts, still possessing the same richness of flavour as in the south. This is supposed to be a very old variety. The earliest record I can find of Devonshire Qiiarrenden is in *' The Compleat Planter and Cyderist," published in 1690. In 1693 it is mentioned by Ray ; and except by Mortimer, it is not noticed by any subsecjuent writer till within a very recent period. It seems to have been unknown to Switzer, Langley, and Miller ; nor do 1 find thai it was grown in any of the London nurseries before the beginning of the present century. The only early catalogue in which I find it is that of Miller & Sweet, of Bristol, in 1790. DEVONSHIRE QUEEN.— Fruit, medium sized; roundish ovate, with prominent angles on the sides, which extend to the eye, where they form prominent ridges. Skin, entirely covered with deep, rich crimson, which is marked and streaked with a deeper shade of the same colour ; but where shaded there is a sUght patch of yellow. The whole surface is shining as if varnished. Eye, closed and deeply sunk. Stamens, marginal ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, deeply inserted. Flesh, yellowish, white in the centre ; but under the skin it is deeply tinged with red, and this extends some- times to the core ; soft and tender, with a strong aromatic and pleasantly acid flavour. Cells, roundish ovate ; abaxile. 60 THE FRUIT MANUAL. A very beautiful apple of good quality, ripe in the beginning of October, and which must be eaten as soon as ripe. Ditton Nonpareil. See Braddick's Nonpareil. DOCTOR HARE'S. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three- quarters in diameter ; roundish, inclining to ovate, even in its outline. Skin, deep bright grass green where shaded, but where exposed to the sun it is brownish red, which is marked with broken streaks of bright red, and here and there over the surface are patches of rough scaly russet. Eye, set in a narrow, round, and plaited basin, with connivent segments. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical, rather wide. Flesh, with a greenish tinge, firm, crisp, with a brisk acidity and agreeable flavour. Cells, closed, obovate ; axile, closed. An excellent cooking apple, which is a long keeper, even up till May. This is a Herefordshire apple. DOCTOR HARVEY {Harvey Apple).— Frmi, large, three inches wide, and about the same in height ; ovate and somewhat angular. Skin, greenish yellow, dotted with green and white specks, but becoming quite yellow at maturity ; round the crown it is marked with lines of russet. Eye, small, with short connivent segments, very slightly depressed, and surrounded with several prominent knobbed plaits. Stamens, marginal ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a deep, uneven cavity. Flesh, firm, white, crisp, juicy, pleasantly acid, and perfumed. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit. A culinary apple of first-rate quality, well known in Norfolk. It is in use from October till January. The tree is a large grower, hardy, and a great bearer. Lindley says, *' When baked in an oven which is not too hot, these apples are most excellent ; they become sugary, and will keep a week or ten days, furnishing for the dessert a highly flavoured sweetmeat." This is one of the oldest English apples. It is first mentioned by Parkinson as "a faire greate goodly apple ; and very well rellished." llalph Austen calls it "a very choice fruit, and the trees beare well." According to liay it is named in honour of Dr. Gabriel Harvey, of Cambridge : " Pomum Harveianum ab inventore Gabriele Harveio Doctore nomen sortitum Cantabrigise suas delicioc." 1 learn from Houghton's Husbandry and Trade Improved that Dr. Harvey was master of Trinity Hall, and that about the year 1630 he left, by will, an estate to mend the road from Cambridge towards London, six miles to Fulmer (Foulmire). DOCTOR HOGG. — Fruit, above medium size, three inches wide, and two inches and a half high ; ovate or conical, prominently ribbed, and with bold ridges round the eye. Skin, when ripe, rich golden yellow with a pale red cheek, which is faintly striped with crimson on the side next the sun, here and there are small patches of russet. Eye, large and slightly open, with long erect connivent segments, set in a deep, ribbed, and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, an inch or more long, deeply inserted in a wide, irregular cavity. Flesh, white, very tender and juicy, sweet and briskly flavoured. CeUs, obovate ; abaxile. APPLES. 61 An excellent culinary apple, and also good for dessert use ; it is in season from November till February. This was raised by Mr. Sidney Ford, gardener to \V. E. Hubbard, Esq., of Leonard's Lee, near Horsham, and was awarded a First-class Certificate by the Royal Horticultural Society, December 17th, 1878, on the recommendation of Sir C. W. Strickland, Bart., to' whom it was referred to test its cookinp: properties. His report was — " Doctor Hogg is very like the White Calville, probably a seed- ling from it. It melts j)erfectly, does not fall at all, is juicy, slightly acid, very rich and sugary, with a delicate aroma. It is a first-rate baking apple." DOG'S SNOUT. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three- quarters long, and the same broad ; oblong, narrowing towards the crown, with prominent angles on the sides, which terminate at the apex in bold ridges ; the base of the fruit is flattened, and the crown narrow. Skin, smooth and greasy to the feel, of a pale yellowish green, except on the side next the sun, where there is a faint blush of pale crimson marked with several broken stripes of dark bright crimson, the whole surface strewed with distinct russety dots. Eye, small and closed, placed in a shallow, puckered, and angular basin. Stalk, over an inch long, very slender, inserted in a deep and narrow basin, with a swelling of the flesh on one side of it, and from which issue ramifications of russet which extend over the base of the fruit. Flesh, greenish white, tender, and marrow-like, agreeably acid, and pleasantly flavoured. A culinary apple ; in use during December and January, but only of second-rate quahty. I received this some years ago from Mr. W. Barratt, of Wakefield, It is some- what Hke the Keswick Codlin, but with a much longer stalk. DOMINO. — Fruit, large, nearly three inches and a quarter wide, and about three and a half high ; somewhat cylindrical or blunt coni- cal in shape, with five prominent ribs, one larger tban the others, which makes the fruit larger on one side of the axis, and consequently if measured through that diameter it is as wide as it is high. Skin, of an uniform gi'eenish yellow when ripe, and pale grass green before it ripens, covered with distinct russet dots, and no colour. Eye, closed, set in a deep angular and irregular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, long, conical, inclining to funnel-shape. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted by the side of a fleshy protuberance, which is generally well developed. Flesh, yellowish white, soft, and juicy, with a mild acidity. Cells, elliptical, abaxile, Codlin-like. This is a very useful apple, grown in the orchards of Nottinghamshire, about Southwell. It belongs to the same class as Lord Suflfield, Golden Spire, and such early bearing and prolific culinary apples. It ripens in September, and, like Lord Sufiield, is soon pa^t. It generally decays about the beginning of October. DOWNTON NONPAREIL.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; oblate, even and regular in its outline. Skin, greenish yellow, covered with patches of russet, espcciall}' over the crown and in the basin of the eye. Eye, small, with erect convergent segments, set in a wide and shallow depression. 62 THE PRUIT MANUAL. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, set in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, sweet, and briskly flavoured. Cells, ovate ; axile. A dessert apple of the first quality ; in use from December to April. This is one of the seedlings raised by Mr. T. A. Knight, President of the Horti- cultural Society of London. DOWNTON PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, somewhat cylindrical, and flattened at the ends, bearing a resemblance to the Golden Pippin. Skin, smooth, of a fine lemon yellow colour, and with a slight tinge of red next the sun, marked with a few traces of delicate russet, and strewed with numerous pale brown dots. Eye, large, and quite open, with long, flat, pointed segments, set in a wide, flat, and shallow basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, slender, half an inch long, and inserted in a shallow cavity, which is lined with a delicate russet. Flesh, yellowish white, delicate, firm, crisp, and juicy, with a rich, brisk, vinous, and somewhat aro- matic flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit. A dessert apple of first-rate quality, resembling the Golden Pippin both in size, shape, and colour, as well as flavour. It is in use from. November to January. The tree is a strong, healthy, and vigorous grower, a most abundant bearer, and attains about the middle size. It may be grown as an open dwarf, and is well suited for espaliers. The fruit is also valuable for the cider it produces, the specific gravity of the juice being 1080. This excellent variety was raised by Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., of Downton Castle, from the seed of the Isle of Wight Orange Pippin, impregnated with the pollen of the Golden Pippin, and the original tree is still in existence at Wormsley Grange, Herefordshire. My friend the Hev. C. H. Bulmer, Rector of Credenhill, near Hereford, informs me that mice have a great fondness for this apple, and will eat it with avidity. DRAP D'OR (Bay Apple; Early Summer Pippin). — Fruit, rather large ; roundish, narrowing towards the eye, where it is ribbed. Skin> smooth and shining, of a fine pale yellow colour intermixed with a, greenish tinge, which is disposed in faint stripes, extending from the base to the apex on the shaded side, but of a clearer and deeper yellow on the side next the sun, the whole marked with patches of delicate,, dark brown russet, and strewed with numerous russety dots ; some- times there is a faint tinge of red on the side next the sun. Eye, small and closed, with acuminate segments, which are covered with white tomentum, and set in a wide, deep, irregular, and plaited basin. Stalk, very short, and somewhat fleshy, inserted in a wide, rather shallow, and smooth cavity. Flesh, yellowish, white, tender, crisp, and juicy, with a brisk, vinous, and sugary flavour. A pretty good apple of second-rate quality, more suitable for culinary- purposes than the dessert. It is in use from October to Christmas. The tree is a healthy and free grower, attaining about the middle APPLES. 63 size, and is a free and early bearer, being generally well set with fruit buds. It requires a rich soil and warm situation. There is another apple totally different from this to which the name of Drap d'Or is applied. See Fenouillet Jaune. Dredge's Beauty of Wilts. See Harvey's Pippin. DREDGE'S FA^IE. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three- quarters wide, and two inches and a half high ; round, inclining to ovate, obtusely angular. Skin, smooth, dark green all over, but with a few broken streaks of crimson on the side next the sun ; as it ripens it assumes a yellowish tinge. Eye, partially open, with erect convergent segments, which incline to divergent, set in a narrow and shallow saucer-like basiu. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, about three-quarters of an inch long, slender, inserted in a pretty deep cavity. Flesh, greenish, tender, crisp, very juicy, sweet, and with a fine aroma. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed. This is a valuable and very excellent apple, suitable either for dessert use or culinary purposes. It is in use from December to March. In a letter to Mr. Forsyth, Mr. Dredge says, " This is the best apple yet known ; in eating from Easter till Midsummer — most excellent." The tree is hardy, a vigorous grower, an early and abundant bearer, but according to Rogers, hable to be attacked by the woolly aphis; still, I have never found it more susceptible of that disease than most other varieties. DREDGE'S QUEEN CHARLOTTE.— Fruit, medium sized, twa inches and three-quarters wide, and about the same in height ; roundish, inclining to ovate, with prominent ribs, which terminate in knobs round the eye ; it is generally higher on one side of the eye than the other. Skin, when quite ripe, greenish yellow on the shaded side, but on tho side next the sun it is entirely covered with brilliant crimson ; the surface has patches of russet and large russet dots, like freckles. Eye, closed, with broad convergent segments, deeply set in an uneven basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, long, stout, and curved, inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, tender, juicy, sweet, and of good flavour. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile. A showy, long-keeping, handsome apple, which lasts \VelI till March. I am indehted to Mr George Bunyard, nurseryman, of Maidstone, for a know- ledge of this old and useful apple. There are several other varieties mentioned by Forsyth as seedlings of Dred<»e's, which I hnvc not met with, as Dredge's Russet and Dredge's Seedling. I had ia my collection Dredge's Emperor and Lord Nelson, both of which are grown in the "West of England, but I have not had an opportunity of seeing the fruit. It is however, a question whether these are really bcedlings of Dredge's or not ; there are several varii-ties to which he affixed his name which have been ascertained to be identical with others that existed before his time, such as Dredge's White Lily which is synonymous with Devonshire Buckland, and Dredge's Beauty of Wilts* which is the same as Harvey's Pippin. ' 64 THE FRUIT MANUAL. Dredge's White Lily. See DevonsJdre Buckland. Due d'Arsell. See NonpareU. DUCHESS'S FAVOURITE {Duchess of Gloucester; Scarlet In- comparable).— Fruit, rather below medium size, two inches and a half wide, and two inches and an eighth high ; roundish, bluntly angular, and undulating round the crown. Skin, covered with brilliant red, which extends over the whole surface except where shaded, and there it is yellow ; the base is covered with ramifications of russet. Eye, open, with short erect segments, which are reflexed at the tips, and set in a wide plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel- shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, inserted in a moderately deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet, and highly, flavoured ; it is frequently stained with red, like the flesh of Sops-in- wine. Cells, open, roundish obovate ; axile. A beautiful and very excellent dessert apple ; in use from November to Christmas. It is now much grown in the Kentish orchards for the London markets. This was raised by Mr. Cree, a nurseryman at Addlestone, who named it in reference to the favour with which it was received by the Duchess of York. Duchess of Gloucester. See Duchess's Favourite, DUCHESS OF OLDENBUPiG {Borowitsky ; Charlamouiski).— Fruit, large, about three inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and a half high ; round, and sometimes prominently ribbed on the sides and round the eye. Skin, smooth, greenish yellow on the shaded side, and streaked with broken patches of fine bright red on the side next the sun, sometimes assuming a beautiful dark crimson cheek; it is covered all over with numerous russetj^ dots, particularly round the eye, where thej^ are large, dark, and rough. Eye, large and closed, with long broad connivent segments, placed in a deep and angular basin. Stamens, basal; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, long and slender, deeply inserted in a narrow and angular cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp, and very juicy, with a pleasant, brisk, and refreshing flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile. An excellent early culinary or dessert apple of the first quality ; ripe in the middle of August, and continues in use till the end of September. The tree is hardy, a free grower, and an excellent bearer. This variety is of Kussian origin. Duck's Bill. See Winter Pearmain. DUKE OF BEDFORD.— Fruit, large ; three inches and a quarter wide, and the same high ; roundish, with prominent obtuse angles ; quite uneven in shape, and with distinct ridges round the crown. Skin, bright dark green, with grey russet dots on the shaded side, and with a dull red check on the side which is next the sun, and which is marked with broken streaks. Eye, closed, with broad, flat, convergent segments, set in a wide, deep, and uneven basin. Stamens, basal ; APPLES. 65 tube, conical. Stalk, very short, with a large fleshy swelling on one side. Flesh, greenish, very firm and tender, very juicy, and with an agreeable acidity. Cells, obovate ; axile. A first-rate kitchen apple ; in fine condition at Christmas, and will keep till February. DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE.— Fruit, medium sized, roundish ovate. Skin, of uniform lemon yellow colour, with a dull red cheek ; the surface veined with russet. Eye, large and open, set in a wide and deep basin. Stalk, very short. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, rich, and sweet, with a fine aroma. An excellent dessert apple ; in use from February till May. DUKE OF GLOUCESTER.— Fruit, medium size; three inches wide, and two and a half high ; round, with obtuse angles, which extend to the crown, forming blunt ridges. Skin, of an uniform yellowish green, strewed with russet dots. Eye, open or half open, with erect segments, which are roflexed at the tips and set in a round even basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, inserted in a deep wide cavity. Flesh, tender, crisp, juicy, briskly-acid. Cells, ovate ; axile. A culinary apple ; in use in December. DUMELOW'S SEEDLING (Dumelow's Crab; Normanton Wmder; Wellhiffton). — Fruit, large, roundish, and flattened. Skin, pale yellow, strewed with large russet points, with a tinge of pale red on the side next the sun, which is sometimes almost entirely covered with a bright red cheek. Eye, large and open, with broad, reflexed segments, set in an irregular, uneven, and pretty deep basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, deeply inserted in a narrow and funnel-shaped cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp, brisk, and very juicy, with a slight aromatic flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile or abaxile. One of the most valuable culinary apples ; it is in use from November to March. The tree is one of the strongest and most vigorous growers, very hardy, and an excellent bearer. The young shoots, which are long and stout, are thickly covered with large greyish white dots, which readily distinguish this variety from almost every other. This excellent apple was raised by a person of the name of Dumeller (pro- nouiioeil Dumelo'r). a farmer at Shakerstone, a village in Leicestershire, six miles from Ashhy-de-la-Zouch, and is extensively cultivated in that and the adjoining counties under the name of Dumelow's Crab. It was first introduced to the neighbourhood of London by Mr. Richard Williams, of the Turnhara Green Nursery, who received it from Gopsal Hall, the seat of Earl Howe, and presented specimens of the fruit to the Horticultural Society in 1820. It was with him that the name of Wellington Apple originated, and by which it is now generally known in the London markets. DUNDEE. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, by two 5 6Q THE FLUIT MANUAL. inches high; oblate, very much like a Scarlet Nonpareil in shape. Skin, entirely covered with russet. Eye, closed, with broad erect segments, which are spreading at the tips, and set in a shallow plaited basin. Stamens, median; tube, funnel-shaped. Flesh, gi-eenish, firm, crisp, very juicy, with a pleasant, but not a high flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed. A second-rate dessert apple ; in use during December and January, but, like all russets, very liable to shrivel. Dundee. See Golden Reinette, DUNGAY. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-quarters wide by two and a half high ; roundish ovate, even and symmetrical in its outline. Skin, bright deep crimson where exposed to the sun, extending over two-thirds of the surface, but lemon-yellow marked with broken pale streaks of red where shaded. Eye, closed, with broad, flat, convergent segments, set in a wide plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, an inch long, slender, generally obliquely inserted by the side of a fleshy swelling in a greenish russet-lined cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, and of good flavour. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile. An excellent cooking apple, in use up till Christmas. I received this from Mr. L. Killick, of Langley, near Maidstone. DUTCH CODLIN {Chalmers' Large; Glory of the West).— Fmit, very large, irregularly conical or oblong, with a contraction or waist near the eye, and prominent ribs extending from the base to the eye. Skin, pale greenish yellow, slightly tinged with orange, or pale red next the sun. Stalk, an inch long, set in an angular cavity, and thick. Eye, small, and closed, with erect segments, set in a deep angular basin. Stamens, marginal; tube, conical. Flesh, white, firm, pleasantly sub-acid. A good bearer, and one of the best kitchen apples. August to September. DUTCH MIGNONNE {Christ's Golden lieinette ; Copmanthorpe Crab; Reinette de Canx ; Stettin Pippin), — Fruit, rather large; roundish, and handsome, narrowing a little towards the eye, where it is sometimes slightly ribbed. Skin, dull greenish yellow, marked all over with broken streaks of pale red and crimson, with traces of russet, and numerous russety dots, which are thickest round the eye. Eye, small and closed, with short and pointed segments, placed in a deep and narrow basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a round and deep cavity, which, with a portion of the base, is lined with rough russet. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, very juicy, rich, sweet, and aromatic. Cells, open, obovate ; axile. A very valuable and dehcious dessert apple ; in use from December to April. The tree is hardy, a vigorous grower, and a very abundant bearer. APPLES. 67 It attains about the middle size when fully grown. The shoots are thickly set with fruit spurs. It is well adapted for dwarf or espalier training, and for these purposes succeeds well on the paradise stock. DYMOCK RED. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a half wide, by two inches high ; roundish or oblate, even. Skin, entirely covered with dark mahogany red, with streaks of bright pale crimson on the side next the sun, and somewhat paler, though of the same colour, on the shaded side ; the whole surface is strewed witli distinct russet dots and mottled with patches and ramifications of cinnamon- coloured russet. Eye, set in a shallow, roughly plaited basin, with segments that are either divergent or connivent ; when the former, they reflex like those of Court-pendu-plat, and when the latter, they touch each other by their edges and close the eye. Stamens, basal ; tube, funnel- shaped. Stalk, very short, often a mere knob, placed in a very narrow and shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, soft, and tender, slightly sweet, and with a pleasant acidity ; occasionally it is tinged with red. Cells, ovate ; axile, closed. Earl of Yarmouth's Pearmain. See Oxnead Fearmain. EARLY ALMOND (White CVZ/iVt).— Fruit, very large, three inches and a half in diameter, and three inches high ; conical, with very prominent angles on the sides, which extend to the apex, where they form bold and acute ridges, terminating in the basin of the eye. Skin, of an uniform greenish yellow, which changes to a fine lemon yellow when fully ripe, and here and there a large patch of green between the ribs near the stalk. Eye, half open, with long acuminate bright green and woolly segments, set in a rather deep and angular basin. Stalk, short and slender, imbedded in a very deep, round, and funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, quite white, exceedingly tender and marrow-like, with a mild and agreeable acidity. A remarkably fine culinary apple ; in use from the beginning of August, and lasting throughout the month. It is one of the largest and best culinary apples I know. The Early Almond is cultivated in the Essex and Berkshire orchards. Early Bough. See Large Yellow Bough, Early Crofton. See hish Peach, EARLY HARVEST (Early French Beinette ; July Pippin ; Prince's Harvest; Piinces Early Harvest ; Large Early; July Early Pippin; Yellow Harvest; Large White Juneating ; Tart Bough ; Prince's Yellow Harvest ; July Early Pijipin ; Pomine d'Ete, of Canada). — Fruit of medium size, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; round. Skin, smooth and shining, pale yellowish green at first, but changing to clear pale waxen yellow as it ripens, with a faint blush of red next the sun, and set with imbedded white specks, particularly round the eye. Eye, small and sHghtly 68 THE FRUIT MANUAL. closed, set in a round and shallow basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a rather shallow, somewhat russety cavity. Flesh, white, tender, crisp, and juicy, with a quick and pleasant sub-acid flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, open. An estimable and refreshing early dessert apple, of the first quality ; ripe in the end of July and the beginning of August. The tree is a healthy and free, though not a vigorous grower, and an abundant bearer. It is well adapted for dwarf or espalier training when grown on the paradise stock, and ought to find a place in every collection, however small. Though of American origin, this variety succeeds to perfection in this country, a qualification which few of the American apples possess. EAKLY JOE. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a quarter wide, and nearly an inch and three-quarters high ; roundish, or some- times quite oblate, slightly angular, particularly round the crown. Skin, smooth and shining, almost entirely covered with thin bright red, with darker clouds of the same colour next the sun ; on the shaded side it is a rich clear waxen yellow, tinged with red. Eye, quite closed, with leaf-like segments, set in a flat puckered basin. Stalk, three- quarters of an inch long, inserted in a deep narrow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, very tender, juicy, with a delicate and pleasant flavour. A pretty dessert apple ; ripe in the end of August and begmning of September. In shape and size, as well as colour, it considerably resembles the Devonshire Quarrenden, but the colour is much paler and brighter than in that variety. An American apple said to have been raised in Ontario County, New York ; but some think it is a native of Connecticut. EAKLY JULYAN {Early Jidien; Fair Lady in Kent).— Fruit, of medium size, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, slightly flattened, and prominently ribbed from the eye downwards to the base. Skin, smooth, pale yellow, with an orange tinge next the sun, strewed all over with minute dots and a few whitish specks. Eye, closed, with broad segments, and set in a deep, irregular, and angular basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, not extending beyond the base, and inserted in a deep and angular cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp, very juicy, and with a brisk, pleasant, and balsamic flavour. Cells, open or closed, ovate, round or oblate. An excellent early dessert or culinary apple, of first-rate quality ; ripe in the second week of August. It might with propriety be called the Summer Hawthornden, as it equals that esteemed old variety in all its properties. . The tree is healthy and hardy, but not a large grower. It is, how- ever, a good bearer, though not so much so as the Hawthornden, and is well adapted for growing as a dwarf. APPLES. 69 Early Julien, or more properly Early Julyan, is so named from the fruit ripening in July before the chanjj^e of the Calendar. It now ripens very early in August, and in 1877, in the Weald of Sussex, I gathered it on the 2nd of August. It is said to be of Scottish origin, but I cannot ascertain where or when it was first dis- covered. It is not mentioned by Gibson, nor is it in the catalogue of Leslie and Anderson, of Edinburgh, or any of the Scotch nurserymen of the last century. It was first introduced to the South by the late Mr. Hugh Ronalds, of Brentford. Early Margaret. See Margaret. EARLY NONPAREIL {Hicks' Fancy; New Nonpareil; Stagg's Nonpareil). — Fruit, small, roundish, narrowing towards the eye, where it is ribbed. Skin, gi-eenish yellow, changing to deep yellow as it attains maturity, russety, and spotted with grey russet dots. Eye, closed or half open, set in a narrow and ribbed basin. Stamens, mar- ginal ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch to three- quarters long, set in a narrow round cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, brisk, and aromatic. Cells, obovate ; axile. This is a very nice tender-fleshed dessert apple, and very juicy ; in use from October to December. This was called Hicks' Fancy by Kirke, the nurseryman at Brompton, who altered the name of an old variety for no other reason than that a friend of his, wiio waa keeper of the Guildhall, of London, preferred it to any other apple. This Kirke told me himself. EARLY RED CALYILLE (Cahille Eouge Prccoce). —Frnit, below medium size, two inches and a half wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, smooth, and even in outline. Skin, very highly coloured, being of a brilliant crimson all over, and sprinkled \vith large fawn-coloured russet dots. Eye, half open, with somewhat divergent segments, set in a shallow, narrow, and neat saucer-like basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, straight, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, tender, pleasantly acid, but not highly flavoured. Cells, obovate; axile, closed. A very ornamental apple, whose greatest recommendation is the brilliancy of its colour. It is in use in October and November. Early Red Juneating. See Margaret, Eai'ly Red Margaret. See Margaret. EARLY SPICE. — Fruit, of medium size, two inches and three- quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, and somewhat angular. Skin, smooth, of an uniform pale yellow or straw colour, and thinly strewed with greenish dots. Eye, small and open, with long reflexed segments, and set in a small basin. Stalk, three- quarters of an inch long, deeply inserted in a rather angular cavity, which is thickly lined with russet. Flesh, white, tender, and very juicy, with a pleasant, refreshing, and sub-acid flavour. An excellent early culinary apple, which is well suited for baking, 70 THE FRUIT MANUAL. and is also good as an eating apple. It is ripe in the first week of August, but soon becomes woolly after being gathered. Early Striped Juneating. See Margaret. Early Summer Pippin. See Drap d'Or, EARLY WAX. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches wide, and two inches and a half high ; oblong, and somewhat ribbed, particularly at the base. Skin, thick and membranous, of an uniform waxen yellow colour. Eye, partially open, with long reflexed segments, and set in a moderately deep basin. Stalk, long and slender, inserted in a deep and angular cavity, from which issue prominent ribs. Flesh, yellowish white, tender and soft, with a sweet and abundant juice. A dessert apple of ordinary merit, valuable only for its earliness, as it ripens in the first week of August, but does not keep any time. Easter Pippin. See Winter Greening. ECKLINVILLE. — Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish and flattened, even in its outhne, and slightly angular round the eye. Skin, bright, rather deep lemon colour, with a tinge of green, strewed, but not thickly, with large russet dots, and with a crimson blush on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, large, with closed segments, deeply set in an angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, not protrud- ing beyond the flat base of the fruit. Flesh, white, tender, and fine grained, with a brisk acidulous flavour. Cells, ovate ; abaxile. This is a handsome and excellent culinary apple ; in use from October to Christmas. The tree is a great bearer. The tree was raised at Ecklinville, four miles from Portaferry, and eighteen from Belfast, by a Scotch gardener of the name of Logan, about the beginning of this century, and it is now extensively grown in Ireland and the south of Scotland. EDINBURGH CLUSTER {Sir Walter Blacketfs).—Fm[t, below medium size, two inches and a half wide, and two and a quarter high ; roundish or roundish ovate, obtusely angular, and rather ribbed round the eye. Skin, pale lemon yellow, very much dotted with pale brown russet and patches of the same, particularly round the base, and with a faint orange tinge next the sun. Eye, closed, with broad, erect seg- ments, which are reflexed at the tips, set in a wide and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and slender, set in a narrow cavity, from which branch out lines of rough russet. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, and sub-acid, with a peculiar aroma. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit. A second-rate dessert apple in the southern parts of the country, but of better quality in the north, and especially in the Border counties. November to January. Edmonton Aromatic. See Kerry Pippin. APPLES. 71 EDMUND JUPP. — Fiuit, rather below medium size, roundish ovate, even and regular. Skin, smooth, yellow, sometimes with an orange tinge next the sun, strewed with a few russet spots. Eye, closed, with segments reflexed at the tips, open, set in a narrow plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, slender, very short. Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, and with a brisk flavour. Cells, ob- ovate ; axile. An excellent culinary apple ; from September till December. The tree is a great bearer. A Sussex apple, grown about Horsham. EGGLETON STYRE.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and two inches high ; roundish, and obtusely ribbed. Skin, rich yellow, orange next the sun, and covered with patches and tracings of russet. Eye, open, with reflexed segments, set in an even basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, deeply inserted in a round cavity, which is lined with russet, which branches out over the base. Flesh, yellowish^ tender, juicy, sweet, and slightly acid. Cells, round ; axile. A Herefordshire cider apple, which was raised by Mr, William Hill, of Lower Eggleton, near Ledbury, and the tree first bore fruit in the year 1847. ELDON PIPPIN. —Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and two inches high ; round, and somewhat oblate and angular, prominently ribbed round the eye. Skin, yellow on the shaded side, but almost entirely covered with thin crimson, which is streaked with darker crimson on the side next the sun. Eye, closed, and deeply set in a ribbed and irregular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical or rather cup-shaped. Stalk, very short, set in a deep cavity, lined with russet, which extends over the base of the fruit. Flesh, yellowish or greenish yellow, very juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured, with a fine aroma. Cells, round ; axile, slit. A very excellent dessert apple ; in use from December till April. Elizabeth. See Golden Reinette. EMBROIDERED PIPPIN.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a half wide, and two inches high ; roundish oblate, with obtuse ribs, which extend from the base to the apex, where they terminate in promi- nent ridges. Skin, green on the shaded side, with a few broken streaks of pale red, but on the side next the sun it is much streaked with rather bright crimson, sprinkled with large russet dots. Eye, open, with reflexed acute segments, set in a deep and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, short and stout, deeply inserted in an angular ribbed cavity. Flesh, greenish, crisp, and juicy, with a brisk acidity. Cells, round ; axile. This is the Embroidered Pippin of the Horticultural Society, but is difierent from Fenouillet Jaune. It is a second-rate dessert apple ; in use from December till January. 72 THE FRUIT MANUAL. EMPEROR ALEXANDER (Aporta; Russian Emperor),— Frmt, sometimes very large ; ovate, even and regular in its outline. Skin, smooth, greenish yellow with a few streaks of red on the shaded side, and orange streaked with bright red next the sun, the whole strewed with numerous russety dots. Eye, open or half open, with broad, erect segments, set in a deep, even, and slightly ribbed basin. Stamens, median or basal ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, an inch or more in length, inserted in a deep, round, and even cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, crisp, juicy, and sugary, with a pleasant and slightly aromatic flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile. A beautiful I and valuable apple, both as regards its size and quality. It is more adapted for culinary than dessert use, but is also desirable for the latter were it only on account of its noble appearance at the table. It is in use from September to December. The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, producing long stout shoots ; is perfectly hardy and a good bearer. This apple was introduced to England by Mr. Lee, nurseryman, of Hammersmkh, in 1817, and was exhibited by him at the London Horticultural Society, the speci- men produced being five inches and a half in diameter, four inches deep, sixteen inches in circumference, and weighing nineteen ounces. ENGLISH CODLIN (Common Codlin; Quo dim rj). —'Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and three inches high ; ovate or short conical, wide at the base, generally taller on one side of the eye than the other, and frequently with a snouted apex terminated in ridges round the eye. Skin, lemon yellow, marked with patches and broad veins of russet, especially about the apex and in the cavity of the stalk ; some- times it has a thin red cheek on the side next the sun. Eye, closed, with long, pointed segments, set on one side of the axis in a deep, angular, and furrowed basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, quite within the deep, uneven cavity. Flesh, firm, brisk, and with a pleasant perfume. Cells, obovate ; abaxile. A fine old English cooking apple ; in use from August to October. The trees are excellent bearers, but in most orchards they are gene- rally found unhealthy, being cankered and full of woolly aphis, which Mr. Lindley attributes to their being grown from suckers and trun- cheons stuck into the ground. He says — ''Healthy, robust, and sub- stantial trees are only to be obtained by grafting on stocks of the real Sour Hedge Crab ; they then grow freely, erect, and form very hand- some heads, yielding fruit as superior to those of our old orchards as the old and at present deteriorated Codlin is to the Crab itself." This circumstance was noticed by Worlidge two hundred years ago — ** You may graft them on stocks as you do other fruit, which will accelerate and augment their bearing ; but you may save that labour and trouble, if you plant the Cions, Slips, or Cuttings of them in the spring-time, a little before their budding ; by which means they will prosper very well, and soon become trees ; but these are more subject to the canker than those that are grafted. '^ APPLES. 73 This is one of our oldest English apples, and still deserving of wider cultivation than it at present has. Formerly it was an ingredient in one of the national dishes of English cookery in the form of "Codlins and cream." Ray says, " Crudum vix editur ob duritiem et aciditatem, sed coctum vel cum cremoro lactis, vel cum aqua rosacea et saccharo comestum inter laudatissima t'ercula habetur.'* The name is derived from coddle, to parboil. Englischer Quittenapfel. See Lemon Pippin. English Golden Pearmain. See Golden Pearmain. English Nonpareil. See Nonpareil, English Pippin. See Golden Reinette, ESOPUS SPITZENBURGH (uEsopus Spitzenherg ; Tnie Spitzm- burgh). — Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and three inches high ; ovate, and regularly formed. Skin, almost entirely covered with clear bright red, and marked with fawn-coloured russety dots, except on a portion of the shaded side, where it is yellow tinged and streaked with red. Eye, small and closed, set in a moderately deep and undulating basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, slender, about an inch long, inserted in a wide, round, and deep cavity. Flesh, j-ellow, crisp, juicy, richly and briskly flavoured. Cells, ovate ; axile, slit. A most excellent dessert apple ; in use from November to February. A native of the United States, and there considered one of the best dessert apples. Along with the Newtown Pippin, it ranks as one of the most productive and profitable orchard fruits, but, like many, and indeed almost all the best American varieties, it does not attain to that perfection in this country that it does in its native soil. The tree is tender and subject to canker, and the fruit lacks that high flavour and peculiar richness which characterises the imported specimens. It was raised at Esopus, on the Hudson, where it is still grown to a large extent. ESSEX PIPPIN.— Fruit, small ; round and flattened, somewhat oblate. Skin, smooth, green at first, but becoming of a yellowish green as it ripens, and with a faint tinge of thin red where exposed to the sun. Eye, open, with long, reflexed, acuminate segments, placed in a shallow basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, slender, inserted in a round and even cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, and crisp, with a brisk, sugary, and rich flavour. A dessert apple of first-rate quality, nearly allied to the Golden Pippin ; it is in use from October to February. Essex Spice. See UArcy Spice, Eve Apple. See Manks Codlin. Eve Apple. See Margaret, Eve's Apple. See Trumpington. Fair Lady. See Early Juhjan. EVARGIL. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a half wide, 74 THE FRUIT MANUAL. and two inches high ; oblate, even and regular in its outline. Skin, uniform deep lemon yellow, strewed with a few russet dots. Eye, open, with spreading reflexed segments, set in a rather deep, round, and even basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, slender. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, but not with much flavour. Cells, obovate; axile, open. An early autumn apple, of little value either for the dessert or culinary use. FAIR MAID OF TAUNTON.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; ovato-oblate, and rather irregularly formed. Skin, smooth and shining, thick and membranous, of a pale straw colour, and with a faint tinge of red on the side exposed to the sun; thickly strewed all over with small russety dots. Eye, somewhat closed, with broad, flat segments, which are reflexed at the tips, and set in a shallow and plaited basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, very short, inserted in a wide cavity, which is lined with rough brown russet. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, very juicy, sweet, and, though not richly, yet pleasantly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit. A dessert apple, but not of the first quality ; in use from November to February. FAIRY. — Fruit produced in clusters of from three to five, much in the same way as clusters of cherries ; small, rather flattened at both ends, very even and regular in the outline. Skin, smooth and shining, covered with bright lively crimson, shaded with streaks of a deeper tinge, and on the unexposed side it is lemon yellow. Eye, closed, set prominently, almost level with the surface, and surrounded with plaits. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, sometimes less than a quarter of an inch long, and frequently straight, slender, and as much as an inch or more inserted in a small shallow cavity, which is russety. Flesh of a fine deep yellow, firm, crisp, very juicy, with a rich, brisk flavour, and fine delicate aroma when eaten with the skin on. Cells, obovate ; axile. A pretty little apple, Tvhich comes into use in December and lasts till April. Raised by Mr. Jennings in his nursery at Shipston-on-Stour, from seed of the Scarlet Siberian Crab or Cherry Apple. The seed was sown with no intention of raising new varieties of fruit, but for stocks on which to graft the ordinary varieties of apples. One of these showing signs of fruit, Mr. Jennings grafted it upon a free apple stock, and the result was this variety. FALL PIPPIN {Cobbetfs Fall Pippin). — Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and three-quarters high; roundish, generally a little flattened, pretty regular, sometimes with obscure ribs at the eye. Skin, smooth, yellowish green, becoming a fine yellow, with often a tinge of brownish blush on one side, and with a few scattered dots. Eye, open, not very large, rather deeply sunk in a narrow round basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, extending considerably APPLES. 75 beyond the fruit, set in a rather small, shallow, round cavity. Flesh, white, very tender and mellow, with a rich aromatic flavour. An excellent American cooking apple ; in use from October to December. In former editions of this work I made tlie Fall Pippin synonymous with Reinette Blanche d'Espagne, and my attention was called to this error by Mr. Charles Downing, of Newburgh, U.S.A., to whom 1 am obliged for the correction. It Avas introduced to this country from America by William Cobbeit, the political writer. Fameuse. See De Nehje. FARLEIGH PIPPIN.— Fruit, medium sized; oblong-ovate, and with prominent ribs on the sides, which terminate at the crown in bold ridges. Skin, j-ellowish green on the shaded side, and brownish red where exposed to the sun. Eye, deeply set in an angular basin. Flesh, greenish, firm, rich, and sugary. A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from January to April. The tree is a strong, vigorous, and upright grower, very hardy, and an abundant bearer. This variety originated at Farleigh, in Kent. FEARN'S PIPPIN {Ferris' Pippin; Clifton Nonesuch ; Thomason).— Fruit, medium size, two inches and a half wide, and about two inches high ; roundish, and flattened at both ends. Skin, pale greenish yel- low, streaked with dull red, on the shaded side, and bright dark crimson, strewed with grey dots and small patches of russet, on the side next the sun, and extending almost over the whole surface. Eye, large, partially open, with broad connivent segments, which are reflexed at the tips, and set in a shallow and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, a quarter of an inch long, inserted in a wide and shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp, brisk, sweet, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit. An excellent apple, either for the dessert or culinary purposes ; it is in use from November to February. The tree is very hardy and a great bearer. It is grown very extensively by the London market gardeners for the supply of Covent Garden Market. FEDERAL PEARMAIN. — Fruit, above medium size, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high, roundish and somewhat flattened, with obtuse angles on the sides, extending to the apex, where they form undulating ridges. Skin, russety, yellowish, with a little red, and a few dark red streaks on the side next the sun. Eye, open, with spreading or reflexed segments, deeply set in a ribbed basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long. Flesh, fine, delicate, very juicy, and with a rich vinous flavour. Cells, oblate ; axile. A first-rate dessert apple ; in use from December to March. To call this a Pearmaiu is a misnomer, its shape being nearly oblate, and ribbed. 76 THE FRUIT MANUAL. FENOUILLET JAUNE.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter broad, and an inch and three-quarters high ; roundish, flattened, and broadest at the base ; even and regularly formed. Skin, fine bright yellow, marked with traces of pale brown russet. Eye, small and closed, set in a wide and pretty deep basin. Stalk, short and stout, inserted in a deep funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, white, firm, sweet, and richly per- fumed. A delicious little dessert apple; in use from December till April. The tree is a free grower, quite hardy, and an excellent bearer, but requires a light and warm soil. This is sometimes called Drap d'Or and Embroidered Pippin, but erroneously. Ferris' Pippin. See Fearn^s Pij^piii. FILLBASKET. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and the same in height ; conical, round at the base, flattened at the apex, and distinctly angular on the sides. Skin, pale dull greenish yellow on the shaded side, and streaked with broken patches and pen- cillings of pale red where exposed to the sun, the whole covered with russety dots. Eye, closed, as if drawn together or puckered, placed level with the flat crown, and with a small knob or wart at the base of each segment. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, thickest at the insertion, and placed in a small, round, and shallow cavity, which is surrounded with dark brown russet. Flesh, greenish white, tender, juicy, and acid, with a brisk and pleasant flavour. An excellent culinary apple, extensively grown in the neighbourhood of Lancaster, where it is highly esteemed ; it is in use from October to January. FIRST AND LAST. — Fruit, medium sized ; conical or ovate, even and regular in its outline, being of a true Pearmain shape. Skin, deep crimson on the side next the sun, mottled with the yellow ground colour which shines through it, and with here and there a smooth crust of pale brown russet, particularly round the crown and over the base ; the shaded side is yellow, with here and there tinges of red and streaks of the same colour. Eye, very large and open, beautifully star-like, with long reflexed segments, set in a deep and narrow basin. Stamens, median; tube, short, conical, or funnel-shaped. Stalk, very slender, deeply inserted in a narrow cavity, which is lined with russet, or with a fleshy swelling on one side of it. Flesh, yellowish, tender, sweet, and brisk, w^ith a peculiar spicy aroma. Cells, ovate ; axile, slit. An excellent culinary apple, and useful also in the dessert ; in use from September till May. A Sussex apple, much grown in the northern part of the county, about Horsham, and sent to Brighton market. FISH'S PIPPIN. — Fruit, small, two inches and an eighth wide, and under two inches high ; round, even, and regular, without any ribs or undulations. Skin, greenish yellow, dotted with large russet freckles, APPLES. 77 and here and there sprinkled with small russet patches ; on the side next the sun it is coloured with broken stripes of dull crimson, a few of which are to be found on the shaded side, but of a paler colour. Eye, open, small, with quite reflexed, spreading segments, set in a shallow, saucer-like, and very even basin. Stamens, median; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, obliquely inserted, and with a large fleshy swelling on one side, which pushes it to a right angle of the axis. Flesh, greenish, firm, briskly flavoured, but with little character or flavour. Cells, roundish elliptical ; axile. A second-rate apple ; in use from November till January. Five-crowned Pippin. See London Pippin, FLANDERS PIPPIN.— Fruit, medium sized, three inches wide, and two and a quarter high ; oblate, and marked on the sides with ten distinct angles, five of which are more prominent than the others. Skin, pale green, changing to pale greenish 3'ellow as it ripens, and occa- sionally tinged with a cloud of thin dull red on the side exposed to the sun, and thinly strewed with a few dots. Sometimes in favourable soils the whole of the side exposed to the sun is red. Eye, closed, with long and downy segments, short and stout, set in a narrow and ribbed basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, inserted in a deep ribbed cavity, which is sometimes lined with russet. Flesh, white, tender, and juicy, and briskly flavoured, with a pleasant perfume. Cells, obovate ; abaxile. A culinary apple of second-rate quality ; in use during October and November. It is much grown in the Berkshire orchards. Flanders Pippin. See Mire de Mcnaf/e. FLAT NONPAREIL. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an inch and a half high ; round, even, and regular in its outline. Skin, smooth, greenish yellow, dotted with large russet dots. Eye, small, and open, with broad, short, recurved segments, set in a shallow flat basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, very short, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, with a greenish tinge, very tender, crisp, and juicy, but not highly flavoured. Cells, ovate ; axile, closed. A second-rate dessert apple, which keeps till after Christmas. FLOWER OF HERTS.— Fruit, medium size, three inches wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish ovate, even in its outline. Skin, light pea-green, thinly covered with short broken streaks of pale crimson. Eye, closed, with broad, flat, erect segments, set in a shallow plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, short and slender, half an inch long, inserted in a wide cavity. Flesh, greenish white, very tender and soft, not very juicy, and with a delicate subacid flavour. Cells, roundish ovate ; axile. A second-rate kitchen apple ; in use during November and December. 73 THE FBUIT MANUAL. FLOWER OF KENT.— Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish ovate, being broad at the base and narrowing towards the crown ; it is obtusely angular, and has broad ridges round the crown. Skin, bright green, which changes to yellow on the shaded side, but wherever exposed to the sun it is striped with crimson, forming a beautiful variation with the ground colour, and it is russety only over the base. Eye, small, with con- nivent segments, set in a pretty deep narrow and angular basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, cup-shaped. Stalk, short and slender, set in a rather shallow cavity, which sometimes has a slight swelling on one side, and surrounded wdth rough brown russet. Flesh, crisp, very juicy, and with a brisk acidity Cells, obovate ; abaxile. A first-rate kitchen apple, from October to January. The tree is a pretty good bearer, one of the strongest and most vigorous growers, and more suitable for the orchard than the fruit garden. A very old variety, being mentioned by Parkinson, who was contemporaneous with Shakespeare. FLUSHING SPITZENBURGH.— Fruit, medium sized; roundish, narrowing towards the eye. Skin, entirely covered with deep red, which is streaked with deeper red, except on any small portion where it has been shaded, and there it is green, marked with broken streaks and mottles of red, the whole surface strewed with light grey russety dots. Eye, small and closed, very slightly depressed, and surrounded with plaits. Stalk, nearly an inch long, inserted in a deep and russety cavity. Flesh, greenish, tender, sw^eet, juicy, and without any pre- dominance of acid. An American dessert apple which is of no merit in this climate. It is in use from October to January. FORESTER. — Fruit, medium size, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, evenly shaped. Skin, with a deep reddish orange cheek, mottled with thin grey russet on the side next the sun, and greenish yellow where shaded. Eye, closed, with broad, flat, convergent segments, set in a moderately deep basin, which is plaited and somewhat angular. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, a quarter of an inch long, set in a deep cavit3\ Flesh, yellowish, tender, and agreeably subacid. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile. A culinary apple, in use up till Christmas. It is much grown in the south of Shropshire and north of Worcestershire. FOREST STYRE (Stive).— Fruit, below medium size ; roundish, inclining to oblate, regularly and handsomely shaped. Skin, pale yellow, with a blush of red on the side which is exposed to the sun. Eye, small and closed, with short obtuse segments, set in a shallow and plaited basin. Stalk, very short, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, firm. Specific gravity of the juice from 1076 to 108L APPLES. 79 This is a fine old Gloucestershire cider apple, which is extensively cultivated on the thin limestone soils of the Forest of Dean. The cider that it produces is strong bodied, rich, and highly flavoured. The tree produces numerous straight, luxuriant, upwai'd shoots, like a pollard willow ; it runs much to wood, and in deep soils attains a considerable size before it becomes fruitful. FORGE. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and two and a quarter high ; roundish, and obtusely ribbed. Skin, of a golden yellow colour, mottled with crimson on the shaded side, and dark red covered with dark crimson streaks on the side next the sun. Eye, small and closed, set in a rather deep angular and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, set in a shallow, close cavity, and generally with a fleshy swelling on one side of it. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet, and finely perfumed. Cells, obovate ; axile, open. A useful kitchen apple. The tree a great and constant bearer. October to January. This is the cottager's apple par excellence in that part of Sussex which is con- terminous to Surrey and Kent. It originated at Forge Farm, near one of the old forges in the iron districts of Sussex, near Crawley. FORMAN'S CREW. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; ovate, even and symmetrical in outline. Skin, yellow and russety, with a tinge of reddish brown on the side next the sun. Eye, small and open, with short divergent segments, set in a ribbed basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a small narrow cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, juicy, rich, and highly flavoured. Cells, ovate ; axile. One of the best dessert apples, with the flavour of Nonpareil and Golden Pippin. November to April. The tree is a great bearer, but is tender and subject to canker. It is well adapted for dwarf bushes, and cspahers when grafted on the paradise stock. This variety was raised by Thomas Scton Forman, Esq., Penny darron Place, near Merthyr Tydvil. FORMOSA PIPPIN. — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish, and rather irregular in its outline, being somewhat ribbed, sometimes inclining to oblate. Skin, greenish yellow on the shaded side, but almost entirely covered with crimson, and streaked with the same colour on the side next the sun. Eye, closed, set in an even basin. Stalk, half an inch long, rather deeply inserted. Flesh, yellow, with a greenish tinge, firm, crisp, juicy, brisk, sugary, and with a rather rich flavour. A useful apple, either for cooking or for the dessert ; frequently confounded with the Ribston Pippin, to which it is somewhat similar, but to which it is inferior in flavour. FORMOSA NONPAREIL.— Fruit, below medium size, two mches 80 THE FRUIT MANUAL. and a half wide, and two inches and an eighth high ; roundish, narrow- ing a Uttle towards the crown, even and regular in its outline, and with a curved axis. Skin, dark green, becoming paler as it ripens, strewed with tracings of russet and russet dots, especially over the crown and round the stalk, and occasionally with some broken streaks of crimson on the side next the sun. Eye, rather large and wide, open, with spreading, sharp-pointed segments, set in a narrow, shallow basin, as in the old Nonpareil. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel- shaped. Stalk, half an inch to three-quarters long, rather stout, and inserted in a wide and moderately deep cavity. Flesh, greenish, firm, and crisp, juicy, and with a fine Nonpareil flavour. Cells, round or roundish obovate ; axile, closed. An excellent dessert apple ; in use from November till Christmas. It has some resemblance in shape to the old Nonpareil. FOULDEN PEARMAIN {Horrex's Fear main). —Frnii, below medium size, two inches and a half high, and about the same broad ; ovate. Skin, yellow in the shade, and clear thin red on the side exposed to the sun, strewed all over with small russety dots. Eye, small and open, set in a narrow and shallow basin. Stalk, three- quarters of an inch long, inserted in a round and moderately deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, very juicy, and briskly acid. An excellent culinary apple, and suitable also for the dessert ; in use from November to March. This originated in the garden of Mrs. Horrex, of Foulden, in Norfolk, and was first brought into notice by Mr. George Lindley, who communicated it to the Horticultural Society, March 7, 1820. FOX KERNEL. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three- quarters wide, and the same in height ; ovate or ovato-conical, with five distinct angles, and sometimes smaller intermediate ones, all of which extend to the crown, where they form prominent ridges. From the middle it narrows both towards the stalk and towards the crown. Skin, almost entirely covered with crimson stripes on a deep yellow ground, and especially on the side exposed to the sun, becoming paler as they extend to the shaded side, where the colour is yellow. Eye, rather large, set in a narrow ribbed basin ; segments, convergent, with divergent points. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, an inch or more long, curved obliquely, inserted in a very deep and angular cavity, with an undulating margin. Flesh, very soft, tender, dry, and sweet. Cells, ovate; axile, closed. A Herefordshire cider apple. FOXLEY. — Fruit, growing in clusters of two or three together, very small, not much larger than a good-sized cherry ; roundish, and sometimes a little flattened, and narrowing towards the crown. Skin, deep rich golden yellow on the shaded side, and bright reddish orange on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, small and closed, not APPLES. 81 depressed, and surrounded witL a few knobs. Stalk, about an inch long, inserted in a shallow russety cavity. Flesh, yellow. Specific gravity of the juice, 1080. A valuable cider apple. liaised by Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., from the Cherry Apjile, impregnated with the pollen of the Golden Tippin. It was named Foxley alter the seat of the late Uvedale Piice, Esq., in whose garden, where it had been grafted, it first attained maturity. Mr. Knight says, "There is no situation where the common Wild Crab will produce fruit, in which the Foxley will not produce a fine cider." FOX- WHELP. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, by the same high ; roundish, inclining to ovate, uneven in outline, caused by several obtuse ribs, which terminate in ridges round the eye ; in good specimens one side is convex and the other is flattened. Skin, beautifully striped with deep bright crimson and yellow ; on the side next the sun it is darker crimson than it is on the shaded side, where the yellow stripes are more apparent ; the surface is marked with several dark patches like scabs, which are a never- faihng character. Eye, very small, set in a narrow, shallow, and plaited basin ; segments, short, somewhat erect, and slightly divergent. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, obliquely inserted by the side of a fleshy swelling, which pushes it on one side and gives it a curving direction. Flesh, yellow tinged with red, tender, and with a rough acid flavour. Cells, open, elliptical, pointed. This is one of the most valuable of the cider apples of Here- fordshii'e. The earliest record we have of the Fox-whelp is by Evelyn in his " Pomona," which is an appendix to the Sylva " concerning fruit trees in relation to cider " Tills was first published in 16G4, and at that time and long alter the great apple of Herefordshire was the Red-sireak. The Fox-whelp is disposed of in a lew words — "Some commend the Fox-whelp." Ralph Austen, who wrote in* 1653, makes no mention of it when he says, " l>et the greatest number of fruit trees not onely in the orchards but also in the fcilds be Tear-maines, Pippins, Gennet- Moyles, Ked-streaks, and such kinds as are knowne by much experience to be cspeciall good for cider." Neither is any notice taken of it by Dr. Beale in his " Herefordshire Orchards, written in an epistolary addre>8 to Samuel Hartlib, Esq.," in 1656. The first notice of it after Evelyn is by Worledge in 1676, who merely says, " The Fox-whelp is esteemed among the choice cider fruits.'* In Evelyn's litne it appears to have been regarded as a native of Gloucestershire, for Dr. Smith in the " Pomona," when writing of" the best fruit (with us in Glouces- tershire)," says, " The cider of the Bromsbury Crab and Fox-whelp is not fit for drinking till the second year, but then very good ; " and in the quotation at the head of this paper " a person of great experience " calls it " the Fox- whelp of the Forest of Deane." Although all who have noticed the Fox-whelp up to this period have spoken of its merits as a cider apple, its cultivation must not have been on an extensive scale, otherwise it would have been better known than it appears to have been. Even Philips, in his celebrated poem on "Cyder," seems as ignorant of its exist- ence as many of the writers on orchards were at that period. The first apprecia- tive notice of it with which we are acquainted is found m a letter to a friend written by Hugh Stafford of Pynes in Devonshire, Esq., bearing date 1727. He says, " This is an apple long known, and of late years has acquired a much greater 6 82 THE FRUIT MANUAL. reputation than it had formerly. The fruit is rather small than middle-sized, in shape long, and all over of a dark red colour. I have been told by a person of credit that a hogshead of cider from this fruit has been sold in London for £8 or eight guineas, and that often a hogshead of French wine has been given in ex- change for the same quantity of Fox-whelp. It is said to contain a richer and more cordial juice than even the Red-streak itself, though something rougher if not softened by racking. The tree seems to want the same helps as the Eed-streak to make it grow large. It is of Herefordshire extraction." FRANKLIN'S GOLDEN PIPPIN (Sudlow's Fall Pippi7i).— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and two inches high ; oblato- ovate, even and regularly formed. Skin, of an uniform deep yellow, covered all over with dark spots interspersed with fine russet, par- ticularly round the apex. Eye, with long narrow segments, erect or reflexed at the tips, partially open, and set in a wide and deep basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short and slender, about half an inch long, inserted in a round, narrow, and smooth cavity. Flesh, yellow, tender, and crisp, very juicy, vinous, and aromatic. Cells, obovate ; axile, open. A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from October to December. The tree does not attain a large size, but is vigorous, healthy, and hardy, and an excellent bearer. It is well suited for a dwarf or espalier, and succeeds well on the paradise stock. The statement in the Transactions of the Horticultural Society that this is of American origin, and was introduced to this country by John Sudlow, Esq., of Thames Ditton, and first exhibited at the London Horticultural Society in 1819, must be a mistake. I have recently discovered among the Forsyth MSS. a list of the fruits he received when he was writing his Treatise on Fruit Trees, and there, under date of 1801, 1 lind that he received the Franklin's Golden Pippin from Kirke of Brompton. I doubt if it is an American apple. FRENCH CODLIN. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and an eighth wide, and two inches and a half high ; conical, uneven in its outline, narrowing from the middle both towards the stalk and the crown, and obscurely ribbed on the sides ; it has a waist near the crown. Skin, quite smooth, pale straw colour, and sometimes with a faint tinge of blush next the sun. Eye, closed, with erect segments set on the surface of the narrow apex in a plaited, slight depression. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped, deep, and very narrow. Stalk, small and short, set in a narrow and very shallow cavity. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, and brisk, without much or any flavour. Cells, open, elliptical. An early cooking apple, of pretty appearance ; ripe in the middle of August. It is common in the districts round Derby, where it is grown under the name of Leicestei' -Burton Pippin. French Crab. See Winter Greening. French Paradise. See Paradise. FRIAR. — Fruit, of good size ; somewhat conical, being broad at the APPLES. 88 base, and narrow at the crown. Skin, dark grass-green on the shaded side, and dark muddy livid red where exposed to the sun. Eye, sunk, and surrounded by four or five obtuse but prominent ridges. Stalk, short and stiff, notwithstanding which the fruit is generally pendant. Specific gravity of its juice, 1073. This is a cider apple cultivated in the north-west parts of Hereford- shire, where the climate is cold and the soil unfavourable, and where proper attention is never paid by the farmer to the management of his cider, which in consequence is generally fit only for the ordinary pur- poses of a farm-house (Knight). The trees are vigorous and productive. Mr. Knij,'ht says, " The Friar probably derived its name from some imagined resemblance between its colour and that of the countenance of a well-fed ecclesiastic." Frith Pitcher. See Mariks Codlin. FROGMORE GOLDEN PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an inch and three-quarters high, but occasionally the large fleshy swelling at the stalk in the way of the Lemon Pippin would make the height two inches, and on that account the fruit is more oval than round. Skin, yellow, with a pale red cheek, which is streaked with crimson. Eye, open, with short divergent segments, set almost even with the surface, and surrounded with a few plaits. Stamens, mar- ginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, set on the end of a fleshy mass. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, briskly flavoured. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile, closed. A good dessert apple ; in use from November till January. It was raised by Mr. Ingram at the Royal Gardens, Windsor. FROGMORE NONPAREIL.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; oblate, higher on one side of the axis than the other, even and symmetrical in its outline. Skin, of an uniform straw colour, with a greenish tinge, dotted all over sparingly with russet dots, and with some russet in the basin of the eye. Eye, wide open, with divergent segments, set in a round, even, saucer-like basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, long and slender, inserted in a wide, funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, tender, juicy, sweet, and with a fine aroma. Cells, ovate or roundish ; axile. An excellent dessert apple ; in use during October and Novelnber. This was raised in the Royal Garden at Frogmore, near Windsor. FROGMORE PROLIFIC— Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish, very regular in outline. Skin, smooth, of a pale greenish yellow, slightly streaked and shaded with crimson on the side next the sun. Eye, rather small, closed, and set in a shallow, regular basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, about an inch long, slender, very deeply 84 THE FRUIT MANUAL. inserted. Flesh, white,very tender, juicy, and sweet. Cells, roundish ; abaxile. In use from September to Christmas. Its great merit rests in its cooking qualities, being esteemed one of the finest which is sent into the Royal household at Windsor. Raised in the gardens at Frograore by the late Mr. Ingram, the royal gardener. Fry's Pippin. See Court of Wick, GALLOWAY PIPPIN ((7ro/i-m-Jaac/i).— Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish, and obscurely angular round the basin of the eye. Skin, smooth, of a greenish yellow colour on the shaded side, and of a pale thin red, gradually blending into the yellow, on that exposed to the sun, strewed with russet dots like Dumelow's Seedling, and here and there traces of russet ; as it ripens it becomes a clear bright straw colour. Eye, with erect convergent segments, set in a pretty deep basin, which is uneven, with knobbed plaits. Stamens, marginal ; tube, short, conical. Stalk, about half an inch long, imbedded in the deep cavity, which is smooth. Flesh, yellowish with a greenish tinge, and somewhat perfumed, tender, briskly flavoured. Cells, small, obovate ; axile, closed. A first-rate kitchen apple ; in use till the end of January. This has been cultivated near Wigtoun, in Galloway, from time immemorial. GANGES. — Fruit, rather large and cylindrical, with angles on the sides, extending from the base to the apex. Skin, pale grass-green, assuming a yellowish tinge by keeping, and with a blush of red on the side next the sun, marked with short broken streaks of crimson. Eye, closed, with long, broad, flat woolly segments, set in a pretty deep basin, marked with ten prominent ribs, and lined with down. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch loug, slender, sometimes a little downy. Flesh, yellowish green, tender, and fine- grained, crisp and juicy, with a pleasant sub-acid flavour. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile. A kitchen apple ; in use from October to January. Gardener's Apple. See Americcni Mother. Garnon's. See Court-Pendit-Plat, Garret Pippin. See Borsddrfer, GENNET-MOYLE.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and two inches and an eighth high ; roundish, and somewhat flattened, prominently and obtusely ribbed, and with ridges round the crown. Skin, clear lemon yellow with a more or less russety cheek, and with russet lines all over the side next the sun. Eye, closed, with connivent leafy segments, set in a puckered basin. Stamens, APPLES. 85 marginal ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, about half an inch long, inserted all its length in the cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, with a yellowish tinge, tender, not very juicy, but rather dry, and with a sweet, slightly acid flavour. Cells, round or roundish obovate ; axile, open. An old cider apple mentioned by Evelyn and Worlidfje. The latter says, " The Gennet-Moyle is a pleasant and necessary fruit in the kitchen, and one of the best cider apples. The fruit is well marked, and the trees great bearers." It was used as a stock for grafting other apple trees u[)on from its being propagated easily from cuttings. The name is derived from two obsolete words, Gennet sig- nifying a mule, and Moyle a scion or graft, the name therefore meaning a mule or hybrid produced by grafting. Mortimer says, "The Gennet-Moyle is commonly propagated by cutting off the branch a little below a bur-knot, and setting of it without any more ceremony." Nourse, in " Campania Felix," says, " It makes an incomparable pleasant liquor, but a little weakish, and fit only to be drunk by ladies in the summer, and will not keep so lone: as the more masculine cyders, to which it bears the same resem- blance as the Verdea does to the stronger wines of Florence." Philips sings its praises as — " the Moile Of sweetest hony'd taste." GILLIFLOAVER. — Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide at the base, and three inches high ; conical or Codlin-shaped, very uneven in its outline, having prominent ribs, which terminate at the apex in corresponding ridges. Skin, smooth and unctuous, shining, pale yellowish green on the shaded side, and a red cheek on the side next the sun. Eye, large, open, set in a deep angular and uneven basin ; segments, erect, divergent. Stamens, median ; tube, deep conical. Stalk, half an inch long, deeply inserted. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, roundish obovate ; abaxile. An excellent culinary apple ; in use in October. GIPSY KING. — Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; oblate, even and symmetrical. Skin, dull brownish red on the side next the sun, greenish yellow, with a few pale red streaks, on the shaded side, the surface covered with patches and freckles of ashy grey russet. E^-e, like that of the Blenheim Pippin, open, with divergent segments, set in a round, pretty deep, saucer-like basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, straight, inserted in a round, wide, and rather shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, and sweet, with a pleasant acidity and aroma. Colls, obovate ; axile, slit. A handsome dessert apple ; in use from October to December. It soon shrivels. Girkin Pippin. See Wyken Pippin, Glammis Castle. See Tower of Glammis. GLORIA MUNDI {Baltimore; Belle Dubois; Glazenwood Gloria bo THE FRUIT MANUAL. Mundi; Mammoth; Monstrous Pippin; Ox Apple). — Fruit, immensely large, sometimes measuring four inches and a half in diameter ; of a roundish shape, prominently angular on the sides, ribbed round the eye, and flattened both at the base and the apex. Skin, smooth, pale yellowish green, interspersed with white dots and patches of thin delicate russet, and tinged with a faint blush of red next the sun. Eye, large, open, and deeply set in a wide and slightly furrowed basin. Stamens, median or basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short and stout, inserted in a deep and open cavity, which is lined wdth russet. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, and, though not highly flavoured, is an excellent culinary apple. Cells, obovate ; abaxile. It is in use from October to Christmas. Supposed to be of American origin, but some doubts exist as to where it was first raised, that honour being claimed by several different localities. The general opinion, however, is that it originated in the garden of a Mr. Smith, in the neigh- bourhood of Baltimore, and was brought over to this country by Captain George Hudson, of the ship Belvedere, of Baltimore, in 1817. It was introduced from America into France by Comte Lelieur in 1804. But from the account given in the Allgemeines Teutsches Gartenmagazin, it is doubtful whether it is a native of America, for in the volume of that work for 1805 it is said to have been raised by Herr Kiinstgartner Maszman, of Hanover. If that account is correct, its existence in America is, in all probability, owing to its having been taken thither by some Hanoverian emigrants. At page 41, vol. iii., Dittrich has confounded the synonymes of the Gloria Mundi with Golden Mundi, which he has described under the name of Monstow^s Pepping. It was called Belle Dubois by a nurseryman of the name of Dubois at Sceaux, near Paris, who sent it out under his own name. GLORY OF ENGLAND.— Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and over two inches and three-quarters high ; ovate, somewhat of the shape of Emperor Alexander, ribbed on the sides, and terminated round the eye by a number of puckered-like knobs. Skin, dull greenish yellow, with numerous imbedded whitish specks, particularly round the eye, and covered with large dark russety dots, and linear marks of russet ; but on the side exposed to the sun it is of a deeper yellow, with a few broken streaks and dots of crimson. Eye, small and slightly closed, set in a shallow and puckered basin. Stalk, short and fleshy, inserted in a wide, deep, and russety cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, tender, soft, juicy, sprightly, and slightly perfumed. An excellent culinary apple ; in use from October to January. Glory of Flanders. See Brabant Bellefleur, GLORY OF THE WEST.— Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter broad, and two inches and three-quarters high ; oblate, ridged and angular about the eye, and ribbed on the sides. Skin, smooth and shining, yellow, mixed in some parts with a tinge of green, and washed with thin clear red on the side next the sun ; the whole surface is strewed with minute russety dots, and several large dark spots, such as are often met with on the Hawthornden. Eye, large, with long segments, and set in an angular basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a deep cavity, which is surrounded with a large APPLES. 87 patch of rough grey rnsset. Flesh, yellowish white, firm but tender, very juicy, with a pleasant, brisk, and slightly perfumed flavour. A culinary apple of first quality ; it is in use the end of October and continues till Christmas. The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, attaining a great size, and is an excellent bearer. I had this from the late Mr. James Lake, of Bridgewater. It is evidently identical with the Glory of the West of Diel, a name which, according to Lindley, is sometimes applied to the Dutch Codlin. The variety here described bears a considerable lesemblance to that known by the name of Turk's Cap. Glory of the West. See DiUch Codlin, Glory of York. See Ribston Pippin, GLOUCESTER QUOINING.— Fruit, large, three inches wide, and two inches and a half high ; round, bluntly angular, undulating at the apex. Skin, dull bro^s-nish red next the sun, and streaked with short broken streaks of dark crimson and green, or yellowish green, on the shaded side ; the surface covered with patches of thin grey russet. Eye, closed, with connivent segments, set in a rather deep and angular basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical, sometimes inclining to funnel- shaped. Stalk, slender, inserted all its length in the narrow, deep cavity, which is green and lined with russet. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, and pleasantly sub-acid. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile, open. A handsome kitchen apple from Glou^'estershire, which I met with at the Pomological Meeting at Hereford. It keeps till January. GLOUCESTERSHIRE COSTARD.— Fruit, very large, three inches wide, and three inches and a half high ; conical or somewhat cylindrical, prominently ribbed, and with ridges round the eye ; it is longer conical than the Herefordshire Costard. Skin, almost entirely covered with crimson streaks, mottled with the yellow ground colour which shows between the streaks ; on the side which is shaded there is less crimson, but more of the rich deep yellow ; the surface is strewed with minute dots. Eye, closed, with long segments, set in a narrow, pretty deep, and plaited basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch long, stout, and deeply set in an irregular furrowed basin. Flesh, yellow, tender, sweet, and of good flavour. Cells, large, open, but not wide open like the Codlins, as might be expected from the appearance of the fruit ; elliptical ; axile. This is a very handsome apple, of good flavour ; but more adapted for cooking than the dessert. It keeps well till January. It came to me from Mr, Vyner Ellis, of Minsterworth, near Gloucester, through Dr. Henry Bull, of Hereford. Goff. See Orange Gof. GOGAR PIPPIN (Stone Pippin). — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish, obscurely angled, and slightly flattened. Skin, thick and membranous, pale green, strewed all over with small russety dots, and faintly mottled, 88 THE FRUIT MANUAL. with a tinge of brownish red, next the sun. Eye, small and closed, set in a narrow, shallow, and plaited basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a very shallow cavity. Flesh, greenish white, tender, juicy, sugary, and brisk. A dessert apple of second-rate quahty ; in use from January to March. This is of Scotch origin, and is said to have originated at Gogar, near Edinburgh. Golden Apple. See OsUn. GOLDEN BITTER-SWEET.— Fruit, large, three inches wide, and a little more in height ; conical, bluntly ribbed, narrowing from the middle to the stalk and to the eye. Skin, yellow on the shaded side, thin dull red on the side next the sun, marked with traces of russet and sprinkled with russet dots. Eye, small, closed, with erect segments meeting in a point, set in a deep, narrow, and puckered basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, conical. Stalk, short, im- bedded in a narrow cavity. Flesh, dry and woolly, sweetish. Cells, long, narrow, obovate, elliptical ; axile, more closed than open. A good Devonshire cider apple, which bears well and keeps without wasting. This was sent me by Mr. Kendall, of Netherton Manor, Devon. Golden Drop. See Coitrt of Wick. GOLDEN DUCAT {Golden Voucat ; Golden Ducket).— Fruit, above medium size, three inches wide, and two inches and a half high ; round, and obtusely angular. Skin, rich yellow, having some pale broken streaks of crimson on the side exposed to the sun, and the whole surface strewed with large russet dots. Eye, open, with divergent segments like Blenheim Pippin, set in a pretty deep and even basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, about an inch long, slender, inserted in a wide and deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet, and briskly flavoured. Cells, roundish obovate ; abaxile. A dessert or cooking apple ; in use during October and November. A very old apple, mentioned by Worledge. GOLDEN HARVEY (Brandy Apple; Round Russet Harveij).— Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; oblato- cylindrical, even, and free from angles. Skin, entirely covered with rough scaly russet, with sometimes a patch of the yellow ground colour exposed on the shaded side, and covered with brownish red on the side next the sun. Eye, small and open, with very short, reflexed segments, set in a wide, shallow, and slightly plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, sugary, with an exceedingly rich and powerful aromatic flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed. This is one of the richest and most excellent dessert apples ; it is in APPLES. 89 use from December to May, but is very apt to slu'ivel if exposed to light and air, as most russety apples are. The tree is a free grower, and perfectly hardy. It attains about the middle size, and is an excellent bearer. When grown on the paradise stock it is well adapted for dwarf training, and forms a good espalier. Independently of being one of the best dessert apples, it is also one of the best for cider; and from the great strength of its juice, the specitic gravity of which is 1085, it has been called the Brandy Apple, GOLDEN KNOB. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an inch and a half high ; round, incUniiig to ovate, even and regular in outline. Skin, almost entirely covered with rough russet ; on the shaded fide it is greenish yellow, and on that exposed to the sun it has an orange thage when fully ripe. Eye, partially open, with flat, convergent, short seg- ments, set in a narrow, shallow basin. Stamens, median ; tube, fiumel- shaped or conical. Stalk, short, imbedded in the shiUlow cavity. Flesh, yellow, with a greenish tinge, crisp, juicy, and of good flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed. A small late-keeping dessert apple ; in use from December till March. The tree is a strong grower, hardy, and a great bearer. GOLDEN MONDAY.— Fruit, small, roundish, and flattened. Skin, clear, golden yellow, with markings of russet. Eye, small, and rather open. Stalk, very short. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp, sugary, briskly flavoured, and with a nice aroma. A kitchen apple ; in use from October to Christmas. GOLDEN NOBLE. — Fruit, large, three inches wide, and two and three-quarters high ; roimd, and narrowing towards the eye ; handsome and symmetrical, without ribs. Skin, smooth, clear bright golden- yellow, without any blush of red, but a few small reddish spots and small patches of russet. Eye, small, rather closed, with slightly erect segments, which are spreading at the tips, set in a smooth and shaUow basin, surrounded with plaits. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep, funnel- shaped. Stalk, short, often with a fleshy growth on one side of it, which connects it with the fruit, surroimded with rough russet. Flesh, yellow, tender, with a pleasant acid juice, and baking of a clear amber colour, perfectly melting, with a rich acidity. Cells, roundish obovate or ovate ; abaxile. A valuable culinary apple ; in use from September to December. Much confusion exists as to the identification of Golden Noble, Waltham Abbey Seedling, and Dr. Harvey, the general resemblance being so much alike. In Golden Noble the eye is small, somewhat closed, with flat, convergent segments, set in a smooth shallow basin, and the tube is funnel-shaped ; the stalk is short, generally obliquely in- serted by the side of a swollen knob or surrounded by a swelling ; the 90 THE FRUIT MANUAL. cells are round or oblate, and abaxile ; the fruit is heavy, and is in use from September till December. In Waltham Abbey Seedling the eye is larger and open, with erect, somewhat divergent segments, and set in an even basin ; the tube is conical ; the stalk slender and straight ; the cells obovate, axile ; and the fruit is light, and in use from October till January. In Dr. Harvey the eye is small and scarcely sunk, and is surrounded with knobbed plaits ; the tube is funnel-shaped ; the stalk is straight and slender ; the cells obovate, axile ; and the fruit is light, and in use from October till January. Golden Noble was first brought into notice by Sir Thomas Harr, of Stowe Hall, Norfolk, whose gardener procured it from a tree supposed to be the original, in an old orchard at Downham, and communicated it to the Horticultural Society of Loudon in 1820. GOLDEN NONPAREIL. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a half wide, and two inches high ; round and somewhat flattened, even and regular in its outline, and having a resemblance in shape to the old Nonpareil. Skin, greenish yellow, with an orange or brownish tinge next the sun, sprinkled over with russet dots and thin patches of russet. Eye, half open, with erect segments, which are reflexed at the tips, set in a shallow plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, short, funnel- shaped. Stalk, over half an inch long, stout, and inserted in a saucer- like cavity. Flesh, greenish, very juicy and tender, with an agreeable, though not a rich jflavour. Cells, ovate or roundish ovate ; axile, open. A dessert apple, which keeps till January or February. GOLDEN PEARMAIN (English Golden Fearmain; Buchnan's Pearmain). — Fruit, small, about two inches and a half in diameter, and the same in height ; abrupt Pearmain- shaped, obscurely ribbed, and narrow at the apex. Skin, pale yellow, strewed with patches of russet, and covered with minute russety dots on the shady side, but deep red- dish orange, streaked with deeper colour, and strewed with minute russety dots, on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, large and open, with reflexed segments, and set in a wide, deep, and angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, slender, three-quarters of an inch long, and obliquely inserted, with frequently a fleshy protuberance on one side of it, in a rather shallow cavity, which is lined with green russet. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, very juicy, sweet, and lacking acidity, which gives it a sickly flavour. Cells, obovate or ovate ; axile. An apple of second-rate quality, suitable either for culinary purposes or the dessert ; in use from November to March. The tree is an upright grower and a free bearer, but requires to be grown in good soil. This is distinguished from the Golden Winter Pearmain by being more conical in shape, narrow at the apex, having a fleshy protuberance at the base of the stalk, and in having the tube conical instead of funnel- shaped, and the stamens always median. APPLES. 91 GOLDEN PIPPIN [Amei-ican Plate ; Balgone Pippin ; Bayfordhury Pippin ; Herefordsliire Golden Pippin ; London Golden Pippin : Milton Golden Pippin ; Pusset Golden Pippin ; Warier s Golden Pippin). — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and about the same in height; roundish, inclining to oblong, regularly and handsomely shaped, without inequalities or angles on the sides. Skin, rich yellow, assuming a deep golden tinge when perfectly ripe, with a deeper tinge where it has been exposed to the sun ; the whole surface is strewed with russety dots, which are largest on the sunny side, and intermixed with these arc numerous imbedded pearly specks. Eye, small and open, with long segments, placed in a shallow, smooth, and even basin. Stamens, median or marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, from half an inch to an inch in length, inserted in a pretty deep cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, very juicy, and sweet, with a brisk vinous and particularly fine flavour. Cells, ovate, pointed ; axife, closed. This is one of the oldest and one of the most highly esteemed of our dessert apples. It is in season from November till April. The tree is a healthy grower, attaining about the middle size, and it is an excellent bearer, Wlien grown on the dwarfing stocks it makes hand- some bushes and espaliers. It is uncertain where the Golden Pippin originated, but all writers are agreed in calling it an English varieiy, and some state that it was raised at Parbam Park, near Arundel, in Sussex. Although it is not recorded at so early a period as some others, there is no doubt it is very old. It is not, however, the " Golden Pippin " of Parkinson, for he says ** it is the greatest and best of all sorts of Pippins." It was perhaps this circum- stance that led Mr. Knight to remark, that from the description Parkinson has given of the apples cultivated in his time, it is evident that those now known by the same names are different, and probably new varieties. But this is not evidence of such being the case, for I find there were two sorts of Golden Pippin, the " Great Golding," and the " Small Golding, or Bayford," both of which are mentioned by Leonard Meager, and there is no doubt that the *' Golden Pippin " of Parkinson was the "Great Golding." llalph Austin calls it " a very speciall apple and great bearer." Evelyn states that Lord Clarendon cultivated it, but it was only as a cider apple; for he says, " at Lord Clarendon's seat at Swallowfield, Berks, there is an orchard of 1,000 Golden and other cider Pippins." In his Treatise on Cider he frequently notices it as a cider apple; but never in any place that I can recollect of as a dessert fruit. In the Pomona, he says, ''About London and the southern tracts, the Pippin, and especially the Golden, is esteemed for making the most delicious cider, most wholesome, and most restorative." Switzer calls it " the most antient, as well as most excellent apple that is." Towards the end of last century Mr. Thomas Andrew Knight entertained a theory that the Golden Pippin, and all the old varieties of English apples, were in the last stage of decay, and that a few years would witness their total extinction. This belief he founded upon the degenerate state of these varieties in the Here- fordshire orchards, and the opinion that no variety of apple will continue to exist longer than 200 years, after which period the original tree and all its progeny will fall to decay. It would be needless to enter into any further discussion upon a subject concerning which so much has already been said and written, as there is sufficient evidence to confute that theory. The Pearmain, which is the oldest English apple on record, shows no symptom of decay, neither do the Catshead, London Pippin, or Winter Quoining, those only of the old varieties having dis- appeared from our orchards which were not worth perpetuating, their places being supplied by others infinitely superior. 92 THE FRUIT MANUAL. It was towards the end of the last century that this doctrine was first announced, and though many of the old diseased trees of the Herefordshire orchards, of which Mr, Knight spoke, have passed away, we have the Golden Pippin still, in all the luxuriance of early youth, where attention has been paid to irs cultivation and it is grrown in a soil congenial to it, and it exhibits as little indication of decay as any of the varieties which Mr. Knight raised to supply the vacancy he expected it to create. With the best intention for their improvement Mr. Knight did unconsciously a vast amount of injury to the Herefordshire orchards by promulgating this error. Those who were influenced by his opinion naturally ceased to propagate and to plant those grand old varieties which made the reputation and created the wealth of these orchards. The existing trees were allowed to fall into decay and neglect, and the varieties which Mr. Knight raised with the expectation that they would take their places failed to realise the hopes of the planters, and so between two stools the Herefordshire orchards suffered. Instead of persistently adhering to the Fox- whelp, the Red-streak, Skyrme's Kernel, and such other varieties as the orchardist had formerly relied upon, he simply began to plant any strong-growing tree lie found in his seed-beds, and which prooii^ed to fill a blank in his orchards. But this alarm of Mr. Knight for the safety of the Golden Pippin, and his fear of its extinction, were based upon no new doctrine, for we find Mortimer a hundred years before equally lamenting the Kentish Pippin. After speaking of manures, &c., for the regeneration of fruit trees, he says, *' I shall be glad if this account may put any upon the trial of raising that excellent fruit the Kentish Pippin, which else, I fear, will be lost. For I find in several orchards, both in Kent, Essex, and Hertfordshire, old trees of that sort, but I can find no young ones to prosper. A friend of mine tried a great many experiments in Hertford- shire about raising them, and could never get them to thrive, though he had old trees in the same orchard that grew and bore very well. 1 likewise tried several experiments myself, and have had young trees thrive so well as to make mat>y shoots of a yard long in a year, but these y«'ung shoots Avere always blasted the next year, or cankered ; which makes me think that the ancients had some particular way of raiding them, that we have lost the knowledge of." Although this was written in the beginning of last century, we have the Kentish Pipjiin still, as vigorous and healthy as ever it was. GOLDEN REINETTE {Aurore ; Dundee; Megginch Favourite; JPrincesse Noble ; Reinette d'Aix ; Reinette Gielen ; Yellow German Beinette ; Elizabeth ; Englise Pippin ; Wygers ; Court-pendii doree ; Kirke's Golden Beinette; Golden Benet ; Golden Bennet ; Fomme Madayne; Wyker Fippin). — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three- quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, and flattened. Skin, a fine deep yellow, which towards the sun is tinged with red, streaked with deeper and livelier red, and dotted all over with russety dots. Eye, large and open, wdth short dry segments, and set in a wide and even basin. Stamens, marginal; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, deeply inserted in a round and even cavity. Flesh, yellow, crisp, brisk, juicy, rich, and sweet. Cells, obovate ; axile. A fine old dessert apple of first-rate quality ; it is in use from November to April. The tree is healthy, vigorous, and an abundant bearer. It requires a light and warm soil, and is well adapted for dwarf training when worked on the paradise stock. Large quantities of this fruit are grown in the counties round London for the supply of the difierent markets, where they always command a high price. APPLES. 93 This hai alwas's lieen regarded as a Hertfordshire apple, and some of the old antfiors speak of ii as being in its greatest perfection when grown in that county. It has been esteemed as one o^' the finest apples, Worlidge, in 1676, says, '" It is to be preferred in our plantations for all occasions." KUis, in his " Modern Husbandman," in 1744, says, "The Golden Rennet, when of the largest sort, may be truly said to be the farmer's greatest favourite apple, because when all others miss bearing, this generally stands his friend, and bears him large quantities on one tiee." GOLDEN RUSSET {St. Leonard's Nonpareil).— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; ovate. Skin, thick, covered with dingy yellow russet, which is rough, thick, and scaly on the shaded side and round the base, and sometimes with a bright flame of varnished red on the side next the sun. Eye, small and closed, or half open, with erect convergent segments, set in a prominently plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, very short, inserted in an uneven cavity, and not protruding beyond the base. Flesh, pale yellow, firm, crisp, sugary, and aromatic, but not abounding in juice. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed. An excellent dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from Decem- ber to March. The tree is healthy and an excellent bearer, but requires a warm situation to bring the fruit to perfection. This is another of our old English apples. Worlidge calls it the Aromatic, or Golden Russeting, '• it hath no compear, it being of a gold-colour coat, under a russet hair, with some warts on it. It lies over the winter, and is, without dispute, the most pleasant apple that grows, having a most pleasant aromatic hautgust, and melting in the mouth." It is called St. Leonard's Nonpareil about Horsham Irom being grown under that name at Leonard's-lee, near that town. Golden Russet Nonpareil. See Nonpareil. GOLDEN SPIRE [Tom Matthem).—FrmU large, two inches and three-quarters wide, and three inches and a quarter high ; conical, even in outline, with a slight waist towards the apex, and ribbed round the eye. Skin, smooth and shining, pale straw-coloured where it is shaded, but of a thin golden colour, tinged with pale orange, where exposed to the sun. E3e, rather deeply sunk in a deep and angular basin, with divergent segments, which are sometimes quite reflexed. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, set in a deep and some- what uneven cavity. Flesh, tender, with an agreeable acidity. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile. A fine solid-fleshed apple ; in use up to December. It is an excellent cooking apple, and I am told it is used in Gloucestershire for cider under the name of Tom Matthews. Golden Vining. See Hubbard's Pearrnain, GOLDEN WINTER PEARIMilN {King of the Fippim ; Hamp- shire Yellow; Jones's Southampton Pippin). — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and two and a quarter high ; abrupt Pear- 94 THE FRUIT MANUAL. main- shaped, broadest at the base. Skin, smooth, of a deep, rich, golden yellow, which is paler on the shaded side than on that exposed to the sun, where it is of a deep orange, marked with streaks and mottles of crimson, and strewed with russety dots. Eye, large and open, with long and reflexed segments, and placed in a round, even, and rather deep basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, three- quarters of an inch long, stout, and inserted in a rather shallow cavity, which is lined with thin pale brown russet mixed with a tinge of green. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, breaking, juicy, and sweet, with a plea- sant and somewhat aromatic flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit. A beautiful and very handsome apple of first-rate quality, and suit- able either for the dessert or for culinary purposes ; it is in use from the end of October to January. The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, a most abundant bearer, and attains a considerable size. It is perfectly hardy, and will grow in almost any situation. GOODYEAR PIPPIN.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a half wide, and about the same in height ; somewhat conical, irregu- larly ribbed both at the eye and the stalk. Skin, smooth, of a deep lemon-yellow colour, mixed with shaded patches of lively green on the shaded side, and with an orange cheek, marked with broken stripes of crimson, on the side next the sun. Eye, rather large and open, with short, ragged, and imperfect segments, set in a moderately deep and plaited depression. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, inserted in a rather deep irregular cavity. Flesh, white, tender, and juicy, rather too sweet. Cells, obovate ; axile. A summer apple, ripe in the beginning of September ; not good enough for the dessert, and not sufficiently acid for culinary purposes. GOOSE APPLE. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and a half high ; conical, even in its outline, and obtusely angular, terminating in a narrow ribbed apex. Skin, smooth, grass-green, except where the fruit is quite exposed, and then it has a thin brownish red cheek, which is mottled with darker red. Eye, small and closed, with erect segments, which form a cone, set in a rather deep, narrow, and ribbed basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short and slender, rather deeply inserted in a close, narrow cavity. Flesh, greenish, tender, and rather soft, with a mild acidity and sweetish flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed. A Herefordshire cooking apple ; in use till Christmas. GOOSEBERRY APPLE.— Fruit, above medium size; roundish, with obtuse ribs on the sides, which extend to the crown, where they form ridges. Skin, deep lively green, with a tinge of brownish red next the sun. Eye, open, not deeply sunk. Stamens, median ; funnel- shaped. Stalk, short. Flesh, greenish white, very tender, juicy, and with a fine agreeable and subdued acidity. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit. APPLES. 95 A very valuable late-keeping culinary apple, which comes into use in November and continues *' till apples come again." An excellent apple, and a very valuable one to the orchardist, on account of its long-keeping property. It is extensively cultivated in Kent and Sussex, and especially about Faversham and Sittiugbourne, for the supply of the London markets. Gooseberry Pippin. See Ronalds' Goosebetry Pippin. Gowrie. See Tower of Glammis, GRAHAM {Kentish Deux-Ans). — Fruit, large, three inches wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish and flattened, even in its outline, and flat at the base. Skin, green on the shaded side, but with a blush on the side next the sun, which is much mottled and streaked with crimson, the mottles extending to the shaded side, where. they become fainter ; the base is covered entirely with thin greenish grey russet, which ramifies up the sides, and frequently almost quite overspreads the fruit. Eye, closed, with convergent segments. Stamens, median ; tube, short, conical. Stalk, very short, inserted the whole of its length in a narrow cavity, and frequently with a fleshy swelling on one side of it. Flesh, greenish yellow, firm, crisp, and juicy, with a fine brisk flavour. Cells, obovate ; abaxile. A valuable late kitchen apple ; in use up till February. It is much grown in the Kentish orchards about Maidstone. Grand Bohemian Borsdurfer. See Borsdorfer. GRAND DUI^ CONSTANTINE.— This is of the largest size, of a roundish shape, somewhat flattened, and obtusely angular on the sides, the angles extending to the apex, where they become more pro- minent, and form five prominent ridges round the basin of the eye. Skin, clear bright yellow, almost entirely covered with streaks of dark rich crimson on the side exposed to the sun, and on the shaded side much more of the rich yellow ground colour is exposed b}' reason of the fewer and less bright markings of crimson. Eye, half open, and placed in a deep, irregular, and angular basin, which is surrounded by the five knobs or prominences above alluded to. The stalk is short, stout, and deeply inserted in the uneven and angular cavity, caused by the ribs extending there. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet, slightly sub-acid, and with the fine balsamic aroma which is met with in the flesh of Cellini. This admirable early apple is of Russian origin, but I met with it in the collection of my friend, Rev. W. Kingsley, of South Kilvington, who is, I believe, the first person who fruited it in this country. In the latitude of Thirsk the fruit ripens in the beginning of November ; but in the south it is probable that it will come earlier — in all probability in the end of September. It does not keep long, as it soon becomes mealy. GRANGE'S PEARMAIN {Grange's Pippin),— YivXi, large, three 96 THE FRUIT MANUAL. inches wide, and the same in height ; Pearmain-shaped, as large and very much the shape of the Ro3'al Pearmain. Skin, yellow, with a tinge of green, and studded with imbedded pearly specks, on some of which are minute russety points, on the shaded side, but marked with broken stripes and spots of crimson, interspersed with large russety dots, on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, partially closed, with broad, flat segments, set in a round, deep, and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch long, stout, and rather fleshy, inserted in a deep and russety cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, and sweet, with a brisk and pleastmt flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, open. A fine large apple of first-rate quality as a culinary fruit, and also very good for dessert. It bakes well, and has a fine pleasant acidity. In use from November to February. The tree is hardy and an excellent bearer. Raised by Mr. James Grange, a market gardener, at Kingsland, Middlesex. His garden extended over sixty acres. He was also a fruiterer in Covent Garden and Piccadilly; the former establishment still exists in the name of Webber, and the latter retains the name of the founder. Mr. Grange died 15ih February, 1829, aged 70. Grange's Pippin. See Gramje's Pearmain. GRANNY GIFFARD.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and the same high ; conical, even in outline, except towards the crown, where it is ribbed and knobbed. Skin, pale greenish yellow, with broken streaks of pale crimson, except where much shaded. Eye, quite closed, with erect segments, which are spreading at the tips, set in a ribbed and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, slender, and inserted in a rather deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, very juic}^ sweet, and with an excellent flavour. Cells, symmetrical, ovate ; axile, open. An excellent dessert or kitchen apple ; in use from November till February. The first time I saw this was at a meeting of the Biidsh Pomological Society, October 15th, 1858, when it was exhibited by Mr. Swiucrd, gardener to John ISwinford, Esq., of Minster, near Margate. GRAYENSTEIN. — Fruit, above the medium size, three inches wide, and two and three-quarters high ; roundish, irregular, and angular on the sides, the ribs of which extend from the base, even to the eye. Skin, smooth, clear pale waxen yellow, streaked and dotted with lively crimson, intermixed with orange, on the side next the sun. Eye, large and open, with long segments, which are a little rfeflexed, and set in an irregular, angular, and knobbed basin, which is sometimes lined with fine delicate russet, aiid dotted round the margin with minute russety dots. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, but sometimes three-quarters of an inch long, set in a deep and angular cavity. Flesh, white, crisp, very juicy, with a rich. APPLES. 97 vinous, and powerful aromatic flavour ; and if held up between the eye and the lij,dit, with the hand placed on the margin of the basin of the eye, it exhibits a transparency like porcelain. Cells, elliptical or round ; abaxile. This is a very valuable apple of the first quality, and is equally desirable either for the dessert or culinary purposes ; it is in use from October to December. The tree is hardy, a vigorous and healthy grower, and generally a good bearer. It has somewhat of a pjTamidal habit of growth, and attains a considerable size. Thouf^h not of recent introduction, this beautiful and excellent apple is com- paratively but little known, otherwise it would be more generally cultivated. It is one of the favourite apples of Germany, particularly about Hamburgh, and in Holstein, where it is said to have originated in the garden of the Duke of Augustcnbcrg, at the Castle of Grafenstein. The original tree is said to have been in existence about the middle of the last centurj'. GREEN BALSAM. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; roundish and flattened, obtusely angular on the side, and ribbed at the crown. Skin, of an uniform bright green. Eye, with flat, convergent segments, somewhat erect. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a shallow, narrow cavity. Flesh, crisp, not very juicy, and with a pleasant acidity. Cells, round or roundish obovate ; axile, slit. A cooking apple peculiar to the northern parts of Yorkshire, where it is grown in almost every garden and orchard. •* It is the farmer's wife's apple." Green Blenheim. See Hambledon Deux-Am. Green Cossings. See Rymer. Green Kitchen. See Hambledon Deux-Ans, Green Newtown Pippin. See Hunt's Green Newtown Pippin and Newtown Pippin. Green Nonpareil. See Petworth Nonpareil. GREEN NORMAN. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and three-eighths wide, and two inches and one-eighth high ; roundish oblate, and obtusely ribbed. Skin, shining, bright grass-green, generally with a dull red cheek, which extends occasionally over nearly the whole surface, and marked with small patches of pale brown russet, and especially on the base round the stalk ; the whole surface is strewed with russet dots. Eye, closed, set in a narrow, slightly angular basin, with connivent segments. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep, conical. Stalk, about half an inch long, inserted in a rather wide cavity. Flesh, greenish, not very juicy, firm, and sweetish. Cells, ovate ; axile, closed. A Herefordshire cider apple. 7 98 THE FRUIT MANUAL. Green Street. See Wanstall. GREEN TIFFING (Mage's Johnjiij).— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half high, and about the same in width ; conical, rounded at the base, and somewhat angular and ribbed on the sides and round the eye. Skin, smooth, green at first, but changing as it ripens to yellowish green ; next the sun it is quite yellow, strewed with minute russety dots, and a few dots of red. Eye, small and closed, set in a shallow basin, and surrounded with prominent plaits. Stalk, short, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Flesh, white, crisp, tender, very juicy, and pleasantly acid. A most excellent culinary apple ; in use from September to December. The tree is a free grower, and an excellent bearer. This is an esteemed variety in Lancashire, where it is extensively cultivated. GREEN "WILDING. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three- quarters wide, and about the same high ; short, conical ; obscurely ribbed, narrowing to the eye, where it is somewhat puckered. Skin, yellowish green, strewed with numerous large russety dots, and a few lines of russet. Eye, small and closed, set in a narrow, puckered basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, very short, completely im- bedded in a deep cavity. Flesh, white, tender, sweet, and mawkish. Cells, ovate ; axile, open. A useful Herefordshire cider apple. Green Winter Pippin. See Newtown Pippin. GREENWOOD RUSSET.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and two inches high ; oblate, even and regular in its outline. Skin, deep yellow on the shaded side, and covered with a coat of ash- grey russet on the side next the sun. Eye, closed, with erect conver- gent segments, which are reflexed at the tips, set in a shallow, plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, very short, not exceeding a quarter of an inch, and set in a wide, flat cavity. Flesh, yellowish, juicy, sweet, and well-flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, open. A second-rate dessert apple, which keeps in good condition to February without shrivelling. GREEN WOODCOCK (TFooc^coc/i:).— Fruit, medium sized; round and somewhat flattened. Skin, green, changing to yellow with a blush of red, which is striped with broad broken streaks of dark red on the side next the sun. Eye, open, with long pointed segments, deeply set in an angular basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, inserted in a shallow cavity, lined with rough russet, which extends over the base. Flesh, white, tinged with green, tender, juicy, and briskly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit. A good culinary apple ; in use from October till Christmas. This is very much grown about Heathfield and Hailsham, in Sussex. APPLES. 99 GREENUP'S PIPPIN (Yorkshire Beauty ; Cumberland Favourite ; Counsellor; Red Hauthomclen). — Fruit, above medium size, three inches wide, and two and a half high ; roundish ovate, broadest at the base, and with a prominent rib on one side, extending from the base to the crown. Skin, smooth, pale straw-coloured, tinged with green on the shaded side, but covered with beautiful bright red on the side next the sun, and marked with several patches of thin delicate russet. Eye, with long, flat, erect segments, placed in a round, rather deep, and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, funnel- shaped. Stalk, very short, inserted in a wide cavity. Flesh, pale yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet, and briskly flavoured. Cells, elliptical ; axile, slit. An excellent apple, either for culinary or dessert use. In the northern counties it is a popular and highly -esteemed variety, and ranks as a first-rate fruit ; it is in use from October to December. The tree is hardy and healthy ; it does not attain a large size, but is an abundant bearer. When grown against a wall, as it sometimes is in the North of England and border counties, the fruit attains a large size, and is particularly handsome and beautiful. Grown on the Hastings Sand formation, it is a very handsome apple, attaining a large size, with a smooth glossy skin ; the usual red cheek becomes a delicate rose tint, blending into the lemon yellow, and forming a fruit of great beauty. On that formation the tree succeeds admirably, and it is one I would strongly recommend for such light soils. This was discovered in the garden of a shoemaker, at Keswick, named Greenup, and was first cultivated hy Clarke and Atkinson, nurserymen at that place, in the end of last century. It is now much grown throughout the Border counties, and is a valuable apple where the choicer varieties do not attain perfection. GRENADIER. — Fruit, large, four inches wide, and three inches high ; roundish ovate, prominently and obtusely ribbed, the ribs terminating at the crown in bold ridges. Skin, uniform yellowish green colour, without any trace of red or russet, but with a deeper tinge of yellow on the side next the sun. Eye, closed, with connivent segments, set in a deep, ribbed, and strongly plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, deeply set in an uneven cavity, surmounted with an irregular patch of coarse, rough russet. Flesh, firm, crisp, very juicy, and pleasantly acid, and a fine perfume, which is peculiar. Cells, elliptical ; abaxilc ; wide open. A large and handsome kitchen apple ; in use during September and October. GREY LEADINGTON.— Fruit, about medium size, two inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; conical, angu- lar, and terminating at the apex in several unequal ridges, distinctly ribbed. Skin, greenish j-ellow, covered with patches of dark brown russet on the shaded side, and pale red when exposed to the sun ; the whole covered with whitish grey dots. Eye, closed, with long erect 100 THE FRUIT MANUAIi. segments, and set in a rather deep basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, about half an inch long, angular and plaited, short and stout, inserted in a pretty deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, tender, very juicy, and of a rich, vinous, sweet, and aromatic flavour. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile. An excellent apple of first-rate quality, desirable either for the dessert or for culinary purposes ; it is in use from November to January. The tree is a strong grower, vigorous, hardy, and an excellent bearer. It succeeds well as a dwarf on the paradise stock. A favourite apple in Scotland, where it ranks as one of the best dessert fruits. It derives its name from Lethington (now called Lennoxlove), pronounced Leading- ton, the ancient seat of the Maitlands of Lauderdale, in East Lothian. The Grey Leadington of Lindley ( Guide to the Orchard) is quite another fruit, and is pro- bably the Stoup Leadington. GROSSE CASSELER REINETTE.— Fruit, small, two inches wide, and the same high ; roundish and flattened, even in its outline. Skin, greenish yellow, with a few broken streaks of pale crimson on the exposed side. Eye, open, with erect convergent segments, which are spreading at the tips, and set in a shallow, narrow, plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, an inch and a half or more in length, inserted in a narrow shallow cavity. Flesh, greenish white, tender, sweet, and agreeably sub-acid, but not richly flavoured. Cells, roundish oblate, pointed ; axile, slit. A second-rate dessert apple ; in use from November till January. This is a German apple. Grumas's Pippin. See Birmingham Pippin. Grummage Pippin. See Birmingham Pippin. Griine Reinette. See Nonpareil. GUERNSEY PIPPIN (Hammond's Guernsey Pippin).— Fruit, small, two inches and an eighth wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; roundish, even, and regularly formed. Skin, entirely covered with cinnamon-coloured russet, so that the greenish yellow ground is rarely seen even on the shaded side ; on the side next the sun it has a brownish red tinge. Eye, open, with reflexed segments, set in a shallow, even basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, deeply inserted in a round cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, crisp, very juicy, sweet, and with a fine aromatic flavour. Cells, roundish ; axile, closed. A fine dessert apple ; in use during February and March. This is highly deserving of an extensive cultivation. HAFFNER'S GOLDEN REINETTE.— Fruit, small, two inches and an eighth wide, and two inches high ; round or somewhat oblate, even and regular in its outline. Skin, smooth, deep yellow, and with broken streaks of crimson on the side next the sun, strewed all over APPLES. 101 with large russet dots. Eye, wide open, with short, recurved segments, set in a flat, saucer-like basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical, like a wedge. Stalk, very short, inserted in a naiTOw cavity. Flesh, very tender and juicy, sweet, and pleasantly flavoured, but without the high aroma that the English Golden Reinette has. Cells, roundish or oblate ; axile, open. An excellent apple ; in use during November and December. HAGGERSTON PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter round, and two inches high ; round, even and symmetrical in its outline. Skin, deep red, with here and there patches of russet, except on the shaded side, where it is green, and much covered with a russety crust. Eye, small, with flat, convergent segments, set in a narrow and shallow basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, a quarter of an inch long, slender, and inserted in a shallow cavit}', and some- times a fleshy swelling on one side of it. Flesh, firm, crisp, sweet, and richly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit. A dessert apple of first quality ; in use from December till April. HAGLOE CRAB. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and the same in height ; ovate, flattened, and irregularly shaped. Skin, pale yellow, streaked with red next the sun, and covered with a few patches of grey russet. Eye, open, with flat, reflexed segments. Stalk, short. Flesh, soft and woolly, but not dry. Specific gravity of its juice, 1081. This is a most excellent cider apple, the liquor it produces being remarkable for its strength, richness, and high flavour. It requires, however, to be grown in certain situations ; a dry soil with a cal- careous subsoil being considered the best adapted for producing its cider in perfection. Marshall says, " It was raised from seed by Mr. Bellamy, of Hagloe, in Glouces- tershire, grandfatlier of the present Mr. Bellamy, near Ross, in Herefordshire, who draws from it (that is, from trees grafted with scions from this parent stock) a liquor, which for richness, flavour, and pure nn the spot, exceeds perhaps every other fniit liquor which nature and art have produced. He has been oflfered sixty- guineas for a hogshead (about 110 gallons) of this liquor. He has likewise been offered bottle for bottle of wine, or spirituous liquors, the best to be produced ; and this without freight, duty, or even a mile of carriage to enhance its original price." HALL DOOR. — Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; oblate, puckered round the eye. Skin, pale green at first, but changing to dull yellow, streaked with red. Eye, set in a wide and irregular basin. Stalk, short and thick, inserted in a moderately deep cavity. Flesh, white, firm, but coarse, juicy, and pleasantly flavoured. A dessert apple of ordinary merit ; in use from December to March. Hallingbury. See Hollandhury . HAMBLEDON DEUX ANS [Green Blenheim; Green Kitchen; 102 THE FRUIT MANUAL. Stone Blenheim ; Black Blenheim). — Fruit, large, three inches wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish, rather broadest at the base. Skin, greenish yellow in the shade, and dull red, streaked with broad stripes of deeper and brighter red, on the side next the sun, and here and there a thin crust of grey russet. Eye, small and closed, set in a rather shallow plaited basin. Stamens, median or basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, greenish white, firm, crisp, not very juicy, but richly and briskly flavoured. Cells, wide open, obovate ; abaxile. One of the most valuable culinary apples, and not unworthy of the dessert ; it is in use from January to May, and is an excellent keeper. Originated at Hambledon, a village in Hampshire, where there are several trees of a great age now in existence. Hammon's. See HnbbarcVs Pearmain. Hammond's Guernsey Pippin. See Guernsey Pipjmi. Hamper's American. See Red Astrachan. HANDSOME NORMAN. — Fruit, medium size, two inches and five- eighths wide, and two and a half high ; bluntly conical, with a waist towards the apex, very uneven and irregular in its outline, being angu- lar, and having one very prominent rib, which makes the fruit one- sided ; the base is rounded, and prominently swollen, so that the stalk is placed nearly on a level with the surface. Skin, smooth and shining, lemon-coloured in the shade, and entirely covered with a bright red cheek on the side next the sun ; the whole surface is strewed with large russet specks, and the base surrounding the stalk has a patch of grey russet all over it. Eye, closed, with erect pointed segments, set in a deep, irregularly ribbed basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, long, conical. Stalk, very short, sometimes a mere knob, and sometimes half an inch long, inserted in a small shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, spongy, and sweetish. Cells, open or closed, symmetrical, ellip- tical, or roundish ovate ; axile, closed. A Herefordshire cider apple. HANGDOWN. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and five-eighths wide, and two inches and a half high, nearly oval, even and regular in shape, narrow at the apex, where there are several small ridges. Skin, yellow, covered with broken streaks of pale crimson. Eye, small and closed, or sometimes rather open, set in a narrow and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very long and slender, as much as an inch and a quarter, straight, and inserted in a wide and not deep cavity. Flesh, white, tender, crisp, and juicy, sweet, and with a pleasant flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile, open. A good apple ; in use from November till February. It is grown about Horsham, in Sussex. Hanging Pearmain. See Adams' Pearmain. APPLES. 103 HANWELL SOURING. — Fruit, above medium size, three inches wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish ovate, angular, or somewhat five-sided, and narrow towards the eye. Skin, greenish yellow, sprinkled with large russety dots, which are largest about the base, and with a foint blush of red next the sun. Eye, closed, set in a deep, narrow, and angular basin, which is lined with russet. Stamens, basal ; tube, funnel-shaped or conical. Stalk, very short, inserted in an even funnel-shaped cavity, from which issue ramifications of russet. Flesh, white, firm, crisp, with a brisk and poignant acid flavour. Cells, elliptical or obovate ; axile, slit. An excellent culinary apple of first-rate quality ; in use in December, and keeps till March, when it possesses more acidity than any other variety which keeps to so late a period. It is said to have been raised at Hanwell, a place near Banbury, in Oxfordshire. HARD BEARER. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and two inches high ; roundish ovate, even in its outline. Skin, deep bright red on the side exposed to the sun, and yellow covered with broken streaks of pale red on the shaded side. Eye, small and closed, set in a narrow angular basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, quite short, and well within the cavity. Flesh, yellowish, with a pink tinge at the eye, juicy, with a bitter-sweet and somewhat astringent flavour. Cells, quite closed, obovate. A Herefordshire cider apple, introduced within the last few years. HARGREAVE'S GREEN-SWEET.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two inches and a half high ; oblato- cylindrical, angular on the sides, with prominent ridges round the eye. Skin, yellow, tinged with green on the shaded side, but deeper yellow tinged with green, and marked with a few faint streaks of red, next the sun, and strewed all over with small russety dots. Eye, half open, with linear segments, placed in a deep and angular basin, which is surrounded with ridges. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, slender, and inserted in a deep, round cavity, which is lined with rough russet. Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet, and perfumed. A good dessert apple, but lacks acidity ; it is in use during September and October. About Lancaster this is a well-known apple. The original tree, which was of great age, was, in 1846, when I last saw it, still standing in the nursery of Messrs. Hargreave, hence it is called Hargreave's Green-Sweet. Hardingham's Russet. See Pine Apple Russet. Harvey Apple. See Doctor Harvey. HARVEY'S PIPPIN [Dredge's Beauty of iriZte).— Fruit, medium sized ; roundish. Skin, yellow on the shaded side, but washed with 104 THE FRUIT MANUAL. fine red on the side next the sun, and marked with crimson dots. Flesh, firm, crisp, juicy, and richly flavoured. An excellent and useful apple, either for culinary purposes or dessert use ; it is in season from December to February. The tree is a free grower, and an excellent bearer ; it attains above the middle size, and may be grown either as an open dwarf, or an espalier, when grafted on the paradise stock. HARVEY'S REINETTE.— Fruit, very large, four inches wide, and three inches and a quarter high ; roundish ovate, with obtuse angles towards the apex, which are sometimes developed into prominent ridges round the eye. Skin, considerably covered with a thick crust of brown russet, but not entirely obscuring the crimson cheek, which is striped with broad broken streaks of crimson, and a little of the dull yellow ground. Eye, closed, with convergent segments, set in a pretty deep basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, stout and woody, set in a wide, deep cavity. Flesh, greenish white, firm, crisp, and juicy, with a sweet, brisk, and rather rich flavour. Cells, open, obovate ; abaxile. A large, handsome, and very excellent apple, either for culinary purposes or the dessert. This was sent me from Cornwall by John Vivian, Esq., of Hayle, a gentleman to whom I am indebted for various other excellent apples of that part of the country. HARVEY'S WILTSHIRE DEFIANCE.— Fruit, of the largest size, three inches and a half wide, and three and a quarter high ; coni- cal, and very handsomely shaped, distinctly five-sided, having five prominent and acute angles descending from the apex, till they are lost in the base. Skin, fine deep sulphur yellow ; of a deeper shade on the side which is exposed to the sun, and covered all over with minute russety dots, with here and there ramifying patches of russet. Eye, pretty large and open, with short ragged segments, and set in a rather shallow and angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, very short, about half an inch long, and not extending beyond the base, inserted in a round and deep cavity, lined with rough scaly russet, which branches out over a portion of the base. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, and juicy, sweet, vinous, and richly flavoured. Core, very small for the size of the apple. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile. A very handsome and most desirable apple, being of first-rate quality, either as a dessert or culinary fruit ; it is in use from the end of October to the beginning of January. This seems to be comparatively little known, but it is well deserving the notice either of the fruit gardener or the orchardist ; to the latter particularly, as its size, fine appearance, and handsome shape make it attractive at market, and its solid and weighty flesh gives it an advantage over many apples of its size. HAUTE BONTE. — Fruit, medium sized; roundish, somewhat ribbed on the sides, and flattened at both ends ; broadest at the base, APPLES. 105 and naxrowing towards the apex, which is terminated by prominent ridges. Skin, smootli and shining, green at first, but changing to yellow as it ripens, and with a faint tinge of red on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, half open, with long acuminate segments, set in a deep and angular basin. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a deep and irregular cavity. Flesh, greenish white, tender, juicy, sweet, rich, brisk, and aromatic. An excellent dessert apple of first-rate quality when grown to perfec- tion ; it is in use from January to May. This is a variety of the Reinette Grise, and a very old French apple. Hawberry Pippin. See Hollandbury, HAWKRIDGE. — Fruit, very fragrant, small ; roundish oblate, very uneven in the outline from havmg prominent angles on the side, which extend to the cro^vn, and form prominent unequal ridges, much like those on the London Pippin. Skin, green at first, but soon becoming golden yellow after being gathered ; where exposed to the sun it is quite covered with dark bright crimson, which is streaked with darker stripes of the same colour ; but where shaded, the yellow ground-colour is merely marked with pale broken stripes of red. Eye, closed, about medium size, with long leafy segments, set in a puckered depression. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch to three-quarters long, slender, inserted in a pretty deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, not very juicy, but sweet, and with a brisk acidity. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit. A pretty little apple for cooking or dessert use, but preferably for the former ; ripe in the middle of August. The fruit has a fine bal- samic fragrance, like the Irish peach. A very popular apple in East Sussex, especially about Hailsham, Heathfield, and those parts, where it is met with in almost every orchard and garden. It originated at a farm called Hawkridge, in Hellingly, near Hailsham. HAWTHORNDEN {Hawthorndean ; White Hawthormlean ; Old Hawthorndcan). — Fruit, varying very much in size, according to the situation and condition of the tree ; sometimes it is very large, and again scarcely attaining the middle size ; generally, however, it is above the medium size ; roundish and depressed, with occasionally a prominent rib on one side, which gives it an irregularity in its appear- ance. Skin, smooth, covered with a delicate bloom ; greenish yellow, with a blush of red on one side, which varies in extent and depth of colour according as it has been more or less exposed to the sun. Eye, small and closed, with broad and flat segments, placed in a pretty deep and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, stout, and sometimes fleshy, inserted in a deep and irregular cavity. Flesh, white, crisp, and tender, very juicy, with an agreeable and pleasant flavour. Cells, oblate or obovate ; abaxile. One of the most valuable and popular apples in cultivation. It 106 THE FRUIT MANUAL. is suitable only for kitchen use, and is in season from October to December. The tree is very healthy and vigorous, and is an early and abundant bearer. It succeeds well in almost every description of soil and situa- tion ; but in some it cankers and is subject to attacks of the woolly aphis. It takes its name from Ilawthornden, a romantic spot near Edinburgh, celebrated as the birthphice and residence of Druramond, the poet, who was born there in 1585. I have never learnt at what period the Ilawthornden was first discovered. The earliest mention of it is in the catalogue of Leslie & Anderson, of Edinburgh, but I do not think it was known about London till 1790, when it was introduced to the Bromptou Park Nursery. Hawthornden, New. See Winter Hawthornden. HAYMAKER. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and the same in height ; bluntly conical, even and regularly formed, knobbed and puckered round the eye. Skin, thin red almost over the whole surface, being yellow tinged with pale red where shaded ; on the side next the sun it is bright shining red, streaked with dark crimson and mottled with pearl-Uke specks. Eye, closed, with erect segments, reflexed at the tips, set level with the surface and surrounded with prominent plaits. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Flesh, yellowish, soft, tender, not very juicy, and sometimes tinged with red. Cells, ovate, elliptical ; axile, closed. A very early apple, much grown in Derbyshire and the surrounding districts for the supply of the markets. It is quite ripe in the second week of August. HEADCROFT'S SEEDLING.— Fruit, medium size, two inches and three-quarters wide, and the same high ; ovate, even in its outline, and regularly formed ; it narrows abruptly towards the crown, where it is puckered with numerous small ridges. Skin, smooth, clear pale yellow, and very few minute dots. Eye, small and open, set in a narrow puckered basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, imbedded in the narrow cavity. Flesh, yellow, very tender, and brisk. Cells, ovate ; axile, open. An excellent cooking apple ; in use from October till December. A Sussex apple, much grown about Horsbain. HEREFORDSHIRE BEEFING.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and two inches high ; roundish oblate, and even in its out- line. Skin, almost entirely of a dark chestnut colour, veined and dotted all over with cinnamon-coloured russet, but especially round the crown and surrounding the stalk, whence it branches out over the base ; on the shaded side it is orange with a greenish tinge. Eye, rather large, set in a moderately deep basin, closed, with convergent segments, which are sometimes also erect connivent. Stamens, basal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, stout and straight, set in a round cavity. APPLES. 107 surrounded with russot. Flesh, yellowish, very firm and solid, crisp, very juicy, and with a brisk, sharp, but not harsh acidity. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed. This is a very fine and very heavy apple for its size ; excellent for kitchen use, juid lasting till January. I first met with this nt Hereford, at one of the pomolot;ioal meetings of the Wuulljope Club, where it was cxhiliited without a iianie. Struck with its reinark- ublc rcbcmbhiiice to the Norfolk Heotiu;;, and having tested its excellence for cooking, I recomniended the clul) to designate it llerefordHhire Beefing. When 8uhscheen, which was planted by Sir William Temple. I find it was cultivated to a considerable extent in the Brompton Park Nursery so early as 1750 ; it must therefore have been well known at that period, but I cannot discover any trace of its origin. It may have been introdui ed from the Continent by George London, who was for some years in the gardens at Versailles under De La Quintinye, and afterwards in partnership with Henry Wise as proprietor of the Brompton Park Nursery, as the name seems to indicate more of French than English origin. Marguerite. See Margaret. MARK MARSHALL. — Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and two inches high ; conical or roundish ovate, frequently with one very prominent rib, but always angular. Skin, with an orange red cheek where exposed to the sun, yellow in the shade, strewed with russet dots. Eye, closed, with flat convergent segments, set in a somewhat angular and plaited basin. Stamens, median or marginal ; tube, conical, inclining to funnel-shape, wide and deep, out of all proportion to the size of the fruit. Stalk, very short, imbedded in the cavity. Flesh, tender, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile. An excellent dessert apple ; in use from October to December. MARMALADE PIPPIN {AWwrp Pippin ; Welsh Pi ppi7i).—FYmt, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and two inches and three- quarters high ; oblong, with a prominent rib on one side, and flattened at the apex, where it terminates in several prominences. Skin, very thick, hard, and membranous ; deep yellow, with a brownish tinge next the sun, and strewed with numerous imbedded pearly specks. Eye, small and open, with long acuminate and reflexed segments, set in a deep and angular basin. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a deep and smooth cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, firm and tender, sweet, juicy, and pleasantly flavoured. A culinary apple, but only of second-rate quality ; it is in use from October to January. The tree is hardy and an abundant bearer. This was introduced in 1818 — the year in which the original tree first produced fruit — by a Mr. Stevens, of Stanton Grange, in Derbyshire, by whom it was raised from a seed of the Keswick Codlin. The Marmalade Pippin of Diel, which is described in vol. 22, and which he says is an English apple, is not the same as the above, for he describes it as " a true streaked apple, and ripe in August." MARRIAGE -MAKER. — Fruit, small, about two inches and a APPLES. 148 quarter wide, aucl two inches high ; roundish, and somewhat depressed, even and regular in its outline. Skin, smooth, entirely crimson, even on the shaded side. Eye, small, with erect convergent segments, set in a basin, which is slightly plaited. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short and slender, placed in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, slightly tinged with red at the eye and under the skin, pleasantly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, open. A very showy dessert apple, resembling Scarlet Pearmain ; in use from October till Christmas. It was sent me by Messrs. Hai'rison, of Leicester. Marrow-bone. See Tom Putt. MARTIN NON^PAREIL.— Fruit, below medium size ; ovate, and angular on the sides. Skin, pale yellow, sprinkled with yellowish brown russet, which is rather rough. Eye, small, half open, with segments which are convergent and reflexed at the tips, set in a plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, short, conical. Stalk, short and thick, sometimes a mere knob, with a swelling on one side of it. Flesh, yellow, firm, rich, juicy, and sugary. Cells, ovate ; axile. An excellent dessert apple, but not equal to the old Nonpareil ; consequently can only be regarded as a second-rate variety ; it is in use from December to March. The tree is a vigorous grower, hardy, and a good bearer. This apple was received from a nursery, as a crab stock, by the Eev. George "Williams, of Martin- Hussingtree, near Worcester, and after producing fruit, was communicated by him to the London Horticultural Society. MARTIN'S CUSTARD.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish, ribbed on the sides, and with ridges round the crown which extend into the basin of the eye. Skin, greenish yellow, mottled with red on the shaded side, and considerably streaked with dark crimson and with a violet bloom on the side next the sun. Eye, small, quite closed, set in a narrow puckered basin. Stalk, very short, sometimes a mere fleshy knob, and sometimes woody, with a fleshy swelling on one side. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, and briskly acid. An excellent culinary apple ; in use from October to Christmas. This apple is much grown in the orchards conterminous with Northamptonshire and Leicestershire, and I am indebted for a knowledge of it to my friend the Kev. M. J. Berkeley, of Sibbertoft, near Market Harborough. MARVELLOUS. — Fruit, small and oblate. Skin, entirely covered with brilliant crimson, and which has a fine bloom upon it, like a plum. Eye, closed, set in a shallow basin. Stalk, short. Flesh, yellow, not very juicy, with a pleasant, but not rich flavour. The great merit of this apple is its appearance, and not its flavour. As an ornament in the dessert it will be valuable, but its season being in August, at that time its use in this respect is not much in request. 144 THE FEUIT MANUAL. Maudlin. See Margaret. MEAD'S BKOADING.— Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and three inches high ; round, obtusely angular, and somewhat flattened. Skin, with a pale red cheek, marked with a few broken streaks of crimson, on the side next the sun, and greenish on the shaded side ; the surface strewed with large russet dots. Eye, closed, with flat con- vergent segments, set in a deep, wide, and plaited basin. Stamens, basal; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, inserted all^its length in the rather shallow cavity, which is lined with thin russet. Flesh, tender, juicy, and mildly acid. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile. A large and handsome cooking apple, sent me by Messrs. J. R. Pearson & Son, nurserymen, Chilwell, near Nottingham ; it is in use during October and November. Megginch Favourite. See Golden Eeinette. MELA CARL A {Male Carle). — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-quarters wide, and the same in height ; roundish, inclining to ovate, narrowing a little towards the eye, but generally of an ovate shape. Skin, thin and tender, pale green at first, changing as it ripens to fine delicate waxen yellow on the shaded side, but covered with fine dark crimson on the side next the sun. Eye, small and closed, w^ith long acuminate segments, and set in a pretty wide and deep basin, which is sometimes a little ribbed. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a small and smooth cavity. Flesh, white, with a greenish tinge, very delicate, juicy, and tender, with a sweet and vinous flavour, and a perfume like that of roses. A dessert apple which, when in perfection, is of the most exquisite flavour ; but, being indigenous to a warmer climate, it does not attain its full maturity in this country. When grown in an orchard house, as I have received it from Mr. Rivers, it is equal to any specimens I have ever met with in Italy. By the aid of a south wall, in a warm and sheltered situation, it may, however, be brought to some degree of excellence. At Elvaston Castle, Mr. Barron successfully cultivated it upon earthen mounds, with an inclination to the sun of 45°. When in perfection, its flesh is as tender as a highly ripened Newtown Pippin ; it is in use from December to March. The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, and an abundant bearer. This is of Italian origin, and is extensively cultivated about Turin. Its name is by some supj oaird sooner by it, than warm'd and enliven'd." The Ked-streak seems to have originated about the beginning of the 17th century, for Evelyn says " it was within the memory of some now living surnamed the Scudamore's Crab, and then not much known save in the neighbourhood." It was called Scudamore's Crab from bemg extensively planted by the first Lord Scuda- more, who was son of Sir James Scudamore, from whom Spenser is said to have taken the character of Sir Scudamore in his " Faerie Queen." He was born in 1600, and created by Charles I. Baron Dromore and Viscount Scudamore. He was attending the Duke of Buckingham when he was stabbdl at Portsmouth, and was so affected at the event that he retired into ])rivate life, and devoted his attention to planting orchards, of which the Red-streak formed the principal variety. In 1634 he was sent as ambassador to France, in which capacity he con- tinued for four years. He was a zenlous Royalist during the civil wars, and was taken prisoner by the Parliament party, while his property was destroyed, and his estate sequestered. He died in 1671. RED STREAKED RAWLING.— Fruit, large, three inches wide, by two and a quarter high ; roundish, and slightly angular. Skin, yellow, streaked with red on the shaded side, but entirely covered with clear dark red, and striped with still darker red, on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, small and closed, set in a narrow and plaited basin. Stalk, long and slender, inserted in a wide and deep cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish, tender, sweet, juicy, and well flavoured, abounding in a sweet and pleasant juice. A culinary apple, well adapted for sauce ; it is iu use from October to Christmas. This is an old Devonshire apple, and no doubt the Sweet Bawling referred to in a communication to one of Bradley's " Monthly Treatises," from which the following is an extract : " "We have an apple in this country called a Rawling, of which there is a sweet and a sour ; the sour when ripe (which is very early) is a very fair large fruit, and of a pleasant taste, inclined to a golden colour, full of narrow red streaks ; the Sweet Bawling has the same coloturs but not quite so large, and if boiled grows hard, whereas the sour becomes soft. Now wliat I have to inform you of is, viz.: I have a tree which bears both sorts in one apple ; one side of the api)le is altogether sweet, the other side sour ; one side bigger than the other ; and when boiled the one side is soft, the other hard, as all sweet and sour apples are." RED STYRE. — Fruit, small, two inches to two and a half wide, and two inches high ; roundish ovate, inclining to oblate, even and regular in its outline. Skin, smooth and shining, entirely covered with very dark crimson, almost approaching mahogany, but paler on the shaded side, the whole mottled with broken bright yellow streaks ; round 190 THE FRUIT MANUAL. the stalk it is greenish and russety. Eye, set in a pretty deep and somewhat angular basin ; segments, broad and convergent, erect. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and slender, set the whole of its length in a round and deep cavity. Flesh, yellow- ish, very tender and juicy, with a pleasant flavour, which makes it acceptable as a dessert fruit, the texture being equal in delicacy to that of an imported Newtown Pippin. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile. A celebrated Herefordshire cider apple. Red Winter Calville. See Calville Rouge cVHiver. REINETTE. — There are various opinions respecting the derivation of this word. At first sight it appears to have a French origin, and supposing it to be so, some have translated it Little Queen, though there is no such definition in any French dictionary I have consulted. Others say it is derived from Rainette, a kind of frog, because Reinettes are always, or ought to be, spotted with russet freckles, like the belly of the Thomas Fuller, the eminent historian and divine, says, *' When a pepin is planted {i.e., grafted) on a pepin stock, the fruit growing thence is called a Renate." This, I think, is the origin of the word, Reinette being derived from Renatus — renewed or reproduced. A Reinette is therefore a grafted apple, and a Pippin is a seedling. See Pippin. Reinette Baumann. See Baumann's Reinette. REINETTE BLANCHE D'ESPAGNE {Josephine; Belle Jose- pli'me ; Reinette d'Espagne ; Be Rateau ; Concomhre Ancien ; American Fall Pippin; Camuesar ; White Spanish Reinette). — Fruit, very large, three inches and a half wide, and three inches and three-quarters high ; oblato-oblong, angular on the sides, and uneven at the crown, where it is nearly as broad as at the base. Skin, smooth and unctuous to the feel, yellowish green in the shade, but orange tinged with brownish red next the sun, and strewed with dark dots. Eye, large and open, set in a deep, angular, and irregular basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a narrow and even cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, and sweet. Cells, open, obovate. An apple of first-rate quality, suitable for the dessert, but particularly so for all culinary purposes ; it is in use from December to April. The tree is healthy and vigorous, and an excellent bearer. It requires a dry, warm, and loamy soil. REINETTE CARPENTIN.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and two inches high ; roundish, or rather oblato-oblong. Skin, yellowish green on the shaded side, but striped, and washed with dark glossy red, on the side next the sun, and so much covered with a thick cinnamon-coloured russet that the ground colours are some- times only partially visible. Eye, set in a wide, saucer-like basin, APPLES. 191 which is considerably depressed. Stalk, an inch long, thin, and inserted in a round and deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, delicate, tender, and juicy, with a brisk, vinous, and peculiar aromatic flavour, shghtly resembling anise. A first-rate dessert apple ; in use from December to April. The tree is a free grower, with long slender shoots, and when a little aged is a very abundant bearer. Reinette d'Allemagne. See Borsdorfer. REINETTE DE BREDA.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two and a quarter high ; roundish and com- pressed. Skin, at first pale yellow, but changing as it ripens to fine deep golden yellow, and covered with numerous russety streaks and dots, and with a tinge of red and fine crimson dots on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, set in a wide and plaited basin. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a russety cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, and crisp, but tender and juicy, with a rich vinous and aromatic flavour. A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from December to March. This is the Reinette d'Aizerna of the Horticultural Society's Cata- logue, and may be the Nelguin of Knoop ; but it is certainly not the Reinette d'Aizema of Knoop. REINETTE DE CANADA {Fortwjal; St. Helena Russet; Canada Fieinette). — Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and three inches deep ; oblato-conical, with prominent ribs originating at the eye, and diminishing as they extend downwards towards the stalk. Skin, greenish yellow, with a tinge of brown on the side next the sun, covered with numerous brown russety dots, and reticulations of russet. Eye, large, open or closed, with short segments, and set in a rather deep and plaited basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, about an inch long, slender, inserted in a deep, wide, and generally smooth cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, juicy, brisk, and highly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit. An apple of first-rate quality, either for culinary or dessert use ; it is in season from November to April. The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, and attains a large size ; it is also an excellent bearer. The finest fruit are produced from dwarf trees. Reinette de Canada Grise. See Royal Russet. Reinette de Canada Plat. See Royal Russet. Reinette de Caux. See Dutch Mignonne. Reinette d'Espagne. See Reinette Blanche d'Espagne. Reinette de Misnie. See Borsdorfer, 192 THE FRUIT MANUAL. EEINETTE DIEL. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches wide, and two and a quarter high ; oblate, even and handsomely shaped. Skin, at first yellowish white, but changing by keeping to a fine yellow colour ; on the side next the sun it is marked with several crimson spots and dots, strewed all over with russety dots, which are large and brownish on the shaded side, but small and greyish on the other. Eye, open, with short segments, set in a wide and rather shallow basin. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a deep and russety cavity, with sometimes a fleshy boss at its base. Flesh, white, firm, crisp, delicate, and juicy, with a rich sweet and spicy flavour. A beautiful and excellent dessert apple of the first quality ; it is in use from December to March. The tree is a strong, healthy, and vigorous grower, and an abundant bearer. This was raised by Dr. Van Mons, and named in honour of his friend Dr. Aug. Friedr. Adr. Diel. EEINETTE FBANCHE.— Fruit, above medium size, three inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish oblate, slightly angular on its sides, and uneven round the eye. Skin, smooth, thickly covered with brown russety spots ; greenish yellow, changing as it ripens to pale yellow, and sometimes tinged with red when fully exposed to the sun. Eye, partially open, with long green segments, set in a wide, rather deep, and prominently plaited basin. Stalk, short and thick, deeply inserted in a round cavity, which is lined with greenish grey russet. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, delicate, crisp, and juicy, with a rich, sugary, and musky flavour. A dessert apple of first-rate quality; in use from November to April. Roger Schabol says it has been kept two years in a cupboard excluded from the air. The tree is a free grower and an abundant bearer, but subject to canker, unless grown in light soil and a dry and warm situation. This is a very old French apple, varying very much in quality according to the soil in which it is grown; but so highly esteemed in France as to take as much precedence of all other varieties as the liibston and Golden Pippin do in this country. EEINETTE GRISE.— Fruit, medium sized, two and a half inches broad, and two and a half high ; roundish ovate, broadest at the base, and generally with five obscure angles on the sides, forming more or less prominent ridges round the crown. Skin, dull yellowish green in the shade, and with a patch of thin, dull, brownish red on the side next the sun, which is so entirely covered with brown russet that little colour is visible ; the shaded side is marked with large linear patches of rough brown russet. Eye, closed, with broad, flat, sharp-pointed segments, which are reflexed at the tips, and set in a deep and round basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, set in a deep and angular cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, rich, and sweet, with a brisk and excellent flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile. APPLES. 193 A very fine dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use fi*om November to May. The tree is a healthy and vigorous grower, and an excellent bearer. One of the finest old French apples; but considered inferior to the Reinette Franthe. REINETTE JAUNE SUCREE. — Fruit, rather above medium size, three inches broad, and two and a half high ; roundish, and very much flattened at the base* Skin, thin and tender, pale green at first, but changing as it attains maturity to a fine deep yellow, with a deeper and somewhat of an orange tinge on the side exposed to the sun, and covered all over with numerous large russety dots and a few traces of delicate russet. Eye, open, with long, acuminate, green segments, set in a wide, rather deep, and plaited basin. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a deep round cavity, which is lined with thin russet. Flesh, yellowish, delicate, tender, and very juicy, with a rich sugary flavour, and without much acidity. Either as a dessert or culinary apple this variety is of first-rate excellence ; it is in use from November to February. The tree is a free and vigorous grower, and a good bearer ; but it is very subject to canker, unless grown in a light and warm soil. Reinette Nonpareil. See Nonpareil. REINETTE VAN MONS {Van Mons' Reinette), — Fruit, rather below medium size, two inches and a half wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; flattened, and almost oblate, having five rather obscure ribs, which terminate in distinct ridges round the eye. Skin, greenish yellow in the shade, but with a dull and brownish orange tinge next the sun ; the whole surface has a thin coating of brown russet. Eye, closed, set in a rather deep depression. Stamens, basal ; tube, funnel- shaped. Stalk, half an inch long. Flesh, yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy, sweet, and aromatic. Cells, roundish ovate or obovate; axile, slit. A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from December to May. REINETTE VERTE.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three- quarters wide, and two and a quarter high ; roundish, considerably flattened at the base, and slightly ribbed at the eye, handsome, and regularly shaped. Skin, thin, smooth, and shining, pale green at first, but becoming yellowish green as it attains maturity, with sometimes a reddish tinge, and marked with large grey russety dots and lines of russet. Eye, partially closed, with long pointed segments, set in a pretty deep and plaited basin. Stalk, about an inch long, inserted in a deep and round cavity, lined with russet, which extends in ramifica- tions over the whole of the base. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, and juicy, with a sweet, vinous, and highly aromatic flavour, ** partaking of the flavours of the Golden Pippin and Nonpareil." A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from December to May. 13 194 THE FRUIT MANUAL. The tree is vigorous and healtli}^ and a good bearer ; but does not become of a large size. RHODE ISLAND GREENING (Green Newtown Pipjnn; Jersey Greening; Burlington Greening). — Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish, and slightly depressed, with obscure ribs on the sides, terminating at the eye in ridges, like London Pippin. Skin, smooth and unctuous to the touch, dark green at first, becoming pale as it ripens, and sometimes with a faint blush near the stalk. Eye, small and closed, with long, pointed, spreading segments, set in a slightly depressed basin. Stamens, median or basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, slender, curved, thickest at the insertion, and placed in a narrow and deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish tinged with green, tender, crisp, juicy, sugary, with a rich, brisk, and aromatic flavour. Cells, open, obovate ; axile. An apple of first-rate quality for all culinary purposes, and excellent also for the dessert ; it is in use from November to April. The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, hardy, and an excellent bearer ; succeeds well in almost any situation. This is of American origin, and was introduced to this country hy the London Horticultural Society, who received, it from David Hosack, Esq., M.D., of New York. It is extensively grown in the middle states of America, where the Newtown Pippin does not attain perfection, and. for which it forms a good substitute. RIBSTON PEARMAIN. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three quarters wide, and two inches high ; roundish oblate, even and regular in its outline, in shape resembling Blenheim Pippin ; sometimes it is a little angular. Skin, with a brownish orange blush and a few pale streaks of crimson where exposed to the sun, but where shaded it is greenish yellow ; it is strewed with russet dots, and here and there are patches of thin grey russet, especially over the crown and in the basin of the eye. Eye, partially open, with flat, convergent segments, set in a narrow, neat, saucer-like basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, inserted in a rather shallow cavity. Flesh, crisp, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured. Cells, roundish obovate ; abaxile. A dessert apple of great excellence ; in use from November till January. RIBSTON PIPPIN (Glory of York; Travers' Pippin).— Fmit, medium sized ; roundish, and irregular in its outline, caused by several obtuse and unequal angles on its sides. Skin, greenish yellow, changing as it ripens to dull yellow, and marked with broken streaks of pale red on the shaded side, but dull red changing to clear faint crimson, marked with streaks of deeper crimson, on the side next the sun, and generally russety over the base. Eye, small aud open or closed, set in an irregular basin, which is generally netted with russet. Stamens, median or basal; tube, deep conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, and generally inserted its whole APPLES. ] 95 length in a round cavity, which is surrounded with russet. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, rich, and sugary, charged with a powerful aromatic flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit. An apple so well known as to require neither description nor encomium. It is in greatest perfection during November and Decem- ber, but with good management will keep till March. The tree is in general hardy, a vigorous grower, and a good bearer, provided it is grown in a dry soil ; but if otherwise it is almost sure to canker. In all the southern and middle counties of England it succeeds well as an open standard ; but in the north, and in Scotland, it requires the protection of a wall to bring it to perfection. Nicol calls it *' a universal apple for these kingdoms ; it will thrive at John O'Groat's, while it deserves a place at Exeter or at Cork." The Bibston Pippin did not become generally known till the end of the last century, and it is not mentioned in any of the editions of Miller's Dictionary, or by any other author of that period ; neither was it grown in the Brorapton Park Nursery in 1770. In 1785 I find it was in that collection, when it was grown to the exteiit of a quarter of a row, or about twenty-five plants ; and as this supply seems to have suflaced for three years' demand, its merits must have been but little known. In 1788 it extended to one row, or about one hundi-ed plants, and three years later to two rows ; from 1791 it increased one row annually, till 1794, when it reached five rows. From these facts we may pretty well learn the rise and progress of its popularity. In 1847, in the same nursery, it was cultivated to the extent of about twenty-live rows, or 2,500 plants annually. The original tree was first discovered growing in the garden at Kibston Hall, near Knaresborough, but how, when, or by what means it came there, has not been satisfactorily ascertained. One account states that about the year 1688 some apple pips were brought from Rouen and sown at Ribston Hall ; the trees produced from them were planted in the park, and one turned out to be the variety in question. The original tree stood till 1810, when it was blown down by a violent gale of wind. It was afterwards supported by stakes in a horizontal position, and continued to produce fruit till it lingered and died in 1835. Since then, a young shoot has been produced about four inches below the surface of the ground, which, with proper care, may become a tree, and thereby preserve the original of this favourite old dessert apple. The gardener at Ribston Hall, by whom this apple was raised, was the father of Lowe, who during the last century- was the fruit-tree nurseryman at Hampton Wick. RINGER. — Fruit, large, three inches wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish and depressed, obtusely angular, ribbed round the eye. Skin, yellow, with tinges and broken stripes of pale crimson here and there, and sometimes without colour ; the surface sprinkled with thin patches of pale brown russet. Eye, with erect connivent segments, reflexed at the tips, and set in a pretty deep and angular basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, yellowish green, three-quarters of an inch to an inch long, straight, deeply inserted in a round cavity. Flesh, yellow, very tender and juicy, with an agree- able acidity and good flavour. Cells, open, roundish obovate or roundish ovate ; axile, and with a fine perfume. A second-rate dessert apple, but excellent for kitchen use from November till February. It is a very fragrant apple, and with a very delicate flesh. 196 , THE FRUIT MANUAL. EIVERS'S NONESUCH.— Fruit, two inches and a quarter wide, and not quite so much high ; ovate, inclining to conical, even in its outline, and with ridges round the apex. Skin, yellow on the shaded side, and almost entirely covered with red, which has broken dark crimson streaks on the side next the sun, the whole strewed with russet dots. Eye, closed, with convergent segments, which are reflexed at the tips, set in a narrow and furrowed basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, deep conical, and narrow. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, deeply inserted in a rather deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, sweet, and with a rich, brisk, perfumed flavour. Cells, closed, roundish obovate ; axile. An excellent dessert apple ; in use from November till January. This was selected by the late Mr, Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, from a quarter of seedling apple stocks. Along with one or two others it attracted his attention by the dwarf and peculiar habit of growth, and their tendency to throw out a mass of roots near the surface of the soil. He tried them all as dwarfing stocks for apple trees, and this, which he called the Nonesuch, proved the best of the three for the purpose. It is now produced every year by thousands, from stools and cuttings ; but it was not till I discovered the quality of the fruit, in 1875, that it was known to possess any merit. It is really a fine dessert apple. Robin. See Winter Greening. ROBIN HOOD. — Fruit, large, three inches and an eighth wide, and three and a half high ; oblong-conical, and so much resembling the Gloucestershire Costard that I am inclined to think it is the same sort. I met with this in a private garden at Great Malvern in 1871. ROBINSON'S PIPPIN. — Fruit, small ; roundish, narrowing towards the apex, where it is quite flat, and rather undulating. Skin, very much covered with brown russet, except on the shaded side, where it is greenish yellow, but sometimes tinged with brownish red where ex- posed to the sun, and strewed all over with minute russety dots. Eye, open, with flat pointed segments, set in a wide shallow basin. Stamens, median; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, stout, and inserted in a slight depression. Flesh, greenish, tender, crisp, sweet, and very juicy, with a fine, brisk, and slightly perfumed flavour, much resembling that of the Golden Pippin and Nonpareil. Cells, closed, obovate ; axile. A very excellent dessert apple of first-rate quality ; it is in use from December to February. The fruit is produced in clusters of sometimes eight and ten, at the ends of the branches. The tree is of small size and slender growth, and not a free bearer. It is well adapted for dwarf and espalier training when grafted on the doucin or paradise stock, in which case it also bears better than on the crab stock. According to Mr. Lindley, this variety was grown for many years in the old kitchen garden at Kew ; and Rogers thinks it first originated in the Turnham Green Nursery, which was during a portion of the last century occupied by a person of the name of Robinson. The truth is, it was raised by a publican of the name of Robinson, who kept the Packhorse Inn at Turnham Green, and who also raised the Packhorse Pippin. APPLES. 197 ROCKLEY'S. — Fruit, medium sized, three inches wide, and two inches and three-quarters high; ovate, angular and uneven in its outHne. Skin, greenish yellow on the shaded side, but covered with dark red, streaked with darker red, on the side exposed to the sun, and speckled with broken streaks of red where the red and yellow blend. Eye, large and closed, with flat convergent segments, set in a deep and ribbed basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, very wide, funnel-shaped. Stalk, about three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a deep fur- rowed cavity. Flesh, remarkably tender, not very juicy, but sweet. Cells, round ; axile. A cooking apple, which I met with at the Hereford meeting of the Pomological Committee of the VVoolhope Naturalists Field Club. It is the softest and most tender-fleshed apple I have ever met with. Rolhmd. See Belle Bonne. RONALDS'S GOOSEBERRY mVl?m (Gooseberry Pippin).— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; roundish and inclining to oblate, somewhat obscurely ribbed. Skin, smooth, of a fine uniform lemon -yellow colour, but of a deeper colour next the sun, thinly strewed with large russet dots, marked with russet flakes and frequently with a red blush next the sun. Eye, small and open, with small, erect, acute segments, placed in a wide, shallow, and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, small, conical, or rather cup-shaped. Stalk, very short, imbedded the whole of its length in a deep cavity, which is lined with pale brown russet and which extends in ramifications over the base. Flesh, yellowish, tender, and fine-grained, very juicy, sweet, brisk, and vinous, with a pleasant perfume. Cells, obovate ; axile. A very excellent dessert apple ; ripe in November, and continues in use till February, when it is quite plump and juicy. The tree is a very handsome grower of the smallest size, and an abundant bearer. The name Gooseberry Pippin, by which this is described in Ronalds' Pyrus MaluH breni/ordiensis, is not sufficient to distinguish it from the Gooseberry Apple, with which it is apt to be confounded ; and I have therefore adopted the specific name of Ronalds to avoid so great an inconvenience, for this admirable dessert apple ought not to be mistaken for the culinary one. This is now a very rare frait, and I doubt much if it is to be had true in an ordinary way, I am indebted to F. J. Graliam, Esq., of Cranford, Middlesex, for grafts and fruit, it havmg been grown extensively for many jears in his orchards at Cranford, for Covent Garden Market, Ronalds's Seedling. See Trumpinyton. Rook's Nest. See Bimitisland Spice. ROSE DE CHINE.— Fruit, medium sized, or rather below medium size ; roundish and flattened, almost oblate, regularly formed, aiid without angles. Skin, smooth and delicate, pale gi-eenish yellow, with a few broken streaks of pale red, intermixed with crimson, on the side exposed to the sun, and strewed with minute dark-coloured dots. Eye, 198 THE FRUIT MANUAL. partially closed, set in a shallow and slightly plaited basin. Stalk, an inch long, very slender, inserted in a round, deep, smooth, and funnel- shaped cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, tinged with green, firm, crisp, and juicy, with a sweet and pleasant flavour. A very good, but not first-rate, dessert apple ; it is in use from November to February. This does not appear to be the " Rose Apple of China" of Coxe, which he imported from England, and which he says is a large oblong fruit with a short thick stalk. ROSEMARY RUSSET.— Fruit, below medium size ; ovate, broadest at the base, and narrowing obtusely towards the apex, a good deal of the shape of a Scarlet Nonpareil. Skin, yellow, tinged with green on the shaded side, but flushed with faint red on the side exposed to the sun, and covered with thin pale brown russet, particularly round the eye and the stalk. Eye, small and closed, or half open, with erect segments, set in a narrow, round, and even basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, very long, inserted in a round and wide cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, very juicy, brisk, and sugary, and charged with a peculiarly rich and highly aromatic flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile. A most delicious and valuable dessert apple of the very first quality ; it is in use from December till February. ROSS NONPAREIL. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches high, and two inches and a half broad ; roundish, even, and regularly formed, narrowing a little towards the eye. Skin, entirely covered with thin russet, and faintly tinged with red on the side next the sun. Eye, small and open, with divergent segments, set in a shallow and even basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, an inch long, slender, inserted half its length in a round and even cavity. Flesh, greenish white, firm, crisp, brisk, and sugary, charged with a rich and aromatic flavour, which partakes very much of that of the varieties known by the name of Fenouillet, or Fennel-flavoured apples. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit. This is one of the best dessert apples ; it is in use from November to February. The tree is an excellent bearer, hardy, and a free grower, and succeeds well on almost any description of soil. This variety is of Irish origin, and was first brought into notice by Mr, Robert- son, a nurseryman at Kilkenny, who sent it to the Horticultural Society of London. ROSTOCKER. — Fruit, medium size, three inches wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish ovate, angular, and with prominent ridges round the crown. Skin, almost entirely covered with bright crimson, which is streaked with darker crimson on the side next the sun, and bright yellow where shaded. Eye, closed, with erect, broad, con- vergent segments, and set in a rather deep, plaited, and angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, inserted all APPLES. 199 its length in the cavity, and with a swelling on one side of it. Flesh, greenish white, crisp, tender, and with a fine brisk sub-acid flavour, CeUs, oblate ; axile. A very handsome cooking apple, very solid and heavv, which keeps till May. ROUGH PIPPIN. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and over two inches high ; conical, even and regular in its outline, longer on one side of the axis than on the other. Skin, yellow on the shaded side, and pale red on the side next the sun, the whole surface being more or less covered with patches of thin cinnamon-coloured russet. Eye, small, with erect convergent segments, set on a level with the surface. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, stout, inserted ob- liquely in a very shallow cavity by the side of a fleshy swelling. Flesh, firm, rather dry, and without much flavour. Cells, roundish elliptical ; axile, slit. A Somersetshire apple, which has a close resemblance to Adams's Pearmain, but very inferior to it ; in use up till January. Round Russet Harvey. See Golden Harvey. ROUNDWAY MAGNUM BONUM.— Fruit, large ; ovate, angular on the sides, having five prominent ribs, which extend into the basin of the eye and form ridges round the crown. Skin, lemon yellow, with a few broad broken streaks of pale crimson on one side ; it is here and there marked with several russet patches. Eye, half open, with flat convergent segments that are reflexed at the tips, and set in a narrow basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, about half an inch long, very stout, and inserted in a pretty deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, crisp, very juicy, and with a fine aroma. Cells, obovate ; axile. A first-rate culinary or dessert apple, very solid and heavy for its size ; in use till April without shrivelling. This was raised at Roundway Park, near Devizes, and was first exhibited at the Royal Horticultural Society in 1864, when it received a first-class certificate. ROUND WINTER NONESUCH.— Fruit, large, over three inches wide, and two and a half high ; roundish, and very considerably flattened, or somewhat oblate ; uneven in its outline, caused by several obtuse and unequal, though not prominent ribs on the sides. Skin, thick and membranous, smooth, pale yellow, slightly tinged with green on the shaded side, but on the side exposed to the sun it is marked with broken stripes and spots of beautiful deep crimson, thinly sprinkled all over with a few russety dots. Eye, large and closed, nearly level with the surface, and sometimes -so prominently set and raised above the surface as to appear pufi'ed up, and set on bosses. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, inserted in a shallow cavity, and not protruding beyond the base. 200 THE FRUIT MANUAL. Flesh, greenish white, tender, sweet, juicy, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; abaxile. A culinary apple of first-rate quality ; it is in use from November to March. The tree is an excellent bearer, and the fruit being large and beautiful, this variety is worthy the notice of the market gardener and orchardist. KOYAL CODLIN. — Fruit, large, three inches wide, and three inches and a quarter high ; uneven in its outline, angular, and undu- lating, distinctly five-sided, especially towards the crown. Skin, pale yellowish green, or greenish yellow when it ripens, and with a pale thin red cheek on the side next the sun. Eye, closed, set in a narrow angular basin, with short, erect, connivent segments. Stamens, median ; tube, short conical. Stalk, thick and fleshy, obliquely inserted, with a fleshy knob on one side of it. Flesh, soft, tender, and mildly acid. Cells, elliptical or ovate ; abaxile. An excellent kitchen apple ; ripe in October. EOYALE [French Roy ale). — Fruit, above medium size, three inches wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish ovate, bluntly angular. Skin, very much covered with ashy grey russet, with an orange cheek streaked with crimson on the side next the sun, and yellow on the shaded side. Eye, closed, with erect convergent seg- ments, set in a pretty deep and ribbed basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, over half an inch long, stout, inserted in a deep cavity, which is greenish. Flesh, yellowish, juicy, brisk, sweet, and wuth a good flavour. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile. A good cooking apple, grown in the orchards about Maidstone, and sent me by Mr. Killick, of Langley ; it keeps till Christmas. Eoyal Pearmain. See Summer Pearmain and Herefordsldre Pear- main. EOYAL KED-STREAK.— Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and a half high ; oblate, prominently ribbed, and uneven. Skin, almost entirely overspread with bright red, covered with dark crimson stripes, and wherever the ground colour appears it is yellow, and the base is quite covered with russet. Eye, rather large, closed, with convergent segments, deeply set in an uneven angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, rather deeply inserted. Flesh, yellowish, sometimes tinged with red, tender, juicy, and with a pleasant acidity. Cells, small, obovate ; axile. A fine handsome cooking apple, sent from Devonshire by Mr. Rendell, of Netherton Manor ; it is in use in November. ROYAL REINETTE.— Fruit, large ; conical. Skin, yellow, smooth and glossy, strewed all over with russety spots, stained and striped with brilliant red on the side next the sun. Eye, large and open, set APPLES. 201 iu an even and shallow basin. Stalk, very short, inserted in a very narrow and shallow cavit}'. Flesh, pale yellow, firm and tender, juicy and sugary, with a brisk and pleasant flavour. A very good apple for culinary purposes, and second-rate for the dessert ; it is in use from December to April. The tree is an abundant bearer, and is extensively grown in the western parts of Sussex, where it is esteemed a first-rate fruit. ROYAL RUSSET {Reinette de Canada Grise ; Bdnette de Canada Platte; Leather Coat). — Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish, somewhat flattened and angular. Skin, covered with rough brown russet, which has a brownish tinge on the side next the sun ; some portions only of the ground colour are visible, which is yellowish green. Eye, small and closed, set in a narrow and rather shallow basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a wide and deep cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, tender, crisp, brisk, juicy, and sugary. Cells, roundish ovate ; axile, slit. A most excellent culinary apple of first-rate quality ; it is in use from November to May, but is very apt to shrink and become dry, unless, as Mr. Thompson recommends, it is kept in dry sand. The tree is of a very vigorous habit, and attains the largest size. It is perfectly hardy and an excellent bearer. This has always been a favourite old English variety. It is mentioned by Lawson so early as 1597, and is much commended by almost every subsequent writer. It is not the true Leathercoat. See Leathercoat. ROYAL SHEPHERD. — Fruit, above medium size, three inches wide, and two and three-quarters high ; roundish, inclining to ovate, shghtly ribbed, and narrowing towards the eye. Skin, greenish-yellow in the shade, but covered with dull red next the sun, and strewed all over with minute russety dots. Eye, partially closed, with erect con- vergent segments, set in a round and rather deep basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, inserted in a deep funnel- shaped cavity, which is lined with ramifications of russet. Flesh, greenish white, firm, crisp, brisk, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, round ; axile, slit. A very good culinary apple, grown in the neighbourhood of Lancaster ; it is in use during November and December, and will keep till March or April. ROYAL SOMERSET.— Fruit, rather above medium size, three inches wide, and rather more than two inches and a quarter high; roundish ovate, generally higher on one side than the other, handsome and regularly shaped. Skin, smooth, pale yellow, with a tinge of green on the shaded side, but brighter yellow, marked with faint broken streaks and mottles of crimson, on the side next the sun ; the whole strewed with russety dots, which are most numerous in the basin of the eye. Eye, large and open, with very short, stunted, erect, divergent 202 THE FRUIT MANUAL. segments, placed in a round, even, and pretty deep basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, upwards of half an inch long, slender, and inserted almost the whole of its length in a deep, round, smooth, funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, yellow- ish, very tender and juicy, with a pleasant, delicate, sub-acid, but not brisk flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile. A very excellent culinary apple ; in use from November till March. Like the Dumelow's Seedling, this apple is translucent round the eye. The Royal Somerset of the Horticultural Society's Catalogue is London Pippin ; but the variety described above is a very distinct fruit, and has more the resem- blance of a medium-sized Blenheim Pippin, both in shape, colour, and the formation of the eye. I obtained this in 1847 from the late Mr. James Lake, nurseryman, of Bridgewater. ROYAL WILDING. — Fruit, small, two inches and three-eighths wide, and the same high ; conical, with obtuse ribs, which extend to the crown and form ridges round the eye. Skin, greenish yellow on the shaded side, and brownish red on the side next the sun ; sometimes the skin is entirely greenish yellow, with an orange tinge next the sun. Eye, small and closed, with erect convergent segments. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep conical. Stalk, very short, or a mere fleshy knob, deeply inserted in the shallow cavity. Flesh, woolly, not very juicy, sweet, and harshly flavoured. Cells, long, elliptical, pointed ; axile. A Herefordshire cider apple. Roxbury Russet. See Boston Russet. Ruckman's Pearmain. See Golden Pearmain. RUSHOCK PEARMAIN.— Fruit, rather below medium size, two inches and a half wide, and the same in height ; conical, even and handsomely formed. Skin, of a fine deep yellow colour, almost entirely covered with cinnamon-coloured russet, with a brownish tinge on the side next the sun. Eye, large and open, with broad flat segments, which generally fall ofl" as the fruit ripens. Stalk, a quarter of an inch long, stout, and inserted in a pretty deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, and juicy, with a brisk, sub-acid, and sugary flavour. An excellent dessert apple of first-rate quality; it is in use from Christmas to April. This is frequently met with in the Birmingham markets. It was raised, accord- ing to Mr. Maund, by a blacksmith of the name of Charles Taylor, at Rushock, in Worcestershire, about the year 1821, and is sometimes known by the name of Charles's Pearmain. Russet-coat Nonpareil. See Pitmaston Nonpareil. Russet Golden Pippin. See Golden Pippin. Russet Pine. See Pomeroy. APPLES. 208 RUSSET TABLE PEARMAIN.— Fruit, below medium size; oblong- ovate. Skin, very much covered with brown russet, except on the shaded side, where there is a little yellowish green visible, and on the side next the sun, where it is orange, with a flame of deep bright crimson breaking through the russet. Eye, open, with erect, rigid segments, and set in a wide, shallow, saucer-like, and plaited basin. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, and extending beyond the base. Flesh, yellow, firm, very rich, juicy, and sugary, with a fine aromatic and perfumed flavour. A beautiful and handsome little apple of first-rate excellence ; it is in use from November to February. Russian Apple. See Court Pendu Plat, Russian Emperor. See Emperor Alexander. RUSSIAN TRANSPARENT.— Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and three inches high ; roundish ovate, obtusely and prominently ribbed, with bold ridges round the eye. Skin,' bright grass green, with here and there a few traces of thin grey russet, and dotted with bold russet dots, becoming yellowish as it ripens. Eye, rather small, deeply set in a close ribbed basin, with connivent segments. Stamens, mar- ginal ; tube, conical, square at the base. Stalk, very short, inserted in a deep, irregular, and angular cavity, which is lined with coarse russet. Flesh, crisp, very juicy, and with a fine brisk flavour. Cells, round ; abaxile. A very fine culinary apple ; in use from November till January. It was introduced from Russia by General Boucherette, the representative of an old Lincolnshire family still existing in the county. During the occupation of Moscow by the invading army of the First Napoleon, General Boucherette noticed this apple growing freely, and, being attracted by its fine appearance, he brought with him a number of scions to Lincolnshire, and by this means the Kussian Transparent got a position in the county. RUSTY COAT. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and three- quarters wide, and two inches high ; somewhat oblate, even and regular in outline. Skin, yellow, with an orange cheek, thickly covered with large, coarse, russet dots and patches of rough russet. Eye, open, with erect convergent segments, reflexed at the tips, set in a deep, round, smooth basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, very short, inserted in a deep, round, and russety cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, juicy, sweet, and well-flavoured. Cells, round ; axile. A Gloucestershire cider apple, and considered one of the best ; ripe during October and November. Rutlandshire Foundling. See Golden Xoble. RYMER (Caldwell; Green Cossings ; Ncwbold's Duke of York). — Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and three- quarters high ; roundish and flattened, with five obscure ribs on the 204 THE FRUIT MANUAL. sides, extending into the basin of the eye. Skin, smooth, thinly strewed with reddish brown dots, and a few faint streaks of pale red on the shaded side, and of a beautiful deep red, covered with yellowish grey dots, on the side next the sun. Eye, closed, with broad convergent segments, set in a round and moderately deep basin. Stamens, median or marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, inserted ia a round and deep cavity, lined with rough russet, which extends in ramifications over the base. Flesh, yellowish, tender, and pleasantly sub-acid. Cells, round- ish obovate ; axile. A good culinary apple ; in use from October to Christmas. This was raised at Thirsk, in Yorkshire, by a person named Eymer. SACK [Spice Apjile). — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and five-eighths wide, and two inches and a half high ; conical, uneven in its outline, being ribbed on the sides somewhat in the way of Margil, and ridged round the eye. Skin, smooth and shining, as if varnished, almost entirely covered^ with deep bright crimson, which is streaked and mottled with darker crimson on the side next the sun, but where shaded it is yellowish, mottled with crimson. Eye, small and closed, with erect, pointed, connivent segments, set in a deep and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, thick, and fleshy, set in a shallow depression. Flesh, tender, crisp, fine-grained, sweet, and with a pleasant sub-acid flavour. Cells, elliptical, pointed ; axile, open. A Herefordshire apple ; in use during October. SACK AND SUGAR. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a quarter wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; roundish, inclin- ing to oval, with prominent ridges round the eye. Skin, pale yellow, marked with a few broken stripes and streaks of bright crimson on the side next the sun. Eye, closed, with pointed segments, overlapping each other, and rather deeply set in a round, angular, and plaited basin. Stamens, median or basal ; tube, conical. Flesh, white, very soft and tender, very juicy, sugary, and with a pleasant, brisk, balsamic flavour. Cells, open, ovate or obovate. An excellent apple either for culinary or dessert use ; ripe in the end of July and beginning of August, and contuiuing during September. The tree is a free and vigorous grower, and an immense bearer. This apple was raised in the beginning of this century by Mr. Morris, a market gardener at Brentford, and is sometimes met with under the name of Morris s Sack and Sugar. Sack Apple. See Devonshire Quarrenden, SAINT JULIEN (Seigneur d'Orsay; Cnncombre des Chartreux). — Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and three- quarters high ; roundish, narrowing towards the eye, and angular on its sides. Skin, yellowish green, covered with large patches of ashy- coloured russet, and in dry warm seasons sometimes tinged with red. APPLES. 206 Eye, open, set in a rather shallow and plaited basin. Stalk, an inch long, slender, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, juicy, sugary, and richly flavoured, A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; it is in use from December to March. The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, and an excellent bearer. SAM'S CRAB. — Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and two inches high ; conical or roundish ovate, even and regular in its outline. Skin, beautifully streaked with crimson and yellow on the side next the sun, and less bo on the shaded side, where it is yellow. Eye, closed, with connivent segments, set in a pretty deep, round, and some- what plaited basin. Stamens, median; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, about an inch long, slender, inserted in a deep cavity, which is tinged with green. Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet, and of good flavour. It is tinged with rose at the base of the eye, round the core, and at the base of the stalk. Cells, ovate, pointed ; axile, open. A Herefordshire cider apple. Sam's Crab. See Loru/ville's Kernel. SAM YOUNG (Irish Russet). — Fruit, small, an inch and three- quarters high, and about two inches and a half wide ; roundish oblate. Skin, light greenish yellow, almost entirely covered with grey russet, and strewed with minute russety dots on the yellow part, but tinged with brownish red on the side next the sun. Eye, large and open, with divergent segments, set in a wide, shallow, and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, not deeply inserted. Flesh, yellow, tinged with green, firm, crisp, tender, juic}', sugary, and highly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed. A delicious little dessert apple of the first quality ; in use from November to February. This variety is of Irish origin, and was first introduced to public notice by Mr. Robertson, the nurseryman of Kilkenny. Scarlet Crofton. See Crofton Scarlet. SCARLET GOLDEN PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; of the same size and form as the old Golden Pippin, which is roundish oblate, sometimes incliniug to oblong, even and symmetrical. Skin, bright crimson, extending over the whole of that part exposed to the sun, and where shaded a deep rich yellow ; it is strewed with some minute russet dots and pearl specks. Eye, open, with segments which are erect and convergent, set in a shallow, even basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, from a quarter of an inch to three-quarters long, inserted in a rather shallow cavity, with frequently a slight swelling on one side of it. Flesh, deep yellow, crisp, very juicy, sweet, with a brisk and particularly fine flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, open. A delicious dessert apple ; in use from November to April. 206 THE FRUIT MANUAL,. This appeared as a bud sport on an old tree of the Golden Pippin in an orchard at Gourdie Hill, in the Carse of Gowrie, Perthshire, the property of Robert Mathew, Esq., who pointed it out to me when I was on a visit to him in 1846. At that time it was merely a small branch thickly set with fruit-bearing spurs. Scarlet Incomparable. See Duchess's Favourite. SCAKLET LEADINGTON.— Fruit, medium sized ; conical, even in its outline, broadest at the base, and narrowing towards the eye, where it is distinctly four-sided. Skin, smooth and shining, yellow on the shaded side, and the whole of the exposed side covered with brilliant dark crimson, shining as if varnished, and which shades oif in streaks of bright crimson. Eye, large and open, with long, broad, and ragged segments, set in a shallow basin. Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a wide and shallow cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy, and sugary, with a brisk and pleasant flavour, slightly perfumed. An apple much esteemed in Scotland as a first-rate variety, both for the dessert and culinary purposes ; but it does not rank so high in the south ; it is in use from November to February. SCAKLET NONPAKEIL.— Fruit, medium sized; round, narrowing towards the apex, regularly and handsomely shaped. Skin, yellowish on the shaded side, streaked with pale red, but covered with red, which is streaked with deeper red, on the side next the sun, and covered with patches of russet and large russety specks. Eye, open, with flat erect segments, reflexed at the tips, and set in a shallow and even basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, an inch or more in length, straight, inserted in a small round cavity, which is lined with scales of silvery grey russet. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, juicy, rich, and sugary. Cells, elliptical or ovate ; axile, slit. A very excellent dessert apple of first-rate quality ; it is in use from January to March, The tree is hardy, a good grower, though slender in its habit, and an excellent bearer. The Scarlet Nonpareil, according to one account, was discovered growing in the garden of a publican at Esher, in Surrey, and was iirst cultivated by Grimwood, of the Kensington Nursery, but according to Salisbury it was raised from seed at Kempton Park, near Sunbury, in the beginning of this century (1816). SCAELET PEARMAIN (BelVs Scarlet Pearmain ; BelVs Scarlet; Hood's Seedling ; Oscford Peach). — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; conical, regularly and handsomely shaped. Skin, smooth, tender, and shining, of a rich, deep, bright crimson, with stripes of darker crimson on the side next the sun, and extending almost over the whole surface of the fruit, except where it is much shaded, and there it is yellow, washed and striped with crimson, but of a paler colour, intermixed with a tinge of yellow, on the shaded side, and the whole surface sprinkled with numerous grey russety dots. Eye, open, with long reflexed segments. APPLES. 207 set in a round, even, and rather deep basin, wliicli is marked with lines of russet. Stamens, basal ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, from three-quarters to an inch long, deeph' inserted in a round, even, and funnel-shaped cavity, which is generally russety at the insertion of the stalk. Flesh, yellowish, with a tinge of rod under the skin, tender, juicy, sugary, and vinous. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile, open. A beautiful and handsome dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from October to January. The tree is a free and vigorous grower, attaining about the middle size, and is an excellent bearer. It succeeds well on the paradise stock, on which it forms a good dwarf or espalier tree. This was called Bell's Scarlet Pcirmain from havinji^ been brouijht into notice by a Mr. Bell, land steward to the Duke of Northuiuberland, ut Sion Uouse, Middlesex, about the year 1800. Scarlet Queening. See Crimson Queening. SCARLET TIFFING.— Fruit, above medium size, three inches wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, inclining to oblate, and irregularly angular. Skin, pale yellow, tinged with green on the shaded side and round the eye, but deep scarlet where exposed to the sun, extending in general over the greater portion of the fruit. Eye, small and closed, set in an irregular, ribbed, and warted basin. Stalk, flesh}', about half an inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, pure white, very tender, crisp, juicy, and pleasantly acid. A valuable and excellent culinary apple, much grown in the orchard districts of Lancaster ; it is in use during November and December. SCHOOLMASTER. — Fruit, large, three inches wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; obtusely ribbed, and terminating at the eye in broad ridges, as well as at the base. Skin, bright green, changing as it ripens to greenish yellow, covered all over with large russet freckles, and with a pale red tinge where it is exposed to the sun ; russety round the stalk. Eye, closed, with erect convergent segments, the tips of which are reflexed, set in a pretty deep basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short and slender, deeply inserted in a close cavity, with a swelling on one side of it. Flesh, white, crisp, tender, and mildly acid. Cells, obovate ; axile, open. A fine cooking apple, which received a first-class certificate from the Royal Horticultural Society. SCOTCH BRIDGET.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three- quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, broadest at the base, and narrowing towards the apex, where it is rather knobbed, caused by the terminations of the angles on the sides. Skin, smooth, greenish yellow on the shaded side, and almost entirely covered with bright deep red on the side next the sun. Eye, closed, set in an angular and warted basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long. 208 THE FRUIT MANUAL. straight, lliick, and stout, inserted in a very narrow and shallow cavity. Flesh, white, tender, soft, juicy, and briskly flavoured. An excellent culinary apple, much grown in the neighbourhood of Lancaster ; in use from October to January. Scotch Virgin. See White Virgin. SCREVETON GOLDEN PIPPIN.— Fruit, the size and shape of the old Golden Pippin, and little, if at all, inferior to it in flavour. Skin, green at first, changing to greenish yellow when it ripens, and considerably marked with russet patches and dots, sometimes entirely covered with russet. Eye, open, with long, pointed, reflexed segments, set level on the surface without depression. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch to three-quarters long, set in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellow, tender, and with a pleasant flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, open. A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; it is in use from December to April. Kaised in the garden of Sir John Thoroton, Bart., at Screveton, in Nottingham- shire, about the year 1808. Scudamore's Crab. See Red-streak. SEEK-NO-FARTHER.— Fruit, medium sized; conical, or Pear- main-shaped. Skin, yellowish green, streaked with broken patches of crimson, on the shaded side, and strewed with grey russety dots, but covered with light red, which is marked with crimson streaks, and covered with patches of fine delicate russet, and numerous large, square, and star-like russety specks like scales, on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, small and closed, with broad, flat, convergent segments, the edges of which fit neatly to each other, set in a rather deep and plaited basin. Stalk, about half an inch long, stout, and inserted in a deep, round, and regular cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, crisp, juicy, rich, sugary, and vinous, charged with a pleasant aromatic flavour. An excellent dessert apple of first-rate quality ; it is in use from November to January. This is the true old Seek-no-farther. Seigneur d'Orsay. See St. Julien. SELWOOD'S REINETTE.— Fruit, large, three inches wide, and about two inches and a half high ; round and flattened, angular on the sides, and with five prominent plaits round the eye, which is small, open, and not at all depressed, but rather elevated on the surfacQ. Skin, pale green, almost entirely covered with red, which is marked with broken stripes of darker red, those on the shaded side being paler, and not so numerous as on the side exposed to the sun. Stalk, about half an inch long, very stout, and inserted the whole of its length in a russety cavity. Flesh, greenish white, tender, brisk, and pleasantly flavoured. APPLES. 209 A culinary apple of good, but not first-rate quality ; it is in use from December to March. The tree is a strong and healthy grower, and an abundant bearer. This is certainly a different variety from the Selwood's Reinette of the Horti- cultural Society's Catalogue, which is described as being small, Pearmain-shaped, greenish yellow, and a dessert apple. It is, however, identical with the Selwood's Keinette of Rogers, who, as we are informed in his ** Fruit Cultivator," received it upwards of ninety years ago from Messrs. Hewitt & Co., of Brompton. The tree now in my possession I procured as a graft from the private garden of the late Mr. Lee, of Hammersmith ; and as it has proved to be the same as Rogers's variety, I am induced to think that it is correct, while that of the Horticultural Society is wrong. It received its name from a person of the name of Selwood, who was a nurseiyman at the Queen's Elm, Little Chelsea, in the last century, where Selwood's Terrace now is. SEVERN BANK. — Fruit, medium sized, three inches wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish, slightly depressed, and obtusely ribbed. Skin, smooth, deep yellow when ripe, and with a blush of thin crimson where exposed to the sun. Eye, closed, with convergent segments, which are sometimes reflexed at the tips, and set in an angular basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Flesh, tender, briskly acid. Cells, wide open, Codlin-like, obovate. An early cooking apple, in use in October. It is grown in large quantities in the Valley of the Severn for the supply of the markets in the manufacturing districts, and being thick-skinned, it travels well without bruising. SHAKE SPE RE. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three- quarters wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish, narrowing a little towards the eye. Skin, dark green on the shaded side, and brownish red on the side next the sun, which is marked with a few broken stripes of darker red, the whole strewed with russety dots. Eye, small, and partially open, set in a narrow and irregular basin, which is ridged round the margin. Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, firm, crisp, and juicy, with a brisk vinous flavour. An excellent dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from Christ- mas to April. This variety was raised by Thomas Hunt, Esq., of Stratford -on -Avon, from the seed of Hunt's Duke of Gloucester, and named in honour of the poet Sbakeepere. SHEEP'S NOSE. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three- quarters wide, and the same high ; distinctly angular, broad at the base and tapering to two-thirds of its height, where it forms a con- tracted waist, and thence it narrows to the crown, where it terminates in five prominent knobs. Skin, bright crimson, striped with broken stripes of rich yellow, except where it is shaded, and there it is either yellow or marked with faint streaks. Eye, closed, with long erect segments, set in a very angular and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; 14 210 THE FRUIT MANUAL. tube, long conical. Stalk, a quarter of an inch long, inserted in a wide and furrowed cavity. Flesh, tender, juicy, sweet, and with a mild acidity. Cells, ovate ; abaxile. A Somersetshire cider apple, and also good for cooking ; in use during October and November. It is a very handsome-looking apple, ?,nd of remarkable shape. SHEPHERD'S FAME.— Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and a half high ; obtuse-ovate, broad and flat- tened at the base, narrowing towards the eye, with five prominent ribs on the sides, and in every respect very much resembling a small speci- men of Emperor Alexander. Skin, smooth, pale straw-yellow, marked with faint broken patches of crimson, on the shaded side, but streaked with yellow and bright crimson on the side next the sun. Eye, open, with short, stunted segments, placed in a deep, angular, and plaited basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, imbedded in a round funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, yellowish, soft, and tender, trans- parent, sweet, and briskly flavoured, but rather dry. Cells, roundish ; axile. An apple of very ordinary quality ; in use from October to March. SHEPHERD'S NEWINGTON.— Fruit, rather large, three inches wide, and two inches and a half high ; round, inclining to oblate, obtusely ribbed and correspondingly ridged on the crown. Skin, yellow, with broken streaks of crimson on the side next the sun. Eye, closed, or half open, with broad, erect, convergent segments, which are reflexed at the tips. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch or more long, set in a wide and deep cavity. Flesh, tender and mellow, with a mild acidity and no flavour. Cells, round ; abaxile. A cooking apple, in use in October and November, which soon becomes mealy and insipid. Shepherd's Seedling. See Alfdston. Shippen's Russet. See Boston Russet. SHOREDITCH WHITE.— Fruit, medium sized, three inches wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; oblate, even and symmetrical in its outline. Skin, pale straw-coloured with a slight orange tinge, with red freckles on the side next the sun, and in the basin of the eye. Eye, small and open, with short, erect, convergent segments, set in a round, smooth, and rather deep basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical, or rather cup-shaped. Stalk, short, inserted all its length in the deep russety cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, and pleasantly sub-acid. Cells, roundish obovate ; abaxile. A handsome early kitchen apple ; in use from September till November. This is a Somer set apple, and was received from Mr. Poynter, nurseryman at Taunton. APPLES. 211 SIBERIAN BITTER SWEET.— Fruit, small, and nearly globular. Eve, small, with short connivent segments of the calyx. Stalk, short. Skin, of a bright gold colour, tinged with faint and deeper red on the sunny side. The fruit grows a good deal in clusters, on slender wing branches. Specific gravity of the juice, 1091. This remarkable apple was raised by Mr. Knight from the seed of the Yellow Siberian Crab, fertilised with the pollen of the Golden Harvey. I cannot do better than transcribe from the Transactions of the London Horticultural Society Mr. Knight's own account of this apple. " The fruit contains much saccharine matter, with scarcely any perceptible acid, and it in consequence affords a cider which is perfectly free from the harshness which in that liquor offends the palate of many and the constitution of more; and I believe that there is not any county in England in which it might not be made to afford, at a moderate price, a very wholesome and very palatable cider. This fruit differs from all others of its species with which I am acquainted in being always sweet and without acidity even when it is more than half igrown." When the juice is pressed from ripe and somewhat mellow fruit it contains a very large portion of saccharine matter; and if a part of the water it contains be made to evaporate in a moderately low temperature, it affords a large quantity of a jelly of intense sweetness, which, to my palate, is extremely agreeable, and which may be employed for purposes similar to those to which the inspissated juice of the grape is applied in France. The jelly of the apple, prepared in the manner above described, is, I believe, capable of being kept unchanged during a very long period in any climate; the mucilage being preserved by the antiseptic powers of the saccharine matter, and that being incapable of acquiring, as sugar does, a state of crystallisation. If the juice be properly filtered, the jelly will be perfectly transparent. The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, a most abundant bearer, and a perfect dreadnought to the woolly aphis. Siberian Crab. See Cherry Apple, SIBERIAN HARVEY.— Fruit, produced in clusters, smaU ; nearly globular. Eye, small, with short connivent segments of the calyx. Stalk, short. Skin, of a bright gold colour, tinged with faint and deeper red on the sunny side. Juice, Tery sweet. Ripe in October. Specific gravity of the juice, 1091. A cider apple raised by T. A. Knight, Esq., and, along with the Foxley, con- sidered by him superior to any other varieties in cultivation. It was produced from a seed of the Yellow Siberian Crab, fertilised with the pollen of the Golden Harvey. The juice of this variety is most intensely sweet, and is probably very nearly what that of the Golden Harvey would be in a southern climate. The original tree produced its blossoms in the year 1807, when it first obtained the annual premium of the Herefordshire Agricultural Society. SIEGENDE REINETTE.— Fruit, about' medium size, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two and a half high ; roundish and depressed, inclining to roundish ovate, even in outline, but slightly ribbed at the crown. Skin, rich yellow, tinged and streaked with red next the sun, and with a patch of russet round the stalk ; sometimes the colour is very faint or wanting. Eye, closed, with erect convergent segments, which are reflexed at the tips, and set in a shallow, some- what irregular basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, 212 THE FRUIT MANUAL. from a quarter to half an inch long; slender, pretty deeply inserted. Flesh, yellowish ; firm, juicy, and sweet. Cells, roundish, inclining to oblate ; axile, open. An excellent dessert apple ; in use from December to March. This is a German apple, and was received from Rev. Superintendent Oberdieck, of Jeinsen, in Hanover. SIELY'S MIGNONNE (Pride of the Ditches).— Fvuii, rather small, about one inch and three-quarters deep, and the same in diameter ; almost globular, but occasionally flattened on one side. Eye, small, with a closed calyx, placed somewhat deeply in a rather irregularly formed narrow basin, surrounded by a few small plaits. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, about one-half within the base, in a narrow cavity, and occasionally presssd towards one side by a protuberance on the opposite one. Skin, when clear, of a bright yellow, but mostly covered with a grey netted russet, rendering the skin scabrous. Flesh, greenish yellow, firm, crisp, and tender. Juice, saccharine, highly aromatic, and of a most excellent flavour. A dessert apple ; in use from November to February. The tree is a weak grower, and somewhat tender. It is therefore advisable to graft it on the doucin stock, and train it either as a dwarf or as an espalier in a garden. This neat and very valuable little apple was introduced to notice about the beginning of the present century by the late Mr. Andrew Siely, of Norwich, who had it growing in his garden on the Castle Ditches ; and, being a favourite with him, he always called it the " Pride of the Ditches." Simpson's Pippin. See Ord's Apple. Sir Walter Blackett's. See Edinburgh Cluster. SIR WILLIAM GIBBON'S.— Fruit, very large, three inches and three-quarters wide, and three inches high; Calville-shaped, being roundish oblate, with several prominent angles, which extend from the base to the apex, where they terminate in five or six large unequal knobs. Skin, deep yellow, tinged with green, and strewed with minute russety dots, on the shaded side, but deep crimson, streaked with dark red, on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, open, with short ragged segments, set in a deep, wide, and irregular basin. Stalk, very short, imbedded in a deep and angular cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, and slightly acid, with a pleasant vinous flavour. A very showy and excellent culinary apple ; in use from November to January. Sitchampton Pearmain. See Sitchampton Russet. SITCHAMPTON RUSSET {Sitchampton Pearmain).— Fmit, small, two inches and three-eighths wide, and two inches high ; roundish oblate, flattened both at the base and the crown. Skin, covered with a APPLES. 213 coat of smooth grey russet, which has a brownish tinge on the side next the sun. Eye, large, and wide open, with reflexed segments Uke Wyken Pippin, set in a wide, saucer-hke basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, slender, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and stout, set in a deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, crisp, and juicy, with a somewhat aromatic flavour. Cells, small, obovate ; axile, slit. A dessert apple of good quality, which keeps well till February. I received this from Messrs. R. Smith & Co., of Worcester, in 1876, under the name of Sitchamptoii Pearmain, but as it is not of a Pearmain shape I have thought it better to give it its proper designation. SKYPtME'S KERNEL. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and two inches to two inches and an eighth high ; conical, even and regular in its outline, and with somewhat of a waist towards the apex. Skin, smooth and shining, almost entirely covered with broken streaks of brilliant crimson on a thin, pale crimson cheek on the side next the sun, and lemon-yellow tinged with crimson, and marked with pale crimson stripes, on the shaded side ; the whole surface is strewed with distinct russet dots. Eye, small and closed, with erect convergent segments, set a narrow, roimd, and even basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, a fleshy knob set in a deep wide cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, and not very juicy, acid, and with a rather harsh flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, quite closed. A favourite cider apple in Herefordshire ; quite in the first rank. SLACK MY GIRDLE. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two and a quarter high ; round and somewhat flattened, obscurely angular. Skin, beautifully streaked with crimson on a yellow ground on the side next the sun, and where shaded it is greenish yellow when ripe. Eye, small and closed, with connivent segments, set in a narrow and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, set in a shallow basin, some- what russety. Flesh, tender, sweet, and mawkish. Cells, small, round ; axile. A Devonshire cider apple ; in use from October to Christmas. SLEEPING BEAUTY.— Fruit, medium sized ; roundish and some- what flattened, slightly angular on the sides, and undulating roimd the eye ; in some specimens there is an inclination to an ovate or conical shape, in which case the apex is narrow and even. Skin, pale straw- coloured, smooth and shining, occasionally washed on one side with delicate lively red, very thinly sprinkled with minute russety dots. Eye, large, somewhat resembling that of Trumpington, with broad, flat, and incurved segments, which dove-tail, as it were, to each other, and set in a shallow, uneven, and plaited basin. Stalk, from a quarter to half an inch long, slightly fleshy, inserted in a narrow, round, and rather shallow cavity, which is tinged with green, and lined with delicate pale brown russet. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, and juicy, with a fine poignant and agreeably acid flavour. 214 THE FKUIT MANUAL. A most excellent and very valuable apple for all culinary purposes, and particularly for sauce ; it is in use from November till the end of February. The tree is a most excellent bearer, and succeeds well in almost every situation. This excellent apple bears such a close resemblance to Dumelow's Seedling, that at first sight it may be taken for that variety ; from which, however, it is perfectly distinct, and may be distinguished by the want of the characteristic russet dots on the fruit, and the spots on the young wood of the tree. It is extensively cultivated in Lincoln- shire for the supply of the Boston markets. Small Eibston. See Margil. SMALL STALK. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, andtwo inches high; roundish, slightly angular on the sides, and knobbed at the apex. Skin, dull greenish yellow, with a tinge of orange on the side next the sun, and thickly covered with reddish brown dots. Eye, small and closed, with long flat segments, and placed in an angular basin. Stalk, about an inch long, slender, inserted in a wide and rather shallow cavity. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, and well-flavoured. A good apple for ordinary purposes, much grown about Lancaster ; it is in use during September and October. SMALL'S ADMIRABLE. — Fruit, above medium size ; roundish ovate and flattened, obtusely angular on the sides. Skin, of an uniform lemon-yellow colour. Eye, small, partially open, with segments re- flexed at the tips, and set in a rather deep basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, an inch long, slender. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, sweet, and agreeably acid, with a delicate perfume. Cells, open, obovate ; axile. An excellent kitchen and dessert apple ; in use during November and December. The tree is an immense bearer, and is well adapted for dwarf culture. This apple was raised by Mr. F. Small, nurseryman, of Colnbrook, near Slough, SMALL'S GOLDEN PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; roundish and flattened, even and symmetrical in shape. Skin, clear lemon-yellow, covered with numerous speckles and traces of russet in thin patches. Eye, open, with short segments, set even with the surface. Stamens, marginal ; tube, long conical, very slender. Stalk, short and stout, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, and briskly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed. A dessert apple ; in use from December till January. Raised by Mr. Small, a nurseryman, at Colnbrook, near Slough. SMART'S PRINCE ARTHUR {Lady's Finger in Kent).— Fruit, APPLES. 215 large, two inches and three-quarters wide, and three inches and a quarter high ; conical, with a sHght waist towards the crown, obtusely ribbed, and with ridges round the eye, quite of a Codlin shape. Skin, orange-yellow, with a gi-eenish tinge in some parts, with broken streaks of crimson. Eye, somewhat open, with erect convergent segments, deeply set in an angular basin. Stamens, mai'ginal or median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, inserted all its length in a deep cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm, juicy, sweet, and of excellent flavour. Cells, obovate ; abaxile. An excellent late-keeping kitchen apple, which lasts in good condition till March. It is grown in the Kentish orchards about Maidstone. SOMERSET LASTING.— Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wnde, and two inches and a quarter high ; oblate, irregular on the sides, and with undulating ridges round the eye. Skin, pale yellow, streaked and dotted with a little bright crimson next the sun. Eye, large and open, with short stunted segments, placed in a wide and deep basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a wide and deep cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish, tender, crisp, very juicy, with a poignant and somewhat harsh flavour. A culinary apple ; in use from October to February. SOPS IN WINE {So]js of Wtju).— Fruit, rather above medium size, two inches and three-quarters broad, and the same in height; roundish, but narrowing a little towards the eye, and slightly ribbed on the sides. Skin, covered with a delicate white bloom, which when rubbed off exhibits a smooth, shining, and varnished rich deep chestnut, almost approaching to black, on the side exposed to the sun, but on the shaded side it is of a light orange-red, and where very much shaded quite yellow, the whole strewed with minute dots. Eye, small, half open, with long, broad, and reflexed segments, placed in a round and slightly angular basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a deep funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, red, as if sopped in wine, tender, sweet, juicy, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, round ; axile, slit. A very ancient English culinary and cider apple, but perhaps more singular than useful ; it is in use from October to February. The tree is vigorous and spreading, very hardy, an excellent bearer, and not subject to canker. SOUTH QUOINING. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and two and a half high ; conical, distinctly ribbed, the ridges ter- minating prominently round the eye. Skin, deep yellow, covered with broken crimson streaks, and overspread with crimson next the sun. Eye, small, and deeply set in a furrowed basin, with erect convergent segments. Stamens, median ; tube, short conical. Stalk, slender, from half an inch to an inch long, inserted in a close and shallow cavity. Flesh, white, pleasantly acid. Cells, open, obovate ; abaxile. A Herefordshire cider apple. 216 THE FRUIT MANUAL. Speckled Golden Reinette. See Barcelona Pearmain. Speckled Pearmain. See Barcelona Pearmain. Spice. See Herefordshire Spice. Spice Apple. See Aromatic Russet. Spice Apple. See B'Arcy Spice. Spice Apple. See Sack. SPICE APPLE. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half broad, and two and a quarter high ; roundish, but narrowing towards the eye. Skin, deep yellow, marked with broad streaks of crimson on the side next the sun. Eye, open, with long, broad, reflexed, downy segments^ set in a narrow, shallow, and plaited basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a round cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, brisk, and perfumed. A good second-rate dessert apple ; in use from November to February. It is not the Spice Apple of the Horticultural Society's Catalogue, but one which was cultivated by Kirke, of Brompton, under that name, and so described by Diel. — See Aromatic Russet. SPITZEMBERa.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half broad, and two inches high ; roundish, flattened at the base, and narrowing a little towards the eye. Skin, deep yellow, with an orange tinge on the side exposed to the sun, and strewed with large stelloid russety specks. Eye, partially open, with long, broad, and erect segments, set in a narrow and shallow basin. Stalk, short and stout,, inserted in a small narrow cavity. Flesh, tender, juicy, sweet, and pleasantly flavoured. An apple of second-rate quality ; in use from November to Christmas. This is the Spitzemberg of the German nurseries. SPREADING NORMAN.— Fruit, small, an inch and three-quarters wide, and two inches high ; conical, even and regular in its outline. Skin, smooth and shining, of a clear lemon-yellow on the shaded side, and with a bright red cheek on the side next the sun ; the surface strewed with russet dots. Eye, closed, with erect convergent segments, set in a narrow round basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, inserted in a shallow cavity, surrounded with brown russet, and with a fleshy swelling on one side of it. Flesh, soft, not very juicy, and with a bitter-sweet flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, quite closed. A Herefordshire cider apple. Spring Ribston. See B'Arcy Spice. SPRINGROVE CODLIN.— Fruit, above medium size, three inches wide at the base, and two inches and three-quarters high ; conical, and slightly angular on the sides. Skin, pale greenish yellow, tinged with orange on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, closed, with broad con- APPLES. 217 nivent segments, and set in a narrow plaited basin . Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, tender, juicy, sugary, brisk, and slightly perfumed. Cells, roundish obovate ; abaxile. A first-rate culinary apple. It may be used for tarts as soon as the fruit are the size of a walnut, and continues in use up to the beginning of October. It was raised by T. A. Knight, and named after Springrove, the seat of Sir Joseph Banks, near Hounslow, Middlese;e. SQUIRE'S PIPPIN. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and a half wide, and two inches high ; roundish and flattened, irregular in its outline, having sometimes very prominent, unequal, and obtuse angles on the sides, which terminate in undulations round the eye. Skin, of a fine clear grass-green colour, covered with dull brownish red where exposed to the sun, thinly strewed all over with minute dots. Eye, quite open, like that of Blenheim Pippin, placed in a saucer-like basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a round, narrow, and deep cavity, which is lined with rough scaly russet. Flesh, yellowish white, firm and crisp, with a brisk, somewhat sugary flavour, and when kept till spring becomes rich and balsamic. Cells, obovate ; axile. A good culinary apple, and useful also for the dessert ; it is in use from Christmas till April or May. Raised on the property of Mrs. Squires, of Wigtoft, near Sleaford, and has mnch the appearance of a small Blenheim Pippin, Stagg's Nonpareil. See Early Nonpareil. ST. ALBAN'S PIPPIN.— Fruit, about medium size, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two and a quarter high ; roundish, depressed, and inclining to oblate, even and handsome in its outline, smooth and Reinette-shaped. Skin, almost entirely covered with red, and broken streaks of darker red ; on the shaded side it is yellow, tinged with green. Eye, closed, with flat convergent segments, set in a wide, shallow, and saucer-like basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very slender, deeply inserted. Flesh, tender and fine-grained, yellowish, juicy, and with a pleasant flavour. Cells, very small, round ; axile, slit. A very fine dessert apple ; ripe in the end of October. This is grown about Brenchley, in Kent, and was brought to my notice by my friend Mr. Harrison Weir, the artist. ST. EDMUND'S PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and two inches high ; roundish, even and symmetrical in its out- line, narrowing slightly towards the eye. Skin, entirely covered with pale greenish brown russet, with here and there small patches of greenish yellow ; on the side next the sun it has a pale thin brownish red tinge, with a few streaks of dark crimson. Eye, small and closed, with flat convergent segments, set in a pretty deep, narrow, and plaited 218 THE FKUIT MANUAL. basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, conical. Stalk, from a quarter of an inch to three-quarters long, slender, and set in a deep, round, funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, very juicy, with a rich aromatic flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile. An excellent early dessert apple ; ripe in October. It was raised by Mr. R. Harvey, of Bury St. Edmunds, and received a first-class certi- ficate from the Royal Horticultural Society, October 6, 1875. It has a strong resemblance to Golden Russet, but is quite distinct from that variety. It is the earliest russet apple with which I am acquainted, and it soon shrivels. St. Helena Russet. See Beiyiette de Canada. St. John's Nonpareil. See Fitmaston Nonpareil. ST. SAUVEUR. — Fruit, above medium size, three inches wide, and the same high ; conical, prominently ribbed, and with prominent ridges round the crown. Skin, smooth, greenish yellow, with a dull red cheek on the side next the sun, the surface sprinkled with russet dots. Eye, closed, with erect, pointed, connivent segments, which are spreading at the tips, and set in a deep, angular, and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, slender, about half an inch long, inserted in a deep angular cavity. Flesh, white, very tender and juicy, sweet, and with an agreeable mild acidity. Cells, elliptical or ovate, pointed ; abaxile. An excellent cooking apple, in use in October, the flesh of which is not inferior to that of White Calville. STAMFORD PIPPIN.— Fruit, above medium size ; roundish, in- clining to ovate. Skin, bright yellow, with a slight tinge of orange on one side, and strewed with russet dots. Eye, half open, with long, broad, pointed segments, which are convergent, and rather flat. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, deeply inserted. Flesh, yellowish, firm, but quite tender, crisp, and very juicy, with a sweet, brisk flavour, and pleasant aroma. Cells, axile, open. A first-rate dessert and kitchen apple; in use from December to March. STEAD'S KERNEL.— Fruit, a little turbinate, or top-shaped, somewhat resembling a quince. Eye, small, flat, with a short truncate or covered calyx. Stalk, short. Skin, yellow, a little reticulated with a slight greyish russet, and a few small specks intermixed. Specific gravity of the juice, 1074. As a cider apple, this appears to possess great merit, combining a slight degree of astringency with much sweetness ; it ripens in October, and is also a good culinary apple during its season. It was raised from seed by Daniel Stead, Esq., Brierly, near Leominster, Here- fordshire (Knight and Lindley). APPLES. 219 Stem Apfel. See Api Etoille. Stettin Pippin. See Dutch Mlgnonne. Stibbert. See Summer Stibbert. STIRZAKER'S EARLY SQUARE.— Fruit, below medium size ; roundish, with prominent ribs which run into the eye, forming sharp ridges at the crown. Skin, of an uniform pale yellow, freckled and mottled with very thiu dingy brown russet on the shaded side, and completely covered with the same on the side next the sun. Eye, small, half open, set in an irregular and angular basin. Stalk, very short, imbedded in a deep cavity. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, and pleasantly flavoured. An early apple, gi'own in the neighbourhood of Lancaster ; it is ripe in August, and continues in use during September. STIRLING CASTLE.— Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; round and oblate, even and regularly shaped. Skin, clear pea-green, which becomes pale yellow or straw-coloured when it ripens, with a blush and broken stripes of pale crimson on the side next the sun, and several large dots sprinkled over the surface. Eye, half closed, with erect convergent segments, set in a pretty deep, wide, and saucer-like basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, from half an inch to an inch long, slender, inserted in a deep and wide cavity, from which are branches of russet. Flesh, white, very tender, juicy, and of the character of that of Hawthornden. Cells, wide open, obovate ; abaxile. An excellent eai'ly culinary apple ; in use in August and September. The tree is an immense bearer, and is well adapted for bush culture. It was raised at Stirling by John Christie, a small nurseryman at Causeyhead, on the road to Bridge of Allan, about the year 1830. STOKE EDITH PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches wide at the base, and two inches high ; tapering Pearmain-shaped, and even in its outline. Skin, yellow when ripe, with a tinge of orange on the side next the sun, marked all over the surface with traces of grey russet. Eye, large and closed, set in a round, saucer-like, plaited basin. Stalk, short, imbedded the whole of its length in a deep round cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, brisk, and juicy, sweet, and with a nicely perfumed flavour. An excellent dessert apple ; in use from November till February. Stone Pippin. See Gogar Pippin. Stone Pippin. See Noifolk Stone Pippin. Stone Pippin. See Birmingham Pippin. Stone's Apple. See Loddington. 220 THE FRUIT MANUAL. Stone's Blenheim. See Hambledon Deux Ans. STOUP LEADINGTON.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and three inches high ; tall and angular like the Catshead and Dutch Codlin. It is distinctly five-sided, with five corresponding angles. Skin, quite green, becoming yellowish as it ripens. Eye, with divergent segments, set in a deep, angular, and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical, very wide and deep. Stalk, short, inserted by the side of a large and prominent growth, which projects from the fruit in the form of the spout of a jug. Flesh, greenish, juicy, very acid. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile. A kitchen apple of singular appearance, peculiar to Scotland. It receives its name from the likeness of the fruit to a stoup, or pitcher for holding liquids, which it certainly resembles when stood upon the eye, the stalk being upwards ; it is in use from November till January. See Grey Leadington. This is much grown in the orchards on the borders of Scotland, and it has a good deal of resemblance to Winter Codlin, but is smaller. STRAWBERRY NORMAN.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; round and de- pressed, uneven in its outline, being angular and considerably ribbed about the eye, which is deeply sunk. Skin, with a lemon-yellow ground, covered with light crimson, which is thickly marked with broken streaks and mottles of a bright and darker crimson on the side next the sun, and these extend for a considerable space to the shaded side, but much paler ; the base and cavity of the stalk are covered with cinnamon russet. Eye, open, with somewhat divergent seg- ments, set in a very deep and ribbed basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, imbedded in a very deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, close-grained and spongy, with a sweet, mawkish juice, stained with red at the base of the tube, and nowhere else. Cells, small and obovate ; axile, quite closed. A valuable Herefordshire cider apple. STRIPED BEEFING (Striped Beau/in).— Fruit, of the largest size ; beautiful and handsome, roundish, and somewhat depressed, obscurely ribbed. Skin, bright lively green, almost entirely covered with broken streaks and patches of fine deep red, and thickly strewed with russety dots ; in some specimens the colour extends almost entirely round the fruit. Eye, closed, with short, erect, convergent segments, which are reflexed at the tips, set in a deep, irregular, and angular basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, halt an inch long, imbedded its whole length in the cavity, sometimes very short, or a mere knob with a fleshy swelling on one side. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, and pleasantly acid. Cells, obovate ; axile or abaxile. One of the handsomest and best culinary apples in cultivation ; for baking it is unrivalled ; it is in use from October till May. APPLES. 221 The tree is very hardy, and an excellent bearer. This noble apple was introduced by Mr. George Lindley, who found it growing in 1794 in the garden of William Crowe, Esq., ut Lakenham, near Norwich. He measured a specimen of the fruit, and found it twelve inches and a half in circum- ference, and weighing twelve ounces and a half avoirdupois. Through the kind- ness of George Jefferies, Esq., of Marlborough Terrace, Kensington, who procured it from his residence in Norfolk, I had the good fortune, in 1847, to obtain grafts, which, when propagated, I distributed through several of the principal nurseries of the country. Till then it does not seem ever to have been in general cultivation, as it was not mentioned in any of the nursery catalogues, nor in that of the London Horticultural Society. I am glad to see that it is now not unfrequently met with in good gardens. Striped Holland Pippin. See Lincolnshire Holland Pippin. Striped Joaneting. See Margaret. STRIPED MONSTROUS REINETTE.— Fruit, large, three inches and a half broad, and three inches high ; roundish, and a little flat- tened, irregular in its outline, having prominent angles on the sides, which extend from the base to the apex. Skin, smooth, of a deep yellow ground colour, which is almost entirely covered with pale red, and streaked with broad stripes of dark crimson. Eye, closed, with long acuminate segments, set in a narrow, angular basin. Stalk, an inch long, slender, deeply inserted in a round and russety cavity. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, and pleasantly flavoured. A culinary apple of second-rate quality ; it is in use during Novem- ber and December. Striped Quarrenden. See Margaret. Stubbard. See Summer Stibbert. STURMER PIPPIN. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a quarter broad, by one inch and three-quarters high ; roundish, and somewhat flattened, and narrowing towards the apex, a good deal resembling the old Nonpareil. Skin, of a lively green colour, changing to yellowish green as it attains maturity, and almost entirely covered with brown russet, with a tinge of dull red on the side next the sun. Eye, small and closed, with segments reflexed at the tips, set in a shallow, irregular, and angular basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, straight, in- serted in a round, even, and russety cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, very juicy, with a brisk and rich sugary flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed. This is one of the most valuable dessert apples of its season ; it is of first-rate excellence, and exceedingly desirable both on account of its delicious flavour, and arriving at perfection at a period when the other favourite varieties are past. It is not fit for use till the Ribston Pippin is nearly gone, and continues long after the Nonpareil. The period of its perfection may be fixed from February to June. 222 THE FRUIT MANUAL. The tree is hardy, and an excellent bearer, and attains about the middle size. The Sturmer Pippin was raised by Mr. Dillistone, a nurseryman at Sturmer, near Haverhill, in Suffolk; and was obtained by impregnating the Ribston Pippin with the pollen of NonpareiL STYRE {Forest Styre). — Fruit, small, an inch and three-quarters wide, and an inch and a half high ; roundish ovate, narrowing a little towards the crown, even and regular in its outline. Skin, rich yellow on the shaded side, with a few pale broken streaks of red, and on the side next the sun it is completely covered with red, striped with dark crimson. Eye, closed ; segments, erect convergent, which are recurved at the tips, set in a shallow, narrow basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, very short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, a quarter to half an inch long, inserted in a narrow russety cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, very juicy. Cells, roundish elliptical ; axile, slightly open. One of the oldest Herefordshire cider apples. STYRE WILDING. — Fruit, small, a little over two inches wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; conical, bluntly angular, and irregular in its outline. Skin, smooth and shining, lemon-yellow on the shaded side, and with a red cheek on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, closed, with erect convergent segments, which reflex at the tips, set in a pretty deep, narrow, and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, very short, deeply imbedded in the cavity, which is russety, and generally with a fleshy swelling on one side of it. Flesh, soft and woolly, sweetish. Cells, open, obovate ; axile. A favourite Herefordshire cider apple. Sudlow's Fall Pippin. See Franldin's Golden Pippin. SUGAR AND BRANDY. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-quarters broad at the bulge, and the same in height ; conical, and angular, with a very prominent rib on one side, forming a high ridge at the apex, and also a number of knobs round the eye, which are the continuations of the side angles. Skin, deep dull yellow, freckled with pale red on the shaded side, the remaining portion entirely covered with bright orange-red. Eye, small and closed, set in a deep and furrowed basin. Stalk, very short, inserted in a round and shallow cavity, which is lined with rough russet. Flesh, deep yellow, spongy, juicy, very sweet, so much so as to be sickly. A Lancashire apple ; in use in the end of August and September. SUGAR-LOAF. — Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and three inches and a quarter high ; roundish, ribbed on its sides, and undulating round the eye, where it is higher on one side than the other. Skin, uniform deep straw-colour, without any trace of russet or colour of any kind, but thinly sprinkled with small russet dots. Eye, large and closed, with erect, narrow, convergent segments, set in a deep APPLES. 223 angular basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, deeply inserted. Flesh, soft, not very juicy. Cells, open, roundish elliptical or oval ; abaxile. A fine Devonshire cider apple. The tree is an abundant bearer, and the fruit suflfers much from the attacks of birds, who are very fond of it. This was sent me by Mr. Rendell, of Nethcrton Manor, near Newton Abbot. SUGAR-LOAF PIPPIN (Hutchings' Seedling). — Fruit, above medium size, two inches and three-quarters wide, and three inches high ; conical or oblong. Skin, clear pale yellow, becoming nearly white when fully ripe. Eye, set in a rather deep and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a deep and regular cavity. Flesh, white, firm, crisp, juicy, brisk, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, wide open, elliptical. An excellent early culinary apple of first-rate quality ; ripe in the beginning of August, but in a few days becomes mealy. This is called Hatchings' Seedhng, from being grown by a market gardener of that name at Kensington. SUMMER BROAD-END (Summer Cohnan).— Fruit, above the middle size, above two inches and three-quarters in diameter, and two inches and a quarter deep ; slightly angular on the sides. Eye, small, with a closed calyx, in a rather narrow basin, surrounded by some angular plaits. Stalk, short, slender, deeply inserted, not protruding beyond the base. Skin, dull yellowish green, tinged on the sunny side with pale dull brown. Flesh, greenish white, not crisp. Juice, sub-acid, with a pretty good flavour. A culinary apple; in use in October and November. This is a useful Norfolk apple, and known in the markets by the above name. The trees are rather small growers, but great bearers (Lindley). I have never seen the Summer Broad-End, and have therefore here introduced the description of Mr. Lindley, for the benefit of those under whose observation it may fall. Summer Colman. See Summer Broad-End. SUMMER GILLIFLOWER.— Fruit, large, rather over three inches wide, and three inches high ; conical, or Codlin-shaped, with acute and irregular angles, which extend to the crown, and form prominent unequal ridges. Skin, pea-green, mottled and streaked with dull red on the side next the sun, which extends to the shaded side of a paler colour, where it is mottled ; round the crown and in the stalk cavity it is covered with pale brown russet. Eye, quite closed, with erect connivent segments, set in a deep and very angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, long conical. Stalk, half an inch to three-quarters long, slender, and with a fleshy swelling on one side. Flesh, with a greenish yellow tinge, very tender and juicy, and a fine delicate aromatic flavour. Cells, elliptical, abaxile, Codhn-like. 224 THE FRUIT MANUAL. A large, handsome, and very fine dessert apple, sent to me from Cornwall by Mr. J. Vivian, of Hayle. PtSUMMER GOLDEN PIPPIN (Summer Pippin; White Summer Pippin). — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a quarter broad at the base, and two inches and a quarter high ; ovate, flattened at the ends. Skin, smooth and shining, pale yellow on the shaded side, but tinged with orange and brownish red on the side next the sun, and strewed over with minute russety dots. Eye, open, with divergent segments, set in a wide, shallow, and slightly plaited basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, thick, a quarter of an inch long, completely imbedded in a moderately deep cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish, firm, very juicy, with a rich, vinous, and sugary flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed. This is one of the most delicious summer apples, and ought to form one of every collection, however small ; it is ripe in the end of August, and keeps about a fortnight. The tree is a small grower, and attains about the third size. It is an early and abundant bearer, and succeeds well when grafted on the doucin or paradise stock. When grown on the pomme paradis of the FrcDch, it forms a beautiful little tree, which can be successfully culti- vated in pots. Summer Oslin, See Oslin, SUMMER PEARMAIN {Autumn Pearmain).—FTmt, medium sized, two inches and three-quarters wide at the base, and the same high ; conical, or abrupt Pearmain-shaped, round at the base, and tapering towards the apex. Skin, yellow, streaked all over with large patches and broken streaks of red, mixed with silvery russet, strewed with numerous russety dots, and covered with large patches of rough russet on the base. Eye, closed, half open, with long erect segments, placed in a wide, shallow, and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, obliquely inserted under a fleshy protuberance on one side of it, which is a permanent and distinguishing character of this apple. Flesh, deep yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, richly and highly perfumed. Cells, obovate ; axile. An excellent apple, long cultivated, and generally regarded as one of the popular varieties of this country ; it is suitable either for culinary purposes or the dessert, and is in use during September and October. The tree is a good grower, and healthy, of an upright habit of growth, and forms a fine standard tree of the largest size ; it siicceeds well grafted on the paradise stock, when it forms handsome espaliers and open dwarfs. This is what in many nurseries is cnltivated as the Rot/al Pearmain, but erro- neously. It is one of the oldest English varieties, being mentioned by Parkinson in 1629. It is the Autumn Pearmain of the Horticultural Society's Catalogue. Summer Pippin. See Madeleine. APPLES. 225 Summer Pippin. See Summer Golden Pippin, Summer Queening. See Crimson Queening. SUMMER STIBBERT {Stuhbard).—Frmt, small, conical, and Codlin-likc, distinctly five-ribbed, one of the ribs occasionally very prominent. Skin, clear lemon-yellow in the shade, but covered on the side next the sun with bright crimson. Eye, small and closed, set in a puckered basin. Stalk, slender, rather deeply inserted. Flesh, very tender, with an agreeable mild acidity. An early kitchen apple, which comes into use in the middle and end of August. This is a very popular apple in the West of England, especially in Cornwall, Devon, and Somerset. SUMMER STRAWBERRY.— Fruit, rather below medium size, two and a half inches broad, and an inch and three-quarters high ; oblate, even and regularly formed. Skin, smooth and shining, striped all over with yellow and blood-red stripes, except on any portion that is shaded, and there it is greenish yellow, mingled with faint red streaks. Eye, not much depressed, closed, with long, flat, connivent segments, and surrounded with plaits, set in a wide and very shallow basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch to three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a round, narrow cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, white, tinged with yellow, soft, tender, juicy, brisk, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, roundish elliptical ; axile, open. A dessert apple, ripe in September, but when kept long becomes dry and mealy ; it is much cultivated in all the Lancashire and northern orchards of England. Summer Thorle. See WJiorle Pippin. Summer Traveller. See Margaret. SURREY FLAT-CAP. — Fruit, above medium size, three inches wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; oblate, even and regularly formed. Skin, of a pale bluish green, or verdigris colour, changing as it ripens to a yellowish tinge, and marked with dots and flakes of rough veiny russet on the shaded side, but deep red, which is almost obscured with rough veiny russet, on the side next the sun. Eye,, open, with broad segments, reflexed at the tips, set in a wide, shallow, and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a round and deep cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm, not very juicy, but rich and sugary. Cells, roundish ; axile. A very excellent dessert apple, remarkable for its singular colour, but is rather void of acidity ; it is in use from October to January. SUSSEX MOTHER. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and a half wide, and the same in height ; conical, angular on the sides, and 15 226 THE FRUIT MANUAL. ribbed round the eye. Skin, bright grass-green, with russet dots and pearly specks over the surface. Eye, half open, with erect convergent segments, which are divergent at the points, set in an irregular ribbed basin. Stamens, quite basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, slender, about half an inch long, inserted in a small russety cavity. Flesh, very soft and tender, sweet and agreeably acid. Cells, obovate ; axile. An early dessert apple of no great merit ; ripe in September. It is much grown in East Sussex, about Heathfield. Sussex Peach. See Pomeroy. Sussex Scarlet Pearmain. See Winter Pearmain. SWEENY NONPAREIL. — Fruit, above medium size, two inches and three-quarters broad, and two inches high ; very similar in form to the old Nonpareil. Skin, of a fine lively green colour, which is glossy and shining, but almost entirely covered with patches and reticulations of thick greyish brown russet, which in some parts is rough and cracked ; sometimes tinged wdth brown where exposed to the sun. Eye, very small, half open, with short, flat, ovate segments, and set in a small, narrow, and rather shallow basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a rather shallow and russety cavity. Flesh, greenish white, firm, crisp, sugary, and with a very powerful yet pleasant sub-acid flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, open. An excellent culinary apple, admirably adapted for sauce, but too acid for the dessert ; it is in use from January to April. The tree is a vigorous grower and an excellent bearer. This was raised in 1807 by Thomas Netherton Parker, Esq., of Sweeny, in Shropshire, and twenty specimens of the fruit were exhibited at the London Horticultural Society in 1820, the aggregate weight of which was seven pounds thirteen ounces. Sweet Bough. See Large Yellow Bough. Sweet Harvest. See Large Yellow Bough. SWEET LADING. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and a half wide, and about the same high ; roundish, pretty even in its out- line, and slightly ribbed tow^ards the crown. Skin, greenish yellow on the shaded side, but becoming bright yellow when ripe, and with streaks and mottles of bright crimson next the sun. It is marked here and there with traces of thin cinnamon-coloured russet. Eye, half open, with erect segments, set in a narrow and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short and fleshy, sometimes a mere knob, and sometimes with a fleshy swelling connecting it with the fruit. Flesh, whitish, firm, not very juicy, but sweet and without any briskness ; the flavour is rather sickly. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit. A culinary and cider apple ; in use from October to December. APPLES. 227 In the orchards of East Sussex and West Kent this is a very common variety. I should imagine it would make a sweet cider, and it seems more adapted for that purpose than any other. SYKE HOUSE RUSSET.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a quarter broad, by one inch and three-quarters high ; roundish oblate. Skin, yellowish green, but entirely covered with brown russet, strewed with silvery grey scales ; sometimes it has a brownish tinge on the side which is exposed to the sun. Eye, small and open, set in a shallow basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, short, funnel- shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, and juicy, with a rich, sugary, and very high flavour. Cells, small, obovate ; axile. One of the most excellent dessert apples ; it is in use from October to February. The tree is a free grower, hardy, and an excellent bearer ; it attains about the middle size, and is well adapted for growing as an espalier, when grafted on the paradise stock. This variety originated at the village of Syke House, in Yorkshire, whence its name. Diel's nomenclature of the Syke House Russet affords a good example of the change the names of fruits are subject to when translated from one language to another. He writes it Englische Spitalsreinette, which he translates Sik-House Apple, because, as he supposed, it received this appellation either from the brisk- ness of its flavour being agreeable to invalids, or from its having originated in the garden of an hospital. He says he finds it only in Kirke's Fruit Tree Catalogue, where it is erroneously printed Syke House ! He calls it English Hospital Eeinette. Taliesin. See Xorfolk Beefiivj. TARVEY CODLIN.— Fruit, large and conical. Skin, dull olive green, with an imperfect mixture of yellow on the shaded side, and yellowish red, much spotted, with broken rows of large blood-red dots next the sun. Flesh, white and juicy, somewhat resembling the English Codlin. A good culinary apple for a northern climate ; in use during Novem- ber and December. This was raised from seed of the Manks Codlin, impregnated with the Nonpareil, by Sir G. S. Mackenzie, Bart., of Coul, in Rosshire. Taunton Black. See Black Taunton. TAUNTON GOLDEN PIPPIN.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a quarter wide, and the same in height ; oblato-cylindrical, regularly and handsomely shaped. Skin, deep rich yellow, strewed with markings and freckles of russet on the shaded side, but covered with a cloud of red, which is marked with deeper red streaks on the side next the sun. Eye, open, set in a wide, rather deep, and plaited basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a narrow and rather shallow cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, and delicate, with a brisk, sugary, and par- ticularly rich vinous flavour. 228 THE FKUIT MANUAL. A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from December to March. The tree is hardy, healthy, and an abundant bearer, attaining about the middle size ; it is well adapted for growing on the paradise stock. TEN COMMANDMENTS. — Fruit, small, about two inches and a half wide, and two inches high ; roundish and angula-r. Skin, dark mahogany red, streaked with dark red, except on the shaded side, where it is yellowish streaked with pale red. Eye, closed, with con- nivent segments, set in a puckered basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a close shallow cavity. Flesh, tender, sweet, and agreeably acid. It is very much stained with red, and when cut latitudinally the ten carpel threads will be found also red, and this gives rise to the name Ten Commandments. Cells, ovate ; axile. A Herefordshire apple of no great merit ; in use in November. TEN SHILLINGS. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half broad, and two inches high ; roundish oblate, with obtuse angles on the sides. Skin, greenish yellow, almost entirely covered with pale brown russet, but bright red streaked with darker rod on the side next the sun. Eye, large, with long narrow segments, which are convergent, set in an angular basin. Stamens, median or basal ; tube, short conical, inclining to funnel-shape. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a moderately deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, sweet, and slightly acid. Cells, ovate ; axile, closed or slit. A second-rate dessert apple ; ripe in November. TENTEEDEN PARK. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and a half broad, by two inches high ; roundish, inclining to ovate. Skin, smooth and glossy, as if varnished, yellowish green where shaded, and entirely covered with deep red, which is marked with streaks of still deeper red, where exposed to the sun. Eye, large, half open, with broad, flat segments, set in a rather shallow, round, and saucer-like basin. Stalk, very short, inserted in a round and shallow cavity, which is slightly marked with russet. Flesh, greenish white, tender, crisp, brisk, and juicy, but with no particular richness of flavour. A second-rate dessert apple, of neat and handsome appearance ; in use from October to February. TEUCHAT'S EGG {Chucket Egg). — Fruit, below medium size, varying in shape from ovate to conical, and irregularly ribbed on the sides. Skin, pale yellow, washed with pale red, and streaked with deep and lively red. Eye, partially closed, with long, broad segment^, placed in a narrow and angular basin. Stalk, very short, imbedded in a close, shallow cavity, with a fleshy protuberance on one side of it, and surrounded with rough russet. Flesh, tender, juicy, and pleasantly flavoured. APPLES. 229 A second-rate dessert apple, peculiar to the Scotch orchards of Clydesdale and Ayrshire ; ripe in September. Teuchat signifies the Pee-wit or Lapwing. Thickset. See Cluster Golden Pippin, Thorle Pippin. See Whorle Pippin. TIBBETT'S PEARMAIN.— Fruit large, three inches and a half wide, and over three inches high ; coukal and angular, so as to appear somewhat five-sided towards the crown, where it is narrow and ribbed. Skin, smooth and shining, bright grass-green where shaded, and which becomes yellowish at maturity, and reddish brown streaked with dark crimson on the side next the sim, and which eventually becomes bright red with bright crimson streaks. Eye, small, with erect convergent segments, set in a narrow ribbed basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, very short and slender, imbedded all its length in a wide deep cavity. Flesh, tender, very juicy, with a pleasant sub-acid flavour. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile. A very handsome culinary apple ; in use from October till Christmas, and well worth growing. This was sent me by Mr. George Bunyard, of Maidstone. TOREK'S INCOMPARABLE.— Fruit, very large, three inches and three-quarters broad, and two inches and three-quarters high ; in shape very much resembling the Gooseberry Apple ; ovate, broad and flattened at the base, and with five prominent ribs on the sides, which render it distinctly five-sided. Skin, smooth and shining, of a beautiful dark green, which assumes a yellowish tinge as it ripens, and with a slight trace of red, marked with a few crimson streaks, where exposed to the sun. Eye, large, and nearly closed, with broad flat segments, set in a saucer-like basin, which is surrounded with knobs, formed by the termination of the ribs. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, a quarter of an inch long, inserted in a wide cavity, which is lined with a little rough russet. Flesh, j-ellowish, firm, crisp, tender, juicy, and with a brisk and pleasant acid. A first-rate culinary apple, grown in the Kentish orchards about Sittingbourne and Faversham ; in use from November to Christmas. TOM PUTT [Coalbrook; iVarrou'-ion^).— Fruit, large, three inches wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish ovate, ob- scurely ribbed. Skin, deep brilliant crimson, variegated with streaks of brighter crimson and clear yellow over the whole surface. Eye, open, with short, erect, convergent segments set in a pretty deep and plaited basin. Stamens, mai'ginal ; tube, short, wide conical. Stalk, very short, or a mere knob set on a level with the base of the fruit, or accom- panied with a fleshy mass on one side of it. Flesh, yellowish, stained with red for some depth under the skin, tender, not very juicy, and with a brisk, sweet flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile, open. A very handsome cooking apple ; in use in November. 230 THE FRUIT MANUAL. It is a native of Devonshire, where it is very popular, and where it is said to have been raised by a clergyman whose name was " Tom Putt." TOWER OF GLAMMIS [Glammis Castle; Carse of Gowrie ; Oowrie). — Fruit, large ; conical, and distinctly four-sided, with four prominent angles, extending from the base to the apex, where they terminate in four corresponding ridges. Skin, deep sulphur yellow, tinged in some spots with green, and thinly strewed with brown russety dots. Eye, closed or open, with broad, erect^ spreading segments, set in a deep and angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a deep, funnel-shaped cavity, and only just protruding beyond the base. Flesh, greenish white, very juicy, crisp, brisk, and perfumed. Cells, roundish obovate ; abaxilc. A first-rate culinary apple, peculiar to the orchards of Clydesdale and the Carse of Gowrie ; it is in use from November to February. The tree is an excellent bearer. Transparent Apple. See White Astrachan. TOWERS' S GLORY.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three- quarters wide, and two and a quarter high ; roundish, with obtuse angles on the sides. Skin, smooth, bright grass-green, with a brownish tinge on the side next the sun. Eye, large and open, deeply set. Stalk, very short, deeply inserted. Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, and crisp. A cooking apple of good quality ; in use from November till January. TRANSPARENT CODLIN.— Fruit, large and ovate. Skin, smooth, clear yellow, tinged with pale crimson on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, small and closed, with short connivent segments, placed in a deep and angular basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, very short, inserted in a deep, round, and wide canity. Flesh, firm and solid, tender, almost transparent, juicy, sugary, and well-flavoured. Cells, ovate ; abaxile. A fine culinary apple ; in use from September to November. Transparent Pippin. See Court of Wick. Travers' Pippin. See Bibston Fippin. Treadle -hole. See Trumpeter. True Spitzenburg. See Esopus Spitzenhurgh. TRUMPETER [Treadle-hole). — Fruit, large, two inches and three- quarters wide, and three inches high ; oblong, irregularly shaped, angular on the sides, and prominently ribbed round the eye. Skin, pale green, with a tinge of yellow on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, small, closed, and set in a deep and angular basin, surrounded APPLES. 231 with four or five prominent knobs. Stalls, about five-eighths of an inch long, slender for the size of the fruit, and inserted in a deep irregular cavity, which is lined with rough cracked russet. Flesh, greenish white, crisp, very juicy, and sweet, with a brisk and pleasant sub-acid flavour. A very excellent apple either for the dessert or culinary purposes, much esteemed in the orchards about Lancaster ; it is in use from October to January. TRUMPINGTON {Dekiware; Bonalds' Seedlimj ; Eve's Apple].— Fruit, small, two inches and three-eighths wide, and one inch and five- eighths high ; oblate, even and handsomely shaped. Skin, of a fine deep golden yellow, tinged and mottled with pale red, on the shaded side, but of a fine bright red, which extends over the greater part, where exposed to the sun. Eye, large and closed, with broad, flat, convergent segments, set in a wide and somewhat undulating basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, a quarter of an inch long, inserted in a wide and deep cavity, which is tinged with green, and lined with russet. Flesh, white, firm, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit. A pretty dessert apple of second-rate quality ; in use from Septem- ber to Christmas. Tudball Russet. See Warelmm Russet. TULIP. — Fruit, rather below medium size, two inches and a half at the widest part, and two inches and a half high ; ovato-conical, regularly and handsomely shaped, ridged round the eye. Skin, fine deep purple, extending over the whole surface of the fruit, except on any part which may be shaded, and then it is yellow. Eye, open, with short, ovate segments, set in a furrowed and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal; tube, very short conical, or cup-shaped. Stalk, about half an inch long, straight and slender, inserted in a deep and rather angular cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, crisp, juicy, sweet, and slightly sub-acid. Cells, obovate ; axile. A beautiful and handsome dessert apple, but only of second-rate quality ; in use from November to April. TURK'S CAP. — Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, by two inches and a half high ; roundish, and very much flattened, or oblate ; irregularly and prominently ribbed. Skin, smooth, fine deep golden yellow, covered with grey dots, and a few ramifications of russet, and with a brownish red tinge on the side next the sun. Eye, large and open, placed in a deep, wide, and angular basin. Stalk, an inch long, deeply inserted in an angular cavity, which is lined with thick scaly russet, extending over the margin. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, and juicy, with a pleasant sub-acid but slightly astringent flavour. An excellent apple for culinary purposes, and also for the manufac- ture of cider ; it is in use from November to Christmas. 232 THE FRUIT MANUAL. Twin Cluster Pippin. See Cluster Golden Pippin. TWINING'S PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, roundish, and somewhat oblate. Skin, greenish yellow, with a considerable coating of thin brown russet. Eye, open. Stalk, short. Flesh, tender, juicy, firm, crisp, and richly flavoured. A late dessert apple of excellent quality ; in use during March and April. TYLER'S KERNEL. — Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and three inches high ; conical, prominently angular. Skin, brilliant red, streaked with darker red, but on the shaded side it is paler and less striped, and with a greenish tinge. Eye, half open, with flat convergent segments, which are divergent at the tips, set in a deep, irregular, angular basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical or cup-shaped. Stalk, very short, or half an inch long, deeply inserted in a round and russetj^ cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, and juicy, with a pleasant acidity. Cells, obovate ; axile, open, or abaxile. A handsome large cooking apple ; in use from October till January. It was exhibited before the Royal Horticultural Society, October, 1883, and received a first-class certificate. UELLNER'S GOLD REINETTE.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a quarter broad, and two inches and an eighth high ; round or Reinette-shaped. Skin, of a fine clear lemon-yellow, sprinkled with a little russet on the shaded side, but entirely covered on the side next the sun with beautiful vermilion, which is strewed with cinnamon- coloured russet. Eye, open, with short segments, set in a rather wide, round, even, and moderately deep basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep conical. Stalk, slender, half an inch long, inserted in a deep cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, very juicy, rich, and sugary, and with a fine aromatic flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile. A most delicious dessert apple of the very first qualit}^ ; " small, but handsome and rich." It is in use from January till May. The tree is a free and excellent grower, and a great bearer. UPRIGHT FRENCH. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and two inches high ; roundish oval or short conical. Skin, yellow on the shaded side, occasionally covered with a network of russet ; on the side next the sun it is pale dull red, mottled with brighter red, and also marked with russet. Eye, very small, set quite on the surface. Segments, erect, connivent. Stamens, marginal ; tube, narrow, funnel-shaped. Stalk, stout, deeply inserted. Flesh, with a greenish tinge, and a bitter- sweet flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, quite closed. A Herefordshire cider apple. VALE MASCAL PEARMAIN.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches broad, by two inches high ; round or ovate, regularly and hand- APPLES. 233 somely shaped. Skin, greenish yellow on the shaded side, but bright red next the sun, and covered with spots of russet. Eye, closed, with broad flat segments, and set in a round, shallow, and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, short conical. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a narrow and shallow cavity. Flesh, yellow, crisp, sugary, and richly flavoured. Cells, oblate ; axile, slit. A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from December to February. This was raised at Vale Mascal, near Bexley, Kent. Van Dyne. See Woolman's Long. Van Mons' Reinette. See lieinette Van Mons. Vaughan's Pippin. See Kmtish Pippin. Vaun's Pippin. See Kentish Pippin. VEINY PIPPIN. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter broad, and an inch and three-quarters high ; roundish oblate. Skin, greenish yellow, covered with veins and reticulations of russet. Eye, open, set in a round and deep basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a round and slightly russety cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy, but wanting both sugar and acidity. An indiflerent and worthless apple ; in use from December to February. The tree is a great bearer. Victoria. See HolherVs Victoria. VINEYARD PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and one and three-quarters high ; round, and somewhat depressed, even and regular in its outline. Skin, deep yellow on the shaded side, and bright red on the side next the sun, marked with lines and patches of thin russet, and strewed with russet dots. Eye, closed, with flat con- vergent segments, set in a shallow, angular basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, inserted in a deep, funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, sweet, juicy, briskly and highly flavoured. Cells, round ; axile. A good dessert apple, which is in use till Christmas. VIOLETTE. — Fruit, above medium size ; roundish ovate or conical, even and regularly formed. Skin, smooth and shining, covered with a fine violet-coloured bloom, and yellow striped with red on the shaded side, but of a dark red, approaching to black, on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, closed, set in a rather deep and plaited basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, stout, and inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, tinged with red under the skin, which is filled with red juice, leaving a stain on the knife with which it is cut ; firm, juicy, and sugary, with a vinous and pleasant flavour. 231 THE FRUIT MANUAL. A culinary apple of good, but not first-rate quality ; in use from October to March. Duhamel, and, following him, almost all the French, pomologists, attribute the name of this apple to the perfume of violets being found in the flavour of the fruit, a peculiarity I could never detect. It is more probable that it originated from the fruit being covered with a beautiful blue-violet bloom, a characteristic which was observed by Rivinius and Moulin, who wrote in the 17th century. WADHURST PIPPIN. — Fruit, above medium size, sometimes very large, but generally averaging three inches wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; ovate or short Pearmain-shaped, and angular on the sides. Skin, yellow tinged wdth green on the shaded side, and brownish red streaked with crimson on the side next the sun, and strewed with minute grey dots. Eye, closed, set in a wide, deep, and angular basin. Stamens, basal ; -tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, stout, placed in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, and briskly flavoured. Cells, ovate ; axile, slit. A culinary apple of excellent quality ; in use from October to February. It originated at Wadhurst, in Sussex. WALSGROVE WONDER.— Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish ovate, being wide at the base and narrowing abruptly towards the crown, obtusely angular, and bluntly ribbed about the eye. Skin, deep rich yellow on the shaded side, and with an orange -red cheek on the side next the sun, and a thin crust of cinnamon-coloured russet spread here and there over the surface. Eye, small, set in an angular and plaited basin, with connivent segments. Stamens, median ; tube, conical, inclining to funnel-shape. Stalk, very short and slender, imbedded in the deep funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, and with a pleasant sub-acid flavour. Cells, roundish or oblate ; axile, wide open. A very handsome culinary apple ; in use from October to Christmas. It bears a strong resemblance to Greenup's Pippin externally, but the internal characters are so marked as to constitute them distinct varieties. This was sent to the National Apple Congress at Chiswick in 1883 by Mr. Twinberrow, of Walsgrove, Stourport. WALTHAM ABBEY SEEDLING.— Fruit, large ; roundish, inclin- ing to ovate, in which respect it difi'ers from Golden Noble, which is quite round. Skin, pale yellow, assuming a deeper tinge as it attains maturity, with a faint blush of red where exposed to the sun, and strewed all over with minute russety dots, and occasionally a few patches of thin russet. Eye, large and open, with erect, somewhat divergent segments, set in a shallow and even basin. Stamens, mar- ginal or median ; tube, short conical. Stalk, short, deeply inserted, and surrounded with rough russet. Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet, and pleasantly flavoured, and when cooked assuming a clear pale amber. Cells, obovate ; axile, open. APPLES. 235 A culinary apple of first-rate quality, requiring scarcely any sugar ■when cooked ; in use from September to Christmas. The tree is remarkable for its very small foliage, notwithstanding which the fruit is of good size, and the tree a good bearer. I know of no apple tree which bears fruit so large and has foliage so small. This apple was raised about the year 1810, from seed of Golden Noble, by Mr. John Barnard, of Waltham Abbey, in Essex, and was introduced by him at a meeting of the London Horticultural Society in 1821. It is quite distinct, though somewhat resembling Golden Noble, with which it is sometimes made synonymous. WANSTALL (Wa7istall Jack; Jack-in-the-Wood). — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, but narro's\'ing a little towards the eye, with five prominent angles on the sides, which terminate in ridges round the apex, render- ing the shape distinctly five-sided. Skin, deep golden yellow on the shaded side, but red, which is striped and mottled with darker red, on the side next the sun ; marked with patches and veins of thin grey russet, and strewed all over with russety dots. Eye, half open, with broad, flat segments, set in an angular and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, deeply inserted in a round cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, rich, sugary, and highly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile. A dessert apple of the very first quality, equal in flavour to the Ribston Pippin, and will keep till May and June. Originated at Green Street, near Sittingbourne, in Kent, with a tailor of the name of Wanstall, about the beginning of the present century. WAREHAM RUSSET (Tudball FiHsset).—FimU medium sized, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, obtusely angular, and terminating at the crown in four or five more or less prominent ridges. Skin, greenish yellow, becoming more yellow at maturity, with a brownish red cheek where exposed to the sun ; on the shaded side it is more or less marked with dull grey russet. Eye, rather closed, with erect convergent segments, which are diver- gent at the points, set in a rather deep basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, about half an inch long, deeply imbedded in the cavity. Flesh, firm, crisp, juicy, sweet, and with a pleasant sub-acid flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed or slit. A dessert apple, in use from October till Christmas, much grown in Cheshire, and which derives its name from the village of Waverham (pronounced Wareham) in that county. WARNER'S KING (Kimj Apple; David T. Fish; KilUck's Apple; Nelson's Glory ; Weaverimj Apjde ; Poor Man's Friend). — Fruit, very large, four inches wide, and three inches and a half high ; roundish and depressed or ovate, obtusely angular, broad at the base. Skin, grass- green, changing to uniform clear deep yellow as it ripens, strewed with russety dots and patches of pale brown russet. Eye, small and closed, 286 THE FRUIT MANUAJL. with long convergent segments, and set in a narrow, deep, and slightly angular basin. Stamens, median, or basal inclining to median ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, about half an inch long, deeply inserted in a round, funnel-shaped cavity, which is lined with thin yellowish brown russet. Flesh, white, tender, crisp, and juicy, with a fine, brisk, and sub-acid flavour. Cells, roundish ovate ; abaxile. A culinary apple of first-rate quality ; in use from November to March. The tree is a free and vigorous grower, and a good bearer; very hardy, and not subject to disease. The original name of this was simply Kinrr Apple, by which it was known to Forsyth and others at the end of last century. The name Warner's King was given to it by the late Mr. Rivers, of SaAvbridgevvorth, who some years ago received it from Mr. Warner, a small nurseryman, of Gosforth, near Leeds, as the King Apple, and by way of distinguishing it he called it Warner's King. It is a noble apple, and it is not surprising that it .should have acquired so many synonymes. It was found at Weavering, in Kent, under the name of VVeavering, and being grown by Mr. Killick, an orchardist at Langley, it obtained his name ; while a nursery- man at Chester called it David T. Fish. Warter's Golden Pippin. See Golden Fippi7i. Warwickshire Pippin. See Wyken Pippin. WASHINGTON. — Fruit, large, three inches wide, and the same high ; conical, even, regular, and handsome. Skin, rich yellow, very much covered with broken stripes, and mottled with crimson. Eye, small, closed, with erect connivent segments, set in a plaited and rather deep basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, varying from half an inch to an inch long, slender, deeply inserted in a funnel- shaped cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish, tender, very juicy, sweet, richly flavoured, and with a fine perfume. Cells, elliptical ; axile. A very fine dessert apple, introduced by Mr. Kivers from America ; it is in use from October till Christmas. When ripened under glass it is a delicious fruit. Watch Apple. See Cambusnethan Pippin. Waterloo. See Red Astra chan. WATSON'S DUMPLING.— Fruit, large; roundish ovate and bluntly angular, especially on the side next the sun. Skin, smooth, yellowish green, and striped with dull red. Eye, large, not deeply sunk. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, inserted in a round and rather deep cavity. Flesh, tender, juicy, and sugary, with a pleasant sub-acid flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, open. A culinary apple of first-rate quality ; in use from October to February. Watson's New Nonesuch. See Whorle Pippin. APPLES. 237 Week Pearmain. See Wickhanis Pearmain. Weeks' Pippin. See Court of Wick. Wellington. See Dumelow's Seedling. WELFORD PARK NONESUCH.— Fruit, large and handsome, three inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish and oblate, even and regular in its outline. Skin, fine lemon- yellow on the shaded side, and on the side next the sun it is quite overspread with bright crimson, which is mottled and streaked with darker crimson, the colour gradually becoming paler as it extends to the shaded side. Eye, open, with short rudimentary segments, set in a saucer-like basin. Stalk, an inch or more long, slender, and deeply inserted in a wide cavity. Flesh, white, very tender, as much so as that of an American Newtown Pippin, with an excellent flavour and tine aroma. A fine showy apple for culinary or dessert use, during October and November. This was raised by Mr. Charles Ross, gardener, at Welford Park, near Newbury, from Golden Harvey, fertilised, it is supposed, by Lamb Abbey Pearmain, as the fruit from which the seed was taken grew en a tree half Golden Harvey and half Lamb Abbey Pearmain. The seed was sown in 1864, and in 1865 grafts were put on a Blenheim Pippin tree, which fruited for the first time in 1871. Weisser Somer Rambour. See BreitUng, Welsh Pippin. See Marmalade Pippin. WEST GRINSTEAD PIPPIN.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-quarters broad, by two inches and a half high ; roundish, and slightly ribbed about the eye. Skin, light green, striped and mottled with light red on the side next the sun, and strewed all over with greyish white dots on the exposed, and brown dots on the shaded side. Eye, open, set in a plaited basin. Stalk, a quarter of an inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, greenish white, soft, tender, juicy, and briskly acid. A good second-rate apple for the dessert ; in use from November to April, and keeps well without shrivelling. A Sussex apple, raised at West Grinstead, in the western division of that county. Westmoreland Longstart. See Lovgstart. WHEELER'S EXTREME.— Fruit, small, nearly two inches wide, and one inch and a quarter high ; oblate, much resembling the Api in shape. Skin, pale greenish yellow, considerably marked with russet, particularly round the e3^e, and covered with fine clear red, which is mottled with deeper red, on the side next the sun. Eye, small, and closed, set in a shallow basin. Stalk, very short, inserted in a small shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, sweet, and delicately perfumed. 238 THE FKUIT MANUAL. A pretty little dessert apple, but not of first-rate quality ; it is in use from November to February. This was raised by James Wheeler, nurseryman, of Gloucester. The original tree is still existing in the nursery of his great-grandson. The late Mr. J. Cheslin Wheeler informed me that the name of " Extreme " is supposed to have been applied to this variety, from the circumstance of producing its fruit on the extremities of the last year's shoots. WHEELER'S RUSSET.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-quarters broad, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish ovate, and somewhat irregular in its outline. Skin, entirely covered with pale yellowish grey russet, with reddish brown where exposed to the sun, strewed with russety freckles. Eye, small and closed, with short segments, set in a narrow and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, from half an inch to an inch long, slender, inserted in a round, narrow, and deep cavity. Flesh, greenish white, firm, juicy, brisk, and sugary, with a rich, vinous, and aromatic flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile, closed. A valuable and highly flavoured dessert apple of the first quality ; it is in use from November to April ; and as Mr. Lindley says, when ripened and begins to shrivel, it is one of the best russets of its season. The tree is a free grower, healthy, and hardy, but does not attain above the middle size. It is generally a good bearer, and succeeds well in almost any soil, provided it be not too moist. This was long supposed to have been raised by James Wheeler, the founder of the Gloucester Nursery, now in the occupation of his great-grandson. He pub- lished, in 17G3, "The Botanist's and Gardener's New Dictionary," and died about the beginning of the present century, having attained over ninety years of age. I am doubtful, however, if this apple was raised by him, for I have dis- covered in an old day-book dated 1717, which belonged to Smith and Carpenter, of the Brompton Park Nursery, that it was cultivated there at that period, when James Wheeler must have been a mere child. WHITE ASTRACHAN {Transparent J^j;?/^).— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and nearly the same in height ; roundish ovate, or rather conical, flattened at the base, with obtuse angles on the sides, which extend and become more prominent and rib-like round the eye. Skin, smooth, pale yellow, with a few faint streaks of red next the sun, and covered with a delicate white bloom. E3^e, closed, set in a narrow and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, thick and short, inserted in a small and very shallow cavity. Flesh, pure white, semi-transparent, with somewhat gelatinous-like blotches, tender, juicy, with a pleasant and refreshing flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile. A dessert apple, but not of first-rate quality ; ripe in August and the early part of September. The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, and an excellent bearer. The Transparent Apple of Rogers, and the Muscovy Apple of Mortimer, can- not be identical with this, for they are described by both as winter apples ; may they not be the Russischer Glasapfel or Astracanischer Winterapfel of Diel? APPLES. 239 Respecting this apple, a correspondent in the Gardener's Chronicle for 1845 has the following remark: "When at Revel many years ago, I made particular inquiries as to the mode of cultivation of the Transparent Apple; I learned that the soil of the apple orchards there is almost a pure sand, but that it is customary to add to it so much stable manure, that half the bulk of ground may be said to consist of manure. The friend with whom I was staying had some of these apples at dessert; they were transparent, not in blotches, but throughout, so that held to the light the pips may be seen from every part; these apples were juicy as a peach, about the size of a large one, and of a very agreeable flavour and texture." "White Calville. See Calville Blanche d'Hiver. White Codlin. See Earli/ Almond. White Codlin. See Keswick Codlin. White Lily. See Devonshire Buckland. White Melrose. See Melrose. WHITE MUSK.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, by two inches high ; roundish oblate, even and regular. Skin, smooth and shining, pale straw-colour, which is a little deeper when it is more exposed. Eye, small, set in a narrow, rather deep basin, open, with divergent segments. Stamens, basal ; tube, short conical. Stalk, short, in a deep cavity, which is lined with rough russet, and which extends over the base. Flesh, yellowish, very tender, juicy, and pleasantly sub-acid. Cells, closed, roundish obovate ; axile. A Herefordshire cider apple. After being gathered, its skin becomes quite imctuous, and the fruit gives off a powerful odour of ether. WHITE NONPAREIL.