Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. i te rs ree 8 ee em ee neni aene ns ees reer sae de eeifersan) (oer Sb rere oe een ee Se ee ; United States Department of Agriculture i : Bureau of Biological Survey : j Wildlife Research and Management Learlet BS-46 } : "Washington, D. ic r _ April 1936 ; FRUITS ATTRACTIVE TO BIRDS - GREAT BASIN STATES REGION No. 6 [Utah and Nevada] By W. Le McATEH, Principal Biologist and Technical Adviser Ommice Gi sine ‘Chives Contents Page Rezions for which leaflets on fruits attractive to birds are available zB LBUEOO SHOU TL OVA a ache oleic ie ca Ry idee nr om mn he a aa nr fable 1.--Groups of fleshy fruits most attractive to birds throughout ; PUNE C URIS a Ma Me en che meer shes terme A Ew IG eg!) | Boe me hoe ets, ale, eu ee $55 Table 2.--Generally distributed native fruits of Utah and Nevada for j which satisfactory data on fruiting seasons are available ....... 8 fable 3.--Native fruits of Utah and Nevada for which less satisfactory data on ee) Se IS atu orice ue ngnovinleaia tes. vase gr) ge ee Mo EN Table 4.—-Extralimital fruits that have been recommended for Utah and Sa getGl Mme WoMatpeN Mery iM enter taese) a aa Me yay cet bail temas yaves! Abul viet wy Wis) Gere toh eet awe see we) hye g 9 hyd EOP TIES ag. UG Oats CGS GTB ect hele) alae Oa I erecta oe A arn coe TR eS ay aR) REGIONS FOR WHICH LEAFLETS ON FRUITS ATTRACTIVE TO BIRDS ARE AVAILABLE FIGURE 1.--Map of the United States, showing the 10 regions used in presenting information on fruits attractive to birds. As an aid in requesting leaflets, it should be noted that No. BS-41 is for region 1; BS-42, for region 2, etc., with BS-50 for region 10. == INTRODUCTION The Great Basin is an elevated region between the Wasatch and Sierra Nevada Mountains that has no drainage to the ocean. It includes most of Nevada, about a third of Utah, and parts of Cali- fornia, Idaho, Wyoming, and Oregon. For the purposes of this leaf- let the scope of the term is limited to Utah and Nevada, but the fruits recommended no doubt are especially suitable for parts of the Great Basin lying in neighboring States. Table 1 shows groups of fleshy fruits most attractive to birds throughout the United States and lists desirable kinds of birds most fond of the fruit. No barberries, currants, or buck- thorns are listed, because they harbor rusts destructive to plants of economic importance. Juniners are in almost the same category, as they serve as alternate hosts for apple rust, but there is no reason why they cannot be used in districts where apples are not commercially grown, as they are among the most valuable plants for wildlife. Omitted also are plants poisonous to man on contact, as poison ivy and poison sumac, as well as various kinds dangerously poisonous to domestic animals, as yews, wild cherries, and night- shades, in spite of the fact that wild cherries are greatly relished by birds. Browsing animals are know to have been killed by feeding on the leaves of wild cherries but do not seem to be so seriously affected by those of plums. Certain plants included among fleshy fruit bearers in previous publications have been transferred to the list of seed producers, hence do not appear in the present series of leaflets. These include magnolia (Magnolia), bittersweet (Celastrus), and burningbush (Euonymus). It should be noted that the iruit-bearing seasons recorded, being collected from varied sources, tend to be maxima. As a rule they are not likely to be realized or even approached in a single locality unless numerous specimens of a #iven species are present and so distributed in sun and shade as to favor both early and late le7GiUbi ipalialean The word "extrelimital" as here used in the heading of table 4 covers plants from other States or regions of the United States as well as wholly introduced, exotic, or foreign plants. 