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THE

FRUITS AND FRUIT-TREES

AMERICA;

OB,

THE CULTURE, PROPAGATION, AND MANAGEMENT, IN THE
GARDEN AND ORCHARD, OF FRUIT-TREES GENERALLY ;

DESCEIPTIONS OF ALL THE FINEST VARIETIES OF FRUIT, NATIVE
AlfD FOREIGN, CULTIVATED IN THIS COUNTRY.

By a. J. DOWNING,

00EBB8P0NDINQ MEMBEK OF THE KOYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY OF LONDON; AND OF THB HOBTirUL-

TUBAL SOCIETIES OF BERLIN, THE LOW COUNTRIES, MASSACHUSETTS,

PENNSYLVANIA, INDIANA, CINCINNATI, ETC.

Second Revision and Correction^ with large Additions and an Appendix of 1873,
including many New Varieties,

By CHARLES DOWNING.

APPLES.

NEW YORK:
JOHN WILEY & SON, 15 ASTOR PLACE.

1872.

/

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the j-ear 1872, by

JOHN WILEY & SON,

In the OfBce of the Librarian of Congress, at Waaliiiigton.

Poole & Maclauchlan, Printers,

205-213 East Tivelfth Street,

New York.

TO

MARSHALL P. WILDER, Esq.,

PRESIDENT OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED,

BY HIS FRIEND,

THE AUTHOR,.

^ NOTE

FRUITS OF CALIFORNIA

SixcE tlie publication of the recent edition of this book,
the author has visited California, and his observations in that
newly developed region have elicited the facts that fruit trees
groAV much faster there, and come into bearing much earlier
than with us, and it may be fairly inferred, therefore, that
they will not be as long-lived.

The same varieties of Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums, Apri-
cots, Cherries, &c., are grown as with us ; but all kinds of fruit,
especially some kinds of Apples, do not succeed equally well
as in the Eastern States. The following sorts were considered
most profitable : Williams' Favorite, Early Strawberry, Ked
Astrachan, Early Ilarvest, Winesap, Pawles' Janet, Newtown
Pippin, White Winter Pearmain, Smith's Cider, Yellow Belflower.
Newtown Pippin best and most profitable. The Northern Spy
and Baldwin had failed.

The fruit is rather larger, fairei*, and handsomer, and the
quality equally good, except Strawberries and Blackberries,
which were not quite as high flavored. Grapes are grown exten-
sively in many localities, and succeed admirably. Tliey are
chiefly of the foreign varieties, and are grown in the open air,
without protection, requiring but little labor, compared with our
eystera of cultivation.

They are grown in tlie tree form on stems or stumps from
two to tliree feet liigli, and those from ten to fifteen years old
are from five to six inches in diameter. The vines are planted
from seven to eight feet apart, each way. They are pruned,
annually, back to the stems, and when the new shoots have
grown five or six inches, all are thinned out, except ten or
twelve of the strongest, and in most vineyards they have no
further care till gathering time, except to keep the ground
clean.

In some orchards that had been neglected, the trees were
failing, and I was told that if the ground was not cultivated
and the trees cared for, they soon died.

We found Figs abundant and of fine quality in nearly
every locality we visited. English Walnuts, or Madeira Nuts,
Almonds, and Olives are grown successfully in most places.

The climate and soil are favorable for fruit-growing. In
the latter, clay predominates. The characteristics of fruit are
about the same as with us.

CONTENTS.

PAGB

Preface ix

Preface to the Second Revision xni

Abbreviations and Books Quoted . xvn

CHAPTER I.

The Production op New Varieties of Fruit 1

The Van Mons Theory 5

Cross- Breeding 7

CHAPTER 11.
Remarks on the Duration op the Varieties op Fruit-Trees 10

CHAPTER HI.

Propagation op Varieties, Grafting, Budding, Cuttings, Layers,

AND Suckers. 16

CHAPTER IV.
Pruning 33

CHAPTER V.
Training 88

CHAPTER VI.
Transflanting 45

CHAPTER VII.
The Position of Fruit-Trees — Soil and Aspect 51

CHAPTER VIII.
General Remarks on Insects. 54

VUl CONTENTS.

CHAPTER IX.

PAGE

The Apple 58

Uses 59

Propagation 60

Soil and Situation 61

Preparing, Planting, and Ciiltivation of Orchards 62

Pruning ' 63

Insects 63

Gathering and Keeping the Fruit 67

Cider 69

Varieties, Classification, and Terms used in Describing Apples 70

Descriptive List of Varieties 72

Siberian Crabs and Improved Siberian Apples, with Descriptive List 421

Select List of Varieties for Table Use, Cooking, and Keeping, &c 427

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive Lists 437

CHAPTER X.

The Almond 430

Uses and Cultivation 430

Descriptive List of Varieties 431

Ornamental Varieties 432

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 437

APPENDIX.

PREFACE.

A MAN born on the banks of one of the noblest and most fruitful
rivers in America, and whose best days have been spent in gardens and
orchards, may perhaps be pardoned for talking about fruit-trees.

Indeed the subject deserves not a few, but many words. " Fine
fruit is the flower of commodities." It is the most perfect union of tlie
iiseful and the beautiful that the earth knows. Trees full of soft
foliage ; blossoms fresh with sj)ring beavity ; and, finally, — fruit, rich,
bloom-dusted, melting, and luscious, — such are the treasures of the
orchard and the garden, temptingly offered to every landholder in this
bright and sunny, though temperate climate.

" If a man," says an acute essayist, " should send for me to come a
liundred miles to visit him, and should set before me a basket of fine
simimer fruit, I should think there was some proportion between the
labor and the reward."

I must add a counterpart to this. He who owns a rood of proper
land in this countrj', and, in the face of all the pomonal riches of the
day, only raises crabs and choke-pears, deserves to lose the respect of all
sensible men. The classical antiquarian nnist pardon one for doubting
if, amid all the wonderful beauty of the golden age, there was anything
to equal our delicious modern fruits — our honeyed Seckels, and Beurres,
our melting Rareripes. At any rate, tlie science of modern horticulture
has restored almost everything that can be desired to give a paradisi-
acal richness to our fruit-gardens. Yet there are many in utter igno-
rance of most of these fruits, who seem to live under some ban of expul-
sion from all the fair and goodly prodvictions of the garden.

Happily, the number is every day lessening. America is a young
orchard, but when the planting of fruit-trees in one of the newest States
numbers nearly a quarter of a million in a single year ; when there are
more peaches exposed in the markets of New York, annually, than are
raised in all France ; when American apples, in large quantities, com-
mand doiible prices in European markets ; there is little need for enter-
ing into any praises of this soil and climate generally, regarding the cul-
ture of fruit. In one part or another of the Union every man may,
literally, sit under his own vine and fig-tree.

It is fortunate for an author, in this practical age, when his subject
requires no explanation to show its downright and direct usefulness.
When I say I heartily desire that every man should cultivate an or-
chard, or at least a tree, of good fruit, it is not necessary that I should
point out how much both himself and the public will be, in every sense,
the gainers. Otherwise I might be obliged to repeat the advice of Dr.
Johnson to one of his friends. " If possible," said he, " have a good
orchard. I know a clergyman of small income who brought up a family
very reputably, which he chiefly fed on apple dumplings."(!)

The first object, then, of this work is to increase the taste for the
planting and cultivation of fruit-trees. The second one is to furnish a
manual for those who, already more or less informed upon the subject,
desii-e some work of reference to guide them in the operations of cul-
ture, and in the selection of varieties.

If it were only necessary for me to present for the acceptance of my
readers a choice garland of fruit, comprising the few sorts that I esteem
of the most priceless value, the space and time to be occupied would be
very brief.

But this would only imperfectly answer the demand that is at pres-
ent made by our cultivators. The country abounds with collections of
all the finest foreign varieties ; our own soil has produced many native
soi'ts of the highest merit ; and from all these, kinds may be selected
which are highly valuable for every part of the country. But opinions
difi'er much as to the merits of some sorts. Those which succeed per-
fectly in one section, are sometimes ill-adapted to another. And,
finally, one needs some accurate description to know, when a variety
comes into bearing, if its fruit is genuine, or even to identify an indifler-
ent kind, in order to avoid procuring it again. Hence the number of
varieties of fruit that are admitted here. Little by little I have sum-
moned them into my pleasant and quiet court, tested them as far as
possible, and endeavored to pass the most impartial judgment vijjon
them. The verdicts ^vill be found in the following pages.

From this great accumulation of names. Pomology has become an
embarrassing study, and those of our readers who are large collectors
will best understand the difficulty — nay, the impossibility of making a
work like this perfect.

Towards settling this chaos in nomenclature, the exertions of the
Horticultural Society of London have been steadily directed for the last
twenty years. That greatest of experimental gardens contains, or has
contained, nearly all the varieties of fruit, from all parts of the world,
possessing the least celebrity. The vast confusion of names, dozens
sometimes meaning the same variety, has been by careful comparison
reduced to something like real ordei-. The relative merit of the kinds
has been proved and pviblished. In short, the horticultural world owes

PREFACE, XI

this Society a heavy debt of gratitude for these labors, and to the
science and acciiracy of Mr. llobert Thompson, the head of its fruit
department, horticulturists here will gladly join me in bearing the fullest
testimony.

To give additional value to these results, I have adopted in nearly
all cases, for fruits known abroad, the nomenclature of the London
Horticultural Society. By this means I hope to render universal on
this side of the Atlantic the same standard names, so that the difficulty
and confusion which have always more or less surrounded this part of
the subject may be hereafter avoided.

These foreign fruits have now been nearly all proved in this country,
and remarks on theii' value in this climate, deduced from actual experi-
ence, are here given to the public. To our native and local fruits espe-
cial care has also been devoted. Not only have most of the noted sorts
been proved in the gardens here, but I have had specimens before me
for comparison, the gro"s\i:h of no less than fourteen of the different
States. There are still many sorts, nominally fine, which remain to be
collected, compared, and proved ; some of which will undoubtedly
deserve a place in future editions. To the kindness of pomologists in
various sections of the country I must trust for the detection of errors in
the present volume, and for information of really valuable new varieties.*

Of the descriptions of fruit, some explanation may be necessary.
First, is given the standai'd name in capitals. Below this are placed, in
smaller type, the various sifaonymes, or local names, by which the same
fruit is known in various countries or parts of the country. Thus, on
page 7G1, is the following :

Flemish Beauty.

Belle de Flandres. I Poii-e Davy.
Bosch Nouvelle. | Impuratrice de France.
Bosch. Fondant du Bois.

Bosc Sire. | Boschpeer.

Beurrt'; Speuce {erroiieoudy).

By this is signified, first, that Flemish Beauty is the standard name
of the pear ; secondly, that the others — synonymes — are various local
names by which the Flemish Beauty is also known in various j^laces ;
and, lastly, that by the latter name — Beurre Spence — it is incorrectly
known in some collections, this name belonging to another distinct pear.

It is at once apparent that one of the chief points of value of a
book like this, lies in the; accuracy with which tliese synonymous names

* It is well to remark that many of the so-called new varieties, especially from
the West, prove to be old and weIl-kno\\^^ kinds, slightly altered in appearance by
new soil and different climate. A new variety must possess very superior qualities
to entitle it to regard, now that we have so many fine fruits in our collections.

Xll PKEFACE.

are given — since a person might, in looking over different catalogues
issued here and abroad, suppose that all ten of the above are different
varieties— when they are really all different names for a single pear. In
this record of synonymes, I have therefore availed myself of the valu-
able experience of the London Horticultural Society, and added all the
additional information in my own possession.

Many of the more important varieties of fruit are sho^vn in outline.
I have chosen this method as likely to give the most correct idea of the
form of a fruit, and because I believe that the mere outline of a fruit,
like a profile of the human face, will often be found more characteristic
than a highly finished portrait in color. The outlines have been nearly
all traced directly from fruits grown here. Tlipy are from specimens
mostly below the average size. It has been the custom to choose the
largest and finest fruits for illustration — a practice very likely to mis-
lead. I believe the general character is better expressed by specimens
of medium size, or rather below it.

It only remains for me to present my acknowledgments to the nu-
merous gentlemen, in various parts of the country, who have kindly fur-
nished information necessary to the completion of the work. The names
of many are given in the body of the volume. But to the following I
must especially tender my thanks, for notes of their experience, or for
specimens of fruits to solve existing dovibts.

In Massachusetts, to Messrs. M. P. "Wilder, S. G. Perkins, J. P.
Gushing, B. V. French, S. Downer, and C. M. Hovey, of Boston ; John
G. Lee, J. M. Ives, the late Robei-t Manning, and his son, R. Manning,
of Salem ; and Otis Johnson, of Lyini.

In Connecticut, to Dr. E. W. Bull, of Hartford ; Mr. S. Lyman, of
Manchester ; and the Rev. H. S. Bamsdell, of Thompson.

In New York, to Messrs. David Thomas, of Aurora ; J. J. Thomas,
of Macedon ; Luther Tucker and Isaac Denniston, of Albany ; Alexan-
der Walsh, of Lansingburgh ; T. H. Hyatt, of Rochester ; R. L. Pell,
of Pelham ; G. Downing, of Newbiu'gh ; and Wm. H. Aspinwall, of
Staten Island.

In Ohio, to Professor Kirtland, of Cleveland ; Dr. Hildreth, of
Marietta ; and Messrs. JST. Longworth, C. W. Elliott, and A. H. Ernst,
of Cincinnati.

In Indiana, to the Rev. H. W. Beecher, of Indianapolis. In New
Jersey, to Messrs. Thomas Hancock, of Burlington, and J. W. Hayes,
of Newark. In Pennsylvania, to Mr. Frederick Brown and Col. Carr,
of Philadelphia. In Maryland, to Lloyd N. Rogers, Esq., of Baltimore.
In Georgia, to James Gamak, Esq., of Athens.

A. J. D.
Highland GxVrdexs, )
Wewbiirg/i, K ¥., 3Ia7/, 18-15. f

PREFACE TO THE SECOND HEVISIOI^.

The second revision of the Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America,
originally written by my lamented brother, in 1845, has been under-
taken with veiy great hesitancy ; but the extended increased interest in
friiit-culture, and demand for this work, have seemed to require of me
such aid in its construction, commensurate with the progress of the age,
as I could command.

I have therefore, by the assistance of numerous friends in all paits of
the States and the Canadas, gathered together material, and embodied,
enlarged, and I'evised the work, trusting that the desii'e to assist, aid, and
continue the advancement of fruit-culture may be taken as the incentive
which has guided my labors ; and that imperfections will not be too
freely commented upon, without careful thought of the time and obser-
vation, etc., requisite in deciding many points in Pomology. The cor-
recting or deciding relative to the various names under which one fruit
is known in different sections, was oi'iginally a feature of great diffi-
culty, even when they were brought together and grown in one garden,
as by the London Horticultural Society; but when this has to be done
with the varieties spread over such a wide territory, and with so many
varied climates and soils as ours, the task is one of no light character.
At the first writing of this book the accumulation of names was such
as to then cause the study of Pomology to be counted as an embarrass-
ing one. What then shall we say of it now, when the list of names has
been moi-e than ti-ebled ? New varieties have sprung into existence
"with the magic rapidity belonging to everything of our country ; but,
unfortunately, regard has not always been had to the qualifications
which should have been by them possessed ere their introduction to
our lists; and at this day I may safely say that not perhaj^s one in
thirty of the recent introductions, for the past twenty years, will bear
the criticism of a first-class fruit.

In my revision I have endeavored to keep as near as possible the
simple arrangement of the original, omitting the arrangement of classes
and periods of ripening, and placing the whole alphabetically in order,
trusting to the text description to give the information sought by the
reader. The nomenclature of the London Horticultural Society in the
original edition has been retained, and, so far as known, I have con-
tinued the original name by which each frait was first described, as itg
true name, appending all others as synonyms.

In the first edition of this work the names of authors who had

xiv PREFACE TO THE SECOND REVISION.

before given descriptions of the fruits were appended to each descrip-
tion, but owing to the great number of names siich a record wonld
now make, and to its little practical benefit, I have omitted it.

In the labor of ascertaining synonyms and identifying disputed varie-
ties, much credit is due to the American Pomological, Massachu-
setts, Western New York, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, and other
kindred Societies, by their gathering and comparing great numbers of
specimens from various soiirces, and in the accumulation of knowledge
and opinions here reported as the result of long-continued examinations
of piivate individuals. But the confusion of names yet exists to a large
extent, and while much has been done toward correction, order and accu-
racy can only be arrived at Avhen the diifereiit varieties are well grown
in the same soil and locality, a result only to be realized in an experi-
mental garden on a large scale.

The place of origin of each variety has been attached whenever it
could be truly traced or known ; but many are noted only as having
been received from certain States or sections, their origin being possibly
in another State. The period of maturity has been given as its period
when frviited here ; but it is well known locations South or North cause
great changes in this respect, as well as in quality, and many good long-
keeping winter apples of this section, when grown in our Southern
States, become early autumn and inferior sorts. Again, nearly all varie-
ties of our early summer fruits, although ripened at an earlier peidod,
are equal, if not improved, in size and quality when grown at the South.

In the revision of a former edition, as well as in aid of revision of
the present, I have received valuable notes, specimens of fruits, &c.,
from a large number of gentlemen, and in here making my grateful ac-
knowledgments, I desire to record all names as a simple tribute, al-
though some have passed from this land of chaotic terrestrial fruit
to that where order and system ever reigns.

In Massachusetts — to John Milton Eai-1, Samuel Colton, George A.
Chamberlain, and George Jacques, Worcester ; J. C. Stone, Shrewsbury ;
F. Burr, Hingham ; Asa Clement, Lowell ; Willis P. Sargent, West
Amesl)ury ; O. Y. Hills, Leominster ; Dr. L. W. Pufter, North Bridge-
water ; Joseph Merrill, James D. Black, and N. Page, Danversport ; Asa-
hel Foote, Williamstown ; Ool. E. Stone, Dedham ; Simon Brown, Con-
cord ; J. W. Manning, Reading; Marshall P. Wildei-, Dorchester; C.
M. Hovey, Boston ; J. F. C. Hyde, Newton Centre ; N. P. Morrison,
North Cambridge ; M. Ordway, West Newbury ; J. W. Clark, Fram-
ingham ; J. W, Foster, Dorchester ; Sumner Goss, Millbury ; Jona-
than Ames, Y^est Bridgewater ; Robert JManning, Salem ; Joel Knapp,
WilkinsonviUe ; S. W: Cole, Chelsea.

In Connecticut — to S. D. Pardee and Prof. Eli Ives, New Haven ;
Sheldon Moore, Kensington ; George Seymour, Nor walk ; G. W. Gager,
Sharon ; P. S. Beers, Southville ; D. "S. Dewey and Dr. G. W. Russell,

PREFACE TO THE SECOND REVISION, XV

Hartford; S. Lyman, Manchester; Major J. McLelhir., Woodstock;
Dr. D. W. Coit, Norwich ; E. Newbury, Brooklyn.

In Canada West — to Charles Arnold, Paris ; D. W. Beadle, St. Ca-
tharine's ; Wm. H. Reed, Port Dalhousie.

In Vermont — to Chauncey Goodrich and Rev. John Wheeler, Burling-
ton ; J. ]\I. Ketcluim, Brandon ; G. W. Harman, Bennington ; Buel Lan-
don, Grand Isle ; Albert Bresee, Hubbardton; Solon Burroughs, Waltham.

In NeAv York — to Wm. S. Ferris, Williamsbridgo ; T. M. Yomiglove
and S. B. Fairchild, Hammondsport ; Jacob G. Sickles, Stuy vesant ; Chas.
G. Benedict, Perry ; Wm. Brocksbank, Hudson ; E. Moody and L.
C. Hoag, Lockport ; Wm. S. Carpenter, Rye ; Dr. James Fountain,
Jefterson Yalley ; S. P. Carpenter, New Rochelle ; William R. Piince,
Flushing ; Dr. C. W. Grant, Dr. T. B. Shelton, James H. Ricketts, and
A. Saul, Newburgh ; Elislia Dorr and Pi-of. James Hall, Albany ; J. W.
Bailey, Plattsburgh ; J. Battey, Keeseville ; J. C. Hastings, Clinton ;
Mattliew Mackie, Clyde; Isaac Hildreth, Watkins; T. C. Maxwell
Biothers, and W. T. & E. Smith, Geneva; Ellwanger and Berry,
H. E. Hooker, A. Frost & Co., and James H. Watts, Rochester; J. B.
Eaton, Buffalo ; Stephen Underbill, Croton Point ; Wm. Collins,
Smyrna; M. J. Parrish, Hillsdale; N. T. Arms, Albany; Geo. S. Con-
over, West Fayette ; H. N. Longworthy, Rochester ; Reagles & Son,
Schenectady ; James Yick, Rochester ; John R. Comstock, Hart's Vil-
lage-; James M. Matteson, Jacksonville ; Dr. E, W, Sylvester, Lyons;
E. G. Studley, Claverick ; Dr. Henry Reeder, Varick ; Isaac Hicks,
Old Westbury ; W. Brown Smith, Syracuse ; J. H. Case, New Hart-
ford ; Harvey Green, Jeiferson Valley.

In New Jersey — to Loviis E. Berckmanns, Plainfield ; William Reid,
ElizabethtoA\ni ; James McLean, Roadstown ; William Parry, Cinna-
nimson ; A. G. Baldwin, Newark; Chas. Davis, jr., Philipsburgh ;
David Pettit, Salem ; John Needles, Mt. Laurel ; E. Williams, Mont-
clair ; A. S. Fuller, Ridgewood ; Peter B. Mead, Tenafly.

In Pennsylvania — to Dr. W. D. Brinckle, Chas. Harmer, and Dr. J,
S. Houghton, Pbiladelpliia ; Chas. Kessler and Daniel B. Lorah, Read-
ing ; Dr. J. K. Eshleman anil Jonathan Baldwin, Downington ; Thomas
Harvey, West Grove; David Miller, jr., Carlisle; D. H. Wakefield,
Rostraver ; Josiah Hoopes, Westchester; S. W. Noble, Jenkintown;
J. A. Nelson & Sons, Indian Run ; Edward J. Evans, York ; O. T.
Hobbs, Randolph ; B. L. Ryder, Loudon ; ]\Iahlon Moon, Morrisville ;
Daniel Engle and. Engle Brothers, Marietta ; Caspar Hiller. Cones-
toga Centre ; Luckens Peirce, Coatesville ; Wm. G. Waring, Tyrone ;
Samuel Miller, Lebanon ; John Hamilton, Jersey Shore ; Wilson Den-
nis, Applebackville ; W. L. Nesbit, Lewisburg ; E. H. Cocklin,
Shepherdstown ; Josiah G. Youngken, Richland Town.

In Ohio — to Robert Buchanan and A. H. Ernst, Cinciimati ; D. C.
Richmond, Sandusky ; A. Thompson, Delaware ; M. B. Batcham,

XVI PREFACE TO THE SECOND REVISION.

Painesville ; K L. Wood, Smithfield ; Isaac Dillen, Zanesville ; Samuel
Myers, Salem; H. N. Gillett, Quaker Bottom; J, N. Shepherd,
Marion ; Rev. J. H. Creighton, Chillicothe ; Geo. AV. Campbell, Dela-
ware ; A. & R. G. Hanford, Columbus ; Chas. Carpenter, Kelley Island ;
S. S. Jackson, Cincinnati ; L. S. Mote, West Milton ; Prof. J. P. Kirt-
land, F. R. Elliott, Dr. E. Taylor, and S. B. Marshall, Cleveland ; P. J.
Black, Bremen ; Geo. Hapgood, Warren ; W. C. Hampton, Mt. Vic-
tory ; A. L. Benedict, Ashley ; H. P. McMaster, Leonardsburgh.

In Illinois — to Dr. J. A. Kennicott, West Northfield ; F. K. Phoenix
and C, E. Overman, Bloomington ; Arthur Bryant, Princeton ; Tyler
IMcWhorter, Pomeroy ; A. M. Lawver, South Pass ; J. W. Stewart,
Quincy ; E. H. Skinner, Marengo ; Dr. L. S. Pennington, Sterling ; J. S.
Shearman, Rockford ; J. A. Grain, Undulation.

In Kentucky — to H. P. Byram, Louisville ; F. Pound, Shortsvillc ;
J. S. Downer, Fairvievv ; D. L. Adair, Hawesville ; Di\ S. J. Leavell,
Trenton ; Geo. C. Curtiss, Maysville ; Thos. Kennedy, Louisville ; A.
L. Woodson, Woodsonville.

In Iowa — to James C. Smith, Des Moines ; Finley & Dvryre, Daven-
port ; Henry Avery, Burlington.

In Indiana — to Reuben Regan, Nicholsonville ; John C. Teas, Rays-
ville ; Wm. H. Loomis and E. Y. Teas, Richmond ; J. D. G. Nelson,
Fort Wayne.

In Maine — to S. L. Goodall, Saco.

In New Hampshire — to Robert Wilson, Keone ; Nathan Norton,
Greenland, and Charles H. Sanboi'n, Hampton Valley.

In Michigaii — to T. T. Lyon, Plymouth ; Dr. D. K. Underwood,
Adrian.

In Delaware — to Edward Tatnall, Wilmington.

In Virginia — to H. R. Roby, Fredericksburgh.

In Missouri — to George Husmann, Hermann.

In Washington^to John Saul.

In Georgia — to William N. White and Dr. M. A. Ward, Athens ;
Richard C. Peters and Wm. H. Thurmond, Atlanta ; J. Van Beuren,
Clarksville, and P. J. Berckmans, Augusta.

In North Carolina — to G. W. Johnson, Milton ; Westbrooke & Co.,
Greensboro ; R. L. Steele, Rockingham.

In South Carolina — to Wm. H. Sumner, Pomona; A. P. Wylie,
Chester.

In Alabama — to R. R. Hunley, Harpersville ; R. S. Owen, Tus-
caloosa.

In Tennessee — to J- W. Dodge, Pomona.

In Nova Scotia — to C. C. Hamilton, Cornwallis.

CHARLES DOWNING.

ABBREVIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED.

Arboretum Biitaynncum ; or, The Trees and Shrubs of Britain, pictorially and

botanically delineated, and scientifically and poijularly described. By J.

C. Loudon. London, 1845, 8 vols. Bvo.
Annales de kc SocuU cC Horticulture de Paris. — Paris. In monthly Nos. 8vo.

1827 to 1845.
Annales de VInstitut de Fromont. Par le Chevalier Soulange Bodin. Paris, 8vo.

1829 to 18:M, G vols.
Adluni. A Memoir on the Cvdtivation of the Vine in America, and the best mode

of making Wine. By John Adlum. 12mo. Washington, 1828.
Bon Jard. Le Bon Jardinier, pour I'Annee 1844. Contenant des principes gc-

neraux de culture, etc. Par A. Poiteau and M. Vilmorin, Paris. 12mo, —

yearly volume.
Bushy. A Visit to the principal Vineyards of France and Spain. By Jas. Busby.

New York, 12mo, 1835.
Biidgemnn. The Young Gardener's Assistant. By Thomas Bridgeman. Tenth

ed. New York, 1844, 8vo.
Baumniui's Cat. Catalogue des Vegetaux en tout genre disponible dans I'Etab-

lissement des Frures Baumann, a Bolwiller, 1842.
Coxe. A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees in the United States, and of

the Management of Orchards and Cider. By William Coxe. Philadelphia,

8vo, 1817.
Chaptal. Chemistry applied to Agriculture. By John Anthony Chaptal. Amer-
ican ed. , 12mo, Boston, 18y5.
Cobbett. The American Gardener. By Wm. Cobbett. London, 1821. 12mo.
Coleman. Reports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts. By Henry Coleman.

Boston, Bvo, 1840-41.
Bom. Gard. The Domestic Gardener's Manual. By John Towers. London,

1839, 8vo.
BuJiamd. Traite des Arbres Fnxitiers, par M. Duhamel Dumonceau. Paris,

1768, 2 vols. 4to.
Cultivator. The Cultivator, a monthly Journal of Agriculture, &c. Edited by

Luther Tucker. Albany, continued to the present time, 8vo.
Bid. Versuch einer Systematischen Beschreibung in Deutschland vorhandencr

Kemobstsorten. Von Dr. Aug. Freidr. Ad. Diel. 12mo. 24 vols., 1799 —

1825.
Be CandoUe. Physiologie Vegetale, ou Exposition des Forces et des Fonctions

vitales des Vegetaux. Par A. P. De Candolle. Paris, 1832, 3 vols. 8vo.
. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Vegetabilis. Paris, 1818—1830,

4 vols. 8vo.
B'Albret. Cours Theorique et Pratique de la Taille des Arbres Fruitiers. Par

D'Albret. Paris, 1840, 8vo.
Forsyth. A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees. By Wil-
liam Forsyth. 7th ed. , London, 1824, 8vo.
Floy. Lindley's Guide; to the Orchard. American ed., with additions by

Michael Floy. New York, 1833, 12mo.
Fessendcn. New American Gardener, containing practical Directions for the Cul-
ture of Fruits and Vegetables. By Thos. E. Fessenden. Boston, 1828,

12mo.
Oard. Mag. The Gardener's JLagazine. conducted by J. C Loudon. In monthly

Nos. Bvo, 19 vols, to 1844, London.

XVIU ABBREVIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED.

Gard. Chron. The Gardener's Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette, edited bj
Professor Lindley. A weekly journal, 4to, 5 vols. . 1844 to the present time

Hoare. A Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Gra^oe Vine on open walls.
By Clement Hoare. London, 1840, 12mo.

Ilort. Soc. Cat. See Thompson.

Hort. Trans. Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London. London
4to, 1815, and at intervals to the present time.

Hooker. Pomona Londonensis. By William Hooker. London, 1813, 4to.

Haymird. The Science of Horticulture. By Joseph Hayward. London,
1824, 8vo.

Harris . A Report on the Insects of Massachusetts injurious to Vegetation. By
Dr. T. W. Harris. Cambridge, 1841, 8vo.

Hov. Mofi. or H. M. The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and Pairal Affairs.
Conducted by C. M. Hovey. Boston, 8vo, monthly Nos. 18o4 to the pre-
sent time.

Johnston. Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry and Geology. By Jas. W. F.
Johnston. American ed. . New York, 12mo, 2 vols., 1843.

Jard. Fruit. Le Jardin Fruitier. Par Louis Noisette. 2 ed. Paris, 1839,
2 vols. 8vo.

Knight. Various Articles in the London Hortictdtural Transactions. By Thomas
Andrew Knight, its late President.

Knor/p. Pomologie ; ou. Description des Arbres Fruitiers. Par Joh. Heim.
Kuoop. Amsterdam, 1771, Fol.

Km. The New American Orchardist. By William Kenrick. Boston, 1844.

Kollur. A Treatise on Insects injurious to Gardeners, Foresters, and Farmers.
By Vincent Kollar, Notes by Westwood. London, 1840, 12mo.

Langley. Pomona ; or, The Fruit Garden Illustrated. By Batty Langley. Lon-
don, 1729, Folio.

Loudon. An Encyclopedia of Gardening. By J. C. Loudon. London, 1835,
1 thick vol. 8vo.

An Encyclopedia of Plants. By the same. London, 1836, 1 thick

vol. 8vo.

An Encyclopedia of Agriculture. By the same. London, 1831, 1 thick

vol. 8vo.

Hortas Britannicus. A Catalogue of all the Plants in Britain. By the

same. London, 8vo.

The Suburban Horticulturist. By the same. London, 1842, 8vo.

The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion. By the same. London,

1838, 1842, 8vo.

Arboretum et Fniticetum Britannicum. By the same. 8 vols. , London,

1838, 8vo.

Liebig. Organic Chemistry in its Applications to Agi'iculture and Physiology.

By Justus Liebig. American ed. , Cambridge, 1844, 12mo.
Liad. A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden ; or, an Account of the Fruits

and Vegetables cultivated in Great Britain. By George Lindley. Lon-
don, 1831, 8vo.
Lindley. An Introduction to Botany. By John Lindley. London, 1832,

8vo.
. An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany. By John Lindley.

London, 1835, 2d ed., 8vo.

. British Fruits. See Pomologieal Magazine — it is the same work.

. The Theory of Horticulture ; or. An Attempt to explain the Operation

of Gardening ui^on Physiological Principles. By John Lindley. Loudon,

8vo, 1840.
. The same work, with Notes by A . Gray and A. J. Downing. New York,

1841, 12mo.
L. or Linnaeus. Species Plantarum, 5th ed. Berlin, 1810, 5 vols. 8vo.
Ldieiir. La Pomone Francaise ; ou. Trait,'' de la Culture Fran(;aise, et de la

Taille des Arbres Fruitiers. Par le Comte Lelieur. Paris. 1811, 8vo.
Man. The New England Fruit Book. By R. Manning. 2d ed., enlarged by

John M. Ives, Salem, 1844, 12mo.
Man. in H. M. Manning's Articles in Hovey's Magazine.
Mill The Gardener's and Botanist's Dictionary. By Philip Miller. Revised by

Professor Martyn. London, 1819, 2 vols. 8vo.

ABBREVIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED. xix

Michmix. The North American Rj-lva ; or. Description of the Forest Treea
of the United States, Canada, &c. By A. F. Michaux. Paris, 181'J,
3 vols. yvo.

jriiitoK/t. The Orchard and Fmit Garden. By Charles Mcintosh. London,
1819, ISino.

iV^ Dii7i. (The New Duhamel) Traite des Arbres Fruitiers de Duhamel. Nou-
velle odition augmentee, etc. Par MM. Poitean ct Turpin, Paris. 5 vols,
folio, ISOS, et seq.

Nok. See Jardiii Fruitier.

New England Farmer. A weeklj^ periodical, devoted to Agricnlture, Horticul-
ture, &c. Boston, 4to, continued to the present time.

0. Duh. See Duhamel.

Pom. Mag. or P. M. The Pomoloj^ical Magazine ; or, Figures and Descriptions of
the most impoi'tant varieties of Fruit cultivated in Great Britain. Lon-
don, 182S, ;} vols. Svo.

Pom. Man. The Pomological Manual. By William R. Prince. New York,
1881, 2 vols. Svo.

Prince. A Treatise on the Vine. By William R. Prince. New York, 1830,
Svo.

Prince. A Short Treatise on Horticulture. By William Prince. New York,
1828, 12mo.

Phillip.^. Pomarium Britannicum ; an Historical and Botanical Account of
the Fruits known in Great Britain. By Henry PhUlips. London. 1820,
Svo.

Poit. or Poiteau. Pomologie Francjaise. Recueil des plus beaux Fruits cul-
tiv.^s en France. Par Poiteau. Paris, 1838, and continued in 4to num-
bers.

Hivers. A Descriptive Catalogue of Pears, cultivated by T. Rivers. Sawbridge-
worth, 1843-68, pamj^hlet, Svo.

Hon. or Ponakh. Pyrus Mains Brentfordienses ; or, A Concise Description of
Selected Apples, with a figure of each sort. By Hugh Ronalds. London,
1S31. 4to.

Ray. Historia Plantamm, a John Ray, M.D. London, 3 vols. , folio, 1636 —
1704.

Revue Horticole. Journal 'des Jardiniers et Amateurs. Audot, Editeur. Paris,
1844, et chaque mois, 12mo.

Sidtzer. The Practical Fruit Gardener. By Stephen Switzer, 1724, Svo.

Torrey & Gray. A Flora of North America, containing abridged Descriptions of
all the known Plants growing north of the Gulf of IMexico. By John
Torrey, M. D. , and Asa Gray, M.D. New York, vol. 1st, Svo. New York,
1840, and still in progress.

Tluymj). A Catalogue of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the Horticul-
tural Society of London. 3d ed. , London, 1843. [Prepared with great
care by Robert Thompson, the Head of tlie Fruit Department]

Timelier. The American Orchardist. By James Thacher, M. D. Boston, 1822,
8vo.

Van Moiis. Arbres Fruitiers ; on, Pomologie Beige Exp.'rimentale et Raisonm'e.
Par J. R. Van Mons. Louvain, IS:}.") — 1-836, 2 vols. 12mo.

: Catalogue dss Arbres Fruitiers, Descriptif, Abr '-ge. Par J. B. Van

Mons. Louvain, 1823.

Wilder MSS. Manuscrijit Notes on Fruits. By IM. P. Wilder, Esq., President of
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Al. Pom. Album de Pomologie ; in which the fi-uits of Belgium are figured and
described.

An. Pom. Annals of Pomologj' ; a periodical published by royal commission, in
which choice fruits are figured and described.

C. H. A. Cornice of Hoi-ticulture of Angers.

Jlort. The Horticulturist of Rural Art and Rural Taste. 22 vols.

Cole. American Fruit Book. By S. W. Cole, Boston, Mass.

Thoma.9. American Fruit Culturist. By John J. Thomas, Union Springs, New
York.

Barry. The Fruit Garden. By P. Bany, Rochester, New York.

Waring. The Frait-Grower's Hand Book liy Wm. G. Waring, Boalsburg, Pa,

Elliott. Amei-ican Fruit-Grower s Guide. By F. R. Elliott, Cleveland, O.

XX ABBREVIATIONS AXD LOOKS QUOTED.

WJdte's Gard. Gardening for the South. By Wm. N. 'VMiite, Athens, Ga.
Hov. 3fag. The Magazine of Horticulture. By C. M. Hovey, Boston, Mass

33 vols.
If. Y. Hort. Rev. New York Horticultural Review. By C. Beagles, New York.
Ad. Int. Rep. Ad Interim Reports of the Pennsylvania Horticul tiara 1 Society.
Qa. Pom. 8. Rep. Ad Interim Reports of the Georgia Pomological Society.
3Ic. Pom. S. Rep. Annual Report of the Maine Pomological Society.
A. Pom. S. Transactions of the American Pomological Society.
L. E. Berckmnn's 3fS. Manuscript Notes by Louis E. Berckman. Augusta, Ga.
W. D. BHrickle's MS. Manuscript Notes by W. D. Brinckle, Philadelphia.
R. Manninrfs MS. Manuscript Notes by Robert Manning, Salem, ilass.

A. H. Ermt MS. Manuscript Notes by A. H. Ernst. Cincinnati, Ohio.

R. Buchanan MS. Manuscript Notes by Robert Buchanan, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Wm.. N. White MS. Manuscript Notes by Wm. N. White, Athens, Ga.

J. Van Beureti's MS. Manuscript Notes by .T. Van Beuren, Clarks\dlle, Ga.

U. R. Ruhey 3IS. Manuscript Notes by H. R. Robey, Fredericksburg, Va.

Samuel Miiler, Jr.., MS. Manuscript Notes by Samuel Miller, Jr., Cumberland,
Pa.

T. S'. Doimer MS. Manuscript Notes by J. S. Downer, Elkton, Ky.

Warder. American Pomology. By J. A. Warder.

0. P. S. Ohio Pomological Society Reports.

M. S. H. S. Missouri State Horticultural Society Reports.

Venrg. The Verger. By M. Mas, Paris, France.

Ilogg. British Pomology and Hogg's Fruit Manual. By Robert Hogg, London,
England.

Pa. Rep). Report of the Pennsylvania Horticultutal Society.

Mead. American Grape Culture and Wine-making. By Peter B. Mead, Tenafly,
N. J.

6ar. Man. Gardener's Monthly. Edited by Thomas Meahan, Philadelphia, Pa.
10 vols.

K. H&rt. Soc. Transactions of the Kentucky Horticultural Society.

J. of H. Journal of Horticulture, Bcston, Mass.

Husmann. The Cultivation of the American Grape, and Manufacture of Ameri-
can Wines, by George Husmann, Hermann, Mo.

8. V. M. Reports of the Society Van Mous, Brussels.

Strong. Cultivation of the Grape. By W. C. Strong, Brighton, Mass.

Trans. St. L. II. Soc. Transactions of the St. Louis Horticultural Society.

Am. IIoi-t. An. American Horticultural Annual. Orange Judd & ( 'o. , N. Y.

Count. Gent. Country Gentleman. Luther Tucker & Son, Albany, N. Y. 32 vols.

Jar. V. M. Fmits of the Jardin Van Mons. By A. Bivort. Bruxelles.

Mns. Museum of the Jardin of Fruits. By J. I)ecaisne.

Liegel. Survey of Plums, by G. Liegel, Braunau, Austria,.

F. &. P. Florist and Pomologist, London, England.

Leroy. Dictionary of Pomology. By Andre Leroy, Angers, France.

Fidler. Small Fruit Culturist. By A. S. Fuller

Fidler. The Grape Culturist. By A. S. Fuller. Ridgewood, N. J.

P. J. B. MS. Manuscript Notes of P. J. Berckman, Augusta, Ga.

J. H. Creighton. Manuscript Notes by J. H. Creighton, Chillicothe, O.

Tat. MS. Manuscript Notes by Edward Tatnall. W^ilmington, Del.

J. W. Bailey. Manuscript Notes by J. W. Bailey. Plattsbvu-g, N. Y.

Arnold. Manuscript Notes by Charles Arnold, Paris, C. W.

B. R. Eunley, MS. Manuscript Notes by R. R. Hunley, Harpersville, Ala.

FRUITS AND FRUIT-TREES.

CHAPTER I.

THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT.

In our survey of the cultui'e of fruits let us begin at the beginning.
Gradual amelioration, and the skilful practice of the cultivator, have so
filled our orchards and gardens with good fruits, that it is necessary now
to cast a look back at the types from which these delicious products have
sprung.

In the tropical zone, amid the surprising luxuriance of vegetation of
that great natural hot-house, nature offers to man, almost without care, the
most refreshing, the most delicious, and the most nutritive fruits. The
Plantain and Banana, excellent either raw or cooked, bearing all the
year, and pi'oducing upon a rood of ground the sustenance of a family ;
the refreshing Guava and Sapodilla ; the nutritio\is Bread-fruit ; such
are the natural fruit-trees of those glowing climates. Indolently seated
under their shade, and finding a refreshing coolne.^s both from their ever-
verdant canoj)y of leaves, and their juicy fruits, it is not here that we
must look for the patient and skilful cultivator.

But, in the temperate climates, nature wears a harsher and sterner
aspect. Plains bounded by rocky hills, visited not only by genial warmth
and sunshine, but by cold winds and seasons of ice and snow ; these are
accompanied by sturdy forests, whose outskirts are sprinkled with crabs
and wild cherries, and festooned with the clambering branches of the
wild grape. These native fruits, which at first ofier so little to the eye
or the palate, are nevertheless the types of our gai'den varieties. Des-
tined in these climates to a perpetual struggle with nature, it is here
that we find man ameliorating and transforming her.

Transplanted into a warmer aspect, stimulated by a richer soil, reared
from selected seeds, carefully jiruned, sheltered, and watched, by slow
degi-ees the sour and bitter crab expands into a Golden Pippin, the wild
pear loses its thorns and becomes a Bergamotte or a Beurre, the Almond
is deprived of its bitterness, and the dry and flavorless Peach is at length
a tempting and delicious fruit. It is tlins only, in the face of obstacles,
in a climate where nature is not prodigal of pei-fijctions, anil in the midst
of thorns and sloes, that man, the oakdenek, arises and forces nature to
yield to his art.

These improved sorts of fruit, which man everywhere causes to share
his ci\Tlization, bear, almost eqtially with himself, the impress of an exist-

1

Z THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT.

ence removed from the natural state. When reared from seeds they
always show a tendency to retui-n to a wilder form, and it seems only
chance when a new seedling is equal to, or surpasses its parent. Removed
from their natural form, these artificially created sorts are also much
more liable to diseases and to decay. From these facts arises the fruit-
garden, with its various processes of grafting, budding, and other means
of continuing the sort ; with also its sheltered aspects, warm borders,
deeper soils, and all its various refinements of art and culture.

In the whole range of cares and pleasures belonging to the garden,
there is nothing more truly interesting than the production of new varie-
ties of fruit. It is not, indeed, by sowing the seeds that the lover of
good fruit usually undertakes to stock his garden and orchard with fine
fruit-trees. Raising new varieties is always a slow, and, as generally
understood, a most uncertain mode of Jliringing about this result. The
novice plants and carefully watches his hundred seedling pippins, to find
at last, perhaps, ninety-nine worthless or indifierent apples. It appears
to him a lottery, in which there are too many blanks to the prizes. He
therefore wisely resorts to the more certain mode of grafting from well-
known and esteemed sorts.

Notwithstanding this, every year, under the influences of garden cul-
ture, and often without our design, we find our fruit-trees reproducing
themselves ; and occasionally there spi'ings up a new and delicious sort,
whose merits tempt us to fi-esh trials after perfection.

To a man who is curious in fruit, — the pomologist, — who views with a
more than common eye the crimson cheek of a peach, the delicate bloom
of a plum, or understands the epithets, rich, melting, buttery, as applied
to a pear, nothing in the circle of culture can give more lively and un-
mixed pleasure than thus to produce and to create- — for it is a sort of
creation — an entirely new sort, which he believes will prove handsomer
and better than anything that has gone before. And still more : as
varieties which originate in a certain soil and climate are found best
adapted to that locality, the production of new sorts of friiit of high
merit may be looked on as a most valuable as well as interesting result.

Besides this, all the fine new fruits which of late figure so conspicu-
ously in the catalogues of the nurseries and fruit-gardens, have not
been originated at I'andom and by chance eftbi'ts. Some of the most dis-
tinguished j)omologists have devoted years to the subject of the improve-
ment of fruit-trees by seeds, and have attained, if not certain results, at
least some general laws, which greatly assist us in this process of amelio-
ration. Let us therefore examine the subject a little more in detail.

In the wild state, every genus of trees consists of one or more s^jeci'es,
or strongly marked individual sorts ; as, for example, the white birch
and the black birch ; or, to confine ourselves more strictly to the mat-
ter in hand, the difierent species of cherry, — the wild or bird cherry, the
sour cherry, the mazard cherry, &c. These sjyecies, in their natural
state, exactly reproduce themselves ; to use a common phrase, they
" come the same " fi'om seed. This they have done for centuries, and
doubtless will do forever, so long as they exist under natural circum-
stances only.

On the other hand, suppose we select one of these species of fruit-trees
and adopt it into our gardens. So long as we cultivate that indi-
vidual tree, or any part of it, in the shape of sucker, graft, or bud, its
nature will not be mateiially altered. It may, indeed, through cultiva-

THE PUODUCTIOX OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 3

tion, be stimulated into a more luxuriant growth ; it will probably pro-
duce larger leaves and fruit ; but we shall neither alter its fruit in tex-
ture, color, or taste. It will always be identically the same.

T'Jie process of amelioration begins ivith a nexv generation, and hi/
sowing tlie seeds. Some species of tree, indeed, seem to refuse to yield
their wild nature, never ])roducing any variation by seed ; but all fruit-
trees, and many others, are easily domesticated, and more readily take
the impress of culture.

If we sow a quantity of seed in garden soil of the common black
mazard chei-ry ( Cerastes avium), we shall find that, in the leaves and
habit of growth, many of the seedlings do not entirely resemble the
original species. When they come into bearing, it is probable we shall
also find as gi-eat a diversity in the size, color, and flavor of the fruit.
Each of these individual plants ditiering from the original type (the
mazard) constitutes a new varietg/ though only a few, pei'haps only
one, may be superior to the original species.

It is worthy of remark, that exactly in proportion as this reproduc-
tion is frequently repeated, is the change to a great variety of forms or
new sorts increased. It is likely, indeed, that to gather the seeds from
a wild mazard in the woods, the instances of departure from the form
of the original species would be very few ; while if gathered fi-om a gar-
den tree, itself some time cultivated, or several removes from a wild state,
though still a mazard, the seedlings will show great variety of character.

Once in the possession of a variety which has moved out of the nat-
ural into a more domesticated form, Ave have in our Iiands the best ma-
terial for the improving process. The fixed original habit of the species
is broken in upon, and this variety which we have created has always
afterwards some tendency to make further departures from the original
form. It is tx^ue that all or most of its seedlings will still I'etain a like-
ness to the parent, but a few will differ in some respects, and it is by
seizing upon those which show symptoms of variation that the impro-
ver of vegetable races founds his hopes.

We have said that it is a part of the character of a species to produce
the same from seed. This characteristic is retained even where the
sjyort (as gardeners term it) into numberless varieties is greatest. Thus,
to return to cherries : the Kentish or common pie-cherry is one species,
and the small black mazard another, and although a great number of
varieties of each of these species have been produced, yet theie is always
tlie likeness of the species retained. From the first we may Iiave the
large and rich Mayduke, and from the last the sweet and luscious Bhick-
Hearts ; but a glance will show us that the duke cherries i-etain the dis-
tinct dark foliage, and, in the fruit, something of the same flavor, shajje,
and color of the original species ; and the heart clierries the broad leaves
and lofty growth of the mazard. So too the currant and gooseberry are
different species of the same genus ; but thovigh the English gooseberry-
growers have raised thousands of new varieties of this fruit, and shown
them as large as hens' eggs, and of every variety of form and color, yet
their efibrts with the gooseberry have not produced anything resembling
the common currant.

Why do not varieties produce the same from seed ? Why, if we plant
the stone of a Green Gage plum, will it not always produce a Green
Gage ? This is often a puzzling question to the pi-actical gardener, while
his every-day experience forces him to assent to the fact.

4 THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT.

We are not sure that the vegetable physiologists will undertake to
answer this qiiery fully. But in the mean time we can throw some light
on the subject.

It will be remembered that our garden varieties of fruits are not
natural forms. They are the artificial productions of our culture. They
have always a tendency to improve, but they have also another and a
stronger tendency to return to a natural or wild state. " There can be
no doubt," says Dr. Lindley, " that if the arts of cultivation were
abandoned for only a few years, all the annual varieties of plants in our
gardens would disappear and be i-eplaced by a few original wild forms."
Between these two tendencies, therefoi-e, the one derived from nature,
and the other impressed by culture, it is easily seen how little likely is
the progeny of varieties always to reappear in the same form.

Again, our American farmers, who raise a number of kinds of Indian
corn, very well know that, if they wish to keep the sorts distinct, they
must grow them in ditfei-ent fields. Without this precaution they find,
on planting the seeds pi-oduced on the yellow-corn plants, that they have
the next season a jirogeny not of yellow corn alone, but composed of
every color and size, yellow, white, and black, large and small, upon the
farm. Now many of the varieties of fruit-trees have a similar power of
intermixing with each other while in blossom by the dust or pollen of
their flowers, carried through the air by the action of bees and other
causes. It will readily occui* to the reader, in considering this fact, what
an influence our custom of planting the difterent varieties of plum or of
cherry together in a garden or orchard must have upon the constancy of
habit in the seedlings of such fruits.

But there is still another reason for this habit, so perplexing to the
novice, who, having tasted a lusciovis fruit, plants, watches, and rears its
seedling, to find it, perhaps, wholly difierent in most respects. This is
the inflvience of grafting. Among the great number of seedling fruits
produced in the United States, there is found occasionally a variety, per-
haps a plum or a peach, which will nearly always reproduce itself from
seed. jFrom some fortunate circumstances in its origin, unknown to \is,
this sort, in becoming improved, still retains strongly this habit of the
natural or wild form, and its seeds produce the same. We can call to
mind several examples of this ; fine fruit-trees whose seeds have estab-
lished the re])utation in the neighborhood of fidelity to the sort. But
when a graft is taken from one of these trees, and placed upon another
stock, this grafted tree is found to lose its singular power of producing
the same by seed, and becomes like all other worked trees. The stock
exercises some, as yet, unexplained power in dissolving the strong natu-
ral habit of the variety, and becomes, like its fellows, subject to the laws
of its artificial life.*

When we desire to raise new varieties of fruit, the common practice

* The doctrine here advanced has perhaps no foundation in fact, nor has there
been any test made that, to our knowledge, would controvert it. Observation
of many years, however, leads to the belief that the mere engrafting a variety
vipon another stock in no way affects its habit or capacity for reproducing itself
just the same as it would if retained upon its parent root. The great vitality
possessed by some varieties, their strong character, &c. , prevent them, as it
were, from receiving impregnation while in flower from any less vigorous sort,
and hence, as a strong variety is oftener than otherwise surrounded by those of
less vitality, it mainly fertilizes itself from its own blossoms and thus reproduces
its leading qualities.

THE PRODUCTION OF JTEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 5

is to collect the seeds of the finest table fruits — those sorts whose merits
are everywhere acknowledged to be the highest. In proceeding thus,
we are all pretty well awai'e that the chances are generally a hundred to
one against our obtaining any new a ariety of great excellence. Before
wc oiler any advice on x'earing seedlings, let us examine briefly the prac-
tice and views of two distinguished horticulturists abroad, who have
j)aid more attention to this subject than any other persons whatever;
l>r. Van Mons, of Belgium, and Thos. Andrew Knight, Esq., the late
President of the Horticultural Society of London.

Tlte Van Mons Theory.

Dr. Yan Mons, Professor at Louvain, devoted the greater part of liis
life to the amelioration of fruits. His nurseries contained, in 1823, no
less than two thousand seedlings of merit. His perseverance was inde-
fatigable, aiid, experimenting mainly on Pears, he succeeded in raising an
immense number of new varieties of high excellence. The Beurre Diel,
De Louvain, Frederic of Wurtemberg, «fec., are a few of the many well-
known sorts which are the result of his unwearied labors.

The Van IMons theory may be briefly stated as follows :

All fine fruits are artificial products ; the aim of nature, in a wild
state, being only a healthy, vigorous state of the tree, and perfect seeds
for continuing the species. It is the object of culture, therefore, to sub-
due or enfeeble this excess of vegetation ; to lessen the coarseness of the
tree ; to diminish the size of the seeds ; and to refine the quality and in-
crease the size of the flesh or pulp.

There is always a tendency in our varieties of fruit-trees to return
by their seeds towards a Avild state.

This tendency is most strongly shown in the seeds borne by old fiiiit-
trees. And " the older the tree is of any cultivated variety of Pear,"
says Dr. Van Mons, " the nearer will the seedliiags raised from it
approach a wild state, without however ever being able to return to that
state."

On the other hand, the seeds of a yoimg fruit-tree of a good sort, be-
ing itself in the state of amelioration, have the least tendency to retro-
grade, and are the most likely to produce improved sorts.

Again, there is a certain limit to perfection in fruits. When this
point is reached, as in the finest varieties, the next generation wall more
jnobably produce bad fruit, than if reared from seeds of an indifibrent
sort in the course of amelioration. While, in other words, the seeds of
the oldest varieties of good fruit mostly yield inferior sorts, seeds taken
from recent varieties of bad fl-uit, and reproduced uninteri-up)tedly for
several f/enerations, will certainly produce good fruit. *

With these premises. Dr. Van Mons begins by gathering his seeds
from a young seedling tree, without paying much regard to its quality,
except that it must be in a state of variation / that is to say, a garden
variety, and not a -wild sort. These he sows in a seed-bed or nurseiy,
where he leaves the seedlings \intil they attain sufficient size to enable
him to judge of their character. He then selects those which appear
the most promising, plants them a few feet distant in the nursery, and

* Experience of American powers does not bear out the supposition here
taken. The Seckel, one of the finest and most perfect pears, has perhaps given
more valuable seedlings than any other one kind.

6 THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT.

awaits their fniit. Not discouraged at finding most of tliem mediocre
in quality, though differing from the pai-ent, he gathers the first seeds of
the most promising and sows them again. The next generation comes
moi'e rapidly into bearing than the first, and shows a greater number of
promising traits. Gathering immediately, and sowing the seeds of this
generation, he produces a third, then a fourth, and even a fifth genera-
tion, uninterruptedly, from the original sort. Each generation he finds
to come more quickly into bearing than the previous ones (the fifth sow-
ing of pears fruitmg at three years), and to produce a greater number of
valuable varieties ; until in the fifth generation the seedlings are nearly
all of great excellence.

Dr. Van Mons found the pear to require the longest time to attain
jierfection, and he carried his process with this fruit through five gener-
ations. Apples he found needed but four I'aces, and peaches, cherries,
plums, and other stone fruits were brought to perfection in three succes-
sive reproductions from the seed.

It will be remembered that it is a leading feature in this theory that,
in order to improve the fruit, we must subdue or enfeeble the original
coarse luxuriance of the tree. Keeping this in mind. Dr. Van Mons
always gathers his fruit before fully ripe, and allows them to rot before
planting the seeds, in order to refine or render less wild and harsh the
next generation. In transplanting the young seedlings into quartei-s to
bear he cuts ofl' the tap root, and he annually shortens the leading and
side branches, besides planting them only a few feet apart. All this les-
sens the vigor of the trees, and produces an impression upon the nature
«)f the seeds which will be produced by their first fruit ; and, in order to
continue in full foice the progressive variation, he allows his seedlings to
bear on tlieir own roots.*

Such is Dr. Van Mons' theory and method for obtaining new varieties
of fruit. It has never obtained much favor in England, and from the
length of time necessary to bring about its results, it is scarcely likely to
come into very general use here. At the same time it is not to be de-
nied that in his hands it has j^roved a very successful mode of obtaining
new varieties.

It is also undoubtedly true that it is a mode closely founded on natural
laws, and that the great bulk of our fine varieties have originated by
chance.

The first colonists here, who brought -with them many seeds gath-
ered from the best old varieties of fruits, were surprised to find their
seedlings producing only very inferior fruits. These seedlings had re-
turned, by their inherent tendency, almost to a wild state. By rearing
from them, however, seedlings of many repeated generations, we have
arrived at a great number of the finest apples, pears, peaches, and plums.
According to Dr. Van Mons, had this process been continued uninter-
riqHedly, from one generation to the next, a much shorter time would
have been necessary for the production of first-rate varieties.

To show how the practice of chance sowing works in the other hemis-

* " I have found this art to consist in regenerating in a direct line of descent,
and as rapidly as possible, an improving variety, taking care that there be no in-
terval between the generations. To sow, to re-sow, to sow again, to sow pei-pet-
ually, in short, to do nothing but sow, is the practice to be pursued, and which
cannot be departed from ; and in short this is the whole secret of the art I have
employed."— Van Mons' Arbres FruUiers, 1. p. 22, 223,

THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 7

phere, it is stated by cue of the most celebrated of the old writers on
fruits, Duhamel of Frauce, that he had been in the habit of planting
seeds of the finest table peai-s for fifty years without ever having pro-
diiced a good variety. These seeds were from trees of old varieties of
fruit.

The American gardener will easily perceive, from what we have stated,
a great advantage placed in his hands at the present time for the ameli-
oration of fruits by this system. He will see that, as most of our Amer-
ican varieties of fruit are the result of repeated sowings, more or less
constantly repeated, he has before him almost every day a i)art of the
ameliorating process in progress ; to which Dr. Van Mons, beginning de
novo, was obliged to devote his whole life. Nearly all that it is necessary
for him to do in attempting to raise a new variety of excellence by this
simple mode, is to gather his seeds (before they are fully ripe) from a
seedling sort of promising quality, though not yet arrived at perfection.
The seedling must be quite young — must be on its own root (not graft-
ed) ; and it must be a healtliy tree, in order to secure a healthy gener-
ation of seedlings. Our own experience leads us to believe that he will
scarcely have to go beyond one or two generations to obtain fine fruit.
These remarks apply to most of our table fruits commonly cultivated.

In order to be most successful in raising new varieties by successive
reproduction, let us bear in mind that we must avoid — 1st, the seeds of
old fruit-trees ; 2d, those of grafted fruit-trees ; and 3d, that we have
the best grounds for good results when we gather our seeds from a
young seedling tree, which is itself rather a perfectinfj than a perfect
fruit.

It is not to be denied that, in the face of Dr. Yan Mons' theory, in
this country new varieties of rare excellence are sometimes obtained at
once by planting the seeds of old grafted varieties ; thus the Lawi-ence's
Favorite and the Columbia plums were raised from seeds of the Green
Gage, one of the oldest European varieties.

Such are the means of originating new fruits by the Belgian mode. Let
us now examine another more direct, more interesting, and more scientific
process — cross-breeding; a mode almost universally pursued now by skil-
ful cultivators in producing new and finer varieties of plants ; and which
Mr. Knight, the most distinguished horticulturist of the age, so success-
fully practised on fruit-trees.

Cross-breeding.

In the blossoms of fruit-trees, and of most other plants, the seed is the
offspring of the stamens and pistil, which may be considered the male and
female parents, growing in the same flower. Cross-breeding is, then,
nothing more than removing out of the blossom of a fruit-tree the
stamens, or male parents, and bringing those of another and diflerent
variety of fruit, and dusting the ]nstil or female parent with them, — a
process sufficiently simple, but which has the most marked effect on the
seeds produced. It is only within about fifty years that cross-breeding
has been practised ; but Lord Bacon, whose great mind seems to have
had glimpses into every dark corner of human knowledge, finely fore-
shadowed it. " The compounding or mixture of j)lauts is not found out,
which, if it were, is more at command than that of living creatures ; where-
fore, it were one of the most notable discoveries touching plants to find

8 THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OP FRUIT.

it out, for SO you may have great varieties of fruits and flo-wers yet un-
known."

In Figure 1 is shown the blossom of the Cherry. The central por-
tion, a, connected directly with the young fruit, is
the^>i6-(!i/. The numerous surrounding threads, h, are
the stamens. The summit, of the stamen is called tho
anther; and secretes the powdeiy substance called 2^ol-
len. The ^^is^^'Z has at its base the embryo fruit, and at
its summit the stigma. The use of the stamens is to
fertilize the young seed contained at tlie base of the
pistil ; and if we fertilize the pistil of one variety of
^^^- ^- fruit by the pollen of another we shall obtain a new

variety, partaking intermediately of the qualities of both parents. Thus,
amonf^ fruits owing then- origin directly to cross-breeding, Coe's Golden
Drop Plum Avas raised from the Green Gage, impregnated by the Magnum
Bonum or Egg Plum ; and the Elton chei'ry from the Bigarrieu, impreg-
nated by the White Heart.* Mr. Knight was of opinion that the habits
of the new variety would always be found to partake most strongly of the
constitution and habits of the female parent. Subsequent experience
does not fully confirm this, and it would appear that the parent whose
character is most permanent^ impresses its form most forcibly on the
oftspring.

The process of obtaining cross-breed seeds of fruit-trees is very easily
performed. It is only necessary, when the tree blooms which we intend
to be the mother of the improved race, to select a blossom or blossoms
growing \ipon it not yet fully expanded. With a pair of scissors we cut
out and remove all the anthers. The next day, or as soon as the blossom
is quite expanded, we collect with a camel's-hair brush the pollen from
a fully blown flower of tlie variety we intend for the male parent, apply-
ing the pollen and leaving it upon the stigma or point of the pistil. If
your trees are much exposed to those busy little meddlers, the bees, it is
well to cover the blossoms with a loose bag of thin gauze, or they will
])erhaps get beforehand with you in your experiments in cross-breeding.
Watch the blossoms closely as they open, and bear in mind that the two
essential points in the operation are : 1st, to extract the anthers care-
fully, before they have matured sufficiently to fertilize the pistil ; and
2d, to apply the pollen when it is in perfection (diy and powdery), and
while the stigma is moist. A very little practice will enable the amateur
to judge of these points.

There are certain limits to the power of crossing plants. What is
strictly called a cross-bred plant or fruit is a sub-variety raised between
two varieties of the same species. There are, however, certain species,
nearly allied,, which are capable of fertilizing each other. The offspring
in this case is called a hyhrid, or mule, and does not always produce per-
fect seeds. " This power of hybridizing," says Dr. Lindley, " appears to
be much more common in plants than in animals. It is, however, in
general only between nearly allied species that this intercourse can take
place ; those which are widely different in structure and constitution not

■^ The seedlings sometimes most resemble one parent, sometimes the other ;
but more frequently share the qualities of both. Mr. Coxe describes an Apple, a
cross between a Newtown Pippin and a Russet, the fruit of which resembled exter-
nally at one end the Russet and at the other the Pippin, and the flavor at either
end corresponded exactly with the character of the exterior.

THE PRODUCTION OF KEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 9

being capable of any ai-tificial union. Thus tlie different species of
Strawberry, of the gourd or melon fcimily, intermix with the greatest
facility, there being a great accordance between them in general struc-
ture and constitution. But no one has ever succeeded in compelling the
pear to fertilize the apple, nor the gooseberry the current. And as spe-
cies that are very dissimilar appear to have some natural impediment
which prevents their reciprocal fertilization, so does this obstacle, of
whatever natvire it may be, present an insuperable bar to the intercourse
of the different genera. AH the stories that are current as to the inter-
mixture of oranges and pomegranates, of roses and black currants, and
the like, may therefore be set down to pure invention."

In practice this power of improving varieties by crossing is very
largely resorted to by gardeners at the present day. Not only in fruit-
trees, but in ornamental trees, shrubs, and plants, and especially in
florists' flowers, it has been carried to a great extent. The great number
of new and beautiful Roses, Azaleas, Camellias, Fvichsias, Dahlias, and
other flowering plants so splendid in color and perfect in fox-m, owe their
origin to careful cross-breetliug.

In the amelioration of fruits it is by far the most certain and satisfac-
tory process yet discovered. Its results are more speedily obtained, and
correspond much more closely to our aim, than those procured by succes-
sive reproduction.

In order to obtain a new vaiiety of a certain character, it is only neces-
sary to select two parents of well known habits, and which are both
varieties of the same or nearly allied species, and cross them for a new
and intermediate variety. Thus, if we have a very early but insipid
and worthless soi't of pear, and desire to raise from it a variety both
early and of flne flavor, we should fertilize some of its pistils with the
pollen of the best flavored variety of a little later maturity. Among the
seedlings produced we should look for early jiears of good quality, and at
least for one or two vaiieties nearly or quite as early as the female
parent, and as delicious as the male.y-If we have a very small but highly
flavored pear, and wish for a larger pear with a somewhat similar flavor,
we must fertilize the flfst with the pollen of a large and handsome so)-t.
If we desire to impart the quality of lateness to a very choice plum, we
must look out for a late variety as the mother, and cross it with our
best flavored sort. If we desire to impart hardiness to a tender fruit,
we must undertake a cross between it and a much hardier sort ; if we
seek greater beauty of color or vigor of growth, we must insure these
qualities by selecting one parent having such quality strongly marked.

As the seeds prodviced by cross fertilization are not found to produce
precisely the same varieties, though they will neai-ly all partake of the
mixed character of the parents, it follows that we shall be most success-
ful in obtaining precisely all we hope for in the new race in pi'oportion
to the number of our cross-bred seedlings ; some of which may be infe-
rior, as well as some superior to the ijarents. It is always well, there-
fore, to cross sevei'al flowers at once on the same plant, when a single
blossom does not produce a number of seeds.

We should observe here, that those who devote their time to raising
new varieties must bear in mind that it is not always by the first fruits
of a seedling that it should be judged. Some of the finest varieties require
a considei-able age before their best qualities develop themselves, as it is
only when the tree has arrived at some degi-ee of matui-ity that its secre-

10 DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES.

tions, either for flower or fruit, are perfectly elaborated. The first fruit
of the Black Eagle cherry, a fine cross-bred raised by Mr. Knight, was
pronounced worthless when first exhibited to the London Horticultural
iSociety ; its quality now proves that the tree was not then of sufficient
age to produce its fruit in perfection.

CHAPTER II.

REMARKS ON THE DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES.

It was for a long time the popular notion, that when a good variety
of fruit was once oi-iginated from seed, it might be continued by grafting
and budding forever, — or, at least, as some old parchment deeds pithily
gave tenure of land — " as long as grass grows and water runs."

About 1830, however, Thomas Andrew Knight, the distinguished
President of the Horticultural Society of London, published an Essay in
its Transactions tending entirely to overthrow this opinion, and to
establish the doctrine that all varieties are of very limited duration.

The theory advanced by Mr. Knight is as follows : All the constitu-
tional vigor or properties possessed by any variety of fruit are shared at
the same time by all the plants that can be made from the buds of that
variety, whether by grafting, budding, or other modes of propagating.
In similar terms, all the plants or trees of any particular kind of pear or
apple being only par-ts of one original tree, itself of limited duration, it
follows, as the parent tree dies, all the others must soon after die also.
" No trees, of any variety," to vise his own words, " can be made to pro-
duce blossom or fruit till the original tree of that variety has attained
the age of puberty ; * and, under ordinary modes of propagation, by
grafts and buds, all become subject, at no very distant period, to the
debilities and diseases of old age."

It is remarkable that such a theory as this should have been offered
by Mr. Knight, to whose careful investigations the science of modern
horticulture is so deeply indebted — as, however common it is to see the
apparent local decline of certain sorts of fruit, yet it is a familiar fact that
many sorts have also been continued a far greater length of time than
the life of any one parent tree. Still, the doctrine has found supporters
abroad, and at least one hearty advocate in this country.

Mr. Kenrick, in his new American Orchardist, adopts this doctrine,
and in speaking of Pears says : " I shall, in the following pages, desig-
nate some of these in the class of old varieties, once the finest of all old
pears, whose duration we had hoped, but in vain, to perpetviate. For,
except in certain sections of the city, and some very few and highly

* This part of the doctrine has of late been most distinctly refuted, and any
one may repeat the experiment. Seedling fruit-trees, it is well known, are usu-
ally several years before they produce frait. But if a graft is inserted on a
bearing tree, and, after it makes one season's fair- growth, the grafted shoot is
bent directly dowm and tied there, \\'lth its point to the stock below, it will the
next season — the sap being checked — produce flower-buds and begin to bear,
long before the parent tree.

DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. 11

favored situations in the country around, they (the old sorts) have
become either so uncertain in their beaiing — so barren — so unproductive
— or so miserably blighted — so mortally diseased — that they are no
longer to be trusted ; they are no longer what they once were with us,
and what many of them are still described to be by most foreign
^vl•iters."

INIr. Kenrick accordingly arranges in separate classes the Old and
Ifew Pears ; and while he praises the latter, he can hardly find epithets
sufficiently severe to bestow on the former poor unfortunates. Of the
Doyenne he says : " This most eminent of all Pears has now become an
outcast, intolerable even to sight ; " of the Brown Beurre, " once the
best of all Pears — now become an outcast." The St. Germain " has
long since become an abandoned variety," ifec, &c.

Many persons have, therefore, supposing that these delicious varieties
had really and quietly given up the ghost, made no more inquiries after
them, and only ordered from the nurseries the new varieties. And this
not always, as they have confessed to us, without some lingering feeling
of regret at tbus abandoning old and tried friends for new-comers —
which, it must be added, not uufrequently failed to equal the good quali-
ties of their predecessors.

But, while this doctrine of Knight's has found ready supportei'S, we
are bound to add that it has also met "«T.th sturdy opposition. At the
head of the opposite party we may rank the most distinguished vege-
table physiologist of the age, Professor De Oandolle, of Geneva. Vai-ie-
ties, says De Candolle, will endure and remain permanent so long as
man chooses to take care of them, as is evident from the continued
existence to this day of sorts, the most ancient of those which have
been described in books. By negligence, or through successive bad sea-
sons, they may become diseased, but careful culture will restore them,
and retain them, to all appearance, forever.

Our own opinion coincides, in the main, with that of De Candolle.
Wliile we admit that, in the common mode of propagation, varieties are
constantly liable to decay or become comparatively worthless, we believe
that this is owing not to natural limits set upon the duration of a vari-
ety ; that it does not depend on the longevity of the parent tree ; but
upon the cai-e witli which the sort is propagated, and the nature of the
climate or soil where the tree is grown.
-^ It is a well-established fact, that a seedling tree, if allowed to gi'ow
on its own root, is always much longer lived, and often more vigorous
than the same variety when grafted upon another stock ; and exjjeri-
ence has also proved that in proportion to the likeness or close relation
between the stock and the graft is the long life of the grafted tree.
Thus a variety of pear grafted on a healthy pear seedling lasts almost as
long as upon its own roots. Upon a thorn stock it does not endure so
long. Upon a mountain ash or quince stock still less ; until the aver-
age life of the pear-tree when grafted on the quince is reduced to one-
third of its ordinary duration on the pear stock. This is well kno%^ai to
every practical gardener, and it arises from the want of affinity between
the quince stock and the pear graft. The latter is rendered dwarf in its
habits, bears very early, and perishes equally soon.

Next to this, the a]5parent decay of a variety is often caused by gi-aft-
Lag upon unliealthy stocks. For although grafts of very vigorous habit
have frequently the power of renovating in some measure, or for a time,

12 DURATION OF VARIETIES OP FRUIT-TREES.

the health of the stock, yet the tree, when it arrives at a bearing state,
will, sooner or later, suii'er from the diseased or feeble nature of the
stock.

Carelessness in selecting scions for engrafting is another fertile source
of degeneracy in varieties. Every good cultivator is aware that if
grafts are cut from the ends of old bearing branches, exhausted by over-
bearing, the same feebleness of habit will, in a great degree, be shared
by the young graft. And on the contrary, if the thrifty straight shoots
that are thrown put by the upright exti-emities, or the strong limb-
sprouts, are selected for grafting, they ensure vigorous growth, and
healthy habit in the graft.

Finally, unfavorable soil and climate are powerful agents in deterio-
rating varieties of fruit-tree. Certain sorts that have originated in a
cold climate are often short-lived and unproductive when taken to
warmer ones, and the reverse. This arises from a want of constitutional
fitness for a climate different from its natural one.

Most varieties of apples originating in the climate of the Middle
States, if their period of maturity be mid- winter, when taken to the ex-
treme northern limits lose their value, because of the season not being
long enough for their juices to become fully matured. Again, if they
ai-e taken to the Southern States their period of maturity is hastened
by a greater amount of continued heat, and the quality impaired.

Varieties, however, that originate at the North, and have their matu-
rity naturally in the warm summer months, are improved by their
i-emoval South. But this only proves that it is impossible to pass cer-
tain natural limits of fitness for climate, and not that the existence of
the variety itself is in any way aflected by these local failures.

Any or all of these causes are suflicient to explain the appai'ent decay
of some varieties of fruit, and especially of pears, over which some culti-
vators, of late, have uttered so many lamentations, scarcely less pathetic
than those of Jeremiah.

Having stated the theories on this subject, and given an outline of
our explanation, let us glance for a moment at the actual state of the
so-called decayed varieties, and see whether they are really either extinct,
or on the verge of annihilation.

Mr. Knight's own observation in England led him to consider the
English Golden Pippin and the Nonjjareil, their two most celebrated
varieties of apple, as the strongest examples of varieties just gone to de-
cay, or, in fact, the natural life of which had virtually expired twenty
years before. A few years longer he thought it might linger on in the
warmer parts of England, as he supposed varieties to fall most speedily
into decay in the north, or in a cold climate.

Lindley, however, his contemporary, and second to no one in practi-
cal knowledge of the subject, writing of the Golden Pippin,* very frank-
ly states his dissent, as follows : " This apple is considered by some of
our modern writers on Pomology to be in a state of decay, its fruit of
inferior quality, and its existence near its termination. I cannot for a
moment agree with such an opinion, because we have facts annually be-
fore our eyes completely at variance with such an assertion. In Coven t
Garden, and indeed in any other large market in the southern or mid-
land counties of England, will be found specimens of fruit as perfect

* Guide to the Orchard^ by George Lindley.

DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. 13

and as fine as have been figured or described by any writer, either in
this or any other country whatever. Instead of the ti-ees being in a
state of ' rapid decay,' they may be found of unusually large size, per-
fectly healthy, and their crops abundant ; the fruit perfect in form,
beautiful in color, and excellent in quality." And the like remarks are
made of the Nonpareil.

Certain French writers, about this time, gladly seized Knight's theory
as an explanation of the miserable state into which several tine old sorts
of pears had fallen about Paris, owing to bad culture and pro[)agation.
They sealed the death-warrant, in like mannei-, of the Brown Beurre,
Doyenne, Chaumontel, and many others, and consigned them to oblivion
in terms which JNIr. Kenrick has already abundantly quoted.

Notwithstanding this, and that ten or fifteen years have since elaps-
ed, it is worthy of notice that the repudiated apples and pears still hold
their place among all the best cultivators in both England and France.
And the " extinct varieties " seem yet to bid defiance to theorists and
bad cultivators.

But half the ground is not yet covered. How does the theory work
in America ? is the most natural inquiry. In this country we have
soil varying from the poorest sand to the richest alluvial, climate vaiy-
ing from frigid to almost torrid — a range wide enough to include all
fruit-trees between the apple and the orange.

We answer that the facts here, judged in the whole, are decidedly
against the theory of the extinction of varieties. While here, as abroad,
unfavorable soil, climate, or culture have produced their natural results
of a feeble and diseased state of certain sorts of fruit, these are only the
exceptions to the general vigor and health of the finest old sorts in the
country at large,

Recent experiments have proved that it is not sufiicient to bring
healthy trees of the old varieties from the interior of the seaboard to in-
sure, in the latter localities, fail* and excellent crops. But, on the other
hand, the comj)lete renovation of blighted trees by the plentiful use of
wood-ashes, bone-dust, lime, and blacksmith cinders, along with common
manure, shows us distinctly that it is not the age of these varieties of
fruit which causes their apparent decline, but a want of that food abso-
lutely necessary to the production of healthy fruit.*

But there is another interesting point in this investigation. Do
the newly originated sorts really maintain in the unfavorable districts
the appearance of perfect health ? Are the new pears uniformly
healthy where the old ones are always feeble ?

Undoubtedly this question must be answered in the negative. Some

* Since the writing of this, in 1845, there have occurred seasons when nearly
every variety of fruit perfected, and there have also been seasons when the
old as well as new varieties have failed, and that too in almost all soils and in
many varied sections of the country. 'J'o our knowledge, no continued experi-
ments in the practice of applying special manures as remedial agents have been
tried, but, from the fact that old as well as new sorts have frequently failed in
our rich western soils and inland climates, we have come to regard the cause of
cracking and other diseases of the pear more to proceed from climatic or atmos-
pheric intiuence than from any special condition or quality of the soil. It is
now generally conceded that our seasons are more changeable and the extremes
greater than they were half a centurj' back, and to this influence do we attribute
in a great measure the deterioration noted in occasional seasons and localities.

14 DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES.

of the latest Flemish pears already exhibit symptoms of decay or bad
health in these districts. Even Mr. Kenrick, with all his enthusiasm
for the new sorts, is obliged to make the following admission respecting
the Beurrc Diel pear, the most vigorous and hardy here of all : " I re-
gret to add, that near Boston this noble fruit is liable to crack badly."
We predict that many of the Flemish pears originated by Van Mons
will become feeble, and the fruit liable to crack, in the neighborhood of
Boston, in a mvich less time than did the old varieties.

And this leads us to remark here, that the hardiness of any variety
depends greatly upon the circumstances of its origin. When a new
variety springs up accidentally from a healthy seed in a semi-nati;ral
manner, like the Seckel, the Dix, and other native sorts, it will usually
prove the hardiest. It is, as it were, an effort of nature to pi'oduce a
new individual out of the materials in a progressive state which garden
culture has afforded. Cross-bred seedlings — one parent being of a hardy
nature, and both healthy ; sucli as Knight's own seedlings, the Monarch
and Dun more pears — are next in hardiness. Lastly, we rank varieties
reared by Van Mons' method — that of continually repeated reproduc-
tions. This, as Van Mons distinctly states, is an enfeebling process —
without any compensating element of vigor. Hence it follows, as a
matter of course, that seedlings of the fifth or sixth generation, as are
some of his varieties, must in their origin be of feeble habit. Van Mons
himself was fully aware of this, and therefore resorted to " grafting by
copulation," — rn fact, root-gi-afting, — well knowing that on common
stocks these new varieties would, in light soils, soon become feeble and
decayed. It is needless for us to add that hence we consider the Belgian
mode of producing new varieties gi'eatly inferior to the English one,
since it gives us varieties often impaired in health in their very origin.

If any further proof of this is desired, we think it is easily found by
comparing the robust vigor and longevity of many native pear-trees to
be found in the United States — some of them 80 or 100 years old, and
still producing large cro])s of fruit — with the delicate trees of several
new varieties now in our gardens from Europe. These varieties are
delicate not only with respect to their constitutional vigor, but they are
also more susceptible to injury from the severity of our winter's cold
and summer's sun.

There are great advantages, undoubtedly, for soils natiirally unfavor-
able, and for small gardens, in grafting the pear upon quince stocks;
yet, as it diminishes the vigor of the tree, it is not impossible that con-
tinued propagation from dwarf trees may somewhat lessen the vital
powers and the longevity of a given variety.

The decay of varieties of the Apricot, or Peach, mvich shorter lived
trees by nature, we seldom or never hear of. Varieties of both are now
in cultivation, and in the most perfect vigor, of 200 years' duration.
This, probably, is owing to the more natural treatment these trees
receive generally. Varieties of the vine are said never to degenerate,
and this is perhaps owing to their having very rarely been propagated by
grafting.*

* "We do not deny that in any given soil there is a period at which a variety of
tree or plant exhibits most vigor, and after having grown there awhile it ceases
to have its former luxuriance. The same is true of wheat or potatoes, and
accordingly farmers are ia the habit of " changing their seed." The nutriment
for a given variety is after a time exhausted from the soil, and unless it is again

DURATION OP VARIETIES OP FRUIT-TREES. 15

We are not without; remedy for varieties that have partially decayed
in a certain district. If the trees have once been productive of excellent
fruit, and are still in a sound condition, though enfeebled, a thorough
renewal of their powers will again restore them to health. To etlect
this, the soil about the roots should be replaced by new, enriched by
manure or peat-compost, and mixed with the mineral substances named
in the preceding page. The bark of the trunk and lai'ge branches shoidd
be well scraped, and, as well as all the limbs, thoroughly washed with
soft soap ; the head should be moderately pruned ; and finally, the tree
should be sutlered to bear no fruit for the two following seasons. After
this it will generally bear excellent fruit for several years again.

In making plantations of fine old varieties, in districts where the
stock has become feeble, something may be gained by procuring grafts or
trees from more favorable localities, where the fruit is still as fair as ever,
and care should be exercised in selecting only the healthiest grafts or
trees. Nurserymen in unfavorable districts should endeavor to pro-
pagate only from trees of healthy character ; and if those in their own
vicinity are diseased, they should spare no pains to bring into their nurse-
ries and propagate only such as they feel confident are healthy and
sound. On them, next to the soil, depends very considerably the vigor
or debility of the stock of any given vaiiety in the country around
them.

In Mr. Knight's original essay on the Decay of Varieties, he clearly
stated a circumstance that most strongly proves what we have here endea-
vored to show, viz. : that the local decline of a variety is mainly owing to
neglect, and to grafting on bad stock. We allude to the fact repeatedly
verified, that healthy young shoots, taken from the roots of an old variety
in apparent decline, produce trees which are vigorous and healthy. " The
decay," says he, " of the powers of life in the roots of seedling trees is
exceedingly slow comparatively with that in the branches. Scions (or
shoots) obtained from the roots of pear-trees two hundred years old
atibrd grafts which grow with great vigor, and which are often covered
with thorns like young seedling stocks ; whilst other grafts, taken at the
same time from the extremities of the branches of such trees, present a
totally different character, and a very slow and unhealthy growth. I do
not conceive that such shoots possess all the powers of a young seedling,
but they cei-tainly possess no inconsiderable portion of such powers."

This is nothing more, in fact, than going back to the roots — the por-
tion of the tree least exhausted — for the renewal of the health of a variety
when the branches of the tree have been exhausted by overbearing, <fec.
It is a simple and easy mode of increasing the vigor of a sort of delicate'
habit, to take scions from young root-suckers for gi-afting anew. This
can of course only be done with trees that grow on their own roots, or
have not been grafted.

supplied the tree must decline. In light soils this speedily happens. In strong
clayey or rocky soils, the natural decomposition of which affords a continual store
of lime, potash, «fcc. , the necessary supply of inorganic food is maintained, and
the variety continues healthy and productive.

16 PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES.

CHAPTER III.

PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES GRAFTING BUDDING CUTTINGS, LAYERS,

AND SUCKERS.

After having obtained a new and choice kind of fruit, which in oiir
hands is perhaps only a single tree, and which, as we have already shovsai,
seldom produces the same from seed, the next inquiry is how to continue
this variety in existence, and how to increase and extend it, so that other
gardens and countries may possess it as well as ourselves. This leads us
to the subject of the pi'opagation of fruit-trees, or the continuation of
varieties by grafting and budding.

Grafting and budding are the means in most common use for pro-
pagating fruit-trees. They are, in fact, nothing moi-e than inserting
upon one tree the shoot or bud of another, in such a manner that the
two may unite and form a new compound. No person having any inte-
rest in a garden should be unable to perform these operations, as they are
capable of effecting transformations and improvements in all trees and
shrubs, no less valuable than they are beautiful and interesting.

Grafting is a very ancient invention, having been well known and
practised by the Gi-eeks and Romans. The latter, indeed, desci-ibe a
great variety of modes, quite as ingenious as any of the fanciful varia-
tions now vised by gai-deners. The Fi-ench, who are most expert in
grafting, practise occasionally more than fifty modes, and within a few
years have succeeded j^erfectly in grafting annual plants, such as the
tomato, the dahlia, and the like.

7Vie uses of grafting and budding, as applied to fruit-trees, may be
briefly stated as follows :

1. The rapid increase of propagation of valuable sorts of fruit not
easily raised by seeds or cuttings, as is the case with nearly all varieties.

2. To renew or alter the heads of trees partially or fully grown, pro-
ducing in two or three years, by heading-in and grafting, a new head,
bearing the finest fruit, on a formerly worthless tree.

3. To render certain foreign and delicate sorts of fruit more hardy by
grafting them on robust stocks of the same species native to the country,
as the foreign grape on the native ; and to produce fine fruit in climates
or situations not naturally favorable, by grafting on another species more
hardy, as in a cool climate and damp strong soil by working the Peach
on the Plum.

i. To render dwarf certain kinds of fruit, by grafting them on suit-
able stocks of slower growth, as in the case of the Pear on the Quince,
the Apple on the Paradise stock, &c.

^- ^y gi'afting several kinds on the same tree, to be able to have a
succession of fruit, from early to late, in a small garden.

C. To hasten the bearing of seedling varieties of fruit, or of such as
are a long time in producing fruit, by grafting them on the branches of
full-grown or mature bearing trees. Thus a seedling pear, which would
not produce fruit on its own root in a dozen years, will generally begin
to bear the third or fourth year if grafted on the extremity of the bear-
ing branches of a mature tree.

The proper time for grafting fruit-trees is in the spring, as soon as
the sap is in motion, which commences earliest with the Cherry and

PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 17

Plum, and ends with the Pear and Apple. The precise time of course
varies with the season and the climate, but is generally com[)rised from
February to the middle of Apiil. Tlie grajjc-vine, however, which
suffers by bleeding, is not usually grafted until it is in leaf. The most
favorable weather for grafting is a mild atmosphere with occasional
showers.

TJte scions are generally selected jirevioiisly, as it is found, in nearlv
all kinds of grafting by scions, that success is more complete when the
stock upon which they are placed is a little more advanced — the sap in a
more active state than in the scion. To secure this, we usually cut the
scions very early in the spring, dui'ing the winter, or even in the autumn,
burying theii* lower ends in the ground in a shaded place, or keeping
them in fine soil in the cellar till wanted for use. In cutting scions we
choose straight thrifty shoots of the last year's growth, wjiich may remain
entire until we commence grafting, when they may be cut into scions of
three or four buds each. In selecting scions from old trees it is always
advisable to choose the most vigorous of the last year's shoots growing
near the centre or top of the tree. Scions fiom sickly and uiJiealthy
branches should be rejected, as they are apt to carry with them this feeble
and sickly state. Scions taken from the lower bearing branches will pro-
duce fruit soonest, but they will not afford trees of so handsome a shape
or so vigorous a growth as those taken from the thrifty upright shoots near
the centre or toj) of the tree. Nurserymen generally take their scions
from young grafted trees in the nursery-rows, these being usually in better
condition than those taken from old trees, not always in a healthy state.

The stock for grafting vj^on is generally a ti-ee which has been
standing, at least for a year previously, on the spot where it is grafted,
as sxiccess is much less certain on newly moved trees.

In the case, however, of very small trees or stocks, which are grafted
below the surface of the ground, as is frequently the practice with the
Apple in American nurseries, the stocks are grafted in the house in
winter, or early spring, put away carefully in a damp cellar, and planted
out in the spring ; but this method is only siiccessful when the root is
small, and when the top of the stock is taken off, and the whole I'oot is
devoted to suj)plying the graft with nourishment.

The theory of grafting is based on the power of union between the
young tissues or organizable matter of giowing wood. When the pai'ts
are placed nicely in contact, the ascending sap of the stock passes into
and sustains life in the scion ; the buds of the latter, excited by this
supply of sap and the warmth of the season, begin to elaborate and send
down woody matter, which, passing through the newly granulated sub-
stance of the parts in contact, unites the graft fii'inly with the stock.
*' If," says De Candolle, " the descending sap has only an incomplete
analogy with the wants of the stock, the latter does not thrive, though
the organic union may have taken place ; and if the analogy between the
albumen of stock and scion is wanting, the oi'ganic union does not o])e-
rale, the scion cannot absorb the sap of the stock, and the graft fails."

Grafting therefore is confined unthin certain limits. A scion from
one tree will not, from the want of affinity, succeed on every other tiee,
but only upon those to which it is allied. We ai-e, in short, only success-
ful in budding or grafting where there is a close relationsliip and simi-
larity of structure between the stock and the scion. This is the case
with varieties of the same species which take most freely, as the different

2

18

PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES.

sorts of Apple ; next with the clifFerent species of a genus, as the Apple
and the Pear, which grow, but in which the union is less complete and
permanent ; and lastly with the genera of the same natural family, as the
Cheriy on the Plum, which die after a season or two. The ancients
boasted of Vines and Apples grafted on Poplars and Elms ; but repeated
experiments, by the most skilful cultivators of modern times, have clearly
proved that although we may, once in a thousand trials, succeed in effect-
ing these ill-assorted unions, yet the gi'aft invariably dies after a few
months' growth.*

The I'ange in gi-afting or budding, for fruit-trees in ordinary culture,
is as the following: Ap])les, on apple or crab seedlings for orchards
(standards), or on Paradise apple stocks, for dwarfs ; Pears, on pear
seedlings for common culture, or Quince stocks for dwarfs, and some-
times on the thorn for clayey soils ; Peaches, on their own seedlings for
standards or for orchards ; on Almonds, for hot and dry climates ; on
Plums in cold or moist soils, or to secure tliem against the worm ; Apri-
cots, on Plum stocks, to render them hardy and productive, or on their
own seedlings to render them long-lived. Nectarines are i\sually worked
on the Peach or Phim ; and Cherries on mazard seedlings, or on the per-
fumed Cl^erry, and on the morello for foi-ming half dwarfs.

The manual operation of grafting is performed in a
very easy and complete manner when the size of the stock, or
branch to be grafted, corresponds pi-ecisely with that of the
scion. In this case, which is called sp)lice-g rafting ^ it is
only necessaiy Avith a smooth sloping cut, upwards on the
stock «, and downwards on the scion 6, Fig 2, to make
the two fit precisely, so that the inner bark of one cori-e-
sponds exactly with that of the other, to bind them firmly
together with a strand of matting, and to cover the wound
entii-ely with grafting clay or wax, and the whole is fin-
ished. In this, which is one of the neatest modes, the
whole foi-ms a complete union nearly at once, leaving
scarcely any wounded part to heal over. But, as it is
only rarely that the stock is of so small a size as to fit
thus })erfectly to the scion, the operation must be varied
somewhat, and requires more skill. The method in most
common use to cover all difficvilties is called tongue
grafting.

We may remark here that grafting the shoots of
Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots, owing to their large
pith, is more difficult than that of other fruit-trees. A variation of
splice-grafting, Fig. 3, has been invented to obviate this. This consists
in selecting the scion a, so as to leave at its lower end about a fourth of
an inch of two years old wood, which is much firmer. The bottom of

* Tlie classical horticiTlturist will not fail to recall to mind Pliny"s account of
the tree in the garden of Lucullus, grafted in such a manner as to bear Olives,
Almonds, Apples, Pears, Plums, Figs, and Grapes. There is little doubt, how-
ever, that this was some ingenioiTS deception, as to this daj- the Italian gardeners
pretend to sell Jasmines, Honeysuckles, etc. , growing together and grafted on
Oranges and Pomegranates. This is ingeniously managed, for a short-lived
effect, by introducing the stems of these smaller plants through a hole bored up
the centre of the stock of the trees — their roots being in the same soil, and their
stems, which after a little growth fill up these holes, appearing as if really
grafted.

Splice-Grafting.

PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES.

19

the slope on the stock is cut with a dovetail notch, h, into which the
scion is fitted.

Tongue- grafting (or whip-grafting), Fig. 4, resembles very nearly

Splice-Grafting the Peach.

Tongiie-GraftinfT, progressive stages.

splice-gi'afting, except, instead of the simple splice, a tonsjue is made
to hold the two together more firmly. In order to understand this
method, let us explain it a little in detail.

Having chosen jowx stock of the proper size, cut it ofi" at the point
where, a, it appears best to fix the graft. If the stock is quite small,
it may be within three or foiir inches of the groiuad. Then, with a
very sharp Tcnife, make a smooth cut upwards, h, about two inches in
length. Next make a slit from the top of this cut about one-fourth of
the way do-\vnwards, c, taking out a thin tongue of wood. Cut the scion
four or five inches long, or so as to have three buds ; then shape the
lower end with a single smooth sloping cut, e, about the same length as
that on the stock, and make the tongue upward, f, to fit in the down-
ward slit of the stock. Now apply the scion accurately to the stock,
raaking the inner hark of the scion Jit exactly the inner hark of the stock,
at least on one side, g. Without changing theii* position, tie them
together carefully with a piece of bass matting or tape, h. And finally
cover the wound with well-prepared gi-afting clay or wax, i. This ball
of clay should more than cover the union, by an inch above and below,
and should be about an inch thick. If grafting-wax is used, the cover-
ing need not be above half an inch thick.

American Whijy Ton gue- G rafting — the mode generally practised by
American nurserymen — is similar to the foi-egoing method, but much
move rapid in its execution. The scion and stock are first cut, as rep-
resented in Fig. 2, for splice-grafting, and then the knife is passed
upward in the scion, a. Fig. 5, and downward in the stock, h, forming
a sliced tongue in appearance, and when joined together, c, serves to hold
the scion in place. The tying for out-door grafting is then done by a
narrow strip of cloth, say half an inch to an inch wide, one side of which
is saturated or coated with araftintr-wax, and as each turn round the

20

PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES.

American Whip Tongne-Grafting in its
different stages.

(a). Scion cut for Insertion. (6). Stock
prepared to receive tlie scion, (c). Stock
and scion united, (d). Tlie same tied up.

■yVTiip-Grafting large stock.
(a). Stock prepared to receive the scion.
(6). Scion cut for insertion, (c). Stock and
Bcion united.

graft and stock is made, the adhesive
power of the wax holds the strip firml)'
and renders the work complete {d).

Whip-grafting large stocks is fre-
quently practised, and is a very success-
ful manner of operating upon quite
large trees in the nursery row. The
sloping ciit iipon the stock, and the
forming of the graft, is the same as iu
the ordinary American whip tongue-
grafting, except that one side of the
stock, opposite that on which the graft
is placed, should be cut away upon the
same slope as the grafted side, as indi-
cated by the dotted lines in Fig. 6. As
soon as the graft has taken, and com-
menced expanding its leaves and send-
ing out shoots, it will be necessary to
rub or cut otF all shoots between the ball
and the ground, if it is a small stock, or
all those whif h would rob it of a princi-
pal share of nourishment, if upon a large
tree. If the scion or stock is very
weak, it is usual to leave one or two
other buds for a time, to assist iu
drawing up the sap. When the graft
has made a growth of two or three
inches the ball of clay may be remov-
ed, and if the graft is securely united,
the bandage may be loosened and re-
tied, or it may be cut partially away at
the back of the graft, for the purpose of
permitting the expansion of growth,
that otherwise would soon be checked,
and cause the graft to break off. In the
use of the wax-cloth strips, passing the
knife at the back and cutting the tie is
all that is requisite. Early in August
the angle left at the top of the stock
should be cut off smoothly, in order to
allow the bark of the stock and the scion
to heal neatly over the whole wound.

Though it is little attended to in
common practice, the amateur will be
glad to know that the success of a graft
is always greatly insured by choosing
the parts so that a bud is left near the
top of the stock, k, Fig. 4, and another
near the bottom of the scion, I. These
buds attract the rising sap to the por-
tions where they are placed, form woody
matter, and greatly facilitate the union of
the parts near them ; the upper part of

PEOPAGATION OF VARIETIES.

21

tlie stock and tlie lowei- part of the scion being the portions soonest
liable to perish from a want of nourishment.*

Cleft-grafting is a very easy though rather clumsy mode, and is in
more common use than any other in the United States. It is chiefly
practised on large stocks, or trees the branches
of which have been headed back, and are too
large for tongue-grafting. The head of the
stock is first cut over horizontally with the saw
and smoothed with a knife. A cleft abovit two
inches deep is then made in the stock with a
hammer and splitting-knife. The scion is now
prepared by sloping its lower end in the form of
a wedge about an inch and a half long, leaving
it a little thicker on the outer edge. Opening
the cleft with the splitting-knife, or a small
chisel for that purpose, push the scion carefully
down to its place, fitting its inner bark on one
side to that of one side of the stock. When the
stock is large, it is usual to insert two scions,
Fig. 7. On withdrawing the cliisel, the cleft
closes firmly on the scions, when the graft is
tied and clayed in the usual manner.

Apple-stocks, in many American nurseries,
are gi-afted in great quantities in this mode — the
stocks being previously taken out of the

ground, headed down very near the root, cleft-grafted with a single
scion, sloping off with an oblique cut the side of the stock opposite that
where the graft is placed, and then planted at once in the rows, so as to
allow only a single bud of the scion to appear above ground. It is
not usual with many either to tie or clay the grafts in this case, as the
wound is placed below the surface ; but when this plan is adopted, the
grafts must be set and the trees planted at once, drawing the well-
])nlverized soil with great care around the graft. Another way of
grafting apple-stocks, common in western nurseries, consists in tongue-
grafting on seedling stocks of very small size, cut back almost to the
root.

Large quantities of trees are also propagated by using pieces of roots
each three to five inches long, thus forming from the root of one stock
sufiicient root for two or more grafts. This practice, although quite com-
mon, is of very doubtful value, and by some prominent horticulturists
considered as tending to debilitate and i-educe vitality — the seat of vital
life in fact resting in the natural cro^vn of the seedling, and that once
destroyed cannot be renewed. It is therefore apparent that but one
healthy permanent ti-ee can ever be grown from a seedling stock. This
is performed in winter, by the fireside, the grafts carefully tied, and the

tioii.

Cleft-Grafting.

Scion ready for inser-
(6). -

Stock with two

scions inserted.

* In grafting large quantities of young trees when stocks are scarce, it is not an
unusual practice in some nurseries to tongue or whip-graft upon small pieces of
roots of the proper sort of tree, planting the same in the earth as soon as grafted.
Indeed Dr. Van Mons considers this the most complete of all modes, with regard
to the proper condition of the grafted sort : 1st, because the smallest quantity of
the stock is used ; and 2d, because the lower part of the scion being thus placed
in the ground, after a time it throws out fibres from that portion, and so at last
is actually growing on its own roots.

22

PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES.

roots placed in the cellar, in sand, till spring, when they are planted, the
top of the gi-aft just above ground.

Grafting the Vine is attended with success in the cleft or whip
manner, if treated as follows : — Cut your scions during the winter or
early spring, keeping them partially buiied in a cool damp cellar till
wanted. As soon as the first leaves of the old vine or stock have
grown to about two inches in diameter, and all danger of bleeding is
past, cut it off smoothly below the surface of the ground, and split the
stock and insert one or two scions in the usual manner, binding the cleft
well together if it does not close firmly. Draw the soil carefully over
the whole, leaving one bud of the scion at the surface. If the root of
the stock is a strong native grape, the graft will frequently grow ten or
fifteen feet during the first season, and yield a fair crop the second year.

Saddle-Grafting.

Saddle-Grafting Large Stocks.

Saddle-grafting, Fig. 8, consists in cutting the top of the stock in
the form of a wedge, splitting the scion and thinning away each half
to a tongue shape, placing it astride the stock, and fitting the two, at
least on one side, as in tongue-grafting. This mode otters the largest
surface for the junction of the scion and stock, and the union is very per-
fect. Mr, Knight, who practised it chiefly upon Cherry-trees, states
that he has rarely ever seen a graft fail, even when the wood has been
so succulent and immature as to preclude every hope of success by
any other mode.

A variety of this mode, for stocks larger than the scions, is prac-
tised with much success in England after the usual season is past, and
when the bark of the stock separates readily, "The scion, which
must be smaller than the stock, is split up between two or thi-ee

PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES, 23

inclies from its lower end, so as to have one side stronger tlian tlie other.
This strong side is then properly jn-epared and introduced between the
bark and the wood, while the tliiinier division is fitted to the oi)po-
site side of the stock." The graft, thus placed, receives a large sup]>lv
of the sustaining iluid from the stock, and the union is rajjid ; while the
wound on the stock is speedily covered by a new layer of bark from that
part of the scion which stands astride it.

tS'ule-grafting is a mode described by Elliott, and considered very
successful for grafting the Magnolia, and other trees difficult of j)ropaga-
tion ; and also for the greater safety of grafts received or delayed late in
spring. It is performed by cutting a notch or slit of about one inch
long in the side of the stock, paring the outer portion, splitting the lower
end of the graft and paring the inner portion, then inserting it, so as to
form a union of the bai'k and wood, leaving meanwhile the top of the
stock to carry on the circulation of the sap until the graft becomes
united, wlien the stock is to be cut away.

Graf tin g-dai/ is prepared by mixing one-third cow-dung, free from
straw, and two-thirds clay, or clayey loam, with a little hair, like that
used in plaster, to prevent its cracking. Beat and temper it for two or
three days, until it is thoroughly incorporated. When used, it should
be of such a consistency as to be easily put on and shaped with the bands.

Grafting-wax. The common grafting-wax of the French gardeners is
of two kinds. The first is melted and laid, on with a brush in a fluid
state, and is made of half a pound of pitch, half a pound of beeswax, and
a pound of cow-dung, boiled together. The second, wliich is sjjread
while warm on strips of coarse cotton or strong paper, and wrapjied
directly about the graft, answering at once to tie and to protect it, is com-
posed of equal parts of beeswax, turpentine, and resin. The gi"afting-wax
most commonly used here is made of tallow, beeswax, and resin, in
equal parts, or, as many prefer, with a little more tallow to render
it pliable. It may be applied directly around the giaft, or it may
be spread with a brush, when warm, vipon cloth or jjaper, and after-
ward the cloth or paper cut into suitable strips for wrapj^ing, as indicated
iu the directions for grafting.

Grafting-wax is a much neater and more perfect protection than
grafting-clay.

Hudding.

Hudd'mg [inocidatlng, of the old authors) difters from common graft-
ing not the least in its nature or eifects. Eve y bud is a distinct indi-
vidual, capable of becoming a tree under favorable circumstances. In
grafting we iise a branch composed of several buds, with a considerable
quantity of bark and wood ; while in budding we employ but a single
bud, with a very small quantity of the adjoining bark and wood.

The advantages of budding fruit-trees, compared with grafting, are
so considerable that in this cuuntr}' it is ten times as much practised.
These are, first, the great rapidity with which it is performed ; a skilful
budder, with a clever boy following him to tie the buds, being able to
work from a thousand to twelve hundred young nux'sery stocks in a day.
2d. The more convenient season at which it is performed in all coun-
tries where a short spring crowds garden labors within a small space.
3d, Being able to perform the operation without injuring the stock in

24

PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES.

i

iiii/iiii

case of failure, which is always more or less the case in stocks headed
down for grafting. 4th. The opportunity which it affords, when per-
formed in good season, of repeating the
trial on the same stock. To these we
may add that budding is universally pre-
ferred here for all stone-fruits, such as
Peaches, Apricots, and the like, as these
require extra skill in grafting, biit are
budded with great ease.

Tlie 2yropeT season for budding fruit-
trees in this country is from the first of
July to the middle of September ; the dif-
ferent trees coming into season as fol-
lows : — Plums, Cherries, Apricots on
Plums, Apricots, Pears, Apples, Quinces,
Nectarines, and Peaches. Trees of con-
siderable size will require budding earlier
than young seedling stocks. But the
operation is always, and only, performed
ivheii tlie hark of the stock parts or sep-
arates freely from tlie wood,, and when
the buds of the current yeai-'s growth
are somewhat plump, and the young wood
is growing firm. Young stocks in the
nursery, if thiifty, are usually j)lanted
out in the rows in the spring, and bud-
ded the same summer or autumn.

Before conunencing you should pro-
vide yourself with a budding-knife. Fig. 10 (about four
and a half inches long), having a round blade at one end,
and an ivory handle, terminating in a thin rounded edge
called the haft, at the other.

Fig. 11 represents another style or form of budding-
knife, by many considered pi'eferable. The cutting poi'-
tion extends about one-third around the end of the blade,
and about two-thirds of its length, leaving the lower part
didl. The rounded end of the blade to this knife obviates
the necessity of reversing it for opening the bark when
setting a bud, and thus facilitates work.

In choosing your biids, select thrifty shoots that have
nearly done growing, and prepare what is called a stick
of buds, Fig. 12, by cutting off" a few of the imperfect buds
at the lower, and such as may be yet too soft at the upper
ends, leaving only smooth, well-developed single buds ;
double buds being fruit -buds.

Great care is essential in selecting buds, as often even
on sticks cut from young trees, and especially from bear-
ing trees, many of the single buds will be found developed
into fruit-buds, and are therefore unfitted for use. The
form of a wood-bud is always long rather than round, and,
in the case of peaches, there are sometimes triple buds,
the centre one of which is always a wood-bud.

Cut off the leaves, allowing about half an inch of the

Buddmg-Knives.

A Stick of Buds.

1

PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES.

25

foot-stallcs to remain for conveniently inserting the buds. Some strands
of bass iiiatting, about twelve or fourteen inches long, and from a quarter
to half an inch in width, moistened in water to render them soft and
pliable (or in the absence of these some soft woollen yam), must also be
at hand for tying tlie buds.

Shield or T-budding is the most approved mode in all counti'ies.
A new variety of this method, now genei'ally practised in this country, we
shall describe first, as being the simplest and the best mode for fj-uit-trees.
jimerican sldeld-budding. Having your stick of buds ready, choose
a smooth portion of the stock. "When the latter is small, let it be near
the ground, and, if equally convenient, select also the north side of the
stock, as less exposed to the sun. Make an i;pright incision in the bark
from an inch to an inch and a half long, and at the toj)
of this make a cross cut, so that the whole shall form
a T. From the stick of buds, your knife being very
sharp, cut a thin, smooth slice of wood and bark con-
taining a bud. Fig. 13, a. With the rounded end of your
budding-knife, now raise the bark on each side of the
incision just udde enough to admit easily the prepared
bud. Taking hold of the footstalk of the leaf, insert
the bud under the bark, pushing it gently down to the
bottom of the incision. If the upper portion of the
bud projects above the horizontal part of the T, cut
it smoothly oft", so that it may completely fit h. A
bandage of the soft matting is now tied over the whole
wound, Fig. 14, commencing at the bottom, and tying
most firmly above, leaving the bud and the footstalk
of the leaf only exposed to the light air.

Common shield-budding, Fig. 15, practised in all gardens in
Europe, difters from the foregoing only in one respect — the removal of
the slice of wood contained in the bud. This is taken out with the
point of the knife, holding the bud or shield
by the leaf-stalk with one hand, inserting the
knife under the wood at the lower extremity,
and then raising and drawing ovit the wood by
bending it tipwards and downwards, with a
slight jerk, until it is loosened from tlie bark ;
always taking care that a small
portion of the wood remains
behind to fill up the hollow at
the base or heart of the bud.
The bud thus prepared is in-
serted precisely as before de-
scribed.

The American variety of
shield-budding is found gi-eatly
preferable to the European
mode, at least for this climate.
Many sorts of fr\iit-trees, es-
pecially Plums and Chei-i-ies, nearly mature

theii' gro^vth, and require to be biuliled in the hottest part of our
summer. In the old method, tlie bud having only a shield of bark with
but a particle of wood in the heart of the bud, is much more liable to

American sliield-
budding.

26 PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES.

be destroyed by heat, or dryness, than when the slice of wood is left
behind in the American way. Taking out this wood is always an
operation requiring some dexterity and practice, as few buds grow
when their eye or heart-wood is damaged. The American method
therefore requires less skill, can be done earlier in the season with
younger wood, is performed in much less time, and is uniformly more
successful. It has been very fairly tested upon hundreds of thotisands
of fruit-trees in our gardens for the last twenty years, and although
practised English budders coming here at first are greatly prejudiced
against it, as being in direct opi)osition to one of the most essential
features in the old mode, yet a fair trial has never failed to convince
them of the superiority of the new.

After-treatment. In two weeks after the operation you will be able
to see whether the bud has taken, by its plumpness and freshness. If
it has failed, you may, if the bark still parts readily, make another
trial ; a clever budder will not lose more than 6 or 8 per cent. If it has
succeeded, after a fortnight more has elapsed the bandage must be
loosened, or, if the stock has swelled much, it should be removed alto-
gether, by cutting on the back side opposite the bud. When budding
has been performed very late, we have occasionally found it an advan-
tage to leave the bandage on during the winter.

As soon as the buds commence swelling in the ensu-
ing spring, head down the stock, with a sloping back cut,
within two or three inches of the bud. The bud will
then start vigorously, and all " robbers," as the shoots
of the stock near to and below the bud are termed, must
be taken oft' fi-om time to time. To secure the upright
growth of the bud, and to prevent its being broken by
the winds, it is tied, when a few inches long, to that por-
tion of the stock left for the purpose. Fig. 16, a. During
the month of Augiist, if the shoot is strong, this support
may be removed, and the superfiuovis portion of the stock
smoothly cut away in the dotted line h, when it will be
rapidly covered with young bark.

