CONTAINING.

t ae MANY coop RULES VOR e
RAISING FRUIT,

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COLLECTED WITH GREAT CARE —

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BY DAVID SEAMAN.
ART AND INDUSTRY,

) : one PROTECT AGAINST DISEASES BY WORKING wire tax”
ee COURSE OF NATURE, a

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FRUIT RAISERS’ AND FAR

GUIDE AND RECEIPT BOOK;

CONTAINING

MANY GOOD RULES FOR
RAISING FRUIT,
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UPON THE DIFFERENT FORMS AND ARTS:

COLLECTED WITH GREAT CARE

FROM THE BEST AUTHORITIES THAT COULD BE HAD.

BY DAVID SEAMAN.

Entered: according toact of Congress in the year 1853, by

| DAVID SEAMAN,
In ‘he Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United
States for the District of Ohio.

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BRUIT RAISERS AND FARMER'S © -- ‘

CUIDE AND RECEIPT BOOK:

MANY GOOD RULES FOR

RAISING FRUIT,

UPON THE DIFFERENT FORMS AND ARTS:
COLLECTED WITH GREAT CARE

FROM THE BEST AUTHORITIES THAT CAN BE HAD.

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BY DAVID SEAMAN.

CINCINNATI:
1853.

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NOTE TO THE READER.

This work was written out for publication in the years
1850-1-2, but has been neglected. It is not written out
in great style, like some works, but it is designed to give
the reader some knowledge of some new, very interesting,
and good modes, rules, &c., in the ways of our days and
times.

sy transfer from

Pat. Office Lik,
Apert wid

1%, So Aig ee

The writer of this work has kept a journal of all his
travels and work for many years, and when any timber
was cut, or any work done, it was set down, and by taking
notice of the different times in the year, and how and when
timber was cut to season, dry and light, or hard and heavy,
&c.; a long experience in trying different modes in set-
ting out fruit trees, and horticultural arrangements in its
many forms, will prove how one should do to get rid of
the many diseases that the farmer has to contend with in
his agricultural pursuit. No one can tell how the many
diseases come on, unless he has a long experience and
close observation in all these arrangements. Many people
say that the time for doing any work whatever has nothing
to do with the moon; but they may be satisfied by close
observation. Let us look into a few things. In the first
place, the earth and ocean are joint. bodies connected to-
gether. The moon attracts the water, so that it rises and
falls, and when the moon runs high the tides are high,
and when the moon runs low the tides are low; andif the
moon will attract the water, why not, then, suppose that
the moon has some effect on the earth. When the moon
is five times nearer to the earth than the sun is, and the
sun is invisible often when the moon is visible, and when
the moon runs high the weather is cold, and when low the
weather is warm. These facts are well known, and why,
then, should we doubt the effect of many things on the
earth? At one’ time I did not think that the moon had
any effect on the earth, but in taking notice for a longtime
I discovered that many things often were affected by the
moon, and if people will do so they may be convinced.
And a good many things are more or less affected, and
how and when. Pine timber, many years ago, when cut

(4)

and put in use, the worms would soon eat it up so that it
was worth but little. I cut sap pine timber and put it in
a house in the year 1828, at the time of new moon, and
the moon: running or rising high, and that timber is still
good and sound. Some say that flour keeps best if ground
at’ that time in the month of March.

Some people may consider these statements a whim and
simple, therefore they will never know what could or might
be done, but there would be no harm in trying what could
be done, or might, &c. Again, some do say that all things
come by chance, or happen to be so. But let us look at
things more particularly. It is the men of study and
thought who, in the long run, govern the world; the great-
est moral truths spring from their discoveries. It is their
writings which render their truths fruitful, which popular-
ize them, which make them penetrate the minds of the
people at large, and impress upon them an indelible char-
acter of rectitude. The spirit of union among men of
science is the certain presage of the union of nations.
There are several kinds of attraction, as the attraction of
electricity, of magnetism, andof gravitation. But the lat-
ter is the only principle of attraction by which the motions
of the celestial bodies are either regulated or disturbed.
Gravitation or gravity. is a principle, property, power, or
law of nature; by which all matter’ universally and recip-
rocally attacts all matters. It is gravity which occasions the
weight of bodies on the earth, or on the surface of any
planet or globe. Gravity belongs equally to all matter,
and acts without the least intermission. ‘The power or
influence of gravity varies inversely with the square of the
distance. A body therefore weighing twelve and a quar-
ter pounds at the surface of the earth, if conveyed ten thou-
sand miles above the surface, would there weigh but one
pound. We must suppose its weight to be tested, however,

(5)

by means of an elastic spring, for by seales or steelyards
it would weigh the same as at the earth’s surface, because
the counterbalance would be subject to the same diminu-
tion in weight. A rock, in like manner, weighing 3,600
pounds at the surface of the earth, if conveyed to the dis-
tance of the moon, would there weigh but one pound, for
the square of the moon’s mean distance is 3,600 times as
great as the square of the earth’s semi-diameter, and the
force of gravity diminishes as the square of the distance
increases.

Cycrs. Any°certain period of time in which all the cir-
cumstances to which cycle has reference regularly return,
The most noted chronological cycles are the four follow-
ing: 1. The solar cycle, a period of 28 years, after which
We days of the month will fall on the same days of the
week as in the same year of a former cycle. 2. The me-
teoric or lunar cycle, a period of 19 years, after which the
change, full, and other phases of the moon will return to
the same days of the month as in the same year of a for-
mer cycle. 3. The Roman indiction, a period of fifteen
years, first instituted by Constantine in A. D. 312, and
observed among the Romans as a period for collecting
certaintaxes. It was afterwards introduced into chronology.
4. The great Julien Perion, a cycle of .7,980 years, after

which the years of the solar cycle, lunar eipekes and indiction
will all be the same as in thesame year of a former cycle 5
provided the course of nature shall continue without inter-
ruption. The number of years in cycle arises trom the
multiplication of the years "of the other three cycles to-
eether. The commencement of this period is of ante-
mundane date, for no later than the year B. C. 4713 could
the other three cycles begin together. In what manner
are we to ascertain the quantity of matter contained in a
planet? As the precious. ores of gems, which exist be-

(6)

neath the surface of the earth, are not to be obtained with-
out the application of the spade, and sometimes of the
mattock, in like manner those philosophical truths which
do not lie naked upon the surface of things, cannot be dis-
covered without investigation. Here we see that all things
that do exist and are, have their regular turns, &c. If all
these matters are by chance, then in the same rules by
chance at certain lengths of time all have their turns.

All farmers should have this work. Many fine horses
and cattle can be saved by some of these instructions.—
Many very good receipts for families, which are every day
needful, and often save life ; which inall cases will do no
harm, and if rightly carried out will give satisfaction.
There is so much humbuggery afloat these tin that peo-
ple are in fear of being cheated ; but this work will give
light on some of the most important subjects that ever have
been discussed. Some may doubt, but let them try and

see if they can do better.
There are many things afloat in the world to make money

with, and many cures for many complaints, to sell, and
when you get a thing you do not know what you have got;
but all that is in this you can see, and do with ease, and
save your trees and stock, and much money, and some-
times much labor. The way and plans are all easy, and
are laid before one so that any good, industrious man can
get along with ease for 37 years, with good experience,
will give much light on the subject of fruit-raising, &c.

It is natural for trees to Stow, and when any thing
crosses that line, it will have some effect; therefore much
trimming when the branches are large is not good; and
trees will not do so well and will not live as long as when
taken out very small—say six inches long, and the scar is
such that it will soon heal over and do no harm. All
trees used in this way will have much larger apples on

Ce)
than other treatments, and bear sooner and better, &c.

The frost has done much damage to fruit-raisers, and in
some places some trees will have fruit on, and trees near
by will not have any on; and the cause is seldom found
out ; but is sometimes owing to a cold damp that is in the
ground, as well as cold, for cold, dry ground is not so often
affected, nor even warm, dry ground, for there will some
heat arise, so that in some cases it will prevent the frost.
And grafis, in crab-apple stumps the roots run deep in
the ground, and these do not put out so soon, and that is
one cause of safety. All roots should run deep in the
earth ; but when chip, heap manure, or any other kind,
is near the tree, the roots will stay there, which has a bad
effect, and is so easily remedied.

When one wishes to have fruit growing in wet, low
fands, they should set out young cotton woods or syca-
more, and graft in them, and they seldom, if ever, will
have any complaints. Young cotton wood is very hardy,
and one may cut off limbs and place them in the ground,
like sugar cane, or have one end a little out, and graft or
bud in them; and by so doing one may have hardy or-
chards, and a plenty of delicious fruit, which takes the eye
so, and which there is often so much said about, and which
sells so well. But after all, the many kinds of fruit one
may get and pick out a lot of them, and put all together,
and eat in the dark, and then he will not be able to tell
what kind he is eating, let it be grafted or natural fruit.
So when fairly looked into, the best way is for to do as
lands will suit for fruit, and be the easiest raised, and most
perfect, for which the reader hereafter will find out by
reading, when taking a fair view of the subject. Some
say different soil for different kinds of fruit. That is all
a notion, one may see; for the grafting will not alter the
stump in the ground, which is mostly seedlings.

FRUIT-RAISING.

Fruit-Raisinc has for many years been a matter of
some interest, and attended with many diseases, and many
cures have been sought and failed to a great extent, and
much labor lost, &c.; and as for my part I have been for
thirty-five years past trying to cure diseases, and finally
come to the conclusion that it is better and much easier to
remedy than to cure. Many set out fruit trees and do no
more with them, and think that they will grow and do
well; but let the same rule work with corn; plant it and
not tend it, and let the weeds grow, and how much corn
will you get per acre? I think the crop will be small.
Just so with the fruit-raising. You must cultivate your
fruit trees to make them do well and be healthy. The
tree is full of veins; the sap flows up the tree, and then
returns under the bark, and when the tree is bruised any
way; it will have a bad effect sooner or later. A limb
should be taken off when the sap is flowing, and then
seared with some paste, to keep the water and weather
from the sap, while healing. over, and by so doing you will
find much benefit will arise. Manuring around the butt
of the tree is a bad thing; it will cause insects to get in
the tree, and the roots will keep near the top of the ground
and not spread from the tree, and is much exposed to in-
sects, and is easily blown over by winds, &c. If the
ground is good and your trees set out right, the roots will
go deep in the ground, as they should to do well. Many
put straw around the tree when the ground is in frost, to
keep in the frost and keep the tree back, so as to keep the

(9)

bud from swelling it; this will do some good, but it will
bring insects also, bugs and worms, which will do much
harm to the tree, and therefore you cannot be too careful
with them. Let us look to the thing right. When you
cut off a limb it will bleed, and if your finger is cut off you
know that it is very bad, and why, then, should you think
for one moment, or have any doubt but that all these
things will have a bad effect,-and make the tree barren
and have poor fruit thereon. It is well understood that
.the apple bloom is bitter, and the twig and bark all bitter,
and when so how can one think to have good fruit on a
tree that is in a foul state? If any, it will be knotty or
poor, &c. Apple trees that have the bitter rot are caused
from this treatment ; for nine times out of ten the rot be-
‘gins before the fruit is ripe, and when in that state how
can it be but bitter and poor. Keep fruit trees from all
grass, and grain, and weeds, some distance from the roots
or butt of the tree. Grain and grass will bring many in-
sects in; and orchards and oats sowed near the roots of
peach trees a few times, will soon kill them. All small
grain is bad among fruit trees, but oats are the most inju-
rious. Some ‘elt set out fruit trees and not trim at all,

but that will not do well, for the tops will soon become
too large for the roots, and then some of the branches will
die ; and when so much top, how can it do well and bear
good iruit? Very often, when in this state, the fruit will
wilt and drop off for want of sap—the top being too long
for the roots. A little whitewash will sometimes do good
to’ trees, to keep off insects; but the tree-bug or worm in
the butt of the tree will do much harm, and often kill the
tree ; and you may prevent this with a little lime, a small
ring around the tree, but be careful or you may put on so
much as too kill the tree. A tree that has pure sand for
some inches around the butt or trunk of the tree, will

(10 )

hardly ever have any thing to do much harm about the
roots ; and when orchards kept in the above state are rightly
managed, you will not have much plague with insects, for
you will not have much harbor for them.