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and the same high ; roundish, and flattened, much resembling the old Nonpareil. Skin, greenish or yellowish green on the shaded side, and with a brownish red tinge on the side next the sun, the whole sprinkled with russet dots, and a thin coat of grey russet, especially round the eye. Eye, closed, with broad, flat, convergent segments, which are a little recurved at the tip, set in a rather deep basin, which is plaited and angular. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch to three-quarters long, slender, straight, and inserted in a deep wide cavity. Flesh, greenish, tender, crisp, very juicy, sweet, and with a rich flavour, but not so much so as in the old Nonpareil. Cells, ovate ; axile, closed. A dessert apple ; in use from December till February. WHITE NORMAN. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an inch and a half high ; round, with obtuse angles, which are sometimes rather prominent. Skin, perfectly white, or rather a very pale straw- colour, with only a few large russet dots distantly sprinkled over the surface ; the hollow of the stalk is lined with russet, which extends a little way over the base. Eye, very small, with neat little convergent segments, set in a deep basin, which is plaited, or slightly ribbed. 240 THE FRUIT MANUAL. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep conical or cylindrical. Stalk, long, very slender, deeply inserted. Flesh, snow-white, soft and spongy, with an astringent and sweet flavour. Cells, elliptical ; axile. A pretty little Herefordshire cider apple. WHITE PARADISE [Lady's Finger; Egg; Paradise Pippin),— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and three inches high ; oblong, broader at the base than the apex. Skin, smooth, thick, and tough, of a fine rich yellow, thinly and faintly freckled with red on the shaded side, but covered with broken streaks and dots of darker red, interspersed with dark brown russety dots, on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, open, with long, pointed, reflexed segments, set in a shallow basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, an inch long, fleshy at the insertion, and inserted in an even, round cavity, with a swelling on one side of it. Flesh, yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy, sugary, and pleasantly flavoured. A second-rate, but beautiful and handsome dessert apple ; in per- fection the beginning of October, but towards the end of the month becomes dry and mealy. Cells, obovate ; abaxile. It is, I believe, a Scotch apple, and much grown in some districts, particularly in Clydesdale, where it is known by the name of Egg Apple, and where the fruit lasts longer than when grown in the warmer climate of the south. The Lady's Finger of Dittrich, vol. i. p. 505, is a flat apple of a Calville shape, and must be incorrect. White Pippin. See Norfolk Stone Pippin. WHITE ROSING.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; roundish and somewhat flattened, angular on the side, and ribbed on the crown. Skin, smooth and unctuous, of a clear lemon-yellow colour, and with a flush of red next the sun. Eye, small, and quite closed, in a shallow and puckered basin. Stalk, very short, quite imbedded in the shallow cavity. Flesh, quite white, tender, soft, not very juicy, and slightly acid. An early culinary apple ; ripe in September. The tree is a great bearer. A Sussex apple, much grown in the eastern division of the county, but it is not of any great merit, and is not worthy of much cultivation. In apjearance it resembles Manks Codlin, but is much inferior to that excellent variety. The name has evidently arisen from the rosy cheek which it has on one side of the fruit. White Spanish Reinette. See Peinette Blanche d'Espagne. White Stone Pippin. See Norfolk Stone Pippin. WHITE STYRE.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and two and a quarter high ; round, obscurely ribbed. Skin, uniform lemon- colour, with patches and lines of russet over the surface, especially on the side next the sun and in the stalk cavity, the surface strewed with small russet dots. Eye, closed, with erect connivent segments, set in a APPLES. 241 pretty deep depression. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, set in a deep russety cavity. Flesh, yellowish, soft and tender, sweet, and with a brisk flavour. Cells, open, ovate ; axile. A Herefordshire cider apple. "White Summer Calville. Sec CalvUle Blanche iVEte, White Summer Pippin. See Summer Golden Pippin. WHITE VIRGIN (Scotch Virgin),— 'Frmi, medium sized, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two inches high ; oblate. Skin, smooth and shining, pale yellow on the shaded side, but thin orange-red streaked with deep red on the side next the sun, and strewed with dark dots and a few veins of russet. Eye, large and closed, with broad ovate segments, set in a wide, shallow, and plaited basin. Stalk, a quarter of an inch long, inserted in a narrow and shallow cavity. Flesh, white, soft, tender, juicy, and briskly acid. An excellent culinary apple ; in use from October to February. WHITE WE STLING.— Fruit, rather below medium size, two inches and a half broad at the middle, and two inches and a half high ; roundish, inclining to oval towards the eye; angular on the sides, and ribbed round the apex. Skin, yellow, tinged with green, and strewed with reddish brown dots, on the shaded side, but deep yellow, with large dark crimson spots, on the side next the sun, and covered with russet over the base. Eye, small and closed, set in a narrow and angulai' basin. Stalk, half an inch long, very slender, inserted in a deep, narrow, and russety cavity. Flesh, white, tender, sweet, and briskly flavoured. An apple of hardly second-rate quality, grown about the north-eastern parts of Sussex ; it is in use from October to Christmas. WHITE WHORLE.— Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; round, even in outline. Skin, quite yellow, with a greenish tinge on the shaded side. Eye, open, with divergent segments, set in a very shallow basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a shallow, narrow cavity. Flesh, tender, juicy, sweet, and agreeably flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile. A dessert apple, in use from October to Christmas, but not of high merit. It has a great resemblance to Do^\'nton Pippin. WHITE WINE. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and a half broad in the middle, and two inches and a half high, narrowing towards the apex; conical, slightly angular on the sides, and ribbed round the eye. Skin, greenish yellow, strewed with russety dots, on the shaded side, but deep yellow, reticulated with iine russet, and dotted with small russety specks, on the side exposed to the sun, and with a ray of fine lilac-purple on the base encircling the stalk. Eye, 16 242 THE FKUIT MANUAL. open, with long acute segments, set in a deep and ribbed basin. Stalk, five-eigbths of an inch long, down}', thick, and fleshy, inserted in a round cavity, which is lined with delicate russet. Flesh, white, firm, crisp, and pleasantly acid. A culinary apple much grown in the Tweedside orchards, where it is known by the name of the Wine Apple ; it is in use from October to Christmas. White Winter Calville. See Cahille Blanche iVHiver. WHITING PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and two inches high ; roundish oblate, obtusely angular. Skin, yellow, with an orange tinge on the side exposed to the sun, and the whole surface strewed with rather bold russet dots. Eye, small, with erect, convergent segments, set in a pretty deep basin, which is sometimes angular, and sometimes quite round and smooth. Stamens, marginal ; tube, short conical. Stalk, short and stout, quite within the cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, and juicy, with an agreeable flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit. A Worcestershire apple, much grown in the districts of South Shropshire and Worcestershire ; it is in use up till January. WHITMORE PIPPIN.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a quarter wide at the base, and the same in height, but narrowing towards the apex ; conical, and obtusely angled on the sides. Skin, pale greenish yellow in the shade, but with a beautiful red cheek next the sun, and very sparingly strewed with a few minute dots. Eye, closed, set in a narrow and shallow basin. Stalk, about half an inch long, inserted in a wide, round, and even cavity. Flesh, white, tinged with green, tender, juicy, sub-acid, and slightly sweet. A dessert apple of second-rate quality ; in use from November to April. WHORLE PIPPIN (Summer Thorle ; Watsn^i's New Nonesuch; Thorle Pippin; Lady Derby). — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a quarter wide at the middle, and an inch and three-quarters high ; oblate, handsome, and regularly formed. Skin, smooth, shining, and glossy, almost entirely covered with fine bright crimson, which is marked with broken streaks of darker crimson, but on any portion which is shaded it is of a fine clear yellow, a little streaked with pale crimson. Eye, scarcely at all depressed, large, half open, with broad, flat segments, which frequently appear as if rent from each other by an over-swelling of the fruit, and set in a very shallow basin, which is often very russety, and deeply and coarsely cracked. Stalk, a quarter of an inch long, inserted in a wide cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp, and very juicy, with a brisk, refreshing, and pleasant flavour. A beautiful little summer dessert apple of first-rate quality ; ripe in APPLES. 243 August. In the south it is but little known, but in Scotland it is to be met with in almost every garden and orchard. In all probability the word Thorle, which is its common appellation in Scotland, is a corruption of Whorle, which is no doubt the correct name of this apple. The name is supposed to be derived from its resemblance to the whorle^ which was the propelling power, or rather impetus, of the spindle, when the distaflf and spindle were so much in use. WICKHAM'S PEARMAIN {Week Pertmam).— Fruit, small, two inches wide, and about two inches high ; Peamiain-shaped, and quite flat at the base. Skin, yellow, tinged and dotted with red, on the shaded side, but bright red on the side next the sun, and marked with patches and specks of russet round the eye. Eye, large and open, with long acuminate segments, reflexed, and set in a round, even, and plaited basin. Stalk, half an inch long, fleshy, inserted without any depression. Flesh, greenish yellow, tender, crisp, juicy, sugary, and highly flavoured. An excellent dessert apple ; in use from October to December. It wan raised by a Mr. Wickham. of Week, near Winchester, In the catalogue of the London Horiicultund Society it is called '• Wick Pearmain." but as the name I have adopted is that by which it is best known in Hampshire, I prefer retaining it. WILDING BITTER-SWEET.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and the same high ; ovate, ribbed, and with prominent ridges round the eye. Skin, pale yellow, tinged with green and strewed ■with russet dots, which have sometimes a greenish tinge. Eye, small and closed, with connivent segments, set in a nan-ow ribbed basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short conical. Stalk, short and slender, obliquely inserted by the side of a prominent lip in a narrow shallow cavity. Flesh, white, tender, with the flavour which is known as bitter-sweet. Cells, long, obovate ; abaxile. An esteemed cider apple, used for mixing with others in Hereford- shire. It has a strong resemblance to a small specimen of Keswick Codlin. Williams' Early. See Williams' Favourite. WILLIAMS' FAVOURITE {Willianu' Early; Williams' Red).— Fruit medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; conical. Skin, entirely covered with crimson, marked with broken bands of greenish yellow. Eye, small and closed, set in a wide shallow basin. Stalk, an inch long, curved, and obliquely inserted in a wide shallow depression. Flesh, white with a greenish tinge, remarkably tender, not very juicy, and with a fine balsamic aroma. A very handsome early cooking apple of American origin ; ripe in the beginning of August. This would be an excellent market apple. Williams' Red. See Williams' Favourite. Winter Belle Bonne. See Belle Bonne. 244 THE FRUIT MANUAL. Winter Broading. See Broad-end. WINTER COD LIN. — Fruit, very large, three inches and an eighth wide at the middle, and three inches and a half high ; conical, gene- rally five -sided, with prominent ribs on the sides, which extend to the apex, forming considerable ridges round the eye. Skin, smooth, yel- lowish green, and marked with dark dots. Eye, large and open, set in a deep and very angular basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, large, wide, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a deep, smooth, and angular cavity. Flesh, greenish white, tender, juicy, sweet, and sub-acid. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile. A fine old culinary apple of first-rate quality ; in use from September to February. It has a good deal of resemblance to Catshead. The tree is a strong, vigorous, and healthy grower, and an excellent bearer. WINTER COLMAN [Black Jack ; Norfolk Colman ; Norfolk Storing). — Fruit, above medium size, three inches wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish and flattened, obtusely angular on the side, and ribbed at the crown. Skin, yellowish green, with a tinge of dull red, on the shaded side, but deep dull mahogany brown on the side next the sun, which becomes clearer and more red as it attains maturity. Eye, with broad, erect, convergent segments, set in a rather shallow and plaited basin. Stamens, median, inclining to basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, thick, and deeply inserted. Flesh, firm, crisp, and briskly acid. Cells, round ; axile, closed. A culinary apple of first-rate quality ; in use from November to April. The tree is a very strong and vigorous grower, so much so, that in its youug state it is not a great bearer, but when grafted on the para- dise stock it produces abundantly. WINTER GREENING {Claremont Pippin ; French Crab ; Easter Pippin ; Ironstone Pipjnn ; John Apple ; Young's Long Keeping ; Robin ; Yorkshire Eobin). — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, widest at the middle, and narrowing towards the crown, round which are a few small ridges. Skin, smooth and shining, of a dark lively green, strewed with minute russety dots, and with a blush of dull red where exposed to the sun. Eye, small and closed, set in a shallow and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a round cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, greenish, very close in texture, brittle and juicy, with a very sharp and pleasant acid. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit. A culinary apple of first-rate quality, which comes into use in November, and has been known to last under favourable circumstances for two years. Dry sand is a good article to preserve it in. The ^^tree is very hardy, a free and good grower, and an abundant bearer. APPLES. 245 I have not adopted here the nomenclature of the Horticultaral Society's Cata- logue, for two reasons. First, because Winter Greening is the previous name, and, so far as I can find, the original one. It is also very applicable, and not subject to the same objection which Mr. Lindley has to French Crab. Second, because there is already in the Horticultural Society's Catalogue the "White Easter" — the "Paasch Appel" of Knoop — and the two names being so similar may tend to confusion, a result of already too frequent occurrence, and most desirable to be avoided. The name Winter Greening is also more descriptive. WINTER HA WTHORNDEN.— Fruit, largo, from three inches and a half to four inches wide, and two and three-quarters to three mches high ; roundish ovate, flattened, and bluntly angular. Skin, deep yellow with a greenish tinge, but when quite ripe rich yellow on the shaded side, and with a thin bright red cheek, which is somewhat streaked with crimson, on the side next the sun, thinly strewed with large russet dots. Eye, small and half open, with short, slightly divergent segments, set in a rather deep basin, with rather knolDbed plaits. Stamens, median ; tube, varying between deep funnel-shape and deep conical. Stalk, very short, deeply inserted in the wide irregular cavity. Flesh, with a yellowish tinge, firm, crisp, and juicy, with a pleasant mild acidity. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile. A large and very handsome cooking apple ; in use from November till after Christmas. This is a very distinct apple from the New Hawthomden introduced by Mr. Rivers in 1847, and is much superior to it, being of greater weight and of much firmer texture. I received it fi'om Mr. George Paul, of the Nurseries, Cheshunt. See New Hawthoi'den. WINTER LADING. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three- quarters wide at the middle, and two inches and a half high ; roundish, and narrowing towards the crown, irregularly formed, sometimes with one prominent angle on one side. Skin, bright green, marked with patches and dots of thin russet. Eye, closed, set in an angular basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, curved, inserted in a deep, round cavity. Flesh, greenish white, juicy, sweet, very tender and delicate, with a pleasant acid. An excellent sauce apple ; in use from October to Christmas. It is grown in the north-eastern parts of Sussex, about Heathfield. WINTER MAJETIN.— Fruit, medium sized ; roundish ovate, with ribs round the crown. Skin, smooth, dark green, covered with thin dull brownish red on the side next the sun. Eye, closed, with broad erect segments, set in a narrow basin, which is much furrowed and plaited. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, three- quarters of an inch long, slender, inserted in a deep and narrow cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, greenish white, firm, crisp, brisk, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile. A first-rate culinary apple, bearing a considerable resemblance to the London Pippin, but does not change to yellow colour by keeping 246 THE FRUIT MANUAL. as that variety does ; it is in use from January to May. The tree is an abundant bearer. This variety is, strictly speaking, a Norfolk apple, where it is much grown for the local markets. It was first made public by Mr. George Lindley, Avho intro- duced it to the notice of the London Horticultural Society. In the " Guide to the Orchard," it is stated that the Aphis lanigera, or " Mealy Bug," so destructive to most of our old or.^hard trees, seems to be set at defiance by the Majetin " An old tree now growing in a garden belonging to Mr. William Youngman, of Norwich, which had been grafted about three feet high in the stem, has been for many years attacked by this insect below the grafted part, but never above it, the limbs and branches being to this day perfectly free, althougli all the other trees in the same garden have been infested more or less with it." WINTER MARIGOLD.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and two inches high ; roundish ovate, bluntly angular. Skia, lemon-yellow, with broken streaks of bright crimson all over the sur- face. : Eye, small and closed, with connivent segments, set in a shallow basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, a quarter of an inch long, inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, sweet, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, open, oblate or obovate ; axile. A dessert apple ; in use up till Christmas, when it shrivels. It is not of high merit. WINTER PEACH. — Fruit, medium sized, three inches wide, and two inches and a half high ; oblate, with very prominent ribs, like the White Calville, and these extend to the crown, where they form promi- nent ridges. Skin, smooth and shining, rich cream-colour. Eye, open, with broad segments, which are divergent, set in a deep angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, very short, deeply imbedded in the cavity. Flesh, very tender and juicy, with a fine acidity, as tender as that of the White Calville. Cells, closed, obovate ; axile. A valuable cooking apple, which keeps till April. I received it from Messrs. Richard Smith & Co., of Worcester. WINTER PEARMAIN {Sussex Scarlet Pearmain ; Duck's Bill).— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-quarters wide at the base, and the same high ; conical, somewhat five-sided towards the crown, where it is considerably ribbed. Skin, smooth and shining, at first greenish yellow, with faint streaks of dull red on the shaded side, and entirely covered with deep red on the side next san ; but it changes by keeping to deep yellow, streaked with flesh-colour on the shaded side, and a beautiful clear deep red or crimson on the side next the' sun ; strewed all over with small russet dots. Eye, large, gene- rally open, but sometimes closed, with short convergent segments, set in a pretty deep and prominently plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, coni(3al or funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, not exceeding a quarter of an inch long, inserted in a deep, funnel-shaped cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, and sweet, with a brisk and very pleasant flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile. APPLES. 247 A very valuable and beautiful apple, suitable either for dessert or culinary use from December to the end of April. The tree attains about the middle size, is very hardy, and an excellent bearer. This is a well-known Sussex variety, under the name of Duck's Bill, and is much (irown upon the Weald. It is the Wviter Pearmain and Winter Quoining of the London markets, and it is also grown in the Kentish orchards under these names. WINTER PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and two inches high ; roundish, depressed at the crown, obtusely ribbed, with ridges round the eye. Skin, bright red on the side exposed to the sun, and yellow, with a few pale broken streaks of red, on the shaded side ; the surface dotted with russet. Eye, small and quite closed, set in an angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, small conical. Stalk, slender, about half an inch long, nearly imbedded in the russety cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, and agreeably liavoured. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile, open. This is at the present time considered one of the best six Gloucester- shire cider apples. WINTER POMEROY.— Fruit, medium sized, three inches wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish or roundish ovate ; distinctly five-sided, especially towards the apex, forming ridges, and rather flat at the base. Skin, smooth, deep yellow on the shs^ded side, strewed with bold russet dots, and with a bright red cheek on the side next the sun. Eye, open, with erect, convergent, and somewhat divergent segments, set in a moderately deep basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel- shaped. Stalk, long and very slender, inserted in a deep narrow cavity, surrounded with a patch of pale brown russet. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, and pleasantly sub-acid. Cells, elliptical ; axile, open. A useful cooking apple ; in season from December till January. WINTER QUOINING {Winter Qii£ening).—YnuU medium sized, two inches and quarter wide, and rather more than two inches and a half high ; conical, distinctly five-sided, with five acute angles, extend- ing the whole length of the fruit, and terminatiDg at the crown in five equal and prominent crowns. Skin, pale green, almost entirely covered with red, which is striped and mottled with deeper red, and marked on the shaded side with a thin coat of russet. Eye, small and closed, with loDg pointed segments, set in a narrow and angular cavity. Stamens, median ; tube, conical, inclining to funnel-shape. Stalk, short, or about half an inch long, and slender, deeply inserted in a narrow and angular cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, tender, soft, not very juicy, sugary, rich, and perfumed. Cells, obovate ; abaxile. A good old English apple, suitable either for the dessert or culinary purposes ; it is in use from November to May. The Winter Quoining is a very old English apple. See Queening. Winter Queening. See Winter Pearmain and Winter Quoining, Winter Red-streak. See Camhusnethan Pippin. 248 THE FRUIT MANUAL.' WINTER RUSSET. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and a quarter wide, and two inches high ; roundish and flattened ; the sides are angular, and the crown is ribbed. Skin, entirely covered with brown russet, which is thick but not rough, and in some specimens there is a tinge of orange ground colour, and in others there is a patch of smooth, shining, dark crimson. Eye, closed, with broad green leaf- like segments, set in a moderately deep and rather angular basin. Stalk, from a quarter to half an inch long, woody and slender, inserted in an open and moderately deep cavity. Flesh, greenish white, very firm and crisp, but not juicy, with a brisk, somewhat sweet, and agree- ably perfumed flavour. An excellent kitchen apple, which bakes well, and makes good sauce ; in use from Christmas till the end of February, and does not shrivel like most of the russets. I received this from Mr. G. S. Wintle, of Gloucester, and it is generally met with in the orchards of that neighbourhood. WINTER STRAWBERRY.— Fruit, medium sized; roundish, in- clining to conical, with obtuse angles ; knobbed round the crown. Skin, yellow, striped with broken streaks of red. Eye, closed, sur- rounded with plaits in a shallow basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch to an inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, briskly acid, and with a pleasant aroma. Cells, obovate ; axile. A culinary apple ; in use from December to March. WINTER WHORLE.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; oblate, undulating round the crown. Skin, yellowish green in the shade, and orange striped with broken streaks of crimson next the sun ; russety all over the base and in the basin of the eye. Eye, closed, with flat convergent segments, set in a round plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, over half an inch long, straight, inserted in a rather shallow, wide cavity. Flesh, j^ellowish, tender, juicy, sweet, and of good flavour. Cells, open, ovate, pointed ; axile. An excellent late -keeping dessert apple, adapted for the North of Scotland ; it keeps in good condition till March. It was sent to me by my excellent friend Dr. J. Mackenzie, of Eileanach, Inverness. WITHINGTON FILLBASKET.— Fruit, very large, four inches wide, by three and a quarter high ; roundish and depressed, promi- nently and obtusely angular on the side and ribbed at the crown. Skin, uniformly green or yellowish green, and occasionally with the faintest tinge of dull red where fully exposed to the sun, and thickly strewed with minute russet dots. Eye, quite closed, with convergent segments, and set in a deep angular and plaited basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short and stout, im- APPLES. 249 bedded in the cavity. Flesh, firm, crisp, and pleasantly acid. Cells, obovate ; axile. Core, very small for the size of the fruit. A large and very handsome culinary apple ; in use during September and October. WoUaton Pippin. See Court Penda Plat. WOODCOCK. —Fruit, medium sized ; of an oval shape, tapering a little towards the crown, which is narrow. Skin, entirely covered with bright red, which is very dark on the side next the sun, but on the shaded side it is thin red and yellow streaked with red. Eye, closed, with rather long segments, set in a moderately deep basin, and sun-ounded with fine knobs. Stamens, rather basal ; tube, short, conical. Stalk, a quarter to half an inch long, inserted obliquely, with a large sweUing at its base on one side, which is said by its appearance to give the name to the fruit. Flesh, yellowish, some- times stained with red under the skin, tender, juicy, and acid. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit. A Herefordshire cider apple. Specific gravity of the juice, 1073. This is one of the oldest cider apples, and is highly commended by the writers of the seventeenth century ; but according to Mr. Knight it has long ceased to deserve the attention of the planter. It is said that the name of this apple is derived from an imagined resemblance in the form of the fruit and fruit-stalk, in some instances, to the head and beak of a woodcock ; but Mr. Knight thinks it probable that it was raised by a person of that name. Woodcock. See Green Woodcock, WOODLEY'S FAVOURITE.— Fruit, medium sized, three inches wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish and rather flat- tened at the crown, bluntly angular. Skin, rather greasy when handled, deep yellow, and with a faint blush of crimson where exposed to the sun. Eye, rather large, with broad, flat segments, set in a wide and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch to three-quarters long, set in a wide and rather deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, and with a pleasant mild acidity. Cells, ovate ; abaxile. An excellent cooking apple ; in use from October to Christmas. It is a fine heavy apple. Sent me by Messrs. Wood & Ingram, of Huntingdon. Woodpecker. See Baldwin. Wood's Huntingdon. See Cowt of Wick. Woodstock Pippin. See Blenheim Pippin. WOOLIMAN'S LONG (Ortley ; Fan Dj/?i^).— Fruit, medium sized ; 250 THE FRUIT MANUAL. oblong. Skin, clear deep yellow on the shaded side, but bright scarlet on the side next the sun, sprinkled with imbedded pearly specks and russety dots. Eye, large, set in a moderately deep and plaited basin. Stalk, slender, inserted in a rather deep and even cavity. Fleshy yellowish, crisp, brittle, juicy, with a rich, brisk, and perfumed flavour. An excellent apple of first-rate quality, suitable either for culinary or dessert use ; it is in season from December to April. This is an American apple, and originated in the State of New Jersey, U.S. WORCESTEK PEARMAIN.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches ancl three-quarters wide, and the same in height ; conical, even and very slightly angular towards the crown, where it is narrow. Skin, very smooth, and completely covered with a brilliant red, dotted with fawn- coloured freckles ; here and there in some of the specimens the yellow ground shows faintly through the red ; from the stalk cavity issue branches of russet, which extend over the base. Eye, small, closed,, with long, connivent segments forming a cone set on the apex of the fruit, with a few prominent plaits round it. Stamens, marginal ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, from a quarter to three-quarters of an inch long, deeply inserted in an even cavity. Flesh, very tender,, crisp, very juicy, sweet, and sprightly, with a pleasant flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit. A handsome early kitchen or dessert apple, ripe in August and September. The tree is a free bearer, and from the great beauty of the fruit is a favourite in the markets. Messrs. Richard Smith & Co., of Worcester, sent me this in 1873. It is a seedling from Devonshire Quarrenden. WORMSLEY PIPPIN (Knight's CodUn).— Fruit, large, three inches and a half broad in the middle, and three inches high ; ovate, widest at the middle, and narrowing both towards the base and the apex, with obtuse angles on the sides, which terminate at the crown in several prominent ridges. Skin, smooth, deep clear yellow, with a rich golden or orange tinge on the side next the sun, and covered with numerous dark spots. Eye, large and open, with long acuminate segments, placed in a deep, furrowed, and angular basin. Stamens, median ;. tube, conical. Stalk, short, inserted in a deep and round cavity,, which is thickly lined with russet. Flesh, yellow, tender, crisp, rich, sugar}^ brisk, and aromatic. Cells, roundish ovate ; axile. A most valuable apple, either for the dessert or culinary purposes ; it is in season during September and October. This admirable apple was raised by T. A. Knight, Esq., and first brought into notice in 1811. It is named from Wormsley Grange, in Herefordshire, where Mr. Knight was born, August 12th, 1759. As a culinary apple it is not to be surpassed -, and even in the dessert, when well ripened, Mr. Knight considered it closely resembled the Newtown Pippin. The iree is hardy, healthy, a free and abundant bearer. It has been found to succeed in every latitude of these kingdoms. Even in Kosshire, the late Sir G. S. McKenzie found it to succeed well as an espalier. It ought to be cultivated in every garden, however small. APPLES. 251 Wygers. See Golden Beinette. WYIlEN PIPPIN (WarwkksJiire Pippin; Arleij ; Girkin Pippin).— Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a half broad, and two inches high; oblate, even and handsomely shaped. Skin, smooth, pale greenish yellow in the shade, but with a dull orange blush next the sun, and sprinkled all over with russety dots and patches of delicate russet, particularly on the base. Eye, large and open, set in a wide, shallow, and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, very short, imbedded in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellow, tinged with green, tender, very juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed. A valuable and delicious dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from December to April. The tree is a healthy and good grower, and an excellent bearer. This variety is said to have originated from seed saved from an apple which Ijord Craven had eaten while on his travels from France to Holland, and which was planted at Wykcn, about t.vo miles from Coventry. According to Mr. Lindley, the originiil tree, then very old, was in existence in 1827, and presented the appear- ance of an old trunk, with a strong sucker growing from its roots. Wyker Pippin. See Golden Reinette. YELLOW ELIOT.— Fruit, of a good size, rather more flat than long, having a few obtuse angles terminating in the crown. Eye, small, with short diverging segment of the calyx. Stalk, short. Skin, pale yellow, slightly shaded with orange on the sunny side. Specific gravity of the juice, 107G. The cider of this apple in a new state is harsh and astringent, but grows soft and mellow with age, and was much esteemed by the writers of the seventeenth century. Yellow Harvest. See Early Harvest, YELLOW INGE STRIE.— Fruit, small, an inch and three-quarters wide, and an inch and five-eighths high ; of a handsome cylindrical shape, flattened at both ends. Skin, smooth, of a fine clear yellow, tinged with a deeper yellow on the side next the sun, and marked with small pinky spots. Eye, small, and partially closed, set almost even with the surface, but sometimes in a wide and shallow basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, from half an inch to three- quarters long, set in a rather shallow and smooth cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, and delicate, with a profusion of brisk and highly flavoured vinous juice. Cells, closed, ovate ; axile. A beautiful and delightful little dessert apple of first-rate quality, bearing a conbiderable resemblance to the Golden Pippin ; it is in use during September and October. The tree is large, spreading, and an excellent bearer. This, and the Red Ingestrie, were raised by T. A. Knight, Esq. See Red Jngestrie. 252 THE FRUIT MANUAL. YELLOW NEWTOWN PIPPIN (Large Yellow Newtown Pippin),— Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and two inches and three- quarters high ; roundish, irregular in its outline, and prominently angled on the sides. Skin, of a uniform deep straw colour, which is rather deeper and richer on the side next the sun than on the other, and thinly covered with delicate net work of fine grey russet, inter- spersed with several large dark spots. . Eye, large and closed, with long linear segments, set in a wide and irregular basin, from which issue several deep russety furrows. Stalk, short, deeply inserted in an uneven and angular cavity, which is partially lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, and slightly sub-acid, but with an agreeable flavour. A first-rate dessert apple ; in use from December to March, and ripens better in this climate than the Newtown Pippin. YELLOW STYRE. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and the same high ; roundish ovate, and sometimes round, regular in its outline. Skin, lemon-yellow, very much striped with broken streaks of crimson on the side next the sun, but only a few paler on the shaded side. Eye, set in a rather wide and plaited basin, with erect, connivent segments. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, curved, a quarter to half an inch long, inserted in a rather deep, narrow cavity. Flesh, yellow, soft, and tender, with a sweet and brisk juice. Cells, elliptical ; axile, open. A very old and now very scarce Herefordshire cider apple, of great merit. YORKSHIRE GREENING (Coates's ; Yorkshire Goose Sauce).— Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and two inches and a half high ; oblate; and slightly angular on the sides. Skin, very dark green, but where exposed to the sun tinged with dull red, which is striped with broken stripes of deeper red, very much speckled all over with rather bold grey russet specks, and over the base with traces of greyish brown russet. Eye, closed, with incurved convergent segments, set in a shallow, irregular, and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk,' short, stout, and fleshy, covered with grey down, inserted in a wide and rather shallow cavity. Flesh, greenish white, firm, crisp, and very juicy, with a brisk but pleasant acidity. Cells, obovate ; abaxile. A first-rate culinary apple ; in use from October to January. Yorkshire Robin. See Winter Greening. Young's Long Keeping. See Winter Greening. APPLES. 253 LISTS OF SELECT APPLES, ADAPTED TO VARIOUS LATITUDES OF GREAT BEITAIN. I.— SOUTHERN DISTRICTS OF ENGLAND, AND NOT EXTENDING FURTHER NORTH THAN THE BIYEB TBENT. Dessert. Benoni Devonshire Quarrenden Early Harvest Early Julyan Irish Peach Joaneting Kerry Pippin 1. Summer Apples. Marparet Mr. Gladstone Sack and Sugar Summer Golden Pippin Kitchen. Carlisle Codlin Duchess of Oldenburg Keswick Codlin Lord Suffield Manks Codlin Stirling Castle Springrove Codlin Dessert. Adams's Pearmain American Mother Apple Borsdorfer Blenheim Pippin Coe's Golden Drop Cornish Aromatic Court of Wick Cox's Orange Pippin Downton- Pippin Early Nonpareil Fearn's Pippin Franklin's Golden Pippin Golden Pippin Golden Reinette Golden Winter Pearmain Lucombe's Pine Margil Melon Apple Nanny 2. Autumn Apples. Pine Apple Russet Pine Golden Pippin Pitmaston Golden Pippin Pitmaston Pine Apple Pomeroy Ribston Pippin Sykehouse Russet Red Ingestrie Reinette Van Mons Yellow Ingestrie Kitchen. Bedfordshire Foundling Breitling Cellini Cox's Pomona Ecklinville Emperor Alexander Flower of Kent Forge Gloria Mundi Golden Noble Greenup's Pippin Harvey Apple Hawthornden Hoary Morning Kentish Fill Basket Lemon Pippin Loddington Lord Derby Mere de Menage Nelson Codlin Nonesuch Stirling Castle Tower of Glammis Wadhurst Pippin Waltham Abbey Seedling Winter Quoining Wormsley Pippin Yorkshire Greening Dessert. Ashmead's Kernel Barcelona Pearmain Boston Russet Braddick's Nonpareil Claygate Pearmain Cockle's Pippin Cornish Gilliflower 3. Winter Apples. Court Pendu Plat D'Arcy Spice Downton Nonpareil Dredge's Fame Duke of Devonshire Dutch Mignonne Golden Harvey Golden Russet Hughes's Golden Pippin Hubbard's Pearmain Keddleston Pippin Lamb Abbey Pearmain Lodgemore Nonpareil Maclean's Favourite Mannington's Pearmain Mela Carla 254 THE FI^UIT MANUAL. Nonpareil Northern Spy Ord's Apple Pearson's Plnte Pinner Seedling Piimaston Golden Pippin Pitmaston Nonpareil Pitmaston Pine Apple Ross Nonpareil Russet Table Pearmain Sam Younf? Sturm er Pippin Wyken Pippin Kitchen. Alfriston Beauty of Kent Brabant Bellefleur Brownlees's Russet Dumelow's Seedling French Crab Gooseberry Apple Hanibledon Deux Ans Hanwell Souring Lane's Prince Albert Lord Derby MinthuU Crab Norfolk Beefing Norfolk Colman Norfolk Stone Pippin Northern Greening Reinette Blanche d'Espagne Rhode Island Greening Round Winter Nonesuch Royal Pearmain Royal Russet Striped Beeting Winter Majeting Winter Pearmain IL NORTHERN DISTRICTS OF ENGLAND, EXTENDING FROM THE RIVER TRENT TO THE RIVER TTNE. 1. Summer Apples. Dessert. Margaret Keswick Codlin Devonshire Quarrenden Oslin Lord Suffield Early Harvest Whorle Manks Codlin Irish Peach Nonesuch Joaneting Kitchen. Springrove Codlin Kerry Pippin Carlisle Codlin 2. Autumn Apples. Dessert. Ribston Pippin Gloria Mundi Borsdorfer Stamford Pippin Greenup's Pippin Downton Pippin Summer Pearmain Hawthornden Early Nonpareil Wormsley Pippin Lemon Pippin Franklin's Golden Pippin Yellow Ingestrie Mere de Menage Golden Monday Kitchen. Nelson Codlin Golden Winter Pearmain Cellini Nonesuch Red Ingestrie Emperor Alexander 3. "Winter Apples. Tower of Glammis Dessert. Keddleston Pippin Bedfordshire Foundling Adams's Pearmain Margil Blenheim Pippin Barcelona Pearmain Nonpareil Dumelow's Seedling Brad dick's Nonpareil Pitmaston Nonpareil French Crab Clay gate Pearmain Royal Pearmain Mere de Menage Cockle's Pippin Scarlet Nonpareil Nelson Codlin Court of Wick Sturmer Pippin Northern Greening Court Pendu Plat Sykchouse Russet Round Winter Nonesuch Golden Pippin KlTCIIEX. Yorkshi. e Greening Golden Reinette Alfriston APPLES. 255 III. BORDER COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND, AND TUB WARM AND SHELTERED SITUATIONS IN OTHER I'AUTS OF SCOTLAND. 1. Summer and Autumn Apples. Dessert. Cellini Devonshire Quarrenden Edinburtjh Cluster Karly Jul van Federal Pearmaiii Golden Monday Greenup's Pippin Grey Leadington Irish Peach Kerry Pippin Margaret Melrose Nonesuch Oslin Ravelston Pippin Red Astrachaa lied Ingotrie Sammor Pearmain Sutnmer Strawberry White Paradise Whorle Wormsley Pippin Yellowr Ingestrie Kitchen. Carlisle Codlin ])utch Codlin Hawthornden Keswick Codlin Manks Codlin Nelson Codlin Springrove Codlin Dessert. ^Adams's Pearmain •Barcelona Pearmain ^Braddick's Nonpareil Court of Wick *Downton Pippin *Golden Pippin ^Golden Russet *Margil ►Nonpareil 2. Winter Apples. Those marked • require a wall. •Pearson's Plate •Pennington's Seedling •Ribs'on Pippin •Scarlet Nonpareil •Sturmer Pippin Sykehouse Russet Wykeu Pippin KlTCHEV. Bedfordshire Foundling Brabant Bellcfleur Dumelow's Seedling Royal Russet Rymer Tower of Glammis Winter Greening Winter Pearmain Winter Strawberry Yorkshire Greening IV. NORTHERN PARTS OF SCOTLAND, and othek exposed situations in engi and a^d scotland. 1. Summer and Autumn Apples. Those marked * require a trail. Dessert. Devonshire Quarrenden Early July an Irish Peach Kerry Pippin Nonesuch •Ravelsron Pippin bummer Strawberry Kitchen. Carlisle Codlin Hawthornden Keswick Codlin Manks Codlin Melrose Dessert. •Golden Russet Grey Leadington •Margil 2. Winter Apples. Winter Strawberry Kitchen. Tower of Glammis Warner's King Winter Greening Yoikshire Greening 256 THE FEUIT MANUAL. V. FOR ESPALIERS OR DWARF BUSHES. These succeed well when grafted on the Paradise or Doucin stock ; and from their small habit of growth, are well adapted for that mode of culture. Adams's Pearmain American Mother Apple Ashmead's Kernel Borovitsky Boston Russet Braddick's Nonpareil Cellini Christie's Pippin Claygate Pearmain Cockle's Pippin Coe's Golden Drop Cornish Gilliflower Court of Wick Court Pendu Plat Cox's Orange Pippin Downton Pippin Dutch Mignonne Early Harvest Early Julyan Early Nonpareil Franklin's Golden Pippin Golden Harvey Golden Pippin Golden Reinette Golden Russet Hawthornden Holbert's Victoria Hubbard's Pearmain Hughes's Golden Pippin Irish Peach Isle of Wight Pippin Joaneting Keddleston Pippin Kerry Pippin Keswick Codlin Lamb Abbey Pearmain Lucombe's Pine Maclean's Favourite Hanks Codlin Mannington's Pearmain Margaret Margil Melon Apple Nanny Nonesuch Nonpareil Oslin Pearson's Plate Pennington's Seedling Pine Apple Russet Pine Golden Pippin Pinner Seedling Pitmaston Golden Pippin Pitraaston Nonpareil Pitmaston Pine Apple Red ingestrie Reinette Van Mons Ronalds' Gooseberry Pippin Ross Nonpareil Russet Table Pearmain Sam Young Scarlet Nonpareil Scarlet Pearmain Sturmer Pippin Summer Golden Pippin Summer Pearmain Sykehouse Russet Yellow Ingestrie VL FOR ORCHARD PLANTING AS STANDARDS. These are generally strong growing or productive varieties, the fruit of which being mostly of a large size or showy appearance, they are on that account well adapted for orchard planting, to supply the markets. Alfriston Barcelona Pearmain Beauty of Kent Bedfordshire Foundling Blenheim Pippin Brabant Bellefleur Brownlees's Russet Cellini Cox's Pomona Devonshire Quarrenden Duchess of Oldenburg Dumelow's Seedling Dutch Codlin Emperor Alexander English Codlin Fearn's Pippin Flower of Kent Forge French Crab Gloria Mundi Golden Noble Golden Winter Pearmain Gooseberry Apple Hambledon Deux Ans Hanwell Souring Harvey Apple Hoary Morning Hollandbury Kentish Fill Basket Kerry Pippin Keswick Codlin Lane's Prince Albert Lemon Pijopin Lewis's Incomparable Loddington London Pippin Longville's Kernel Lord Derby Lord Grosvenor Manks Codlin Margaret Mere de Menage Minchull Crab Minier's Dumpling Nelson Codlin Norfolk Bearer Norfolk Beefing Northern Greening Reinette Blanche d'Es- pagne Reinette du Canada Rhode Island Greening Ringer Round Winter Nonesuch Royal Pearmain Royal Russet Bymer APPLES. 257 Small's Admirable Stirlini; Castle Striped Beefing Toker's Incomparable Tower of Glammis Waltham Abbey Seedling Winter Oodlin Winter Colman Winter Majeting Winter Pearmaia Winter Quoining Wormsley Pippin Wyken Pippin Yorkshire Greening THE BEST DESSERT APPLES, AKRANGED IN THEIR ORDER OF RIPENING. July. Joaneting Margaret July and August. Early Harvest Sack and Sugar A ugust. Irish Peach Devonshire Quarrenden Large Yellow Bough Whorle Pippin A ugust and September. Old King of the Pippins Oslin Summer Golden Pippin September. Alexandra September and October. Bowyer's Russet Kerry Pippin Pineapple Russet Pomeroy of Hereford Wormsley Pippin Yellow Ingestrie October. American Mother Nanny October and November. Breedon Pippin Pine Golden Pippin Red Ingestrie October to December. Broughton Crofton Scarlet Early Nonpareil Franklin's Golden Pippin Gravenstein October to January. American Golden Russet Cornish Aromatic Golden Winter Pearmain Harvey's Wiltshire Defiance Isle of Wight Pippin Keeping Russet Lucombe's Pine Apple Maclean's Favourite Scarlet Pearmain Washington October to February. Barton's Incomparable Brookes's Cox's Orange Pippin Essex Pippin Micklehara Pearmain Morris's Court of Wick Morris's Russet Osterley Pippin Pomme Grise Sykehouse Russet October to March. Court of Wick Hormead Pearmain Mannington's Pearmain October to April. Api October to June. Morris's Nonpareil Russet November to January. Borsdorfer Downton Pippin Ribston Pearmain November to February, Esopus Spitzenburgh Loan's Pearmain Margil Powell's Russet Reinette Jaune Sucree Ronald's Gooseberry Pip- pin Ross Nonpareil Russet Table Pearmain Sam Young Siely's Mignonne Stoke Edith Pippin November to March. Barcelona Pearmain Claygate Pearmain Cobham Keddlcston Pippin Mrs. Ward Pack horse Pennington's Seedling November to April. Braddick's Nonpareil Forman's Crow Golden Pippin Golden Reinette Hubbard's Pearmain Reinette Franche Scarlet Golden Pippin Wheeler's Russet November to May. Ashmead's Kernel Coe's Golden Drop D'Arcy Spice Reinette Grise December and January. Padley's Pippin Pitmaston Pine Apple December to February. Adams's Pearmain Aromatic Russet Byson Wood Russet Caraway Russet Christie's Pippin Golden Nonpareil Hughes's Golden Pippin Huut'sDuke of Gloucester 17 258 THE FRUIT MANUAL. Melon Pitmaston Golden Pippin Pitmaston Nonpareil Robinson's Pippin Kosemary Russet December to March. Beachamweli Federal Pearraain Golden Knob Golden Russet Hunt's Deux Ans Mela Oarla Pearson's Plate Reinette de Breda Reinette Diel Ribston Pippin Siegende Reinette Taunton Golden Pippin Yellow Newtown Pippin December to April. Eldon Pip])in Jonathan Newtown Pippin Pinner Seedling Reinette Carpentin liusiiock Pearmain Screveton Golden Pippin Shakespere Wyken Pippin December 1o May. Cornish Gilliflower Court Pendu Plat Golden Harvey Holbert's Victoria Lord Burghley Northern Spy Reinette Van Mons Reinette Verte January to April Boston Russet Brickley Seedling Calville Blanche d'Hiver Cockle's Pippin Farleigh Pip})in Lamb Abbey Pearmain Scarlet Nonpareil Twiiiing's Pippin January to May. New Rock Pippin Nonpareil Ord's Uellner's Gold Reinette February to May. Duke of Devonshire February to June. Lodgemore Nonpareil Sturmer Pippin Wan stall THE BEST KITCHEN APPLES. ARRANGED IN THE ORDER OF RIPENING. August. Early Julyan Sugarloaf Pippin Summer Stibbert William!>'s Favourite August and September. Carlisle Codlin €ole Duchess of Oldenburgh English Codlin Keswick Codlin Lord Suffield Red Hawthornden August to October. Jolly Beggar Springrove Codlin Stirling Castle September and Octoher. Grand Duke Constantine Nonesuch bummer Pearmain September to December. Emperor Alexander Golden Noble Lord Grosvenor Waltham Abbey Seedling September to January. Broad-eyed Pippin Nelson Codlin Winter Codlin October, Cellini Cox's Pomona October to December. Fall Pippin Greenup's Pippin Hawthornden Hoary Morning Lord Derby Moore's Seedling October to January. Brown Kenting Castle Major Catshead Ecklinville Flower of Kent Galloway Pippin Glory of the West Gloucestershire Costard Harvey Apple Herefordshire Costard Hollandbury Kenti&h Pippin Loddington Melrose Mere de Menage Rabine Kvmer Tom Putt Yorkshire Greening October to February. Beauty of Kent Lady Henniker Lane's Prince Albert Lueombe's Seedling Pile's Kusset Wadhuis'o Pippin Waaler's King Watson's Dumpling November to January, Kentish Fill-Basket Queen of Sauce Email's Admirable Toker's Incomparable Winter Hawthornden November to February. Blenheim Pippin Caroline Fearn's Pippin Grange's Pearmain APPLES. 259 Tower of Glammis November to March. Baxter's Pear main Bedfordshire Foundling Dnmelow's Seedling Holland Pippin Hoiskreiger Minchull Crab Round Winter Nonesuch Royal Pearmain Royal Kusset Royal Somerset November to April. Alfriston Brabant Bellefleur London Pippin Northern Greening Omar Pasha Reinette du Canada Rhode Island Greening Winter Colman November to May. Betty Geeson Minier's Dumpling Striped Beefing Winter Greening Winter Quoining November to July. Norfolk Stone Pippin December to February. Harvey's Pippin Mitchelson's Seedling December to March. Dredge's Fame Hanwell Souring Stamford Pippin December to April. Dutch Codlin Reinette Blanche d'Es- pagne Sweeny Nonpareil Winter Pearmain January to May. Brown lees's Russet Hambledon Deux Ana Winter Majetin January to June, Norfolk Beefing THE BEST CIDER APPLES. HEREFORDSHIRE. Furnished by Dr. Henry Bull, op Hereford. Bran Rose Cherry Norman Cherry Pearmain Coccagee Cowarne Red Cwmray Dymock Red Eggleton Styre Forest Styre Foxwhelp Garter Oennet Moyle Green Wilding Hagloe Crab Handsome Norman Kiniiston Black Munn's Red Old Bromley Pym Square Red Norman Red Royal Red Splash Red-streak Royal Wilding Skyrme's Kernel South Quoining Strawberry Norman Tanner's Red Wilding Bitter-sweet White Norman White Must White Styre DEVONSHIRE. Fdrkished by Mr. R. T. Veitch, Nurseryman, Exbtsb. Han gd own Tremleit's Bitter Kingston Black Pound Apple Sweet Elford or Alfred Tom Putt Greasy Ponsford Red Cluster Slack my Girdle Soldier Northwood 260 THE FKUIT MANUAL. SOMERSETSHIRE. Furnished by Mr. R. H. Poynton, Nurseryman, Taunton, from the most NOTED Cider Makers. Black Hereford — A large white apple, " good for extra prime tipple " Chibble's Wilding — A sweet yellow apple with a long stalk, which gives much briskness to cider Granville — A small red apple, giving a high colour Hangdown — A. small yellow apple Kingston Black — This of itself makes a thin cider ; but a few only communi- cate a high colour to other ciders Large Jersey — Good, but not a great cropper Morris's Apple — " Never blights," of medium size, high colour, and a very fair eating apple in January Streaked or Royal Jersey — Small red Darbin Red-streak Lurley Bitter-sweet Red Cluster Sweet Reinette Pound — Very large Cadbury — The cider quickly turns black after drawing APEICOTS. SYNOPSIS OF APEICOTS. A. KERNELS BITTER. * Back of the stone impervious. A. Freestones. Royal Alberge St. Ambroisc Brussels Shipley's Large Early White Masculine Liabaud Luizet B. Clingstones. Pine Apple Black Red Masculine Montgamet Roman Portugal *''fi Bacli of the stone pervious.1[ Alsace Large Red Beauge Moorpark Desfargcs Oullins Early Peach Early Moorpark Peach Frogmore Early Sardinian Hemskerk Viard B. KERNELS SWEET. A. Freestones. Turkey • D'Ampuy^ Provence Angoumois Breda B. Clingstones. Kaisha Orange Musch Musch t The bony substance at the back of the store is ptrvious by a passage through which a pin may be passed from one end to the other. APRICOTS. ^1 Abricotin. See Red Masculine, ALBERGE. — Fruit, small and flattened, narrower at the apex than at the base, and marked on one side with a very shallow suture. Skin, often thick and rough to the feel ; greenish on the shaded side, but deep yellow where exposed to the sun, and marked with reddish spots. Stalk, inserted in a deep and narrow cavity. Flesh, deep orange, adhering somewhat to the stone, firm, vinous, and perfumed with an admixture of brisk acidity. Stone, large and flat. Kernel, bitter. This is generally used for drying and preserving. It is ripe in the end of August. The tree of this variety • is the largest and most vigorous grower of all the apricots, and bears abundantly. It is raised from seed, and is used in France as a stock on which to bud other kinds ; and hence there are many varieties of the Alberge, one of which has a sweet kernel, and is called Alberge Aveline. Alberge de Montgamet. See Montganiet, D'Alexandrie. See Musch Musch, ALGIER. — The Algier Apricot is one of the earliest recorded varieties in this country. It is mentioned by Parkinson, Ray, Miller, and For- syth, but there is no mention made of it by any other Enghsh authors except Meager, who has it in the list of varieties cultivated in the Brompton Park Nursery in 1G90. What this variety was it is difficult now to determine. Mr. Thompson referred it to the Portugal, and as the meagi'e description we have of it by Miller and Forsyth accords very much with that variety, there is every reason to conclude that Mr. Thompson was correct. Parkinson's account of it is : '' The Algier Apricocke is a smaller fruit than any of the other, and yellow, but as sweete and delicate as any of them, having a blackish stone within it little bigger than a Lacuro [Black Heart] cherry-stone. This, with many other sorts, John Tradescante brought with him returning from the Algier voyage, whither he went voluntary with the Fleete that went against the Pyrates in the yeare 1620." ALSACE. — This is a variety of the Moorpark, and is of a very large size, with a rich and juicy flavour. The tree, unlike the others of the race, is vigorous and hardy, and does not die ofi" in branches as the Moorpark does. Amande Aveline. See Breda. D'AMPUY. — This is a form of the Breda, and, like it, has a sweet kernel. It also resembles the Alberge, from which it difl'ers in the latter having a bitter kernel. This variety is much grown in the department of the Rhone, where it is chiefly used for compotes. ANGOUMOIS (Anr/oumois Hatif ; Anjou; Bouge; Violet). — Small, oval, flattened at the apex, marked on one side with a shallow suture. 262 THE FRUIT MANUAL. Skin, clear, deep yellow on the shaded side, but dark rusty brown on the side next the sun. Stalk, inserted in a deep and narrow cavity. Flesh, deep orange or reddish yellow, juicy and melting, separating from the stone ; rich, sugary, and briskly flavoured, but, when highly ripened, charged with a fine aroma. Stone, broad and ovate, imper- vious. Kernel, sweet. Eipe in the end of July. The tree is of very slender growth, with strong brown shining shoots. There seems some confusion among pomologists regarding this. Diel makes it synonymous with Abricot Gros Orange, and I have met with it in some London nurseries under the name of Orange, where it caused great embarrassment by the diflSculty of its propagation, for the true Orange Apricot takes freely on the stocks usually employed for apricots ; this, however, as Bretonnerie says, requires to be budded on the almond. I quite agree with the author of the Luxemberg Cata- logue in making Angoumcis synonymous with Violet, the Violet of Duhamel being a very similar variety, if not identical. It is evident that it is not the Prunus dasycarpa he refers to when describing the Violet, for, at page 142, t. 1, he mentions Abricot Noir as being grown at Trianon, the description of which is clearly that of Prunus dasycarpa. Ananas. See Breda. Ananas. See Pine Apple. Angoumois Hatif. See Angoumois. Anjou. See Angoumois. Anson's. See Moorpark. A TROCHETS. — An excellent variety of the Peach Apricot, which blooms much later than that variety, and consequently is a better bearer, as its blossoms escape the early spring frosts. It was raised at Angers by M. Mille't, in 1840, and he named it A Trochets from the circumstance of its producing the fruit in clusters. Aveline. See Breda. BEAUGE. — A large variety of the Peach Apricot, ripening later than it in the middle of September. BELLE BE TOULOUSE.— A very excellent late variety of the Peach Apricot ; the latest of all. BLACK {Noir ; Du Pape ; Purple). — Fruit, small, about the size and shape of a small Orleans plum, to which it bears some resemblance. Skin, of a purple colour on the side exposed to the sun, but reddish yellow on the shaded side, and covered with a delicate down. Flesh, reddish yellow, adhering a little to the stone, juicy but tasteless, insipid, and quite worthless to eat. Stone, small, impervious on the back. Kernel, bitter. Ripe in the beginning of August. The tree grows from ten to fifteen feet high, and is more fitted for an ornamental than a fruit-tree. APRICOTS. . 268 Blanc. See White Masculine, Blenheim. See Shipleifs. BREDA (Amande Aveline ; Aveline : Ananas: De Hollande ; Has- .sehui^ssmandel ; Xoisette). — Fruit, below medium size or small, roundish, compressed on the sides, in some cases so much as to be of a four- sided shape ; divided on one side by a deep suture, which extends from the base to the apex, where it terminates in a depression. Skin, deep orange on the shaded side, but deep dull reddish orange, dotted with brown and red dots, on the side next the sun. Stalk, deeply inserted in a narrow cavit}'. Flesh, deep orange, tender, juicy, rich, and highly flavoured, separating freely from the stone. Stone, small, smooth, and more round than that of any other variety, and without any pervi- ous channel on the back. Kernel, sweet, like that of a hazel nut. An excellent early apricot, ripe on walls from the beginning to the middle of August ; but on standards, which bear well in sheltered situations, it does not ripen till September. The tree is a good grower, with pretty strong shoots. There is a diversity of opinion among pomologists as to what is the true Breda Apricot. It is evident that the variety here described is not the Breda of Miller and other authors of the last century; nor is it that which is still grown in nur- series at the present lime, for both Roman and Brussels are to be found under the name of Bieda. Knoop says the Breda Apricot is large, and sometimes larger than the Bois-le-Duc, which is the largest of all apricots. It cannot, therefore, be the same as this. In the Horticultural Tour of ihe Ck)mmittee of the Caledonian Honicultural Society it is stated, when treating of the horticulture of Breda, " The Breda Apricot is well known and highly esteemed in Scotland, both on account of its large size and fine flavour, &c." The only conclusion I can come to there- fore is, that the large apricot described by Miller, and which was cultivated in the gardens of this country for Breda, was either the Brussels or Orange. The Abricot de Hollande which I now describe has long been cultivated as the true Breda. Brown Masculine. See Red Masculine. BRUSSELS. — Fruit, medium sized, rather oval, flattened on the sides, marked with a suture, which is deep at the base, but diminishes at the apex. Skin, pale yellow, dotted with white on the shaded side, but red, interspersed with dark spots, next the sun. Flesh, j-ellow, firm, brisk flavoured, and separating freely from the stone. Stone, small, impervious on the back. Kernel, bitter. A good hardy variety, ripe in the middle of August, but the fruit must not be allowed to become too ripe, as it is then pasty. The tree is a free grower and an excellent bearer. It is the best to- cultivate as a standard, and in favourable situations it produces fruit of finer flavour than when grown against a wall ; but then it is a fortnight later. CANINO GROSSO. — A fine large apricot, ripening at the same time as Royal. The tree is very robust. 264 THE FRUIT MANUAL. Common. See Roman. Crotte. See Montgamet, De HoUande. See Breda. De Nancy. See Peach. DESFARGES. — Fruit, large, somewhat oval, widest towards the apex, and narrowing a little towards the stalk, marked with a narrow and rather deep suture. Skin, covered with very fine down, sometimes almost smooth, of a deep golden yellow when ripe, mottled with reddish orange, and strewed with dark red dots. Flesh, tender, juicy, per- fumed, and with a slight musky flavour, separating from the pervious stone. Kernel, bitter. A very early apricot ; ripe in the middle of July. This was raised by M. Desfarges of St. Cyr, near Lyons, and M. Mas says it is invaluable for market. DE SALUCE. — A large variety of the Peach Apricot. De Syrie. See Kaisha. Du Clos. See Luizet. Dunmore. See Moorpark. DUVAL. — A large variety, raised from the Peach Apricot, a fort- night later in ripening than its parent. EARLY MOORPARK. — Fruit, roundish, inclining to oval, with a very deep suture on one side extending from the base to the apex. Skin, yellow, mottled and dotted with crimson on the exposed side. Flesh, in all respects resembling that of the Moorpark. Stone, oblong, with a covered channel along the back, which is pervious. Kernel, bitter. This ripens three weeks before the Moorpark, and is a first-rate variety. Early Orange. See Orange. Early Red Masculine. See Red Masculine. FROGMORE EARLY.— Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; roundish, and very frequently oblate, much depressed at the crown, from which issues a deep suture, extending the whole length of the fruit into the stalk cavity. Skin, pale yellow on the shaded side, and deep yellow where exposed to the sun, fre- quently with a blotched dark crimson cheek, which is mottled with darker crimson. Flesh, deep orange, tender, melting, very juicy, and richly flavoured. Stone, with a perforated channel. Kernel, bitter. APRICOTS. 265 This excellent early apricot ripens on a wall from the 9th of July successionally till the 20th. It is three weeks earlier than Moorpark. It was raised at the Royal Gardens, Frogmore, between the Royal and the Large Early apricots; and Mr. Jones, the Royal Gardener, sent it to me quite ripe on the 20th July, 1875. Friihe Muscateller. See Red Mascxdine, GLOIRE DE POURTALES.— This is very similar to Canino Grosso ; is a bad bearer, and not worth cultivating. GOLDEN DROP.— Fruit, small, about the size of the Orange Apricot. Skin, bright orange, with streaks of red on the exposed side. Flesh, melting and juicy, with a rich flavour somewhat resembling a pine-apple. An excellent early apricot, ripe in the middle of July. The tree is very tender. This was raised by Mr. Rivers of Sawbridgeworth, from Musch-Musch. Gros d'Alexandrie. See Large Early. Gros Commun. See Roman. Gros Peche. See Peach. Gros Precoce. See Large Early, Gros Rouge. See Large Red. Grosse Friihe. See Large Early. Hasselnussmandel. See Breda. HEMSKERK. — Fruit, rather large, round, flattened on the sides ; the suture distinct, higher on one side than the other. Skin, yellow on the shaded side, and reddish next the sun. Flesh, bright orange, tender, rich, and juicy, separating from the stem. Stone, small, per- vious on the back. Kernel, bitter. This very much resembles, and, according to some, equals, the Moorpark. It ripens in the end of July and beginning of August. The tree is hardy and an excellent bearer, closely resembling in its wood and foliage the Moorpark, of which it is a variety. It is much more hardy than that variety, and not liable to gum and die off" in the same manner. Hunt's Moorpark. See Moorpark. KAISHA {De Syrie). — Fruit, medium sized, roundish, marked with a suture, which is deep towards the stalk, and gradually diminishes towards the apex, which is pitted. Skin, pale lemon-coloured on the shaded side, and tinged and mottled with red next the sun. Flesh, THE FKUIT MANUAL. transparent, separating freely from the stone, clear pale yellow, tender, and very juicy, sugary, and richly flavoured. Stone, small, roundish. Kernel, sweet. An excellent early variety ; ripe in the middle of August. It was introduced from Svria by Mr. Barker, Consul at Aleppo, from Avhom I received grafts in 1842, and it was first brought into notice by Messrs. James Veitch & Son, of Exeter. LAKGE EARLY {Gros Precoce ; Gros cV Alcxandrie ; Grosse Fruhe ; De St. Jean ; Precoce cVEsperen ; Precoce cf Hon grie). — Fruit, above the medium size, rather oblong, and flattened on the sides, con- siderably swollen on one side of the suture, which is deep and extends across to the opposite side of the apex, which terminates in a sharp point. Skin, pale orange on the shaded side, bright orange and spotted with red next the sun ; slightly downy. Flesh, deep orange, rich, juicy, separating from the stone, which is very flat, oval, sharp at the point, and deeply channelled, but not pervious on the back. Kernel, bitter. One of the most valuable apricots, not only on account of its excel- lent flavour, but for its great earliness, being ripe in the end of July and beginning of August. LARGE RED {Gros J?o«//^).— This is a variety of the Peach Apricot, and of a deeper colour than that variety. It is large, and of a deep orange-red colour. The flesh is rich and juicy, and separates freely from the stone. Stone, pervious along the back. Kernel, bitter. The tree is hardier than the Moorpark. LIABAUD. — Fruit, large, oval, and inclining to oblate, being some- what flattened ; marked with a narrow, pretty deep suture. Skin, pale yellow, with a tinge of orange next the sun. Flesh, pale orange, tender, juicy, transparent, melting, richly flavoured and perfumed, separating freely from the stone, which is impervious. Kernel, bitter. An early apricot of excellent quality ; ripe nearly a month before Moorpark. The tree is hardy and a good bearer, Eaised by M. Liabaud at Croix-Rousse, near Lyons. LUIZET {Bu Clos). — Fruit, large, oval, marked on one side by a. distinct suture, which is higher on one side than the other. Skin, orange, covered next the sun with a crimson cheek, which is dotted with darker crimson. Flesh, deep yellow, firm, rich flavoured, and perfumed, separating freely from the stone, which is impervious. Kernel, bitter. A fine early apricot ; ripe in July. Eaised by M. Luizet, of Ecully, near Lyons. Male. See Portugal, APBICOTS. 267 MONTGAMET {CrottS ; Alhenje de Montijamet). — Fruit, of small size, oval, somewhat compressed on the sides, and marked with a shal- low suture. Skin, pale yellowy with a slight tinge of red on the side next the sun. Flesh, yellowish, firm, adhering to the stone, juicy, and agreeably acid, but when well ripened it is highly perfumed. Stone, impervious, roundish. Kernel, bitter. Ripe in the end of July, and generally used for preserving. MOORPAKK [Anson's ; Dunmore*s ; Hunt's Moorpark ; Oldaker^s Moorpark ; Sudlow' a Moorpark ; Temples; Walton Moorpark). — Fruit, large, roundish, and compressed on the sides, marked with a shallow suture, which is considerably swollen on one side, giving the fruit an irregular form. Skin, pale yellow on the shaded side, and deep orange clouded with brownish red, interspersed with brown and red specks, on the side next the sun. Stalk, inserted in a wide and open cavity, deeply furrowed on one side. Flesh, deep reddish orange, very juicy, particularly rich and vinous, and separating freely from the stone, which is large, rough, and rugged, and the back of which is not channelled but covered, preserving a cavity which is filled with fibre, and through which a pin may be passed from one end to the other. Kernel, bitter. A well-known apricot of great excellence ; ripe on walls in the end of August and beginning of September. The tree is a free grower in its early stages, producing long and strong shoots, and acquiring a luxuriance which is not conducive to the production of fruit. To counteract this should be the chief aim of the cultivator. The way to do this is to root-prune the tree about the beginning of August, by removing a portion of the soil and cutting away some of the strongest of the roots. This will check the too abundant supply of sap, diminish the excessive production of wood, regulate the development of the tree, and consequently tend to a pro- duction of fruit. A south-east aspect is the best on which to grow the Moorpark. If grown on a south wall it ripens unequally, the side next the sun being quite ripe when the other is hard. There is a disease to which the Moorpark is liable, and which is sometimes attended with very serious consequences. It shows itself first in the leaves, which all of a sudden flag and wither away, and the branch which bears them dies. Frequently a whole limb, or the whole of one side of a tree, will exhibit this appearance in the space of a few hours. This effect arises, not as some say from the stock on which it is worked, or the soil on which it is planted, for it is met with on every description of stock and in all kinds of soil. It is not the result of a languid circulation, for trees in the full vigour of growth are as subject to it as those which are aged and going to decay ; but it is because of the naturally delicate constitution of this variety, which cannot withstand uninjured this variable climate of ours. It is caused from injuries received by frost either in spring or early summer, or in winter after a wet autumn when the 268 THB FRUIT MANUAL. wood has not been properly ripened. The frost lacerates the sap vessels of the external layers of the wood, and the circulation is limited to the inner layers. When vegetation commences, and after the leaves are fully developed on the injured branch, the demand on the powers of the branch for a supply of sap to the leaves fails, ar.d when the sun becomes powerful and evaporation increases the supply becomes pro- portionately less, and for want of nourishment the leaves flag and the branch withers and dies. I doubt very much if there is any material difference between the Moorpark and the Peach Apricot. As the Peach Apricot reproduces itself from the stone many seedlings have been raised from it, to which the raiders have given names ; but these so closely resemble the original in every particular, that they are not worthy of being looked upon as distinct. I believe the Moorpark is one of these ; it resembles the Peach Apricot so closely as not to be distinguishable from it ; and the only character to show that they are not identical is, that the Moorpark will grow on the common plum and mussel stock, while the Peach will not, and the Moorpark does not grow on the Damas Noir, while the Peach Apricot does. The Moorpark Apricct is said by some to have been introduced by Lord Anson from the Continent, and planted at Moorpark, near Watford, in Hertfordshire. By others its introduction is ascribed to Sir Thomas More, who, in the beginning of last century, is also said to have planted it at Moorpark ; and a third account is that Sir William Temple introduced it. But by whomsoever it was raised or introduced, or at what period, it is quite certain it was very little known till late in the century. Neither Hitt nor Miller notices it in any of the editions of their works. I do not find it mentioned in any of the Brompton Park catalogues before 1784, when it is called Temple Apricot. In 1788 it is first called Moorpark. I:ii 1784 it was cultivated to the extent of three rows, or 300 plants ; but in 1797 the quantity was increased to thirty- five rows, or 3,500 plants. MUSCH MUSCH (cV Alexandrie).