We have found a great advantage, when budding trees
which do not take readily, in adopting Mr. Knight's ex-
cellent mode of tying with two distinct bandages, one
covering that part below the btid, and the other the
Treatment of the poition above it. In this case the lower bandage is
growing bud. removed as soon as the bud has taken, and the upper
left for two or three weeks longer. This, by arresting the upward sap,
completes the union of the upper portion of bud (which in plums fre-
quently dies while the loAver part is united) and secures success.

Reversed shield-hudding , which is nothing more than making the
cross cut at the bottom instead of the top of the upright incision in
the bai'k, and inserting the bud from below, is a good deal practised
in the south of Europe, but we have not found that it possesses any
suj^erior merit for fruit-trees.

An ingenious application of budding, worthy the attention of ama-
teur cultivators, consists in using a blossom-bud instead of a wood-bud ;
when, if the operation is carefully done, blossoms and fruit will be pro-
duced at once. This is most successful with the Pear, though we have
often succeeded also ^\ith the Peach. Blossom-bvids are readily distin-

PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 27

guislied, as soon as well formed, by theii' rounduess, and in some trees
by their growing in pairs ; while wood-buds grow singly, and are more
or less pointed. We have seen a curious fruit-grower borrow in this
way, in September, from a neighbor ten miles distant, a single blos-
som-bud of a rare new pear, and produce from it a fail- and beautiful
fruit the next summer. The bud, in such cases, should be inserted
on a favorable limb of a bearing tree.

Annular budding, Fig. 17, we have found a valuable
mode for trees ^vith hard wood and thick bark, or those
which, like the walnut, have buds so large as to render
it difficult to bud them in the common way. A ring of
bark, when the sap is flowing freely, is taken from the
stock, a, and a ring of corresponding size containing a
bud, b, from the scion. If the latter should be too
large a piece must be taken from it to make it fit ;
or should all the scions be too small, the ring upon the
stock may extend only three-fourths the way round, to

suit the ring of the bud. Annular Buciding.

An ap2>^ication of this mode, of great value, occa-
sionally occurs in this country. In snowy winters, fruit-trees in orchards
are sometimes gii-dled at the ground by field-mice, and a growth of
twenty years is thiis destroyed in a single day, should the girdle extend
quite roi;nd the tree. + To save such a tree it is only necessary, as
soon as the sap rises vigorously in the spring, to apply a new ring
of bark, in the annular mode, taken from a branch of proper size ;
tying it firmh^, and drawing vip the earth so as to cover the wound com-
pletely. When the tree is too large to apply an entire ring, separate
pieces, carefully fitted, will answer ; it is well to reduce the top some-
what by pruning, that it may not make too large a demand on the root
for a su])ply of food.

Another practice, and perhaps one more easily applicable, is the tak-
ing several large grafts or strong twigs of last year's growth, and after
splitting them in halves, pare each end down to a thin edge, and in-
seii; them underneath the bark of the tree just above and below the
wound. Tie around firmly with strong bass matting, and then draw up
the earth to cover the whole and keep out the air.

Budding may be done in the spring as well as at the latter end of
summer, and is frequently so performed tipon roses and other orna-
mental shrubs by French gardeners, but is only in occasional use upon
fruit-trees. L..

Influence of the stock and graft.

The well-known fact that we may have a hvmdred different varieties
of pear on the same ti-ee, each of which produces its fruit of the pi'oper
form, color, and quality ; and that we may have, at least for a time,
several distinct though nearly related species upon one stock, as the Peach,
Apricot, Nectarine, and Plum, prove very conclusively the jjower of
every gi-afted or budded branch, however small, in ])reser\ing its identity.
To explain this, it is only necessary to recall to mind that the asceiuling
sap, which is furnished by the root or stock, is nearly a simple fluid ;
that the leaves digest and modify this saj), forming a proper juice, which
re-descends in the inner bark; and that thus every bud and leaf upon a

28 PROPAGATION OP VARIETIES.

branch maintains its individuality by preparing its own proper nourish-
ment, or organizing matter, out of that general aliment the sap. In-
deed, according to De Candolle,* each separate cellule of the inner bark
has this power of preparing its food according to its nature ; in proof of
which a striking experiment has been tried by grafting rings of bark, of
ditferent allied species, one above another, on the same tree, without
allowing any buds to grow upon them. On cutting down and examining
this tree, it was found that under each ring of bark was deposited the
proper wood of its species, thus clearly proving the power of the bark in
preserving its identity, even without leaves.

On the other hand, though the stock increases in size by the woody
matter received in the descending sap from the graft, yet as this descends
through the inner bark of the stock, it is elaborated by, and receives its
character from the latter ; so that, after a tree has been grafted fifty
years, a shoot which sjjrings out from its trunk below the place of imion
will always be found to bear the original wild fruit, and not to have been
in the least affected by the graft.

But whilst grafting never effects any alteration in the identity of the
variety or species of fruit, still it is not to be denied that the stock does
exert certain influences over the habits of the graft. The most imjjortant
of these are dwarfing, inducing fruitfulness, and adapting the graft to the
soil or climate.

Thus every one knows that the slower habit of growth in the Quince
stock is shared by the Pear grafted upon it, which becomes a dwarf ; as
does also the Apple when worked on the Paradise stock, and, in some
degree, the Peach on the Plum. Tlie want of entire similarity of struc-
ture between the stock and graft confines the growth of the latter,
and changes it, in the case of the Pear, from a lofty tree to a shrub of
eight or ten feet in height. The effect of this difference of structure is
very apparent, when the Peach is grafted on the Plum, in the greater
size of the trunk above, as compared with that below the graft ; a fact
which seems to arise from the obstruction which the descending sap of
the graft finds in its course through the bai-k of the stock.

To account for the earlier and greater fruitfulness caused by grafting
on a stock of slower growth, Mr. Knight, in one of his able papers, offers
the following excellent remarks : —

" The disposition in young trees to produce and nourish blossom buds
and fruit is increased by this apparent obstmction of the descending
sap ; and the fruit, I think, ripens somewhat earlier than upon other
yovmg trees of the same age which grow upon stocks of their O'svn species.
But the growth and vigor of the tree, and its power to nourish a succes-
sion of heavy crops, are diminished, apparently, by the stagnation in the
branches and stock of a portion of that sap which, in a tree growuig on
its own stem or upon a stock of its own species, wovild descend to noui'ish
and promote the extension of its own roots. The practice, therefore, of
gi-afting the Pear on the Quince, and the Peach on the Plum, when ex-
tensive gro>Hh and durability are wanted, is wrong ; but it is eligible
wherever it is wished to diminish the vigor and growth of the tree, and
its durability is not so important."

In adapting the gi-aft to the soil the stock has a marked influence.
Thus in dry chalky soils, where the Peach on its own roots will scarcely

* Physiologic Vegetable.

PROPAGATION OF YARIETIES. 29

grow, it is found to thrive admirably budded on the Ahnond. We have
ah-eady mentioned that in chiy soils too heavy and moist for the Peach,
it succeeds very well if worked on the Plum. M. Floss, a Prussian
gardener, succeeded in growing line pears in very sandy soils, where it
was nearly impossible to raise them before, by grafting them on the
Mountain Ash, a nearly related tree, which thrives on the driest and
lightest soil.

A variety of fruit which is found rather tender for a certain climate,
or a particular neighborhood, is frequently acclimatized by grafting it on
a native stock of very hardy habits. Thvis near the sea-coast, where the
finer plums thrive badly, we have seen them greatly improved by being
worked on the beech-plum, a native stock adapted to the spot ; and the
foreign grape is more luxuriant when grafted on our native stocks.

A slight effect is sometimes produced by the stock on the quality of
the fruit. A few soi-ts of pear are superior in flavor, but many' are also
inferior, when giafted on the Quince, while they are more gritty on the
thorn. The Green Gage, a Plum of great delicacy of flavor, varies con-
siderably upon difterent stocks; and Apples raised on the crab, and pears
on the Mountain Ash, are said to keep longer than when grown on their
own roots.

In addition to the foregoing, a diseased stock should always be
avoided, as it will communicate disease slowly to the graft, unless the
latter is a variety of suflicient vigor to renew the health of the stock,
which is but seldom the case.

The cultivator will gather from these remarks that, in a favorable
climate and soil, if we desire the greatest gi-owth, duration, and develop-
ment in any fruit (and this applies to orchards generally), we should
choose a stock of a closely similar nature to the graft — an apple
seedling for an apple ; a pear seedling for a pear. If we desire dwarf
trees that come into beai'ing very young, and take little space in a gar-
den, we employ for a stock an allied species of slower growth. If our
soil or climate is unfavorable, we use a stock which is adapted to the
soil, or which will, by its hardier roots, endure the cold.

Tlie influence of the graft on the stock seems scarcely to extend be-
yond the power of communicating disease. A graft taken from a tree
enfeebled by disease will recover with difficulty, even if grafted on
healthy stocks for a dozen times in repeated siiccession. And when the
disease is an inherent or hereditary one, it will certainly communicate it
to the stock. We have seen the yellows, from a diseased peach-tree,
propagated through hundreds of individuals by budding, and the stock
and graft both perish together from its eftects. Hence the importance,
to nurserymen especially, of securing healthy grafts, and working only
upon healthy stocks.

Propagation hy Cuttings.

Propagating by cuttings, as applied to fruit-trees, consists in causing
a shoot of the previous season's wood to grow, by detaching it from the
parent tree at a suitable season, and planting it in the ground under fii-
vorable circumstances.

In this case, instead of uniting itself by woody matter to another
tree, as does the scion in grafting, the descending woody matter becomes
roots at the lower end, and the cutting of which is then a new and eutii-e

30

PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES.

plant. Every bud being a distinct Lndividiial, capable of forming a new
plant, has indeed theoretically the power, if separated from the parent
stem, of thro^^ing out roots and maintairdng a separate existence ; and
some plants, as the grape-vine, are frequently propagated by single buds
planted in the soil. But in practice it is found necessary, with almost
all trees and plants, to retain a considerable portion of the ste7n^viih. the
bud, to supply it with food until it has formed roots to diaw nourish-
ment from the soil.

All fruit-trees may be propagated by cuttings, with proper care and
attention, but only a few grow with sufficient facility in this way to
render their propagation by cuttings a common mode. These are the
Gooseberry, the Currant, the Yine, the Quince, the Fig, and the Mulberry.
Cuttings of the Currant, Gooseberry, and the hardy sorts of Vine
will root readily, in a soil not too dry, in the open garden. Currants
and Gooseberries are generally taken oti' in the fall or winter, prepared
for planting, and two-thiixls of their lower ends buried in the ground till
the commencement of spring, when they are planted out, either wdiere
they are to remain or in nursery rows. They will succeed nearly as
well if taken off in the spring, but, owing to the period at wliich they
commence growing, this must be attended to veiy early, if deferred till
that season.

A successful practice is to prepare the cuttings of Gooseberries and
Currants early in the autumn, and to plant them at once in the position
where they are to grow the succeeding svimmer. In planting, set the
cuttings into the ground so deeply that but one bud vs'ill be left at or
near the surface, and then, as soon as the frosts of winter come, cover
the whole ground with a light mulch of coarse straw manure, or other
litter three or four inches deep.

In order to raise plants of the Gooseberry and Currant,
with straight clean stems, which shall not throw up suckers,
it is only necessary, before planting the cutting, to cut out
every eye or bud to be placed below the surface of the
ground, Fig. 18. The cutting should be aboi\t a foot long,
eight inches of which may be inserted in the ground. To
insure greater success in raising the finer sorts of Gooseberry,
or other shi-ubs, it is customary to plant the cuttings on
the shaded side of a wall or fence, in deep rich loam, rather
damp than dry. Cuttings of the vine are generally prepared
when trimming the old plants in autumn or winter ; they
may then be buried with their lower ends in the ground,
or kept in earth in the cellar till spring.

Grape cuttings are also made as soon as it -wdll answer
to prune the vines in the autumn ; and, being planted at
once in the ground, covered as above noted for Gooseberries
and Currants, are found to gi'ow successfully.

Scarce sorts of grapes, which it is desirable to multiply
extensively, are frequently propagated by joints : that is, b}'
buds having about two inches of wood attached to each —
every bud in this way forming a plant. When this mode
is adopted, it is usual to plant the joints about half an inch
deep, in light soil, in a common liot-bed prepared for the
purpose, or each joint is planted in a pot by itself. In the fii'st way
a great number of plants may be grovvTi in a small sjjace.

I'W

i

Gooseberry
cutting pre-
pared and
))lanted.

PROPAGATION OP VARIETIES. 31

Formerly more certain success in propagating the vine by joints waa
considered gained by halving the joint before planting, as shown in Fi^.
' 19 ; but, recently, operators have practised the simple manner of prepar-
ing the cuttings with about two inches of

wood below, and half an inch above the -.^-.^■^^rr^-.^T^^^ri^.^-^Trr'^..^^..^,
bud, and then planting in frames or pro-
pagating-houses, by simply placing the
eye or cutting in a perpendicular posi-
tion, the bud just level with, or nearly
covered in a bed of clean, sharp, building ^ ^"^ J^'"* prepared ana planted.

or lake sand. A gentle bottom heat is to be maintained steadily, at the
same time keeping the air in the house or frame quite cool until the lower
end of the cutting or bud has commenced to form roots, when the air of
the surface or volume of the house may be increased in warmth to stinm-
late growth of vine.

In the method of growing from single eyes, or two-eye cuttings, in
out-door practice, it is considered best to prepare the cuttings during
winter, and pack them in clean damp — not wet — sand, in a cool dark cel-
lar, where they will callus ; and then, just as soon in the spring as the
ground can be worked, plant the ciittings o\it, selecting as far as possible
a sharp sandy loam for the location, covering the bed half an inch deep
with the soil, and then two to three inches deep with mulch of sawdust,
tan bark, &c.

In preparing cuttings of what are termed Iiard-wood varieties, siich as
Delaware, Norton's Virginia, (fee, it is customary with some pro})aga-
tors to scrape off the outer bark from the lower end of the cutting, and
to soften it by soakmg in water from ten to twenty hours befoi-e placing
them in the bed or frame.

The large English black mulberry is propagated by cuttings, as
follows : About the last of October take cuttings from the thrifty shoots
of a bearing tree, cut out all the buds except two or three at the top,
and pare off the bottom of the cutting just below a bud. Lay in the
cuttings in a sheltered border, burying them so that only the two buds
at the top are exposed, and covering them with some loose straw or lit-
ter. In the spring make a small hot-bed with very sandy soil, in which
to plant the cuttings on taking them out of the ground, or place each
one in a small pot in any hot-bed ready at hand, and in a few weeks
they will be found to have made roots freely.

As a general rule, cuttings succeed best when they are taken off
just between the young and the previous year's wood ; or, in the case of
young side shoots, when they are cut off close to the branch presei-ving
the co/Itt}- of the shoot. The lower end shoxild be cut smoothly across
just below a bud, the soil should in all cases be pressed firmly about the
lower end of the cutting, and it should always be planted before the
buds commence swelling, that the wound may in some measure heal
before growth and the absorption of fluid commences.

Propagation hy Layers and Suckers.

A layer may be considered as a cutting not entirely separated from
the plant.

Layering is a mode of propagation resorted to in increasing some
fruit-tree stocks, as the Paradise stock, the Muscle Plum, and some

32

PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES.

kinds wMcli do not grow so well from the seed. Certain varieties
of native grape, as the Norton's Virginia, which do not root readily by-
cuttings, are also raised in this way, and it may be applied to any sort
of fruit-tree which it is desirable to continue on its own root without
gi-afting.

Fruit-trees are generally layered in the spring, and the layers may be
taken off well-rooted plants in the autumn. But they may also be lay-
ered with success early in July.

In making layers the ground aroxmd the mother plant should be
made light and mellow by digging. Being provided with some hooked

pegs to fasten down the
layers, bend down a branch,
so that the end may recline
upon the ground. Open a
little trench three or four
inches deep to receive the
young wood to be layered ;
make a cut or tongiie, Fig.
20, «, half way through the
under or upper side of the
shoot, pegging down the
branch with the hooked peg,
b, to keep it in its place ;
press the earth slightly
Layering. round the tongue, and, in

filling in the soil, raise nearly upright the end of the layer, c, which re-
mains above the surface of the ground.

The descending sap, filled with organizable matter, is arrested by this
tongue, accumulates there, and the emission of roots speedily takes place.
Ringing, wounding, or twisting the limb answers the same purpose less
perfectly, and indeed many trees root readily from the mere position of
the branches as layers, and the moisture of the soil.

A ti-ee or plant which is kept for raising layers is called a stool, and
is headed down both to facilitate the rooting of the layers and to
afford an abundance of shoots near the earth. Shoots of some of the
fruit-tree stocks in the English nurseries are pegged down to the surface
before growth commences in the spring, covered about an inch deep with
soil, and at the end of autuiim afford hundreds of plants; almost every
bud making a separate root.

Suckers are shoots sent up from the root, or from portions of the
stem below the surface of the soil, which are easily separated from the
parent plant.

Suckers of fruit-trees are freqiiently used as stocks for budding or
grafting upon ; but they are greatly inferior to seedlings for this purpose,
as they are always more liable to produce suckers, and they have not the
thrifty, vigorous habit, or the same power of forming as good roots as
seedlings. Besides this, should the tree from which they are taken be
diseased, they will be likely to carry the malady with them.

Propagating by suckers is an easy and desirable way when we A\dsh
to continue a seedling fruit of value on its own root, and some of our
common fruits appear to be more healthy and permanent when growing in
that way. It is also a mode for increasing the Raspberry ; as is also that
of ruimers, which is a Idnd of sucker above ground, for the Strawberry.

PRUNING. 33

Propagatloyi hy Pieces of Hoots.

Many varieties of trees, and nearly all varieties of Blackbei-ries,
Raspberries, Gooseberries, Currants, (tc, can be readily propagated bv
small pieces of roots. Cut the root into pieces of about two inches
in length, any time in autumn or winter, and pack them in moist
sand, storing where they will be free from frost. In spring prepare
a frame with a gentle bottom heat and plant them, covering about an
inch deep, in a sandy loam ; as soon as they have well started they may
be transplanted out into the 0})en field. Some propagators keep them
in the winter packages vintil the spring is well advanced and the ground
becomes somewhat warmed, when they plant at once in the open ground,
setting the upper end of the piece of root just level with the ground,
and then covering the whole surface with about three inches deep of
some li^lit mulchino; material.

CHAPTER IV.

PRUNING.

1. Pruning to promote Growth or modify the Form of Fruit-trees.

In this country almost all fruit-trees are grown as standards. In
this way they develop their natural forms, attain the largest size,
and produce the greatest quantity of fruit with the least possible care.
Our bright and powerful sun, reaching every part of the tree, renders
the minute systems of pruning and training, wliich occupy so large a por-
tion of the English works on the subject, of little or no moment to the
cultivator here. Pruning is therefore commonly resoi"ted to only for
the purpose of increasing the vigor of feeble trees, or to regulate and
impi'ove the form of healthy and luxuriant trees.

Pruning has the power of increasing the vigor of a tree in tAvo ways.
If we assume that a certain amount of nourishment is supplied by the
roots to all the branches and buds of a tree, by cutting ofl' one-half of the
branches at the proper season we direct the whole supply of nourish-
ment to the remaining portion, which will consequently grow with
nearly double their former luxuriance. Again, when a tree becomes
stunted or enfeebled in its growth, the thinness of its inner bark, with its
consequent small sap- vessels (which it mvist be remembered are the prin-
cipal channel for the passage of the ascending supply of food), renders
the upward and downward circulation tai-dy, and the growth is small.
By heading back or pruning judiciously, all the force of the nourishing
fluid is throw^n into a smaller number of buds, which make new and
luxuriant shoots, larger sap-vessels, and which afford a ready passage to
the fluids, and the tree with these renewed enei-gies will continue in vigor
for a long time.

This treatment is especially valuable in the case of small trees of
feeble or stunted growth, which are frequently cut back to a single bud,
and a new shoot or shoots, full of vigor, gives a healthy habit to the

3

34 PRUNING.

tree. In the nurseries this practice of heading down unthrifty trees is
frequently pursued, and small orchard trees which have become enfeebled
may be treated in the same mannei-, cutting back the head as far as the
J) lace where it is wished that new shoots should spring out. Older trees
should be headed back more sparingly, unless they are greatly enfeebled,
and their roots should at the same time be assisted by manure.

A judicious pruning, to modify the form of our standard trees, is
nearly all that is required in ordinary practice. Every fruit-tree, grown
in the open orchard or garden as a common standard, should he alloioed
to take its natural for'm, the whole efforts of the pruner going no further
titan to take out all weak and crowded hranclicsj those which are filling
uselessly the interior of the tree, where their leaves cannot be diily
exposed to the light and sun, or those which interfere with the growth
of others. All pruning of large branches in healthy tr-ees should be
avoided, by examining them every season and taking out superfluous
shoots while small. Mr. Coxe, the best American author on fruit-trees,
remarks veiy truly : " When oi'chard trees are pruned, they ai'e apt to
throw out numerous (superfluous) suckers from the boughs in the follow-
ing summer ; these should be rubbed oS" when they first appear, or they
may easily be broken ofi' while young and brittle — cutting is apt to
increase their number."

Where pruning is not reqiiired to renovate the vigor of an enfeebled
tree, or to regulate its shape, — in other words, in the case of a healthy
tree which we wish to retain in a state of the greatest luxuriance, health,
and vigor, — it may be consideied worse than useless. Bearing in mind
that growth is always corresponding to the action of the leaves and
branches, if these are in due proportion and in perfect health, the knife
will always be found rather detrimental to luxuriance and constitutional
vigor than beneficial. *

The best season for pruning to 2^')'omote groicth, theoretically, is in
autumn, soon after the fall of the leaf. Next to this, winter pruning,
performed in mild weather, is best, and in orchards this is the season
usiiallymost convenient.f In all parts of the country where the winters
are not very severe (and always in the Southern or Western States) the
roots are collecting a certain stock of nourishment during the whole
autumn and winter. When a tree is pruned in autumn or winter this
whole supply goes to the remaining branches, while in the case of spring
pruning it is partly lost. North of the 43d degree of latitude, however,
the winters are so severe that winter-pruning should be deferred till the
last of February.

We should especially avoid pruning at that period in spring when

* Ignorant cultivators frequently weaken the energies of yovrng trees, and
cause them to grow up with lean and slender stems, by injudiciously trimming
off the young side shoots and leaves in the growing season. By taking oft" these
shoots the steni is deprived of all the leaves which would attract and elaborate
the sap, thus preparing nourishment for the growth of the stem ; and the trunk
of the tree does not increase in size half so fast as when the side branches are
allowed to remain for a time, pruning them away gradually. It is better, in the
case of these young trees, to stop the side branches, when ot moderate length, by
pinching out the terminal bud.

f Experience of many j-ears convinces us that, whatever theory may sug-
gest, the best time to prune in order to p'-omote growth, and to have the wound
healed perfectly, is veri/ earli/ in spring, or as soon as the severity of winter has
passed.

PRUNING. 35.

the biicls are swcllinf!^, and the sap is in full flow, as the loss of sap by
bleeding is very injurious to most trees, and in some brings on a serious
and incurable canker in the limbs.

In pruning large limbs, some composition should always be at hand
to cover the wound. This will not only prevent its cracking by the
cold in winter-pruning, but will keep out the air, and maintain the
exposed wood in a sound state until it is covered with a new layer of
bark. Many compositions have been in fashion abroad for this pur-
pose, which under our summer sun and wintry frosts are nearly worth-
less, as they generally crack and fall oif in a single year. The following
is a cheap and admirable application, which we recommend to all culti-
vators of fruit-trees.

Composition for wounds made in 2yru7iing. Take a quart of alcohol
and dissolve in it as miich gum-shellac as mil make a liquid of the con-
sistence of paint. Apply this to the wound with a common painter's
brush ; always paring the wonnd smoothly first with the knife. The
liquid becomes perfectly hard, adheres closely, excludes the air perfectly,
and is affected by no changes of weather ; while at the same time its
thinness offers no resistance to the lip of new bark that gradually closes
over the wound. If the composition is kept in a well-corked bottle,
sufficiently wide-mouthed to admit the brush, it will always be ready for
use and suited to the want of the moment.

To prevent mice or rabbits from girdling trees. Great injury is done to
young orchards in some districts by the meadow mouse. This little ani-
mal always works under cover, and therefore does its mischief in winter
when the snow lies deeply upon the ground. A common and effectual mode
of deterring it is that of treading down the snow firmly about the stem
directly after every fall of snow. But this is a very troublesome aft'air.

The following mixture will be found to be an effectual prevention.
Take one spadeful of hot slaked lime, one do. of clean cow-dung, half do.
of soot, one handful of flowers of sulphur : mix the whole together with the
addition of sufficient water to bring it to the consistency of thick paint.
At the approach of winter paint the trunks of the trees sufficiently high to
be beyond the reach of these vermin. Experience has proved that it does
no injury to the tree. A dry day should be chosen for its application.

English nurserymen are in the habit of protecting nvirseries of small
trees from the attacks of rabbits, simply by distributing through thii
squares of the nursery coarse matches made by dipping bunches of rags,
or bits of tow, in melted sulphur, and fastening these in split stakes a
couple of feet high. The latter are stuck into the ground, among the
trees, at from 12 to 20 feet apart, and are said comj)letely to answer the
purpose.

Wrapping the body of the tree with coarse hardware paper, letting
the lower end of the paper go below the soil at the crown of the tree,
will effectually prevent the attacks of rabbits.

Wash for the trunks and branches of fruit-trees. The best wash for
the stems and branches of fruit-trees is made by dissolving two pounds
of potash in two gallons of water. This is applied with a bi-ush at any
season, but pei'ha})s with most effect in the spring. One, or at most
two applications will rid the stem of trees of the bark-louse, and render
it smooth and glossy. It is far more efficacious than whitewash, as a
preservative against the attacks of insects, while it promotes the growth
of the ti-ee, and adds to the natural lively color of the hark.

36 PRUNING.

The wash of soft soap is also a very good one for many purposes.
Though not equal for general purposes to the potash -vrash, it is better fot
old trunks with thick and rigid bark, as a portion of it remains upon the
surface of the bark for some time, and with the action of every rain is
dissolved, and thus penetrates into all the crevices where insects may be
lodged, destroying them, and softening the bark itself.

2. Pruning to induce Fruitfulness,

There are advantages and disadvantages attending all seasons of
pruning, but our own experience has led us to believe that, practically,
a fortniglit before midsummer is by far the best season on the whole for
pruning in the Northern and JSIiddle States. Wounds made at this
season heal over freely and rapidly ; it is the most favorable time to
judge of the shape and balance of the head, and to see at a glance which
branches require removal ; and all the stock of organizable matter in the
tree is directed to the branches that remani.

When a young fruit-tree is too luxuriant, employing all its energies
in making vigorous shoots, but forming few or no blossom buds, and
producing no fruit, we have it in our power by different modes of
pruning to lessen this over-luxuriance, and force it to expend its ener-
gies in fruit-bearing. A successful mode of doing this is by pruning the
roots — a proceeding recently brought into very successful practice by
European gardeners.

Hoot-pruning has the effect of at once cutting off a considerable
supply of the nourishment formei'ly afforded by the roots of a tree. The
leaves, losing part of their usual food, are neither able to grow as rapidly
as before, nor to use all the nutritious matter ali-eady in the branches ;
the branches therefore become more stunted in their growth, the organ-
izable matter accumulates, and fruit-buds are directly formed. The en-
ergies of the tree are no longer entirely carried off' in growth, and the re-
turning sap is employed in producing fruit-buds for the next year.

Root-pi-uuing should be performed in autumn or winter, and it
visually consists in laying bare the roots and cutting off smoothly at a dis-
tance of a few feet from the trunk (in proportion to the size of the tree)
the principal roots. Mr. Elvers, an English nurseryman of celebrity,
who has practised this mode with grea,t success, digs a trench early in
November, eighteen inches deep, round and under his trees to be root-
pruned, cutting off the roots with a sharp spade. By following this
practice every year lie not only throws his trees into early bearing, but
forces Apples, Pears, and the like, grafted on their own roots, to become
})rolitic dwarfs, growing only six feet apart, trained in a conical form,
full of fruit branches, and producing abundantly. Those dwarf trees,
thus annually root-pruned, he supplies abundantly ^^•ith old composted
manure at the ends of the roots, thus keeping up their health and vigor.
The plan is an admirable one for small gardens, or for amateurs who
wish to grow a great many sorts in a small surface. Mr. Elvers, in a
})amphlet on this subject, enumerates the following among the advan
tages of systematic root-j^runing : —

" 1. The facility of thinning (owing to the small size of the trees),
and, in some vai'ieties, of setting the blossoms of shy -bearing sorts, and
of thinning and gathering the fruit.

" 2. It will make the gardener independent of the natural soil of his

PRUNING. 37

garden, as a few barrowfvils of rich mould will s\ipport a tree for a
lengthened period, thus placing bad soils nearly on a level with those the
most favorable.

" 3. The capability of removing trees of fifteen or twenty years'
growth with as much facility as furniture."

In conclusion, Mr. Rivers recommends caution^ " enough of vigor
must be left in the ti-ee to support its crop of fi'uit, and one, two,
or three seasons' cessation from root-pruning will often be found
necessary."

Root-pruning in this country will, we think, be most valuable in its
application to common standard trees, which are thrifty but bear little
or no fruit. They will generally be found to require but a single prun-
ing to bring them into a perraanentlj^ fruitful condition ; and some sorts
of Pears and Plums, which do not usually give a fair crop till they are
twelve or fourteen years old, may be brought into fruit by this means as
soon as they are of pi'oper si;ce. Several nearly full-grown peach, pear,
and plum trees, on a veiy rich soil on the Hudson, which were over-lux-
uriant but bore no fruit, were root-pruned by our advice, and yielded
most excellent and abundant crops afterwards.

In the case of Apple orchards, where the permanent value depends
on the size, longevity, and continued productiveness of the trees, it
is better to wait patiently and not resort to pruning to bring them into
bearing, as it cannot be denied that all excessive pruning shortens
somewhat the life of a tree. Mr. Coxe, indeed, recommended that the
first fruit should never be allowed to ripen on a young apple orchai-d, as
it lessens very materially the vigor of the trees.

Sliortening-in the shoots of Peaches, ISTectarines, and Apricots, as we
shall hereafter point out, has a strong tendency to increase the fnxitfxil-
ness of these trees, since by reducing the yoimg wood the sap accumu-
lates in the remainder of the branch, and many bearing shoots are pro-
duced instead of one. And the English practice of S2n(rrinfj-in, wliich
consists in annually shortening the latei'al shoots of traiiaed Pears, Ap-
ples, and the like, in order to make them throw out short fruit branches
or spurs, is founded on the same principle.

JBeiidinf/ dowa the llmhs is an easy and simple means of throwing
such branches directly into fruit. By this means the circulation is retard-
ed, rapid growth ceases, organizable matter accumulates, and fruit-buds, as
before stated, surely follow. The limbs are bent while flexible, in Juiie
or July, and tied down below a horizontal line until they retain of them-
selves their new position. When this can be easily applied, it is a never-
failing mode of rendering such branches fruitful. It is stated in Loudon's
" Gardener's Magazine " that " a very large crop of Pears was obtained
by the Rev. Mr. Fisher, in Buckinghamshire, from trees which had not
borne at all, by twisting and breaking down the young shoots late in the
autumn, when the wood had become tough ; and the pendent branches
afterwards continued perfectly healthy."

D'lsbarhincj and Ringing ai-e two modes that have been recommend-
ed by some authors, but of which, except as curious experiments, we
entirely disapprove. Disbarking, that is, removing the outer bark of
the tr\mk in February, May, or March, is and may bo practised with
good results on trees in very slieltered positions, and under glass, but
must always be a somewhat dangei'ous practice in open orchards, and in
a variable climate like ours : while its good effects mav in a great meas-

38 TRAINING.

xire be attained by keeping the bark in a healthy state by a wash of
soft soap. Jiinging, which is nothing more than stopping the descend-
ing sap in a branch, and forcing it to organize blossom-buds, by taking
off a ring of bark, say a fourth or half an inch, near midsiimmer, is a
mode always more or less injurious to the health of the branch, and if
carried to any extent finally destroys the tree. It is gradually falling
into disuse since root-pruning and other and better modes are becoming
known. A ligature or bandage, tightly applied to the limb, will have
temporarily the same effect as ringing, without so much injury to the
branch.

Inducing Fruitfulness by other Jfeans.

The influence of certain soils on the productiveness of fruit-ti-ees is a
subject of every-day observation, but the particular ingredients of the
soil which insure this abundant bearing are not so well known. Lime-
stone soils are almost invariably productive of all sorts of fruit ; and
certain strong loams in this country seem to be equally well adapted to
this end.

In a curious woi'k called the "Rejuvenescence of Plants," &c., by
Dr. Schultz, of Berlin, the author, who has devoted considerable time
to the subject, states that common salt and chloride of lime contribute
greatly to the flowering of most plants, to which, however, they can only
be applied with safety in small quantities. " Salts of lime," he con-
tinues, " appear to produce so neai'ly the same effect as those of potash
and soda, that it is only necessary to place lime within their reach, if
thei'e is no deficiency of manure in the shape of general food. Lime will
in the main promote, in an astonishing degree, the fruit and flowering
of most plants, because calcareous salts promote evaporation and the con-
centration of sap."

Although we cannot coincide with many of Dr. Schultz's views as
expressed in this work, yet the remarks just quoted agree so entirely
with facts that have come under our own observation, that we gladly
place them before the cultivator of fruit-trees. One of the most produc-
tive fruit-gardens in our knowledge is on a limestone soil, and another,
more than usually prolific, in a neighborhood not very fi'uitful, is every
year treated with a top-dressing of coarse salt, at the rate of two bushels
to the acre. These facts are surely worth the attention of growers, and
should be the subject of more extended and careful experiments.

Rendering trees more fiuitful by dtvarjing, and by adapting them
to soils naturally unfruitful by growing them upon other and better
stocks, we have already placed before the reader vmder the head of
Grafting,

CHAPTER Y.

TRAINING.

Training fruit-trees is, thanks to our favorable climate, a proceeding
entirely unnecessary in the greater part of the United States. Our fine
dry summers, with the great abundance of strong light and sun, are su.f-

TRAINING. 39

flcient to ripen fully the fruits of temperate climates, so that the whole,
art of training, at once the trial and triumph of skill with Englisli fruit-
gardeners, is quite dispensed Avith ; and in the })lace of long lines of
brick wall and espalier rails, surrounding and dividing the fruit-garden,
all covered with carefully trained trees, we are proud to show the open
orchai-d, and the borders in the fruit-garden filled with thrifty and pro-
ductive standards. Nothing surprises a British gardener more, knowing
the cold of our winter, than the first sight of peaches and other fine
fruits arriving at full perfection in the Middle States %vith so little
care ; and he sees at once that three-fourths of the great expense of a
fruit-garden here is rendered entirely needless.

Training fruit-trees, in this country, is therefore confined to the
colder districts north of the 43° of latitude, and to the gardens of ama-
teurs. There can, however-, scarcely be a more beautiful disjjlay of the
art of the horticulturist than a fine row of trained trees, their branches
arranged with the utmost synuiietry and regularity, and covered, in the
fruit season, with large and richly colored fruit.

North of the 43° latitude (or north of the Mohawk) the peach does
not rijien well, and this, as well as soem other rather tender trees, will,
in such situations, generally yield abundant crops when trained on a
common upi'ight trellis, or espalier rail, seven or eight feet high.* Still
farther north, as in Maine or Canada, a wall must be resoi'ted to ; but
our owTi observation leads us to believe that, generally, the espalier rail
will be found not only cheaper and more easily managed in training,
but really preferable to a wall, as full exposure to light is sufiicient with-
out much additional heat. With regard to walls themselves, in the
middle portions of the Union a southern asjiect is almost always the
worst, being too hot in midsummer ; a wall I'lmning north and south,
and affording east and west aspects, is nmch the best. The western as-
pect is indeed preferable for all tender fruits, as the blossoms are not
there liable to injury from early frosts. A, north wall is useful for pro-
ducing a later crop.

The objects of training are, by a moi'e complete exposure of the
leaves and branches to the light and sun, to ripen fruits in a naturally
unfavorable climate ; to render them more fruitful — lessening vigor and
excessive grow^th by the lateral or horizontal arrangement of the
branches ; and lastly, economy of space, as tree? when trained on a flat
surface occupy much less space in the fruit -garden than standards, and
leave the borders more open for cropjiing with vegetables.

Training conical standards. A very easy and simple mode of
training fruit-trees, which has lately come into great favor with amateurs,
is the conical standard, or Qiienouille (pronounced kenool) of the French.
It is applied chiefly to pears, which when treated in this way may be
planted about eight feet apart, and thus a great variety of sorts may be
grown in a small gai-den. A gi^eat number of the specimen ti-ees in the
London Horticultural Society's Garden are trained in this manner ; and
Loudon remarks, that in 1840 the Koyal Kitchen Garden of Versailles
coutained two hundred trees trained in the conical manner, with tlie

* Cedar or locust posts, set four or eig-ht feet apart, with horizontal bars let
in. and crossed by light peqjendieular strips of june from six to twelve inches
apart, will form an excellent and durable trellis for espaliers. See Fig 28. In-
deed many gardeners here ]jrefer having a light trellis a few inches from the wall
upon which to train, instead of nailing directly on the wall.

40

TRAINING.

current year's slioots tied down en quenouille. " They had attained the
height of from six to twelve feet before the branches were bent down;
but the efiect of this was to cover the shoots with blossom-buds, and to
produce the most extraordinary crops."

To produce Quenouille standards, plant a young tree, three or four
feet liigh, and, after the first summer's gi-owth, head back the top and
cut-in the side branches, as represented by the dotted lines on a, Fig.
21. The next season the tree will shoot out three or four tiers of side
branches, according to its streng-th. The lov/est should be left about
eighteen inches fi-om the gx'ound, and, by pinching off supei'fluous shoots,
others may be made to grow pi'etty regularly, so as not to crowd the
head. At the end of this season head back the leader as in h, to
strengthen the side shoots. Next season a fresh series of lateral shoots
will be pi-oduced, four or five of which may be kept every year ; and
the thii'd or fourth year the lower branches may be bent down in mid-

Qnenoiiille or Conical Training, progressive stages.

Conical or Quenouille Training, complete.

summer, c, and kept in a pendulous position for a year or two, by tying
them to stakes driven in the gi'ound, or to the main stem. This succes-
sive growth at the top, and arrangement of the limbs below, mu$t be
continued till the requisite height — say ten feet — is attained, when, all
the bi'anches assuming their final form, the tree will resemble Fig. 22.
A moderate pruning to produce new wood, and the occasional tying in of
a rambling shoot, will be all that is required. The French quenouille
training is perfoi'uied with dwarf stocks, but the trees are more thrifty
and durable when grafted on their own stocks, and kept within proper
bounds by root-pruning after Mr. Ilivers's method, explained in a
previous page.

Pyramids and hushes are trees adapted for small gardens, and not
standards such as are planted in orchards. ]\Ir. Rivers, wdiose success in
training and fruiting dwarf trees has liardly an equal, gives the following
directions : — " If a young gardener intends to plant, and wishes to traia

TRAINING. 41

up liis trees so tliat they will become quite perfect in shape, he should
select plants one year old from the bud or graft, with single upright
stems; these will of course have good buds down to the junction of the
graft with the stock. The first spring a tree of this description should
be headed down, so as to leave the stem about eighteen inches long. If
the soil be rich, from five to six and seven shoots will be produced ; one
of these must be made the leader, and if not inclined to be quite perpen-
dicular, it must be fastened to a stake. As soon in summer as the
leading shoot is ten inches long, its end must be pinched off; and if it
pushes forth two or more shoots, pinch oft' all but one to three leaves,
leaving the topmost for a leader. The side shoots will in most cases
assume a regular shape ; if not, they may be this first season tied to
slight stakes, to make them grow in the proper direction. This is best
done by bringing down and fastening the end of each shoot to a slight
stake, so that an open pyramid may be formed ; for if it is too close and
cypress-like, enough air is not admitted to the fruit. They may remain
unpruned till the end of August, when each shoot must be shortened to
within eight buds of tlie stem. This will leave the tree so that no prun-
ing in winter will be required. The second season the tree will make
vigorous growth ; the side shoots which were topped last August will
each put forth three, four, or more shoots. In June, as soon as these have
made four leaves, they must be pinclied ofi" to three leaves, and if these
spurs put fortli shoots, which they often do, every slioot must be pinched
down to one leaf, aZ^ hut the leading shoot of each side branch. This
must be left on, to exhaust the tree of its superabundant sap, till the end
of August. The perpendicular leader must be topped once or twice — in
short, as soon as it has grown ten inches, pinch oft' its top, and if it break
into two or three shoots, pinch them all but the leader, as directed for
the first season ; in a few years most symmetrical trees may be formed."

The best modes of training for this country, on walls or espaliers, are
fan-cordon and horizontal training. The first is the simplest and easiest
mode of training the Peach, the Apricot, Nectarine, and Cherry ; and
the latter is best adapted to the Pear. In training to a wall, the branches
are fastened in theii- places by slireds of leather and nails ; and as espa-
liers, by tying them with slips of bass matting to the rails of the trellis.

Cordon-training has within the past few years become quite a feature
among Fi-ench gardeners, and is now being practised with success by
many amateurs in this country. There are a number of varied modes of
training en cordon, among which those termed oblique cordonsmd espalier
or lateral cordon are most in use. Oblique cordon training serves to test
in a small space a large number of varieties, and may in many cases be
adopted with great satisfaction. Dubreil says : " In its practice choose
healthy and vigorous young trees of one year's growth, carrjnng only one
stem. Plant them sixteen inches apart, and incline them one over tlu
other at an angle of sixty degio ■«. Cut off about one-third of the length
at or just above a front fruit-lnid. "* During the following summer favor
as much as possible the development of the terminal shoot ; all the others
must be transformed into fruit branches by the same means as described
for pyramidal trees. The second pruning has for its object to transform
the lateral shoots into fruit-spurs ; the new extension of the stem must
be cut back one-third. If the terminal extension has grown but slightly,
and shows signs of weakness, the cut must be made lower down on the
two-years wood, in order to obtain a more vigorous terminal shoot. By

43

TRAINING.

the time of the third pruning, the young stem has generally attained
two-thirds of its entire length ; it must then be inclined to an angle of 45°."

The same pruning of side branches and terminal shoot nivist be per-
foi'med as last year, and continued from year to year until the desired
height for covering the wall or trellis is attained ; afterwards it must be
yearly cut back about two feet, for the purpose of allowing a vigorous
shoot to grow from the end, and thus keep up a healthy circulation.

Espalier or lateral cordon training is adapted to the borders of walks
in gai-dens, and is suited more to the Apple worked on the Paradise
stock than any other variety of tree. It is termed double or single
arm cordon, as the trees have arms trained one or both ways. Fig. 23
shows at a a young maiden tree })runed for planting, while h shows the
same with its limbs tied do\vn to a wire, whicli is upheld by stakes about
one foot above the ground, and secured firmly at each end of the line.

^ ^^JJJ^AA^

Fig. 24 shows the plants after being two or three years trained in

single cordon — the terminal shoot of each tree being united by inarching

at the junction with the stem and branch.

The following account of fan-training and horizontal training is so

concisely abridged from the practice of the best English gardens, in the

" Suburban Horticulturist," that we cannot do better than to place it

before the reader.

Fan-training in the common English manner. A maiden plant (a

tree but one year from the graft) being planted, "is to be headed down
to four buds or eyes, placed in such a manner as
to throw out two shoots on each side, as shown
in Fig. 25. The following season the two upper-
most shoots are to be headed down to three eyes,
placed in such a manner as to throw out one
leading shoot and one shoot on each side ; the
two lowermost shoots are to be headed down to

two eyes, so as to throw out one leading

shoot and one shoot on the uppermost

side, as shown in Fig. 26. We have now

five leading shoots on each side, well

placed, to form our future tree. Each of

these shoots must be placed in the exact

position in which it is to remain ; and as

it is these shoots which are to form the

future tree, none of them are to be short-
ened. The tree should by no means be

suffered to bear any fruit this year.

allowed to produce, besides the leading shoot at its extremity, two other

shoots on the uppermost side, one near to the bottom and one about mid-

Fan-training, first stage.

Fan-training, second stage.

Each shoot must now

be

TRAINING.

43

way up the stem ; there must also be one shoot on the undermost side,
placed about midway between the other two. All the other shoots must
be pinched oii" in their infant state. The tree will then assume, at
the end of the year, the appearance shown in Fig. 27. From this tmie
it may be allowed to bear
what crop of fruit the gar-
dener thinks it able to carry ;
in determining which he
ought never to overrate the
vigor of the tree. All of
these shoots except the lead-
ing ones must at the pro-
per season be shortened, but
to what length must be left
entirely to the judgment of

the gardener, it of course Fan-training, third stage.

depending upon the vigor of the tree. In shortening the shoot, care
should be taken to cut back to a wood-bud that will produce a shoot
for the following year. Cut close to the bud, so that the wound may
heal the following season. The following year each shoot at the
extremities of the leading bi'anches should produce, besides the leading
shoot, one on the vipper and two on the under part, more or less, accord-
ing to the vigor of the tree ; whilst each of the secondary bi-anches should
produce, besides the leading shoot, one other placed near to the bottom ;
for the grand art of pruning, in all systems to which this class of trees is
subjected, consists in preserving a sufficient quantity of young wood at
the bottom of the tree ; and on no account must the gardener cut away
clean any shoots so placed, without well considering if they will be
wanted, not only for the present biit for the future good appearance of
the tree. The quantity of young wood annually laid in must depend upon

Fan-training, complete.

the vigor of the tree. It would be ridiculous to lay the same quantity
into a weakly tree as into a tree in full vigor. The gardener here must
use his OAvn judgment. But if any of the leading shoots manifest a dis-
position to outstrip the others, a portion of young shoots must be laid in,
and a greater quantity of fruit suflered to ripen on the over-vigorous
branch. At the same time a smaller quantity of fruit than usual must

44

TRAINING.

be left to ripen on the weaker branch. This will tend to restore the
equilibrium better than any other method. Fig. 28 presents us with the
figure of a tree in a more advanced state, well balanced, and well calcu-
lated for an equal distribution of the sap all over its surface. [We have
varied this figure by representing it trained on a trellis, instead of a
wall.] Whenever any of the lower shoots have advanced so far as to
incommode the others, they should be cut back to a yearling shoot ; this
will give them room, and keep the lower part of the tree in order. In
nailing to a wall, care must be taken not to bruise any pai-t of the shoot ;
the wounds made by the knife heal quickly, but a brviise often proves
incurable. Never let a nail gall any part of the tree ; it will endanger
the life of the branch. In nailing-in the young shoots, dispose them as
straight and regular as possible ; it will look workman-like. Whatever
system of training is pursued, the leading branches should be laid-in in
the exact position they are to remain ; for wherever a large branch is
brought down to fill the lower part of the wall, the free ascent of the sap
is obstructed by the extension of the upper, and contraction of the lower
parts of the branch. It is thus robbed of part of its former vigor, while
it seldom fails to throw out, immediately behind the parts most bent,
one or more vigorous shoots."

Horizontal training consists in preserving an upright leader, with
lateral shoots trained at regular intervals. These intervals may be from
a foot to eighteen inches for pears and apples, and about nine inches for
cherries and plums. " A maiden plant with three shoots having been
procured, the two side shoots are laid in horizontally,
and the centre one upright, as in Fig. 29 ; all the buds
being rubbed oft' the latter but three, viz. : one next
the top for a vertical leader, and one on each side near
the top, for horizonal branches. In the coin-se of the
first summer after planting, the shoots may be allowed
to grow without being stopped. In the autumn of
the first year the two laterals produced are nailed or
tied in, and also the shoots produced from the extre-
mities of the lower laterals; the centre shoot being headed down as before,
as shown in Fig. 30. But in the second summer, when the main shoot
has attained the length of ten or twelve inches, it may be stopped; whicli,
if the plant is in proper vigor, will cause it to throw out two horizontal
branches, in addition to those
which were thrown out from
those of the preceding year.
The tree will now be in its
second summer, and will have

Horizontal trainin:
stage.

Horizontal training, second stage.

Horizontal training, third stage.

four horizontal branches on each side of the upright stem, as in Fig.
31 ; and, by persevering in this system, four horizontal branches will be

TRANSPLANTING.

45

procliiced in each year till tlie tree reaches the top of the wall (or
espalier), when the upright stem must terminate in two horizontal
branches. In the following autumn the tree will have the appearance
of Fig. 32." — Suburban Ilort'iculturist, pp. 3G3 : 372.

Horizontal training, fourth year.

Training fruit-trees is nowhere in the United States practised to
much extent, nor is it considered desirable in the general practice of fruit-
growing. The additional labor is not met by a balance in superior
quantity of product, and, while occasionally a few specimens may be pro-
cured in this manner of great beauty and excellence, the general crop is
not satisfactory or profitable, either to the amateur or the market-grower.

CHAPTER VI.*

TRANSPLANTING.

As nearly all fruit-trees are raised first in nurseries, and then re-
moved to their final position in the orchard or fruit-garden ; as \ipon the
manner of this removal depends not only their slow or rapid growth,
their feebleness or vigor afterwards, and in many cases even their life, it
is evident that it is in the highest degree important to understand and
practise well this transplanting.

The season best adapted for transplanting fr\iit-trees is a matter
open to much diiference of opinion among horticulturists ; a difference
foiinded mainly on experience, but without taking into account variation
of climate and soils, tAvo very important circumstances in all operations
of this kind.

All physiologists, however, agree that the best season for transplant-
ing deciduous trees is in autumn, directly after the fall of the leaf. The
tree is then in a completely dormant state. Transplanted at this (,'arly
season, whatever wounds may have been made in the roots commence
healing at once, as a deposit directly takes place of granulous matter
from the wound, and when the spring arrives the tree is already some-

46 TRANSPLANTING.

■what established, and ready to commence its growth. Early autumn
planting is for this reason greatly to be preferred in all mild climates
and dry soils; and even for very hardy trees, as the apple, in colder lat-
itudes ; as the fixed position in the ground, which trees planted then get
by the autumnal and early spiing rains, gives them an advantage at the
next season of gro^^i;h ovei' newly-moved* trees.

On the other hand, in noi'thei'n portions of the Union, where the
■winters commence early, and are severe, spring planting is greatly pre-
ferred. There autumn and -vvTuter are not mild eno\igh to allow this
gradual process of healing and establishing the roots to go on ; for when
the ground is frozen to the depth of the roots of a ti'ee, all that slow
growth and connection of nutriment by the roots is necessarily at an
end. And the more tender sorts of fruit-trees, the Peach and Apricot,
which are less hardy when newly jilanted than when their roots are en-
tire, and well fixed in the soil, are liable to injury in their branches by
the cold. The proper time, in such a climate, is as early as the ground
is in a fit condition in the spring.

Early in autumn, and in spring before the buds expand, may as a
general rule be considered the best seasons for transplanting. It is
true that there ai-e instances of excellent success in planting at all sea-
sons, except midsummer ; and there are many who, from having been
once or twice successful in transplanting when trees were nearly in leaf,
avow that to be the best season ; not taking into account that their suc-
cess was probably entirely owing to a fortunately damp state of the at-
mosphere at the time, and abundant rains after the experiment was per-
formed. In the Middle States we are frequently liable to a dry period
in early summer, directly following the season of removal, and if trans-
planting is deferred to a late period in spring, many of the trees will
perish from di'ought before their roots become established in the soil.
Spring planting should therefore always be performed as soon as possi-
ble, that the roots may have the great benefit of the early and abundant
rains of that season, and get well started before the heat of summer com-
mences. For the neighborhood of New York, therefore, the best periods
are from the fall of the leaf to the middle of November, in autumn, and
from the close of winter to the middle of April, in the spring ; though
commonly the seasons of i-emoval are frequently extended a month be-
yond these limits.

Taking %ip the trees is an important part of the operation. A trans-
planter should never forget that it is by the delicate and tender points
or extremities of the root that trees take up theii- food ; and that the
chance of complete success is lessened by every one of these points that
is bruised or destroyed. If we could remove trees with every fibre en-
tire, as we do a plant in a pot, they would scarcely show any sign of
theii- change of position. In most cases, especially in that of ti-ees
taken from nurseries, this is, by the operation of removal, nearly impos-
sible. But although we may not hope to get every root entire, we may,
with proper care, preserve by far the larger portion of them, and more
particularly the small and delicate fibres. After being taken up, they
should be planted directly ; or, if this cannot be done, they should be
kept from drjing by a covering of mats, and, when sent to a distance, by
being packed in damp moss.*

* We should notice an important exception to this in the case of trees packed

TRANSPLANTING. 47

Preparing the places. Here is the fatal stumljling-ljlock of all
novices and ignorant persons in transplanting. An English gardener
when he is about to plant fruit-trees, talks about 2>rejyarinf/ his borders;
an American says he will dig Ins holes / and we cannot give a more
forcible illustration of the ideas of two persons as to the wants of a
fruit-tree, or a better notion of the comparative provision made to sup-
j)ly these wants, than by contrasting the two phi-ases themselves. The
one looks upon a tree as a living being, whose life is to be rendered
long, \dgorous, and fruitful by a good supply of food, and a soil mellow
and easily penetrated by the smallest fibre ; the other considers it verv
much in the light of a truncheon or a post, which he thrusts into the
smallest possible hole, and supplies with the least })ortion of mamire,
trusting to what he seems to believe the inextinguishable powers of
nature to make roots and branches under any circumstances. It is
true that the terms differ somewhat from the nature of the cidture and
the greater preparation necessaiy in planting fr\iit-trees in England, but
this is not by any means sufficient to justify the cUfi'erent modes of per-
forming the same operation there and here.

In truth, in this country, where the sun and climate are so favorable,
whei-e pruning and training are comparatively so little necessary, the
great requisite to success in the ordinary culture of fruit-trees is the
2)ro2yer 2)repa7'ation of the soil before a tree is jilanted. Whether a trans-
planted tree shall struggle several years to recover, or grow moderately
after a short time, or at once start into a very luxuriant and vigorous
growth, depends entirely upon the amoimt of care and labor the plaiiter
is willing to bestow on the soil for his trees. We have seen several
instances where, side by side, one man planted his trees in large spaces
of deeply moved and rich soil, and another in small holes in the com-
mon m'ode, which uniformly showed the ti-ees of the first larger after
five years than those of the last after twelve.

No fruit-tree should be planted in a hole of less size than three feet
square, and eighteen inches to two feet deep. To this size and depth
the soil should be removed and well pulverized, and it should, if neces-
sary, be propei-ly enriched by the application of well-rotted manure,
which must be thoroughly mixed with the whole mass of prepared soil
by repeated turnings with the spade. This preparation will answer, but
the most skilful cultivators among us make their spaces four or five feet
in diameter, or three times the size of the roots, and it is incredible how
much the luxuriance and vigor of gro^\i;h, even in a poor soil, is pro-
moted by this. No after-mending of the soil, or top-dressings applied
to the surface, can, in a climate of dry summers like ours, equal the
eflects of this early and deep loosening and enriching the soil. Its
effects on the growth and health of the tree are permanent, and the
little expense and care necessary in this pi'eparation is a source of early
and constant pleasure to the planter. This preparation may be made
just before the tree is planted, but in heavy soils it is much better to do
it se\eral months previously ; and no shallow ploughing of tlie soil can
obviate the necessity and advantages of the practice where healthy,
vigorous orchards or fruit-gardens are desii'ed.

for shipping across the Atlantic. In this case they should be packed only in dr>/
moss; the moisture of the sea air being- sufficient to keep the roots in good con-
dition, while if packed in damp moss they will be injured by rotting or excessive
growth.

48 TRANSPLANTING.

The whole art of ti-ansplanting, after this, consists in placing tlie
roots as they were before, or in the most favorable position for growth.
Begin by filling the hole ^vdth prepared soil, within as many inches of
the top as will allow the tree to stand exactly as deep as it previously
stood. "With the spade, shape the soil for the roots in the form of a
little hillock on which to place the roots — and not, as is commonly
done, in the form of a hollow ; the roots will then extend in their natu-
ral position, not being forced to turn up at the ends. Next examine
the roots, and cut off all wounded parts, paring the wound smooth,
cixtting from the under side. Hold the tree upright on its little mound
in the" hole of prepared soil ; extend the roots, and cover them care-
fully with the remaining pulverized soil. As much of the success of
transplanting depends on bringing the soil in contact with every fibre,
so as to leave no hollows to cause the decay of the roots, not only must
this be secured by patiently filling in all cavities among the roots, but,
when the trees are not quite small, it is customary to pour in a pail of
water when the roots are nearly all covered with soil. This carries the
liquid mould to every hidden part. After the Avater has settled away,
fill up the hole, and avoid the common practice of shaking it up and
down by the stem. In windy situations it will be necessary to place a
stake by the side of each tree, to hold it upright, until it shall have taken
firm root in the soil, bu^t it is not needfxil in ordinary cases.

Avoid dee]) j^lanting. More than half the losses in orchard plant-
ing in America arises from this caiise, and the equally common one of
ci'owding the earth too tightly about the roots. No tree should be
placed dee])er than it formei'ly grew, as its roots are stifled from the
Avant of air, or starved by the poverty of the soil at the depth where
they are placed. It is much the better and more natural process in fact
to plant the tree so that it shall, when the whole is complete, * appear
just as deep as before, but standing on a little mound two or three
inches higher than the level of the ground about. This, when the
mound settles, will leave it nearly on the level with the previous sur-
face.

3fulching is an excellent practice with transplanted trees, and moi-e
especially for those which are removed late in the spring. Mulching is
nothing more than covering the gi'ound about the stems with coarse
straw, or litter from the barn-yard, which by preventing evaporation
keeps the soil from becoming diy, and maintains it in that moist and
equable condition of temperature most favorable to the growth of
young roots. Yery many trees, in a diy season, fail at midsummer,
after having made a fine start, from the parched and variable condition
of the earth about the roots. Watering frequently fails to save such
trees, but mulching when they are planted will entirely obviate the
necessity of watering in dry seasons, and promote growth under any cir-
cumstances. Indeed wateiing upon the surface, as commonly pevfoimed,
is a most injurious practice, as the roots, stimulated at one period of the
day by water, are only rendered more siisceptible to the action of the
hot s\an at another, and the surface of the ground becomes so hard by
repeated watering that the beneficial access of the air is almost cut off.
If trees are well watered in the holes, while transplanting is going on,
they will rarely need it again, and we may say never, if they are well
mxilched dii-ectly after planting.

The best manure to be used in preparing the soil for transplanting

TRANSPLANTING. 49

trees is a compost formed of two-tliirds muck or black peat eai-th,
reduced by fermenting it several months in a heap with one-third fretsh
barn-yard manure. Almost every farm will supply this, and it is more
pei'manent in its effects, and less drying in its nature, than the com-
mon manure of the stable. An admirable manure recentl}' ajjplied with
great success is charcoal — the small broken bits and refuse of the chai--
coal pits — ndxed intimately with the soil. Air-slaked lime is an excel-
lent manure for fruit-trees in soils that are not naturally calcareoiis.
Two or three handfuls may be mixed with the soil when ])reparing each
space for planting, and a top-dressing may be applied with advantage
occasionally afterwards, to increase their productiveness. But wherever
large orchards or fruit-gardens are to be planted, the muck compost
heap should be made ready beforehand, as it is the cheapest, most valu-
able, and durable of all manures for frviit-trees.

Pruning the heads of transplanted trees, at the season of removal, we
think generally an injurious practice. It is certainly needless and hurt-
ful in the case of small trees, or those of such a size as will allow the
roots to be taken up nearly entire ; for as the action of the branches
and the roots is precisely reciprocal, and as new roots are rapidly formed
just in proportion to the healthy action of the leaves, it follows that by
needlessly cutting off the branches we lessen the vital action of the
whole tree. At the same time, where trees are transplanted of so lai'ge
a size that some of the roots are lost in removing them, it is necessary
to cut back or shorten a few of the branches, — as many as will restore
the balance of the system, — otherwise the perspiration of the leaves may
be so great as to exhaust the supply of sap faster than the roots can col-
lect it. A little judgment only is necessary to see at a glance how
much of the top must be pruned away, before planting the tree, to
equalize the loss between the branches and the roots.

When it is necessary to transplant fruit-trees of large size, the best
practice is to prepare them previously by digging a trench round the
whole mass of roots, undermining them, and cutting off all roots project-
ing beyond this line. The trench should be dug at such a distance from
the tree as will include all the large and sufficient ball of roots, and it
should be done early in the spring when it is desirable to remove the
tree the next year. After all the roots that extend to this circular
trench are cut oft", the earth is replaced, and by the season followiug
an abundance of small fibi'es is sent out by the ampiitated roots,
which, when the Avhole is removed, -will insure the success and speedy
growth of the tree. This is more completely the case when the tree is
prepared two years before transplanting. A variation of this mode,
which has been found quite as successful and less laborious, consists in
leaving the trench open and covering it with boai'ds only, or boards
with a top layer of turf. The tree then is somewhat checked in its
growth, it throws out an abundance of small fibres into the ball of earth
containing the roots, and is the next season transplanted with gi-eat ease
and safety.

Tlie jyt'ojyer size for transplanting varies somewhat with the sort of
tree and the kind of culture intended. It is, however, a maxim equally
well settled, both among theorists and the best 2)ractical men, that health,
immediate vigor, and duration are all greatly promoted by transplant-
ing fruit-trees of small size — from three to six or seven feet. We are
fully aware with what impatience the beginner, or a person who knows

4

50 TIIANSPLA2ITING.

little of tlie culture of trees, looks upon trees of this size — one who i.s
eager to plant an orchard and stock a garden with large trees, thinking
to gather a crop the next year. The latter may indeed be done ; but the
transplanting so affects the tree that its first scanty crop is followed by a
long season of rest and feeble growth, while the plantation of young trees
is making wood rapidly, and soon comes into a healthy and long-continued
state of productiveness — often long indeed before the large trees have
fairly arrived at that condition. The small tree, transplanted with its
system of roots and branches entire, suffers little or no check ; the older
and larger tree, losing part of its roots, requires several years to resume
its former vigor. The constitution of the small tree is healthy and
unimpaired ; that of the large is frequently much enfeebled. A stout
and vigorous habit — what the nurserymen call a good stocky plant— \s,
the true critei'ion of merit in selecting fruit-trees for transplanting.

Trees intended for orchards, being often more exposed than those in
gardens, should be somev.diat larger — not less than six, or more than
eight feet is the best size. For gardens, all experienced cultivators
agree that a smaller size is preferable ; we prefer plants two years old
from the graft. Most gardeners abroad, when they select trees with
move than usual care, take what are called maiden plants, — those one
year old from the graft, — and there can be no doubt that, taking into
account health, dui-ation, and the ease with which such a tree can be
made to grow into any form, this is truly the preferable size for I'emoval
into a fruit-gai-den. But we are an impatient people, and it is not till
after another century of trial and experience in the culture of fruit-trees,
that cultivators generally in this country will become aware of the trxith
of this fact.

The facility with which the different fruit-trees may be transplanted
differs considerably. Plums are generally removed with most success,
and after them nearly in the order as follows : Quinces, Apples, Pears,
Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, and Cherries ; the latter succeeding with
some difficulty when of large size.

Laying in by the heels is a practice adopted as a temporary kind of
planting when a larger quantity of trees is at hand than can be set out
immediately. A trench is opened, and the roots are laid in and covered
with soil, the tops being previovisly placed in a sloping position, inclin-
ing to within a few feet of the surface. In this way they ai-e kept fresh
and in good order until it is convenient to plant them finally. In
northern districts, where the autumn is often too severe for planting,
and the spring is frequently too late to receive trees in time from nur-
series farther south, it is a common and successful mode to procure trees
in autumn, and lay them in by the heels until spring, covering over the
tops of the more tender sorts, if necessary, with coarse litter.*

In planting an orchard, always avoid placing the tr,ees in the same
spot, or near, where an old ti-ee stood before. Experience has taught us

* We have often known trees entirely destroyed by want of a little extra care
in headings them in. Select first a dry knoll, or position where no water can
stand, and, if possible, sheltered from the southern sun. After first dig-g-ing a
trench one foot or more deep, lay the trees down at an angle of about 45 . their
tops to the south ; then make the soil mellow and fine, and thoroughly inter-
mingle it with the roots, filling all interstices, and covermg them at least eigh-
teen inches deep.

Trees are sometimes received in a frozen condition. They should then be
placed at once, without unpacking, in a dark cellar, and left until gradually

THE POSITION OF FRUIT-TREES. 51

that tlie gi-owth of a young tree, iii such a position, is weak and feeble ;
the nourishment suitable to that kind of tree having already been
exhausted by a previous growth, and the soil being half filled with old
and decayed roots which are detrimental to the health of the young tree.

CHAPTER YII.

THE POSITION OF FRUIT-TREES — SOIL AND ASPECT.

In our favorable climate many fruit-trees will thrive and produce
some fruit in almost any soil, except dry sand or wet swamps. But
there is much to be gained in all climates by a judicious selection of
soil, when this is in our power, or by that improvement which may
generally be effected in inferior soils, where we are necessarily limited
to such. As we shall, in treating the culture of each genus of fruit,
state more in detail the soils especially adapted to its growth, our
remai'ks here will be confined to the subject of soils generally for the
orchard and friiit-garden.

The soils usually selected for making plantations of fruit-trees may
be divided into light sandy loams, gravelly loams, strong loams, and
clayey loams ; the first having a large proportion of sand, and the last a
large proportion of clay.

The soil most inviting to the eye is a liglit sandy loam, and as it is
also a very common soil, more than half the fruit-gardens in the country
are composed of this mould. The easy manner in which it is worked,
owing to its loose and very friable natvire, and the rapidity with which,
from its warmth, crops of all kinds come into bearing, cause it to be
looked upon with almost iiniversal favor. Notwithstanding this, a
pretty careful observation for several years has convinced us that a
light sandy soil is, on the whole, the worst soil for fruit-trees. Under
the bright skies of July and August, a fruit-tree requires a soil which
will retain and afford a moderate and continued supply of moisture,
and here the sandy soil fails. In consequence of this the vigor of the
tree is checked, and it becomes feeble in its growth, and is compara-
tively short-lived or unproductive. As a tree in a feeble state is
always most liable to the attacks of insects, those on a sandy soil are
the first to fall a prey to numerous maladies.* The open loose tex-
ture of a sandy soil, joined to its warmth, affords an easy passage and
an excellent habitation for all insects that pass pai-t of their lives in the
ground, preparatory to rising out of it to attack the fruit, foliage, or
bi-anchcs of the tree.

thawed out ; or they may be at once — if the earth will allow — buried, tops and
roots entire, beneath the ground, and there left for a few days, or until a moist
cloudy day occurs for opening and exposing them to the light and air. This lat-
ter course is also a good one for trees that are received in a dry or shrivelled
state.

^ This remark applies to the middle and southern portions of this country.
North of the 43° a light sandy soil is perhaps preferable, as warmer and earlier.

52 THE POSITION OP FRUIT-TREES.

Such are some of the disadvantages of a light sandy soil ; and in
thoi'oughly exatnining many of the fruit-gardens of the Middle States
the last few seasons, we could not fail to be struck with the fact that, in
nine cases out of ten, where a variety of fruit was unusually liable to
disease, to blight, or to the attacks of certain fruit-destroying insects, as
the curculio, the trees themselves were on sandy soils; while on the
other hand, and frequently in the same neighborhood, the same sorts
were growing luxuriantly and bearing abundant crops where the soil
was a rather strong loam.* For a few years the growth and productive-
ness of the trees upon sandy soil is all that can be desii'ed ; but the
trees are shorter lived, and sooner fall into decay than where the soil is
stronger. If there is any exception to this rule, it is only in the case
of the Peach ; and, judging from the superior flavor of this fruit on
stronger soils, we are inclined to doubt the value of the exception even
here.

Gravelly loams are frequently much better adapted for orchards than
sandy, especially where the loam is of a strong quality, and the gravel is
not in excess ; and the harcUer fruits usually do well on this kind of
soil.

/Strong loams, by which we mean a loam with only just a stifficient
portion of sand to make it easily worked, are, on the whole, by far the
best for fruit-gardens in this country. A sti'ong loam is ustially a deej)
soil, and affords, during the whole heat of summer, a proper supply of
moisture and nourishment to the roots of ti'ees. Fruit-trees do not
come into a bearing state so soon in a strong as in a sandy loam, because
the growth of wood is more vigorous, and fruit-buds are not so soon
formed ; but they bear larger crops, are much less liable to many dis-
eases, and theLr longevity is much greater. The largest and most pro-
ductive orchards of the Apple and Pear in this countiy are upon soils
of this kind.

Clayey loa7ns are, when well drained, and when the clay is not in
excess, good fruit soils — they are usually strong and deep soils, though
rather heavy and diihcult to work. Trees that will flourish on these soils,
such as the Apple, Pear, Cherry, Plum, and Apricot, usually are very
free from disease or insects, and bear large crops. In a moist climate,
like that of England, fruit-trees on a clayey loam would die of canker,
brought on by the excessive quantity of water contained in the soil, but
such is not the case under the high and warm temperature of our sum-
mers. The finest, largest, and most productive Plums and Pears within
our knowledge, grow in sites on the North River, where the soil is a
stiS" clayey loam, almost approaching a clay. Those fruits that on light
sandy soils are almost Avorthless, from their liability to disease and the
attacks of insects, are here surprisingly luxuriant and fruitful.

It is, however, well to remark, that some varieties of fruit, perha[)S
from the circumstances of their oiigin, succeed better on sandy soils
than any other ; thus the Newtown Pippin will only arrive at perfection
in a strong loam, while the Summer Queen is finer when grown on a

* As an instance in point, the owner of one of the most highly cultivated
gardens in the vicinity of Boston was showing ns, in despair, some trees of the
Seckel Pear, upon which he could no longer get good crops or fair fiTiit, and
lamenting the derjeiierari/ of the sort. The next day we saw in a neighboring
garden beautiful crops of this Pear growing with the least possible care. The
garden in the first case was a light sandy loam, in the second, a strong loam.

THE POSITION OF FRUIT-TREES. 53

sandy, soil. Bixt there are exceptions to all rules, and wliat we have
already stated, as to the relative quality of soils, will apply pretty gen-
erally to the whole of this country, and it may be added that calcareous
soils, of whatever texture, are better than soils of the same quality where
no limestone is j^resent.

Trencliing is the most complete method of improving a soil too
sandy, when the subsoil below is of a loamy or clayey nature. Deep
siibsoil ploughing, by bringing up a sufficient quantity of the stratum
below, \vill answer the same purpose. When the subsoil of a sandy soil
is sand or gravel, the surface can only be imjn-oved by top-dressings or
the application of manures. Top-dressing with clay is the most simple
means of changing the nature of such a soil, and it is surprising how
moderate a quantity of clay will give a closer texture to light sandy
soils. In manuring such soils, we may greatly improve their nature as
well as condition by using composts of peat or bog earth, swamj) miick,
or river mud, instead of common barn-yard or stable manure. The
former are not only more permanent and better as manures for fruit-
trees, but they graduallj^ consolidate and improve the whole texture of
the soil.

Indeed no fruit-garden, where the soil is not naturally deep and rich,
is in perfect condition for planting trees, unless the soil has been well
trenched two spades in depth. This creates a matrix for the roots so
deep and permanent that they retain theii' vigor and luxuriance through
the droughts of summer, and continue for a long time in a state of healtli
and productiveness.

It is difficult to give any precise rules as to aspect. We have seen
fine fruit-gardens here in all aspects. Perhaps the very best aspect on
the Avhole is a gentle slope to the soiithwest, because in such positions
the trees when in blossom are somewhat protected from the bad effi^cts of
a morning sun after spring frosts. Bvit, to remedy this more perfectly, it
is sometimes the pi'actice to plant on the north sides of hills, and this is an
effectual way where early frosts are fatal, and where the season is long
and warm enough to ripen the fruit in any exposiire. A fine south slope
is, so\ith of New York, frequently found too warm for many fruit-trees
in soils that are light and dry.

Deep valleys with small streams of water are the worst situations for
fruit-trees, as the cold air settles down in these valleys in a calm frosty
night, and buds and blossoms are very frequently destroyed. We know a
rich and fertile valley of this kind in Connecticut whei-e the Chei-ry will
.scarcely grow, and a crop of the Apple or the Pear is not obtained once
in ten years ; while the adjacent hill-tops and high country, a couple or
three miles distant, yield abundant crops annually. On the other hand,
the borders of large rivers, as the Hudson, or of some of our large inland
lakes, are the most favorable situations for fruit-trees, as the climate is
rendered milder by large bodies of water. In the garden where we
write, a fourth of a mile from the Hudson, we have frequently seen ice
formed during the night of the thickness of a dollar, when the blossoms
of the Apricot were fully expanded, %vithout doing th-e least harm to that
tender fruit. Tliis is omng to the slight fog rising from the river in the
morning, which, softening the I'ays of the sun, and dissolving gi-adually
the frost, prevents the injurious effects of sudden thawing. At the same
time, a couple of miles from the shoi'es, this fruit will often be quite
destroyed. In short, the season on the lower half of the Hudson may,

54 GENERAL REMARKS ON INSECTS.

from the ameliorating influence of the river, be said to be a month longer
— a fortnight eai'lier in spring and later m autumn — than in the same
latitude a few miles distant ; and cro])S of the more tender fruits are
therefore much more certain on the banks of lax'ge rivers or lakes than in
inland districts of the same climate.

As our native forests become cleared away the climate is changed
and becomes more harsh ; hence it is found desii-able to construct some
kind of protection from the point of most destructive harsh winds and
storms. Belts of ti'ees, either evergreen or deciduous, or both mingled,
and surrounding or placed so as to screen from the northeast, north, and
noithwest, are considered highly advantageous ; and when we consider
that foliage is an absorbent and ameliorating agent in tempering climate,
we feel that it is the duty as well as interest of every fruit-giower to
plant as many such belts as his property and pecuniary means admit.

CHAPTER VIII.

GENERAL REMARKS ON INSECTS.

The insects injurious to fruit-trees are numerous, and to combat them
successfully requii-es a minute acquaintance with their character and
habits. While considering ithe culture of each class of fruit in the suc-
ceeding pages, we shall point out the habits and suggest means of de-
stroying the most important of these insects ; but in the mean time
we wish to call attention to some general jiractical hints on this sub-
ject.

In the first place, we cannot too strongly impress upon the attention
of the fruit-grower the importance of watching carefully and making an
early attack upon every species of insect. It is only necessary to look
for a moment at the astonishing rapidity with wliich many kinds of
insects increase, if allowed to get well established in a garden, to become
fully aware of this. The common caterpillars are the young of moths or
butterflies, and that careful observer of the habits of insects, Dr. Harris,
says as each female lays from two to five hundred eggs, a thousand moths
or butterflies will, on the average, produce three hundred thousand cater-
pillars ; if one half this number, when ariived at maturity, are females,
they will give forty-five millions of caterpillars in the second, and six
thousand seven hundred and fifty millions in the third generation.* To
take another example : the aphides, or plant-lice, which are frequently
seen in great numbers on the tender shoots of fruit-trees, have an almost
incredibly prolific power of increase — the investigations of Eeaumur
having shown that one individual in five generations may become the
progenitor of nearly six thousand millions of descendants. With such
surprising powers of propagation, were it not for the havoc caused
among insects by various species preying upon each other, by birds and
other animals, and especially by unfavorable seasons, vegetation would

* For much valuable information on the habits of insects injurious to vegeta-
tion, see the " Treatise on the Insects of Massachusetts," by Dr. T. W. Hanis,
Cambridge.

GENERAL REMARKS ON INSECTS. 5&

soon be entirely destx-oyed by tliem. As it is, the orchards and gardens
of careless and slovenly cultivators are often overrun by them, and many
of the finest crops sutler great injury or total loss from the want of a
little timely care.

In all well-managed plantations of fruit, at the hrst ap])earance of
any injurious insect, it will be immediately seized upon and destroyed.
A few moments in the first stage of insect life — at the first birth of the
new colony — will do more to rid us for the season of that species than
whole days of toil after the matter has been so long neglected that the
enemy has become well established. We know how relvictant all but the
experienced grower are, to set about eradicating what at first seems a
thing of such trilling consequence. But such persons should consider
that whether it is done at fii-st, or a fortnight after, is frequently the
diflerence between ten and ten thousand. A very little time regularly
devoted to the extirpation of noxious insects will keep a lai'ge jilace quite
free from them. We know a very large garden filled with trees, and
always remarkably free from insect ravages, which, while those even in
its vicinity sutFer greatly, is thus preserved by half an hour's examination
of the whole premises two days in the week during the growing season.
This is made early in the morning, the best time for the purpose, as the
insects are quiet while the dew is yet upon the leaves, and whole races
yet only partially developed may be swept ofl' in a single moment. In
default of other more rapid expedients, the old mode of hand-2ncklng,
and crushing or burning, is the safest and surest that can be adopted.
For practical purposes, the numerous insects infesting fruit-trees may
be divided into four classes : 1st, those which for a time harbor in the
ground and may be attacked in the soil ; 2d, winged and other species,
which may be attacked among the branches ; 3d, aphides or plant-
lice, which infest the young shoots ; ith, moths, and all night-fiying
insects.

Insects, the lai-vce or grubs of which harbor in the groxmd during a
certain season, as the curculio or plum-weevil, are^H more or less affected
by the application of common salt as a top-dressing. On a larger scale,
in farm crops, the lavages of the cut-worm are fre(iuently prevented b}^
sowing three bushels of salt to the acre, and we have seen it applied to
all kinds of fruit-grounds with equal success. Salt seems to be strongly
disagreeable to nearly all this class of insects, and the grubs perish where
even a small quantity has for two or three seasons been applied to the
soil. In a neighborhood where the peach-worm usually destroys half the
peach-ti-ees, and where whole crops of the plum are equally a victim to
the plum-weevil, Ave have seen the former pi-eserved in the healthiest
condition by an annual application of a small handful of coarse salt
about the collar of the tree at the surface of the ground ; and the latter
made to hold abundant crops by a top-dressing applied every spring of
packing salt, at the rate of a quart to the surface occupied by the roots
of every full-gi'own tree.

Salt, being a powerful agent, must be a}>plied for this purpose with
caution and judgment. In small quantities it promotes the verdure and
luxuriance of fruit-trees, while if applied very frequently, or too plenti-
fully, it will certainly cause the death of any tree. Two or three years'
top-dressing in moderate quantity will usually be found sufficient to
drive away these insects, and then the application need only be repeated
once in two or three seasons. Any coarse refuse salt will answer the

56 GENERAL REMARKS ON INSECTS.

purpose ; and packing salt is px-eferable to that of finer quality, as it
dissolves slowly by the action of the atmosphere.*

In the winged state most small insects may either be driven away by
powerful odors,' or killed by strong decoctions of tobacco, or a wash of
diluted whale-oil or other sti'ong soap. Attention has but recently been
called to the repugnance of all insects to strong odors, and there is but
little doubt that befox'e a long time it will lead to the discovery of the
means of preventing the attacks of most insects, by means of strong
smelling liquids or odoi'ous substances. The moths that attack furs, as
every one knows, are driven away by peppei'-corns or tobacco, and should
future experiments prove that at certain seasons, when our trees are
most likely to be attacked by insects, we may expel them by hanging
bottles oi- rags filled with strong smelling liquids in our trees, it will
certainly be a very simple and easy way of ridding ourselves of them.
The brown scale, a troublesome enemy of the orange-tree, it is stated in
the Gardener' s Chronicle^ has been destroyed by hanging plants of the
common chamomile among its branches. The odor of the coal-tar of gas-
works is exceedingly ofiensive to some insects injurious to fruits, and it
has been found to diive away the wire- worm and other grubs that attack
the roots of plants. The vapor of oil of tur})entine is fatal to wasps, and
that of tobacco-smoke to the green fly. Little as yet is certainly known
respecting the exact power of the various smells in deterring insects from
attacking trees. What we do know, however, gives us reason to believe
that much may be hoped from experiments made with a variety of power-
ful-smelling substances.

Tobacco-water and diluted whale-oil soap are the two most efficient
remedies for all the small insects which feed upon the young shoots and
leaves of plants. Tobacco-water is made by boiling tobacco leaves, or the
refuse stems and stalks of the tobacco-shops. A large pot is crowded
full of them, and then filled up with water, which is boiled till a strong
decoction is made. This is applied to the young shoots and leaves with
a syringe, or, when the trees are gi-owing in nursery-rows, with a common
white- wash brush, dipping the latter in the liquid and shakiixg it sharply
over the extremities or the infested part of each tree. This or the whale-
oil soap-svids, or a mixture of both, will kill every species of plant-lice and
nearly all other small insects to which young trees are subject.

The wash of whale-oil soap is made by mixing two pounds of this
soap, which is one of the cheapest and strongest kinds, with fifteen gal-
lons of water. This mixture is applied to the leaves and stems of plants
with a syringe, or in any other convenient mode, and there are few of
the smaller insects that are not destroyed or driven away by it. The
merit of this mixture belongs to Mr. David Haggerston, of Boston, who
first applied it with great success to the rose-slug, and received the pre-
mium of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society for its discovery.
When this soap cannot be obtained, a good substitute may be made by
turning into soap the lees of common oil-casks, by the application of
potash and water in the usual way.

Moths and other insects which fly at night are destroyed in large
numbers by the following mode, first discovered by Victor Adouin, of
France. A flat saucer or vessel is set on the ground, in which is placed

* After repeated tests, it is doubtful whether the use of salt is as destructive
to insect life as here stated. The use of salt as manure is \mdoubtedly a good
stimulant to vegetable life and vigor.

GENERAL REMARKS ON INSECTS. 67

a lio-lit, partially covered witli a common bell-glass besmeared with oil.
All the small moths ai'e directly attracted by the light, fly towards it,
and in theii" attempts to get at the light, are either caught by the glutin-
ous sides of the bell-glass, or fall into the basin of oil beneath, and
in either case soon perish. ]M. Adouin applied this to the destruction
of the pl/>'«ii^'^, a moth that is very troublesome in the French vineyards ;
with two hundred of these lights in a vineyard of four acres, and in a
single night, 30,000 moths were killed and found dead on or about
the vessels. By continuing his process through the season, it was esti-
mated that he had destroyed female moths suflicient to have pro-
duced a progeny of over a million of caterpillars. In our orchards
myriads of insects may be destroyed by lighting small bonfires of shav-
ings or any refuse brush ; and in districts where the apples are much
worm-eaten, if repeated two or three nights at the proper season, this is
a very efficient and cheap mode of getting rid of the moth which causes
so much mischief. Dr. Harris, knowing how important it is to destroy
the caterpillar in the moth state, has recommended flambeaux, made of
tow wound round a stake and dipped in tar, to be stuck in the fruit-gar-
den at night and lighted. Thousands of moths will find a speedy death,
even in the short time which these flambeaux are burning. The melon-
bug may be extirpated by myriads in the same way.

A simple and most effectual mode of ridding the fruit-garden of
insects of every description, which we recommend as a general extirpator
suited to all situations, is tlie following : — Take a number of common
bottles, the wider mouthed the better, and fill them about half full of
a mixture of water, molasses, and vinegar. Suspend these among the
branches of trees and in various parts of the garden. In a fortnight
they will be found full of dead insects of every description not too large
to enter bottles— wasps, flies, beetles, slugs, grubs, and a great variety
of others. The bottles must now be emptied and the liquid renewed.
A zealous amateur of our acquaintance caught last season in this way
mo7-e than three bushels of insects of various kinds ; and, what is more
satisfactory, preserved his garden almost entirely against their attacks in
any shajie.

The assistance of birds in destroying insects should be duly estimated
by the fruit-grower. The quantity of eggs and insects in various states
devoured annually by birds, when they are encouraged in gardens, is
truly surprising. It is true that one or two species of these, as the ring-
tail, annoy us by pi-eying upon the eaidier cherries, but even taking this
into account, we are inclined to believe that we can much better spare a
reasonable share of a few fruits than dispense with the good services of
bii'ds in ridding us of an excess of insects.

The most serviceable birds are the common si)arrows, the wren, the
red-breast, and in short most of the birds of this class. All these birds
should be encouraged to build nests and inhabit the fruit-garden, and
this may most eft'ectually be done by not allowing a gun to be tired within
its boundaries. The introduction of hedges or live fences greatly pro-
motes the domestication of birds, as they afford an admirable shelter for
their nests. Our own gardens are usually much more free from insects
than those a mile or two distant, and we attribute this in part to our prac-
tice of encouraging birds, and to the thorn and arbor vitie hedges grow-
ing here, ;aid which are greatly resorted to by those of the feathered tribe
which are the greatest enemies of the insect race.

58 THE APPLE.

Among animals, the toad and the hat are great insect destroyers
The common bat lives almost entirely upon them, and in its evening
sallies devovirs a great number of moths, beetles, weevils, etc. ; and the
toad quietly makes away with numberless smaller insects.

CHAPTER IX.

THE APPLE.

Pyrus Mrthis, L. Sosacece, of botanists.
Pommier, of the French ; Apfelbaum, German ; Apfel, Dutch ; Melo porno, Ital-
ian ; and Manzana, Spanish.

The Apple is the world-renowned fruit of temperate climates. From
the most remote periods it has been the subject of praise among writers
and poets, and the old mythologies all endow its fruit with wonderful vii'-
tues. The allegorical tree of knowledge bore apples, and the celebrated
golden fruit of the orchards of Hesperus, guarded by the sleepless dragon
which it was one of the triumphs of Hercules to slay, were also apples,
according to the old legends. Among the heathen gods of the north,
thei-e were apples fabled to possess the power of conferring immortality,
which were carefully watched over by the goddess Iduna, and kept for
the especial dessert of the gods who felt themselves gi-owing old ! As
the mistletoe grew chiefly on the apple and the oak, the former tree was
looked upon with great respect and reverence by the ancient Druids of
Britain ; and even to this day, in some paits of England, the antique
custom of saluting the apple-trees in the orchards, in the hope of obtain-
ing a good crop tlie next year, still lingers among the farmers of portions
of Devonshire and Herefordshii-e. This old ceremony consists of salut-
ing the tree with a portion of the contents of a wassail-bowl of cider,
with a toast in it, by pouring a little of the cider about the roots, and
even hanging a bit of the toast on the branches of the most barren, the
farmer and his men dancing in a circle round the tree, and singing rude
songs like the following :

" Here's to thee, old apple-tree.
Whence thou mayst bud, and whence thou mayst blow ;
And whence thou mayst bear apples enow,
Hats full ! caps full —
Bushels and sacks full !
Huzza ! "

The species of crab from which all our sorts of Apples have originated,
is wild in most parts of Europe. There are, indeed, two or th^ee kinds
of wild crab belonging to this country ; as tlie Pyrus coronaria, or sweet-
scented crab, with friiit about an inch in diameter, grows in many pai-ts
of the United States ; and the wild crab of Oregon, P. rivtilaris, bear-
ing a reddish-yellow fruit, about the size of a cherry, which the Chenook
Indians use as an article of food ; yet none of our cultivated varieties of
Apple have been raised from these native crabs, bu.t from seeds of the
species brought here, by the colonists, from Europe.

THE APPLE. 59

The Apple-tree is, however, most perfectly naturalized in America,
and, in the northern and middle portions of the United States, succeeds
as well, or, as we believe, better than in any part of the world. The
most celebrated apples of Germany and the north of Europe are not
superior to many of the varieties originated here ; and the American or
Newtown Pippin is now pi-etty generally admitted to be the finest aj)-
ple in the world. No better proof of the perfect adaptation of our soil
and climate to this tree can be desii-ed, than the seemingly spontaneous
production of such varieties as this, the Baklwin, the Spitzenberg, or the
Swaar — all fruits of delicious flavor, and great beauty of appearance.

The Apple is usually a very hardy and rather slow-growing fruit-tree,
with a low-spreading rather irregular head, and bears an abundance of
white blossoms, tinged wdth red. In a wild state it is very long-lived,
but the finest garden sorts usually live about fifty or eighty years ;
though, by pi'oper care, they may be kept healthy and productive much
longer. Although the apple generally forms a tree of medium growth,
there are many specimens in this country of enormous size. Among
others, we recollect two in the grounds of Mr. Hall, of Raynham, Khode
Island, which, ten years ago, were 130 years old; the trunk of one of
these trees then measured, at one foot from the ground, tliirteen feet two
inches, and the other twelve feet two inches. The trees bore that season
about thirty or forty bushels; but, in the year 1780, they together bore
one hundred and one bushels of apples. In Duxbury, Plymouth County,
Mass., is a tree which in its girth measures twelve feet five inches, and
which has yielded in a single season 121-J~ bushels.

In Lehigh County, Pa., there is an apple-tree which measures 17^ feet
in circumference, one foot above the ground. The tree is fifty-four feet
high, and the branches extend thirty-six feet each way from the trunk.

USES OF THE APPLE. t

No fruit is more universally liked or generally used than the apple.
It is exceedingly wholesome, and, medicinally, is considered cooling and
laxative, and useful in all inflammatory diseases. The finest sorts are
much esteemed for the dessert, and the little cai'e requii-ed in its cultui-e
renders it the most abundant of all fruits in temperate climates. As the
earliest sorts ripen about the last of June, and the latest can be preserved
until that season, it may be considered as a fruit in perfection the whole
year. Besides its merits for the dessert, the value of the apple is still
greater for the kitchen ; and in savices, pies, tarts, preserves, and jellies,
and roasted and boiled, this fruit is the constant and invaluable resource
of the kitchen.

In seasons of scarcity, the small and usually considered refuse apples
may be stewed, and then rubbed through a cullender, separating the
seeds and skins from the pulp, forming a delicious sauce.

Apple-biUter, made by stewing pared and sliced sweet apples in new
cider until the whole is soft and pulpy, is a common and excellent arti-
cle of food in many farmers' families, and is frequently made by the bar-
rel. In France, nearly the same preparation is formed by simmering
apples in new wine until the whole becomes a soi't of marmalade, which
is called liaisiue. The juice of the apple unfermented is, in some parts
of the country, boiled down till it becomes molasses. When fermented
it forms cider' and if this is carefully made from the best cider apples

60 THE APPLE.

it is nearly equal to wiiie ; in fact, many hundreds of barrels of tlie cidei
of New Jersey have been manufactured, in a single year, into an imitar
tion champagne, Avhich is scarcely distinguished by many from that made
from the grape.

Apples are also made into jelly, by grinding and pressing in the ordi-
nary way for cider, then passed, in a thin and nearly continuous cvuTent,
over an intensely heated clarifying or evaporating pan, such as is ordi-
narily used in the manufacture of molasses from the sorgho sugar-cane.
About eight gallons of the apple-jviice, or cider, will make one gallon of
a very delicious jelly.

Dried apples are also a considerable article of commerce. Farmers
usually pare and quarter them by hand, and dry them in the sun ; but
those who pursue it as a matter of trade pare them by machinery, and
dry them slowly in ovens. They are then packed in bags or barrels, and
used either at home, in sea stores, or are exported.

In perfumery, the pulp of this fruit, mixed intimately with lard, forms
pomatum. The wood is employed for lasts, and for other purposes, by
turners ; and, being fine-grained and compact, is sometimes stained black
and used for ebony by cabinet-makers.

The quality of an apple is always judged of by the use to which it
is to be applied. A table or dessert apple of the finest quality should
be of medium size, regular form, and fine color ; and the flesh should be
fine-grained, crisp, or tender, and of a sprightly or rich flavor and aroma.
"Very large-sized, or coarse apples are only admired by persons who have
little knowledge of the true criterion of excellence. Apples for kitchen
use should have the property of cooking evenly into a tender, pulpy con-
sistence, and are generally acid in flavor ; and, althoixgh there are many
good cooking apples unfit for the table, many sorts, as the Fall Pippin
and the Greening, are excellent for both purposes. To this we may add,
that for the common apple-sauce made by farmers, a high-flavored sweet
apple, which boils somewhat firm, is preferred, as this is generally made
with cider. The very common use made of this cheap preserve at the
North and West, and the recent practice of fattening hogs, horses, and
other animals upon sweet apples, accounts for the much greater number
of varieties of sweet apples held in esteem here than in any other
country. In fact, so excellent has the saccharine matter of the apple
been found for this pui-pose, that whole orchards of sweet apples are
frequently planted here for the jiurpose of fattening s^\ine and cattle,
which are allowed to run at lai-ge in them.

Cider apples are varieties frequently useless for any other purpose.
The best for this purpose are rather tough, piquant, and astringent ; their
juice has a high specific quality, and they are usually great bearers, as
the Harrison, the Red Streak, and the Virginia Crab.

PROPAGATION.

The Apple for propagation is usually raised from seeds obtained
from the pomace of the cider-mills, and a preference is always given
to that from thrifty young orchards. These are sown in aiitumn,
in broad drills, in good mellow soil, and they remain in the seed-beds —
attention being paid to keeping the soil loose, and free from weeds, from
one to three years, according to the richness of the soil. When the
seedlings are a little more than a fourth of an inch in diameter, they

TlIE APPLE. 61

should be tiiken up in tlie spring oi" autumn, their tap-roots shortened,
and then phmted in nursery rows, one foot apart, and three to four feet
between the rows. If the plants are thrifty and the soil good, they may
be budded the following autumn, within one or two inches of the ground,
and this is the most speedy mode of obtaining strong, straight, thrifty
plants. Grafting is generally performed when the stocks are about half
an inch thick ; and for several modes of performing it on the Apple, see
the remai'ks on grafting in a previous page. When young trees are
feeble in the nursery, it is usual to head them back two-thirds the
length of the graft, when they are three or four feet high, to make them
throw up a strong, vigorous shoot.

Apple-stocks for dwarfs are raised by layers, as pointed out in the
article on Layers.

Apple-trees for transplanting to orchards should be at least two
years budded, and six or seven feet high, and they should have a proper
balance of head or side branches.

SOIL AND SITUATION.

The Apple will grow on a great variety of soils, but it seldom thrives
on very dry sands, or soils saturated with moistvire. Its favorite soil, in
all countries, is a strong loam of a calcareous or limestone nature. A
deep, strong, gravelly, marly, or clayey loam, or a strong sandy loam on
a gravelly subsoil, produces the gi'eatest crops and the highest-flavored
friiit, as well as the utmost longevity of the trees. Such a soil is moist
rather than dry — the most favorable condition for this fruit. Too damp
soils may often be rendered fit for the Apple by thorough draining, and
too dry ones by deep subsoil ploughing, or trenching, where the subsoil
is of a heavier texture. And many apple orchards in New England are
very flourishing and productive on soils so stony and rock-covered
(though naturally fertile) as to be unfit for any other crop.*

As regards site, apple orchards flourish best in southern and middle
portions of the country on north slopes, and often even on the steep
north sides of hills, where the climate is hot and dry. Farther north a
southern or southeastern aspect is preferable, to ripen the crop and the
"wood more perfectly

We may here remark that almost every district of the country has one
or more varieties which, having had its origin there, seems also peculiarly
adapted to the soil and climate of that locality. Thus the Newtown
Pippin and the Spitzenberg are the great apples of New York ; the
Baldwin and the Roxbviry Russet, of Massachusetts; the Bellflower and
the Rambo, of Pennsylvania and New Jersey ; and the Peck's Plea,sant

* Blowing sands, says Mr. Coxe, when bottomed on a dry si^bstratum, and
aided by marl or meadow mud, will be fo\ind capable of prodiicing vciy fine
Apple-trees. Good cultivation and a system of high manuring will always re-
munerate the proi^rietor of an orchard, except it be planted on a quicksand or a
cold clay ; in such soils, no management can prevent an early decay. One of the
most thrifty orchards I po.-»sess, was planted on a blowing sand, on which I carted
three thousand loads of mud on ten acres, at an expense of about twenty -five
dollars per acre, exclusive of much other manure ; on this land I have raised
good wheat and clover. Of five rows of the Winesap Apple planted \ipon it
eight years ago, on the summit of a sandy knoll, not one has died out of near an
hundred trees — all abundant bearers of large and fair apples. — View of Fruit
Trees, p. 31.

62 THE APPLE.

and the Seek-no-furtlier, of Connecticut ; and thougli these apples are
cultivated with greater or less success in other parts of the countiy, yet
nowhere is their flavor and productiveness so perfect as in the best soils
of their native districts — excepting in such other districts where a soil
containing the same elements and a corresponding climate are also to be
found.

PREPARING, PLANTING, AND CULTIVATION OF ORCHARDS.

With the exception of a few early and very choice sorts in the fruit-
garden, the orchard is the place for this tree, and indeed, when we con-
sider the great value and usefulness of apples to the farmer, it is easy to
see that no farm is complete without a large and well-selected apple
orchard.

The distance at which the trees should be planted in an orchard, de-
pends \ipon the mode in which they are to be treated. When it is de-
sired finally to cover and devote the whole ground to the trees, thii-ty feet
apart is the proper interval ; but where the farmer wishes to keep the
land between the trees in grain and grass, fifty feet is not too great a
distance in strong soils. Forty feet apart, however, is the usual distance
at which the ti'ees are planted in orchards.

Before transplanting, the ground should be well prepared for the trees
by ploughing deeply and subsoiling the whole field one year or more pre-
vious to planting. Poor soils require manure ; and turning under green
crops, such as clover, peas, etc., serves to lighten and'make porous, open,
and enrich the soil. Where the subsoil is a heavy clay, it is best to
thoroughly underdrain the whole by means of tile di-ains, at distances of
two or thi-ee rods, and at the same time the surface drains should always
be kept open, to prevent any water standing about the roots of the trees.

Vigorous, healthy yoi;ng trees should be selected from the nurseries.
As there is a great difference in the natural growth, shape, and size of the
various sorts of apple-trees, those of the same kind should be planted in
the rows together or near each other ; this will not only facilitate cul-
ture and gathering the fruit, but will add to the neatness and orderly
appearance of the orchard.

Tt is an indispensahle requisite in all young orchards to keep the
ground mellow and loose by cidtivation; at least for the first few years,
until the trees are well established. Indeed, of two adjoining orchards,
one planted and kept in grass, and the other ploughed for the first five
years, there will be an incredible difference in favor of the lattei". Not
only will these trees show rich, dark, luxuriant foliage, and clean smooth
stems, while those neglected will have a starved and sickly look, but the
size of the trees in the cultivated orchard will be treble that of the
others at the end of this time, and a tree in one will be ready to bear an
abundant crop before the other has commenced yielding a peck of good
fruit. Fallow crops are the best for orchards — potatoes, beets, carrots,
bush beans, and the like ; while grains, such as rye, wheat, oats, etc., are
very injurious ; but whatever crops may be grown, it should constantly be
borne in mind that the roots of the tree require the sole occupancy of
the gi ound, so far as they extend, and therefore that an area of more than
the diameter of the head of the tree should be kept clean of crops, weeds,
and grass.

When the least symptom of failure or decay in a bearing orchard is

THE APPLE. 63

perceived, the gi'ound should have a good top-di-essing of manure, and of
marl, or mild lime, in altei-nate years. It is folly to su2)pose tliat so strong-
growing a tree as the apple, when planted thickly iu an orchard, will not,
after a few heavy crops of fruit, exhaust the soil of much of its proper
food. If we desire our trees to continue in a healthy bearing state, we
should therefore manure them as regularly as any other crop, and they
will amply i-epay the expense. There is scarcely a farm where the waste
of bai-n-3'ard manure, the urine, etc., if pi'operly economized by mixing
this animal excrement with the muck-heap, would not be amply suffi-
cient to keep the orchards in the highest condition. And how many
moss-covei'ed barren orchards, formerly very productive, do we not every
day see, which only require a plentiful new supply of food in a substan-
tial top-dressing, thorough scraping of the stems, and washing with
diluted soft soap, to bring them again into the finest state of vigor and
produ ctiveness.

The bearing year of the Apple, in common culture, only takes place
every alternate year, owing to the excessive crops which it usually pro-
duces, by which they exhaust most of the organizable matter laid up by
the tree, which then requires another season to recover and collect a
sufficient supply again to form fruit-buds. When half the fruit is thin-
ned out in a young state, leaving only a moderate crop, the apple, like
other fruit-trees, will bear eveiy year, as it will also if the soil is kept in
high condition. The bearing year of an apple-tree, or a whole orchard,
may be changed by picking oil" the fruit when the trees first show good
crops, allowing it to remain only in the alternate seasons which we wish
to make the bearing year.

PRUNING.

The Apple in orchards requires very little pruning if the trees, while
the orchard is young, are carefully inspected every year early in March,
and all crossing branches taken out while they are small. When the
heads are once properly adjusted and well balanced, the less the prun-
ing-saw and knife are used the better, and the cutting out of dead limbs,
and removal of such as may interfere with others, or too greatly crowd
up the head of the tree, is all that an orchai-d wiU usually require.
But wherever a limb is pruned away the surface of the wound should be
neatly smoothed, and if it exceeds an inch in diameter, it should be covered
with the liquid shellac previously noticed.

INSECTS.

There are several insects that in some parts of the country are very
destructive or injurious to this tree; a knowledge of the habits of which
is therefore very important to the orchardist. These are chiefly the
borer, the caterpillar, and the canker-worm.

The Apple-boi'er is, as we usually see it in the trunks of the Apple,
Quince, and thorn trees, a fleshy white gri;b, which enters the tree at the
collar, just at the surface of the ground, where the bai-k is tender, and
either girdles the tree or perforates it through every part of the stem,
finally causing its death. This grub is the larva of a brown and white
striped beetle, half an inch long (Saperda bivittata), and it remains in
this grub state two or three years, coining out of the tree in a butterfly

64 THE APPLE.

form early in June — flying in the night only, from tree to tree, after its
food, and finally depositing its eggs, during this and the next month, in
the collar of the tree.

The most eftectual mode of destroying the borer is by picking it out
with the point of a knife, or, when it cannot thus be reached, killing it
by thrusting a flexible wire as far as possible into its hole. Dr. Harris
recommends placing a bit of camphor in the mouth of the aperture and
plugging the hole with soft wood. But it is always better to prevent
the deposit of the egg, by placing about the trunk, early in the spring, a
small mound of ashes or lime ; or by drawing away the soil an inch or
two deep at the base of the tree and wrapping with coarse hardware
paper, tying it, and then replacing the earth ; and where orchards have
already become greatly infested with this insect, the beetles may be de-
stroyed by thousands in June, by building small bonfires of shavings in
various parts of the orchard. The attacks of the borer on niirsery trees
may in a great measure be prevented by wasliing the stems in May, quite
down into the ground, with a solution of two pounds of potash in eight
quarts of water.

The Caterpillar is a great pestilence in the Apple orchard. The
species which is most troublesome to our fruit-trees ( Clisiocamjya ameri-
cana) is bred by a sort of lackey moth, difl"erent from that most trouble-
some in Europe, but its habits as a caterpillar are quite as annoying to
the orchardist. The moth of our common caterpillar is a reddish brown
insect, whose expanded wings measure about an inch and a half. These
moths appear in great abundance in midsummer, flying only at night, and
often buzzing about the candles of our houses. In laying their eggs
they choose principally the Apple or Cherry, and they deposit thousands
of small eggs about the forks and extremities of the yoiing branches.
The next season, about the middle of May, these eggs begin to hatch, and
the young caterpillars in myiiads come forth, weaving their nests or
tents in the fork of the branches. If they are allowed by the careless
cultivator to go on and multiply, as they soon do incredibly fast, they
will in. a few seasons, sometimes in a single yeai-, increase to such an ex-
tent as almost to cover the branches. In this caterpillar state they live
six or seven weeks, feeding most ferociously upon the leaves, and often
stripping whole trees of their foliage. Their effect upon the tree at this
period of the season, when the leaves are most important to the health
of the tree and the growth of the fruit, is most deplorable. The crop is
stvmted, the health of the tree enfeebled, and, if they are allowed to re-
main unmolested for several seasons, they will often destroy its life, or
render it exceedingly decrepid and feeble.

To destroy the caterpillar various modes are adopted. One of the
most eftectual is to touch the nest with a sponge, attached to the end
of a pole, and dipped in strong spirits of ammonia or naphtha from coal-
oil refinings ; the sponge should be turned slowly round in the nests,
and every insect coming in contact will be instantly killed. This should
be done early in the season. Or they may be brought down and
destroyed with a round brush fixed to the end of a pole, and worked
about in the nests. On small trees they may be stripped off with the
hand, and crushed under the foot ; and by this plain and simple mode,
begun in time, with the aid of a ladder, they may in a large orchard be
most eflectually kept tuider by a few moments' daily labor of a single
man. As they do not leave their nests until nine in the moi-ning, the

THE APPLE. 65

extirpator of caterpillars should always be abroad and bnsy before that
time, and while they are all lying quietly in the nests. And let him
never forget that he may do more in an hour, when he commences early
ill the season, than he will in a whole day at a later })eriod, when they
are thoroughly scattered among the trees. If they are allowed to remain
unmolested, they spin their cocoons about the middle of June, and in a
fortnight's time comes forth from them a fresh brood of moths, which,
if they are not put an end to by bonfires, will again lay the eggs of an
infinite number of caterpillars for the next spring.

The Canker-ivorm [Anisopter't/x jjometaria of Hariis) is in some
parts of the country one of the worst enemies of the Apple, destroying
also its foliage with great rapidity. It is not yet common here, but in
some parts of New England it has become a sei'ious enemy. The male
is a moth, with pale ash-colored wings, with a black dot, a little more
than an inch across. The female is wingless, oval, dark ash-colored
above, and gray beneath.

The canker-worm usually rises out of the ground very early in the
spring, chiefly in March, as soon as the ground is free from frost ;
though a few also find their way up in the autumn. The females, having
no wings, climb slowly up the trunks of the trees, while the winged
males hover about to pair with them. Very soon after this, if we ex-
amine the trees we shall see the eggs, of which every female lays some
sixty or a hundred, glued over, closely arranged in rows, and placed in
the forks of branches and among the young twigs. About the twentieth
of May these eggs are hatched, and the canker-worms, dusky brown, or
ash-colored, with a yellow stripe, make their appearance, and commence
preying upon the foliage. When they are abundant they make rapid
progi'ess, and in places where the colony is firmly established, they will
sometimes strip an orchard in a few days, making it look as if a fire had
passed over it. After feeding about four weeks, they descend into the
ground three or four inches, where they remain in a chrysalis form, to
emerge again the next season. As the female is not provided with
wings, they do not spread very rapidly fi'om one place to another.

The attacks upon the canker-worm should be chiefly made upon the
female in her way from the ground up the trunk of the tree.

The common mode of protecting Apple-trees is to surround the
trunk with a belt or bandage of canvas, four or five inches wide, which
is then thickly smeared with tar. In order to prevent the tar from
soon becoming dry and hard, a little coarse train-oil must be well mixed
with it ; and it should be watched and renewed as often as it appears
necessai-y. This tarred belt catches and detains all the females on their
upward journey, and prevents them from ascending the tree to lay their
eggs. And if kept in order it will very eflectually deter and destroy
them. When the canker-worm is abundant it is necessary to apply the
tarred bandage in October, and let it remain till the last of May, but
usually it will be sufficient to use it in the spring. It is probable that
a mixture of coal-tar and common tar would be the best application,
as it is more ofl'ensive, and will not so easily dry and become useless by
exposure to the air and sun. Some persons apply the tar directly to the
stems of the tree, but this has a very injurious efi'ect upon the tnink.
Old India rubber, melted in an iron vessel over a very hot fire, forms a
very adhesive fluid which is not affected by exposure to the weather^
and is considered, by those who have made use of it, the best substance

5

66 THE APPLE.

for smearing the bandages, as being a more effectual barrier, and sel-
dom or never requiring renewal.

Mr. Jonathan Dennis, Jun., of Portsmouth, Rhode Island, has
invented and patented a circular leaden trough, which surrounds the
trunk of the tree, and is filled with oil, and stops effectually the ascent
of the canker-worm. There appear, however, to be two objections to
this trough, as it is frequently used ; one, the escape of the oil, if not
carefully used, which injures the tree ; and the other, the injurious
effect of nailing the troughs to the bark or trunk. They should be sup-
ported by wedges of wood driven in between the trough and the trunk,
and the spaces completely filled up with liquid clay, put on with a brush.
The insects must be taken out and the oil renewed from time to time.
For districts where the canker-worm greatly abounds, this leaden trough
is probably the most permanent and effectual remedy yet employed.

Circular strips of zinc or tin, about four inches wide, passing around
the trunk of the tree, the lower end standing out in a fiaring manner,
resembling a bowl bottom upward, proves an effectual preventive remedy,
as the insects cannot pass the lower rim.

Experiments made by the Hon. John Lowell, and Professor Peck, of
Massachusetts, lead to a belief that if the ground under trees which sufter
from this insect is dug and well pulverized to the depth of five inches, in
October, and a good top-dressing of lime applied as far as the branches
extend, the canker-worm will there be almost entirely destroyed. The
elm, and linden-trees in many places, suffer equally with the Apple from
the attacks of the canker-worm.

Tlie bark-louse, a dull white, oval, scale-like insect, about a tenth of an
inch long (a species of coccus), which sometimes ajjpears in great numbers
on the stems of young Apple and Pear trees, and stunts their growth,
may be destroyed by a wash of soft soap or the potash solution. The
best time to apply these is in the month of June, when the insects are
young, or when the tree is devoid of foliage.