In the fall when the miller comes about, they will do
much harm, for the miller makes the deposit on the
branches of trees, and they will stay there until the fol-
lowing spring, which makes many catapillars, and when
the leaves fall off in the. fall, you may find and destroy
them, with a little labor; and very often in the summer,
while the sap is flowing, you may see some leaves rolled
together, and if you examine you will find for the most.
part a living insect, and sometimes very many, so bad as
to do much harm. Some would say that these may cause
the blight, or bitter rot, and they may help, and should be
taken off and destroyed as soon as discovered. The blight
is a disease that many have suffered much loss from, and
the causes they cannot tell, and sought many cures, and
often failed; but, as I have said before, to remedy it is
the best way; and if you keep your trees, as I have said
before, clear and clean, and suffer no ponds of water to
stand around them—for too much water will be as bad as
any thing else. Whenever a tree is not free from all these
incumbrances, it is subject to some of these diseases. ‘Too
much wet or too much dry sometimes has a bad effect,
but when the ground is rolling, very little danger will hap-
pen; and when a drought, if the ground is in good order,
and your trees rightly trimmed, you need not fear. But
some may say that it is too much work, and I do not think
proper to do so, and may not get labor or pay for my work.
But my friend, what kind of pay can you get for half
labor, and what cana man do that will meet him better
pay than good fruit, for you should always put the or-
chards on the most rolling and stony ground that you have

(11)

—north hill sides are the best, but never set trees in a ba-
sin of ground rolling south, for the frost will have much
more effect than elsewhere ; forall such places have much
dampness and are cold and liable to frost. A basin that
lies warm to the south, and the north winds are broken off
and kept warm a few hours in the middle of the day, and
the frost is still in the ground. All such trees are very
subject to thaw on the south, and the following night freeze
again; they are very apt to beat the bark from the tree,
and all such trees should have a wide plank to shade them
while the sun shines on them. Many people have said
that no fruit like grafted fruit; but I cannot agree with them
all around ; for how did the fruit come in the first place ?
Look at this, if you please. There must have been a va-
riety of kinds. You may plant the apple core, and when
the seeds come up, one of them generally grows larger
than the rest, and is apt to bear the same kind of fruit.—
Natural fruit is as good to dry, and much better for cider
than the grafted fruit; and the trees are apt to stand more
hardships, and are not so likely for the frost to kill the
fruit. I never have found any better way to improve fruit
than to culture well. You may take two trees of one kina,
and cut and turn ail the roots north on one tree, and the
other one turn south, and it will make something like four
weeks difference in ripening, and a tree standing on a north
point will be later in blooming than one on a south point.

In the year sixteen or seventeen i had some plum trees
that bore very knotty plums, and I trimmed up the trees
and loosened some of the old bark, and cleaned all the
ground off the roots for one toot around, and make a small
box two feet square and four inches deep, and filled it up,
with pure white sand, and as long as I staid there the plums
were good after that time. I had one apple tree that had
a few hard, knotty apples on it the same year, and I gave

~

(12)

it the same treatment, but added a little. I took and cut
aring around all the butts of the limbs near the body of
the tree one inch broad through the bark, so as to take off
the old and outside bark, bnt not come to the wood of the
tree, so’ as to bruise it; and then I took and scored a few
places on the limbs seid the main body of the tree, and
that gave the thing a new start, and the fruit soon became
soir! This treatment to barren trees is very good, and
will usually bring them to. Many a man understands
fruit-raising very well, and says but little about it, for it is
to his interest to have fruit, while his neighbors have none.
But some will say that if every one would raise fruit, there
would be no sale for it. -But it is only the farmers who
wish to raise fruit, and if they have more than they can
dry and sell, the hogs can make way with it, which will
save corn, &c:

Let us look into the manner of setting out fruit trees, for
this is the main point, and it should be done with much
care, and in good order. And now forthe moon. Some
say that they always go in the ground, and the moon has
nothing to do with any thing planted. Well, what does
it do? All will admit that the moon, tide, and course of
nature work together, and if so, then why will not the
moon have something to do with the trees, &c: And by
that means it is believed by many that the sap starts and
flows the most in the light of the moon, and by that means
I go in for setting out at that time, and it is as easy to do
it =the as at any other time, and more particularly in
the spring than in the fall. If trees are set out in the fall
of the year they will have all winter to stand and get the
ground well settled around the roots, and do much better
than spring setting out ;. but fall setting out is more apt te
bear fruit the first year éhiain the spring of the year. But 1
have set out trees inthe spring and had frnit the same year

\

(13)

of setting out; but this mode of setting out is to take up

as soon as ib frost is out of the ground, before the bud
swells much, and be careful to set the tree the same depth
in the earth that it was before taken up, and mark so as to
not turn the tree around, for when turned half way round,

tt is apt to stop the first year’s growth, and all backsets

that a tree gets help to bring on diseases, and every mark
a tree gets, that mark the sap will cease to flow in, and
when a tree has many sores on it how can it do well anc

bear good fruit, or have any at all on. For my part, in
traveling through many States, | have made many discov-
eries, and have often wondered that there was any fruit on
trees that were in such a foul state, and at the same time
many were wondering that they did not have more fruit.

Many there are who will cut small saplings when the sap
flows high in them, and prop fruit limbs up with them,
and the worm very often gets in the fruit tree in so doing,

which is very easily prevented. No dead stick nor cross-
ing limbs shouldbe suffered long to remain about fruit
trees. The frost for mnay years has been a great harm,

and always kills more or less fruit, and has ane many
to give up raising and culturing fruit; and that can for the
most of times be remedied in eee out, for when you
come to set out your trees, prepare some. small flat stones
—some call them flat rocks—place your tree as it should
set, and turn the large roots north, and after putting some
earth over the roots, then lay on your rocks so as to be at

or near the tcp of the ground, and have them so laid as
not to bind the main body of the tree; leave thema small
distance apart, and fill up with some gravel or coarse sand.
This mode of doing will keep the ground in good order
much better and longer than any other way, and will keep
the frost in the gronnd in the winter time so as to keep the
bud from swelling; and by so doing you will prevent the

(14)

frost from killing some of the branches, as well as the
fruit. Many changes in the winter weather are what kills
so much fruit, and some of the trees, also; and when the
spring comes, all trees that have been set out this way
will hardly ever put out in bud or bloom until the hard
frosts are so far gone by, that but little injury is done in
killing fruit. Trees set out in the fall in this way always
will bear fruit every year. I have in some seasons in the
month of May seen some cold nights that I thought would
bring frost after the bloom was out, and then about sun-
down I would make some few smokes about in the orchard,
and that will save the fruit from being killed by frost.
When these rules are carried out, I will warrant the or-
chards to bear good fruit. Be careful in making smokes,
for you may make them too large, so as to heat the tree,
and that would do more harm than the frost. A few smal!
fires will change the air and have much more effect than
any one would think who had never tried the experiment.
The frost is more apt to kill fruit on sandy lands than on
limestone lands, or even on heavy loom soil, and that is a
thing that many have not looked into. I have in my time
seen the bushes in low, sandy basins, that have been en-
iirely killed by frost, and a small distance off all around,
where land was more elevated, the frost had not killed any
thing whatever. Why all such places are so affected I
shall not undertake to tell for the present, but shall leave
the public to put their opinions on it, for I think that they
may see into it very easily; but I will say that trees ought
not to be put out in such places, for they are more subject
to take the blight and die, than in any other place that can
be found where the ground is dry. Where trees are near
salt water they very seldom do well, and salt pickle poured
around fruit trees is very injurious, and pickle poured around
at certain times will kill trees very soon. Old diseased

(15)

trees should be cut down, for they do but little good.
Some say that the bees will carry diseases from one tree
to another, while the tree is in bloom; and others say
that the scent of one tree to the other will cause all to get
the same complaint ; but I do not agree with them, for it
is more in cultivating than any thing else. I have set out
trees in the way [have been recommending, and no one
could discover my plan. They always did well.

Apple trees and peach trees that have been set out for
some time can be saved from frost by cleaning off the grass,
and then put on a, little lime, as before stated, and if there
are no insects around the trees a little pure sand will do
for a time ; and then he may pile some small rocks or hard
brickbats, or some coarse gravel, and by so doing you may
keep the frost in the ground, as I have said before; and
the earth will keep in a good moist state for fruit-raising
for some time. But for much benefit, one should look to
_ his trees often, and not let any thing go undone, and when
one commences right, a little will keep the ball moving.
Fruit trees that have stone some distance around shew
will not want any tending, for the ground will keep moist,
if the weather is not extremely dry. Good thrilty-looking
apple trees sometimes do not bear much fruit, and many
cannot tell the cause. Sometimes the tops run up very
straight, and they should be trimmed often ae growing
so as to keep the branches in proper form of apple fred ;
and sometimes they want the girdling, as I have said be-
fore. Pear trees are much more healthy, and will stand
more hardships than the apple tree, and do better to graft
into than many other trees; and apples grafted into pear
stumps are very good, and are more hardy than others in
most of the lands. Pear trees trimmed like apple trees,
i. e. often trimming, are more apt to bear sooner and bet-
ter than to let them mn up straight, as they mostly do.

(16)

If one wishes to have pears soon, they should take grafts
from bearing trees, and graft in as soon aa they are long
enough to do so, and by so doing they would have pears in
much less time than to graft very young, like apple trees
are mostly done. Peach trees and cherry trees are véry
often set out in fence rows, and look more like fence hedges
than like fruit trees. Still, the owners think and wish to
have good fruit, and fail very often, when a little trimming
and the tree put in order, as I have said, then the tree would
be productive. Apple, peach, pear, and cherry trees
should be all treated much alike, to do well. A quince
tree will do the best in wet or level lands, as it is often
raised, and is more hardy than some other trees. I have
seen them set out in dry lands, and they did not often do
well in such places. In the West they are very scarce,
and would do well if set out. They are much better for
preserves than plums.

Some few apple trees have been brought to bear apples
that have no seeds in, but the plan will not do where a
man wants apple seeds to plant out nurseries with, and
when aman has planted out a large nursery, and has many
young trees coming on, and all seedlings, then he will have
many kinds of fruit, and late and early. I have seen as
good fruit in this way as from grafted trees, and then I
have seen grafted fruit much larger and better than the
fruit was where the grafts were taken from. One may
trim and graft, and make fruit still earlier or later, but the
best mode is to culture well. The blight very often comes
on in a way that many would not think of, for which I
shall not say how at this time, and if the rules are carried
out that is already laid down, they will not have any diffi-
culty in getting along. The fruit is killed sometimes in
the fall, ‘for after the sap goes down, and a small frost,
then comes a warm spell and swells the bud that should

(17)

stand for the next spring; and peach trees are more injuri-
ous than others in this way. When trees have a plenty of
rocks about the roots they will keep them back, for cold
weather, and it is not the cold weather so much as the
warm changes that causes so much damage to the fruit-
raiser. One may have too many rocks about his trees,
but for the most they do not have enough. Stony land
is the best for fruit-raising, especially for peaches. Where
there are two or three rocks, one above another, the heat
wil not strike through soon, and they will keep cold for a
long time.

A man may construct a tree in such a way as to have
one partin bloom and the other part not put forth but little.
I carried a pear tree from New Jersey to Clermont Coun-
ty, Ohio, in the year 1832, and moved it twice after, the
same year, and it still lived, and if the tree is moved in the
~way I have said, you need not fear. The heat of the sun
is what causes the tree to come forth soon, when it shines
on or near the roots. Shade the roots and keep the sun
off, and you will soon see what the effect is. Some men
may in some cases disagree with me, especially those
whose interest this work may be opposed to, but the thing
will prove itself, only give it a chance.

Note. If the Agricultural Society will give me what
_ they have said they would give some one, concerning the
blight and bitter rot, I will carry out the many complaints
in its branches, and give full view and satisfaction; for a
tree never need to take the blight if rightly Harnett It
_ the rules here laid down are carried out, they will get along.

The best way to trim is, never suffer a branch.to reach
any size, that should not remain on; and then all will be
healed over in a short time. The twig should be taken.
off when a little sprout. I have’ seen apples bitter when»
nearly at oa Mioet but it was from poor management —

(18)

of culturing ; but if girdled they will soon get well, and a
little lime about the roots, tobacco stems, or juice, will
soon kill all worms abou! the roots; or saltpetre, in smail
quantities; raising tobacco in the o-chardsis good. One
may read much about fruit, but he will have to put the
hands to, if he finds out, and watches closely, and tries
what can ke done. for the point is in the hazds, aud much
depends in trying.

Gratting fiu't is a subject that many believe in, and it is
a good way to change fruits, and get any kind one would
wish. Therefore many ways have been tried for that pur-
pose, and it is thought best Ly the most of graiters to use
paste made of rosin, beeswax and tallow ; equal parts of
rosin and beeswax, one-fifth tallow. Some say only rosin
and tallow, and one-third of that tallow; to be used when
the graft is set, so that the Lark comes even with the main
part it is set in; then your paste, being a Ittie warm,
serves all the open places, so that no sap can Jeak, and
no weather get thereabouts. By so doing you will have
no trouble, as is sometimes the case, from earth grafting
by ants, &c. Grafts should be but one year’s growih, and
not very long.

Peach stones should be put out in the winter, and cov-
eved over with three inches of earth, so as to get one good
freeze, and in this way they will come up in the spring.
Nice apple seeds put in one pint bags, or less, and laid
where the mice or rats cannot get at them, and so that
they will keep a little moist, and covered the same as the
peach ; and one clever or good freeze willdo them. Be
careful and not let them. mould, or they will rot. As soon
as the grass begins to start, then the seeds will sprout or
swell. They should be put where you want them to grow.
When I was a small boy, nearly fifty years ago, we had
many good apples and peaches, but when I became older

(19)

and saw much grafting, and no culturing, and soon there
came on the many plagues with fruit trees, and then I had
an anxiety to find out what the cause was, and I sought
many remedies, and found out that the natural fruit trees
would bear more often with the same treatment than the
grafted fruit trees would, and when I took it into market
it would sell as quick as any, and taste as good, keep bet-
ter, and look as well. The trees lived longer, and were
much hardier, and it was less trouble to put upthe orchard.
But the many ideas afloat in the world, and many do not
look to any thing only what is told them, and think noth-
ing is like grafted fruit. But as for the best, try some few
seedlings, and it will be no harm. When the rules here
laid down are carried out, I will warrant them to have
fruit every year, as long as the trees are kept good.

