Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. a a RR a a a ne a United States Department of Agriculture Bureau of Biological Survey Wildlife Research and Management Leaflet BS-42 Tee cup UEC i a kb pei 1986, | 4 FRUITS ATTRACTIVE TO BIRDS - ROCKY MOUNTAIN STATES REGION No. 2 [Miontana, Wyoming, and Colorado | By W. L. McATEE, Principal Biologist and Technical Adviser ffice or the Chief 0) (ab) < i) hH . ee re) oO’ hr a) (aw) Regions for which leaflets on fruits attractive to birds ar Hirata, UENO Narita erase toe ek We chne La ee ont Tessa fees nap Chhad ay sunt tay) Apa erep-y ame GE; ip eas eC ey Table 1.--Groups of fleshy fruits most attractive to birds throughout the He ARINC OME SN Sra ii aime fo" gate held uum ge Roly, testa’ de hereon 0). Ug Recs we eed@N' Se: © Rem: Ghikes ate tet, Seni Table 2.--Generally distributed native fruits of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado for which satisfactory data on fruiting seasons are available 3) Table $.--Native fruits of Montana for which less satisfactory data on ISIGUMEE MN TAO aS OMG vac! Os arlMleONey Pie ls ysl im Vii em lpih veh GaN SRY ees eel cate ena hen Table 4.--Native fruits of Wyoming for which less satisfactory data on Ma eIISOOSOMS ciee meinen Me Gy seu Je ar vihclenuis oe ew Sele a, eke le al ne Qe OO Table 5.--Native fruits of Colorado for which less satisfactory data on PRUNE eMUSoa SOM Maen Ad WADI | MME ts ei “a ale wo & 6 wl 6 © ie a ete LO Table 6.--Extralimital fruits that have been recommended for Montana... 10 Table 7.--Extralimital fruits that have been recommended for Wyoming .. . ll Table 8.--axtralimital fruits that have been recommended for Colorado ... ll TL TEE SSP SATO) APES Gon CA uGila CIE RORR Cal AA De HE Rae ate ie 40 Ut Rar ae Qe LE aN ea ccm REGIONS FOR WHICH LEAFLETS ON FRUITS ATTRACTIVE TO BIRDS ARE AVAILABLE FIGURE 1.--Map of the United States, showing the 10 regions used in presenting information on fruits attractive to birds. As an aid in requesting leaflets, it should be noted that No. BS-41 is for region 1; BS-42, for region 2, etc., with BS-50 for region 16. == INTRODUCTION The Rocky Mountain States embrace greatly varied conditions for plants. Nevertheless they are rather generally occupied by a considerable number of fruit-bearing species (see Table 2). Three supplemental tables (3 to 5) list plents of more restricted distribution, while another three (6 to 8) show extralimital plants that have proved satisfactory on trial in parts of the region most densely inhabited by man. Table 1 shows grouns of fleshy fruits most attractive to birds throughout the United States and lists desirable kinds of birds most fond of the fruit. No barberries, currants, or buckthorns are listed, because theyharbor rusts destructive to plants of economic importance. Junipers are in almost the same category, as they serve as alternate hosts for apple rust, but there is no reason why they cannot be used in districts where apples are not commercially grown, as they are among the most valuable plants for wildlife. Omitted elso are plants voisonous to man On contact, as poison ivy and poison sumac, as well as various kinds dangerously poisonous to domestic animals, as yews, wild cherries, and nightshades, in spite of the fact that wild cherries are greatly relished by birds. Browsing animals are known to have been killed by feeding on the leaves of wild cherries but do not seem to be so seriously affected by those of olums. Certain vlants included among flesny fruit bearers in previous publications nave been transferred to the list of seed producers, henee do not appear