2Vie woolly Aphis [aphis lanigera), or American blight* is a dreadful
enemy of the Apple. It makes its appearance in the form of a minute
white down in the crotches and crevices of the branches, which is com-
posed of a great number of very minute woolly lice, that if allowed will
increase with fearful rapidity, and produce a sickly and diseased state of
the whole tree. Fortunately, this insect is easily destroyed. " This is
effected by washing the parts with diluted sulphuric acid, which is formed
by mixing three-fourths of an ounce by measure of the sulphuric acid of
the shops with seven and a half ounces of water. It should be rubbed
into the parts affected by means of a piece of rag tied to a stick, the
operator taking care not to let it touch his clothes. After the bark of a
tree has been washed with this mixture, the first shower will redissolve
it, and convey it into the most minute crevice, so as effectually to destroy
all insects that may have escaped."— (Xo?tcZo?i's Magazine, ix., p. 336.)
It is the more common practice to destroy it by the use of whale-oil, soap
or lime wash.

The Ajjjyle-worm or Codling moth ( Carpocapsa povionella of Euro-
pean writers) is the insect introduced Avith the Apple-tree from Europe

* It is not a little singular tliat this insect, which is not indigenous to this
country, and is never seen here except where introduced with imported trees,
should be called in England the American blight. It is the most inveterate enemy
of the Apple in the north of France and Germany.

THE APPLE. G7

which appears in the eaily worm-eaten Apples and Pears in the form of
a reddish white grub, and causes the fruit to fall prematurely from the
trees. The perfect insect is a small moth, the fore-wings gray, with a
large round brown spot on the hinder margin. These moths appear in
the greatest numbers in the warm evenings of the first of June, and lay
their eggs in the eye or blossom-end of the young friiit, especially of the
early kinds of Apples and Pears. In a short time these eggs hatch, and
the grub burrows its way till it reaches the core ; the fruit then ripens
prematurely, and drops to the ground. Here the worm leaves the fruit
and creeps into the crevices of the bai-k and hollow of the tree, and spins
its cocoon, which usually remains there till the ensuing spring, when the
young moth again emerges from it. The readiest way of destroying
them, when it can be done conveniently, is to allow swine and poultry
to run at large in the orchards when the premature fruit is falling ; or
otherwise the fruit may be picked up daily and placed where the worms
will be killed. It is said that if an old cloth is placed in the crotch of
the tree about the time the fruit begins to drop, the Apple-worm will
make it a retiring-place, and thousands may be caught and killed from
time to time. As the cocoons are deposited chiefly under the old loose
bark, the thorough cultivator will take care, by keeping the trunks of his
trees smooth, to aflbrd them little harbor ; and by scraping and wash-
ing the trunks early in the spring, to destroy such as may have already
taken up their quarters there.

When the fruit of orchards is much liable to the attacks of this
insect, we cannot too much insist on the efficacy of small bonfires lighted
in the e'V'ening, by which myriads of this and all other moths may be
destroyed before they have time to deposit their eggs and cause worm-
eaten fruit.

A simple preventive remedy, or method of trapping the insect when
in the grub form, has been introduced by Dr. J. P. Trimble, of New
Jersey, and consists in twisting a band or rope of hay, long enough to
pass three or four times around the body of the tree, and putting it
thereon, " securing its ends so as to prevent its becoming loose ; as soon
as the fruit shows signs of the worms being at work, or from the middle
to the last of June. They should be examined evex*y two weeks, as long
as the warm weather lasts, the earlier broods of worms becoming moths
and producing a second crop. If the orchard is pastured, the bands must
of course be put out of the reach of animals. Sometimes it may be neces-
sary to place them around the limbs ; in that case the scales of rough
bark on the body of the tree below them should be scraped oftV

Tlie Might, which occasionally kills suddenly the ends of the limbs
of the apple and the quince, is caused by an insect [Bostrichus hicauda-
tus) which affects the small twigs, by penetrating the wood at the axil
of a leaf, and causing it to wither. It is designated the l^vig blight.
Little or no injury results, but it is always well to cut away the injured
twig just below the wound.

The Ajjph-bark Beetle ( Tomicns mcdi), described by Fitch, is a small,
smooth, black or chestnut-red beetle ; the larvai feed under the bark and
then enter the wood, sometimes killing the young tree.

GATHERING AND KEEPING THE PMUTIT.

In order to secure soundness and preservation, it is indispensably

68 THE APPLE.

necessary that the fruit should be gathered by hand. For winter fruit
the gathering is delayed as long as possible, avoiding severe frosts ; and
the most successful practice with our extensive orchardists is to place the
good fruit directly, in a careful manner, in new, tight flour-bai-rels as
soon as gathered fi-om the tree. These barrels should be gently shaken
while filling, and the head closely pressed in ; they are then placed in a
cool, shady exposure, under a shed open to the aii', or on the north side
of a building, protected by covering of boards over the top, where they
remain for a fortnight, or until the cold becomes too severe, when they
are carefully transferred to a cool, dry cellar, in which air can be admit-
ted occasionally in brisk weather.

Another method, by some regarded as superior, and tending to keep
the fruit longer and better, is to gather carefully, in a dry day, as late as
possible in the fall, and place the fruit on a floor, or in open bins, from
one foot to sixteen inches in depth. After about a week examine, and
if the dampness, commonly called sweat, has passed off, prepare a good
clean barrel, and as each fr\;it is placed in the barrel, see that it is made
perfectly dry by wiping it with a soft cloth. As soon as the barrel is
filled, head it up securely and place it in a cool, dry cellar.

A cellar for this purpose should be dug in dry, gravelly, or sandy
soil, with, if possible, a slope to the north ; or, at any rate, with open-
ings on the north side for the admission of air very rarely in weather
not excessively cold. Here the bai-rels should be placed in tiers on their
sides, and the cellar should be kept as dark as possible. In such a cellar,
one of the largest apple-growers in Dutchess County is able to keep the
Greening Apple, which, in the fruit-room, usually decays in January,
until the 1st of April, in the freshest and finest condition. Some per-
sons place a layer of clean rye-straw between every layer of apples, when
packing them in the barrels.

Apples are frequently kept by farmers in pits or ridges in the ground,
covered with straw and a layer of earth, in the same manner as potatoes;
but it is an inferior method, and the frxiit very speedily decays when
opened to the air. The English apple-growers lay theii* fi-uit in heaps,
in cool, dry cellars, and cover them with straw.

Various plans and methods have been designed for the keeping of
fruit, few, if any of which are found practically adapted to the general
wants of a family. Among those most pi'omiuent is the Roberts Fruit
House, which is constructed by forming a room inside of an ice-house,
having the ice around the sides and overhead ; and with an arrangement
for drainage below, by means of a pipe beneath the floor, and a condens-
ing-tube inside the chamber or fruit-room.

The Nyce Fruit House is constructed with upright walls, sheeted on
the inside and outside with sheet-iron, nailed to upright studding, and
having the inside space closely packed with sawdust or chaft". Above
the fruit-room is a floor of galvanized iron, on which ice, five to six feet
in depth, is packed, and from it a tube or pipe is led off, for the purpose
of conveying the water as the ice melts. Below the floor of the fruit-
room, which is also of galvanized iron, shavings three feet thick are first
laid, and then coated with tar and pitch, to prevent any rise of mois-
ture from below. The temperature is kept at all seasons at just above
the freezing-point, and the moisture from the fruit engendered in the
room is absorbed by the use of " bittern " from salt-works. This absorp-
tion of moisture by means of cJdoride of calcium, or the waste bittern of

THE ArrLE. 09

salt-works, is the principal feature of novelty in this house. But while
upon a large scale these fruit -houses are found of value, their acloj)tion
involves too much of expense in their first construction, and too great
care, to meet the wants of the general fruit-grower. Wlien a IVuit-
house or room is to be constructed, aside from the cellar, under tlie barn
or dwelling, select a location where complete drainage can be had. Ex-
cavate so as that the lower fruit-room will be about two-thirds of its
height under ground ; lay the outside wall, and then, leaving a space of
four inches, lay another inside cement wall. Construct windows so as
to give free cii'cvilation, and yet keep the i-oom dark by having blinds
on the outer side, and sash opening on the inner wall. For winter,
double sash will be required. For the up])er room, the same princi})le
of forming a double wall, leaving a space of at least four inches, is to be
continued, and the arrangement of shelves or drawers through the cen-
ti-e, keeping a passage open all around, may be made to meet the wants
for which the room is to be vised.

When apples are exported, each fruit in the barrel shoiild be wrapped
in clean soft paper, and the barrels should be placed in a dry, airy place
between decks.

CIDER.

To make the finest cider. Apples should be chosen which are espe-
cially suited to this purpose. The fruit should be gathered about the
first of November, and coarse cloths or strhw should be laid under the
tree, to secure them against bruising when they are shaken from the tree.
If the weather is fine the fruit is allowed to lie in heaps in the open air,
or in airy sheds or lofts for some time, till it is thoroughly ripened. A 11
immature and rotten fruit should then be I'ejected, and the remainder
ground in the mill as nearly as possible to a uniform mass. This pulp
should now remain in the vat from 24 to 48 hours, or even longer if the
weather is cool, in order to heighten the color and increase the saccharine
principle. It is then put into the pi'ess (without wetting the straw), from
whence the liquor is strained, through hair-cloth or sieves, into perfectly
clean, sweet, sound casks. The casks, with the bung out, are then placed
in a cool cellar, or in a sheltered place in the open air. Hei^e the fermen-
tation commences, and as the pomace and froth work out of the bung-
hole, the casks must be filled up every day with some of the same press-
ing, kept in a cask for this purpose. In two or three weeks this rising will
cease, when the first fermentation is over, and the bung should at first be
put in loosely — then in a day or two driven in tight — leaving a small vent-
hole near it, which may also be stojjped in a few days after. If the casks
are in a cool airy cellar the fermentation will cease in a day or two, and
this state may be known by the liquor becoming clear and bright, by the
cessation of the discharge of fixed air, and by the thick crust which has
collected on the surface. The clear cider should now be drawn off and
placed in a clean cask. If the cider, which must be carefully watched in
this state, to prevent the fermentation going too far, remains quiet, it may
be allowed to stand till spring, and the addition at first of about a gill of
finely powdered charcoal to a barrel will secure this end ; but if a scum
collects on the surface, and the fermentation seems inclined to proceed
further, it must be immediately racked again. The vent-spile may now
be driven tij^ht, but examined occasionallv. In the beginning of March

70 THE APPLE.

a final racking should take place, when, shoiild the cider not be perfectly
fine, about three-fourths of an ounce of isinglass should be dissolved in
the cider and poured in each barrel, which will render it perfectly clear.
It may be bottled now, or any period before the blossoming of tlie Apple
or afterwards, late in May. When bottling, fill the bottles within an
inch of the bottom of the cork, and allow the bottles to stand an hour
before the corks are driven. They should then be sealed and kept in a
cool cellar, with clean dry sand up to theii necks, or laid on their sides
in boxes or bins, with the same between each layer.

VARIETIES.

The varieties of the Ap})le at the present time are very numerous.
The garden of the Horticultural Society of London, which contains the
most complete collection of fruit in the world, enumerates now, 1845,
about 900 varieties, and nearly 1500 have been tested there. Of these
the larger proportion are of course inferior ; but it is only by comparison
in such an experimental garden that the value of the difierent varieties
for a certain climate can be fully ascertained.

The European Apples generally are, in this climate, inferior to our
first-rate native sorts, though many of them are of high merit also with
us. There is much confusion in regard to names of Apples, and the
variation of fruits from soil, location, or other causes, makes it difficult
to identify the kinds, and until they are brought together and fruited on
the same ground the certainty of their nomenclature will not be estab-
lished. New varieties of Apples are constantly springing up in this
country from the seed, in favorable soils ; and these, when of sviperior
quality, may, as a general rule, be considered much more valuable for
orchard culture than foreign sorts, on account of their greater produc-
tiveness and longevity. Indeed every State has some fine Apples pecu-
liar to it, and it is therefore impossible in the present state of pomology
in this countiy to give a complete list of the finest Apples of the United
States. To do this will require time, and an extended and careful exa-
mination of their relative merits collected in one garden. The following
descriptions comprise all the finest American and foreign varieties yet
known in our gardens.

CLASSIFICATION.

The distinctive characters of fruits have, during the past quarter of a
century, become so much intermingled and hybridized that, after carefully
studying them, and comparing them with the orders of classification
adopted by authors, we have come to the conclusion that no definite
order can safely be made to embrace them. Forms, colors, gi-owths, and
periods of ripening are so much interwoven and distributed as to defy
all arbitrary rules of classification, and hence we have without hesitation
abandoned it entirely, substituting in our work the simple order of the
alphabet as confined to names, believing such course will prove the most
available and useful.

TERMS USED IX DESCRIBING APPLES.

In identifying fruits, not only certain forms and features of the fruit
itself are desirable, to have a definite description under plain and intelK-

THE APPLE.

71

gible terms, but often the foi-m of tlie growth of the tree, as well as tlus
color of its young wood, are essential to a clear knowledge for dtscision.
The form and general ajipearanco of a fruit may be changed by soil or
climate, but the general habit of growth and color of the young wood is
always the same, and in the ensuing pages this latter point has been
kept in view and recorded, so far as knowledge could be obtained,
respecting valuable varieties.

The terms used we have sought to make simple and uniform, and
within the comprehension of all, rather than scientific. In describing
trees, the character designed to be represented is that of the orchard,
or trees in a healthy bearing condition, and the growth is said to be
strong and vigorous, as the Rhode Island Greening, or Baldwin ; vigor-
ous and slender, as the Jonathan or Winesap ; stout and short-jointed, as
Jersey Sweet or Primate ; medium and vigorous, as Fameuse, or Maiden's
Blush. And for the general form of the tree, the word upriglit spread-
ing \s, used to designate such as Baldwin; spreading, as the Rhode
Island Greening ; round-headed, as in the Early Harvest ; vjyright, as
with Benoni. In describing fruits, the word base means that part of the
fruit in which the stem is planted ; and ap>ex, the blossom end, or crown,
as it is sometimes termed. Forms are so much interwoven, as it were,
one with another, that we have selected but four as the primary bases on
which all others are built, and are subsidiary.

Oblate.

ConicaL

Oblong.

These primary forms are roundish, oblate, conical, and oblong. The
terms round, roundish, or globular, are sometimes used in connection,
rather as qualifying expressions than as distinctive ; for while the word
roundish^ which indicates the height and diameter as nearly equal, ap-

72 THE APPLE.

plies to many fruits, tliere is no perfectly round or globular apple
known.

Oblate indicates the height as much less than diameter. Conical, is
when the fruit is roundish, having the apex end contracted. Oblong, is
when the fmiit is longer than broad, and having the apex and base of
nearly the same breadth. Connected and subsidiary terms, such as
roundish, conical, or conic, are when the Apple unites the two primary
forms of roundish and conical ; or elongated conical., or conic, when the
length is considerably beyond the breadth. Truncate conic, is when the
fruit is flattened at the apex. JRibbed, or obscurely ribbed, wdien the
surface has rising lines and channels from apex to base. Oblique, is
when the fruit presents the appearance as of being one-sided, or when
the axis is inclined to one side. Oblate, not symmetric, or sides unequal,
when one side is less than the other. Corrugated, having depressed
lines, furrows, or wrinkles. A.cute, when narrowdng to a sharp point.
Obtuse, round or blunt. Abrujyt, when the depression breaks off sud-
denly.

In designating the quality of fruits, the terms of the American
Pomological Society have been adopted ; but it must be remembered
that these terms apply strictly and only to the actual quality of the fruit
as a dessert sort.

Some varieties classed as best, and which are strictly of the highest
qualitj'^ as fruit, are, nevertheless, unprofitable as varieties to grow,
except by the amateur, while many to which the term very good, or very
good to best, is applied, are known to be highly valuable and profitable
for market, as well as excellent for the dessert.

APPLES.

Abbott.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, obscurely ribbed, greenish-
yellow, shaded and striped with red, few light and brown dots. Stalk
long, ca\dty broad, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin small, imeven.
Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid. Core medium. Very good.
December to March.

Abbott's Sweet.

Origin, New Hampshire.

Fruit rather above medium, roundish, conical, yellow, covered with
stripes and blotches of red, and many white dots. Flesh white, tender,
juicy, and pleasant. Very sweet. Good to very good. December to
March.

Abbott's Five-Sided Spice.

Origin ^^nkno^vn.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, pale yellow, splashed and striped
with two shades of red, light-gray dots. Flesh whitish, moderately juicy,
mild subacid. Good. Core small. October and November.

[ THE APPLE. 73

1

Abram.

Origin iinknoAvn. Gro^vn extensively in Eastern Virginia and North
Carolina.

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow shaded, and splashed with red.
Many light dots. Flesh white, tender, subacid. " Good." December
to March.

Acklam's Russet.
Aclemy Russet.

Origin, Acklam, England.

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, pale yellowish green, some
gray russet and yellowish -gray specks. Flesh whitish, firm, crisp, sub-
acid. " Good." November to February.

Adams.

Originated with James Adams, Union, Penn, Tree quite strong,
vigorous, spreading. Young shoots dull reddish brown. Very pro-
ductive.

Fruit large, roundish, oblate, slightly oblique, yellow, shaded and
splashed with red and russet netting. Stalk short. Cavity large, deep.
Calyx generally open. Segment long, reflexed. Basin lax-ge, abrupt.
Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, slightly aromatic. Very good. January
to April.

Adams Pearmain.

Norfolk Pippin. Matchless.

Origin unknown. Tree a free, healthy grower. Young shoots.
Good bearer.

Fruit medium or below, roundish conical, inclining to oblong, pale yel-
low, shaded, mottled and splashed with red, with many light dots.
Flesh yellow, crisp, firm, juicy, rich, brisk, subacid, slightly aromatic.
Very good. December to February.

Agate D'Enckhuysen.

Origin, Enckhuysen, Holland. Tree upright. Young shoots slender,
dark reddish.

Fruit small or medium, conical, clear yellowish green, and with
many small dots. Calyx large, open, or nearly so. Segments large.
Basin deep. Stalk short, stout. Cavity acute, deep. Flesh white, very
fine grained, rather fii-m, juicy, sugary, perfumed. January to ]\Iarch.
(Verg.)

Agathe.

Pomme Double Agathe.

Oi'igin, Limbourg, Holland. Tree \dgorous, productive. Fruit
medium or large, conical oblate, deep yellow in the shade, bright red-
cheek in sun. Many conspicuous gray dots. Flesh yellowish-white,

74 THE APPLE.

sometimes slightly rose-colored, tender, juicy, subacid, pleasant. Core
large, open. October to February. (An. Pom.)

Agnes's.

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Fruit latber below medium, oblate,
somewhat oblique. Skin yellowish, striped, and shaded with red, and
sprinkled with light brown dots. Stalk short and small, inserted in a
large cavity. Calyx closed, in a medium basin. Flesh tender, with a
spicy, pleasant, subacid flavor. " Good." September, October.

AlLES.

Origin, Chester Co., Pa., of vigorous gi'owth, and productive. Fruit
large, oblate, yellowish, shaded and striped with red. Stalk short. Cavity
narrow. Calyx in a round moderate basin. Flesh yellow, fine, crisp,
juicy, with a rich vinous flavor. Good. Highly esteemed for cooking,
not in eating till spring, and will keep till midsummer.

Alant.
Pomme d'Aunee.

Probably of German origin. Tree slender, short jointed. Young
shoots reddish-brown.

Fruit medium, truncated conic, greenish-yellow, with indistinct dots.
Calyx small. Basin deep. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Flesh yellow,
tender, juicy, with a cinnamon aroma. Winter. (Yerg.)

Alexander,

Emperor Alexander. Russian Emperor. Aporta.

Victoria, incorrectly.

A very large, showy Russian variety. Tree vigorous, spreading,
productive. Fruit very large, regularly formed, conical. Skin greenish-
yellow, faintly streaked with red on the shaded side, but orange, bril-
liantly streaked, and marked with bright red in the sun. Calyx large,
set in a deep basin. Stalk rather slender, three-fourths of an inch long,
planted in a deep cavity. Flesh yellowish-white, crisp, tender, and
juicy, with a rather pleasant flavor. Good. October to December.

Alfriston.

Lord Grwydr's Newtown Pippui. Oldaker's New

Shepherd's Pippin. Baltimore, incorrectly.

A thii-d-rate Apple, valued in England for cooking. Fniit large,
roundish, a little ribbed, and rather broadest at the base, pale greenish-
yellow. Flesh yellowish-white, crisp, tender, with a tolerable, some-
what acid flavor. Good. October to January.

Allemand.

Pepia d'Or Allemand.

Of Hanoverian origin. Tree a slender gi'ower. Fruit small, coni-
cal truncated, pale yellow, with pearl-color spots. Flesh yellow, fine,
tender, sugary vinous. Winter. (Yirg.)

the apple. 75

Allen's Choice.

Origin, Pennsylvania. Fruit medium, oblate, sides unequal, yel-
low, mostly shaded, and striped with red. Flesh white, stained with
red, coai'se, crisp, juicy, ai-omatic. " Good." January.

Allen's Pippin.

Origin, Chatham, N. C. Tree upright, productive. Fruit medium,
oblate, greenish-yellow. Flesh whitish, tender, mild, subacid. Good.
October to December.

All-Hallows.

Origin from seed by Richard H. Graves, Ireland. Fruit medium,
roundish, handsome. Flesh tender, juicy, very pleasant. October and
November. A new variety, not yet fully tested in this country.

All-Summer.

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree slow growth, spreading, an annual
bearer, and very productive. Fruit small, oblate, greenish waxy yellow,
slight tinge of red in sun. Stalk slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh
white, tender, pleasant. Almost " very good." July and August.

Allum.

Hallum. Rockingham Red.

Much grown in northern N. Carolina ; valuable chiefly because of
its productiveness and for its keeping properties. Fruit medium, oblate,
irregular, deep red. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, with a brisk
acid flavor. Good. January to April.

Alsace.

Origin, Alsace Township, Pa. Fruit medium, conical, whitish-yel-
low, blush in sun. Flesh whitish, juicy, pleasant. " Good." Januaiy
to March. (Pa. Hoi-t.)

Amelia.

Of European origin. Fruit medium, roundish, conical, pale yellow,
shaded, and obscurely splashed with two shades of crimson. Flesh
whitishj firm, tender, juicy, mild subacid. Good. January and Febru-
ary.

American Beauty.
Sterling Beauty. Beauty of America.

Origin, Sterling, Mass. Tree vigorous, productive, an annual bearer.
Wood dull reddish brown, slightly downy.

Fruit large, foi'm roundish, slightly inclining to conic, obscurely
ribbed. Color a yellow ground mostly covered with red, which is quite
dark in the sun, thickly sprinkled with small light and brown dots. Stalk
rather short, somewhat slender. Cavity medium, with russet, the rays of
which sometimes extend out over a portion of the fruit. Calyx small,

76

THE APPLE.

closed. Segments medium, slightly recurved. Basin medium, uneven.
Flesh yellowish, rather compact, tender, juicy, rich mild, subacid, aro-
matic. Core small. Yery good. December to April.

American Golden Pippin.

Golden Pippin. New York Greening.

Ribbed Pippin. Newtown Greening.

Golding. Golden Apple.

This old Apple is one of our finest American fruits, and seems not
to be generally known. It has been cultivated more than fifty years,
and is considered one of the most profitable for orchard culture and mar-
keting; it is also a superior Apple for family use. Growth strong,
similar to R. I. Greening, but less drooping, making a round, spreading
head ; does not bear young, but very productive when a little advanced,
and a popular fruit where known. Wood dark reddish, downy, with pro-
minent flattened buds.

Fruit medium to large ; form roundish oblate, inclining to conic,
obsciu'ely ribbed; color yellow, sometimes a brownish blush in sun, thinly

American Golden Pippin.

sprinkled with gray dots, often slightly netted with thin russet. Stalk
short, moderately stout. Cavity large, deep. Calyx closed. Segments
pointed, slightly recurved. Basin broad, open, slightly corrugated. Flesh
yellowish, breaking j^iicy, rather coarse, rich, aromatic, subacid. Core
rather large. Very good. November to February.

American Golden Russet.

Golden Russet.
Sheep Nose.

The American Golden Russet is one of the most delicious and tender

Bullock's Pippin.
Little Pearmain.

THE APPLE. 77

Apples, its flesh resembling more in texture that of a buttery Pear than
that of an ordinary Apple. It is widely cultivated at the West and
in New England as the Golden Russet, and tliougli neither handsome nor
large, is still a universal favorite, from its great productiveness and
admirable flavor. The uncouth name of Coxe, jShee^y-nose, is nearly
obsolete, except in New Jersey, and we therefore adoi)t the present one,
to which it is well entitled. The tree is thrifty, with upright shoots, dull
reddish grayish brown.

Fruit below medium size, roundish-ovate, dull yellow, sprinkled with
a very thin russet. Stalk rather long and slender. Calyx closed, and
set in a rather narrow basin. Flesh yellowish, very tender, juicy, with a
mild, rich, spicy flavor. Best. October to January.

American Grolden Kusset.

American Nonpareil.

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, round, and regular. Fruit medium,
oblong conic, yellow, streaked with lively red. Flesh white, crisp, juicy.
August. (Coxe.)

American Pippin.
Stone. Grindstone.

Tree thrifty, spreading, with crooked shoots. Valuable only for its
late keeping and for cider.

Fruit of medium size and regular form, oblate, dull red in patches
and stripes, on a dull green ground. Flesh white, firm, juicy, ^vith a
somewhat brisk, acid flavor. Good. Keeps till June.

American Plate.
Origin unknown. Tree of slow growth, hardy, very productive.

78

THE APPLE.

Friiit small, roundish, oblate, gret ih, with a brown tinge. Flesh
crisp, juicy, pleasant. December and January. (Ron.)

American SuMjrER Pearmain.
Early Summer Pearmaiu.

A rich, highly-flavored fruit, much esteemed where it is known. It
appears to be quite different from the Summer Pearmain (of the English),
and is probably a seedling raised from it. It ripens gradually from the
tenth of August to the last of September. Tree moderately vigorous,
with slender branches, round-headed. Young shoots dull reddish-brown.

Pruit of medium size, oblong, widest at the crown, and tapering slight-
ly to the eye. Skin red, spotted with yellow in the shade, but streaked

American Summer Pearmain.

with livelier red and yellow on the sunny side. Stalk three-fourths of
an inch long, and pretty deeply inserted. Eye deeply sunk. Calyx
closed. Segments short, erect. Basin abrupt, slightly corrugated. Plesh
yellow, remarkably tender, with a rich and pleasant flavor, and often
bursts in falling from the tree. Quality best. Core medium.

Ananas.

Rother Ananas. Bromelia Ananas.

Tree vigorous, productive.

Priiit medium, romidish, yellow, streaked with bright red in the sun,
brown spots in shade. Stalk long, slender. Cavity deep, open. Calyx

THE PPLE. 79

A

iiTegular, open. Basin deep. F a white, tender, juicy, subacid, per-
fumed. Excellent. October. (Al. Pom.)

Ananas de Liege.
Calville Ananas de Liege. Lutticher Ananas Calville.

Originated in Belgium. Tree moderately vigorous, with long, jointed,
dark-reddish shoots.

Fruit large, conical, truncated, greenish, with patches of brown or
brownish russet. Calyx large. Basin deep, abrupt. Stalk short. Cavity
large and deep. Flesh white, half-fine, firm, a little dry, subacid. Cook-
ing. January, February. (Verg.)

Angle.

Medium, roundish, yellow, nearly covered with stripes and splashes
of light and dark red, with white dots. Flesh yellow, tender, sweet and
good, fail- and handsome. Good. First of Septembei'.

Anglo-American.

Raised by W. H. Read, Canada West. Tree vigorous and produc-
tive.

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, marbled, striped and splashed with
bright red. Stalk short, rather slender, inserted in a cavity of moderate
depth. Calyx closed. Segments long, partly recurved. Flesh white,
tender, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic. Very good. August, Sep-
tember.

Archiduc Antoine.

Tree upright, vigorous. Young shoots reddish.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow green, dotted with inconspicuous
small bi-own dots. Calyx half open. Basin small. Stalk rather long.
Cavity deep. Flesh whitish yellow, fine, tender, juicy, subacid. Early
winter. (Verg.)

Aromatic Carolina.

Origin, Pomaria, South Carolina. Tree vigorous, hardy, productive.

Fruit large, roundish, oblate, sides unequal, light yellow, slightly
streaked with, pale red. Flesh moderately firm, crisp, pleasant, mild,
subacid, aromatic. Very good. August and September. AVilliam
Sumner says this is exceedingly tender and melting, and in season all
July.

Aromatic Russet.

An English Apple, of vigorous, upright, rather slender growth, hardy
and jiroductive.

Fruit medium, roundish, truncate conic, greenish, with a thin gray
russet, and a tinge of dull red in the sun. Flesh greenish white, lirni,
brisk, subacid, aromatic. November, February. (Lind.)

Ashland.
Origin, Clermont Co., O. Tree upright, moderate grower, a good and
annual bearer.

80 THE APTLE.

Fruit medium, approaching conic, truncate, yellowish, striped and
shaded with carmine, and considerably sprinkled with large light dots.
Stalk small and short, inserted in a large open cavity siu-i-ounded by
greenish russet. Calyx open, set in a round, abrupt basin. Flesh yel-
low, tender, juicy, with a very pleasant, mild, subacid flavor. Very
good. January to April.

Ashmead's Kernel.

A variety from Gloucestershire, England. Tree hardy and pro-
ductive.

Fruit small, roundish, oblate, greenish yellow, with tinge of brown-
ish orange in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, aromatic.
November to May. (Lind.)

ASHMORE.
Eed Ashmore.

Origin unknown. Ti-ee vigorous, upright, spreading. Young shoots
dull reddish brown.

Fruit medium, form roundish oblate, inclining to conical, generally
regular ; color whitish yellow, washed or shaded with rich bright red,
obscurely splashed, moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots. Skin
glossy, smooth. Stalk medium ; cavity broad, deep, slightly russeted.
Calyx small, finely closed. Segments erect. Basin deep, open, slightly
uneven. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, subacid. Core small. Very
good. October, November.

Striped Ashmore is claimed by some as a distinct variety, differing
only in its coloring.

ASTERUS.

D'Asterus. Strifling' d'Hiver.

An English variety, valuable for cooking.

Fruit large, roundish, green, with some dull red streaks. Flesh firm,
rich, subacid or acid. January to Api-il. (Ron.)

Augustine.

Large, roundish, conic, yellow, striped with red, sweet and dry.
AvTgust.

Augustus Pearmain.

An English variety. Fruit small to medium, roundish conical,
yellow, with streaks of red, deepest in the sun. Calyx small, closed.
Stalk short, and having a knobby attachment. Flesh tender, juicy, vinous,
aromatic. November, December. (Hogg.)

Aunt Anna.

Aunt Anna's Seedling.

Introduced by John Reeder, South Charleston, Ohio. Fruit medium,
oblate, yellow, finely striped with red. Flesh yellow, tender, rather dry.
(O. P. S. Rep.)

the apple. 81

Aunt's Apple.

Origin unknown. Tree small, delicate, veiy productive. Fruit
large, oblong, yellow, mostly covered and streaked "with a lively red.
Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy, not rich. November. (Coxe.)

Aunt Hannah.

Origin, Essex Co., Mass. Tree of slow growth. Fruit medium,
oblate, nearly globular. Skin golden yellowish, sprinkled with russet.
Stem short, inserted in a cavity surrounded by russet. Calyx closed.
Basin very shallow. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, with a rich peculiar
flavor, slightly musky. Good. December to February.

Aunt Susan's Favorite.

Originated from seed, by Mrs. Susan Tippet, in Missouri, about
twenty-five years since. Tree hardy, thrifty, vigorous, round open head,
good and regular bearer. Fruit large, roundish, flattened, light yellow,
shaded and striped with shades of deep and light red. Stalk short.
Cavity deep. Calvx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, subacid.
Good. August. "(M. S. H. Soc.)

Austin Sweet.

Origin, Mercer Co., Pa. Tree irregular spreading.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, pale yellow, sprinkled
with a few brown dots and patches of russet. Stalk short and small ;
cavity, wide open, deep, russeted. Calyx open. Segments short, erect.
Basin abrupt, deep, uneven. Flesh white, moderately juicy, rich, sweet.
Very good. Core medium. September to December.

Autumn Golden Pippin.

An old English variety. Tree vigorous. Fruit small, lemon-yel-
low, little russeted. Flesh rich, and delicious flavor. (Ron.)

Autumn Peaemain.

Winter Pearmain.

A slow-growing tree, but attains a large size. Branches slender,
spreading. Fruit of medium size, roundish, narrowing gradually toward
the eye. Color brownish-yellow, mixed with green on the shaded side,
but next the sun reddish, blended with yellow, streaked with deeper red,
and sprinkled with numerous small brown specks. Stalk short, obliqiiely
planted under a fleshy lip. Calyx small, set in a broad shallow basin,
which is sometimes scarcely at all sunk, and obscurely plaited. Flesh
pale yellow, crisp, firm, a little dry, but rich and high flavored. Core
rather small. Quality very good. October to March.

Autumn P^omanite.

Originated on the farm of Jacob Nicely, Cumberland Co., Pa. Fruit
medium, round, somewhat flattened, beautiful red. Flesh yellow, plea-
sant. September. (A. Pom. S. Rep.)

6

82 the apple.

Autumn Rose.

Roseau d'Automne,

An old Englisli variety. Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium,
red on bright rich yellow, russet at the stem. Flesh yellow, rich,
juicy, tender, high flavored. September. (Coxe.)

Autumnal Swaab.

Fall Swaar of West.

Origin unknown. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading. Fruit large,
roundish, conic, orange-yellow, netted with russet, and sprinkled with star-
shaped dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity broad, deep, slightly russeted.
Calyx small and closed. Basin deep, abrupt, and conjugated. Flesh yel-
low, juicy, tender, with a pleasant, rich, mild, slightly aromatic sub-
acid flavor. Core small. Very good. Septembea-.

Autumn Sweet Bough.

Late Bough. Sweet Bellflower.

Fall Bough. Philadelphia Sweet.

White Sugar ?

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, round-headed, very pro-
ductive. One of the very best dessert sweet Apples of its season.
Fruit medium, conical, angvilar, smooth, pale yellow, sprinkled with a
few brown dots. Stalk of medium length, rather slender, inserted in a
deep narrow cavity. Calyx closed. Segments long. Basin deep, corru-
gated. Flesh white, very tender, with a sweet, refreshing, vinous flavor.
Very good. Last of August to first of October.

Autumnal Sweet Swaak.

Sweet Swaar. Sweet Golden Pippin.

Origin unknown. Tree vigorovis, spreading, productive. Fruit
medium, oblate, inclining to conic, deep yellow, with occasional blush
in sun. Stalk rather long, slender. Cavity broad and even. Calyx
closed. Basin round, open, corrugated. Flesh yellow, tender, mode-
rately juicy, rich and sweet. Core medium. Very good. September,
October.

Autumn Seek-no-farther.
Dr. Watson.

Origin unknown. A variety considerably grown in Indiana, where
it is much esteemed. Tree moderately vigoroiis, spreading, productive.
Fruit medium, oblate, sides sometimes unequal. Color greenish-white,
shaded, and splashed in the sun with dull crimson. Stalk of medium
length. Cavity broad, uneven. Calyx open. Basin large, rather deep.
Flesh whitish-yellow, rather firm, juicy, rich, siibacid. Core medium.
Very good. September, October.

THE APPLE. 83

AVERILL.

Wolfs Den.

Origin, Pomfret, Conn. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit rather
large, ii-regularly conic, angular, greenish yellow, striped and shaded
with red. Stem short and stout, inserted in a narrow cavity. Calyx
closed, set in a very shallow slightly fui-rowed basin. Flesh whitish,
tender, juicy, with a pleasant subacid flavor. Good. February to
June.

Baccolinus.

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit small,
roundish to roundish oblong, whitish, shaded and splashed with light and
dark red. Flesh firm, moderately juicy, \-inous. Core small. Good.
Januaiy to April.

Bachelor's Blush.

Oi'igin unknown. An annual moderate bearer. Fruit rather large,
form oblate depressed, often obscurely ribbed, color yellowish with blush
in sun, sprinkled with a few light and gray dots. Stalk very short.
Cavity large, deep. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. Basin medium, un-
even. Flesh white, tender, crisp, juicy, rather rich, subacid. Core small.
Very good. August and Septembei-.

Bachelor's Glory.

An English variety. Fruit large, roundish, irregularly ribbed, golden
yellow with crimson stripes. Calyx closed. Segments flat. Stalk medium.
Cavity deep, funnel-shaped. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant. Oc-
tober, November. (Hogg.)

Backhouse's Lord Nelson.

Origin, York, England. Tree vigorous.

Fruit large, roundish conic, yellowish with dull green shade. Flesh
tender. Good. December to January. (Ron.)

Baddow Pippin.

Ribston Pippin, Spring.

An English dessert Apple, valued for its keeping properties. Fruit
medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, yellowish green, with dull red in the
sun. Stalk short. Calyx large, open Flesh whitish, firm, crisp, rich
vinous. Good. April to May.

Bailey's Golden.

Origin, Kennebec Co., Maine, Tree productive. Fruit large, oblong,
flattened at base and crown, yellowish, slightly russeted, with a warm
cheek. Stalk short, surrounded by russet in a broad deep cavity. Calyx
large and open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, with a pleasant subacid
flavor. Good. January to March.

84 the apple.

Bailey's Spice.

Origin, Plattsburg, N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous and productive.
Fruit medium, roundish conical, light yellow, sometimes a faint blush.
Stalk rather long, slender. Cavity rather deep. Calyx closed. Basin
abrupt, corrugated. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, lively subacid, slightly
aromatic. Core large. Nearly very good. September and October.

Bailey's Sweet.
Edgerly's Sweet. Howard's Siceet. Paterson's Sweet.

Origin unknown, introduced by J. Edgerly of Perry, Wyoming Co.,
N. Y. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, spreading, productive.

This variety is regarded as profitable for all purposes, although per-
haps a little too tender skin for shipping long distances. Fruit large,
form roundish conical, often approaching oblong, obscurely ribbed, color
yellowish, mostly shaded and obscurely striped with red, and thickly
sprinkled with minute dots. Stalk short and rather small, inserted in a
narrow cavity. Calyx small, closed, set in a narrow irregular basin.
Flesh white, tender, not very juicy, almost melting, with a honeyed sweet
flavor. Core rather large. Very good. November to March.

Baker.

Scott.

Origin, Bidgefield, Ct. Tree vigorous, spreading, abundant bearer,
yoimg wood reddish brown, with prominent I'ound buds. In its native
locality this Apple is highly esteemed both for market and cooking pur-
poses.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, mostly
shaded and splashed with shades of crimson. Stalk short, moderately
stovit. Cavity regular, medium. Calyx closed. Segments slightly recurved.
Basin shallow, slightly corj-ugated. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, often
tinged with crimson near the skin, pleasant subacid. Very good. Core
small. October to February.

Baker's Sweet.
Winter Golden Sweet. Long Stem Sweet. Late Golden Sweet.

An old fruit of Connecticut and Massachusetts, and much cultivated
there. Tree moderately vigorous, slender, somewhat i-esembling Jonathan.
Wood clear reddish brown.

Frl^it medium, roundish, of a golden yellow color, with some patches
of russet. Stalk long, inserted in a large smooth cavity. Calyx closed.
Bather large basin. Flesh yellow, rich, exceedingly saccharine and plea-
sant. Good to very good. November, December.

Balm.

Origin, Vermont. Tree \'igorovis, productive.

Fruit medium or above, roundish, oblate conical, yellowish, mostly
covered %vith red. Stalk slender. Flesh whitish, tender, moderately
juicy, mild, pleasant. Good. October.

THE APPLE.

85

Woodpecker.
Felch ?

Baldwin.

Pecker.

Red Baldwin.

Steele's Red Winter.
Butters.

The Baldwin stands at the head of all New England Apples, and is
i;nquestionably a first-rate fruit in all respects. It is a native of Massa-
chusetts, and is more largely cultivated for the Boston market than any
other sort. It bears most abundantly ^\dth us, and we have had the
satisfaction of raising larger, more beautiful, and highly flavored speci-
mens here than we ever saw in its native region. The Baldwin in flavor
and general characteristics evidently belongs to the same family as our
Esopus Spitzenberg, and deserves its extensive popularity.

Tree vigorous, upright spreading, productive. Young shoots dull
reddish brown.

Fruit lai'ge, roundish, and narrowing a little to the eye. Color yellow
in the shade, but nearly covered and striped with crimson, red, and
orange in the sun, dotted with a few russet dots, and with radiating
streaks of russet about the stalk. Calyx closed , and set in a rather narrow
plaited basin. Stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender
for so large a fruit, planted in an even, moderately deep cavity. Flesh

Baldwin.

yellowish white, crisp, with that agreeable mingling of the saccharine and
acid which constitutes a rich, high flavor. Very good. The tree is a
vigorous upright grower, and bears most abundantly. Ripe from No-
vember to March, but with us is in perfection in January.*

* The Baldwin, like nearly all other varieties of winter fruits, originated in the
Korthern and Eastern States ; when grown in Southern latitudes they become

86

THE APPLE.

Baldwin Sweet.

Fruit rather large, roundish, yellow, striped and shaded with red.
Flesh yellow, rather compact, sweet and good. Productive. October,
January.

Cable's Gilliflower.

Baltimore.

Baltimore Pippin.

Royal Pippin

Origin imknown. Tree healthy, hardy, moderately vigorous, making a
round head that when loaded with fruit appears almost drooping. Young
shoots slender, dull reddish bro^Ti. A profitable variety for market or
table use.

Fruit medium. Form roundish, conical, regular. Color pale yellow,
shaded with light red, striped and splashed with dark red, almost pur-
plish, having a grayish appearance of bloom, large light dots, with a
dark centre. Stalk short. Cavity medium size, rather thinly russeted.
Calyx small, closed. Segments di-awn to a point. Basin shallow, nearly
smooth. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, subacid. Core medium.
Very good. December to April.

An apple received from Maryland as Baltimore proves identical with
Fallawater.

Baltimore Greening.

Origin unknown. Specimens received from John Edgerton, Coal
Creek, Iowa.

Fruit large, globular flattened, greenish yellow, with a brownish

autumn or early winter sorts, and lose more or less of their sprightliness and good
qualities as table fruits. On the other hand, the summer-ripening varieties, origi-
nating North, are greatly improved when grown at the South.

THE APPLE. 87

blush clieek iii sun, some slight sti-ipes of russet, and a few small raised
gray dots. Stem short. Cavity broad, open, and deep. Calyx closed, or
nearly so. Basin open, deep, slightly furrowed at base. Flesh yellow-
ish, rather coarse, tender, mild, subacid. Very good. Core medium,
December. (Elliott's Notes.)

Baltzby

From Yiiginia. Tree spreading, productive. Fruit large, oblate,
yellowish white, with a faint blush; dots scattered, small, white. Flesh
white, firm, somewhat tough, juicy, almost sweet. Good. October.

Bar.

A large, fair apple, slightly tinged with red next the sun. Flesh
white, juicy, sweet, and agi'eeable. Good. An early fall fruit, and
keeps well through the winter.

Barbour.

Originated with J. Barbour, Lancaster Co., Pa. Fruit mediiim
roundish, oblate, inclining to conical, mottled, and striped with red of
different hues on a grayish ground, with numerovis gi'ay specks. Flesh
yello^vish, white, tender, juicy, flavor pleasant. Quality very good. (Pa.
Rep.)

Barcelona Pearmain.

Speckled Golden Reinette. Speckled Pearmain

Polinia Pearmain Reinette Rousse.

Reinette Rouge. Reinette des Cannes.

Glace Rouge. Cassel Reinette.
Kleine Casseler Reinette.

A foreign variety of uncertain origin, which from its good qualities
there, has evidently been widely grown under many names. Tree hardy
and productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, pale yellow, mostly covei'ed with
red, and many star-like russet specks. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp,
rich, aromatic, subacid. November to March.

Barchard's Seedling.

An English variety, valuable for kitchen use. Fi-uit medium, round-
ish oblate, yellow striped with red. Flesh white, sugary. October.
(L. H. S.)

Barnham's Sweet

Origin, Connecticut. Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, rough,
russet. Flesh yellowish, rather dry, rich, sweet. Good for baking.
November, December.

Barnhilt.

American, small, conical, yellow, striped with red. Flesh white,
tough, dry. Octcber, November.

88 THE API'LE.

Bark Apple

Originated with the Messrs, Ronalds, England, and there i-egarded val-
uable for culinary use. Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow,
blush in sun, some russet. Flesh fii-m, crisp, juicy acid. November to
February. (Hogg.)

Barre.
Colville Barre.
Origin unknowu. Inti-oduced from Angers in 1848. Fruit large,
roundish conical, yellow, with spots or patches of greenish. Flesh yellow-
ish white, juicy, acid. December. (An. Tom.)

Barrett.

Origin, Kensington, Conn. Fruit medium to large, conic, yellow,
striped and splashed with cai-mine. Flesh yellow, juicy, tender, with
a very pleasant vinous aronialic flavor, almost sweet. Good. Janu-
ary to March.

Bars.

Origin, Rhode Island. Fruit rather large, round, pale yellow, mar-
bled, and nearly covered with red and a -few russet spots. Stalk
long, slender. Cavity small. Calyx closed. Segment slightly recurv-
ed. Basin medium, furrowed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, sub-
acid. Core small. Very good, September.

Bartlett.

Origin unknown. Fruit large, roundish, ribbed, striped and splashed
with bright red on vellow. Flesh whitish, mild subacid. Good. (Count.
Gent.)

Barton.

Originated with Michael Aikman, in the township of Barton, C. "W.
Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, light yellow, with light red cheek.
Stalk short. Cavity even. Calyx small, regular. Basin medium. Flesh
white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, mild, svibacid. Core small. Yery
good. September October. A new variety promising of value for des-
sert. (Tat. Mss.)

Barton's Incomparable.

An English variety, regarded abroad as of the highest excellence for
the dessert. Tree healthy and productive. Fruit below medium, round-
ish conical, five ribbed, yellowish green, with patches and specks of
russet, orange in sun. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, sj)rightly, vi-
nous. October to February. (Hogg.)

Bauman's Eeinette.
Reinette Bauman.

Of Flemish origin, introduced and named by Yan Mons. Fruit me-
dium, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with numerous distinct brown
dots. Flesh yellowish white, fine, firm, sugary, perfumed. January.
(L,H. S.)

THE APPLE. 89

B.vxTEii's Peakmain.

From Norfolk, England. Tree liardy, vigorous, productive. Fruit
large, roundish, elongated conical, pale green, with shades and streaks
of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, biisk, sprightly subacid. Val-
uable for all purposes. November to March. (Hogg.)

Beachem:svell Seedling.
Motteux's Seedling.

From Norfolk, England. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive. Fniit
below medium, roundish, yellowish, with faint stripes and splashes of
red, brown patches. Calyx and stalk prominent. Flesh yellowish white,
tender, brisk, subacid. December to March. (Ron.)

Beadell.
Hanover Seedling.

Originated on the farm of Edward Beadell, Westchester Co., N. Y.
Tree strong, vigorous, spreading, good bearer. Fruit resembles the Mc-
Lellan in form, color, size, and similar in flavor. Good to very good.
Ripe in October.

Bean Sweet.

Originally sent out by Judge Buel. Fruit medium, oblong rounded,
neai'ly wliite. Flesh crisp, juicy. October to March. Baking. (Elliott.)

Bear Sweet.

Origin unknown. Friiit medium, roundish, conical, yellowish, sha-
ded and S2)lashed with red. Flesh moderatelj^ tender, juicy, pleasant,
sweet. Good for cooking. November.

Beau.

Distributed by Judge Buel. Fi'uit large, roundish, oblate, yellowish
green, with blush in sun, and white dots. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, acid.
August to October. Culinary. (Ken.)

Beauty of Kent.

A showy English sort for culinary uses. The tree grows very strong
and upright, moderately productive.

Fruit very large, roundish, but flat at the base, and narrowing dis-
tinctly to the eye, where it is slightly ribbed, smooth, greenish-yellow,
marked with large, broken stripes of purplish red. Stalk short, slender,
deeply planted in a round, russeted, corrugated cavity. Calyx small, set
in a narrow basin. Flesh juicy, crisp, tender, with a simple subacid
flavor. Good. October and November.

Beauty of the West.

Western Beauty. Ohio Beauty.

Musgrove's Cooper.

Origin unkno^vn. Fii'st sent out and noticed by Judge Buel some

'90 THE APPLE.

thirty or more years since, and yet but little known. The tree is a
strong, vigorous grower, forming a large spreading head, moderately
productive. Young wood dull reddish brown.

Fruit large, roundish, oblate, conical, gi'eenish yellow, nearly covered
with pale dull red, striped with a darker shade, and dotted with large
yellow specks. Stalk short. Calyx large, half open. Flesh greenish-
white, not firm, tender, mild, subacid. Good. November to February.

Bedfordshire Foundling.
Cambridge Pippin.

A l^rge green English Apple, excellent for kitchen use. Fi-uit large,
roundish, obscurely ribbed, deep green, paler at maturity. Flesh yel-
lowish, tender, juicy, with a pleasant, acid flavor. Good. October to
February.

Beefsteak.
Garden Apple of some, incorrectly.

Origin, farm of Joel Davis, Amesbury, Mass. Habits similar to
Baldwin, very productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conical. Sides sometimes une-
qual. Skin whitish-yellow, shaded and splashed with light and dark
red over two-thirds its surface, large areole dots. Stalk medium and
slender, often with bracts. Cavity rather large, slightly russeted. Calyx
closed. Segments slightly recurved. Basin medium, nearly smooth.
Flesh white, crisp, tender, jmcy, mild, subacid. Core medium. Very
good. October, November.

Beeler's Russet.

Origin unknown. Fruit medium to small, round, truncated, rus-
seted. Flesh yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic. Novem-
ber, December. (Warder.)

Belden or Bed Cheek

Origin unknown. Tree vigoroiis, upright, moderately productive.
Fruit large, roundish, conic, greenish-yellow, with patches of russet,
sometimes a little bronzed cheek. Flesh yellow, crisp, subacid, pleas-
ant. Good. October, February.

Belden Sweet.

Grown in Connecticut, very prolific. Fruit medium, or below,
roundish conic, light yellow, with a warm cheek. Stalk medium, ia an
acute, deep cavity. Calyx closed, in a small basin. Flesh white, ten-
der, juicy, saccharine, with a pleasant, aromatic flavor. Core large.
Good. December to March.

Belle Bonde.
Billy Bond. Belly Bounder.

This variety is somewhat grown in Central New York, and claimed
as having originated in France, in 1790, and brought there by one John

THE APPLE. 91

Deidens. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium, or above,
roundish conical, pale-yellow, striped and splashed with red, and with
large light dots. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, tender, brisk, subacid.
Good for cooking. January and February.

Belle Bonne.
Winter Belle boon. Winter Belle and Bonne. Eolland.

Fruit large, roundish, flattened, greenish-yellow, with a few reddish
streaks in the sun. Flesh firm, juicy. October to January. Culinary.
(Hogg.)

An old variety, first described by Parkinson, in 1629, aUd which
is probably identical with the Belle et Bonne above described.

Belle d'Angers.

Origin in doubt. Fniit large, roundish conical, pale-yellow, splashed
and shaded with dull red. Flesh yellow, juicy, crisp, brisk, subacid,
aromatic. Core medium. Veiy good. October.

Belledge.

Belledge Pippin.

Origin, Derbyshire, England. A dessert and culinary apple. Fruit
below medium, roundish oblate, lemon yellow, tinged with pale brown
in sun, many embedded gray dots. Flesh firm, crisp, pleasant, aromatic,
acid. October, December. (Lind.)

Belle et Bonne.
Tenon HiUs.

A large, fine apple, having a great reputation in the vicinity of
Hartford, Conn., a vigorous grower and productive. Shoots dull red-
dish brown.

Fruit very large, roundish oblate, golden yellow, thickly sprinkled
with small dots. Stalk short, inserted in a broad, deep cavity, sur-
rounded by thin russet. Calyx closed. Basin moderate and uneven.
Flesh yellow, coarse, juicy, with a pleasant, rather rich, subacid
flavor. Good. A profitable variety for market. October to March.

Belle Grideline.

Belle Grisdeline.

An old variety, originated at Norwich, England. Tree healthy,
vigorous. Good bearer. Fruit medium, round, regular, yellow, mar-
bled, and washed with lively red, gray russet in sun. Flesh white,
crisp, brisk, subacid. November to March. (Hogg.)

Bellflower Pippin.

Originated with Joseph Curtis, Edgar Co., 111. Tree resembles Yel-
low Bellflower, but more slender in its branches.

92

THE APPLE.

Fruit medium, or abov^i, oblate, orange-yellow, sometimes shaded
with crimson in the sun, thinly sprinkled with gray dots. Flesh yel-
lowish, crisp, tender, juicy, rather rich, subacid. Core small. Yeiy
good. December, January.

Belmont

Gate.

Mamma Beam.
Golden Pippin of some.

White Apple.
Waxen of some.
KeUey White.

Origin, near Strasburgh, Lancaster Co., Pa., in the garden of Mrs.
Beam, at her gate, hence the names " Gate Apple," and " Mamma
Beam." It was taken to Ohio by Jacob Neisley, Sen., and became

Belmont.

very popular in Belmont Co., and we retain this name as being the
most universal one. Tree vigorous, healthy, and very productive.
"Wood smooth, light reddish brown.

Fruit medium to large, globular, a little flattened and narrower
towards the eye, sometimes oblong. Color light, waxen-yellow, often
with a bright vermilion cheek. Stalk short. Cavity generally large.
Calyx usually closed. Basin rather deep, corrugated. Flesh yellowish,
crisp, tender, juicy, sometimes almost melting, of a mild agreeable
flavor. Yery good. November to February.

Belpre Keeper.

Fruit below medium, roundish, pale greenish-white, some shades of
crimson in sun. Flesh greenish, crisp, tender, pleasant, subacid.
Good. January to March.

THE APPLE.

93

Belvoir Pippin.

Of English origin. Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellow with
crimson in sun, russet at the stalk. Flesh pale yellow, iii-m, crisp,
rich brisk acid. November, December. (Lind.)

Belzer.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow striped with red. Flesh white,
fine, sub-acid. Good. Middle August. (Hov. Mag.)

Ben Davis.

New York Pippin.
Victoria Pippin.
Victoria Red.
Red Pippin.
Kentucky Pippin.

Baltimore Red.

do. Pippin.

do. Red Streak.
Carolina Red Streak.
Funkhouser.

The origin of this apple is unknown. J. S. Downer of Kentucky
writes that old trees are there found from which suckers are taken in
way of propagating. The tree is very hardy, a free gi'ower, with very

Ben. Davis.

dark reddish browTi, slightly grayish young wood, forming an erect
round head, bearing early and abundantly. In quality it is not first-
rate, but from its early productiveness, habit of blooming late in Spring
after late frosts, good size, fair even fruit, keeping and carrying well, it
is very popular in all the Southwest and West.

Fruit medium to large. Form roundish, truncated conical, often
sides unequal. Color yellowish, almost entirely overspread, splaslicd,
and striped with two sliades of red, and dotted sjiarsely with areole
dots. Stalk medium, rather slender. Ca^dty narrow, deep, russeted.

94 THE APPLE.

Calpc partially open. Basin wide, abrupt, slightly corrugated, Flesh
white, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant, subacid. Core medium to
large. Good to very good. December to March.

Bennet.

Origin, Herefordshire, England, where it is valued for cider. Fruit
medium, elongated, oblong, conical, dingy russet gray, orange, and
muddy red. (Lind.)

Benoni.

This excellent early apple is a native of Dedham, Mass. The tree
is of vigorous, upright, spreading habit ; hardy and productive ; light
reddish brown. It is a valuable variety for market or table use.

Benoni.

Fruit rather below medium size. Form roundish oblate conical.
Color pale yellow, shaded, striped, and mai'bled with dark crimson, and
thinly sprinkled with bright dots. Stalk short, slender. Ca^dty deep rus-
seted. Calyx closed. Segments persistent, sometimes a little recurved.
Basin abi'upt, quite deep, somewhat uneven. Flesh yellow, juicy, tender,
pleasant, subacid. Core small. Very good. August.

Bentley's Sweet.

Origin unknown. Supposed Virginia. Tree moderately vigorous,
hardy, good bearer and keeper, valuable in the Southwest in rich soils.

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at ends, sometimes sHghtly oblique,
and sometimes sides unequal, pale yellowish gi-een, shaded with pale
red and moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots. Stalk long,
slender, curved. Cavity smooth, deep. Calyx large, closed, or partially
open. Segments medium length, erect, sometimes a little recurved.
Basin large, deep, corrvigated. Flesh fine, whitish, compact, sweet, some-
what honeyed flavor. Core small. Very good. January to May.

the apple.
Benwell's Pearmain,

95

An English variety. Fruit medium, roundisli conical, dull green,
with stripe of red. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, brisk, aromatic.
December, January. (Hogg.)

Bentley's Sweet.

Bere Court Pippin.

Origin, Berkshire, England. Fruit medium round, slightly oblate,
yellowish with stripes of red in sun. Flesh crisp, juicy, brisk, acid.
September and October. (Hogg.)

Bergner.

Originated with G. Bergner, near Hermann, Mo. Tree a rapid
grower, with strong branches, somewhat drooping ; hardy and an abund-
ant bearer.

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Color a rich yellow ground, mostly
covered, striped and splashed with shades of maroon red, with some
yellow gray or russet dots. Stalk short. Cavity open, regular, deep.
Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt, deep, slightly plaited at base. Core
small. Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, sprightly, aromatic, quince-like. Very
good. February to April.

Bess, Pool.
Best Pool.
Origin, Warwickshii-e, England. Tree hai'dy, vigorous, productive.

96 THE APPLE.

Pi'uit above mediiim, roundish, conical, regular, yellow, washed and
striped with clear red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, vinous, subacid. The
stem almost always has a fleshy protuberance on one side. November
to March. (Hogg.)

Best Bache.

Bache's Kernel.

Origin, Herefordshire, England, where it is grown mostly for cider-
making. Fruit medium, oblong, yellow, shaded and streaked with pale
red. (Hogg.)

Betsey.

An English variety, there regarded as a valuable dessert Apple. Fruit
small, roundish oblate, conical ; pale yellow -with, brownish russet in
sun. Flesh greenish yellow, tender, juicy, rich, and sugary. November
to January. (Hogg.)

Betsy's Fancy.

Origin unknown. A free grower, rather spreading, good bearer.

Fruit scarcely medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded with dull red.
Stem short, inserted in a moderate cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow
and uneven. Flesh compact, tender, pleasant, mild, subacid flavor.
Good to very good. December to March.

Eethlemite.

Bethlemite.

The origin of this fine apple is unknown. It was first brought to
notice from the town of Bethlehem, in Ohio, and is undoubtedly a seed-
ling of the NeA\i;own Spitzenberg, which it much resembles. Tree an

THE APPLE. 97

upright, sti'ong, stocky, sliovt-joiiited grower, "wdtli young shoots, dull
reddish brown, quite downy. A productive bearer, the fruit keeping
and carrying well ; very valuable for all purposes.

Fruit, medium, oblute, inclining to conical, regular. Color pale yel-
low, striped, shaded and splashed with shades of light and dark red nearly
over the whole surface, thin grayish tinge, and pretty thickly sprinkled
with light and brown dots. Stalk rather short, slender. Cavity large,
considerably russeted. Calyx open or partially closed. Segments large
and generally ei'ect. Basin large, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, com-
pact, crisp, juicy, rich, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. Core small. Very
good. December to March.

Better than Good.

Origin uncertain. Tree thrifty, but rather slender, very productive.
Fruit medium, oblate, pale yellow, with a few brown dots. Stalk shox't,
inserted in a broad cavity. Calyx closed. Basin large and open. Flesh
yellowish, very tender, juicy, with a mild, pleasant, subacid flavor. Good
to very good. November to January.

Bevan's Faa^oeite.

Origin, Salem, New J ersey, where it is a favorite. Tree vigorous and
productive. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, yellow, striped and
•splashed with red. Flesh white, iirm, crisp, subacid. Good. August.

Bigg's Nonsuch.

Origin, Middlesex, England. Tree hardy and productive. Fruit me-

diiim, round, broadest at base, yellow, striped with bright crimson.

Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy. Culinary use. October to Decembei'.
(Hogg.)

Billy Barker.

Originated on the farm of Wm. Barker, Wake Co., N. C. Tree up-
right grower and good bearer. Fruit large, green, oval, elongated. Flesh
yellowish, juicy, tender, brisk, vinous. August. (Gar. Mon.)

Billy's Pippin.

Frmt large, round ovate, smooth, shaded and indistinctly striped
with rich red on yellow. Flesh subacid. Very good. (Coun. Gent.)

Birmingham.

Of moderate growth, productive. Fruit medium, obliquely oblate,
yellow, sprinkled with a few whitish dots. Stalk long, slender, in a broad,
deep cavity. Calyx closed, in a large corrugated basin. Flesh yellowish,
tender, rather acid, good for cooking. September.

Birmingham Pippin.
Gramas Pippin. Stone Pippin.

Brummage Pippin. Grummage Pippin.

Tree of small gi-owth, with short, stoiit shoots, productive. Fruit
small, roundish flattened, dingy yellow, with gray rvisset, especially

7

98 THE APPLE.

russeted at base. Flesh greenish, crisp, jiiicy, brisk, pleasant. January
to June. (Lind.)

Bischoff's Reinette.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, lemon yello-w, with marblings of
russet. Flesh whitish-yellow, juicy, sugary, vinous, aromatic. Novem-
ber to March. (Hogg.)

Bishop's Bourne.

Received from C. C. Hamilton, Cornwallis, Nova Scotia. Fruit me-
dium, roundish conical, pale yellow, shaded, and obscvirely splashed
and striped on the sunny side, few gray and light dots. Stalk medium,
slender. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx partially closed. Segments
long, erect. Basin abriipt, deep, corrugated. Flesh white, crisp, tender,
juicy, mild, subacid, slightly aromatic. Yery good. Core small. No-
vember, December.

Black Coal.

Welcome. Baltimore Red. Baltimore Red Streak.

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit rather large,
roundish, deep red, almost black, with a slight bloom, and many white dots.
Flesh white, slightly tinged with red, crisp, agreeable, moderately juicy.
Good. Core medium. November to February.

Black Oxford.

Originated in Maine, where it is by many highly esteemed, especially
as a good keeper and great bearer.

Fruit medivim, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, nearly covered
with shades of red, numerous light-colored dots. Flesh whitish, com-
pact, not very juicy, mild subacid. Good. March to May.

Black Jack.

Received froiQ W. C. Hampton, Ohio. Fruit medium, oblate, slight-
ly conic, yellowish, mostly overspread with dark rich red, few light
gray dots. Flesh whitish-yellow, rather dry, rich, sweet. Good for
baking. Januaiy, February.

Black Warrior.

Origin, Alabama. Fruit medium or small, roundish, inclining to
conic, regular, greenish, with a few brown dots. Flesh whitish, moderate-
ly juicy, rather firm, subacid, good. Core small. November, December.

Blackstone Valley Sweet.

Originated in Massachusetts. Tree productive. Fruit medium, oblate,
often depressed, inclining to conic, gi-eenish-yellow, some nettings of
russet, gi'ay and green dots. Flesh white, fine-gi-ained, sweet, and rich.
Good for cooking. August. Core small.

the apple. 99

Black Annette.

An old variety, considerably grown in some parts of the Eastern States.
Tree a good bearer. Fruit medium, small, roundish, dark red. Flesh white,
tender, negative in character, pleasant. Good. November, December.

Black Apple.
Small Black. Jersey Black. Black American.

An old variety, described and put out by Coxe, and now found in many
sections. The trees are healthy, moderate growers, forming medivim-sized,
spreading round heads, with drooping limbs. It is a pleasant table fruit,
although not of high or rich flavor.

Fruit medium. Form roundish oblate, deep red, with a bloom. Flesh
white, sometimes slightly stained with pinkish red. Good. November
to February.

Black Gilliflower.

Medivim size, oblong conical. Skin very dark, dull red. Flesh white,
dry, mild, subacid. Good. November to February. Very productive,
and some call it a profitable market fruit.

Bland's Jubilee.

Originated in Norwich, England, Fruit large, round, slightly conical,
obscurely ribbed, clear yellow, with many large russet dots or patches,
and russet at the calyx. Flesh yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy, sugary,
perfumed. October to January. (Hogg.)

Blake.

Originated in "Westbrook, Cumberland Co., Maine. Fruit medium
to large, roundish, greenish yellow, qxiite yellow at matxuity. Flesh
finn, fine, crisp, juicy, subacid. Good, October to January. (Me. B,ep.)

Blakely.

Origin, Pawlet, Vermont, on the farm of Mr. Blakely. Vigorous, up
right gi'owth, regular bearer.

Fruit large, regularly oblate, slightly conic, yellow, with a sunny cheek
thinly sprinkled with reddish dots. Stalk small and short, inserted in f
broad cavity of moderate depth. Calyx nearly closed. Basin small and
shallow. Flesh tender, juicy, with a very pleasant, mild, subacid flavor.
Good. January, March.

Bleckensderfer.

Originated at Zoar, Ohio. Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic,
yellow, shaded and splashed with two shades of red or crimson. Flesh
white, rather firm, tender, juicy, subacid. Hardly good. November
to February.

Bledsoe Pippin.

Eaised by John Bledsoe, of Carroll Co., Kentucky. Growth moderate,
rather spreading, productive, a promising winter Apple for the South.

100 THE APPLE.

Fruit very large, regular, roundish, flattened at the base, taper-
ing to the apex, greenish yellow, very obscurely striped. Stalk short.
Cavity deep, slightly i-usseted. Calyx partly closed, in a somewhat fur-
rowed basin. Flesh white, fine texture, crisp, juicy, with a mild, pleasant
subacid flavor. Good. December to April. (Ky. Hort. Soc.)

Blenheim Pippin.

Blenheim. Blenheim Orange. Woodstock Pippin.

Northwick Pippin. Kempster's Pippin.

An old variety, originated at Woodstock, in Oxfordshire, England.
Tree a strong and vigorous grower, a regular and abundant bearer.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, conical, yellowish, becoming deep orange,
stained on the sunny side with dull and dark red stripes. Stalk short and
stout, in a deep cavity. Calyx large, open, in a deep broad basin. Flesh
yellow, breaking, very sweet, pleasant. Good. October, December.

Blinkbonny.

Blinkbonny Seedling.

Raised by Cleghorn, Montreal, Canada. Tree vigorous, upright

spreading, very productive. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate,
pale whitish yellow. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh white,
rather firm, pleasant, subacid. Core small. Good. September.

Blockley.
Blockley Pippin.

Origin, near Philadelphia. Growth upright, moderate, a good bearer.

Fruit medium or large, roundish oblate. Color fine yellow, sometimes
vrith a faint blush, thinly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short, rather
stout, inserted in a deep russeted cavity. Calyx partially closed, set in a
broad, deep, corrugated basin. Flesh yellowish, compact, rich, sprightly,
mild subacid. Good. November to January.

Blondin.

Originated with Reuben Ragan, Indiana. Fruit very large, oblate,
nnequal, greenish yellow, splaslied and striped with red, dots large gray.
Flesh greenish yellow, tender, juicy. October, November. (Warder.)

Blooming Orange.

Under this name W. G. Waring, of Centre Co., Pa., has introduced
an Apple said to have been brought from Herefordshire, England.
We have been unable, from the few specimens examined, to identify
it with any known sort. Tree vigorous, with strong, smooth shoots,
resembling the Rhode Island Greening in color, but of upright growth.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic,, yellowish, striji-
ed, splashed, and shaded with dull red, with large whitish and gray
dots. Flesh white, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. Core
medium. November and December. This may yet prove to be some
known kind but as we have not fruited it ourself, cannot decide.

the apple. 101

Blue Mountain.
Trout Apple or Forelle. Blauberger.

Introduced by W. G. Waring. Tree hardy, moderate grower, form-
ing a small round head. Young shoots, slendei-, dark brown.

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, whitish, with broken splashes and
stripes of light red, dotted with few gray dots. Stalk rather short.
Calyx small and closed. Basin medium, corrugated. Flesh white,
crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Core large. Good to very good. Novem-
ber to February.

Blue Mountain Sweet.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium size, roundish, slightlj' oblate, greenish yellow, with a
shade of brown. Flesh fine-grained, solid, sweet. Very good. (Count.
Gent.)

Blue Pearmain.

Fruit of the largest size, roundish, regularly formed, very slightly
conical. Color stripes of dark purpUsh-red, over a dull ground, and
appearing bluish from the white bloom. Flesh yellowish, mild, rather
rich, aromatic, and very good. The tree grows strongly, and bears mode-
rate crops. October to February.

Bluff Sweet.

From the banks of the White River.

Fruit medium to small, round, regular, smooth, green. Flesh green-
ish white, sweet. Good. July. (Warder.)

Boas.
Kelter.
A Pennsylvania Apple, introduced by Rev. Mr. Boas, of Berks
Co. Tree a strong grower and prodvictive.

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, pale yellow, shaded and
indistinctly splashed and striped with crimson over most of its surface.
Stalk short and stout. Cavity medium. Calyx closed or partly open.
Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh whitish yellow, fine-grained, juicy,
pleasant, brisk subacid. Core small. Very good. January to March.

BOALSBURG.

A seedling of Centre Co., Pa. Large, oblong, inclining to conical,
delicately mottled, and striped with red on a yellow ground. Stem
short, thick, inserted in a deep acuminate russeted cavity. Basin
deep, moderately wide. Flesh yellow, juicy, sprightly. Good. February.

BOHANNAN.
Buchanan.
A Southern fruit introduced by Lewis Sanders, of Kentucky. Tree
upright spreading, young shoots, light reddish brown. Good regular
bearer.

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, approaching conic, fine yellow,
with a bright crimson cheek in the sun. Stalk slender, inserted in a round,

102 THE APPLE.

uneven, slightly russeted cavity. Calyx closed in a narrow abrupt basin.
Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, with a fine spicy subacid flavor. Core
large. Good culinary, September, August.

BONUM.
Magnum Bonum.

Eaised by Squire Kinney, Davidson Co., IST. C. Tree upright spread-
ing, hardy and vigorous, an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots,
smooth reddish gray.

Bonum.

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, mostly shaded with deep crimson, and
indistinct stripes and splashes of dark red, rather thinly sprinkled with
pretty large light dots, a portion of them having a dark centre. Stalk
long and slender. Cavity medium to large, often with a little green
russet. Calyx closed. Segments rather long and sometimes recurved.
Basin shallow, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, often stained next the
skin, firm, tender, juicy, rich, mild subacid. Core small. Yery good.
November to December.

Bobden's Early.

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conical, yellow, striped, and splashed
with two shades of red. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, mild subacid.
Core large. Good. A desirable cooking apple.

Borovitsky.

A Russian Apple of medium size, roundish, angular. Skin pale
whitish yellow, faintly striped. Flesh white, firm, subacid. August.

There may be a distinct variety \;nder this name, but, so far as re-
ceived by me, it has proved to be identical with Duchess of Oldenburg.

THE APPLE. 103

BORSDORFFER.

Bursdorff. King George the Third.

Queen's. Reinette Bdtarde.

Edler Winter Borsdorffer. Bursdorffer.

Garret Pippin. King.

Le Grand Bohemian Borsdorffer. Reinette de Misnie.

A small celebrated German Apple.

Fruit roundish oval, narrowing at the eye. Skin pale yellow, with
a full red cheek, sprinkled with a little russet. Flesh yellowish white,
very firm and ciisp, with a rich, brisk, perfumed flavor. November to
February.

BORSDORF OgNON.
Reinette Plate. Zweibel Apfel.

Of GeiTQan origin. Tree with short, stocky, yellowish-brown shoots,
regular roundish head.

Fruit small, greenish yellow, with large, distinct gray spots. Flesh
white, firm, subacid, perfumed, rich flavor. Winter. (Verg.)

Bonne Virginie.

A Belgian variety.

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at base, glossy greenish yellow,
with red in the sun. Flesh white, firm, sugary, slightly acid, agreeably
perfumed. October. (Alb. Pom.)

BossoM.

Originated at Petworth, England.

Fruit lai'ge, conical, pale greenish yellow, very much russeted, and
with bright red on sunny side. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, sugary,
subacid. Valuable as a cooking-apple. November to March. (Lind.)

BOTIGNE.

De Boutigne.

Of Belgic oi'igin. Tree vigorous, upright, with large reddish-brown
shoots, downy at the end.

Fruit rather large, oblong conical, yellow, washed over with car-
mine red, and marbled with spots of gray and black. Flesh yellowish,
firm, very juicy, sugary. Core long, irregular. November to March.
(Alb. Pom.)

Bottle Greening.

This variety was found near the Vermont and New York State line,
and takes its name from a hollow in the original tree, where workmen
were accustomed to keeping their bottle. It was introduced to notice
and disseminated by Eben Wight, of Dorchester, Mass. Tree a fine
grower, vigorous, spreading. Young wood reddish yellow.

Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, gi-eenish-yellow, shaded with
dull crimson in the sun, a slight bloom, and thinly sprinkled with
light dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity broad. Calyx closed. Basin
small, corrugated. Flesh white, subacid, almost melting, Coi-e small.
Very good. January, February.

104 THE APPLE.

BOURASSA.

A foreign variety, succeeds well at the Nortli, apt to shrivel, and
does not keep well.

Fruit medium, roimdisli conic, ribbed, yellowish, rich orange rus-
set on the sunny side. Flesh white, sometimes stained, tender, with a
pleasant aromatic flavor. Good. November, December.

Bowyer's Kusset.

An English variety. Valuable for desert there in September. Tree
healthy and productive.

Fmit small, roundish conical, yellowish, russeted. Flesh yellow-
ish white, crisp, brisk, aromatic. September. (Lind.)

BOWKER.

Tree vigorous, rather spreading, good bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish flattened, slightly conic, pale yellow, tinged
with crimson, sparsely covered with brown, and gray dots. Flesh
white, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild, subacid. Good. October.

Bowling's Sweet.

From Spottsylvania Co., Va. A very vigorous gi'ower and veiy
productive.

Fruit medium, roundish. Color dull red, on a yellow gi'ound.
Flesh rich, juicy, sweet, and entirely free from acid. Good. October
to January.

BOXFORD.

Fruit medium, oblate. Skin» whitish, striped with red. Flesh com-
pact, crisp, juicy, subacid. Good. September, October.

Braddick's Nonpareil.

Originated at Surrey, England.

Fruit small, roundish conical, or flattened at base, yellowish, with
brownish red in the sun, and russet near the calyx. Flesh yellowish,
rich, sugary, aromatic. October, December. (Lind.)

Bradley's Autumn.

Originated in orchard of Mr. Bradley, Plymouth, Mich. Tree
thrifty, with a spreading top, productive.

Fruit large, roundish oval, somewhat ribbed, whitish-yellow, shaded
where exposed to the sun with fine crimson, and pretty thickly sprinkled
with brown dots. Stalk rather short and small. Cavity uneven, acute.
Calyx closed. Segments erect. Basin rather abrupt, furrowed. Flesh
white, moderately juicy, brisk, subacid. Core large. Good. Excel-
lent for cooking. October to January.

Brandywine.

Origin unknown.

Frviit above medium, roundish conical, slightly ribbed, a little ob-

THE APPLE. 105

lique, yello^vish, shaded, splashed, and striped witli red over half tc
t\vo-thii*ds its surface, many large, light dots. Stalk short and small.
Cavity deep. Calyx closed, or partially open. Basin large. Flesh yel-
lowish, crisp, juicy, tender, mild, somewhat rich, subacid, slightly aro-
matic. Core small. Good to very good. Novembei to February.

Brabant Bellflower.
Brabant Belle-fleur. Iron Apple.

Tlie Brabant Belle-fleur is a variety from Holland. The habit of the
tree is spreading, and it requii'es to be grafted high to make a good head.
Fruit large, roundish oblong, slightly ribbed. Skin pale yellow,
much striped with red. Calyx large, set in a pretty wide, ii-regular
basin. Flesh fii-m, juicy, with a rich, pleasant, subacid flavor. Good.
"Valuable for cooking. October to January.

Breedon Pippin.

A. variety from Berksliire, England. Tree hardy, slender, productive.

Fruit small, roundish oblate, dull yellow, tinged with orange, be-
coming red in the sun, with traces of russet. Flesh yellowish, firm,
with a vinous brisk flavor. October, November. (Lind.)

Brennaman.

Raised by Mr. Brennaman, Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, up-
right, productive. Young wood short-jointed, reddish-brown, some-
w'hat doAvny.

Fi'uit rather above medium size, roundish oblate, yellowish, nearly
covered with red stripes, and splashed. Stem short, in a large cavity.
Calyx closed in a deep basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, with a pleas-
ant, subacid flavor. Good. Excellent for cooking. August, Sep-
tember.

Brewer.

From Massachusetts, a good grower, an annual bearer.
Fruit very large, roundish, yellow, with a slight blush. Flesh yel-
lowish, tender, pleasant, mild, subacid. Good. October, November.

Brewer's Pippin.

An English variety.

Fruit medium, roundish, brownish yellow, with red stripes. Flesh
white, crisp, tender, subacid. Cooking. November. (L. H. S.)

Brickley Seedling.

Of English origin. Tree hardy, productive.

Fruit small, roundish conical, greenish yellow, red when exposed to
the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, rich, sugary. January to April. (Lind.)

Brigg's Auburn.

Origin, Auburn, Me. Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive ;
fruit large, oblate, somewhat ribbed, whitish yellow, blush in sun, with
a few light and gray dots. Flesh white, fii'm, pleasant, mild, subacid.
Core medium. Good. September, October.

106 the apple.

Bridgewater Pippin,

An old English culinary sort.

Frnit large, roundish, slightly flattened, ribbed, deep yellow, vdth
blush of red in sun and near the stalk. Flesh yellowish, brisk, pleasant.
October, December. (Hogg.)

Brill's Seedling.

A chance seedling of Francis Brill, Newark, N. J. Tree a rapid up-
right grower, with light-colored shoots.

Fruit large, oblong conical, much ribbed, yellow, moderately sprin-
kled with gray dots. Skin oily. Stalk rather short. Calyx closed.
Basin large, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sprightly, subacid.
Core very large and open. Good to very good. November. An apple
of good promise as a profitable market sort, being large and showy.

Brimer.
Yoder.

Of Pennsylvania origin.

Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, sides sometimes unequal and
slightly ribbed, whitish yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun, and thinly
sprinkled with gi'ay dots. Flesh whitish, crisp, rather tender, juicy, pleas-
ant, subacid. Good to very good. Core small. February, March.

Brinckley White Sweet.

Unknown origin.

Fruit small, roundish oblate, pale whitish green, dull red on the sun-
ny side, few gray dots. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, sweet, honeyed
flavor. Very good. October.

Bringewood Pippin.

Originated with Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., Herefordshire, Eng-
land. Tree hardy, but a slender grower.

Fruit small, roundish, rich yellow, dotted and marked with russet.

Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, sugary, aromatic, dry. October to
March. (Lind.)

Bristol Pearmain.

Origin, Hampshire, England.

Fruit small, oblong, ribbed, dull yellowish green, stripes of crimson
and patches of gray russet. Flesh yellow, firm, not juicy or of much
value. October to February. (Hogg.)

Bristol.

An old variety, much grown in Connecticut many years since. A
pleasant but not rich fruit. Tree hardy, rather slender, drooping when
in fruit.

Fruit medium or below, roundish, inclining to conic, dark rich crim-
son red. Flesh very white, often stained under the skin, tender, juicy.
Good to very good. Core rather large. January to March.

the apple. 107

Brittle Sweet.

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, very productive. This
valuable apple is little known ; in beauty and quality it may be classed
as among the best, and deserves more attention.

Fi'uit above medium, roundish, approaching conical. Color pale yel-
low, shaded, splashed and marbled over nearly the entire surface, with
shades of light and dark crimson red, many small gray and white dots.
Stalk rather short, slender. Cavity regular, broad, moderately deep.
Calyx closed. Segments small, often recurved. Basin small corrugated.
Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy with a peculiar honeyed sweet, and
slightly aromatic. Core rather large. Yery good. October and No-
vember.

Broad-End.
Winter Broading. Kentish Broading. Broading.

An old English culinary apple, in use from November to Christmas.
Tree strong, vigorous, productive.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish green, red in sun, with patches
of russet. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, subacid. (Hogg.)

Broad-Eye Pippin.

Another old English sort for culinary use.

Fruit large, oblate, greenish yellow, tinged with red in the sun.
Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, brisk, juicy. January. (Hogg.)

BroadweU.

Broadwell.
Broadwell Sweet.
Originated with Jacob Broadwell, near Cincinnati, O. An ex-
tremely valuable sweet apple, either for the table or cooking. Tree
vigorous, quite hardy, very spreading, irregular, productive. Young
shoots dull reddish brown, downy.

108 THE APPLE.

Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat conic. Color clear briglit yellow,
brownish blush in the sun exposure, with carmine spots. Dots few, green-
ish, suffused beneath. Stalk rather short. Cavity broad, russeted. Calyx
closed, with short segments. Basin abrupt, regular. Flesh whitish, firm,
juicy, rich, sweet. Core small. Very good. November to February.

Brookes.

An old Norman Apple. Tree a free but slender grower, abundant
bearer.

Fruit small, conical, golden orange, with bright red next the sun, some
russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, rich, sweet, aromatic. October to Feb-
ruary. (Bon.)

Bronson Sweet.

Origin unknown. This variety was many years since carried by a
Dr. Bronson from Connecticut to Ohio, without name, and there re-
ceived its present title. Tree a moderate grower, making a round head.

Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes oblate conic, yellowish, mostly
overspread, striped, and splashed with red. Flesh white, compact,
moderately juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. Octobei-, November.

Brown.

A Pennsylvania Apple.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly ribbed, yellow, striped, splashed and
shaded ^\^.th light and dark crimson over two-thirds the surface. Flesh
yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, i-ather rich, subacid. Very good. Core
small. October, November.

Brown Ken ting.

An English dessert apple.

Fruit above medium, roundish, slightly ribbed, yellowish, with i-us-
set marblings and brown russet in the sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp,
brisk, aromatic. October to December. (Hogg.)

Brown's Summer Beauty.

Origin, Slough, England. Tree vigorous, good bearer.

Fruit medium, rovmdish conical, dull greenish yellow, with a red

cheek. Flesh delicate, rich, juicy. A fine table apple. September.
(Ron.)

Brownlee's Russet.
Brownlee's Seedling Russet. Reinette Grise Brownlee's.

An English variety. Tree vigorous.

Fruit large, roundish, flattened greenish, with brownish red next the
sun. Flesh greenish white, tender, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Good for
cooking or the dessert. From January to May. (Hogg.)

Brownite.
Brown's Winter.
Origin, supposed Delaware. Tree a regiilar grower, with spreading
branches.

THE APPLE. 109

Fruit below medium, roundish oblong, conical. Flesh tendei, crisp,
sprightly. Mid- winter. (Coxe.)

Broughton.

A valuable English dessert Apple.

Fruit small, conical, regular, greenish yellow, covered with lively
red, becoming deep red in sun, and with many russet dots. Flesh green-
ish yellow, tendei', brisk, rich flavor. October to December. (Hogg.)

Buchanan's Pippin.
Buchanan's Seedlmg.

Raised by Robert Buchanan, Cincinnati, O. Tree vigorous, round-
headed, very productive.

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate. Color yellow, splashed
and striped with light and dark crimson, in the sun dark crimson ma-
roon, many light conspicuous dots. Stalk short and small. Cavity
meditim to large, russeted. Calyx partially closed. Segments medium
erect, or partially recurved. Basin rather abrupt, slightly corrugated.
Flesh yellowish, rather fii-m, crisp, juicy, pleasant, slightly aromatic,
subacid. Core close and small. Very good. January to April.

Buckingham.

Queen. Equinetely. Sol. Carter.

Fall Queen. Byer's. Winter Queen.

Winter Queen. Ox-Eye of some in Ky. Ne Plus Ultra.

Kentucky Queen. Bachelor. King.

Lexington Queen. Merit. Byer's Red.

Frankfort Queen. Blackburn. Red Gloria Mundi of some.

Ladies' Favorite of Tenn. Henshaw. Red Horse of some.

The origin of this Apple appears all unknown. It has been long grown
in Virginia, Kentucky, and other Southwestern States, and is there a
profitable and popular variety, valuable either for market or table use.
It matures often in November, but ^vill keep into Febi'uary. Tree
hardy, healthy, moderately vigorous and productive, forming a round-
headed spreading tree of medium size. Young shoots rather slender,
dull reddish brown.

Fruit medium to large. Form oblate, inclining to conic. Color gi'een-
ish yellow, mostly covered, shaded, striped, and splashed with two shades
of crimson or purplish red, many light brown dots. Stalk short. Cavity
broad, deep, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Segments to a point. Basin
rather lai'ge, deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse,
breaking, tender, juicy, mild, sprightly, subacid. Core small. Very
good to best. November to February.

Bucks County Pippin.

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree upright, spreading. Young shoot
pretty stout, short-jointed, reddish brown, downy, with prominent downy
buds.

Fruit rather large, oblate or roundish oblate, oblique, gi-eenish yel-
low, sometimes with a dull blush in the sun, brown dots. Stalk short.
Cavity large. Irregular. Calyx closed or partially ojjen. Basin ab]-upt,

110 THE APPLE.

slightly furrowed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, tender, brisk, subacid,
Yery good. Kovember to March,

Buckingham.

Buck Meadow.

Origin, Norwich, Conn., productive.

Fruit above medium, roundish, lightly conic, yellow, marbled and
streaked with red. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, with a rather rich,
pleasant, vinous flavor. Good. November to March.

Buel's Favorite.
Spotted Pippin. Gray Pippin.

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow. Flesh white, firm. No-
vember. Hardly good.

Buel's Sweet.

Fruit small, roundish conical, yellow, shaded with rich deep red in
sun, brown dots. Flesh white, compact, not tender, moderately juicy,
not quite good. Winter.

Bufpington's Early.

Origin said to be on the Brandywine, Pa. Tree of good upright
growth, bears moderately.

Fruit medium or below, oblate, yellowish white, sometimes a faint
blush. Stalk short. Cavity large, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin
shallow, slightly corrugated. Flesh tender, juicy, with a sprightly sub-
acid flavor. Good. Middle of August.

THE APPLE. Ill

Buff.

Granny Buff.

Origin, Haywood Co., N. C. Tree vigorous, upright, productive.

Fruit large to veiy large. Form roundish oblate, irregular. Sides un-
equal. Color whitish yellow, overspread with broad, broken splashes and
stripes of dark ci'imson. Stalk short, rather slender. Cavity large, deep,
much russeted. Calyx open or partially closed. Segments medium
length, separated and partially recurved. Basin deep, abrupt, slightly cor-
rugated. Flesh white, rather coarse, breaking, subacid. Core medium.
Good. December and January.

Bull's Golden Eeinette.

An English variety. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish,
highly colored with crimson red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy,
sweet. December, January. (Hogg.)

Bullett.

Bartlett. Priestly of some.

An old variety, origin uukno\vn. Fruit medium, oblong truncated,
bright red and yellow. Flesh light yellow, subacid. Good. Valuable
only as a long keeper. January to June.

Bullett.

Green Abram. North Carolina Greening.

An old variety of Southern origin, formerly much grown in Virginia,
Kentucky, and North Carolina, but now superseded by better sorts. Tree
hardy, a slow, rather slender grower, of a drooping habit, productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, oblique, greenish, mostly overspread with
stripes and shades of red and grayish russet. Flesh white, firm, mode-
rately juicy, peculiar subacid. Good. Core small, compact. January to
Jvm.e. Valuable only for its long keeping quaKty.

Burrell's Bed.

An English Apple of robust growth and productive. Fruit above
medium, conical, red, approacliing scarlet. Flesh juicy, agreeable acid.
November to January. (Ron.)

Burr's Seedling.

Origin, Marlborough, England. Fruit medium roundish, slightly
conical, yellow, blush red in the sun, patches and dots of russet. Flesh
yellowish, tender, juicy, subacid. October to December. (Hogg.)

Burr's Winter Sweet.

Raised by Elisha Burr, Hingham, Mass., a good grower, comes early
into beai'ing, productive.

Fi-uit medium, oblate inclining to conic, yellow, marbled and striped
with light and dark red. Stalk short, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx
closed. Basin small. Flesh yellowish, fine grained, tender, juicy,

112 THE APPLE.

with a sugary aromatic flavor. Very good. Core small. November to
March.

Burst Open.

Origin unknown. Fruit medium, oblate, much, ribbed, pale whitish
yellow, splashed and striped with light and dark crimson, few gray and
light dots. Flesh whitish, tender, moderately juicy, mild siibacid. Good
Core medium. November.

Burroughs Greening.

Origin, farm of Stephen M. Burroughs, Vergennes, Vt. Good grower,
tree spreading, and regular bearer. Medium, nearly globular, inclining
to conic. Skin greenish, yellow. Stem long, slender. Calyx closed. Basin
furrowed. Flesh solid, juicy, crisp, with a pleasant spicy subacid flavor.
Good. January and February.

Bush's Beauty.

Origin on the farm of Henry Bush, near Sandvxsky, O. Tree spread-
ing, a yearly abundant bearer. Frviit medium, roundish, flattened at
base. Surface ii'regiilar, creamy white, striped and splashed with vermil-
ion pink, a little russet toward the stalk. Flesh white, crisp, tender,
acid. Good. September, October. Valuable for market.

Bush.

Origin, farm of Christian Dale, near Boalsburg, Centre Co., Pa.
Rather above medium, oblate inclining to conical, light yellow, faint
blush in the sun, brown dots. Flesh white, rather firm, mild subacid.
Nearly very good. Core small. September.

Bushwhacker.

A variety found wild near Nyack, N. J. Fruit large, roundish con-
ical, yellow. Good. February to May.

Butter.

From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, upright, very productive. Fruit
above medium, roundish, yellow, fair. Stalk short. Cavity deep and round.
Calyx small, closed. Basin large and open. Flesh whitish, very sweet and
rich, valuable for cooking, and esteemed for making apple-butter. Sep-
tember and October.

Another BiUter apple is described in Elliott as follows : — " Fruit below
medium, regular roundish, I'ed marbling and overspreading yellow, few
yellow russet dots, russet near and in cavity of stem. Stem long, slen-
der. Cavity narrow, deep. Calyx half closed. Basin abrupt, ribbed. Core
medium. Seeds roundish ovate. Flesh yellowish white, tender, sweet.
Very good, November to February,"

Another Butter is thus described by Warder, with Fulkerson's as a
synonym :— " Fruit small, very regular, oblate. Surface very smooth and
so covered with mixed red as rarely to show the yellow ground color ; upon
this are laid darker stripes of deep red. Dots minute and inconspicuous.
Basin medium, regular, folded. Eye rather large, closed. Cavity acute.
Stem of medium thickness, rather long. Core wide ; large, plump pointed

THE APPLE. 113

seed. Flesli yellow, tender, fine-grained, juicy, witli a sweet ricli and
aromatic flavor. October to January."

There are, besides these, three or four different varieties under the
name of Butter, which appears to be a favorite name with some to apply
to any good sweet apple for sauce or cooking.

Byam's Sweet.

Of unknown origin. An eastern variety.

Pruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, with a shade of
red in the sun, gray dots. Flesh whitish, rather tender, juicy, lively,
sweet pleasant flavor. Core small. Very good. October.

Byson Wood Eusset.
Byson Wood.

An English Apple, there esteemed for dessert.

Fruit below medium, oblate, greenish yellow, covered with gray rus-
set. Flesh greenish, firm, crisp, juicy, brisk, sugary, aromatic. Decem-
ber to February. (Hogg.)

Cabashea.
20-Ounce Pippin. King.

Origin unknown. Tree a vigorous grower, poor bearer, and unprofit-
able. Young shoots very dark reddish brown, downy.

Fruit very large, roundish oblate, conical, yellow striped and splash-
ed with dull red. Flesh whitish, coarse, subacid. Poor. December to
February.

Cabbage-Head.

Probable origin, New Jersey. Tree a vigorous grower and good bearer.

Fruit large, oblate conical, golden yellow, with a few gray dots.
Flesh yellow, a little coarse, crisp, juicy, brisk, subacid. Good. Core
medium. December.

Cache.

A native of Pulaski Co., 111. Tree healthy and productive.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish, with a shade of brownish
crimson in the svtu, gray dots. Flesh white, close-gi-ained, not very juicy,
mild subacid. Good to very good. Core small. November.

Cake Apple.

Connecticut Cake.

Origin, Connecticut. Medium, oblate, much depressed, yellowish, with
a blush. Flesh juicy, tender, pleasant, subacid, almost sweet. Good,,
sometimes very good. A great keeper, and in some localities considered
valuable on account of its productiveness, fair even size, and keeping
quality. January to March.

Caleb Sweet.
Of Pennsylvania origin. Tree vigorous and very productive..

114 THE APPLE.

Fruit medium, oblate conical, yellow, with a tinge of brown in sun.
Flesh yellowish, crisp, rich, sweet. Core small. Good. September.

Calville Blanche a Cote's.

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, productive, with long jointed
branches of reddish brown.

Fruit medium, conical, flattened at base, lemon yellow, with red in
sun. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, acid. December to May. (Yerg.)

Calville Malingre.
Pomme de Malingre, and many other synonyms.

An old variety. Origin in doubt.

Fi-uit very large, elongated, ribbed, yellow, deep red next the sun,
with stripes of darker red. Flesh white, delicate, juicy, agreeable, acid.
A culinary apple. From July to April. (Hogg.)

Calville Rouge de Micoud.

This is an old French Apple, said to blossom and get three crops of
fruit in a season.

The fruit is large to small in size, mostly covered with red, with a yel-
lowish-white sweet flesh. (Lind.)

Calef's S\\'EET,
Magoun Apple.

Origin, Kingston, N. H".

Fruit laige, roundish flattened, yellow, with gray dots and crimson
specks. Flesh white, very rich and sweet. November to January.
(Maine Report.)

Camack's Sweet,

Camack's Winter Sweet. Grape Vine.

Origin, Macon Co,, N. C. Tree a slow grower, with small wiry
branches, irregular spreading, an early and abundant bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish, sometimes conical, light yellow gren, red
in sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, brisk, pleasant, saccharine.
Good, Core small, February,

Campbell,

This new variety is an accidental seedling in the grounds of George W.
Campbell, Delaware, O, He describes the tree as a vigorous strong grow-
er, 0[)en spreading habit, shoots stout, blunt, leaves large and abundant, a
good regular bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish, oblate, a little oblique, pea gi-een, with bro-
ken dull red stripes in the sun or toward the stalk end, and with more or
less of russet from the stalk cavity; scattering rough distinct dots.
Stalk short. Cavity deep, open, narrow, russeted. Calyx closed with
broken segments. Basin very deep, slightly furrowed. Flesh greenish
white, crisp, breaking, half tender, mild, juicy, subacid, pleasant. Good
to very good. Core small. Slightly hollow in centre. Seeds dark
blackish, pointed, December to February.

the apple. 115

Cambusnethan Pippin.

Winter Red Streak. Watch Apple.

A Scotch, variety, medium, roundish, light yellow, striped and shaded
with crimson and dark red. Flesh yellowish, juicy, subacid. Good to
very good. September, December.

Campfield.
Newark Sweeting. Sweet Maiden's Blush.

A capital New Jersey cider apple, ranking next to the Harrison. It
forms a fine large tree, with straight, spreading limbs, and is very pro-
ductive. Fine for baking and stock feeding.

Fruit of medium size, roundish, rather flattened. Skin smooth,
washed and striped with x'ed, over a greenish-yellow gi'ound. Flesh white,
rather dry, firm, rich and sweet. Good. April, May.

Can.

A very old Apple, originated in Schenectady, N^. Y. Tree a good bearer.
Fruit above medium, oblong, yellow, shaded with crimson. Flesh
whitish, not juicy, pleasant. Good. November.

Cann.
Winter Sweet Bough. Winter Bough. Sweet Cann.

Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit large, roundish, conic, greenish yellow, with a dull crimson
cheek, slightly sprinkled with brown dots. Flesh white, compact, not
very juicy, rich, sweet, and pleasant. Core large. December to
March. A good cooking and market apple.

Canada Reinette.

Canadian Reinette. De Bretagne.

Grosse Reinette d'Angleterre. Portugal.

Pomme du Caen. Januarea.

Reinette du Canada Blanche. Wahr Reinette.

Reinette Grosse du Canada. Praire Rambour Reinette.

Reinette du Canada a Cortes.

It is easy to see that the Canada Reinette is a popxilar and highly
esteemed variety in Europe, by the gi'eat number of synonyms under
which it is knowTi. It is doubtful, notwithstanding its name, whether
it is truly of Canadian origin, as Merlet, a French writer, describes the
same fruit in the 17th century, and some authors think it was first
brought to this continent from Normandy, and carried back under its
new name. At any rate, it is a very large and handsome fruit, a good
bearer, and of excellent quality in all respects. Wheiever grown in
this country it sustains its foreign repiitation, the tree being of vigor-
ous habit, spreading, open, and productive. Young shoots clear red-
dish-browTi, slightly downy.

Frviit of the largest size, oblate conical, flattened ; rather irregular,
with projecting ribs ; broad at the base, narrowing toAvards the eye, four
inches in diameter, and three deep. Skin greenish-yellow, slightly
washed %\'ith brown on the sunny side, sprinkled with dots and russet

116 THE APPLE.

patches. Stalk short, inserted in a wide hollow. Calyx short and
large, set in a rather deep, irregular basin. Flesh nearly white, rather
firm, juicy, with a rich, lively, subacid flavor. Very good to best.
Ripe in December, and, if picked early in autumn, it will keep till
April.

The Canada Reinette Grise is very much like the above, and may
prove identical.

Canada Reinette.

Cane Creek Sweet.

Origin, Burke Co., on Cane Creek, N. C.

Fruit medium, roundish, pale greenish-yellow, shade of brown. Flesh
white, rather firm, mild, sweet. Core medium. Good. July, August.

Cannon Pearmain.

Tree vigorous, spreading, and productive ; much grown in North Caro-
lina, and some portions of the West.

Fruit medium, roundish conic^ Color yellow, striped, and marbled
with red and dark crimson, with large gi-ayish dots. Stalk short.
Cavity small, russeted. Calyx large, open. Basin large, round, deep,
and open, corrugated. Flesh yellow, firm, with a rich, brisk, subacid
flavor. Very good, December to March.

Canterbury Reinette.
Eeinette de Cantorbery.

Tree moderately vigorous.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, conical, greenish-yellow. Stalk long.
Cavity deep. Calyx closed. Flesh white, coarse, juicy, sharp, acid.
January to March. (Alb. Pom.)

the apple. 117

Capital.

Origin, Indiana.

Fruit small, globular, truncate, deep red on greenish yellow. Flesh yel-
low, breaking, juicy, siibacid. Good. December to January. (Wax'der.)

Capron's Pleasant.

Fruit medium, or above, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with a
brownish tinge. Stalk rather stout, inserted in an open cavity, slightly
russeted. Calyx large, closed, in a medium basin. Flesh yellow,
juicy, tender, mild, subacid, and very agreeable. Good. Core small.
September to October.

Caraway Russet.

From England.

Fruit below medium, oblate, pale brown russet, with an orange
tinge in sun. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, sweet. February. (Hogg.)

Garbage.

Medium, roundish conic, yellow. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, with-
out much flavor. September, October.

Cardinal Red.

Of European origin.

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic ; sides unequal ; very dark red,
almost blackish next the stalk ; some light gray dots. Flesh white, rather
'film, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. Core small. January, February.

Carey's Seedling.

Ohio origin.

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, slight blush in sun. Flesh yellow-
ish white, tender, subacid. Good. October, November.

Carlisle Codlin.

A dwarf variety of the old English Codlin. Tree hardy, and abun-
dant bearer.

Fruit above medium, ovate, flattened at base, pale yellow with a few
russety specks. Flesh white, tender, crisp, juicy. A good cooking
apple from August to September. (Hogg.)

Carmel Sweet.
Speckled Sweet.

A native of Carmel, Putnam Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, upright,
spreading. Very productive. Young shoots dull reddish brown, smooth.

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, with a blush, many fine red
dots. Flesh white, juicy, tender, sweet, and rich. Very good. Octo-
ber, November.

Carnahan's Favorite.
Origin, with Mr. Camahan, Cincinnati, O. Tree vigorous, produc-

118 THE APPLE.

tive. Fruit large, roundisli conic. Color yellowisli, striped and shaded
with red, and much sprinkled with green or russet dots. Fiesh fine-
grained, juicy, with a very pleasant vinous flavor. Good. December
to March.

Carnation.

Fruit medium size, a delicious svibacid apple, fully first-rate, dark-
red, splashed with russet. Flesh white, brittle, and very juicy. Both
the calyx and stem are sunk in deep depressions. 10th of August.
(White's Card.)

Caroline.

Said to have originated near Tremont, O. Tree a strong upright
grower and abundant bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, pale lemon yellow, brown-
ish blush in the sun. Calyx large. Stalk slender. Flesh white, ten-
der, mild, subacid. Core rather large. Very good. September.

Caroline.
Carolina Baldwin.

Origin, premises of A. G. Baldwin, Hanover, N. J. Tree vigorous
and productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, mostly shaded with maroon, ob-
scurely striped, and splashed with light and dark red, and thickly cov-
ered with light dots. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, mild, subacid,
rather rich. Very good. Core medium. December to March.

Caroline.

From Norfolk, England.

Fruit above middle size, roundish, rich yellow, streaked with red.
Flesh firm, brisk juice, high fiavor. Cooking. November to February.
(Lind.)

Caroline Auguste.

Of Belgic origin. Tree vigorous, with upright reddish brown shoots.

Fruit medium, roundish, pale green with spots of brown. Flesh white,
tinged with rose on the sunny side, fine acid, with a pine-apple perfume.
September. (Verg.)

Carolina Red June.

Kaight's Red June. Blush June. Wilson's June.

Red June. Georgia June.

Origin somewhat uncertain, supposed to be Carolina. Tree very
vigorous, l^pright, an early and abundant bearer, much esteemed at the
South and Southwest as their best early Apple, ripe a few days after
Early Harvest, not equal to it in flavor, but more profitable as an orchard
fruit.

Fruit medium or below, oval, irregular, inclining to conic. Skin
smooth, nearly the whole surface shaded with deep red, and almost of a
purplish hue on the sunny side, and covered with a light bloom. Stalk

THE APPLE. 119

variable in length, inserted in a small narrow cavity. Calyx closed.
Segments long, reflexed. Basin narrow, plaited. Flesh very white,
tender, juicy, with a brisk subacid flavor. Core rather large. Very
good.*

Carolina Bed June.

Carolina Sweet.

Fruit rather large, roundish, a little flattened, yellow, slightly
shaded in the sun. Flesh yellow, dry, sweet. Poor. August.

Carolina Watson.

Of Southern origin.

Fruit large, oblate conical, greenish, shaded, splashed and striped
with dull red, large light dots, with dark centres. Flesh white, coarse,
mild, subacid. Good. August.

Carpenter.

Originated from a seed of the Belmont, with Charles Carpenter,
Kelley Island. Tree a moderate grower, forming a medium-sized round,
spreading head.

Fiaiit medium roundish oblate, yellow, oily surface, shaded with a
brownish crimson in sun, and occasional mai'blings of russet. Flesh
yellowish, rather fu-m, rather rich, pleasant subacid. Good, or almost
very good. Core small. Productive. Good keeper. January to March.

* Carolina Striped June — (Carolina June). This is generally confounded
with the above, and is scarcely distinguishable except that, as it ripens, it be-
comes striped. One is doubtless a seedling from the other.

120 the apple.

Carpentin Reinette.
Kleine Graue Reinette. Der Carpentin.

A German Apple. Tree a free grower and good bearer.

Fruit small, roundisli oblong, yellowish green, striped and washed
with red, dark red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, tender, j uicy,
vinous, aromatic. December to April. (Hogg.)

Carter.
Royal Pippin,

Origin, farm of Nath. Carter, Leominster, Mass. A vigorous grower
and productive.

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, yellow, slightly shaded, striped,
and marbled with red. Stalk short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx
closed, set in a large basin. Flesh tender, rather coarse, juicy, pleasant,
subacid. Good to very good. Core small. October to January.

Carter's Blue.
Lady Fitzpatrick.

This variety originated at Mount Meigs, near Montgomeiy, Ala.
Tree a fine upright grower, an early bearer. Young shoots reddish brown,
very close grained.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish, washed and striped with dull
red and covered with a blue bloom. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh
yellowish white, ci'isp, sugary, rich, aromatic. Very good. September
to November.

Carver.

Origin, Norristown, Pa. Tree productive.

Fruit large, roundish, lemon yellow. Stalk short. Calyx small,
closed. Flesh yellowish, juicy, tender, ^dnous, subacid. Good. August.

There is also a Carver Apple from Montgomery Co., which is red, and
a winter fruit.

Gary's Summer.
Of unknown origin. Probably an old variety.

Fruit large, round, flattened, rich yellow, splashed with crimson.
Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Core medium. June
to September. (Warder.)

Case.

An Apple somewhat grown in Connecticut.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, light and dark red, striped and
splashed. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, crisp, aromatic, pleasant, sub-
acid. Good. November.

Cash Sweet.

Medium size, oblate, conic. Skin whitish, with a blush. Flesh
white, sweet, and rather dry. September.

THE APPLE. 121

Castle Major.

An English cooking Apple.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with white specks.
Flesh firm, juicy, brisk, acid. January to April. (Lind.)

Catface.

From Kentucky.

Fruit large, conical, truncated, greenish yellow, with streaks of red.
Flesh white, tender, brisk, subacid. Good. February, March.

Cathead Sweet.

Tree hardy, good bearer.

Fruit large, roundish conic, greenish yellow, slight blush. Flesh
white, tender, sweet, not rich. Good. October.

Catline.
Gregson Apple.

Origin, Maryland. Tree of slow growth, very productive, mixch
esteemed in the lower part of Delaware. Below medium size, oblate,
yellow, bright red cheek, with stripes. Flesh tender, rich, juicy, and
sweet. Good. October to December.

There is also a White Catline, which is smaller in size, oblate, green-
ish white, and maturing in September and October. It is juicy, tender,
pleasant. Good.

Cat she AD.
Round Catshead. Cathead Greening.

A very large Apple, cultivated for drying in some parts of the coun-
try, but of little other value except as a cooking apple.

Fruit of the largest size, round, quite smooth, pale green. Flesh
tender, with a subacid juice. Good. October and November.

Cato.

Origin, probably Maryland.

Fruit small, oblate, white shaded, and splashed with bright red,
deep in sun, few light dots. Flesh white, often stained next the
skin, tender, sprightly, subacid. Good. January to March.

Catooga.
Corbin. Cattoogaja. Cuttugaja.

A Southern variety.

Fruit large, roundish, sides unequal, yellow, with brown dots.
Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Cooking fruit.
November.

Caywood.

Origin, Ulster Co., N. Y. Only valued as a keeper.
Fruit medium, oblate. Skin bright yellow, with a tinge of red on
the sunny side. Stalk rather long, in a broad, shallow cavity. Calyx

122 THE APPLE.

small, closed. Basin broad and wrinkled. Flesh yellowish, rather firm,
pleasant, but not juicy or rich. Good. December, May.

Cedar Falls.

A native of Forsyth Co., K C.

Fruit medium to large, a little oblate in form, deep yellow, nearly
covered with purplish red ; patch of russet around the stalk. Flesh >
yellow, firm, aromatic, subacid. November to February. (White.)

Celestia.

Originated with L. S. Mote, Miami Co., O. A new variety of good
promise as an amateur sort.

Fruit large, form roundish, conical, slightly ribbed. Color pale yel-
low, moderately sprinkled with gray or brown dots, and sometimes
large dots of red. Stalk rather short and slender. Cavity deep, uneven.
Calyx closed. Segments long, slender, partially recurved. Basin rather
small, furrowed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, very pleasant,
rich, mild, subacid. Core rather large. Very good, October.

Cellini.

An English culinary Apple.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, deep yellow, with streaks and mot-
tlings of dark crimson. Stalk short. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx'
large, open. Basin corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, and
pleasant. Very good. September, October.

Challenge.

Raised by D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, O. A thrifty grower, and
exceedingly productive. Wood grayish brown.

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, deep yeUow, sprinkled with brown-
ish dots. Stalk rather short. Ca^dty large, slightly russeted. Calyx
closed. Basin deep, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet.
Very good, October to June,

Champaigne Reinette,
Reinette de Champagne. Soskrieger.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with more or less
of russet. Flesh yellowish, mild, subacid, vinous. Very good. De-
cember to January. (Verg.)

Chandler.
Late Chandler.

Of Connecticut origin, where it is a favorite. Tree moderately vig-
orous, great bearer.

Fruit large, roundish, slightly flattened, and one-sided or angular in its
form, obscurely ribbed on its sides, thickly streaked and overspread with
dull red with a few streaks of bright red, on a greenish yellow ground,
the red sprinkled with light gray dots. Core and seeds small. Flesh green-
ish white, tender juicy, with a moderately rich, subacid flavor. Good.
November to February.

the apple. 123

Chaney.

A Pennsylvania Apple, valuable mainly as a long keeper. Tree a
straggling grower, vigorous and good bearer.

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale yel-
low, shaded in the sun with crimson, and sprinkled with light gray dots.
Flesh whitish, firm, moderately juicy, with a sprightly subacid flavor.
Good to very good. Core small. December to March.