Old trees that have been on the decay for some time
can be helped in the way I have said; but they cannot
last long at most, forthe many dead spots in them, the sap
will not flow in, and how can they do much good? The
thing, when rightly understood, will show for itself, and
who can say to the contrary. Lime or whitewash, once
a year, should be done, but when trees are thrifty, once in
two years willdo. The whitewash is very good to keep
insects off. As soon as one sees the sap running, and glue
forming on fruit trees, they should look and take out the
insect, and rub a little paste thereon. In such cases a, little

whitewash will keep them off; but a liniment made of _
whisky, sulphur, red pepper, and camphor, will make small —

insects leave, and is good for bedbugs.

BLOODY MURRAIN.

Many farmers in the West, and many other places have
lost cattle with the murrain, and the fault is in the owner,

for if he would keep a trough with some slackened lime and |

|

(20 )

salt in it, so that the cattle could get it as they want. it,
there would be no murrain. But when they have got the
complaint, get poke, or pote tops, some may call the weed, |
and make a strong tea, and give from one pint to a quart,”
and one gill of spirits of turpentine ; andrub and stir them
a little, and it will soon be over. When you cannot get
that, give one pint of hog’s lard; sometimes bleed heavy,
and that will do, for Gleedi na! is very good. Cattle kept
in this way will hardly ever get the poison-milk complaint,
as above stated.

POLL EVIL OR FISTULA:

When a horse has this complaint coming on, and as
soon as one finds out the complaint, poke-juice and oil of
spike, and bathe often, and it will soon die. Use one
thing at a time, but when the hard gristle has formed, and
and is near breaking, then treat as follows: Put half an
ounce of aqua fortis in a two ounce vial, then put in quick-
silver the size of two large peas, leave the stopple out until
it is done boiling; then put in blue vitriol about twice as
much as quicksilver, and then use with a quill and work in
the hole, or wet a lint and lay there in the centre, and you
will soon kill, so that you can take it out by the roots, and
then use a little oil of spike, and it will soon get well and
leave but few scars to be seen. When you doctor this
way, keep your horse in from cold rains, and no danger.
When this composition is put on flesh, and it smokes,
dilute it. The same method will kill the most of cancers,
warts and corns, with a little sweet oil, ointing after the

_ above. Corns can be cured by often ointing with spirits
_ of turpentine. Warts may be cured with young poke juice
_ made near to a salve, or burn paper on a_blacksmith’s
_ anvil, and bathe with the sweat that will be on the anvil,
_ and a few times ointing wit cure.

| =

(21)

MOLE- TRAP.

cali to kill gophers and moles in the eho Take a
thick plank—say two inches thick, and ten inches broad,
and three feet long—and then one foot from one end lay
off fifteen or twenty holes, and put in some iron teeth in
the form of a hemp hackel, about one foot long—shorter
ones will do for moles—and then make three sticks to set
it with; make the standard with an offset wide at bottom,
and cut the notch on the long stick on the lower side, that
when the mole raises the stick the flyer will throw the
long stick from under the trap. In setting, dig open the
hole and place the end of the long stick so that when he
comes along he will raise the stick, and then away goes
all. When the trap has been carefully set, there should
be some earth put back in the hole, so that all will be dark
and right, and in so doing you will soon ia them off.

SORE EYES

I had the sore eyes a long time, and spent some money
in buying eye-water, and fotind out that the most of such
trash was more to sell than to cure ; and by chance I tried
the use of glauber salts, and found them very good ; hop
tea is still better for some; when used hot it will kill the
humor. Sometimes a pain in the head will cause the sore
eyes; and in that case I would take broken doses of salts ;
and in so doing I would always be relieved in a little time.
Sometimes often washing with pure cold water will do
much good. ii i

-HOG’S SORE THROAT. |

Hogs often get the sore throat, and sometimes it is
caused by sheeit eating acorns after the acorn has sprouted,
and the farmers often lose hogs through neglect. If the

( 22 }

farmer would always give his hogs plenty of soap suds and
swill, they never would get the sore throat ; or even plenty
of salt would do much good. When the hogs have the
complaint, one should drench with some strong suds, and
was: and rub the outside of the throat well, and sometimes
this will cure.

HORSE FOUNDER.

When a horse has drank too much water when hot, and
one can see that he is inclined to lie down and is taking
the founder, move him about middling fa t for ten or fiiteen
minutes, and he will go to eating, and soon be well with-
out any more trouble. For grain founder, use the same
means, if in time, and if not, my mode is to bleed in the
legs freely, and then put a half a spoonful of turpentine im
the frog of each foot, have it some warm; and then turn
your hoise on grass, and he will soon be well. Cows,
when full of grass, sometimes drink too much water.
Move them about in the same way, until some operation.

BOTS IN HORSES.

There are many ways to cure a horse that has the bots.
Many give too many things, and kill the horse with: med-
icine, and then say this, that and the other would have
done or not done ; but I have given a half pint of spirits of
turpentine and then moved about and all ts over in a little
while. Sometimes a horse has the dry colic, and then @
half gallon of weak lye will cure the horse; but strong
lye may kill the horse, so in all cases much care is want-
ing. If horses always get plenty of salt and hickory ashes
or slacked Time, one hardly ever will have to doctor for
this complaint.

( 23 )

HOW TO CURE THE KIDNEY WORM.

Hogs sometimes have the kidney worm, and die with it.
The comp'aint can be cured by giving a small dose of
arsenick, and bathing a few times with spirits of turpen-
tine across the loins, alone the back bone, and he will
soon be well. A small dose of sulphur and saltpetre will
do mu. h good, for it is very good for the kidneys.

HOW TOCURE WARTS AND WENSON CATTLE

When cattle have warts or wens on them, take and tie
some hiir close downto the body, or near the roots, draw
tight, so as to prevent the blord from flowing in, and it
will soon fall off. The wen, when young, served the same
way will soon die, so that one may open and roll cut the
dead lump. When so large that th’s rule can not work,
then use the poll evil preparation in much the same way
as for poll evil.

LICE ON CATTLE AND HOGS.

When cattle have lice on them, put some soft grease
around ‘heir eyes and nose, and then boil up some tobacco
and mix in some lye, but not so strong as to take off the
hair, aud rnb on along the back and where the lice are,
and they will soon be gone.

SCRATCHES ON HORSES.

When a horse has the greeseags scratches, take some
blue vitriol dissolved in water and apply, and let it stay
on for six hours, and then wash with soap suds, and keep
‘clean, and in a |-ttie while it will be well. If inclined to
crack, apply a little o.l of spike.

( 24 )
SNAKE BITES.

For snake bites, as soon as one is bit, drink one pint of
whiskey—which is an Indian cure—and use a poultice of
bitter weeds and tar and corn meal, put on the bitten place,
change often. The names of weeds—tanzy, wormwood,
horse weed and catnip.

When bayberry root bark can be had—black elder bark
is good; up sumack is good, but either will do, when poi-
soning is bad and swelled, boil said bark, weeds, &c., in
vinegar and salt, and have all middling strong, bathe with
as hot as you can bear it, and it will soon have a good
effect. When the poultice is put on last, with the tar in,
and thickened with corn meal, do not let the meal get
cooked done. A few applications of this will cure any
kind of poisoning, or bad felons, &c. I have seen these
‘cures many years ago by a good old Indian doctor.

Again, take house yard plantain leaves, pound them up
and mix the juice with new milk; use freely in drink and
on the bite—a good cure for snake bites.

Again, a bottle of whiskey, with the stopple out, turned
upwards, the most on the bite, the poison will go up in
the whiskey.

RAT KILLING.

There are many ways to kill rats. Mix equal parts of
corn meal and unslacked lime, and lay where it will keep
dry, so that they can eat, and little water near, and the
lime slacking in them will kill them. Spanish fly essence
‘in diluted brandy, 3 is very good for drink in the place of
water, and is a fatal destroyer with rats.

Again, take dog butten and grate fine, and mix with a
little flour and molases, and give it, it is very good. Do
not put grease in it; it will kill poisoning sometimes.

( 25 )
TO STOP A HORSE FROM BLEEDING.

When a horse has been bled in the mouth, and is hard
to stop from bleeding—and some bleed to death—take a
bunch or string of horse hair and tie it around the tail close
to his body, and twist tight with a stick, and the blood
will soon stop. This is what is called cording the tail of
a horse.

TO KILL INSECTS ON TREES. .

When insects are very bad on peach or apple trees, take
a center bit—three quarters of an inch bit—and commence
a hole, and cut around, so as to save the bark piece to put
back again; then bore in a little more than half way
through the tree on the side most affected, near the butt,
and fillthe hole with pulverized sulphur, and then drive in
a plug tight, so as not to let the sap leak, even with the
wood, so that the bark chip will come even, so that all will
be smooth by rubbing on a little paste. This treatment
will make old trees healthier, and is good for the bitter
rot, &c:

PRESERVING BUDS AND GRAFTS.

Putting buds and grafts up in moist saw dust has proved
superior to any other way; it being lighter than sand, and
has no grit in it to rub or injure a knife. Grafts cut in
February and put up in this way will keep a long while ;
but they must be kept from frost or heat, and water, or
water-soaking will be the result, and mould or rot. A
good dry cellar is the best place—north side. Dust right
from the saw is best, from half-seasoned logs.
~ Sweet potatoes will keep best in right dry saw dust, and
from frost and wet; keep them and you will have no
trouble.

( 26 )

Many people cut off the tops of old fruit trees when
they have decayed, and graft in anew, but nine times out
of ten the roots near the butt of the tree are affected, and
when that is the case, it is no use to gvaft, for they will be
small. Some trimming may help. The best way is to
clear away some ea’th, and take a kettle of hot water and
a little sulphur in it and pour around the Lutt of the tree;
and it is for the most part better than plouzhing the tree.
Peach trees treated this way will do well for some length
of time. A little sulphur is good to g've fruit a good
relish. App!y as I have said, or one can open the bark
on the large limbs, ai.d put sulphur in, a little like bud-
ding, a:.d c'ose up again in gocd order; and in th’s way
of doing one caix make fruit sweet or sour, and make roses
blue with a little indigo, and have many colors on one
bush, by different stains. Some individuals put salt in
trees, lut salt should never be put near fruit trees, and too
muh lime or tolacco will also spoil the taste of fruit,
when too mu.h about a tree aud near the roots. Some
kill their fruit by doctoring wrong. A very good way to
get rid cf catap'llars is to get rolled brimstore and make
a few mat hes, and smoke them like tak'ng bees, and a
treatment in this way will soon do away the webs, and
they seldom return. The matches should be held off be-
low, so as not to singe the leaves. When the sulphur
pulverized is sprinkled on the web tne dews will soon give
them a taste. Sometimes pear trees have pears on and
they rot in the core, and in such a case pour the hot water
and su'phiar, as avound the peach tree. The rot is some-
times caued hy being too much choked up with other
trees aud bush ; and very often the roots run near the top
of the grou: d, and many sprouts come up and are sculped
off so as to do much harm. In this case the best way
would be to cut the root off close to the tree buit, and cover

(27)

it over with paste, and the lower roots will increase and
run deep, if rightly managed, as all roots should run to do
well. Apple trees, to do well, should be forty feet from
one to another; and pear trees also. Peach trees should
be at least twenty feet—thirty is letter. When fruit trees
are set out close under a steep hill, on a small table of
land, th> water often comes in floods, and stands for some
time around the trees, which is very injurious, and in such
cases some mode should be adopted to turn off the water
as it falls; or the loss of trees may often occur, and trees
often take the blight when suffered to remain in water in
hot weather. Too muh water and many other things
will affect the sap in fruit trees, and do much harm, espe-
cialiy in June, about the time the days are the longest, and
the sap begins to decrease, and the length of daysalso, and
about the time that the days are at full length, and the
moon fulls at the same time, then is the best time in the
year to kill g owing trees. 1 have seen cold, east winds
and storms at such times kill many young, thrifty trees,
and in such cases a small scar often will kill a tree. AIE
trimming sap sprouts, and all catapillars and web wornis
should Le removed some time Lelore the above stated time,
to do well. ;

The best and right time for trimming fruit trees is the
first new moon in June. The wind oiten blows young
trees about, where they stand in heavy soil, in times of
much rain, and the ground being soft, the tree will wave
around so as to make a large hole in the ground, and then
the water gets in around the tree and stands there, and very
often kills the tree. Water standing about trees the second
year ater setting out is more likely to kill the tree than at
any other season. The hotter the weather is, the more
danger of losing by water. Early in the spring, after the
ground dries off, large cracks form along the large roots of

_

( 28 ) ;

the tree, which leave a place for the water to stand in
when heavy rains come, which sometimes will do harm,
and they should be attended to and the evil remedied.
Many people say,,as daddy has done, so will Ido: and
will have their way, right or wrong. They will heat up
the fruit trees with manure, and forward them to meet
frost, and the many insects, and by so doing often lose the
the fruit, and finally the trees, also. Although the
manure made them grow so finely for a while, but they
do not consider that the manure keeps the roots near the
top of the ground. A fruit tree usually has one large root,
and that is the regulator of the tree, and if that is near,the
top of the ground the tree is worth but little. Heaping up
much earth around a tree is not good, for the tree will not
do well. |