in the present series of leaflets. These include magnolia (Magnolia), bittersweet (Celastrus), and burningbush (Euonymus). It should be noted that the fruit-bearing seasons recorded, being collected from varied sources, tend to be maxima. As a rule they are not likely to be realized or even approached in a single locality unless numerous specimens of a given species are present and so distributed in sun and shade as to favor both early and late fruiting. The word "extralimital" as here used in certain table headings eoversplants from other States or regions of the United States as well as wholly introduced, exotic, or foreign plants. ae il TABLE 1. - Groups of fleshy fruits United States Name of fruit most attractive to birds throughout the Species of birds known to eat the fruit Common Juniper; eeesaae! Greenbrier .osesec ee ee eefee wo EXy DETTryi Merce sicle'sisiet Hackberry e@eosee06ce Mulberry eeeeeoesose PokebDerry weceeresd Spicebush .eccccece Sassafras .ecwscce Strawberry .. @e0e2eeoee Generic Juniperus .... Smilies as ere Myrica eee0eeoeene CelsGiisiic)s sveicreve MOTUS oterelcistaieie : Phytolacca ... SH MBCTNZ OT a srerelors : Sassafras ..e. Par ariaG siclele © 00 e@ 0 ef 8% go 28 eo eo of se eo foe oe @0 ee oe 50 43 85 47 59 02 ali 18 02 -4— @e 00 @0 ae : Nums/* Desirable kinds most fond of the fruit per=;: Flicker, mockingbird, robin, eastern bluebird, cedar waxwing, myrtle warbler, evening and pine grosbeaks, purple finch. Mockingbird, catbird, brown thrasher, robin, hermit thrush, cardinal. Bobwhite, flicker, downy woodpecker, eastern phoebe, tree swallow, black- capped chickadee, Carolina wren, cat- bird, brown thrasher, hermit thrush, eastern bluebird, white-eyed vireo, myrtle warbler, meadowlark, towhee. Flicker, yellow-bellied sapsucker, mockingbird, brown thrasher, robin, eastern bluebird, cedar waxwing, cardinal. Yellow-billed cuckoo, red-bellied, red- headed, and downy woodpeckers, eastern kingbird, mockingbird, catbird, robin, wood thrush, cedar waxwing, red-eyed vireo, yellow warbler, orchard and Baltimore orioles, scarlet tanager, cardinal, purple finch. Mourning dove, flicker, eastern kingbird, mockingbird, catbird, robin, hermit, olive-backed, and gray-cheeked thrushes, eastern bluebird, cardinal. ; Eastern kingbird, wood thrush, veery, red-eyed vireo. : Bobwhite, eastern kingbird, catbird, robin, veery, red-eyed vireo. : Catbird, brown thrasher, robin, wood thrush, towhee. TABLE 1. - Groups of fleshy fruits most attractive to birds throughout the United States--Continued Name of fruit Species of birds known to eat the fruit Common Raspberry, black- berry Rose @eseeoeeaevevee0e0 Mountain-ash @eeoee Chokeberry ...ccece Hawthorn .cccccece Apple @eeeveneoeneeeee od JUNEDETTY, ccccs ses Pepperberry ....e.e ee eefee ee eo @9 ee 9 ee 08 G8 08 08 28 88 of¢ ee ©8 08 08 ee 8 oe ee 0% 08 ‘ee & @e e¢ 08 2 © @8@ e8 8 ee se ee @6 88 oe © e& ee e@ 8% Cf Generic Rubus e@eeeoeeod Rosa e@eeeeee8080 Sorbus ..ccece Aronia ..ccce Crataegus ... Malus @eeoeee@ Amelanchier . IRDUSicravaiolelciere SABIE Bagad eefes ee eo 8 oe of eo 60 © o2 00 99 oo 08 c8 8 ve ee 08 ee @e e¢ Nun- ber 146 13 39 42 a7 12 -S= ee eo © oe 00 oe 00 60 00 08 ee ee eo Desirable kinds most fond of the fruit Ruffed grouse, bobwhite, flicker, red- headed woodpecker, eastern kingbird, tufted titmouse, wren tit, mockingbird, catbird, brown thrasher, robin, wood and olive-backed thrushes, eastern bluebird, cedar waxwing, red-eyed vireo, orchard and Baltimore orioles, cardinal, rose- breasted, black-headed, and pine grosbeaks, red-eyed, spurred, an& California towhees, white-throated, fox, and song sparrows. Ruffed and sharp-tailed grouse, prairie chicken, bobwhite. Red-headed woodpecker, catbird, brown thrasher, robin, Bohemian and cedar waxwings, Baltimore oriole, evening and pine grosbeaks. Brown thrasher, meadowlark. Ruffed grouse, robin, purple finch, pine grosbeak. Ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, mockingbird, robin, cedar waxwing, purple finch, pine grosbeak, red crossbill. Flicker, catbird, robin, hermit thrush, veery, cedar waxwing, Baltimore oriole. Ruffed grouse, bobwhite, valley quail, northern and red-shafted flickers, red-= bellied and downy woodpeckers, phoebe, black-capped and Carolina chickadees, wren tit, Carolina wren, mockingbird, ecatbird, brown and California thrashers, robin, hermit thrush, eastern bluebird, white-eyed vireo, towhee, Audubon’s warbler, goldfinch, golden-crowned sparrow. Robin, varied and hermit thrushes, cedar waxwing, pheinoperle. TABLE 1. - Groups of fleshy fruits most attractive to birds throughout the United States--Continued Name of fruit ; Species of birds known to eat the fruit : Num ; s: ber : e : Desirable kinds most fond of the fruit Common Generic e HOlly ..cccesccccs > LlOX ..cc0e00 : 48): Ruffed grouse, bebwhite, valley, quaiie : : flicker, yellow-bellied sapsucker, : g : mockingbird, catbird, brown thrasher, : g : robin, hermit thrush, eastern bluebird, ¢ : cedar waxwing. Supplejack........ : Berchemia ... : 15 : Mockingbird, robin. GFApe .eccccccccoe > VitiS «2.0... : 87 : Ruffed grouse, bobwhite, northern and : : ; Yred-shafted flickers, pileated and red- 2 : : bellied woodpeckers, eastern kingbird, : : : mockingbimd, catbird, brown thrasher, g : : robin, wood thrush, veery, eastern and : western bluebirds, cedar waxwing, : cardinal. Virginia creeper . : Ampelopsis .. : 38 : Flicker, red-bellied and red-headed wood-= >: peskers, yellow-bellied sapsucker, oe : tufted titmouse, mockingbird, brown : thresher, robin, hermit, olive-backed, : and grey-cheeked thrushes, eastern blue- : bird, red-eyed vireo, scarlet tanager, evening grosbeak, purple finch. Buffaloberry ...-. ; Shepherdia .. Sharp-tailed grouse, pine grosbeak. eo e@ 89 ee 08 ef 9 8° oe eo 92 @0 o@ Elacagnus oeeo : 5/ Prairie chicken, sharp-tailed grouse, eatbird, robin, cedar waxwing. Silverberry, Rus- Sian olive, etc. oe @8 e@ %© of : redeshafted flickers, downy woodpecker, : eastern kingbird, catbird, brown Wild-sarsaparilla :; Aralia ...... : 16 : Bobwhite, robin. Dogwood ..eccceceoe 3 COFMUS ..c.e- 3 9S 3: Ruffed grouse, bobwhite, northern and 2 : ;. thrasher, robin, wood, hermit, olive- : : : backed, and gray-cheeked thrushes, : H : eastern bluebird, cedar waxwing, red- : : : eyed and warbling vireos, cardinal, : H : evening and pine grosbeaks, purple finch, white-throated and song sparrows. Sourgum, tupelo .. : Nyssa ....... : 39 : Flicker, robin, olive-backed and gray- 5 : : cheeked thrushes, cedar waxwing, purple : 2 eaenchi. Crowberry ...ee+.ee. : Empetrum.....: 40 :; Pine grosbeak, snow bunting. Bearberry, manza- : Arctostaphylos: 34 : Dusky and ruffed grouse, valley and nita : 4 mountain quail, wren tit, fox sparrow. aoe TABLE 1. = Groups of fleshy fruits most attractive to birds throughout the United States-~Continued Name of fruit Species of birds known to eat the fruit C on : Generic oe Wintergreen ...e«.e : Gaultheria .. : 10 : Ruffed grouse, wren tit. Desirable kinds most fond of the fruit Huckleberry .....« : Gaylussacia . : 46 : Robin, pine grosbeak, towhee. Blueberry ......