—Frmt, small, almost round, and slightly compressed, marked with a deep suture on one side. Skin, deep orange, tinged with red on the side exposed to the sun, and pale yellow where shaded. Flesh, orange, very tender and dehcate, juicy, rich, sweet, and perfumed, and so translucent as to show the appearance of the stone through it, and from which it separates freely. Stone, roundish and flattened, with a sharp ridge on the side. Kernel, sweet. This is a very sweet apricot ; ripe in the end of July. The tree is a free grower, but delicate on account of its early vegetation, which ex- poses it to the eff'ects of spring frosts. It is distinguished from every other variety by its greenish fawn-coloured shoots and its small pointed leaves. It requires a warm, sheltered situation. This variety is said by some to take its name from Musch, a town on the frontiers of Turkey ; but Regnier, in the Magazin Eneyclopediqtie for November, 1815, says when he was in Egypt he saw small dried apricots, which were brought by the inhabitants from the Oasis, which were called Mich-mich. These were in all probability the variety now called Musch Musch. It was known to Duhamel, but it is not described by him, as its cultivation was unsuccessful in the neighbour- hood of Paris, on account of its early blooming and sufieriug from the spring frosts. APRICOTS. 269 Musque Hatif. See Red Masculine, NEW LARGE EARLY.— Fruit, larger than Breda, about the size of Royal Apricot, oval. Skin, white, like Sardinian. Flesh, very rich, and with a sweet, honied juice. This is the earliest of all apricots, and ripens in an orchard house about the 20th of June. It was raised from Augoumois by ^fr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, and first fruited in 1873. Noir. See Black, Noisette. See Breda, Oldaker's Moorpark. See Moorpark. ORANGE (Early Orange ; Persian ; Boyal Persian ; Royal George ; Royal Orange). — Fruit, above medium size, roundish, one side sweUing more than the other. Skin, pale orange in the shade ; deep orange, tinged with red, next the sun. Suture, well defined, deep towards the stalk. Flesh, deep orange, firm, and adhering to the stone, which is small, smooth, thick, and impervious. Kernel, sweet. Ripe in the middle of August. OULLINS EARLY PEACH (Peche Hatif d'Oullins).— This is an early form of the Peach Apricot, of large size, most delicious flavour, and ripens three weeks earher. The tree is a great bearer. This was raised at Oullins, near Lyons. Du Pape. See Black. PEACH (Peche; Gros Peche; Be Nancy ; De Wirtemherg ; Royal Peach). — Fruit, large, oval, and flattened, marked with a deep suture at the base, which gradually diminishes towards the apex. Skin, pale yellow on the shaded side, and with a slight tinge of red next the sun. Flesh, reddish yellow, very delicate, juicy, and sugary, with a rich and somewhat musky flavour. Stone, large, flat, rugged, and pervious along the back. Kernel, bitter. Ripe in the end of August and beginning of September. This is not the Abricot Peche of Duhamel, that being our White Masculine ; but the Abricot Peche of Bretonnerie and Schabol. I regard the Peach Apricot and the Moorpark as distinct varieties, but they are so similar in all essential points that they may for all practical purposes be considered identical. There is no doubt, as nurserymen know, that while the Moorpark may be budded freely on the common plum, the Peach Apricot requires the Brussels, iirompton, and Damas Noir stocks. Forsyth says the Peach Apricot was brought to this country by the Duke of Northumberland in 1767 ; but Switzer, writing in 1724, speaks of "a very large kind of apricock that is cultivated at Woolhampton, Berkshire, as big as a large peach, and is there called the French Apricock." The Peach Apricot is supposed to have originated at Nancy, but at what period 270 THE FRUIT MANUAL. is unknown. It is not mentioned in the Jardln'er Frangais of 1653, nor in any of the editions of De la Quintinye. Tlie earliest record of it among continental writers is by Roger Schabol. PECHE TARDIF is a late form of Peach Apricot, to which it is quite similar, and ripens a fortnight later. Peche. See Peach. Peche Hatif d'Oallins. See Oiillins Early Peach. Persian. See Orange. PINE-APPLE (Ananas). — Fruit, large, roundish and flattened, and marked with a rather shallow suture. Skin, thin and deHcate, of a deep golden yellow on the shaded side, but with a highly coloured red cheek where exposed to the sun, and speckled with large and small red specks. The flesh is reddish yellow, tender, but somewhat firm ; never becomes mealy, but is juicy, and with a rich pine-apple flavour. Stone, oval, three-ribbed, and impervious along the back. Kernel, bitter. Ripens in the middle of August. PORTUGAL (Male). — Fruit, very small, resembling in shape and size the Red Masculine. It is round, and divided on one side by a deep suture. Skin, pale yellow on the shaded side, and deep yellow, tinged with red, and marked with brown and red russet spots on the side next the sun. Flesh, deep j^ellow, tender, melting, with a rich sugary and musky flavour ; adhering somewhat to the stone. Stone, almost round, impervious along the back. Kernel, bitter. Ripe in the beginning and middle of August. Precoce. See Pied Masculine. Prccoce d'Esperen. See Large Early. Precoce d'Hongrie. See Large Early. PRECOCE D'ORLEANS. — Fruit, round ; ripening at the same time as Precoce d'Oullins, to which it is much inferior. PRECOCE D'OULLINS.— A good early apricot, quite distinct from Oullins Early Peach, to which it is much inferior. The tree is a very delicate grower. PROVENCE. — Fruit, small ; compressed on the sides, marked with a deep suture, which extends from the base to the apex, and is higher on one side than the other. Skin, yellow on the shaded side, but red where exposed to the sun. Flesh, yellow and melting, with a rich flavour and pleasant aroma, but rather dry. Stone, rugged. Kernel, sweet. Ripe in the end of July. The tree is a free grower, with pretty long shoots, which are thickly set with triple and sometimes quadruple buds. JLPBICOTS. 271 Purple. See Black, RED MASCULINE (Ahricotin ; Brown Masculitie ; Early Red Mas- culine; Frilhe Muscateller ; Mmque Hdtif ; Precoce). — Fruit, small, a little over an inch in diameter ; roundish, inclining to oblate, marked with a suture, which is rather deep at the stalk, and becomes more shallow towards the apex. Skin, bright yellow on the shaded side, and deep orange spotted with dark red next the sun. Flesh, deep orange, tender, and juicy, with a sweet and somewhat musky flavour, separating freely from the stone. Stone, thick, obtuse at the ends, and impervious along the back. Kernel, bitter. A very early apricot ; ripe on a wall in the middle and end of July. This is a very old variety, beinfj mentioned by Parkinson as early as 1629, and appears to have been so well known that every subsequent writer takes notice of it. ROMAN [Common ; Transparent). — Above medium size, oblong, sides compressed. Skin, pale yellow, with rarely a few red spots next the sun. Suture, scarcely perceptible. Flesh, dull yellow, soft, and dry, separating from the stone, and possessing a sweet and agreeable acid juice, that makes it desirable for preserving. Stone, oblong, im- pervious. Kernel, bitter. Ripe in the middle of August. Rouge. See Angoumois. ROYAL. — Large, oval, and slightly compressed. Skin, dull yellow, tinged with red where exposed. Suture, shallow. Flesh, pale orange, firm, juicy, rich, and vinous, separating from the stone. Stone, large and oval, impervious. Kernel, bitter. An excellent apricot, and little inferior to the Moorpark. Ripe in the beginning of August. Royal George. See Orange. Royal Orange. See Orange. Royal Peach. See Peach. Royal Persian. See Orange. SARDINIAN (De Sardaigne). — This is a small early apricot, not much larger than the Red Masculine, but equally as early, and much superior in flavour to it. The skin is white, but where exposed to the sun it is spotted with a few crimson spots, and sometimes has a flush of red. The fruit has a deep suture on one side. The flesh is very juicy, with a sprightly sweet flavour, which is very agreeable. The stone is very small, not more than half an inch long, with a covered channel, which is pervious. Kernel, bitter. The tree is a great bearer, and ripens its fruit as early as the Red Masculine. 272 THE FRUIT MANUAL. ST. AMBROISE. — This is a large, early apricot, almost the size of, and earUer than the Moorpark. It is compressed, of a deep yellow colour, reddish next the sun. Flesh, juicy, rich, and sugary. Ripe in the middle of August, and the most prolific apricot in culti- vation. De St. Jean. See Large Early. ^BlVliWl'^ [Blenheim). — Large, oval. Skin, deep yellow. Flesh, yel- low, tolerably rich and juicy. Stone, roundish and impervious. Kernel, bitter. Very productive and early, but not so rich as the Moorpark. Eipe in the end of July and beginning of August. It was raised by Miss Shipley, the daughter of a former gardener to the Duke of Marlborough, at Blenheim. Sudlow's Moorpark. See Moorpark. TARDIVE D'ORLEANS.— This is a late variety, ripening a fort- night after the Moorpark, but the tree is a bad bearer. Temple's. See Moorpark. Transparent. See Roman. TRIOMPHE DE BUSSIER.— A variety of Peach Apricot which is rather later than its parent. TURKEY. — Medium size, nearly round, not coihpressed. Skin, deep yellow ; brownish orange next the sun, and spotted. Flesh, pale yellow, firm, juicy, sweet, and pleasantly sub-acid, separating from the stone. Stone, large, rugged, and impervious. Kernel, sweet. Ripe in the middle of August. VIARD. — This is an early variety of the Peach Apricot, with rich, juicy flesh. The tree is hardy. Violet. See Angoumois. Walton Moorpark. See Moorpark. WHITE MASCULINE [Ahricot Blanc; AbricotPeehe of Duhamel). — Fruit, small, round, and somewhat compressed at both ends. Skin, covered with a fine white down ; pale yellow, tinged with brownish red next the sun, and dull white in the shade. Flesh, pale yellow, adhering in some degree to the stone ; fine and delicate, juicy, sugary, and excellent. Kernel, bitter. Ripe in the end of July. The tree is of small growth, and very tender ; very similar in all its parts to the Red Masculine. It is rarely cultivated, except for its earli- ness ; and as there are other varieties of superior excellence possessing the same recommendation, the White Masculine is now seldom met with. De Wirtemberg. See Peach, BERBERRIES. 278 LIST OF SELECT APRICOTS. L— FOR THE SOUTHERN COUNTIES OF ENGLAND, EXTENDING AS FAR NORTH AS TUB RIVER TRENT. Those marked with an asterisk * are suitable for small gardens. For Walls. * Early Moorpark Kaisha *New Large Early Frogmore Early Large Early *Oiillins Early Peach Golden Drop Moorpark * Peach For Standards. Breda Brussels Moorpark Turkey XL— FOR THE NORTHERN COUNTIES OF ENGLAND, EXTENDING FROM THE TRENT TO THE TTNB. Breda Hemskerk Roman •Early Moorpark ♦Large Early Shipley's Frogmore Early *Moorpark m.— BORDER COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND, AND OTHER FAVOURABLE SITUATIONS IN SCOTLAND. Breda Frogmore Early 'Moorpark Brussels Hemskerk Uoman ♦Early Moorpark IV.— VARIETIES BEST ADAPTED FOR PRESERVING. Alberge Moorpark Roman Kaisha Musch Mosch Turkey BEEBERRIES. THE COMMON BERBERRY is found wild in hedgerows, and is also sometimes grown in shrubberies, both as an ornamental plant, and for its fruit, which is preserved in sugar, for use in the dessert. The best variety to cultivate for that purpose is the following, but it is difficult to be obtained true. STONELESS BERBERRY.— A variety of the Common Berberry, 18 274 THE FRUIT MANUAL. without seeds. This character is not assumed till the shrub has become aged. Young suckers, taken from an old plant of the true variety, very frequently, and indeed generally, produce fertile fruit during the early years of their growth ; it is, therefore, necessary that the plants be taken from an aged stock, in which the stoneless character has been manifested, to be certain that the variety is correct. CHEEEIES. SYNOPSIS OF CHERRIES. All the varieties of cultivated cherries will be found to consist of eight races, into which I have arranged them : — I. The sweet, heart-shaped cherries, with tender and dark-coloured flesh, I have called Black Geans. II. The pale-coloured, sweet cherries, with tender and translucent flesh and skin, I have distinguished by the name of Red Geans. III. Dark-coloured, sweet cherries, with somewhat of the Bigarreau character. Their flesh is not so firm and crackling as that of the Bigarreaus, but considerably harder than in the Black Geans, and these I propose to call Black Hearts. IV. Includes the White Hearts or Bigarreaus, properly so called, with red or light-coloured mottled skin, and hard crackling flesh. V. Those having a dark skin and flesh, and deeply-coloured juice, are called Black Dukes. VI. Embraces all those nearly allied to the Black Dukes, but with pale red, translucent skin and flesh, and uncoloured juice ; they are, therefore, distinguished as Red Dukes. VII. Includes all those the trees of which have long, slender, and pendent shoots, and dark-coloured fruit, with acid, coloured juice, and are termed Black Morellos. VIII. I have called Red Morellos ; they include all those pale red, acid varieties, of which the Kentish cherry is the type. I. geans. Branches, rigid and spreading, forming round-headed trees. Leaves, long, waved on the margin, thin and flaccid, and feebly supported on the footstalks. Flowers, large, and opening loosely, with thin, flimsy, obovate, or roundish ovate petals. Fruit, heart-shaped, or nearly so. Juice, sweet. OHEBRIES. 27(; § Fruit obtuse, heart-shaped. Flesh tender and melting, * Flesh dark ; juice coloured. — Black Geans. Baumann's May Black Eagle Early Lyons Early Purple Gean Early Rivers Guigne Tr^s Precoce Hogg's Black Gean Joc-o-sot Knight's Early Black Late Purple Gean Luke Ward's Osceola Waterloo Werder's Early Black •• Flesh pale ; juice uncobured. — Red Gbans. Amber Ge.in American Doctor Belle d'Orleans Delicate Downer's Late Early Amber Early Jaboulay Frogmore Early Hogg's Red Gean Manning's Mottled Ohio Beauty Sparhawk's Honey Transparent Geau §§ Fruit heart-shaped. Flesh half-tender, firm, or crackling. * Flesh dark ; juice coloured, — Black Hearts. Bedford Prolific Bigarreau de Mezel Bigarreau Noir Hatif Bigarreau Noir de Schmidt Black Hawk Black Heart Black Tartarian Bohemiim Black Bigarreau Brant Biittner's Black Heart Corona Early Black Bigarreau Logan Monstrous Heart Ox- Heart Pontiac Powhattan Rival Tecumseh Tradescant's Heart ** Flesh pale ; juice uncoloured. — Red Heabts or Bioabbbaus. Adams's Crown American Heart Belle Agathe Belle de Kocmont Bigarreau Bigarreau Esperen Bigarreau de Hildesheim Bigarreau de HoUande Bigarreau Jaboulay Bigarreau Legrey Bigarreau Napoleon Bigarreau Keverchon Bowyer's Early Heart Biittner's Yellow Champagne Cleveland Bigarreau Downton Drogan's White Bigarreau Drogan's Yellow Bigarreau Early Red Bigarreau Gascoigne Harrison's Heart Early Prolific Elton Florence Governor Wood Kennicott Lady Southampton's Late Bigarreau Lud wig's Bigarreau Mammoth Mary Red Jacket Rockport B'garreau Tardive de Mans Tobacco-Leaved White Heart White Tartarian *276 THE FBUIT MANUAL. II. GRIOTTES. Branches, either upright, spreading, or more or less long, slender, and drooping. Leaves, flat, dark green, glabrous underneath, and borne stiffly on the leaf stalks ; largo and broad in § , and small and narrow in §§. Flowers in pedunculate umbels, cup-shaped, with firm, stiff, and crumpled orbicular petals. Fruit, round or oblate, some- times, as in the Morello, inclining to heart-shaped. Juice, sub-acid or acid. § Branches upright, occasionally spreading^ Leaves large and broad. * Flesh dark; juice coloured. — Black Dukes. May Duke Nouvelle Koyale Archduke Buttnefs October Duchesse de Palluau Empress Eugenie Jeffrey's Duke Royal Duke De Soissons Abesse d'Oignies Belle de Choisy Belle Magnifique Carnation Coe's Late Carnation Dechenaut ** Flesh pale; juice uncoloured. — Red Dukes. Great Cornelian Late Duke Planch oury Reine Hortense Tomato Transparent §§ Branches long, slender, and drooping. Leaves small and narrow. • Flesh dark ; juice coloured. — Black Morellos. Double Natte Early May Griotte de Chaux Griotte Imperiale Grioite de Kleparow Morello Morello de Charmeux Ostheim Rataiia Shannon Morello ♦* Flesh pale ; juice uncoloured.— RjiD Morellos or Kentish. All Saints Cluster Flemish Gros Gobet Kentish Paramdam A Bouquet. See Cluster. ABESSE D'OIGNIES. — Fruit, large and round, like a large Late Duke, and somewhat inclined to oblate. Skin, bright cornelian red, with sometimes a russety patch or amber- coloured mottle about the apex. Stalk, green, short, and very stout, little more than an inch long. Flesh, half tender, with a briskly acid flavour. Stone, large and coarse. CHERRIES. 277 A second-rate cherry of the Red Duke class. It is a large and showy fruit, but not superior or equal to Belle Magnifique, which belongs to the same class. ADAMS'S CROWN {Adams s Crown Heart). — ^Fruit, medium-sized, obtuse heart-shaped, and slightly compressed on the side, marked with a shallow suture. Skin, pale red, mottled with yellow. Stalk, two inches long, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, and richly flavoured. An excellent early cherry, allied to the White Heart. It is ripe the first week in July. The tree is an excellent bearer, and well suited for orchard planting. It is extensively grown in the orchards about Rainham, Sittingbourne, and Faversham, for the supply of the London markets. It is not a very old variety, as I have met with old people about Sittingbourne who recollect when it was first introduced. It is said to have been raised by a person of the name of Adams in that neighbourhood. Adams's Crown Heart. See Adame*s Crown, Allendorfer Kirsche. See Carnation. Allerheiligen. See All Saints. ALL SAINTS (Cerisier de la Toussaint: De St. Martin; Allerheili- gen ; Statshluhenderkirsche ; Immerhluhende ; Octoberkirsche ; St. Mav tins-weichsel ; ZwUlingskirsche ; Monats Weichsel ; Griinekirsche ; Cerisier ])leureur ; St. Martins Amarelle ; Monats marelle Cerise tardive; Tardive a Bouquet; Autumn-hearing Cluster; Marhceuf ; Guignier a rameaux pendants ; Tardif a grappes ; Weeping Cherry). — Fruit, small, oblate, slightly compressed on the side, which is marked with a shallow suture. Skin, bright red, becoming dark red as it hangs. Stalk, two inches long. Flesh, white, reddish near the stone, juicy, and acid. A rariety of cherry which is grown more for curiosity and ornament than for its fruit. It is Cerasus semperjlorens of Decandolle. Amarelle du Nord, See Eatajia. AMBER GEAN. — Fruit, below medium size, generally borne in clusters of three together, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin, thin and trans- parent, so as to exhibit the grain of the flesh through it, of a pale yellow or amber colour, tinged with delicate red. Stalk, slender, about one and a half inch long. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, and melting, with a rich, sweet, and delicious flavour. An excellent cherry, but small, which is an objection to it. It ripens in the beginning of August. The tree is an abundant bearer, succeeds well as a standard, and is well suited for orchard planting. The lateness of its maturity is a recommendation to it. 278 THE FEUIT MANUAL. Amber Heart. See White Heart, Ambree. See Belle de Choisy. Ambree a Gros Fruit. See Belle de Choisy, Ambree a Petits Fruits. See White Tartarian, AMERICAN AMBER (Bloodyood's Amher; Bloodgood's Honey ; Bloodgood's Netv Honey). — Fruit, medium-sized, produced in clusters of three and four together, roundish, inclining to cordate, and indented at the apex. Skin, very thin, smooth, and shining, of a clear pale yellow at first, but afterwards mottled and clouded with bright red. Stalk, an inch and a half to nearly two inches long, inserted in a narrow and shallow depression. Flesh, amber-coloured, tender, and very juicy, with a brisk but not a rich flavour. An American cherry of only second-rate quality ; ripe the middle of July. The tree is an abundant bearer ; a very strong and vigorous grower. It was raised by Mr. Daniel Bloodgood, of Flushing, Long Island, U.S.A., and I received it first from Mr. Warren, of Boston, in 1847. AMERICAN DOCTOR (The Doctor).— Fruit, medium-sized, obtuse heart-shaped, marked on one side with a shallow suture. Skin, clear yellow, washed with red. Stalk, an inch and a half long. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured. End of June. I have named this " American Doctor " to distinguish it from the German "Doktorkirsche." AMERICAN HEART.— Fruit, above medium size, produced in clusters ; heart-shaped, and irregular in its outline, somewhat of a square figure, being in some instances almost as broad at the apex as the base. Skin, pale yellow, but changing to bright red, mixed with a little amber. Stalk, slender, nearly two inches long, inserted in a narrow and shallow cavity. Flesh, half tender, crackling, juicy, and well-flavoured. An American cherry of second-rate quality, requiring a very favour- able season to have it of good flavour. Anglaise Tardive. See Late Duke. Angleterre Hative. See May Duke, Ansell's Fine Black. See Black Heart. ARCHDUKE [Griotte de Portuyal).— Fruit, larger than that of May Duke, nine-tenths of an inch wide, and eight-tenths deep, obtuse heart-shaped, and with a deeply-marked suture at the apex, which diminishes towards the stalk, and very slightly pitted at the apex, in CHERRIES. 279 which the yellow style -point is placed. Skin, thin, pale red at first, but becoming dark red, and when allowed to hang till fully ripe it is almost black. Peduncle, long. Stalk, very slender and green, an inch and a half to two inches long, deeply inserted. Flesh, deep red, very tender and juicy, sweet, and briskly flavoured ; but sugary when highly ripened. Ripe in the middle and end of July. The tree is somewhat pendu- lous when old. The true Archduke Cherry was for many years very scarce, Anglaise Tardive being propagated under that name, chiefly, I believe, through its being made synonymous with that variety by some authors. I met with the true sort in the nurseries at Sawbridgeworth in 1 847 ; and Mr. Rivers then informed me that it had been grown there by his ancestors for upwards of a century. The same variety is still propagated there. Even in Parkinson's time it was difficult to obtain it true, for he says, " Scarce one in twentie of our Nurseriemen doe sell the right, but give one for another : for it is an inherent qualitie almost hereditarie with most of them to sell any man an ordinary fruit for whatsoeuer rare fruit he shall aske for : so little they are to be trusted." Armstrong's Bigarreau. See Blgmvreau de Hollande. s. A Trochet. See Cluster. Autumn Bigarreau. See Belle Agathe. Baramdam. See Paramdam. BAUMANN'S IMAY {Bu/arreau de Mai).— Frmt, generally produced in pairs, rather below medium size ; ovate-cordate, and irregular in its outline. Skin, of a fine dark clear red, assuming a deeper colour when at maturity. Stalk, an inch and a half to an inch and three- quarters long, stout at the insertion, and placed in a narrow and irre- gular cavity. Flesh, purple, tender, juicy, sweet, and well-flavoured. As an early cherry this is a fruit of first-rate excellence, far sur- passing the Early May, which has hitherto been cultivated more on account of its earliness than any intrinsic merit it possesses ; and on this account Baumann's May, as it becomes more generally known, must ultimately supersede it. This excellent variety ripens in the third or last week in May. The tree is a most abundant and early bearer, with strong and vigorous shoots, and large dark-coloured leaves, but not like those of a Bigarreau ; neither is the character of the fruit in accordance with that class : hence Mr. Downing dropped the name of Bigarreau, and substituted that which I have adopted, I received it in 1846 from Messrs. Baumann, of Bolwyller, near Mulhausen, in Alsace. BEDFORD PROLIFIC {Sheppard's Bedford Prolific).— Yery much resembles Black Tartarian, with which I made it synonymous in the last edition of this work ; but it is inferior in quality to it. The tree is a free grower, a better bearer, and more hardy than Black Tartarian. THE FRUIT MANUAL. Belcher's Black. See Corone. BELLE AGATHE [Autumn Bigarreau). — Fruit, small, prodaced in clusters ; heart-shaped, with a shallow but well-defined suture on one side of it. Skin, dark crimson, with minute yellow mottles over it. Stalk, an inch and a half to an inch and three-quarters long. Flesh, yellowish, firm, sweet, and very nicely flavoured. Juice, pale. This is a small Bigarreau, which hangs on the tree as late as the first week in October ; and neither birds nor wasps touch it. Belle Audigeoise. See Heine Hortense. Belle de Bavay. See Reine Hortense. Belle de Chatenay. See Belle Magnijique. BELLE DE CEOISY {Griottier de Choisy; Griottler de Palemhre; Cerise Doucette; Dauplmie ; DaupJiine de Palemhre; Schone von Choisy; Ambree ; Amhree de Choisy; Anihree a Gros fruit). — Fruit, generally produced in pairs ; large, round, slightly flattened at the base and the apex, as well as on the side, which is marked with an incipient suture. Skin, transparent, so much so as to show the texture of the flesh, of a beautiful amber colour, mottled with red, particularly where it is exposed to the sun, and becoming more so the longer it hangs. Stalk, from an inch and a half to two inches long, stout, and placed in a flat depression. Flesh, amber-coloured, tender, and very juicy, sweet, and without any admixture of acid. Stone, small for the size of the fruit, roundish. A most delicious cherry ; ripe the beginning of July. The tree is vigorous and spreading in its growth, perfectly hardy, and succeeds well as a standard or on a wall. It is not, however, a very abundant bearer. The leaves are very broad, of a dark green colour, and deeply dentated. According to the "Bon Jardinier," this variety was raised at Choisy, near Paris, about the year 1760, by M. Gonduin, gardener to the king, Louis XV. Belle de Laecken. See Beine Hortense, BELLE MAGNIFIQUE [Belle de Chatenay; Belle de Sceaux ; Belle de Spa; De Spa). — Fruit, very large, roundish oblate, incHning to heart-shaped. Skin, at first pale, gradually becoming sufl'used with red, and ultimately acquiring a uniform clear bright red. Stalk, an inch to an inch and a half long. Flesh, yellowish, tender, and sub- acid. Kipe from the middle and end of August. The tree is an immense bearer, and forms a handsome pyramid. Eaised by Chatenay of Sceaux, who was called " Magnifique " facetiously by his friends. BELLE D'OBLEANS. — Fruit, medium-sized, roundish, inclining to heart-shaped. Skin, pale yellowish white in the shade, but of a CHERRIES. 281 thin bright red next the sun. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, and rich. Ripe in the beginning and middle of June. One of the earliest and richest flavoured cherries. Belle de Petit Brie. See Reine Hortense. Belle de Prapeau. See Eeine Hortense. BELLE DE ROCMONT {Bigarreau Couleur de Chair ; Biijarreau Gros Cceiiret ; Bujarreau lioK/je ; Cfcuret ; Cceur de P'ujeon ; Schone von llocmont ; Buntes Tauhenhcrz ; Marcelin : Bigarreau a gros fruit blanc ; Rothe Spanische). — Fruit, of medium size, not so large as the Bigar- reau ; obtuse heart-shaped, compressed on one side, which is marked with a broad and deep suture. Skin, thin and shining, of a pale yel- lowish white, with a few red dots on the shaded side, but marbled with pale and dark red on the side next the sun. Stalk, pretty stout, two inches or more in length. Flesh, white, rather tender and juicy for a Bigarreau, and of a sweet and excellent flavour. It is ripe in the end of July. The tree is hardy, pendulous in its growth, and an excellent bearer. The fruit is not of so rich a flavour as the Bigarreau ; it is earlier, and the tree being an abundant bearer it may be profitably grown as a market fruit. Belle de Sceaux. See Belle Magnifique. Belle de Spa. See Belle Magnijique. Belle Polonaise. See Griotte de Kleparow, Belle Supreme. See Reine Hortense. BIGARREAU [Graffion-, Turkey Heart; Italian Heart; West's White Heart; Bigarreau tardif; Bigarreau gros; Bigarreau Royal; Yellow Spanish). — Fruit, very large, obtuse heart-shaped, considerably flattened at the stalk, on the side marked with a shallow suture, and slightly depressed at the apex, less heart-shaped than most of the other Bigarreaux. Skin, finely marked with a bright red cheek, which is speckled with amber where exposed to the sun, and shading ofi" to a paler colour interspersed with crimson dots to the shaded side, which is of a pale amber, changing to brownish yellow when fully ripe. Stalk, from an inch and a half to two inches long, stout, and inserted in a flat and considerable depression. Flesh, of a very pale yellow, very firm, crackling and juicy, with a rich, sweet, and delicious flavour. A cherry of first-rate excellence, ripe in the middle and end of July. The tree is exceedingly vigorous, very hardy, an abundant bearer even when young, and admirably adapted for orchard planting. Among the French there are many varieties of the Bigaireau, several of which are mentioned by Duhamel, but there is none of them which can be identified with this unless it is the Bigarreau a gros fruit rouge. Forsyth gives the Cerisier 282 THE FRUIT MANUAL. Ambre of Duhamel as a synonym of this, which is decidedly an error. I have doubts whether the Ambre is a Bigarreau at all. In the Horticultural Society's Catalogue Harrison's Heart is made synonymous with this, but it is evidently different. The variety described above is the true Bigarreau, and is easily distin- guished from the Harrison's Heart by its broader foliage and its more round and even fruit. Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Blanc. See Belle de Bocmont. Bigarreau Belle de Bocmont. See Belle de Bocmont. Bigarreau Blanc de Drogan. See Drogan's White Bigarreau. Bigarreau Blanc Tardif de Hildesheim. See Bigarreau de Ililde- sheim. Bigarreau Couleur de Chair. See Belle de Bocmont. BIGARREAU DE HILDESHEIM (Hildesheimer ganz spate Knorpelkirsche ; Hildesheimer spate Herzkirsche ; Bigarreau Blanc tardif de Hildesheim; Bigarreau marhre de Hildesheim). — Fruit, medium- Bized, heart-shaped, flattened on one side, which is marked with a shallow suture, but convex on the other. Skin, shining, pale yellow, marbled with red on the shaded side, but of a fine dark red on the side exposed to the sun. Stalk, two inches long, somewhat curved, and set in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellow, very firm, but not par- ticularly juicy, and when well ripened of an excellent sweet flavour. The stone is large, long, and compressed, but scarcely marked with a furrow. This is a valuable cherry on account of its late ripening, which under ordinary circumstances is the end of August and beginning of September, but if grown in a shaded situation it is not ready till October, and will hang on the tree till November. The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, producing long, straight, and thick shoots, and very large oblong leaves. It is a regular and generally an abundant bearer. This is of German origin, and is supposed to have originated in the neighbour- hood of Hildesheim, where it was first brought into notice by Superintendent Claudens, who communicated it to the Rev. J. C. Christ, and by whom it was first brought into notice. BIGARREAU DE HOLLANDE {Dutch Bigarreau; Spotted Bigar- reau ; Armstrong's Bigarreau ; Holldndische Grosse ; Princesse de Hol- lande ; Groote Princesse). — Fruit, produced in clusters, of the largest size, regularly and handsomely heart-shaped, slightly compressed on one side and marked with a very shallow suture on the other. Skin, adhering closely to the pulp, pale yellow on the shaded side, but of a beautiful light red, marbled with fine bright carmine, on the side exposed to the sun. Stalk, an inch and a half long, stout, inserted in a shallow cavity a little on one side of the fruit. Flesh, pale yel- lowish white, juicy, sweet, and when well ripened of an exquisite piquant flavour. Stone, small for the size of the fruit, heart- shaped. CHERRIES. 283 An excellent cherry when well ripened ; ripe the beginning of July. The tree is an early and very abundant bearer, producing very heavy crops, a strong and vigorous grower, growing with spreading or rather drooping branches. Bigarreau de Ludwig. See Ludwig's Bigarreau, Bigarreau de Lyons. See FAirhj Jahoulay, Bigarreau de Mai, See Baumann's May. BIGARREAU DE MEZEL {Biyarreau Monstriieux de Mezel; Motistrose Marmorkirsche). — Fruit, very large, three-quarters to over an inch high and the same in width ; obtuse, heart-shaped, and flat- tened on both sides, one of which is marked with a slight suture, extending over the apex, where there is a slight nipple. Skin, very shiny, thick, and adhering to the flesh, of a pale rose striped with red at first, but changing to dark brown streaked with dark purple when fully ripe. Stalk, two inches and a half long, slender, set in a wide round cavity. Flesh, red, veined with pale rose, firm, juicy, and richly flavoured. A very large and handsome cherry, of excellent quality ; ripe in July. It was fonnd at Mezcl, near Clermont Ferrand, in the department of Puy de Dome, by M. Ligier de la Frade, prior to 1846, when it was first brought into notice, but it had existed in a vineyard at that place for thirty years before, and might have remained till this day without becoming known beyond the district had not a Horticultural Society been instituted which published an account of it in their bulletin, and distributed grafts. It is stated by the committee who first investigated it that 110 fruits weighed over two pounds. Some confusion exists between this and Bigarreau Gros Coeuret, which is a synonym of Belle de Rocmont, and in a third edition of this work I assisted in adding to it by making them synonymous. Bigarreau des Yignes. See Bigarreau Esperen. BIGARREAU ESPEREN {Bigarreau des Vignes).'—FTmU large, heart-shaped, and marked with a broad shallow suture. Skin, pale yellow, shaded with crimson, with deeper colour where fully exposed. Stalk, an inch and three-quarters long, stout, and inserted in a pretty deep cavity. Flesh, white, rose-tinted, firm, and crackling, richly flavoured. A very fine cherry, ripe in the middle of July. Though this bears his name, it was not raised by Major Esperen, but has for many years been cultivated in the provinces of Liege and Namur under the name of Bigarreau des Vignes. Bigarreau Gaboulais. See Early Jaboulay. Bigarreau Gros. See Bigarreau. Bigarreau Gros Coeuret. See Belle de Bocmont. Bigarreau Gros Monstrueux. See Bigarreau de Mezel. 284 THE FBUIT MANUAL. . Bigarreau Gros Noir. See Tradescant's Heart. Bigarreau Jaboulay. See Early Jahoulay. Bigarreau Jaune de Drogan. See Drogans Yellow Bigarreau. Bigarreau Lauermann. See Bigarreau Napoleon. BIGARREAU LEGREY is a small Bigarreau of a cordate shape, the size of Belle Agathe, and is frequently produced in clusters of two, three, and four on the same stalk, like the Cluster cherry. It ripens at the same time as the Bigarreau, and is more curious than useful. Bigarreau Marbre de Hildesheim. See Bigarreau de Hildesheim. Bigarreau Monstrueux. See Bigarreau de Mezel. Bigarreau Monstrueux de Mezel. See Bigarreau de Mezel. BIGARREAU NAPOLEON. — {Bigarreau Lauermann; Lauermann's- Idrsche ; Late Mottled Bizarreau ; Lauermann'' s HerzJdrsche ; Napoleon's Herzkirsche). — Fruit, very large, heart-shaped, obtuse towards the stalk, considerably flattened on one side, and marked with a shallow suture, which extends from the stalk to the apex. Skin, pale yellow dotted with red, but as it becomes perfectly ripe these dots are lost in a beautiful deep red cheek, which overspreads the side exposed to the sun, leaving only a few yellow spots. Stalk, an inch and a half long, slender, and set in a moderately deep and even cavity. Flesh, very firm, white, and reddish at the stone, abounding in a very rich, sweet, and aromatic juice. A most delicious cherry, one of the best of all the Bigarreaus, whether regarding its great size, beautiful appearance, or particular richness of flavour. It is ripe the end of July and beginning of August. The tree is a very vigorous grower, very hardy, and not subject to gum. It maj^ be grown either against a wall or as a standard, and particularly the latter, as it soon forms a fine, large, and handsome tree. It is also a prolific bearer. The origin of this excellent cherry is unknown. Its present name is not that by which it was first known, for Truchsess received it from Herr Baars, of Herenhausen in 1791 under that of Grosse Lauermann's Kirsche, which is, in all probability, the original and correct one. That of Napoleon is of more recent origin, having first been given by Messrs. Baumann, of Bolwyller. BIGARREAU NOIR DE SCHMIDT.— Fruit, large, heart-shaped, terminating at the apex in a sharp point, and with a slight suture on one side. Skin, shining deep black. Stalk, an inch and a quarter to an inch and three-quarters long, set in a wide depression. Flesh, dark red, firm, sweet, and richly flavoured. A very fine large black Bigarreau ; ripe in July. It was introduced to this country by Mr. Rivers, and Avas awarded a first-class certificate by the Royal Horticultural Society in 1872. CHERRIES. 286 BIGARREAU NOIR HATIF.— Fruit, about medium size, small for a Bigarreau ; obtuse heart-shaped, compressed on both sides, and flattened at the stalk, and slightly marked with a suture on one side. Skin, black, smooth, and shining. Flesh, firm, very dark red, with deep- coloured juice, sweet, with a somewhat bitter flavour. Ripe the middle of July, before the other Bigarreaus. The tree is an excellent bearer. Bigarreau Noir Monstrueux Pleureur. See Weeping Black Bigarreau, Bigarreau Papal. See Bigarreau Beverchon. Bigarreau Pleureur. See Weeping Black Bigarreau, Bigarreau Radowesnitzer. See Bohemian Black Bigarreau, BIGARREAU REVERCHON (Bigarreau Papal).— Fruit, large, obtuse heart-shaped, often uneven in its outline, marked with a dis- tinct suture on one side. Skin, smooth, shining, tough, and mem- branous, at first of a yellowish white, striped and stained with red, but when perfectly ripened deep purplish red. Stalk, stout, green, an inch and a half long, inserted in a deep and irregular cavity. Flesh, with a rosy tint, firm and breaking, richly flavoured, but not very juicy. A very excellent cherry ; ripe in the end of July and August. It is an Italian variety, introduced to Lyons by M. Paul Reverchon, brother of the excellent treasurer of the Congr^s Poraologique. Bigarreau Ribaucourt. See Bigaireau. Bigarreau Rouge. See Belle de Rocmont, Bigarreau Royal. See Bigarreau. Bigarreau Tardif. See Bigarreau, Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim. Se Bigarreau de Hildesheim, Black Bud of Buckinghamshire. See Corone, Black Caroon. See Corone. Black Circassian. See Black Tartarian. BLACK EAGLE. — Fruit, large, growing in clusters of two and three, produced in large bunches on the spurs ; roundish heart-shaped, considerably depressed, so much so as to be almost roundish oblate. Skin, of a very deep purple, becoming almost quite black when highly ripened. Stalk, an inch and a half long, rather slender. Flesh, tender, deep purple, with a very rich, sweet, and most dehcious flavour. Stone, small and veined. A very richly flavoured and excellent cherry ; ripe the beginning of 286 THE FRUIT MANUAL. July, and succeeding the May Duke. The tree is a very free grower, with much the habit of the May Duke, is quite hardy, aud an excellent bearer. It succeeds well as a standard, and is also well adapted for training against a wall. This excellent cherry was raised at Downton Castle, about the year 1810, by Miss Elizabeth Knight, daughter of T. A. Knight, Esq., from the seed of the Graffion or Bigarreau, fertilised by the pollen of the May Duke. BLACK HAWK. — ^Large, obtuse heart-shaped, uneven in its out- line, and compressed on the sides. Skin, deep, shining, blackish purple. Stalk, about an inch and a half long. Flesh, dark purple, tolerably firm, rich, and sweet. An American cherry. Ripe in the middle and end of July. BLACK HEART (AnselVs Fine Black; Early Black; Lacure ; Spanish Black Heart; Guigne Noire; Guigne Grosse Noire; Grosse Schivarze Herzkirsche). — Fruit, pretty large, distinctly and truly heart- shaped, undulating and uneven on its surface, sometimes quite mis- shapen with undulations, considerably flattened next the stalk, on the side which is marked with the suture. Skin, at first dark red, but changing as it ripens to dark blackish purple, and with a small russety dot at the apex, which is sometimes elongated to a sharp point. Stalk, from an inch and a half to an inch and three-quarters long, slender. Flesh, dark red, firm, but tender, adhering a little to the stone, and of a sweet, rather rich, and agreeable flavour. Stone, large and thick. A very old and well-known cherry, which still retains its popularity. Ripe the beginning and middle of Julj'. As an orchard variety it is still grown to a large extent, the tree being a strong grower and an abundant bearer, but there are many others which are much preferable. Black Morello. See Morello. Black Orleans. See Corone. Black Russian. See Black Tartarian. BLACK TARTARIAN [Tartarian ; Eraser's Black ; Eraser's Black Tartarian ; Eraser's Black Heart ; Ronalds* Black ; Ronalds'' Large Black Heart ; Circassian ; Black Circassian ; Black Russian ; Eraser's Tartarische Schwarze Herzkirsche). — Fruit, very large, obtuse heart- shaped. Skin, shining, of a dark blackish brown, becoming quite black when ripe. Stalk, an inch and a half to two inches long, inserted in a flattened cavity. Flesh, purpHsh, rather tender than firm, juicy, and very richly flavoured. The stone is small for the size of the fruit, and obtuse heart-shaped. This most delicious cherry is ripe the end of June and beginning of July, and is in greatest perfection when grown against a wall. The tree is quite hardy, a free and vigorous grower, at first having an CHERRIES. 287 upright habit, but more spreading as it becomes aged. The leaves are large, and well sustained on stout footstalks. It is an abundant bearer, and well adapted for forcing. Tlie merit of having introduced this excellent cherry is due to the late Mr. Hugh Ronalds, of Brentford, who, in 1794, issued a circular, a copy of which is in my possession, in which he signifies his intention of distributing it at five shillings each plant. It was subsequently brought from Russia by the late Mr. John Fraser, who distinguished himself first by his botanical discoveries in North America, and afterwards by his travels in Russia. He purchased it from a German, by whom it was cultivated in St. Petersburg, and introduced it to this country in 1796. Bleeding Heart. See Gascoigne. Bloodgood's Amber. See American Amher, Bloodgood's Honey. See American Amber. Bloodgood's New Honey. See American Amber, BOHEMIAN BLACK BIGARREAU {Bigarreau Radowemitzer).-^ Fruit, of a roundish heart-shape, even and regular in its outline, and flattened a little on one side, where it is marked with a faint suture. Skin, jet black and shining. Stalk, dark green, remarkably short, being not more than one inch and a quarter long, stout, and rather deeply depressed. Flesh, quite black, firm, but not crackling, juicy, richly flavoured, and delicious. This is a fine large cherry, and ten days earlier than the common Bigarreau. Bouquet Amarelle. See Cluster, Bouquet Kirsche. See Cluster, BOWYER'S EARLY HEART.— Fruit, of medium size, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin, of a clear waxen yellow, marbled and tinged with red. Stalk, two inches long. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, with a sweet and particularly rich flavour. A delicious cherry of the first quality. Ripe the end of June. The tree is hardy, a free grower, and a very abundant bearer, and succeeds well as a standard. Whether as regards its fertility, or the excellence of the fruit, this variety deserves to be universally cultivated. BRANT. — Large, roundish heart-shaped, and uneven. Skin, deep dark red. Stalk, an inch and a half long, set in an angular cavity. Flesh, dark purplish red, half tender, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured. Beginning of July. Brune de Bruxelles. See Ratafia, Brusselsche Rothe oder Orangen Princessenkirsche. See Carnation. Bullock's Heart. See Ox-Heart* 288 THE FRUIT MANUAL. Buntes Taubenherz. See Belle de Rocrnont. Biittner's Schwarze Herzkirsche. See Buttner's Black Heart, Buschweichsel. See Clicster, Buscherkirsche. See Cluster. BUTTNER'S BLACK HEART (Biittner's Herzkirsche; Guigne Noire de Biittner). — Fruit, large, more so than the Black Heart, obtuse heart-shaped, flattened on one side, and marked with a suture, which extends over both sides of the fruit, but most deeply marked on that which is flattened. Skin, glossy, deep black on one side, but purplish black on the other. Stalk, an inch and a half long, set in a pretty deep cavity. Flesh, half tender, juicy, dark red, and very pleasantly flavoured. This is an excellent cherry, and bears a close resemblance to the old Black Heart, but is much superior, both in size and flavour, to that variety. It ripens in the middle of July. The tree is a strong, vigorous, and upright grower, very hardy, and an excellent bearer. It succeeds well as a standard, and might be cultivated to more advantage as an orchard variety than the old Black Heart. Biittner's Gelbe Knorpelkirsche. See Biittner's Yellow, Biittner's Herzkirsche. See Biittner's Black Heart. BUTTNER'S OCTOBER (Biittner s Spate Weichsel ; Biittner's Sep- tember and Octoberweichsel ; Buttners October Sukerweichsel ; Biittner's October Morello). — Fruit, large, round and flattened, somewhat oblate, with no suture, and indented at the apex, in which is the small russety dot. Skin, thin, separating freely from the flesh, and of a reddish brown colour. Stalk, slender, two inches long, set in a shallow depression. Flesh, light red, reticulated with whitish veins, juicy, and with a pleasant sub-acid flavour. This is a very excellent acid cherry, and useful for all culinary pur- poses. It ripens in October, and is the latest of all cherries. The tree is a good bearer, and succeeds well as a standard. It was raised by Biittner, of Halle. Biittner's October Morello. See Biittner's October. Biittner's October Sukerweichsel. See Biittner's October. Biittner's Octoberweichsel. See Biittner's October. Biittner's Spate Weichsel. See Biittner's October. Biittner's Wacksknorpelkirsche. See Biittner's Yellow. BUTTNER'S YELLOW {Biittner's Gelbe Knorpelkirsche; Biittner's CHERRIES. 289 Wachsknorpelkirsche ; Jaime de Biittner ; Wachsknorpelkirsche) . — Fruit, medium sized, roundish heart-shaped, flattened at the stalk and on one side, and a little indented at the apex. Skin, clear pale yellow, and without any tinge of red, hut if it hangs long on the tree it becomes browTiish spotted. Stalk, stout, from an inch and a half to two inches long, inserted almost even with the fruit. Flesh, pale, very firm, but juicy, and of a sweet and particularly rich flavour. Stone, rather small, roundish ovate, and separates freely. It is the best of all the yellow cherries, and well deserving of culti- vation. It ripens in the middle and end of July. The tree is very healthy, vigorous, and hardy, succeeds well as a standard, and is a regular and abundant bearer. It was raised by Biittner, of Halle, and introduced in 1803. CARNATION (Crown ; English Bearer of some ; Grosse Cerise Rouge Pale ; de Villenne ; de Villennes Ambre ; Griottier Rouge Pale ; Nouvelle d'Angleterre ; Rouge d' Orange ; de Portugal ; Roihe Oranien- kirsche ; Oranienkirsche ; Hollandischekirsche ; Fleischfarhigenkirsche ; Allendorfen Kirsche ; Biiisselsche Roihe oder Orangen ; Prinzenkirsche ; d^ Orange ; Rouge de Bruxelles ; Weisse Malta sierkirsche). — Fruit, large, round, and flattened, inclining to oblate. Skin, thin, separating freely from the flesh, glossy, light red at first, but becoming of a deeper colour as it hangs, and of a pale yellow or amber colour where shaded. Stalk, from an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half long, stout, and inserted in a shallow depression. Flesh, white, yellowish, tender, juicy, with a sweet and richly flavoured juice. The stone is of medium size, almost round, and sepnrates freely from the flesh. This is a most excellent and richly flavoured cheiTy. It is ripe in the end of July. The tree is hardy and healthy, and moderately vigorous, but not a good bearer. This may account for a variety of such excellence being so little cultivated. This is an old complaint against it, for Switzer says: "It is no extraordinary bearer. How- ever, one or two ought to be planted for its charming variety." This is one of the oldest cherries now found in our collections. It is first mentioned by Rea in 1665. and is subsequently enumerated in Meager's List. With all our pomological authors it has been a commended variety, but it is not noticed by Miller. Cerise a Bouquet. See Cluster. Cerise Doucette. See Belle de Choisy, Cerise Tardive. See All Saints. Cerisier de la Toussaint. See All Saints. Cerisier Pleureur. See All Saints. Cherry Duke of Duhamel. Sse Jeffreys'' Duke, Chevreuse Male. See Cluster. 19 290 THE FKUIT MANUAL. CHAMPAGNE. — A small or medium-sized Red Heart Cherry, of a pale red colour, somewhat mottled. Stalk, about two inches long, green, and slender. Flesh, very tender, and with a brisk flavour. This was raised by Mr. Charles Downing, of Newburg, U.S.A. CHURCHILL'S HEART. — Fruit, large, heart-shaped. Skin, shining, of a clear waxen pale yellow on the shaded side, but where exposed to the sun, of a bright red, mottled with dark red and orange. Stalk, two inches long, inserted in a shallow depression. Flesh, pale yellow, firm, sweet, and richly flavoured, but not very juicy. An excellent cherry, but now little cultivated. It ripens in the middle and end of July. The tree is hardy, and a good bearer, succeeds well as a standard, and in the estimation of Rogers is well adapted for orchard planting. Circassian. See Black Tartarian. CLEVELAND BIGARREAU [Cleveland].— Lw!ge, obtuse heart- shaped, sometimes with a swelling on one side near the stalk. Skin, pale yellow, with bright red next the sun, and mottled with crimson. Stalk, two inches long. Flesh, yellowish white, half-tender, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured. A very excellent cherry. Ripe the third or last week in June and early in July. CLUSTER (a Bouquet; a Trochet of Noisette, but not of Duhamel Trauben Amarelle; Kluftchenskirsche ; Traubenkirsche ; Bouquetkirsche Troschkirsche ; Buscherkirsche ; Busch Weichsel ; Flandrische Weichsel Chevreuse Male ; Troskerskirsche ; Flanders Cluster). — Fruit, produced in clusters at the extremity of one common stalk, round, flattened at the stalk. Skin, thin, of a pale red at first, but changing the longer it hangs to dark red. Flesh, white, tender, and juicy, at first very acid, but becoming milder as it hangs on the tree. Stone, small, round, and a little compressed. It ripens in the end of July. This is cultivated more as an object of curiosity than for any real value it pos- sesses. If of use at all the only purpose it is fit for is baking or preserving. It is in all respects very similar to the Kentisli, except in the singular position of the fruit on the stalk. This is caused by the flowers containing several distinct styles ; more or less of these are fertilised and produce a corresponding number of fruit. In some cases the fruit is single, but varies to six in a cluster. This is a very old variety, being known to Parkinson in 1629, by whom it was called the Flanders Cluster Cherry, Some confusion has arisen between this variety and the Cerisier a Trochet of Duhamel, by Noisette adopting the nomenclature of the latter in his description of this, and hence the synonyms of the Cerisier a Trochet have been applied to the Cluster Cherry. The Cerisier a Trochet of Duhamel is a distinct variety, known also by the name of Ties Fertile, and it is the Straussweichsel of Truchsess. COE'S LATE CARNATION.— Medium sized, roundish. Skin, reddish yellow, clouded and mottled with bright red. Stalk, two CHERRIES. 291 inches long. Flesh, tender, juicy, with a brisk sub-acid flavour, be- coming mellowed the longer it hangs. Ripe from the middle to the end of August; and continues to hang till September. Coeor de Pigeon. See Belle de Eocmont. Common Red. See Kentish. CORONE (Black Coroon ; Black Orleans ; Belcher's Black ; Hert- fordshire Black ; Large Wild Black ; Englische Schwarze Kronherz- kirsche ; Couronne ; Kerroon ; Crown). — Fruit, rather below the medium size, roundish, heart-shaped, marked on one side with a suture. Skin, deep shining black. Stalk, slender, two inches long, inserted in a deep, round, and narrow cavity. Flesh, dark purple, very firm, sweet, and well-flavoured. Ripe in the end of July and beginning of August. A very good small cherry for orchard planting, being produced in great qnan- titles, and on accoiu t of the firmness of its flesh capable of being transmitted to a distance without injury, but as a desirable variety for general purposes it cannot bear comparison with many others in cultivation. About the end of July it is found in enormous quantities in almost all the market towns of this country under the various names of Corone, Mazzard, and Merri«s, although these two latter names are also applicable to other varieties. In Ellis's "Agriculture Improved," for July, 1745, there is a long account of the Corone Cherry, part of which is as follows : — "At Gaddcsdeii we* were in a great measure strangers to this cherry thirty years ago ; for I believe I may be positive of it that I was the first who introduced this cherry into our parish about the year 1725, not but that it was growing in a few other places in Hertfordshire before then, as at Northchurch, a village situate in the extremest wes-tern }»art of that couny, where this fruit grew on standard trees in orchards, and brought great profit to their planters and owners, because in that time the Kerroon cherry was scarce and rare." It ift much grown in the counties of Buckingham and Hertford. Crown. See Carnation, Crown. See Corone. Curan. See Gascoigne. D'Aremberg. See Reine Hortense, D'Orange. See Carnation. Dauphine. See Belle de Choisy. DECHENAUT. — Fruit, large, roundish heart-shaped, broad at the stalk, rather flattened, and marked with a faint suture on one side. Skin, bright cornelian red, and shining, becoming darker red when quite ripe. The stalk is one inch and a half to one inch and three- quarters long, inserted in a wide and deep depression. Flesh, tender and succulent, with the May Duke flavour. This is a fine large cherry, ripening about the same time as the May Duke, and well worth cultivating. 292 THE FRUIT MANUAL. DELICATE. — Large, roundish, and flattened. Skin, thin and translucent fine rich amber-coloured, quite covered with mottling of crimson. Stalk, two inches long. Flesh, pale yello^v, translucent, tender, juicy, sweet, and with a rich, delicious flavour. A very excellent cherry ; ripe in the middle of July. De Portugal. See Carnation. DE SOISSONS. — Fruit, medium sized, obtuse heart-shaped, a little flattened, and pitted at the apex, somewhat uneven on one side and marked with a slight suture on the other. Skin, dark red. Stalk, short, about an inch or a little more in length, and inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, reddish, tender, and juicy, with a brisk and pleasant sub-acid flavour. A good cherry for culinary purposes, ripe in the middle and end of July. The tree is a free and erect grower, but an indifierent bearer. De St. Martin. See All Saints. De Villenne. See Carnation. De Villenne Ambre. See Carnation. Doctor. See American Doctor. Donna Maria. Sse Eoyal Duke. Doppelte Natte. See Double Nattc. Double Glass. See Great Cornelian. DOUBLE NATTE {Doppelte Natte ; Kirsche Von der Natte ; Braune Friihkirsche). — Fruit, large for its class, roundish, but a little com- pressed on both sides, somewhat ovate towards the apex, and marked with a fine line on one side. Skin, dark brown or brownish black. Stalk, slender, slightly curved, pale green, and inserted in a flat de- pression. Sometimes the stalk is as much as three inches long, beset with leaves, and frequently with two fruit. Flesh, very red and juicy; juice also red, and when well ripened of a rather rich and somewhat aromatic flavour. Stone, oval. A very good cherry ; ripe in the beginning and middle of July. The tree is a good bearer, of rather small size, and handsome habit of growth. It is a more compact grower, and the shoots are longer, thinner, and more pendulous than the Morellos. Double Volger. See Gros Gohet. Doucette. See Belle de Choisy. DOWNER'S LATE (Dovner's Late Bed ; Downer's).— Fxmi, pro- duced in large bunches, medium sized, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin, of a delicate clear red on the exposed side, but paler and mottled with CHERRIES. 298 pale yellow where shaded. Stalk, an inch and a half long, inserted in a shallow depression. Flesh, pale, tender, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured. This is a very excellent late cherry, which succeeds well in this climate and is worthy of extensive cultivation. The tree is healthy, a good grower, and an excellent bearer. Ripe in the middle and end of August. It was raised at Dorchester, near Boston, U.S.A., by Mr. Samuel Downer, and I first received it from America in 1847. DOWNTON. — Fruit, above medium size, very obtusely heart- shaped, almost round, and slightly compressed on one side, which is marked with a delicate suture. Skin, tender, tinged on the side next the sun with delicate red, and mottled and dotted with deep red, but pale yellow where shaded. Flesh, pale amber, transparent, tender, and juicy, with a very rich and high flavour. A most delicious cherry of the first quality. It ripens in the middle and end of July, but is earlier when grown against a wall, for which purpose it is well adapted. The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, healthy and hardy, and an excellent bearer. It succeeds well as a standard. It was raised by T. A, Knight, Esq., of Downton Castle, and was first intro- duced to the notice of the Horticultural Society in 1822. Dredge's Early White. See White Heart. Drogan's Gelbe Knorpelkirsche. See DrogarCs Yellow Bigarreau, Drogan's Weisse Knorpelkirsche. See Drogan's White Bigarreau, DROGAN'S WHITE BIGARREAU (Bigarreau Blanc de Brogan). — This is a very early form of the Bigarreau, being quite shrivelled when that variety is only just ripe. It is perfectly heart-shaped, rather pointed at the apex, and flattened on one side. Skin, yellow, mottled and flushed with red on the side that is much exposed. Stalk, an inch and a half long, stout. Flesh, firm, sweet, and richly flavoured. A very desirable variety ; ripe in the middle and end of June. DROGAN'S YELLOW BIGARREAU {Bigarreau Jaune de Dro- gan; DrogarCs Gelhe Knorpelkirsche ; Golden Bigarreau). — Fruit, large and round, more the shape of a May Duke than a Bigarreau. Skin, a fine clear pale yellow all over, and without the least tinge of red. Stalk, an inch and a half long. Flesh, very juicy, sweet, and very nicely flavoured, but not rich. A very ornamental and beautiful cherry ; ripe in the end of July and beginniug of August. DUCHESSE DE PALLUAU.— Fruit, large, one inch wide, eight- tenths of an inch long, oblate, without any suture on the side except what is indicated by a hair line, flattened and pitted at the apex, where 294 THE FBUIT MANUAL. it is marked with a yellow point. Skin, thin, of a brilliant red colour, which becomes of a dark red as it attains maturity. The common peduncle is about half an inch long, and the stalk an inch and a half. The fruit generally grows singly and rarely in pairs. Flesh, yellowish, very tender and juicy, with a brisk and agreeable acidulous flavour. Juice, pale red. Stone, roundish oval and thick. A very fine cherry of the May Duke class. It ripens in the end of July, about a fortnight after the May Duke. The tree is exactly similar to the May Duke in the growth and in the leaves. Duke. See May Duke. Dutch Bigarreau. See Bigarreau de Hollande. Dutch Morello. See Morello. EARLY AMBER (Earhj Amber Heart).— Yxwii, above medium size, heart-shaped. Skin, pale amber, with a flush of red next the sun. Stalk, two inches long. Flesh, pale yellow, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured. It ripens in the beginning of July. Early Black. See Black Heart. EARLY BLACK BIGARREAU.— Fruit, large, as largo as the Bohemian Black Bigarreau, distinctly heart-shaped, and very uneven in its outline. Skin, jet black. Stalk, an inch and a half to an inch and three-quarters long. Flesh, dark purple, very tender, richly flavoured, sweet, and excellent. This is a fine early Bigarreau ; ripe in the beginning of July. Early Duke. See May Duke. EARLY JABOULAY [Bigarreau Jahoulay ; Bigarreau GahouJais ; Bigarreau de Lyons). — Fruit, large, obtuse heart-shnped, uneven in its outline, rounded at the apex, and marked with a distinct, though not a deep suture. Skin, thin, deep amber, thickly mottled with blotches and dots of blood red of a bright colour ; sometimes it is quite pale and amber-coloured, with a little red on it in dots and spots ; when fully exposed and allowed to hang it is more overspread with red and becomes nearly black. Stalk, an inch and a half to two inches long, rather deeply inserted. Flesh, quite pale and opaline, very tender and very juicy, sweet, and of excellent flavour. Juice, pale. A first-rate early cherry ; ripe out of doors in the end of June, but in an orchard-house in the end of May and beginning of June. It is not a Bigarreau, but a Gean. EARLY LYONS (Guigne Hdtive de Lyons ; Base de Lyons). — Fruit, of the largest size, obtuse heart-shaped, rather bossed on its surface, and flattened on one side, which is marked with the suture. CHERRIES. Skin, of a mahogany colour, deeply mottled with bloqd red. Stalk, about an inch and a half long, stout, and not deeply inserted. Flesh, tender,' deeply stained with red, and of excellent flavour. Juice, red. An excellent and very handsome early cherry, ripening at the same time as Early Jaboulay, but much larger and of darker colour. EARLY MAY {Small May; Small Early May; May; Nain a Fruit Rond Precoce ; Nain Precoce ; Indulle ; Petit Cerise Ronde Precoce; Petit Cerise Rouye Precoce; Friihe Zwergweichsel ; Weisse Saner Kirsche ; Friihe Kleine Runde Zweryiveichsel). — Fruit, small, round, and a little flattened about the stalk and the apex. Skin, bright red at first, but the longer it hangs it becomes of a dark red. Stalk, about an inch long, slender, set in a shallow depression. Flesh, red, tender, juicy, and briskly acid. Stone, very small and round. The earliest of all cherries, ripe in the middle of June, but now not worth cultivation, since there arc so many other varieties which are almost equally as early and very superior to it as dessert fruits. It has for centuries been cultivated in this country, but more on account of its earliness than for any other merit it possesses. The tree is of dwarf habit of growth, with slender and pendent shoots. It is tender, and requires the protection of a wall, but is unworthy of such a situation. Early May Duke. See May Duke. EARLY PROLIFIC. — Fruit, above medium size, obtuse heart- shaped. Skin, pale amber, mottled with crimson. Stalk, two inches long. Flesh, tolerably firm, juicy, rich, sweet, and delicious. Ripe in the end of June. EARLY PURPLE GEAN [Early Purple Griotte ; Friihe Schwarze Herzkirsche ; German May Duke; Hdtive de Boutamand. — Fruit, large, obtuse heart-shaped, a little flattened on one side. Skin, of a uniform shining dark purple, almost black. Stalk, slender, from two to two and a half inches long, inserted in a pretty wide but shallow depression. Flesh, dark purple, tender, and very juicy, with a particularly rich, sweet flavour. A most delicious cherry ; ripe on a wall the last week of May or first of June. It is as early as the Early May, and about a fortnight earlier than the May Duke, to both of which it is far superior in rich- ness of flavour. The tree is vigorous and healthy, succeeds well as a standard, and is an excellent bearer, but it requires to be grown on the Mahaleb stock. To orchardists this would prove a valuable acquisition, both as regards the earliness and the rich flavour of the fruit. This variety was received by the London Horticultural Society from Decandolle, of Geneva, in 1822 ; and by M. Decandolle it was procured from M. Baumaun, of Bolwyller. THE FRUIT MANUAL. Early Purple Griotte. See Early Purple Gean. EARLY BED BIGARREAU {Bigarreau Rouge de Gouhen).— The fruit is large, about the size of the ordinary Bigarreau, but of a decided heart-shape. The skin is bright red and transparent, like that of Belle de Choisy. The stalk is from an inch and a half to an inch and three-quarters long. Flesh, firm, rich, sweet, and excellent. This is a very excellent early cherry, ripening from the middle to the end of June, and quite ripe before the old Bigarreau begins to colour. The tree is like a Duke in its habit of growth, but the fruit is so delicately heart-shaped, and the flesh so firm, that it must be classed among the Bigarreaus. Early Richmond. See Kentish. EARLY RIVERS. — Fruit, produced in clusters of ten or twelve, two to four being on one peduncle ; large, nearly an inch in diameter, roundish heart-shaped, somewhat uneven and indented on the surface, marked with a faint suture, and slightly pitted on the apex, where there is a deep style-point. Skin, shining deep black. Stalk, an inch and three-quarters long, rather slender, green, and with a small, rather deeply-imbedded disk. Flesh, very tender, sweet, and agree- ably flavoured. Stone, extremely small. A very excellent cherry ; ripe in the end of June. The tree is an abundant bearer. This is a seedling, raised by Mr. Rivers from Early Purple Gean. The tree first produced fruit in 1869, and it receiyed a First Class Certificate from the Royal Horticultural Society in 1872. Elkhorn. See Tradescanfs Heart. ELTON. — Fruit, large, handsomely heart-shaped. Skin, pale waxen yellow on the shaded side, but beautifully mottled and dotted with bright red on the exposed side. Stalk, pretty stout, from two to two and a quarter inches long, set in a shallow depression. Flesh, pale, more tender than firm, juicy, sweet, and of a very rich flavour. Stone, medium sized, ovate. A very valuable and deliciously flavoured cherry ; ripe in the begin- ning and middle of July. The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, hardy, healthy, and an excellent bearer. It succeeds well either as a standard or against a wall. The leaves are very long, more so than those of the Bigarreau, and hang down. The flowers are also of large size. This variety was raised in 1806, by T. A. Knight, Esq., from the Bigarreau or Graffion, impregnated with the White Heart. EMPRESS EUGENIE {Imperatrice Eugenie).— Yxmi, large, round- ish, inclining to oblate, marked on one side by a deep suture, which terminates at the apex in a long grey style-point. Skin, thin, bright CHERRIES. 297 red, changing to dark purplish red. Flesh, pretty firm, very juicy, sweet, sugary, and with a fine refreshing acidity. A very fine form of May Duke, ripening a week earlier than that variety. It originated in a vineyard at Belleville, near Paris, where it was discovered by M. Varenne, and it was first propagated by M. A. Gonthier in 1855. English Bearer. See Carnation. Englische Schwarze. See Corone. Flanders Cluster. See Chester. Flandrische Weichsel. See Cluster, Fleischfarbigen Kirsche. See Carnation. FLEMISH. — Some pomologists have fallen into the mistake of regarding this cherry as synonymous with Gros Gobet ; others think it the same as the Kentish. The latter is nearer the truth ; but the Kentish and Flemish are decidedly difierent. The fruit of the two is somewhat similai* ; but the trees of the Flemish are less drooping than those of the Kentish, and the fruit is smaller, and about eight or ten days later. Any one who examines the two varieties as they are grown in the Kentish orchards will see at once that the varieties are difi'erent. FLORENCE {Knerett's Late Bigarreau). — Fruit, large, heart- shaped, flattened at the stalk, rather blunt towards the apex, and compressed on one side, which is marked with a shallow suture or fine line. Skin, smooth and shining, pale yellow mottled with red on the shaded side, but of a clear bright red dotted with deeper red on the side exposed to the sun. Stalk, about two inches long, slender, and inserted in a rather deep and wide cavity. Flesh, white, firm, and very juicy, of a rich, sweet, and delicious flavour. A cherry of first-rate quality, having some resemblance to a Bigar- reau, but with a more tender and juicy flesh. It ripens about the beginning and middle of August, being some time later than the Bigarreau and Elton. The tree is of moderate size, and of a spreading habit of growth ; it is an excellent bearer after being planted a few years, and requires to be planted against a wall. This variety was importe<1 from Fiorpnce towards the latter part of the last cen turj, and was planted at Hailingbury Place, in Essex. Four-to-the-Pound. See Tobacco -leaved. Eraser's Black. See Blaci Tartarian. Fraser's Black Heart. See Black Tartarian. 298 THE FRUIT MANUAL. Eraser's Black Tartarian. See Black Tartarian. Eraser's Tartarische Schwarze Herzkirsche. See Black Tartarian, Eraser's White Tartarian. See White Tartarian. Eraser's White Transparent. See WJiite Tartarian. EROGMORE EARLY [Frogmore Early Bigarreau).—Frmt, large, obtuse heart-shaped, compressed on the side, and with a faint suture. Skin, pale waxen yellow in the shade, suffused with deep red next the sun. Stalk, two inches long, with a very small receptacle. Flesh, remarkably tender and melting, as much so as in a Gean, very juicy, and with an excellent flavour. A very delicious cherry, as early as the May Duke. The tree is an abundant bearer. Frogmore Early B,igarreau. See Frogmore Early. EROGMORE MORELLO.— This is a large form of the old Morello. Friihe Kleine Runde Zwergweichsel. See Early May. Friihe Schwarze Herzkirsche. See Early Furple Gean. Fnihe Zwergweichsel. See Early May. GASCOIGNE (Quran ; Bleeding Heart ; Gascoigne Heart ; Here- fordshire Heart : Bed Heart of some collections ; Guigne Bouge Hdtive). — Fruit, above medium size, heart-shaped, broad at the stalk, and terminating at the apex in an acute swollen point ; on one side it is marked with a rather- deep suture, which extends from the stalk across the apex and continues like a fine line on the other side. Skin, entii'ely covered with bright red, particularly on one side and round the apex, but on the other parts it is paler and mottled. Stalk, two inches long, slender, and very slightly depressed. Flesh, yellowish white, half-tender, juicy, and sweet. Stone, rather large and ovate. A very old variety of cherry, now rarely cultivated, being much in- ferior to the sorts which are generally grown. It ripens about the beginning or middle of July. The tree is rather a strong grower, but an indifferent bearer. This is one of the oldest varieties of cherries of which we have any record. It is mentioned by Parkinson, who says " it is known but to a lew." GASKINS, a corruption of Gascoignes, refers to those cherries originally obtained from Gascony. About Rye, in Sussex, the name is still in general use ; and these cherries are said to have been brought from France by Joan of Kent when her husband, the Black Prince, was commanding in Guienne and Gascony. See Guigne. German May Duke. See Early Purple Gean. CHERRIES. 299 Glimmer t. See Gh-os Gobet, Gobet a Courte Queue. See Gros Gobet. Golden Bigarreau. See Drogan^s Yellow Bigarreau. GOVERNOR WOOD.— Fruit, large, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin, pale yellow, washed and mottled with bright red. Stalk, an inch and a half long. Flesh, half-tender, juicy, sweet, and very richly fla- voured. A very excellent cherry ; ripe in the begmning of July. GraflSon. See Bigarreau. Grand Glimmert. See Gros Gobet. Grande Zeelandoise. See Gros Gobet. GREAT CORNELIAN {Double Glass).— Yeryhrge, oblate, marked on one side with a very deep suture, which quite divides the fruit. Skin, thin and translucent, at first of a hght red, but becoming darker as it ripens. Stalk, an inch and a half long. Flesh, yellowish, tender, very juicy, with a fine sub-acid, vinous, and rich flavour. Ripe in the beginning of July. GRIOTTE DE CHAUX.— Large, roundish oblate. Skin, dark red and shining. Stalk, two inches long, and slender. Flesh, dark, tender, melting, and very juicy, with a brisk sub-acid flavour. This is a mild-flavoured Morello ; ripe about the end of July. GRIOTTE IMPERLALE.