I have often seen manure in large piles around fruit
trees, six inches to one foot deep, and that wlll keep the
ground from freezing all winter around the tree, and in
such cases 1n warm spells i in winter the buds will swell,
and then in freezing again the buds will be killed, w hereas
if the manure had been kept away, and there had been
plenty of stones on top of the roots to have kept them cold,
the bud would not have swollen, and then the fruit might
lave been saved, and it would have been much better for
the trees. Sometimes fruit trees grow too fast to have
much fruit on, and in such cases the center high branches
must be topped to bear well. The topping should be done
when the last sap flows in the latter part of summer, so
that the bud will form for the following year. Fruit trees
sometimes have hard knots about on the limbs, and are
scurvy, and that is often caused by insects, and no care Is
taken to keep them thrifty. Such trees are hard to cure
and make good, but they can be helped by some trimming,
and cleaning the roots; whitewash the tree and sulphur

(29)

plugging 1 in the main trunk inside, and scald the roots as
in other cases, for this is the best for old trees ; and in the
case of the bitter rot in old trees, shave off some of the
old outside bark, and give the tree a new start. When
fruit trees are very full of fruit, and sap sprouts are running
up, and the weather is very dry, many buds will fail to
to form for the following year. People often destroy the
buds in gathering fruit, fee plum trees have charcoal
dust and sand in boxes around them, or hogs running abont
them, the insects seldom do much harm. “Apple and
peach trees, to do well, should be planted one hundred feet
apart, and then one could farm the ground and receive some
benefit from 1¢ and fruit also. When trees are a good dis-
tance apart they will dry off soon, and there will not be
so much wet about them to freeze, and be in danger of
killing the buds. When the ground is not frozen and cov-
ered with snow, the buds often will swell and get killed,
but the stones will keep them back and preserve them.
_ Where hogs are ruaning among fruit trees, care should be
taken and not let them root much about the roots of trees,
or they may cause some damage to the trees. When the
snow is on the ground, and the ground is not frozen, the
snow will keep the ground warm and cause things to grow
under the snow, while the tops are getting killed by frost.
Some large fruit trees would need a wagon load of stones
around each one, to do well. One reason why natural
fruit will stand more hardships is, the bud is harder and
smaller than the bud of grafted fruit. Some people have
got a kind of composition to put around trees, to keep the
insects off, and if they are not careful they may kill the
tree, for some minerals and acids will do so.
One can turn the color of fruit or wood, while in the
sap, or make the wood hard with acid; and make it black.
Tan bark is a non-conductor of heat, and if put around

(30 )

fruit trees when the frost is in the ground, it will keep the
tree back and prevent the Lud from swelling. The sap
will. flow every new moon in the year, if the weather is a
little warm at new moon, and then the bud wall swell.
Water early in the spring, avd cold weather around fruit
trees, do not often kill the trees, but after the middle of
June then is the damage. Many peop'e think that the
frost killed the peach tees last winter in the sontherp part
of Ohio, but it is mostly on account cf the dry weather
jast fall, for the insects worked abcut the roots and caused
them to bleed, and the weather was so dry that the sap
failed to go up in cne new moon, in many trees. In this
case many trees put out in the spring following, and live
a month or so, and die; and these things are not oiten
looked into by the most of farmers. Th’s year, 1852,
the moon will be fullin June the 2nd, and « hange, In
this case the fruit trees wiil not ke so much affectcd, and
the rust on grain will be small, and do Lut litt'e damage.
Some people are for trimming trees in the fal! of the year,
and the places from trimming will season haid and seldom
rot as they do when trimmed in June, when the scars are
left open to the wet weather. Butall should Le prevented
from. co'd and wet, for all will be more or less injur.ous
to fruit trees where the scars are left open to the weather.

THE BLIGHT IN FRUIT TREES.

Many people say the blight is caused by hard rains, but
if the fruit trees stand on rolling lands, heavy rains wil]
not hurt them, so I hardly call it the bight; but if they
stand on flat land, and the water stands in ponds around
the trees, then the water often overpowers the sap and
sometimes kills the tree. ‘The blight 1s caused from many

sources, but in most cases it is caused for the want of sap
to bear out the growth. In June, when the moon is new

(31 )

and the ground well moistened, then there will be a full
rush of young shoots on fruit trees, &c.; and after the
moon fulls and the sap is on the decrease, then the ground
is often getting dry, and the trees standing very thick, and
much grain or weeds around them, and sometimes some
manure to help heat the tree hot, then the bight comes
on, for the tree cannot get moisture enough to continue
growing and has to fall back. The fruit tree is like the corn,
and when there are twelve stalks in one hill there may
be some shoots for corn, but when it comes to fill out, if
dry, the corn will Le small, and so with the fruit trees,
when too th'ck and cankered with grain and grass the tree
cannot support its branches, and they will ee for want of -
sap; but when trees stand far enough apait and are kept
in good order, then the roots run well in tho earth, and
will be able to continne moist and bear out the necessary
branches. Sometimes trees are far encugh apart to do
weil, but they have too much tep for the roots, and when
# rash of sap comes then many young sprouts put forth
again, and when the days come to full length and the moon
is full, and at that time the sap begins to cease flowing,
and at that t'me if a cold, dry spe'l ccmes on, then the sap
will cease to fiow in all the branches, and then comes the
blight. But if the tree had been rightly t.immed and there
had not been too much top for the rocts, and the ground
had been in a moist state, then the blight weuld not have

taken efiect. Open trimming pheciys does well in fruit
raising.

There is always a good time in the year to kill timber,
and that is after the ‘days are at full length and after the
full moon, and if the ground is hard and dry you can soon
kill trees or cause the blight. Some men often trim and |
prune at that time and do much harm to the trees. €ut-
ting off limbs and leaving them to take the rain, sun, and

( 32 )

frost, they will make a black speck into the heart of the
tree and cause much damage very often; but if taken off
in the spring with a saw, and a little paste put on, then
the sap will come up, and they will heal over and do well.
Some say the blight is from some cause in the heat. It
may be in some degree. Thus far, asI have said, when
there is too much top to thetree, too much dry, too much
very hot sun will wilt the young shoots, and the sap will
cease to flow in them, and they must perish; and they
could be very easily remedied if taken when young. The
leaves are the lungs, no plant can grow if it cannot breathe,
and if it is prevented from breathing it must soon die.
Some persons dig many feet into the soil to eradicate rots
—a much easier way is to keep the tops buried by repeated
ploughing, or by a thick coat of tan or saw dust. Alders
and willows may be very easily kijled without grubbing by
merely keeping them closely cut to the surface and pulling
off the sprouts as they appear. Cut them off in the spring
or early summer, burn the branch upon the stubs and then
remove the sprouts during the season, and the work is
complete. A few things only need any killing in the hor-
ticulturist, and very often more harm is done than good.
Fruit trees are often injured by hilling up much earth or
some other substance that will contain heat and cause in-
sects.

TO MAKE CATTLE DO WELL.

Cattle to do well in all the West and where they get no
salt hay, should always have some slacked lime and salt
as often as they will eat it; and in so doing they seldom
ever take the poison milk complaint. In the winter time
they are often neglected, and green grass is scarce, and
then cattle will browse on many poison weeds and vines,
ar drinking mineral water, and no — in the Begone BS

—

(33)

then the poison will take effect, when the two ¢omé to-
gether. Some springs in the West are poison, so aa to
kill cattle in a little whlle. Whenever water has a bad
taste or a milky color, one may test the amount of poison
by a proper process of analyzing, and thus avoid all acei-
Jents. Many sp-ings and wells can be made healthy by
clean ng oiten and putting charcoal or a little lime in the
well or spring. When charcoal and lime are so arranged
as to let th» water seep ih-ough, or stand in said coal ‘or
1.me, it will be rectified, and a very small portion of lime
will ds. Onae may use too much lime in water. Cattle
often drink water that stands in small, stagnated places,
which is very bad water, and will be the means of causing |
sickaess by using the milk from cows that drink such wa-
ter. Cattie sometimes take the red water, and some men
would say it was the murrain. Whenever cattle appear
uawell by negiect, a dose of salt and sulphur sometimes
will do much good. Muik sickness is sometimes caused

by a kind of gas a..d mineral that are in some lands, while

the dew is on the grass, shrubs, &c. The cattle eating
feed at that time wn.ie the dew is on, will cause the com-
plaint to take effect, while, if the cattle were kept up until
the dew is all goue off, the complaint would seldom come,
or have a bad etlect When the milk disease comes.on
it will create a hot, Lurning fever, and all the pores are
closed, and the blood will become dross and clod and. the
rest w.ll settle inside of the system in red water, &c. New
milk aad house yard plantain leaves; take the juice of
plantain leaves and driuk freely; and a little saltpeter once
in a while, to opeu the pores and cause sweat or moisture
on the system; and by so doing the complaint can be
cured in most cases. The juice of the plantain should be
mixed with the milk. Some persons say that saltpeter is
dangerous. It may be, if one should take too much. A
3x

(34)

man may take a piece the size of a large grain of corn. A
horse may take even a spoonful, and nothing is better to
start the urine, and it is good to cause a sweat and check
the fever. What will cause the complaint sometimes will
fail at other times, for it is altogether owing to what state
the system is in, and the poisoning substance. One is
much stronger sometimes than at others, especially min-
éral substances. When the springs are low they are much
‘stronger, especially in freezing weather. The frost will
have some effect to separate the poisoning substance from
the pure water—it freezing and drying up. Take pieces
of bright steel and lay them in the water, where it is bad,
and if it is poisoning, the rust will be green or some color
different from common iron.

Cherry tree tops will sometimes kill cattle when they
eat much of them. There is a kind of mushroom which
will sometimes kill cattle when they eat it, and have not
been salted’ well and have been drinking impure water.
Cattle will fatten on small portions of the poisonous sub-
stances, and by mixing them with other feed the poison
will work off, but when they are in that state drive them,
and heat them, and the disease will come to perfection
very often, especially when caused by drinking impure wa-
ter. The trembles, or milk disease is a complaint that is
caused or comes on where the lands have blue limestone
on them, and where there are mineral substances ; where
there are small portions of water, the minerals are of the
nature to cause the action of the system to stop, and cause
a heat on the stomach, similar to the sick wheat bread
that people often feel. The different kinds of substances
that cause the disease are not very poisonous, but enough
to cause all action in the system to cease, and this is act-
ing for some time before it is discovered; but when chang-
ed into the milk and butter, it is with more action, in par.

( 35 )

taking of the animal nature—some may call it so—where
the disease rages. When the lands are tilled and cleared
up the mineral substances and the most of other substances
are destroyed, so that they often have no effect. What is
in the earth, it being tilled, that substance will lose its
strength, where it is near the top of the ground, and be-
come dead; and where the water is mixed with other sub-
stances it will sometimes become more pure. The butter
and milk can be detected by causing a heat and sweat on
a piece of bright steel or iron, so as to make a green rust,
&e. To cure a person, give a plenty of good whiskey or |
brandy, with a little saltpetre,| to cause a reaction and
sweat, and then use some sulphur and spirits of turpentine,
and then there will be some chance to operate on the
bowels for a speedy cure. Doctor cattle in like manner.
This complaint is usually attended with much fever, and
the bowels become very dry, and are hard to operate on,
and in such cases a little yeast is very good to be given for
a purgative. I have never known a case of milk sickness
where there 1s soft water and sandy land, or white lime-
stone lands; but where there is blue limestone and ‘hard,
blue clay, then you may often find milk sickness. Where
the water has a bad taste, sometimes there is a kind of
sulphuric or hydrogen air in vallies and certain pieces of
land, as above stated; and when one takes that kind of air
into his lungs, it sometimes has a bad effect. A person
may take some poison into the stomach, and the effect
may not be discovered, but in breathing similar poisons
into the lungs it may kill; say, for instance, how is it in
wells? Sometimes in cleaning out deep wells some peo-
ple are killed by what is called damps in wells. People
often differ in regard to healthy air. One thing is certain.
Take and make a fire of charcoal ina small room where
there is no fireplace, and the room is kept tight, and it

L

( 36 )

will consume all the oxygen and death may occur, as the
case has often occurrd. Lime is thought to be very
healthy -when slacked, but in s'acking lime one could
cook eges over the steam and heat and if they chculd eat
them death might be the resuit. In much water that is
heated in a tea “kett! e it scon forms a thick shell in the
kettle, which all such water is very unhealthy to most of
people.

And as for milk s'ckness, I always have found to exist
on such locations as above statcd and as the following
statements are. The water from McDouaid far.n, Mt.
Oram, Brown Co., Ohio, has been analyzed by suine of
the best chemists in Cincinnati, O., aid the qualities are
as follows:

MOUNT OORAM UPPER WELLS.

This, like the water of the Wh te Sulphur Springs of
Virginia, is highly impregnated with sulphuretted hydro-
gen in combination with oxygenized nitrogen—-with traces
of the following salts, in su.h small quantities however,
as to be wholly impercept.ble to ihe taste, and only appa-
rent by analysis with ihe most delicate tests. . The follow-
ing are some of the salts in solution: The Sulyhates of
a Magnesia and Scda.. There is no trace, whatever,
of any Salt of Iron.