+.. ; Vaccinium ... : 93 3; Ruffed grouse, valley quail, eastern : 8 : kingbird, black-capped chickadee, tufted 2 I : titmouse, catbird, brown thrasher, robin, : th ; hermit thrush, eastern bluebird,* cedar : 5 : waxwing, orchard oriole, pine grosbeak, : : 3 towhee. i” Beautyberry .....e. : Callicarpa . : 11 : Mockingbird, brown thrasher. Partridgeberry ... : Mitchella ... : 10 : Ruffed grouse. e e °9 mMiderberry, <.. 6 Sambucus .... : 118 : Valley quail, flicker, red-headed wood- pecker, eastern and Arkansas kingbirds, $ : black phoebe, wren tit, mockingbird, Sean : catbird, brown and California thrashers, : ; : robin, olive-backed thrush, eastern and : western bluebirds, phainopeple, red- : ; : eyed vireo, rose-breasted and black- : : ' 3 headed grosbeaks, California towhee, 5 : '; white-crowned sparrow. Snowberry, coral- :; Symphoricarpos: 33 : Sharp-tailed grouse, varied thrush, berry 3 g evening and pine grosbeaks. ee of ee Blackhaw, cran- A Walitesny sag Ry eb Ruffed grouse, yellow-billed cuckoo, berrybush $ : : flicker, catbird, brown thrasher, robin, ; eastern bluebird, cedar waxwing, rose- breasted grosbeak, purple finch. eo ee 88 e6 ewe 18 : Bobwhite, catbird, brown thrasher, robin, : $ - ; hermit thrush, pine grosbeak, white- = ; throated sparrow. HONCVSUCKLOMsG scien | LONICCTA ... 1/ parberries (Berberis), buckthorns (Rhamus), and currants (Ribes) are omitted because they serve as alternate hosts of rusts, attacking wheat, oats, and white pine, respectively. Yews (Taxus), wild cherries (Prunus), and nightshades (Solanum) also are omitted as being dangerous stock poisoning: plants. 2/ When 10 or more. 3/ Carries apple rust; should not be planted near valuable orchards. 4/ Only nonpoisonous species of sumac are considered. 5/ Data given are based entirely on field observations; total number of birds cating the various species of Blaeagnus unknown. =e TABLE 2. — Generally distributed native fruits of Montana We7omin and Colorado for which satisractory data on fruiting seasons are available Common name Colorado juniper .... Common juniper... Carron —TtoOWweD: 22 26. White-flowering rasp- WET, . REG TASMDSET) wile wee! Wild strawberry ..... NVHMIEG SIROISO): 1 s-o cueheo at's wet UD Ove) uregsusiwie ev ce erase ; HD OP pain aRepdee, Bee UR ; Serviceberry’ .....-. , Rea Te, LVAWIEIAOIM, ‘alte see «ire BRAC KS AAG VOI evs sa SUWAWSAMOUWS” ie. so Mountain-ash ........ Wem SOME), eyere)s.01 2 06-5 = 5 MGI Nellore laisse 00 Virginia creeper SHUAIORAD CII 06 oe 0 oie iss Silver iMeaiyreoe Russet buffaloberry Wild sarsaparilla ... IBUEMCIMD CII “consis 8s se é IEG—OSACT wiscesie ss + aes Wier OSTOMY os sie ss IB SAA CuBr ye cetienleiiel:) s\-slioiel> HMAC CS ATV ne seyas als boszouels<).9) « TOG So 5 Hobs lola es ; HPRCSMD CHIT caietayer esis : OVAL reiteieowo dens sets teenies BAC KATA Wi. venciausiscueene one ; Cranberrybush 2.40)... Sralohy ola seagat a amape MON ey Ape nen a Doers Arete, ofatays oo Honey: SWIC. 6.661610 «5.12 Dio} Waa coarse tS Ore oS Scientific name Juniperus scopulorum .. ‘Juniperus communis .... OMieax HOmbaACeay spellers Rubus parviflorus ..... TRULDS SGre SO SUIS! i aieier suse ‘Fragoria CONUS Biagio 500 c “ROSE "Save veumerens sere Oi SeR ee PROS AO OGiseaieecs sts eas eee AURLOKS| SN rab El SOS 5 GloiGibldoae Sos ‘Amelanchier alnifolia .. \Crabaceus mivularis, ..- ‘Crataegus deusiasial co. ‘Peraphyllum ramosissimum ‘Sorbus scopulina ...... ‘Prunus americana .... 4. »Rhus trilobata ........ ‘ Ampelopsis gQuinguefolia Elacagnus argentea ...... ‘Shepherdia argentea ... : Shepherdia canadensis . ‘Cornus stolonifera .... : Gaultheria humifusa ... . Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Vaccinium oreophilum ... : Vaccinium scovarium ... : Sambucus melanocarpa .. ‘Sambucus microbotrys .. t dg : Viburnum pauciflorum .. ‘ Lonicera involucrata .. ; Lonicera utahensis ..... Viburnum lentago ....... Aralk a, midscouleiasn syeusye en Cornus) -Canaden'saks) feces ‘ Symphoricarvos occidentalis ‘ Symphoricarpos racemosus . eo jee . Fruiting season ‘All ye : Do. ‘Mid-August to mid-October. ‘Late July to early October. ‘Mid-July to early September. ‘Mid-June to mid-August. ‘Mid-July to late September. JM year. : Do. ‘iid-June to late September. ‘Early August to early October. ‘Mid-July to late November. ‘Mid-Majy to mid-August. ‘Late June to late December. ‘Mid-June to mid-September. ‘Late May to early October. ‘Early August to late December. ‘All year. ‘Barly July to late Octoper. ‘Early June to mid-October. ‘Late June to mid-August. ‘Late July to late October. ‘Mid-June to late October. ‘Late July to late December. ‘All year ‘Late June to early October. ‘liid-July to late August. ‘Mid-July to mid-September. ‘Early July to mid-September. ‘Late June to late December. ‘Early July to late December. ‘Mid-June to late October ‘Late July to late October. ‘Mid-June to mid-September. ‘Late June to early September. TABLE a Native fruits of Montana for which less satisfactory data on fruiting seasons are available (Abbreviations indicate sections of the State by points of the compass) Common name Whitebark raspberry SUF CAE Sl. |e te als 6s DOS oc Wet Ike OSE) weed suelcvene IDO A cieacose cont CrROne DIO} AWE. 6 0 Shot Hic nene Doe SUMAIC) 35s eieeae eee sae Riverbank gr WEWALLSOIGIO 2ooobo5006 Blueberry .- Do. IWAMeleheloye sous =, Ho. obsedic Dons Snowberry .. Honeysuckle .. DO neuleaeeeateuerasy aceite Common name SUING apc iviety oe ens Do. WeANEROSSM I. oc oe Do. Serviceberr; MOIRA ey < Pere i e..0 SHuOotm Sumac .... . Riverbank grape TED ETI as ee 6 5 bi MECHEMIDE TST: Sic ite 3 ile Cranberrybusn ..... Mammy DeGEY 2. sees BaOMeySUCKIC ..... 5 OS ey Se eC ; Scientific name Rubus lewcodermis .«.... Fregaria americana ... Fragaria platypetala EROS waGlcorve Ineo peleys aici: SEROSe MaAcdoOW sala” Given : Rosa gymnocarpa ....... ee WROSaY Pl SOCARDA. as tek « we ERs) OCeIdentalis 2%... Wil mash wblilsameh Gb ode ei MAvGHe Moret Ge. Se eMoe Vaccinium membranaceum Vaccinium caespitosum . Sambucus glauca ..,.... ; F OLAS - .: -!) Vibuienum Mentaco .. . -‘ Lonicera coerulea ..... “if PHOMUC Cra NetMatbe: G5 os Biers’ tA be July to August fl =} fl TABLE 5. — Native fruits of Uolorado for which less satisfactory data on fruiting seasons are available Common name Scientific name Remarks jamiper -e sags. | Jund pers, weahonci sa ee maie ' Juniperus monosperma ..... ‘All year. ' Juniperus horizontalis ... !N. HaAGberry 62.00 s26 “aiolbis Getacwlata wc... 5) s Wa. dUliye ny Onauwsiee DO safe vwie «tne MuNCeMea Ss adouledimsrat erate cra Strawberry ...:2.), 9 Hragaria amenicanay ia. ... eee On neice DOs sa.+-++s+. | Pragaria prolaties a...5.- sMountagace DO\e: ee yey sao Eragaria, Slaweay.cs ngs «12.6 pesulaymy OMmuacUisrr Boulder raspberry . « Rubus deliciosus ......... :Mid-June to August. Wadd wose “icici. 2 ¢ Rose, Macounia seatneren a jie poe DO; ss). seescuen & ROSA, Pendleri .o.. sae Se oS! LOMOcuollerme ’ ‘ 3 ' ’ ioe | Rosa Dowsceaudiana Gat amen MOrH capaeela cial icc)! Rosa, pracatlcollen weet. se Serviceberry .....+ + Amelanchier oreophila ..2.-: Sduaw-apple ....... + Peraphyllum ramosissimum . :W. Mid-May to mid-August. Hawthorn ........ iiss) OGOUAS UES, Wie ellleesy Mere ware ; Mow. gosvea. snl oCeatacauc) conmonie cna ssn ae Smoovh Sumac os iyo) Hi Ris Slabra lee ace ace wen nS Riverbank grape ... +: Vitis vulpina’,.....+2...% ims PKCKOt