Chapman's Orange. i

Fruit small, deep orange, juicy, rich, subacid. October.

Charley's Winter.

Raised by H. R. Robey, Fredericksburgh, Va.

Fruit medium or below, oblate inclining to conic, pale yellow, often
shaded with crimson in the sun. Flesh yellow, compact, juicy, crisp,
brisk subacid. Good. January, February.

Chase's Seedling.

Origin, Maine.

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, splashed and marbled over
nearly the entire surface with red. Flesh white, tender, moderately
juicy, mild subacid. Good. September.

Chattahoochie.

A Southern variety from the banks of the Chattahoochie River, Ga.
Tree vigorous, upright, productive.

Fruit medium or below in size, roundish oblate, oblique, slightly
conic, greenish yellow, faint bro^wTiish blush in sun. Stalk very short.
dCavity large, open, deep, somewhat russeted. Calyx partially open,
with short segments, broad, divided, sometimes closed, sometimes erect.
Basin deep, broad, abrupt, slightly furrowed. Flesh yellowish white,
breaking, crisp, partially tender, subacid, pleasant. Good. Season,
December to AprD..

Cheese.

Origin, Lewisburgh, Pa. Tree strong, vigorous, spreading, produc-
tive, annually.

Fruit medium to large, oblate, greenish, mostly overspread and
striped with red, small grayish dots. Flesh white, fine-grained, ten-
der, subacid. Good. November to February.

Cheeseborough Russet.

Pumpkin Sweet of some. Kingsbury Russet.
Forever Pippin. Cheeseboro.

Howard Russet. York Russet.

Sweet Russet.

An old fruit of little value, large, conical, green russet. Flesh
coarse, dry, mild, subacid, almost sweet. Poor. October, November.

Cheltenham.
Calf Pasture.
The Cheltenham is a handsome and popular market variety that origi-

124

THE APPLE.

nated at Cheltenliain Township, Montgomery Co., Pa., in a field wliere
calves were pastured, and hence the synonym by which it is locally known.
It is a moderate gi'ower, but very productive.

Fruit medium, roundish, striped and marbled with red on a yellow
ground. Stalk short. Cavity narrow. Calyx small, closed. Basin
deep. Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant. Good. Septem-
ber.

Chenango Strawberry.

Jackson Apple.
Smyrna.

Frank. Sherwood's Favorite.

Buckley. Strawberry.

Originated in the town of Lebanon, Madison Co., N. Y. It is an
apple pleasant to the tasbe and much esteemed as a table fruit wher-
ever grown. Tree is vigorous, spreading. Young wood light reddish
brown, downy.

Fruit medium, oblong conic or oblong truncated conic, indistinctly

Chenango Strawberry.

ribbed. Color whitish, shaded, splashed and mottled with light and
dark crimson over most of the surface, light dots. Stalk rather short
small. Cavity acute, somewhat uneven. Calyx closed, or partially
open. Segments erect. Basin rather large, abrupt, slightly corrugated.
Flesh white, tender, juicy, peculiar mild, subacid. Core rather large.
Very good. September and October.

Cheney.

Originated on the old Cheney farm. South Manchester, Conn,
upright, spreading, an early and regular bearer.

Tree

THE APPLE. 125

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow shaded with rich crimson over the
whole surface. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant, subacid, slightly
aromatic. Good to very good. September and October.

Chestatee.

A Southern fruit of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, upright, spread-
ing. Wood smooth, reddish gray, with very small reddish buds.

Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, pale yellow with a slight
blush in the sun. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good.
November.

Chester.
Chester Ked Streak.
Origin, Chester Co., Pa.

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish yellow, sometimes with a sunny
cheek and sprinkled with carmine dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy,
pleasant, subacid, aromatic. Good. November to December.

Chester Pearmain.

An English dessert Apple. Tree hardy, free grower, attaining a con-
siderable size, good bearer.

Fruit medium, oblate, conical, pale yellow, striped with crimson in
the sun, some russet. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy. Second-
rate. October to December. (Hogg.)

Chester Spitzenberg.

A Pennsylvania Apple. Tree a good grower and productive. Young
wood dark dull reddish brown, very stout.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oblate, yellowish, splashed and
sti-iped nearly over the whole surface witli light and dark red. Flesh
yellowish, rather compact, moderately juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic.
Good. February to April.

Chestoa.
Rabbit's Head.
A Southern variety.

Fruit large, elongated conical, irregular at apex end, deep rich
yellow, striped, splashed and shaded with red, and with many minute
dark specks. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, rather rich, vinous, aromatic.
Yery good. November to March.

Chief Good.
Summum Bonum.

From Kentucky, near Louisville.

Fruit medium to large, roundish, flattened at base, light yellow,
streaked and mottled with red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid, aro-
matic. September, October. (Elliott.)

Christiana.

Origin, on the premises of John R. Brinckle, near Wilmington, Del.
Fruit medium, oblate, splashes and stripes of rich crimson red over a

126 THE APPLE.

yellow ground. Flesh yellowish white, moderately juicy, sprightly, mild,
subacid. Good to very good. November.

Christie's Pippin.

Origin, Kingston-on-Thames, England. Tree of slender growth, good
bearer.

Fruit medium, oblate, lemon yellow, with faint red stripes, russety
dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, agreeable, mild subacid. December to
February. A dessert apple of the first quality. (Ron.)

Christ's Gold Reinette.
Christ's Deutsche Goldreinette.

Of German origin.

Fruit above medium, oblate, golden yellow, red cheek in sun, and
much cinnamon-colored russet. Flesh fine, juicy, aromatic, vinous.
November to May. (Hogg.)

Chronical.

Cotton Apple.

This variety originated on the farm of John Cotton, Putnam Co.,
Ind. It is a thrifty grower, with a rather vipright spreading habit, very-
hardy, and a moderate annual bearer. It is valued much for properties
enabling it to be kept in good condition for two years without extra care.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, greenish yellow, with
splashes and stripes of dull red, few light dots with dark centres. Flesh
yellowish white, compact, firm, mild subacid. Core small, close. Good.

Churchill Greening.

Origin vmcertain. Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit large, oblate, somewhat conic, ribbed, yellowish green, shaded
wath dull red, and thickly sprinkled with green dots. Flesh yellow, ten-
der, granular, with a brisk, vinous, almost saccharine flavor. Good.
December to February.

Church's Late Sweet.

A Southern Apple of unknown origin.

Fruit medium, roundish inclining to conic, rich yellow, with occa-
sionally a shade of crimson in the sun. Flesh yellowish, compact, rather
rich, mild subacid, almost sweet. Good. February to May.

Citron des Carmes.

A French Apple. Fruit small, oblong, light dull brown, dry. Poor.
December. (Ron.)

CiTRONEN ReINETTE.
Reinette de Citron.
An Apple of German origin, there regarded as of value for the dessert.
Fniit large, roundish conical, bright yellow, with blush in the
sun. Flesh very white, fine-grained, juicy, brisk, sugary, vinous. De-
cember to June. (Hogg.)

the apple. 127

Clapper Flat.
Flat Apple.

Origin, town of Bethlehem, Albany Co., N. Y. Tree productive.

Fruit above medium, oblate inclining to conic, pale yellow, mostly
covered, shaded and splashed with deep red. Flesh yellowish, moderately
juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. Highly valued for cooking.
September, October.

Clara Pippin.

Origin, Cranford, England.

Fruit small, roundish ovate, orange, with broAvnish red in the sun.
Flesh deep orange, firm, rich, brisk, sugary. December to May. (Hogg.)

Clarke.

A new variety originated with J. N. Clarke, Naples, N. Y., who
states it a strong grower, with an open top, and annually productive.

Fruit medium or above, roundish inclining to conic, slightly angu-
lar, pale whitish yellow, shaded, striped and splashed ^vith light and dark
ci'imson, few gray dots. Stalk short, slender. Cavity narrow, rather
deep. Calyx small, closed. Segments slightly recurved. Basin small,
a little corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sprightly, vinous, subacid.
Very good. October, November.

Clarke's Delaware.

Originated with John C. Clarke, Maryland. Tree very productive.

Fruit nearly medium size, roundish, inclining to oblong, oblique,
smooth, yellow, shaded in the sun with orange red, many gray dots. Flesh
whitish, modei'ately tender, juicy, mild subacid. Almost very good.
December to March.

Clarke Pearmain.

Yellow Pearmain. Columbian Russet.

Gloucester Pearmain. Golden Pearmain.

From North Carolina, an old variety. Tree of slow growth, veiy
productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical, greenish yellow,
shaded, striped and marbled with red and russet dots. Stalk very short.
Cavity small, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin small. Flesh
yellow, rather firm, crisp, rich, subacid. Very good. Core small. De-
cember.

Clarkson.

Originated on the premises of David Clarkson, Plymouth, "Wayne
Co., Mich. Ti-ee a good grower and bearer.

Fruit above medium, oblate conic, clear white, shaded with crimson
in the sim, with light and brown dots. Flesh white, fine-grained, ten-
der, juicy, sharp subacid, slightly aromatic. Core rather large. Good.
Valuable for cooking and drying only.

128 the apple.

Claygate Peakmain.

An English Apple.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish yello-w, nearly covered
with brownish red. Flesh yellow, tender, rich, aromatic. Good. No-
vember to March.

Clayton.

Origin, Indiana.

Fruit large, conical, flattened, regular, greenish yellow, covered,
striped, and splashed with dull red. Flesh yellow, breaking, subacid.
Good. Kitchen and market. January to JMarch. (Warder.)

Clepington.

An English dessert Apple. Fruit small, round oblate, yellow. Sep-
tember.

Cley Pippin.

Also an English dessert Apple, there counted as of first-rate quality.
Fruit small, roundish, yellow. October to March. (H. S. C.)

Cluster.

Tree productive.

Fruit small, yellow, oblate, sweet. November.

Another Cluster Apple is small, roundish conical, or oblong conical,
greenish white. Flesh white. Poor. December, February.

Cluster Golden Pippin.
Cluster Pippin. Twin Cluster Pippin. Thickset.

An old variety. A hardy tree, slender grower, good bearer, produ-
cing its fruit in clusters, and often with two fruits united or grown to-
gether.

Fruit small, round, flattened, yellow, with orange in the sun, and
patches of gray russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, subacid perfumed.
November to March. (Hogg.)

Cluster Pearmain.

Introduced by R. Pagan, of Indiana.

Fruit full medixim size, round, flattened, regular, inclined, yellowish
green, mixed and striped light red, dots large, gray and yellow, white
bloom. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, granular, subacid, aromatic.
Good to very good. An autumn fruit, acceptable as a substitute for
Rambo. (Warder.)

Clyde Beauty.
Mackie's Clyde Beauty.
Raised by Mr. Mackie, Clyde, Wayne Co., N. Y. Tree \'igorovis,
upright, very productive.

Fruit large, roundish, conic, angular, greenish, oily, sprinkled and
mottled with dull red and bright red in the sun. Stalk short, slender,
inserted in an acute cavity. Calyx closed, set in a small corrugated basin.
Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. October to January.

THE APPLE. 129

COBHAM.

From Kent, England. Tree hardy, \-igorous, and productive.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, dull yellowish green, faint

red in the sun, some light russet. Flesh pale yellow, crisp, saccharine,

aromatic. November, December. (Lind,)

CoBOURG Pippin.

An Apple originated in Warwickshire, England.
Fruit Ismail, oblate conical, pea green, with large russet dots.
Flesh firm, rich, acid. March. (Kon,)

COCCAGEE.

Cocko Gee.

An Irish Apple, mostly valued for cider.

Fruit medium, roundish, conical, pale yellow. Flesh yellowish,
acid. October, December. (Hogg.)

Cockle Pippin.

Nutmeg Cockle. Nutmeg Pippin.

White Cockle. Brown Cockle.

A variety from Sussex, England. Tree healthy, hardy. Shoots
moderately stout, chestnut colored.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, slightly ribbed, green, with brown
russet. Flesh yellowish, fii-m, crisj), aromatic. Good. January to
April,

Cocklin's Favorite,
Grandfather.

Introduced by Jacob Cocklin, York, Pa. Tree a good upright grower
productive.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, whitish, thinly sliaded with
light crimson in the sun, moderately sprinkled with light dots. Stalk
medium, veiy slender. Cavity large, deep, sometimes thiidy russeted.
Calyx closed. Segments medium, erect, sometimes slightly recurved.
Basin abrupt, deep, rather uneven. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, mild,
pleasant subacid. Very good. Core small, November.

Cockpit.

Origin, North of England,

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, truncated, yellow. Flesh tender,
brisk, a pleasant apple for table or kitchen. November, December.
(Ron.)

Coe's Golden Drop.

An English Apple, the origin of which is in doubt. Tree hardy,, free
upright grower, and productive.

Fruit small, roundish conical, fine yellow, with a shade of crimson
in the sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, rich, brisk subacid, slightly
ai'omatic. Good to very good, November, February.

9

130 the apple.

Cogswell.
Cogswell Peannain.

This excellent Apple originated in the town of Griswold, near Nor-
wich, Ct., on a farm which came into the possession of William Cogs-
well about the year 1798. The original tree was then about forty or
fifty years old. The fruit was first exhibited in 1816 or '18, before the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

It is an extremely valuable variety wherever grown, either for table
or market purposes, a good keeper, and bears carriage to market long
distances without apparent injury. Tree a vigorous, upright, spreading
grower, an abundant bearer of very regular, even-sized fruit. Young
shoots dark reddish brown, somewhat downy.

Cogswell.

Yrait size above medium. Form roundish oblate, regular. Color
rich yellow, nearly covered with red, marked and streaked with bright
red, pretty thickly sprinkled with areole dots. Stalk short, rather slender.
Cavity large, thinly russeted. Calyx small, nearly closed. Basin small,
shallow. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, tender, juicy, scarcely subacid,
rich aromatic. Core small. Very good to best. December to March.

Cole.
Scarlet Perfume. Duling ?

A variety from England, of second quality, but admired for its beauty
of appearance.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conic, ribbed. Color deep crimson
on a yellowish ground, or sometimes entirely red, with a little russet.
Stalk medium, woolly, planted in a cavity broad and deep. Calyx lai'ge,
in a broad basin. Flesh white, rather firm, juicy, yellowish, somewhat
rich and agi-eeable. Nearly very good. September and October.

the apple. 131

Columbian.

Received from Pennsylvania.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly inclining to conical, yellowdsh, shaded,
splashed and striped with light and dark crimson, few light gray dots.
Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicj^, sprightly subacid, slightly aromatic.
"Very good. Core small. October, November.

COLVERT.
Prussian.

An old variety, of uncertain origin, valued mainly for cooking.
Tree a strong grower, and an enormous bearer.

Fruit large, oblate, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, striped and
shaded with dull red in sun. Flesh greenish white, tender, brisk sub-
acid. Good. October, November.

Conant's Red.

Much cultivated in Southern Ohio.

Fruit full medium, regular, oblate, sometimes nearly round, yellow,
obscurely mixed with red, on which are streaks of russet, dots fawn-
colored. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, subacid to sweet, aromatic.
September, December. (Warder.)

CoNDiT Sweet.

A New Jersey Apple.

Fruit small, roundish, whitish yellow, tinge of brown in the sun.
Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. September.

Congress.
Jackson Apple. Tyler Apple.

A Massachusetts vaiiety, cultivated in the New England States for
half a century or more. Tree very vigorous, spreading, abundant bearer.
Fruit valuable mainly for cooking or market.

Fruit large to very large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellowish,
splashed, striped, and marbled with red. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy,
tender, brisk subacid. Good. Core large. November, December.

Connecticut Summer Sweet.

Frxiit medium, roundish, yellow and red striped. Flesh yellowish,
sweet, tough. August. (Elliott.)

Connett's Sweet.

Tree strong, upright grower, early and abundant bearer.

Fruit large, roundish, flattened, yellow, mostly covered with dark
red. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, sweet. Yery good. December
to March. (Elliott.)

CONTIN ReINETTE.

From Ross-shire, Scotland. Tree hardy, a slender grower, and sure
bearer.

132 THE APPLE.

Fniit medium, roundisli, dull yellow, red in tlie sun. Flesh yellowisli,
firm, pleasant, acid. October, November. (Hogg.)

Conway.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium, oblate, obscurely ribbed, greenish yellow, with a
bronzed cheek in the sun, few brown gray dots and traces of russet.
Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, vinous, slightly aromatic. Very good.
December to April.

Cook's Red Winter.

Fruit medium to large, produced by Jacob Cook, Edisto, S. C. Tree
vigorous and regular bearer. October to April. (Summer Notes.)

Cooledge's Favorite.

Said to have originated in Cambridge, Mass. Tree productive.

Fx'uit medium, roundish conical, deep yellow, splashed and marbled
with red, becoming brilliant in the svm, russet at the stem, and with whitish
specks over the whole. Stalk long, slender. Cavity deep, broad. Calyx
in a shallow plaited basin. Flesh fine-grained, tender, and juicy, pleasant
subacid. Very good. September, October. (J. of H.)

Cooper.
Beauty Red. Lady Washington.

Origin unknown ; supposed to be an old Eastern variety, as yet
unrecognized. Thrives well at the West, and much esteemed there by
many. Growth vigorous, upright, and productive.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, sides unequal. Color greenish yellow,
with a few stripes and splashes of bright red, thickly sprinkled with
brown dots. Flesh tender, juicy, vinous, with a pleasant hnt not high
flavor. Good. October to December.

Cooper's Early White.

Grown in Illinois and other Western States, where it is regarded by
many as productive and profitable.

Fruit medium, roundish, little flattened, pale yellow with faint
blush, tinge of green at the stem. Flesh white, crisp, sprightly. Sep-
tember and October. (Elliott.)

Cooper's Market.
Cooper's Redling. Rigley. Redling ?

Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, with long slender branches, very
productive and a late keeper. Valuable for market in New Jersey.

Fruit medium, oblate conic, yellowish, shaded with red and striped
with crimson. Stalk short. Cavity deep, narrow. Calyx closed. Basin
small. Flesh white, tender, with a brisk subacid flavor. Good. De-
cember to May.

Cooper's Russeting.
Originated in Gloucester Co., N. J. Tree irregular in form, healthy
grower, abundant bearer.

THE APPLE. 133

Fruit small, oblong, conical, pale yellow mixed with russet. Flesh
rich, sweet, diy. Valuable for cooking or for cider. October to
December.

Corlie's Sweet.

Origin on the farm of A. Corlies, Shrewsbury, New Jersey. Tree
vigorous, round-headefl, great bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish, conical, whitish yellow, light blush in sun.
Flesh white, firm, moderately juicy, pleasant sweet, fine for cooking.
Hardly good. September, November.

Cornell's Fancy.
Cornell's Favorite.

From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit medium, oblong, conical. Color waxen yellow, shaded and
splashed with crimson. Stalk of medium length. Cavity rather large.
Calyx closed, abrupt, corrugated. Flesh white, tender, crisp, juicy, with
a pleasant subacid flavor. Core medivim or large. Very good.

Cornfield.

A Southern variety from J. S. Downer.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, tru.ncate regular, yellow, covered
with mixed deep red, striped. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, rather
dry, subacid. Good. December. (Warder.)

Cornish Aromatic.

An English Apple.

Fruit of medium size, roundish, angular. Color rich red, much
marked with russet yellow dots, on a pale russet ground. Flesh yellow,
with a rich, aromatic, subacid flavor. Good. October to December.

Cornish Gilliflower.

Cornish July-flower. Pomme Eegelans. Red Gilliflower ?

Calville d'Angleterre. Cornwallisser. iSTelken Apfel.

An old English Apple. Tree a poor grower and shy bearer.

Fruit medium size, roundish, conical, narrowing much to the eye
where it is ribbed, dull green, or dark yellowish green, with a sunny side
of brownish red, intermixed with a few streaks of richer red. Flesh yel-
lowish, firm, with a rich, high flavor, and a slight aromatic perfume.
Good. November to April.

Cornish Spice.

Origin unknown.

Fi-uit small, oblate, pale yellow, slight shade in siin. Flesh yellow-
ish, crisp, juicy, slightly aromatic, subacid. Good. November.

Corse's Favorite.

A Canadian Apple, valuable for stewing.

Fruit medium, oblate, depressed, yellowish green. Flesh whitish,
juicy, brisk, subacid. Good. September.

134 THE APPLE.

Cos, OR Caas.

A native of Kingston, N. Y., where it is productive and highly
esteemed.

Fruit large, one-sided or angular, roundish, broad, and flattened at
the stalk, narrowing a good deal to the eye. Skin smooth, pale green-
ish yellow in the shade, but red in the sun, with splashes and specks of
bright red, and a few yellow dots. Flesh white, tender, with a mild,
agreeable flavor. Good to very good. December to March.

Costard.

Coulthard. Prussian Pippin,

An old English culinary Apple mentioned by Lawson in 1597, and

was in the fruiters' bills in the time of Edward the First, 1292, under

name of Pomme Costard. Tree hardy, strong, vigorous, with downy

shoots, productive.

Fruit large, roundish oblong, prominently I'ibbed, dull yellowish
green, embedded all over with gray specks. Flesh greenish white, ten-
der, juicy, brisk, subacid. October to December. (Hogg.)

COTSVILLE SpITZENBERG.

A variety received from Nelson & Son, Mercer Co., Pa., by whom it
was obtained as a seedling of the Rambo, from Ohio. It looks much
like the Baltimore, on p. 86, and may prove identical.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, whitish, covered over with
deep crimson in the sun, lighter in the shade, a little russet, and pretty
thickly sprinkled with light dots. Flesh whitish, sometimes a little
stained, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. Core
small. Very good. December to Febjuary.

Coral Blush.

From Ross-shire, Scotland. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, produc-
tive.

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, dull red in the sun. Flesh
yellowish, crisp, juicy, brisk. A good culinary sort. December. (Lind.)

Court Pendu de Tournay.

Reinette d' Orleans.

Originated in Holland. Tree vigorous, productive.
Fruit small to medium, roundish, conical. Flesh creamy white, ten-
der, fine, aromatic. (An. Pom.)

Court Pendu Plat.

Court-pendu. Court-pendu Musque.
Court-peudu plat rougedtre. Rouge Musque.

Capendu. Coriandre Rose.

Garnon's Apple. Pomme de Berlin,

Court-pendu Extra. Wollaton Pippin.

Rond Gros. Russian.

Rose. Princess Noble Zoete.

A popular French variety.

Fruit of medium si2;e, regrilarly formed, and quite flat. Skin rich,
deep crimson on the sunny side, with a little pale greenish yellow in the

THE APPLE. 135

shade. Stalk short, inserted in a very deep cavity. Calyx large, set in
a wide shallow basin. Flesh yellow, crisp, with a rich brisk acid flavor.
Good. The tree bears young and plentifully. November to February.

Court Pendu Rose.
Court Pendu Rosat.
Of French origin. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit small, roundish, flattened, yellow, marked with gray dots, and
shaded with bright red around the stem. Flesh white, fine, juicy,
vinous, acid, perfumed. (An. Pom.)

Court of Wick.

Court of Wick Pippin. Golden Drop. Philip's Reinette.

Court de Wick. Wood's Huntingdon. Knightwick Pippin.

Rival Golden Pippin. Barlow. Week's Pijjpin.

Fry's Pippin. Transparent Pippin. Yellow.

A highly-flavored English dessert Apple of the Golden Pippin class,
which does not succeed well with us.

Fruit below the middle size, regularly formed, roundish oblate, some-
what flattened, greenish yellow in the shade, but becoming a warm
orange, with a little red in the sun. Flesh yellow, crisp, and juicy, with
a high poignant flavor. Very good. October to February.

CowARNE Red.

Origin, Herefordshire, England.

Fruit medium, roundish, narrowing to the crown, pale yellow, bright
red where exposed to the sun, sometimes deep purplish crimson. Valu-
able for cider. (Hogg.)

Cowarne's Queening.
Northern Greening.

Tree upright, compact, an abundant bearer.

Fruit very large, roundish, conical, golden yellow, red in the sun.
Flesh white, tender. Fine for cooking or drying. November to Jan-
uary. (Ron.)

Cox's Orange Pippin.

An English variety much esteemed for dessert. Tree is well adapted
for dwarfing on the paradise stock, and a free bearer.

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed and slightly mot-
tled nearly over the whole siu'face with crimson. Flesh yellowish, rather
firm, juicy, brisk, rich, subacid. Core small. Very Good. September,
October.

Cox's Pomona.

A variety from England, valuable as a culinary apple.

Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat conic, greenish yellow, shade of crim-
son in the sun. Flesh wliite, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. Core
small. October.

Cracking.

Origin, farm of Henry Barger, Harrison Co., O. Tree spreading,
vigorous, and productive. Young shoots reddish brown, slightly downy.

136 THE APPLE.

Fruit fair, large, roiuidish, slightly flattened, inclining to conic, ob-
scurely ribbed, pale yellow, with a slight tinge of i-ed, thinly sprinkled
with large dots. Stalk medium, in a rather deep slightly russeted cav-
ity. Calyx closed in a corrugated basin. Flesh yellowish white, crisp,
tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Core large. Valuable for cooking.
October, November.

Cram or Kram.
An old fruit nearly out of use and not worth cultivating.

Cranberry.

From Georgia.

Fruit medium, roundish conical. Color yellow, brightly striped with
carmine on the unexposed side, and of deeper red on the side next the sun.
Many gray russet dots. Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish. Good.

Cranberry Pippin.

This strikingly beautiful Apple was found growing on a farm near
Hudson, N. Y. It is only second-rate in point of flavor — but it is an
excellent cooking and market apple.

Fruit medivxm, roundish oblate, regular. Skin very smooth, light
yellow, with a bright scarlet cheek. Flesh white, moderately juicy,
brisk subacid. Good. November to February.

Cranberry Russet.

Introduce^ to notice by J. Austin Scott, Toledo, O.

Fruit medium to large, oblate, compressed. Surface rough, russeted,
blushed carmine, uneven. Flesh breaking, tender, not very juicy, acid.
Good. Said to be superior for cooking. November, December. (War-
der.)

Crawford.

Of unknoAvn origin.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate inclining to conic, yellowish, with a
tinge of crimson in the sun, few grayish dots. Flesh yellowish, tender,
juicy, rather rich, slightly aromatic, subacid. Very good. November to
March.

Crawford's Keeper.

Originated in Lawrence Co., O. Tree strong grower and a great
bearer. Yovmg shoots slender, clear, smooth, light reddish brown.

Fruit above medium, roundish truncated conical, oblique. Color
light yellow, mostly overspread with a rich red, large light gray specks.
Stem very short. Cavity large, deep, acute, slightly rvisseted. Calyx
closed or nearly so. Segments divided. Basin very deep, broad,
abrupt, slightly furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, breaking moderately
juicy, mild, sweet, subacid. Good to very good. January to March.

Cray Pippin.

Kaised in Kent, England, where it is said to be a valuable dessert
App^e.

Fruit below medium, conical, pale yellow, tinge of red in the

THE APPLE. ^ 137

sun. Flesli yellow, crisp, sweet, and higUy flavored. October.
(Hogg.)

Crayton.

Fruit medium to large, fine flavor. November to April. (Sum-
ner's MS.)

Ckeam.

Origin, Queens Co., L. I., N. Y. Tree a vigorous grower, forming a
compact head, an early bearer, and by some thought valuable for dessert
or culinary purposes.

Fruit medium or below, roiindish oblate, yellowish, thickly sprin-
kled with brown and gray dots. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, tender,
juicy, pleasant, sweet and rich. September and October.

Creed's Marigold.

Raised from seed of the Scarlet Nonpareil, in Kent, England.

Fruit medium, roundish, deep rich yellow, orange in the sun, covered
and striped with shades of rich red. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, sugary,
richly flavored. October, November. (Hogg.)

Crede's Quittenreinette.
Credo's Gutten Reinette.
A German variety of medium size, roundish, lemon yellow with star-
like russety dots. Flesh white, very fine and juicy, sugary, vinous,
quince flavor. December to March. (Hogg.)

Creek.

A native of Hellam township, York, Pa., where it is highly prized
on account of its quality and extraordinary productiveness. Tree vig-
orous, upright, slightly spreading.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conical, greenish yellow, obscurely
striped and splashed with light and dark red. Flesh white, tender, jviicy,
mild, pleasant, subacid. Core small. Yery good. December to March.

Creeper.

Common in Berkshire, England.

Fruit below medium, roundish, somewhat conical, dark gi'een, nearly
overspread with red, striped in the sun with darker shades. Flesh
white, tender, juicy, sweet, slight aroma. September. (Hogg.)

Crego Red Streak.

From Columbia Co., N. Y, Tree very productive.
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish, with stripes and shades of
red. Flesh white, sharp subacid. Hardly good. September.

Crimson Queening.

Scarlet Queening. Red Queening.

Summer Queening. Herefordshire Queening.

A second-rate English variety.

Fruit medium size, conical, mostly covered with deep crimson. Flesh

138 THE APPLE.

white, with, a red tinge tinder the skin, tender, juicy, sweet, aromatic.
December to March. (Hogg.)

Ckispin.

Of unknown origin.

Fruit large, roundish, oblong truncated, greenish, shaded and striped
with shades of red. Flesh whitish, dry, compact, subacid. Not quite
good, December to May.

Crittenden.

A new variety, seedling from Kentucky, introduced to notice by J. C.
Teas, of Indiana. Tree a s\ire and prolific bearer.

Fruit medium size, roundish, dull red on yellow. Flesh juicy, very
sweet. Good. Keeps until May or June.

Crofton Pippin.

An Apple from Ireland. Tree blossoms late, and bearing its fiiiit at
ends of the branches gives it a di*ooping appearance.

Fruit below medium size, roundish oblate, greenish, mostly over-
spread with red. Flesh fii-m, rich, juicy. December, January. (Ron.)

Crook's Seedling.

From the county of Way, Indiana, where it is esteemed as a markeb
sort. Tree forms an open round head, a great bearer.

Fruit full medium size, red striped on yellow gi-ound. Good. October.

Cropsey's Favorite.

Originated with D. W. Cropsey, Plainfield, Will Co., 111.

Fruit full medium, roundish, yellow, mixed and splashed with car-
mine. Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy, subacid. December.
(Warder.)

Crotcher.

Supposed to be a native of Dorchester Co., Md. Tree moderate,
rather upright grower, producing large crops of very even-sized fruit.

Fruit medium, oblate conical, slightly truncated. Color waxen
white, with a slight blush, and tliinly sprinkled with light and green
dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep, large, partially russeted. Calyx
closed. Basin rather large, abrupt, a little uneven. Flesh whitish,
crisp, tender, juicy, refreshing, subacid. "Very good. August.

Crow Egg.

An old variety of not very good quality, oblong oval, long stem,
greenish yellow, tender, sweet, large core. October, November.

There is also another Crow Egg in Kentucky, of conical form, yel-
low, striped with dull red. Stem short. Flesh yellow, compact, sub-
acid. Good. Decembei", January.

Crow Nest.

Originated at Kelley's Island, O., in the orchard of Chas. Carpenter.
Tree vigorous, productive.

THE APPLE. 139

Fruit full medium, round, truncated, greenisli yellow, thinly covered
with russet. Flesh green, tender, breaking, subacid, only good for cook-
ing. November to January. (Warder.)

CULLASAGA.

Raised by Miss Ann Bryson, Macon Co., N. C. Good grower, and
a standard winter fruit for the South. Very productive.

Fruit medium or large, roundish, iiaclining to conic, sides sometimes
unequal. Skin yellowish, mostly shaded and striped with dark ciimson,
and sprinkled with whitish dots. Stalk small and short, inserted in a
deep cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx open, set in a shallow corru-
gated basin. Flesh yellowish, rather compact, moderately juicy, mild sub-
acid. Good. November to April.

CULLAWHEE.

A Southern seedling, with slender wood. Tree resembling the Buff.

Fruit medium, or above, oblate, slightly inclining to conic, pale yel-
low, nearly overspread, shaded and splashed with two shades of red,
light crimson and dark dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid.
Good. December to March.

CuLP.

Origin, Jefferson Co., O. Introduced by George Gulp. Tree very
vigorous, spreading, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conic, waxen yellow, shaded with blush
or dull crimson. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, agreeable, subacid. Good.
December to March.

Cumberland Seedling.

Supposed to have originated in Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree a fine
grower and great bearer.

Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, sides unequal, pale yellow,
mostly splashed and shaded with dark crimson, few large light dots.
Flesh yellowish, rather firm, juicy, brisk subacid. Good to very good.
October, December.

Cumberland Spice.

From Cumberland Co., N. J. Tree thrifty, upright, spreading, pro-
ductive.

Fruit rather above medium, roundish conic, pale yellow, rarely with
a blush, sprinkled with brown dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, and
pleasant subacid ; apt to shrivel. Good. Core large and hollow.
December to February.

Curry's Red Winter.

Origin unknown. Came from Eastern North Carolina. Tree vigor-
ous and very productive.

Fruit medium, oblong. Color yellow ground nearly covered with palo
red and russet dots. Stalk rather short, slender set in a small cavity.
Calyx large and open. Basin large. Flesh white, and solid, and keeps
well into January. (So. Cult.)

140 the apple.

Curtis Greening.

Origin uncertain, found in Illinois.

Fruit medium to large, oblong, truncated, axis inclined, yellow,
bronzy. Flesh yellow, breaking, subacid. Good. January to Febru-
ary. (Warder.)

Curtis Sweet.

Introduced to notice by Joseph Curtis, St. Alban's, Vt. Tree vigor-
ous, upright, productive, and hardy.

Fruit large, roundish, conical, ribbed, pale yellow, sprinkled, marbled,
and splashed with crimson, and thickly covered with crimson dots. Flesh
white, fine-grained, very tender, with a very pleasant sweet flavor. Core
large. Good. August to October.

Custard.

Originated in the grounds of L. B. Langworthy, Greece, Monroe Co.,
N. Y. Tree productive.

Fruit medium, to small, roundish, or roundish oblate, inclining to
conic, greenish yellow, faintly marbled and splashed with dull red, deep-
er in the sun. Flesh whitish, very tender, juicy, very mild, almost sweet,
agreeable, good for the amateur. Core small. Very good. November,
December.

Cut Pippin.

West's Spitzenberg. Haymaker.

Honemaker Pippin. Hommacher Apfel.

From Western Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, productive.
Fruit medium to large, greenish. Flesh greenish, juicy, subacid.
Good. December to April. (Elliott.)

Dahlongea.

Of Southern origin, but precise locality unknown.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, light greenish yellow, shaded,
splashed, and marbled with crimson, a slight bloom, and thickly sprin-
kled with light dots. Flesh whitish, moderately tender, juicy, subacid.
Good. February to March.

Dahlton.
Dahlton Pippin.

Origin unknown. So far as we know, only grown in Massachusetts.

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, slight blush in the sun,
greenish dots. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, mild subacid. Good. Sep-
tember, October.

Dame Jeannette.

Joannetten's Reinette.

Of French origin.

Fruit small to medium, roundish, conical, yellowish, with a bronzed
cheek in sun. Stalk slender. Calyx large. Flesh white, veined with
yellow, mild subacid, perfumed. December. (Verg.)

the apple. 141

Dana.

Oi'igin, near Cincinnati, O, Tree large, productive.

Fruit small, flat rich, yellow partially govered with mixed red,
distinctly striped with carmine, white bloom. Flesh yellow, fine-
grained, subacid. August. (Warder.)

Dana Greening.

Fruit medium or below, oblate, greenish yellow, few gx'ay dots. Flesh
whitish, crisp, pleasant subacid. Good. December to March.

Dana's Striped Sweet.

From Ohio.

Fruit medium or below, oblate, sides sometimes unequal, yellowish
shaded, and striped with red. Flesh white, crisj), juicy, mild, pleas-
ant sweet. Good. December to March.

Daniel.

From Henry Co., Ind.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, partially striped and
splashed with dull crimson. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy,
pleasant subacid. Good. Augiist and September.

Daniel's Apple.

An old variety. Origin unknown, of no valvie.

Fruit mediuDi, roundish conical, greenish, with dull crimson. Flesh
white, coarse, tender, juicy, subacid. Core large and hollow. October,

Dan Pearjiain.

Originated in Indiana.

Fruit medium to small, round, flattened, yellow, covered, mixed, and
striped with bright red. Flesh yellow, breaking, tender, mild subacid,
rich. Too small for profit. December to March. (Warder.)

Danvers Winter Sweet.
Epse's Sweet.

Origin, Massachusetts, in the town of Danvers, from which this variety
takes its name, it has been for a long time one of the best market
apples, but we think it inferior to the Ladies' Sweeting. It is an
abundant bearer, and a very rapid tree in its growth. Young shoots
dark gi-ayish brown, slightly downy.

Fruit of medium size, roimdish oblong. Skin smooth, dull yellow,
with an orange blush. Stalk slender, inclining to one side. Calyx set
in a smooth, narrow basin. Flesh yellow, firm, sweet, and rich. Very
good. It bakes well, and is fit for use the whole winter, and often till
April.

Dapper.

From Georgia.

Fruit small, roundish, truncate, yellow, with crimson specks. (Pa.
Rep.)

142 the apple.

Darlington.

Darlington Russet.

Native of Northern Ohio,

Fruit medium, roundish, smooth russet. Flesh white. Hardly very
good. January to June. (Elliott.)

Darling Pippin.

An old English sort, described in 1665.

Fruit medium, oblate conical, lemon yellow, small pearly specks. Flesh
yellowish, firm, juicy pleasant subacid. November to January. (Lind.)

Dartmouth Sweet.

An old Massachusetts variety.

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, sprinkled with brown dots. Flesh yel-
lowish, moderately juicy, tender, sweet. Good. October.

Davis.

Origin, Plymouth, Wayne Co., Mich., on the farm of Jehiel Davis.
Tree vigorous, upright, bears anni;ally.

Fruit small, roundish, flattened at base and crown, yellowish, shaded,
and obscurely striped with crimson, russeted at the crown, and sprinkled
with gray dots. Flesh whitish, fine-grained, compact, juicy, crisp,
sprightly, subacid. Good. April, May.

Davis's Sweet.

Origin said to be Monroe Co., O. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sometimes rather conical, regular.
Color yellow, shaded with mixed red, splashed crimson, numerous large
gray or fawn-color dots. Skin not smooth, thick. Stem long, slender.
Cavity acute, regular. Calyx medium, closed. Basin small, abrupt,
russeted. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, rather sweet. Core medium.
Quality good. April to July. (A. Pom. S.)

Dawson's Cluster.

From Clark Co., O.

Fruit medium, oblong, trimcate, pale yellow, blushed lightly with
brown. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Novem-
ber. (Warder.)

Day.

Royal Pippin.

A native of Kentucky.

Fruit large, round, somewhat conic, yellow striped, splashed, and
mottled with bright red. Flesh white, firm, breaking, subacid. Poor.
January. Kitchen use.

Dayton.
Haley.

From Maine.

Fruit medium, roundish conic, whitish yellow, marbled and striped
with red. Flesh juicy, tender, subacid. Good. Core large. December.

THE APPLE. 143

Defiance.

Originated with H. N. Gillett, Ohio, from seed of Pryor's Red.

Fruit medium, oblate conical, yellow, nearly overspread, shaded,
splashed, and striped with rich red. Flesh white, tender, not juicy, rich
pecuKar aroma. Good. August, September.

Delaware.
Trumpington.
Of unknown origin, supposed American, although heretofore found
described only in Ronalds.

Fruit of medium size, oblate, golden yellow, blotched with deep red.
Flesh firm, rich, high-flavored. October to December.

Delight.

From Robert Buchanan, Cincinnati, O.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, some russet, and a red cheek
in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, mild subacid, almost sweet. Good.
December to March. (Elliott.)

Democrat.
Varick.
An Apple consideraly grown in Tompkins Co., N. Y., the origin of
which cannot be correctly traced. The trees are great bearers, fruit
keeping well, and always meeting a ready sale in market. Tree an up-
right, good grower, annually productive. Young shoots reddish brown.

Fruit — size medium, or above ; form roundish conical, obscurely i"ib-
bed. Color pale whitish yellow, shaded, partially striped, and splashed
nearly over the whole surface with light and dark crimson, and pretty

144 ' THE APPLE.

thickly sprinkled witli small light clots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity
large, deep, acute. Calyx small, closed. Segments small and short to a
point. Basin medium, rather deep, corrugated. Flesh white, sometimes
a little stained next the skin, very tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid.
Very good. Core large. December to March.

Democrat.

Warder describes an Apple under this name obtained of George
Powers, Perrysburgh, O., as follows :

Pruit medixim, roundish conic, yellow, blushed scarlet. Dots minute.
Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy, subacid, aromatic. Good to very good.
October, December.

Derry Nonsuch.
Dinsmore. Londonderry.

Origin unknown, from Keene, N. H., and held in estimation there.
Tree thrifty and productive, a late keeper.

Fruit above medium, oblong or conic, yelloAv, sprinkled, shaded, and
splashed with crimson. Stalk short, in a moderate cavity. Calyx large,
closed. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, tender, slightly
aromatic, agreeably subacid. Good. January to April.

Detroit Black.

Crimson Pippin. Grand Sachem.

Black Detroit. Washington Pearmain.

A showy, large, dark, blood-red frv;it, but rather coarse, and scarcely
worth cultivation.

Fruit very large, roundish, distinctly ribbed, and irregular in its out-
line. Skin smooth, deep, dingy red over the whole surface. Flesh
white, rather dry, and without much flavor. Good. September.

Detroit Red.
Detroit. Black Apple of some. Large Black.

This fruit, commonly kno'vvn in "Western New York and Michigan
as the Detroit, is supposed to have been brought to the neighborhood
of Detroit by early French settlers, and thence disseminated.

Fruit of medium or rather large size, roundish, somewhat conical,
bright crimson at first, but becoming dark blackish purple at maturity,
somewhat dotted and marbled with specks of fa^vvn color on the sunny
side. Flesh white (sometimes stained with red to the core in exposed
specimens), crisp, juicy, of agreeable, sprightly subacid flavor. Good.
October to February.

Devonshire Buckland.

Dredge's White Lily. White Lily. Lily Buckland.

An English culinary Apple.

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, waxen yellow. Flesh yel-
low, crisp, juicy, brisk, sweet. October to Febriiary. (Hogg.)

Devonshire Golden Ball.
An English Apple, described by Ronalds as follows :
Fruit large, globular, straw-colored, with flesh of unstiiped carmine.

THE APPLE. 145

A beautiful sauce apple, with hn agreeable aciJ. Janiiary and Feb-
ruary. Tree grows well and bears freely.

Devonshire Quarrenden.
Red Quarrenden. Sack Apple.

An English fruit, scarcely of medium size, roundish, flattened, and
slightly narrowed at the eye. Skin rich deep crimson, witli lighter
crimson,^ sprinkled with numerous green dots. Flesh nearly white,
crisp, juicy, with a pleasant subacid flavor. Good. Ripe during all
August and September.

Devonshire Queen.
Ronalds describes this as a favorite apple in the West of England.
Fruit rather laige, roundish oblate, straw-colored, with bright red
stripes. Flesh juicy, high flavored, for table or sauce.

Devonshire Red Streak.

Another old West of England fruit, which, when grown in the States,
becomes increased in size.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellowish with many stripes of red,
few brown dots. Flesh yellow, tender, brisk, subacid. Good. Core
large, hollow. November, December.

Devonshire Wilding.
A cider Apple much valued in North Devon, England. Tree a strong
grower and free bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green. Flesh firm, sharp, acid.

Diel's Reinette.
Reinette Diel. Dial Kemobst.

This variety was raised by Van Mons. Tree strong, healthy, vigor-
ous grower, and abundant bearer.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, orange yellow at maturity,
with crimson and russety dots and spots. Flesh white, fii'm, crisp, juicy
rich, spicy. December to March.

Dickson's Emperor.

From Scotland.

Fruit large, slightly ribbed, yellow, with dashes of carmine, dull red
in sun. Flesh yellowish white, juicj^ Good. November, January.
(Elliott.)

Dickskill.

This Apple was first found among the Dutch, on the west end of Long
Island. It is valued where known for being an early and regular bearer,
but is not an attractive market fi-uit.

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, mostly covered, shaded and
splashed with dull red. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, tender, mUd, almost
sweet, subacid. Good. November, December.

DiETZER ROTHE MaNDEL ReINETTE.

A German dessert Apple, which should bear the test of American

10

146 THE APPLE.

palates before being highly praised. Tree a fine grower and productive.
Hogg tbiis describes it : —

Fruit medium, roundish, clear yellow, with light red, slightly broken
into stripes in the sun. Flesh fine, yellowish, firm, juicy, rich, aroma-
tic, subacid. December.

Dillingham.

Raised by D. C Richmond, of Sandusky, O. Tree moderately vigo-
rous, productive, and particularly excellent for baking. Wood light
reddish brown. Buds prominent, downy.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, with green
and red dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx closed in a medium basin.
Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, juicy, sweet. Good. November to February.

DiSHAROON.

Origin, Habersham County, Georgia, growth upright and vigorous,
productive.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish white, covered with gray
dots. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, tender, with a pleasant subacid flavor.
Good. November to December.

Dobb's Kernel Golden Pippin.

From Gloucester, England, and only estimated over the old Golden
Pippin because of more free growth, and moi'e productive.

Fruit small, oblate, rich, golden yellow. Flesh firm, crisp, sharp sub-
acid. March to April. (Ron.)

Doctor.
Red Doctor. De Witt.

A Pennsylvania Apple ; the tree is rather an indifierent grower and
bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, sti'iped and washed with
two or three shades of red, with a few darker spots. Flesh tender,
juicy, breaking, slightly aromatic, subacid. Good. October, January.

Doctor Helsham's Pippin.
From Norfolk Co., England. Tree slender, productive.
Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellowish green, slight red in sun.
Flesh white, sweet, slightly ai'omatic. Aixgust, September. (Lind.)

Doctor Fulcher,

Origin, Todd Co., Ky. Tree thrifty, an early abundant bearer. Shoots
slender.

Fruit medium, globular, trvmcated, yellow marbled, and splashed
with carmine. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, subacid. De-
cember, January. (Warder.)

Dodge's Crimson.
Cumberland Black.

Originated with J. W. Dodge, Pomona, Tenn. Tree a free grower,
making a round or spreading head, with slender limbs, which droop

THE APPLE.

147

•witli the -weiglit of the fruit. Young shoots very dark brown ; an an-
nual and great bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, deep rich red, almost purplish, few
small light dots. Flesh white, sometimes stained a little next the skin,
firm-grained, tender, juicy, sprightly, vinous. Good to very good.
December, January.

English Rambo of some.

Hogan.

English Red Streak.

DOMINE.

Wells.

Striped R. I. Greening.

English Beauty of Pa.

Cheat.
Cling Tight.

This Apple, extensively planted in the orchards on the Hudson and
west, so much resembles the Rambo externally, that the two are often
confounded together, and the outline of the latter fruit (see Rambo)
may be taken as nearly a fac-simile of this. The Domine is, however,
of a livelier color, and the flavor and season of the two fruits are very
distinct, — the Rambo being rather a high-flavored early winter or au-
tumn apple, while the Domine is a sprightly, juicy, long-keeping winter
fruit.

Fruit of medium size, flat. Skin lively greenish yellow in the shade,
with stripes and splashes of bright red in the sun, and pretty large rus-
set specks. Stalk long and slender, planted in a wide cavity and inclin-
ing to one side. Calyx small, in a broad basin, moderately sunk. Flesh
white, exceedingly tender and juicy, with a sprightly pleasant, though

not high flavor. Young wood of a smooth, lively light brown, and the
trees are very hardy, and the most rapid growers and prodigious early
bearers that we know— the branches being literally weighed down by the
rope-like clusters of fruit.

148 THE APPLE.

The Domine does not appear to be described by any foreign author.
Coxe says that he received it from England, bnt the apple he describes
and figures does not appear to be ours, and we have never met -v\dth it in
any collection here. It is highly probable that this is a native fruit.
It is excellent from December till April.

Donnelan's Seedling.

Of American origin.

Fruit medium, roiuidish, greenish yellow, dull red stripes. Flesh
yellowish, dry, subacid. September. (Elliott.)

Doux d'Argent.
Doux d' Angers. D'Eve. Ostogate.

Supposed French origin. Tree vigorous, productive, with straight,
downy young shoots.

Fruit medium, oblate, conical, waxen yellow, bright red in the sun.
Flesh white, fii-m, crisp, not very juicy, partially sweet. December, Jan-
uary.

Dowell's Pippin.

An old Berkshire, England, dessert Apple.

Fi-uit medium, roundish, conical, green, wdth russet and brownish red
in the suil. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, aromatic. October.

Downing's Paragon.

Raised by A. G. Downing, near Canton, 111. Growth upright, not
very strong. Bears regularly and well.

Frv\it above medivim, roxmdish, truncated. Skin light yellow, with
a sunny cheek. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, sweet, rich, aromatic.
Good to very good. September to December.

DowNTON Pippin.

Elton Pippin. Downton Golden Pippin.

Kjiight's Golden Pippin. St. Mary's Pippin.

A rather early variety of the English Golden Pippin, raised by Mr.
Knight, of Downton Castle.

Fruit a little larger than the Golden Pippin, about two and a quar-
ter inches in diameter, roundish, flat at the ends. Skin smooth, yellow.
Flesh yellowish, crisp, with a brisk, rich tart flavor. Very good. Oc-
tober and November.

Dew's Winter Pippin.

Origin, on the grounds of Y. P. Dow, Greenbush, near Albany, N. Y.
Tree pi'oductive.

Fruit large, oblate, gi-een inclining to yellow, slightly shaded in the
sun with crimson, few brown dots. Flesh greenish, tender, juicy, brisk
subacid, slightly aromatic. Good. November.

Drap d'Or.

Fennouillet Jaune . Yrai Drap d'Or. Embroidered Pippin.

Bay Apple. Pomme de Caractere. Bonne de Mai.

Tree straggling, unproductive, moderately vigorous.

This is distinct from the Drap d'Or of Lindley, and of Noisette, and

THE APPLE. 149

most Frencli aiitliors, which is quite a small apple ; but it is the Vrai
Drap (T Or of the old Duhamel, pi. xii. Fig. 4.

Fruit lai-ge, roundish oblate. Skin smooth, yellow or dead gold
color, with distinct small brown dots or specks. Flesh crisp, juicy,
mild subacid. Good. August to October.

There are two or three apples under this name — one is similar in
size to the above, but the tree is of stronger gi'owth, di-opping its fruit
before mature, which is rather coarse, spongy. Flesh quite inferior.

Another variety, the Drap d'Or of Knoop, is small, bright yellow,
firm and crisp.

Dredge's Fair Maid of Wishford.

A variety from near Salisbuiy, England. Tree a free grower, and
good bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, with patches of bro^vn russet, and
streaks of red in sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, brisk, juicy, sugary.
December to Mai'ch. (Hogg.)

Dredge's Fame.

Tree hardy, vigorous grower, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish, dingy yellow, patches of thin russet, pale
red in the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, crisp, brisk, sugary, aro-
matic. December to March. (Hogg.)

Dredge's Golden Pippin.

Ronalds describes this as a little larger than the original, flattish
in shape, clear yellow, firm, and sweet. February to March.

DUCHESSE DE BrABANT.

Reinette Duchesse de Brabant.

Ti-ee very vigorous.

Fruit large, variable in form, yellow, spotted with reddish gray dots,
crimson cheek in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, juicy,
acid. September to Decembei*. (An. Pom.)

Duchess of Oldenburgh.

Smith's Beauty of Newark. New Brunswick.

This handsome Russian Apple proves one of the most hardy and
profitable varieties in cultivation, and especially in our northwestern
sections. The tree is vigorous, forming a roundish, upright, spreading
head, requiring little or no pruning, and producing abundantly a fruit
of fair, even, and regvilar size, that, although not of the first quality,
always commands a ready sale, as it is valuable for market and cooking,
and passably good for dessert. Young shoots smooth, reddish.

Fruit medium size, regularly formed, roundish oblate. Skin smooth,
finely washed and streaked with red on a golden or yellow ground. Calyx

150 THE APPLE.

pretty large and nearly closed, set in a wide, even hollow. There is a
faint bhie bloom on this fruit. The flesh is juicy, sprightly subacid.
Ripens early in September.

Duchess of Oldenburgh. I

DUCKETT.

A Southern fruit.

Fruit rather large, oblate, light waxen yellow, often with a crimson
cheek. Flesh wliite, tender, juicy, pleasant, aromatic. Good. Very
good at the South, where it is ripe October to November.

DuFFiELD Pippin.

Probably an old variety, claimed as a seedling of the Pev. George
Duffield's ancestors.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with shade of light
crimson in the sun. Flesh yellowish, juicy, tender, pleasant, subacid.
Good. November.

Du Halder.

Probably a Holland variety. Tree vigorous, very productive.

Frvut large, roundish conical, golden yellow, with gray white dots.
Flesh white, fine, semi-tender, sugary acid. November to May. (An.
Pom.)

Duke of Beaufort's Pippin.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed, greenish, with faint streaks in
the sun of pale red. Flesh greenish white, crisp, and subacid. Novem-
ber, December. (Lind.)

Duke of Devonshire.
An English dessert Apple.

THE APPLE. 151

Fruit of medium size, roundish, lemon yellow, with a dull red
cheek. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, rich, sugary, fine aroma. Feb-
ruary to May. (Hogg.)

DULCE DOMAN.

Sweet Home.

Introduced by E. H. Cocklin, Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree of uj^right
growth, moderately vigorous and productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow with a shade of red in the
sun. Flesh firm, yellowish, modei-ately jviicy, mild honeyed sweet.
Good to very good. Baking and stewing. November, February.

DuMELOw's Seedling.

Wellington. Dumelow's Crab.

English, rather large, roundish, yellow, with a blush. Flesh yellow,
crisp, brisk, acid. Good. November to March.

Dumpling.

Crooked Limb Pippin. French Pippin of Indiana. Watrous Dumpling.

Fruit lai'ge, roundish oblong, light yellow, blush in the sun. Flesh
white, indifiierent. October, December. (Elliott.)

Duncan.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, ribbed, yellow, with rich
deep red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, j uicy, pleasantly acid,
November to January. (Hogg.)

DUSTEN.

Of unknown origin, but grown in Weare, N. H.
Fruit medium, oblate, whitish yellow, few gray dots. Flesh white,
tender, j uicy, pleasant subacid. Good. November.

Dutch Codlin.

Chalmer's Large.

A very large kitchen Apple, valued only for cooking, from August
to September.

Fruit of the largest size, irregularly roundish, or rather oblong,
strongly marked by ribs extending from the base to the eye. Skin
pale yellow, becoming orange yellow on the sunny side. Flesh white,
subacid, and moderately j uicy. Good.

Dutch Mignonne.

Reinette Doree. Pomme de Laak. Grosser Casselar Reinette.

Paternoster Apfel. Settin Pippin. Copmanthorpe Crab.

A popular Apple from Holland. Tree moderately vigorous, upright,
spi'eading, young wood dark brown, downy, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic. Skin rather rough,
yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed with shades of light and dark

152 THE APPLE.

rich red, and modei-ately sprinkled with light and brown dots. Stalk
medium, slender. Cavity large, often russeted. Calyx partially open.
Segments erect. Basiji large, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, a
little coarse, tender, juicy, slightly subacid. Core small. Good to
very good. December to March.

The foregoing is not the Dutch Mignonne which was described in
the first edition of this book. That variety diflers in being a more
vigoious grower, forming a very lai'ge spreading tree, and beai'ing its
fruit singly and very evenly distributed over the whole of the branches.
We are uncertain of its true name. Young wood very stout, dark red-
dish brown.

Fruit large, often very large, roundish oblate. Skin dull orange, half
covered or more with rich, dvill red, dotted and mottled with large yel-
low russet specks. Calyx very large. Segments divided and reflexed.
Basin very broad, large, and deep, slightly coiTUgated. Flesh yellowish,
a little coarse, breaking, tender, rich, aromatic. Very good. November
to February.

DUZENBURY.

This valuable new Apple originated on the farm of Charles Duzen-
bury, Phillipstown, Putnam Co., N. Y. The tree is a vigorous grower,
forming a handsome spreading head, producing abundantly a medium-
sized, regular, uniform fruit, which keeps and retains its flavor until May.
Young wood, dark brownish red.

Fruit medium ; form roundish conical, truncated ; color greenish
yellow, shaded and rather obscurely splashed with dull j-ed over nearly
two-thirds its surface, and sprinkled with a few gray and light dots.
Stalk rather short. Cavity rather large and deep. Calyx closed. Seg-
ments medium, erect to a point. Basin rather abrupt, slightly corru-
gated. Flesh whitish yellow, crisp, tender, moderately juicy, vexy mild,
and pleasant subacid, almost sweet. Core small. Very good. February
to May.

Dyer, or Pomme Royale.

Golden Spice. Pinneo's Favorite.

White Spice. Woodstock.

Smithfield Spice. Tompkins.

Mygatt's Bergamot. Coe's Spice.

Beard Burden. Bullripe.

A popular dessert Apple, very sprightly, tender, and excellent. Tree
a moderate grower. Young wood grayish brown. It is. supposed to be
of French origin, and to have been brought to Rhode Island more than
a hundred years ago. It was renamed Dyer by the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, who supposed it to be a seedling of Mr. Dyer, of
Rhode Island, but the old and familiar name of Pomtne Roy ale should
be preferred.

Fruit of medium size, roundish, pretty regularly formed. Skin
smooth, pale greenish yellow, with a faint blush and a few dark specks
on one side. Stalk about half an inch long, set in a smooth, round
cavity. Calyx closed. Basin plaited, moderately deep. Core round,
hollow. Flesh white, very tender and juicy; flavor very mild and

THE APPLE. 153

agreeable, aromaticj slightly subacid. Very good to best. September
October.

Dyer, or Pomme Royale.

Eakly Chaot)ler.

Fruit medium or small, roundisb. Color mostly shaded and striped
•with fine red on yellow ground. Stalk short, in a regular cavity.
Calyx closed, in a large basin. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, with a plea-
sant subacid flavor. Fine for cooking, too acid for eating. Good.
August.

Eaely Harvest.

Prince's Harvest, or Early French Reinette, of Coxe.
July Pippin. Tart Bough.

Yellow Harvest. Early French Reinette.

Large White Juneating. Sinclair's Yellow.

An American Apple ; and taking into account its beauty, its excel-
lent qualities for the dessei-t and for cooking, and its productiveness, we
think it the finest early apple yet known. It begins to ripen about the
first of July, and continues in use all that month. The smallest col-
lection of apples should comprise this and the Red Astrachan. Tree
moderately vigorous, upright, spreading. Yoimg shoots reddish brown.
Fruit medium size. Form roundish, often roundish oblate, medium
size. Skin very smooth, with a few faint white dots, bright straw-color
when fully ripe. Stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long, rather
slender, inserted in a hollow of moderate depth. Calyx set in a shal-

154 THE APPLE.

low basin. Flesh very white, tender, and juicy, crisp, with a rich,
sprightly subacid flavor. Yery good to best. Core small.

Early Harvest.

Early Joe.

Origin, orchard of Heman Chapin, Ontario Co., N. Y. Tree of slow
growth, productive, requii^es high culture for fair fruit.

Fruit below medium, oblate, very slightly conic, smooth, yellowish,

Early Joe.

shaded and striped with red, and thickly sprinkled with gi-eenish spots.
Stalk of medium length, inserted in a large cavity surrounded by russet.
Calyx closed. Basin moderate. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, with a

THE APPLE. 155

very agreeable vinous flavor. Best. Ripe middle of August to middle
of September.

Tliere is a Luce's Early Joe wbicb is distinct from this, being larger,
and not as good quality.

Eakly Julien.

Tbis Apple is of Scotch origia, the tree healthy and hardy, and a
good bearer.

Fruit medium size, roundish, slightly flattened, pale yellow, deepen-
ing in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, brisk subacid, pleasant.
August. (Lind.)

Eakly Long Stem.
Early Spice.

Origin unknown. Specimens received from Henry Avery, Burling-
ton, Iowa.

Fruit small, oblong conical, slightly ribbed. Skin greenish yellow.
Stem long, slender, in a large cavity, slightly russeted. Calyx closed.
Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, slightly aro-
matic, subacid. Good. August.

Early Marrow.

A large Scotch Apple, roundish conical, ribbed. Skin yellowish
white, with a tinge of red in the sun. Flesh tender, and bakes well ;
productive. Good. September and October.

Early Nonpareil.

Stagg's Nonpareil. New Nonpareil. Hick's Fancy.

Summer Nonpareil. Lacy's Nonpareil.

Originated about 1780, in Norfolk, England. Tree a free upright
grower, hardy, early, and abundant bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dull yellow with gray russet, and
russet dots. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, brisk, rich, aromatic.
October, November. (Liud.)

Early Nonpareil.

A variety grown in Illinois, the origin of which we cannot learn. It
is barely possible that this may prove identical with the foregoing.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, strongly ribbed, whitish,
thinly shaded, striped and splashed with red gray dots. Flesh white,
sometimes stained next the skin, very tender, juicy, sprightly subacid.
Good. Core large. September.

Early Pennock.

Shakers' Yellow. Indian Queen.

August Apple. New Jersey Red Streak.

Warren Pennock. Harmony.

A very productive and favorite variety with many at the West.

Fruit large, roundish conic, ribbed, light yellow, sjjlashed, mottled,
and shaded with light red. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, subacid.
Good. Core large. Last of August and September.

156 THE APPLE.

Tree hardy, an early and abvmdant bearer. The fruit, however, is
only showy, and salable in market where a better quality of fruit is un-
known.

Eakly Queening.

Fruit medium or below, roundish, yellow, striped and mingled with
red. Flesh whitish, slightly subacid. August. Tree rather spreading,
with light brown shoots.

Early Red Margaret.

Margaret, or Striped Juneating. Striped June.

Early Red Juneating. Striped Jtmeating.

Red Juneating. Eve Apple of the Irish.

Margaretha Apfel of the Germans.

An excellent early Apple, ripening about the middle of July, or
directly after the Early Harvest. The tree while young is rather slen-
der, with reddish brown upright woolly shoots. It is a modei'ate bearer.

Fruit below medium size, roundish ovate, tapering towards the eye.
Skin greenish yellow, pretty well covered by stripes of dark red. Flesh
white, subacid, and, when freshly gathered from the tree, of a rich, agree-
able flavor. Good.

Early Red Streak.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, mostly covered with red, mar-
bled and splashed. Flesh white, tender, j uicy, crisp, siibacid. August,
September.

There are a number of distinct apples under the name of Early Red,
or Early Red Streak, and we have been unable to decide perfectly as
to which the name truly belongs. None of them, however, are more
than moderately good. One, under name of Philadelphia Queen, is also
similar to Early Red, and may be the same. The origin is variously
claimed, but all unknown.

Fall Stripe may also prove identical with one of the above.

Early Red Sweet.

From Pennsylvania.

Fruit medium, roundish, sweet. Not desirable.

Early Ripe.

Supposed Pennsylvania origin, but unknown. Tree a free grower,
and productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, sprinkled with a few
gray dots. Stalk long, in a slightly russeted cavity. Calyx small,
closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. August.

There is also another apple under name of Early Mipe, which is
small, oblate. Stalk short. Flesh brisk subacid.

Early Spice.

An English culinary Apple. Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow.
Flesh white, marrowy, poor. August. (Hogg.)

There is also an Early Spice originated in Chatham, N. C, which is

THE APPLE.

157

small, round, yellow. Flesh, yellow, dry, higli flavored. Tree produc-
tive. Young shoots slender.

Early Strawberry.
American Bed Juneating'. Red Juneating,

A beautiful variety, which is said to have originated in the neigh-
borhood of New York, and appears in the markets there from July till
September. It is quite distinct from the Early Red Margaret, which
has no fragrance, and a short stem.

Fruit roundish, narrowing towards the eye. Skin smooth and fair,

Early Strawberry.

finely striped and stained with bright and dark red, on a yellowish white
ground. Stalk an inch and a half long, rather slender and uneven, in-
serted in a deep cavity. Calyx rather small, in a shallow, narrow basin.
Flesh white, slightly tinged with red next the skin, tender, subacid,
and very sprightly and brisk in flavor, with an agreeable aroma. Very
good.

Early Sweet.

Originated with W. C. Hampton, Oliio. Tree upright, productive.
Fruit medium or below, roundish, whitish yellow. Flesh white, ten-
der, moderately juicy, sweet. Good. August.

Early Tart.

Supposed seedling of Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree productive.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, pale yellow, light shade of

158 THE APPLE.

crimson in sun. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy,
brisk subacid. Good for cooking. August.

Early Tart Harvest.

Tree moderately vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, obscurely ribbed, waxen white,
sometimes greenish, rarely a blush in sun. Stalk medium. Calyx
closed. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Very good.
Core medium. Ripe abovit two weeks later than Early Harvest.

Early Wax.

Wax Apple.

An English variety.

Fruit below medium, oblong, roundish, somewhat ribbed, waxen
yellow. Flesh yellowish white, tender, sofr, sweet. August. (Hogg.)

Early Yellow Reinette.

Reinette Jaune Hatif.

Fruit medium, conical, yellow and red. Flesh rich and juicy.
August.

Easter Pippin.

Young's Long Keeping. Ironstone Pippin.

Claremont Pippin. French Crab. Forsyth (not of Coxe).

Remarkable for keeping sound and firm two years. It is an English
variety.

Fruit of medium size. Skin deep green, with a pale brown blush.
Flesh very firm, and though not jnicy, of a good subacid flavor.

East Grinstead.

Ronalds describes this as a Sussex Apple of great excellence for
table or kitchen.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, dull greenish yellow, with splashes
of dull faint red. Flesh white, juicy, acid. March to May.

Eaton.

Origin unknown, found a grafted tree in the garden of J. B. Eaton,
BuSalo, N. Y., and described in the Am. Pom. Soc. Reprints, 1854.

Fruit large, oblong conical, dull green, striped with dull red, deeper
when exposed to the sun. Stalk rather slender. Calyx large. Flesh
white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good to very good. November, Decem-
ber.

Edel Konig.

Roi-Tres-Noble.

A German culinary Apple of first-rate quality.

Fruit large, roundish conical, truncated, ribbed, yellowish green,

THE APPLE. 159

deep purplish crimson in sun. Flesh white, tinged with pink, tender,
juicy, sugary, raspberry flavor. October, November. (Hogg.)

Edgar's.

An English Apple, which Ronalds describes as of medium size,
roundish, yellow laced with bright red striping. A beautiful fruit, ex-
cellent for the dessert or kitchen. November, December.

Edward's.

Origin, Chatham Co., N. C.

Fruit nearly medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, lightly striped
with delicate red. Flesh rich, juicy, firm. One of best keepers.
(Con. Gent.)

Eggermont.

Eggermont's Calville.

Fruit medium, oblate. Skin glossy, lemon yellow, slight lines of
russet. Flesh white, fii-m, juicy, marrowy, sugary, vinovis. November.
(Hogg.)

Egg Top.

Eve. Sheep Nose. Round Top. Wine of some.

Fruit medium, elongated, oblong, conic oval, mostly overspread, and
splashed and striped with shades of red. Flesh white, tender, moderately
juicy, subacid. Scarcely good. November, December.

Egyptian Belle.

From J. M. Smith, of Greenville, 111.

Fruit large, roundish flattened, yellowish white, striped, stained, and
splashed with light and deep carmine. Flesh juicy, white, fine-grained,
subacid. August. (Gar. Mon.)

Egyptian Russet.
Bagby Russet.

From Southern Illinois, origin unknown. This Apple is much es-
teemed where kno^vn for its rich, high flavor, and as a good keeper.
Some think it the best of all the russets. The tree forms an upright,
symmetrical, round head, with grayish reddish brown, somewhat downy
young shoots. Productive.

Fi'uit medium. Form roundish, approaching conical, slightly ribbed.
Color golden yellow, netted and patched with russet over half or two-
thirds of its surface, often with a cheek of crimson or fawn in the sun,
and moderately sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short and small. Cavity
medium or rather broad. Calyx open or partially closed. Segments
short. Basin medium. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, rich, slightly
aromatic, pleasant subacid. Very good. December to March.

Eldon Pippin.
Fruit small, round, somewhat oblate, ribbed near the calyx, yellow

IGO THE APPLE.

shaded or covered with crimson next the sun. Flesh yellowish, very
juicy, sweet, rich, aromatic. December to April. (Hogg.)

Elford Pippin.

Hogg describes this as a dessert Apple of first quality. Tree a healthy
vigorous grower and good bearer.

Fruit roundish, ribbed near the calyx, yellowish green, with mark-
ings of russet in the shade, red, and striped with darker red next the
sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, brisk, sugary, vinous. October, December.

Elicke's Winter Sweet.

Origin, Lebanon Co., Pa. An upright grower and a good bearer.

Fruit above medium, obliquely depressed, yellow, striped and mot-
tled with crimson. Flesh yellowish, a little coarse, tender, not very
juicy, but very sweet, and excellent for apple butter. Good. De-
cember to January.

Ellijay.

From Clarksville, Ga.

Fruit large, oblique, roundish conic, pale yellow, often a blush
red cheek in sun. Flesh white, rather tender, juicy, subacid. Hardly
good. Core large and hollow. Most valued for cooking. November,
December.

Ellis.

From Connecticut. Small, roundish, greenish yellow, brown cheek.
Flesh firm, juicy, pleasant, a long keeper. Good. April, May.

Ellsworth.

Miller's Seedling.

Originated in Columbia Co., N. Y., on the farm of John C. Miller.

Tree pretty vigorous growth, erect, young wood, much like Swaar in
color, very productive.

Fi'uit medium, roundish, fine yellow, sometimes a shade of crimson
in the sun. Nettings of russet and gray dots. Stalk long, slender.
Cavity rather large, russeted. Calyx closed. Segments small, short,
ei-ect. Basin medium, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, firm, tender,
juicy, rich, sprightly subacid. Very good or best. Core small. Jan-
uary to March.

Emperor.

Described by Verry Aldrich in the Prairie Farmer as follows : —
Fruit medium, roundish, one-sided, orange striped and shaded with
red on the sun side, covered with white specks. Stalk short and
slender. Cavity deep. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, plea-
sant, almost sweet.

Ene's Winter Sweet.
A Southern Apple, introduced by J. S. Downer, Elkton, Ky,

THE APPLE. 161

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, blushed in sun, russeted.
Flesh yellow, fine-grained, sweet. Good. December.

Ellsworth.

Enfield Pearmain.

A moderate grower and a fair bearer.

Fruit below medium, nearly globular, deep red, sprinkled with mi-
nute dots. Stalk long and slender, in a large cavity, surrounded by thin
russet. Calyx partially closed, in a broad, shallow basin. Flesh tender,
fine-gi'ained, juicy, with a pleasant, mild, rich flavor, resembling Seek-
no-Further. Good. December to February.

English Beauty.

Origin unknown.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly conical, yellow, mostly over-
spread, striped, shaded and splashed with crimson, and sprinkled with
light and brown dots. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, sprightly mild
subacid. Almost very good. December to March.

English Crab.

Fruit small, oblate, yellow with dark red. Flesh deep yellow, mild
subacid. Good. January.

English Gilliflowee.
Origin unknown.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, approaching conic, slightly ribbed,

11

162 THE APPLE.

light yellow, splashed, striped, and shaded with crimson and thickly
sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk very short. Cavity rixsseted. Calyx
nearly closed. Basin abrupt. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, niild sub-
acid. Almost very good. November, December.

English Granat Reinette.
Pomme Granate.

Hogg describes this as a first-rate German dessert Apple. Tree a
medium grower and great bearer.

Fruit medium, i-oundish oblate, lemon yellow, two-thirds over-
washed and striped with crimson. Flesh yellowish white, very fine,
fii'm, crisp, juicy, very rich vinous, aromatic. December to March.

English Reinette.
Remette d'Angleterre.

This is distinct from Grosse Reinette d'Angleterre, or from English
Golden Pippin.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conical, slightly ribbed, yellow
shaded, marbled, and indistinctly splashed on the sunny side with light
crimson. Stalk rather long. Calyx open. Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy,
with a rather rich brisk subacid. Yery good. December, January.

English Russet.

English Russet.

Poughkeepsie Russet. Po'keepsie Russet.

The English Russet is a valuable, long-keeping variety, extensively
cultivated, and well known by this name, but which we have not been
able to identify Avith any English sort. It is not fit for use until Feb-

THE APPLE. 163

ruaiy, and may be kept till July, which, together with its great produc-
tiveness and good flavor, renders it a very valuable market fruit.

The trees grow very straight, and form upright heads, and the wood
is smooth and of a reddish brown.

Fruit of medium size, roundish, slightly conical, and very regularly
formed. Skin pale greenish yellow, about two-thirds covered with russet,
which is thickest near the stalk. Calyx small, closed, and set in an
even, round basin, of moderate depth. Stalk rather small, projecting
even with tlie base, and pretty deeply inserted in a narrow, smooth
cavity. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, with a pleasant, mild, slightly
subacid flavor. Good. January to May.

The JEnglish liusset described by Warder is entirely distinct, being,
as he describes, large, globular, flattened, somewhat one-sided. Surface
uneven, green. In season from December to January.

English Sweet.

Ramsdell's Sweet. Ramsdell's Sweeting. Hurlbut Sweet ?

Ramsdell's Red Pumpkin Sweet. Red Pumpkin Sweet. Avery Sweet.
Randall's Red Winter.

This old variety is esteemed where grown for the large crops which it
bears, and as a showy sweet apple for market, and profitable for stock
feeding, as well as superior for cooking.

The tree is very vigorous, grows remarkably straight and upright,
comes early into bearing, and yields every year enormously. Young
shoots clear reddish brown, slightly grayish.

Fruit rather above medium size, oblong, regularly shaped, and taper-
ing slightly towards the eye, dark red, dotted with fawn-colored specks,
and covered with a blue bloom. Flesh yellowish, very tender and
mellow, unusually sweet and rich. Good to very good. In weight the
apple is light. October to February.

Epsy.

From Vermont. A handsome productive fruit, small, elongated
conic, deep red, almost crimson. Flesh whitish, brisk subacid. Scarcely
good. December, January.

Eptings Premium.

Large, greenish, with red stripes. Flesh juicy and excellent.
(Sumner's MS.)

Eptings Red Winter.

Large, beautiful red, resembling Carolina Red June. Flesh yellow,
•with rich pine-apple flavor. Keeps well to Christmas. (Sumner's
MS.)

Erie Sweet.

From Erie, Pa.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish yellow. Flesh white,
tender, juicy, mild, pleasant sweet. Good. September, October.

164

THE APPLE.

Essex Pippin.

An English variety.

Emit small, rounclisli oblate, yellowish green, tinge of red in the
sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, o-isp, brisk, sugary. October to February.
(Hogg.)

Esopus Spitzenburgh.

^sopus Spitzenberg. .3)sopus Spitzenburg.

True Spitzenburgh.

The Esopus Spitzenburgh is a handsome, truly delicious Apple, and
is generally considered by all good judges equal to the Newtown Pippin,
and unsurpassed as a dessert fruit by any other variety. It originated
at Esopus, a famous apple district, originally settled by the Low Dutch,
on the Hudson. But throughout the whole of New York it is considered
the first of apples. The tree has rather slender shoots, and when in
bearing has long and hanging Unibs.

Esopus Spitzenburgh.

Fruit large, oblong, tapering roundly to the eye. Skin smooth,
nearly covered with rich, lively red, dotted with distinct yellowish rus-
set dots. On the shaded side is a yellowish ground with streaks and
broken stripes of red. Stalk rather long — three-fourths of an inch — ■
and slender, projecting beyond the base, and inserted in a wide cavity.
Calyx small, and closed, set in a shallow basin, which is slightly fur-
rowed. Flesh yellow, rather firm, crisp, juicy, with a delicious ricli,
brisk flavor. Best. Seeds in a hollow core. December to February.

THE APPLE. 165

ESTEN.

Origin, Khode Island. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit large, roundish, slightly ribbed, smooth, yellow, sometimes
with a blush. Dots large, green and light. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy,
slightly aromatic, mild subacid. Good. November.

Etoile.
Calville Etoille. Eeinette Etoile.

Origin supposed Holland. Tree vigorous, very productive.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, rich red, with gray shade, and many
gray dots. Flesh white, veined with red, tender, sugary, slightly acid.
November to Februaiy. (Alb. Pom.)

EUSTIS.

Ben Apple.

Origin, South Reading, Mass. Modei-ate grower, a good bearer.

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, striped and
shaded with fine red, and sprinkled \\ath greenish dots. Stalk medium,
inserted in a deep cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx partially open.
Basin narrow, rather deep. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, mild subacid.
Very good. November to January.

Evening Pakty.

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, roundish, upright spread-
ing, with slender branches. Young shoots dark grayish brown, many
small dots.

The fruit hangs well to the tree, and the foliage remains until
quite late.

Evening Party.

Fruit small or medium, oblate, sides often unequal, yellow, chiefly
shaded, splashed, and striped with red, becoming dark red in the situ,

166 ■ THE APPLE.

pretty tliickly studded with light dots, especially near the calyx. Stalk
short, inserted in a rovmd, deep, acute cavity, sometimes russeted.
Calyx closed. Basin rather large and even. Flesh juicy, whitish, ten-
der, crisp, with a brisk saccharine, somewhat vinous, aromatic flavor, an
excellent dessert fruit. Very good. December and January.

EWALT.
Bullock's Pippin of some.

Origin, Bedford Co., Pa. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading.

Fruit large, roundish, approaching conic, obscurely ribbed, bright
yellow, shades of crimson in the sun. Stalk short, stout. Cavity
deep, irregular. Basin abrupt, deep, furrowed. Flesh white, tender
brisk subacid. Good to very good. November to March.

Eyer's Greening.

Lindley describes this fruit as of middle size, somewhat round, pale
green, tinged with brown in the sun. Flesh green, sweetish subacid.
Culinary. November to March.

Excel.

Origin, Sharon, Conn. A strong grower and a good bearer.

Fruit large, oblate conic, yellowish, marbled, splashed, and shaded
with red, some nettings and patches of russet. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy,
brisk, subacid. Core large. Good to very good. December to February.

Exquisite.

Origin, orchard of A. G. Downing, Canton, 111. Growth moderate,
upright, and very productive.

Fruit below medium, oblate. Skin yellow, striped and marked with
red. Stem short and small, surrounded by russet, in a deep, broad
cavity. Calyx small, partially closed, set in a shallow basin. Flesh
white, juicy, melting, with a very rich, vinous flavor, almost saccha-
rine. Good to very good. A delightful apple for the table. Septem-
ber to NoA'ember.

Fail Me-Never.

NeverfaiL

A Scottish Apple for cooking purposes. Tree hardy and productive.
Fruit above medium, oblate, ribbed, red, becoming deep red in the
sun. Flesh white, sugary. Good. November, March. (Lind.)

Fairbanks.

Origin, Winthrop, Maine.

Fruit medium, oblate conic, light yellow, striped with red, and
patched with russet. Stem long. Cavity broad and shallow. Flesh
yellowish, juicy, with a rich, vinous flavor. Good. September to Oc-
tober. (Me. P. S. K)

the apple 167

Taikfielb Summer Queen.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium, roundisli oblate conic, obscurely ribbed, pale yellow,
striped, splashed, and shaded with two shades of red. Stalk long,
slender. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin uneven. Flesh yellowish,
juicy, tender, brisk subacid, slightly aromatic. Very Good. Core
small. September.

Fair Maid.

From Pennsylvania.

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, striped with carmine, subacid.
Inferior.

Fair Maid of Taunton.

An English Apple.

Fruit small, roundish oblate, straw color, with faint red in the sun.
Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet. November to February.
(Hogg.)

Fair's Nonpareil.

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, with tinge of red in the sun. Flesh
firm, crisp, juicy, vinous. November to February. (Hogg.)

Fall A WATER.

Falwalder. Pirn's Beauty of the West. Winter Blush

Fomwalder. Pound. Green Mountain Pippin.

Tulpehocken. Mountain Pippin. Molly Whopper.

Pfarrer Walter. Fall de Walldes. Falder.

Baltimore, erroneously. Brubacker. Fallawalder.

Fallawalder.

A favorite Apple of Pennsylvania, of which State it is a native.
Tree a strong grower and very productive.

Fruit very lai-ge, globular, inclining to conic. Skin yellowish green,
shaded with dull red, and sprinkled with lai'ge gray dots. Stalk very
short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx small and closed, set in a slightly
plaited basin. Flesh greenish white, juicy, crisp, rather tender, pleas-
ant, siibacid flavor. Good. November, February.

Fall Butter.

Tliere are dozens of this name. Warder describes one from Indiana
as:

Fruit large, globular, greenish yellow. Flesh yellowish white,
juicy, sweet. December, January.

Fall Greening.

Tlie original tree of this vai-iety was found on the grounds of S. M.
Van Wyck, Claverack, Columbia Co., N. Y. Ti-ee a moderately vigorous
gtower, round-headed, almost pendent, very productive, valuable.

168 THE APPLE.

Fruit medmm, roundish oblate, greenish yellow. Flesh greenish
white, tender, pleasant, subacid. Good to very good. December to
February. Tree a good grower and bearer, and sells well in market.

There is another Fall Greening^ which is more oblate in form.
Similar color. Flesh whitish yellow, juicy, spiightly subacid. Sep-
tember to November. The tree a poor grower.

Fall Haevey.

A fine large fall fruit from Essex Co., Mass., highly esteemed in that
neighborhood. We do not think it comparable to the Fall Pippin.

Fruit large, roundish, a little flattened, obscurely ribbed or irregu-
lar about the stalk, which is rather slender, an inch long, set in a wide,
deep cavity. Calyx closed, small, in a rather shallow corrugated basin.
Skin pale straw yellow, with a few scattered dots. Flesh white, juicy,
crisp, with a rich, good flavor. Good to very good. October and
November.

Fall Jenneting.
Summer Jenneting.

Tree vigoroiis, and very productive.

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, almost ribbed, pale greenish yel-
low, with a blush. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good.
September and October.

Fall Limbektwig.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, pale yellow, shaded and
splashed with red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good.
November.

Fall Orange.

• Orange. Holden. Hogpen. White Graft of Wis.

Holden Pippin. Jones' Pippin. Red Cheek. Long Island.

Origin, Holden, Mass. A very strong, erect grower, good bearer,
and hardy. Yovmg shoots smooth, dark brownish red.

Fruit fair, large, roundish, pale yellow, sometimes with a dull red
cheek and sprinkled with brownish dots. Stalk short, inserted in a
deep, narrow cavity, very slightly surrounded by russet. Calyx large,
partially closed, basin i-ather deep, narrow. Flesh white, tender, juicy,
subacid. Too acid for a dessert, good for cooking. October, November.

Fall Peakmain.

Tree thrifty, moderate bearer. From Connecticut.

Fruit fair and handsome, medium, roundish conic, slightly angular.
Skin yellow, striped, splashed, and shaded with crimson, and sprinkled
with gray and green dots. Stalk medium, in a deep, slightly russeted
cavity. Calyx partially closed. Basin rather deep, slightly corrugated.
Flesh white, tender, jviicy, subacid, rather rich flavor. Good to very
good. September, October.

the apple.
Fall Pippin.

169

York Pippin. Episcopal. Philadelphia Pippin.

Pound Pippin. Golden Pippin, erroneously. Pound Royal of some.

Cathead, incorrectly.

The Fall Pippin is, we think, decidedly an Amei-ican variety. It is
very probably a seedling raised in tliis country from the White S2)an-

Fall Pippin.

ish Meinette, or the Holland pippin, both of which it so much resem-
bles, and from which it, in fact, differs most strongly in the season of
maturity. The Fall Pippin is a noble fruit, and is considered the first
of autumn apples in the Middle States, where its beauty, large size, and
its delicious flavor for the table or for cooking, render it very popular.

The tree is a very vigorous, strong grower, upright spreading.
Young shoots reddish brown.

Fruit very large, roundish, generally a little flattened, pretty regular,
sometimes with obscure ribs at the eye. Stalk rather long, three-foui'ths
of an inch, projecting considerably beyond the fruit (which distinguishes
it from the Holland Pippin), set in a rather small, shallow, round cavity.
Calyx open, not very large, rather -deeply sunk in a round, narrow basin.
Skin smooth, yellowish green, becoming a fine yellow, with often a
tinge of brownish blush on one side, and with a few scattered dots.
Flesh white, very tender and mellow, with a rich, aromatic flavor.
Very good to best. October to Decembei-,

Fall Spitzenburgh.
From Vermont. Tree a fair grower and good bearer.

170

THE APPLE.

Flesh tender, juicy,

Fniit medium, roundish conic, red striped,
pleasant subacid. Good. October, November.

Fall Seek-no-Further.
Winter Seek-no-Further.

Origin unknown. Tree much the habit of the Ehode Island Green-
ing, thrifty and productive.

Fruit very large, oblate, yellow, mostly shaded with red, striped
with darker red, and covered with numerous grayish dots. Flesh whit-
ish, tender, moderately juicy, with a pleasant subacid flavor. Good.
October and November.

There is another apple vmder name of Fall Seek-no-Further which
we have received from Iowa, of medium size, roundish, greenish, with
slight blush in the sun. Flesh white, tender, mild, subacid. Very
good and keeps till March.

Sweet Wine.
Ohio Wine.

Fall Wine.

Sharpe's Spice.
Uncle Sam's best.

Musk Spice.
Hower or House.

Origin unknown, probably an old Eastern fruit called " Wine " or
" Sweet Wine," but not now much cultivated on account of the fruit being
defective. In the rich Western soils it thrives admirably, producing
fine fruit, yet in a few localities they complain of its being knurly. Tree
healthy, but of rather slender growth, bearing moderate crops annually.

Fall Wine.

Fruit above medium. Stem rather long, slender, in a broad, deep
cavity, surrounded by clear waxen yellow. CaljTC partially _ closed
in a broad, deep, corrugated basin. Skin striped and shaded with red,

THK APPLE. 171

on a light ground, with numerovis russet dots. Flesh yellowish, juicy,
tender, with a rich, aromatic, very mild, subacid flavor, almost sweet.
Very good to best. Septenibei-, November.

Fall Winesap.

A Western variety, the origin of which is unknown.

Tree a free clean grower, moderately spi^eading, somewhat drooping
as the tree acquires age, productive and an early bearer.

Fruit medium, rovmdish, sometimes slightly conical, yellowish green,
with considerable blush in the sun. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender,
juicy, subacid. Good. October, December.

Fama Gusta.

An old English sort. Tree vigorous, straggling in habit.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong conical, deep yellow, faint
red in sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, sweet. Good for cooking. No-
vember, December.

Fameuse.

Pomme de Neige. Sangnineus. Snow Chimney. Snow.

A very celebrated Canada fruit (probably an old French variety), which
has its name from the snow-white color of its flesh, or, as some say, from
the village from whence it was first taken to England. It is an excellent,

productive, autumn apple, and is especially valuable in northern
latitudes.

Tree moderately vigorous, round-headed, hardy. Young shoots red-
dish brown.

Fruit of medium size, roundish, somewhat flattened. Skin with a

172 THE APPLE.

ground of pale greenisli yellow, mixed with faint streaks of pale red on
the shady side, bvit marked with blotches and short stripes of darker red,
and becoming a fine deep red in the sun. Stalk quite slender, half an
inch long, planted in a narrow funnel-shaped cavity. Calyx small, and
set in a shallow, rather narrow basin. Flesh remarkably white, very
tender, juicy, and with a slight perfume. Very good, almost best. Ripe
in October and November. A regular bearer and a handsome dessert
fruit.

There is a variety imder name of Striped Favieuse, claimed to be
distinct, the fruit being more striped and less highly colored.

Family.

McLoud's Family.

A native of Georgia. Tree a fine regular grower and productive.
Fruit mediimi, oblate conical, yellowish, shaded, striped, and splashed

Family.

with dull red over half or more of its surface, thickly sprinkled with
large light dots. Stalk short and small. Cavity pretty large, slightly
russeted. Calyx closed. Segments medium, partially recurved. Basin
medium, a little wrinkled. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant,
subacid. Yery good. August, September.

Fancheb.

Origin unknown.

Fruit large to very large, globular, regular. Surface smooth, yellow,
blushed. Flesh white, fine-grained breaking, j uicy, very sweet. Good
to very good. Baking. September, October. (Warder.)

the apple. 173

Fanny.

Originated near Strasburgh, Lancaster Co., Pa., on the farm formerly
owned by Jacob Beam. Tree vigorous, spreading, very productive.
Young wood dark grayish purple, two shades darker than Red Astrachan,
and gi-ayish.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, deep rich crimson red,

Fanny.

moderately sprinkled with light dots. Stalk short, small. Cavity
large, deep. Calyx closed. Segments short. Flesh white, a little
stained next the skin, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Very good. Core
small. August. A new Apple of great promise as a market sort.

Fakleigh Pippin.
Farley Pippin.

Originated at Farleigh in Kent, England. Tree strong, vigorous,
upright, hardy, productive.

Fruit medium, oblong conical, ribbed, yellowish, brownish red in
the sun. Flesh greenish, fii'm, rich, and sugary. January to April.
(Lind.)

Farley's Red.

A native of Oldham, Ky. Tree a moderate grower, hardy and pro-
ductive.

Fruit roundish, inclining to conic. Skin yellowish, shaded and
striped with deep crimson, and specked with light dots. Flesh whitish,
very firm, crisp, juicy, with a pleasant vinous flavor. Good. January,
April.

174 the apple.

Father.

A seedling originated about 1795 by General Amos Hall, in West
Bloomfield, Ontario Co., N. Y. Tree a thrifty, upi-igbt grower, forming
a handsome head, a good and constant bearer.

Fi'uit medium, nearly oblate, more or less ribbed, greenish yellow.
Flesh whitish, very tender and iuicy, subacid. Good. November, De-
cember.

Faust
Faust's Winter, Foust.

Origin, North Carolina,

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, sometimes faintly shaded with red
in the sun, and thinly sprinkled with light dots. Stalk short, stout.
Calyx nearly closed. Flesh whitish yellow, moderately juicy, pleasant
subacid. Good, almost very good. November, December.

Favorite.

From Kentucky. *"

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, striped and splashed with red. Flesh
yellow, juicy, mild subacid. Good. November, Janiiary. (ElKott,)

Fay's Russet.

Origin, Bennington, Vt., on the farm of Mr. Fay. Tree moderate
grower and very productive.

Fruit rather below medium size, oblate conic. Color light yellow,
mostly covered with russet, having a crimson cheek obscurely striped
Stalk short and small, inserted in a moderate acute cavity. Calyx par
tially closed. Segments long, in a shallow somewhat furrowed basin
Flesh white, tender, sprightly, pleasantly subacid. Yery good. April
June, Core small,

Feakns Pippin.
Clifton Nonsuch. Ferris Pippin. Florence Pippin,

An English variety, not as desirable here as there. Tree upright,
vigorous, hardy, and productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, becoming red in
the sun. Flesh yello^vish white, firm, juicy, rich, and pleasant. No-
vember, March. (Lind.)

Federal Pearmain.

An old English sort, once prized for the dessert.

Fruit small, roundish conical, yellowish, with red and streaks of
red in the sun, patches and dots of russet. Flesh fine, delicate, very
juicy, rich sugary, vinous. December to March. (Hogg.)

Fell's Winter Sweet.

A variety received from F. K. Phoenix, of Illinois. Origin unknown.
Tree a great bearer.

THE APPLE. 175

Fruit medium, roundisli, greenisli yellow, with cheek of brown

crimson in the sun. Flesh white, mild, rich, sweet. Good. Valua-
ble for cooking and keeping only.

Fenley.

Finley. Findley. Horse, erroneously.

This Apple originated in Kentucky, and was first brought into
notice by the gentleman after whose name it has been called. It is
grown to considerable extent South and West, and counted valuable,
especially for kitchen use. Tree vigorous, upright, and productive.
Young wood dark reddish, grayish, downy.

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow or yellowish, sprinkled
with a few brown dots. Stalk short. Cavity broad, russeted. Calyx
closed. Basin pretty large. Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, pleasant sub-
acid. Good to very good. Sejitember.

Fenouillet Gris.

Fruit small, roundish. Skin light russet on yellow ground. Flesh
firm, with a saccharine; perfumed flavor. Good. December to February.

Fenouillet Jauxe.

Embroidered Pippin. Drap d'Or. Pomme de Caract^re.

A French fruit, which has not proved of much value here.
Fruit small, roundish, yellow gray russet network. Flesh white,
firm, aromatic flavor. Good. October to March.

Fexouillet Rouge.

Bardin. Court-pendu Gris.

Fruit small, roundish. Skhi rough, grayish, with dark brownish
red. Flesh firm, sugary. Good. October, January.

Ferdinand.

A seedling of Pomaria, S. C. Tree vigorous, upright.

Fruit large, oblate, deep orange yellow, moderately sprinkled with
large bro^va dots. Stalk short. Calyx large, closed. Flesh yellow,
moderately juicy, tender, mild subacid. Good to very good. November
to March.

Ferris.
Rhode Island Seek no Further. Westchester Seek no Further.

An old variety of unknown origin, brought into Westchester Co.,
N. Y., about sixty years ago, where it is quite extensively grown and
considered a profitable market apple. The tree makes an upright, round,
rather open head, a great bearer every other year, and moderate bearer
in alternate years.

Fruit large, oblate, inclining to conic, whitish green, shaded, splashed,
and striped over most of the surface \\T.th shades of crimson. Flesh

176 THE APPLE.

•white, tender, juicy, refresMng, vinous, mild subacid. Very good.
November, December.

Ferris.

Origin, "Wilmington, Del., wbere its value is mainly for its keeping
qualities and productiveness.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, whitish, shaded
and indistinctly splashed with dark red. Flesh greenish white, rather
firm, juicy, subacid, good, March, April.

Fett.

Fat Apple.

Origin unknown.

Fruit small to medium, roundish oblate, red shaded and striped
with crimson. Stem slender. Cavity almost closed, or appearing as if
full. Flesh white, sometimes stained under the skin, crisp, subacid.
Good. January.

Field.

Originated in Yoi'k Co,, Pa, Tree an upright grower, productive.
Fruit medium, roundish, whitish shaded, splashed, and striped with

crimson. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid, half spicy

quince-like flavor. Good. November, January.

Fink.

Fink's Seedling.

Origin, farm of Joseph Fink, Somerset, 0. Ti'ee a strong, vigorous,
upright grower and a profuse bearer.

Fruit small, oblate, wliitish yellow, with a crimson cheek in the sun.
Flesh whitish, fine-grained, compact, moderately pleasant, aromatic, sub-
acid. Good to very good, A long keeper, often the fruit of two years'
growth being shown at the same time.

First and Last.

An English culinary Apple.

Fruit medium, roundish, narrowing toward each end, yellow with
crimson in the sun, and brown russet. Flesh yellowish, tender, sweet,
brisk, spicy aroma. September to May. (Hogg.)

FisHKiLL Beauty.

Origin, Fishkill, N. Y. Tree vigorous, spreading.

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, blush in
the sun. Flesh white, very tender, jviicy, mild subacid. Good. Sep-
tember, October. Apt to decay on the tree.

Fish's Seedling.

Origin, Keene, New Hampshire. Tree \-igorous and productive,
highly esteemed in its locality

THE APPLE. 177

Fruit medium, oblate, oblique, deep red on the sunny side, indistinct-
ly striped with darker red and yellow, and sprinkled with j-ellow dots.
Flesh greenish white, tender, melting, vinous, saccharine flavor. Good.
October, November.

FiSKE.

Origin unknown. Tree productive.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, shaded, and faintly splashed
wdth shades of crimson. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant, sub-
acid. Good to very good. December to March.

Flake's Fall.

Originated with the late Col. Flake, of Mercer, Pa., where it is
esteemed a valuable and j^rofitable apple, either for market or the table.
Tree a moderate grower, rather upright, a good bearer.

Flake's FalL

Fruit large, form oblate, slightly conic. Color yellowish, over-
spread, shaded, striped, and splashed with light and dark crimson,
becoming very dark in the sun, thickly spi'inkled with light and russet
dots, some with dark centre. Stalk very short, and rather stout.
Cavity large, deep, russeted, the splashes and nettings extending out-
side. Calyx open, or partially closed. Segments large, to a point, and
rather separated. Basin medium, uneven. Flesh white, tender,
moderately juicy, mild subacid, peculiarly aromatic. Coi'e smalL. Very
good. October, November.

Flanders Pippin.
From Berkshire, England.

12

178 THE APPLE.

Fruit medium, oblate, ribbed, gi-eenish yellow, dull red in the sun.
Flesb white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Cooking. October, Novem-
ber. (Hogg.)

Flanders Reinette.
Reinette de Flandre.

Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, with gi-ayish red in the sun and
near the stalk. Flesh yellowish white, fii'm, sugary. December to
January. (Alb. Pom.)

Flat Pippin.

Needles.

Origin, Ohio.

Fruit large, oblate, ribbed, greenish white, tinge of red in the sun.
Flesh whitish, juicy, subacid. Good. November, December.

Flat Sweet.

An old Eastern fruit, and much valued where known.

Fruit lai'ge, oblate, slightly conic, yellow, sometimes with sunny
cheek, and slight russet. Flesh white, tender, juicy, with a fine, rich,
saccharine flavor. Good. Valued for baking. October to March.

Flat Sweet.

From Illinois.

Fruit medium or below, oblate, yellow, splashed, striped, and shaded
with light and dark crimson over all, few large light dots. Stalk short.
Flesh white, stained next the skin, firm, juicy, mild sxibacid, scarcely
sweet. Good. September.

Fleet's Nonpareil.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow or whitish. Flesh
white, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Good for cooking. September.

Fleiner.

Of German origin. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Wood dull
reddish brown, slightly grayish.

Fi-uit medium, oblong conical, whitish yellow, shaded -with crimson
in sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, biisk sharp subacid. Good. Oc-
tobei', November.

Flora.

A Southern Apple.

Fruit medium, oblate, yelloAvish, shaded, splashed, and mottled
with crimson. Flesh whitish, mild subacid. Hardly good. August.

the apple. 179

Flokt.

Flory's Bellflower. Sheep Shire.

Origin, Montgomery Co., Ohio. A new variety, highly regarded in
the vicinity of its origin. Tree upright grower, abundant bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, rich yellow, with small patches of
russet and minute raised russet dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, moder-
ately juicy, subacid. Good. October, November.

FLO^VER OF Kent.

A large and handsome English Apple, chiefly valued for baking and
kitchen use.

Fruit quite large, roundish conic, tawny yellow, washed with dull
red, with occasionally a few stripes of brighter red. Flesh greenish
yellow, abounding with a lively subacid juice. Good cooking. Octo-
ber to January.

Flushing Spitzenbukgh.

This variety has been confoitnded with the Esopus Spitzenburgh,
but is really quite distinct. The tree makes strong reddish brown
shoots, different from the slender yellowish ones of that sort.

The fruit is roundish conical. Stalk set in a narrow cavity projecting
beyond the fruit. Skin nearly covered with red, on a greenish yellow
ground, dotted with large fawn spots, and coated with a slight bloom.
Calyx small, in an even basin. Flesh white, juicy, crisp, nearly sweet,
and of pleasant flavor, but without the brisk richness or yellow color
of the Esopus Spitzenburgh. Good. October to February.

Focht.

A seedling of Lebanon Co., Pa. Tree forms a low open head,
productive.

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow, sometimes with a
blush. Flesh white, tender, juicy, good, subacid. October, December.
Excellent for culinary purposes.

Foote's Nonpareil.

Origin, farm of Jonathan Foote, Lee, Mass. Tree thrifty, vigorous,
spreading, an annual bearer.

Fruit small, oblong conic truncated, yellow shaded and indistinctly
splashed with crimson. Flesh firm, juicy, pleasant aromatic subacid.
"Very good. Core large. November.

FORANGE.

Origin, Fairfield Co., Ohio. Tree good grower, round head, good
bearer.

Fi-uit large, pale yellow. Flesh white, fine-grained, rich sweet.
Good. September.

Ford Apple.

Origin, farm of David Ford, Canaan, Columbia Co., N. Y.

180 THE APPLE.

Fruit large, roundisli, slightly conical. Color rich yellow. Flesh yel-
lowish white, solid, moderately tender, with a high, rich, rather acid
flavor. Good. October, January.

Forest.
Red Codlin.

This variety we received from J. S. Foster, New Hartford, N. Y.,
who does not claim it as oiiginal, but that it is probably a foreigner.
"We have not been able to identify it with any known soi't. Tree of up-
right growth, very hardy, and an annual bearer.

Fruit above medium, roundish oblong conical, often ribbed, yellow,
mostly overspread, shaded, splashed, and striped with faint reddish
crimson, and rnany large light dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity deep,
irregular. Calyx small, closed. Basin small, abrupt, furrowed. Flesh
yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, rich, pleasant, slightly aromatic, subacid,
almost sweet. Core small. Very good. December to March.

Forest Styre.

Styre. Stire.

A cider fruit, from Gloucestershire, England. Tree upright, willow-
like in growth. Fruit small, roundish oblate, pale yellow, blush in sun.
Flesh firm, brisk acid. (Lind.)

Forge.

Origin, Sussex Co., England. Tree strong, stocky, short-jointed,
forming a spreading open head, productive.

Fruit small to medium, roundish oblate, obscurely ribbed, whitish
yellow, overspread, shaded, splashed, striped, and mottled A\T.th red.
Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, pleasant, subacid, Very good.
October, December.

Foeman's Crew.

An old dessert Apple, originated in Glamorganshire, England. Tree
healthy, upi'ight. Y(5ung wood reddish chestnut, downy.

Fruit below medivim, oblate conic, yellowish green, brownish in sun.
Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, rich subacid. November, February. (Lind.)

Fort Miami.

Origin near Fort Miami, Ohio. Tree thrifty, healthy, productive,
but not an early bearer.

Fmit medium, roundish oblong conic, truncated, pale yellow with
a brownish tinge, considei'ably russeted in the STin. Stalk rather short.
Cavity medium, acute, deep. Calyx open. Basin abrupt, corrugated.
Flesh yellowish, fine, crisp, juicy, rather rich subacid, aromatic. Vejy
good. March to May.

Foster Sweet.
Origin unknown. Introduced by J. W. Foster, Dorchester, Mass.

THE APPLE. 181

Fruit meditim, rotindisli oblate, slightly conic, obscurely ribbed, whit-
ish yellow, shaded with dark red and stripes and splashes in the sun, few
light dots. Stalk short. Cavity small. Calyx closed. Basin rather
deep. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, mild subacid, almost sweet. Good
to veiy good. Core medium. September.

FOULDON PeARMAIN.
Horrex's Peannain.

Origin, Norfolk, England..

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, blush in the sun. Flesh
yellowish white, firm, crisp, brisk, sharp subacid. November to March.
(Lind.)

Foundling.
Shirley. Groton.

Origin, Groton, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, produc-
tive.

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic. Color
yellowish green, striped and shaded with deep rich red. Stalk short,
slender, in a large, somewhat furrowed cavity. Calyx closed. Basin
small, furrowed. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, with a pleasant, rich
vinous aroma. Very good. August, September.

Fourth of July.

Siberian August. Tetofsky, erroneously. McAdow's June.

Stewart's Nonpareil ? August Apple.

A German Apple, introduced by C. F. Jaeger, of Columbus, Ohio.

Fourth of July.

"Valuable mainly for its hardiness and early maturity as a cooking or
market variety. Tree a strong upright grower, forming a fine head.
Youns shoots lonsr dark reddish brown.

182 THE APPLE.

Frviit medium or below, roundish oblate conical, sligbtly ribbed,
whitish yellow, covered with a thin whitish bloom, and striped and
splashed with bright red, large light dots. Stalk rather short and
slender, often with bracts. Cavity medium, regular. Calyx closed.
Segments i-ather long, generally recurved. Basin small, slightly uneven.
Flesh white, juicy, sprightly, brisk subacid. Good. Core small. July,
In fruit this closely resembles the Tetofsky, but the color of the wood,
habit of growth, and foUage of old trees render its distinctiveness plain.

Fox-Whelp.

An old English cider Apple.

Fruit medium, roundish, ribbed at crown, yellow and red mixed,
and streaked. Flesh firm. October, November. (Lind.)

Fraise.

Of French origin. Tree moderately vigorous, productive.
Fruit small, roundish conical, yellow, mostly overspread, and washed
with bright red. Flesh fine-grained, tendei-, subacid. (Soc. Y. M.)

Framboise.
Framboos. Calville Eouge d'Automne, incorrectly.

Of German origin.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong, truncated, somewhat
ribbed, greenish yellow, spotted and striped with shades of bright and
deep red, much red in sun. Flesh white, fine, tender, mellow, juicy,
sugary. September. (An. Pom.)

Franchot.

Originated in Otsego Co., N. Y. Tree productive.

Fruit medium, roiindish conical, yellow, shaded and splashed with
red. Flesh yellowish, juicy, crisp, pleasant, aromatic. Good. October
to January.

Franklin's Golden Pippin.
Sudlow's Fall Pippin.

Dr. Hogg says : This is an American Apple, and was introduced
into England by John Sudlow.

Fruit of medium size, rovmdish, slightly conic, very regular in shape,
rather broadest at the base, deep yellow, freckled with numerous dark
spots. Flesh pale yellow, crisp, juicy, rich subacid. Good to very
good. The tree grows freely, and forms an upright head. October.

Under the name of Franklin Golden Pippin we have received an
apple from Illinois, and now somewhat grown there, which is quite dis-
tinct from the above. It was introduced West from Pennsylvania,
under name of Golden Pippin, but in its new locality has had attached,
by whom we know not, the prefix of Franklin. There are so many
Golden Pippins that it is diflicult to decide which shall be entitled to
priority of name.

THE APPLE. 183

Fruit medium, roundish conical, slightly ribbed, pale lemon yellow,
moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots. Stalk short, slender.
Cavity deep. Calyx firmly closed. Basin corrixgated. Flesh yellow-
ish, tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Very good. November,
December.

Freeman.

Origin, New Jersey. Tree productive.

Fruit medium, ovate truncated conical, mottled and splashed with
red. Flesh white, often stained next the skin, tender, slightly subacid,
nearly sweet. Good to very good. Valued mainly as a late keeper.

Freeze and Thaw.

Of Pennsylvania origin.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, light yellow, with shades and
splashes of red. Flesh whitish, rather firm, subacid. Poor. Novem-
ber to February.

Fremont Pippin.

Originated on the farm of James Armitage, Soleberry, Pa.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, ribbed, lemon yellow, slightly shaded
■with crimson in the sun. Stalk long. Cavity deep. Calyx small, closed.
Basin small. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Very good.
Core medium. January, February.

French.

An old New England variety, origin imknown.

Fruit medium to lai'ge, oblate, slightly conical, yellow, striped and
splashed with red. Flesh yellow, crisp, rich acid. Good. November.

French Bellflower,

Bellefleur de France. Double Bellefleur.

Dobbel BeUefleur.

A French Apple, described in the Amaals of Pomology as : —

Fruit very lai'ge, roundish, slightly conical, yellowish, with cai'mine

red cheek in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, half tender, melting,

sweet, subacid.

French Crab.

Ronalds describes this as follows : Tree very hardy, somewhat
pendent in its growth, and bears well. A long keeper.

Fruit above medium, globu.lar, green, becoming yellow at maturity.
Flesh firm, pleasant, brisk.

French Nonpareil.

Origin unknown. Tree vigoroxis, moderately prodvictive.

Fi'uit medium, roundish oblate, sides unequal, greenish yellow,
shaded, splashed, and marbled with red. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy,
pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. Core small. October,
November.

184 the apple.

French Pippin.

Of unknown origin. Tree liardy and vigorous, with dai-k reddish
brown shoots.

Fruit rather hxrge, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with a faint dull
cheek, thinly sprinkled with large brown dots, and traces of russet.
Flesh yellowish, tender, pleasant, subacid. Good. Core small. October,
January.

Quite distinct from Newark or French Pippin, which has slender
branches. There are several apples under name of French Pippin, and
it is difficult to decide which has priority to the name, except as con-
nected with the oldest desci-iption.

French Reinette.

Eeinette Franche. Reinette Blanche. Weisse Reinette.

Reinette Blanche, dite Prime. Franz Rennette. Franz sische Edelreinette.
Reinette de Normandy.

An old French Apple described by various authors, valued mainly
as a long keeper. Coxe says the tree is handsome, of vigorous growth
and an abundant bearer.

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, truncated, yellow, with some
russet, and red in sun. Flesh firm, yellowish white, rich and sprightly
subacid.

French Russet.

French Pippin.

This old Apple is described in Ronalds as a sauce or cooking frviit of
medium size, globular, yellowish, with faint red in the sun, considerably
russeted. Flesh white, tender, subacid. November, January.

French's Sweet.

Origin, farm of B. V. French, Braintree, Mass. Tree very produc-
tive.

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with a shade of brown
in the sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, moderately juicy, compact, rich,
sweet. Valued for cooking. October, November.

Friar.

An English cider Apple, described by Hogg as of good size, some-
what conical, greenish, with dull red in the sun. Tree vigorous and
productive.

Frisland Reinette.
Reinette de Frisland.

Of German origin, described in the Album of Pomology. Tree
vigorous, productive.

Fruit large, roundish oblate conical, bright yellow, brownish red in
the sun, reddish gray near the stalk. Flesli white, firm, agreeable, sub-
acid. December to January.

the apple. 185

Fronclin.

Originated in Lancaster Co., Pa., where the original tree is supposed
to be over one hundred years old. It is a rapid grower, bearing pro-
fusely even when young, but the fruit is rather too acid to please many
tastes.

Fruit below medium, oblate, whitish, shaded and splashed with rich
red. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, sharp subacid. Good. Sep-
tember, November.