The following was from Mount Ooram Lower Wells:

bicussie Coxiuecr or Ounso, March 29th 1852.

Sir: The first specimen of water brought by you for
analysis (No. 14 in a green glass porter bottle), contained
as follows: L[ron, medium; Chlorine; Lime, rather large;
Sulphuric acid; Carbonic acid in the form of Bi-carbon-
ates; Soda; Magnesia.

These were in the following form:

Carbonate of Iron; Bi-caibonate of Magnesia; Bi-car-
bonate of Lime; Muriate of Soda (common salt); Muriate

(37)

of Magnesia; Sulphate of Magnesia. a

The above with the exception of the Lime, are in small
quantities.

The following was from the spring:

The second specimen brought by you (No. 13, ina
wine bottle not sealed) Eanidinga as tollows: Iron, slight;
Chiorine; Sulphuric acid; Carbonic acid, large; Lime,
mediuin; Magnesia; Soda.

These were in the for.n of Carbonate of Iron; Bi-Car-
bonate of Lime; Bicarbonate of Magnesia; Mur ate of
Magnesia; Muriate of Soda, (common sait); Sulphate of
- Magnesia; Free Carbonic acid.

JosepH M. Locxn.
Cincinnati, July 22d, 163.

Dear Str: The water left by you, some weeks since,
to be analyzed qualitively has been found to coutain as
follows:

Carbonic acid, Large quantity,
Muriatic “* Medium *“
Sulphuric “ Medium = “
Phosphorie Sinall

Lime, Large a
Magnesia, Siuall fe
Aiu:nina, Small rs
soda, Medium *

vie above exist in the torm of —
Carbonate of Lime,
Carbonate of Magnesia,
Free or uncombined Carbonie acidi
Chloride of Lime,
Chloride of Magnesium,
Chloride of Aluminum, —
Chloride of Sodium, (common salt)
‘Sulphate of Lime, |

( 38 )

Sulphate of Magnesia,
Sulphate of Alumina, (Alum)
Phosphate of Lime,
Phosphate of Alumina,
Yours respectfully,
To Mr. Seaman, Esa. J. Morris Locke.

The first three qualities of waters are from where people
have died with the milk sickness. The last is not the
case as far as we can tell but some people that is not used
to the water is often affected in the way of purgatives, &c.

When water operates much on the bowels it is not
healthy, especially to some people for it has some ten-
dency to injure the blood by some fever being created and
sometimes lingering diseases are caused by the use of bad
water. Some people use the above kinds of water and
apparently are well and pass unobserved of any small
fevers, shortness of breath, &c. From some observations
it appears that the irony minerals with the blue lime, clay
and the other things spoken of above, are the most and
principal things used where the people die with the milk-
sickness, &c. If not the milksick, they have similar dis-
eases, and often die with the typhoid fever. It is not to
the advantage of professional men to acknowledge these
statements, but it is well known that bad water is un-
healthy.

Norr.—In the year 1814, a small boy of two years old,
eat some of the poison ivy vine and it caused him to have
a high fever and a breaking out all over the system similar
to rash and milksickness. A doctor was called in and a
cure sought for which had a good effect. The boy is still
living, but the wild poison ivy vines have no more effect
en said boy, but he has had the dropsy for about six
months. bo aly

When some people are poisoned by handling it and

(39).

break ‘out in water blisters and finally becomes yellow
matter. Some people do say that. this complaint and
poison destroys blocd or has’ some effect to do so as in
milk sickness and when doctors do examine people after
death, then the public will be more convinced of the
above diseases, &c:!

Some people say that swamp shumake and some other
poison vines are not poison &c. It is true that they do
not hurt some people and finally these that have been
spoken of, may be considered as not poison and cause a
costiveness and fever so as to stop the action of the sys-
tem and then death is the result. Salt licks where salt
bitrans are will kill whatever uses it, and some may say,
that what causes the milksick is only cnough poison so as
to cause a lingering complaint and some no poison.

The most of people will say that the above qualities of
waters are healthy, &c. ‘They may be to some people
but the raw qualities are quite different to some others:
again. And when these minérals and certain kinds: of
vegetables come together, and at a certain degree of heat,
and the system out of order, and receiving some of the
kinds of air above spoken of in the lungs, which is mostly
after night or early in the mornings. When: cattle are
pleted and get the same vegetables and not these kinds
of water, they: take the murrain. , o

I always have found sick wheat and the wT sick to
exist not many miles from each other and it appears that
from some cause in the ground these things do exist to
some extent in certain Rind of lands.

‘In the year 1834, the moon fulled on the 21st of June,
and that year the rust on wheat was very bad on many
farms and a great quantity of sick wheat. The wheat’
took the spot so bad that a great quantity of it was not
worth cutting. In the fall of ’33 I cleared a new piece of:

(40)

ground, and the fire burnt all over the ground in burning’
brush, log-heaps, &c. And after the ground was cleared
and plowed, I sowed it down in wheat, and the year 734
the wheat on that ground was gocd, while all around on
other lands was not worth cutting. I was inclined to be-
lieve that the fire had destroyed the substance that was
near the top of the ground, let it be what it was, raw
lime, salt or minerals of some other kii.d, the smal] quan-
tities of ashes on. it would form some potarh and likely
would kill the other wilds, and if not destroyed will at
certain times cause a kind of air wh'ch affect all vegeta-
tions, &e. In the year 1853 the moon lulls on the 21st
of June, and the wheat inn any places will Le subject to
rust, &c., as in the year 734. Very dry weather some-
times will save ficm rot. Aiter the moon is full the sap
descends and the days getting shorter, the scales are
downwa:d and all vegetables are more subject to rots,
rust bl ghts, &c. When the moon changes aLout the 17th
of June, the sap is ris ng while the grain is ripening and
the straw ripens at the bottom as well as top. But in the
reverse, the sap sinks to the bottom, and the grain ripens_
first at the top and this is the case when fogs and changes
of weather, &c., is the straw Lursts and cain the rust.
In getting the hot rays of sun on the ground and rise of
air theretrom cause destruction to grain, &c., Ly the ab-
sence of electricity in lunar system.

POTATOE RAISING

For many years has been a subject of great business and
has been attended with many d fficulties. But let us look
back and see how they grew wild and done well when a
natural production of that country.

Wheu I plant, potatoes I never cut them and I make the
seed go as far as to cut, and they stand the dry weather:

(Al)

better and are not so apt to rot in cold wet spells of wea-
ther, and the shoots come up more large aud strong, and
are able to stand hard hips and dew letter. In the year

- 1818, I kuew the potatoe to take the rot, aid in the year

Poa
/ fe

1829, also, and some at other years to a small extent, Lut
this year 1 have seen the potatce rot from east to west, in
different lands, and all the forms of the rot. The rot is
caused in difffierent ways and is easily remedied. ‘The
most of farmers can tell how to plow corn so as not to
fire it. The potatoe is ofien fired and the pctat-e caused
to rot by plowing wet, heavy <o | up on the vines aiter the
young potatoes have set. ‘The hot sun ard wet soil bufns

the vines and causes the vine to rot and then the potatoe

also will rot. Potatoes to do well never shou'd be h led
up any after the Lloom is seen, ior if hilied ap a.ter that
time it will cause an extra setting of young potatoes and
often wil! injure the fiest setting. When ihe potarces lay
in wet grouid they will oiten take the rot. Wash ug po-
tatoes when the “fine is tender aud la.d away damp in
piles, then they will often take the rect. Potatoes always
shou d Le la d where they will get well dried beiore bur.ed
to do well, &c. But of ail the rots in petatoes, the little
bug is the worst of a'l. They are so poisou that they will
draw a blister equal to the spanish fly. They light on

the potatoe tops and trim off the leaves aid poison the

tops aud the tops turn black and set the pctatees to rotting.
Oue shouid watch ciose and not let them stay on the po-
tatoe vines, for they can be driven off. Butii the tepsare
somewhat eaten off by the bugs when icu.d out one can —
save the potatoes by cutting off the tops, and keepiig the
poison trom going to the potatoe. Ail this must be done
belore the tops get black. |
'Potatoe staiks are iull of juice, and the poison init soon

fun to the potatoe and if the tops are young they will

(42)

grow again and if near ripe, they will finish out. These
are my rules and J always save my potatoes, and never
fail. Lime, sprinkling strong ashes and all beating things
should be kept from the tops for they often do more harm
than good. Potatoes sometimes are injured by tending
and nursing them too much. When potatoe tops are
robbed of the leaves or the stocks bruised it is far more
injurious to the potatoe than to cut off the tops and take
them away, which I always do when I cut them off. “Po-
tatoe tops bruised at some times will do no harm, and at
other times will do much harm. And by that means care
is advisable always.

Potato tops cut off when young will grow again and do
well. Sometimes the grasshoppers and other insects will
eat off the potatoe tops and cause them to rot. The grass-
hopper comes from crickets and might be destroyed where
the grass can be burnt, and also give the turkeys a chance
to catch them, &c. Sometimes the potatoe tops will
take the blight and cause a rot where they are planted in
heavy, wet soil, and after heavy rains falls on the grounds
and after the rain is over the hot sun comes out and scalds
the tops and causes a rot. Potatoes planted in soil that
has been yarded and where much urine has been on the
eround, after rains often such places a heat will arise and
cause the rot in potatoes. The potatoe tops sometimes
will take the dry rot and die close to the ground. Some-
times I have seen the dry rot take the potatoe tops in some
way on lands where lime or log heaps have been burned.
Too much lime or ashes will often have a bad effect, and
sometimes a small amount will cause a rot in hot wet
weather. The best way is not to plant potatoes in soil
that has any of the above statements, in lime, ashes or
urine yards. Potatoes to grow well and good and do well

=_—

should not be planted on one piece of ground more than’

(43)

one year, or one time in a place, on. the same ground.
Potatoe tops sometimes will often have young shoots put-
ting up like sap sprouts and keeping the young potatoes
: fom growing and in such. cases they may be topped, but
never disturb the main stock, but take the young small
shoots in the new of the moon, at the time of increase of
sap and turn it to the growth of the potatoes.
Sometimes the potatoe tops take the blight and tarn
black as they die, but in most of cases, when examined,

the tops even with the ground, and downwards are dead

and dry and rotten as before stated. Any thing that kills
the outside on the tops even with the ground and downward
will cause the dry rot in the tops in the ground. Cabbage
and vines sometimes take this complaint. All the above
stated things should not be planted in such ground as

above named although if the ground is rolling the cabbage.
and vines may do well. Potatoes planted in ground where -

it has been yarded and much urine has been thereon, if
A >

the potatoes come good, they will often have black hearts

and become faulty alter putting away. Onions sometimes.
take the rot when set out in the above named groun oe
where it is wet and they get heated or scalded.

A little sulphur sifted about on vines will keep off -

bugs and the most of insects and potatoes planted in dry

kod rolling ground or soddy land and strict attention, -
paid and w fas any insects appears use a little suiphur and,
the buggs will soon be off and you will not have the po-,
tatoe rot if done in good time and dug in good season.
After potatoes are planted a good way is to keep them.
healthy. Sift over some fine charcoal and by so doing in
a few years they will become healthy, for no insects will

hike coal or sulphur of brimstone.
When potatoes are planted in this way deep or well
held up, and in around. not much adopted to. weeds they,

(29 )

will not want any more tending. Snuff sometimes is good.
to drive off insects. Sometimes when the ground is dry,
the buggs will light on the main staiks, and are not any
notice taken of them and by getting a small brush they
fall down the stock and lay there con: ealedin the dry cleds
but a little snuff or sulphur of brimstone will drive them
away. The bugs very o.ten sting the main potatoe stalks
and deposite the ebb which forms the insect in the stalk
and are se'dom found out until too late to save the potatoes
from rotting. ‘Fhe main staik jorms or has the large po-
mostly and they be'ng stung or trimmed of the leaves the
potatoe rots. Sometims the Lug is de.ven off and do not
affect the sma!] outs de sta:k aid in ths case there will
come some small petatoes. In all cases one shcud watch
his potatoe tops and not Jet them turn black Leicre they
are cut off 1f they have been stung or he may not be able
to save the potatoes. After the tops ore cut off and taken
away, the Lugs will leave and soon Le gone. <A ter the
tops are cut off lime or ashes sprit kled on may do more
harm than gocd for after the tops are cut off they should
have the pue air, and not have them covered up, Lut
leave them clear to do well. More damage very oiten is
done in doctoring potatoe tops aid other vines than gocd.
For the most part of the blight in all tops of potatoes
and vines they are stung by insects and a small portion
of sulphur will remove them so easy ai.d will do no more
narm to the sap nor step the growth of any thing and
when the sulphur is with the sap scarcly any insect will
ouch it or come about where it is. Potatoe grcund to
lo well should be plowed in the fall for the next spring
o as to give distruction to insects when potatoes are plan-
ed early in spring, they mostly will get nearly or quite
heir growth Lefore the many insects come to aflect the
-rotatoe. Snails sometimes work on Potatoes and other

’

( 45 )

matters and at some times have a bad effect. Salt will
drive them from cabbage and will not hurt the cabbage.
Potatoe tops sometimes at take the blight in dry weather
and dry up and the potatoe will only wilt. Potatoes
sometimes rot in wet, heavy soil, by laying too long aiter
they get their growth, and some times before he are
grown where there is too much wet weather. Altout the
24th of June, the days mostly are at full length and if the
moon iulls at that time, and about the mi ida ie of the day
then there is much dinger in all vines and many other
things being killed by hot suns, rains, logs and honey
aude de. “The spot on wheat and the iust and the many
diseases that the farmer has to put up with in his horti-
cultural arrangements. The jarmers should have ther
lands d:y aid warm so as to forward their crops and get
their small grain aid potatoes out of danger before the 24th
of June. Potatoe tops cut off at that time would be apt
to kill them.. Potatoes being young very often and full
of sap aud when the days are ona stand and the moon
also, or on the decline then the many diseases come
on, whi h can be remedied by care and pains. Thelong
red potatoes seldom ret as much as other’ potatoes and: the
cause is, they have a long string or stem that connects the
potatoe to the tops and Rises re potatoes get near growt
then the string ae es souewhat dry and hard and the
poison will not go irom the tops to the potatoes as whe:
young and green. Some people say that the moon has ne
effect on culturing, but they haae become satisfied that th
rot and many other diseases are certainly in their potatoe
and grain. if the people will take notice of the mca
full and changing and togs, dews, hot scalds by the sur
cold biasts of the wind, &c., at and after the full lengt
of days they will soon find out the cause of the rot, cho
ria and other fatal diseases in their agricultural arrang:

(46)

ments and at what time to kill, &c. Potatoes will lay in
dry ground all winter and not rot but cut and plant in the
spring and summer, they are subject to the above state-
ments. Plant a row of potatoes and a row of tobacco
and so on in a patch together they will do well.