1 TABLE 1. - Groups of fleshy pl Lh mest attractive to birds throughout the United States Name of fruit Species of birds known to eat the fruit i Common Generic : meee Desirable kinds most fond of the fruit Juniper; poaceasnou Juniperus .... : 50 :; Flicker, mockingbird, robin, eastern : sree : bluebird, cedar waxwing, myrtle warbler, ane evening and pine grosbeaks, purple finch. Greenbrier ....... : Smilax ....... : 43 : Mockingbird, catbird, brown thrasher, : $ : robin, hermit thrush, cardinal. Bayberry eccesesece 3-MyPiCa eeccese : 85 3; Bobwhite, flicker, downy woodpecker, : : : eastern phoebe, tree swallow, black- : ia ois ; capped chickadee, Carolina wren, cat- : : : bird, brown thrasher, hermit thrush, eastern bluebird, white-eyed vireo, myrtle warbler, meadowlark, towhee. ee. ee Hackberry .......- : Celtis ....... : 47 : Flicker, yellow=-bellied sapsucker, mockingbird, brown thrasher, robin, eastern bluebird, cedar waxwing, cardinal. eo 0@0 @8 00 of @9 ©o 68 eo ol Te) Md DELI: ssrcieioie leo ele. sh MOTUS waxwing, orchard Grate. pine grosveak, : : towhee. 2 e e ° e BeaubyOCrry)..cs6. : Callicarpa . : ii : Mockingbird, brown thrasher. Bair aceberry i... 3 Mitehella 2... + 20 ; Ruffed grouse. PRP eTDCIIAy, Je\s\ctelcle's|) >) SAMODUCUS|-.s.6 2 LLG = Valley quail, flicker, red—headed wood= 2 ‘ ; pecker, eastern and Arkansas kingbirds, : oe : : black phoebe, wren tit, mockingbird, : ne Supraniiaie < catbird, brown and California thrashers, Sota pe 2 : robin, olive-backed thrush, eastern and f : western bluebirds, phainopeple, red- Be nee ae Saye : eyed vireo, rose-breasted and black- 5 ie oe ; headed grosbeaks, California towhee, ojos ps liste at : white-crowned sparrow. Snowberry, coral-. : Symphoricarpos: 33 Sharp-tailed grouse, varied thrush, berry 8 e : evening and pine grosbeaks. Blackhaw, cran- : Viburnum.... : 35 : Ruffed grouse, yellow-billed cuckoo, berrybush SBacpdtas ai : : flicker, catbird, brown thrasher, robin, : eastern bluebird, cedar waxwing, rose- breasted aaeieels, purple finch. ee ee e¢ HOMeYSUCKUCMys.ce. + LONnIcera ...< : | 18 Bobwhite, cattird, brown thrasher, robin, : g : hermit thrush, pine grosbeak, white- : Cee ie nuroaceds sparrow. ) 1/ Barberries (Berberis), buckthorns (Rhammus), and currants (Ribes) are omitted because they serve as alternate hosts of rusts, attacking wheat, oats, and white pine, ‘respectively. Yews (Taxus), wild cherries iexcomrn) and Taleneate ades (Solanum) also are omitted as being dangerous stock poisoning plants. 2/ when 10 or more. 3/ Carries apple rust; should not be planted near valuable orchards. 4/ Only nonpoisonous species of sumac are considered. 5/ Data given are based entirely on field observations; total number of birds eating the various species of Elaeagnus unknown a TABLE 2. = Generally distributed wee fruits of Utah and Nevada for which satisfactoryidata on fruitins seasons are available Common name Do iene ; MO seats MOGs geese Hackberry . . DEROWOSL I tc ake Whitebark raspberry WRSIGSROISE ©. sivensuciatonse Olas seu ins ney secutles Serviceberry: . River hawthorn . Mountain-ash ... squaw-apple ... . (at aWelinzoydl bbe ue ec ey SUR Skunic-bush .. . SOUT Sea ee ieey IR PRes ne a Silver buffaloberry Russet buffaloberry OM OS MOT wo) lines rel lite ite IBC ORDO EM Ui 4d Me \e\.2' Manzanita : i... HD OR e2eh aust ti cay eauestiones Blue, elderberry .. Red ielderber iy iw, is DMO DCIR A os a. vsieh fails Honeysuckle Reon te WO ie Cheer hhdaniee he Scientific name Juninerus scopulorum Juniperus utehensis . Juniperus occidentalis Juniperus monosperma . Celtic (doucwasian 0) ue Hragartay SUaiCay vs a6 Rubus leucodermis .. ROSA mem Guerin cig neue ROSAAWOOGSHA T5550 osc Amelanchier alnifolia Crataegus rivularis . Sorbus scopulina i. . . Perophyllum ramnosissimum Prunus emarginata .. Rims traLobatal 23%, a Rous utbahensisw ie... Shepherdia argentea ; Shepherdia canadensis Cornus stolonifera . . Arctostanhylos