Front Door.

From INIichigan, origin unknown.

Fruit medium to large, oblate, yellow, striped and splashed with
red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. September.

FULLERTON SWEET.

Origin unknown, found in the orchard of William Fullerton, Orange
Co., N. Y. It much resembles the Autumn Sweet Bough.

Fruit below medium, i-oundish conical, pale yellow, with a few
brown dots. Flesh white, juicy, tender, honeyed sweet. Very good.
Core small. October, November.

Fulton.

A Western fruit, originated in the orchard or nursery of A. G.
Downing, Canton, Fulton Co., 111., a vigorous grower, hai-dy, regular in
form, an annual and productive bearer. Young shoots slender, clear light
reddish brown.

Size about medium, oblate, light yellow, sjji'inkled with green or
gray dots, having a blush on the sunny side. Stalk three-fourths of an
inch, rather slender, inserted in a broad deep cavity. Calyx large, open.
Segments small, recurved, in a pretty large basin. Flesh yellowish,
juicy, tender, mild subacid, almost sweet. Good to very good. Core
small. November to Februaiy.

Fulton Strawberry.

Origin same as the Fulton. Tree vigorous, stout, spreading grower,
hardy, does not come early into bearing. Young wood grayish brown,
slightly downy.

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish, mostly overspread, striped, splashed,
and mottled with shades of red. Flesh whitish, tinged with pink, juicy,
pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. September.

FULWOOD.
Green Fulwood.

Lindley and Hogg both describe this culinary Apple as large, round-
ish, ribbed, green, with broken stripes of dull red in sun. Flesh greenish
white, firm, crisp, brisk acid. November to March.

There is also a White Fulwood described which is probably identical
with the above.

186 the apple.

Gabriel.
Ladies' Blush.

Tree of rather slender growth, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish green, shaded and splashed
with crimson, and sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk medium, inserted in
a cavity of moderate depth. Calyx partially closed, set in a moderate
uneven basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, j uicy, rich subacid. Core small.
Good to very good. October and November.

Gaesdonker Gold Reinette.

A German dessert Apple.

Fruit below medium, oblate, golden yellow, reddish cheek in sun,
and some russet. Calyx partially closed, with long, pointed segments.
Flesh yellowish, fine, firm, juicy, rich aromatic subacid. December to
March, (Hogg.)

Ganges.

Fruit pretty large, oblong, green, with red in the sun. Flesh yel-
lowish, subacid. Cooking. (Lind.)

Garden.

Originated with Hezekiah Ellis, in Spottsylvania Co., Ya.

Fruit small, oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with two
shades of red nearly over the whole surface, moderately sprinkled with
light and gray dots. Stalk long, slender. Cavity medium, thinly russet-
ed. Calyx closed. Segments rather long, partially recurved. Basin,
abrupt, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, a little stained next the skin,
crisp, juicy, mild subacid. Good to very good. November, December.

Warder, in his American Pomology, page 435, describes a Garden
Apple, and gives at the same time Garden Royal as a synonym, which
latter must be erroneous, as there is a distinct fruit under that name.
Warder's description is as follows :

Fruit pretty large, roundish flat, regular. Surface smooth, yellow-
ish green, slightly shaded red, scattered stripes cai-mine, dots minute
black. Basin wide, regular, small, closed. Cavity deep, acute, regu-
lar, green. Stem shoi-t to medium, sometimes knobby. Core wide,
closed or open, regular, clasping the eye. Flesh pale yellow or whitish,
tender, fine-grained, jvxicy, subacid, aromatic, saccharine, agreeable.
August to October.

Garden.
Comstock's Garden.

Origin uncertain. Tree moderately vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate. Skin whitish, nearly covered
with narrow stripes of light and dark red, and thickly sprinkled Avith
conspicuous light dots. Stalk short and slender. Calyx nearly closed.
Basin medium, slightly furrowed. Flesh white tinged with red, not
very tender, but valuable as a cooking fruit. September, October.

Garden Royal.
Originated on the farm of Bowker, Sudbury, Mass. Tree of

THE APPLE. 187

moderate, very upright growth, forming a beautiful roundish, regular,
even head, very productive. Young shoots dark dull reddish brown,
slightly grayish or imperfect downy.

Garden Eoyal.

f

Fruit medium or below. Form roundish oblate, very slightly conic.
Color greenish yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed with rich red, a lit-
tle dull or grayish toward the stalk. Sprinkled with light and gi'ay dots.
Stalk medium, slender. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx open or partially
closed. Segments sometimes a little recurved. Basin shallow, slightly
uneven. Flesh yellow, very tender, juicy, rich, mild subacid, aromatic.
Best. Core small. Last of Augvist, September.

Garden Stripe.

Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, and drooping.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, broadly striped,
splashed and shaded with shades of deep red. Flesh tender, juicy, sub-
acid. Good. September.

Garden Sweet.

A New England Apple. Tree hardy, thi'ifty, and productive.
Young shoots strong, light reddish brown, slightly downy.

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conic. Color yellow, shaded and
splashed with crimson nearly over the whole surface, many light and gray
dots. Stalk rather short and small. Cavity acute. Calyx closed. Seg-
ments partially recurved. Basin large, abrupt, corrugated. Flesh yel-
lowish white, tendei", juicy, rich, sweet. Very good. Core medium.
September and October, A valuable variety for cooking or stock feed-
ing, continuing a long time in use.

188 the apple.

Gardner Sweet.

Gardner Sweeting.

Kenrick says: Tree grows slow, but is very productive.
Fruit above medium, roundish, pale color, covered with small specks,
bright blush next the sun. Flesh firm, sweet. December to March.

Gardner's Sweet Pearmain.

An old Long Island Apple.

Fruit medium, oblate, sides unequal, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and
striped with light and dark red nearly over the whole surface, thickly
spi'inkled with light dots. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, sweet, and
pleasant. Good. Core small. September.

Garrettson's Early. '
Somerset Harvest.

Originated on the farm of Jno. Garrettson, Somerset, N". J. Tree
vigorous, upi'ight spreading, productive. Young wood brown, slightly
downy.

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellowish, thickly covered with light
specks. Stalk short. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx closed, in a small,
abrupt, furrowed basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid.
Good, valuable for cooking. September.

Garter.

A cider fruit of England. Fruit medium, oblong, pale yellow and
red.

Gault's Bellflower.

Fruit large, roundish, pale yellow. Flesh white, coarse. October,
December. (Elliott.)

Gaumont.

Supposed French origin.

Fruit large, roundish oblong oblate, ribbed, golden yellow with
a few light gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx open. Basin very deep.
Flesh yellow, compact, juicy, rich subacid. October, November.

General Haskell.

Origin said to be Graves Co. , Ky . Tree a good grower and productive.
Fruit medium, red, esteemed for its fine appearance and being a
long keeper.

Genesee Chief.

Origin unknown. Tree a strong, vigorous grower.

Fruit large, roundish conical, uneven or ribbed, whitish, almost
waxen, shaded with crimson in the sun, few faint dots. Flesh white,
tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Core large. September. Cooking.

the apple. 189

Geneva Pippin.

Winter Pippin of Geneva.

An Apple bearing the above local name was found growing in the
garden of Mrs. Crittendon, Geneva, and is deserving of notice. The
appearance of the tree and fruit is strikingly like that of the Fall Pip-
pin, but is a late keeper, continuing in perfection until May. Young
■wood reddish brown, slightly downy.

Genera Pippin.

Fruit la^ge, roundish oblate, fine yellow, with rarely a bronzed
cheek, sparsely covered with gray dots. Stalk short and small, inserted
in a narrow cavity. Calyx open. Segments long. Basin open. Flesh
yellow, tender, juicy, viuous. Very good or best. January to May.

Gentle's Large Red.

Origin unknown.

Fruit lai-ge, roundish, slightly conic, sides unequal, yellow, shad-
ed, splashed, and striped with dull red, many light and brown dots.
Stalk long and slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender,
mild, pleasant subacid. November. Good.

George.

Origin, Muskingum Co., Ohio. Tree healthy, spreading, an abun-
dant bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with considerable russet
specks and markings. Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, firm, juicy,
Boild acid. Good. July.

190 the apple.

Gestreifter Sommer Zimmetapfel.
La Canelle.

An excellent little German dessert Apple described by Hogg.
Tree a good grower and bearer.

Fruit small, roundisb oblate, lemon yellow, with ciimson stripes in
the sun. Flesh yellowish white, fine, juicy, very aromatic, cinna-
mony. August and September. (Hogg.)

Gewiss Good.
Gewiss Guth. Indeed Good.

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright spreading.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, often conic, light yellow, slightly
shaded with carmine. Stalk short, insei'ted in a deep, narrow, slightly
russeted cavity. Calyx partially closed. Basin deep, slightly corru-
gated. Flesh juicy, tender, crisp, with a somewhat spicy, subacid fla-
vor. Good. December, February.

Giant.

A Pennsylvania variety.

Fruit large, roundish conical, dull red, striped. Flesh greenish,
white, tender. Poor.

Giles.

Elliott describes this as from Wallingford, Conn.
Fruit medium, conical, dark red. Flesh tender, juicy. Very good.
October, November.

Gilpin.

THE APPLE. 191

Gilpin.

Carthouse. Small Romanite. Gray Romanite.

Roman Knight. Romanite of the West. Little Romanite.

A handsome cider fruit, from Virginia, which is also a good table
fruit from February to May. A very hardy, vigorous, and fruitful tree.

Fruit of medium size, roundish oblong. Skin very smooth and hand-
some, richly streaked with deep red and yellow. Stalk short, deeply in
sei'ted. Calyx in a round, rather deep basin. Flesh yellow, fii-m, juicy
and rich, becoming tender and sprightly in the spring. Good.

Gipson's Kentucky.
Gipson's Kentucky Seedling.

Originated on the farm of A. Gipson, Calhoun Co., Ky.

Fruit below medium, roundish, sides unequal, greenish, with dark
red in the sun. Flesh pale yellow, juicy, sprightly subacid. January
to April.

Gladney's Red.

Oi'iginated in Mississippi.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, shaded, mottled, and obscurely
striped with light red nearly over the whole surface, and covered with a
thin bloom. Stalk long and slender. Calyx closed, -with long reflexed
segments. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, moderately juicy, slightly aro-
matic, subacid. Core small. Good. January, February.

Glanz Eeinette.
Tyroler Glanz-reinette.
A beautiful waxen-like Apple of German origin.
Tree a strong grower, forming a round head, very productive.
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, waxy lemon yellow, blush of red in
the sun. Stalk long. Cavity russeted. Basin furrowed. Flesh snow
white, fine, juicy, rich, sugary, vinous. December. (Hogg.)

Gleason Sweet.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, shaded and splashed with
crimson over most of the surface. Flesh white, tender, juicy, scarcely
sweet. Good. Core small. November.

Glendale.

Warder says : " Believed to have originated near Glendale, Hamil-
ton Co., Ohio." Tree vigorous, thrifty, spreading, productive.

Fruit large, roundish, somewhat conical, yellow, striped and clouded
with bright red, dots small, russet. Flesh yellowish, mild, subacid,
almost sacchaiine. Good. September, October.

Gloria Mundi.

Monstrous Pippin. Belle Josephine. Baltimore of some.

Glazenwood Gloria Mundi. Baltimore Pippin, New York Gloria Mundi.

American Mammoth. Mississippi ? Ox Apple.

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous. Not productive or profitable.

192 THE APPLE.

Fruit very large, roundish oblate, ribbed, greenisb yellow. Flesh
coarse, tender, with a pleasant acid flavor. Good. October to January.

Glory of England.

Fruit large, oblate, ribbed, yellow, with streaks and dots of crimson,
whitish specks and some russet. Flesh greenish yellow, tender, soft,
juicy, sprightly acid. Cooking. (Hogg.)

Glory of the West.

Tree a strong vigorous grower and gi'eat bearer.

Fruit large, oblate, ribbed, yellow, red in the sun, minute russet
dots. Flesh yellowish white, iii-m, juicy, brisk, slightly perfumed, acid.
October, December. (Hogg.)

Gloucester White.

Origin, Gloiicester Co., Ya. Tree vigorous and very productive.
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, fine yellow. Flesh yellow, juicy,
crisp, pleasant, subacid. Good. Octobei-, November.

GoBLE Russet.

Sweet Seek-no-Further.

Origin unknown. * Elliott describes the fruit as medium to large,
oblong flattened, yellow russet, marbled with red. Flesh whitish yel-
low, dry, sweet. October to December.

GoGAR Pippin.
Stone Pippin.

A variety from Edinburgh, Scotland.

Frviit medium, roundish, obscurely ribbed, greenish, with brownish
red in the sun. Flesh greenish white, juicy, brisk acid. January, Feb-
ruary.

GOLAY.

Originated near Yevay, Indiana.

Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat conic, truncated, yellow, mixed,
striped with piirplish red, dots minute, gray, scattered, indented. Flesh
yellowish white, breaking tender, juicy, I'ich subacid. Good to best.
January to May. (Warder.)

Golden.

Fruit medium, roundish, ribbed, light yellow. Flesh yellowish,
acid. July. (Elliott.)

Golden Ball.

Origin, Corni. Tree a vigorous grower, but only a moderate bearer.
Fruit large, roundish, somewhat ribbed, golden yellow, with a few
dots. Flesh crisp, tender, subacid. Good. December, March.

the apple. 193

Golden Burr.

Burr Knot.

Ronalds describes this as a variety easily gi'own from cuttings, be-
caxxse of the knots or joints on the shoots.

A large apple, roundish, yellow, with flush of faint red in the sun.
Useful for kitchen. November, December.

Golden Goss.

Received from Western New York. Tree vigorous, upright, pro-
ductive.

Fruit rather large, roundish conical, slightly ribbed, golden yellow,
faintly shaded in the sun with red. Flesh white, firm, juicy, mild sub-
acid. Good to very good. November, Deceiaber.

Golden Harvey.
Brandy Apple.

An excellent, high-flavored little dessert Apple from England, of slen-
der growth.

Fruit small, ii'regxdarly round. Skin rather rough, dull russet over
a yellow ground, with a russety red cheek. Flesh yellow, of line tex-
ture, with a spicy, rich, subacid flavor. The fruit is apt to shrivel.
December to April. •

Golden Knob.

Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit small, roundish oblate, golden yellow, some russet and tinge
of red in sun. Flesh greenish white, crisp, juicy, brisk, sweet. Decem-
ber to March.

Golden Lustre.

A culinary Apple from England.

Fruit medium, conical, yellow, ^vith patches and stripes of bright red
in the sun. Flesh pale yellow, firm, subacid. November to April.

Golden Monday.

Monstow's Pepping-.

Hogg describes this as from the Berkshire orchards, as a dessert Ap-
ple of first-rate quality.

Fruit small, roundish oblate, golden yellow, with crimson dots
in the sun. Nettings and lines of thin brown russet. Flesh yellowish
white, crisp, sugary, brisk, perfumed. October, December.

Golden Noble.

An old English variety, valuable for cooking. Lindley desci'ibes it
as pretty large, roundish conical, bright yellow with a few small reddish
spots and patches of russet. Flesh yellow, tender, pleasant, subacid.
November, December.

13

194 the apple.

Golden Nonpareil.

Fruit small, roundisli, golden yellow, witli russet and blush red in
the sun. Flesh crisp, sharp acid. October, December.

Golden Pearmain.
Dutch Peannain. Ruckman's Pearmain, Red Russet of some.

An old English Aj,^le. Tree upright, very productive.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, orange in sun. Patches
and dots of russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, sweet. Very
good. Novembei".

Ronalds describes an entirely different Apple under this name, as
follows :

Fruit small, oblong roundish conical, yellow, with some slight rus-
set and a good deal of red striping. Flesh firm, rich, and high-flavored,
December, January.

Golden Pippin,

Golden Pippin. London Golden Pippin.

Old Golden Pii^pin. Warter's Golden Pippin.

Balgone Pipijin. Bayfordbury Golden Pippin.

Milton Golden Pippin. Pepin d'Or.

Russet Golden Pippin. Pomme d'Or.

Herefordshire Golden Pipisin. Koening's Pippelin.
Reinette d'Angleterre.

The Golden Pippin of the English is the queen of all dessert Apples,
in the estimation of the English connoisseurs, as it iinites the qualities
of small size, fine form, and color, with high flavor and durability. It
is a very old variety, being mentioned by Evelyn in 1660, but it still
thrives well in many pai'ts of England.

Fruit small, round, and regularly formed, gold color, dotted with
gray russety dots, with also obscure white specks imbedded under the
skin. Flesh yellowish, crisp, rather acid, biit with a rich, brisk, high
flavor. Very good. A great bearer, but requires a strong, deep, sandy
loam. November to March, Does not succeed well here.

There are many varieties of the English Golden Pippin, differing but
liltle in general appearance and size, and very little in flavor, from the
old sort, bvit of rather more thrifty growth ; the best of these are
Hughes', and Kirke's new Cluster Golden Pippins,

Golden Pippin,
Pittstown Pippin.

This is an old Apple, grown many years ago in, Adams, Mass., from
whence it was brought to Pittstown, and has been recently christened
after that place. The tree is an \ipright vigorous gi'ower, with large
stroug branches. Shoots dull brownish red, slightly downy.

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, sometimes conic, and sides un-
equal, greenish yellow with a blush in sun exposure. Flesh yellowish,
tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. Core rather lai-ge. Good for cooking,
September and October.

the apple. 195

Golden Pippin.

Pound Royal of some. York Pippin.

Butter Pippin. Large Golden Pippin.

Mammoth.

This Apple is considerably gi-own in the New England States and
Western New York, and is one of the largest of its class, specimens
sometimes weighing 20 ounces. Tree very vigorous and very productive
on deep rich soils ; on light soils it is often a shy bearer, the fruit much
smaller.

Fruit very large, roundish, ribbed, greenish yellow, becoming quite
yellow at full maturity, slight blush of brown crimson in sun-exposed
specimens. Flesh yellowish, coarse, juicy, tender, mild subacid. Core
small. Good to very good. November, December.

There is another Golden Pippin sometimes known as Porter in Mich-
igan, which is of medium size, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, mild
subacid. Ripe in September and October.

There are also several other Apples under this popiilar name, many
of which doubtless will be found identical with named sorts.

Golden Red.

From Long Island. Origin unknown.

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed,
and mottled nearly over the whole surface. Flesh yellowish, crisp, moder-
ately juicy, pleasant subacid. Core small. December, January. Fruit
liable to rot on the tree, not profitable.

Golden Reinette.

Reinette, Golden. Wyker Pippin.

Aurore. Elizabet.

Kirke's Golden Reinette. Wygers.

Yellow German Reinette. Megginch Favorite.

Reinette d'Aix. Dundee.

English Pippin. Reinette Giden.

Court pendu Dore. Princesse Noble, of the French.

The Golden Reinette is a very popular dessert fruit in England and
on the Continent, combining beauty and high flavor.

Fruit below medium size, very regularly formed, roundish, a little
flattened. Skin smooth, golden yellow, washed and striped with fine
soft red on the sunny side, mingled with scattered nisset dots. Flesh
yellow, crisp, with a rich, brisk subacid. Good. October to January.

Golden Reinette of Yanderlaans.
Reinette doree de Van der Laans.

Originated with Yan der Laans of Rynland, in Holland. Tree strong,
stout branches.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish, with indistinct grayish
brown spots. Calyx large, half open. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Flesh
greenish white, fijie, firm, perfumed, svibacid. October to December.
(Yerg.)

196 THE APPLE.

The German Golden Reinette may possibly prove identical with the
above.

Golden Russet.
English Golden Russet. English Golden. Russet Golden.

This is an old English Apple described by Ronalds and Lindley as Gol-
den Russet, and as that is its commonly accepted name in this country we
have followed it. It is one of the popular Apples, succeeding in nearly
all sections, and especially in rich Western soils. The tree is thi-ifty,
vigorous, spreading, rather irregular, forming a bushy head. Young
shoots slender, dull reddish brown, slightly downy, with numerous small
white dots. An early bearer.

Fruit medium or below, roundish, or roundish oblate. Skin rough.
Color yellow, mostly covered with dull russet, and having a bronzed
cheek in the sun. Stalk short, small. Cavity medivim, or rather deep.
Calyx closed. Segments i-ather long, often a little recvirved. Basin
broad, rather large, slightly corrugated. Flesh whitish yellow, fine-
grained, rather compact, sprightly, mild subacid. Good to very good.
December to March.

Golden Russet, of Massachusetts.

Tree vigorous, upright, and productive. Young shoots clear reddish
brown.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conic. Skin golden russet, with a
sunny cheek. Stalk small and short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx
nearly closed. Segments small, recurved. Basin deep, round, and
open. Flesh yellowish white, tender, rich, mild, sweet subacid. Very
good. January, April.

There are many Golden Russets about the country, and it is difficult
to identify them. This is from Massachusetts, and distinct from those
grown in New York, and West.

Golden Seedling.

Supposed origin, Missouri.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow blush in the sun. Flesh
yellowish, juicy, sharp subacid. February to May.

Golden Stkeak.

A cider Apple from Somersetshire, England.

Fruit medil^m, roundish oblate, clear yellow, with stripes of red.
Flesh yellow, brisk, pleasant acid. (Hogg.)

Golden Sweet.
Orange Sweeting. Early Golden Sweet.

A celebrated Connecticut fruit. Tree very vigorous, spreading,
forming a tree of moderate size, hardy and very productive. Yoiing
shoots reddish brown.

Fruit above the medium size, roundish, scarcely flattened, fair, and
well foi-med ; when fully ripe, pale yellow or straw color. Stalk about

THE APPLE. 197

an inch long, slender at its junction with the fruifc. Calyx closed, and
set in a basin of moderate dej)th. Flesh tender, sweet, rich, and excel-
lent. Good to very good. August and September. A valuable sort
for cooking, market, or stock feeding.

Golden Sweet.

Golden Wilding.

Origin, near Fayetteville, N. C. Tree thrifty, upright, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, a little oblique, golden yellow, thickly
sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk rather short and small. Cavity
deep, russeted. Calyx open. Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, brisk subacid.
Core small. Good. November to March.

Golden Worcester.

A small dessert Apple described by Ronalds as perfectly round, rich
golden, slightly tinged with red. Flesh firm, yellow. January.

Gold Reinette von Bordeaux.
Bordeauer Gold Reinette.

Hogg describes this as a valuable and beautiful sort. We do not
know of its having fruited in this country.

Fruit very large, obtuse pearmain shaped, greenish, becoming rich
yellow and washed with bright red in the sun, traces of russet, and gray
i-usset dots. Stalk short, tleshy. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish white,
fine, tender, juicy, rich aromatic. December to March.

198 the apple.

Goodyear.

Goodyear's Seedling.

Origin, Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree a fine grower, and productive.
Fruit medium, roundish, fine red. Flesli fixm, juicy, subacid. Good.
December to April.

Gooseberry.

An English cooking Apple. Tree vigorous, spreading.

Fruit large, roundish conical, greenish yellow, sometimes slight tinge
of red in sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Good to
very good for cooking. Core large. December, February.

Gooseberry Pippin.

A handsome little English dessert Apple.

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, with splashes and marblings of red.
Flesh fine-grained, tender, juicy, brisk, sweet subacid. November to
February.

Gould's Sweet.

Origin unknown. First brought to notice from Mercer Co., Pa.
Tree of rather slow spreading growth, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellow, deep orange in the
sun, brown dots. Flesh yellowish, moderately tender, juicy, mild, rich,
sweet. Core rather small. A good cooking fruit. December to
March.

Governor.

American, Large, yellowish, tinged with red, juicy, acid, cooking.
October, January. (Elliott.)

Governor Charter.
Governor Charter's Seedling.

A variety described in the Prairie Farmer as a valuable market
Apple. Tree hardy and productive.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, obscurely ribbed, light yellow, with
blush in the sun. Flesh white, firm, juicy, pleasant, scarcely acid,
slightly aromatic. Core small. October.

Gracey.

Origin, Greenville, 111.

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, light green, with greenish
white specks. Flesh greenish white, coarse, mild subacid. August.
(Gar. Mon.)

Grange.

Origin, Herefordshire, England. Tree hardy and productive.
Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow. Flesh yellow, firm, crisp,
brisk. October, November. (Ron.)

the apple. 199

Grange's Pearmain.
Grange's Pippin.

An English culinary Apple. Tree hardy, productive.

Frviit large, roundish conical, yellow, with broken stripes of red.
Flesh yellowish white, tendei-, juicy, brisk pleasant acid. November,
February. (Hogg.)

Graniwinkle.

Originated in one of the eastern counties of New Jersey. Tree vig-
orous, upright, spreading, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, yellowish, shaded with
light red, and striped and splashed with a deeper shade. Flesh white,
fine-grained, juicy, moderately tender, rich pleasant honeyed sweet.
Core small. Very good. Valuable for stock, cider, or for cooking.
October to December.

Gran'ite Beauty.
Aunt Dorcas . Grandmother's Apple. Clothes-yard Apple.

Origin, on the farm of Z. Breed, Weare, N. H. Tree hardy, vigor-
ous, upright, spreading. An annual bearer. Young wood light i-eddish
brown, slightly downy.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong, largest at the centre, and
narrowing toward stalk and calyx, uneven surface, or obscurely ribbed.
Skin somewhat oily. Color pale yellow, mostly overspread, striped,
splashed, and mottled with two shades of red, brown dots. Stalk short,
slender. Cavity uneven, or ribbed, acute. Calyx closed. Segments
short, erect. Basin medium, corrugated. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy,
mild pleasant subacid. Core large, open. Good to very good. Decem-
ber to February.

Granny Earle.

Fruit small, roimdish oval, green, striped and splashed with red.
Flesh white, crisp, tender. Very good. November, January. (Hov,
Mag.)

Gravenstein.
Grave Slije.

A supei-b-looking German Apple, which originated at Gravenstein in
Holstein, and is thought one of the finest apples of the North of Eu-
rope. It fully sustains its reputation here, and is, unquestionably, a
fruit of first-rate quality. Tree very vigorous, spreading, forming a
large, broad head. Very pi'oductive. An early bearer. Young wood
reddish brown.

Fruit large, rather flattened, and a little one-sided or angular, broad-
est at the base. Stalk quite short and strong, deeply set. Calyx large,
closed, in a wide, deep, rather irregular basin. Segments long, irregu-
lar, recurved. Skin greenish yellow at first, but becoming bright yel-
low, and beautifully dashed and pencilled, and marbled wdth light and

200 THE APPLE.

deep red and orange. Flesh tender and crisp, with a high-flavored,
somewhat aromatic taste. Very good. September and October. A
vakiable apple for market or cooking, succeeding admirably wherever
grown.

Gravenstein.

Great Unknown,

Ox'igin nnknown. Found in the orchard of S. McDowell, Ma-
con, Ga.

Fruit large, regular, oblate roundish, inclining to conic, yellow sha-
ded and marbled with carmine. Stalk slender. Calyx open. Flesh
yellowish, tender, juicy, subacid. Very good. December. (White.)

Green Cheese.

the apple. 201

Green Cheese.

Green Crank. Yellow Crank. Southern Greening.

Southern Golden Pippin. Winter Greening. Carolina Greening.

Green Skin. Winter Cheese. Turner's Cheese.

Greening.

An old variety, gi'own lai-gely in Kentucky and other Southwestern
States. It has been extensively propagated by suckers, but the exact
place of the original tree is unknown. Although not best in quality, it
has so many good properties adapting it to the South and Southwest,
that it is widely disseminated under the various synonyms given above.

Tree moderately vigorous, upright, and has the habit of blooming
late, which gives it a special value. A good bearer and long keeper.
Young shoots slender, grayish brown.

Fruit medium, oblate, occasionally oblique, pale greenish yellow,
moderately sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short, slender. Cavity
large, deep, russeted. Calyx closed. Segments slightly recurved.
Basin broad, .deep, uneven. Flesh yellowish white, tender, crisp, juicy,
rich, sprightly subacid. Core small, compact. Yery good. Novem-
ber to March.

Green's Choice.

Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, striped with red. Flesh
tender, juicy, very mild subacid, or almost sweet. Good. Kipe last of
August and first of September.

Green Domine.

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, washed or obscurely striped
with du.ll red. Flesh whitish, firm, with a pleasant, peculiar flavor.
Good. December, February.

Green Mountain Pippin.

From Georgia, and much grown there as a market fruit.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oblong, flattened at base and
crown, greenish yellow. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, tender, pleasant sub-
acid. Good. November, February.

Green Newtown Pippin.

Hunt's Fine Green Pippin. Newtown Pippin. American Newtown Pippin.

Brooke's Pippin ? Green Winter Pippin. Petersburgh Pippin.

Hunt's Green Newtown Pippin ?

The Newtown Pippin stands at the head of all Apples, and is, when
in perfection, acknowledged to be unrivalled in all the qualities which
constitute a high-flavored dessert apple, to which it combines the quality
of long keeping without the least shrivelling, retaining its high flavor to
the last. It commands the highest price in Covent Garden Market, Lon-
don, This variety is a native of Newtown, Long Island, and it requires
a pretty strong, deep, warm soil to attain its full perfection, and in the
orchard it should be well manured every two or three yeai-s. The tree

202

THE APPLK.

is of ratlier slender and slow growth, and even wliile young is always
remarkable for its rough bark.

Fruit of medium size, roundish, a little irregular in its outline, caused
by two or three obscure ribs on the sides — and broadest at the base, next
the stalk ; about three inches in diameter, and two and a half deep. Color
dull green, becoming olive green when ripe, with a faint, dull brownish
blush on one side, dotted with small gray specks, and with delicate rus-
set rays around the stalk. Calyx quite small and closed, set in a narrow
and shallow basin. Stalk half an inch long, rather slender, deeply sunk
in a wide, funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh greenish white, very juicy, crisp,
with a fine aroma, and an exceedingly high and delicious flavor. Best.
When the fruit is not grown on healthy trees, it is liable to be spotted

Green Newtown Pippin.

with black spots. This is one of the finest keeping apples, and is in eat-
ing from December to May, but is in the finest perfection in March.
This is entirely distinct from Yellow Newtown Pippin.

Green Reinette.

Reinette Verte.
Groene Renet.

Groene Franse Renette.
Grune Reinette.

Tree vigorous and healthy, a good bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at base, ribbed at apex, yellowish
green with a tinge of red. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, aroma-
tic. December to May. (Hogg.)

Green Seek-no-Further.
White Seek-no-Further. Flushing Seek-no-Further. Seek-no-Further of Coxe.
Origin in the garde q of the late Wm. Prince, Flushing, L. I.

THE APPLE. 203

Tree while young very slow in its growth, but makes a compact, well-
formed head in the orchard.

Fruit apt to be knotty and unfair. Eather large, roundish conical,
yellowish green, sprinkled with gi-een and brown dots. Stalk short,
in a moderate cavity. Calyx closed, in a rather deep basin. Flesh
white, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Very good. Octo-
ber, January.

Green Tiffin.
Mage's Johnny.

From Lancashire, England. Tree a fair grower and bearer.

Fruit medium, round conical, yellowish green with a few nisset and
red dots. Flesh white, crisp, tender, acid. September, December.
(Hogg.)

Green Sweet.

Honey Greening.

Tree vigorous, upright spreading, and productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, somewhat conic. Skin green, some-
times becoming a little yellow at maturity, covered with greenish or
light russet dots. Stalk of medium length. Cavity rather deep, cover-
ed with russet. Basin shallow and abrupt, somewhat furrowed. Flesh
whitish, tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good. December to March.

Green Sweet of Indiana.

This Apple is somewhat grown in Indiana, and we have not met with
it elsewhere.

Fruit medium to large, roiindish conical, greenish yellow, with brown
dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet and pleasant. Good. Sep-
tember.

Greenup's Pippin.
Greenus's Pippin.

This English Apple is described by Hogg as popular and highly
esteemed, the tree being hardy and an abundant bearer.

Fruit above medium, roundish, with on one side a prominent rib,
pale straw color, bright red next the sun. Flesh pale yellowish white,
tender, juicy, sweet, brisk. October to December.

Green "Woodcock.

Origin, Sussex, England ; described by Hogg as follows :
Fruit medium, roundish oblate yellowish, mottled and striped with
red in the sun. Flesh wliite, tender, juicy, brisk. October, December.

Greist's Fine Winter.

From York, Pa. Tree a strong grower, regular, moderate bearer.

Fruit rather large oblate or roundish oblate, yellow, splashed and
shaded in sun with light red. Flesh yellow, compact, crisp, juicy, brisk
subacid. Good. December, February.

204 the apple.

Geey Canada Reinette.
Canada Reinette Gris.

Origin unknown.

Fruit large, oblate, yellow, covered with yellow russet, and moder-
ately sprinkled Avith gray dots. Flesh white, crisp, brisk subacid. No-
vember, December.

Grey French Reinette.

Keinette Grise. Reinette Franche Grauwe.

Reinette Grise Fran^aise.

There are a number of varieties of Reinette Grise, or Gray Reinette.
The one here, however, is considered by Lindley as distinct, and among
the most valuable of its class. It is of French origin. Tree a mod-
erate grower and good bearer. Young wood of a chestnut color.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, broadest at base, covered with
brownish gray russet. Flesh yellow, moderately juicy, rich subacid.
November, December.

Greyhouse.
Hoopes. Hopsey.

Origin, supposed New Jersey. Has been long growm and highly
valued for cider-making. Tree strong, erect grower, and productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, nearly globular, dull red, with faint stripes.
Flesh firm and dry, poor in quality. A long keeper.

Grey Leadington.
Leadington's Grauer Pippin. Grey Leadington Pippin.

A favorite Scottish Apple. Tree vigorous, hardy, and productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, greenish yellow, with cinna-
mon russet and red in the sun. Flesh white, firm, tender, very juicy,
aromatic. October, December. (Lind.)

Grey Reinette.

Reinette Grise Extra. Reinette Grise. Belle Fills.

Reinette Grise d'Hiver. Prager.

An old French Apple.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green, with brownish red in sun.
Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, brisk subacid. November, February. (Hogg.)

Griffith.
Sweet Maiden's Blush.

Raised by Caleb Mendenhall, West Milton, near Dayton, O. Tree
hardy, spreading, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, clear pale yellow, with light blush
red cheek in the sun. Stalk short. Cavity rather large. Basin small.
Flesh fine-grained, tender, juicy, a little tart. September. (L. S.
Mote's MSS.)

the apple. 205

Grimes' Golden Pippin.

Grimes Golden.

This valuable Apple originated many years since, on the farm of
Thomas Grimes, Brooke Co., Va. In its native locality it is highly
prized for the peculiar hardihood of the tree, withstanding uninjured the
most severe winters, and never breaking in its limbs. Also for its uni-
form regular annual productiveness.

Grimes' Grolden Pippin.

Tree vigorous, hardy, \xpright spreading, very productive, branches
with peculiar knobs at the base of each, connecting it with the main
limbs. Young wood dark dull red brown, grayish.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical. Skin uneven.
Color rich golden yellow, sprinkled moderately with small gray and
light dots. Stalk rather short and slender. Cavity rather deep, some-
times slightly russeted. Calyx closed, or partially open. Basin abrupt,
uneven. Flesh yellow, compact, crisp, tender, juicy, rich, sprightly,
spicy svibacid, peculiar aroma. Core rather small. Yery good to best.
December to March.

Gros Faros.

Faros.

Fruit medium,^ oblate, roundish, yellow, with considerable red in the
sun. Flesh greenish white, juicy, sweet subacid. December, January.

Grosh.

Originated in Snufftown, Lancaster Co.
stout brown shoots : an annual bearer.

Pa. Tree upright, with

206 THE APPLE.

Fruit very large, oblate, oblique, greenish white, striped with light
and dark red. Flesh white, loose, soft texture, juicy, acid. September.
Good. Cooking. (Gar. Mon.)

Grouzier.

Received from New Jersey. Origin unknown.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish, partially striped and
splashed with light red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild subacid.
Good. November, December.

Grooveland Sweet.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium, i-oundish oblate, slightly conic, a little oblique, sides
unequal, yellow, a tinge of red in the sun. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender,
juicy, mild, pleasant, sweet. Good. December to March.

Gruver's Early.

Originated on the farm of Mayer, Springfield, Pa.

Fruit medium, roundish, whitish yellow, with stripes and splashes
of red. Flesh whitish, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. August.

Guernsey Pippin.

Fruit small, roundish, brown russet on yellow, bronzed in the sun.
Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, brisk sweet. December, January.

GULLETT.

Origin unknown.

Fruit large, oblate conical, greenish yellow, with dull stripes. Flesh
juicy. Febniary.

Gully.

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa.

Fruit small, white blush in the sun. Flesh white, juicy. August.

Habersham's Pearmain.

Tree of upright growth.

Fruit medium, ovate form, bright crimson. Stalk short, slender.
Calyx medium. Flesh white, rather dry, firm, subacid. September.
(White.)

Hagloe Crab.

This is a celebrated old English cider fruit.

Fruit small, ill-shaped, something between an apple and a crab,
more long than broad, wide at the base and narrow at the crown, which
is a little sunk, and the eye flat, pale yellow, a little marbled in different
directions, with a russet gray, and having a few red specks or streaks on
the sunny side.

the apple. 207

Hague Pippin.

Originated in 1816, by Samuel Hague, Centreville, Ind, Tree
hardy, vigorous grower, and productive. Young shoots strong, light
reddish bi'own, slightly downy.

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, pale yellow, mostly covered,
shaded, splashed and striped with red, thickly sprinkled with light dots.
Stalk short. Flesh rather coarse, yellowish, crisp, moderately juicy,
mild subacid. Core large. Good. January, Februaiy.

Hain.

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. A vigorous grower and profuse bearer.

Fruit large, globular, inclining to oblong, yellow, striped, marbled,
and mottled with red. Flesh white, juicy, tender, rich sweet. Good.
November, March.

HaU.

Hall. *

Hall's Seedling. Hall's Ked. Jenny Seedling.

Origin, on the grounds of Mr. Hall, Franklin Co., IST. C. Tree of
moderate growth, hardy, xipright, witli long, slender, reddish brown,
grayish branches, and remarkably firm wood. The tree never attains a
very large size ; is very productive, and is considered in North Carolina
the best long-keeping dessert apple they cultivate.

Fi'uit small, oblate, slightly conic. Skin smooth, thick, mostly
shaded with crimson, and covered with various colored dots. Stalk of
medium length, slender, curved, inserted in a roimd, deep, open cavity.
Calyx closed, generally in a small uneven basin. Flesh yellowish, fine-
grained, juicy, with a very rich, vinous, saccharine, aromatic flavor.
Very good. December to April.

Hall Door.
An English Apple described by Ronalds as desirable for cooking.

208 THE APPLE.

Fruit large, oblate, greenish, with few red stripes. Flesh white,
coarse, subacid. December, January.

Hall's Sweet.

Of unknown origin.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed
with red, many light dots. Flesh sometimes a little stained, not very
juicy, rich, sweet. Good. September.

Hambledon Deux Ans.

Origin, Hampshire, England.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly overspread and in-
distinctly splashed with red. Flesh yellowish, juicy, pleasant subacid.
Good. November.

Hamilton. ^

Wonder ?

Origin unknown. Came from the South.

Fruit large, roimdish, irregular, somewhat ribbed, red on yellow,
splashed with purple. Dots large, yellow. Calyx large, open. Flesh yel-
low, breaking, rather juicy, subacid. Good. September, October.
(Am. Hort. An.)

Hammond.

Fruit medium to large, green. Flesh juicy. November, and keeps
to March (Sumner, MS.)

Hampton Bellflower.

A seedling from the Bellflower, grown by "VV. C. Hampton, Mt. Vic-
tory, Ohio.

Fi'uit large, ^ight yellow groimd, speckled and splashed with carmine,
red in the sun, few russet gray dots and marblings. Stalk medium.
Calyx partially open. Segments recurved and with fine points. Basin
open, slightly uneven at base. Flesh white, tender, breaking, rather
coarse, mild pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. November and
December.

Hampton's Fall Sweet.

Origin, W. C. Hampton, Ohio.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, striped with red. Flesh tender,
sweet, rather dry. Good. October.

Hampton's Honey Sweet.

Origin, W. C. Hampton, Ohio.

Fruit medium, elongated trvincate conic, yellow, faintly striped
with red. Flesh white, tender, sweet. Good. , December to April.

the apple. 209

Hampton's Late Sweet.
Sweet Jersey.

Origin, W, C. Hampton, Ohio. Tree vigorous, with slender branch-
es, hardy and productive.

Fruit medium, roundish conic, whitish, splashed, striped, and shaded
with red. Flesh white, stained next the skin, tender, juicy, pleasant
subacid. Good to very good. October.

Hampton's Russet.

Origin, W. C. Hampton, Ohio.

Fruit medium to small, roundish conical, yellowish, thinly covered
with light russet, splashes and stripes of red. Flesh yellowish, tender,
juicy, lively subacid. Good. November, January.

Hancock.

Originated in Chester Co., Pa. Tree a strong upright grower, not
an early bearer.

Fruit large, roundish, yellowish green, shaded and rather indistinctly
splashed with light red. Flesh yellowish, compact, moderately juicy,
coarse, pleasant svibacid. Core small. Good. December to March.

Hannah.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium to large, roundish, pale yellow, with stripes and

splashes of dull red. Flesh white, coarse, breaking, subacid. Hardly

good. Cooking only. October, November.

Hanwell Souring.

Origin, Oxfordshire, England.

Fruit medium, oblate conic, greenish yellow, faint blush in the sun.
Flesh white, crisp, fine, brisk acid. Good. Cooking. December to
April. ,

Hare.

Watermelon.

We received this desirable Apple from New Jersey, but have been
unable to learn its history. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. Wood
grayish brown.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, greenish, sprinkled with
a few gray dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh
white, very tender, juicy, mild pleasant sweet. Yery good. Core
rather large. October, November.

Harbord's Pippin.

Colored Harbord's Pippin.

Origin, Norfolk, England.

Fruit large, roundish conical, pale yello^vish green, partially russeted.
Flesh white, soft, juicy, brisk, acid. November to March. (Hogg.)

14

210 the apple.

Hargreave's Geeen Sweet.

An English, variety, somewhat valued there.

Fruit medium, roundish, ridged at apex, yellow, with faint streaks of
red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet. September,
October.

Habnish.

From Pennsylvania, said to have originated in Lancaster Co.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, mostly shaded with dark red, and
sprinkled with grayish dots. Flesh compact, tender, not juicy, almost
sweet, pleasant. Good. September to October.

Harris.
Ben Harris. ---^

Originated with Marston Harris, Rockingham Co., N. C. Tree vigo-
rous, erect, productive, popular in its native locality. Young wood
grajdsh brown, slightly downy.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, bright straw color, occasionally with a
pink blush. Stalk very short and stout. Cavity deep. Basin large
and deep. Flesh white, coarse, pleasant subacid, continues a long time,
valuable for market and culinary purposes. Good. September to No-
vember.

Harrison.

New Jersey is the most celebrated cider-making district in America,
and this Apple, which originated in Essex Coimty of that State, has
long enjoyed the highest reputation as a cider fruit. Ten bushels of the
Apples make a barrel of cider. The ti'ee grows thriftily and bears very
large crops.

Fruit medium size, ovate or roundish oblong. Skin yellow, with
roughish, distinct black specks. Stalk one inch or more long. Flesh
yellow, rather dry and tough, but wdth a I'ich flavor, producing a high-
colored cider, of great body. The fr^^it is very free from rot, falls easily
from the tree about the fii'st of November, and keeps well.

Harry Sweet.

Originated in Mercer Co., Pa. Tree of slow, upright growth.

Fi'uit medium, roundish, inclining to conic. Sides sometimes un-
equal. Skin thick, greenish yellow, dull blush in the sun, and nettings
of russet. Flesh whitish, crisp, a little coarse, moderately jviicy, mild
sweet. Good. December to April.

Hartford Sweet.

Spencer Sweeting. Keney's Sweet.

Origin, fann of Mr. Spencer, near Hartford, and introduced by Dr.
E. W. Bull. Tree moderately vigorous, hai'dy, and productive.

Fruit rather large, roundish, slightly flattened. Skin smooth and

THE APPLE. 211

fair, almost covered and striped with fine red over a yellowish green
ground, and sprinkled with small gray dots. Stalk neai'ly three-quarters
of an inch long, slender, inserted in a rather shallow, round cavity.
Calyx broad, closed, with few segments, set in a slightly uneven basiji
which is but little sunk. Flesh yellowish, very juicy, tender, rich sac-
charine. Good. December to May or June. A valuable market
apple.

Harvest Red Streak.
Early Red Streak. Striped Harvest.

An old variety, origin unknown. Tree a free grower, upright, spread-
ing, productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish, striped and splashed with two shades
of red. Flesh white, coarse, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Valuable for
cooking. August and September.

Harvey.
Doctor Harvey.

One of the oldest of English Apples.

Fruit large, roundish oval, greenish yellow, with russet tracings.
Flesh whitish, firm, brisk subacid. Good for cooking. October to
January. (Lind.)

Harvey's Pippin.
Dredge's Beauty of Wilts.

Of English origin. Hogg says : — " Tree a free grower and excellent
bearer."

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, washed with fine red, and marked
with crimson dots. Flesh fiim, crisp, juicy, rich. December to Feb-
ruary.

Harvey's Wiltshire Defiance.

This Apple is described by Hogg as very handsome and of first-rate
quality.

Fruit very large, conical, distinctly five-ribbed, yellow, with many
minute russety dots, and some patches of russet. Flesh yellowish, firm,
crisp, juicy, sugary, vinous. Core very small. October to January.

Haskell Sweet.

Sassafras Sweet.

Origin, farm of Deacon Haskell, Ipswich, Mass. Tree vigorous, up-
right, spreading and productive. Young wood light grayish brown.

Fruit medium or above, oblate. Color greenish yellow, sometimes
with a blush. Stalk short, inserted in a rather broad, deep cavity.
Calyx closed. Basin broad and large, of medium depth. Flesh yellow-
ish, tender, juicy, very sweet, rich, aromatic. Very good to best. Sep-
tember, October.

212 the apple.

Haute Bont6. •

Reimette grise haute bonte. Blandilalie,

An old French dessert Apple.

Fruit medium, roundish, ribbed, yellow, .with faint tinge of red in
the sun. Flesh greenish white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Decem-
ber to February.

Haskell Sweet.

BLA.WLEY.

Origin, Columbia Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, and bears annually.

Fruit large, roundish oblate conic. Skin fine yellow, somewhat
waxen or oily, and considerably dotted. Stalk short, inserted in a
rather deep cavity. Calyx small, nearly closed, in a moderate, some-
what furrowed basin. Flesh whitish, very tender, juicy, rich, mild
subacid. Ripe September.

A fruit of very good quality, but as it soon decays, its value is thereby
much depreciated.

Hawthornden.
White Hawthomden.

A celebrated Scotch Apple, which originated at Hawthomden, the
birthplace of the poet Drummond. It resembles, somewhat, our
Maiden's Blush, but is inferior to that fruit in flavor. An excellent
bearer, a handsome fruit, and good for cooking or drying, and exceed-
ingly profitable for market.

Tree vigorous, upright, spreading, and, when in bearing, somewhat
pendulous. Young shoots very short-jointed, dull reddish brown. Buds
prominent.

THE APPLE. 213

Fruit rather above the medium size, pretty regularly formed, round-
ish, rather flattened. Skin very smooth, pale light yellow, nearly
white in the shade, with a fine blvish where exposed to the sun. Flesh
white, juicy, of a simple, pleasant flavor. Good. September.

There is a JS'ew, or winter Hawthoi-nden, the wood of which is
brownish red, tree more robust, the fruit larger, and a longer keeper
than the above.

Hay Boys.

Fruit large, oblate, pale yellow. Flesh yellow, breaking, sweet.
Good to very good. August. (Warder.)

Hector.

A seedling of Chester Co., Pa.

Fruit large, roundish, conical, striped and mottled with red on a
yellow ground. Flesh yellowish, bi'eaking, subacid, pleasant. Good.
December to March.

Helen's Favorite.

From Troy, Ohio.

Fruit medium, roundish, dark red shades. Flesh white, streaked
with red, tender, juicy. January, February. (Elliott.)

Hemj>hill.

From Person Co., K. C. An erect, vigorous grower, and bears
profusely.

Fruit oblate, slightly conic, whitish yellow, very much shaded with
red, and thickly sprinkled with grayish dots. Flesh yellowish white,
compact, mild subacid. Good. November, May.

Henry Apple.

A strong, vigorous grower, and productive, from Vermont.

Fruit large, oblong conic, yellow, with a slightly bronzed cheek, and
many small, grayish dots. Flesh yellow, tender, not very juicy, pleas-
ant. Good. October, January.

Henwood.

Originated in Indiana. Tree in growth and appearance much re-
sembling Yellow Belleflower.

Fruit large, oblong conical, clear smooth yellow, with rarely a blush
in the sun. Stalk long, slender. Calyx small. Basin coi-rugated.
Flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, sharp subacid. Very good.
January to April.

Hepler.
Raised by Mr. Hepler, of Reading, Pa.

214 THE APPLE.

Fruit medium, roundish. Color light yellow, shaded with dull red.
Flesh white, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December to April.

Herefordshire Pearmain.

Royal Pearmain, of some. Parmin Royal. Old Pearmain.

Royale d'Angleterre. Parmiri.

An old and popular English Apple, about which, as connected with
other Pearmains, there is much confusion. The variety we have re-
ceived, and grown for many years, is of a strong, vigorous, spreading
growth. Young shoots dull grayish brown, slightly doA\Tiy, moderately
strong.

Fruit medium, roundish conical. Color yellow, shaded, splashed,
and marbled with dark red, and thickly sprinkled with conspicuous
light areole dots. Stalk short. Cavity medium, slight russet. Calyx
partially open. Basin rather abrupt, deep, corrugated. Flesh yellow-
ish, crisp, juicy, rich, slightly aromatic, subacid. Very good. Novem-
ber to February.

Herman.

Origin, farm of Mr. Herman, Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree vigorous
and spreading, quite prolific.

Fruit medium, oblong conic, red striped on green ground. Flesh
greenish, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. November to February.

There is also another Hermann^ which originated at Hermann, Mo.,
from seed of Rawles Janet. Tree a fine grower, upright, and very
productive.

Fruit medium, conical, bright red, with gray dots. Flesh whitish,
juicy, pleasant subacid. December to May.

Hess.

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa.

Fruit medium, form variable, sometimes roundish, often conical,
red, in stripes of difterent hues. Flesh gi-eenish white, tender. Good.
December, February.

Hetterich.

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree an irregular grower.
Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow. Flesh whitish,
tender, acid. Good. November, January.

Hewe's Virginia Crab.

Hughe's Virginia Crab.

The Virginia Crab makes a very high-flavored dry cider, which, by
connoisseurs, is thought unsurpassed in flavor by any other, and retains
its soundness a long time. It is a prodigious bearer, and the tree is
very hardy, though of small size.

THE APPLE. 215

Fruit quite small, about an inch and a lialf in diameter, nearly round.
Skin dull red, dotted with white specks, and obscurely streaked with
greenish yellow. Stalk long and slender. Flesh fibrous, with an acid,
rough, and astringent flavor, and, when ground, runs clear and limpid
from the press, and ferments very slowly. The Virginia Crab is often
mixed with rich pulpy apples, to which it imparts a good deal of its fine
quality.

The Roane's White Crab is a sub-variety of the foregoing, about the
same size, with a yellow skin. It makes a rich, strong, bright liquor,
and keeps throughout the summer, in a well-bunged cask, perfectly
sweet.

Hewitt's Sweet.

Large, oblate, yellow, splashed with red. Flesh whitish, sweet, ten-
der and pleasant. Good. October, November. Productive.

Hick's.
Buckram.

Originated with Isaac Hicks, North Hempstead, L. I. Tree an up-
right, strong grower, an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots stout,
very short-jointed, dark brown, fine downy. Buds broad, flat, prominent,
especially at ends.

Fruit medium or above, roundish, color pale gi'eenish yellow, some-
what striped and splashed with crimson, thinly sprinkled with light and
gray dots. Stalk rather shoi-t. Cavity deep, slightly russeted. Calyx
closed. Segments short, often a little recurved. Basin rather large and
uneven. Flesh whitish, tender, modei-ately jviicy, rich, sweet, slightly
aromatic. Core rather large. Very good. August. A new Apple, of
good promise.

Hiester.

Heaster. Heister. Baer.

Stehly. MiUer.

Originated in Reading, Berks Co., Pa. Tree large, vigorous, spread-
ing, productive. Young shoots very dark blackish brown.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded and indistinctly
splashed and mottled with two shades of red, few light gray dots. Flesh
white, crisp, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. November to.
March.

HiGBY Sweet.
Lady Cheek Sweet. Ladies' Blush.

Originated in Trumbull Co., O. This is one of the most delicate of
sweet Apples, valuable either for the table or market. Tree a thrifty,
upright grower, an early and good bearer. Young shoots very short-
jointed, moderately stout, dark rich redtUsh brown, with very few light
specks.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, sometimes oblique. Color

216

THE APPLE.

light waxen yellow, shaded with fme clear rich red in the sun, thinly-
sprinkled \viih gray and light dots. Stalk short. Cavity acute, rather
deep, sometimes a little russeted. Calyx closed. Segments short, erect.
Basin narrow, deep, uneven. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, sweet,
excellent. Core small. Vexy good to best. November to January.

Higby Sweet.

Highlander.

Origin, Sudbury, Vermont. Tree a good grower, very productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, approaching conic, greenish, mottled, and
striped with red. Flesh white, juicy, tender, with a pleasant vinous
flavor. Good. September, October.

HiGHTOP.

Supposed origin, "Wayne Co., Ind.

Fruit medium to large, flat, roundish, regular. Surface smooth,
mixed dull red, striped carmine, dots scattered, minute. Flesh pale
■ yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic. December, Janu-
ary. (Warder.)

HiGHTOP Sweet.
Summer Sweet. Sweet June.

Origin, Plymouth, Mass. An old variety, highly prized at the West.
Growth upright, vigorous. Tree hardy, very productive, light reddish
brown shoots.

Fruit medium or below, roundish, regular. Skin very smooth. Color
light yellow, partially covered with green dots. Stalk medium, inserted
in a deep nai-row cavity, surrounded by thin russet. Calyx small,

THE APPLE. 217

Closed. Basin shallow, slightly furrowed. Flesh yellowish, very sweet,
not very juicy, but pleasant and rich. Very good. August.

Hightop Sweet.

Hill's Favorite.

Origin, Leominster, Mass, A thrifty grower, and very productive.

Fruit medium, rovindish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, mostly shaded
and striped with red, covered with thin bloom and numerous whitish
dots. Stalk short. Cavity medium, uneven. Calyx closed. Basin small,
shallow. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, pleasant, slightly
subacid, aromatic. Good to very good. Middle of September, and in
use for a month.

Hill's Sweet.

Of unknown origin. Tree a strong, upright grower, very productive.

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, yellow, mostly covered with
two shades of red, many light dots. Stalk short. Cavity large, deep.
Calyx closed. Basin large, uneven. Flesh yellowish white, tender,
moderately juicy, rich, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. Core
small. January to April.

Hilton.

Origin, Columbia Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous and productive.
Fruit large, roundish, yellowish green. Flesh tender, juicy, subacid,
excellent for culinary purposes. Good. September to October.

HiNNERSLET.

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa.

Fruit rather small, roundish oblong conical, greenish, thickly sprink-

218 THE APPLE.

led witli light and brown dots. Flesh, greenish white, fine-grained,
rather tender, moderately juicy, roild subacid. Good. December to
March.

HoAHY Morning.

Dainty Apple. Downy. Sam. Rawlings.

An English fruit for culinary purposes, large, oblate conic, yellow,
splashed and striped with red, and covered with a bloom. Flesh white,
firm, brisk subacid. Good. October, December.

HoBBs' Sweet.

Originated on the farm of Samuel Hobbs, Randolph, Pa. Tree hardy,
vigorous, with a round head, productive, valuable for cooking.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow. Flesh tender, sweet.
October, November. (Hobb's MS.)

Hockett's Sweet,

Origin, North Carolina, Tree a good bearer, and the fruit profitable
for stock feeding.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped
with deep red. Flesh yellowish white, moderately juicy, crisp, rather
rich, sweet. Good, December to March,

Hodge's Limber Twig,

Origin unknown.

Fruit small, roundish, whitish, thinly shaded, splashed, and striped in
the sun. Flesh white, rather firm, juicy, sprightly subacid. Very
good, October, December,

Hog Island Sweet.
Canada Sweet. Sweet Pippin. English Sweet, erroneously.

Origin, Hog Island, adjoining Long Island. Tree vigorous and pro-
ductive. "Wood dark brown, slightly downy, short-jointed, valuable for
fanuly use and stock feeding.

Fruit of medium size, oblate, yellow, striped with red, with a bright
crimson cheek. Stalk rather short, slend&r, inserted in a deep, abrupt
cavity. Calyx closed, set in a broad basin of moderate depth. Flesh
yellow, juicy, crisp, tender, slightly aromatic, with a very sweet, rich,
excellent flavor. Good to very good. September, October.

Holbert's Victoria.

An English Apple, described by Hogg as small, ovate, yellow, with
pale gray russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, vinous, aromatic. De-
cember to May.

HOLCOMB.

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, shaded and obscurely splashed with

THE APPLE. 219

red in tlie sun. Flesh whitish, fine, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant,
almost sweet. Good. December to March.

HOLLADY.

Raised by John Hollady, Spottsylvania Co., Va. A very thrifty, up-
right grower, a good bearer.

Fruit medium, oblate. Color yellow, with a faint blush, and sprinkled
with gray dots. Flesh yellowish, compact, tendei', aromatic. Good,
November to March.

Holland BURY.

HoUing-bury. Hawberry Pippin. Horsley Pippin.

Beau Rouge. Bonne Rouge. Howburry Pippin.

Kirke's Scarlet Admirable.

An old English culinary Apple. Tree strong, vigorous grower.
Fruit very large, roundish, flattened, ribbed, yellow, much red in the
sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. October, December.

Holland Pippin.
Reinette d'HoUande. Summer Pippin. Pie Apple.

This and the Fall Pippin are frequently confounded together. They
are indeed of the same origin. One of the strongest points of differ-
ence lies in their time of ripening.

The Holland Pippin begins to fall from the ti-ee and is fit for pies
about the middle of August, and from that time to the first of Novem-
ber is one of the very best kitchen apples.

Fruit very large, roundish, a little more square in outline than the
Fall Pippin, and not so much flattened, though a good deal like it, a
little narrowed next the eye. Stalk half an inch long, thick, deeply
sunk. Calyx small, closed, moderately sunk in a slight plaited basin.
Skin greenish yellow or pale green, becoming pale yellow when fully
ripe, washed on one side with a little dull red or pale brown, with a few
scattered, large, greenish dots. Good.

Holland Sweet.

Fruit medium, conic, green, with stripes of dull red. Flesh firm,
sweet, and valuable for long keeping and culinary uses. Good. Jan-
uary to May.

Hollow Core.

There are two varieties under this name. One grown in New Jer-
sey, of medivim size, i-oundish oblong, yellow, with shade of light red.
Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. Core veiy
large and hollow. December, January.

The other, described by Hogg, is medium size, conical, ribbed, gi-een-
ish, with pale red next the sun. Flesh white, tender, brisk, pleasant.
Core very large, with open cells. September.

220 the apple.

Hollow Crown.
Hartford, Tyler. Kelsey.

An old 'New England Apple, commonly grown there, origin un-
known. Tree a strong, upright grower.

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, yellow, splashed, striped, and
marbled with red, thinly sprinkled with light dots. Flesh yellowish,
somewhat coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant, brisk subacid. Good.
November, December. Valuable for cooking or market.

Hollow Crown Pippin.

Hollow -Eyed Pippin.

An English culinary Apple.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, with a blush cheek in the
sun. Flesh firm, juicy, subacid. October, November.

Holly.

Hardskin. Northern Hardskin.

Persimmon. Simmon.

Origin, Georgia. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, healthy, and
an early bearer.

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, red, on a yellow ground,
somewhat striped. Calyx closed. Flesh deep yellow, firm, juicy, sweet,
aromatic. Good, November to March.

Holmes.

This is an old variety, first described in Thatcher's Treatise on Or-
charding, and yet considerably grown in Massachusetts. The tree is
vigorous and very productive.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, pale yellow, with bright
blush in the sun, and many large russet specks. Stalk short, slender.
Cavity shallow. Calyx large, partially open. Basin ribbed. Flesh
yellowish, tender, fine, juicy, sweet subacid. December, January.

Holmes's Sweet,

Origin, Niagara Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, productive. Young
shoots dark reddish brown.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, waxy yellow, red cheek in the
sun. Stalk medium. Cavity deep. Calyx open. Basin shallow.
Flesh yellow, tender, rather juicy, spicy, sweet subacid. Very good.
November and February.

Holsten Sweet.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium to large, round, greenish yellow, bronzy. Flesh
whitish yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, very sweet, aromatic, rich.
December, February, (Warder,)

the apple. 221

Honey Greening.
Poppy Greening. Honey Sweet, incorrectly.

Origin uncertain. Tree vigorous, of ratlier a straggling, spreading
habit, very productive. Young shoots light clear reddish yellowish
brown.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, a slight
blush in the sun, few light and gray dots. Stalk rather long, slender.
Cavity deep. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh white,
fine-grained, very tender, moderately juicy, with a honeyed sweet. Very
good. Coi'e small. November, February.

Honey Sweet.

Origin unknown. There are a number of sorts under name of
Honey Sweet, it being a popular application for every good sweet
apple. The one we now describe, however, we have found more gener-
ally grown than any other, and therefore our application of the name
to it.

Tree very upright, vigorous. Young shoots light reddish brown.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale yellow,
bronzed, crimson in the sun, with a few green and gray dots. Stalk
rather long. Cavity large, russeted. Calyx closed. Basin corrugated.
Flesh white, moderately juicy, rather compact, honeyed sweet. Good.
Valuable for baking or stock. August.

Hood.

Hood's Seedling.

A nice and handsome little fruit, oblong conical in form, yellow,
mottled, marbled, and splashed with two shades of red. Flesh whitish,
firm, pleasant, sweet. November, December.

Hooker.

Origin, Windsor, Conn. Growth vipright, vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, conic, slightly oblique, greenish yellow, shaded with
dull crimson, striped with red, and sprinkled with large russet dots.
Flesh greenish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. November to
January.

Hoover.

Wattaugah.

Originated in South Carolina. It is pretty extensively disseminated
and much favored where grown. The trees are quite distinct, having
large foliage and retaining it until quite late into winter. It forms a
beautiful upright spreading tree. Young shoots clear reddish brown,
slightly downy.

Fruit medium, roundish, sometimes roundish oblate, slightly oblique,
yellowish, mostly overspread, splashed, and striped with two shades of
red, some conspicuous light dots, and patches of russet. Stalk rather
long. Cavity large, thinly russeted. Calyx open. Basin slightly fur-

222 THE APPLE.

rowed. Flesh yellowisli, ratlier firm, tender, juicy, ricli subacid. Core
small. Very good. November to February.

Hoover.

Hopkins.

Supposed origin, Maryland. Tree vigorous, spreading, not an early
bearer.

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, sometimes with unequal
sides, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and mottled with light and dark red.
Stalk rather short. Calyx small. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, pleasant
subacid. Good to very good. October, November.

Hopper.

From South Carolina.

Fruit large, roundish, flattened, sides unequal, greenish yellow, with
a brown orange cheek in the sun, and a little russet about the stem.
Flesh white, firm, moderately juicy, subacid. Good.

HORMEAD PeARMAIN.
Arundel Pearmain. Hormead Pippin.

An English variety, yet but little grown in this country.

Fruit medium, roundish, or nearly roundish conical, pale yellow,
moderately sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity
russeted. Calyx nearly closed. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh
white, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good to very good. Novem-
ber, December.

the apple. 223

Horn.
Leech's Red Winter.

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, with stout diverging branches.

Fruit medium or below, oblate, sides unequal, whitish yellow,
shaded and obscurely striped \vith light red, many small light dots.
Flesh yellowish white, half tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid.
Good. December to March.

Horse Apple.

Haas. Yellow Hoss.

Summer Horse. Trippe's Horse.

Origin supposed to be North Carolina. Tree vigorous, an annual,
early and abundant bearer, valuable for drying and culinary purposes.
Young wood light reddish brown.

Horse.

Fruit large, roundish, yellow, sometimes tinged with red, and small
patches of russet. Flesh yellow, rather fii-m and coarse, tender, pleasant
subacid. Good. Last of July and first of August.

There is said to be another Hoi'se Apple, ripening a month or more
later ; we have not examined it.

Horsham Russet.

Origin, Norwich, England. Ti-ee hardy and productive.
Fruit small, roundish, warm yellowish gray russet, bronzed in sun.
Flesh white, firm, crisp, brisk subacid. November, December.

224 THE APPLE.

HOSKREIGER.

Heideloclier.

Pruit large, oblate, yellowish green, with streaks of red in the sun.
Flesh white, tender, brisk subacid. November, March. (Hogg.)

Housum's Red.

Originated in Berks Co., Pa.

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, yellow, shaded and obscurely
splashed with red, light dots. Flesh white, rather compact, crisp, mod-
erately tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic. Very good.
Core small. December, February.

Howard's Edgemont.

Origin, Pennsylvania.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, partially splashed and
striped with red, light gray dots. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy,
sprightly subacid. Good. November, December.

Hubbard.

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit rather large, roundish oblong conic, yellow, with a few brown
dots. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. October.

Hubbard's Pearmain.
Hubbard's Eusset Pearmain. Golden Vining.

This little English fruit is described by Lindley as one of the richest
of dessert Apples. Tree healthy, with slender young wood of a pale
grayish brown color.

Fruit small, roundish conical, regular, yellow, sometimes covered
with pale brown russet, mottled red, bronzed in the sun. Flesh yellow,
firm, very rich, sugary, aromatic. November to March.

Hubbard's Sugar.

Origin, Guilford Co., N. C. Tree upright, moderately vigorous.
Young shoots, light reddish brown.

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, striped with red. Flesh
rich, juicy, and fine. September.

Hubbard STON Nonsuch.
John May. Old Town Pippin. Hubbardston.

A fine, large, early winter fruit, which originated in the town of
Hvibbardston, Mass. The tree is a vigorous gTower, forming a handsome
branching head, and bears very large crops. Young shoots dull grayish
brown, slightly downy. It is worthy of extens-ive orchard culture.

Fruit large, roundish oblong, much narrower near the eye. Skin
smooth, striped with splashes, and irregular broken stripes of pale and
bright red, M^liich nearly cover a yellowish ground. The calyx open,
and the stalk short, in a russeted hollow. Flesh yellow, juicy, and ten-

THE APPLE.

225

der, ■with an agreeable mingling of sweetness and acidity in its flavor.
Very good to best. October to January.

Hubb.ardston Nonsuch.
HUBBARDTON PiPPIN.

Origin uncertain. Tree thrifty, spreading, irregular, strong grower,
and productive. Young shoots clear reddish brown.

Fruit large or very large, variable in form, globular, inclining to
conic, slightly oblique, yellow, shaded and striped with red. Stalk
short, inserted in a moderate cavity. Calyx closed. Basin small, cor-
rugated. Flesh tender, yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid,
slightly aromatic. Core large and open. Yery good. November to
March.

Hughes.

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree upright, spreading, vigorous, said to be
an abundant bearer.

Fruit large, roundish, greenish yellow, with a blush, and numerous
gray dots. Flesh fine, tendei', juicy, agreeable, saccharine without being
sweet. Good. March, April.

Hughes' Golden Pippik.

An English Apple, described by Bonalds as an excellent table sort.
Tree hardy, with long slender shoots, productive.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with some russet
patches and dots. Flesh yellowish white, firm, rich, brisk, spicy aro-
matic, December, January.

15

226 the apple.

Hull Blossom.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic, pale yellow, much shaded,
splashed and striped with red, many light dots. Flesh whitish, tender,
juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. October.

Hull Sweet.

Of unknown origin.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, mostly overspread with shades of
light and dark red, few large light dots. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender,
rich, pleasant, sweet. Good to very good. October.

HUNGE.
Hunger

Origin uncertain, popular, and long cultivated in North Carolina.
Tree vigorous and very productive.

Fruit large, roui. Ish, green, with a blush. Flesh soft, subacid,
pleasant, valuable for drying and culinary uses. Good. September,
October.

Hunt.

Supposed origin. Eastern Indiana.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, mixed, striped, bright red,
numerous yellow dots. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, aro-
matic. December, January. (Warder.)

HUNTHOUSE.

A Yorkshire English Apple.

Fruit medium, roundish oblaie conical, yellow, tinged with red in
the sun, and crimson dots and faint streaks. Flesh white, firm, coarse,
acid. December. (Hogg.)

Hunt's Connecticut.
Guttry. Baldwin, erroneously.

An old variety. Origin unknown.

Fruit large, round oblate, yellow, marbled and shaded with dull
red, gray specks. Stalk short. Cavity often russeted. Calyx large.
Basin qviite shallow. Flesh yellowish, rather dry, breaking, subacid.
Good. November to March.

Hunt's Deux Ans.

An English dessert Apple, which has the character of keeping two
years.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, russeted, with gray and
large brown russet dots in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy,
aromatic.

the apple. 227

Hunt's Duke of Gloucester.
Hunt's Nonpareil ?

This variety is claimed by Hogg as clistiuct from Hunt's Nonpareil,
which is a synonym given it by Lindley. AVe have not examined them.

Fruit below medium, roundish, greenish, almost covered with thin
russet, reddish brown in sun. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, high flavored.
December January.

Hunt's Russet.

Supposed to have originated with the Hunt family, of Concord,
Mass., many years since. Tree hardy, moderate grower, upright,
spreading when in bearing, an annual and good bearer. Young shoots
light reddish brown, slightly grayish.

Hunt's Bnsset.

Fruit medium, or below, roundish oblate, slightly conic. Color yel-
low, mostly covered with thin dull russet, with a blush of bright rich
red in the sun, few brown dots. Stalk varying in length. Cavity large,
deep, acute. Calyx partially open. Segments medium, a little reflexed.
Basin medium, slightly corrugated. Flesh yelloAvish white, fine-grained,
tender, juicy, rich, brisk subacid, slightly aromatic. Yery good or best.
Core compact. January to April.

HURLBUT.
Hurlbut Stripe.

Origin, farm of General Hurlbut, Winchester, Conn. Tree very
vigorous, and great bearer. Young wood dark brownish red, slightly
downy. Buds prominent.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, angular. Skin yellow, shaded

228 THE APPLE.

with, red stripes, and splaslied with, darker red, and thinly sprinkled
with light dots. Stalk short, rather slender, inserted in a broad deep
cavity, surrounded by i-usset. Calyx closed. Basin rather shallow.
Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, mild, spiightly subacid. Good to
very good. Core small. October, December.

HUTCHESON.

Origin, supposed Logan Co., Ky. Tree of rather slow growth,
healthy and productive. Esteemed, where known, for its fine appearance
and long keeping,

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, yellow, overspread with
rich, red, large light dots. Stalk short. Cavity narrow. Calyx closed.
Basin abrupt, deep. Flesh white, firm, moderately juicy, mild subacid,
almost sweet. Core small. Good to very good. December to April.

HuTTON Square.

A coarse culinary Apple, from England.

Fruit large, roimdish, sides unequal, yellowish, with dull red in the
Sim. Flesh white, coarse, brisk, sweet. Good. November, December.

Imperial.
Magnifique. Maltranche.

Of French origin.

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, splashed,
and striped with light and dark red, deepest in the sun. Stalk short.
Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, refreshing subacid.
Good. October, November. (Warder.)

Indiana Beauty.

Origin, Indiana.

Fruit large, roundish, oblong, unequal, yellow, partially covered
mixed scarlet, splashed carmine. Flesh yellowish, breaking, juicy, sub-
acid. Good. September, November.

Indiana Favorite.

Supposed to have originated on the farm of Peter Morrits, Fayette
Co., Indiana. Growth healthy, spreading, and a good bearer.

Fruit medium or large, roundish, flattened at the ends, slightly one-
sided, yelloAAdsh, shaded and streaked with red, and covered with russet
specks. Flesh white, tender, juicy, vinous, almost sweet, and very
pleasant. Good. January to April.

Indian Prince.

Fruit medium, roundish, deep red, sprinkled with whitish dots.
Flesh yellowish, rather firm, juicy, with a pleasant aromatic flavor.
Hardly good. September, October.

the apple. 229

Ingram.

A new variety, grown from seed of J.lawls Janet, by Martin Ingram,
of Greene Co., Mo. Tree productive, and the fruit especially valued for
its long keeping.

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, orange yellow, mostly
overspread with, broken stripes of rich warm red, gray russet dots, and
slight marblings. Stalk slender. Calyx small. Flesh yellowish white,
moderately juiey, ci'isp, mild subacid. Core above medium. Seeds
dark brown. February to June. (Hort.)

Irish Peach Apple.

Early Crofton.

Fruit of medium size, round or a little flattened, yellowish green,
vnih. small dots in the shade, washed and streaked with brownish red in
the sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, and pretty well flavored. Hardly
good. August.

Irish Reinette.

An English culinary Apple.

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, ribbed, yellowish green, dull brown-
ish in the sun, and with patches of russet. Flesh yellowish white, crisp,
juicy, bi'isk sharp acid. Hardly good. November to February.

Island Beauty.
Chicago ?

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading.

Fruit large, roundish, pale yellow, with a shade of bro^oi in the
sun, moderately sprinkled with indistinct light dots. Flesh whitish,
tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. Core rather large. September.

Isle of Wight Pippin.
Isle of Wight Orange. Orange Pippin. Pomme d'Orange.

A very old Apple, described in Ronalds as fine for dessert.

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, bright orange in sun, with sometimes
a brownish cheek. Flesh fii'm, juicy, rich, aromatic, acid. January,
February.

IsLEWORTH Crab.

Brentford Crab.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, brownish tinge in sun.
Flesh white, crisp, juicy. Poor. October.

Italian Rose.

Weisse Italianische Eosmarinapfel.

An Italian dessert Apple.

Fruit medium, rovindish oblong conical, yellow, with pale red, some-

230 THE APPLE.

what striped in the sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sugary, vinous.
December. (Diel.)

Jabe.

Originated in Boxford, Mass. Tree thrifty, hardy, and a regular,
abundant bearer.

Fruit small, oblate, light straw color, beautiful blush cheek, and
crimson spots in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, tender,
juicy, pleasant subacid. September, November. (Me. Hep.)

Jabez Sweet.

Originated on the premises of Jabez Barnes, near Middletown,
Conn. Tree healthy, vigorous, and productive.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, with a few dark specks.
Flesh white, tender, j uicy, rich, sweet. Good to very good. Decem-
ber, February.

Jackson.

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree upright grower. Young wood dark
brown.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with many dark
green blotches and gray dots, a very few faint stripes, and warm mot-
tled brown cheek. Flesh greenish, fine texture, tender, juicy. Good to
very good. October, February.

Jacques Lebel.

An English fruit of much beauty, but ordinary quality.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, lemon yellow, shaded with red in the
sun, many gi'ay dots. Stalk large. Cavity deep. Calyx half closed.
Flesh white, tender, mild subacid. January. (Alb. Pom.)

Jane.

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree of medium upright growth, an annual
bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, shaded with deep red in the sun,
lighter in the shade, some obscure splashes and stripes, few light and
gi*ay dots. Flesh yellow, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid, almost
sweet. Good. December to March.

Jabminite.

Origin, Highland Co., Ohio. Tree vigorous, veiy productive.

Frait medium, oblate roundish, green, partially covered with mixed
and striped dull red. Flesh breaking, firm, mild subacid, almost
sweet. December to March. (Warder.)

Jefferis.
Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Growth moderate, very productive. A fair

THE APPLE. 231

and handsome fruit of excellent quality, in use all of September, Young
wood light reddish brown, smooth.

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded and splashed
with crimson, and thickly covered with large whitish dots. Stalk very
short, inserted in a rather large cavity. Calyx closed, set in a round
open basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, with a rich, mild, subacid fla-
vor. Very good. September.

Jefferson County.

Origin, Jefferson Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, hardy, spreading, an
early and great bearer. Young wood dull grayish brown.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, splashed and
shaded with fine red, minute light dots and some blotches of russet.
Flesh whitish yellow, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good to very
good. Cox'e small. October, November.

Jenkins.

Originated with John M, Jenkins, Montgomery Co., Pa.

Fruit small, roundish ovate, red, interspersed with numerous large
white dots on yellowish ground. Flesh white, tender, fine texture,
juicy, agreeably saccharine. Good. January to March.

There is another tTenkins apple which ripens in summer. It is small,
roundish, yellow, striped with red.

Jennings Sweet.

Originated at Mai-ietta, Oliio. Tree vigorous, productive.
Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, striped with bright red. Flesh
whitish, sweet, fine for baking or stock. Good. October, November.

Jersey Pippin.

Foreign.

Fruit medium, round oblong conical, yellowish green, stripes of red
in the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, vinous, subacid. Good.
November, February. (Elliott.)

Jersey Sweeting.

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, forming a handsome
round head, productive. Young wood dark reddish brown, downy.

A very popular Apple in the Middle States, where it is not only
highly valued for the dessert, but, owing to its saccharine quality, it is
also planted largely for the fattening of swine.

Fruit medium size, roundish ovate, tapering to the eye. The calyx
is small, closed, very slightly sunk, in a small plaited basin. Stalk half
an inch long, in a rather narrow cavity. Skin thin, greenish yellow,
washed and streaked, and often entirely covered with stripes of pale and
dull red. Flesh white, fine-grained, and exceedingly juicy, tender,
sweet, and sprightly. Good to very good. Young wood stout, and
short-jointed. This apple commences maturing about the last of
August, and continues ripening till frost.

232 the apple.

Jewett's Best.

Origin, farm of S. W. Jewett, Weybridge, Yt. Same habit as Rhode
Island Greening.

Fruit large, oblate or nearly globular, yellowish green, mostly
shaded with deep red. Stalk short, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx
closed, set in a very small basin. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, almost
melting, pleasant, rich subacid. Very good. December to February.

Jewett's Fine Eed.
Nodhead.

Origin, Hollins, New Hampshire. Tree of moderate growth, and
productive, requires high culture to produce fair fruit.

Fruit medium, roiuidish oblate, greenish white, striped, splashed, and
shaded with crimson, having a dull grayish bloom. Stalk short, in-
serted in a broad, deep cavity. Calyx firmly closed, in an exceedingly
small basin. Flesh tender, juicy, very pleasant, sprightly, almost sweet.
Good to very good. November to February.

Joel.

Of Pennsylvania origin.

Fruit small, oblate, gi^eenish yellow with patches of russet and rus-
set dots. Flesh greenish yellow, dry, and poor.

Jonathan.

Jonathan.

King Philip, Philip Rick.

The Jonathan is a very beautiful dessert Apple, and its groat beauty,
good flavor, and productiveness in all soils, unite to recommend it to

THE APPLE. 233

orchard planters. Tlie original tree of tliis variety is growing on the
farm of Mr. Philip Eick, of Kingston, New York. It was first described
by the late Judge Buel, and named by him, in compliment to Jonathan
Hasbrouck, Esq., of the same place, who made known the fruit to him.
It succeeds wherever grown, and proves one of the best in quality, and
most profitable either for table or market. The tree is hardy, moder-
ately vigorous, forming an upright spreading, round head. Young shoots
rather slender, slightly pendulous, grapsh brown.

Fruit of medium size, regularly formed, roundish conical, or tapering
to the eye. Skin thin and smooth, the ground clear light yellow, nearly
covered by lively red stripes, and deepening into brilliant or dark red
in the sun. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender, inserted
in a deep, regular ca^ity. Calyx set in a deep, rather broad basin.
Flesh white, rarely a little pinkish, very tender and juicy, with a mild,
sprightly, vinous flavor. This fruit evidently belongs to the Spitzen-
burgh class. Best. November to March.

John Carter.

Origin uncertain, gro^Ti in Connecticut. Tree vigorous and pro-
ductive.

Fruit large, roundish conic, yellow, marbled, striped, and splashed
with crimson. Flesh white, tender, j uicy, with a mild subacid flavor.
Good. September.

Johnson. _

Origin, Brookfield, Conn. A strong, upright growei', and a good
bearer.

Fruit above medium, roundish cordc, smooth, striped with red on a
yellow ground, dark red in the sun. Flesh remarkably tender, crisp, and
juicy, "ttdth a brisk, sweet flavor, very soon becomes mealy after ripen-
ing. Good. Middle of August to middle of September.

There is another .Johnson Apple which is said to have originated in
Massac Co., 111., and described in the Chicago Hejjublican. We have not
seen it.

Fruit medium to large, roundish flattened, greenish yellow, almost
entirely covered with rich dark red. Flesh yellow, subacid. December
to March.

Johnson Russet.

Origin unknown. Tree a crooked grower, moderate bearer.

Fruit medium, oblong roundish conical, Light golden russet, few
light and gray dots. Flesh white, tender, cby, poor, mealy. December,
February.

John's Sweet.

Origin, Lyndsboro, New Hampshire. Tree a good grower, somewhat
sti'aggling, a proHfic bearer. Young shoots, reddish brown.

Fruit meclinm, roundish conic, whitish yellow, sprinkled, striped, and
splashed with red. Stalk short, inserted in a narrow cavity, surrounded
by russet. Calyx closed, set in an abrupt basin. Flesh juicy, tender,
sweet. Good. January to May.

234 the apple.

Jolly Beggak.

Hogg describes this as a first-rate early cooking Apple. Tree a pro-
digious and early bearer.

Fruit medium, roundisb, pale yellow, becoming orange in the sun.
Flesh white, tender, brisk subacid. August to October.

Jubilee Pippix.

From Norwich, England.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, with gray and brownish specks.
Flesh white, crisp, mild, almost sweet. Core large, open. October,
December. (Lindley.)

Judge Andeews.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow. Flesh tender, aromatic.
Good. August.

Juicy Bite.

Origin, Pennsylvania.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, pale yellow, mostly over-
spread, shaded and splashed with red. Flesh white, crisp, tender, lively
subacid. Good. September.

Julian.

Juling. JuHen.

An Apple of Southern origin. Tree moderately vigorous, very pro-
ductive. Young shoots light reddish brown, somewhat grayish, many
white dots.

Fruit above medium, roundish, inclining to conic. Sides unequal.
Color waxen whitish, striped, splashed, and mottled with rich red,

THE APPLE. 235

moderately sprinkled with light dots, some having dark centres. Stalk
short, small. Cavity deep, sometimes russeted. Calyx small, closed.
Segments long, slender, slightly recurved. Basin deep, slightly corru-
gated, riesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to
very good. July and August.

JUNALUSKEE.
Junaliska. Journal askia.

Origin, North Carolina. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. Young
shoots dark brownish, slightly downy.

Fruit medium to large, rovmdish oblate, yellow, lightly shaded on
the sunny side, and sprinkled with brown and gray dots. Stalk short.
Cavity large, a little green russet. Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt,
nearly smooth. Flesh yellowish, rather compact, moderately juicy, rich
subacid. Good to very good. Core small. November to March.

Kaighn's Spitzenburgh.

Red Pearmain. Long John.

Red Spitzenburg. Red Pippin.

Red Winter Pearmain, erroneously. Red Phoenix. 1

Long Pearraain. Sheepnose of some.

Lady Finger, erroneously. Russam.

Scarlet Pearmain, erroneously. Hudson Red Streak.

Origin, Gloucester Co., N. J. Tree vigorous, spreading or straggling
habit, productive, and valvied only because of its showy fruit.

Fruit rather large, oblong oval, approaching conic, whitish yellow,
mostly shaded and striped with red, and thickly sprinkled with minute
dots. Flesh yellowish, coarse, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good.
November to January.

Kane.
Cane. Cain.

Origin, Kent Co., Delaware. Tree moderately vigorous, upright.
A beautiful little Apple, of pleasant flavor.

Fruib small, oblate, slightly conical, regular, whitish yellow, waxen,
beautifully shaded and lightly striped with fine crimson. Flesh whitish,
juicy, crisp, with a pleasant flavor. Good. October, November.

Keddleston Pippin.

An English dessert Apple, described by Ronalds.
Fruit small, conical, straw color, slightly russeted. Flesh yellowish,
juicy, sugary, aromatic, October to January.

Keeping Red Streak.

An English culinary sort.

Fruit medium, rotmdish oblate, yellowish, mostly striped with two
shades of red, some russet and gi'ay dots. Flesh greenish yellow, firm,
brisk subacid. December, February. (Hogg.)

236 the apple.

Keeping Russet.

This is a dessert Apple described by Hogg as of first quality.

Frviit medium, roundish, pale yellowish brown russet, with a red
cheek in the sun. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, rich mellow flavoi'. Oc-
tober, January.

Keim.

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous. Young shoots
reddish brown.

Fruit small to medium, oblate. Color light waxen yellow, thickly
sprinkled with light russet dots. Stalk long, slender, in a broad, shallow
cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow and uneven. Flesh white, tender,
crisp, fijie, brisk, delicate aromatic subacid. Very good. December to
March.

EIeiser.
Red Seek-no-Further.

An old variety, much grown in Jefferson Co., Ohio, and highly
prized ; growth of tree like Rambo.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly oblique, angular. Skin pale
yellow, shaded with red, indistinctly strijied and thickly sprinkled with
large, grayish dots. Stalk short, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx
small, closed, in a broad, shallow, corrugated basin. Flesh yellowish,
not very juicy, but mild subacid. Good. November to February.

Kelsey.

Origin, Berks Co., Pa., on the premises of John Kelsey.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sometimes inclining to conical,
greenish yellow, with occasionally a faint blush, and numerous grsiy dots.
Flesh tender, fine texture, greenish white, mild subacid. Good. March.

Kelsey Sweet.

Origin, Connecticut. Tree moderately vigorous, upright.

Friiit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with a tinge of brown in
the sun, gi'een and gray dots. Flesh greenish white, moderately tender,
juicy, sweet. Good. October, November.

Kennebec Russet.

From Maine. Tree vigorous, upright.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, partially netted with russet,
and sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx small,
closed. Flesh moderately tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. No-
vember, December.

Kennedy's Red "Winter.

Originated in Pennsylvania. Tree an upright grower and regular
bearer.

Fruit large, roundish conical yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped

THE APPLE. 237

■v^dtli liglit and dark red, large liglit dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed.
Flesh whitish, moderatelj'" juicy, a Kttle coarse, pleasant subacid. Good.
December, February.

Kenney.

From Connecticut.

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, shaded
and splashed with red, large light dots. Flesh white, rather tender,
moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. Core small. December to
March.

Kenrick.

Kenrick's Autumn. Kenrick's Ked Autumn.

Origin, on the farm of Mr. Kenrick, Newton, Mass. Tree mod-
erately vigorous, compact, very productive.

Fruit large, roundish, pale yellowish green, striped and stained with
bright red. Flesh white, a little stained with red, tender, j viicy , sprightly
acid. Good. September.

/.
Kentish Broading.

A fine showy old English Apple. Tree a free grower and good bearer.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, with broken stripes or splashes
of clear red. Flesh white, tender, a little coarse, subacid. Good. No-
vember, December.

Kent.

Originated on the premises of Walker Kent, near Plymouth, Mich.
Tree a strong grower, and very productive.

Frviit large, roundish, pale greenish yellow, sometimes a slight blush
cheek, few greenish dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white,
tender, juicy, sprightly, subacid. Core rather large. Good to very
good. October.

Kentish Fill-Basket.
Potter's Large Seedling-. Lady de Grey's.

An immense English fruit, properly named, and much admired by
those who like great size and beauty of appearance. The flavor is tol-
erable, and it is an excellent cooking Apple. The tree grows strongly,
and bears well.

Fruit very large — frequently four and a half inches in diameter— roi;nd-
Lsh, slightly ribbed or irregular. Color yellowish green in the shade,
but pale yellow in the sun, with a brownish red blush on the sunny side,
slightly streaked or s])otted with darker red. Flesh tender, juicy, with
a subacid, sprightly flavor. Good. October to January.

Kentish Pippin.

Eed Kentish Pippin. Vaun's Pippin.

An old EngUsh Apple esteemed abroad for cooking, but is here quite
good for dessert. Tree hardy, vigorous, and a good bearer.

238 THE APPLE.

Fruit medmrn, roundish, oblate, sides often unequal, greenish yel-
low, with a slight blush next the sun, small gray dots. Stalk short,
small. Cavity deep, large, and with thin russet extending out upon the
fruit. Calyx partly open. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy,
rich, brisk subacid. Good. Core small. December to May. Valua-
ble as a late keeper.

Kentucky.

Of unknown origin, and probably a local name. An early and abundant
bearer.

Fruit large and very uniform, roundish, slightly conical. Color yel-
lowish, marbled and mottled, with dull red in the svm, with irregular
greenish splashes or specks. Cavity narrow, acuminate. Calyx large,
in a narrow abrupt basin. Flesh not very fine, but juicy, very tender,
agreeable subacid. Good. October.

Kentucky Cream.

Originated in Todd Co., Ky. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, an
early and abundant bearer.

Fruit medium to large, roundish, largest at the crown or apex, and
tapering slightly toward the stalk, yellowish mostly overspread with
rich clear red, thickly sprinkled with large areole dots, and some gray-
ish marblings next the stalk. Stalk slender. Cavity narrow, acute.
Calyx large. Segments partially closed, divided. Basin broad, deep,
somewhat corrugated. Flesh yellowish, breaking, not very juicy, rich,
mild subacid. Good to very good. December to March.

Kentucky King.

From Kentucky.

Fruit above medium, oblate, yellow, mixed and stri2:»ed with car-
mine. Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, aromatic.
Good to very good. December, February. (Warder.)

Kentucky Red Streak.
Winter Red Streak ? Bradford's Best. Selma ?

Origin obscure, supposed Tennessee. Tree upright, vigorous, and
productive annually.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly inclining to conic, greenish yellow,
shaded with dull purplish red, and indistinctly splashed and striped,
thickly sprinkled with large light dots, having gray centres, sometimes
the inimber of dots give appearance almost as if mottled. Stalk medi-
um. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild subacid. Core
small. Good to very good. December to March.

Kentucky Sweet.

A Southern Apple of unknown origin.

Fruit medium, conic, regular, deep red, stripes obscured and scarcely
visible. Dots scattered, large, yellow. Flesh yellow, tender, fine-
grained, juicy, very sweet, rich, slightly perfumed. November, January.
(Warder.)

THE APPLE.

239

Kerry Pippin.
Edmonton's Aromatic Pippin.
An Irish dessert Apple.

Fruit middle size, oval, a little flattened at the eye, pale yellow.
Flesh yellow, tender, crisp, with a sugary flavor. Good. Ripens in
September and October.

Keswick Codlin.

A noted English cooking Apj)le, which may be gathered for tarts as
early as the month of August, and continues in use till November, It is
an early and a great bearer and a vigorous tree, and is one of the most
profitable of orchard sorts for cooking or market. Tree very hardy,
forming a large, regular, upright, spreading, roiind head.

Keswick Codlin.

Fniit a little above the middle size, rather conical, with a few obsciu-e
ribs. Stalk short and deeply set. Calyx rather large. Skin greenish
yellow, washed with a faint blush on one side. Flesh yellowish white,
juicy, with a pleasant acid flavor.

Ketchum's Favorite.

Origin, farm of Mr, Ketchum, in Sudbury, Vt. Tree vigorous and
pi'oductive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, light waxen yellow, slightly shaded

'JIO THE APPLE.

with rosy blusli, irregularly sprinkled with carmine dots. Flesh white,
mild, tender, juicy, subacid. Good, September to January

KiKITA.

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, greenish yellow, shaded with
dull red in the sun. Flesh whitish, tender, moderately juicy, mild
sweet. Good. November, December.

KiLHAM Hill.

A native of Essex Co., Mass., raised by Daniel Kilham.

Fruit pretty large, roundish, ribbed, narrowing to the eye, pale yel-
low, slightly splashed with red in the shade, deep red in the sun. Flesh
of sprightly, rather high flavor, but is apt to become dry and mealy.
Good. September.

KiNELLAN.

From Ross-shire, Scotland.

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellowish green, some red in the sua.
Flesh white, firm, juicy, pleasant. Good. December, January.

King of Tompkins County.

King of the Pippins.
Hampshire Yellow.
An English fruit of poor quality, medium size, roundish oblate, pale
yellow, washed and striped with red. Flesh veiy firm, sharp subacid.
Good. October, November.

the apple. 241

King of Tompkins County.
King Apple. Toms Red. Tommy Red.

Origin uncertain ; said to have originated with Thomas Tliacher,
Warren Co., N. J. A valuable market fruit. Tree very vigorous,
spreading, an abundant bearer aimually. Young shoots very dark red-
dish brown, quite downy, especially toward the ends.

Fruit large, globular, inclining to conic, sometimes oblate, angular.
Color yellowish, mostly shaded with red, striped and splashed with
crimson. Stalk rather stout and short, inserted in a large, somewhat
irregular cavity. Calyx small and closed, set in a medium, slightly cor-
rugated basin. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, tender, with an
exceedingly agreeable, rich, vinous flavor, delightfully aromatic. Very
good to best. December to March.

KiNGSLEY.

Origin, Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree an erect moderate grower, an early
bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, striped and splashed with red.
Flesh fine-grained, juicy, melting, subacid. Very good. November,
February.

Kingston Black.

A small English cider fruit of little value.

Fruit roundish, pale yellow, striped with red. Flesh white, stained
with red, tender, juicy, sweet. November, December.

King Tom.

From North Carolina. Origin unknown. Tree a crooked, twisting,
tangled grower, forming a low head, with stout, distinct, blunt shoots.

Fiiiit medium, roundish, orange yellow. Flesh yellow, rather tough,
spicy. August. (Ga. Hort. S. Rep.)

Kinney.

A Southern variety, little known.

Fruit medium, roundish conic, greenish yellow, thickly sprinkled
with gray dots and some russet. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed.
Flesh yellowish, rather fii-m, moderately juicy, subacid. Good. No-
vember, December.

KiRKBRIDGE WhITE.

Tree of rather slow upright growth, an early and abundant bearer.

Fruit below medium, oblong ovate, veiy irregular, ribbed, yellowish
white. Stalk short and small, in a narrow cavity. Calyx small and
closed. Segments long, reflexed. Basin narrow. Flesh white, tender,
juicy, subacid. Core rather large. Good. August and September.

KiRTLAND.
Kirtland's Seedling.

Ti-ee vigorous, and a good bearer.

Fruit large, oblong, deep rich yellow at matui'ity. Flesh yellowish,
tender, spicy, subacid. Mid autumn. (Am. Hort. An.)

16

242 the apple.

Kirk's Lord Nelson.

English.

Fruit large, roundish, light yellow, striped and mottled with bright
red. Elesh tirm, juicy, but not rich. October, November.

KiTTAGESKEE.

A Southern Apple of unknown oiigin. Tree moderately vigorous,
spreading. Young shoots short-jointed, grajdsh.

Fruit below medium, oblate, sides unequal, fine yellow, with a tinge
of brown in the sun, few dark or brown gi'ay dots. Stalk rather short
and slender. Cavity broad, sometimes a little russeted. Calyx partially
closed. Basin broad, shallow, furrowed. Flesh yellow, crisp, tender,
brisk, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. Core small. Good to very good.
November to March.

Klaproth.

This beautiful Apple, a native of Lancaster Co., Pa. (on the farm
of Mr. Brennaman), was brought into notice by Dr. J. K. Eshleman, of
Downington, Pa., and pi-omises to be an excellent fruit, especially for
market purposes. It bears carriage remarkably well, a most proKfic

Klaproth.

bearer and vigorous grower. We give the Dr.'s description. Young wood
very grayish dull reddish bro^vn. Size medium, form oblate. Skin
gi'eenish yellow, streaked and stained with red, deepened on the sunny
side, dotted all over with light specks, and occasional russet spots near
the stalk, which is shoi't and inserted in a smooth deep cavity. Calyx
small and closed. Segments reflexed, set in a wide, regular, and well-
formed basin. Flesh white, vexy crisp, juicy, tender, and pleasant sub-
acid flavor, and until quite ripe acid predominates. Very good. August
to October.

the apple. 243

Knickerbocker.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, sprinkled
with brown dots. Stalk medium. Cavity large, deep, uneven. Calyx
closed. Basrii broad, shallow, uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, eris[),
brisk subacid, pleasant aromatic. Good to very good. September,
October.

Knobby Russet.

Knobbed Russet. Old Maid's. Winter Russet.

A dessert Apple from Sussex, England, which Lindley describes as of
medium size, roundish oval, yellow, nearly covered with russety knobs
or warts. Flesh yellowish, crisp, not j uicy, but sweet and high flavored.
December to March.

Knowt.es' Early.
Oat Harvest ?

Introduced by John Knowles, near Philadelphia. Tree of moderate
gro^\'th, forming a round head, an early, annual, and abundant bearer,
and the fruit continues in use a long time.

Fruit small, roundish oblate, smooth, pale greenish yellow, partially
striped and splashed with dull crimson. Stalk long, slender. Calyx
closed. Flesh whitish, very tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid.
Good to very good. A.ugust.

Ejfox Russet.

Found in the orchard of J. Knox, Pittsburgh, Pa. Origin unknown.
Tree spreading, productive, shoots slender.

Fruit small to medium, globular, somewhat conic, yellow green,
blushed, covered with light russet. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, mild
subacid, aromatic. Good to very good. December, January.

Kohl.

From Germany. Tree thrifty, forming a regular top, a good and
regular bearer.

Fruit small, roundish, crisp, juicy. Good keeper. (A. Pom. Rep.)

Konig's Reinette.

Reinetfce Doree. Reinette du Roi.

Royale. "Winter Citronenapfel.

This is said to be a beautiful long-keeping dessert Apple, of Ger-
man origin.

Fruit above mediiim, roundish oblate, ribbed, lemon yellow, with a
rich red cheek. Flesh yellowish white, very fine, firm, and jiiicy, rich
subacid. December to March. (Diel.)

Krauser.

Krowser. Kroiiser.

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, a handsome grower and an
abundant and remilar bearer. Youncj wood dark reddish bro^vTi.

244 THE APPLE.

Fruit medium, roundisli conic. Color wMtish yellow, striped and
splashed with bright red. Stalk rather short, inserted in a medium
cavity. Calyx closed. Basin small and corrugated. Flesh white, ten-
der, mild subacid. Good to very good. December, March.

Krauter Reinette.

A German Apple, liighly praised in its own home.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow. Stalk long. Cavity
russeted. Flesh white, very fine, juicy, highly aromatic. December to
March.

Labute.

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, upright.

Fruit large, roundish conical, sides unequal, yellow, mostly shaded,
and somewhat splashed with rich red. Stalk rather short. Cavity
deep. Calyx closed. Basin small, corrugated. Flesh white, crisp,
rather firm, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Core large. October.

^*%
^•''■' Lacker.

Laquier.

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa.

Fruit medium, oblate, sides sometimes unequal, pale red, striped
and splashed with crimson. Stalk short, slender, inserted in a narrow
russeted cavity. Calyx closed. Basin wide, deep, corrugated. Flesh
white, tender, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. November to
March.

Lady Apple.

Api. Api Petit. Pomme Rose.

Pomme d'Api Rouge. Petit Api Rouge. Gros Api Rouge.

An exquisite little dessert fruit, the pretty size and beautiful color
of which render it a universal favorite ; as it is a great bearer, it is also
a profitable sort for the orchardist, bringing the highest price of any

Lady Apple.

fancy apple in the market. It is an old French variety, and is nearly
always known abroad by the name of Api j but the name of Lady
Apple has become too universal here to change it now. No amateur's
collection should be without it.

THE APPLE, 245

Fruit quite small, but regularly formed and flat. Skin smooth and
glossy, with a brilliant deej) red cheek, contrasting with a lively lemon
yellow gi'ound. Stalk of medium length, and deeply inserted. Calyx-
small, sunk in a basin with small plaits. Flesh white, ciisp, tender, and
j uicy, with a pleasant flavor. The tree has upright, almost black shoots,
with small leaves ; forms a very upright, small head, and bears its fruit
in bunches. The latter is very hardy, and may be left on the ti-ee till
severe frosts. The Lady Apple is in use from December to May.

The A pi Noir, or J^lack JLiady Apple., dift'ers from the foregoing sort
only in the color, which is neai'ly black. In shape, size, season, and
flavor, it is nearly the same. It is, from its unusually dark hue, a sin-
gular and interesting fruit — poor flavor.

The true Api Etoile, or kitar Lady Apple., figured and described by
Poiteau, in the Pomologie fran^aise, is another very distinct variety ;
the fruit is of the same general character, but having five prominent an-
gles, which give it the form of a star. This variety is rather scarce, the
common Lady Apple being frequently sent out for it by French niirsery-
men. It keeps iintil quite late in the spring, when its flavor becomes
excellent, though in winter it is rather dry. The growth of the tree re-
sembles that of the other Apis. .j/

The Api Gros, or Large Lady Apple, is of a similar habit in growth
of the ti-ee to the true Lady Apple, the fruit a trifle larger, more round-
ish, less bi'ightly colored, and quite inferior in qxialit3\

The Api Gros Pomme de Pose, or Rose-colored Lady Apple, is also
another variety, with fruit of medium size, roundish, pale yellow, washed
wdth bright rosy red. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, juicy, crisp,
aromatic.

Lady Blush.

Received from Pennsylvania.

Fruit rather large, roundish, whitish yellow, shaded in the sun with
bright red, many light and gi'ay dots. Stalk medium. Cavity deep.
Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, moderately juicy, pleasant
subacid, slightly aromatic. . Good. November, December.

Elhott describes a Lady or Lady's Blush as medium, yellow, with red
blush. Flesh dry.

Lady Fingek.

Under this name Hogg describes an Apple as :

Fi-uit below medium, pyramidal, I'ounded at base, dvill greenish yel-
low, with minute gray russety dots, dull blush and spots of lively red
in the sun. Flesh yellow, tender, jviicy, pleasantly acid. November to
Mai'ch.

Coxe describes an apple as Lady Finger or Long Pippin, as remarka-
bly long, greenish yellow. Flesh pleasant, early winter, but does not
keep well.

Elliott describes under name of Lady Finger, synonym Sheep Nose,
an apple as mecUum size, oblong, pale yellow, faint blush. Flesh firm,
watery. November, December.

We have also received an apple from Maryland under this name which
is of medium size, roundish conical, yellowish, shaded over the whole
surfiice with deep crimson, thinly sprinkled with light dots. Stalk

246 THE APPLE.

short. Cavity ratlier deep. Calyx closed. Basin large, deep, corru-
gated. Flesh white, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant subacid. Good
to very good. Core small. August.

Lady Haley's Nonsuch.

An. Eastern variety, of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, light waxen yellow, shade of
red in the sun. Stalk short and stout. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin
medium, corrugated. Flesh rather firm, pleasant, slightly aromatic.
Good. Cooking. September.

Lady of the Wemyss.

A large and handsome Scotch Apple.

Fruit roundish, pale green, red next the sun. Flesh white, juicy,
subacid. October, December.

Lady's Delight.

An English culinary Apple, the habit of the tree like that of the
Weeping Willow.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, greenish yellow, with red
next the sun. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, brisk, aromatic. October, De-
cember. (Hogg.)

Lady's Fancy.
King of some.

Origin unknown. Much grown in Vermont, Northern New York,
and Canada.

Fruit above medium, oblong conical, whitish yellow, splashed,
shaded, and mottled with light and dark red, light dots. Stalk short.
Cavity narrow. Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, agree-
able, subacid. Core large. Good. November to February.

Lady's Seedling.

Origin, Delaware Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, upright,
spreading.

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, with a blush cheek. Flesh
whitish, juicy, pleasant subacid. Octobei'.

Lady's Sweet.
Pommeroy. Lady's Sweetiug. Roa Yon. Ladies' Sweet.

We consider this one of the finest winter sweet Apples for the des-
sert yet known or cultivated in this country.

Its handsome appearance, delightful perfume, sprightly flavor, and
the long time which it remains in perfection, render it universally ad-
mired wherever it is known, and no garden should be without it. It is
a native of this neighborhood. The wood is not very strong, but it
grows thriftily, and bears very abundantly, making a round spreading
head. Young shoots reddish brown, downy. Buds small.

THE APPLE. 247

Fruit large, roundish ovate, narrowing pretty rapidly to the eye.
Skin very smooth, nearly covered with red in the sun, but pale yellowish
green in the shade, with broken stripes of pale red. The red is sprin-
kled with well-marked yellowish gray dots, and covered, when fii-st gath-
ei-ed, with a thin white bloom. There is also generally a faint mar-
bling of cloudy white over the red, on the shady side of the fruit, and

Lady's Sweet.

rays of the same around the stalk. Calyx quite small, set in a narrow,
shallow, plaited basin. Stalk half an inch long, in a shallow cavity.
Flesh greenish white, exceedingly tender, juicy, and crisp, with a deli-
cious, sprightly, agreeably perfumed flavor. Very good or best. Keeps
without shrivelling, or losing its flavor, till May.

Lady's White.

Origin, Franklin Co., O. Tree a good grower and bearer.
Fruit medium or below, roundish, whitish, very smooth and fair.
Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. December to February.

Lafayette.

Originated in Chester, N. H., on the farm of "William Jenney, and
first fruited in 1824, the year of General Lafayette's visit to this coun-
try, hence its name. It is much esteemed in its native locality, but has
been little disseminated. Tree a good grower and an annual bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish, whitish yellow, shaded, splashed, and mar-
bled with crimson, moderately sprinkled with light dots. Stalk rather

248 THE APPLE.

long, slender. Cavity medium. Calyx closed. Segments rather short
to a point. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh white, juicy, tender,
pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. December to February.

Lake.

Origin, D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, O. Tree of strong upright
growth, productive. Young shoots stout, short-jointed, dull reddish
broAvn, slightly downy.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellow, striped, splashed,
and shaded with deep red. Flesh yello^vish, tendei', juicy, rich, pleasant
subacid. Good to very good. Core small. Ripe September and Oc-
tober.

Lamb Abbey Pearmain.
Laneb Abbey Pearmain.

An old variety, from Kent, England. Tree not healthy.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with
two shades of red. Flesh whitish, compact, juicy, subacid. Good.
November.

. Lancaster Greening.
Lancaster Pippin.

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading. Yoimg
wood smooth, reddish brown. Buds prominent, flattened.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, approaching conic. Color greenish,
but when fully mature quite yellow, occasionally a blush of crimson in
the sun, and pretty thickly sprinkled with russet and crimson dots and
patches of russet. Stalk slender. Cavity deep, sometimes russeted.
Calyx small, closed. Basin very shallow, corrugated. Flesh yellowish,
compact, moderately juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Very good. De-
cember to May. Much valued as a long keeper.

Lancaster Sweet.

Origin, probably Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish conic, whitish, splashed and marbled with
red. Flesh whitish, not very tender, juicy, sweet. Good. September,
October.

Land ox.

Origin uncertain, found on the farm of Buel Landon, Grand Isle,
Vt., and by him introduced to notice. Tree vigorous, with low spread-
ing branches, and bears moderately every year.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic. Color yellow, mottled
and shaded with red or deep crimson, and covered with numerous gray-
ish dots. Stalk short. Ca\aty large, surrounded by nisset. Calyx open,
basin corrugated and shallow. Flesh yellowish, fii-m, crisp, juicy, with
a rich, mild subacid flavor, aromatic. Yeiy good. February to May.

THE APPLE.

249

Lane's Red Streak.

Origin, orchard of Mr. Lane, Edgar Co., Illinois. Ti'ee of moderate
growth.

Fruit large, round conical, regular. Color yellow, with very fine
short stripes, and specks of bi-ight red, beautiful. Plesh white, fine, ten-
der, pleasant subacid, of fair quality. Good. October.

Lane's Sweet.

Origin, Boylston, Mass. Tree a good grower and productive.
Young shoots smooth, light reddish brown.

Fruit medium, I'oundish conical, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped
with red, moderately sprinkled with large light dots. Stalk medium,
slender. Calyx closed. Basin corrugated. Flesh white, crisp, tender,
juicy, pleasant sweet. Good to very good. September.

There is another Lane's Sweet which originated in Hingham, Mass.
Tree vigorous and productive. Young shoots dark reddish brown,
slightly downy.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic. Color fine yellow, with a sunny
cheek. Stalk short. Cavity large, russeted. Calyx closed, basin small,
open. Flesh yellowish, not very tender, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Novem-
ber to March.

Lansingburgh.

Origin unknown. Tree upright, spreading, vigorous, moderately
productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, largely overspread with gray-

Large Yellow Bough,

250

THE APPLE.

ish red. Flesli firm, mild subacid. Good. Valuable mainly because
of its long keeping qualities.

Large Yellow Bough.

Early Sweet Bough.
August Sweet.

Bough.
Sweet Bough.

Sweet Harvest.
Washington, incorrectly.

A native Apple, ripening in harvest time, and one of the first qua-
lity, only second as a dessert fruit to the Early Harvest. It is not so
much esteemed for the kitchen as the latter, as it is too sweet for pies
and saxice, but it is generally much admired for the table, and is worthy
of a place in every collection.

Fruit above the middle size, and oblong ovate in form. Skin smooth,
pale greenish yellow. Stalk rather long, and the eye narrow and deep.
Flesh white, very tender and crisp when fully ripe, and with a rich,
sweet, sprightly flavor. Ripens from the middle of July to the tenth
of August. Tree moderately vigorous, bears abundantly, and forms a
round head. Young shoots grayish brown, very sHghtly downy.

Larue's Big Green.

Origin, Hardin Co., Ky.