— A fine large obtuse heart-shaped cherry, of a dark mahogany colour. Stalk, not more than an inch long, very stout. Flesh, deep dark red, briskly acid, but not austere. A handsome black Morello cherry, which hangs till the end of August. GRIOTTE DE KLEPAROW (Belle Polonaise).— Medium sized, roundish oblate. Skin, dark red. Stalk, two inches long. Flesh, dark, tender, aud juicy, with a rich, sweet, and sub-acid flavour. A mild-flavoured Morello ; ripe in the end of July. Griotte de Portugal. See Archduke. Griotte Ordinaire du Morel. See Morello. Griottier de Choisy. See Belle de Choisy. Griottier de Palembre. See Belle de Choisy. Griottier Rouge Pale. See Carnation. Groote Princess. See Bigarreau de Hollande. Gros Coeuret. See Bdle ds Eocmont. GROS GOBET (Montmorency ; Montmorency a Courte Queue ; Gobet a Courte Queue; Montmorency d Gros Fruit; Cerise a Courte Queue: 800 THE FRUIT MANUAL. Cerise a Courts Queue de Provence ; Grosser Gohet ; Weichsel mit Kur- zen Stiel ; Grosse Montmorency mit Kurzen Stiel ; Volg^rs- Volger, or Double Volger ; Glimmert ; Grand Glimmcrt ; Guldemonds-kers ; Gul- dewagens-kers ; Eosenoble ; Schimmelpennings-kers ; Zeelandoise; Grande Zeelandoise ; Yellow Ramonde). — Fruit, above medium size, oblate, very much flattened at both ends, and marked on one side wiih a deep suture. Skin, smooth and shining, of a fine clear red at first, but becoming of a dark red the longer it haogs. Stalk, very short and thick, from half an inch to an inch in length, and set in a deep cavity, which has a deep groove on one side of it, formed by the suture. Flesh, white, tender, very juicy, and briskly acid ; but when allowed to hang and become perfectly ripe, it is more agreeably and pleasantly flavoured. Stone, medium sized, roundish, and adhering pretty closely to the flesh. This variety is only fit for preserving ; it ripens about the middle and end of July. The tree is an indifi'erent bearer, and on that account is almost out of cultivation. This cherry is by many called the Flemish, and by others the Kentish, but both of these are quite distinct varieties. Forsyth has evidently called it the Kentish on the authority of Duliamel, for the description he has giv^n of that variety is the same as that of Duhatnel for Gros Gobet, and not of the tru« Kentish. Lindley very properly describes it separately from the Kentish, under the name of Montmorency, accompanied with Duhamel's synonyms. Grosse Cerise Rouge Pale. See Carnation. Grosse de Wagnelee. See Heine Horiense. Grosse Montmorency mit Kurzen Stiel. See Gros Gobet. Grosse Schwarze Herzkirsche. See Black Heart. Grosser Gobet. See Gros Gobet. Griine Kirsche. See All Saints. GUIGNE, GEAN, or GEEN.— This word is derived from Guienne, whence these cherries were first obtained. See Gaskins. Guigne Grosse Noire. See Black Heart. Guigne Hative de Boutamand. See Early Purple Gean. Guigne Noire. See Black Heart. Guigne Noire de Biittner. See Biittner's Black Heart. Guigne Noire de Strass. See Reine Hortense. Guigne Noire Tardive. See TradescanVs Heart. Guigne Precoce de Werder. See Werder's Early Heart. Guigne Rouge Hative. See Gascoigne. CHERRIES. 301 GUIGNE TRES PRECOCE.— Fruit, rather small, and not quite medium sized, obtuse heart-shaped, and rather uneven in its outline. Skin, quite black. Stalk, an inch and a half long, slender, deeply- inserted in a rather wide cavity. Flesh, very tender, juicy, and of good flavour. Juice, coloured. A very early black Gean ; a week earlier than Early Parple Gean, and ripe in the middle and end of June. In an orchard-house it is ripe in the end of May and beginning of June. Guignier a Feuilles do Tabac. See Tobacco-leaved. Guignier a Rameaux Pendants. See All Saints. Guldemonds-kers. See Gros Gobet. Guldewagens-kers. See Gros Gobet. HARRISON'S HEART (White Bigarreau; Harrison's Duke).— Fruit, medium sized, heart-shaped, flattened near the stalk, on the side which is marked with a shallow suture, which is not indented, but terminated by a small point or nipple, as in some of the peaches, where the style -point is. Skin, at first of a pale yellowish colour, thickly speckled and covered with red, but as it ripens it is completely over- spread, and thickly mottled and spotted with blood red, except at the apex, where the red is not so thick. Flesh, firm, but less so than the Bigarreau; yellowish white, rayed with white, juicy and well- flavoured, but not so rich as the Bigarreau. This has for some years been confounded with the Bigarreau. The true Har- rison's Heart is now very seldom met with, and the opinion has gone abroad that it is synonyujous with the Bigarreau. The chHracters, however, are very distinct ; the Bigarreau is of a roundi>h heart-shape, while the other is of a true heart-shape ; the apex of the Bigarreau is pitted, that of this is nippled ; the colour of the Bigarreau is pale, and only dark red next the sun ; this is almost entirely over- spread with red, and spotted with blood red. The stalk of Harrison'^ Heart is more slender than that of the Bigarreau ; the latter ripens in the second week in July, the former in the second ot August. Forsyth gives an apocryphal account of this being brought from India by General Harrison, who went out as Governor of St. George in 1710, and returned home in 1719, bringing this cherry with him. Hative de Lyon. See Early Lyons. Herefordshire Heart. See Gascoigne, Hertfordshire Black. See Corone. Hildesheimer Ganz Spate Knorpelkirsche. See Bigarreau de Hil- desheim. Hildesheimer Spate Herzkirsche. See Bigarreau de Hildesheim. HOGG'S BLACK GEAN.— Fruit, medium sized, obtuse heart- shaped. Skin, black and shining. Stalk, an inch and a half long. Flesh, dark, very lender, ricn'y flavoured, and very sweet. Ripe in the beginning of July. 302 THE FRUIT MANUAL. HOGG'S RED GEAN. — Fruit, medium sized, roundish, inclining to heart-shaped. Skin, red, freckled with amber yellow. Stalk, an inch and a half long. Flesh, yellowish, very tender and juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured. Ripe in the beginning of July. Hollandische Grosse. See Bigarreau de Hollande. Hollandischekirsche. See Carnation. HUNGARIAN GEAN. — Fruit, rather below the medium size, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin, amber-coloured, mottled with red on the side exposed to the sun. Flesh, half-tender, whitish, tolerably sweet and tender. Stone, large and ovate. A variety of second-rate quality ; ripe in July. The tree succeeds well as a standard, and is an abundant bearer. Hybrid de Laeken. See Reine Hortense, Imperatrice Eugenie. See Empress Eugenie. Indulle. See Early May. Italian Heart. See Bigarreau. Jaune de Biittner. See Biittner's Yellow. JEFFREYS' DUKE [Cherry Duke of Duhamel ; Jeffreys* Royal; Jeffreys* Royal Caroon; Royale ; Konigliche Weichselbaum der Chery Duke ; Konigliche Sussweichsel). — Fruit, about medium size, smaller than the May Duke, round, and flattened at both ends. Skin, of a fine deep red, which changes to very dark red the longer it hangs. Stalk, about an inch and a half long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, pale red, tender, very juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured. An excellent cherry of first-rate quality. It is in season at the same time as the May Duke, but instead of being acid it is quite sweet before attaining its dark colour. Ripe the beginning and middle of July. The tree is peculiar in its growth, being of a very compact and upright habit, and never makes much wood in a season ; the shoots are very short, and thickly set with bloom buds. It succeeds well either as a standard or against a wall, and is an abundant bearer. It is said by Mr. Lindley that this variety was introduced by Jeffreys, of the Brompton Park Nursery, who died in 1785. The first notice I find of it, in the catalogues of that nursery, is in 1785, from which time it is called Royal and New Koyal, except in one instance in 1790, when it is entered as Jeffreys' Seedling. In Miller & Sweet's catalogue for 1790 it is called Jeffreys' tine new seedling. Jeflreys' Royal Caroon. See Jeffreys' Duke. JOC-0-SOT. — Fruit, large and handsome, somewhat obtusely heart- shaped, compressed on the sides, and deeply indented at the apex. Skin, shining, of a deep brownish black colour. Stalk, two inches long. Flesh, dark brownish red, tender, juicy, rich, and sweet. Ripe in the middle of July. CHERRIES. 803 KENNICOTT. — Fruit, large, roundish heart-shaped, and compressed on the sides. Skin, of a fiae amber yellow, considerably mottled with deep glossy red. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, juicy, rich, and sweet. Ripe in the beginning and middle of August. KE^TISB. (Common Red : Earh/ Richmond ; Pie Cherry; Sussex; Virginian May). — Fruit, medium sized, round, and inclining to oblate in shape, marked on one side with a very faint suture, which in some specimens is not distinguishable, pitted at the apex, in which is a small style-point. Skin, at first pale flesh-coloured, but changing to clear deep red, and when allowed to hang it assumes a very dark and almost black colour. Stalk, varying from an inch to an inch and a half long, pretty stout, and inserted in a considerable depression. Flesh, yel- lowish, tender, juicy, and briskly flavoured. Stone, medium-sized, ovate, and flattened, adhering firmly to the stalk, so much so that it may be drawn out, leaving the fruit entire. This is larger than the Flemish, and a superior variety. It is the best cooking cherry, and is ripe in the middle and end of July. Kentish Heart. See White Heart. Kirsche von der Natte. See Double Natle. Kirtland's Mammoth. See Mammoth. Kirtland's Mary. See Mary. Kliiftchenkirsche. See Cluster. Knevett's Late Bigarreau. See Florence. KNIGHT'S EARLY BLACK.— Fruit, large, obtuse heart-shaped, irregular and uneven on its surface. Skin, dark dull red, becoming almost black when fully ripe. Stalk, two inches long, inserted in a deep and rather wide cavity. Flesh, dark purple, tender, juicy, and sweet, richly and highly flavoured. Stone, small and roundish. A delicious early cherry, ripe on standards in the end of June and beginning of July, about a week or ten days earlier than the May Duke. The tree is a free grower, strong, and vigorous, and a very abundant bearer. It succeeds well as a standard, but is well deserving of a wall, when the fruit will be much improved and produce much earlier than on standards. This valuable cherry was raised by T. A. Knip^ht, Esq., about the year 1810, from the seed of the Bigarreau impregnated with the pollen of the May Dake. Konigliche Sussweichsel. See Jeffreys' Duke. Konigliche Weichselbaum der Chary Doke. See Jeffreys' Duke. Kronherzkirsche. See Corone. Lacure. See Black Heart. 304 THE FRUIT MANUAL. LADY SOUTHAMPTON'S.— This is a medium sized, yellow, heai't- shaped cherry, of the Bigarreau class, with firm, but not juicy, flesh. It is now very little cultivated, and is but a worthless variety. Ripe in the end of July and beginning of August. Large Black Bigarreau. See Tradescanfs Heart. Large May Duke. See May Duke. Large Wild Black. See Corone. LATE BIGARREAU.— Fruit, large, obtuse heart-shaped, and uneven in its outline, broadly and deeply indented at the apex. Skin, of a fine rich yellow, with a bright red cheek, which sometimes extends over the whole surface. Stalk, an inch and a half long. Flesh, yellowish, considerably firm, sweet, and agreeably flavoured. A large and handsome late Bigarreau ; ripe in the middle of August. The tree is very productive. LATE DUKE {Anglaise Tardive). — Fruit, large, obtusely heart- shaped, and somewhat compressed. Skin, shining, of a fine bright red, which becomes darker as it ripens. Stalk, an inch and a half to two inches long. Flesh, pale yellow, tender, juicy, and richly flavoured. Ripe in the middle and end of August. Late Morello. See Morello. Late Mottled Bigarreau. See Bigarreau Napoleon. LATE PURPLE GEAN.— This is a fine late Black Gean, ripening in the latter end of July. Lauermann's Herzkirsche. See Bigarreau Napoleon. Lauermann's Kirsche. See Bigarreau Napoleon. LEMERCIER. See Heine Hortense. There is a Lemercier grown by Mr. Rivers which is later than Reine Hortense, and, before it is quite ripe, considerably more acid than that variety. The tree has also a more rigid and upright growth, like the Dukes ; but it is evidently a seminal variety of Reine Hortense, and, being a better bearer, is perhaps the preferable kind to grow of that admirable cherry. Lion's Heart. See Ox Heart. LOGAN. — Fruit, above medium size, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin, deep blackish purple. Stalk, an inch and a half long. Flesh, brownish red, almost firm, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured. Ripe in the middle and end of July. The tree blooms late. Louis XVIII. See Reine Hortense. LUD WIG'S BIGARREAU {Bigarreau de Uidivig). -~Frmi, large GHEBBIES. 805 and perfectly heart-shaped, terminating at the apes in a sharp point, with a slightly marked suture on one side. Skin, shiuing, of a fine bright red colour, which is evenly distributed over the whole surface, except that it is a little paler on the shaded side. Flesh, pale yellow, very tender and melting, much more so than Bigarreaus general y are. A delicious early Bigarreau, ripening just after the Early Red Bigarreau. In the " Dictionnaire de Pomologie " Mr. Leroy states that this is an English variety raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridge worth. LUKE WARD'S [Lnheuards). — Fruit, medium sized, obtuse heart- • shaped. Skin, dark brownish red, becoming almost black as it ripens. Stalk, about two inches long. Flesh, half-tender, dark purple, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured. An excellent cherry, superior in quality to either the Black Heart or Corone. It is ripe in the end of July and beginning of August. The tree is a free grower, hardy, healthy, but a bad bearer, and on that account its cultivation has to a great extent been discontinued. This is one of the oldest cherries known in this country, and seems to have been held in great estimation by all cultivators of fruit and fruit trees from Par- kinson to Miller, as there is scarcely any of the horticultural writers who have not mentioned it. It is first mentioned by Parkinson in 1629. MAMMOTH {Kirtland's Mammoth). — Fruit, very large, often an inch and an eighth in diameter ; obtuse heart-shaped. Skin, clear yellow, flushed and marbled with red. Stalk, an inch and a quarter long. Flesh, half-tender, juicy, sweet, and very richly flavoured. This is a magnificent cherry ; ripe in the middle and end of July. MANNING'S MOTTLED.— Fruit, above medium size, obtusely heart-shaped, and flattened on one side. Skin, amber-coloured, finely mottled, and flushed with red, somewhat translucent and shining. Stalk, slender, two inches long. Flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured. Ripe in the middle of July. Marboeuf. See All Saints. Marcelin. See Belle de Roanont. MARY (Kirtland's Mary). — Large, roundish heart-shaped, and handsome. Skin, very much mottled with deep rich red on a yellow ground, and, when much exposed to the sun, almost entirely of a rich glossy red. Stalk, from one inch and a half to two inches long. Flesh, pale yellow, fii'm, rich, and juicy, with a sweet and high flavour. This is a very beautiful and very fine cherry ; ripe in the middle and end of July. May. See Early May. MAY DUKE (Duke ; Early Duke ; Early May Dvke ; Large May 20 806 THE FRUIT MANUAL. Duke; Morris's Duke; Morris's Early Duke; Benham's Fine Early Duke; Thompson's Duke ; Portugal Duke ; Buchanan's Early Duke ; Milieu's Early Heart Duke; Arujleterre Hdtive; Roy ale Hdtive). — Fruit, large, roundish, flattened at both ends, indented at the apex, in the centre of which there is a small dot of russet. A very shallow but distinct suture extends all round the fruit. Skin, at first of a red cornelian colour, but becoming of a dark red when fully ripened. Stalk, about an inch and a half long, supported on a common peduncle, which bears several others. Flesh, red, tender, juicy, and richly flavoured. Juice, dark-coloured, and it stains red. Stone, small, nearly round, and slightly flattened. The tree is a free grower, with a characteristic upright habit, hardy, an excellent bearer, and the variety is one of the best for forcing. This is a very old variety. The name May Duke is supposed to be a corruption of Medoc, whence this kind of cherry was first brought. De Meruer. See Reine Hortense. Merveille de HoUande. See Reine Hortense. Merveille de Septembre. See Tardive de Mans. Milan. See Morello. Millett's Early Heart Duke. Bee May Duke. Monats-amarelle. See All Saints. Monats-weichsel. See All Saints. Monstrose Marmorkirsche. See Bigarreau de Mezel. Monstrueuse de Bavay. See Reine Hortense. Monstrueuse de Jodoigne. See Reine Hortense. Montmorency. See Gros Gobet. Montmorency a Courte Queue. See Gros Gobet. Montmorency a Gros Fruit. See Gros Gobet. Morelle. See Morello. MORELLO [Agnate or Murillo ; Milan; Black Morello; Dutch Morello; Late Morello; Ronalds* Large Morello; Cerise du Morel; Griotte Ordinaire du Morel; Morelle; Crown Morello). — Fruit, large, roundish, inclining to heart-shaped ; compressed a little on one side, which is marked with a slight suture, and somewhat depressed at the apex. Skin, dark red, but fchanging to a deeper colour, and becoming almost black the longer it hangs on the tree. Stalk, from an inch and a half to two inches long, inserted in a slight depression. Flesh, deep purplish red, tender, juicy, and briskly acid, but when allowed to hang till it attains its darkest colour it is rich and agreeably flavoured. CHERRIES. 807 This is the best of all the cherries for culinary purposes, either for preserving or to be used in confectionery ; it ripens in July and August, and will continue on the tree as late as September. The tree is of a spreading habit of growth, with pendulous shoots ; it is very hardy, and an abundant bearer. It succeeds well as a standard, but is generally grown against a wall exposed to the north, where it produces its fruit of greater size and much later, and attains greater perfection than any other kind of fruit would do in a similar situation. This is a very old variety, being mentioned by Parkinson in 1629, and it appears to me that '*The great bearing cherry of Master Millen " of the same author is the same as the Morello, and hence Switzer calU it the " Milan " : " is a reasonable great red cherry bearing plentifully although it bee planted against a north wall, yet it will bee late ripe, but of an inditferent, sweet, and good relish." Morello de Charmeux. See Belle Magnijique. Morestein. See Heine Hortense. Morris's Duke. See May Duke. Morris's Early Duke. See May Duke. Nain a Fruit Rond Precoce. See Early May. Nain Precoce. See Early May. NAPOLEON NOIR is a medium sized very early Black Heart, with an uneven surface. The stone is very small. It is a most delicious cherry. Napoleon's Herzkirsche. See Biyarreau NapoUon. Noir de Tartaric. See Black Tartarian. Nouvelle d'Angleterre. See Carnation. NOUVELLE ROYALE.— Fruit, large, much more so than the May Duke, but similar to it in shape, and somewhat uneven in its outline. Skin, red at first, but becoming quite black the longer it hangs. Stalk, an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half long. Flesh, tender, juicy, and with the flavour of the May Duke. This is a late Duke cherry, well worthy of a place in every collection ; it ripens in the end of July, and the tree has a fine compact pyramidal habit. r Ochsenherzkirsche. See Ox Heart. Octoberkirsche. See All Saints. , OHIO BEAUTY.— Fruit, large, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin, pale yellow, overspread with red. Flesh, pale, tender, brisk, and juicy. Ripe in the beginning of July. Oranienkirsche. See Carnation. "m THE FRUIT MANUAL. OSCEOLA. — Fruit, above medium size, heart- shaped, and with a deep suture on one side. Skin, dark purplish red, almost black. Stalk, about two inches long. Flesh, liver-coloured, tender, very juicy, rich, and sweet. Ripe in the middle and end of July. OSTHEIM (Ostheimer Kirsche ; Ostheimer Weichsel). — Fruit, large, round, flattened at both ends, and very slightly compressed on the side. Skin, dark red, changing as it ripens to dark purplish red. Stalk, from an inch and a half to two inches long, placed in a wide and shallow depression. Flesh, dark red, tender, juicy, with a pleasant, sweet, and sub-acid flavour. Stone, small, roundish oval. An excellent preserving cherry, not so acid as the Morello ; it is ripe the end of July. The tree forms a thick, bushy head, with long, slender, and pendulous shoots ; it is an abundant bearer, and better suited for a dwarf than a standard. Ostheimer Kirsche. See Ostheim. Ostheimer Weichsel. See Ostheim. Ounce Cherry. See Tobacco-leaved. OX HEART {Lion's Heart ; Bullock's Heart ; Ochsenherzkirsche). — Fruit, large, obtuse heart-shaped, flattened on one side, wbicLi is -inarked with a suture. Skin, shining, dark purplish red. Stalk, two inches long, placed in a shallow depression. Flesh, somewhat firm, dark red, with a brisk and pleasant flavour, which is considerably richer when the fruit is highly ripened. Stone, roundish oval. A large, handsome, and very excellent cherry ; it ripens in the end of July. PARAMDAM (Baramdam). — Small and round, not quite half an inch in diameter. Skin, pale red. Stalk, an inch long. Flesh, pale, tender, with an agreeable and lively acidity. It ripens in the end of July. The tree is of very diminutive growth ; one in my possession, not less than 100 years old, being little more than seven feet high, and the stem not so thick as a man's arm. This is a variety of the native Cerasus vvlgnris. It was first brought to my notice hy a reference to Hitt's "Treatise of Fruit Trees." and on application to my friend, the late Kev. Henry Manton, of Sleafoid, he was so go'id as to procure me trees from the very holt to which Hitt refers in the followinj^ Hccount of it : — " I have near Sleaford in Lincolnshire met with a ditlereni kind of cherry to any of the former ; it is calkd the Baramdam. which is the name of the place where it grows, in a perfect wild manner, so that not any one can give account of thejr being planted. Mr. Pattison, the proprietor of the land, and present in- habitant, is now (1755) about sixty years of age, who told me their number was greatly increased in his time ; and he further added that, the same land had been the property of his father and grandfather, both of whom he knew veiy well, but neither of them was ever able to give him any account of its heing planted. And I am by just reasons prompt to say there is no marks of art in any part of the CHERRIES. ^09 Holt, but they increase by suckers like black thorns, and bear upon as sfnall bushes. I have more than once curiously examined them ; for, soon after the time that I first saw them, 1 entered into a confract with the right honourable Lord Robert Manners, which entra^ed me to reside the greatest part of my time at Bloxhohne, which is no more than five miles from Baramdam. I have got some plants of the kind under my care, which thrive well and bear plentifully ; though before I saw the original Holt, I had hem told they would not thrive in any other place ; but I find them quite to the contrary, for they will grow and bear upon moist spungy land, where other cherries will not live long. This I have seen near Ancaster, where I bought some young plants, and there was a larger tree in that ground than any one at Baramdam ; it was quite healthy and free from moss, not^vithslanding its roots were in water the greatest part of the year. " They will root well the first year of laying, and I think that the best way to propagate them ; for the common kinds made use of for stocks are not so. good, being subject to make strong downright roots, whereas these are very fibrous, and grow very near the surface. " I have propagated the Duke Cherry upon them, and it is not so subject to blights as it is up(m the wild black or red, though it does not make so strong shoors ; but I think it is the better for that, for dwarfs or espaliers. "The trees upon their own roots never grow to be large ones, and the leaves are small and smooth, and are of a bright colour ; the young shoots are small, much like tho3e of the Morclla, and bear their fruit like them, the greatest part of which ripens in August, and but few in July. ** It is a middle- sized round cherry, of a red colour, and its taste is not quite so sweet as some others ; though it is not a sour cherry, yet it has some little, flavour of bitter in it, like the wild black." Petit Cerise Rond Precoce. See Early May. Petit Cerise Rouge Precoce. See Early May. De Palembre. See Belle de Choisy. Pie Cherry. See Kentish, Planchoury. See Belle Maynijigice. PONTIAC. — Fruit, large, obtuse heart-shaped, compressed on the- sides. Skin, dai*k purplish red, nearly black. Stalk, an inch and a half to two inches long. Flesh, purplish red, half- tender, juicy, sweety and agi'eeable. It ripens in the latter end of July. Portugal Duke. See 2Jay Duke. POWHATTAN. — Fruit, medium sized, roundish heart-shaped, com- pressed on the sides, uneven in its outline. Skin, brownish red and glossy. Stalk, two inches long. Flesh, rich purplish red, half-tender, juicy, sweet, but not highly flavoured. It ripens in the end of July. Princesse de HoUande. See Biyarreau de Uollande. Quatre a la Livre. See Tobacco -leaved. ' 'RATK'FXA{Bru7iede Bricxelles ; Batafia Weichsel ; Brusseler Bratme ; Brusselsche Bruyn). —Fiuit, medium sized, round, and a little flattened 310 THE FEUIT MANUAL. on both sides, marked with a very faint suture on one side. Skin, dark brown, nearly black, and very shining. Stalk, an inch and a half to two inches long, placed in a shallow depression. Flesh, dark red, tender and juicy, with a briskly acid flavour, but which it loses and becomes richer the longer the fruit hangs on the tree. Stone, medium sized, ovate, and adhering closely to the flesh. This variety ripens in August. It has a close resemblance to the Morello, but is much smaller, and is used for the same purposes. The tree forms a close round head with slender, pendulous shoots, and is an excellent bearer. Eatafia Weichsel. See Batafia, Red Heart. See Gascoigne. RED JACKET. — Fruit, large, heart-shaped. Skin, amber, covered with pale red, but when fully exposed entirely covered with bright red. Stalk, two inches long, slender. Flesh, half-tender, juicy, and of good, but not high, flavour. Ripe in the beginning and middle of August. It is valuable for its lateness. REINE HORTENSE {D'Aremberg ; Belle Audigeoise; Belle de Bavay ; Belle de Laeken; Belle de Prapeau; Belle de Petit Brie; Belle Supreme; Grosse de Wagnelee ; Guigne Noire de Strass ; Hybrid de Laeken; Louis XVIIL; Lemercier ; De Meruer ; Merveille de Hol- lande ; Monsti'ueuse de Bavay ; Monstru^use de Jodoigne ; Morestein ; Reifie Hortense Larose; Eouvroy ; Seize a la Livre). — Fruit, very large, one inch and one-twelfth long and an inch wide, oblong, and compressed on the sides. Skin, very thin and translucent, at first pale red, but assuming a bright cornelian red, and changing to dark brilliant red the longer it hangs. Stalk, very slender, about two inches long. Flesh, yellow, netted, very tender, and very juicy, with a sweet and agreeably acidulous juice. A very excellent cherry of first-rate quality ; it ripens in the middle and end of July. The tree is a free and vigorous grower and an excellent bearer. It was raised in 1832 by M. Larose, a nurseryman at Neuilly, near Paris, and first produced fruit in 1838. RIVAL. — Fruit, below medium size, obtuse heart-shaped, uneven in its outline, flattened on one side, and marked with a distinct suture. Skin, black. Stalk, an inch and a half long, slender. Flesh, firm and crackling, sweet, and richly flavoured. A very late small black Bigarreau, in use till the end of August and beginniug of September. It hangs as late as Belle Agathe. The tree is a profuse bearer. ROCKPORT BIGARREAU.— Fruit, large, obtuse heart-shaped, uneven in its outline, and with a swelling on one side. Skin, pale CHERRIES. 311 amber, covered with brilliant deep red, mottled and dotted with carmine. Stalk, an inch to an inch and a half long. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured. Ripe in the beginning and middle of July. Ronalds' Black. See Black Tartarian, Ronalds' Large Black Heart. See Black Tartarian. Ronalds' Large Morello. See Morello. Rose do Lyon. See Early Lyons. Rosenoble. See Gros Gohet. Rothe Oranienkirsche. See Carnation. Rothe Spanische. See BelU de Rocmont. Rouge Pale. See Carnation. Rouge d' Orange. See Carnation. Rouge de Bruxelles. See Carnation. Rouvroy. See Reine Hortense. ROYAL DUKE {Donna Maria). — Fruit, large, oblate, and hand- somely shaped. Skin, deep shining red, but never becoming black like the May Duke. Stalk, an inch and a half loug, united to a common peduncle, which is about half an inch long. Flesh, reddish, tender, juicy, and very rich. Stone, medium sized, roundish oval. A dehcious cherry of first-rate quality ; ripe about the middle of July. The tree is a free and upright grower like the May Duke, succeeds well as a standard, and is an excellent bearer. Royale. See Jeffreys' Duke. Royal Hative. See May Duke. St. Margaret's. See TradescanCs Heart. St. Martin's Amarelle. See All Saints. St. Martin's Weichsel. See All Saints. Schimmelpenning's-kers. See Gros Gohet. Schone von Choisy. See Belle de Choisy. Schone von Rocmont. See Belle de Rocmont. Schwarze Tartarische. See Black Tartarian. Seize a la Livre. See Rdne Hortense. SHANNON MORELLO. — Fruit, above medium size, round, and 312 THE FRUIT MANUAL. flattened at the stalk. Skin, dark purplish red. Stalk, long and slender. Flesh, tender, reddish purple, jaicy, and acid. Kipe in August. Sheppard's Bedford Prolific. See Bedford Prolific. Small Early May. See Early May, Small May. See Early May. Spanish Heart. See Black Heart. SPARHAWK'S HONEY {Sparrowhaivk's HoneTj). —Fruit, of medium size, roundish heart-shaped, and very regular in form. Skin, thin, of a beautiful glossy pale amber red, becoming a lively red when fully ripe, partially transparent. Stalk, of moderate length, rather slender, set in a round, even depression. Flesh, melting, juicy, with a very sweet and delicate flavour. An American melting, sweet cherry ; ripe the end of June and be- ginning of July. Spotted Bigarreau. See Bigarreau de Hollande. Staatsbluhenderkirsche. See All Saints. Superb Circassian. See Black Tartarian. Sussex. See Kentish. Tardive a Bouquets. See All Saints. Tardive a Grappes. See All Saints. TARDIVE DE MANS (Merveille de Septemhre).— Fruit, small, ovate, flattened at the stalk. Skin, smooth and shining, clear red in the shade, and mottled with purplish red where exposed. Flesh, firm, sweet, juicy, and nicely flavoured. This, like Belle Agathe, hangs very late, but it is not so large or so good as that variety. TECUMSEH. — Fruit, above medium size, obtuse heart-shaped, flattened on one side. Skin, reddish purple, or dark brownish red, mottled with red. Flesh, reddish purple, half-tender, very juicy and sweet, but not highly flavoured. Ripe in the middle and end of August, and is valuable as a late variety. Thompson's Duke. See May Duke. TOBACCO-LEAVED (Ounce Cherry; Four-to-the-Pound ; Quatre a la Livre ; Bigarreautier Tardif a Feuilles de Tahac ; Bigarreautier a Grandes FeuiUes ; Bigarreau Tardif; Guignier a Feuilles de Tahac ; Vier auf ein Pfund). — Fruit, rather below medium size, heart-shaped, somewhat flattened on one side, which is marked with a fine line ex- CHERTiTES. 313 tending to the apex, and terminating in a curved point, such as is met with in some varieties of Peaches. Skin, tender, shining pale amber- coloured on the shaded side, but mottled and spotted with dark red on the side next the sun. Stalk, slender, two inches long, placed in a shallow cavity. Flesh, firm, pale amber-coloured, transparent, juicy, and with a sweet rich flavour. Stone, medium sized, ovate. It ripens in the beginning of August. There is nothing for which this cherry is remarkable, except its large leaves and high-sounding name ; however it came to be called " Four-to-the-Pound" would puzzle any one to imagine, but such is the name by which it was at one time known, and under whi< h it was found in all nurserymen's catalogues. It is a very old cherry, and is evidently of English or gin, being mentioned by Parkinson as early as 1629, under the more modest designation of " Ounce Cherrie." He says, "The Ounce Cherrie hath the greatest and broadest leafe of any other Cherrie, but beareih ihe smallest store of Cherries everie yeare that any doth, and yet blossometh well ; the fruit also is nothing answerable to the name, Ijeing not great, of a pale yellowish red, neere the colour of amber, and therefore some have called it the Amber Cherrie." There is no doubt it is this variety also which is described by Meaner under the name of " Cilie:;eberrylin," which he says is "as big as an indifferent Jipjle." The Germans ascribe its introduction on the Continent to the Karl of Murray, who had a seat at Menin, in Flanders, whence it was taken into Germany by M. Seebach, colonel of an Austrian regiment of cavalry, and who received it from Lord Murray's gardener under the name of Quatre a la Livre. The leaves are a foot and sometimes 18 inches long. TOMATO. — Fruit, very large, about an inch in diameter, roundish, and somewhat oblate, with shallow furrows on its sides like a tomato. Skin, clear red. Stalk, about an inch and a quarter long. Flesh, pale, tender, juicy, and agreeably flavoured. A handsome cherry of the Red Duke class. TRADESCANT'S HEART (E'/AAor7i ; St. Margaret's ; Large Black Blgarreau ; Bigarreau Gros Noir ; Guigne Noire Tardive). — Fruit, of the largest size, obtuse heart-shaped, indented and uneven on its sur- face, and considerably flattened next the stalk on the side marked with the suture. Skin, at first dark red, but changing when fully ripe to dark blackish purple. Stalk, slender, an inch and a half to an inch and three-quarters long. Flesh, dark purple, adhering firmly to the stone, firm, sweet, and briskly sub-acid. It ripens in the end of July and beginning of August. TRANSPARENT {De Jonghes Transparent). — Fruit, above medium size and oblate, with a bold style mark on the apex, and with a very faint suture on the side. The skin is thin and transparent, showing through it the netted texture of the flesh, and of a uniform pale red colour all over. Flesh, melting, tender, sweet, and delicious. This comes among the Red Dukes, and is allied to Belle de Choisy. It was raised by De Jonghe of Brussels from the Montmorency. TRANSPARENT GEAN.— Fruit, small, regularly heart-shaped, and marked with a suture which extends in a line over the whole. Skin, delicate, transparent, and shining, pale yellow, and finely mottled B14 THE FRUIT MANUAL. with clear red. Stalk, about two inches long, slender, and placed in a shallow depression. Flesh, tender and juicy, with a sweet and agreeable sub -acid flavour. An excellent little cherry ; ripe the middle and end of July. Trauben Amai-elle. See Clmter. Trauben Kirsche, See Clmter. Trempee Precoce. See Baumanns May. Troschkirsche. See Cluster. Troskerskirsche. See Cluster. Turkey Heart. See Bigarreau. Vier auf ein Pfund. See Tobacco-leaved. De Villenne. See Carnation. Virginian May. See Kentish. Volgers-Volger. See Gros Gobet. Wachsknorpelkirsche. See Buttner's Yellow. Ward's Bigarreau. See Momtrous Heart. WATERLOO. — Fruit, large, obtuse heai-t-shaped, flattened at the stalk, and compressed on the sides. Skin, thin, dark purple mixed with brownish red, covered with minute pale dots, and becoming almost black when fully ripe. Stalk, slender, an inch and a half to two inches long, set in a pretty deep cavity. Flesh, clear red, but darker red next the stone, tender, juicy, and with a rich and delicious flavour. Stone, roundish ovate. An excellent cherry ; ripe in the end of June and beginning of July. The tree is a free grower and a pretty good bearer, and succeeds well as a standard or against a wall. This variety was raised by T. A. Knight, Esq., in ISl.*), and was named from having produced fruit a few weeks after the occurrence of the Battle of Waterloo. It was raised from the Bigarreau impregnated with the pollen of the May Duke. Wax Cherry. See Carnation. WEEPING BLACK BIGARREAU {Bigarreau Fleureur ; Bigar- reau Noir Monstrueux Fleureur). — This is a large Black Bigarreau, about a fortnight earlier in ripening than the common Bigarreau, and it is distinguished from every other by the weeping habit of the tree, which makes it very ornamental. Weeping Cherry. See All Saints. Weichsel mit Kurzen Stiel. See Gi'os Gobet. Weisse Malvasierkirsche. See Carnation. CHEBBIES. 315 Weisse Sauer Kirsche. See Early May. WERDER'S EARLY BLACK (Guigne Precocc de Werder ; Wer- dersche Fruhe Schwarze Herzkirscht). — Fruit, very large, obtuse heart- shaped, with a deep suture on one side. Skin, membranous, deep shining black. Stalk, short and stout, about an inch and a half long, set in a deep cavity. Flesh, purplish red, tender, very juicy, and with a very sweet and rich flavour. This is one of the most valuable early cherries, of very high flavour and richness, much earlier than the May Duke, being generally fit for use by the middle of June. The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, an abundant and regular bearer, and succeeds well as a standard. This variety is of German origin, and has been for some years in cultivation. It was sent by Sello, gardener to the King of Prussia, at Sans Souci, to Christ, in 1794, and by him it was described in the first edition of his '* Handbuch." Werdersche Friihe Schwarze Herzkirsche. See Werder' s Early Black. West's White Heart. See Biyarreau. White Bigarreau. See Harrison's Heart. WHITE HEART (Amber Heart; Dredge's Early White; Kentish Heart; White Transparent). — Fruit, medium sized, heart-shaped. Skin, pale yellowish white on the shaded side, but mottled with dull red on the side exposed to the sun. Stalk, two inches long, very slender, and set in a shallow depression. Flesh, white, juicy, tender, sweet, and well-flavoured. A very good cherry, but only of second-rate quality, and now rarely cultivated ; it is ripe in the end of July. The tree is an excellent grower and very healthy, but is not a good bearer. At one time this variety was in high estimation, but now that there are so many others that are far superior to it it is hardly worth cultivating. WHITE TARTARIAN (Eraser's White Tartarian ; Erasers White Transparent Amhree a Petit Emit). — Fruit, small, roundish, inclining to obtuse heart-shaped, flattened at the apex, and marked on one side with a well-defined suture. Skin, transparent, pale yellow. Stalk, slender, two inches long, placed in a slight depression. Flesh, pale yellow, tender, juicy, and sweet. Stone, large and oval. A good cherry, but only of second-rate quality ; it is ripe in the middle and end of July. The tree is a free grower and a good bearer. White Transparent. See White Heart. Yellow Ramonde. See Gros Gobet. Yellow Spanish. See Bigarreau. Zeelandoise. See Gros Gobet. Zwillingskirsche. See All Saints. 316 THE FRUIT MANUAL. LIST OF SELECT CHERRIES, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR ORDER OF RIPENING. Those marked with an asterisk are adapted for small collections. I. FOR GARDENS. These all succeed well in the open ground, or as espaliers ; and those for dessert use are worthy of being grown against a wall, when they arc much improved both in quality and earliness. For Dessert Use. June. Transparent Mammoth Belle d'Orleans Frogmore Early *Mary *£arly Purple Gean Bigarreau de Mezel Bigarreau •Early Jaboulay *^ay DuUe August. Early Lyons Jeffreys' Duke TTI nrPTi f*#» Early Ked Bigarreau Cleveland Bigarreau ICennicott Early Rivers Rockport Bigarreau Red Jacket Werder's Early Black Black Eagle TppnmspTi Bowyer's Early Heart BohemianBIackBigarreau *Elton Late Duke July. Oceola September. Knight's Early Black Royal Duke Coe's Late Carnation *Black Tartarian Delicate Biittner's Yellow Waterloo Duchesse de Palluau Bigarreau deHildesheim Governor Wood Monstrous Heart Rival Belle de Choisy Joc-o-sot For Kitchen Use. Belle Agathe *Kentish * Belle Magnifique Griotte de Chaux *Morello II. FOR ORCHARDS. These being vigorous-growing and hardy varieties, and all, in various degrees, abundant bearers, are well adapted for orchard planting. Early Prolific Knight's Early Black Black Tartarian Adams's Crown May Duke Elton Black Hawk Biittner's Black Heart Kentish Mammoth Mary Bigarreau Amber Gean Late Duke Kennicott Red Jacket Rival Tecumseh Belle Agathe CHESTNUTS CBANBKEEIES. 317 CHESTNUTS. We can hardly call the chestnut a British fruit. It is true that in some situations in the southern counties it ripens fruit, but that is generally so very inferior to what is imported from Spain and the south of France, that no one would think of planting the chestnut for its fruit alone. It is as a timber tree that it is so highly valued in this country. The following are the varieties that succeed best ; but it is only in hot summers that they attain much excellence : — DEVONSHIRE PROLIFIC (.Y^m; Prolijic).— This is by far the most abundant bearer, and ripens more thoroughly a general crop than any other. DOWNTON (Knight's Prolific). — This is distinguished by the very short spines on the husks, and is not so prolific as the preceding. CRANBERRIES. Though these are not grown so generally as the other kinds of fruits, there are some who have given their attention to the subject, and succeeded in forming artificial swamps where cranberries have been cultivated with success. Wherever there is a plentiful supply of running water, with abundance of peat soil, no difficulty need be ex- perienced in growing cranberries. The two species most worth cultivating are the English and the American. ENGLISH (f)xy coccus palustris). — This grows abundantly in bogs or swamps, in many parts of England. The fruit is the size of a pea, and the skin pale red ; they have a somewhat acid flavour, and a strong acidity. AMERICAN (Oxycoccus macrocarpus). — Of this there are three varieties : — 1. Cherry Cranberry, is large, round, and of a dark red colour, resembling a small cherry. 2. Bugle Cranberry, so called from the shape being like a bugle head, long, and approaching an oval. Skin, pale, and not so deep a crimson as the other varieties. 3. Bell Cranberry, is bell-shaped, or turbinate, and of a dark coral red. This is a very large variety, and is a great favourite with American growers. 818 THB FBUIT MANUAL. CUERANTS. Belle de St. Gilles. See Red Dutch. BLACK CHAMPION. — Bunches, large, produced in clusters. Berries, very large, some being nearly three-quarters of an inch in diameter ; round, and jet black, and richly flavoured. The bush is a free grower, and remarkably prolific. This is the largest and finest Black Currant I have seen. The description is taken from branches of it exhibited by Messrs. James Carter & Co., at the Royal Horticultural Society, August 9, 1881, when it was awarded a first-class certificate. Black Grape. See Oijden's Black. BLACK NAPLES (yew 5?«cA:).— Bunches, short, but produced in great abundance. Berries, large, with a mild and sweet flavour. Blanche d'Angleterre. See Wilmofs Large White. Cerise. See Cherry. CHAMPAGNE (Pheasant's Eye; Couleur de Chair). — Bunches, of medium length. Berries, medium sized, pale pink or flesh-coloured, with darker red veins. The habit of the plant is similar to that of Red Dutch, but more robust in growth. Chenonceaux. See Bed Dutch. CHERRY (Cerise ; La Versaillaise ; Bed Cherry). — Bunches, short, with few berries. Berries, very large, of a deep red colour, and acid flavour, more so than the Red Dutch. It is the largest Red Currant. The bush is of a dwarf habit, with strong, short, and stout stunted- looking shoots ; and it has the objectiocable practice of sending up a gross shoot from the bottom, which almost invariably breaks ofl" with the wind. The foliage is large, of thick substance, and dark green. The fruit ripens rather early. COMMON BLACK. — This isvery much inferior to the other Blacks, and not worth cultivating, the bunches and berries being inlerior in size. Couleur de Chair. See Champagne. CUT-LEAYED. — A worthless Red variety for fruit ; but the bush is ornamental on account of its cut leaves, which are like those of the Eagle's Claw Maple. CURRANTS. 819 Dancer's Red. See Kni/jht's Large Bed. Fertile. See Red Dutch. Fertile d'Angleterre. See Red Dutch. Fertile de Bertin. See Red Dutch. Fertile de Palluau. See Red Dutch. Fielder's Red. See Knight's Large Red. GLOIRE DE SABLONS. — A very inferior, strong-growing variety of the Old Red, and a very bad bearer. Goliath. See Knight's Large Red. Gondouin. See Raby Castle, Grosse Rouge de Boulogne. See lied Dutch. Hative de Bertin. See lied Dutch, HOUGHTON CASTLE {Houghton Bed Seedling; OrangefieW).— Bunches, long, in dense clusters. Berries, of medium size, dark red. Bush, of moderate height, with stout brown shoots, and compact habit. The leaves are dark green, like those of Raby Castle, but are small and cockled. The great merit of this variety is that the shoots are tough and not liable to be blown off by wind like those of Cherry and Red Dutch. This is a valuable late currant, and an abundant bearer. Houghton Red Seedling. See Houghton Castle. Imperiale Rouge de Hollande a Grappes Longues. See Bahy Castle. Jackson's Mammoth. See Knight's Large Red. Jeeves's White. See White Dutch. KNIGHT'S LARGE RED {Dancer's Bed ; Fielder's Bed ; Goliath; Jackson's Mammoth; Knight's Sweet Bed; Palmer's Bed; Pitmaston Prolific ; Pitmaston Bed). — Bunches, large and long, produced in large clusters. Berries, large, bright red, but not so large as those of Red Dutch. The bush is a vigorous grower, with an erect habit in the shoots, which are quite a foot longer than those of Red Dutch, to which it otherwise bears a close resemblance in the foliage and abundant bearing. Leaves, small, pale green, rather deeply sinuated and some- what cockled. Knight's Sweet Red. See Knight's Large Bed. LACE-LEAVED (Ictr^e Bed; Large Sweet i?eValnut •Heart of Oak Hebburn Prolific Keepsake While. Lofty Lord Eldon Model •Pitmaston Green Gage Random Green •Bright Venus •Crystal Eagle •Early White Hedgehog Jenny Jones King of Trumps Lady Leicester •Mayor of Oldham Patience •Snowdrop Tally Ilo White Champagne •Whiteimiih FOR SIZE. Bed. Clayton Conquering Hero Dan's Mistake Duke of Sutherland Yellow. London Wonderful Catherina Criterion Drill Leveller Green. Mount Pleasant Pera General Green London Shiner Stock\^ell White. Telegraph Thumper Antagonist Careless Freedom Heioof the Kile King of Trumps snowdrift 866 THE FEUIT MANUAL. Table by which the approximate weights of Gooseberries may be ascertained by measurement with the callipers : — Diameter of Diameter of Width. Length. Weignt. Eighths. Eighths. Dwt. Grs. 12 16 27 0 12 15 25 0 12 14 -23 0 12 13 21 0 12 11 18 13 11 16 22 16 11 15 21 6 11 14 19 20 11 13 18 10 11 12 17 0 11 U 15 14 11 10 14 4 10 16 18 18 10 15 17 13 10 14 16 9 10 13 15 5 10 12 14 1 10 11 13 22 10 10 U 17 10 9 • 10 13 GEAPES. SYNOPSIS OF GBAPES. BERRIES ROUND, OR NEARLY SO. A. Muscats, Angers Frontignan August Frontignan Black Frontignan Caillaba Early Black Frontignan July Frontignan Lierval's Frontignan Meurthe Frontignan Muscat Champion Neapolitan Frontignan Purple Constantia Sarbeile Frontignan B. Not Muscats. Aramon Black or Purple. Bidwill's Seedling Black Corinth Black Damascus Black July Black Muscadine Black Sweetwater Dutch Hamburgh Early Black Bordeaux Espiran Fintindo Frankenthal Gros Guillaume Grosse Kolner Miller's Burgundy Mill Hill Hamburgh GRAPES. 307 Red, Tawny, or Striped, A. Muscats. Red Frontignan Madeira Frontignan Ahbee Aleppo B. Not Muscats. Catawba Chasselas de Falloux Fend ant Rose Gromier du Cantal Lombardy Red Chasselas White, Yellow, or Green. A. Muscats. Ascot Citronelle Chasselas Musque Citron Frontignan Doctor Hogg Duchess of Buccleuch Early Ascot Frontignan Early Auvergne Frontignan Early Saumur Frontignan Early Silver Frontignan Early Smyrna Frontignan Early White Frontignan Ottonel Frontignan Salamon's Frontignan Troveren Frontignan "White Frontignan B, Not Muscats. Buckland Sweetwater Calabrian Raisin Chaptal Chasselas Duhamcl Chasselas de Florence Chasselas Mart's Chasselas Royal Chasselas Vibert Ciotat Due de Malakoff Duke of Buccleuch Dutch Sweetwater Early Chasselas Pearly Malingre Ferdinand do Lcsscps General Delia Marmora Gros Romain Pitmaston White Cluster Prolific Sweetwater Royal Muscadine Stillward's Sweetwater White Corinth White Frankenthal White Lady Downe's White Nice White Rissling White Sweetwater II. BERRIES OVAL, OR NEARI.r SO. Black or Purple. A. Muscats. Black Muscat of Alexandria Ingram's Hardy Prolific Muscat Jura Frontignan Madresfield Court Mrs. Pince's Black Muscat Venn's Black Muscat B. Not Muscats. Alicante Alnwick Seedling Black Champion Black Cluster Black Hamburgh Black Monukka Black Prince Blussard Noir Cambridge Botanic Garden Catalanesca Nera Chilwell Alicante Ferral Gros Maroc Isabella Ischia Lady Downe's Morocco Morocco Prince CEillade Royal Ascot Strawbcny Trentham Black West's St. Peter's 368 THE FKUIT MANUAL. A. Muscats. None A. Muscats. Canon Hall Muscat Muscat of Alexandria St. Laurent Muscat B. Not Muscats. Alexandrian Ciotat Bicane Cabral Chaouch Cornichon Blanc Early Green Madeira Early White Malvas'a Ferdinand de Lesseps Foster's White Seedling Golden Champion Golden Queen Golden Hamburgh * * Red, Tawny, or Striped. B. Not Muscats, Barbarossa Purple Fontainbleau Schiras White, Yellow, or Green. Grosse Perle Blanche Luglienga Bianca Marchioness of Hastings Mrs. Pearson Pause Jaune Pedro Ximenes Reeves's Muscadine Royal Vineyard St. John's Scotch White Cluster Sultana Syrian Trebbiano Verde I ho Waltham Cross White Lisbon White Romain White Tokay Abercairney. Aegyptische. See West's St. Peter's. See Black Hamburgh, AHBEE. — Bunches, large and thickly set. Berries, large and round. Skin, thin, of a pale greenish yellow colour, which becomes of a clear pale yellow, tinged with -very thin dull red as it ripens. Flesh, firm, sweet, and without much flavour. A showy but not highly flavoured grape ; a native of India. Aiga Passera. See Black Corinth. ALEPPO (Chasselas Panache; Morillon Panache; Raisin d'Alep; Raisin Suisse). — Bunches, medium sized, loose, and not shouldered. Berries, medium sized, round, of various colours, some being black, others white or red, while some are striped with black, or red and white ; sometimes a bunch will be half white ,and half black ; and others are wholly white or wholly black. The flesh is inferior in flavour. The vine succeeds in a warm vinery, but requires the hothouse to bring it to perfection. The leaves are striped with green, red, and yellow. ALEXANDRIAN CIOTAT.— Bunches, large, long, and loose, with narrow shoulders. Berries, oval. Skin, thin, pale yellow, but becoming GBAPES. 369 of an amber colour as the fruit are highly ripened, and covered with numerous russety dots. Flesh, firm and breaking, juicy, and well flavoured. Ripens with the hcat]"of a vinery. A good bearer, but the bunches set badly. This is in all respects similar to the Muscat of Alexandria in the fruit, but has no Muscat flavour. Alexandrian Frontignan. See Muscat of Aled'andria. ALICANTE {Black Lisbon; Black Portitgal; Black Palestine; Black Spanish; Black St. Peter's; Black Tokay; Black Valentia; Meredith'' s Alicante; St. Peters; Espagnin Noir ; Alicantenwein ; Blauer von Alicante ; Sanct Peter s Trauhe; Schwarzer Spanischer). — Bunches, lai'ge, and sometimes shouldered, frequently cylindrical and long, occasionally broadly ovate, and always well set. Berries, large, perfectly oval or olive-shaped, jet black, and covered with a thin blue bloom. Skin, tough and membranous, but not too thick. Berry- stalks less than half an inch long, very slightly and thinly war ted, and with a small receptacle. Flesh, very tender, adhering a little to the skin, juicy, and with a flavour similar to that of Black Hamburgh. Seeds, rather large, varying from one to three in each berry, and attached to a seed-string tinged with red. A fine large showy grape, both in bunch and berry, which hangs remarkably well, and is an excellent late variety. Taking all its qualities into consideration — the size of its bunches and berries, its flavour when highly ripened in heat, and the fertility and vigour of the vine, this is one of the most valuable late grapes in cultivation ; but it must be re- membered that to have it in perfection it requires the same temperature as Muscat of Alexandria, though it succeeds very well in an ordinary vinery. Mr. Barron says, that after ripening it requires to be kept cool, otherwise the berries are apt to decay. I have been thus minute in the description of this grape because of the great confusion that exists as to the varieties bearing this name. It is the Alicante of Speechly ; it is also the true Black St. Peter's (not West's St. Peter's), and in my investigations of the vineyards of the south of France I have found it under the name of Espagnin Noir. The name of Alicante is given to several varieties of grapes in the south of France and in the Peninsula, but is not applicable to any variety in particular. In the department of Gard, it is applied to Gromierdu Cantal ; in Andalusia to the Tintilla and Tinto ; in Provence to MourvMe ; and in the Eastern Pyrenees to Matara. Then the Alicante of Bouches-des- Rhone vineyards is the Granaxa of Arragon, and Granache of Eastern Pyrenees ; while, in the neighbourhood of Alicante, the name is given to two or three different sorts. In Great Britain Black Prince is sometimes, but erroneously, called Alicante ; and the variety which in the second edition of this work was called Kempsey Alicante, I have discovered to be nothing else than the Morocco. Alicantwein. See Alicante. ALNWICK SEEDLING (Clive House Seedling).— Bunches, large, 24 370 THE FRUIT MANUAL. heavily shouldered, short conical, with long stout stalks. Berry-stalks, short and stout. Berries, large, roundish oval marked with sutural furrows which extend over the apex of the fruit. Skin, stout mem- branous, quite black, covered with a fine bloom. Flesh, firm, tender, very juicy and sweet, with a sprightly flavour like that of Black Morocco. A very fine late grape, surpassing in flavour the Black Alicante, which is of the same class and season. It may be distinguished from Alicante by the smooth glossy upper surface of the leaves, that of Alicante being woolly. The only disadvantage this vine possesses is the sterile disposition of its flowers, which require to be artificially im- pregnated to secure a good crop of fruit, and this is not a difficulty with experienced gardeners. The easiest mode of doing this is to get a small bunch of feather grass {t An excellent grape, but requires careful cultivation, as it very soon decays after ripening, particularly at the point of union with the stalk, when it becomes discoloured. Ripens in a cool vinery, and^forces well. The leaves die yellow. In August, 1855, Busby, the gardener at Stockwood Park, near Luton, exhi- bited a grape at the meeting of the British Pomological Society, which was reported to have been raised from the Black Hamburgh, crossed by Dutch Sweetwater, and it was pronounced by the Society to be the best of all the White Grapes except the Muscats. Busby sold the vine for a large sum to Mr. Veitch, of Chelsea, who sent it out in 1857. Suspicion was aroused that the vine had not been raised by Busby 990 THE FRUIT MANUAL. as lie represented, but was brought from the south of Europe by his master, Mr. Crawley ; and it eventually turned out that this reputed seedling was none other than Luglienga Bianca, an Italian grape, which was growing in the Horticultural Society's Garden. GOLDEN QUEEN. — Bunches, nine inches long, with a stout stalk, long, tapering, and well shouldered, like Muscat of Alexandria. Berry-stalks, rather long, but stout and warted. Berries, upwards of an inch, and sometimes an inch and a quarter long; oblong or oval. Skin, membranous, of a clear amber colour. Flesh, firm and crackling, very juicy, and richly flavoured. This is a fine grape, and the constitution of the vine is very good. It requires a high temperature to ripen it properly. It was raised by Mr. John Pearson, of Chilwell, Nottingham, from Alicante, crossed by Ferdinand de Lesseps, and was awarded a first-class certificate by the Royal Horticultural Society in 1873. Graham's Muscat Muscadine. See Chasselas Musqne. Grauer Muskateller. See Bed Frontignan, Grec Rouge. See Gromier du Cantal. Grizzly Frontignan. See Bed Frontignan. GROMIER DU CANTAL {Barbaroux ; De Candolle ; Grec Bouge ; Gros Gromier du Cantal ; Malaga ; Baisin du Pauvre ; Baisin de Servie). — Bunches, large, a foot long, broad, and shouldered. Berries, large and round. Skin, very thin, amber-coloured, mottled with light purplish brown. Flesh, tender, juicy, and sweet, with a brisk vinous flavour. Requires a warm vinery to ripen it, and it does not keep long after being ripe. In some of the vineyards of France, and particularly in those of Tarn-et-Garonne, it is called Alicante. Gros Bleu. See Frankenthal. Gros Colman. See Grosse Kdlner, Gros Colmar. See Grosse Kdlner, Gros Coulard. See Prolific Sweetwater, Gros Gromier du Cantal. See Gromier du Cantal, GROS GUILLAUME [Pennington Hall Hamburgh ; Seacliffe Black). — Bunches, twelve to eighteen inches long, shouldered, taperiug, and compact. Berries, round, inclining to oval. Skin, tough, but not thick, of a deep black colour, covered with thin bloom. Flesh, tecder, juicy, and of good flavour, though not rich. This is a valuable large grape, hanging all the winter, and keeping well till the middle of March, when it is particularly rich, and has a fine sprightly flavour. It is only after hanging that it acquires its best •condition. The vine is a bad bearer, except in poor soils, and it GR-iPES. 891 requires tlie aid of artificial heat to ripen the fruit properly. The. leaves die dark purple mottled. Gros Guillaume requires abundance of space and free exposure to light ; and by the long rod system of pruning it, larger bunches are produced than by the spurring system. With these advantages and a high temperature this tine grape can be grown to great perfection. A bunch was grown by Mr. Roberts, gardener at TuUamore, Ireland, which weighed 23 lb. 5 oz. It was introduced by Sir John Mordaunt, of "Walton Hall, near Stratford-on- Avon, alonfj with several other varieties, ineludinj^ Black Champion, somewhere about the year 1840, under the name of Barharossa, and it was sold out on a small scale by Mr. J. Butcher, nurseryman, of Stratford-on-Avon. It was not till about IH50 that it bc;?an to appear in the cataloyues of a few of the large nurseries. During my investigations among the vineyards of the south of Europe from ISfiO to 1866 I discovered it under its proper name of Gros Guillaume, which I restored. GROS MAROC (Coopefs Late Black). — Bunches, large, long, and shouldered, and with a stout stalk. Berries, large and oval. Skin, thick, of a deep reddish purple, becoming quite black when thoroughly ripened and well grown, and covered with an abundant blue bloom. Flesh, tender, sweet, and richly flavoured. This is an excellent grape, and ripens along with the Black Ham- burgh. It is frequently confounded with the Gros Damas, from which it is distinguished by its smoother and more deeply-cut leaves, shorter jointed wood, and earlier ripeniog. It requires rather more heat than the Black Hamburgh, and when well grown is one of the handsomest grapes in cultivation. Grosse Blauc. See Grosse Kdlner, Grosse Pause. See Pause Jaime. GROSSE PERLE BLANCHE.— Bunches, large, loose, and taper- ing. Berries, of large size, oval, and in shape resembling those of Muscat of Alexandria. Skin, thick and tough, of a pale amber colour when quite ripe. Flesh, firm and cracklings but without any flavour. This is very like Pause Jaune, but sets its fruit very much better. GROS ROMAIX, — This is a large, round-berried grape, of a deep amber colour, which Mr. Rivers says is of a nice flavour ; but the fruit sets badly. It is quite distinct from White Romain. Grosser Burgunder. See Black Hamburgh. GROSSE KOLNER {Qros Colman ; Gros Colmar : Blauer Kdlner; Grosse BJaue ; Kriechentraube ; Velka Modrina ; Yelki Urbainshak ; Yolovna : Zherna Morshina ; Pomcranzentraube). — Bunches, large, short, thick, and shouldered. Berry-stalks, short and finely warted. Berries, very large, round, sometimes inclining to oblate ; the style- point depressed. Skin, thick and tough, adhering closely to the flesh ; dark purple or black, covered with a pretty thick bloom. Flesh, 892 THE FEUIT MANUAL. coarse, juicy, sweet, and unless the fruit is highly ripened in heat it is harshly and not agreeably flavoured. This is a very handsome grape, but it requires a considerable amount of heat to ripen it, and it hangs late. It is aptly called the Orange Grape by the Germans. A native of the East, Grosse Kolner colours very slowly and gradually, and requires a temperature equal to that necessary to ripen Muscat of Alexandria, and then it is delicious, especially if allowed to hang till it begins to shrivel. Tt was first introduced to this country by the late Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, from M. Vibert, of Angers ; but, finding it did not ripen with the same treatment as Black Hamburgh, he discarded it. It was introduced a second time by the late Mr. Standish, of Ascot, from M. Andre Leroy, of Angers, and through him its popularity was established ; but it is mainly through the successful cultivation of it by Mr. W. Thomson, of the Tweed Vineries, that its reputation is so widely extended. The first trace I find of it in Western Europe is in De Bavay's Catalogue of 18.52, where it is called Gros Colman ; then I find it in that of Jacquemet-Bonnefont of Annonay, for 1855, under the name of Gros Colmar, and both of these are corruptions of Grosse Kolner. Grove-End Sweetwater. See Early White Malvasia. Gutedel. See Royal Muscadine. Hammelshoden. See Black HamhurgJt. Hampton Court. See Black Hamburgh. Horsforth Seedling. See Morocco. Hudler. See Black Hamburgh, Huttler. See Black Hamburgh, INGRAM'S HARDY PROLIFIC MUSCAT.— Bunchef^, long and tapering, not shouldered, from nine inches to a foot in length. Berries,, medium sized, perfectly oval, and well set. Skin, quite black, covered with blue bloom. Flesh, moderately firm, juicy, sugary, with a^ sprightly and rich flavour, having a faint trace of Muscat aroma. This is an excellent grape, and remarkably prolific. The wood is very short-jointed, and the vine, which succeeds well in a cool green- house, is very subject to mildew. It was raised by the late Mr. Thomas Ingram, garderer to Her Majesty at Frog- more, and received a first-class certificate Irom the Iloyal Horticultural Society in 1861. ISABELLA. — Bunches, large. Berries, large and oval. Skin, thin, of a dark purple colour, almost black, and covered with bloom. Flesh, tender, juicy, sweet, and vinous, with a musky flavour. This IS a variety of Vitis Labrusca, a native American grape, culti- vated in the open air in the United States, both for the dessert and for wine ; but it is not of much account in England. GRAPES, 393 ISCHIA (Noir Precoce de Genes ; Uva di tri volte). — The bunches and berries of this variety very much resemble those of Black Cluster ; but the fruit ripens as early as that of Black July, and is very much superior in flavour to that variety. Berries, medium sized, black, very juicy, sweet, and vinous. The vine is very vigorous and luxuriant in its growth, and bears abundantly, if not pruned too closely. In Italy it produces three crops in a year by stopping the shoot two or three joints beyond the last bunch, just as the flower has fallen and the berries set ; new shoots are started from the joints that are left, and also bear fruit, and these being again stopped, a third crop is obtained. This variety succeeds admirably against a wall in the open air. Jacob's Traube. See Black July, Jew's. See Syrian. Joannec. See St. John*s. Joannenc. See St. John's. Josling's St. Albans. See Chasselas Mmqu', July. See Black July, JULY FRONTIGNAN (Muscat de J idUet).— This is a very early variety, having a distinct Muscat flavour. It was introduced by Mr. Rivers, who describes it as follows : — Berries, round, purple, of medium size, rich, juicy, and excellent. This grape will ripen on a wall, as it is one of the earliest of its race, and is well adapted for pot culture in the orchard-house. JURA FRONTIGNAN (Muscat Noir de Ji^ra).— Bunches, long and tapering, very slightly shouldered, and larger than those of Black Frontignan. Berries, above medium size, round, and well set. Skin, deep purplish black, covered with thin blue bloom. Flesh, tender, very juicy, richly flavom'ed, and with a fine, but not powerful Muscat aroma. This is a valuable grape. The vine is a prolific bearer. The leaves die purple mottled. Kempsey Alicante. See Morocco, Knevett's Black Hamburgh. See Black Hamburgh, Krach Gutedel. See Early Chasselas. Kriechentraube. See Grosse Kdlner. Laan Hatif. See Scotch White Cluster, LADY DOWNE'S. — Bunches, shouldered, from eight to ten inches long, and rather loose. Berries, above medium size, roundish oval. Skin, rather thick, tough, and membranous, reddish purple at first, but 394 THE FRriT MANUAL. becoming quite black when fully coloured, and covered with a delicate bloom. Flesh, dull opaline white, very firm, sweet, and richly flavoured, with a faint trace of Muscat flavour, but not so, much as to include it among Muscats. Seeds, generally in pairs. This is a very valuable grape, and may be ripened with the heat of an ordinary vinery. It forces well, and will hang till the month of March without shrivelling or discolouration of either berries or stalks. The vine is a vigorous grower and an abundant bearer, seldom pro- ducing less than three bunches on each shoot. I have seen bunches of this grape ripened in August, hang till March, and preserve all their freshness, even at that late season, when the berries were plump and delicious. Grafted on the Black Hamburgh the berries are much increased in size, but the flavour is not improved. On Gros Guillaume it does not succeed so well, but the flavour is improved, and the fruit does not hang so long as when on its own roots. The leaves die bright yellow. Raised by Mr. Foster, gardener to Lord Downc, at Beningborough Hall, York, from Black Morocco, crossed with Sweetwater, about tlie year 1835. It was from the same pot of seedlings as Foster's White Seedling was obtained. Large Black Ferral. See Ferral. Lashmar's Seedling. See ^S^ John's. Lebanon Seedling. See Catawba. Le Coeur. See Morocco. LIERYAL'S FRONTIGNAN {Muscat L?Vrr«/).— Bunches, quite small, cylindrical, and well set. Berries, small, round, covered with a thick bloom. Skin, tender, quite black. Flesh, tender and sweet, with a slight Muscat flavour. Seeds, very large for the size of the berry. A very early grape, but much too small for general cultivation. LOMBABDY {Flame-coloured Tokay; BeilBhenish; Bed TauriJa ; Wantage). — Bunches, very large, shouldered, closely set, and hand- gome ; sometimes weighing from six to seven pounds. Berries, large and round, inclining to oval. Skin, pale red or flame-coloured. Flesh, firm, sweet, and well-flavoured, but only second-rate. This requires a high temperature to ripen it. The vine is a verj* strong grower, and requires a great deal of room, but it is a good bearer. Tlie only recommendation to this variety is the great size of the bunches and beauty of the fruit. Longford's Incomparable. See Black Prince. Long Noir d'Espagne. See Trentham Black. Luglienga Bianca. See Golden Hamburgh. Macready's Early White. See St. John's. MADEIRA FRONTIGNAN {Muscat Noir de Madere; Muscat Bouge de Madere). — Bunches, of medium size, rather compact. Berries, above GRAPES. 895 medium size, round. Skin, reddish purple. 'Flesh, very juicy and rich, with a high Muscat flavour. This is an excellent grape, and ripens well in a cool vinery at the same season as the Black Hamburgh. De la Madeleine. Sec Black July, Madeleine Blanche de Malingre. See Early Malingre. Madeleine Musquee de Courtiller. See Early Saumur Frontignan, Madeleine Noir. See Black July. :iADRESFIELD COURT.— Bunches, large, long, and tapering, well shouldered, and with a short, stout stalk. Berry-stalks, short, stout, and warted. Berries, large, oval, or oblong, even in size. Skin, tough and membranous, but not thick and coarse, quite black, and covered with a fine bloom. Flesh, greenish or opaline, tender, juicy, rich, and with an appreciable Frontignan flavour, though not so marked as in the Frontignans and Muscats. A very excellent grape, of the greatest merit. It ripens in an ordinary vinery without fire heat, if necessary, but like all grapes is improved by the use of it. Some have failed in growing it properly by subjecting it to too high a temperature. In seasons when the autumn is cold and wet, the house in which Madrcsfield Court is grown should be slightly heated, otherwise the berries are very apt to mould and rot. It was rmised by Mr. William Cox, gardener to Earl Beancbamp, at Madresfield Court, Worccsteri«birc, by hybridisinj; Muscat of Alexandria with Morocco. It was awarded a first-class certiticate by the Royal Horticultural Society in 1868. Malaga. See Gromier du Cantal, IMalaga. See Muscat of Alexandria, Malingre. See Early Malingre, Malmsey Muscadine. See Ciotat. Major Murray's. See West's St. Peters, MARCHIONESS OF HASTINGS.— Bunches, large, loose, and broadly shouldered. Berries, upwards of an inch long, and about an inch wide ; oval. Skin, thin, greenish white, covered with thin grey bloom. Flesh, thin and watery, without any flavour. This is an early gi'apo, and ripens in an ordinary vinery. Its only recommendation is the size of the bunches, which may be grown to weigh four pounds. Melier Blanc Hatif. See Early White Malvasia. Meredith's Alicante. See Alicante. Merrick's Victoria. Soo Frankenthal, Meunier. See Millers Burgundy. MEURTHE FRONTIGNAN {Muscat Noir de Meurthe ; Muscat 396 THE FKUIT MANUAL. Violet de Seine et Marne). — Bunches, medium sized, cylindrical, occa- sionally with a small shoulder, and very compact. Berries, large and perfectly round, on short, stout, slightly warted green berry-stalks. Skin, quite black, covered with a thin blue bloom, and marked with a distinct style-point. Flesh, very firm and crackling, juicy, brisk, sugary, and rich, with a fine Muscat flavour. This is one of the finest of all the Black Frontignans, and it succeeds well in an ordinary vinery. MILL HILL HAMBURGH (Champion Hamburgh).— Bunches, very large and shouldered ; thickly set. Berries, very large, round, inclining to oblate, and hammered. Skin, thin and tender, deep black, covered with blue bloom. Flesh, very solid, tender, and melt- ing ; very juicy, sweet, richly flavoured, and vinous. A noble grape of first-rate quality, having the appearance of the Dutch Hamburgh with the quality of the Black Hamburgh. The plant is easily distinguished by the pale yellowish green and sickly appear- ance of its foliage, which has the flaccid look as if the plant were flagging. See Black Chamjnon. Miller Grape. See Miller's Burgundy. MILLER'S BURGUNDY [Miller Grape; Meunier ; Blauer Mullerrebe). — Bunches, short, cylindrical, and compact, with a long stalk. Berries, small, round, inclining to oval, uniform in size, with short, warted stalks. Skin, thin, black, and covered with blue bloom. Flesh, red, sweet, juicy, and highly flavoured, and contains two seeds. An excellent grape for out- door cultivation, as it ripens well against a wall. It is easily distinguished from all other grapes by its ver}'- downy leaves, which, when they are first expanded, are almost white, and this they in some degree maintain during the greater part of the season. On this account it is called " The Miller." MRS. PEARSON. — Bunches, large, nine inches to a foot long, tapering, and well shouldered. Stalks, very thick and stout. Berry- stalks, short, stout, and warted, with a large receptacle. Berries, an inch long and seven-eighths of an inch wide ; roundish oval. Skin, membranous, amber-coloured, or with a pinkish tinge when highly ripened. Flesh, firm, very juicy, exceedingly rich and sugary, inter- mixed with a fine sprightly flavour. A delicious grape. The vine has a very robust constitution, as is evidenced by the very stout bunch and berry-stalks, and the thick leathery foliage. It was raised by Mr. John Pearson, of Chilwell, near Nottingham, from the Alicante crossed by Ferdinand de Lesseps, and is therefore of the same origin as Golden Queen. It was awarded a iirst-elass certificate by the Royal Horti- cultural Society in 1874. MRS. PINCE'S BLACK MUSCAT.— Bunches, large, well set, tapering, and shouldered, with a stout stalk. Berries, medium sized, perfectly oval, set on stout, short, rigid berry-stalks, which are coarsely GRAPES. 