uva-ursi Arctostapliyios nevadensis Arctostaphylos pungens Sambucus caerulea . . Sambucus microbotrys . « Symphoricarpos oreophilu Lonicere involucrata . Lonicera utanensis.. . SS - - - Fruiting season Do. Early July to late December: July Mid-July to early October. IMG vices. Do. Early June to early August. Mid-July to late November. Late July to late December. Mid-June to mid-August. Early August to late September. All year. Do. Mid-July to early August. Do. Mid-July to late August. All year. Mid-July to late October. AG wears Early August to early October. Early July to late August. Late July to late December. Late May to late AuguSt. Early July to late August. TABLE 3. - Native fruits of Utah and Nevada for which less satisfactory data on fruiting seasons are aveilable Common name Scientific name DO MADSMEY,, Wels wie DO MPs ere i aes: 6 kts s DO} WOM tech Bee PhigibWeberwry: veil a Arizona red raspberry Western red raspverry: Baldhip TOSes isi vs Serum eCebermyr Lo! el IDG he Gy coed fess ic WOp rater corecnis ose Black hawthorn , . SLIMY SL Naar ete ee Canyon Srape) 5) ss laameri cana). g£ a platynetala Fragaria truncata Abus i parva vOrws ..<' RU DWS are ONaICUS) yela)) Le Rubus melanolesius . . Rosa gymnocarpa ... Amelanchier oreophila amélanchicr polycarva Amelanchier utanensis Cratacgus douglasii . Rhus cismontana .. , Vitis aruzondecan ca! ewe Sho a wo tel ewes Remarks Southern Utah. TABLE 3. — Native fruits of Utah and Nevada for which less satisfactory data on fruiting seasons are available on fruiting seasons are available--Continued a se. Scientific name Remarics TBUNCUS IKEICIe dh UNS ee 5 Vaceinaumimnoeccuaernnialkenn mes Maen Whloncimieiventer WS gg. Vaccinium membraniaceumiis ss 2 Common name ‘ : ditelkeuyeReepen! |...) . + Wmpeloosis vitacea .). . .\. . 3} Hasvern Utah. Pelagem@Meteryeus) 2) 2). 3) Wlacaenus argentea . 2. 3 . . |). : Northern Utah. WOWOOG 4 lj < 6 § (HOMES) Oe CalCleiaigedlals) ia vd) bio a0e8 Keeton sEeoomun lel als) as Galltnerva humitasa © 4... & Manzanita .. ... ; Arctostaphylos platyphylla . . :; All year. Romer sh MACCIMAUM (SCOPARIUM (Te. 2 +) ve, EGotet Meena ie!) alts as) MOreStT era NeOMexl@ana . = \. «3 PMMNGENgCimeNemo us els) as SOMDUCUS VelUting. 4 blue we us ud oe ee Le Sembucws) melanocarpa =. 6 .« + 3 Cee ee ial OV MPMOGUCAL DOS QDS (6 «ole k Dow) it) ne SV MPNOr. campos, FOtUndIToOlims . HOnlci ues Omureinat so) nit uOMa Cera ICLLIOSa . 6 ss 6 + 6 8 DO Menino mOMUcCera COCmIlea 6. 61 6 i, et DO etnies ees HOMmCera CONJWSLALIS «o/s 5. |: TABLE 4. - Extralimital fruits that have been recommended for Utah Common name Scientific name eo ee! ve IIE, Slo J Wao nae nn nee : Juniperus communis var. hibernica. SMCCeCM eMC: <5 5 «|. ||. «). a + § Juniperus communis var. suecica, SHIP MUMS TI af c's oe Sins . } Morus alba tatarica. Meet NSA e ) 2 ie cl ey os, sa) 8) SOM DAS americana. Oe Mee Mere ta ly) elie |) ie) ee a a) HOODS) AUCuparia.. MONG Merete 8 le icc ier dee st Cratvaccus. crassal li. DOR Weer let ats ie Jeeta ys aw eo) a) ws ORAL OS, Macrae am tila. POMPEII ICI AO A eile lei we we ee JELGULAL A. CIP SU Or NPS th Oana a sO Me an TOTO ISAAC) A CAAZY Celta MEN ca a alee ence Snr Malv s floribunda. Malus halliana. ; Malus sieboldi. FRUS Sal eli ALS es go aT a Oe na Voi tq uci Oe Lb ilfeVersvenshbltsy icahayebts\ic abne(o)lkabteic aS SIC nme reine Vales iies beh Wilms ai ioe Wer wer ee CIS “azedanaiehs PMC ETO VOOM Cs” aussi isles Mayans, Vali) 1) COGMAS | StOMomaanera nam.) auGeal. SLL OrMsey Toemyern VG) 5 SG a GVO conn og) 4) lhe eqblichese(bbinl tonitenlalaioylianb hale LITERATURE A publication of interest in connection with fruits for the Great Basin States is: Flora of Utah and Nevada, by Ivar Tidestrom. Contributions from the U. 5. te wonal Herbarium: 25) Seaton.) Wo jls..) 925).)) Pablashed by the piEpasonian Institution, Washineston, D. C. rete) wu eyi es Ate ; afar liye" #4