Fruit very large, yellow. Flesh vinous, sprightly subacid. Feb-
ruary, March. Superior for cooking. (Ky. Hort. Soc. Trans.)

Late Strawberry.

Late Strawberry.

Autumn Strawberry.

Origin, Aurora, N. Y., on lands formerly owned by Judge Phelps.
Tree vigorous, upright, spreading, hardy. Young wood smooth, reddish
brown, a regular and early bearer.

THE APPLE. 251

Fruit mediiim, roundish, inclining to conic, sometimes obscurely rib-
bed. Color wliitisli, striped and splashed with light and dark red, and
often covered Avith a thin bloom. Stalk rather long, slender, curved.
Cavity large, deej), slightly russeted. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh
yellowish white, tender, juicy, pleasant vinous, subacid. Very good.
October, December.

Late Sweet.

A variety somewhat grown in Connecticut, origin unknown.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, mostly shaded, splashed, and mar-
bled with red, light and gray dots. Flesh white, compact, not juicy,
sweet. December, March. A long keeper and good for cooking.

Late Wine.

A very excellent Apple, the origin of which we have been unable to
trace, nor can we identify it with any known sort. Tree upright, vigor-
ous, an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots smooth, light red-
dish brown, with buds large, round, and prominent.

Fruit rather below medium, I'oundish conical. Sides unequal.
Color mostly shades of light and dark ci'imson, sometimes almost pur-
ple, a thin light bloom and light dots. Stalk short, slender. Cavity
acute, slightly rvisseted, sometimes lines or traces of russet outwards.
Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt, furrowed. Flesh white, very ten-
der, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Yery good. October, November.

Latham.

Origin, Sag Harbor, Long Island, N. Y. Tree a good grower, very
productive.

Fruit medium, oblate conic, sides unequal, yellow, almost entirely
overspread with light and dark red, small light dots. Flesh white, ten-
der, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. November, December.

Lauren's Greening.

Origin, Laurens Co., Ga.

Fruit large or above medium, oblate, greenish, with tinge of red in
the sun. Flesh white, crisp, acid, pleasant. Good. September.

Lawyer.

Origin uncertain. Introduced by George S. Park, of Parkville,
Mo., and said to have been found in an old Indian orchard in Kansas.
Tree vigorous, spreading, an early and annual bearer, a beautiful fruit,
and a long keeper.

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Color dark bright red, covered with
small dots. Stalk medium. Cavity deep, regular. Calyx small, closed.
Basin medium, furrowed. Flesh white, firm, crisp, sprightly, aromatic,
mild subacid. January to May. (Prairie Farmer.)

Leaver.

Received from South Carolina. Ti-ee remarkably vigorous and a
good bearer.

252 THE APPLE.

Fruit medium, roundish, sliglitly conical, yellow, shaded and ob-
scurely strijjed and splashed with red. Stalk slender. Calyx nearly
closed. Flesh yellowish, fii-m, crisp, juicy, rich, slightly aromatic sub-
acid. Good to very good. Core small. November to March.

Ledge Sweet.
Portsmouth Sweet.

Origin, Portsmouth, N. H. Tree vigorous, productive, regular bearer.

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish yellow, thinly shaded with red,
S]:)lashed and striped with dark red, thinly sprinkled with light and gray
dots. Stalk very short, stout. Cavity broad, not deep. Calyx closed.
Segments short. Basin medium, sliglitly corrugated. Flesh yellowish,
a little coarse, tender, juicy, mild, half sweet, pleasant. Core small.
Good or very good. December to March.

Leicester Sweet.

Potter Sweet.

Origin, Leicester, Mass. Tree vigorous, not very productive.
Fruit rather large, flattish, greenish yellow and dull red. Flesh
tender, rich, excellent, fine for dessert or baking. Winter.

Leithemer Streifling.

Of German origin.

Fruit large, roundish conical, lemon yellow, overspread, shaded, and
striped and splashed with varying shades of red. Calyx closed. Basin
ribbed. Flesh white, tinged with red, firm, aromatic, sweet. December.

Lela>t) Spice.

Leland Pippm. New York Spice.

Origin, Sherburne, Mass. Tree vigorous, productive.
Fruit large, roundish. Color yellow, nearly covered with bright red.
Stalk short, inserted in a narrow cavity. Calyx small, closed. Basin
shallow. Flesh yellowish, rather tender, juicy, with a very rich aromatic
subacid flavor, excellent for dessert or kitchen. Good to very good.
September, October.

Lemon Pippin.

Kirke's Lemon Pippin. Pepin Limon de Galles ?

An English variety, of medium size, oval. Skin lemon yellow.
Flesh firm, brisk subacid. Good. October.

Lesher.

Origin, Berks Co., Pa.

Fruit medium to large, oblate, sides unequal, whitish, shaded in the
sun with light purplish crimson, few small gray and light dots. Flesh
white, crisp, moderately tender, pleasant subacid. Good. December
to February.

the apple. 253

Lewis.

Origin, Putnam Co., Ind. A good grower, and productive.

Fruit medium, oblate conic, yellowish, striped with crimson, and
partially covered with thin cimiamon russet, and sprinkled with gi'ay
and brown dots. Stalk short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx closed
or nearly so, in a moderate basin. Flesh yellow, compact, with a rich
subacid flavor, not very juicy. Good. November, February.

It is claimed by some that there is another Lewis, but our experience
in fruiting them does not enable us to so decide.

Lewis's Incomparable.

An English sort, mostly valued for cooking. Tree vigorous, pro-
ductive.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow, with streaks and
shades of red. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, brisk subacid. De-
cember.

Liberty.

Originated in Delaware Co., O. Tree vigorous, spreading, and pro-
ductive. Young shoots smooth, reddish brown.

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, oblate, oblique, conical, yellowish,
shaded, splashed, and striped with shades of dull red. Flesh yellow-
ish, rather firm, mild subacid. Core small. Good. Valued mainly for
its keeping qualities. December to INIay.

LiGOZ.

Origin unknown.

Fruit large, roundish, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with
shades of red. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, crisp, pleasant sub-
acid. Good. Core small. December, January.

Limber Twig.
James Hiver. Red Limber Twig ?

An Apple much cultivated South and West. Origin, supposed North
Carolina. Tree hardy and productive, roundish, spreading, somewhat
droojiing.

Fniit medium or above, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, greenish
yellow, shaded and striped with dull crimson, and sprinkled with light
dots. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a broad, deep canity, sur-
rounded by thin, green russet. Calyx closed, set in a small, vmeven
basin. Flesh whitish, not very tender, juicy, with a brisk, subacid
flavor. Good. January, April.

Lincolnshire Holl.\.nd Pippin.

Striped Holland Pippin.

A second-rate cooking Apple.

Fruit above medium, roundish, slightly oblate, yellow, stripes of
red in the sxm. Flesh white, subacid. November, Januaiy.

254 THE APPLE.

LiKDENWALD.

Origin, orchard of J. G. Sickles, Stuyvesant, N. Y. Tree moderately
vigorous, upright.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, surface oily, yellow, light shades of
red in the sun, few indistinct dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep, often
russeted. Calyx closed. Basin deep, slightly furrowed. Flesh yellow-
ish, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. September.

Lindley's Nonpareil.

Origin, Chatham, N. C. Tree delicate, slender, poor grower, great
bearer.

Fruit small, oblate, yellow, blush in the sun. Flesh yellowish, lich,
crisp, aromatic, nearly sweet. Good to very good. August, Septem-
ber.

LippiNCOTT Sweet.

Origin, New Jersey.

Fx'viit medium, roundish conical, pale yellow, thin shade of crimson
in the sun, many brown and russet dots. Flesh white, tender, moderately
juicy, pleasant mild sweet. Good. Core small. December to
March.

Litchfield Pippin.

Raised by Wm. Hvxtchins, of Litchfield, Me.

Fruit medium to large, oval, yellow, with red in sun. Flesh white,
mild subacid. (Me. E,ep.)

Little Beauty.

This little Apple, says Ronalds, has the property of holding firmly
to the branches, so as not easily to be dislodged. Tree upright, and a
great bearer.

Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellow bronzed in the sun. Flesh yel-
lowish, rich, but rather dry. December, February.

Loan's Pearmain.

An old variety. Tree a poor grower.

Fruit small, roundish oblong, greenish, with stripes of dark red.
Flesh firm, juicy, crisp. Good. September to November.

Logy.

Fruit globular, sometimes inclining to oblate, and sometimes oblong
or conic, greenish, shaded and striped with dull red. Flesh greenish,
crisp, tender, juicy, ])leasant. Hardly good. November, February.

Lodgemore Nonpareil.

Clissold's Seedling.
An English dessert Apple.

Fruit medium, roundish, deep yellow, with blush in sun. Flesh
yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, aromatic. February, March. (Hogg.)

the apple. 255

London Pippin.

Five-Crowned Pippin, New London Pippin. Eoyal Somerset.

A very old English Apple, mostly valued for cooking or drying.
Tree a moderate grower, productive.

Fruit lai'ge, roundish, slightly conical, flattened at base, yellow, with
a tinge of red in the sun. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, rather
firm, subacid. Good. November to February.

London Sweet.

Heicke's Winter Sweet. Mrs. Weaver s Sweet ?

Clark's Seedling. London Winter Sweet.

Origin supposed near Dayton, O. Tree vigorous, productive, valu-
able in rich deep soils. Young wood, dull grayish brown.

Fruit medium or large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with very slight
indications of russet, a little green russet around the stalk, and sparsely
covered with brown specks. Stalk short, in a large cavity. Calyx
closed, set in an abrupt, open, slightly uneven basin. Flesh whitish,
juicy, tender, fine, delicate, sweet, slightly aromatic. Good to very
good. November to February.

Long Island Pearmain.
Hollow Crown Pearmain.

An old variety, described by Coxe, and while it is somewhat exten-
sively grown, has been sometimes confounded with Winter Pearmain,
which is an entirely different fruit.

Fruit large, roundish oblong, having a large hollow basin or crowTi,
yellow, splashed and sti-eaked with red, and some faint rvisset spots.
Flesh coarse, tender, somewhat dry, aromatic. Good. October to
Febi'uary.

Long Island Pippin.

Origin unlcnown. Specimens from T. T. Lyon, Plymouth, Mich.

Fruit large, roundish, flattened, yellowish green. Flesh gi-eenish
yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy subacid. Almost best. January.
(Warder.)

Long Island Russet.

An old Apple, much grown in New Jersey and Long Island, an 1
valued highly for cider purposes. Tree vigorous, spreading, and pro-
ductive.

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, mostly overspread with dull
russet, black spots or blotches when fully ripe. Flesh yellowish, tough,
rather dry, almost sweet. October to February.

Long John.

Of unknown origin.

Fruit large, conical, greenish yellow. Flesh yellowish white, rather
dry, subacid, valuable only for its size and long keeping quality. March
to ]May.

256 the apple.

Loxg's Red Winter.

H. R. Robey, of Fredericksburg, says this was found in tbe forest
about fifteen miles fi-om that place.

Fruit mecUum to large, roundish oblate, yellow, striped and splashed
with bright red, sprinkled with a few bro\\Ta dots. Flesh yellowish,
tender, juicy, crisp, subacid. Good to very good. December to Feb-
ruary.

Long Start.
Westmoreland Longstart.

An English culinary Apple.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, mostly overspread and streaked
with red. Flesh white, crisp, tender, pleasant subacid. October, De-
cember.

Long Stem.

There are four distinct Apples under this name, easily distinguished
by the wood of the young shoots.

The Long Stem of Connecticut is, perhaps, the oldest variety. The
young shoots are dull reddish brown, somewhat downy, with prominent
rounded, flattened buds.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with greenish dots, and
small patches of russet. Calyx small, in a small basin. Flesh yellow,
fine-grained, somewhat spicy, sweet, and rich. Good. September to
January.

The Long Stem of Massachusetts has rather slender young shoots of
reddish brown, somewhat grayish, and slightly doAvny, with small clear
red buds.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with a slight blush in the
sun, moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots. Calyx medium,
closed. Flesh yel]owish, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, aromatic.
Good. October, February.

The Long Stem of Pennsylvania has young shoots, of a yellowish
bro^\^l, with very small short buds.

Frviit medium or below, roundish, inclining to oblong, truncated,
yellowish, shaded, sphxshed, and striped with red mostly over the whole
surface, many small light and gi-ay dots. Stalk long, slender, curved,
with bracts. Calyx closed. Segments a little recurved. Basin corru-
gated. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, mild subacid, slightly aromatic.
Good to very good. November to February.

The Long Stem of Kentucky has reddish gi-ayish brown young
wood, slightly downy, with shoi't, round, flattened buds.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish, shaded, mottled, and
rather indistinctly splashed and striped over all with dull dark red, and
with many large light gi-ay dots. Flesh greenish white, rather compact,
mild, almost sweet, subacid. Core small. Good to very good. Decem-
ber to March.

Longville's Kernel.
Sam's Crab.
English. Fruit rather below medium size, oval, rather flattened.

THE APPLE. 257

greenish yellow, streaked with pale brownish red, with a few streaks of
bright red. Flesh firm, yellow, slightly perfumed, subacid. Good.
August and September.

LoKD Burleigh.
Lord Burghley.

A new celebrated English dessert Apple, as yet untested here.

Fruit medium, rovmdish, slightly oblate, and ribbed, yellow, with a
bright crimson cheek, and many russet specks. Flesh yello^vish, ten-
der, juicy, sweet pine-apple flavor. January to May. (Hogg.)

Lord Suffield.

A valuable English kitchen Apple, described as an improvement on
Keswick Codlin. The tree hardy, and a great bearer.

Fruit above medium, conical, greenish yellow, with a tinge of red in
the sun. Flesh white, firm, tender, brisk subacid. August and Sep-
tember.

LoRicK Cluster.

Said to have originated in Georgia. Tree a poor grower, but a
great bearer and keeper.

Fruit small, roundish conical, pale gi-een, with a brown tinge in the
sun. Fjesh gi-eenish white, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. Core
small. January to April.

LoRiNG Sweet.

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, shaded with red, and sprin-
kled with brown specks. Flesh tender, j uicy, sweet, and rich. Good.
November to June.

Loudon Pippin.
White's Loudon Pippin. Lady Washington ?

Origin, farm of Mr. White, Loudon Co., Va., and much cultivated
and valued in that section. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading.

Fruit large, oblate, approaching conic, light yellow, sometimes blush
of red in the svm, sprinkled with a few gi-ayish dots. Stalk short, in-
serted in a large cavity, surrounded by i-usset. Calyx large, open. Ba-
sin smooth and even, rather deep. Flesh yellowish, compact, tender,
juicy, subacid. Good to very good. December to Februaiy.

Louise Renard.

Originated in Belgium.

Fruit medium, roundish oblafce, conical, yellow, shaded with
bright red in the sun, small reddish gray spots. Stalk short. Cavity
deep, ii-regvilar. Calyx open. Flesh very white, tender^ subacid, aro-
matic. (An. Pom.)

ir

258

the apple.
Lovett's Sweet.

Origin, Beverly, Mass.

Fniit medium, roundisli oblate conic. Skin yellow. Flesh yellow,
moderately juicy, sweet and pleasant. Good. October to February.

Queen Anne.
Orange.

Loa;\'ell.

Michigan Golden.
Tallow Apple.

Greasy Pippin.
Golden Pippin of some.

Origin unknown. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading, productive. Young
wood reddish brown.

Fruit large, roundish oval or conic, bright waxen yellow, oily.
Stalk of medium length. CaAaty deep, uneven. Basin deep, abrupt,
and furrowed. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, with a brisk, rich,
rather acid flavor. Good to very good. September, October.

LowelL

LowRE Queen.
Loure Queen.

Oi-igin unknown, somewhat extensively grown in Central Oliio.
Trees upright, early bearers.

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened, yellow, striped and splashed with
dull red. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy. Very good. Novem-
ber, February. (Elliott.)

the apple. 259

Luce's Early Joe.
Early Joe, incorrectly.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium, rouudish oblate, whitish, with a blush in the sun, few
brown dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, crisp, jxxicy, mild, pleasant sub-
acid. Good. September,

Lucombe's Pine- Apple.

Pine -Apple. Pine -Apple Pippin.

An English Apple, rather below medium size, ovate conical, ob-
scurely ribbed, pale yellow, bi-onzed in the sun. Flesh yellowish white,
tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic. Good. October, December.

Lucombe's Seedling.

English. Fruit large, i-oundish, angular, whitish, striped and
splashed with red. Flesh firm, juicy, good for cooking. October,
November.

LUDWIG.

Haas.

Originated on the land of Ludwig, Bucks Co., Pa., and consid-
erably grown in its native locality.

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical, whitish, splashed, mottled,
and shaded with light red, many dots, with dark centres. Stalk short,
slender. Cavity rather large, a little greenish riisset. Calyx closed.
Basin slightly corrvigated. Flesh white, sometimes a little stained next
the skin, fine-grained, juicy, mild subacid. Core rather small. Good to
very good. November to March.

Lyman's Large Summer.
Large Yellow Summer.

A large and handsome American fruit, introduced to notice by Mr.
S. Lyman, of Manchester, Conn. The bearing trees are easily recognized
by their long and drooping branches, which are almost wholly without
fiiiit-spurs, but bear in clusters at their extremities. They bear poorly
until the tree attains considerable size, when it yields excellent crops.

Fruit quite large, roundish, flattened at the ends. Skin smooth,
pale yellow. Flesh yellow, tender, subacid, and good for the table or
for cookincr. Last of August.

Lyon's Sweet.

Originated in Connecticut. Tree a good grower and great bearer.

Fruit medium, roimdish, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, striped,
and splashed with red, light and gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed.
Flesh whitish, rather compact, juicy, tender, sweet. Good. December.

Lyscom.

Osgood's Favorite. Matthew Stripe.

Origin, Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. Young
shoots dark brown, downy.

260 THE APPLE.

•

Fruit large, roundish, greenish yellow, with a few broken stripes or
splashes of red. Stalk short, planted in a deep, round, even cavity.

Calyx large, in a broad, plaited basin. Flesh fiae-gi'ained, and exceed-
ingly mild and agreeable in flavor. Good to very good. September to
November.

McAfee's Nonsuch.
McAfee's Red.

Originated at McAfee's old Fort in Kentucky. Good grower, very
productive. Young shoots smooth reddish brown.

Fruit large, globular, inclining to oblate. Skin yellowish green,
shaded and striped with crimson and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk
short, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx closed, set in a small basin.
Flesh whitish, solid, crisp, subacid. Good to very good. December to
March.

McCoy's Pippin.

Origin, Loudon, Mercer Co., Pa. Tree of medium upright growth,
productive, valued as a showy market sort, and also for cooking.

Fruit large, oblate, a little oblique, greenish white, a shade of dull
red in the sun, brown dots. Flesh white, crisp, tender, moderately juicy,
pleasant, mild subacid. Good. Core small. October, December.

McDaniel.

Origin, Green Co., Ohio.

Fruit full medium, regular, oblate, yellow, covered with rich crim-
son, indistinct stripes. Dots light gray. Flesh yellow, solid, juicy, sub-
acid, rich, piquant. October, November. (Warder.)

McDowell's Sweet.

Origin, North Carolina.

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, fine yellow, mostly over-
spread, shaded, and splashed with light and dark red, almost purplish in
the sun. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Basin narrow, corrugated.
Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, refreshing, sweet. Good to very good.
October, December.

McHenhy,

Origin, Elizabethtown, Indiana. Gro'w'th uj^right and free, mode-
rately productive. Color and quality similar to American Summer
Pearmain. September to December.

Mackay Sweet.

Origin, Massachusetts. Tree a good grower and productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellow, slight tinge of red in
the sun. Stalk short. Cavity large, slightly I'usseted. Calyx small,
closed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, sweet, pleasant. Good. Core
small. December to March.

the apple. 261

McKim's Vaitdervere.

Origin, on the grounds of Robert McKim, Centre Co., Pa. Tree
vigorous, upright.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, deep yellow, splashed, striped, and
mottled with shades of red, light and brown dots. Flesh white, ten-
der, not very juicy, acid. Good. September, November.

McKlNLEY.

Fruit medium, roundish flattened, slightly conic, dull red on green-
ish yellow. Stripes indistinct. Flesh breaking, fine-grained, juicy, sub-
acid. Good. December, January.

Maclean's Favorite.

An English Apple of little value.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow. Flesh crisp, acid. November to
February.

McLellan.

Martin.

Origin, Woodstock, Conn. Tree thrifty, upright, very produc-
tive, annual bearer, and handsome. Young shoots, dull grayish red-
dish brown, slightly downy.

McLellan,

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, slightly conic, very re-
gular, and fail-. Color yellow, mostly striped, marbled, and splashed
with red. Stalk short, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Calyx small,
nearly closed. Basin moderate, slightly uneven. Flesh white, very ten-
der, juicy, with a fine vinous flavor, almost saccharine. Very good.
December to March.

262

THE APPLE.

Macomber.

Origin, Guilford, Maine. Tree a good annual bearer.
. Fruit full medium, oblate, angular, yellowish, shaded and striped
with red. Stalk short. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin large and re-
gular. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, subacid. Good. Core small.
December, January.

Magnolia.

Origin, Bolton, Mass. Growth moderate, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellow, beautifully striped
and mottled with crimson. Stalk short, in a broad, uneven cavity.
Calyx closed. Basin small. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, aromatic,
subacid. Good to very good. October.

We have also received from J. W. Dodge, Tennessee, an apple under
this name, the origin of which cannot be well traced. It is large,
roundish oblate, inclining to conic, irregular, yellow, striped, mottled,
and splashed with red. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, tender, juicy, pleasant,
slightly aromatic. Very good. December, January.

Maiden's Blush.

A remarkably beautiful Apple, a native of New Jersey, and first de-
scribed by Coxe. It begins to ripen about the 20th of August, and con-
tinues until the last of October. It has all the beauty of color of the
pretty little Lady Apple, and is much cultivated and admired, both
for the table and for cooking. It is also very highly esteemed for
drying.

Maiden's Blush.

This variety forms a handsome, rapid-growing tree, with a fine
spreading head, and bears large crops. It is very valuable as a profita-
ble market sort.

THE APPLE. 263

Fruit of medium size, very regularly shaped, and a little narrower to-
wards the eye. Skin smooth, "wdth a delicate waxen appearance, pale
lemon yellow in the shade, with a biilliant crimson cheek next the sun,
the two colors often joining in brilliant red. Stalk short, planted in a
rather wide deep hollow. Basin moderately depressed. Calyx closed.
Flesh white, tender, sprightly, pleasant svibacid. Good.

Maiden's Favorite.
Maiden's Apple.

Origin, farm of J. G. Sickles, Stuyvesant, N. Y. Its delicacy and
beauty will make it desirable for the amateur. Tree of rather slow
gi'O'svth, upright slender branches, an annual and good bearer. Young
shoots smooth, clear reddish brown.

Fruit medium or below, roundish, sometimes slightly conic, gene-
rally cylinch-ic, but often very obscurely ribbed, whitish or pale
waxen yellow, shaded and sometimes slightly mottled with crimson, and
sparsely sprinkled with minute dots. Stalk short, small, surrounded by
thin russet, in a deep, uniform cavity. Calyx firmly closed. Basin
slightly corrugated, deep, open. Flesh whitish, tender, crisp, with a
pleasant, very delicate, vinous subacid. Good to very good. Core
small. October to January.

Major.

Originated with Major Samuel McMahon, Northumberland Co.,
Pa. This is a showy max-ket Apple of really excellent quality. The
tree is a rapid and vigorous grower, with rather irregiilar, upright,
spreading shoots, reddish brown, slightly grayish.

Fruit large. Form roundish, often oblate, slightly inclining to conic.
Sides sometimes unequal. Color greenish, shaded and rather obscurely
striped and splashed with deep red, many light russet gray dots. Stalk
short. Ca'S'ity deep. Calyx large, with stiff, short segments. Basin large,
broad, and furrowed. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, crisp, ju.icy, rich
subacid. Core small. Very good. November to April.

Mala Carle.

Pomme Finale. Charles Apple.

Jlela di Carlo. Mela Carla.

Pomme de Charles.

The Male Carle is the most celebrated of all Apples in Italy and the
South of Europe, whence it comes. Here or in New England it does
not always attain perfection, but south of New York it becomes beauti-
ful and fine, as it needs a warm and dry soil.

Fruit of medium size, very regvdarly shaped, a little narrow to-
wards the eye. Skin smooth, with a delicate waxen appearance, pale
lemon yellow in the shade, with a brilliant crimson cheek next the sun,
the two colors often joining in strong contrast. Flesh white, not very
juicy, but tender, and with a delicate, slightly rose-perfumed flavor.
Good. September to January.

Mamma.

A Southern Apple of unknown origin. Tree a very thrifty, compact
grower. Young wood reddish.

264 THE APPLE.

Fruit above medium, oblate, crimson red. Flesh yeUowish, ricb, aro-
matic subacid. October, November.

Mammoth June.

Origin, Christian Co., Ky. Tree an upright, moderate gx-ower ; not
an early bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish yellow, striped and
splashed with shades of red, light dots. Flesh very white, tender, not
very juicy, mild subacid. Good. July, August.

Manaen.

This variety was grown from seed of the Talman Sweet, by F. E*
Miller, Sugar Grove, Warren Co., Pa., and first fruited in 1867. The
tree is said to be a thrifty, upright gi'ower. Young wood dark reddish
brown, with a few white raised dots, and slightly downy. Leaf broad,
roundish oval, coarsely serrated.

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate conical, irregular, or partially
ribbed, pale whitish yellow, with deep carmine dots and marblings in
sun, russet lines radiating from the stalk, scattering minute, raised, gi'ay,
or russet dots in the shade. Stalk slender. Cavity deep, broad, open,
I'usseted. Calyx partially closed, with erect recurved, divided segments.
Basin rather deeji, abrupt, generally irregular in form, usually clean and
smooth, but occasionally with russeted broken lines. Flesh yellowish
white, granulated, tender, moderately juicy, mild sweet, aromatic. Very

Mangmn.

good. Core small. Seeds dark I'ich brown, oblong, pointed. Season,
last of August and September. A new variety of fine promise as an
amateur's fruit. (Rural ISTew Yorker.)

the apple.
Mangum.

265

Fall Cheese of Va. Cheese. Seago.

Q-ully. Carter of Ala. Maxlield.

Carter's Winter. Patten. Johnston's Favorite,

Alabama Pearmain ? Sam Wingard. Blakely.

A Soutliern variety of uncertain origin. It is extensively cultivated
South, where it is counted as one of the most desirable and reliable
apples. Tree a good, fair grower, with young shoots of a grayish brown,
very productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, yellowish, striped and mostly
shaded with red, thickly sprinkled with whitish and bronze dots. Stalk
short and small, inserted in a broad cavity siu-rounded by russet. Ca-
lyx partially closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellow, very ten-
der, juicy, mild subacid. Very good to best. October, November.

Mank's Codlin.

Irish Pitcher. Frith Pitcher. Irish Codlin.

Eve of Scotland. Frith Pippin.

An old English culinary Apple, long cultivated and esteemed here as
well as abroad for its productiveness, hardiness of tree, and early bear-
ing habit.

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, one side of apex end higher
than the other, clear pale yellow, with a bronzed cheek in sun. Flesh
yellowish white, fine crisp, brisk subacid. Good. August to Novem-
ber.

Mannington's Pearmain.

Origin, Sussex, England. A dessert fruit of considerable esteem
abroad, and here fully sustains its foreign character. Tree hardy, and
early bearer.

Fruit below medium, roundish conical, truncated, yellow, partially
russeted, shaded and splashed with red, prominent, rough, light gi'ay
dots. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, brisk subacid. Very Good. Core
medium. October, December.

Manomet.
Horse Block. Manomet Sweet.

Origin, Plymouth, Mass. Tree vigorous and productive. Young
shoots dai'k reddish brown. This is one of the finest of sweet apples,
esteemed highly wherever gro'UTi.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, fine yellow, with a richly shaded cheek.
Stalk rather slender, inserted in a shallow cavity, slightly surrounded by
russet. Calyx closed. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh tender, juicy,
sweet, and rich. Very good. Core small. August, September.

Mansfield Russet.

Brought into notice by Dr. Joseph Mansfield, of Groton, Mass.
Tree vigorous, upright, and very productive.

266 THE APPLE.

Fruit small, roundish, oblong, inclining to conic, cinnamon russet.
Stalk long, inserted in a deep furrowed cavity. Calyx partially closed,
set in an open basin. Flesh not very juicy, rich, aromatic, saccharine,
vinous. Good to very good. Keeps till April or May.

Maeble Sweet.

Virginia Sweet. Mclntire's Sweeting.

Fruit medium to large, roundish ovate, marbled dull red and yellow.
Flesh sweet, dry. November, February. (Elliott.)

Makch's Red Winter.
March's Red Seedling.

Origin, on the farm of George B. March, near ChilHcothe, Ohio.
Tree a moderate grower.

Fruit medium or below, roundish, yellow, overspread and shaded
with rich bright red. Flesh yellowish, tender, moderately juicy, pleas-
ant subacid. Good. November to January.

Margil.
Neverfail. Munche's Pippin.

An old English dessert Apple, of slender growth.
Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellow, striped with red. Flesh yel-
low, firm, aromatic. Good. October, November.

Maria Bush.
Origin, Lancaster, Co., Pa. A healthy grower and good bearer.

THE APPLE. 267

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed
with red, and thinly sprinkled with russet dots. Stem slender. Cavity
large. Basin abrupt and open. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, subacid.
Good. October, November.

Marks.

Oi-igin, Berks Co., Pa., on the lands of Mr. Klinger. Tree vigorous,
upright, productive.

Fruit medium size, roundish, tapering slightly to the crown, yellow-
ish white, with a few russet dots, and nearly covered with a faint orange
blush. Flesh whitish, tender, brisk subacid. Good. January to March.
The fruit drops badly.

Marmalade Pippin.
Althorp Pippin. Welsh Pippin.

This is an English Apple, from Derbyshire. Tree hardy, and profuse
bearer.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong, truncated, yellowish,
bronzed in the sun, numerous dots and some pearly white specks. Flesh
yellowish white, firm, juicy, sweet. October to February. There is
another apple under this name, which is striped with red and ripens in
August.

Marshall.

Largely grown in some parts of New Hampshire, as a profitable
market Apple, on account of its productiveness and very late keeping.

Fruit above medium, roundish, a little flattened, deep green, mostly
overlaid with a fine thick sprinkling of whitish green specks, a little
blush and crimson specks next the sun. April, May. (Me. Bep.)

Marshall's Sweet.

Originated with S. B. Marshall, Ohio. Tree a moderate stocky
grower, forming a round head.

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate conic, sides unequal, yellow,
splashed and striped with light and dark red. Flesh white, a little
stained next the skin, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good.
November, December.

Marston's Bed Winter.

Origin, Greenland, N. H. Tree hardy, of moderate growth. Young
shoots reddish brown, slightly downy. Great bearer, and keeps as well
as Baldwin.

Fruit above medium size, roundish conic. Stalk rather slender, in a
narrow, deep, compressed, slightly msseted cavity — sometimes with a
lip. Calyx pai-tially closed. Segments long, in a deep corrugated basin.
Color whitish yellow, shaded and striped with bright red and crimson,
thickly sprinkled with minute dots. Flesh whitish yellow, very juicy,
tender, sprightly siibacid. Good to very good. December to March.

268 the apple.

Martin.

Origin, supposed Oliio. Tree thrifty, vigorous, spreading, produc-
tive.

Fruit medium to large, roimdish oblate, yellow mixed and striped
red. Stalk short. Flesh light yellow, rather tender, juicy, subacid,
agreeable. Almost good. August, September. (Am. Hort. An.)

Martin Nonpareil.

An English Apple. The tree a vigorous grower, hardy, and a good
bearer.

Fruit small, roundish or roundish oblate, yellow, with many traces
and patches of russet, and small gray and brown dots. Flesh yellow,
compact, juicy, brisk, rich subacid. Yexy good. Core small. Novem-
ber to March. Too small for profit.

Mary.

Origin unknown.

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, overspread with light red,
striped and splashed -svith crimson, few light dots. Stalk short, small.
Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, rather firm, crisp, tolerably juicy,
mild subacid, almost sweet. Good to very good. Core small. January
to March.

Maryland Beauty.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish shaded, s])lashed and marbled with
light and dark red, light dots. Flesh whitish, rather coarse, tender, juicy,
brisk subacid. Good. Core large. October, November.

Masten.
Masten's Seedling.

Originated on the farm of R. C. Masten, Pleasant Yalley, Dutchess
Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, with a broad, spreading, well-formed head,
producti\ e. Young shoots grayish bi'own.

Fruit i-ather below medium, roundish conical, oily, yellow, broAvnish
or faint blush in the sun, brown and light dots. Stalk short, small.
Cavity narrow. Calyx closed. Basin small, tineven. Flesh whitish,
fine-grained, rather juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December to
March.

Master's.
Master's Seedling.

An old Kentish, England, Apple. Tree hardy, vigorous, and produc-
tive.

Fruit medium, round, yellowish green, red cheek in the sun. Flesh
white, firm, acid. November, January.

THE APPLE.

269

Matlock's Summer.

Fruit large, oblate, white, sometimes witli a blush or indistiact
splashes and stripes. Flesh tender, juicy, almost sweet. Good.
August.

Matson.
Fruit large, red streaked, showy, acid, cooking. (A. Pom. S.)

Mattamuskeet.

Origin, Eastern North Carolina. Tree vigorous, productive. Young
wood dull reddish brown, slightly downy.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellow, shaded and splashed
with light and dark red. Flesh whitish yellow, crisp, brisk subacid.
Good. December to March. Valued principally for its keeping quali-
ties.

Mauck.

A Pennsylvania Apple.

Fi'uit large, conical, greenish yellow, blush in the sun. Flesh tender,
pleasant. Good. Core lai'ge, hollow. October, November.

Mayeraci's Sweet.

Maverack's Sweet.

Raised by Dr. Maverack, Pendleton District, S. C. Tree vigorous
tipright, spreading, sometimes irregiilar, an early and good bearer.
Yomig shoots reddish gra\dsh brown, slightly downy.

270 THE APPLE.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly shaded with rich deep
red, and sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk short, inserted h\ an open cavity.
Calyx open, set in a deep corrugated basin. Flesh yellowish, rather
coarse-grained, breaking, tender, rich, sweet. Good to very good. Core
small. November to February. A valuable sweet apple for market or
cooking.

Maxey.

This variety we received from A. L. Woodson, Hart Co., Ky.,
by whom the tree is described as a good grower, an annual but not early
bearer, producing fair, even-sized fruit, that keeps well into May and
June.

Fruit above medium, roundish, approaching conical, light greenish
ground, with broken red stripes and splashes, from the stem end, of
pinkish red, light dots and indistinct dark specks. Stalk medium length
and size. Cavity regular, roimd, smooth, lightly russeted. Calyx large,
open, with divided recurved segments. Basin shallow, broad, regular.
Flesh whitish, not very juicy or tender, subacid. Good. Core small.
May to July.

May.

May Apple. Pillkin. Plymouth Greening.

Rhenish May. Winter May. May of Myers.

May Seek-no-further of some.

An old Apple, considerably grown at the West. Origin unknown.
Its only value is because of its long keeping quality. Tree a poor
grower, but a good bearer. Young shoots dark reddish brown, downy
somewhat towards the end.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, pale greenish yellow, slight brown-
ish in sun. Flesh whitish, fine-grained, compact, not very juicy, mild
subacid. Core rather large, and open. Good. February to June.

May Seek-no-Farther.
Lop-sided Pearmain. Pilliken. May, erroneously.

Origin unknown. Considerably grown in some parts of the West,
and valued only because of its productiveness and long keeping.

Tree spreading, hai-dy, productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, oblique, dull greenish, mostly ovei'spread and
shaded with obscure stripes and marblings of dull dingy red. Flesh firm,
dry, subacid. Good. February to May.

Meach.

From J. M. Ketchum, Brandon, Vt.

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, greenish yellow, striped and
mottled with light red, and spiinkled with brown dots. Flesh yellowish,
rather fine, juicy, mild subacid. Good. October, November.

Meadow Sweet.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, pale yellow, gray and light
dots. Flesh whitish, moderately tender and juicy, rather rich, sweet.
Core small. Good. November, February.

the apple. 271

Mear's Sweet.
Mear's Seedling.

Origin, near Cincinnati, Ohio.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, brownish in
the sun. Stalk long. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender,
mild, sweet subacid. Core small. Good. January to March.

Meister,

From Berks Co., Pa.

Size below medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, striped with
red, with numerous white spots, and russet dots. Flesh tender, pleasant
subacid. Good. October.

Melon".
Norton's Melon. Watermelon.

Origin, East Bloomfield, N. Y. Tree of rather slow growth while
young, a good bearer. Yoimg shoots dull grayish reddish brown. One
of the best and most valuable sorts for the dessert ; a little too tender for
shipping long distances.

Fruit medium or above. Form roundish oblate, slightly conic, ob-
scure ribs towards apex. Color pale yellow, nearly covered with light

Melon.

crimson, splashed, striped, and mottled with carmine, some traces of
russet, and moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots. Stalk me-
dium, slender. Cavity large, deep, regular, often considerably nisseted.
Calyx partially closed. Segments medium, erect, sometimes a little re-

272 THE APPLE.

cui-ved. Basin ratlier abrupt, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, very
tender, jnicy, refreshing, lively vinous subacid. Core small. Best.
November to March.

Melrose.

WMte Melrose.

An old Scotch Apple little known. Tree a strong, healthy grower
and a free bearer.

Friiit large, roundish oblate conical, much ribbed toward the apex,
pale yellow, becoming deeper in the sun, and at times many crimson
spots. Flesh yellowish white, fii-m, sweet subacid. October, De-
cember.

Melt in the Mouth.

Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading.
Young shoots long, slender, dark reddish brown, do"vvTiy at ends.

Fruit medium or rather below, roundish, sKghtly conic, deep red,
splashed and marbled on a yellow ground, with a few small white dots.
Stalk long, very slender, curved, in a small cavity. Calyx closed, in a
rather abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, with a mild,
rather rich, pleasant svibacid, somewhat resembling Summer Pearmain.
Very good. September to November.

Melvin Sweet.

Origin, Concord, Mass. Tree vigorous and productive.
Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish gi-een, striped with pale red.
Flesh rich and sugary. November to February. (Hov. Mag.)

Menagere.

"We received this fruit from Mr. Manning, who, we believe, had it
from Germany ; it is only fit for cooking.

Fruit very large, regularly formed, but very much flattened, pale
yellow, with sometimes a little red in the sun. Flesh tolerably juicy.
Good. September to January

Menonisten Reikette.
Eeinette des Menonites.

A German dessert Apple.

Fruit mediiim, roundish oblate, yellow, some russet, and a flush of
red in the sun. Flesh fijie, fiirm, juicy, aromatic, brisk subacid. No-
vember, February.

Mensfeld Calville.

Calville d'Hiver de Mensfeld. Mensfelder Gulderling.

Mensf elder Winter Calville.

Originated in Mensfeld, in the Duchy of Waxsaw. Tree a strong, vig-
ous gi'ower, with long jointed branches.

THE APPLE. 273

Fruit large, roimclisli oblong, sliglitly ribbed, yellowish gi*een, with
distinct small bro^vn dots. Calyx large. Stalk short. Flesh half firm,
rather tender, sugary, vinous. Good for table or cooking. December
to February. (Ver.)

Mercer.

Origin unknown. Specimens received from Western New York.

Fi'uit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, sprirdiled with a few
gi'ay dots. Stalk rather short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tendei',
juicy, crisp, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. October.

Mere de Menage.

Fruit very large, conical, yellow, overspread, shaded, and striped with
red. Flesh firm, ci'isp, brisk, juicy, subacid. October, December. A
very showy market Apjjle, and good for cooking.

Merrill's.
MeiTill's Apple.

Origin, Smyrna, IST. Y.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, with a bright red cheek. Flesh yel-
low, rather firm, rich, spicy, svibacid. Good. December to March.

Merritt's Sweet.

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, sometimes with a blush. Flesh com-
pact, very sweet, good for culinary use and stock feeding. Good.
Last of August. Productive.

Merwin.

Frviit medium to large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, faintly striped,
splashed, and shaded with red. Flesh yellowish, rather compact, mod-
erately juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December to March.

Methodist.

From Connecticut. Tree vigorous and productive, medium size,
oblong oval, greenish, marbled and striped -with red. Flesh white, ten-
der, mild svibacid, not rich. Good. November

Metoir^e.
French Crab. *

An old variety, of litle value. Tree of moderate gi'owth, holding its
fruit quite late in auturmi.

Fruit medium, oblong, yellow, shaded over Avith red. Flesh juicy.
Good flavor for baking.

Mexico.

Origin, Canterbury, Conn. Tree of moderate growth, prodvictive,
hardy. Young shoots dull grayish brown, downy.

IS

274 THE APPLE.

Fruit medium, ro\iiidisli oblate, crimson, striped, splashed, and shaded
with very dark red, a little yellow in the shade, with a few large light
dots. Stalk medium length. Cavity broad, shallow, russeted. Calyx
closed in a narrow basin. Flesh whitish, stained with red, tender,
i-ather juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. Core small. Sep-
tember, October.

Mexico.

MiCHAEii Henry Pippin.
Rariton Sweet.

A New Jersey fruit, a native of Monmouth County, first described by
Coxe. The tree forms a very upright head, with pretty strong shoots.
Very productive.

Fruit of medium size, roundish oblong ovate, narrowing to the eye,
when ripe, of a lively yellowish green. Stalk short and rather thick.
Calyx set in a narrow basin. Flesh gi-eenish white, very tender, juicy,
mild tame sweet. Good. November to March.

Middle.

Mittel.

Origin, Herkimer, N. Y. A moderate grower, not very produc-
tive.
r Fr\;it medium or below, roundish oblong, inclining to conic, greenish
yellow. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, mild subacid. Good. De-
ceniber, February.

MiDDLEBOUEG ReINETTE.
Reinette de Middlebourg.

A new variety, originating in Holland. Tree upright, productive.

THE APPLE. 275

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, greenish yellow, with many gi-ayish
spots. Calyx small, half closed. Stalk short. Flesh yellowish white, iine,
firm, rather dry, subacid. December to March, (Ver.)

Mifflin King.

Origin, farm of Mr, KoiFman, Mifflin Co., Pa.

Fruit small, oblate, whitish with a slight blush and a few gray dots.
Stalk short, small. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender,
juicy, pleasant, lively subacid. Good. November and December.

MlGNOITNE d'HiVER.

A new variety, probably of French origin.

Fruit medium or below, oblate depressed, slightly conic, greenish
yellow, with shade of rich bright red in the sun, few light and gray
dots. Stalk short. Calyx nearly closed. Flesh whitish, rather firm,
moderately juicy, mild, pleasant, almost sweet. December, February.

Milam.

Harrigan. Winter Pearmain of some. Blair.

Thomas. Rusty Coat Milam ?

Origin uncertain, much grown in some sections at the West, very
productive, and keeps well.

Fruit medium or below, roundish, greenish, shaded and striped with
red. Flesh rather firm, pleasant, subacid, not rich. Good. December,
March.

Milch.

Braunschweiger IVIilch. Milch Apfel.

An extremely beautiful German Apple, recently introduced.

Fruit medium to large, roundish, waxy white, with crimson stripes
and dots on the sunny side. Flesh white, tender, crisp, subacid.
August.

Miller.

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, very productive.
Young shoots grayish dall reddish brown, downy.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, shaded, splash-
ed, and striped with shades of red. Flesh white, sometimes stained with
red next the skin, juicy, tender, mild svibacid. Good. Core large.
September, November.

Miller.

Introduced by James O. Miller, IMontgomery, Orange Co., N. Y.
Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood smooth, light reddish
brown.

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded,
striped, and splashed -w-ith rich red, large light or areole dots. Stalk short.

276 THE APPLE.

Cavity deep. Calyx large, partially closed. Basin deep, furrowed.
Flesh yellowish, tender, crisp, pleasant subacid. Good to very good.
October, November.

MiNCHALL Crab.

Minshul Crab. Mincham's Crab.

Lancashire Crab. Lancaster Crab.

An English Apjjle, valued mainly for cooking. Tree hardy, and
abundant bearer.

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, with traces of rus-
set, and shades of red in the sun. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, bi-isk acid.
November, February. (Ron.)

Minier's Dumpling.

An English cooking Apple. Tree a strong grower and good bearer.
Fruit large, roundish, slightly ribbed, greenish, with dull red in the
sun. Flesh firm, juicy, subacid. November, February. (Lind.)

Minister.

A New England variety, introduced to notice by the late R. Man-
ning. It originated on the farm of Mr. Saunders, Rowley, Mass. Tree
moderately vigorous, i;pright spreading, very productive. Young
shoots dark reddish brown.

Fruit large, oblong, tapering to the eye, around which are a few fur-
rows— and resembling the Yellow Belle-Fleur in outline. Skin striped
and splashed near the stalk, with bright i-ed on a greenish yellow ground.
Stalk an inch long, slender, curved to one side, and pretty dee2:)ly in-
serted. Calyx small, closed, inserted in a very narrow plaited or fur-
rowed basin. Flesh yellowish white, very tender, with a somewhat
acid, but very agreeable flavor. Good to very good. Core large and
open. October to February.

MiNKLER,

Brandywine ?

Tliis is an old variety which was first exhibited before the lllinoia
Horticultural Society, and because it could not be identified, received,
for the time being, the name of its exhibitor. At some future time it
will probably be found identical with some variety long since named
and described. Tree an irregular grower, good bearer and keeper.

Fruit medium, roiuidish oblate, slightly conic, pale greenish 3"ellow,
strij^ed and splashed ■\\-ith two shades of red. Flesh yellowish, compact,
moderately juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. January
to March.

Mishler's Sweet.

From Pennsylvania. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous and j^roduc-
tive. Young shoots light reddish brown, somewhat downy.

Fruit large, roundish oblong ovate, greenish yellow, few gray dots.

THE APPLE. 277

Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant sweet. Good. Core large.
October.

MiTCHELSON.
Mitchelson's Seedling.

An English Apple, described by Hogg as beautiful, and suitable for
dessert or cooking.

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, deep yellow, slight patches
and traces of russet, with a reddish cheek in the sun. Flesh yellowish,
firm, crisp, brisk rich subacid. December, February.

Molasses.

Origin unknown. Tree upright, vigorous, and hardy.

Fruit medium, oblate. Skin thick, rough, greenish yellow, shaded
with dull red, thickly covered with lai-ge crimson or lilac dots, and dull
lilac bloom. Flesh yellow and exceedingly sweet. January to April.

There are, besides the above, three or four distinct apples under this
name. One is claimed to have originated in Pennsylvania.

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, tinge of crimson in the sun.
Flesh yellow, compact, not very juicy, sweet. Tree a slow grower.
October, November.

Elliott describes a Molasses, giving as synonyms, Priest's Siceet,
JSutter, Dlue Sweet.

Fruit small, roundish, i-ed. Flesh dry, sweet. October.

Another we have met is rorindish conical, yellow, mostly shaded,
splashed, and marbled with dark red. Flesh rich, sweet. Fine for
cooking. None of this class are valued, except for the purpose of
cooking and feeding stock.

Monarch.

Monarch Sweet.

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, a good and early bearei'.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, regular. Skin light red, splashed
and striped with dark red, and numerous light dots. Flesh juicy, not
very tender, but rich, pleasant subacid. Good. September, October.

MoNKLAND Pippin.

Fruit small, roundish, greenish yellow. Flesh greenish white, soft,
coarse. Poor. November.

Monk's Favorite.

Origin, Indiana. Tree vigorous, upright spreading.
Fruit large, roundish, yellowish, striped and splashed with red. Flesh
yellowish white, tender, juicy ,^subacid. Good. November, December.

MONKTON.

A cider Apple from Somersetshire, England.

Fruit below medium, oblate, slightly ribbed, clear red, with stripes of
crimson. Flesh yellow, juicy, brisk acid. (Hogg.)

278 the apple.

Monmouth Pippin.
Red Cheek Pippin.

A native of Monmouth Co., N. J., of moderate upright gi'owth, and
productive. Young shoots dark olive.

Monmouth Pippin,

Fruit large, oblate, a little inclining to conic, obscurely five-angled,
slightly flattened at base and crown. Color pale yellow, with a beautiful
warm cheek, and numerous russet dots. Stalk rather short, inserted in
a large, slightly russeted cavity. Calyx partially closed. Basin deep,
abrupt, and corrugated. Flesh juicy, fine, brisk, aromatic subacid. Very
good to best. November to March.

Monstrous Bellflowek.

An old variety, little gro>vn. Tree a strong, irregular, vigorous
grower, not piofitable.

Fruit large, roundish oblong, ribbed, pale yellow blush in the sun.
Flesh whitish, brisk, juicy, subacid. Good. Core large. October, No-
vember.

MONTALIVET.

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, upright spreading.

Fruit medium or below, roundish, deep yellow, with small russefc
dots. Flesh yellow, fii-m, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. January,
February. Core small.

the apple. 279

Moore.

Moore's Seedling

A good culinary Apple.

Fruit lai'ge, roundisk oblate conical, greenish yellow, with broken
streaks of red. Flesh yellowish, tender, pleasantly sweet. October,
December. (Hogg.)

Moore's Extra.

Origin, Ohio. Tree vigorous, not an early but a good bearer.

Fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly conical, flattened at base.
Color yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red,
large light dots. Stalk short, small. Cavity narrow, deep. Calyx
open. Segments short, erect, separated. Basin large, deep, irregular.
Flesh yellow, tine-grained, juicy, tender, mild subacid. Core small.
Very good. December, March.

Moore's Greening.

Raised by R. Moore, of Southington, Conn. Yery productive.

Fruit medium, globular, inclining to oblong or conic, greenish yel-
low, sometimes with a slight blush. Flesh white, juicy, tender, with a
brisk, vinous flavor. Good. December, March.

Moore's Sweet.

Sweet Pippin. Polliemus.

Red Sweet Pippin. Pound Sweet of some.

Tree moderately vigorous, very productive. Although not a first-
class Apple, it is u very profitable and valuable one for all cooking or
stock-feeding purposes.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dark dull red, with a slight bloom,
small light-colored dots. Flesh yellowish, rich, pleasant sweet. Good.
Core small. November to May.

Moorhen Pippin.

An English dessert Apple, below medium size, roundish oblate,
greenish, with splashes of red and russet in sun. Flesh firm, rich, pleas-
ant. January to April. (Ron.)

Moreland.

Origin, Montgomery Co., Pa. Tree very productive.
Fruit medium, yellow, with a red cheek, pleasant acid. Good for
cooking. October.

Morgan White.

Origin unknown.

Fruit large, globular, somewhat flattened, irregularly ribbed, uneven,
greenish, marked with gray stripes, rarely a faint blush. Dots white,
large. Flesh greenish white, breaking, tender, juicy, acid to subacid.
Good. September to January. (Warder.)

280 the apple.

Morrison's Red.

Origin, supposed to be a native of Medfield, Mass., on the farm of
Mr, Fisher. Tree vigorous and productive. Young shoots dull grayish
bro^vnish red, slightly do^vny.

Fruit medium, roundish conic, light yellow, shaded and obscurely
striped with deep red. Stalk very short, stout. Cavity small. Calyx
closed, in a very small basin. Flesh tender, crisp, with a very mild,
pleasant subacid. Very good. November to March.

Morrison Sweet.

Origin, Clinton Co., N. Y. Tree small, hardy, round regular head,
good bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish, with slight blush in sun
Flesh white, rather dry, sweet. Poor. October, November.

Morris's Court of Wick.

A variety esteemed in England, too small for Americans.
Fruit small, oblate, greenish, with light red in the sun. Flesh firm,
tender, juicy, rich, vinous. October, January.

Morris's Russet.

Origin, Brentford, England.

Fruit below medium, roundish, bi'ownish russet, becoming ruddy in
the sun. Flesh firm, tender, juicy, brisk, aromatic, subacid. October,
February. (Hogg.)

Morton.
Morton's Seedling.

Origin, supposed Clermont Co., Ohio. Ti'ee vigorous, upright
spreading, prodvictive.

Fruit large, roundish, slightly oblate, greenish yellow, with a reddish
blush in the sun. Flesh whitish, tendei*, jmcy, mild, sweet subacid.
Good. November, December.

Moses Wood.

Origin, Winthrop, Maine. Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, striped with red. Cavity and basin
shallow. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Sep-
tember, October.

Moss's Incomparable,

Originated in England. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit large, roundish conical, golden yellow, washed with pale red,
and splashed with bright red in the sun, many small dark brown specks.

Stalk slender. Cavity large. Flesh yellowish wliite, tender, soft,
aromatic subacid. Januaiy to February.

An apple of good promise. (An. Pom.)

THE APPLE.

281

Mote's (Sweet.

Originated on the property of L. S. Mote, Miami Co,, Ohio. A vahia-
ble, but as yet comparatively new Apple. Tree vigorous, upright spread-
ing, productive. Young shoots light i-eddish brown, downy.

Fruit large. Form roundish, somewhat roundish oblate conic. Color
pale whitish yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun, and moderately
sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity large, deep.
Calyx closed or pai'tially open. Segments short, erect. Basin medilim,
imeven. Flesh yellowish, tender, moderately juicy, rich honeyed sweet.
Very good. Core small. September, October.

Mother.

Queen Anne.

Gardener's Apple,

Origin, Bolton, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous, ujiright, and pro-
ductive. Young shoots gi*ayish brown, downy. One of the best of
Apples for the dessert, rather too tender for shipment.

Mother.

Fruit medium. Form roundish, slightly conical. Color yellow,
almost entirely overspread with light, clear, rich red, splashed and mar-
bled -with many deeper shades, many minute light dots. Stalk short,
small. Cavity acute, often a little russeted. Caljrx closed. Basin small,
corrugated. Flesh yellow, tender, j uicy, rich, aromatic subacid. Best.
November, February.

282 the apple.

Mother Davis.

From Pennsylvania.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, whitish yellow, shaded and ob-
scurely splashed with light red, many small and large light dots.
Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh fine, yellowish, tender, j uicy,
sprightly, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. Core rather small.
November, December.

Mountain Belle.

A native of Habersham Co., Ga,

Fruit medium to large, oblate conical, orange gi'oimd, shaded and
striped with red. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx medium. Flesh
white, hard, juicy, tough, subacid. Good. November to May. (White.)

Mountain Sweet.
Mountaineer.

From Pennsylvania.

Fruit large, oblate, light yellow. Dots minute. Calyx small, closed.
Stalk short, slender. Flesh white, breaking, very tender, fine-gi'ained,
juicy, sweet. Good to very good. December. (Warder.)

Mouse Apple.
Moose Apple.

Origin, Ulster Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit, in weight, light ; in size, large, roundish, slightly conical, pale
gi-eenish yellow, with a brownish blush on one side, and a few scattered,
russety gi'ay dots. Flesh very white and fine-gi'ained, moderately juicy,
delicate, faintly perfumed, mild subacid. Good. October, Novem-
ber.

Munson Sweet.
Orange Sweet. Eay Apple. Meachem Sweet.

Origin uncertain, probably Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, spreading,
an annual and abundant bearer.

Fruit medium, oblate, pale yellow, sometimes with a blush. Stem
shoi-t. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin small. Flesh yellowish,
juicy, sweet. Good. September to February.

Murphy.

Raised by Mr. ]). Murphy, of Salem, Mass. Tree moderate grower,
spreading, tolerably productive.

Fruit pretty large, roundish, pale red, streaked with darker red, and
marked ■ndth blotches of t)ie same color. Flesh white, tender, with an
agreeable flavor. Good. November to February.

Muscat Reinette.
Eeinette Musquee.
A new German Apple, said to be superior.

THE APPLE. 283

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, mucli striped with red.
Flesh yellowish white, juicy, rich, aromatic, subacid. November to
March. (Hogg.)

Mustek.

Origin unknown.

Fruit oblate, yellow, mostly covered with mixed red and splashes of
crimson. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic.
Best. Core small. August and September. (Warder.)

Naigle's Winter.

Origin, Missouri. Tree upright while young, becoming drooping
when in fruit ; very productive.

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at ends. Color a bright yellow,
covered with two shades of red, many large yellow gray dots, light blue
bloom. Calyx closed. Stalk short. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy,
mild subacid. Core small. Yery good. December, February. (Hort.)

Nanky.

An English Apple, which Hogg describes as of excellent quality.
Tree a moderate grower and good bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, striped and splashed with shades
of deep red, russet dots. Flesh yellow, rather soft, juicy, subacid. Oc-
tober.

Nantahalee.
Maiden's Bosom.

Originated in Macon Co., Ala. Tree a rapid grower, of rather a
straggling, drooping habit. Young shoots dull grayish reddish brown.

Fruit medium, broad oblate conic, often contracted near the apex,
ribbed, pale yellowish green, sprinkled with a few gray dots. Stalk
medium. Cavity large, uneven. Calyx closed. Segments rather long,
a little recurved. Basin small, corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy,
sprightly acid. Good. Core large. July, August.

Nectar.

Origin, near Raleigh, N. C.

Fruit medium, oblate, green. Calyx closed. Stalk short. Flesh
yellowish, juicy, rich, saccharine. August. (Gar. Mon.)

Ned.
Saylor. Libhart.

Originated at Marietta, Pa. Tree vigorous, rather straggling, with
slender shoots, dark reddish brown, slightly grayish, very productive.

Frviit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, shaded,
striped, and splashed with two shades of dark rich red, and sprinkled
with large light conspicuous dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx large.
Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Core small. Good
to very good. December to February.

284 THE APPLE.

Needle.

Supposed an old Englisli Apple, not yet identified.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, gi-eenisli yellow, with small
brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, juicy, mild,
pleasant subacid. Core small. Good. December, January.

Neisley Bellflower.
Neasley Bellflower.

From Salem, Columbiana Co., O. Tree i-ather upright, \'igorous.

Fruit medium to large; roundish oblate, pale whitish yellow, shaded,
splashed, and striped with light and dark red, few light and gray dots.
Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, mild
subacid. Good. Core small and close. December to March.

Nelson.

Origin unkno"wn.

Fruit medium to large. Form roundish oblate, regular. Color dull
green, becoming yellow, sometimes bronzed with dull brown. Stalk
rather long, slender. Cavity medium, acute, regular, green. Calyx me-
dium, closed. Segments reflexed. Basin small, uneven. Flesh greenish
yellow, firm, fine-gi'ained, juicy, sweet. Core medium. Good. May to
July. (Am. Jour, of Hort.)

Nelson's Codlix.
Backhouse's Lord Nelson.

A culinary English Apple.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, light yellow, deepening in the sun and
with russet specks and traces. Flesh yello^wish white, tender, brisk,
sharp subacid. Good. October, November.

Nequassa.
Nequassa Sweet.

Origin, Franklin, Macon Co., N. C. Tree vigorous, upright.

Fruit large, oblate. Color yellow, striped with red. Stalk of moderate
length, inserted in a large, open cavity. Basin smooth and open. Flesh
white and very sweet. Good. November to January.

Neversink.

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright spreading.

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to conic, beautiful waxen orange-
yellow color, ^vith a few russet dots, and a delicately striped and richly
mottled carmine cheek. Stalk short. Ca\T.ty narrow, acuminate, shallow.
Calyx large. Basin deep, rather wide, furrowed. Flesh yellowdsh, some-
what tough, moderately juicy, subacid, quince-like. Good. December
to March.

Newark King.
Hinckman.
Origin, New Jersey. The tree is spreading, and bears well.

THE APPLE. 285

Fruit medium, roundish conical, smooth, red, with a few yellow
streaks and dots on a gi-eenish ground. Calyx set in a narrow basin.
Flesh tendei-, with a rather rich, pleasant flavor. Good. November tu
February,

Newark Pippin,
French Pippin. Yellow Pippin.

A handsome and excellent early winter variety, easily known by the
crooked, irregular growth of the tree, and the droojnug habit of the
branches. Not profitable. Young shoots slendex-, dull brownish red,
smooth.

Fruit rather large, roundish oblong, regularly formed, gi-eenish
yellow, becoming a fijie yellow when fully ripe, with clusters of small
black dots, and rarely a very faint blush. Calyx in a regular and rather
deep basin. Stalk moderately long, and deeply inserted. Flesh yellow,
tender, very rich, juicy, and high flavored. Very good. November to
February.

Newbury.
Cat's Head.
Origin uncertain.

Fruit large, oblong conic, greenish, with a brownish cheek in the
sun. Stalk short. Calyx small. Flesh gi-eenish, coarse. Core large.
Poor. December, February.

New Late Reinette.

Reinette Tardive Nouvelle.

Fruit medivim, roundish oblate, yellow, striped, sjjlashed, and veined

with reddish brown and shaded with gray. Calyx half closed. Flesh

yellowish, fine, tender, juicy, agreeable, aromatic, subacid. April to

June. (Alb. Pom.)

New Pock Pippik.

From England.

Fruit below medium, dull green, becoming brownish in the sun,
slight tinge of red and considerable russet. Flesh yellow, firm, jich,
sweet. Good. November to February.

New Small Lemon Pippin.

An old EngKsh Apple, described by Ronalds. Tree hardy and pro-
ductive.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblong, clear yellow, with many
small red dots. Flesh whitish, firm, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good.
November, December,

Newtown Spitzenbuegh.

Vandevere of New York. Spitzenburg'h.

Ox Eye. Burlington.

Matchless. Kountz.

Joe Berry. Barrett's Spitzenburgh.

Spiced Ox Eye. Wine, erroneously.

This old and valuable Apple has been long known in New York as
the Yandevere, but as it was fii-st described by Coxe as Newtown S])it-

286

THE APPLE.

zenbvirgh, we continue that name. It liad its origin in Newtown, Long
Island. Tree moderate, vigorous, spreading, and productive in rich, light
soil, of most excellent fruit, which is suited to more tastes than any other
Apple of its season.

Newtown Spitzenburgh.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, fine yellow, washed with light
red, striped and splashed with deeper red, and richly shaded with car-
mine on the sunny side, covered with a light bloom, and sprinkled with
peculiar gray specks. Stalk short, inserted in a wide cavity. Calyx
small, closed, set in a regular basin of moderate depth. Flesh yellow,
crisp, tender, with a rich, sprightly, vinous flavor, scarcely subacid.
Best. October to February.

Nichols Sweet.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic, yellow, shaded and faintly
splashed with red, few light dots. Flesh whitish, compact, moderately
juicy, sweet. Good cooking. Core small. December, January.

Nick A JACK.

Caroline.

Aberdeen.

Alleghany.

Berry.

Trenham

Chaltram Pippin.

Summerour.

Big Hill.

Gowden.

Accidental.

Carolina Spice.

Graham's Red Warrior.

Red Pippin.

Cheatan Pippin.

Walb.

Howard.

Chatham Pippin.

Winter Horse.

Hubbard.

Winter Rose.

Missouri Pippin.

Mobbs.

Red Hazel.

Missouri Red.

Cheataw.

Wander.

Leanham.

Edward Shantee.

Red Warrior, erroneously. Winter Horse.

Pound.

Forsythe's Seedling.

.Jackson Red.

Wall.

Ruckman's Red.

World's Wonder.

This Apple is very widely disseminated in sections of the South and

THE APPLE.

187

Southwest, it having as it were the habit of reproducing itself from seed,
or at least so nearly identical as to be impossible to distinguish the seed-
ling from the parent, hence one cause of so many synonyms. The first
dissemination of it known was by a Colonel Summerour, of Lincoln
County, N. C, under the name of "Winter Rose ; but as it was found on
Nickajack Ci'eek, it soon took that name, and is now best known there-
by. The habit of the tree is upright spreading, forming a very large
head. On branches two, three, or four years old, there are woody knobs
or warts of vax'iovis sizes, which, when cut from the branch, are found to
contain kernels entirely detached from the regular grain of the wood.
The great value of the variety consists in the hardihood and productive-
ness of the tree rather than the character of the fruit, which is not more
than good in quality. Young shoots bright clear dark reddish.

Nickajack,

Fruit large. Form roundish to roundish oblate, slightly conic, some-
times oblique. Color yellowish, striped, shaded, and splashed with two
shades of red, and with a grayish appearance, as if covered with a thin
bloom, many large areole dots. Stalk short. Cavity large, medium
depth. Calyx partially open. Basin medium, slightly corrugated.
Flesh yellowish, compact, moderately tender and juicy, negative subacid.
Good. Core small, closed. December to April.

Nieman's Red Reinette.
Nieman's Rothe Reinette. Reinette Rouge de Nieman.

Originated at Hanover, Germany. Tree a strong, vigorous grower.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, mostly overspread and
splashed with red. Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh white, tender,
juic}', vinous, subacid. November, February. (Yerg,)

288 the applk.

Nix Greex.
Queen Apple, erroneously.

Origin, Habersham Co,, Ga. Tree profuse bearer.

Fruit medium, oblate rouuclisb, greenish yellow, wdth many light
dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, firm, tender,
pleasant subacid. Good. November, February.

Noblesse de Gand.

An English sauce Apple, described by Ronald as large, roundish,
slightly conical, straw-colored. Flesh firm, heavy, brisk subacid. Jan-
uary, February.

Nonpareil.

English Nonpareil. Old Nonpareil. Original Nonpareil.

Hunt's Nonpareil. Loveden's Pippin. Reinette Nonpareil.

Nonpareil d'Angleterre. Due d'Arsel. Grune Reinette.

An old English variety. Tree free upright grower, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellowish green, with patches of
dull russet, and red in the sun. Flesh crisp, juicy, vinous, aromatic,
mild acid. Good. December, March.

Nonpareil Russet.

Of English origin. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive.

Fvwit small, roundish oblate, conical, greenish yellow, covered with
thin dull russet. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good.
January to May.

Nonsuch.
Nonsuch.

An old English sort, valuable as a sauce Apple ; productive.

Fruit of medium size, regular form, flat, greenish yellow, striped and
spotted with dull brick red. Flesh white, soft, with a plentiful subacid
juice. Good. September, November.

Norfolk.

From Massachusetts.

Fruit small, flat, yellow, pleasant. August. (Cole.)

Norfolk Beaufin.

Read's Baker. Catshead Beaufin. Norfolk Beefing.

A large English fruit, only fit for cooking purposes, dull red, on
greenish ground. Flesh fii-m, subacid. Good. January to May.

Norfolk Paradise.

An English dessert Apple.

Fruit medium, oblong, gi*eenish yellow, brownish red in sim, with

THE APPLE.

289

stripes. Flesh white, firm, juicy, rich subacid. October to February.
(Lindley.)

NoBFOLK Stone Pippin.
Stone Pippin. White Stone Pippin. Wliite Pippin.

A valuable long-keeping cooking fruit. Tree a free grower and
abundant bearer.

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellowish green, slight tinge of red
in the sun. Flesh white, firm, brisk, rich, sweet. November to
March.

Norfolk Storing.

An English Apple, valuable for market or cooking.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with yellow red cheek
in the sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, crisp, brisk subacid. Novem-
ber, January.

Northern Spy.

Northern Spy.

This beautiful American fruit is one of the most delicious, fragi-ant,
and sprightly of all late dessert apples. It ripens in January, keeps till
June, and always commands the highest market price. The tree is of
rapid, upright gl•o^vth, and bears moderate crops. It originated on the

19

290 THE APPLE.

farm of Heman Chapin, of East Bloomfield, near Rochester, N. Y. The
trees require high culture, and open heads to let in the sun, otherwise
the frviit is wanting in flavor, and apt to be imperfect and knotty. Young
shoots dark reddish brown. The tree blooms late, often escaping vernal
frosts.

Fruit large, roundish oblate conical. Skin thin, smooth, in the
shade greenish or pale yellow,- in the sun covered with light and dark
stripes of purplish red, marked Avith a few pale dots, and a thin white
bloom. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender, planted in a
very wide, deep cavity, sometimes marked with russet. Calyx small,
closed. Basin narrow, abrupt, furrowed. Flesh white, fine-grained,
tender, slightly subacid, with a peculiarly fresh and delicious flavor.
Core large and open. Very good to best. December to June.

Northern Sweet.
Northern Golden Sweet. Golden Sweet.

Origin, on the farm of the late Nathan Lockwood, of St. George,
Chittenden Co., Vt. Tree healthy, spreading, and productive, but needs
high culture for the perfect development of the whole crop. Young
wood reddish, smooth.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, sometimes yviih a blush.
Stalk rather long, in a moderate cavity. Calyx small and closed, in a
narrow, abrupt, corrugated basin. Flesh white, tendei-, juicy, sweet,
rich, and excellent. Core medium. September, October. Not profit-
able.

Northfieij) Beauty.

Origin unknown. Tree a vigorous grower. Young shoots rich red-
dish broAvn, with few prominent dots.

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Sides unequal, whitish yellow, with
stripes, shades, and splashes in the sun. Flesh white, crisp, brisk sub-
acid. Core small. Good for cooking. August, September.

Nottingham Pippin.

Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with slight markings of rus-
set. Flesh white, marrowy, sugary, vinous. November to February.
(Hogg.)

Nursery.

Origin unknown.

Fruit below medium, roundish, inclining to conic, gi-eenish yellow,
slight blush or brown in the sun, gray dots. Stalk shoi't, slender. Ca-
lyx closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, compact, mod-
erately juicy, mild subacid, almost sweet. Core small. Good. Decem-
ber to February.

Oakes.

From Danvers, Mass. Origin unknown. Tree a strong, vigorous
grower, and fair bearer. Young shoots clear reddish, smooth.

THE APPLE. 291

Fi'viit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, -with a shade of
red in the sun, few gray dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx closed.
Flesh yellow, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Core small. Good to
very good. November, January.

There is an English culinary Apple of this name described by Lindley,
which is medium, roundish, with ribs, pale green, with broken streaks
of pale brown, and russety specks. Flesh soft, greenish white, slightly
sweet. November, December.

Oconee Greening.

Origin, banks of the Oconee river, a little below Athens, Ga. Tree
vigorous and abundant bearer.

Fruit large, roundish flattened, yellow, a little brownish in the sun,
russet about the stem, with a few scattered russet dots. Calyx open,
in a shallow, slightly furrowed basin. Stalk very short, in a rather
regular, deep cavity. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, crisp, abounding
in a delightful aromatic, lively, subacid juice. Good to very good.
October, November.

Ofine.

Of English origin. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit large, roundish oblate conical. Skin oily. Color lemon yel-
low, washed and splashed with red in the sun, many large redtUsh gray
spots. Stalk large, short. Calyx open. Flesh white, firm, tender,
sweet subacid, aromatic. November. (An Pom.)

Ogdensburgh.

Originated with A. B. James, Ogdensburgh, N. Y.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish yellow, brownish red
in sun, few light and brown dots. Flesh white, jiiicy, tender, very
mild subacid. Very good. Core medium. New. November, Decem-
ber. (Elliott's Notes.)

Ogleby.

From Spottsylvania Co., Va. Tree a rapid grower.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, sometimes a slight
blush in sun, with gray and green dots. Flesh yellowish, compact, crisp,
juicy subacid. Good. October, November.

Ohio Nonpareil,

Myer's Nonpareil. Cattail Apple.

Western Beauty, erroneously. Rusty Core.

This is one of the most valuable of autumn Apples, whether for mar-
ket or table use. Its oi'igin is in doubt, the first known trees of it being

in the orchard of Bowman, Massillon, Ohio. The young trees are

very vigorous, with stout, sti-aight shoots, while the orchard trees are
very wide, regular, open, spreading, requiring little or no thinning, and
bearing the fruit evenly over the whole tree, and all fair sized, smooth
fruit. YouniT shoots smooth, rich, dark reddish brown.

292

THE APPLE.

Fruit medium to large. Form roundish oblate. Color yellow, shaded,
marbled, and splashed with two shades of rich red, thinly sprinkled with
light and gray dots. Stalk medium, rather slender. Cavity large, deep,
regular. Calyx rather large, partially open. Segments rather short.
Basin medium. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, rich,
slightly aromatic subacid. Core small. Very good. October, Novem-
ber.

Ohio Nonpareil.

Ohio Pippin.

Ernst's Pippin.

Shannon.

Origin in doubt. Supposed Dayton, Ohio. It was first disseminated
by the late A. H. Ernst, of Cincinnati. Tree healthy, vigorous, spread-
ing, moderately prodvictive. Young shoots strong, dull reddish brown,
quite downy.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, with mottled red in the si^n.
Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, pleasant, sharp subacid. Good. Core
small. November, January.

Ohio Red Steeak.

Originated with James Mansfield, Jefferson Co., 0. Growth vigor
ous, tipright.

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with
red. Stalk short. Cavity large, russeted. Calyx large, closed. Basin
shallow, uneven. Flesh rather compact, juicy, rich subacid. Good.
January to April.

the apple. 293

Ohlinger.

Origin, Pennsylvania, Berks County.

Fruit below medium, yellow, with a brownish cheek, with many are-
ole specks. Flesh yellowish white, tender, subacid. Good. October.

Old English Codlin.
English Codlin. Trenton Early ?

The trees are very vigorous and fruitful. A large and fair cooking
Apple, in use from July to November.

Fruit generally above medium size, oblong or conical, and a little
irregular, clear lemon yellow, with a faint blush next the sun. Stalk
stout and short. Flesh white, tender, and of a rather pleasant subacid.
Much esteemed for cooking, ripens gradually upon the tree.

Old Field.

Origin, Connecticut. A good grower, bears well, an old variety.
Fruit medium, oblate conic, yellow, with a slight blush. Flesh
yellowish, tender, nleasant, mild subacid. Good. January to April.

Old House.

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright.

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to ob.-conic, yellow, with a blush.
Flesh tender, fine texture, juicy, flavor agreeable, aromatic. Good.
December.

Old Hundred.

Oi'igin xmknown. Specimens received from J. W. Manning, Read-
ing, Mass. Tree upright grower and good bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellowish, striped, splashed,
and marbled with shades of red. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy,
sprightly subacid. Good. November to February.

Old Royal Russet.
Leather Coat Russet.

Fruit medium, roundish, gray russet on gi'een. Flesh greenish
white, sharp subacid. November, February. (Elliott.)

Old Town Crab.

Spice Apple of some

Fruit small, greenish yellow, with brown specks. Flesh crisp, juicy,
sweet. December, March.

Old Town Pippin.

Of unknown origin.

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, light yellow, shaded and
splashed with red, few bro%\Ti dots. Flesh yellowish, firm, not very
juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Cooking. January to March.

294 the apple.

Oline.

Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit very large, roundish, yellow, washed with red. Flesh tender,
fine, subacid. Yery good. November, December. (Soc. V. M.)

Olive.

Origin, Wake Co., N. C. Tree vigorous, upright grower.

Fruit medium, slightly conical, crimson, with gray dots. Calyx
open. Stalk long, stout. Flesh crisp, juicy, subacid. October, No-
vembei'.

There is another Olive Apple, from Vermont, which is medium, ob-
late, inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with
shades of red, few areole dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh
white, tender, juicy, mild subacid. November to January. (Gar. Mon.)

Omar Pasha.

An English cooking Apple.

Fruit above medivim, roundish oblate, deep yellow, dotted with rus-
set. Calyx open. Stalk short. Flesh white, firm, crisp, juicy, pleas-
ant acid. December to March.

Orange.

There are several Apples ujider this name ; but as it is almost im-
possible to decide which has prior right to the name, we enumerate and
describe in the order they are known to us.

The Orange of New Jersey origin is a vigorous gi'ower, and mode-
rately productive. Young shoots clear, reddish brown, buds reddish,
prominent.

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate. Skin orange yellow, with a
few gi'ay dots, and sometimes patches of russet. Stalk short, in a large
cavity. Calyx closed. Basin modei'ate. Flesh yellow, juicy, subacid,
pleasant. Very good. September, October.

The Orange of Reading, Pa., has fruit roundish, slightly oblate,
faintly ribbed, of a warm yellow orange color. Flesh yellowish,
sprightly. Good.

The Orange of France, received from A. Leroy, Angers, is of me-
dium size, roundish, fine yellow, shaded ^\^.th crimson in the sun, mode-
rately sprinkled with gray and light dots. Stalk short. Calyx small,
closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good.
October, November.

Orange Pippin.
Marigold Pippin. Isle of Wight Orange.

An old Apple, originated in Normandy, and valued mainly as a cider
fruit.

Fruit mediixm, roundish, rich orange yellow. Flesh firm, crisp, plea-
sant acid. October to January.

There is also an Orange Pippin grown in New Jersey difiering fiom
this, but we have been maable to obtain its history or description.

THE APPLE. 295

Orange Sweet.

There are several varieties under tins name, but we have been un-
able to examine and compare them closely. The one we have most
known came from Ohio, and has young shoots of a light reddish browii,
smooth, the fruit large, rouncUsh, greenish yellow, sometunes traces o
russet few gray and Ireen dots. Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish,
Wer, juicy, pleasan°t, sweet. Good. Valuable for baking. October,

November. . , i -u „

Another we have from Massachusetts, is a good grower and bearer.
Young shoots smooth, very dark reddish browii Buds very small

Fiuit medium, oblate, greenish yellow. Calyx small. Flesh yel-
lowish white, rather coarse, but rich, sweet. Good for cookmg. Au-
gust and September. . + „ ^f
Anothei Orange Sweeting, grown m Maine, is described as a tree ol
upright habit, healthy, thrifty, and productive. Young shoots dark

brownish red. n i i i „i ;^

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, bright yellow, with a blush cheek m

the sun, small greenish dots in shade, and crimson dots m the sun.

Flesh yello^vish, tender, sweet, and rich. September, October.

Warder, in his American Pomology, describes an Orange ^weet or

Busset as large, round, greenish yellow, bronzy orange russet ilesh

green, rather tough, fine-grained, sweet. Good for baking. December.

Ord.
Ord's Apple. Simpson's Pippin. Simpson's Seedling.

An Encrlish Apple, grown from a seed of the Newtow Pippin.
Fruit medium, oblong conical, somewhat ribbed, dull green, washed
and splashed with dull red, and many star-like russet specks. i^lesh
greenish white, tender, crisp, brisk subacid. December to ApriJ.

Orleans Reinette.
Reiaette d'Orleans.
Fruit large, roundish oblong, deep yellow, with stripes of bright red
in the sun. Flesh yeUowish, fine, juicy, brisk acid. December.

Orndorf.
Origin, Muskingum Co., O. Tree a vigorous, spreading, upright

^""^ Fruit medium,''roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, striped and splashed
with two shades of red. Stalk short. Calyx small^ closed. Flesh
whitish, tender, mild subacid. Good. Core small. October, Novem-
ber.

Orne's Early.
Origin unknown, supposed foreign. Tree vigorous, upright spread-

""^Fruit medium, roundish. Color whitish, thickly sprinkled with gray
and light dots. Stalk long and slender. Calyx small, closed J^lesh
white, tender, fine-gi'ained, moderately juicy, pleasant, sprightly sub-
acid. Good. Core small. August, September.

296 THE APPLE.

Ortley.

Ortley Pippin. TMiite Bellflower. Ohio Favorite.

Woolinan's Long. White Detroit. Willow Leaf Pippin.

Greasy Pippin. Hollow Cored Pippin. White Pippin.

White Bellefleur. Green Bellflower. Detroit.

Van Dyne. Jersey Greening. Davis.

Melting Pippin. Crane's Pippin. Warren Pippin.

Yellow Pippin. Inman. Golden Pippin.

Woodward's Pippin. Tom Woodward Pijipin. White Seek-no-Further.

Davis White Bellflower. Marrow Pii^pin. Tod's Golden Pijipin.

Origin, orchard of Michael Ortley, South Jersey. It grows pretty
strongly, with upright slender shoots, and bears abundantly.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong conic, greenish yellow, be-
coming fine yellow at matuiity, sometimes with a sunny cheek. Stalk
slender, of medium length, inserted in a deep, acute cavity, surrounded
by russet. Calyx closed, set in an abrupt, somewhat corrugated basin.
Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy subacid, very pleasant. Good
to very good. Core large. November to February.

Osceola.

Origin, Putnam Co., Ind. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Young
shoots dark reddish brovni, gi'ayish.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, sides unequal, pale yellow,
shaded, splashed, and striped with red, large light dots. Stalk short.
Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin deep, uneven. Flesh
whitish, firm, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. Janu-
ary to March.

OSKALOOSA.
Jack Apple.

Origin unknown. Tree a moderate grower, forming a handsome head,
an early but not an abundant bearer.

Fi'uit medium, round, somewhat flattened, yellow. Flesh juicy, mild
subacid. November. (Gard. Month.)

OSLIN.
White Oslin. Arbroath Pippin.

An excellent Scotch Apple. Tree vigorous and j^roductive.

Fruit below medium size. Form oblate. Skin rather tough, clear
lemon yellow when quite ripe, and spx-inkled with a few grayish green
dots. Flesh yello"\vish, firm, crisp, juicy, spicy aromatic. Good. Sep-
tember.

OSNABRUCKER ReINETTE.
Reinette d'Osnabruck. Grau Osnabrucker Eeinette.

A foreign variety, not apparently of much value.

Fruit small, roundish, rich yellow ground, somewhat russeted, with
a red cheek in sun. Stalk long, slender. Calyx large. Flesh wliite,
fine, juicy, perfumed. Yery good. December, February. (Yer.)

THE APPLE. 297

OSTERLEY.
Osterley Pippin.

A seedling of the Ribston Pippin, from Middlesex, England, de-
scribed by Ronalds as a free grower and good bearer.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, dull green, with thin russet
and red in the sun. Flesh greenish j^ellow, firm, crisp, juicy, brisk, aro-
matic, sharp subacid. November to February.

OSTOGATE.

Supposed French origin. Tree vigorous and productive.

Frviit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with many gray russet dots.
Stalk slender. Cavity narrow, deep. Calyx open. Flesh wliitish yel-
low, fine, aromatic, sweet subacid. November. (An. Pom.)

Overman's Sweet.

Origin, Illinois. Tree hardy, spreading, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellowish, shaded, mottled,
and splashed with red, many light and gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx
closed. Flesh whitish, not very tender, moderately juicy, mild, sweet.
Core small. Good. November, March.

OviATT.

Origin, Warren Co., O.

Fruit large, roundish oblate conic, greenish yellow, shaded with red
in the sun, few brown dots. Stalk short. Cal}TC closed. Flesh whit-
ish, a little coarse, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. September.

Ox.

From Pennsylvania.

Fruit large roundish conical, whitish, slightly bronzed in the sun, few
gray dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp,
tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. Core small. November to
January.

OXNEAD PeARMAIK.
Earl of Yarmouth's Pearmain.

From England. Tree hardy, with slender drooping branches, pro-
ductive.

Fruit sma;ll, conical, greenish, \nih a tliin russet, brownish in the
sun. Flesh greenish white, firm, crisp, rich, acid. November, Feb-
ruary.

Ox Sweet.

From Massachusetts. Tree very vigoroiis, upright spreading.

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, greenish, sometimes a little
bronzed in the sun, many light and gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx
closed. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, tender, sweet, and pleasant. Good.
Cox'e rather lai'sre. October, November.

298 THE APPLE.

Padley's Pippiy.
Compote. Padley's Royal George Pippin.

An old English Apple, of moderate growth, but quite productive.
Young shoots grayish chestnut red.

Fruit medium, or small, roundish oblate, didl greenish yellow, yel-
low in the sun, with some russet. Flesh yellowish, juicy, rich, brisk
acid. December, January.

Panden Sweet.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun, some
gray and red dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white,
compact, crisp, sweet. Good. Cooking. November.

Park Spice.
Park Apple.

Origin, Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree thrifty, upright spreading,
veiy productive. Young shoots pretty smooth, dark reddish brown.

Fruit medium, roundish oblique, whitish yellow, shaded with red,
obscurely splashed and striped, moderately sprinkled with light and
brown dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yellow-
ish, rather firm, moderately juicy, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. Core
medium. Very good. December to March.

Paementier Reinette.

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, upi-ight spreading.

Fruit large, roundish, golden yellow, dotted with reddish gray, and
striped with blight red in the sim. Flesh yellowish white, firm, sharp
subacid, aromatic. March to May. (S. Y. M.)

Parrot Reinette.

Sujjposed of German origin.

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, lightly splashed,
shaded, and marbled with light red, few brown dots. Stalk medium,
i-ather slender. Cavity broad, deep. Calyx closed, or partially open.
Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. Core large and
open. New, promises valuable for market or cooking.

Parry's Pearmain.

An English dessert Apple.

Fruit small, i-oundish oblong, truncated, greenish yellow, shaded
and striped with red in the sun. Flesh firm, juicy, rich, and sweet.
Good to very good. January to March.

Passe Pomme d'Automne.

Passe Pomme Rouge d'Automne. Generale.

Pomme d'Outre Passe. Passe Pomme Cotellee.

Herbststrich Apf el. Rother Herbststrichapf el.

Of German origin. Tree vigoroiTS, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, ribbed, yellowish, shaded

THE APPLE. 299

and striped with rich red in the sun. Flesh very white, tinged with red,
tender, juicy, vinous, excellent for cooking. September. (Hogg.)

Passe Pomme Rouge.
Rother August ApfeL Eothe Sommerpasspomm.

Tree slender grower, hardy, productive.

Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellow, entirely overspread and shaded
with red. Flesh white, tinged with red next the skin, crisp, jiiicy, soon
decays. Poor. August.

Patch's Russet.

Of English origin.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with thin
gray russet. Calyx small. Stalk long. Flesh yellowish white, crisp,
brisk aromatic. Good. November, December. (Lind.)

Patekson's Sweet.

Origin vmknown. Considerably grown in Western New York, and
esteemed valuable for its season. Tree upright, thrifty, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly covered and indis-
tinctly splashed and striped with dark rich red, many conspicuous light
dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good to very good.
September, October.

Pawpaw.
Western Baldwin, Rubicon. Ball Apple.

Origin, Pawpaw, Mich. Tree hardy, a good and regular bearer.
Young shoots dull grayish reddish brown.

A new Apple, esteemed in its place of origin for its productiveness
and beauty of appearance.

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, slightly oblique, yellow, shaded
and mostly ovei-spread with bright i-ich red, faintly splashed and mot-
tled, moderately sprinkled with areole dots. Stalk medium. Cavity
deep, narrow. Calyx partially open. Segments a little recurved.
Flesh yellowish, juicy, fu-m, rich, brisk subacid. Very good, Decem-
ber to June.

Pawsak.

An EngUsh cider Apple.

Fruit medium, roundish, dull green, with network of russet. Flesh
firm, juicy, acid. October.

Peach.

Origin unknown. Tree moderate grower.

Fruit below medium, oblate, inclining to conic, pale yellow, with
blush of red in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk
short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, lively brisk
subacid. Good to very good. Core small. December to April. A
good keeper.

300

the apple.
Peach-Pond Sweet.

This is a most excellent autumn variety, from a small village of this
name in Dutchess Co., N. Y. It appears well worthy of a more gen-
eral dissemination. Tree vigorous, spreading. Young shoots dull gray-
ish brown.

Peach-Pond Sweet.

Fruit of medium size, rather flat, striped light red. Stalk long and
slender. Flesh tender or very mellow, moderately juicy, very rich,
sweet, and agreeable. Very good. September to November.

Pear.
Pear-Apple.

From Pennsylvania.

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblong, pale yellow, with a blush
in the sun, few gray dots. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid.
Good. Core small. December, February.

Pearsall's Sweet.

Supposed to have originated in Queens Co., Long Island. Tree up-
right spreading, quite productive.

Fruit rather large, roundish, sometimes oblique, yellow, shaded,
splashed, and mottled with light red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh
yellowish, a little coarse, moderately juicy, sweet. Good. Core large
and open. November, January. A good keeper, and valuable for
baking.

Pearson's Early.

Fruit medium or above, roundish, pale yellow,
white, sharp svibacid. August, September. (Elliott.]

Flesh yellowish

THE APPLE.

301

Pearson's Plate.

A vai'iety from England, which has a very high reputation.

Frviit small, about two and a half inches in diameter, regularly
formed, flat, greenish yellow, becoming yellow, with a little red in the
sun. Plesh white, crisp, tender, sprightly subacid. Good. February,
March. Core small.

Peck's Pleasant.

Waltz Apple.

A first-rate fruit in. all respects, belonging to the Newtown Pippin
class. It has long been cultivated in Rhode Island, where, we think, it
originated, and in the northern part of Connecticut, and deserves ex-
tensive dissemination. It considerably resembles the Yellow Newtown
Pippin, with more tender flesh, and is scarcely inferior to it in flavor.

Peck's Pleasant.

The tree is a moderate, upright spreading grower, but bears regu-
larly and well, and the fruit commands a liigh price in. the market. The
apples on the lower branches of old trees are flat, while those on the
iTpper branches are nearly conical. Young shoots reddish brown, slightly
do^vTiy,

Fruit above medium size, roundish, a little ribbed, and slightly flat-
tened, with an indistinct furrow on one side. Skin smooth, and when
first gathered, green, with a little dark red ; but when ripe a beautiful
clear yellow, with bright blush on the sunny side and near the stalk,
marked with scattered gi'ay dots. The stalk is peculiarly fleshy and
flattened, short, and sunk in a wide, rather wavy cavity. Calyx woolly,
sunk in a narrow, abruptly, and pretty deeply sunk basin. Flesh yel-
lowish, fine-grained, juicy, crisp and tender, with a delicious, high aro-
matic sprightly subacid. Very good or best. November to March.

302 the apple.

Pelham Sweet.
Green Sweet.

From Massachusetts. Tree a fair grower and good bearer.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate conic, greenish, sometimes
shaded with red in sun, splashes and patches of russet. Stalk short.
Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, moderately tender, sweet. Good. Core
small. December to March.

Pennington's Seedling.

An English fruit of medium size, nearly flat, a little angl^lar, mostly
covered with rough yellow russet, with a little pale brown in the sun.
Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, with a brisk acid juice. Hardly good.
November to March.

Pennock.

Pomme Roye. Big Romanite. Red Pennock

Large Romanite. Neisley's Winter Penick. Pennock's Red Winter.

Prolific Beauty. Pelican Gay's Romanite.

Roman Knight. Red Ox.

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree a strong, vigorous, upright spreading
grower, and very productive.

Fruit quite large, oblique, generally flat, but occasionally roundish
oblong, fine deep red, with faint, indistinct streaks of yellow. Flesh
yellow, tender, and juicy, with a pleasant half sweet flavor. Good.
November to March.

Pennsylvania Sweet.

Pennsylvania Sweeting,

Origin unknown.

Fruit large, oblong, greenish yellow. Flesh tender, fine-grained,
very sweet. Good. Early winter. (Warder.)

Pennsylvania Wine Sap.

Origin unknown.

Fruit large, conical oblate, truncated, yellow, blushed, very little
splashed. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. De-
cember, January. (Warder.)

Feople's Choice.
Melt-in-the-Mouth of some.

A Pennsylvania fruit. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. Young
shoots grayish reddish brown.

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic. Color red, sometimes
obscurely striped, thickly sprinkled with large whitish dots of peculiar
appearance. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, brisk, rich subacid. Good.
December to March.

the apple. 303

Pepin Russe.

Fruit medium, rovmdish oblate, yellow, with reddish gray dots,
bright red in the sun. Flesh fine, half firm, yellowish white, subacid.
December, January. (S. V. M.)

Perry Russet.
Golden Russet.

The origin of this is in obscurity. It was, many years since, car-
ried from Perry, Wyoming Co., N. Y., to the West, iinder the name
of Golden Russet, but as it was entirely distinct from the true Golden
Russet, it soon became known as the Perry Russet, which name we con-
tinvie. It is of " good " quality for table or kitchen, but does not keep
late, and sometimes drops its fruit from the tree early. Tree a moderate,
upright spreading grower, hardy, an early and abundant bearer. Young
shoots light brownish red.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, sometimes a little oblique, pale
yellow, netted with russet on the sunny side, and sometimes brownish.
Stalk short, cavity narrow, sometimes with a lip. Calyx closed. Basin
abrupt. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, juicy, brisk subacid. Good.
November, December.

Petit Jean.

From Jersey, England. Tree an abundant bearer.
Fruit small, roundish oval oblate, pale yellow, shaded and striped
with red. Flesh white, tender. Good. November, February.

Petworth Nonpareil.
Green Nonpareil.

Ronalds describes this English fruit as larger than the old Nonpa-
reil, of the same shape, green. Flesh crisp, juicy. February, March.

Phillippi.

Origin, supposed Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous. Young shoots
reddish brown, slightly downy.

Fruit medium, oblate conical, greenish yellow, with numerous
blotches and gray dots, and a blush on the exposed side. Stalk short
and slender, inserted in a wide, deep cavity. Calyx small, closed, set
in a narrow superficial basin. Flesh tender, fine textui-e, juicy. Good
to very good. October to Janiiary.

Phillips' Sweet.

Originated on the farm of George Phillips, Coshocton Co., Ohio.
Tree thrifty, upright, very productive. Yoiing wood smooth, light,
clear i-eddish brown.

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, whitish
yellow, shaded with light red, and striped and splashed A\'ith dark,

304 THE APPLE.

large light dots. Stalk long, slender. Cavity deep. Calyx closed.
Segments short. Basin abrupt, deep, ilesh -white, crisp, tender, juicy,
rich, pleasant, sweet. Good to very good. Core small. December,
March.

Phcenix.

From Illinois. Origin unknown.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, light yellow, faintly shaded,
splashed, and striped with rich red, few brown and light dots. Flesh
yellowish, coarse, moderately juicy, subacid. Good. December, March.

Pickard's Reserve.

Origin, Parke Co., Ind. Tree hardy and productive.

Fruit rather large, oblate, sides unequal, yellow, shaded with red in
the sun, few gray dots. Stalk short. Cavity large. Calyx closed.
Basin large, deep, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, crisp, rather tender,
juicy, slightly aromatic subacid. Good to very good. Core small.
December, January.

PiCKMAN.
Pickman Pippin.

Origin, Massachusetts. Tree vigorous. Young shoots dull brown,
downy. Buds knobby at base.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with scattered shades of
russet, and small russet dots. Stalk short. Cavity medium. Calyx
closed. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, pleasant subacid. Good to very
good. January, April.

PlFER.

Pfeifer.

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree rapid grower, upright spreading.

Fruit below medium, roundish, sparsely streaked with red on a yel-
lowish green ground, fawn-colored next the sun. Flesh white, tender,
subacid. Good. January to July.

Pigeon.

Jerusalem. Coeur de Pigeon. Pigeon Rouge.

Gros Coeur de Pigeon. Passe Pomme. Duif Apfel.

Rother Taubenapfel. Arabian Apple.

This old Apple is described by Bonalds as a free but not robust
grower.

Fruit medium, oblong conical, straw color, flushed with red in the
sun. Flesh white, delicate, crisp, j)leasant subacid. December to
February.

PiGEONETTE.

Pigeonet Blanc. Pigeonette Blanc d'llte,

Pigeonette Gros de Rouen. Museau de Levre.

American Peach. Taubenfarbige Apfel.

This is described by Hogg as of only second quality, and here pro-
bably of little value.

THE APPLE. 305

Finxit below medium, oblate roundish, yellow, striped and rayed with
red. Flesh white, delicate, agi-eeable acid. August, September.

PiGEONETTE DE RoUEN.

This is described in the Annals of Pomology, by M. Bivort, as tree
very productive.

Fruit large, oblong conical, truncated, pale yellow, spotted with gi'ay,
washed and blotched Avith bright red. Flesh white, teudei', subacid.
Good. December to March.

PiKETON Russet.

Origin, near Piketon, Ohio.

Frxiit large, conical, reddish green, and russety. February to April.
(O. P. S. Rep.)

Piles Russet.
Pyles Russet.

An old English Apple. Tree \igorous, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dull green, covered with inisset, be-
coming dull brown or orange in the sun. Flesh greenish, breaking,
brisk, slightly aromatic subacid. November to April. (Lindley.)

Pine Apple Russet.
Hardingham's Russet.

Tree of moderate growth, fruit not fair or very valuable.

Fruit medium, conic, angular. Skin whitish yellow, faintly striped.
Stalk rather long and slender. Cavity imeven, and slightly russeted.
Calyx closed. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh whitish, j nicy, tender,
subacid, slightly aromatic. Very good. Last of September and Oc-
tober.

Pine Creek Sweet.
Hamilton.

Origin, Pine Creek, Clinton Co., Pa. Tree very vigorous, upright
spreading.

Fruit large, roundish conical, pale whitish yellow, sprinkled with a few
brown dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep, large, uneven. Caljrx small,
closed. Basin abrupt, deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, crisp,,
tendei', juicy, rich honeyed sweet. Very good. Core small. October.

Pine Strawberry.

Tree healthy, vigorous, upright.

Fruit medium to large, conical, pale yellow, blushed and splashed,
light carmine. Dots large, yellow. Calyx open. Stalk short. Flesh yel-
low, tough, juicy, sweet. Good. Winter. (Am. Hort. An.)

Pink Sweeting.

Originated with William Keller, Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree vigor^
OTIS, spreading, producing enormous crops.

20

306 THE APPLE.

Fruit small, greenish, nearly covered with bright red, perfect in form,
rich, pleasant, sweet. Good. September, October.

Pinner.
Carrell's Seedling. Pinner Seedling.

Origin, Middlesex, England.

Fruit medium, roundish, ribbed slightly, yellowish brown russet, be-
coming reddish brown in the sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, brisk
subacid. December, February.

Pioneer.

From Pennsylvania.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellow, shaded with light red,
and splashed and striped with dark red, many small light and gray dots.
Stalk rather short. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy,
pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic. Good. Core small. October, No-
vember.

PiTMASTON Golden Pippin.

Fruit small, round, rough, pale yellowish brown russet. Flesh deep
yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, sweet. December. (Hogg.)

PiTMASTON Nonpareil.
St. John's Nonpareil. Pitmaston. Russet Nonpareil.

Origin, near Worcester, England.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dull green, with russet and faint red
in the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, rich, aromatic subacid. No-
vember, December. (Lind.)

PiTMASTON Pine-Apple.

Fruit small, conical, yellowish brown russet. Flesh yellowish, firm,
crisp, sugary. December, January. (Hogg.)

Pittsburgh Pippin.

Flat Pippin. Swiss Pippin. Swiss Apple.

Father Apple. William TeU. Schwitzer Apple.

Greasy Back. Pippin. Wythe.

Origin, supposed to be Pittsburgh, Pa. An irregular grower, some-
what drooping in habit, and generally a good bearer. Young shoots
dull reddish brown, downy.

Fruit large, oblate, obscurely ribbed, pale yellow, rarely with a blush,
sparsely spiinkled with brown dots. Stalk short and small, in a large
cavity, sometimes a little russeted. Calyx nearly closed. Basin broad
and corrugated. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, sprightly subacid. Good
to very good. November to April.

Platt's Sweet.
Origin, Addison Co., Yt. Tree a strong grower, and productive.

THE APPLE. 307

Fruit medium, roundish conical, sides unequal, greenish yellow,
shaded and striped with dull red. Flesh yellowish, juicy, peculiar,
sweet. Good. Core small. January to March.

Pleasant Valley Pippin.

Of unknown origin. Received from New Jersey. Tree moderately
\"igorous, upright spreading.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, with
brown or gray dots. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yellowish, tender,
juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. October, November.

Plum.

Origin unknown. Tree upright, moderately vigorous.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with a tinge of red
in the sun. Flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid.
Very good. Core small. August.

Polish.
Red Polish.

Originated in the neighborhood of Boston, Mass. Tree very produc-
tive, moderately vigorous, upright spreading.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, shaded, s])lashed, and striped
with dark rich red, light gray dots. Stalk rather short, slender. Calyx
closed. Flesh whitish, sometimes stained next the skin, juicy, pleasant
subacid. Good to very good. October, November.

Polly Bright.

Origin supposed to be Virginia. Tree vigorous, upright spreading.

Fniit elongated conic. Skin light yellow, shaded with carmine, ob-
scurely striped. Stalk of medium length, in an acute cavity, russeted.
Calyx in a small furrowed basin. Flesh tender, juicy, with a pleasant
subacid flavor. Good. September, October.

POMEROY.
Taunton.

There are two Pomeroy Apples from England — one from Somerset-
shire and one from Lancashire ; neither of them proves of much value
here. The first is medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, with
stripes of red and russet in the sun. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sugary.
October, December.

The second is medium, roundish oblate, ribbed at apex, pale yellow,
shaded cheek of red in the sun, russet dots. Flesh whitish, tender,
brisk subacid. September, October.

There is another Pomeroy from Massachusetts, which is of medium
size, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and marbled in sun with
light and dark red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender,
moderately juicy, pleasant subacid. Good or very good. October,
November.

308 THE APPLE.

POMME GrISE.

Pomme de Cuir. Grise.

Gray Apple. Leather Apple of Turic.

A small gray Apple, from Canada, probably of Swiss or French
origin, and xmdoubtedly one of tbe finest dessert Apples for a northern
climate. It is not a strong grower, but is a good early bearer, and has
an excellent flavor. Young wood reddish brown.

Pomme Grise.

Fruit below medium size, oblate roundish. Skin greenish gray or
cinnamon russet, with a little red towards the sun. Calyx small, set in
a round basin. Flesh tender, rich, and high-flavored. Very good to
best. December to February.

There is an Apple under name of Pomme Oris d'Or which is claimed
as of more upright gi'owth. The fruit more oblong and quite distinct.
We have been unable to so decide.

Pomme Wateb.
Pomme "Water Sweet.

An old Apple, described in Kenrick, Hogg, and others. It has
travelled considerably, but is not generally kno'W'Ti, nor very highly
appreciated. Tree vigorous, spreading, moderately productive.

Fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly conical, greenish yellow,
shaded and splashed with red or crimson in the sun. Stalk rather short.
Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, juicy, pleasant, sweet.
Good to very good. Fine for baking. October, December.

PoNTO Pippin.

An English variety, described by Hogg as of medium size, rouncUsh,
slightly conical, greenish yellow, red in the sun, -wdth spots of dark russet.
Flesh gi-eenish white, crisp, tender, brisk subacid. November to Feb-
ruarv.

THE APPLE.

309

POOBHOUSE.

A new variety, received from A. L. Woodson, of Kentucky, by him
obtained from Tennessee.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, pale yellowish green, with russet dots.
Stalk short. Flesh yellowish, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid.
Very good. December. Promises a good keeper.

Pope.
Pope's Apple.

This is described by Hogg as originating in Kent, England, and
there highly esteemed. The tree an early and abimdant bearer.

Fruit large, roundish oblate conical, clear yellow, with patches of
green, dark dots and streaks of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, sugary,
juicy^ rich, and excellent. November to March.

PORTEK.

A first-rate New England fruit, raised by the Rev. S. Porter, of Sher-
burne, Mass., and wherever grown a decided favorite. The tree is hardy,
a moderately vigorous grower, forming a low, round, spreading head, and

Porter.

producing abundantly, if in good soil, a fruit uniformly fair and even in
size and form. It is a valuable market fruit, and continues a long time

310 THE APPLE.

Fruit rather large, regular, oblong, narrowing to the eye. Color
clear glossy bright yellow, and, when exposed, with a dull blush next
the sun. Calyx closed. Segments irregular, set in a narrow and deep
basin. Stalk rather slender, not three-fourths of an inch long. Flesh
fine-grained, and abounding with juice, sprightly, agreeable aromatic
subacid. Very good to best. Eijiens in September, and deserves general
cultivation.

PORTEK SpITZENBURGH.

Origin uncertain. A free grower and very productive. Tree mod-
erately vigorous, upright spreading.

Fruit large, globular, slightly inclining to conic, red, shaded with
deep crimson. Stalk very short, inserted in a large cavity, surrounded
by thin russet. Calyx small, closed, set in an open basin. Flesh white,
much stained, very compact, crisp, juicy, pleasant, brisk subacid. Good
to very good. November to March.

Portugal Gray Reinette.

Reinette Grise de Portugal. Graue Portagiesische Reinette.

Origin unknown. A very singular-colored fruit, small to medium,
green, covered with a peculiar dirty reddish brown. Calyx large, closed.
Flesh greenish white, tender, pleasant subacid. January, February.

Posey's Red.
Posey's Red Winter Sweet.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed,
and striped with red. Flesh whitish, tender, mild subacid, almost sweet.
Good. Core small. November to April.

POSTELEY.
Posteley's Seedling.

Origin unknown. Tree a fair grower and good bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, shaded
in the sun with dull red, many gi"ay dots. Stalk short. Cavity large.
Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, compact, juicy, brisk subacid. Good to
very good. Core medium. December to March.

Potter's Large.

Potter's Large Apple. Potter's Large Seedling.

A very large English sauce Apple, roundish oblong conical, obscurely
ribbed, greenish yellow, with a blush red in the sun, and many red and
gray dots. Flesh white, subacid. October to December.

Pottinger.

Big Red.

Origin and distinctiveness uncertain. Tree vigorous, large. Branches
upright. Shoots purple, warty. Buds long, pointed.

THE APPLK. 311

Fruit large, regular, oblate, dull red, shaded and striped, covering
the yellow ground. Dots small, prominent, with some roughness. Flesh
yellow, breaking, granular, j uicy, subacid, aromatic. Only good for kitchen
and drying. December, January. (Warder.)

Pound Cake.
Royal Pearmain ?

A Southern Apple, not much known.

Frviit large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, golden yellow, mot-
tled and shaded with red, netted and patched with russet. Flesh yellow-
ish, rather crisp, tender, a little granular, vinoixs, pleasant. Good to
very good. November, December.

Pound Royal.
Winter Pound Royal.

Probably of French origin. Fruit apt to be unfair, unless with high
culture. Tree spreading, with long slender bi'anches. Young shoots
light brown.

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, with a slightly uneven surface,
pale yellowish white, rarely with a faint blush, and marked when ripe
with a few large ruddy or dark specks. Flesh very tender, breaking,
fine-grained, with a mild, agreeable, aromatic subacid. Good. In use
from December to April.

Pound's July.

Origin, Kentucky. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Young shoots
light reddish bro^v^l.

Fruit large, roundish conic, sides iinequal, greenish white, with a
dull blush, and thinly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk very short.
Cavity deep, russeted. Calyx closed. Basin small, narrow. Flesh
white, fine-grained, tender, not veiy juicy, rich, pleasant, sweet. Good
to very good. July, August.

Pound Sweet.

There are sevei-al sorts under this popular name, as applied to any
large sweet apple. One is large, roundish conical, greenish yellow, with
slight red in sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, moderately juicy, sweet. Sep-
tember, October. Another is large, roundish, red. Flesh whitish, mod-
erately juicy, aromatic, sweet.

POVESHON.

An old New Jersey Apple, valued mainly for making early cider.
Fruit small, oblate, deep red. Flesh yellow, dry, sweet. Good. Sep-
tember, October.

Powell's Russet.

A little English Apple, described by Ronalds as roundish oblate,
light brown russet. Flesh white, fii-m, brisk subacid. December, Jan-
uary.

s12 the apple.

Powers.
Miller's Apple.

Origin, Perrysbui'gli, Ohio.

Fruit large, rovmclish oblate, waxy yellow ground, shaded with red,
and splashed with carmine. Stalk short. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx
closed. Basin abrupt, somewhat corrugated. Flesh white, fine-grained,
juicy, mild, aromatic subacid. Very good. October, November.
(O. P. S. Trans.)

There is another Powers, or Powers Seedling, which originated on
the farm of C. W. Powers, Amenia, Dutchess Co., IST. Y.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, whitish, shaded, splashed,
and striped with red, light dots. Flesh white, a little stained next the
skin, crisji, juicy subacid. Good. November.

POWNAL SpITZENBURGH.

Origin, Vermont. An old variety, not much esteemed. Tree a rapid
grower, but late coming into bearing.

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, sometimes inclining to conic,
yellow, marbled and striped with red. Flesh yellowish, not very tender,
pleasant subacid. Good. December to March.

Prairie Calville.

Calville des Prairies. Renetten. Wilden Apfel.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, light yellow, overspread and blotched
with red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. November, December.
(An. Pom.)

Pratt's Sweet.

Origin, on the farm of Daniel Pratt, Richland, Oswego Co., N. Y.
Tree vigorous, with an open spi'eading head, an annual bearer, and pro-
ductive. Young shoots dark reddish bi'own.

Fruit large, roundish conical, with broad yet slight ribs. Color rich
pale yellow ground, marbled, striped, and shaded over two-thii-ds the
surface, with two shades of clear bright pinkish red, and dotted with
inconspicuous light dots. Stalk rather short, slender. Cavity dee]),
bi-oad, and open. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, moderately deep, round,
and slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, breaking, tender,
rather fine-grained and juicy, mild, pleasant, rich, sweet. Very good.
Core medium. December to March.

President.

Oi'igin, farm of Capt. John Wliite, Salem, N. H. Tree vigorous,
productive.

Fruit large, rovmdish oblate, pale yellow, with a tinge of red in the
sun, few gray dots. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, subacid. Good. Septem-
ber, October.

The original tree of the President is said to have been in bearing at
the inauguration of Washington as President, and to be yet in a healthy
condition.

the apple. 313

President De Fay's Dumonoeau.

Origin, Belgium. Tree vigorous and productive. A new variety, of
good promise.

Fruit very large, oblate, broadly ribbed, rich, yellow, splashed and
marbled with bright red in the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx small, closed.
Flesh yellowish white, tender, sugary, acid. November, February.
(An. Pom.)

Press.

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree upright, vigorous.

Fruit rather large, oblate. Skin whitish yellow, striped and
splashed with red. Flesh juicy, tender, pleasant, mild subacid. Good.
March.

Press Ewing.