When the days are getting longer, and the mceon is run-
ning high, the sap is on the increase, and all things grow-
ing out of the earth are on a rush of growth; but, after
the days are at full length, the moon running low and on
the decline, then one may look out for danger. When the
moon runs low the tides will ran low, and sap and many
growing things are near to a stand and are easily affected.
When the ground is very dry there 1s but little sap flowing,
and the string that connects the Potatoe to the vine is so
dry that the poison, or disease, willnot go from the vines
to the potatoes, and in such case the potatoes aré some-
times saved from rotting, more especially when near grown.
The bugs stinging the vines is something like the locusts
‘stinging the trees; they deposit the insects and disappear.
In hot weather, when the ground is very wet, and water is
standing about the vines, then it affects the sap; and the
Lun shining hot and not much wind going, the air will be-
Some so impure that the most of vegetation, and even
ruit trees, will be more or less affected, &c.

' Some people think if they plant potatoes in March and
‘ime in the hill a little, that will keep them from rotting ;
Sut it isa mistake, occasionally. The early planting 1s
yhat makes the difference, for the potatoe will get near
‘rown, and the connecting string gets hard before the dis-
tase comes on. Sometimes lime will do some good to
‘elp dry the string, and sometimes it will do harm and
use a blight in hot and wet weather. Plow in the fall,
hd liming would be of some use to kill insects, and get
‘he ground in good order. Planting year after year on

|

oman

(47)

one piece of ground, the diséase will, to some extent, re-
main in the ground, when the ground lays rolling from the
sun, or is flat, and contains mineral substances and con-
fined air, then after the above stated the potatoes will rot,
but when care is taken, and doing what is written here,
one will save the potatoes.

Potatoes should be planted so as: to get the early sun-
shine, and dry off before the heat of the day comes on,
and have pure air. Some people say that all air is pure,
and there 1 is no confined air; but what is in saying con-
fined air is sometimes; there is but little air stirring in the
heat of the day, and the hot sun shining on the wet ground
and vines, there will be hot and cold breozes of air, and
sometimes makes one feel bad by the diflerent ranges of
air and a small circulation of wind to be felt stirring.
Where insects on vines in the above situation, the vines
often are more or less affected. Sometimes the leaves on
vines and fruit trees curl up, and people often cannot tell
what is the cause; but if they would take a magnifying
glass and Irok through on the under side of the leaf they
would see living filha at work, &c.

Nore. The Japande gardeners, and many others of
old countries, display the most astonishing art to farmers,
lunar electricity. In her increase the moon supplies more
electricity to the atmosphere; hence, all vegetation de-
pending on atmospherica! electricty should be sown or plant-
ed near the second quarter; they grow thrifty without
bearing many flowers ; trimming and setting out fruit trees,
esculent roots, &c., depending for nourishment on terres-
trial magnetism; (instead of atmospheric electricity),
should be sown or planted in the decrease of the moon.
The soil of different regions attracts different tints and.
qualities of electricity to their atmospheres; hence, the
difference in atmospheric phenomena ; also, in climate
nationality, &c. i

(48)

The Dandelion, in medicine, is considered an excellent
toaic and corrector of any derangement of the fun-tions
of the liver, dyspepsia, and chronic diseases of the diges-
tive organs; it may be used for these pu:poses in two
ways, viz: in decoction and in the form of an extract.
For decoction tike, say, roots and herbs, wash cleaa, half
pouad; soit water, hilf a gallon; boil down to a pint;
the dose from oue to two wine glasses full, twice a day.
To make the extract: take fresh roots, say a pound and a
ha'!, bruisethem; pure soit water, bo.ling, two gallons;
let it stand twenty-four hours, then boil downtoa gallon;
strain it wh le hot, and simmer it away gently to a th ck,
waxy <u stance 3 be careful not to burn it in the latter stoge
of the process; it should be a brown, bitter, aromatie
substance, and eas ly dissolved in water, The dose of
this 's trom ten to thirty grains. Lice Everlasting, some

_ cail it, Oid Fie'd Balsom is good in some cases: equal
. parts of Dandelion and Life Everlasting, made into a
_ syrup: say, to the above put in one ounce of sweet oil,
four ounces of loaf sugar; and, when using, put in vine-
_ gar enough to taste; and it will cure the Asthma without
* fail. If people wou'd use th's med.cine in bad colds, they
never would die with the Coasu.nption.

iTHE DRY BELLY-ACHE AND DRY MURRAIN.

; Cattle sometimes take this complaint, and many are
,icst for not knowing how to doctor for the complaint, and
ysometimes do not doctor right. They should always know
-what the complaint is before giving anything. When
‘either of these cases are bad, give an injection of hg’s
_ Jard and tobacco, and give them some asa drench. When
ithe case is not bad, a dose of from one pint to a quart will
\soon give relief. Alter a full operation, give some sul-
yahur and saltpetre. Dose, in bad cases, one ounce; at

(49).

most of times half an ounce; sulphur, two large spoon-
fuls; and the su:phur and saltpetre will soon put the sys-
tem in a good condition. Some say that sulphur and salt-
petre is dangerous to give or take ; but there is no more
danger init than in any other medicine. I have taken
lage doses very often, and the next day went into the
water; and if I ever caught cold I didnot know it. Keep
in the dry for the first Ae hours, then the danger is
over. For stock to do well—both swine and cattle—they
should have some once a month at least. People who
take suiphur twice a month seldom have the rheumatic

pains.
BLACK TONGUE IN HORSES AND CATTLE.

This disease has prevailed indifferent States, and many
fine horses and cattle have been lost for the want of know-
ing how to doctor them. When the tongue or mouth gets
sore, take a little blue vitriol, pound to a powder, and
wrap a small portion in a rag, and tie to the bridle bitts
and let the horse chew and work in the mouth, and the
canker will soon be killed and be as other sores; a good
strong white’ oak juice is very good to heal up such sores,
and many other sores ona horse. Blue vitriol will cure
any kind of canker or sore throat, by rubbing on a time
or two, and then use some kind of healing mouth water—
strong white oak juice is very good.

RING- BONE ON HORSES.
This can be cured with the oil of vitriol. Take and
burn the place with the oil of vitriol so as to kill the gris-
tles.a little at a time applied will soon stopit fro . grow-
ing; and then use some oil of spike or some healing salve,
and a cure will soon be effected.
Sat Key says on € reg ee

(50°)
SPAVIN ON HORSES. «1 > oo:

-HOOG!

*Phis disease can be cured inmost of cases. Take one
half oint of sweet oil, two ounces of spirits of turpentine,
one ounce of oil of spike, one ounce of oil of amber, one
omice of arganum, one ounce of seneca oil, one ounce of
spirits of hartsharn, half an ounce of camphor, quarter of
aly ounce of opium, and mix well together, and rub on

avery few days, This will reduce the bone and stop it
from growing, and take away the soreness, &c. This is
aciial to Mexican Mustang Li iniment, or better.

& CURE FOR THE IMPLICATION IN THE

KIDNEYS,

This disease often kills horses, and the cause is net
knewn. Symptoms: the horse will often stretch and try
to raake water and become weak and sore acress the loins,

aud by holding one ear close on the horse near the kid-
neys, they can hear the water drop when the horse is well,
but ‘all ie) »p fails in case of the a isease. Cure: give sul-

phur and fe mixed in gin, and bathe the back with

whisky and spirits of turpentine, and repeat the doses until
hy and s} i

CUFe a. Ths

A GOOD. LINIMENT FOR HEAD-ACHE, AND*
MANY PAINS.
Tok

ke one quart of alcoho! or good whisky, three ounces
of spirits of turpentine, half;an ounce of camphor, quar-
ter of an ounce of opium, one onnce of hartshorn, and
rix well together, and shake up when using. “This is the
way most of the Liniments are made for the rheumatism,
-and.are very good for man and horse, and will sometimes —
cure ther heumatism pains. Some old settled rheumatiso: —
pains are hard to cure where they have been of long stand- |»
ing and the joints are much swollen. In such casea oint.

,
6

(61)
with the oil extracted from the joints of horse bones:
but, when the system is much affected and swollen, take
pond lilly and make a strong tea, and bathe often; some-
times make it into poltices, thickened with corn meal;
and a speedy cure will be effected, for which I never knew
to fail, if good attention is carried out.

HOW TO CURE BAD CUTS AND OLD SORES.

Make a liniment of two ounces of good whisky, half
an ounce of loaf sugar, two drachms of opium, and wet
a linen lint with the liniment, and lay on the sore after
washing the sore with Castile soap. When sores have
proud flesh in, a little fine rosin should be sometimes put
on the sore, for sores very often have bad flesh in, when
they have been created by colds, or by drinkizg strong,
intoxicating liquors; as when one drink much strong
drinks these kinds of liniments will seldom do much good ;
but when a man keeps from stroug drinks and keeps tem-
perate, in food and work, these cures will soon be effected.

A PAIN-KILLING LINIMENT.

This is similar to what is selling very high. One pint
of brandy, quarter of an ounce of camphor, two drachms
of opium, one ounce of spirits of turpentine, and as much
Cayenne pepper as to make it hot; some severe pains need |
it more hot than others.

Judkins’ ointment is very good for many sores, burns,
&c. How to make it: rosin, linseed oi], and spirits of
turpentine, equal parts; but, to make it better, put in
beeswax and mutton tallow—all equal parts. This salve,
or ointment will sometimes eure scald-head, by wearing
bladder caps. This kind of ointment will cure the scab,
eancers, and the most of bad humors, by mixing in some
red precipitate and seneca oil, and keep the system free

(52)

("fd
from fever and the blood pure, by taking some sulphur or
salts, or some nena and. iisibinciatias or wild cherry bit-
ters, &c. 4

WoRTH NOTICE TO ALL.

‘The most of disease is, caused by intemperance—by
drink, food, or some. hard exposure. The dyspepsia, tor
one, comes on often, incessant uneasiness, and pain in the
stomach; two or three times a day the pain increases so
as to make them complain with agony. These attacks
happen after food, and. sometimes when none has been
taken they will raise much sour clear fluid from the stom-
ach in the morning; the stomach swelis much at night;
tongue coated and clammy ; much thirst, no appetite,

Bewale costive, dull, stupefying sensation in the forehead,

sometimes sick at the stomach, &c. Cases of the diges-
tion of the stomach aiter death frequently occur 1 We
history of medical experience, which shows conclusively

that there must be some powertul digestive principle in”

the membranes or glands of that organ. _ Upon this deep-
ly interesting point, Dr. Dunglison says: ‘“ Powerful as
the action o7 the gastric juice may be in dissolving food,
if does not exert it upon the coats of the stomach “during
life. Being endowed with vitality they effectually resist
it; but when the stomach has lost its vitality its walls
yield to the chemical power of the digestive fluid which
they contain, and become softened, and in part destroyed.
Numerous examples of this have been observed. The
fact is one of great importance, and were it not understcod _
might be set down as strong corroborative evidence in
cases of suspected poisoning. |

PROCESS — PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION.