397 warteJ, and furnished with very large bold receptacles, which are also very coarsely warted. Skin, thick, tough, and membranous, purplish black, with a thin bloom. Flesh, rather firm, sweet and vinous, with a fine Muscat flavour. This is a very valuable grape, as, nothwithstanding its great excellence, it ripens in a house without artifical heat, and, unlike the other Muscats, does not require artificial heat to set it. Besides the vine has a re- markably strong and hardy constitution, sets freely, and the fruit hangs as late as any other grape. The great fault of this grape is its tardi- ness, and sometimes its failing to colour well. This, I believe, is due in a great measure to its being grown in too low a temperature, for it really requires more heat than Black Hamburgh, both to colour and to flavour it perfectly. The vine should be allowed to retain as much foliage as possible, and then the defect of want of colour will be obviated. This grape was raised from seed by Mrs. Pince, wife of Mr. R. T. Pince, of the Exeter Nursery, shortly before her death, an(l the vine tirst fruited in 1863, when it was awaracd a first-class certificate by the Royal Horticultural Society. Mogul. See Morocco. Mohrentutten. See Black Hamhurf/h, Money's West's St. Peters. See West's St. Peters. Morillon Hatif. See Black July, Morillon Noir. See Black Cluster, Morillon Panache. See Aleppo, Mornas Chasselas. See Early White Malvasia. MOROCCO {Ansley's Large Oval; Black Morocco; Black Muscadel ; Le Cceur; Horsforth Seedlimf ; Kempsey Alicante; Mogul; lied Muscadel). — Bunches, large, loose, and shouldered. Berries, of un- equal size ; some are large and oval. Skin, thick, reddish brown, becoming black when fully ripe ; beginning to colour at the apex, and proceeding gradually towards the stalk, where it is generally paler. Flesh, firm, sweet, but not highly flavoured until it has hung late in the season, when it is very rich, sprightly, and vinous ;. the small berries are generally without seeds, and the large ones have rarely more than one. This is a late-keeping grape of the first quality. It is very late, and requires stove heat to ripen it thoroughly. It is perhaps one of the worst to set its fruit ; and to secure anything like a crop, it is necessary to impregnate the ovaries when the vine is in bloom, by passing the hand occasionally down the bunch. The efiect of this is explained under Muscat of Alexandria. The leaves die bright yellow. It is called Horsforth Seedling from having been well grown by Appleby, the gardener at Horsforth Hall, near Leeds, and therefore being looked upon as a new varietv. The same thing occurred some years later, when it was well grown by Cox, the gardener at Kempsey House, Worcester, and it was shown as a new variety under the name of Kempsey Alicante. 398 THE FRUIT MANUAL. MOROCCO PRINCE. — Bunches, medium size or large, of an ovate shape, well set, and shouldered. Berries, oval, well set. Skin, tough and membranous, quite black, and covered with thin bloom. Flesh, rather firm and crackling, adhering to the skin, with a fine, brisk, vinous flavour. This is an excellent late grape, and hangs till March, but the vine is not a good bearer. The leaves die purple. This was received by the Royal Horticultural Society some years ago, as a cross between Morocco and Black Prince, and hence it was called Morocco Prince. Moscatel Commun. See White Frontignan. Moscatel Gordo Blanco. See Muscat of Alexandria. Moscatel Menudo. See Red Frontignan. MUSCAT OF ALEXANDRIA {Alexandrian Frontignan; Boivood Muscat; Charlesworth Tokay; Malaga; Muscat Escholata; Muscat Grec; Muscat of Jerusalem; Muscat of Lunel; Muscat Romain; Moscatel Gordo Blanco; Pause Musquee ; Passe Musque ; Tottenham Park Muscat; Tynninqhame Muscat; Uva Salamana). — Bunches, large, long, loose, and shouldered ; stalk, long. Berries, large, oval, unequal in size, and with long, slender, warted stalks. Skin, thick, generally greenish yellow, but when highly ripened a fine pale amber colour, and covered with thin white bloom. Flesh, firm and breaking, not very juicy, but exceedingly sweet and rich, with a fine Muscat flavour. A well-known and most delicious grape, requiring a high temperature to ripen it thoroughly ; but it may be sufiiciently ripened in a warm vinery, provided it has a high temperature at the time of flowering and while the fruit is setting. The vine is an abundant bearer, but the bunches set badly. To remedy this defect, a very good plan is to draw the hand down the bunches when they are in bloom, so as to distribute the pollen, and thereby aid fertilisation. The cause of this defective fertilisation is the tendency of the stigma to exude a globule of liquid, which so efiectually protects the stigmatic tissue from the influence of the pollen that the ovary is not fertilised. Passing the hand over the bunch, or otherwise agitating it so as to remove moisture, permits the pollen to come in contact with the stigma. The leaves die pale sulphur mottled with brown. It is this grape which furnishes the Muscatel raisins, imported in boxes from Spain. It was called Muscat Escholata by Daniel Money, a nurseryman and vine grower at Haverstock Hill, on the road to Hampstead, irom his having named his }'lace "Eschol Place," in allusion to the brook Eschol, where the Israelite spies got the large bunch ol' grapes. The names Bowood Muscat, Tottenham Park Muscat, and Tynninghame Muscat arose from seedhngs having been raised at these places, which have eventually proved to be merely seminal reproductions of the old variety. Muscat d'Aout. See Augmt Frontignan, Muscat Bifere. See Early Silver Frontignan. GEAPES. 399 Muscat Blanc. Soe White Frontignan, MUSCAT CHAMPION {Champion Hamburgh 3i«scat).— Bunches, very large, resembling those of the Mill Hill Hamburgh ; well shouldered. Berries, large, roundish, and inclining to oblate, generally much hammered. Skin, grizzly, inclining to black, and covered with a delicate bloom. Flesh, tender, juicy, and rich, with a distinct Fron- tignan flavour. This is a splendid grape, and one of the best in cultivation. The bunches and berries are as large as those of Mill Hill Hamburgh, and the flavour is the same as of that variety, with the fine aroma of the Frontignans superadded. It succeeds with the same treatment as the Black Hamburgh ; and ripens well in a house without artificial heat. It was raised by Mr. William Melville, gardener to the Earl of Rosebery, at Dalmcny Park, near Edinburgh, by fertilisjing Mill Hill Hamburgh with Canon Hall Muscat, and it possesses the merits of both parents. Muscat Citronelle. See Citron Frontignan. Muscat Escholata. See Muscat of Alexandria. Muscat Eugenien. See Early Auvergne Frontignan, Muscat Fleur d' Granger. See Chasselas Masque, Muscat Grec. See Muscat of Alexandria, Muscat Gris. See Red Frontignan, Muscat Hamburgh. See Black Muscat of Alexandria. Muscat of Jerusalem. See Muscat of Alexandria. Muscat de Jesus. See Chasselas Masque. Muscat de Juillet. See July Frontignan. MUSCAT ST. LAURENT.— Bunches, similar to those of Royal Muscadine. Berries, small, roundish oval. Skin, thin, greenish yellow, becoming pale amber when thoroughly ripened. Flesh, very tender, melting, and juicy, with a refreshing, juicy, and a distinct Muscat aroma. This variety, introduced by Mr. Rivers, that gentleman says, is very early, and will ripen on a wall with the Sweetwater. It is well adapted for pot culture in the orchard-house and in cool vineries. Muscat Lierval. See LiervaVs Frontignan. Muscat of Lunel. See Muscat of Alexandria, Muscat Muscadine. See Chasselas Musqae. Muscat Noir de Naples. See Neapolitan Frontignan, Muscat Noir. See Black Frontignan. 400 THE FEUIT MANUAL. Muscat Noir d' Angers. See Angers Frontlgnan. Muscat Noir de Jura. See Jura Frontignan, Muscat Noir de Madere. See Madeira Frontignan. Muscat Noir de Meurthe. See Meurthe Frontignan. Muscat Noir Ordinaire. See Black Frontignan. Muscat Ottonel. See Ottonel Frontignan. Muscat Precoce d'Aout. See Earhj Black Muscat. Muscat Precoce du Puy de Dome. See Early Auvergne Fron- tignan. Muscat Primavis. See Early White Frontignan. Muscat du Puy de Dome. See Early Auvergne Frontignan. Muscat Eegnier. See Salamon's Frontignan. Muscat Romain. See Muscat of Alexandria. Muscat Rouge. See Bed Frontignan. Muscat Rouge de Madere. See Madeira Frontignan, Muscat de Sarbelle. See Sarbelle Frontignan. Muscat de Saumur. See Early Saumur Frontignan. Muscat de Smyrne. See Early Smyrna Frontignan. Muscat Troveren. See Troveren Frontignan. Muscat Violet de Seine et Marne. See Meurthe Frontignan. Muscatellier Noir. See Black Hamburgh. NEAPOLITAN FRONTIGNAN {Muscat Noir de Naples).— Bunches, small and well set. Berries, small and round. Skin, very thick, adhering closely to the flesh, black, and covered with thin bloom. Flesh, firm, richly and briskly flavoured. A very nice little Black Frontignan, but too small for general culti- vation. Negropont Chasselas. See Chasselas de Falloux, Nepean's Constantia* See White Frontignan, Noir Precoce de Genes. See Ischia, (EILLADE {Boudales; Prunelas; Ulliade; Ulliade Noir Musque; Ulliade Noir Precoce). — Bunches, medium sized, and with long stalks. Berries, large, oval, unifoim in size, and dangling from long stalks. GRAPES. 401 Skin, thin, of a dark purplish black colour, and covered with bloom. Flesh, firm and crackling, juicy, sweet, and of a rich vinous flavour. The vine is a very abundant bearer, and ripens its fruit in a cool vinery, but to have it in perfection it requires the same treatment as the Frontignans. It is a delicious grape. Oldaker's West's St. Peter's. See West's St. Peter's, OTTONEL FRONTIGNAN {Muscat 0«wwZ).— Bunches, small and well set. Berries, small. Skin, very thick, greenish yellow, becoming yellow as it ripens. Flesh, tender, rather dry, and not very plentiful nor very juicy, and with a powerful Muscat flavour. A very early Frontignan grape, ripening a fortnight before Royal Muscadine, but not a desirable variety to grow, Palestine. See Syrian, Pause Musquee. See Muscat of Alexandria, PAXSE JAUNE {Grosse Pa?{se).— When the bunches are well set they are large and handsome, long, tapering, and shouldered. Berries, very large, oblong, and like those of Muscat of Alexandria in appearance. Skin, tough and membranous, adhering to the flesh, of an amber colour, and covered with a thin grey bloom. Flesh, firm, sweet, but not richly flavoured. It is very rarely that this grape sets its bunches perfectly. The condition in which it is usually met with is very few bunches on the vine, and these so badly set that there arc only a few fully developed berries on each bunch. The leaves die pale brown. Parsley-leaved. See Ciotat. Passe Musquee. See Muscat of Alexandria, Passolina Nera. See Black Corinth, PEDRO XIMENES. — Bunches, long, conical or somewhat cylindrical ; shouldered. Stalk, long, slender, and brittle. Berries, oblong. Skin, thin, rather transparent ; pale yellow or amber. Flesh, rather firm and fleshy, very sweet, and richly flavoured. A noted Spanish grape, extensively grown in Andalusia, and which furnishes the rich liqueur wine called Pedro Ximenes. Perle Blanche. See Dutch Sweetwater. Petersilien Gutedol. See Ciotat. Pineau. See Black Cluster. PITMASTON WHITE CLUSTER.— Bunches, medium sized, com- pact, and shouldered. Berries, medium sized, round, inclining to 26 402 THE FRUIT MANUAL. oblate. Skin, thin, amber- coloured, and frequently russety. Flesh, tender and juicy, sweet, and well flavoured. An excellent early grape ; succeeds well in a cool vinery, and ripens against a wall in the open air. Plant Eiche. See Ararnon. Pocock's Damascus. See Black Prince. Pomeranzentraube. See Grosse Kdlner. Pommerer. See Black Hamburgh. Poonah. See West's St. Peters. Pope Hamburgh. See Frankenthal. Precoce Blanc. See Eai'ly Malingre. Precoce de Kienzheim. See Early White Malva ia. Precoce de Malingre. See Early Malingre. Precoce Musquee. See Early Saumur Frontignan. PROLIFIC SWEETWATER {Chasselas Imperial Precoce ; Chasselas de Montauban; Froc de la Boulaye ; Gros Coulard). — Bunches, medium sized, cylindrical, loose, and not shouldered. Berries, large and round, uniform in size. Skin, thin, greenish yellow, but pale amber when fully ripe. Flesh, tender, juicy, and sweet, with an excellent flavour. This is an excellent early white grape, and sets its fruit much better than the old Sweetwater. It ripens well in a cool vinery, and is well adapted for pot culture. Prunellas. See (Eillade. PURPLE CONSTANTIA {Black Constantia ; Purple Frontignan; Violet Frontignan ; Violette Muskateller). — Bunches, long and tapering, very much more so than those of Black Frontignan, and with small shoulders. Berries, large and round. Skin, dark purple, covered with thick blue bloom. Flesh, juicy, very richly flavoured, and with a Mus- cat aroma, which is less powerful than in Black Frontignan. This is a most delicious grape, and requires to be grown in a warm vinery. The leaves die purple. It is the Black or Purple Frontignac of Speechly ; but is very dif- ferent from what is generally cultivated for Black Frontignan, that variety being the Blue or Violet Frontignac of Speechly. PURPLE FONTAINBLEAU.— I have never seen this grape ; but Mr. Rivers speaks of it as a very hardy variety, ripening against a wall in the open air ; well adapted for pot culture, and a prodigious bearer. The berries are oval, light purple, sweet, and juicy. GRAPES. 403 Purple Frontignan. See Purple Constantia. Queen Victoria. See Royal Muscadine, Raisin d'Alep. See Aleppo, Raisin d'Autriche. See Ciotat, Raisin des Balkans. See Ferral. Raisin de Calabre. See Calabnan Raisin, Raisin des Carmes. See West's St. Peter's, Raisin de Cuba. See West's St. Peter's, Raisin Framboisier. See Strawbeiry. Raisin de Frontignan. See White Frontignan, Raisin de Jericho. See Syrian, Raisin de Juillet. See Black July. Raisin du Pauvre. See Gromier du Cantal, Raisin Precoce. See Black July, Raisin de St. Jean. See St. John's. Raisin de Servie. See Gromier du Cantal. Raisin Suisse. See Aleppo. RED CHASSELAS [Red Muscadine; Chasselas Ro^iye ; Chasselas Rouge Fonce; Cerese; Septemhro). — Bunches, medium sized, loose, rarely compact, shouldered ; with long, thin, and somewhat reddish stalks. Berries, medium sized, round. Skin, thin, red, covered with a violet bloom. Flesh, juicy and sweet. The vine is a great bearer, and will ripen its fruit in a cool vinery. The most remarkable character of this variety is, that from the time the ovary is visible, it changes to red, and it becomes gradually paler as the fruit ripens. RED FRONTIGNAN [Gnzzly Frontignan; Muscat Gris; Muscat Rouge; Moscatel Menudo ; CevanaDinka; Rother Muskateller ; Gramr Muskateller). — Bunches, large, long, and generally cylindrical,-, but occasionally with very small shoulders. Berries, above medium size, round. Skin, rather thick, yellow on the shaded side, clouded with pale red on the side next the sun, and covered with grey bloom. Flesh, rather firm, juicy, but not very melting, with a rich, sugary, and musky flavour. Ripens about the end of September when not forced, and requires the heat of a warm vinery. Red Hamburgh. See Black Hamburgh. 404 THE FRUIT MANUAL. Red Muncy. See Catawba. Red Muscadel. See Morocco, Red Muscadine. See Bed Chassela!', Red Muscat of Alexandria. See Black Muscat of Alexandria, Red Rhenish. See Lomhardy, Red Taurida. See Lomhardy, REEVES'S MUSCADINE.— Bunches, large, conical, loose, and shouldered. Berries, on long slender stalks, medium sized, roundish oval. Skin, tough and membranous, of a fine amber colour when ripe. Flesh, tender, juicy, and vinous. An excellent white grape, which ripens in an ordinary vinery. The leaves die yellow. Rheingauer. See White Biissling. Richmond Villa. See Black Hamburgh. Riessling. See White BdssUng. Rosslinger. See White BissUng. Rossea. See Barbarossa. Rother Maltheser. See Black Hamburgh. Rother Muskateller. See Bed Frontignan. ROYAL ASCOT. — Bunches, medium sized, ovate, shouldered, and compact. Berries, medium sized, round oval or oval. Skin, quite black, ■covered with a fine thick bloom. Berry-stalks, stout and waited. Flesh, firm, juicy, and with a fine sprightly Black Hamburgh flavour. An excellent early grape, remarkable for its fine colour, which it assumes long before it is ripe. The vine is a great bearer. It was raised by Mr. Stand sh, of Ascot, Berkshire, from Bowood Muscat crossed by Troveren, and is remarkable as being the black offspring of two white parent?, both having a Muscat flavour, and that it should be black without any Muscat character. ROYAL MUSCADINE [Amber Muscadine; Muscadine; Queen Victoria; White Chasselas; D'Arboyce; Chasselas; Chasselas Dore; ■Chasselas de Fontainbleau ; Chasselas Hdtif de Tenerife ; Campanella Bianca; Weisser Gutedel). — Bunches, long, loose, and shouldered ; sometimes compact and cylindrical. Berries, large, round, and, in the compact bunches, inclining to oval. Skin, thin and transparent, greenish yellow, becoming pale amber when quite ripe, and sometimes marked with tracings and dots of russet ; covered with thin white bloom. Flesh, tender and juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured. This excellent and well-known grape ripens well in a cool vinery, and against walls in the open air. The many names it has received GRAPES. 405 have arisen from the various forms it frequently assumes, and which are occasioned entirely by the nature of the soil and the different modes of treatment to which it is subjected. There is no real difference between this, the Common Chasselas, and Chasselas de Fontainbleau. The White Muscadine of some authors is the Early Chasselas. ROYAL VINEYARD. — Bunches, large ; sometimes long and taper- ing, and sometimes short ovate. Berries, large and roundish ovate. Skin, white, and somewhat transparent, showing the texture of the flesh through it, remarkably thin, and adhering closely to the flesh. Flesh, firm and crackling, with an agreeable Sweetwater flavour, and with sometimes the faintest trace of Muscat, as Lady Downe's occa- sionally has. A late-hanging grape, which requires the heat of a Muscat house. Unless it is assisted in fertilising, as the Morocco and some others require to be, the bunches do not set well. Riidesheimer. See White Rissling, Sabalskanskoi. See Ferral, St. Jean, See Black July, ST. JOHN'S {Raisin de St, Jean; Joannec ; Joannenc Blanche; Lashmars Seedling ; Macready's Early White). — Bunches, about five inches long, with a very long stalk, loose, and with many undeveloped berries. 13erries, medium sized, roundish oval. Skin, thin and green. Flesh, very thin and watery, and, though without much flavour, is agreeable and refreshing. It ripens against a wall in the open air, and is well adapted for this mode of cultivation. St. Peter's. See Alicante, Sanct Peter's Traube. See Alicante. SALAMON'S FRONTIGNAN {Golden Frontignan; Chasselas Musque de Nantes ; Chasselas Musque de Portugal ; Chasselas Musquc de Sillery ; Muscat liegnier; Muscat Salamon). — Bunches, from eight to nine inches long, tapering, very symmetrical, and not shouldered. Berries, medium sized, round, and regular in size. Skin, yellowish green, becoming quite amber-coloured when fully ripe. Flesh, firm and crackling, very rich, and with a fine sprightly Muscat flavour. This is an improved form of White Frontignan, and ripens a fort- night later than Early Smyrna Frontignan. It is much superior to Chasselas Musque, and does not crack its berries as that variety does. SARBELLE FRONTIGNAN {Muscat de Sarhelle).— Bunch, below medium size, about six inches long, loose, and generally with a short shoulder. Berries, small, round, and irregular in size, caused by a 406 THE FRUIT MANUAL. tendency to produce small undeveloped berries. Skin, black or dark purple. Flesh, firm, sweet, sugary, and with a delicate Frontignan flavour. A small, very early Black Frontignan, suitable for pots, and which may possibly ripen its fruit against a wall in the open air, but hardly worth planting out in a vinery. SCHIRAS (Ciras; Scijras ; Sirrah; Sirac). — Bunches, long, loose, and shouldered. Berries, large, oval. Skin, thick, reddish purple, covered with blue bloom. Flesh, rather firm and juicy. Juice, pale red, sugary, and with a delicious aroma. Ripens in a cool vinery, and is as early as the Royal Muscadine. This fine large oval black grape is that which is grown almost exclusively in the vineyards of the Hermitage, and furnishes the celebrated Hermitage wine. It is said to have been originally intro- duced from Schiraz, in Persia, by one of the hermits who formerly resided there. Schiliege. See Black Hamburgh. Schwarzer Riessling. See Black Cluster. Schwarzer Spanischer. See Alicante. Schwarzwalscher. See Black Hamburgh. SCOTCH WHITE CLUSTER {Blacksmith's White Cluster; Laan Hdtif; Van cler Laan Precoce ; Diamant ; Diamant Traube). — Bunch, long and cylindrical, compact, and occasionally with a short shoulder. Berries, large and oval, about the size of those of Muscat of Alexandria, and marked with a distinct style-point. Skin, very thin and trans- lucent, showing the veins and seeds, and covered with a very delicate bloom. Berry-stalks, short, stout, with a bold receptacle, and very slightly warted. Flesh, very delicate, and with a fine Sweetwater flavour. This is a very early grape, ripening in August in a cool house, and it hangs in fine condition till February, a property that few early white grapes possess. Babo considers Diamant Traube distinct from Van der Laan Precoce, but I suspect they are synonymous. Seaclifi'e Black. See Gros Guillaume. Singleton. See Catawba. Sir A. Pytches' Black. See Black Prince. Sir W. Rowley's Black. See Black Frontignan. Snow's Muscat Hamburgh. See Black Muscat of Alexandria. Spirant. See Espiran. Steward's Black Prince. See Black Prince. GR^^PES. 407 STILLWAKD'S SWEETWATER.— The bunches and berries of this variety are similar to those of the Dutch Sweetwater and Prolific Sweetwater, but they set much better than either of these ; and this is certainly the most preferable of the three. It ripens well out of doors against a wall It was raiacd from the Sweetwater by Stillwartl, who kept the Barley Mow- Tavern, at Turnham Green, a favourite haunt of the florists in the days of the flower shows at Chiswick Garden. Stockwood Park Hamburgh. See Golden Hamburgh, Stoneless Kound-berried. See White Corinth, Straihutraube. See Black Hamburgh. SULTANA. — Bunches, from nine inches to a foot long, and five to six inches wide at the shoulders, tapering, and closely set, having one tind sometimes two shoulders. Berries, long and conical, the largest being an inch long and half an inch wide at the base. Berry-stalks, long and slender. Skin, green, thin, and semi-transparent, becoming pale yellowish as it ripens. Flesh, tender, of the consistency and flavour of the Sweetwater, and contains no seeds. This is a very excellent white grape, with a Sweetwater flavour, and will be a good white companion to the Black Monukka, which is also a very fine seedless grape. STRAWBERRY {Raisin Framboisier). — Bunches, small and well set. Berries, small, roundish oval. Skin, thick, dark purple, covered with thick bloom. Flesh, dark, with the slimy consistency of the American grapes, sweet, and with a high perfume which some con- sider resembles that of the Strawberry. Although no such name is known in America, there can be no doubt that this is a variety of Vitis Labrusca, and whether it is one of the numerous American varieties under a new name, or whether it has been i aised in Europe from American seeds does not much signify, it must be reckoned among American grapes. Mr. Barron states that Lady Cave found it in the market at Gray, in Burgundy, and through her it was introduced into this country. This fact does not remove the probability that it is an American variety, for in my travels for several years through the vine-growing departments of France, I have fi-equently met wdth American grapes which had been introduced with the view to trying their merits for mixing with the fruit of the European vine in wine-making. SYRIAN {Palestine; Jew's; Raisin de Jericho; Terrede la Promise), Bunches, immensely large, broad-shouldered, and conical. Berries, large, oval. Skin, thick, greenish white, changing to pale yellow when quite ripe. Flesh, fii'm and crackling, sweet, and, when well ripened, of good flavour. This 's a very good late grape, and generally produces bunches 408 THE FRUIT MANUAL. ■weighing from 7 lbs. to 10 lbs. ; but to obtain the fruit in its greatest excellence the vine requires to be grown in a hothouse, and planted in very shallow, dry sandy soil. Speechly states that he grew a bunch at Welbeck weighing 20 lbs., and measuring 21| inches long and 19^ inches across the shoulders. Mr. Dickson, gardener to J. Jardine, Esq., of Arkleton, Langholm, N.B., grew a bunch of S3Tian which weighed 25 lbs. 15 oz., audit was exhibited at Edinburgh 15th September, 1875. It is a strong grower and an abundant bearer. Terre de la Promise. See Syrian. Teta de Vaca. See Cornichon Blanc. Tokai Musque. See Chasselas Musque. TOIvAY. — The Hungarian wine called Tokay is not produced from any particular kind of grape, nor grown in any particular vineyard ; the name is applied to all wine grown on the hills of Zemplen, of which Tokay is the chief ; and the ground so cultivated extends over seven or eight square leagues of surface. The name Tokay is, therefore, applicable to many varieties of grapes, and it has thus been applied to several varieties in this country. There are two that are known by this name — the Charlesworth Tokay and the White Tokay. The former is identical with Muscat of Alexandria, and the latter is an entirely different variety, and will be found described under the name of White Tokay. Tottenham Park Muscat. See Muscat of Alexandria. TREBBIANO {Trehhiano Bianca; Trehhiano Vero; Erhalus ; XJgni Blanc). — Bunches, very large, broad shouldered, and well set. Berries, medium sized, roundish oval, sometimes oval and sometimes almost round. Skin, thick, tough, and membranous, somewhat adhering to the flesh; greenish white, covered with a very delicate bloom. Flesh, firm and crackling, sweet, and richly flavoured w^hen well ripened. This is a late grape, requiring the same heat and treatment as the Muscats, and will hang as late as the end of March. It requires fire heat in September and October, to ripen it thoroughly before winter sets in. I have seen bunches of this fourteen inches long and ten inches across. A bunch of Trebbiano, under the name of Calabrian Raisin, and weighing 26 lbs. 4 oz., was grown by Mr. Curror, gardener to Mr. J. Douglas, Eskbank, Dalkeith, N.B., and was exhibited in Edinburgh at a meeting of the Caledonian Horticultural Society, September 16th, 1875. Trebbiano is an Italian grape grown in Tuscany, and produces the celebrated wine of that name. It was first introduced to public notice by Mr. Tillery, of Welbeck. TRENTHAM BLACK [Long Noir d'Espagne).— Bunches, large, tapering, and shouldered. Berries, above medium size, oval. Skin, though not thick, is tough and membranous, separating freely from the GRAPES. 409 flesh, of a jet black colour, and covered with thm bloom. Flesh, very melting, abundantly juicy, very rich, sugary, and vinous. A very excellent grape, ripening with Black Hamburgh, but keeping plump long after the Black Hamburgh shrivels. The vine is a free grower and a good bearer. TROTOREN FRONTIGNAN {Troveren; Muscat TrovSren).— Bunches, large and well set, with very large round berries. Skin, greenish white at first, changing as it ripens to pale amber. Flesh, firm and crackling, juicy, sweet, rich, and with a mild Frontignan flavour. This is a beautiful grape, and appears to be an exaggerated form of White Frontignan. It requires a hot vinery. Turner's Black. See Espiran, Tynningham Muscat. See Muscat of Alexandria, Ugui Blanc. See Trehbiano, Ugni Noir. See Aramon, Ulliade. See (Eillade. Ulliade Noir Musque. See (Eillade, Ulliade Noir Precoce. See (Eillade, Uva di tri Volte. See Ischia, Uva Salamana. See Muscat of Alexandria. Van der Laan Precoce. See Scotch White Cluster, Velka Modrina. See Grosse Kolner. Yelki Urbainshak. See Orosse Kolner, VENN'S BLACK MUSCAT.— Bunches, large, long, tapering, and well shouldered, with rather slender stalks. Berries, medium sized, ovdl. Skin, brownish black or quite black when well grown, and covered with a fine bloom ; thin and membranous. Flesh, firm, rich, and juicy, with a distinct Muscat flavour. A very excellent black Muscat grape, which ripens in a cool vinery und^r the same treatment as Black Hamburgh. It was raised by Mr. Sweeting, gardener to Mr. T. G. Venn, Sneyd Park, near Bristol, and was awarded a tirst -class certificate by the Koyal Horticultural Society in 1874. VERDELHO. — Bunches, rather small, conical, and loose. Berries, small, unequal in size, and oval. Skin, thin and transparent, yellowish green, but becoming a fine amber colour when highly ripened, with sometimes markings of russet. Flesh, tender, sugary, and richly flavoured. It is from this grape that the Madeira wine is principally made. The stalk is very brittle and herbaceous. 410 THE FRUIT MANUAL. Vert Precoee de Madere. See Early Green Madeira. Victoria Hamburgh. See Frankenthal. Violet Frontignan. See Purple Constantia. Violette Muskateller. See Purple Constantia, Volovna. See Grosse KOlner. WALTHAM CROSS. — Bunches, very large, long, and tapering, with strong stout stalks well set and well shouldered. Berry-stalk, thick, stout, and warted. Berries, very large, from an inch and a quarter to an inch and three-quarters long ; oblong oval. Skin, mem- branous, pale amber. Flesh, firm and solid, with a sweet, brisk, and very pleasant flavour. One of the largest, if not the largest, grape in cultivation. It is an exaggerated Muscat of Alexandria, but has not the Muscat flavour. It was introduced by Mr. William Paul, of Waltham Cross, and received a first- class certificate from the Royal Horticultural Society ia 1871. Wantage. See LGmhardy, Warner's Hamburgh. See Black Hamburgh. Waterzoet Noir. See Black Sweetwater. Weissholziger TroUinger. See Black Hamburgh. Weisse Cibebe. See Early White Malvasia. Weisser Muskateller. See White Frontignan. Weisser Riessling. See White Rissling. Welke Burgundske. See Black Hamburgh. Welko Modre. See Black Hamburgh. WEST'S ST. PETER'S {Abercainiey ; Black Lombardy ; Major Murray's; Money's West's St. Peter's; Oldaker's West's St. Peter's; Poonah; Raisin des Cannes; Raisin de Cuba). — Bunches, large, tapering, and well shouldered. Berries, large, roundish oval, and varying in size. Skin, thin, very black, covered with a blue bloom. Flesh, tender, very juicy, sweet, and with a fine sprightly flavour. This is a very fine late grape, and requires to be grown in a house with stove heat. It hangs well till February and March. The leaves die purple. White Chasselas. See Royal Muscadine, White Constantia. See White Frontignan. WHITE CORINTH {White Kishmish ; Stoneless Round-berried; Corinthe Blanc). — Bunches, small, shouldered, and loose. Berries, GRAPES. 411 very small. Skin, yellowish white, changing to amber, covered with white bloom. Flesh, very juicy, sub-acid, and with a refreshing flavour. The seeds are entirely wanting. Of no value. "White Cucumber. See Cornichon Blanc. WHITE FRANKENTHAL {Frankenthal Blanc). — Bunches, medium sized, heart-shaped, and distinctly shouldered. Berries, medium sized, obround, or inclining to oval. Skin, white, trans- parent, and vemed, covered with thia white bloom. Flesh, tender, sweet, and pleasantly but not richly flavoured. A good second-rate grape, which ripens in an ordinary vinery. WHITE FRONTIGNAN {White Constantia; Nepeans Cunstantia; Muscat Blanc; Moscatel Commun; Raisin de Frontiynan; Weisser Muskateller). — Bunches, large, long, cylindrical, and compact, without shoulders. Berries, medium sized, round. Skin, dull greenish white, or yellow, covered with thin grey bloom. Flesh, rather firm, juicy, sugary, and very rich, with a fine Muscat flavour. This will ripen either in a cool or warm vinery, but is worthy of the most favourable situation in which it can be grown. The vine is an abundant bearer, and forces well. The leaves die yellow. White Hamburgh. See White Lisbon. White Kishmish. See White Corinth, WHITE LADY DOWNE'S.— The bunches and berries are similar to those of Lady Downe's, except that the latter are of yellowish white colour. It was raised by Mr. William Thomson, at Dalkeith Gardens, from Lady Downe's, fertiUsed by the pollen of Bowood Muscat. WHITE LISBON {White Hamhurgh ; White Portugal; White Raisiji). — Bunches, large and loose. ]3erries, oval. Skin, greenish white. Flesh, firm and crackling, not very juicy, but with a sweet and refreshing flavour. It is this grape which is so largely imported from Portugal during the autumn and winter months, and sold in the fruiterers' and grocers' shops under the name of Portugal grapes. White Melier. See Earli/ White Malvasia, White Muscadine. See Royal Muscadine, WHITE NICE. — Bunches, very large and loose, with several shoulders. Berries, medium sized, round, and hanging loosely on the bunches. Skin, thin, but tough and membranous ; greenish white, becoming pale amber-coloured as it ripens. Flesh, firm and sweet. Bunches of this variety have been grown to weigh 18 lbs. The leaves are very downy underneath. 412 THE FEUIT MANUAL. White Portugal. See White Lisbon. White Raisin. See White Lisbon. WHITE RISSLING {Weisser BiessUnfi).— Bunches, small, short, and compact, scarcely, if at all, shouldered. Berries, round, or some- what oblate. Skin, thin, greenish white, and, when highly ripened, sometimes with a reddish tinge. Flesh, tender, fleshy, and juicy, with a sweet and agreeably aromatic flavour. This may be grown either in a cool vinery or against a wall in the open air. The vine is a great bearer, and is very extensively grown in the vineyards of the Rhine and Moselle. WHITE ROMAIN. — Bunches, below medium size, and rather closely set. Berries, medium sized, oval. Skin, thin, and so trans- parent that the seeds can be seen through it ; yellowish white, and with a thin bloom. Flesh, tender, very juicy, and sweet ; an excellent early grape. The wood is very short-jointed, and the vine forms a small bush ; it is well suited for pot culture. This variety was received by Mr. Rivers from France, under the name of Muscat Remain, which proved to be a misnomer when the vine fruited. It has, therefore, been distinguished by its present name. WHITE SWEETWATER [Water Zoet).— "This difi'ers from the Dutch Sweetwater in producing smaller bunches and berries, and in having a thin watery juice. It is not now often met with, and is perhaps quite out of cultivation. The White Sweetwater of Speechly is Dutch Sweetwater. WHITE TOKAY. — Bunches, rather large and compact, from nine inches to a foot long, and broad shouldered. Berries, large and ovate. Skin, thin, pale coloured, but assuming an amber colour at maturity. Flesh, tender and juicy, with a rich flavour. This, in the size of the bunch, resembles Muscat of Alexandria, but it is much more compact, and the fruit has not the shghtest trace of the Muscat flavour. This is one of the best late-hanging white grapes in cultivation, and far surpasses the Calabrian Raisin and the Treb- biano. Mr. Hill, of Keele Hall, grew it very successfully. In the north of England the Muscat of Alexandria is sometimes called Tokay, or Charlesworth Tokay. Wilmot's Hamburgh. See Dutch Hamburgh. Worksop Manor. See Black Damascus. Zante. See Black Corinth. Zherna Morshina. See Orosse Kolner. GRAPE?. 413 LIST OF SELECT GRAPES. For small establishments any of those maiked * may be chosen. I.— FOR WALLS IN THE OPEN AIR. Muscats. Not Muscats. Pitmaston White Cluster •Early Ascot Front ignan Black July Purple Fontainbleau Early Black Frontignan • Early White Malvasia •Royal Muscadine •Early Saumur Frontignan*Miller's Burgundy Stillward's Sweetwater July Frontignan n.— FOR COOL VINERIES. Muscat^. Not Muscats. •Madrcsfield Court Black Frontignan *Black Champion Pitmaston White Cluster Chasselas Musque •Black Hamburgh •Royal Muscadine •Early Saumur Frontignan Black Prince ^ Scotch White Cluster Madeira Frontignan *Ear!y White Malvasia ♦Meurihe Frontignan III.— FOR POTS IN ORCHARD HOUSES. Muscats. Not Muscats. Red Chasselas Citron Frontignan •Cambridge Botanic Gar- 'Royal Muscadine •Eaily Saumur Frontignan den Scotch White Cluster Early Smyrna Frontignan *rhasselas Vibert Stillward's Sweetwater Early White Frontignan •Early White Malvasia White Romain IV.— FOR FORCING FOR EARLY CROPS. Muscats. *Salamon's Frcni ignan Buckland Sweetwater •Black Muscat of Alex-* White Frontignan *Duke of Buccleuch andria *Golden Queen ♦Doctor Hogp: Nut Muscats. *Madresfield Court Duchess of Buccleuch *Black Champion * Royal Muscadine Red Frontignan * Black Hamburgh *Trentham Black V.~FOR FORCING FOR LATE CROPS. Muscats. Not Muscats. Crosse Kolner ♦Bowcod Muscat ♦Alicante *Lady Downe's Canon Hall Muscat Alnwick Seedling ♦Mrs. Pearson •Mrs. Pince's Black Muscat Black Damascus •Trebbiano •Muscat of Alexandria Gros Guillaume •West's St. Peter's 414 THE FRUIT MANUAL. MEDLAES. Broad- leaved Dutch. See Dutch, DUTCH {Broad-leaved Dutch; Gros Fruit; Gros Fruit Mon- strueux ; Large Dutch). — This is by far the largest and most generally grown of the cultivated medlars. The fruit is frequently two inches and a half in diameter, and very much flattened. The eye is very open, wide, and unequally rent, extending in some instances even to the margin of the outline of the fruit. It is of good flavour, but, in that respect, inferior to the Nottingham. The young shoots are smooth. Gros Fruit. See Dutch. Gros Fruit Monstrueux. See Dutch, Large Dutch. See Dutch. Narrow-leaved Dutch. See Nottingham, NOTTINGHAM {Narroic -leaved Dutch; Small Fruited).— This is by far the best medlar in cultivation. It is considerably smaller than the Dutch, rarely exceeding an inch and a half in diameter ; but it is much more highly flavoured. The young shoots are downy. Sans Noyau. See Stoneless. Sans Pepins. See Stoneless. Small Fruited. See Nottingham. STONELESS [Sans Noyau; Sans Pepins). — In shape this resembles the Nottingham, but it rarely exceeds three-quarters of an inch in diameter. The eye is smaller and less rent than in the other varieties. It is quite destitute of seeds and woody core ; but the flavour, though good, is inferior to that of the others, being less brisk. MULBERRIES. The only variety cultivated in this country for its fruit is the Black Mulberry (Morus Nigra), and it is only in the southern counties where it attains perfection. lu the midlands it ripens its fruit when trained against a wall ; but it is doubtful whether the crop so obtained is sufficient remuneration for the space the tree occupies. Since the introduction of orchard-houses, the mulberry has been cultivated very successfully in pots, where the roots are kept under subjection, and the tree is confined to the form of a small bush or close pyramid. In such condition it bears fruit abundantly, and forms an object of interest as well as of utility. NECTARINES. 415 l^ECTARINES. SYNOPSIS OP NECTARINES. I. FLOWERS LARGE. * Leaves without glands. Jl. Freestone. — Hakdwicks. Advance Bowden Hardwicke Hunt's Large Tawny A. Freestone. — Pitmastoks. Humboldt Pitmaston Orange Pineapple B. Clingstone. — Newinotons. Early Newington Old Newington Leaves with round glands, Spencer B. Clingstone, None Leaves with kidney'shaved glands. A. Freestone. — Stanwicks. Albert Byron Darwin Fairchiid's Early Lord Napier Kivers's Elruge Rivers's Orange Kivers's White Stanwick White B. Clingstone. — Romans. h Oman n. FLOWERS SMALL. * Leaves without glands. A. Freestone. — Tawkts. Hunt's Tawny A. Freestone. — Bostons. Albert Victor Boston Prince of Wales B. Clingstone. None * * Leaves with round glands. Stanwick Elruge B. Clingstone. None Lenves with kidney-shaped glands. A. Freestone. — Yiolettes. Balgowan Dante Downton Due du Telliers Elruge Imperatrice Late Melting Murrey Newton Peterborough Victoria Violette Grosse Violette Hative Clingstone.— G oldens. Golden 416 THE FRUIT MANUAL. ADVANCE. — Fruit, medium size, or large, round, and depressed at the top. Skin, green on the shaded parts, but red, blotched with ruddy brown, where exposed to the sun. Flesh, greenish white, rich, and sugary, with the rich flavour of the Stanwick, and separating freely from the stone. Flowers, large and brilliant. Leaves, without glands. A very fine early nectarine, raised by Mr. Rivers from Pitmaston Orange. Mr. T. F. Rivers remarks in a communication to me : " This is an aberration which would puzzle biologists as to heredity. Except the flower, there is not the least resemblance between this and its parent. The leaves are glandless, the fruit is green-fleshed, and as unlike the parent as possible." It ripens fourteen days before Lord Napier, ALBERT. — Fruit, of the largest size ; roundish ovate. Skin, greenish white, with a pale red cheek, but frequently without colour, and russeted. Flesh, pale red next the stone, from which it separates, juicy and melting, with a sweet, brisk, and vinous flavour. Flowers, large. Glands, kidney-shaped. A very fine nectarine ; ripe in the first and second weeks of Sep- tember. It requires a warm soil and situation, and is remarkably adapted for forcing, when its flavour is well brought out. This was raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, and is a seedling from the White Nectarine. ALBERT VICTOR.— Fruit, large, two inches and a half wide and two inches high ; roundish, flattened at the crown, from which a deep suture issues, which becomes more faint towards the stalk. Skin, green where shaded, and mottled with dull red on the side next the sun. Flesh, greenish yellow, rather firm, very juicy, with a brisk and sprightly flavour, very red next the stone, from which it separates, except seme fibres which adhere. Stone, large and rugged. Flowers, small. Glands, round. A very large and handsome nectarine ; ripe in an orchard-house in the end of August, and the middle and end of September against a wall. The fruit often drops before it is ripe. Tt was raised by Mr. Eivers, of Sa\N bridge worth, from Prince of "Wales Nec- tarine. Anderdon's. See Old Ncuiiigton. Aromatic. See Violette Hdtive. BALGOWAN (Balgone). — Fruit, very large,- roundish, inclining to ovate. Skin, pale green, mottled with red on the shaded side, but entirely covered with deep bright red on the side next the sun. Flesh, with a greenish tinge, veined with red at the stone, melting, very rich, and highly flavoured. Flcwers, small. Glands, kidney- shaped. NECTARINES. 417 A very large and excellent variety, nearly allied to Yiolette Hative, but much hardier and a more vigorous grower. It ripens in the end of August and beginning of September. It is of Scottish origin, and was received by the Horticultural Society from Mr Hosie, gardener at Lyndoch, in Perthshire, in 1825. Black. See Early Xemngton, Black Murrey. See Murrey, BOSTON {Lewis's ; Perkins's Seedling). — Fruit, very large, roundish oval. Skm, bright yellow on the shaded side, and deep red on the side next the sun. Flesh, yellow, without any red at the stone, with an agreeable but not rich flavour. Flowers, small. Glands, round. Remarkable only for the size and beauty of the fruit, which ripens in the middle of September, and requires a warm season to bring it to maturity. The Boston Nectarine is an American variety, and was raised from seed of a peacli by Mr. T. Lewis, of Boston, U.S.A. It was introduced to this country by Mr. Ferliins, of Brooklyn, who sent it to the Horticultural Society in 1824. BOWDEN. — This is a very large variety, of a round shape. Skin, greenish on the shaded side, dark red next the sun, and with a dispo- sition to be russety. The flesh is melting, rich, and sugary, with a slightly astringent flavour. Flowers, large. Glands, none. Ripe in August. The tree is a very dwarf and compact grower. It was sent to the Horticultural Society, in 1827, by Mr. Dymond, of Exeter. Brinion. See Violette Hative. Brugnon Musque. See Roman. Brugnon Red-at-Stone. See Violette Hative. BYRON. — Fruit, above medium size, two inches and a quarter wide and about the same in height ; roundish, sometimes inclining to oval, marked with quite a faint suture, terminated by a sharp point at the apex. Skin, rich orange yellow, mottled with deep crimson. Flesh, deep orange, tender, and melting, very slightly stained with red round the stone, from which it separates freely, and is very richly flavoured. Glands, kidney- shaped. Flowers, very large and handsome, being quite ornamental. A very excellent fruit ; ripe in the beginning of September in an orchard-house, and about a fortnight later against a wall. It has a considerable resemblance to Pineapple, but the tree is a better grower, and the fruit of a finer flavour. It was raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, from seed of Bowden Nectarine, Claremont. See Elruge. DOWNTON. — Fruit, rather larger than Violette Hative, roundish 27 418 THE FRUIT MANUAL. oval. Skin, pale green in the shade, but deep red next the sun. Flesh, pale green, reddish at the stone, melting, juicy, and richly flavoured. Flowers, small. Glands, kidney-shaped. A first-rate variety ; ripe in the end of August and beginning of September. The tree is a vigorous grower, and an excellent bearer. It was raised by Mr, T. A. Knight from the Elnige and Violette Hative, and was named after Downton Castle, his property in Herefordshire, There is an Improved Downton raised by Mr. Elvers, of Sawbridge- worth, which possesses all the distinguishing characteristics of the old variety, but which is a better bearer and a more richly flavoured fruit. Due de Telliers. See Dutilly\ Due de Tello. See Dutilly's. DUTILLY'S {Due de Telliers; Due de Tello).— Fiuit, rather large and oval, somewhat flattened on the side marked with the suture. Skin, pale green on the shaded side, but covered with dark red on the side next the sun. Flesh, greenish white, with a slight tinge of red next the stone, from which it separates freely. Flowers, small. Glands of the leaves, kidney-shaped. A well-flavoured fruit ; ripe in the end of August and beginning of September. Mr. Lindley wrote the name of this Due du Telliers ; but Eogers says it " was introduced into England by M. Dutilly Gerrardet, a Dutch merchant who settled at Putney, in Surrey. From that gentleman it got into the possession of the senior Mr. Hunt, who first established the nursery there, and who. with Grey of Fulham, were both great assistants to Miller in bringing out his Dictionary." DANTE. — Fruit, large, two inches and a half wide and the same high ; ovate ; marked with a faint suture and terminating in a slight point. Skin, quite green, mottled with veins and patches of russet, especially about the base, and with sometimes a faint tinge of crimson. Flesh, greenish yellow, stained with red at the stone, from which it separates freely, very juicy, and with a rich, brisk flavour like that of Stanwick. Flowers, small. Glands, kidney-shaped. Ripe in the middle of September. It was raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth. DARWIN. — Fruit, large, two inches and a half wide and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish ovate. Skin, deep orange. Flesh, bright orange, very juicy, with the rich flavour of Stanwick, separating freely from the stone. Flowers, large and brilliant. Glands, kidney- shaped. A very fine nectarine, raised by Mr. Rivers by crossing Rivers's Orange with Stanwick. Early Black. See Early Newington, NECTARINES. 419 EARLY NEWINGTON (Black; Early Black; Lucomhe's Black; Lucomhe's Seedli7Uf ; New Dark Newinyton). — Fruit, large, roundish ovate, enlarged on one side of the suture ; apex ending in a swollen point. Skin, pale green in the shade, but bright red marbled with deeper red next the sun, covered with a thin bloom. Flesh, greenish white, very red next the stone, to which it adheres ; rich, sugary, vinous, and very excellent. Flowers, large. Glands, none. It is earher and much richer than the old Newington, and ripens early in September. Early Violet. See Violette Hdtive, ELRUGE [Claremont ; Oatlands ; Oldenburg; Springrove ; Tern^ pie). — Fruit, medium sized, roundish oval. Skin, pale greenish in the shade, deep red in the sun, interspersed with dark brownish russet specks. Flesh, pale towards the stone, melting, juicy, and richly flavoured. Stone, oval and rough. Flowers, small. Glands, kidney- shaped. This is one of the best nectarines. It ripens in the end of August and beginning of September. The tree is an excellent bearer, and forces well. The name Elruge is derived from an anagram of Gurle or Gourle, who was a nurseryman at Hoxton, or Hogsden, as it was then called, near London. Mr. Lindley says he was a nurseryman at Hoddesden, in Hertfordshire, but that is a mistake. It is he of whom Leonard Meager speaks when, writing in 1670, he says, " Here follows a catalogue of divers sorts of fruit which I had of my very loving friend Captain Garrle, dwelling at the great nursery between Spittlefields and Whitechappel, a very eminent and ingenious nurseryman, who can furnish any that desireth with any of the sorts hereafter mentioned ; as also with divers other rare and choice plants." Switzer says : " The Elrouge Nectarine is also a native of our own, the name being the reverse of Gourle, a famous nurseryman at Hogsden in Charles the Second's time, by whom it was raised." Emmerton's White. See White. FAIRCHILD'S.— Fruit, small, round, slightly flattened at the top. Skin, yellowish green, bright red next the sun. Flesh, yellow to the stone, dry, and sweet. Stone, nearly smooth. Flowers, large. Glands, kidney- shaped. Ripens in the beginning and middle of August ; but it is of little merit, its only recommendation being its earliness. This was raised by Thomas Fairchild, a nurseryman at Hoxton, who died in 1729. He was the author of " The City Gardener," and some papers in the "Philosophical Transactions." By his will he left £25, which was subsequently increased to £100, to the trustees of the charity school and the churchwardens of Shoreditch, for a sermon to be preached on Whit Tuesday in the afternoon in the parish church for ever, " On the wonderful works of God in the creation," or " On the certainty of the resurrection of the dead, proved by the certain changes of the animal and vegetable parts of the creation." Flanders. See White, 420 THE FRUIT MANUAL. French Newington. See Old Newington. Genoa. See Peterborough. GOLDEN (Orange). — Fruit, medium sized, roundish ovate. Skin, fine waxen yellow in the shade, and bright scarlet, streaked with red, where exposed. Flesh, yellow, adhering to the stone, juicy, and sweet. Flowers, small. Glands, kidney- shaped. Ripens early in September. Grosse Violette Hative. See Violette Grosse. Hampton Court. See Violette Hative. HARDWICKE. — Fruit, of very large size, almost round, and some- times inclining to oval. Skin, pale green on the shaded side, entirely covered with dark purplish red next the sun. Flesh, greenish, with a tinge of red next the stone, melting, juicy, rich, and highly flavoured. Flowers, large. Glands, none. A most delicious fruit. Ripens in the middle and end of August. This was raised from the Elruge at Hardwicke House, near Bury St. Edmunds, and is one of the hardiest and most prolific of nectarines. HUMBOLDT. — Fruit, large, about two inches and three-quarters wide, and the same high, terminating in a point at the apex, from which issues a faint suture, which appears like a hair-line, towards the stalk. Skin, bright orange yellow, stained, streaked, and mottled with very dark crimson next the sun, and sometimes even on the shaded side. Flesh, orange, very tender and juicy, with the shghtest stain of red next the stone, from which it separates freely ; gelatinous in appearance, and very richly flavoured. Flowers, large. Glands, round. A delicious nectarine of the Orange class ; ripe in the middle of August, and hangs well till it shrivels. On a wall it is about a fortnight later. The tree bears abundantly, even small plants being studded with blossom buds. It was raised by Mr. Bivers, of Sawbridgeworth, from the seed of Pineapple Nectarine. HUNT'S LARGE TAWNY.— Fruit, small, a little larger than Fair- child's, somewhat ovate, and prominent at the apex. Skin, pale orange, shaded with deep red next the sun. Flesh, deep orange, melting, of excellent flavour, and separating from the stone. Flowers, large. Leaves, without glands. Ripe in the middle and end of August. This originated as a bud sport from Hunt's Small Tawny, found by Mr. George Lindley in his nursery at Catton, near Norwich, in 1824. He paw a few of the maiden trees in the nursery quarters, producing very large flowers which corresponded with flowers of no other variety, and, having marked them, tlicnce- forth propagated them as a distinct variety. In his account of this in the " Guide to the Orchard," at page 282, he has made a mistake in saying " it originated from the preceding" instead of from the following variety. NECTARINES. 421 HUNT'S TAWNY (Hunt's Early Trtu-n?/).— Fruit, medium sized, roundish ovate, narrow towards the top, compressed on the sides, en- larged on one side of the suture. Skin, pale orange, deep red next the sun, spotted with russety specks. Flesh, deep orange, deeply stained with red at the stone, from which it separates ; rich and juicy. Flowers, small. Glands, none. It ripens in the middle and end of August. Tree, hardy and prolific. DIPERATRICE. — In size and appearance this has a considerable resemblance to Yiolette Hative ; but the flesh is not so red at the stone as in that variety. It is very richly flavoured, and when allowed to hang till it shrivels — a property which few of the Freestone Nectarines possess — it becomes quite a sweetmeat. Flowers, small. Glands, kidney-shaped. Ripens in the beginning of September. The tree is hardy, and an excellent bearer. Large Elruge. See Rivers' s Elruqe. Large Scarlet. See Violette Hative. Large AVhite. See White. Late Green. See Peterborough, LATE MELTING.— This appears to be a variety of Peterborough, of large size. Flowers, small. Glands, kidney-shaped. It is a very late variety, and is well worth growing in large collections when it is desired to extend the season of this kind of fruit. Lewis's. See Boston. LORD NAPIER. — Fruit, of large size, two inches and a half high and the same in width ; ovate, marked with a wide shallow suture, depressed at the apex, and a sharp pointed nipple in the centre of the depression. Skin, pale cream-coloured, but greenish yellow previously on the shaded side ; mottled and streaked with deep blood red on the side next the sun, and when fully exposed it is completely covered with a very dark crimson cheek. Flesh, very white, melting, tender, juicy, and with a rich Stanwick flavour, and quite pale, even to the stone, from which it separates freely. Flowers, large. Glands, kidney-shaped. This is the earliest of all nectarines, and also one of the largest. It ripens in the first week of August, and is eight or ten days earlier than Hunt's Tawny. It was raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, from seed of Early Albert Peach. Lord Selsey's Elruge. See Violette Hative. Lucombe's Black. See Early Newington. Lucombe's Seedling. See Early Newington. 422 THE FRUIT MANUAL. MURREY {Black Murrey). — Fruit, medium sized, roundish ovate, enlarged on one side of the suture. Skin, pale green on the shaded side, and dark red next the sun. Flesh, greenish white, melting, and richly flavoured. Stone, nearly smooth. Flowers, small. Glands, kidney-shaped. An excellent variety ; ripe in the end of August, Tree, hardy, and a good bearer. It is called Murrey from its dark red colour, and this is derived from the French word mure, signifying the mulberry. Neat's White. See White. New Dark Newington. See Early Neivington. New Scarlet. See Violette Hdtive. NEWTON. — Fruit, large, two inches and a half wide, and the same in height, roundish, with a shallow suture on the side, and depressed at the apex. Skin, greenish lemon yellow, mottled with red, and on the side next the sun, deep bright red. Flesh, greenish white, tinged with red under the skin and round the stone, from which it separates freely, very richly flavoured, and with a transparency like jelly. Flowers, small. Glands, kidney-shaped. A large handsome nectarine, ripe in the second week of September. It was raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth. North's Large. See Old Newington. Oatlands. See Elruge. Oldenburg. See Elruge. OLD NEWINGTON [AnderdorCs; French Newington; North's Large ; Hough Roman ; Scarlet Newington ; Smith's Neivington ; Sion Hill). — Fruit, rather large, roundish. Skin, pale next the wall, bright red next the sun. Flesh, pale yellow, red at the stone, to which it adheres, juicy, sweet, rich, and vinous. Stone, small and rough. Flowers, large. Glands, none. It ripens in the middle of September. Old Roman. See Roman. Orange. See Golden. Perkins's Seedling. See Boston. PETERBOROUGH {Genoa; Late Green; Vermash). —Frmt, medium sized, round. Skin, green, with a very faint dull red next the sun. Flesh, greenish white to the stone, juicy, but nothing very re- markable except as being the latest nectarine known. Flowers, small. Glands, kidney -shaped. It ripens in October. NECTAEINES. 423 This is said to have been introduced by Lord Peterborough, the distinguished general in the time of James II., "William and Mary, and Queen Anne, and to have been cultivated in his garden at Fulham. It is supposed to be a Dutch variety, the name Vermash being that by which it is known in Holland. PINEAPPLE. — This is a variety raised by Mr. Rivers from the Pitmaston Orange, upon which it is an improvement. It has the same yellow flesh as its parent, and is much richer in flavour, in that respect partaking somewhat of the sprightliness of the pineapple. It ripens in the begining of September. PITMASTON ORANGE {Williams's Orange ; Williams's Seedling).— Fruit, large, roundish ovate, narrow towards the top, which ends in an acute swollen point. Skin, rich orange, brownish red next the sun, streaked where the two colours blend. Flesh, deep yellow, red at the stone, juicy, rich, and excellent. Stone, small, sharp-pointed, and very rough. Flowers, large. Glands, round. Ripens in the end of August and beginning of September. Tree, an excellent bearer. Raised by Mr. Williams, of Pitmaston, near Worcester, from seed of the Elruge. The tree first produced fruit in 1815. PRINCE OF WALES.— Fruit, very large, slightly oval. Skin, greenish yellow, with a deep dull red cheek next the sun. Flesh, deep red next the stone, from which it separates, with a very rich vinous flavour when thoroughly ripe. Flowers, small. Glands, round. An excellent nectarine, which ripens on a south wall in the middle of September, and will hang till the end of the month. The tree requires a warm soil and situation. This was raised in 1868 by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, from seed of a fine large oval-shaped seedling peach. Red Roman. See Roman. RIYERS'S ELRUGE {Large Elruge) .— Fruit, large, two inches and a half wide, and two inches high ; round and flattened, marked with a deep suture, which extends across the crown, and diminishes towards the stalk. Skin, greenish yellow, mottled with deep red next the sun. Flesh, greenish, stained with red next the stone, but not deeply, and not extending far into the flesh ; it separates freely from the stone, and is of rich and brisk flavour. Flowers, large. Glands, very small, and kidney-shaped. An excellent nectarine ; ripe in the middle and end of August in an orchard-house, and about a fortnight or three weeks later against a wall. The seedluag tree was very much cankered, and the first year it bore one immensely large fruit and died. Those propagated from it do not grow freely, and are apt to have blind buds. It was raised by Mr. Rivers from the Old Elruge. RTOERS'S ORANGE.— The fruit is similar to that of its parent. 424 THE FRUIT MANUAL. Pitmaston Orange, and very richly flavoured ; and the tree, in Mr. Rivers's estimation, is more robust in its habit, bears perhaps more profusely, and is hardier than that variety. Flowers, large. Glands, kidney-shaped. RIVERS'S WHITE.— This was raised in 1857 by Mr. Rivers from the White Nectarine, to which it bears a close resemblance, except that its colour is paler, and it is covered with a delicate white bloom. The flavour is very delicious. Flowers, large. Glands, kidney-shaped. It ripens a week or eight days before the White Nectarine. ROMAN (Brugnon Musque ; Brugno7i Violet Musque ; Old Roman ; Red Roman). — Fruit, large, roundish, flattened at the top. Skin, greenish yellow, brown muddy red, and rough, with russety specks next the sun. Flesh, greenish yellow, deep red at the stone, to which it adheres, rich, juicy, and highly vinous, particularly when allowed to hang till it shrivels. Flowers, large. Glands, kidney-shaped. It ripens in the beginning of September. This is one of the oldest, if not the oldest, nectarine in cultivation. It is men- tioned by Parkinson in 1629, and by all subsequent writers. He says, '* It has a large or great purplish blossom like unto a peach." Rough Roman. See Old Newington. Scarlet. See Old Newington. Sion Hill. See Old Newington. Smith's Newington. See Old Newington. SPENCER. — Fruit, large, two inches and a half wide and two and a quarter high ; roundish and flattened, marked with a distinct suture. Skin, entirely covered with dark crimson, and on the side next the sun it is of a dark mahogany colour, the shaded side being bright crimson. Flesh, with a gelatinous appearance, very deeply stained with red next the stone, the stain pervading almost the whole of the flesh, and even under the skin ; the flesh is exquisitely flavoured and separates freely from the stone. Flowers, large. Glands, round. A very handsome fruit, ripe in the second week of September. It was raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth. Springrove. See Elruge. STANWICK. — Fruit, large, roundish oval. Skin, pale lively green where shaded, and purplish red where exposed to the sun. Flesh, white, melting, rich, sugary, and most delicious. Kernel, sweet, like that of the sweet almond. Flowers, large. Glands, kidney-shaped. Ripe in the middle and end of September. The fruit is very apt to crack, and requires to be grown under glass. It generally fails to ripen thoroughly against walls in the open air, except when grown in a light sandy soil and a good exposure. NECTAKDIES. 425 This nectarine was raised at Stanwick Park, one of the seats of the Duke of Northumberland, from stones given to Lord Prudhoeby Mr. Barker, Her Majesty's Vice-Consul at Aleppo, and who afterwards resided at Suaedia in Syria. The seed was sown in March, 1843, and the buds were inserted the following autumn on a Bellegarde Peach, and the first fruit was produced in 1846, Lord Prudhoe, who had become Duke of Northumberland, placed the Stanwick Nectarine in the hands of Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, for propagation, and on the 15th of May, 1850, the stock, consisting of twenty-four plants, was sold by auction, and realised £164 17s., which his Grace presented to the funds of the Gardeners' Benevolent Institution, such an amount never having been realised before for the same number of small nectarine trees in pots. STANWICK ELRUGE.— This is a large richly flavoured nectarine, exactly like Stanwick, a few days earlier than Elruge. It was raised from Elruge crossed with Stanwick, and is one of the seedlings of Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth. Flowers, small. Glands, round. It is deliciously flavoured. Temple. See Elruge. Vermash. See Peterborough. VICTORIA. — The fruit is exactly similar to the Stanwick, and pos- sesses all its richness of flavour ; but it is a month earlier, and does not crack as that variety does. It was raised by Mr. Rivers from the Violette Hative, fertihsed by Stanwick, and while it has the bitter kernel, small flowers, and kidney-shaped glands of Violette Hative, it is in all other respects similar to the Stanwick. This is a very valuable acquisition. The tree succeeds best on the Black Damask Stock. It ripens in an orchard-house in the end of September. Violet. See Violette Hative. Violette de Courson. See Violette Grosse, VIOLETTE GROSSE (Grosse VicUtte Hative; Violette de Courson). — Fruit, larger than Violette Hative. Skin, pale green, marbled with violet red. Flesh, less vinous than Violette Hative, but an excellent fruit. Flowers, small. Glands, kidney- shaped. Ripens early in September. VIOLETTE HATIVE [Aromatic; Early Bruguon; Early Violet; Hampton Court ; Large Scarlet ; Lord Selsey's Elruge; New Scarlet; Violet; Violette Musquee). — Fruit, large, roundish ovate. Skin, yel- lowish green in the shade, dark purplish red, mottled with brown, next the sun. Flesh, yellowish green, deep red next the stone, rich, sweet, and vinous. Stone, roundish, deep reddish brown, and deeply furrowed. Flowers, small. Glands, kidney-shaped. Ripens in the end of August and beginning of September. Violette Musquee. See Violette Hative. 426 THE FRUIT MANUAL. WHITE {Emmerton's White; Flanders; Large White; Neat's JVhite ; New White; White Coivdray). — Fruit, large, nearly round. Skin, white, with a slight tinge of red next the sun. Flesh, separating freely from the stone, white throughout, very juicy, with a rich vinous flavour. Stone, small. Flowers, large. Glands, kidney-shaped. Kipens in the end of August and beginning of September. White Cowdray. See White. Williams's Orange. See Pitmaston Orange. Williams's Seedling. See Pitmaston Orange. LIST OF SELECT NECTARINES. Those marked * are suitable for small collections. *Albcrt Victor *Balgowan ♦Byron Elruge Hardwicke *Humboldt *Lord Napier Newton Prince of Wales Spencer Stanwick * Victoria *Violette Hative *Rivers's White NUTS AND FILBERTS. SYNOPSIS OF NUTS. I. FILBERTS. — Husk tubular, much longer than the nut. Nut oblong. Lambert Filbert | Red Filbert Purple-leaved Filbert | White Filbert II. SPANISH. — Husk as long or a little longer than the nut. Nut ovate. Bizane Frizzled Filbert Bond Hartington Prolific Burn's Large Black Fruited Cluster Lichten stein's Cosford Liegel's Daviana Primley Duke of Edinburgh Striped Fruited Eugenie The Shah co^s.— Husk as long or a little Ion rcr than the nut. Nut roundish, angular. Atlas Loddiges' Barcelona Aveline de Provence Merveille de BoUwyller Barr's Spanish Norwich Prolific Burchardt's Pearson's Prolific Cannon Ball St Grisier NUTS AND FILBERTS 427 IV. HAZEL-NUTS. — Husk much shorter than the nut. Nut small, roundish, thick shelled. Frizzled Hazel | Wild Hazel A monograph of the Filberts and Nuts, by Mr. Barron, has been published in the Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, which includes several varieties, chiefly of foreign origin, that I have not had an opportunity of seeing. I have therefore availed myself of this, and such of their descriptions as I have adopted are distinguished by Hort. ATLAS [Corylus alfjeriemis ; Downton ; Doximton Large Square). — Husk, finely downy ; as long, and even longer than the nut, which it embraces over the apex, deeply cut, forming a rather coarse fringe. Nut, large, roundish ovate, and somewhat angular ; shell, thick, dark brown, striated with streaks of a paler colour ; kernel, full, and of excellent flavour. The plant is a vigorous grower and an abundant bearer. This was introduced by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, from whom I received it, and he informed me that it is grown in Kybalia. The synonymes of Downton and Downton Square I give on Mr. Barron's authority. I believe this to be the Spanish Cob, which is widely diffused over the whole of Southern Europe and on the African coast. Aveline Blanche. See White Filbert. AVELINE DE PROVENCE.— Husk, hairy, a little longer than the nut, hght coloured ; sharply but not deeply toothed. Nut, short pointed, with a rather broad base, of a light grey colour, and parting treely from the husk when ripe ; shell, very thick and hard ; kernel, full. Plant of moderate growth ; a great cropper, but late in ripening. This appears to be the same as the light coloured variety of Barcelona nuts of commerce. — Hort. Aveline Rouge. See Red Filbert. Barcelone Blanc. See White Filbert. Barcelone de Loddiges. See Loddiges' Barcelona. BARR'S SPANISH.— Husk, downy, short, about two-thirds the length of the nut, which it presses closely ; deeply and irregularly toothed, of a dull grey colour. Nut, much exposed, short, having a broad base, and tapering very nearly to the apex ; shell, downy, ^ cry hard, of a dull grey colour. Grows in clusters of from four to six. Plant of medium growth ; moderate cropper ; ripens late. — Hort. BIZANE. — A pretty little nut the size of a hazel-nut, with the husk, which is considerably longer than the nut, cut into linear segments to its very base. A pretty ornamental variety. 428 THE FEUIT MANUAL. BOND. — Husk, downy, about one-third longer than the nut ; very deepl}' toothed, the segments being very long and narrow. Nut, exposed, medium sized, ovate, light coloured, downy ; shell, soft, and may be pierced with the thumb-nail ; kernel, small. Grows in clusters of four to six ; does not keep well. Plant of slender growth ; mid-season ; prolific. — jf/o/t. BURCHARDT'S.— Husk, downy, a little longer than the nut, deeply toothed, dark coloured. Nut, medium sized, very broad, the breadth exceeding the height, angular, or nearly square, with a broad flat base, light coloured ; shell, thick ; kernel, very large, full, of excel- lent flavour. Plant of moderate growth ; late growing ; fruit ripens early. — Hort. BURN'S (A Grap'pes Precoce). — Husk, large, very downy, about the same length as the nut ; very deeply toothed and partly reflexed. Nut, small, long, narrow, and gradually flattened towards the apex like a wedge ; shell, downy, pale grey, thin. Grows in clusters of from six to eight. Plant of slender growth ; prolific ; early. — Hort. Cape Nut. See Frizzled Nut. CANNON BALL — Husk, finely downy, only about half the length of the nut, from which it soon parts, after being gathered ; fringed. Nut, medium sized, nine-tenths of an inch v/ide, and eight-tenths high, round and depressed ; shell, pale brown, not much striated, thin, and easily broken ; kernel, plump and full, with an excellent flavour. Raised by the late Mr. Richard Webb, of Calcot, Reading. CLUSTER [A Grappes). — Husk, hairy, about the same length as the nut, in two parts, which spread out from the nut as it approaches ripe- ness ; finely and deeply cut. Nut, quite exposed, small, long, flattened, spoon-shaped, light coloured ; shell, thick and hard ; kernel, full. Grows in clusters of from five to eight ; strong flavour ; ripens late. — Hort. Corylus algeriensis. See Atlas. Corylus laciniatus. See Frizzled Hazel. COSFORD [Improved Cosford ; Miss Youmi's ; Thin- shelled). — Husk, hairy, as long as the nut and deeply cut. Nut, large, ovate, inclining to oblong ; shell, light brown, finely striated with darker brown, very thin, so much so as to be easily broken between the thumb and finger ; kernel, large and well- flavoured. An excellent nut, and the tree is a great bearer. DAVIANA {Duchess of Edinburgh). — Husk, nearly smooth or slightly downy, as long or a little longer than the nut and deeply cut. NUTS AND FILBERTS. 429 Nut, large, roundish ovate ; shell, pale brown, striated with dark brown lines, thin, very nearly as much so as the Cosford ; kernel, full and of excellent flavour. This is a fine nut, and worthy of universal cultivation. It was raised by Mr. Ricliard We1)b, of Calcot, near Reading, and named as a compliment to Sir Humphrey Davy. Downton. See Atlas. Downton Large Square. See Atlas. Duchess of Edinburgh. See Davmna. DUKE OF EDINBURGH (Princess i?0J/aZ).— Husk, as long and generally longer than the nut ; finely downy, coarsely and not deeply fringed ; seven-eighths of an inch wide, and an inch and a half high. Nut, large, ovate-oblong ; shell, dark brown, and faintly striated with darker brown, not so thin as that of Daviana ; kernel, plump and full, with an excellent flavour. It was awarded a first-class certificate by the Royal Horticultural Society, October 9th, 1883. Dwarf Prolific. See Pearson's Prolific. EUGENIE. — Husk, finely downy, the length of the nut, and rather deeply cut. Nut, large, an inch and two-tenths long and eight-tenths wide, oblong ; shell, bright brown, finely striated with darker brown lines, thin and easily broken ; kernel, full and plump, of excellent flavour, and when kept has a rich flavour. Raised by Mr. Richard Webb, of Calcot, near Reading. It has a good deal of resemblance to the Lambert Filbert ; but the husk is shorter and the shell thinner. Filbert Cob. See Lambert Filbert. Franche Rouge. See Bed Filbert. FRIZZLED HAZEL [Corylus laciniatm). — Husk, very small, cut to the very base, and much reflexed. Nut, quite exposed, small, short, somewhat flattened, but of even regular form, of a pale grey colour; shell, very thick and hard. Grows in clusters of from three to five. Plant of slender growth ; leaves deeply cut or laciniated ; fruits freely. This appears to be merely a cut-leaved variety of the ordinary Hazel. — Hart. FRIZZLED FILBERT (Crtjo^.Y?