Originated in Christian Co., Ky., and introduced to notice by J. S.
Downer. Tree hardy, vigorous, irregular, spreading. Young shoots
dark brown, productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, shaded and obscurely splashed with,
crimson, and thickly covered with dots, having a dark centre. Stalk
medium, inserted in a broad, deep cavity. Calyx closed, set in an un-
even, deep, abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, crisp, tender,
mild, agreeable subacid. Good to very good. February till April.

Priestly.
Priestley's American.

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, upright, and productive.

Fruit large, roundish oblong, smooth, dull red, with small streaks of
yellowish gi-een. Flesh white, moderately juicy, with a spicy, agreeable
flavor. Hardly good. December to March.

Priest's Sweet.
Blue Sweet. Molasses Sweet.

Origin, Leominster, Mass. Tree vigorous and very productive.

Fruit medium, globular inclining to conic, yellow, chiefly covered
with dull red stripes and numerous red dots. Stalk short, set in a rather
deep cavity. Calyx closed. Basin small. Flesh white, fine, tender, and
pleasant, not very juicy, a late keeper. Good. January to May.

Primate.

Rough and Ready. Early Tart Harvest.

Sour Harvest. Zour Bough.

July Apple. Powers.

Scott. North American Best.

The ti'ue origin of this delicious amateur's Apple is unknown. It ap-
pears to have been long known and grown in vai'ious sections of our
States under different names. The tree is hardy, a strong and stocky

314 THE APPLE.

grower, and forms a beautiful head, very productive. Young slioots
short-jointed, reddish brown, qmte downy. Buds rather prominent.

Primate.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, greenish white, with a crimson
blush on the exposed side. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a rather
large, deep, irregular cavity. Calyx closed in an abrvipt, open, somewhat
corrugated basin. Flesh white, very tender, sprightly, refreshing, mild
subacid. Very good or best. An excellent dessei't Apple, ripening the
last of August, and continuing in use till October.

Princely.

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree a good grower and good bearer.

Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes inclining to conic, yellow, shaded,
marbled, and indistinctly splashed with red, small light dots. Stalk
short. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild
almost sweet subacid. Core small. Good to very good. October,
January.

Prince of Orange.

Tree vigorous, very productive.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong, ribbed, pale yellow, with
blotches of red. Flesh yellowish white, tender, soft, subacid. Good.
October, November. (An. Pom.)

Princesse ISToble.

Grosser Edler Prinzessinapf el.

An excellent Dutch Apple. Tree a good grower, an early and good
bearer.

THE APPLE. 315

Fruit medivim, roundish, somewhat conical, yellowish, with many-
broken stripes of red. Flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, pleasant, vi-
nous. November. (Hogg.)

Pkincesse Noble des Chartreaux.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium to large, bright green, with many indistinct spots,
greenish brown around the stalk. Stalk short. Calyx small. Flesh
yellowish white, firm, sugary, agreeable acid. January, February.
(Verg.)

Prinz.

Of German origin. New. Tree vigorous, upright, a good grower,
and productive. Young shoots reddish brown, downy.

Fruit large, roundish conical, obscurely ribbed, yellow, shaded with
pale red in the sun, few brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed.
Flesh yellowish, jviicy, tender, breaking, mild, pleasant subacid. Good
to very good. October, November.

Progress.
"Esquire Miller's Best Sort."

A native of Middlefield, Conn. Tree a moderate grower, and forms
a handsome head, bears early, and very productive. The original tree
stands on the land of Enoch Coe, formerly of Isaac Miller Esq., and for
some time was called " Esquire Miller's best Sort."

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Stalk short, inserted in a round
cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx large, partially closed, set in an
open basin. Skin smooth, yellow, with a sunny cheek, sometimes with
a few scattered gray dots. Flesh solid, tender, crisp, juicy, refreshing,
subacid. Good to very good. Core small. Ripe, October to April.

Proliferous Reinette.

An English Apple, described by Hogg as :

Fruit medium, roundish, obscurely ribbed, dull yellow with broken
stripes of crimson, small russety specks. Flesh yellowish white, juicy,
rich brisk flavor. October, December.

Prolific Beauty.

Origin unknown.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish, with dull stripes of red.
Flesh whitish yellow, tender, acid. Poor. September, December.

Prolific Sweet.

From Connecticut. Tree a good grower, very productive, fine for
cooking.

Fruit roundish conic. Skin greenish. Flesh whitish, tender, •svith
a pleasant, sweet, spicy flavor. November to February.

316 the apple.

Prop.

From Pennsylvania.

Fruit medium, oblate oblique, pale yellow, with a few large splashes
and stripes of light red, few large brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx
large, open. Flesh whitish, tender, j uicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good.
Core small. December.

Pryor's Red.

Pitzer Hill. Big Hill. Prior's Red.

Origin unknown. Tree upright, spreading, not very vigorous, nor
an early bearer, requires a deep, rich soil, and a warm season or a south-
ern climate for the full development of its excellence. Young wood
and buds clear reddish brown, many large conspicuous gray dots.

Pryor's Red.

Fruit medium, somewhat globular oblate, obliquely depressed. Color
greenish yellow, shaded with red, striped with dark crimson, and thickly
sprinkled with greenish gray dots, and some seasons much covered with
russet. Stalk short and thick, inserted in a small acute cavity, sur-
rounded by traces of russet, which sometimes considerably ovei-spread
the fruit. Calyx firmly closed, set in a small basin. Flesh yellowish,
tender, juicy, very rich, pleasant subacid. Yery good. January to
March.

There is an apple under name of Pryor's Blue, which may be distinct
from the above, and may prove identical.

Pucker End.

From Long Island. Tree thrifty and productive. Fruit large,
roundish, inclining to conic, pale yellow, often shaded with crimson in

THE APPLE. 317

the sun, few dark gray dots. Stalk sliort, stout. Calyx closed. Flesh
yellowish, crisp, juicy, subacid. Good. Core large. October.

Pumpkin Russet.

'' Sweet Russet. Pumpkin Sweet. Flint Russet.

York Russet .

Origin unknown. Trees large and spreading.

Fruit large, round. Flesh pale yellowish green, slightly covered
with inisset. Stalk long, set in a wide, shallow cavity. Eye naiTow,
slightly sunk. Flesh exceedingly rich and sweet. Good. September
to January.

Pumpkin Sweet.
Vermont Pumpkin Sweet. Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet. Pound Sweet.

A veiy large sweet Apple, which we received from Mr. S. Lyman,
of Manchester, Conn. It is, j^erhaps, inferior to the Jersey Sweet or
the Summer Sweet Paradise for the table, but is a very valuable apple
for baking, and deserves a place on this account in every orchard. Ti'ee
upright, spreading. Young wood brown.

Fruit very large, roundish, more or less furrowed or ribbed, espe-
cially near the stalk. Color pale green, with obscure whitish streaks
near the stalk, and numerous white dots near the eye, sometimes becom-
ing a little yellow next the sun. Flesh white, very sweet, but not very
juicy. Good. September to December.

There is also in Connecticut and Massachxisetts another PumpMn
Sweet, the tree of which is a strong, upright grower, and very produc-
tive. Young wood reddish brown, slightly downy.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, rich yellow, frequently with consider-
able russet. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, rich, sugary, sweet, ripen-
ing in September and October. Yeiy valuable for baking or stock feed-
ing.

There are also several other Apples under the name of Pumpkin
Sweet, but we consider the two above described as the best we have
known.

Pushmataha.

Sloan's Seedling.

Originated near Tuscaloosa, Ala. Tree stout, upright, moderately
spreading head, early and abundant bearer. Young shoots grapsh,
downy at end.

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale yel-
low, shaded, s})lashed, and striped with rich red, few brown dots. Stalk
medium, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, mild,
pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. ISTovember to January.

Putnam Harvey.

Origin unknown.

Fruit mediu.m to large, roundish oblate, greenish, with patches of
russet. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid. August, September.
(ElKott.)

318 the apple,

Putnam Keeper.

From Kentucky. Tree vigorous, upright spreading.

Fruit large, oblate, yellowish, shaded and splashed with red. Stalk
rather long. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant sub-
acid. Good. Core small. December to March.

Putnam Sweet.

Originated near INtarietta, Ohio.

Fruit large, flat, regular, surface smooth, mixed, splashed, and
striped deep red. Dots numerous, large. Calyx small, closed. Stalk
short. Flesh tender, sweet, very good. Kitchen, stock. August, Sep-
tember. (Warder.)

Putneyite.

Fruit medium, roundish, light yellow, coarse, diy, acid. December,
January. (Elliott.)

Quaker.

An old Apple. Origin unknowia. Tree vigorous, spreading, an early
and gi^eat bearer, regarded by some as a valuable market soi't.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, yellow, splashed and
striped with rich red, light dots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity
large. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, pleasant, slightly aro-
matic subacid. Good. November, February.

Quaker Pippin.

Fruit medium, greenish yellow. Very acid. Poor. October.
(Elliott.)

Queen Charlotte.

An old German Apple, described by Ronalds as :
Fruit small, conical, greenish, with a facing of brown in sun. Flesh
brisk, pleasant. March, April.

Queen of Sauce.

A culinary Apple, described by Hogg as :

Fi'uit large, oblate, greenish yellow, striped and flushed with red,
patches and specks of russet. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp,
juicy, svigary, brisk, pleasant. Good. November, January.

Queen of the Pippins.
Reine des Reinettes.

Origin unknown. Foreign.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, truncated, fine yellow, shaded,
splashed, and marbled with red, few gray dots. Stalk slender. Calyx
open. Basin large. Flesh yello^\^.sh white, firm, crisp, slightly aro-
matic. Good to very good. November, December.

the apple. 319

Queen of the Yallet.

Origin unknown. Received from Connecticut. Tree vigorous, up-
right spreading. Young slioots broAvnish, slightly grayish.

Fruit rather large, roundish conical, yellow, mostly shaded, striped,
and splashed with rich red, many whitish dots. Stalk short. Calyx
closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good to very
good. November, December.

Quince.
Seneca Spice ? Pear Apple.

Origin uncertain ; first described by Coxe. In appearance this Apple
is much like a large yellow Newtown Pippin ; grown at the West it is
larger than in New England, of a rich high flavor, and by some es-
teemed very highly. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright spreading, and
productive. Young shoots dull reddish brown. Buds small, reddish,
pointed.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow, rarely with a blush,
somewhat broadly ribbed. Stalk short. Cavity broad, open, deep.
Calyx closed. Basin large, rather deep, furrowed or uneven. Flesh
yellowish white, crisp, tender, a little coarse, with a brisk, jileasant
subacid quince aroma. Core rather large. Yery good. October, De-
cember.

There is another Quince, or Coles Quince, which is claimed to have
originated in Cornish, Maine. The fruit of the two is very similar,
and we have at times questioned its identity. The young wood is,
however, different in shade of color, being clear rich reddish brown,
with buds short, abrupt, prominent.

Rabine.

This English Apple is described by Hogg as valuable for culinary
or dessert purposes.

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, greenish yellow, mot-
tled, splashed, and striped with red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, ten-
der, crisp, sugary, brisk, pleasant acid. October, December.

Ragan.

Ragan's Red.

Originated with Reuben Eagan, Putnam Co., Ind. Tree hardy,
vigorous, and fruitful. Young wood dull reddish brown, grayish.

Fruit medium to large, roundish conic. Color marbled and striped
with red on a green gi'ound. Stalk medium length, inserted in a very
deep, narrow cavity. Calyx small, closed, set in a deep, abi'upt basin.
Flesh yellowish white, juicy, pleasant, rather rich, spicy, subacid.
Good to very good. October to November.

Rambo.

Fall Romanite. Romanite. Trumpington ?

Gray Romanite. Seek-no-Further. Large Rambo ?

Striped Rambo. Bread-and-Cheese Apple. Terry's Redstreak.

Delaware. Rambouillet.

The Rambo is one of the most popular autumn or early winter

320 THE APPLE.

fruits. It is a tigMy valuable Apple for the table or kitchen, and the
tree thrives well on light sandy soil, being a native of the banks of
the Delaware. The tree is of a vigorous, rather spi'eading habit, quite
productive.

Fruit of medium size, flat, smooth, yellowish white in the shade,
streaked and marbled with pale yellow and red in the sun, and speckled
with large rough dots. Stalk long, rather slender, curved to one side,
and deeply planted in a smooth fiinuel-like cavity. Calyx closed, set
in a broad basin, which is slightly plaited around it. Flesh greenish
white, very tender, rich, mild subacid. Very good. October to De-
cember.

There is claimed to be a distinct or sub-variety of this, called Hed
Hambo, the fruit of which is more red, otherwise there is no percepti-
ble difference.

Rambour Gros.

4

An old Apple, desci'ibed by Ronalds as :

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, slight projecting ribs, yellow,
marbled and faintly striped with rich warm red. Flesh white, crisp^
juicy, sharp subacid. Good. December, January.

Rambour Papeleu.
Rambourg Papeleu.

Of Russian origin. Tree vigorous, productive.

Frviit lax-ge, roundish oblate conical, deep rich yellow, spotted,
striped, and splashed with shades of rich red, small light russet dots.
Stalk medium. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, rather coarse,
breaking, sharp subacid. Good. November, January. An Apple of
good promise for market.

the apple. 321

Rambour Rose.
Rambour Rouge. La Mere des Pommes. Kool-appeL

Tree moderately vigorous, with large strong branches. Yery pro-
ductive.

Fruit large, roundish conical, truncated, lich yellow, mostly over-
spread, splashed, and shaded with rich red, ti-aces of fawn russet.
Stalk large, short. Flesh greenish white, half crisp, sugary acid, agree-
able. Good for cooking. Octobei-, November. (An. Pom.)

Eam's Horks.

A large dark red Apple, imperfectly described by Cole. Poor. Out
of use.

Pandel's Best.
Randel Best.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly flattened, greenish yellow, mostly
striped and overspread with dark red. Stalk short. Calyx small.
Flesh white, tender, sweet. November, February. (Elliott.)

Easche.

Originated with W. Easche, near Hermann, Mo. A new variety, of
good promise. Tree a strong grower, productive, and hardy. Young
wood dark brown red, with prominent buds.

Fruit medii;m, roundish oblate, obscure ribs. Color gi'eenish yellow,
with small irregularly scattered gray dots, a shade of deeper green suf-
fused, faint traces of russet at the stem end. Stalk short. Calyx closed.
Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, mild subacid. Yery good. December to
March.

Eattle-Box.

Hollow Core.

Origin imknown.

Fruit below medium, roundish, greenish yellow, thinly stiiped and
splashed with red. Flesh white, tender, jucy, mild subacid. Good. Core
large. August.

Eavelston Pippin.
Revelstone Pippin.
An Apple from Scotland.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, irregularly ribbed, greenish yellow,
with stripes of red, and many russet dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed.
Flesh yellow, firm, sweet, pleasant. Good. August.

Eawle's Janet.

Missouri Janet ? Rock Remain. Jennett.

Red Neverfail ? Rock Rimmon. Neverfail.

Rawle's Jannet. Yellow .Janett. Indiana Jannetting.

Raule's Jannetting. Winter Jannetting. Raul's Gennetting.

Rawle's Genet. Jeniton.

Originated in Amherst Co., Ya., on the farm of Caleb Eawle. Tree

21

322 THE APPLE.

hardy, vigorous, spreading ; it puts forth its leaves and blossoms much
later than other varieties in the spring, and consequently avoids injury
by late frost; it is, therefore, particularly valuable for the South and
Southwest, where it is much cultivated. Young wood clear reddish
brown.

Fruit rather large, oblate conic, yellowish, shaded with red and
striped with crimson. Stalk short and thick, inserted in a broad open

Bawle's Janet.

cavity. Calyx partially open, set in a rather shallow basin. Flesh
whitish yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good.
February to June. So far has not succeeded well at the North.

Rawling's Pv,ed Streak.

Rawling's Fine Red Streak. Red Streaked Rawling.

An old English sauce Apple, described in Ronalds.
Fruit large, roundish, yellow, striped with red. Flesh yellowish,
tender, juicy, sweet. Good for cooking. December to March.

Rebecca.
Daddy.

An old variety, originating with a family by name of Stidham, in
Delaware. Tree upright spreading. Young shoots dull grayish brown.
Terminal bud large, blunt. Productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish yellow, sometimes with a crimson
cheek. Stalk short, inserted in a deep, narrow cavity. Calyx closed.
Basin broad and deep. Flesh tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to
very good. August, September.

tete apple. 323

Red and Green Sweet.

Ked Pound Sweet. Bedford Sweet.

Wheelook Sweet. Large Early Red.

Prince's Large Red and Green Sweet.

Origin unknown. Tree a good grower, upright spreading, a moderate
annual bearer.

Fruit very large, oblong conic, ribbed, greenish white, with stripes
of red. Flesh white, tender, sweet ; a good fruit for baking and stock
feeding. Middle of August to middle of September.

Red Apple.

Origin, Berks Co., Pa.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, striped and marbled with
bright red. Stalk long, slender. Calyx large. Flesh whitish, slightly
stained with red, tender. Good. January to March. (Am. P. S. Rep.)

Red Astrachan.

Deterding's Early. Vermilion d'6te.

Astrachan Rouge. Abe Lincoln.

Rother Astrakan.

A fruit of extraordinary beauty, first imported into England, with
the "White Astrachan, from Sweden, in 1816. It bears abundantly
with us, and its singular richness of color is heightened by an exquisite
bloom on the surface of the fruit, like that of a plum. It is one of the

Red Astrachan.

handsomest dessert fruits, and its quality is good, but if not taken fr-om
the tree as soon as ripe it is liable to become mealy. Tree a vigorous

324 THE APPLE.

grower, upriglit spreading. An early and abundant bearer. Young
shoots clear reddish brown.

Fruit pretty large, rather above the middle size, and very smooth
and fair, roundish, a little narrowed towards the eye. Skin almost en-
tirely covered with deep crimson, with sometimes a little greenish yellow
in the shade, and occasionally a little russet near the stalk, and covered
with a pale white bloom. Stalk rather short and deeply inserted. Ca-
lyx partially closed, set in a slight basin, which is sometimes a little
irregular. Flesi\, quite white, crisp, moderately juicy, with an agreeable,
rich, acid flavor. Good to very good. Ripens from last of July to mid-
dle of August.

Red Autumn Calville.

Calville Rouge d'Automne. Calville Rouge.

Calville d'Automne. Pomme Violette.

Erd Beere, or Strawberry of Switzerland. Rosseau, incorrectly.

An old Fi'ench Apple of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, productive.
Young wood dai'k reddish brown.

Fruit large, roundish conical, deeply ribbed, pale yellowish, washed
and overspread with sliades of rich dark, or very dark red. Flesh white,
tender, juicy, often stained with red, sprightly aromatic, subacid. Good.
September to December. An unprofitable variety.

Red Belle-Fleur.

Belle-Fleur. Striped Belle-Fleur. Belle-Fleur Rouge. Wigwam.

A French variety, scarcely worth cultivation.

Fruit large, regular, oblong conical, pale greenish yellow, but nearly
covered with red, striped with dark red. Flesh white, tender, of tol-
erably mild flavor, apr, to become mealy. Poor, November to Jan-
uary.

Red Canada.

Old Nonsuch, of Mass. Poland. Richfield Nonsuch.

Steele's Red Winter.

An old fru.it, formerly m\ich grown in Connecticut and Massachu-
setts, but is not now much planted, on account of its small size and poor
fruit ; succeeds well m Western New York, Ohio, and Michigan. Tree
thrifty, but of slender growth ; very productive. Young wood brown-
ish olive.

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic. Skin yellow, mostly
shaded with deep red or crimson, somewhat striped or splashed on tho
sunny side, and thickly sprinkled with gray, and sometimes greenish
dots. Stalk shoi't, inserted in a broad, deep cavity. Calyx closed.
Segments long, in a small, narrow, somewhat ii-regular basin. Core
small, close. Flesh white, tender, crisp, abounding with a brisk, refresh-
ing juice, and retaining its fine, delicate flavor to the last. Very good
to best. January to May.

Red Cathead.
Cathead of some.
Tree upright, vigorous, and productive, extensively grown in the

THE APPLE. 325

eastern and southwestern counties of Virginia, Young wood dull red-
dish broAvn, downy.

Fruit large, roundish conic, yellow, partially shaded with dull red,
and sometimes deeper red in the shade, and thickly sprinkled with
whitish dots. Stalk short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx open,
set in a large basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid.
Good to very good. October, Novembex'.

Bed Canada.

Red Cedar.

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, upright spreading.
Fruit medium, dark rich red. Flesh yellow, mild subacid. Valued
for its long keeping quality.

Red Cheek.

There are claimed to be three distinct Apples under this name. One

is said to h:ive originated on the farm of Hull, Sharon, Conn. ;

the tree forming a small branching head, a great bearer, and the fruit a
long keeper.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish, shaded in the sun with
light red. Cal;.^ small, closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant
mild subacid. Core medium. December to Febrviary.

Another Red T'iieek is said to have originated near Dracut, Mass.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, whitish, shaded with crimson in the
sxm, few gray dots. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant
subacid. Core rather large. November, December.

Another comes from New Jersey.

Fruit medium, roundish oblong oval, inclining to conic, whitish yel-
low, shaded with crimson in the sun, gray and light dots. Stalk short.
Calyx partially closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. Core rather
small. December, January.

326 the apple.

Red Favorite. '

Origin near Carlisle, Pa.

Fruit medium, oblate, juicy, subacid. (A. Pom. S. Rep.)

Red Gilliflower.
Red Seek-no-Farther. Harkness New Favorite.

Fruit medium, oblong conical, fine red. Flesb white, mild, ricli sub-
acid. November to January. Tree a poor bearer. (Elliott.)

Red Horse.

Received from Kentucky. Tree of upright growth.

Fruit medium, oblate, with broad ribs, mostly covered with dark
red, and obscure splashes and stripes, and pretty thickly sprinkled with
light gray dots, and nettings of russet. Stalk short. Ca^dty large,
irregular. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, mild sub-
acid, aromatic. Very good. October, January.

We have had but little opportunity of comparing this with other
varieties, and it may prove a variety known by another name.

Redick.

An old Connecticut Apple. Tree moderately vigorous, productive.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and
striped with dark red. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant. Good.
Core small. November, December.

Red Ingestrie.

Raised by Mr. Knight. This is greatly admired as a dessert Apple
in England, but not here.

Fruit small, oblong or ovate, with a wide basin at the eye, and a
short and slender stalk. Blight yellow, tinged and mottled with red on
the sunny side. Flesh very firm, juicy, and high flavored. Good.
Ripens in September and October.

Red Jewell.

Originated in Todd Co., Ky. Tree a good and handsome grower,
an early bearer, and unifoi'mly productive. A new promising sort.

Fruit small, roundish oblate. Sides often -unequal. Color very dark
crimson red, with many white conspicuous dots. Stalk slender. Calyx
closed, or partially open. Flesh yellowish, firm, compact, juicy, mild,
pleasant subacid. Good to very good. December to February.

Red June Sweet.
June Sweeting.

Origin unknown. Received from Pennsylvania. Tree a fine
grower and abundant bearer, continuing a long time in use.

Fruit medium, roundish inclining to oblate, greenish yellow, striped,
splashed, and shaded with dull red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh

THE APPLE. 327

white, tender, moderately juicy, rich, pleasant, sweet. Yery Good.
July, August.

Red Mormon.

From Pennsylvania. Tree vigoi'ous, upright spreading, productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded and indistinctly sj^lashed
with red, small dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yel-
lowish, tender, juicy, slightly aromatic subacid. Good to very good.
Core small. January to March.

Red Must.

An old Herefordshire (England) cider fruit, of large size, roundish
oblate, yellow, with red cheek in the sun. Flesh rich. October, No-
vember.

Red Rance.

Origin unknown. Tree a vigorous, upright spreading grower, pro-
ductive.

Fruit medium or below, roundish, slightly conic. Color fine yellow,
shaded with red and thickly covered with whitish dots. Stalk short, in-
serted in a small cavity. Calyx closed, set in a broad, shallow basin.
Flesh yellowish, fii-m, juicy, rich, with a mild Spitzenburgh flavor.
Good to very good. December, February.

Red Republican.

Origin, Lycoming Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, spreading, moderately
productive.

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Skin yello^vdsh, striped and shaded
with red, and sprinkled with lar-ge wliitish dots. Stalk short, in a large
cavity. Calyx closed. Basin broad, deep, and furrowed. Good. Flesh
coarse, tender, juicy, subacid. December, January.

Red Romarin.
Pomme Romarin Rouge. Mela di Rosmarino rossa.

An Italian fruit.

Fruit large, oblate oblong conic, bright yellow, shaded with red, and
dotted with small brown spots. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh
white, fine-grained, crisp, sugary acid, perfumed. Core small. Decem-
ber to March. (An. Pom.)

Red Russet.

Origin, farm of Mr. Sanborn, Hampton Falls, N". H. Tree very
vigorous, upright spreading, and productive. Young wood clear reddish
bi'own.

Fruit large, roundish conic, yellow, shaded with dull red and deep
carmine in the sun, and thickly covered with gray dots, with a slight ap-
pearance of rough russet on most of the surface. Stalk rather short and
thick, inserted in a medium cavity, surrounded with thin russet. Calyx
nearly closed. Segments long, recurved, in a narrow, uneven basin.
Flesh yellow, solid, crisp, tender, with an excellent rich, subacid flavor,
somewhat resembling Baldwin. Yery good. January to April.

328 the apple.

Red Seek-no-Fakther.

Origin unknown. From Pennsylvania. Tree open, spreading, good
bearer.

Fruit mediiim, oblate, greenisli yellow, splasbed, striped, and shaded
with red. Flesh whitish green, crisp, tender, j uicy, pleasant, mild sub-
acid. Core small. Good. December, January.

Red Streak.
Herefordshire Red Streak. Scudamore's Crab. Johnson.

A capital English cider Apple, which thrives admirably in this
country, and is very highly esteemed, as it makes a rich, high flavored,
strong liquor. It is a handsome grower, and a great bearer.

Fruit of medium size, roundish. Calyx small, set in a rather deep
basin. Stalk rather slender and short. Skin richly streaked with red,
with a few yellow streaks and spots. Flesh yellow, rich, firm, ^ind
di-y. Good.

Red Stripe.
English Eed Stripe. Carolina Red Stripe. KockhiU's Summer Queen.

Origin unknown. Comes to us from Indiana. Tree hardy and pro-
ductive. Valuable fruit for market or cooking.

Fruit medium, oblong conical, almost ribbed, whitish, considerably
striped, splashed, and mottled with crimson. Stalk short and slender.
Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good.
August. Core large and open.

Red Sweet.

Origin, on the farm of D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, O. Tree upright,
vigorous, and productive.

Fruit medium, i-oundish oval, yellowish, striped and shaded with
light red, and sprinkled with greenish dots. Flesh whitish, very tender,
juicy, sweet, and excellent. Good. November to February.

Red Warrior.

Origin, North Carolina^ Distinct from Nickajack, which is some-
times grown under this name. Tree upright, with young shoots dark
reddish.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, striped and marbled with two
shades of red. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy. Good. November to
March.

Red "Winter Calville.

Calville Royale d'Hiver. Calville Rouge d'Hiver. Calville Rouge Normande.
Calville Rouge d'Anjou. Calville Rouge. Sanguinole.

Caillot Rosat. Red Calville. Calville vraie des Allemands.

Cushman's Black ?

An old French variety, quite superseded.

Fruit medium, roundish conic, ribbed, pale and dark red. Flesh
tender, mild subacid. Poor. November to February.

THE APPLE.

329

Red Winter Peabmain.

Ked Lady Finger.
Bunkum.

Robertson's Peannain.
Jackson's Red.

Buncombe. Red Fall Pii^pin.

Red Vandevere. Meig's.

Batchelor. Tinson's Red.

Southern Fall Pippin. Powers.

Origin unknown. An old variety. Tree of moderate upright
growth ; a regular bearer. Young shoots clear rich reddish brown,
slightly downy.

Red Winter Pearmain,

Fruit medium size, roundish oblong conic, yellowish white, mostly
shaded with maroon and thickly sprinkled with large light dots. Stalk
very short, in an acute deep cavity, slightly russeted. Calyx closed, set
in a small, round, open basin. Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, mild
subacid, or nearly sweet, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. Jan-
uary to March.

Red Winter Sweet.

Origin xmknown. Specimens from Kentucky, although the fruit
is there stated to have come from Virginia or Maryland.

Fruit medium, roundish conic, deep crimson on yellow, with indis-
tinct splashes and stripes, large and small light dots. Stalk short.
Cavity small. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, rich,
honeyed sweet. Fine for cooking. December, February.

Reed.

Originated on the premises of George Reed, Leedsville, Dutchess
Co., N. Y.

330 THE APPLE.

Fruit medium, roundisli, wliitish, shaded, splaslied, and mottled with
light and dark red. Stalk medium. Calyx small, closed. Basin shal-
low. Flesh white, a little stained next the skin, tender, juicy, pleasant
subacid. Good. November.

Reinette Calville.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oblong, rich yellow, with broad
stripes of dull red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, perfumed.
November Januaiy. (Diel.)

Reinette Coulon.

A new Apple, originating with M. L. Coiilon, Liege, in 1856. Tree
vigorous, with dark reddish gray young shoots.

Fruit very large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, golden yellow,
washed and splashed with rich bright red, many prominent reddish gray
dots. Stalk stout, short. Cavity deep. Calyx closed. Basin rather
deep. Flesh creamy white, semi-crisp, brisk subacid, agreeable. Core
open, large. November, January. (An. Pom.)

Reinette Daniel.

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading.

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate. Sides unequal, whitish yel-
low, nearly covered with thin dull russet. Stalk short. Calyx small,
closed. Flesh whitish, moderately tender, juicy, brisk, sharp subacid.
Good. November to February.

Reinette D'Anjou.

Of French origin. New. Tree vigorous, upright spreading.

Fruit medium or above, roundish, slightly oblate, yellow, shaded
and indistinctly splashed with rich red, few light or areole dots. Stalk
rather slender. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx large, open. Basin
shallow. Flesh yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk, rather rich subacid.
Very good. Core medium, hollow. December, February.

Reinette de Bayeux.

A Belgian Apple of unknown origin. Tree vigorous and pro-
ductive.

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical, golden yellow, shaded with
red around the stalk, and with scattered red dots. Stalk short. Cavity
large. Calyx half closed. Flesh white, half tender, sharp subacid.
December to January. (An. Pom.)

Reinette de Breda.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, rich yellow, with russet and red in
the sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, juicy, vinous, aromatic.
December to March. (Diel.)

the apple. 331

Reinette de Caux.

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit large, roundish, slightly oblate, yellow, splashed and mottled
with bright red in the sun, many gray dots. Stalk slender. Calyx half
closed. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, agreeable aromatic, sub-
acid. January, February, (Alb. Pom.)

Reinette de Clareval.

Of French oi'igin.

Frviit medium, roundish oblate, clear lemon yellow, with a slight
tinge of I'ed in the sun. Flesh fine, white, fii-m, juicy, aromatic, vinous.
December, March. (Diel.)

Reinette de Hongrie.

An old Apple, described by Lindley as :

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, rough gray russet, with faint orange
in the sun, numerous warty specks. Flesh greenish white, firm, crisp,
aromatic. November to April.

Reinette de Thorn.

Supposed to have originated in Holland. It is described in the An-
nals of Pomology as a vigorous, upright, productive tree.

Fruit medium to large, roundish truncated, yellowish, washed, shaded,
and mottled ^vith bright red, gi'ay dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx
with long segments. Flesh creamy white, tendei-, juicy, rich subacid.
December.

Reinette Dor^.
Reinette Jaune Sardive. Keinette Rousse.

Of French origin.

Fruit medium, rotindish, pale yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun,
nettings of russet, and large brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed.
Flesh whitish, not very juicy, firm, subacid. Good. Core small.
October, November.

Reinette du Yigan.

Of foreign unknown origin. Tree vigorous, hardy, and productive.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, rich yellow, with many red and gray
dots, faint blush of red in the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx small, closed.
Flesh yellow, tinted with rose, fine-grained, fii-m, juicy, rich subacid.
December to March. (An. Pom.)

Reinette Grain d'Or.

Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish, with gray spots and dots,
bronzed in the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish,
firm, juicy, brisk subacid. December, January. (Alb. Pom.)

332 the apple.

Reinette Pippin.

Origin, supposed France.

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, pale yellow, with light and
gray dots. Stalk short. Cavity large. Calyx small, closed. Basin
medium or small, corrugated. Flesh white, crisp, moderately juicy, brisk
subacid. Good. Core rather large. December, January.

Reinette Quarkendon.

French origin.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, golden yellow, washed and
splashed with two shades of red, small black dots. Stalk slender.
Calyx closed. Flesh white, half crisp, sugary acid. December. (Alb.
Pom.)

Reinette St. Lambert.

Supposed to have originated in Liege.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly overspread
with brilliant rich red or crimson, with a tinge of purple. Stalk short.
Calyx in a deep basin. Flesh yellowish white, fine, juicy, delicate, per-
fumed. September. Of good promise. (An. Pom.)

Reinette Triomphante.
Victorious Reinette.

A German early winter Apple.

Fruit large, oblong, pale yellow, thickly dotted with white specks
and rough, projecting warts. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, pleasant aroma-
tic. Good. The tree is of thrifty growth, and is said to bear well.

Reinette Vervaene.

Originated at Ledeberg-les-Gand, Tree spreading. Young wood
brownish, downy.

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, mottled and shaded with brick red.
Flesh greenish white, fine-grained, sharp subacid. Good. November.

Republican Pippin.

Oi-igin, Lycoming Co., Pa. First discovered by George "Webb, who
gave it the name. Tree of strong, but crooked growth, only modei-ately
productive.

Fruit large, irregularly oblate, dull yellow, mostly shaded with red,
somewhat striped and marbled, and thinly sprinkled with large gray
dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, tender,
juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Cooking and drying. September,
October.

Rhode Island Greening.

Burlington Greening. Russine. Bell Dubois,

Jersey Greening. Griinling von Rhode Island .

The Rhode Island Greening is such a universal favorite, and is so
generally known, that it seems almost superfluous to give a description

THE APPLE. 333

of it. It succeeds well in almost all of tlie nortliern sections of the
States, and on a great variety of soils, and where it does succeed is one
of the most esteemed and profitable among early winter fruits. In
Southern Ohio, Indiana, and farther south it drops too early. Tree a
very vigorous, strong, sjjreading grower. Young shoots reddish brown.
Yery productive.

Rhode Island Greening.

Fruit large, roundish, a little flattened, pretty regular, but often
obscurely ribbed, dark green, becoming greenish yellow when ripe, when
it sometimes shows a dull blugh near the stalk. Calyx small, woolly,
closed, in a slightly sunk scarcely plaited basin. Stalk three-fourths of
an inch long, curved, thickest at the bottom. Flesh yellow, fine-grained,
tender, crisp, with an abundance of rich, slightly aromatic, lively, acid
juice. Yeiy good. November to February.

Rhode's Orange.

Raised by Col. Mercer Rhodes, Newton Co., Ga. Tree a slow
grower, spreading, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yello-\\ash, washed, striped, and mot-
tled with light red, many light and gray dots. Stalk rather long. Calyx
small, closed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good.
Core small. August.

RiBSTOX PiPPIK.
Glory of York. Travers'. Formosa Pippin. Rockhill's Russet

The Ribston Pippin, a Yorkshii'C Apple, stands as high in Great
Britain as the Bank of England, and to say that an Apple has a Ribston

334

THE APPLE.

flavor is there the highest praise that can be bestowed. But it is
scarcely so much esteemed here, and must be content to give place with
us to the Kewtown Pippin, the Swaar, the Spitzenburgh, or the Baldwin.
In Maine, and parts of Canada, it is very fine and productive.

Bibston Pippin.

Fruit of medium size, roundish, greenish yellow, mixed with a little
russet near the stalk, and clouded with dull red on the sunny side.
Stalk short, slender, planted in a rather wide cavity. Calyx small,
closed, and set in an angular basin. Flesh deep yellow, firm, crisp, with
a sharp, rich, aromatic flavor. Very good. The tree forms a spreading
top. November to April.

Derrick's Graft.
Strawberry.

Eichaed's Graft.

Red Spitzenburgh.
Wine.
"Dncle Eichard's Graft.

Derrikinan.
Dirck's Graft.

Originated at Greenport, Columbia Co., N. Y. An excellent fall
Apple, worthy of extended cultivation. Tree a free, upright spreading
grower, productive. Young shoots very dark reddish brown, downy.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Color yellow, nearly covered with
splashes, marblings, and shades of rich red. Stalk medium length, slen-
der. Cavity large. Calyx small, closed. Segments sometimes recurv-
ed. Basin medium, slightly uneven. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy,
pleasant, rich, aromatic subacid. Very good. September, October.

BiCHARDSON.

Origin, farm of Ebenezer Bichardson, Massachusetts.

Fruit large, roundish conic, mostly covered with red, bright in the

THE APPLE. 335

sun, with numerous large, light specks. Stem rather stout, in a large
cavity. Calyx large, open, in a deep narrow basin. Flesh gi-eenish
white, remai-kably tender, juicy, with a fine, rich, almost saccharine
flavor. Good. Last of August and September. (Cole.)

Richard's Graft.

Richmond.

Origin, farm of D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, O. Tree a free gi'ower,
and a profuse bearer.

Fruit large, oblate, light yellow, striped, splashed, and marbled with
crimson, and thickly sprinkled with light brown dots. Stalk short.
Calyx open. Flesh white, tender, juicy, vinous, sweet, and rich. Good.
October to February.

Ridge Pippin.

Origin tmknown, supposed Pennsylvania. Tree a good grower and
bearer.

Fruit rather large, roundish conical, very much ribbed. Yellow, very
slightly shaded, sprinkled with russet and crimson dots. Stalk rather
short, inserted generally in a large cavity. Calyx closed, set in an ab-
rupt uneven basin. Flesh yellowish, juicy, crisp, with a mild, almost
saccharine, slightly aromatic flavor. Good. March, April.

Valued mainly as a long keeper and salable in market.

RiEST.

From Simon S. Riest, Lancaster, Pa.

Fruit large, roundish, ribbed at apex, fair yellow. Flesh fine,
pleasant. Good. August.

33G THE APPLE.

ElGLEY.

From Pennsylvania. Tree moderately vigorous, upright.

Fri;it medium, roundish conical, pale yellow, shaded and splashed
with shades of red. Stalk medium. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish,
moderately juicy, subacid. Good. Core small. December to March.

RlTTER.

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, upright spreading.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, striped and splashed with
two shades of red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender,
juicy, mild, pleasant subacid, almost sweet. Good. September.

River.

Origin, Massachusetts. Tree of slow growth, but productive.

Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conic, ribbed, yellow,
striped and shaded with daik red, with a slight bloom. Stalk medium,
deeply planted. Calyx open, set in a basin of moderate depth. Flesh
juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. August, September.

EoADSTOWN Pippin.

Introduced to notice by James McLean, of Poadstow^n, N. J., and
originated in that town. A strong, erect grower, and makes a large
tree ; a good bearer, and a profitable market fruit, large and uniformly
fair, excellent for cooking and drying. Size large, oblate oblique.
Calyx small, and closed. Skin greenish yellow, sparsely sprinkled with
green dots. Flesh white, tender, sprightly subacid. Good to very
good. Middle of April to the middle of September.

Roane's White Ckab.

An old Virginia cider Apple ; valuable only for that purpose.
Fruit small, round, yellow. September, October.

Roberson's White.

Origin said to be Culj^epper Co., Ya., where it is popular. Tree up-
right, of rapid growth, and bears regular crops.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Color greenish yellow, with many
dark dots. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, crisp, juicy, subacid. Good.
October to December.

Robert Bruce.

Origin, Wake Co., N. C. Tree of vigorous, upright growth, and
good bearer.

Fruit rather above medium, oblate, crimson shaded. Calyx open.
Stalk short. Flesh white, rather coarse, juicy, pleasant. August.
(Gar. Mon.)

the apple. 337

Roberts.

JRoberts Seedling.

Origin, Muskingum Co., O.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with, blush cheek in sun.
"Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Very good. November,
December.

ROBEY.
Robey's Seedling.

Raised by H. R. Robey, Fredericksburgh, Va. Tree vigorous and
productive.

Fruit large, round, tapering to the eye. Color lively red, faintly
striped, on a scarcely perceptible yellow ground, thickly covered with
creamy spots. Flesh yellow, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Novem-
ber, December.

ROBIX.

This is a new Apple, originated in the garden of M. Robin, at
Corbeil, and described in the Annals of Pomology.

Fruit medivim to lai'ge, oblate conic, yellowish, mottled and veined
with vermilion red in the sun. Stalk short. Calyx large. Flesh
white, firm, juicy, perfumed subacid. April to May.

Robinson's Pippin.

An old English Apple of little value.

Fruit small, roundish oblate, gi-eenish yellow, bronzed in the sun.
Flesh greenish, tender, juicy, sharp subacid or acid. December, Feb-
ruary.

Robinson's Superb.

Farrar's Summer.

An Apple from Virginia. Tree upright, productive.
Fruit large. Flesh crisp, juicy, September, October.

Robinson's Sweet.

Origin, Vermont. Tree iipright, vigorous, productive.
Fruit medivim, round, light red, striped. Flesh fine-grained, juicy,
sweet. Too much of the fruit imperfect to make it desirable.

Rochelle Reixette.
Reinette de la Rochelle.

Tree A^gorous, productive.

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, pale yellow, brownish blush
in si-m, many large gray and red spots or dots. Flesh whitish, rather
coarse, tender, juicy, mild svibacid. January. (Am. Pom.)

22

338 THE APPLE.

EOCK.

Origin, Peterborough, N. H., recommended by Robert Wilson, of
Keene, as an excellent fruit. Tree vigorous, with long, slender branches,
very productive.

Fruit large, roundish, slightly flattened, striped and splashed with
dark and bright red on a yellowish gi-ound. Flesh white, tender, juicy,
flavor subacid. Good. September, October.

Another Rock Apple comes from Pennsylvania.

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, whitish, sprinkled with a
few indistinct gray and light dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, lively
subacid. Good. Core small. August.

Rock Pippin.
Lemon. Walnut Stem.

From Ohio.

Fruit medium, oblong conical, yellow, bronzed in sun. Flesh firm,
and a good keeper, and in spi'iug profitable market fruit. (O. P. S.)

RocKPORT Sweet.

Origin, Massachusetts. Tree a strong grower and productive.
Young shoots reddish brown, smooth.

Fruit medivim, roundish oblate, greenish, becoming waxen yellow,
with a dull red cheek. Stalk rallier long, inserted in a cavity some-
what ribbed, surrounded by russet. Calyx large, nearly closed, set in
a broad, open basin. Flesh whitish, juicy, brisk, sweet. Good to very
good. January to April. Core small.

There is claimed to be another Rockport Sweet, originating in Ohio,
but we fail to discover the distinction by means of the fruit.

Rock Sweet.

Origin, farm of Elihu Pearson, Newbury, Mass. Tree hardy, vigor-
ous, and a constant bearer. Yoimg shoots reddish olive.

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, slightly conic, reddish,
shaded, striped, and splashed with darker red, and sprinkled with large
whitish dots. Stalk short, set in a broad, deep, russeted cavity. Calyx
closed. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, rich,
sweet, and pleasant. Good to very good. September.

Rolen's Keeper.
Rowland-
Fruit medium, round, regular, splashed red on russet. Dots scattered,
small, white. Calyx small, closed. Flesh greenish yellow, fine-grained,
acid, rich. Good to very good. March, Anril. (Warder.)

ROLLIN.

Rolla ?

Origin, Franklin Co., N. C. Tree of moderate growth, bears ab ;u-
dantly.

THE APPLE.

339

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, stained and striped with
dull red. Stalk long. Cavity wide and deep. Basin shallow. Flesh
compact, fine-grained, subacid. Good to very good. October to Janu-
ary.

EOMAXITE.

Broad River.

Southern Romanite.

The origin of this Apple is unknown. It has been sometimes con-
founded or placed as identical with Shockley in North Carolina, where
it is much grown, but it is quite distinct. It is also distinct from Gil-

Romanite.

pin, sometimes known as Romanite, Tree vigorous, spreading, very
productive. Branches slender. Wood short-jointed, dull grayish
hrovm.

Fruit small, roundish conical, truncated, yellow ground, mostly
overspread with clear, light, handsome I'ed, indistinct light dots. Stalk
slender. Calyx in an abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained,
juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. February, April.
Valuable as a keeper, and for the evenness of its fruit.

Roman Stem.

Originated at Burlington, in New Jersey, and is much esteemed
in that neighborhood. Tree very productive, moderately vigorous,
spreading, irregular.

Fruit scarcely of medium size, roundish, whitish yellow, with a
faint brownish blush, sprinkled with patches of dark russet, and, when
ripe, having a few reddish specks, unless the fruit is very fail*. Stalk

340 THE APPLE.

three-fourths of an inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity under a
fleshy protuberance. Calyx set in a rather narrow basin, with a few
plaits. Core hollow. Flesh tender, j uicy, with a rich, pleasant, musky
flavor. Very good. November to March.

Rome Beauty.

Gillett's Seedling.

Origin, Southern Ohio. Tree a moderate grower, succeeds well at
the Southwest. Young wood clear reddish brown, slightly downy or
gray. A late bloomer.

Fruit large, roundish, approaching conic, yellow, shaded and strij^ed
with bright red, and sprinkled with light dots. Stalk an inch long, in-
serted in a large, deep cavity, surrounded by gi-eenish russet. Calyx
partially closed, set in a narrow, deep basin. Flesh yellowish, tender,
juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. Core rather large. October to De-
cember.

Rosa.

An old French Apple. Tree moderately vigorous.

Fruit large, roundish, light yellow, shaded and splashed with red in
the sun, reddish gray dots. Flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, subacid.
December, January. (Alb. Pom.)

Rose.

Coxe calls this the Rose Apple of China, and says he imported it
from England. Tree vigorous, upright, abundant bearer.

Fruit large, rather oblong, striped red and green. Flesh pleasant,
juicy. October.

Roseau.

Foreign. Tree poor grower and unprofitable.

Fruit large, dark red, irregular in size and form. Flesh drisp, juicy,
rich. Good. November, February.

Roseau d'Automne.

Tree large, vigorous grower, spreading.

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, flat at base, yellow, russet at stem,
blush red cheek. Flesh yellow, juicy, tender, rich, firm. September.
(Coxe.)

Rose Calville.

From France.

Fruit medium, roundish inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded and
rather indistinctly splashed with crimson. Stalk short. Calyx closed,
or partially open. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. No-
vember, January.

the apple. 341

Rose de Hollande.
Rose de la Benauge. Rose Tendre. Pomme de Codillao

Tree vigorous.

Fruit medium to large, oblate conical, golden yellow, spotted and
veined with rosy carmine. Stalk small, sliort. Calyx half open. Flesh
ye]loA\T.sh white, tender, sugary, acid. Winter. (An. Pom.)

Rosemary.

Rosemary Russet.

An old Apple described by Ronalds as of medium size, roundish
conical, greenish, with a little red i-usset. Flesh firm, yellowish, rich,
and good for table or kitchen use. December, February.

Ross Nonpareil.

An Irish fruit, rather below medium size, roundish, narro-odng a lit-
tle to the eye, covered with a thin mellow i-usset, and faintly stained
with red on the sunny side. Flesh greenish white, tender, with a rich
aromatic flavor. Very good. A profuse bearer. Very subject to rot
before ripening. Unprofitable. October.

ROSTOCKER.

Stetting Rouge. Annaberger. Matapfel.

Rothe Stettiner Rothe HemapfeL Bodickheimer ?

Berliner Glossapfel.

A large and favorite German Apple, says Hogg, valuable for culinary
purposes.

Fruit oblate, ribbed, yellowish, deep red next the sun. November
to May.

Rosy Red.

An old variety, origin unknown. It is grown in Michigan, where it
is claimed as a seedling of Western New York, and in Indiana, and there
claimed as a seedling of Cambridge, la.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical, yellow, shaded,
splashed, and marbled with light and dark red, light dots. Stalk medi-
um, slender. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx closed, medium, irregular.
Flesh yellowish, breaking, sometimes a little stained, mild subacid.
Good. November, January.

Round Winter Nonesuch.

A variety described by Hogg as an excellent bearer, and valuable
for market.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, obscurely ribbed, greenish yellow, with
broken stripes and spots of red, some nisset dots. Calyx large, closed.
Stalk short. Flesh greenish white, tender, juicy, sweet. November to
March.

342

THE APPLE.

E.OWE.

Rowe's Seedling.

An old Devonshire sauce Apple, desciibed by Ronalds as :
Fruit large, roundish conical, light green. Flesh greenish white,
juicy, pleasant. August, September.

RoxBURY Russet,

Reinette Rousse de Boston.
Howe's Russet.
Marietta Russet.
Belpre Russet.

Boston Russet.
Putnam Russet.
Warner Russet.
Sylvan Russet.

This Russet, a native of Massachusetts, is one of the most popular
market fruits in the country, as it is excellent, a prodigious bearer, and
keeps till ]ate in the spring wherever the soil and climate suit it. South
and West it drops its fruit too early, and is therefore not valuable.
The tree is healthy, moderately vigorous, spreading, Math young shoots
of a reddish brown, downy.

Roxbury Riisset.

Fruit of medium size, often large, roundish, a little flattened, and
slightly angular. Skin at first dull green, covered with brownish yellow
russet when ripe, with, rarely, a faint blvish on one side. Stalk nearly
three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender, not deeply inserted. Calyx
closed, set in a round basin of moderate depth. Flesh greenish white,
moderately juicy, with a rather rich subacid flavor. Good to very good.
Ripens in January, and may be brought to market in June.

Royal Pearmain.
Merritt's Pearmain.
An old Apple described by Coxe and Ronalds. It is to be found

THE APPLE. 343

in the old orchards of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Oliio. The
tree a moderately vigorous grower, very prodvictive, the fruit keeping
well.

Fruit jnedium, roundish conical truncated, yellow, mostly overspread
and indistinctly striped with red, warm rough russet at the apex. Stalk
slender. Cavity russeted. Calyx with short divided segments. Basin
irregular or broadly furrowed. Flesh yellowish, firm, rich, mild subacid,
whe)i fully ripe almost sweet. Very good. November to March.

Royal Reinette.
Royal Grise Reinette.

From Sussex, England. Desciibed by Lindley as : tree an abundant
bearer.

Fruit rather small, conical, yellow, striped with red, many gray spots.
Flesh pale yellow, firm, juicy, brisk subacid. November to May.

Royal Russet.

Leathercoat Russet. Reinette de Canada Platte.

Reinette de Canada Grise. Passe Pomme de Canada.

An old variety. Tree hardy, vigorous, and prodv^ctive.

Fruit medium, i-oundish oblate conical, yellowish green, mostly
covered with brownish russet, which is bronzed in the sun. Flesh
gi-eenish white, firm, rich acid. Good. November, February.

Royal Shepherd.

A culinary Apple, described in Hogg as :

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, dull red in
the sun. Flesh greenish white, crisp, biisk, pleasant acid. November.

Royal Somerset.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with broken streaks of
red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid.
November to March. Cooking. (Hogg.)

Rules Summer Sweet.

Origin, Cumberland Co., Pa.

Fruit medium, oblong, yellow. August. Poor. (A. Pom. S. Rep.)

Rum Apple.

Oi-igin, Pawlet, Vt., on the farm of Brownley Rum. Tree upright,
vigorous, an early and profuse bearer.

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, slightly shaded with crimson. Stalk
short. Cavity moderate. Calyx partially closed. Basin broad and shal-
low. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, sprightly subacid. Good. Novem-
ber to March.

Runnells.

Origin, Maine. Profitable as a market fruit from its great produc-
tiveness and long keeping.

344 THE APPLE.

Fruit medium, roundish, deep green in tlie shade, mostly covered
with purplish brown. Flesh firm. Moderately good. April to June.
(Me. Rep.)

RusHOCK Pearmain.
Charles Pearmain.

An English Apple.

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, with cinnamon russet, becom-
ing brownish in the sun. Flesh yellowish, fii-m, crisp, juicy, brisk sub-
acid. December, April. (Hogg.)

Russet Pearmain.

An old variety from Connecticut. Tree moderately vigorous, pro-
ductive.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, mostly covered with russet,
and a brownish red cheek. Flesh yellowish, breaking, rich, brisk sub-
acid. Good. December to March.

Russet Table Pearmain.

A little dessert Apple, from England. Tree of slender growth, pro-
ductive.

Fruit small, roundish conical, yellowish green, slightly russeted,
with a bright red cheek in sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, rich, aromatic,
subacid. Very good. November to February. (Ron.)

Russian Transparent.

Ronalds describes this as forming a large broad tree, but a poor
bearer.

Fruit large, roundish conical, ribbed at apex, golden yellow, faced
with a flush of rose, and speckled with dark points. Flesh sweet, pecu-
liar. Good for cooking. November, December.

Rymer.

Caldwell. Green Cossings. Newbold's Duke of York.

Cordwall. Newbold's Admiral Duncan.

Of foreign origin. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, shaded with deep red,
light dots. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, tender, subacid. Good. De-
cember to April.

Sable Sweet.

Origin, Yermont. Tree good gi-ower, spreading, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish yellow, partially
splashed and mottled with red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild
sweet, subacid. Good. August.

the apple. 345

Sack and Sugar.
Morris's Sack and Sugar.

A Kttle, old, early English Apple. Tree a fine grower, and good
bearer.

Fruit small, roundish conical, pale yellow. Flesh white, soft, juicy,
sweet. Good. August.

Sailly Autumn.
SaUe ?

Origin, Plattsburgh, N. Y., on the farm of J. H. Sanborn. Tree
upright, vigorous, and productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, greenish yellow, the exposed
side frequently deep red. Stalk short, in a medium cavity. CaljTC
small, closed. Basin small, narrow. Flesh very tender. Subacid.
Good. September.

Saixt Julien

Saint Julian. Seigneur d'Orsay. Concombre des Chartreaux.

Heilige Julian's Apfel. De Saint Julian. Pomme de Saint Julien.

An old variety, probably of French origin. Tree a strong, vio-orous
grower, productive.

Fi'uit medium, roundish conical, obtvisely ribbed, yellowish russet
green, slight tinge of red in sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, rich,
sweet. December. (Lind.)

St. La\vrence.

Origin uncertain. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Youn^
shoots smooth, reddish brown.

Fruit large, oblate, tapering towards the eye, yellowish, striped and
splashed with carmine. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a large cav-
ity. Calyx firmly closed. Basin small and deep. Flesh white, lightly
stained, crisp, jviicy, tender, and vinovis. Good to very good. Sep-
tember, October.

Saixt Sau\'eur.
Calville Saint Sauveur. Pomme Saint Sauveur.

Originated in France.

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, pale yellowish, faint blush in
the sun, many light dots. Stalk short. Flesh milk white, tender, juicy,
aromatic, acid. Good. November. (An. Pom.)

Salem.
Salem Sweet.
An old Massachusetts Apple, somewhat grown in Ohio and west*
ward. Tree a good grower and productive.

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate conic, rough, yellow, with
brown and green dots, sometimes a blush in sun. Flesh yellowish,
crisp, tender, mild, almost sweet. Good. Core small. October, De-
cember.

Salopl\n Pippin.

A Shropshire Apjile, described by Ronalds. Tree a compact grower,
constant bearer.

346 THE APPLE.

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish green, faint bronzed cheek in sun,
many small brown specks. Flesh white, juicy. Valued for cooking.
October, December.

Sam Young.

Irish Russet.

Origin, Ireland.

Fruit small, slightly flattened and regularly formed, bright yellow,
a good deal covered with gray russet. Flesh greenish, quite juicy and
tender. Good. November to January.

Santouchee.
Panther. Wildcat.

Origin, North Carolina. Tree vigoroixs, iipright grower, productive.
Young shoots grayish brown, with prominent buds.

Fruit large, rouBdish conical, oblique, waxen white, with brown dots.
Stalk medium, slender. Cavity large, furrowed. Calyx partially closed,
small. Basin narrow. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid. Good.
November to February.

Sapson.
Sapsonvine.

An old but very nice little dessert Apple. Tree an abundant bearer.

Fruit small, roundish, crimson red, stained and striped with purplish
crimson. Flesh white, stained with pink, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid.
Good. August to October.

Sartha's Yellow.
Pomme d e Jaune. Pomme d' Argent. Pomme de Jaune de la Sartha.

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, prodiictive.

Fruit small or medium, roundish, yellow, spotted with brown spots.
Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Basin furrowed. Flesh yellowish
white, fii-m, crisp, juicy, subacid. (An. Pom.)

Savage's Cheese.

Origin, Columbia Co., Ga. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, a
good bearer.

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, marked and striped with red. Flesh
white, juicy. October. Good bearer.

Savewell.
Putnam's Savewell. Cornell's Savewell.

Origin, Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale yellow, often
shaded with dull red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish,
crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. February, March. Valu-
able keeper.

the apple. , 347

Sawyer.

Origin, Amos Sawyer, Hillsborougli, 111. Tree vigorous, upright,
early bearer.

Fruit medium. Form conic truncated, regular. Color waxy yellow,
ynth faint blusli of crimson, tliinly sprinkled with small gray dots. Stalk
medium, slender. Cavity medium, acute. Calyx rather large, somewhat
open. Segments reflexed. Basin deep, abrupt, regular. Flesh yellow,
breaking, tender, juicy, subacid. Core small. Quality good. April to
July. (Am. Jour, of Hort.)

Sawyek Sweet.

Origin unknown. Tree a strong, healthy grower, upright spreading.
Young wood reddish brown, grayish, slightly downy.

Fruit large, greenish, with blush in the sun. Flesh white, sweet.
Good. October, November,

Scarlet Crofton.

Bed Crofton.

An Irish Apple.

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish russet, red in the sun. Flesh firm,
crisp, rich, sugary. October, December. (Lindley.)

Scarlet Leadington.

Of Scottish origin.

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, four-sided, yellow and red
striped. Flesh yellowish, veined with pink or lilac, firm, crisp, juicy,
brisk, sugary. November, February. (Hogg,)

Scarlet Nonpareil.

New Scarlet NonpareiL

Foreign ; medium size, roundish oblate conical, whitish, striped and
shaded with red. Flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, subacid. Very
good. November, December.

Scarlet Pearmain.
Bell's Scarlet Pearmain, Sigler's Bed ? Oxford Peach.

A showy dessert Apple, of English origin.

Fruit medium sized, pearmain or conical shaped. Skin light ci-imson
or yellow in the shade, rich crimson on the sunny side. Stalk nearly
an inch long, deeply set. Flesh white, stained with a tinge of pink,
crisp, juicy, subacid. Very good. In eating from the last of August to
the tenth of October, A plentiful bearer.

Scarlet Sweet,

Origin, Ohio, Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood dark brown-
ish red, downy.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded

348 THE APPLE.

and indistinctly striped and splashed with light scarlet, many light dots.
Stalk A^arying. Cavity open, deep. Calyx small, open. Flesh yellowish
white, tender, juicy, mild pleasant sweet. Core small. Good to very
good. October to February.

Scarlet Tiffing

A culinary Apple, from Lancaster, England.

Fruit above medium, roundish, inclining to oblate, pale yellow, mostly
overspread with deep scarlet in the sun. Flesh pure white, tender,
crisp, juicy, pleasant acid. November, December. (Hogg.)

Schaffer's Early.
Schaffer's Early Eed. Schaffer's Garden.

Origin, Lehigh Co., Pa. Tree an upright thrifty grower, and a good
bearer.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow, striped, splashed,
and marbled with red, sometimes only a red cheek. Stalk short. Calyx
closed. Flesh whitisli, jvxicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good, or very
good. Core small. August, September.

SCHOONMAKER.
Schoolmocker.

An old Apple. Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, up-
right spreading.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, bronzed blush in the sun.
Flesh yellowish white, crisp, brisk subacid. Good to very good. Jan-
uary to March.

SCHREVETON GOLDEN PiPPIN.

From Nottinghamshire, England.

Fruit small, roundish, yellowish, marked with russet. Flesh yel-
lowish, tendei", crisp. Good. December, April.

ScioTA Beauty.

Origin, Ohio, Tree moderately vigorous, upright spreading.

Fruit below medium, roundish ovate, whitish yellow, shaded,
splashed, and striped with two shades of red. Flesh white, tender,
juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. January to April.

Scollop Gilliflower.
Scolloped Gilliflower, Striped Gilliflower ?

This, according to Elliott, is an entirely distinct variety from Red
Gilliflower. Origin unknown.

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, flattened at base, tapering
towards the eye, always much ribbed or scolloped, light yellow, striped
and splashed with shades of light and dark red. Stalk short, slender.
Cavity deep, russeted. Calyx with long segments. Basin abrupt, deep,
ribbed. Flesh yellowish, firm, tender, juicy, slight tinge of sweet.
Core large, hollow. Good. November to February.

the apple. 349

Scotch Bridget.

A cooking fruit, Lancaster, England.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, ribbed or knobbed at apex. Flesh
white, tendei-, soft, juicy. October, January. (Hogg.)

Scott's Best.

Origin, farm of Luther Scott, Hinsdale, Cattaraugus Co. , N. Y. Tree
moderately vigorous, spreading.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded and mot-
tled with light red, striped and splashed ^v^.th crimson. Stalk variable,
slender. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx nearly closed. Flesh whitish,
fine-grained, tender, juicy, agreeable, slightly ai'omatic, subacid. Good
to very good. November, December.

Scrivener's Red.

An admired cider fruit in some parts of Maryland and Delaware.
Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, bright red, with dark stripes.
Flesh juicy, breaking, rich. October.

Seaconk Sweet.

An old Connecticut Apple. Tree strong grower, very productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conic, red, with stripes of darker red,
few small wliite dots. Flesh white, compact, sweet. Good. January
to April.

Seaman's Sweet.

From Long Island.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish, splashed, striped, and
shaded with red. Calyx closed. Stalk very short. Flesh white, not
tender, juicy, sweet. Good. Baking. October.

Seaver Sweet.
Grafton Sweet.

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, productive, spreading. Young
wood light reddish brown, slightly downy.

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, pale yellow, blush of red in
the Sim, few gray dots. Stalk medium, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh
yellowish, mode-rately tender, juicy, sweet. Good. Core small. Janu-
ary to April.

Seedless.

Origin in the grounds of Alfred Smith, Addison, Yt. Tree drooping
habit, healthy and productive.

Fruit below medium, oblate roundish, light greenish yellow, with
dark carmine cheek in sun. Stalk slender. Cavity open, deep. Calyx
small, closed. Flesh white, dry, very mild subacid. Only good. Core
without seeds. November, December.

350 the apple.

Seever.
Seever's Red Streak.

From Ooshocton Co., O.

Fruit medium, globular, lemon yellow, striped witli bright clear red.
Stalk short, slender. Calyx with long segments. Basin deep, open.
Flesh yellowish, juicy, subacid. October to November. (Elliott.)

Selby Bellflower,

A seedling from the Yellow Bellflower. Tree hardy and productive.

Fruit large, roundish, approaching conic, pale yellow on rather a
greenish ground. Stalk medium, slender. Calyx medium. Basin shal-
low. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, mild, spicy, subacid. No-
vember to March. (Gar. Mon.)

Selma.

From Clark Co., O,

Fruit medium to large, roundish flattened, yellow, with pale russet
patches, especially around the stem, dull faint red in sun. Flesh yel-
lo^vish white, breaking, mild subacid. Yery good. November, Decem-
ber. (Elliott.)

Selwood's Reinette.

From Lancaster, England. Tree a healthy grower and a good bearer.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish, mostly covered and striped with
red. Flesh greenish white, tender, brisk, pleasant. Cooking. Decem-
ber, March. (Hogg.)

September.
Pride of September.

Origin, Centre Co., Pa., received from \V. G. Waring. Tree hardy
and vigorous, a good and i-egular bearer. Young wood smooth, reddish
brown. Buds prominent.

Frviit large, globular, somewhat depressed, very slightly conic, yel-
low, slightly shaded and thinly sjorinkled with brown dots. Stalk short,
inserted in a deep, abrupt cavity, surrounded by thin russet. Calyx
partially closed, set in an open basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy,
very agreeable subacid. Yery good. October.

Sergeant's Sweet.

Origin, Massachusetts.

Fruit medium, round, straw color, with a blush next the sun.
Flesh tender, very sweet, superior for baking. October. (Kenrick.)

Shaker Greening.
Hampshire Greening ? Shaker Pippin.

Origin, Enfield, N. H. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, very pro-
ductive.

Fruit medium, oblate conic, greenish yellow. Flesh yellowish, ten-
der, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. March, November.

the apple. 351

Shakespeare.

An English clessex't Apple, described by Hogg as of medium size,
roundish oblate conic, greenish, with bro^vnish red next the sun, few
broken stripes of darker red, many russety dots. Flesh greenish yellow
firm, crisp, juicy, brisk, vinous. December to April.

Sharpe's Greening.

Origin, North Carolina. Tree thrifty, and upright grower.
Fruit medium, oblate, gi-eenish yellow, with a blush cheek. Flesh
juicy, subacid. Good. January to March.

Sheepnose.

There are several Apples to which this name has been applied : some
are proved identical with well-known varieties ; others, of which no ori
gin can be traced, may yet prove only synonyms of well-known kinds.

"Warder describes a Sheepnose as :

Fruit medium, i-ound, slightly conic, irregular, greenish yellow, white
striae about the base. Dots minute. Flesh yellowish white, breaking,
tender, jviicy, subacid. Good. December, February.

Another Sheepnose is grown in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, which
is medium size, roundish conical, yellow, sometimes a blush in sun.
Calyx closed. Flesh yellow, rather firm, juicy, subacid. Good. No-
vember, December.

Shell.

Supposed oi'igin, Virginia.

Fruit large, roundish, greenish yellow, becoming clear yellow in the
sun. Flesh yellowish, juicy, rich. August. New.

Shepherd's Fame.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed, pale yellow ^ streaked with a
deeper shade and rich red. Flesh yellowish, soft, tender, sweet. October,
March. (Hogg.)

Sheppard's Sweet.

Origin, Windham Co., Conn. Tree thrifty, upright, and a gi-eat
bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish, approaching conic, yellow, striped with
red. Stalk long, slender, inserted in an acute cavity. Calyx firmly
closed, set in a small basin. Flesh white, tender, sweet and pleasant.
Good. October, November.

Shiawassee Beauty.

Michigan Beauty.

Originated in Shiawassee Co., Mich. Tree a strong upright gi-ower,
until in full bearing, when it becomes partially pendent, very productive.
Young wood dull reddish brown, slightly downy. This variety resem-
bles Fameuse, but its wood shows its distinctiveness.

352 THE APPLE.

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish, shaded, marbled, splashed, and striped
■with rich red, few light dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity large.
Calyx small, closed. Basin large, open, slightly corrugated. Flesh
firm, very white, tender, juicy, brisk, refreshing subacid. Very good.
October, January.

Shipley Green.

Origin, Maryland.

Fruit medium, oblong, red, and very acid. Good for cooking and
keeping only.

Shippen's Russet.

Originated in Philadelphia. It is often found at the "West, and as a
market sort profitable, but inferior in quality to the Roxbury Russet.
The tree is very vigorous, forming a lai'ge rovmd spreading head, pro-
ductive.

Fruit lai'ge, oblate, irregular, yellowish green, somewhat russeted.
Flesh greenish, rather dry, soft, mild subacid. Good. November,
February.

Shockley.

Origin, Georgia. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, very pro-
ductive, bearing young and regvJarly. Yovmg wood reddish, grayish
on under side.

Shockley.

Fruit below medium, roundish conical, pale yellow overspread with
red, inconspicuous minute dots. Stalk long, slender, inserted in a deep

THE APPLE. 353

acute cavity. Calyx partially closed, set in a shallow corrugatecl basin.
Flesh crisp, juicy, rich, saccharine, slightly vinous, and pleasant. Good.
April, May.

This is one of the most profitable varieties at the South, vv^here it not
only beai'S abundantly, but keeps and sells remarkably well.

Simpson Sweet.

Origin, Mercer Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, iTpright.

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, flattened at base and cro^vn, green-
ish yelloAv, with a tinge of brown in the sun. Calyx small, closed.
Flesh white, moderately juicy, sweet, and pleasant. Good. Core small.
December.

SiNE-QUA-NON.

A native of Long Island, named by the late Wm. Prince.

Fruit roundish conical, about medium size, smooth, pale greenish yel-
low. Stalk slender. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, and of a delicate
and very sprightly flavor. Good. The young trees are rather slow and
crooked in cfro"svth. August.

Sink.

Oi'igin, Boalsburg, Centre Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright spread-
ing, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, whitish, splashed and
marbled with red. Flesh very white, stained next the skin, tender, juicy,
brisk subacid. Good. September.

Sir "William Gibbons.

An English cooking Apple.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed, yellow, streaked with light and
dark red. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, slightly acid. Novem-
ber, January.

Skunk.

An old New Jersey Apple. ■

Fruit large, yellow, resembling Newtown Pippin, with red spots and
blotches. Flesh yellowish, juicy, pleasant. Good. November, Decem-
ber. (Coxe.)

Sleeping Beauty.
Winter Sleeping Beauty. Sleeper.

Tree an excellent bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish, somewhat flattened, straw-color, washed
with lively red. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, acid. No-
vember, Febi-viary. (Hogg.)

Sleight's Lady Apple.

This valuable Apple was raised by Edgar Sleight, Dutchess Co.,
N. Y. It is almost a perfect fac-simile of Lady Apple, except being nearly
twice as large. Tree somewhat more vigorous and spreading than the
Lady Apple, and very productive. The fruit a little earlier in ripening.

23

354

THE APPLE.

Slingerland Pippin.

Raised by Mr. Slingerland, of Albany Co., K. Y. Tree vigorous,
spreading.

Fruit medium to lai-ge, roundish, often oblique, yellow, shaded with
red and sprinkled with minvite dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, par-
tially closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, rather rich subacid.
Good to very good. December, February.

Smalley.
Spice.

From Kensington, Conn. Tree vigorous, spreading, a good bearer.

Fruit medium size, oblate conic, yellow, with a slight blush. Stalk
short. Calyx closed. Flesh tender, juicy, brisk, pleasant aromatic.
Good. September, October.

Small's Admirable.

This is described by Hogg as an immense bearer, and adapted foi
dwarf culture.

Fruit above medium, roundish ovate, flattened, lemon yellow. Flesh
firm, yellowish, crisp, subacid. November, December.

Smith's.
Fuller.

Smith's Cider.

Smith's Cider.

Pennsylvania Cider.
Fowler.

Popular Bluff.

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. This Apple is widely grown, and much es-
teemed as a profitable market sort. The tree is a very vigorous, strag-

THE APPLE. 355

gling, spreading grower, and productive. Young wood a rich dark
brown.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate conic, yellow, shaded and
striped with red, sparsely covered with gray dots. Stalk slender, of
medium length, inserted in a deep, rather narrow cavity. Calyx closed,
set in a broad, i-ather shallow basin. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, crisp,
pleasant, mild subacid. Good. December, March.

Smokehouse.

Millcreek Vandevere. Ked Vandevere. English Vandevere.

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa., near Millcreek, grew on the farm of
Gibbons, near his smokehouse, hence its name. An old variety

and popular in Pennsylvania. It somewhat resembles the old Pennsyl-
vania Vandevere, and is supposed to be a seedling of it.

Tree moderately vigorous, with a spreading head, a good bearer.
Young wood dull dark reddish brown.

Smokehouse.

Fruit rather above medium, roundish oblate, skin yellow, shaded
and splashed with crimson, and thinly sprinkled with large gray and
brown dots. Stalk rather long, curved, inserted in a broad cavity.
Calyx closed, set in a wide basin, of moderate depth, slightly corrugated.
Flesh yellowish, somewhat firm, juicy, crisp, rather rich subacid. Good.
September to February. Valued for culinary uses.

Snediker.
Origin unknown. Tree an upright vigorous grower, productive.

35 G THE APPLE.

Fruit large, rovindisli conical, sides unequal, yellow, marbled 'vi'itli
large red dots, few gray dots. Stalk very short. Calyx closed or par-
tially open. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy,
tender, brisk subacid. Core rather small. Good. December, February.

Snepps'.
Jno. Snepps'.

Supposed origin, Edinburgh, la. Tree vigorous and sufficiently pro-
ductive.

Fruit above medium, almost large, flat, dull green, becoming pale
yellow, with many dark dots that often give it a gray appearance. Calyx
large, closed. Stalk stout. Flesh yellowish, breaking, fine-gi-ained,
juicy, agreeably sweet. December, March. (Warder.)

Somerset.

Origin, Somerset Co., Me. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading.

Fruit large, roundish, somewhat flattened, bright yellow, mostly
covered with splashes and stripes of bright red. Flesh yellowish, some-
times a little stained with red, tender, juicy, agreeable subacid. Sep-
tember. (Me. Rep.)

There is another Somerset grown in "Western New York, the fruit
of which is medium or below, roundisli conical, whitish yellow, partially
netted with russet. Flesh yellow, tender. Good. August, September.
The wood as well as fruit of these is quite distinct, the former being
reddish brown, the latter dull grayish reddish brown, downy.

SOMMERSET LASTING.

A fine showy English Apple, described by Ronalds as large, round-
ish oblate, clear yellow, with a blush red cheek. Flesh white, tender,
brisk, sharp siibacid. Valuable for cooking or market. December to
March.

Sops of Wine.

Red Shropsavine ? Worden's Pie Apple. Hominy.

Bell's Early ? Washington. Dodge's Early Red.

Bennington.

An old European variety. Tree vigorous, upright, an early and
productive variety.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow and red, splashed and shaded with
deep red, and sprinkled with white and gray dots, and a thin bloom.
Stalk slender, in a narrow cavity. Calyx closed. Basin rather shallow,
uneven. Flesh white, often stained, not veiy juicy, mild, pleasant sub-
acid. Good. Augiist, September.

SouissoN Russet.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellow, shaded with rich red or crim-
son in the sun, and splashes and blotches of russet in the shade, and
sometimes russet mixed with the red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, rich,
brisk subacid. Very good. Core small. February, March.

the apple. 357

Sour Bough.

An old variety, grown in "Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree tkrifty,
upright.

Fruit medium, rovindish conic, yellow, moderately sprinkled with
gray and light dots. Flesh whitish, bi-isk subacid. Good for cooking.
September. Often knotty and unprofitable.

Southern Lady.

From North Carolina.

Fruit small, oblate, whitish, much shaded with bright crimson, many
light dots. Stalk short and small. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, tender,
juicy, veiy mild subacid, aromatic. Very good. September, October.

Sovereign.

A little Apple from England, described by Ronalds as :
Fruit small, oblong oblate, light yellowish brown, with a small flush
of red. Flesh firm, rich, and sweet. February, April.

Spapfokd Russet.

Origin, Ohio.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, flattened at ends, yellowish, slightly
russeted. Flesh greenish white, soft, moderately juicy, mild subacid.
Hardly good. December, February.

Spark's Late.
Spark's.

A variety somewhat groMm in Southern Illinois, its origin unknown.
Tree an upright grower, hardy, and good bearer.

Fruit large, roundish oblong conic, greenish yellow, rarely with a
shade of crimson in the sun, brown dots. Stalk slender. Calyx closed.
Flesh whitish, half tender, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. Valuable
for cooking.

Speckled.

Westbrook.

Origin uncertain. Tree a rapid grower and annual bearer.
Fruit large, roundish oblong, yellowish wliite, red in the sun, small
russet dots. Flesh white, tender, subacid. Good. October, January.

Speckled Oley.

From Berks Co., Pa.

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, striped and mottled with
red, large white dots. Flesh white, moderately juicy. Hardly good.

Spectator.

Originated by J. W. Bailey, Plattsburgh, N. Y. Tree spreading,
very productive.

358 THE APPLE.

Fruit medium, roundish oblong oval, ribbed, yellow, shaded with
red in the sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. Hardly good.
September.

Spice Russet.
Sweet Russet of some, erroneously.

Origin unknown. Ti'ee a good grower and productive.

Fruit below medium, roundish flattened, light yellow russet, with
numerous small fine dots, exposed to the sun carmine and yellow
bronzed. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, fine-grained,
juicy, almost sweet, aromatic subacid. December to March. (Elliott.)

Spice Sweet.
Berry Bough.

Tree vigorous, productive, medium, oblate, smooth, pale yellow.
Flesh rather firm, sweet, highly aromatic, apt to be knotty and unfair.
August, September.

Sponge.

There are two varieties under this name, neither of which is at all
valuable.

One is : Fruit large, roundish oblate. Skin greenish, striped with
dull red, dotted with whitish spots. Flesh white, coarse, subacid. A
kitchen fruit. October and November.

The other is : Fruit medium, oblong conic, green, splashed with
red. Flesh white, moderately juicy. Poor. November.

Spkague.

Fruit rather small, oblong oval, slightly conic, yellow. Flesh yellow,
juicy, tender, sprightly subacid. Scarcely good. October.

Springek.
Springer's Seedling.
Origin, Ohio.

Fruit small, roundish oblong, yellowish green, with faint stripes of
red. Flesh firm, negative character. January to May. (Elliott.)

Spring Grove Codlin.

An old English cooking Apple.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, deeper in the svm.
Flesh greenish yellow, crisp, juicy, brisk, sharp subacid. October.

Spring Pippin.
Springport Pippin.

Origin, Springport, Cayuga Co., N. Y. Tree uj)right, thrifty, unpro-
ductive.

Fruit above medium, roundish oblong, yellowish green. Flesh yellow
ish white^ crisp, sprightly subacid. December to May. (Elliott.)

the apple. 359

Squire's Greening.

An English culinary Apple.

Fruit described by Hogg as above medium, roundisb, flattened, green,
with dull brownish red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, brisk
subacid. December to April.

Staats' Sweet.

Originated in Somerset Co., N. J. Tree a strong, upright, vigorous
gi'ower, with curved erect branches, forming a beautiful head, produc-
tive.

Fruit medium, roundish, slight!}'- conical, greenish yellow, shaded,
splashed, and overspread mostly with light and dark red. Stalk short.
Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, juicy, mild, plea-
sant, sweet. Good to very good. December to February.

Stack.

Origin, Indiana.

Fi'uit medium to large, roundish conical, red, striped with deep red.
Dots minute and few. Stalk long, slender. Calyx medium, closed.
Basin medium. Flesh light yellow, fine-grained, juicy. Good. Core
large, open. December to January. (Ind. Trans.)

Stackyard.

Originated in Montgomery Co., Pa. An old variety.

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, covered and marbled with
yellow and red, and speckled with small spots and patches of russet.
Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy. Good. November, December.

Stamford Pippin.

An English Apple, described by Hogg as first-rate for dessert.

Fruit above medium, roundish, yellow, tinge of orange in sun.
Flesh yellowish, firm, tender, crisp, sweet, brisk, pleasant aroma. De-
cember to March.

Stanard.

Stanard's Seedling.

An Apple extensively disseminated in Illinois and West, from Col-
onel B. Hodge, through " The Grove " nurseries. The tree is ex-
tremely hardy, enduring uninjured the most severe changes of the
prairies. It is a crooked, spreading, irregular, but rapid gi'ower ; a
young, abundant, and annual bearer. Yoimg wood reddish brown,
downy.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly conical, dull green,
changing to yellow at maturity, splashed and striped with red, lai-ge
russet specks. Stalk in a deep cavity. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish
white, rather coarse, very juicy, rather rich subacid. Very good, De-
cember to March. Superior for cooking.

360 the apple.

Stanley.
Stanley's Seedling.

Originated in Alabama. Tree moderately vigorous, upriglit.
Fruit large, roundish conical, greenish yellow. Flesh whitish, ten-
der, moderately juicy, subacid. Good. October, November.

Stanley's Winter Sweet.

Origin, Winthrop, Me. Tree productive.

Fruit large, oblate, red, streaked and specked with purple. Flesh
juicy, sweet. December to March. (Me. Rep.)

Stansill.

Origin, North Carolina. Tree a good grower and early bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish green, sometimes a blush
in sun, and occasionally indistinctly striped. Flesh yellow, subacid.
Good to very good. January.

Star.

An old variety, grown in Dutchess Co., N. Y.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded and indistinctly
splashed with crimson, large light dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed.
Flesh white, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. November.

Stark.

Origin unknown, grown in some parts of Ohio, and valued as a long
keeper and profitable market fruit. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading.
Young shoots dark brownish red.

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to conic, sometimes a little elongated,
and sometimes slightly oblique. Skin gi-eenish yellow, shaded, splashed,
and striped with light and dark red nearly over the whole surface, and
thickly sprinkled with light and brown dots, a portion of them areole
dots. Stalk short, rather stout, inserted in a medium cavity. Calyx
closed. Basin rather large, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, a little
coarse, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. Coi-e small. January
to May.

Starr.

From New Jersey,

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, greenish white. Stalk slen-
der. Flesh whitish, pleasant subacid. July to September. Cooking
only.

Star Reinette.
Reinette Etoile. Calville Etoile.

A Belgian Apple. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish, ribbed at apex end, washed and shaded,
witli red, distinct white dots. Flesh white, tender, subacid. Novem-
ber. (Alb. Pom.)

THE APPLE. 361

Steel's Sweet.

Origin, Connecticut ; productive, keeps well, but not always fair.
Fruit medium, globular, yellowish, slight blush. Flesh white, com-
pact, juicy, with a peculiar saccharine flavor. December to March.

Stephenson's Winter.

Origin, Marshall Co., Miss. Tree a moderate grower and a good
bearer. Young shoots smooth, reddish bro'svn, slightly grayish.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, shaded and sometimes
striped with red. Stalk long, slender. Calj^ open. Flesh whitish,
rather firm, juicy, pleasant, brisk subacid. Core small. Good. Jan-
uary to April.

Stevens' Gilliflower.

Originated in Sweden, Me. Fruit large, roundish conical, dull
whitish ground striped with red. Flesh white, tender, pleasant sub-
acid. November to February. (Cole.)

Stillman's Early.

Origin, Clinton, Oneida Co., IST. Y. Tree of moderate upright growth,
productive.

Fruit small, roundish conic, yellow, sometimes a slight blush, and a
few brown dots. Stalk long. Calyx closed. Flesh yellow, tender,
pleasant subacid. Good. Last of July and first of August.

Stillwater Sweet.
Grandmother.

Originated by Caleb Mendenhall, near Dayton, 0. Tree an upright
grower, productive. Young shoots clear reddish brown, very slightly
downy.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, faintly ribbed, greenish
yellow, shaded, minixte black dots, sometimes in the sun it has a pale red
cheek. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, sweet. Good to very
good. September, Octobei-.

Stirzaker's Early Square.

A Lancaster, England, variety, described by Hogg as :

Fruit below medium, roundish, ribbed, pale yellow, overspread and

mottled with a dingy brown russet. Flesh white, tender, pleasant.

August, September.

Stockade Sweet.

Origin, Marietta, Ohio. Tree thrifty, very upright, and productive.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed,
and striped with red. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish,
compact, moderately juicy, rich, sweet. Core small. Good. Valuable for
baking and keeping. December to May.

362 the apple.

Stone Pippin.
White Stone Pippin.

A Norfolk, England, Apple, described by Lindley as worthy of culti-
vation. Tree vigorous, hardy, and abundant bearer.

Fruit medium, oblong conic, pale green, becoming yellow. Flesh
very firm, almost sweet. November to May.

Stonewall Jackson.

A new Southern Apple, mostly valued because of its long-keeping
quality. Tree an upright, stout grower, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, sides unequal, whitish yellow,
shaded, and obscvirely striped and splashed in the sun with light red.
Stalk small. Flesh white, firm, not very juicy, biisk subacid. Good.
A long keeper.

Stonor Park.

An English dessei-t Apple, described by Ronalds as of medium size,
conical, yellow, with faint stripes and shades of red. Flesh white, ten-
der, brisk subacid. Good. November.

Straudt.

Origin, Berks Co., Pa.

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to conical, deep crimson, with stripes
of paler red, and numerous light dots. Stalk short. Calyx small,
closed. Flesh fine-grained, tender, white, subacid, pleasant. Good.
November.

Strawn.
Strawn's Seedling.

Raised by James Strawn, Virginia. Tree a thrifty grower and good
bearer.

Fruit rather large, reddish stripes on a pale yellow ground, cream-
colored spots. Flesh yellow, juicy, slightly acid. Good. December to
April.

Streaked Pippin.

Red Pippin. Hempstead. Quaker of some.

Skunk, erroneously.

Origin, Westbury, Long Island, N. Y. Tree thrifty, hardy, vigorous,
spreading, and productive.

Fruit large, roundish oblong, pale yellow, shaded, splashed, and
striped with rich red, few light and gray dots. Stalk short, small.
Cavity naiTow, sometimes russeted. Calyx closed. Basin slightly cor-
rugated. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid,
slightly aromatic. Good to very good. November to January.

Striped Beaufin.

An English Apple. Tree hardy, productive.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, broadly ribbed, greenish yellow, covered

THE APPLE. 363

and mottled with broken stripes and dashes of deep red. Flesh yellow-
ish white, firm, juicy, pleasant acid. October to May. (Lindley.)

Striped Belle et Boitne.

An old Eastern Apple. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright
spreading, productive. Young shoots dull reddish brown, somewhat
downy. A profitable market variety.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, mostly covered, sti-iped,
splashed, and mottled with light and dark red, few light brown dots.
Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, brisk subacid, moderately
juicy. Good. Core rather small. August, September.

Striped Holland Pippin.

An old Holland fruit. Tree a free grower, and productive ; valued
mainly for cooking.

Fruit large, roundish, obscurely ribbed, yellow, striped with red.
Flesh white, subacid. October, December. (Lindley.)

Striped Mohawk.

Fruit above medium, roundish, red striped on yellow. Flesh dry,
poor. Late autumn, (Elliott.)

Striped Monstrous Reinette.

An English cooking Apple. Tree a strong grower, productive.

Fruit large, roundish, with irregular ribs, terminating in strong
wrinkles around the eye, greenish yellow, mostly covered, striped, and
blotched with red. Stalk small. Flesh tender, juicy, agreeable acid.
October, November. (Ronalds.)

Striped Porter.

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, yellow, with stripes and
splashes of red, red and russet specks. Stalk slender. Cavity deep,
russeted. Basin wrinkled. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, subacid. Octo-
ber. (K E. Far.)

Striped Shropsavine.
Curtiss Early Stripe.

Fruit small, oblong conic, pale yellow, striped with bright red-
Flesh crisp, pleasant. July, August. A poor grower.

Striped Winter Pearmain.

Striped Sweet Pippin. Large Striped Winter Pearmain.

Snorter. Striped Pearmain.

Winter Pearmain of some. Blissonri Keeper ?
Missourian ?

An old variety, which can only be traced to Kentucky. It is con-
siderably grown now all through the West, and largely under the name of
Striped Sweet Pippin. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading, productive.
Young shoots clear reddish brown, slight bloom on ends.

36 i THE APPLE.

Fruit medium to large, roundish, inclining to oblate, yellow, striped,
splashed, and shaded with shades of red, numerous gray dots, giving it
somewhat appearance of bloom. Stalk medium or short, and small, in-

striped Winter Pearmain.

serted in a large cavity surrounded by russet. Calyx small, closed, set
in a broad, uneven basin. Flesh yellow, juicy, crisp, tendei', very mild,
rich, pleasant, scarcely subacid. Very good. October to January.

Steoat.
Straat.

An Apple formerly in high esteem among the descendants of the
Dutch settlers on the North River. Not profitable.

Fruit above the middle size, roundish, and tapering a little to the
eye, yellowish green. Flesh yellow, very tender, biisk subacid. Good.
September to December.

Strobe's Birmingham.

Strode's.

Origin, Chester Co., Pa, A vigorous, upright grower, very produc-
tive.

Fruit rather below medium, oblong oval or conic, yellow, sprinkled
with a few gray dots. Stalk slender, set in a deep, narrow cavity.
Basin broad, shallow, corrugated. Flesh yellow, moderately juicy, sub-
acid. Good to very good. September.

THE APPLE. 3G5

Strubel.

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree a moderate grower, hardy, and produc-
tive.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong conic, yellowish, shaded,
splashed, and marbled with rich red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh
compact, yellowish, jviicy, subacid, slightly aromatic. Good. Core
small. November to March.

Stump.

Supposed origin, Delaware. Tree spreading, productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded with light red nearly over
the whole surface. Stalk short, small. Calyx closed or partially open.
Flesh whitish, rather firm, crisp, jviicy, tender, sprightly subacid.
Good. Core small. September, October.

Sturmer Pippin.

An English fruit. Below medium, oblate, approaching conic, yel-
low, with a bronzed or crimson cheek. Stalk of medium length, insert-
ed in a large cavity. Calyx closed. Segments long. Basin shallow
and vmeven. Flesh compact, rich subacid. Good. January, May.

Stymus.

This new and really excellent Apple originated on the farm of Jacob
Stymus, Dobb's Ferry, N. Y. Tree moderately thrifty, upright, and pro-
ductive. Young shoots dull reddish brown, slightly downy.

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded, splashed,
and striped with light and dark crimson. Stalk short, small. Cavity
large, deep. Calyx closed or partially open. Segments short, erect.
Basin large, deep, uneven. Flesh whitish, fine, tender, juicy, mild,
pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic. Core small. Very good. Octo-
ber, November.

Styre.

Forest Styre.

A famous old English cider fruit, of medium size, roundish, pale
yellow, with an orange cheek. Flesh firm, and makes a high-colored
liquor. October, January.

Sudbury Sweet.

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, a good bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, yellow, faintly splashed,
max'bled, and striped with dull red, many light and gray dots. Flesh
whitish, rather tender, moderately jviicy, rather rich, sweet. Good.
December, January.

Suffolk Beauty.

A new variety from H. H. & E. L. Brown, Deer Park, Long Island.
Tree a free grower and abundant bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish white, with a few dark
green dots, and a little russet near the stalk. Stalk slender. Calyx

366 THE APPLE.

small. "Flesh white, agreeable subacid. August, September. (Gar.
Mon.)

Sugar and Brandt.

A Lancashire, England, Apple.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, rib on one side, deep dull
yellow, pale red in the shade, bright orange red in the sun. Flesh deep
yellow, spongy, juicy, very sweet. August, September. (Hogg.)

Sugar Loaf Pippin.
Hatching's Seedling.

A foreign sort. Tree of good growth and productive.

Fruit of medium size, oblong or conical, smooth, clear pale yellow,
becoming nearly white on one side when fully ripe. Flesh white, fii-m,
very slightly acid, and moderately juicy. Good. Ripens the latter part
of July, and is very showy on the tree.

Sugar Sweet.

From Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, upright, a moderate bearer.

Fruit large, roundish oblate conic, yellow, mostly shaded with red,
and a dark maroon cheek. Flesh white, fine-grained, not very tender,
but with a rich, honeyed sweetness. Good. December to February.

Suisse.
Pomme Suisse. Pomme Rubanee. Pomme de Perroquet.

An old variety, described in 1665.

Fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly conical, greenish, and
striped in the shade with yellowish gi-een, which in sun becomes dull
reddish. Stalk slender. Calyx small. Flesh white, tender, moderately
juicy, subacid. Good.

Summer Bellflower.

Origin, farm of J. R. Comstock, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree vigor-
ous, upright, productive. Young shoots clear reddish brown.

Fruit medium or above, oval, inclining to conic, clear yellow, with
rarely a faint orange blush on the side of the sun. Stalk an inch long,
in a shallow cavity. Calyx closed, with small reflexed segments, slightly
five-sided basin. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, excellent subacid.
Good. Middle of August to middle of September.

Summer Bellflower of Pennsylvania

is quite distinct from the above, and very much resembles Yellow Bell-
flower in shape and color, but has a very wide and deep cavity, and
closed calyx. Flesh yellowdsh white, firm and fine texture, not very
juicy, with a brisk, agreeable, pleasant subacid. Good. Last of August
and first of September. Young shoots light reddish brown, downy.

the apple. 367

Summer Broaden.
Summer Colman. Summer Broadend.

An old Norfolk, England, cooking Apple.

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, dull gi-eenish yellow, tinged on
tlie sunny side with dull pale brown. Flesh greenish white, subacid.
October, November. (Lindley.)

Summer Cheese.
Cheese Apple. Maryland Cheese. Prather Apple. Findlay Apple.

An old variety, of poor quality. Origin unknown. Tree a strong
grower, spreading, not an early bearer, but moderately productive when
old.

Fruit medium, oblate, sides sometimes unequal, yellow, occasionally
with a tinge of red in the sun. Flesh whitish, tender, jiiicy, subacid.
August, September.

Summer Goldex Pippin.

A nice little English dessert Apjile, but inferior to many of our
own.

Fruit small, ovate, flattened at the eye, bright yellow, with a little
orange next the sun. Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, and rich. Good to very
good. August.

Summer Hagloe.
Hagloe.

An old sort. Tree vigorous, but slow in its growth while young,
thick blunt shoots, productive. Young shoots clear light reddish
brown.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, striped and splashed
with bright red, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk short and
thick, inserted in a broad, open cavity. Calyx closed, set in a small,
round basin. Flesh white, rather coarse, tender, juicy, subacid. Good
to very good. An excellent culinary and table variety. August, Sep-
tember.

Summer Harvey.

Origin unknown. Tree thrifty, spreading, very productive, an early
and abundant bearer.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, sometimes nettings of
russet and red cheek in the sun, thickly sprinkled with light and green
dots. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. August.

Summer Janet.

Fruit medium, round truncated, regular. Sui'face smooth, pale yellow,
mixed red, striped darker red. Dots scattered, gray. Flesh yellow,
tender, fine-grained, subacid, aromatic. Good. September. (War-
der.)

Summer Limbertwig.

A Southern fruit from Greensboro', N. C.

Fruit medium, flat, regulai*, pale yellow, mixed pink, striped dark red.

568

THE APPLE.

Flesli white, tender, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, aromatic. August,
September. (Warder.)

Summer Marigold.

An old Englisb Apple. Tree a good grower and great bearer.
Fruit medium, roundisb conical, yellow, striped with two shades of
red. Flesh breaking, juicy, pleasant subacid. August.

Sour Bough.
Walworth.
Haverstraw Pippm.
Paper Apple.

Summer Pippin.

Calkin's Pippin.

Tart Bough.

Champlain.

Large Golden Pippin.

UndercTunk.
Nyack Pippin.
Geneva Pearmain.

Origin unknown. An old fruit, much cultivated in Rockland and
"Westchester Counties, N. Y. ; a valuable market fruit. Tree vigorous,
forming a beautiful round head, a regular and good bearer. Young
shoots dull reddish grayish brown, slightly downy.

Summer Pippin.

Fruit medium to large, variable in form, generally roundish oblong,
inclining to conic, pale waxen yellow, shaded with a delicate crimson
blush, and sprinkled with green and grayish dots. Stalk varies in
length and thickness, inserted in a deep, abrupt cavity. Calyx closed,
set in a deep, abrupt, corrugated basin. Flesh white, tender, moderate-
ly juicy, pleasant, refreshing, subacid, valuable for culinary uses, and

THE APPLE. 3G9

profitable for market. Ripens the middle of August, and continues a
month or more.

There is another Summer Pippin which we have received from
Iowa. Tree very vigorous, productive.

The fruit is medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded,
splashed, and strijied with crimson in the sun, large light dots. Stalk
rather long. Calyx closed. Flesh white, pleasant subacid. August,
Septembei".

Summer Pound Royal.

Pound Royale. Pound Royal of the Putnam List.

Summer R. I. Greening. Orange.

An old variety, the origin of which has not been traced. It is now
pretty widely disseminated in some parts of Michigan, Ohio, and in the
South and West. Tree a strong, vigorous, upright spreading grower,
hardy and productive. Young shoots very dark brown.

Summer Poimd RoyaL

Fruit large, roundish conical, sometimes roundish oblate conical,
greenish white, and moderately sprinkled ^vith green and light dots.
Stalk rather short. Cavity large, deep, slightly russeted. Calyx closed.
Segments medium, erect. Basin abrupt, rather deep. Flesh white,
fine-grained, tender, juicy, mild, sprightly subacid. Good to very good.
Core small. August, September. A profitable orchard, and market
variety.

24

370 the apple.

Summer Queen.

Sharpe's Early. Lancaster Queen. Polecat.

This variety forms a large tree with somewhat pendent boughs, and
is a profitable sort for orchards and marketing over a large territory.

Summer Queen.

The fruit is large and broad at the crown, tapering towards the eye.
The stalk is rather long, and is planted in a pretty deep cavity, some-
times partially closed. Calyx but little sunk, in a narrow plaited basin.
Skin fine deep yellow in its ground, though well striped and clouded
with red. Flesh aromatic, yellow, rich, and of good flavor. August
and September.

Summer Rambo.

Rambour Franc. Rambour Gros. Frank Rambour.

Summer Rambour. Rambour d'Ete.

This is an old French A]:>ple Avhich was pretty freely distributed
many years since, and the old trees of which every^vhere prove hardy
and profitable for early marketing. Tree vigorous, spreading, open
round head.

Fruit a little above medium size, flat, generally evenly formed, but
occasionally a little irregular, pale greenish yellow, stained and streaked
with red on the sunny side. Flesh rather soft, sprightly subacid.
Good. Ripens early in September.

THE APPLE.

371

Summer Red Calville.

Calville Rouge d'fite. Calville d'fite.

Rother Sommercalville.

Madeleine.

An old Frencli Apple of medium size, roundish conical, ribbed, yel-
lowish, white, streaked and stained with red, becoming very bright in
the sun. Flesh white, soft, tender, tinged with red, mild subacid.
Good. July, August.

Summer Red Streak.

Origin, Columbia Co., N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous, produc-
tive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellowish, shaded, splashed,
and striped with rich red. Stalk small. Calyx closed. Flesh white,
sometimes a little stained next the skin, juicy, brisk subacid. Good.
Valued for cooking. September.

Summer Reinette.
Weisse Wack's Reinette. Weisse Sommer Reinette. Reinette d'^te Blanche.

A beautiful German Apple.

Fruit very large, roundish oblate. Skin oily. Color clear yellow,
faintly washed with clear bright red. Calyx half open. Stalk very
short. Cavity russeted. Flesh white, fine, jnicy, vinous, sweet, aromatic.
September, October. (Diel.)

SuMAfER Rose,

Woolman's Harvest. Lippincott'a Early.

A very pretty and very excellent Apple, highly esteemed as a des-
sert fruit. Tree moderately vigorous, productive.

Summer Rose.

Fruit scarcely of medium size, roundish, smooth, rich waxen yel-
low, streaked and blotched wdth a little red on the suimy side. Stalk

372 THE APPLE.

rather short and slender. Calyx closed, set in an even basin. Flesh
tender, abounding with sprightly juice. Very good or best. Ripens
early in August.

Summer Sweet,

An old Connecticut Apple. Tree vigorous, very spreading, and pro-
ductive.

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, netted with rus-
set. Stalk short and small. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender,
moderately juicy, rich, sweet. Excellent for baking. Core small.
September.

Summer Sweet Paradise.

Originated in Pennsylvania. Tree very vigorous, spreading, produc-
tive.

Fruit quite large, round and regular in its form, a little flattened
at both ends. Skin rather thick, pale green, sometimes faintly tinged
with yellow in the sun, and very distinctly marked with numeroiis
large dark gray dots. Stalk strong, and set in an even, moderately
deep hollow. Flesh tender, crisp, very jviicy, sweet, rich, aromatic.
Good to very good. Ripe in Avigust and September.

Summer Thorle.
Thorle. Thoral Pippin. Whorle Pippin. Watson's New Nonsuch.

A favoiite Scotch Apple. Tree a free grower, rather pendent, very
productive, bearing in clusters.

Fruit small, oblate, rich yellow, with mottled stripes of rich red.
Stalk short. Calyx half open. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, juicy,
brisk subacid. August, September, (Ron.)

Summer White Calville,

Calville Blanche d'^te. White CalviUe.

Calville Blanc. Wahrer Weiser Sommercalville.

An old variety. Tree a strong grower and prodvictive.

Fruit medium, rovmdish oblate, with prominent ribs, pale straw
color, with traces of delicate russet in the sun. Flesh white, tender,
delicate, sweet, and pleasant. August, September. (Hogg,)

Superb.

Origin, Franklin Co., N, C, Tree tolerably vigorous, spreading, and
a prodigious bearer.

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, regular. Skin green, rarely
with a blush. Stalk of medium length, in a shallow cavity. Calyx
large and open. Flesh yellow, solid, slightly coarse-grained, rich, sub-
acid. Good to very good, NoA^ember to March.

Superb Sweet.

Raised by Jacob Deane, Mansfield, Mass. Tree vigorous, produc-
tive.

THE APPLE.

Frmt rather large, roiindisli, inclining to conic, pale yellow, shaded,
splashed and mottled with red. Stalk long, inserted in a deep cav-
ity. Calyx large, open. Basin broad. Flesh white, very tender,
juicy, sweet, rich. Core large. Good to very good. September, Octo-

ber.

Surprise.

A small, round, whitish yellow Apple, of little or no value, but
admired by some for its singularity, the flesh being stained with red.
November to January.

Surrey Flat Cap.

Hogg describes this as a very excellent dessert Apple.

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, pale bluish green, rough veiny
russet, and deep red next the sun. Flesh yellow, fu-m, rich, and sugary.
October, January.

Susannah.

Large, oblong oval, greenish yellow. Flesh crisp, rich, aromatic.
November to April. (Sumner MS.)

Susan's Spice.

Originated in Franklin Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, upright.

Fruit medium, compi'essed, glossy light crimson, deeper in the sun,
with fawn-colored dots. Stalk short. Flesh yellowish white, stained
occasionally with red, juicy, pleasant, aromatic. October. (Gar. Mon.)

Sutton Beauty.
Beauty.

Origin, Sutton, Mass. Tree upright, thrifty, and very productive.

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate conic, waxen yellow, shad-
ed, mottled, and obscurely striped with fine crimson, and thinly sprin-
kled with whitish dots. Stem rather short, inserted in a medium cavity,
slightly surrounded by greenish I'usset. Calyx partially closed, set in a
moderate, uneven basin. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly
subacid. Very good. November, February.

SWAAR.
Hard wick.

This is a truly noble American fruit, produced by the Dutch set-
tlers on the Hudson, near Esopus, and so termed from its unusual weight,
this word, in the Low Dutch, meaning heavy. It requires a deep, rich,
sandy loam to bring it to perfection, and, in its native soils, we have
seen it twelve inches in circumference, and of a deep golden yellow color.
It is one of the fijiest flavored apples in America, and deserves exten-
sive cultivation in all favorable positions, though it does not succeed
well in damp or cold soils.

Fruit large, regvilarly formed, roundish or roundish oblate. Skin
greenish yellow when fii'st gathered, but when entii-ely ripe of a fine,

37 i THE APPLE.

dead gold color, dotted with numerous distinct brown specks, and some-
times faintly marbled with gray russet on the side and round the stalk.
Stalk slender, three-fourths of an inch long, inserted in a very round cav-
ity. [Sometimes this cavity is partially closed.] Calyx small, greenish,

Swaar.

set in a shallow basin, scarcely plaited. Flesh yello'vidsh, fine-grained,
tender, with an exceedingly rich aromatic flavor and a spicy smell.
"Very good to best. Core small. The trees bear fair crops, and the
fruit is in season from December to March.

SWASEY.

Supposed origin, Ohio. Tree hardy, but a poor grower.

Fruit small, oblate, yellow, with a red cheek in the sun. Flesh
whitish, crisp, tender, subacid. Good. Core small. December, Janu-
ary.

Sweeney Nonpaeeil.

An English Apple. Tree a good grower and bearer.

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, greenish, with patches of russet
and brilliant red cheek in sun. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, acid. Janu-
ary to April. Cooking.

Sweet and Sour.

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive.

Fruit large, oblate, ribbed, the ribs being green, and the intervening
hollows light yellow ; the ribs bearing the flavor of the fruit, which is
acid, the intervening hollows being almost flavorless, but sweetisli ; this
portion not having its juice well elaborated. December, February.

the apple. 375

Sweet Baldwin.

Orifyin unknown. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and
striped with light and dai'k red, thin bloom, light dots. Flesh yellow-
ish, moderately juicy, mild, sweet. Good. October.

Sweet Belle Bonne.
Belle et Bonne.

A very old Apple. Origin unknown. Tree a spreading, moderately
upright grower, and an annual bearer. Young shoots reddish brown,
somewhat grayish, slightly downy.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate conic, yellow, with nettings
and patches of russet, few large brown dots. Calyx small, closed. Flesh
yellow, moderately juicy, rich, sweet. Good. October, December.

Sweet Bellflowee.
Sweet Butter ? Butter of some.

Of unknown ox'igin. Tree vigorous, spreading.

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, slightly ribbed, greenish yel-
low, with a few brown dots, slight blush in the sun. Stalk rather long,
slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, tender, aromatic, sweet.
Good. October, November.

Sweet Bellflower of "Wyandot County.

The origin of this Apple is unknown, but as Elliott has first described
it as of Wyandot County, we follow him until its history is disclosed.
The variety is a profitable market sort. Tree a good grower, some-
what drooping in fruit. Young wood reddish brown.

Fruit rather large, ro\indish oblong conic, rough greenish yellow,
netted and patched with russet. Stalk rather short. Calyx closed.
Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, half tendex', sweet. Good. October,
November.

Sweet Doctor.

From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, upright spreading.
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and
striped with light and dark red. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh
white, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Good. Core small. October.

Sweet Fall Pippin.

Grown in Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit large, oblate, greenish yellow, slightly spx'inkled with brown
dots. Stalk short, in a large cavity. Calyx closed, in a very shallow
basin. Flesh juicy, sweet, and xich. Good. October, Novembei-.

Sweet Greening.

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive.

Fruit lai-ge, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with dull bronzed red

37G THE APPLE,

in tlie sun, many irregular scattered rough dots and marblings of russet.
Stalk medium. Cavity broad, acute, regular. Calyx in a broad, deep,
slightly furrowed basin. Flesh white, loose-grained, mild, sweet, rather
dry. Good, Core small. December to February,

Sweet Janet.

Origin, Indiana. Tree healthy, vigorous, spreading, annually pro-
ductive.

Fruit large, round, somewhat conical, covered with rich red or crim-
son, mixed and striped. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yel-
low, breaking, not juicy, sweet. Good, December, January. Fine for
baking, and the tree claimed to bloom late in season and thus escape
frosts. (O. P. S.)

Sweet King.

Origin, Oyster Bay, Long Island. Tree a stout, erect grower, an
early and abundant bearer. Young wood reddish brown, slightly gray-
ish.

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellowish, shaded, striped, and splash-
ed with red, few light gray dots. Stalk varying. Calyx large, open.
Flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet. Good to very good, October to
March,

Sweet Mary.

Originated with J. W, Dodge, Pomona, Term. Tree a vigorous,
upright grower, and a great bearer. Young shoots dull grayish brown.

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, whitish yellow, very smooth,
sprinkled with a few light brown dots. Stalk very short. Calyx
closed. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet. August, Septem-
ber.

Sweet Pear.

Origin unknown. Tree a vigorous, upright grower, veiy hardy and
productive.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, pale yellow, with dull blush red in
the sun. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet,
aromatic. Very good, September, October,

Sweet Pearmain.

An old variety, of unknown origin. Tree a strong, upright grower,
and good bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic. Stalk short. Cavity broad,
deep. Calyx small, closed. Basin shallow. Flesh whitish, juicy, ten-
der, brisk, rich, sweet, aromatic. Very good. January to April.

Sweet Pippin. *

An old variety. Tree productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate or oblate, yellowish, with red in the
sun. Stalk short. Flesh fii-m, moderately juicy, sweet. Good. Novem-
ber, December.

the apple. 377

Sweet Queen,
Dale's Sweet Fall Queen.

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree a fair grower, and productive.

Fruit large, elongated conic, ribbed at apex, whitish, shaded, striped,
and splashed with shades of red. Flesh white, tender, j^leasant, sweet.
Scarcely good. November.

Sweet Rambo.

Origin, supposed Pennsylvania. Tree stout, upright, vigorous, not
an early bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly shaded with red, and
thickly covered with large gray dots, a little elevated above the surface.
Stalk slender, inserted in a deep cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx
closed, set in an open basin. Flesh whitish, j uicy, pleasant sweet. Core
small and close. Good to very good. October to December.

Sweet Ribbed Gilliflower.

An old Connecticut variety.

Frviit large, roundish elongated conic, ribbed, mostly covered with
light red, striped and splashed with dark. Stalk short. Calyx closed.
Flesh white, rather compact, moderately juicy, half tendei', sweet.
Good. Core large. November, December.

Sweet Romanite.
Eed Winter Sweet ? Sweet Nonsuch.

Origin unknown. Tree a strong, upright grower, hardy, moderate
bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, shaded, splashed,
and striped with red, light dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx closed.
Segments erect, slightly recurved. Basin corrugated. Flesh yellowish
white, compact, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Good to very good. Core
small. November to March.

Sweet Russet.
Summer Russet.

Received from Parsons & Co., Flushing, Long Island. Origin unknown.
A nice little Apple. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Young wood
reddish olive.

Fruit small, I'oundish, inclining to conic, sometimes oblate, yellow,
mostly covered with light russet, and sprinkled with brown russet dots,
tinge of red in the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish,
crisp, very tender, ju.icy, rich, sweet, aromatic. Very good. Sep-
tember.

Another Sweet Russet is grown in Massachusetts, New York, and
elsewhere. The tree an upright, sjireading grower, productive. Good
for cooking.