%

igoe off) otuo- Biw. isi HOUGHTON, meal t’ «(nae tore

“« ‘The Process, of "Digestion consists, ; from | ist to Ie si

ae al witeed boot bilos ( 53 ie f mib od} oacted dos
of the: bonita up andl iio vinnood an food, and of ‘ist:
conversion into a homogeneous’ fluid called chyle, and then’
into blood. ©The ‘first; and one of the most important
parts of the process, is the mastication or chewing of the
food in the mouth. The’ object of this is not only to™
break up the food into’ small ‘particles, but to mix and >
moisten it thoroughly with the mucuous and salivary fluids
of the mouth. It has been shown, by abundant experi-
ments, that, unless properly chewed and mixed with saliva,
the food is not so: easily nor so perfectly digested in the
stomach. Now, if the teeth be bad, so-as not to chew
the food swallowed without chewing, or the sources of
saliva be destroyed by the too free use of tohacco, or other
substances, the process of digestion in the’ stomach cata
be delayed or imperfect: je

“The human stomach is a soft, thin bag, capable, usual-
ly, of holding about two or three pintssometimes four
or five pints. It is slightly muscular; not very powerfully
80; as a general thing. Its motions are chiefly caused by
the act of breathing, which moves the stomach along ~
with the lungs’ diaphragm and bowels. The process: of
digestion in the stomach is ch'efly one of chemical solu--
tion, and is performed by the agency of a fluid which
flows from its inner lining, called the gastric juice. The
true digestive principle or active property of this gastric ’
juice is a peculiar substance called pepsin. This pepsin’
may be obtained from the gastric juice or from the solid! i
material of the stomach inset | Oi!

“While the stomach is’ free from food the gastric jaice’
does not flow into it ; but as ‘soon as its food is taken, it
begins freely to exude from its inner surface, provided the
organ be in a state of health. The fluid portions of the
ofthe food, as tea; coffee, spirits, water; &c., are ‘first
absorbed by the veins and lymphatic vessels of the stom-

Ekle

ach before the digestion of the solid food begins. It is
also thought that the gastric juice does not flow into the
stomach with much rapidity until the fluids are all ab-
sorbed. Nor will the gastric juice make its appearan@e
while the stomach is cooled below 100 degrees of heat;
and hence the impropriety of using much iced water at
dinner to chill the stomach and retard digestion. The
gastric juice must penetrate the food to act upon it and
dissolve it easily and rapidly. This shows the necessity
of through chewing and of motion, to tossthe food about
and mix it with the fluids. Grease is rarely dissolved in
the stomach, and greasy food can not readily be peuetra-
ted by the gastric juice. Leanroast beef and mutton, if
not too hard cooked, dissolve in the stomach in about
three hours; roast pork requires nearly six hours. Lying
down after dinner, or cramping the stomach by sitting
down and leaning forward, after a full meal, retards diges-
tion. Food thrown too rapidly into the stomach causes
cramps and distressing pains. The too frequent use of
mustard, pepper, spiced food, vinegar, salt, ardent spirits,
beer, &c., destroys the capacity of the stomach for pro-
ducing gastric juice. Over-eating distends the stomach
unnaturally, and throws more food into it than it can fur-
nish gastric juice to dissolve. Hating between meals and
before going to bed, keeps the stomach constantly at work,
and breaks down its natural powers. Many people eat

_ mustard enough with their dinner to create a blister over
_ the whole surface of the chest, and then wonder that they
have indigestion. If a proper quantity of food be taken,

and properly chewed, and the stomach be in a healthy
_ condition and furnish a due quantity of gastric juice, the
food is dissolved in about three hours, without causing any

‘uneasiness, and converted into a fluid called chyme. As
fast as the chyme is formed it is passed off through the

8

|

ore ‘end of the stomach into the first portion af the
intestines, called the duodenum, there’ to be mixed with
the’ gail-or bile produced by the liver, the pancreatic juice
furnished by the pancreas or sweat bread and the nature)
mucous of the intestines. This is, in fact, another stom
ac; and here another process of digestion takes placa.
If the food has been well digested in the stomach, and ¥#
the liver be healthy and furnish plenty of bile’ or sally nnd
the other requisite juices or fluids be ‘present, than’ the
chyme received Giles the stomach is converted into a new
fluid called chyle ; the nutritious portion is sepatat ed from
the innutritious portion, and the process of digestion’ is
complete. The nutritious portion of the digé: sted fuid
(the pure enyieyi is now absorbed by a set of vessels called
lacteais, which. literally drink it’ up and pass it: into cer-
tain channels; which conduct it into the current ofthe
blood flowing to the heart. The innutritious matter’ not

thus taken up, passes off by the intestines; to’ be cischare-
ed from the body as useless: |
“« Now, notice this: if the food has not been weil di+
gested in the stomach, and if the liver be diseased and
does not furnish bile to the intestines, why then the process
of digestion in’ the intestines will not be properly + perform!
ed, and the precious materials of the food will not be take
enup or converted into blood, the unfortunate subject of
this disease will fail to be properly nourished, and great
debility must ensue. Again: the bile is the natural gar:
gative of the intestines, od if it fail to bé su ipplied an ween
equate quantity the. severest form of costiveness wil pee
the inevitable result... And, further, if the bile he‘not’ ‘sep
arated from the blood by the liver, then it will, of cotursel!
remain in the blood, and will continue to flow throush the!
circulation to-the brain and other) orgaas, to which itis! a
poison, tinging the eyes and skin with its natural yellow

=

wey

color—the hue of jaundice. The blood, instead .of being
red, vital, and stimulating, will be black, thick, tar-like,
cold, and full of impurity. Without a healthy stomach,
and plenty of good gastrie juice, it will be readily per-
ceived, there can be no good d'gestion, nor any proper con-
version of food into blood. Robthe stomach of its gastrie
juice, and all the horrors of indigestion, dyspepsia, jaun+
dice, liver complaint, and costiveness, must ensue. The
gastric juice is not only the great chemical solvent of the;
food, but it is the purifying, preserving, and stimulating,
agent of the stomach and in‘estines. It will sweeten pu-
trid meat more effectually than saleratus, and will retard
putrefaction as powerfully as alcohol. It is also highly
stimulating to the nervous system and to the stomach, and
other organs. A half dead, weak, or injured stomach’
can not produce good gastric juice, or a sufficient quantity
of it. d
‘¢ But this want may readily be supplied, by extracting |
the digestive principle—pepsin—from the stomachs of an-
imals, resembling man’s ; thus forming an artificial finid,
precisely like the natural gastric juice in its chemical pow-
ers, and furnishing a complete and perfect substitute for it.
By the aid of this artificial digestive fluid the pains and
evils of indigestion, dyspepsia, and liver complaint, are
speedily removed, just as they would be by a healthy
stomach; the food is properly converted into blood, the
body is nourished, good health aad vigor are rapidly im- »
parted to the whole organization, and the digestive organs »
share with the rest in the happy results.”
The dyspepsia is one of the diseases that are hard to.
. ‘ure, when not rightly understood, and so ofen wrongly
— loctored for.
A very good medicine for this complaint is; take one
int of brandy, one ounce of Peruvian bark, one ounce of |
t

,

|

"iain oat

(57)

Virginia. snake root, one ounce of dandelion ete aa one
ounce of white roots, alI in one bottle ; and when well
mixed it will soon be fit for use. Dose: one spoonful

“twice a day, after eating; this will keep the food from

souring on the aewiadn: sd stimulate, &c. This mode
of doctoring has cured some very bad czs>s.

Vis BLEEDING AT THE LUNGS.

Take a hop-toad and lay it ona hot, shovel, and while
it is broiling Hold the face over the steam, so as. to get the
sm¢€ll and scent good, and the blood will soon stop. If
the dose cannot be’got, then take a piece of fresh,
beef, and put some sugar of lead on, it, and cook ‘in
same form. This mode of doing one will not get the lead
cholic, as some do get it in taking sugar of lead, to. stop
the bleeding at the lungs.

WARTS.

There are many ways to kill warts, but the following is
very easy and good: pare it a. little, so as to make it ten-

der; flash gunpowder on the warts, and they will soon dis-

appear.

A’ SORE BREAST OF FEMALES.

A very good salve, made of molasses or sugar and hog’s_
lard and tobacco, and a little tar in it, or spirits of turpen-
tine; if near gathering it will come toa head; and if not,"it
will soon disappear without’fail. The same is good fora
cow’s spoilt bag. | | ,

THE GEMS OF THE TWELVE MONTHS

Is a Polish superstition, that each month has a particular
gem attached to it, which governs it, and is supposed to in-

,¥E 4

fluence the destiny of persons born in that nronth. It is,
therefore, customary amoung friends and lovers, particular-
ly, to present each other oa their natal days, some trinket
containing their tutelary gems, accompanied with its ap-
propriate wish; this kind tate, or perhaps kinder fancy,
generaily coatrives to realize according to their expecta-
tion.

Januiwy—Jacinsh or gamet—denotes constancy and f=
delity in every engagement.

February—A reeloy itp ‘eserves mortals from strong
passieus, and ensures peacr of mind. | “

March——Bloodstone—-denotes courage and secrecy in
dangerous enterprises.

April—Sapphire or dimond—-denotes repentance and in-
mocenve.

May—Emerald—successtul love.

Juse—Agate—ensures long life and healt h.

July—Ruby or Cornelian—ensures the forgetfulness oF
eure of evils springing from friendship or love.

August—Sardonic—ensures conjugal felicity.

September—Chrysolite—preserves from or cures folly.

October— Aquamarine or Ophale—denotes misfortunes
and hope.

Noveinber—Topas—eusures fidelity and friendship.

December—Turguorse or Malakite—denotes the most
brilliant success and happiness in every cirenmstance of
life.

SIGNS.

To hear a death watch denotes that there is a little in-
sect near you. A ringing inthe sar is a sign, that you
have taken a littie coid. To see strange sights, orto hear
dismal sounds, is a siga there is something to cause them,
or that your head or nervous system is disordered. To

(59)

per frightful dreams, is a sign that you ate too much sup-
per. To see an apparition, or to be bewitched, is an in-
controvertible evidence that you are lacking common
sense.

TO JOIN STONE OR GLASS.

Heat the glass or stone and gum shellac over a heat un-
til the gum is dissolved, and press hard together until cold;
er thus :melt a little isinglass in spirits of wine, and add
a small quantity of water; warm the mixture gently over
2 moderate fire; when mixed it will form glue, perfectly
transparent, which will re-unite broken glass nicely and
firmly.

THE CROUP. |

This complaint is, in most cases, perfectly efficient.
Treatment thus: a mustard plaster on the stomach, and. @
strip of flannel wet with a little spirits of turpentine and
hartshorn applied to throat, and nauseating doses of hive
syrup, to be continued as long as the croup remains. This

is simple, safe and easy, andif done in time a speedy —

cure.
THE BLOODY FLUX.

This is one of the fatal diseases, and very often many
die with it, in not knowing how to doctor for it; for it is
not like the common diarrhcea and summer complaint; it
is a seep of the blood into the bowels; and the blood must »
be operated on as well as the bowels, or a fever in the
head will settle, and death will follow. Treatment thus:
good strong white oak bark tea, with a little loaf sugar
and sulphur of brimstone, in small doses, often, until
checked up, and then work off witha little castor oil. Or

| ig sometimes called tea berry; in the fall it has a.littlered

\
;

(60)

thus: ‘sometimes loaf sugar and s sulphur dad good ‘old
brandy will ‘cure. Cathct oil is very good to heal the
bowels, and in mild cases of the flux sometimes will effect
a cure.

HOW TO KEEP EGGS.

Pack them up in fine charcoa!, in boxes or casks, so
that you can turn them upside down every day in hot
weather, and the charcoal will keep them pure and good
for a long time; but they must be kept in the dry to do
well in most of cases. 3

LOCK JAW.

The application of beef’s gall to the wound is said to be

a certain preventive and remedy for lock jaw. Beside its .

anti-spasmodic qualities, the gall draws from the wound
any particles of wood, glass, iron, or other substances
that may cause irritation, when other applications have
failed to doso. Beef’s gall, English garlic, and spirits of
turpentine, given in small doses, is very good for children
that have worms, and often cures fits. When English gar-
lic is not at hand, take assafcetida. Children that get this
treatment sometimes in mornings will be hearty.

DROPSY.

This disease is often caused by exposure and neglecti
When people have the fever and ague, and some other
complaints, the blood becomes very bad, and in doctoring *
wrong, they sometimes get the Dropsy. This complaint”

has often been cured with a tea made of wandering milk

weed root, winter green and seneca root; the same is very

good for the gravel and kidney complaints. Winter green

berry on and a pleasant scent. The wandering milk weed

——

(61)

has a long, slim leaf and cotton pods, and little, slim
- bunches ies bean pods, and the root is black and_ bitter.
Ta doctoring for Dropsy one should take some sulphur oc-
casionally and the tea for a constant drink.

MAD DOG BITE.

“When bit by a: mad dog they must diet nine days, and
take inwardly plenty of good brandy and as much tincture
of iron anda preparation of arsenic, or dog button, medi-
eimé as a skillful doctor would allow for doses. Apply to
the wound or place bitten, a poultice made of good whis-
ky, dandelion, and Leef’s gall, thickened with corn meal ;
the gall and a few drops of spirits of turpentine should be _
spread on the plaster when «made ready for use. This
poultice should be renewed oiten at first, and give as free
access to blood coming out as possible, if there should be
any seeping. Dog button is more potsching to what comes
lato the world for nine days than it is-for man, and man
is hard to kili with it; therefore it would be better to use
for hydrophobia..than what arsenic would be. In the
above disease and snake bite, a person can drink much»
more brandy without being intoxicated than at other times.
I never knew any person to die with hydrophobia that has
doctored in the above mode, but knew one that has had
the hydrophobia for twenty-three years, and still ‘is living
in a lingering way, and has only used a part» of the médi-
cine, and not at first, as it ought to have been used,

SORE THROAT “AND HOARSENESS.

Wihen rt arthereee is sore ee the amnons ‘nf the ears are.
down, a good. cure is to. take the marrow from a hog’s jaw
bone, and steep it in black pepper and vinegar, sii Pitioal
it on t the throat with a flannel rag, and take some vinegar
butter, ‘molasses, and cnions, aptgo to bed.. es ih 7

'
'

——

(62)

. before going to bed eat an onion ortwo ; it is very good for
bad colds.

BOTS IN HORSES.

To expel bots from a horse, take one dog button and
grate fine, and put it into spirits of milk, sweetened with
molasses, and add a quarter of a pound of blue-clay, and
mix well, and give for a dose to a horse; intwo hours af-
ter the above has been given then give some oil to work
aff. The above is the best to kill bots that has been found
out, as I have ever been able to learn. But of either of
the one, button or clay in milk has often expelled bots.
Said clay, when hard aud dry, a small piece put into vin-
egar will set the vinegar to boiling, and its qualities at
large are but little known. ‘The above is very good to
expel leaches from cattle.

GATHERING IN THE HEAD.

This complaint was cured many years ago by the Indians
as follows: bind oysters on the ear, one after another, as
fast as they would smell bad, and a speedy and sure cure

‘will ensue. The oyster must be fresh from the shell.

When the oyster can not be had a hop-toad will do; use
one-half at atime. They should be warmed a little be-
fore they are applied.

| LAME BACK.

Sometimas people get a pain in the back or side from
some hurt or cold. Cure: take a little oats or hops, heat
them up in vinegar, and bind on where the pain is, and
renew often in bad cases, and the pain will soon cease.
The above, tn all cases, will notdo any harm, and seldom
izila to cure if properly — ”

(63)
CURE FOR AN ACHING, HOLLOW TOOTH.

The following is an old cure: take half a grain each
of opium and yellow sulpate of quick silver, formerly
called turpith mineral; make them into a pill, and place
it in the hollow of Hie tooth some hours before bed-time,
with a small piece of wax over the hole, when it is said
never to fail effecting a complete cure.

POWDER FGR SILVERING.

20 grains of Silver in Powder ;
120. .£© Cream of Tartar:
tay A Salts

10 bs 66 Alum ;

A little Salamoniac—all well mixed.

The plate or work must be clean and free from
evease. Then rub the plate with salt and water, and next
with the above powder ; then rinse well and dry the work
and varnish with white varnish.

Ware Varnisa.—Mastic,. half an ounce; White
Wrankincense, quarter of an ounce; Sandarac, half an
ounce; Benzoin, half an ounce; and highly rectified Al-
cohol, one pint.

The following should have succeeded the remarks on
the potato rot, but was unintentionally omitted :

As I have before, in some other statements, said that
last year was a fruitful season; and gave my reasons for
if, with the exception of frost, and extremely dry as they
may occur; and this year is a year for insects, for they
have their turn as the locusts do. The blights, also, are
im same rotations; sometimes extremely dry weather pre-
vents, to some extent, but as soon as rain comes then the ©

nights will be some colder and blights begin. Fruits are

ome subject to blights in July and August, in all yeare

(64)

when certain things occur as I have said in other places.
The Grape- culturing: men should begin to prune their
grape vines in the first quarter of the moon, so as to pre-
vent as little dead spots in the vines as possible, and give
free access to sap. All places where vines are cut off
should be seared with some wax to keep the vines from
bleeding, and keep all weeds and other obstructions from.
the vines, so that they may be able to stand the dry weath- |
er betier, and then the other complaints would not be so
liable to afiect them. Fall plowing and a little liming is
a good way to get rid of insects, &c., and may help to
prevent bughts. When small quantities of lime have been
put on the farming lands in the fall, and the water kept
from standing on the ground while culturing the next
year, it will, to some extent, prevent the blight. The use
of sulphur is very good to keep off insects, and will do
some good bthebatse to the vines; and more depends en
keupins the vines good than anything else. Vines should
not be too close together: they should have a chance for
oxygen before the heat of the day arrives. ‘Trimming in
the decrease of the moon the sap is descending, and in so
doing you make black spots inthe vines, and whena full
flow of’ saprises, then often impurity is caused. Very of.
ten people want to have raspberries, grapes, and apple
trees, and many. things, ail mixed; together, and the result
is often attended with difficulties and damage. |

Grapes, fruits, etc., take the blights, , rots, and so on,

' more from the impurity of the sap than from anything

else; but when the days are shortening and the moon de-

' creasing, a little damp weather often, will start them to’ ©

ql

:
i

hs

|

| rotting by the vines being on'the decrease ; and in allsuch © ad
years as this one may: loots for*more or less of diseases
among grapes, fruits, potatoes, grain, etc. : but if it is ex-
remap dry they sometimes arg the above: compat
toy Me ol deope bas yled, of citdgiie oye ome

v

(65 )

But the grain is often small or sunk, and the fruits and
vegetables are in like manner, but grapes in dry weather.
Sometimes a little insect works on one side of the leaf,
and it rolls up, and is so injured that the vines do not re-
ceive a regular quantity of oxygen, and in this case the
grapes are liable to wilt or rot, and by the use of sulphur
of brimstone in hot water poured on the main body of the
vine all around it, at the surface of the ground, very often
has a good effect, and they become healthy; very often
the disease is at the root, and in that case the hot water is
very beneficial. Sometimes fruits and some vegetalles do
well to cross or graft, and so on; it improves the quality.
And again; some others will not do at all; they are too
thick; they do not receive the oxygen as they should. It
may be said in this case that when some kinds of fruits are
too close together, and will not mix, they arritate, and one
or the other will be impure, and sometimes the tree or
vine dies, by receiving the scent of each other, and not
the oxygen, as they should. If the above rules are car-
ried out all will do well, and the leaves of the trees and
vines will die with old age. The above work was written
for the United States, but will serve with little variation
_. for other countries.

_ Nors.-—-In the year 1829, in Gloucester county, N. J.,
on the first of June, a heavy hail storm fell for some dis-
tance around the country, and cut down all the rye and
young corn, and the potatoes, &c. My potato tops were
in bud for bloom, and they were all cut down to the ground,
and | took my knife and trimmed off the top butts, and
they sprang up and grew very fine again, and were not much
damaged, and I had.very fine potatoes in good season. A
man one half mile off took a scythe and mowed his green —
rye off even and near. the ground, and it sprang up and was
middling crop. This was at the oe of moon chang-
%

( 66 )

ing. The rest of the farmers did not cut off their rye,

and it did not come to anything, and was all lost. Some
years insects are much worse than at other years, and
then iust, blights, &c., are worse on grain, fruit trees,
vegetables, &c. Sometimes the rust in places does no

damage, by the weather being extremely dry; but in these — -

cases the grain is not so large, and some of it shrink up
as in former years, for let che seasons be as they may, the
grain will not be thte.same as at other years spoken of.

Notse.— Worth Heeding.—lf men gave three times as
much attention as they now do to ventilation, ablution,
and exercise in the open air, and one-third as much to eat-
ing, furnishing, and late hours, the number of doctors,
dentists, and apothecaries, and amount of neuralgia, dys-
pepsia, gout, fever, and consumption would be changed
in a corresponding ratio. Mankind would rapidly pre-
sent the aspect of not only of a far healthier and thriftier,
but a far more beautiful and more virtuous race. In the

most of diseases, in man, beast, and other matters, some

simple modes of doctoring will cure, and what is prescrib-»
ed by some to cure, others will say that it will not do at
all. Doctors disagree as well as others.. Look back to
forty and fifty years ago and see what was the mode of
doctoring. In these days people rely on strong medicines,

some are cured with what is called of but little use, and

if they had known what was used their faith would have

failed them. Faith and a contented and calm mind will

do something sometimes to human nature.

A WORD TO Lads AND OTHERS.

. Of the three modes of using tobacco, smoking is that
siitiaks seems to have Siweinvies Gial itself most cxinnieuely

among the youth of our community. Tobacco employed
in this way, being drawn in with the vital breath, conveys

( 67)

its poisoning influences into ev ery part of the lungs. Ther
the various fluids are entangled in the minute, spongy air
cells and have time to exert their pernicious influences on
the blood, not in vivifying but in vitiating it. The blood
imbibes the stimulant, narcotic principle and circulates it
through the whole system. It produces, in consequence;
a febrile action in those of delicate habits. Where theré
is any tendency to phthesis, and the tubercular deposit in
the lungs, debility of those organs consequent on the usé
of tobacco inthis way must favor the deposit of tubercu-
lous matter, and thus sow the seeds of consumption. This
practice impairs the natural taste and relish for food;
lessens the appetite, and weakens the powers of the stom-
ach, &c. The dyspepsia is a disease often caused from
the use of tobacco. Many diseases are caused when eat-
ing too much of food that is not good for the stomach and
the system ; the course of nature is to be healthy, Hut
crossing it with food and bad medicine will soon destroy
the whole system. More people are killed in taking much
medicine than cured, very often, where the complaint} is
contrary to the medicine. tal

Nore.—This should have followed the article on he
potato rot, but was unintentionally omitted : ve

The small end of the potato, which is full of eyes, .
the part which produces the earliest ; the middle and bad}
of the potato the late and larger ones. OH

MADDER RED. ny i

One pound of Alum to every seven pounds of g
adding, if you have it, one half pound crude tartar;
your goods out of the preparation, and, after airing them
well, lay them away in a warm room, in a heap, and well
eovered over with some old blankets, and let them sour
till the day following; empty and re-fill your kettle with

(68 )

pure soft water; take three "pounds of good madder, and
wet it up with good, sharp vinegar, set it aside in some
warm place to become sour till the next day, then put fire
under the kettle, and put in the Madder, stir the dye and
let it steep half an hour; heat not, as boiling tarnishes the
color; putin your goods three hours; airing two or three
times during the process; take them out of the dye, rinsé
and dry them, scour in strong soap suds.

For deep red, add one ounce of otter, two ounces muri-
atic acid; mix them as before, and let them stand two or
three days, and then follow as above.

TO DYE GREEN.

After dyeing yellow with oak bark and alum, add into
your yelllow dye, little by little, a compound prepared as
follows: Take one ennce of good indigo; reduce it to a
fine powder; put it into a clean, well glazed earthen ves-
sel; pour on three ounces of very pure oil of vitriol, with
a tea-spoonful of salt; stir it together well; and, when
fermentation ceases, set it one pide till next day, when it
will be fit foruse. Let this be done a day or two before
you dye; now add to this, say a table-spoonful at @ time
to your yellow dye; stir up the dye well each time beforé
putting in your goods; continue the dipstill the color suits.

HOW TO MAKE HAIR OR CHAMPAIGN LIQUID.

Take half a pint of spirits of wine, half an ounce of
borax, and pulverize fine, and some colored water or bur-
ged insome cases dilute the spirits of wine. |

a

(69)
The Fruit-Ralser’s and Farmer’s Guide and Receipt Book, with
some other useful Receipts for the Farmer.

INDEX.
Page

Fruit Raising and Bitter Rot, - -~ - 3-13

How to protect against Frost, - - - 13-17

Bloody Murrain, L : i f i 19

Poll Evil, Peed ey ie Bee 20

Mole Trap, ee Saag ae - 21

eee Sore Throat, - -“ = = :
Horse’s Founder, - - : : - ib
Bots in Horses, “ ee : ea
How to Cure the Kidney st <a 23
Warts and Wens, < : 3 2 a |
Scratches on Horses, - = ee - ib
Snake Bite, - - - ME ee anti ae
ee ee ib
Horse Bleeding, te on 25
How to Kill fisieth on Trees, - - : ib
Peamie Buds and Grafts, -~, -" - “se CO Se
The Blight in Fruit Trees, - - - - 30-1
The Milk Sickness, - - - - 32-40
Rust on Grain, = . . - : 39-40
Potato Raising and Rot, - - - - , 40-47
Belly-Ache and Dry Murrain, - -~ - 48-9
Black Tongue in Horses and Cattle, - ~ - 49
Ring Bone on Horses, SR ec ae for
Spavin on Horses, - ies : ‘ 50
Implication in the Kidneys, gee Oo hk ib

Liniments © e : : y . 50-")

1( 70)

INDEX---Continued.

Page.
Bad Cuts and Sores, - - . : - 51
Worth Notice to All, . “ : - 52
Bleeding at the Lungs, . ac see aia 57
Sore Breasts, - . - - - - ib
Signs, - - " - enyth - - 68-9
To Join Stone and Glass, - - - : 59
Bloody Flux, - . - - - - ib
Lock Jaw, - - - : é t's: 60
Diopsy, - - - ; - - - ib
Mad Dog Bite, - : Z i . 61
Sore Throat and Hoarseness, se) : ib
Bots in Horses, - - - - : 62
Head Gathering, “ - : : ° ib
Lame Back, - ; . s ° ib
Tooth Aching, - . . ‘ 63
Powder for Silvering, ‘ . x " ib
The Grape Rot, : . 3 . - 64
Grain Cut down by Hurricane, : - 65
Worth Heeding, . . . ‘ : 66-"7
Madder Red, . e . se 67-8
To Dye Green, : <gicaee 68
To make Hair or Chasesigh od. ta ih

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