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, mostly covered with nettings and
patches of russet. Flesh whitish, half tender, rich, sweet. Good.
November, March.

Another Sweet Russet of Kentucky, is described by Warder as :

378 THE APPLE.

Fruit small, conical, ti'uncated, rough, dark russet. Dots minute,
white, prominent. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, not tender,
sweet. Scarcely good. December, February.

Sweet Seek-no-Fakther.

Origin, Hanover, N. H. Tree a good grower, an early and abvm-
dant bearer.

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, yellowish green, with a red
cheek next the sun. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet. Good. A long keeper.

Sweet Sponge.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish white. Flesh white, tender, sweet.
July. (Warder.)

Sweet Willie.

Origin, Todd Co., Ky. Tree a good grower, and productive.

Fruit large, greenish, mostly covered with stripes of red. Flesh fine-
grained, tender, jnicy, rich, sweet. Good to very good. November,
December.

Sweet Winesap.

Henrick Sweet ? Henry Sweet. Ladies Sweet, of some.
Sweet Pearmain, of some. Red Sweet Winesap.

From Pennsylvania. Tree of moderate, upright growth, productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly approaching conic. Color red,
splashed with deep crimson. Stalk long and slender, inserted in a deep
cavity, suri-ounded with russet. Calyx partially open, set in a rather
deep, open basin. Flesh tender, juicy, very sweet, rich. Good to very
good. November to March.

Sweet Vai^dervere.
Sweet Redstreak. Sweet Harvey.

Origin unknown. Tree of crooked growth, a profuse bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded and stiiped with
dull red. Stalk short, rather slender, inserted in a large, irregular
cavity. Calyx partially closed, set in a broad, open basin. Flesh tender,
juicy, mild, sweet, aromatic. Good. November, March.

Sweet Winter Pennock.

From Ohio, supposed origin Belmont Co. Tree moderately vigorous,
upright, rather slender, a moderate bearer.

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, shaded and striped "with
red. Flesh wMtish, moderately juicy, mild sweet. Poor. December,
January.

Swiss Reinette.
Reinette Suisse.
Of foreign origin. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading.
Fruit medium or above, oblate, inclining to conic, fine yellow, moder-

THE APPLE.

379

ately sprinkled with gi'ay and rather indistinct light dots. Stalk short.
Cavity large, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, deep,
slightly corrugated. Flesh yelloNvish, crisp, rather tender, juicy, pleasant
subacid. Very good. December, February.

Syke-House Russet.

A Yorkshii-e Apple. Tree spreading, productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, mostly covered with light brown
russet. Flesh yellowish, fii-m, crisp, sprightly, juicy, subacid. Novem-
ber, February. (Ron.)

Sylvester.

Originated on the farm of Dr. E. W. Sylvester, Lyons, N. Y. Tree
vigorous, forming a beautiful open, round, spreading liead, a profuse
bearer. Yoimg shoots dark reddish brown, slightly gi-ayish or downy.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, regular, waxen white, beauti-
fully shaded on the sunny side with bright crimson, thinly sprinkled
vnth. minute light and brown dots. Stalk small, short. Cavity regular.
Calyx closed. Basin rather shallow. Flesh very white, tender, ci'isp,
juicy, brisk subacid. Very good. September, October. Excellent for
cooking and drying.

Table Greening.

Origin, Cornish, ISIe. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, productive.
Fruit medium, roundish, dull green. Flesh juicy, mild, pleasant
subacid. Good. December to March.

Talman'a Sweet.

Talman's Stv-eet.
Tolman's Sweeting. Tallman's Sweeting. Brown's Golden Sweet.
A native of Rhode Island. In quality the fruit is scarcely second
rate as a table sort, but it is a very popular and profitable orchard sort,

380 THE APPLE.

from the hardihood of the trees, their great productiveness, and its valne
for stock feeding and various culinary uses. Tree an upright spreading
grower, vigorous.

Form nearly globular. When fully ripe, whitish yellow, with a soft
blush on one side, and generally a line running from stem to calyx.
Stalk rather long and slender, inclining to one side, and inserted in a
rather wide, shallow, but regular cavity. Calyx set in a small basin,
slightly depressed. Flesh quite white, rather firm, fine-grained, with
a rich sweet flavor. November to April.

Tardive de Joncret.

Originated in Belgium. Tree vigorous, very prodxictive.

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical truncated, ribbed, golden
yellow, with bright red on the sun side. Dots and splashes of gray. Stalk
short. Calyx closed. Basin deep. Flesh white, tender, sweet sxibacid.
December, February. (An. Pom.)

Tart Bough.
Sour Bough of some.

An old variety, originally disseminated, so far as we can learn, by
Judge Buel, of Albany, N. Y. It much resembles Early Harvest in the
fruit, but the trees are more rapid in growth, and it ripens much later,
is more acid, and not considered profitable.

There is another Tart Bough, the fruit of which is small, roundish
conical, whitish, thickly sprinkled with dots. Stalk long, slender.
Calyx closed, with long segments. Basin shallow. Flesh white, firm-
grained, tender, jui'cy, sprightly, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small,
Aoigust.

Tarvey Codlin.

Raised fi'om seed of the Manks Codlin.

Fruit large, conical, dull olive green, with yellow and yellowish red,
much spotted with broken rows of blood-red dot, next the sun. Flesh
white, juicy. A good culinary apple. November, December. (Hogg.)

Taunton.

Origin unknown. Some claim it for Alabama, others Georgia. The
tree is a vigorous but straggling grower, very productive. Young
shoots reddish brown, slightly downy.

Fruit rather lai'ge, oblate conic, greenish yellow, sti'iped and splash-
ed with red, darkest on sun side, large liglit dots. Stalk slender. Cavity
deep, russeted. Calyx closed. Segments long, slender. Basin slightly
corrugated. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, aromatic, acid. Good. Sep-
tember, October.

Taunton Golden Pippin.

Tree hardy and productive.

Fruit below medium, roundish, rich yellow, markings and freckles of
russet in shade, clouded red, and streaked in svm. Flesh yellow, firm,
crisp, delicate, brisk, vinous. December to March. (Hogg.)

THE APPLE.

381

Tenderskin.

Of Southern origin. Tree very vigorous, healthy, and productive
Young wood reddish brOAvn, downy, very short-jointed, with prominent
buds.

Fruit below medium, roundish conical, yellow, striped and splaslied
somewhat with red, some bloom. Stalk long. Calyx closed. Flesh
yellowish, tender, very juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good.
November to January.

Ten Shillings.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, covered with pale
brown russet orange streaked with red in the sun. Flesh yellowish
white, tender, sweet acid. November. (Hogg.)

Tenterden Park.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green, mostly covered with deep
red, striped with a still deeper shade in the sun. Flesh greenish white,
tender, crisp, brisk, juicy, not rich. October, February. (Hogg.)

Terral's Late.

A Southern Apple of unknown origin. Tree very productive.

Fruit lai'ge, oblong oblique, whitish, shaded with light red, striped and
splashed with dark red, thickly sprinkled with light brown dots. Stalk
very short. Cavity narrow, deep, partially russeted. Calyx small,
closed. Segments small, erect. Basin abrupt, deep. Flesh white, ten-
der, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. October, November.

Tetofsky.

Tetofsky.

The Tetofsky is a Russian Summer Apple, which proves profitable
for market growing. The tree is an upright spreading grower, forming

382 THE APPLE.

an open head, comes early into bearing, and produces annually. Very
hardy. Yoimg shoots yellowish reddish brown, leaves very large.

Fruit of medium size, oblate conic, sometimes nearly round, smooth,
with a yellow ground handsomely striped with red, and, like most
apples of that country, covered with a whitish bloom, under which is a
shining skin. The flesh is white and jmcy, sprightly acid, fragrant, and
agreeable. Good. August. Succeeds at the North.

Teuchat's Egg.

Chucket Egg. Summer Teuchat Egg.

Fruit below medium, varying in shape from ovate to conical, irreg-
ularly ribbed, pale yellow, washed and streaked with red. Flesh ten-
der, juicy, pleasant. September. (Hogg.)

Tewkesbury Winter Blush.
Tewkesbury Blush.

Coxe says this Apple was brought from Tewkesbury, Hunterdon
Co., N. J.

It is a handsome, fair fruit, with more flavor and juiciness than is
usual in long-keeping apples. They may be kept till August, vdthout

Tewkesbury Winter Blush.

particular care, quite plump and sound. The tree grows rapidly and
straight, and the fruit hangs till late in the autumn. Yo\mg shoots
grayish reddish brown.

The size is small, rather flat. The skin smooth, yellow, with a red
cheek. Flesh yellow, with more juice and flavor than any other long-
keeping variety. Mild, pleasant subacid. January to July.

Them's Red Streak.

Fruit medium, roundish, pale green, with red stripes. Flesh acid.
Winter. (Hov. Mag.)

THE APPLE. 38'

Thomas,

An old unknown variety, carried many years since from Maryland
to Illinois, where it has received the name of Thomas. The tree is very
hardy, moderately Adgorous, forming a handsome-shaped top, annually
productive.

Fruit large, roundish conical truncated, greenish, becoming yellow
when fully matured. Skin thin. Flesh soft, tender, juicy, pleasant
subacid. December to February. (N. Lyon : MS.)

Tift's Sweet.

Origin, New England. Tree vigorous, upright spreading.

Fruit medium, oblate, green, netted with russet, sometimes with a
dull brown cheek. Flesh yellowish, exceedingly sweet and rich. A
regular, but not profuse bearer. Unprofitable. September, October.

TiLLAQUA.
Big Fruit.

Origin, North Carolina. Tree vigorous, xipright spreading.

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate or oblate, yellowish ground,
neaily covered, shaded, splashed, and striped with red, moderately
sprinkled with large light dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh
whitish, moderately juicy, brisk subacid. Good to very good. Novem-
ber to March.

TiNMOUTH.
TeigTimouth. Vermont Pippin.

Origin, Tinmouth, Vt. This fine Apple is much esteemed in the
region of its origin. The tree is a good grower, veiy productive, and a
profitable sort. Young shoots dull brownish red, slightly do'ftTiy.

Fruit above medium, oblate, whitish yellow, considerably shaded
with carmine, and sprinkled with a few brown dots. Stalk short, in-
serted in a deep cavity. Calyx partially closed, set in a deep open ba-
sin. Flesh whitish, jviicy, tender, pleasant, mild subacid, with a pecu-
liar melon-like aroma. Good to very good. November to February.

Titus Pippin.

Well Apple. Hang-On. Timothy.

Timothy Titus Sort.

Origin, near Hempstead, Long Island. Tree an upright, thrifty
grower, productive, and profitable for market.

Fruit large, roundish oblong conic, somewhat ribbed, pale yellow,
rarely with a blush. Stalk rather slender. Calyx open. FlesJi whit-
ish yellow, a little coarse, breaking, juicy, tender, brisk subacid. Good.
Core large and open. December to February.

ToccoA.
Muskmelon.
Originated in Habersham Co., Ga.
Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, with a light shade of crim-

384 THE APPLE.

son in tlie snn, few gray dots. Stalk slender. Cal3':x closed. Basin
small, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, mild subacid. Good.
August, September.

Toker's Incomparable.

An English culinary sort.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed or five-sided, yellowish green,
with traces and streaks of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp,
tender, j uicy, brisk, pleasant acid. November, December. (Hogg.)

TOLBERT.

From Pennsylvania.

Fruit medium, roundish, deep red, with indistinct stripes, and light
dots. Stalk short and small. Cavity narrow, a little russeted. Calyx
closed. Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy and tender, mild subacid.
Good, Core small. September.

Tom Potter.

A Devonshire, England, Apple, described by Eonalds. Tree healthy,
but uncertain bearer.

Fruit medium, roimdish oblate conical, yellow, shaded and striped
with red in the sun. Flesh juicy, high-flavored. September, October.

Toole's Indian Rareripe.

Origin unknown. Tree stout, upright, short-jointed, forming a dense
round head, moderately productive. Toung shoots smooth clear reddish.

Fruit large, roundish slightly conic, greenish yellow, ^^^.th a tinge of
red in the sun. Stalk very short. Calyx small, closed. Basin medium,
uneven. Flesh greenish white, tender, brisk subacid, valuable for cook-
ing. Core large. September, October.

Tower of Glammis.
Glammis Castle. Late Carse of Gowrie. Carse of Gowrie.

A fine culinary Apple from the Clydesdale orchards, Scotland. Tree
an excellent bearer.

Fruit large, roundish conical, sides sometimes unequal, pale yellow,
shaded with crimson in the sun. Stalk rather slender. Calyx large,
open. Basra slightly corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, shai'p sub-
acid. Good. December, January.

Tower's Glory.

A cooking Apple, described by Hogg as of medium size, roundish,
with obtuse angles, yellow, covered in sun with red, and streaked with
darker shades. Stalk very short. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowish,
tender, juicy, brisk, acid. October to April.

Townsend.
Hocking. Seager.

Originated in Bucks Co., Pa., found over one hundred years ago, in

THE APPLE. 385

an Iiidian clearing by Stephen To"wnsencl, when he first settled in that
then wild country. Tree healthy, vigorous, ujiright spreading, produc-
tive. Young wood reddish brown, slightly downy.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow, striped and
splashed with red, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk rather long,
slender, inserted in a medium cavity. Calyx closed, set in a basin of
moderate depth. Flesh white, tender, very mild, agreeable, subacid.
Good to very good. Eipe middle of August to middle of September.

Townsend's Smiling Beauty.

An excellent kitchen Apple.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed, yellow, with a brownish red
cheek. Calyx closed. Flesh tender, fine-grained, juicy, agreeable acid.
October to April. (Hogg.)

Trader's Faxcy.

Originated in the nurseries of Solomon Phillips, Washington Co.,
Pa. Tree a vigorous grower, a good and regular bearer, and popular
where known ; valued as a late keeper and market fruit at the South-
west. Young wood dull reddish brown.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, striped and shaded
with dull red, covered with a bloom. Stalk short, slender. Calyx
closed. Basin broad and corrugated. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy,
with a mild, pleasant, subacid flavor. Good to very good. January to
May.

Transparent Codlin.

Lindley describes this as a handsome Apple, forming a spreading
tree, and an excellent bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conic, lemon yellow, tinged with
salmon or red in the sun. Flesh tender, semi-transparent, juicy, sweet.
September, November.

Transparent de Zurich.

Frviit small or medium, beautiful waxen white, clear, translucent.
September. (Elliott.)

Transport.

Origin, Indiana. Tree poor in the niu'sery, good in the orchard,
very productive.

Frviit large, globular, flattened, angular, pale yellow, blushed car-
mine. Dots scattered, green, with white bases ; piirple where exposed,
bloom white. Flesh yellowish white, tender, melting, fine-grained,
juicy, mild subacid. Good to very good. December to February.
Not very profitable. (Warder.)

Trenton Early ?

A variety somewhat grown in Ohio and the West, the origin or identi-

25

386 THE APPLE.

ty of which has not yet been discovered. The tree is a moderately vigor-
ous grower, hardy, and quite productive. Young wood reddish brown.
Fruit above medium, irregular, ribbed. Color yellowish, with slight
undulations over the surface, which are green. Skin smooth and oily.
Cavity wide. Basin furrowed. Flesh not veiy fine-grained, very light
and tender, with a pleasant, subacid flavor. Good. August.

Trescott Russet.

Originated in Sharon, Conn. Tree a strong grower, good bearer ;
and the fruit keeps well, but inclines to shrivel.

Fruit roundish conic oblique, yellow russet, with a dull red cheek.
Stalk short, thick. Calyx closed. Flesh tough, mild subacid, vinous,
almost sweet. Good. February, April.

Trumbull Sweet.
Fenton Sweeting. Trumbull Sweeting.

Originated in the orchard of Aaron Fenton, Trumbull Co., Ohio. Tree
a healthy, spreading, vigorous grower, an early and good bearer.

Frviit medium, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, with a blush in the
sun, and a few brown and indistinct green or gi*ay dots. Stalk rather
short and slender. Cavity broad, imeven. Calyx closed. Flesh white,
juic}', tender, mild, sweet. Very good. Core rather large. Septem-
ber, October.

Trumpeter.
Treadle-Hole.

An Apple esteemed in the orchards of Lancaster, England.

Fruit large, oblong, ribbed, pale green, with a tinge of yellow in the
sun. Flesh greenish white, crisp, juicy, sweet subacid. October, De-
cember.

Tucker.

A cooking Apple, described by Cole as medium, flattish round, green-
ish yellow, crisp, juicy, acid. July, August.

Tuebxer's Cider.

Origin, IMissouri. Valued only for cider.

Fruit below medium, roundish truncated, dull yellowish red. Flesh
yellow, acid. October.

Tuebner's Golden.

Originated in Missouri.

Fruit small, roimdish, yellow. Flesh acid. Valued only for its
productiveness. September.

Tuft's.

Tuft's Baldwin.

Originated in Cambridge, Mass. The tree is vigorous, forming a
handsome head, and bearing annually. Young wood dark bro^vn.

THE APPLE. 387

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish, much shaded and sometimes
striped with red. Stalk in a large cavity. Calyx closed, in a plaited
basiu of moderate depth. Flesh crisp, rather juicy, with a flavor scarcely
subacid, and slightly aromatic. Good. September, October.

Tulip.
Tulp. Tulpen. Dutch Tulip. Calville Tulipee. Tulipen Calville.

A Dutch Apple.

Fruit medium or below, roimdish, yellow, nearly overspread with
deep, almost purplish red. Stalk slender. Calyx open. Flesh yellow-
ish white, juicy, tender, sweet subacid. Good. November, January.

Turkey Greening.

From Connecticut. Tree vigorous, very productive.

Fruit fair and very productive, large, oblate, slightly conic. Skin
gi'een, with a dull blush and many light dots. Flesh greenish, tender,
jviicy, subacid, not valuable. January, February.

Turk's Cap.

A cooking Apple, described by Hogg as :

Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed, golden yellow, some russet and
a brownish tinge of red in the sun. Calyx large, open. Stalk long.
Flesh yellow, fh-m, crisp, jviicy, pleasant subacid. November, Decem-
ber.

Turn off Lane.

Winter Strawberry.

Origin, Salem, N. J. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, a regular
and gobd bearer.

Fruit medium or below, oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, striped and
shaded with red. Flesh white, tender, bi-isk, sprightly subacid. Good.
Prized in the neighborhood of its origin as a late keeper.

Tuscaloosa.
Tuscaloosa Seedling.

A variety originated by Andrew Clements, of Tuscaloosa Co., Ala. A
new seedling of good promise as a market sort for the South. Tree
moderately vigorous, spreading, pi-oductive.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, shaded,
striped, and marbled wdth red I'usset near the stalk, few gray dots. Stalk
slender. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin corrugated.
Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, mild subacid. Good to very good. Core
small. October to February.

Tuscaloosa Sweet.

Supposed a native of Kentucky. Tree inoderately vigorous, upright,
spreading.

Fruit large to very large, oblate, slightly ribbed, yello-wdsh green,
becoming deep yellow in the sun, small white suffiised specks surrounded
with crimson red. Stalk medium. Cavitv broad and riisseted. Calyx

388 THE APPLE.

small, closed. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, brisk, sparkling,
sweet. Core medium, compact. Very good. October, December.

TUTTLE.

Origin unknown. A strong, vigorous, upright, spreading grower.

Fruit above medium, roundish, slightly conic, yellow, mostly shaded
and splashed with dark and light red, few whitish dots. Stalk veay
short and stout. Cavity small, russeted. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish,
rather firm, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good.
December, February.

Twenty Ounce.

Morgan's Favorite. Coleman.

Twenty Ounce Apple. Cayuga Red Streak.

Eighteen Ounce Apple. Lima.

Aurora. Wine of Connecticut.

A very large and showy Apple, well known in Cayuga Co., N. Y., but
an old fruit from Connecticut. It is a good, sprightly fruit, though not
very high flavored, but its remarkably handsome appearance and large
size render it one of the most popular fruits in market. The tree is
thrifty, and makes a compact, neat head, bears regular crops, and the
fruit is always fail- and handsome. Young wood rich brownish red.

Fruit very large, roundish, slightly uneven, greenish yellow, boldly
splashed and marbled with stripes of purplish red. Stalk short, set in
a wide, deep cavity. Calyx small. Basin moderately deep. Flesh
coarse-grained, sprightly, brisk subacid. Good to very good. October
to January.

Twin.

A variety introduced and disseminated in Michigan by a nursery-
man, who, having lost its true name, applied the above, because of its
bearing its fruit in pairs. It has not yet been identified, but will pro-
bably prove some old variety.

Fruit above medium, oblate, yellowish white, nearly covered with
bright red, shaded and striped with dark red, usually a patch of russet
next the stalk. Flesh fine-grained, crisp, juicy, with occasional pink
lines or threads through it, aromatic. October, November. Core small,
close. (T. T. Lyon, MS.)

Twitchell's Sweet.

Origin, Dublin, N. H. ; a vigorous grower, with slender branches,
and very productive.

Fruit medium, roundish conic, red, shaded with purple, and partially
sprinkled with small gray dots. Stalk long and slender, inserted in a
deep cavity. Calyx small and closed, set in an abrupt, plaited basin.
Flesh very white, veined with red under the skin, and sometimes at
the core, tender, very sweet and pleasant. Good. November, De-
cember.

Tyre Beauty.
A new variety, originated on the farm of Jason Smith, Tyre, Seneca

THE APPLE. 389

Co., N. Y. Tree a good grower, productive of fruit uniformly even in
size, and valuable as a market sort.

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with broken lines
and splashes of deep crimson, shaded and marbled intermediate, mouldy
bloom, light gray dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx with almost
erect segments. Basin deep. Flesh white, crisp, tender, bi-eaking,
slightly acid, pleasant. Good. Core small. Seeds broad, pointed.
Season, early September. (Rural New Yorker.)

Tykoler Pippin.
Reinette der TyroL

A Swiss Apple.

Fruit small to medium, roundish, yellow, with dull red, broken
stripes in the sun. Flesh white, veined with green, firm, sugary. Win-
ter. (Verg.)

Ukcle John.

Origin, Eastern Pennsylvania. Tree a strong, upright grower, pro-
ductive.

Fruit medium, oblate obHque, whitish, shaded with light, and
splashed and striped with dark red or lake, thickly sprinkled with large
light dots. Stalk short and small. Calyx closed. Flesh quite white,
tender, juicy, mild subacid. Good to very good. Core small. Novem-
ber, December.

Unique.

A French Apple.

Fruit medium, oblong conic, ribbed, pale yellow, lightly shaded in
the sun with red, and thickly sprinkled with small gray and light dots.
Stalk short. Cavity medium. Calyx small, closed. Segments short to
a point. Basin small, abrupt. Flesh white, firm, moderately juicy,
subacid. Good. Core small. November, December.

Union.

Originated in the County of Way, la. Tree a good bearer.
Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, yellow, with pale red stripes.
January. (Lewis Jones' MS.)

Updegraff.

From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, spreading.

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale
yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red, darkest in
sun, few areole dots. Stalk slender, Calyx large, open, or partially
closed. Basin corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant sub-
acid. Core small. Good. November.

Utter.

A popular Apple in Wisconsin and some other Western sections.
Tree a regular bearer, and hardy.

390 THE APPLE.

Fruit medium to large, oblate, lemon yellow ground, mottled, shaded,
and striped witli light red, small russet dots. Stalk short and slender.
Calyx small, closed. Basin open, furrowed. Flesh white, tender, juicy,
mild, jaleasant subacid. Good. November, December.

Vale Mascal Pearmain.

Fruit below medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with bright red in
the sun, and many spots of russet. Flesh yellow, crisp, sugary.
(Hogg.)

Van Buren.

A Southern variety.

Fruit medium to large, globular, a little conical, yellow, shaded with
dark red, specks and patches of russet. Stalk short, fleshy. Cavity
narrow. Calyx small, closed. Basin shallow. Flesh yellow, juicy,
tender. Good keeper. October to April. (White.)

Vance's Harvest.
Vance's Early.

Origin, Edgar Co., 111. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit small, oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded with orange red
in the sun, few gray and light dots. Cavity russeted. Calyx closed.
Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good.' August. Core
small.

Vandenabeele.

Originated in Flanders. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit large, oblong conical truncated, ribbed at apex, golden yellow,
splashed and marbled with red in the sun, many gray dots and shades.
Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowish white,
half tender, agreeable subacid. December to February. (An. Pom.)

Vandernoot.

One of Van Mons' seedlings.

Fruit large, roundish conical, clear yellow, splashed and clouded with
deep rich red in the sun, greenish mould toward the apex. Stalk long.
Cavity deep. Calyx open. Basin furrowed. Flesh white, tender,
juicy, subacid. November, December. (Alb. Pom.)

Vanderbpiegel.
Seek -no-Further of some.

Origin, Bennington, Vt. Tree a good grower, and productive.

Fruit below medium, roundish conic truncated, yellowish, shaded
and splashed with red, few light dots. Calyx partially closed. Flesh
yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December, February.

the apple. 391

Vandevere.

White Vandevere. Vandevere of Pa. Green Vandevere.

Little Vandevere of Indiana. Stalclubs. Vandiver.

Vanderveer. Yellow Vandervere. Striped Vandervere.

Pennsylvania Vandevere. Lasting Vandervere ? Fall Vandevere ?

Red Vandevere.

The Vandevere is an old fruit, a native of Wilmington, Del., and
took its name from a family tliere by name of Vandiver, which should
be by right the name of the Ap])le ; but it has so long been known and
grown under the spelling Vandevere, that we deem it best not to
change it, Thei'e is much confusion existing respecting this Apple and
its sub- varieties, which possibly some of those may be, grown under
what we give as synonyms. Tree of moderate horizontal growth, not
very productive. Young shoots smooth, dark grayish reddish brown,
with bold, full, projecting, rounded conical buds.

Fruit of medium size, oblate. Stalk about an inch long, inserted in
a deep ca\dty. Calyx small and closed, set in a round, moderate basin.
Color waxen yellow, striped with red, and covered with numerous green
dots. Flesh yellowish, compact, but tender, with a fine, rich, subacid
flavor. Good. October to January. Valuable for culinary purposes.

There is a Vandevere which we have received from Virginia, the young
wood of which is slender, with very small inconspicuous buds.

Vaot)erveee Pippin.

Indiana Vandevere. Watson's Vandevere. Big Vandevere.

Mountain Vandevere. Imperial Vandevere ?

Origin unknown. Tree a strong, rapid grower, spreading, a mode-
rate bearer. Young wood smooth, light reddish brown, medium sized,
buds reddish.

Fruit large, oblate, approaching conic, yellow, flaked all over with red,
striped on the sunny side, and covei'ed with rough brown dots. Stalk
short, inserted in a broad, dee]? cavity, often russeted. Calyx partially
closed, set in a moderate basin. Flesh crisp, with a brisk subacid
flavor. Good, September to February. Valuable for cooking and
drying,

Vandyne.

Origin unknow^l. Tree upright, vigorous grower, productive.
Young wood smooth, brownish.

Frviit large, roundish, slightly conic, yellowish, with a tinge of red,
and slightly sprinkled with brown and reddish dots. Stalk rather slen-
der, in a large cavity. Calyx closed, in a deep, uneven basin. Flesh
white, tender, juicy, subacid, agreeable. Good. September, October.

Tan Mons Reinette,

Eeinette Van Mons.

Origin unknown.

Frviit small, roundish oblate, slightly conic, rich yellow, with a rich
red cheek in sun, considerable russet. Stalk rather short. Calyx
closed. Flesh yellow, rich subacid. Very good. December, March.
Not profitable.

392 the apple.

Yaughn's Winter.

Origin, Christian Co., Ky. ■ Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive.
Introduced by J. S. Downer, of Elkton, Ky.

Fruit medium, oblate. Sides unequal, whitish, waxen yellow, shad-
ed with crimson and lilac, and sometimes obscurely striped, and thickly
covered with conspicuous light dots. Stalk small and short. Deep,
uneven cavity. Calyx closed. Basin deej), abrupt, open, slightly cor-
rugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, mild subacid. Good. Janu-
ary to March.

Yaughn's Pippin.
Colonel Vaughn's.

Fruit small, conical, waxen yellow, with bright crimson in the sun.
Calyx small, closed. Stalk short. Flesh white, tinged with red under
the skin on the side, crisp, juicy, sweet. September, October. (Hogg.)

Yaugoyeau.
Cadeau du Geneial.

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous.

Fruit large, roundish conical, flattened at base, dull yellow, shaded
and splashed with red, spotted with gray. Stalk short. Cavity deep.
Calyx half closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. December to
March. (An. Pom.)

Yeemillon IIoy]6e.

A French Apple.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to cordc, yellow, mostly
covered, shaded, splashed, and striped with red, few gray dots. Stalk
short. Cavity russeted. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy,
brisk subacid. Yery good. Core small. December, March.

Yersaillaise Reinette.
Eeinette Versaillaise.

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, upright spreading.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic, yellow, mostly covered with
dull russet, a slight tinge of red in the sun. Stalk rather short. Calyx
closed. Basin corrugated. Flesh white, fine, tender, moderately juicy,
brisk subacid. Good to very good. Core small. December, February.

YlCTUALS AND DrINK.
Big Sweet. Pompey.

An old Apple, which originated in the neighborhood of Newark,
N. J., about 1750. Tree of vigorous, upright spreading habit, and a
moderate bearer.

Fruit large, oblong, rather irregular, and varies a good deal in size.
Skin thin, but rough, dull yellow, marbled with russet, with a faint

THE APPLE. 393

russet blush on tlie sunny side. Stalk moderately long and slender,
deeply inserted in an irregular cavity. Calyx small, set in a rather
shallow basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, breaking, rich, sprightly, sweet.
Very good. In perfection from October to January, but will keep till
April.

ViOLETTE.

A sauce or cooking Apple, described by Ronalds as of medium size,
oblong conical, dai*k copper or purple color, covered with a fine bluish
bloom. Flesh white, tinged with red under the skin, juicy, brisk acid.
December to March.

Virginia Greening.
Ross Greening. Green Mountain Pippin. Virginia Pippin ?

Origin unknown, supposed Southern. Tree a vigorous grower and
very productive.

Fruit large, oblate, greenish yellowish, thinly covered with large
brown dots, and a slight blush. Stalk rather long, in a large cavity.
Calyx open. Basin broad, corrugated. Flesh yellow, compact, a rather
pleasant subacid. Esteemed at the South as a late keeper and a good
market apple.

Virginia Quaker.

Origin not known. Tree vigorous, upright.

Fruit quite small, globular, slightly conic, greenish yellow. Dots

scattered, minute, black. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yellowish white,

firm, breaking, subacid. Good. Midsvimmer. (Warder.)

Virginia Spice.

Origin unknown. Tree an erect, slender, moderate grower.

Fruit medium, oblate conic, whitish, thinly sprinkled with brown
dots. Stalk very short. Cavity russeted. Calyx small, closed. Basin
small. Flesh yellowish, juicy, crisp, sprightly subacid. Good. Sep-
tember, October.

Voss' "Winter.

Southern.

Fruit medium to large, globular, unequal, smooth white, with leather
cracking, and a heavy bloom. Dots minute, brown. Calyx small,
closed. Basin abrupt, deep, wavy. Stalk long. Cavity deep. Flesh
whitish yellow, firm, juicy, subacid. Good. December. (Warder.)

Wabash.
Wabash Bellflower.

Origin, Pennsylvania.

Fruit large, roundish oblong, or somewhat conical, deep yellow, cov
ered with clear orange red, brightest on the sunny side, and streaked
with russet in the cavity around the stalk. Stalk short, slender. Calyx

394

THE APPLE.

rather large, open. Flesli white, firm, crisp, tender, subacid,
large. November, December. (Hov, Mag.)

Wabdell Hall.

Core

A Southern Apple of unknown oi-igin. Tree moderately vigorous.
Young wood brownish.

Fruit small, roundish conical, pale yellow, shaded, striped, and
splashed with light red. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh
whitish, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. December to March.

Wadhurst Pippin.

Origin, Wadhurst, Sussex, England. A valuable cooking Apple.

Fruit large, roundish conical, ribbed at apex, yellow, splashed and
marbled with red in sun, small gray dots. Stalk very short. Calyx
closed, with long segments. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, brisk acid.
November, February.

Wagener.

Origin, Perm Yan, Yates Co., N. Y. Tree thrifty, upright, hardy,
and early bearer ; requires thinning to produce good-flavored fruit ;
when grown in the shade is wanting in flavor. Young wood light
reddish brown, slightly downy. Buds prominent.

Wagener.

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly shaded with
crimson, obscurely striped, and sprinkled with light dots. Stalk nearly
an inch long, rather slender, inserted in a large, broad, irregular cavity.
Calyx small and closed, set in a rather abrupt somewhat corrugated basin.
Flesh yellowish, very tender, juicy, excellent, brisk, somewhat vinous
Very good to best. A very delicate apple. Ripe, November to February

the apple. 395

Walker's Yellow.

Walker's Winter.

This Apple is a native of Pulaski Co., Georgia, and introduced
by George Walker. Tree upright, vigorous.

Fruit large, roundish conic, fine golden yellow, wdth a faint blush on the
sunny side. Stalk of moderate length, in a deep, acute cavity. Basin
small. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, hard, rather too acid for a dessert
fruit. Good. November to April.

Walpole.

Origin, Walpole, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood
gi-ayish.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, shaded and striped with, bright
red. Stalk short. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin shallow. Flesh
yellowish, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. Very good. Last of August
and first of September.

Waltham Abbey.
Waltham Abbey Seedling

Origin, Essex, England.

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, yellow, with dull red in the
sun, many minute russet dots. Stalk short. Cavity russeted. Calyx
large, open. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet. October, January.
(Lindley.)

Wanstall.

Green Street Apple.

Originated in Kent, England.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, ribbed at apex, golden
yellow, striped and mottled with dark red in the sun, patches and
veins of russet, and russet dots. Calyx half open. Basin furrowed.
Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, sugary, rich. December to May.
(Hogg.)

Ward.

OrigLQ, Westville, Champagne Co., Ohio. Tree healthy and produc-
tive.

Fruit large, oblong, flattened at ends, yellow, streaked and spotted
with mottled red. Flesh yellowish white, subacid. (O. P. S.) For-
syth describes an apple under this name as of medium size, flat, green,
with some red in sun, sharp acid, and keeps till Jnne.

Warfield.

Originated in Muscatine, la. Tree hardy, thrifty, vigorous grower,
an early and abundant bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, light waxen yellow, with a blush in
the sun, moderately sprinkled with gi'ay dots. Stalk slender. Cavity
slightly russeted. Calyx large, open. Segments short. Flesh whitish,
moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. Core small. Valuable for
cooking. September, October.

396

THE APPLE.

Warner's King.

Tree a free and vigorous grower, and a good bearer ; hardj, valua-
ble for culinary use.

Fruit very large, roundish ovate, deep yellow, with russet dots and
patches. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, tender, crisp,
brisk subacid. November to March. (Hogg.)

Warraschke de Guben.

A Russian variety, new.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly conical, greenish
yellow, with considerable brownish red at apex end. Flesh white, fine,
tender, mild, sweet, agreeable. Early Winter. (Ver.)

Washington Royal.
Palmer Greening.

Originated in Leominster, Mass. Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit above medium size, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with
numerous small gray dots, and a clear red in the skin. Calyx closed, in
a broad basin. Stalk short. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, subacid, slight-
ly aromatic. Core small. Good to very good. Keeping till July.

Washington Strawberry.

Washington Strawberry.
Originated on the farm of Job Whipple, Union Springs, Washing-

THE APPLE.

397

ton Co., N. Y. Tree hardy, vigorous, upriglit spreading, an early a,nd
abundant bearer. Yoving wood reddisli. Buds prominent, rounded.

Fruit large, roundish conical, flattened at base, yellow, shaded,
splashed, and mottled with rich red, or crimson. Stalk short. Cavity
thinly russeted. Calyx closed. Segments rather long, reflexed. Basin
abrupt, deep, furrowed. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, crisp, tender,
juicy, brisk subacid. Very good. September, October.

"Washington Sweet.

Origin, Berlin, Mass. Tree a thrifty grower and annual bearer.
Yoving wood reddish brown, slightly downy.

Fruit below medium, roundish, slightly oblong conic, flattened at
ends, yellow occasionally with crimson cheek in the sun, few green dots.
Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant
sweet. Good. October, November.

Watee.

Originated in Durham Township, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous,
erect, forming a round somewhat close head, blooms nearly two weeks
later than other varieties, and produces abundantly eveiy other year.
Young wood very dark, blackish brown.

Water.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, sometimes oblong conic truncated,
whitish yellow, shaded with rich purplish crimson in the sun, few
brown dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx closed. Basin small, abrupt,
slightly corrugated. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, pleasant subacid.
Very good. October, November.

398 the apple.

Waterman's Sweet.

Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, splashed,
and mottled with crimson, few light gray dots. Stalk slender. Calyx
small, closed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, moderately sweet.
Good. December to March.

Watson's Dumpling.

A large English kitchen Apple, nearly round, yellowish green, faintly
striped with dull red. Flesh juicy, pleasant, subacid. Good. Octo-
ber to January.

Watson's Favorite.

From Maine.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, reddish blush on yellow. Flesh
yellowish, juicy, pleasant subacid. Very good. (Cont. Gent.)

Waugh's Crab.

Claimed to have originated in Culpepper Co., Ya. Tree thrifty,
very productive, valued mainly for cider and long keeping.

Fruit small, roundish conic truncated, shaded with light red, splash-
ed and striped with deep red in the sun. Stalk long, slender. Calyx
in an abrupt basin. Flesh whitish, very firm, moderately juicy, sweet
subacid. Good. February to April.

Wax.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish green, slightly shaded with
red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, a little coarse, sweet.
Good. December, February.

Waxen.

Origin, supposed to be Yirginia. Tree thrifty. Young wood dark.
Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, pale yellow, oily, sprinkled
with a few dots. Stalk slender, in a deep cavity. Calyx closed. Basin
shallow. Flesh whitish yellow, crisj^, tender, juicy, sprightly, mild sub-
acid. Good. November, December.

Wealthy.

A new variety originated by Peter M. Gideon, near St. Paul, Minn.,
from seed gathered in Maine about 1860. So far the tree has proved
hardy, vigorous, and healthy.

Fruit medium, oblate or roimdish oblate, whitish yellow ground,
shaded with deep rich crimson in the sun, obscure broken stripes and
mottlings in the shade, sometimes entirely covered with crimson, many
light dots. Stalk short to medivim, slender. Cavity green, russet.
Calyx partially closed. Basin deep, abrupt, uneven. Flesh white, fine-
gi-ained, stained with red, tender, juicy, lively, vinous, subacid. Yery
good. Core small. Season, December*, February.

the apple. 399

Wealthy's Favorite.
Winter Seedling. Bradley's Winter.

Origin, Town of Plymotith, Mich.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale waxen yellow, shaded in sun
with crimson, and thinly sprinkled with brown and white dots. Stalk
short. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, uneven.
Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, mild subacid, pleasant. Very good.
December to February. An amateur's fruits

Webb's Winter.

A Southern, probably Mississippi, variety. Tree slender, with droop-
ing branches.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, shaded and rather faintly splashed
and striped with red. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish,
fine-grained, moderately tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good.
Core small. December, February.

Wellf(!>rd's Yellow.

Origin, Essex Co., "Virginia. A rapid gi-ower and a great bearer.

Fruit rather small, roundish flattened, pale yellow, with faint red
streaks on one side. Flesh yellow, fine-gi'ained, juicy, subacid, aroma-
tic. Keeps well until June.

Well's Sweet.
Sweeting, Well's.

Origin unknown. Tree vipright spreading, productive.

Fruit of medium size, roundish, broadest in the middle, and lessen-
ing each way, pale dull green, with a dull red or brownish cheek.
Stalk rather slender and short. Calyx short, set in quite a shallow
basin. Flesh very white, and very tender, abounding with a rich,
agreeable, sprightly juice. Good to very good. November to January.

Western Spy.

Origin, farm of John Mansfield, Jefferson Co., O. Tree a slender
spreading, moderate grower, but very productive.

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, yellow, often much shaded with
crimson. Stalk short and stout, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx open,
set in an abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid.
Excellent for cooking. Good. October to June.

Westfield Seek-no-Further.
Connecticut Seek-no-Further. Seek-no-Further. .

The Westfield Seek-no-Further is the Seek-no-Further of Connecti-
cut, and is an old and highly esteemed variety of that district. It has
a pearmain flavor.

Fruit large, pretty regularly round conical, pale or dull red over a pale
clouded green ground — the red sprinkled with obscvire russeted yel-

400 THE APPLE.

low dots. Stalk very slender, three-fourths of an inch long, inserted in
an even cavity. Calyx closed, or with a few reflexed segments, and set

Westfield Seek-no-Further.

in an even basin of moderate depth. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender,
with a rich pearmain flavor. Very good or best. A first-rate fruit.
October to Febxniary.

West Geinstead Pippin.
East Grinstead.

A Sussex, England, Apple, desciibed by Ronalds as of great excel-
lence.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish, with broken stripes and
splashes of red brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh green-
ish white, soft, tender, brisk subacid. November, February.

Weston.

Origin, farm of Major Weston, Lincoln, Mass. Tree vigorous,
spreading.

Fruit medium, roimdish conical, light yellow, shaded, striped, and
splashed with red. Flesh white, moderately juicy, mild pleasant flavor.
Good. Core large. October.

Wheeler's Extreme.

Origin, Gloucester, England.

Fruit small, oblate, greenish yellow, shaded and mottled with red,
and traced with nisset. Flesh yellowish white, tender, sweet. No-
vember, February. (Hogg.)

the apple. 401

Wheeler's Russet.

An Apple originated in Gloucester, England, and described by
Lindley, as :

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, gray russet brown in the
sun, and darker russety specks. Flesh fii-m, greenish white, brisk, sac-
charine. November to March.

Wheeler's Sweet,

Origin, Harding Co., O.

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellow, with a red cheek in the sun,
minute brown and light dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep, furrowed.
Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, deep. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, mode-
rately juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. Core rather small. October, No-
vember.

Whig.

From Pennsylvania. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading.

Fruit below medium, oblate, inclining to conic, often oblique, yellow,
shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red, sometimes very
dark, large light dots, often with a brown centre. Stalk short, small.
Cavity russeted. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild sub-
acid, almost sweet. Good. Core small. December.

White Astrachan.

Pyrus Astracanica. Transparent de Moscovie.

Glace de Zelande. Weisser Astrakan.

Astracanisclier Sommerapfel.

A nearly white, semi-transparent Russian Apple.

Fruit of medium size, roundish. Skin very smooth, nearly white,
with a few faint streaks of red on one side, and covered with a white
bloom. Flesh quite white, partially transparent, tender, and of dehcate
flavor, but rather dry. Poor. First of August.

White Beauty.

Origin, Ashtabula Co., O. Ti-ee a good grower, young shoots, red-
dish, with gray specks.

Fruit medium, roundish, smooth, dull gi'eenish, with grayish specks.
Flesh very white, tender, sprightly subacid. Good. September, De-
cember. (Elliott.)

White Calville.

White Winter Calville. Calville Blanche d'Hiver.

Weisser Winter Calville.

The Wliite Calville is a celebrated old French sauce and cooking
Apple ; but, like most others of its class, is not worthy of cultivation.

Fruit medium, roundish conic, ribbed, yellow, faint blush. Flesh
coarse, tender, pleasant. Hardly good. November, February.

26

402 the apple.

White Doctor,

Origin, Pennsylvania. A profitable market sort, and valuable for
culinary uses. Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish, yellow. Stalk short, set in
an acute cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow and furrowed. Flesh
white, tender, brisk subacid. Good. September, October.

White Incomparable.
Large White Incomparable Crab.

An Apple described by Ronalds as above medium size, clear creamy
yellow. Stalk slender. Flesh crisp, juicy, acid. October, December.
Valuable for culinary uses.

White Juneating.

Joanneting. Owen's Golden Beauty. Juneating.

Juniting. Jennetting. Ginetting.

Gennetting. Juneting. Early Jennetting.

Primiting. May Pippin. Yellow May.

May of Virginia. Caroline. Carolina of some.

Early May.

This is an old variety, mentioned by Evelyn in 1660, and described
by Ray in 1688, and is a very tolerable little Apple, ripening among the
very earliest, during the last of June and the first of July. It is very
distinct from the Eai'ly Harvest, sometimes called by this name. Tree
a moderate grower, and forms a roundish upright spreading head. Pro-
ductive.

Fruit small, round, a little flattened. Calyx closed. Stalk rather
long and slender. Pale green at first, light yellow, with sometimes a
faint blush on the sunny side. Flesh crisp and of a pleasant flavor, but
soon becomes dry. Good.

White Nonpareil.

Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit medivim, roundish, depressed at the ends. Skin gi'eenish yel-
low, almost entirely covered mth reddish gray. Flesh white, half firm,
sugary, acid. May. (Soc. Y. Mon.)

White Paradise.

Paradise Pippin. Lady's Finger. Long May.

May. Egg. Eve.

A Scotch fruit of some beauty, but of little value except for culinary
use. Ti'ee a free grower, and productive.

Fruit medium, oblong roundish conical, broadest at base, clear yel
low, splashed and mottled with red, brown russety dots. Flesh yellow-
ish, tender, crisp, pleasant acid. October.

White Pippin.
Canada Pippin.
This Apple is much cultivated at the West, but of unknown origin.

THE APPLE. 403

It is of the Kewtown Pippin class, distinct from Canada Reinette. Tree
thrifty, upright, a regular and good bearer. Young shoots dark clear
reddish brown, downy.

Fruit large, form variable, roundish oblate, slightly oblique, greenish
white, waxen, sprinkled with green dots, and becoming pale yellow at
maturity, sometimes having a dull blush and a few brown dots. Stalk
short, inserted in a large cavity, surrounded by green russet. Calyx

White Pippin,

small, nearly closed, set in an abrupt furrowed basin. Flesh white,
tender, crisp, juicy, fine, rich subacid. Yery good to best. Core small.
January to March.

White Rambo.

Origin, Huntington Co., Pa. Tree of medium growth. Branches
remarkably slender. Yery productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, approaching conic, yellowish white. Stalk
short, in a russeted cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow, surrounded by
prominences. Flesh yellowish, fine, pleasant subacid. Good. Core
small. November.

White Romarin.
Romarin Blanche.

An Italian Apple.

Fruit medium, oblong conical, clear light yellow, faint red in the
sun, large gray dots. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish
white, fine, aromatic subacid. Core large, open. December to March.
(An. Pom.)

404 the apple.

"White Russet.

An Irish dessert Apple.

Frviit large, roundisli oblate, yellowish russety green, intermixed
with white, and having a little light red on the sunny side. Stalk
short. Flesh firm, good. Apt to grow mealy. November. (Lindley.)

White Spanish Reinette.

D'Espagne. Reinette Blanche d'Espagne.

Fall Pippin, erroneously. Reinette d'Espagne.

Large Fall Pippin. Camnesar.

Cobbett's Fall Pippin. Elgin Pippin ?

A very celebrated old Spanish variety.

Fruit very large, roundish oblate, with bi-oad ribs on its sides, ter-
minating in an uneven crown, where it is nearly as broad as at the base.
Calyx large, open, very deeply sunk in a broad-angled, oblique, irregular
basin. Stalk half an inch long, set in a rather small, even cavity. Skin
smooth, yellowish green on the shaded side, orange, tinged with brown-
ish red next the sun, and sprinkled with grayish dots. Flesh yellowish
white, crisp, tender, rich subacid. Yery good. The tree has the same
wood, foliage, and vigorous habit as our Fall Pippin, and the fruit keeps
a month longer. This is quite distinct from Fall Pippin.

White Spice.

Origin, Ciimberland Co., Pa.

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Flesh subacid, good. September.
(A. Pom. S. Rep.)

White Spitzenberg.

Origin, Northampton Co., Pa. Tree an annual productive bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, yellow, interspersed with large gray
dots, with a blush on the exposed sides. Stalk short, in a deep, open
cavity. Calyx small, closed, narrow basin. Flesh breaking, sufficiently
juicy, subacid, agreeable aroma. Good. December to March.

White's Red Winter.

Southern.

Fruit large, oblong, shaded and striped with red. Flesh rich, juicy.
Good keeper. (Cont. Gent.)

White Summer Pippin.

An early dessert Apple, described in Ronalds as of medium size,
roundish, straw color, mottled and variegated -with some russet and pur-
ple spots. Flesh tender and delicious, if eaten ofi" the tree in August.

White Sweet.

■Witherill's White Sweet. Honey Sweet of some.

Origin, supposed New Jersey. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish with a blush of crim-

THE APPLE. 405

son in the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh white, not very-
tender, moderately jviicy, mild sweet. Good. September, October.
Valuable for stock, cider, and cooking.

White Virgin.
Scotch Virgin.

A culinary Apple, described by Hogg as :

Fruit medium, oblate, pale yellow to rich orange, and streaked with
red in the sun, a few dark dots and veins of riisset. Stalk short. Calyx
large, closed. Flesh white, soft, tender, juicy, brisk acid. October to
February.

White's Winter.

Origin, Guilford Co., IST. C. Tree thrifty, a great and early bearer.
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish white, somewhat rich,
juicy, and very good. Keeps well. (Count. Gent.)

Whitewater Sweet.

From Southern Ohio. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading.

Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with a few gray and
many indistinct light dots. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, compact,
juicy, crisp, mild sweet. Good. December to March.

White Wine.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellowish, with rays, patches, and
specks of russet. Stalk short and fleshy. Calyx open. Flesh white,
firm, crisp, pleasantly acid. October, December.

White Winter.

Origin, farm of Mr. Cocklin, Cumberland Co., Penn. Ti'ee mode-
rately vigorous, very productive.

Fruit small, nearly globular, light yellow, with a dull crimson cheek.
Stalk medium, in an acute cavity. Calyx firmly closed, a little sunk, in
a very small basin. Flesh whitish, juicy, almost buttery, mild subacid.
Good. January to May.

White Winter Pearmain.
Campbellite.

Origin unknown, by some thoiight to be an old Eastern variety,
highly esteemed at the West. Tree spi-eading, hardy, and thrifty, a
regular and good bearer. Young shoots very short-j ointed, dull reddish
brown, slightly grajdsh or downy at end.

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblong conic, somewhat oblique.
Stalk short, in a deep cavity. Calyx nearly closed. Segments long. Basin
uneven. Skin pale yellow, with a slight blush or warm cheek, thickly

40 G THE APPLE.

sprinkled with, minute brown dots. Flesh, yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy,
veiy pleasant subacid. Very good. Januaiy to April.

White Winter Pearmain.

Whitman.

From South Abington, Mass.

Fruit a little above medium, oblong, greenish yellow, with russet
blotches. Stalk slender. Flesh sweet. December. (N. E. Farm.)

Whitmore's Pippin.

Fruit medium, conical, ribbed, yellowish green, dark gi-een specks,
and slight tinge of red in the sun. Flesh whitish green, breaking,
brisk, slight aromatic. November, January. (Lindley.)

Whitney Russet.

Origin unknown. Supposed Canadian. Tree a vigorous grower,
productive. Young shoots reddish brown, grayish.

Fruit small, oblate, slightly inclining to conic, yellow, mostly
covered with thin light russet, sometimes a shade of crimson in the
sun. Stalk long, often with bracts. Cavity large, deep. Calyx
closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, rich,
mild subacid. Very good. Core small. December to April.

Wickham's Pearmain.
Wick Pearmain.

This variety, says Hogg, was groAvn at Wickham, near Winchester,
Hampshire, England. It is an excellent dessert Apple.

THE APPLE. 407

Fruit small, roundisli conical, flatteued at base, yellow, tinged
and shaded witbi red, patches and specks of russet. Flesh greenish
yellow, tender, crisp, juicy, high flavored. October to December.

WiER Sweet.

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, forming a round,
regular head, productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow or yellow, often with a shade
of bronze in the sun, moderately sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk
slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant,
rather rich sweet. Good. Core medium or i-ather small. December
to March.

WiLFONG.

From North Carolina. Tree vigorous, spreading.

Friiit below medium, oblate, depressed, greenish yellow, shaded with
dark purplish red, indistinct splashes and stripes, light dots. Stalk
short, stout. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, rather firm, moderately
juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. December to
March.

William Penn.

From Columbia, Pa. Tree vigorous, upright spreading.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded,
splashed, striped, and mottled with bright red, many light dots. Stalk
very short. Cavity considerably russeted. Calyx closed. Basin large,
deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant sub-
acid, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. Core small. December
to March.

William's Favorite.
William's Early. William's Red.

A large and handsome dessert Apple. It originated at Roxbury,
near Boston, Mass., bears abundantly, and ripens from the last of July to
the first of September. An excellent market variety.

Fruit of medium size, roundish oblong conic, and a little one-sided.
Stalk an inch long, slender, slightly sunk. Calyx closed, in a furrowed
basin. Skin very smooth, of a light red ground, but nearly covered
with a fine dark red. Flesh yellowish white, and of a very mild and
agreeable flavor. Good. Bequires a strong, rich soil.

William's Pippin.

Fruit below medium, somewhat conical, pale yellow, mottled with
pale red in the sun. Flesh pale yellow, soft, pleasant subacid. Good
to eat from the tree, and for baking and roasting. October, December.
(Lindley.)

William's White.

Origin, sup])Osed Cumberland Co., Pa.

Fruit medixim or below, oblate, slightly conic, whitish yellow, sprin-

408

THE APPLE.

kled witli a few brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesli
light yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. August, September.

Willis's Russet.

Origin, farm of Mr. Willis, Sudbury, Mass. Tree hardy, vigorous,
and an abundant bearer.

Fruit small, oblate conic, russet on a yellow ground, and occa-
sionally a sunny cheek. Stalk long, slender, curved, set in a large
cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow. Flesh tender, juicy, with a rich
pear-like flavor. Very good. December, January.

Willis Sweet.

Pear Lot. Pear-Tree Lot.

Origin on the farm of Edward Willis, Oyster Bay, Long Island.
Tree a vigorous, spreading grower, productive. Young shoots rich,
warm brown, slightly grayish.

Willis Sweet.

Fruit rather large, roundish, whitish, somewhat shaded with a thin
light red, and blotched with crimson, few bro-wTi dots. Stalk short and
stout. Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt, furrowed. Flesh whitish,
crisp, juicy, tender, sweet, and rich. Very good. Core large. August,
September. Valuable for table, market, and culinary purposes.

the apple. 409

Willow Twig.
Willow. James River.

Of unknowTi origin. The tree is a poor grower in tlie nursery, but
makes a good spreading, somewhat drooping, orchard tree, quite hardy,
and veiy productive, and although of only good quality, its keeping
qualities, productiveness, and hardihood make it a profitable market
Apple for rich praii-ie and bottom lands in the West. Young shoots
slendei', reddish browTi, dovniy. Buds inconspicuous.

Willow Twig.

Fruit medium size, roundish, slightly conic, somewhat oblate, light
yellow, shaded and marbled with dull red, and sprinkled with numerous
russet dots. Stalk rather short and slender. Cavity narrow, sometimes
partially closed, with a lip. Calyx partially closed, in a somewhat cor-
rugated abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish green, not very tender, pleasant
subacid. Good. Valuable for late keeping.

WiLLSBOKO.

Supposed origin, Willsboro, Essex, Co., N. Y.

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellow, shaded, mottled, and marbled
mostly with dull i-ed. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, crisp, tender,
sprightly subacid. December, February. (J. W. Bailey.)

WiLMOT.

Wilmot's Seedling.

A sauce or cooking Apple described by Bonalds. Tree an upright,
strong grower, productive.

410 THE APPLE.

Fruit medium, conical, yellow, with marblings of gray, and splashes
of red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, fragrant subacid. Jvily, August.

Wilson.

Of Michigan.

Fruit large, round, slightly conic, regular. Svirface smooth, golden
yellow. Dots scattered, dark. Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy,
subacid, rich. January, February. (Warder.)

The same author describes another Apple under this name as from
Western Virginia.

Fruit small, roundish oblate or oblate, smooth, nearly covered with
very deep red, in which the stripes are almost obscured. Dots minute,
white. Flesh white, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid.
January.

Wilson's Summer.

Origin, Forsyth Co., N. C. Tree upright, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish,' slightly conic, greenish yellow, thickly
striped with clear red. Flesh rich, juicy, fine-flavored. August, Sep-
tember. (Count. Gent.)

Wilson's Volunteer.

Fruit large, globular truncated or flattened, regular, yellow, mostly
covered with mixed red, striped darker. Dots large, gray, and yellow.
Flesh greenish yellow, tender, juicy subacid. December, February.
(Warder.)

WiNCHELL Sweet.

Origin, Hartford Co., Conn.

Fruit medium to large, oblate, greenish yellow, with a brownish
shade in the sun, moderately sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk short.
Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, rather firm, moderately juicy, sweet, and
rich. Good. Core small. February to May. Valuable for cook-

WiNDHAM Russet.

An Apple from Massachusetts. Tree vigorovis, upright spreading.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, yellow, mostly covered
with dull rough russet, often mixed with red in the sun, gray rough or
raised dots. Stalk medium. Cavity deep, large. Calyx partially open.
Flesh yellowish, rather firm, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good.
Core small. December to April.

Wine.

Hay's Winter. "Wmter "Wine. Pennsylvania Red Streak.

English Red Streak, incorrectly.

The Wine Apple is a very handsome, and an admirable winter
fruit, a most abundant bearer, and a hardy tree. It is a native of Del-
aware. The tree has small leaves, grows thriftily, and makes a fine
spreading head. Young shoots smooth grayish reddish brown.

THE APPLE. 411

Priiit ratlier above medium size — in rich soils large ; form regular,
nearly round, a little flattened at the ends. Skin smooth, of a lively
deep red over a yellow ground, or moi-e frequently with a few indis-
tinct stripes of yellow. Stalk short, inserted in a round, smooth cavity,
with a little russet around it. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, and ciisp,
with a rather vinous, rich, and pleasant flavor. Good to very good.
Core small. October to March.

"WiNESAP.

Wine Sop ? Potpie Apple.

This is not only a good Apple for the table, but it is also one of the
very finest cider fruits, and its fruitfulness renders it a great favorite
with orchardists. The tree grows rather irregularly, and does not form
a handsome head, but it bears early, and the apples have the good
quality of hanging late upon the trees without injury, while the tree
thiives well on sandy, light soils. The tree is very hardy, and one of
the most profitable orchard varieties wherever grown. Yo\mg wood
reddish brown, with smooth red buds.

Winesap.

<

Fruit of medium size, rather roundish oblong. Skin smooth, of a fine
dark red, with a few streaks, and a little yellow ground, appearing on the
shady side. Stalk nearly an inch long, slender, set in an irregular cav-
ity. Calyx small, placed in a regular basin, with fine plaits. Flesh
yellow, firm, crisp, with a rich, high flavor. Yery good. November to
May.

Wing Sweet.

An old variety, of unknown origin, profitable for stock feeding and
cooking. Tree a moderate grower, spreading, and productive.

412 THE APPLE.

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate conical, yellow, mostly
shaded, sj^lashed, and striped with dai-k red. Stalk long, slender. Calyx
closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, moderately
juicy, sweet, rich, and pleasant. Good to very good. September to
December.

Winn's Eusset.

Origin, Sweden, Me. Tree of slow growth, hardy and productive.

Fruit large. Cavity deep. Basin broad and shallow. Color dark
russet, with obsciu-e stripes of red, covered with whitish spots. Flesh
fine-grained, subacid. Good. Keeps till May.

WlNSLOW.

From Virginia.

Fruit large, globular, flattened at base, dark and light red streaked,
light brown specks and dark flakes. Stalk short, slender. Calyx open.
Flesh yellowish white, tender, jixicy, subacid. Fall and early winter.
(Elliott.)

Winter Codlin.

An English culinary Apple. Tree vigorous, upright spreading.

Fruit medium, roundish conic, whitish yellow, partially splashed,
striped, and marbled with light red, few gray dots. Calyx closed. Basin
slightly furrowed. Flesh white, rather firm, moderately juicy, subacid.
Good. October to March.

Winter Colman.

Norfolk Colman. Norfolk Storing.

A culinary Apple, described by Lindley as :

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, deep red in the sun.
Flesh firm, crisp, shaip subacid. November to March.

Winter Gray Eeinette.

Reinette Grise d'Hiver. Reinette Grise Extra. Belle FUle.

Prager. Reinette Grise. Grauwe Franse Rennett.

Reinette Grise Franijaise.

Among the Reinettes there is a world of confusion, and we feel no
confidence in correctness until such time as they may be gathered and
grown all in the same grounds. The present description of this variety
is taken from Hogg. Tree healthy, vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened on the sides, broadest at base,
dull yellowish green in the shade, with a patch of thin dull brownish
red in the sun, which side is so covered with brown russet that little
color is visible. Stalk very short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellow, firm,
crisp, rich, juicy, sugary. November to May.

We have received and fruited a Winter Gray Eeinette from Eivers,
which is small, oblate, depressed, dull yellowish gray russet, indistinct
raised dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, firm,
moderately j uicy, rich, brisk subacid. Good. December to May.

THE APPLE. 413

The Album of Pomology also describes a Winter Gray Reinette as
large, roundish, dull pale yellow, overlaid with dull greenish russet.

Winter Harvey.
Winter Pippin. Autumn Pippin.

An old Eastern variety. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading, produc-
tive. Young shoots dark grayish reddish brown.

Fruit medium, roundish conic, slightly ribbed, greenish yellow,
rarely wdth a shade of dull red in the sun. Stalk rather short. Calyx
partially closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid.
Good. Core i-ather small. January to March.

Winter Hog Island Sweet.

Origin, Long Island. Tree moderately vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium or below, oblate inclining to conic, slightly ribbed,
pale yellow, striped, splashed, and shaded with light and dark red, few
light and brown dots. Stalk rather short. Calyx closed. Flesh yel-
lowish, tender, moderately juicy, rather rich sweet. Good. Core small..
November to February.

Winter Lading.

A sauce Apple, from Sussex, England.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, gi'een, with patches and dots of
thin russet. Flesh greenish white, juicy, tender, sweet subacid. Octo-
ber, December. (Hogg.)

Winter Maiden's Blush.

From Bucks Co., Pennsylvania.

Fruit medium, oblong conic, yellow, covered with large, distinct,
carmine dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender,
subacid. Yeiy good. Core large, (Gar. Mon.)

Winter Majettin.

A Norfolk, England, Apple, described by Lindley as valuable for
culinary vises.

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, ribbed at apex, yellowish green, with
a dull brownish red in sun exposure. Flesh greenish white, firm, brisk,
sharp subacid. December, February.

Winter Pearmain.

Old Pearmain. Parmain d'Hiver.

Pearmain. Great Pearmain.

Pepin Parmain d'Hiver. Pepin Parmain d'Angleterre.

Peremenes.

This is one of the oldest Apples on record. The tree a free and
healthy grower, and productive.

Fruit medium, conical, greenish, vrith lively deep red in the sun,
russety dots. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, slightly aromatic.
November to March.

414 THE APPLE.

There is grown in Illinois, and other "Western States, an Apple under
the various names of Winter Pearimain and Eed Peakmain, entirely
distinct from above. The tree is vigorous, spreading, with slender branches.
Young shoots moderately slender, grayish reddish brown, with downy
buds.

Fruit medium, oblate, a little inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded,
sjilashed, and striped with light and dark red. Stalk short. Calyx
closed. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, crisp, juicy, rich subacid. Good.
Core small. November, February.

There is another Winter Pearmain, grown in Pennsylvania, the
fruit of which is below medium, oblate or roundish oblate, yellow, shaded
and obscurely splashed with brownish red, few light dots. Stalk short.
Calyx open. Flesh yellow, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid.
Good. Core small. January to May.

Winter Pippin of Vermont.

Origin xinknown, much cultivated in Vermont; a fair grower and
productive.

Fruit large to very large, neai-ly globular, inclining to conic, ob-
scurely ribbed, greenish yellow, sprinkled with star-like crimson dots,
cheek shaded with dull crimson. Stalk short, inserted in a deep com-
pressed cavity. Calyx small, nearly closed. Segments long, in a rather
deep, uneven basin. Flesh white, tender, and agreeable. Good. No-
vember to March.

We have received a Winter Pippin from Michigan, where it was
introduced from Western New York, but have not sxifiiciently tested
it to decide as to its identity with the above.

Winter Peinette.
Weisse Antillisclie. Winter Reinette.

A beautiful and excellent German dessert Apple.

Fruit large, oblong conical, lemon yellow, with blush red in the sun.
Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, sugary, vinous. December to March.
(Diel.)

Winter Strawberry,

This variety is described by Ronalds as above medium size, roundish,
yellow, splashed, shaded, and striped partially over with rich red. Flesh
whitish, tender, juicy, subacid. December, January.

Winter Sweet Paradise.
Paradise Winter Sweet. Grandmother.

From Pennsylvania. The Winter Sweet Paradise is a productive and
excellent orchard fruit, always fair, and of fine appearance. Tree
hardy, upright, vigorous, not an early bearer. Young shoots reddish
gray.

Fruit rather large, regularly formed, roundish oblate. Color dull
green when picked, with a brownish blush, becoming a little paler at

THK APPLE. 415

maturity. Stalk short, set in a round cavity, often russeted. Calyx
closed, small. Basin rather deep, slightly coiTugated. Flesh white,

Winter Sweet Paradise.

fine-grained, juicy, sweet, sprightly, and very good. Core rather small.
November to March.

WiNTHROP Greening.

Lincoln Pippin. Howe Apple.

Origin, Winthrop, Me. Tree vigorous, upright spreading.
Fruit large, oblate, slightly ribbed, greenish yellow, with nettings
and patches of russet, thickly sprinkled with light and gray dots. Stalk
rather short. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, tender, juicy, rather
rich subacid. Good. Core small. September.

Winthrop Peahmain.

Origin, "Winthrop, Me. Size large, roundish ovate. Skin yellow,
striped with red, and deep red in tlie sun. Stem in a large cavity.
Basin shallow. Flesh white, jnicy. Flavor spicy and pleasant. Septem-
ber to January. (Me. P. S. E.)

WiSNER.

Originated on the farm of Wisner, Middletown, Orange Co., IST, Y.

Fruit small, conical, greenish, shaded and striped with dull red.
Flesh tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December, March.

Woodland.

A Southern variety.

Fruit full medium, oblate, yellowish green, sometimes striped red.

416 THE APPLE.

Dots few, minute. Calyx small, closed. Stalk medium to long. Flesh
yellow, rather tough, but juicy, subacid. Good. Midwinter. (Am.
Hort. An.)

"VVOODRING.

Originated in Fairfield Co., O. Tree a moderate grower, slender
branches, early bearer.

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, mostly covered with red.
Flesh white, juicy, subacid. Good. January to March.

Wood's Greening.
Coate's Greening. Onstine. Cooke's Greening.

A native of New Jersey. Tree a moderate gi'ower, hardy, somewhat
spreading, prodvictive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with rough spots or
jiatches. Stalk short. Calyx large. Flesh greenish white, fine-gi"ained,
tender, juicy, slightly subacid. Very good. Core small. January,
February.

Wood's Sweet.
Hyde's Sweet.

Origin, Siidbury, Yt., and there considered the best fall sweet
Apple in cviltivation. Growth nearly equal to Baldwin, and produc-
tive.

Fniit large, irregularly oblate. Color whitish yellow, waxen or
oily, shaded and striped with fine rich red. Stalk rather short, inserted
in a broad, deep, furrowed cavity. Calyx small, closed, set in a rather
deep open basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, rich saccharine. Good to
very good. September, November.

WOOLFOLKS.

Supposed Kentucky origin.

Fruit full medium, truncated, regular, yellow green, scattered gray
dots. Flesh white, tender, breaking, juicy, subacid. Good. Table,
kitchen. December to March. (Warder.)

Wormsley Pippin.

Knight's Codling.

An English fruit, middle-sized, roundish, tapering a little towards
the eye, pale green or straw color, darker next the sun. Flesh white,
crisp, firm, with a sharp subacid juice. Good. September.

Wright.

Origin, Hubbardton, Yt. Tree vigorous and productive. Young
wood olive brown.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, lemon yellow. Stalk short, inserted
in a deep cavity. Calyx closed. Basin rather large and coiTugated.

THE APPLE. 417

Flesh white, very tender, juicy, vinous, almost sweet, aromatic. Good
to very good. Middle of September to middle of October.

Wright's Janet.

Supposed to have originated near St. Louis, Mo,

Fruit medium to large, round, sometimes flat, regular, waxen yel-
low, mixed, sti-iped, splashed carmine. Dots minute, prominent,
scattering. Flesh deep yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy, subacid.
Good to very good. January to June, (Warder.)

Wyken Pippin,
Warwickshire Pippin. Girkin Pippin. Arley.

An old variety, originated near Coventiy, England. Tree upright,
hardy, and productive.

Fruit below medium, oblate conical, gi'eenish yellow, with dull
orange blush in sun, mottled and mai'bled and dotted with light russety
patches and dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet subacid. De-
cember, February. (Ron.)

Yacht.

Origin, Montgomery Co., Pa. Tree of moderate growth, a regular
bearer.

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with
two shades of red, large light dots. Stalk medium. Calyx partially
closed. Flesh white, tender, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. Core
small, November, January.

Yadkin.

Southern.

Fruit large, round, regular, red striped. Flesh white, dry, subacid.
Only good, August. (Warder,)

Yahoola.

Origin, Lumpkin Co., Ga, Tree with slender, wiry limbs, a good
bearer.

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow green, specked and streaked with rus-
set. Stalk long, slender. Calyx and basin medium. Flesh jviicy.
Good. September to January. (White.)

Yankee Spy.
Seedsville Sweet ? Dutchess County Sweet. Ox Sweet.

Of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes a little conic, deep yellow, some-
times a tinge of red in the sun, large brown dots. Stalk medium.
Calyx closed. Basin furrowed. Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, rich,
sweet. Good. Core small. October, November. A valuable culinary
sort.

27

418 the apple.

Yates.

Originated in Fayette Co., Ga. Ti-ee veiy nprighit grower, great
bearer and good keeper.

Fruit small, oblate or oblate conic, whitish yellow, overspread,
shaded, splashed, and striped with shades of red, many light dots. Stalk
slender. Cavity large, slightly russeted. Calyx small, closed. Flesh
white, sometimes stained next the skin, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid.
Good. March to May.

Yellow Bellflower.

Bellefleur Yellow. Belle Pleur.

Bishop's Pippin of Nova Scotia. Lady Washington.
Reinette Musque. Warren Pippin.

The Yellow Belle Fleur is a large, handsome, and excellent winter
Apple, everywhere highly esteemed in the United States. It is most
abundantly seen in the markets of Philadelphia, as it thrives well in the
sandy soils of New Jersey. Coxe first described this fruit ; the original
tree of which grew in Burlington, N. J. Tree a moderately vigo-
rous grower, forming a spreading, roundish, rather drooping head.
Young wood yellowish brown. A regular and excellent bearer.

Yellow Bellllower.

Fruit very large, oblong, a little irregular, tapering to the eye. Skin
smooth, pale lemon yellow, often with a blush next the sun. Stalk long

TirE APPLE. 419

and slender, in a deep cavity. Calyx closed and set in a rather narrow,
plaited basin. Seeds in a large hollow capsule or core. Flesh tender,
juicy, oris]?, with a sprightly subacid flavor ; before fully ripe it is con-
siderably acid. Very good. December, Febi'uary.

Yellow Foster.

Origin unknown. Received from Ohio. Tree very vigorous, spreading.

Fruit below medium, oblate, yellow, thinly sprinkled with brown and
green dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse,
moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. October, November.

Yellow Ixgestrie.

Fruit small, roundish oblate, clear bright gold color, without red.
Flesh tender and delicate, with a plentiful juice when freshly gathered
from the tree. Good. October.

Yelloav June.
White June.

Of unknown Southern origin. Tree vigorous, upright grower, and
abundant bearer. Young wood light reddish brown, slightly do^vny,
very small buds.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, thickly sprinkled
with green and brown dots. Stalk long, slender. Cavity slightly rus-
seted. Flesh white, tender, juicy, biisk, sprightly subacid. Good.
Core small. June, July, South. August at North.

Yellow Meadow.

A Southern fruit.

Fruit large, oblate, greenish yellow. Stalk rather slender, in a deep,
irregvilar cavity. Calyx large and o})en, in a shallow basin. Flesh yel-
low, compact, vinous. Good. November.

Yellow Newtown Pippin.

Albemarle Pippin.

The Yellow Newtown Pippin is handsomer in appearance, and has a
higher perfume than the Green or Newtown Pippin, and its flesh is
rather firmer, and equally high flavored ; while the Green is more juicy,
crisp, and tender. The Yellow Newtown Pippin is rather flatter,
measuring only about two inches deep, and it is always quite oblique —
projecting more on one side of the stalk than the other. AVhen fully
ripe it is yellow, sometimes with a rather lively red cheek, and a smooth
skin, few or none of the spots on the Green variety, but with the same
russet marks at the stalk. It is also moi-e highly fragrant before and
after it is cut than the Green. The flesh is firm, crisp, juicy, and with
a very rich and high flavor. Both the Newtown Pippins grow alike,
and they are both excellent bearers. This variety is rather hardier and
succeeds best. February to May.

Yellow Sweet.
A native Apple of unknown origin.

420 THE APPLE.

Fruit small, rovmdisli, light yellow, with a few gray dots. Elesh
white, rather tender, pleasant, sweet. Good. October, November.

Tellow Newtown Pippin.

Yopp's Favorite.

From Georgia. Tree moderately vigorous, upright spreading.

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, greenish yellow, with a blush
in the sun, sprinkled sparingly with rvisset dots, and a little russet
about the stem. Calyx open, in a deep basin. Stalk short. Cavity deep.
Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Core small.
November.

York.

From Massachusetts. "Valuable for culinary purposes.

Fruit medium, roundish conic, pale yellow, with a slight shade of
red in the sun. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, tender,
juicy, sprightly subacid. Good to very good. Core small. October,
November.

York Imperial.
Jolinson's Fine Winter.

Origin thought to be York Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous,
productive. Young wood rich brown, downy.

Finiit medium, oblate oblique, whitish, shaded with crimson in the
sun, thinly sprinkled with light and gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx
closed or partially open. Basin large, deep. Flesh yellowish, firm,
crisp, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. Core com-
pact, small. Novembex-, February.

the apple. 421

Yorkshire Greening.
Coate's. Yorkshire Goose Sauce.

An English cuKuaiy Apple. Tree very vigorous and productive.

Fruit large, oblate, slightly ribbed, greenish, with shades and stripes
of dull red, specks and traces of russet. Flesh greenish white, lirm,
crisp, brisk subacid. Good. October, November.

Yost.

A native of Berks Co., Pa. Tree large and spreading.

Fruit oblate, very much flattened, yellow, striped and shaded with
crimson, thinly dotted with brown. Stalk short. Cavity slightly rus-
seted. Calyx partially closed. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, tendei-,
juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December, January.

Zane.

Zane Greening.

Origin, Virginia.

Fruit lai'ge, roundish, diill greenish yellow. Flesh greenish white,
tender, soft. Poor. February to June. (Elliott.)

Zieber.

- Origin, Reading, Pa.
Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, with a striped red cheek.
Flesh dry, pleasant, hardly good.

ZoAR Greening.

Origin, Ohio.

Fruit large, roundish conic, greenish, faintly shaded with dull red in
the sun. Flesh white, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant subacid. Good.
Core small. November, December.

SIBERIAN CRABS AND IMPROVED SIBERIAN

APPLES.

The varieties of Siberian Crab Apples {Pyrus haccata) have^ here-
tofore, been mainly valued for their handsome flowers and the beautiful
appearance of the tree when loaded with fruit.

Within the past year or two, however, considerable attention has
been given to their cultivation by fruit-growers in our Western and
Northwestern States, because of the superior hardihood of the trees.
Large numbers of seedlmgs have been grown, some bearing full evidence
of the paternity of the Pyrus haccata^ others possessing more or less
of the Pyrus malus, apparent more in the flesh and improved quality
of the fruit, than in the habit of the trees. They are all valuable for
cider, preserves, and cooking, and some of the improved varieties, more

422 THE APPLE.

truly, perhaps, Siberian Apples than Crabs, are quite pleasant and rick
fox- the dessert. The great hardihood of the trees, and their produc-
tiveness, make them highly valuable for sections where the better vari-
eties of the Pyrus raalus do not svicceed. In description of these vari-
eties the terms " medium, large, or small," must be considered as
applied in comparison with the Siberian Crab.

The common Siberian Crab is a beautiful little fruit, which is pro-
duced in rich clusters on the branches, and, at a distance, resembles
large and handsome cherries. It is highly esteemed for preserving, and
almost every large garden contains a tree of this variety. It forms a
vigorous, neat tree, of rather small size, and its blossoms, which are
white, are produced in beautiful profusion in spring, and a lai-ge crop
of fruit regularly follows.

Akin's Winter.

From Minnesota.

Fruit medium or small, roundish oblate, light, pale yellow, with a
rich clear carmine red cheek in sun. Stalk long and slender, set in an
open acute cavity, often russeted. Calyx closed. Basin deep, broad,
and somewhat furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, crisp, somewhat
too acid for a pleasant table apple, but not too much so for cooking.
December.

ASTRACAN.

Evergreen Apple Crab.

Fruit medium, oblate, compressed, green, specked with white dots.
Flesh greenish white, juicy. Infeiior.

ASTRACHAN.

This is one of the very largest sized of the old varieties.

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, bright rich clear red, with
a fine light bloom. Calyx with long segments, prominent. Flesh
whitish, crisj), juicy, sharp, brisk acid, tender. September.

Chase's Winter Sweet.

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, rich warm yellow gi'ovmd,
mostly overspread with dark rich red, minute dots. Stalk long, slender.
Cavity broad, open, deep. Calyx half closed, with short, almost erect
segments. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, very firm, mod-
erately juicy, mild, sweet. December.

Cherry.

Fruit small, roundish ovate, pointed, light yellow, spotted and
shaded with red. Flesh crisp, juicy, pleasant, hangs long, almost even
to drying on the tree. September, October.

Chicago.

Origin near Marengo, 111.

Fruit similar to Coral in general appearance — a little longer or more

THE APPLE. 423

completely oblong. Flesh not as deep colored as Coral, but quite crisp,
sprightly subacid, and by many Avould be preferred to Coral, althougli
it is not as rich. December to March.

COUAL.

This variety has the same origin as Chicago.

Fruit small, conical flattened at ends ; rich warm yellow ground,
with a vermilion cheek. Stalk long, slender, set in a narrow, acute cav-
ity, slightly russeted. Calyx closed, surrounded with corrugated
ridges, but with little or no basin. Flesh yellowish, crisp, sprightly,
juicy, rich, mild subacid, almost tender. An early winter sort, keeping
until about February.

Currant Ckab.

The fruits of this kind are of the size of currants, and are borne like
them in clusters ; they are round, a little compressed towards the ends.
Color red, slightly striped with deep red. It is ornamental in its flowers
as well as its fruits.

Double Flowering Chinese Crab.

Double Flowering Apple.

This very beautiful crab-tree from China, which produces a small
green fruit, of no value, is highly admired for its showy blossoms.
These ai-e large, tipped with deep red in the bvicl, but when open are of
a pale rose color, semi-double, large, and produced in fine clusters. It
is an exceedingly ornamental, small tree, growing from ten to twenty
feet in height.

Double White Siberian Crab.

Fruit roundish, irregular, swollen on one side. Color red carmine
on the sunny side, green on the shaded side, covered with a white bloom.
Flowers large double white, veiy ornamental.

FoxLEY Crab.

Raised by Thomas Andrew Knight, England, from seed of the Cherry
Crab. Tree hardy. Fruit ])roduced in clusters.

Fruit medium, roimdish oblate, golden yellow. Stalk long. Flesh
yellow, crisp, juicy, subacid.

Fragrant.

The flowers of this variety are very fragrant.

Fruit small, oblate, green, with whitish dots. Flesh inferior.

General Grant.

Size large for a crab, round, oblate, warm yellow ground, with
broken stripes of dark, becoming, on the sun-exposed side, entirely red,
and very dark, almost black red, with a few minute light dots. Stalk
slender. Cavity open, moderately deep. Calyx closed. Basin bi'oad,

424 THE APPLE.

not deep, but conspicuously furrowed. Flesh white, moderately fine-
grained, not juicy, very mild subacid. Core large for size of fruit.
Late Autuixai.

Golden.

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Skin golden yellow. Stalk long, slen-
der. Cavity medium. Calyx closed. Segments long, slender, recurv-
ed. Basin medium. Flesh white, moderately juicy, brisk acid. Sep-
tember.

Hampton's Siberian Crab.

A beautiful variety, originated with Wm. C. Hampton, Hardin Co., O.

Fruit large for a Siberian Crab, ovate conical, deep rich crimson,
blotched and indistinctly striped with clear orange and yellowish red.
Blossoms large. This is one of the most beautiful of all the crabs, es-
pecially when in bloom.

Hutchison's Winter Sweet.

Fiuit medium size, roundish oblate, light yellow ground, with a
blush red cheek in the sun, and many minute dots. Stalk long, slender,
in a deep open cavity. Calyx closed, with long pointed segments. Ba-
sin broad, deep, corrugated. Flesh yellowish white, dry, sweet. No-
vember.

Hyslop.

This variety has been long and pretty extensively cultivated. The
trees are hardy, the growth strong, rather spreading. Wood light col-
ored, a little downy.

Fruit large, produced in clusters, roundish ovate, dark rich red, cov-
ered with a thick bkie bloom. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed,
Flesh yellowish, subacid, good for culinary uses and for cider.

Lady Crab.

This is a foreign variety, of great beauty, and the tree a vigorous,
upright grower, much resembling the Lady Apple. Very productive.
YoiTug wood grayish reddish dark brown, with conspicuous white or
gray dots.

Fruit small, roundish oblate, a little oblique, rich dark red, with
traces of russet, and many apparently rough russet dots. Stalk medium
length for a crab, quite slender. Cavity open, broad, deep russeted.
Calyx almost closed, with connected half-recurved segments. Basin broad,
shallow, distinctly corrugated next the calyx. Flesh yellowish, mode-
rately juicy, mild subacid. November, December.

Large Bed Siberian Crab.

This variety is about twice the size of the common Siberian Crab,
roundish ovate, with a large and prominent calyx, and a pale red and
yellow skin. It forms a larger tree, with rather coarser foliage than the
common variety, and is esteemed for the same purposes. September
and October.

the apple. 425

Large Yellow Siberian Crab.

Fruit similar in size to the foregoing, rouiidish oval, flattened at base
and crown, light clear yellow often inclining to amber, with a warm
cheek.

Maiden's Blush,

Fruit small, flat, somewhat ribbed, pale clear yellow, with clear
bright carmine red in sun. Calyx large, half closed. Basin broad,
slightly furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, rather dry, almost sweet.
Late Autumn.

Marengo.

The discoverer of this variety, as well as its identity with the Sibe-
I'ian Crabs, Pyrus haccata, as a tree, is attributed to James F. Lester,
Marengo, 111, It is said to be a seedling found in the rows of an old
seedling nursery of apple-stocks. The original tree is thought to be
about eighteen years old. Young shoots vigorous, reddish brown, with
the gray specks, bloom and scaly cuticle peculiar to the Siberian.

The fruit is large for its class ; in form roundish, flattened at blossom
end, bright warm red on yellow ground, smooth, with a few scattered
gray or light russet dots. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, jviicy, a little
harsh until fully ripe, when it is a mild and pleasant subacid. Stalk
long, slender, set in a narrow cavity. Calyx closed. Basin broad, open,
corrugated. Early Winter to late in Spring.

Meader's Winter.

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate ; warm, light yellow ground,
shaded with clear rich red, many large gray dots. Basin deep, broad,
slightly ribbed or furrowed. Flesh yellowish, moderately j nicy, ci'isp,
tender, rich, sharp subacid. Season, Winter. A valuable cooking sort,
and rich for cider.

Montreal Beauty.

This is one of the most beaiitiful of all Crabs, in appearance.
Fruit large, roundish oblate, bright yellow, mostly covered and
shaded with rich red. Flesh yellowish, rich, firm, acid. September, Oc-
tober.

Oblong-Fruited Siberian Crab.

Fruit elongated conic, light yellow, almost white, washed, marbled,
and striped with crimson and carmine, and covered with a thin bloom.
/

Orange.

Fruit medium, round, slightly flattened at ends ; Hght, warm yellow,
or light orange-colored. Stalk slender. Cavity open, deep. Calyx
closed. Basin furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, mild subacid, pleasant,
a little dry.

426 the apple.

Powers' Large.

Originated with Hiram Powers, Catskill, N. Y. Tree vigorous,
liardy, and productive.

Fruit large, roundisli oblate, waxen white, shaded and striped with
carmine, ciimson, and yellow, and covered with a lilac bloom. Flesh
sharp, yet mild acid. Fine for cooking. Early October.

Purple Siberian Crab.

Fruit oblate. Color beautiful reddish purple on the stinny side,
covered with a bloom, the shaded side less brilliant, and the whole sur-
face speckled with some gray dots. Flesh, like all the crabs, coarse and
harsh.

Red Siberian Crab.

Fruit about three-foui-ths of an inch in diameter, veiy regularly
formed, and i-ather flat. Skin smooth, of a lively scarlet over a clear
yellow gi-ound, and, when the bloom is rubbed off, is highly polished.
Stalk nearly two inches long, and very slender. Calyx small, slightly
sunk. Fit for preserving in September and October.

Rouen Transparent Crab.

Fruit small, oblate, bright carmine red on light yellow. Stalk slen-
der, very long, set in a deep wide cavity. Flesh yellowish white, acid.
September.

• Showy Crab.

Fruit small, roundish oval, yellow, dotted with red in sun. Stalk
very long. Flesh dry. Not valuable.

SOULARD.

A sort of little value except in appearance. It is said to have
originated near St. Loviis, Mo.

Fi'uit medium, oblate, clear smooth greenish yellow, with many
minute, suffused, dark green dots. Stalk short for a crab, slender, narrow
cavity. Calyx small, closed. Basin medium, slightly corrugated. Flesh
white, bitter, astringent, unfit for anything except cider.

Striped Siberian Crab.

Fruit medium size, roundish. Color rose yellowish, red striped all
over, carmine on the suimy side, more yellow towards the stalk, covered
with a fine white bloom.

Transcendent.

This is one of the best of early autumn varieties.
Fruit medium to large for its class, roundish oblong, flattened at its
ends, slightly but regularly ribbed, golden yellow, with a rich crimson,

TUE APPLE. 427

red cheek in tlie sun, covered with a delicate white bloom ; when I'ully
ripe the red nearly covers the whole surface. Stalk long and slender,
set in an open, deep cavity. Calyx closed, with long reflexed segments.
Flesh creamy yellow, crisj), subacid, a little astringent until fully mel-
low, when it is pleasant and agreeable. Early Autumn.

Warfel Crab.

Originated with John Warfel, Lancaster, Pa. Tree \'igorous.
Fruit medium size, oblate, yellow, beautifully striped with red and
crimson.

White Winter.

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, light pale yellow, with a faint
blush and a few scattering, irregular-sized, dark carmine dots in sun.
Stem short. Cavity very bi^oad, open, yet deep, slightly russeted.
Calyx closed, with short segments. Basin shallow, with slight broad
furrows. Flesh yellowish white, ci'isp, moderately juicy, sharp acid.
December and January.

Yellow Siberian Crab.

Amber Crab.

This scarcely differs from the common Siberian Crab except in its
fruit, which is leather larger, and of a fine amber or golden yellow. Both
this and the red are beautiful ornaments to the fruit garden in summer
and autumn, and are equally esteemed for preserves and jellies. Sep-
tember.

SELECT LIST OF VARIETIES FOR TABLE USE,
MARKETING, COOKING, AND KEEPING.

In this list it is not assumed that all against which the word market
is written are equally profitable, but that their size and appearance will
generally command for them a ready sale. Again, some varieties are
classed as market sorts mainly because of their long keeping, and there-
fore coming into use when there are but few sorts with which to com-
pete. Soil and climate make so great a change in the growth, quality,
and period of maturity of varieties, that it is imj)ossible to make a list
adapted to general cultivation ; and so, kinds which, because of their
good quality (like the American Golden Russet), which we mark as
only for table use, in some localities are found also profitable for mar-
ket. The planter, in selecting from this list, should be guided some-
what in adopting kinds by a record of the place of origin of the variety,
which may be found on the page where the Apple is described in the
book.

We have appended the words " South " and " North " to some vari-
eties, to designate them as of most value in our Southern or Northern
States.

428

THE APPLE.

American Golden Pippin. Table and market.

American Golden Russet. Table.

American Summer Pearmain. Table.

Baldwin. Table and market.

Baltimore. Table and market.

Belmont. Table.

Ben Davis. Market, South and Southwest.

Benoni. Table and market.

Bentley Sweet. Market and keeping.

Bethlehemite. Table and market.

Bonum. Table and market.

Broadwell. Table and market.

Buckingham. Table and market.

Campfield. Cider, market, and keeper

Canada Peinette. Table and market.

Carolina Red June. Table -and market.

Cogswell. Table and market.

Domine. Table and mai-ket.

Dutchess of Oldenburgb. Cooking and market.

Dyer. Table.

Early Harvest. Table and market.

Early Joe. Table.

Early Strawberry, Table and market.

English Russet. Market and keeper.

Esopus Spitzenburgh. Table and market.

Evening Party. Table and market.

Fallowater. Market and cooking.

Fall Pippin. Table and market.

Fall Wine. Table.

Fameuse. Table and market.

Garden Royal. Table.

Gilpin. Market and keeper.

Golden Sweet. Market and cooking.

Gravenstein. Market and cooking.

Green Cheese. Table and market. South.

Grimes' Golden Pippin. Table and market.

Hall. Table and market, South.

Haskell Sweet. Table.

Higby Sweet. Table.

High Top Sweet. Market, West.

Horse. Market and cooking. South.

Hubbardston Nonsuch. Table and market.

Hunt's Russet. Table.

Jersey Sweet. Table and market.

Jonathan. Table and market.

Keswick Codlin. Market and cooking.

King of Tompkins Co. Table and market.

Klaproth. Table and market.

Lady Apple. Table and market.

Lady's Sweet. Table and market.

Large Yellow Bough. Table and market.

Late Strawberry. Table and market.

Lowell. Market and cooking

THE APPLE. 429

McLellan. Table.

Maiden's Blush. Market and cooking.

Mangum. Table, South.

JNIaverack Sweet. Market and cooking, South.

Melon. Table.

Monmouth Pippin. Table and market.

Mother. Table.

Newtown Pippin. Table and market.

Ne^Hown Spitzenburgh. Table and market.

Nickajack. Market and keeper, South.

Northern Spy. Table and market.

Ohio Nonpareil. Table and market.

Peach Pond Sweet. Table, market, and cooking.

Peck's Pleasant. Table and market.

Pomme Grise. Table and market, North.

Porter. Table and market.

Primate. Table.

Pryor's Bed. Table and market, South and West.

Eambo. Table and market.

Rawles Janet. Table, market, and keeper, Southwest.

Red Astrachan. Market and cooking.

Red Canada. Table and market.

Rhode Island Greening. Market and cooking.

Ribston Pippin. Table and market. North.

Roxbury Russet. ]\Iarket and keeper. North and West.

Shockley. Market and keeper. South.

Smith's Cider. Market.

Smokehouse, Market and cooking.

Striped Winter Peai-main. Table and market, South and Southwest.

Summer Pippin. Market and cooking.

Summer Queen. Market.

Summer Rose. Table.

Swaar. Table.

Tetofsky. Market and cooking.

Tewksbury Winter Blush. Table, market, and keeping.

Tolman's Sweet. Market and cooking.

Wagoner. Table.

Washington Strawberry. Table and market.

Westfield Seek-no-Further. Table and market.

White Pippin. Table and market.

Willis Sweet. Cooking, table, and market.

Willow Twig. Market and keeper. West and South.

Winesap. Table, market, and keeper.

Winter Sweet Paradise. Table.

Yellow Bellflower. Table and market.

Yellow Newtown Pippin. Table and market.

430 THE ALMOND.

CHAPTER X.

THE ALMOND.

Amygdalus communis, Dec. Jiosacece, of botanists.

Amandier, of the French ; Mandelbaum, German ; Mandorla^ Italian ;

Almendro, Spanish.

The Almond-tree, which is a native of the north of Africa and the
mountains of Asia, has long been cultivated, and is mentioned in Sci'ip-
tui'e as one of the charms of the fertile land of Canaan. It so strongly
resembles the peach-tree that it is difficult to distinguish it by the leaves
and wood only ; indeed, several botanists are of opinion, from experi-
ments made in raising the almond from seed, that this tree and the
peach are originally the same species, and that the rich and luscious
peach is the eflect of accidental variation, prodviced by culture on the
almond. The chief distinction between the two in our gardens lies in
the fruit, which, in the almond, consists of little more than a stone
covered with a thick, dry, woolly skin, while the peach has in addition
a rich and luscious flesh. The blossoms of the almond resemble those of
the peach, but are larger ; they are produced in great pi'ofusion, early in
the season, before the leaves, and are very ornamental.

Uses. The kernel of the sweet almond is highly esteemed as an
article of food, and is largely xised as an ingredient in confectionery,
cookery, and perfumery. It is raised in gi-eat quantities in the south of
Europe, especially in Portugal, and is an important article of commerce.
The bitter almond is used in cookery and confectionery, and in medi-
cine ; it furnishes the prvissic acid of the shops, one of the most powerful
of poisons. From both species an oil is also obtained.

In France the almond is preferred as a stock on which to bud and
graft the peach, which in a very dry climate or chalky soil, it is found,
render's the latter more healthy and fruitful than its own bottom. The
sweet hard-shelled variety [Douce a coqiie chire) is preferred for stocks
by French nurserymen.

Cultivation. The almond thrives best in a warm diy soil, and its
general cultivation in this country is precisely like that of the peach.
The sweet almond is the only variety considered of value here, and it is
usually propagated by budding it on Plum stock, or on the bitter
almond seedlings. It is rather more hardy at the North when budded
on the former, and as the buds of the sweet almond are rather slender
and small, the plum stocks to be bxidded should be thrifty seedlings, not
more than a fourth of an inch in diameter at the place where the bud is
inserted.

The Common Almond, the Hard-Shell Sweet Almond, and the Bitter
Almond, are hardy in the latitude of New York, and will bear tolera-
ble crops without care. The Soft-shell Sweet Almond, or Ladies'
Almond, will not thrive well in the open garden, as a standard, north
of Philadelphia ; but they succeed well trained to a wall or on espalier
rails in a warm situation, the branches being slightly protected in
winter.

There is no apparent reason why the ciilture of the almond should
not be pursued to a profitable extent in the warm and favorable climate

THE ALMO>sT). 431

of some of the Southern States. Especially in the valley of the Oliio
and Tennessee it would be likely to succeed admirably.

Bitter Almond.

The Bitter Almond has large pale blossoms, differing little from the
common almond except in the kernel, which is bitter. There are two
varieties, one with a hard, and the other with a brittle shell. The fruit,
which is produced abundantly, ripens in September. The leaves are
longer and of a darker gi-een than those of most of the sweet-finiited
varieties.

Common Almond.

A. c. dulcis. Amanda commune.
Amandier a Petit Fruit. Common Sweet.
commvm.

This is the common Sweet Almond of France and the South of
Europe, and is one of the most hardy and productive sorts here. Nuts
hard, smooth, about an inch and a quarter long, compressed and pointed,
of an agreeable flavor, but inferior to the following. Flowers expand
before the leaves. Ripens last of September.

Peach Almond.

Pecher. Peach Almond.

Amandier-Pecher.

A rather indifferent variety, nearly sweet, but often slightly bitter.
It is a true cross between the peach and the almond, and in its leaves,
flowers, and stone strongly resembles the peach ; the fruit is also pulpy
and of tolerable flavor, like an indifferent peach. The nut scarcely ever
ripens well as far north as this.

PisTACHiA Sweet Almond.

Amande Pistache. Amandier Pistache,

A variety of Almond with a very small pointed fruit, about the size
and shape of that of a Pistachia, enclosing a kernel of a delicate sweet
flavor. The shell not quite so soft as the Soft-Shell Almond. This is
scarcely known yet in this country, but is worth further trial at the
South.

Soft-Shell Sweet Almond,

Doux a coque tendre. Amandier des Dames,
Sultan a coque tendre. Ou Amande Princesse.
Amandier a coque tendre. Ladies' Thin Shell.
des Dames.

Tlie Soft-Shell or Ladies' Almond is the finest of all the Almonds.
It is the very variety common in the shops of the confectioners, ^vith. a
shell so thin as to be easily crushed between the fingers, and the kernel
of w^hich is so highly esteemed at the dessert. It ripens early in the
season, and is also highly esteemed in a young or fresh state, being served
on the table for this purpose about the middle of July in Paris. The

io'J THE ALMOND.

blossoms of this variety expand at the same time with the leaves, and
are more deeply tinged with red than the foregoing. Sevei"al varieties
are made of this in France, but they are (as quoted above) all essentially
the same.

Fruit two inches long, oval, compressed. The nut is more than an
inch long, oval, pointed, one-sided, with a light-colored, porous, very
tender shell. The kernel sweet and rich.

On the pll^m stock, in a favorable asj)ect, this Almond succeeds, with
a little care, in the Middle States.

Sultana Sweet Almond.

Amande Sultane. Amandier Sultane.

Sultan.

A tender-shelled Almond of excellent quality, with smaller fruit and
narrower kernel than the Soft-Shell Almond, but of equally excellent
flavor, and which is preferred by many. It is thought by Poiteau to
be scarcely ditferent from the Soft-Shell or Ladies' Almond.

The Long Hard-Shell Almond.

Amandier a gros fruit. Amandier a gros fruit dur.

A variety with handsome, large, pale rose-colored flowers, opening
before the leaves, and large and long fruit, a third longer than other va-
rieties. The stone is about as large as the soft-shell variety, but the
kernel is larger and plumper. This is a good hardy sort, and it is very
ornamental when in blossom. Ripens about the last of September.

Ornajiental Varieties. The Dwarf Douhle Flowering Almond
{^Amygdalus j^wniila. Lin. Prunus sinensis of some) is a beautiful,
well-known low shrub, extremely ornamental in spring, being covered
with a profusion of small jiink blossoms, very double. There is also
a Double White, similar in habit of growth.

The Large Double Flowering Almond [A. d grand Jleur, JV. Duh.)
(A. communis 2)le7io) is a beautiful French variety, with large nearl}'-
white flowers, two inches in diameter. It also bears a good small hard-
shell Almond.

KEY TO FRENCH NAMES.

Court Pendu Plat. — Coor Paha du Plah.

Drap d'Or — Drali dor.

Fenouillet Gris. — Fen-nool-yai Gree.

Male Carle. — Mai Carl.

Pomme de Neige. — Pum de Naije.

Reinette Blanche d'Espagne. — Ren-ett-Blansh d'Espagne.

Reinette Triomphante. — Ren-ett Tre-ome-fant.

Albergier. — Al-bare-je-ai.

Brian^on. — Bre-ahn-sohn.

Belle de Choisy. — Bel de Shwoi-sey.

Belle Magnifique. — Bel Man-gne-feek.

Bigarreau. — Be-gar-ro.

Bigarreau Rouge. — Be-gar-ro Rooje.

Bigarreau Couleur de Chair. — Be-gar-ro Coo-lur de Shair.

Bigarreau Gros Coeuret. — Be-gar-ro Gro Keur-ai.

Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim. — Be-gar-ro Tar-deef de Hildesheim.

Gros Bigarreau Rouge. — Gro Be-gar-ro Rooje.

Griotte d'Espagne. — Gre-ote Des-pau.

Cha.«!selas Musqu^. — Shah-slah Meuskay,

Chasselas de Fontainebleau. — Shah-slah de Fone-tane-blo.

Ciotat. — Se-o-tah.

Lenoir. — Lun-war.

NECTARINES.

Brugnon Violet ^fusque. — Brune-yon Ye-o-lay Meus-kay.
Brugnon Musque. — Brune-yon Meus-kay.
D'Angleterre. — Dahn-glet-are.
Due du Tellier. — Deuk du Tel-yay.

PEACHES.

Abricotee. — Ab-re-co-tay.
Belle de Vitry. — Bell de Ve-tree.
Grosse Mignonne. — Groce Mene-yon.
Madeleine de Courson. — ^lad-lane de Coor-son.
Pavie de Porapone. — Pah-vee de Pom-pone.
Pourpree Hative. — Poor-pray Hat-eve.

Sanguinole a Chair adhSrente. — Sahn-gwe-nole ah Shair Ad-hay-rent,

64

434 KEY TO FRENCH NAMES.

PEARS.

Amir^ Joannet. — Am-e-ray Jo-ahn-nay.

Ananas. — An-an-ah.

Ananas d'Ete. — An-au-ah Da-tay.

Angleterre. — Ahn-glet-are.

Beurre. — Bur-ray.

Belle de Bruxelles. — Bel-de Broos-ell.

Belle et Bonne. — Bel-a-Bun.

Belle-Lucrative. — Bel-lu-crali-teve.

Beurre de Capiumont. — Bur- ray de Cap-u-mohu.

Beurre d'Amalis. — Bur-ray Dah-mah-lee.

Beurre Gris d'Hiver Nouveau. — Bur-ray Gree Dee-vair Noo-vo.

Beurre Diel. — Bur-ra)' De-ell.

Beurre Bronzee. — Bur-ray Brone-zay.

Bezi d'Heri. — Ba-zee Daree.

Bezi Vaet. — Bazee Vah-ai.

Beurre Crapaud. — Bur-ray Crah-po.

Bezi de Montigny. — Bay-zee de Mon-teen-gnee.

Bon Chretien Fondante. — Bone Cray-te-an Fone-donte.

Boucquia. — Boo-kiah.

Calebasse Grosse. — Cal-bass Groce.

Capucin. — Cap-u-san.

Cliaumontel tres Gros. — Sho-mone-tell tray Gro.

Compte de Lamay. — Conte de Lah-me.

Colmar Epine. — Cole-mar A-peen.

Crassane. — Cras-sahn.

Cuisse Madame. — Knees Mah-dam.

D' Amour. — Dam-oor.

De Louvain. — Dul-oo-van.

Delices d'Hardenpont. — Day-lece Dar-dahn-pone.

Doyenne d'Ete. — Dwoj^-on-nay Day-tay.

Doyenne Panache. — Dwoy-on-nay Pan-ah-Shay.

Dumortier. — Du-mor-te-ay.

Duchesse d'Angouleme. — Du-shess Dong-goo-lame.

Duchesse d' Orleans. — Du-shess Dor-lay-on.

Enfant Prodige. — On-font Pro-deeje.

fipine d'Ete. — A-peen day-tay.

Figue de Naples. — Feeg de Nah-pl.

Fondante d'Automne. — Fone-donte do-tonn.

Forme de Delices. — Form de Day-lece.

Forelle. — Fo-rel.

Fondante du Bois. — Fone-dont du Bwoi.

Fortunee. — For-tu-nay.

Franc Real d'Hiver. — Fronk Ray-ahl Dee-vair.

Glout Morceau. — Gloo Mor-so.

Hericart. — Hay-re-car.

Jalousie — Jal-oo-zee.

Jalousie de Fontenay Yend^e. — Jal-oo-zee de Fone-ten-ai Yon-day.

Leon le Clerc. — Lay-on le Clair.

Limon. — Lee-mohn.

Louise Bonne. — Loo-eze Bun.

]\Iadeleine, or Citron des Carmes. — Mad-lane, or Cee-trone day Carn.

Marie Louise. — Mah-re Loo-eze.

Michaux. — Me-sho.

Passans de Portugal. — Pah-sahn de Por-tu-gal.

Pailleau. — Pahl-yo.

Paradise d'Automne. — Par-ah-deze do-tonn.

Passe Colmar. — Pass Col-mar.

Quilletette. — Keel-tet.

KEY TO FRENCH NAMES. 435

Heine Caroline. — Rcane Car-o-lene.

Eeine des Poires. — Rane day Pwore.

Rousselet Hatif. — Roos-lay Hat-eef.

Sanspeau. — Sahn-po.

Sieulle. — See-ull,

Sucree de Hoyerswarda. — Seu-cray de Hoyersworda.

Surpasse Virgalieu. — Seur-pass Vere-gal-yu.

St. Grermain. — San Jare-man.

Sylvange. — Seel-vonje.

Vallee Franclie. — Vol-lay Fronsh.

Verte Longue. — Vairt Longh.

Verte Longue Panachee. — Vairt Longh Pan-ah-shay.

Virgouleuse. — Yere-goo-leuz.

Wilhelmine. — Wil-el-meen.

PLUMS.

Abricot^e Rouge. — Ab-re-co-tay Rooje.

Diapree Rouge. — De-ah-pray Rooje.

Drap d'Or. — Drah-dor.

Jaune Hative. — Jaun Hat-eve.

Mirabelle. — Me-rah-bell.

Pr€coce de Tours. — Pray-cose de Toor.

Prune Suisse. — Prune Su-ece.

Eoyale Hative. — Rwoy-al Hat-eve.

INDEX TO ALMONDS AND APPLES.

[The standard names are in Roman letters. The synonymous names in Italic.1

ALMONDS.

PAGE

A. c. DuMs 431

Amnnde Commune 431

Amande Pistache 431

Amande Princesse 431

Amnnde Sidtane 432

Amandier d Coque Tendre 431

Amandier d Gros Fruit 432

Amandier d Gros Fruit Dur 432

Amandier d Petit Fruit 431

Amandier Commun 431

Amandier des Dames 431

Amandier- Pi cher 431

Amandier Pistache 431

Amandier Sultane 432

Bitter Almond , 431

Common Almond 431

Common Sweet 431

Doux d Coque Tendre 431

Dwarf Double Flowering Almond.. .433

Ladies' TJiin SheU 431

Large Double Flowering Almond . . 432
Long Hard-SheU Almond 432

Peach Almond 431

Peach Almond 431

Picher 431

Pistachia Sweet Almond 431

Soft-Shell Sweet Almond 431

Sultan 432

Sultan d Coque Tendre 431

Sultana Sweet Almond 432

APPLES.

Abbott 72

Abbott's Five- Sided Spice 72

Abbott's Sweet 72

Abe Lincoln 323

Aberdeen 286

Abram 73

Accidental. 286

PAGK

Acklam's Eusset 73

Ademy Russet 73

Adams 73

Adams Pearmain 73

^Fsojms Spitzenberg 164

^■FKO-pus Spitzenburg 164

Agate D'Enckhuysen 73

Agathe 73

Agues's 74

Ailes 74

Akin's Winter 422

Alabama Pearmain 265

Alant 74

Albemarle Pippin 419

Alexander 74

Alfriston 74

Alleghany 286

Allemand 74

Allen's Choice 75

Allen's Pippin 75

All-Hallows 75

All-Summer 75

AUum 75

Alsace 75

AltJiorp Pippin 267

Amber Crab 427

Amelia 75

American Beauty 75

American Golden Pippin 76

American Golden Russet 76

American Mamnwth 191

American Newtoion Pipypin 201

American Nonpareil 77

American Peach 304

American Pippin 77

American Plate 77

A)nerican Bed Juneating 157

American Summer Pearmain 78

Ananas 78

Ananas de Liege 79

Angle 79

Anglo-American 79

Annaberger 341

Api 244

Ajyi Petit 244

Aporta 74

Arabian Apple 304

Arbroath Pippin 296

438

APPLES.

PAGE

Archiditc Antoine 79

Arley 417

Aromatic Carolina 79

Aromatic Russet 79

Arundel Pearmain 222

Ashland 79

Ashmead's Kernel 80

Ashmore 80

Asterus 80

Astracan 422

Astracanisclier Smnmerapfd 401

Astrachan 422

Astrachan Range 323

August Apple 155, 181

August Sweet 250

Augustine 80

Augustus Pearmain 80

Aunt Anna 80

Aunt Anna's SeecMing 80

Aunt Dorcas 199

Aunt Hannah 81

Aunt Susan's Favorite 81

Aunt's Apijle 81

Aumm 388

Aurore 195

Austin Sweet 81

Autumn Golden Pippin 81

Autumn Pearmain 81

Autumn Pijypin 413

Autumn Romanite 81

Autumn Rose 82

Autumn Seek-No-Farther 82

Autumn Strawberry 250

Autumn Sweet Bough 82

Autumnal Swaar 82

Autumnal Sweet Swaar 82

AveriU 83

Avery Sweet 163

Baccolinus 83

Baehe's Kernel 96

Bacliekyr 109

Bachelor's Blush 83

Bachelor's Glory 83

Backhouse's Lord Nelson 83, 284

Baddow Pippin 83

Baer 215

Baghy Russet 159

Bailey's Golden 83

Bailey's Spice 84

Bailey's Sweet 84

Baker 84

Baker's Sweet 84

Baldwin 85

Baldwin 226

Baldwin Sweet 86

Balgane Pippin 194

Ball Apple 299

Balm 84

Baltimore 86

Baltimoi-e 74, 167, 191

Baltimore Greening ." 86

Baltimoi'e Pippin 86, 93, 191

PAGE

Baltimore Red 93, 98

Baltimore Red Streak 93, 98

Baltzby 87

Bar 87

Barbour 87

Barcelona Pearmain 87

Barchard's Seedling 87

Bardin 175

Bark Apple 88

Barlorc 135

Bamham's Sweet 87

BamhUt 87

Barre 88

Barrett 88

BarretVs Spitzenburgh 285

Bars 88

Bartlett 88

Bartlett Ill

Barton 88

Barton's Incomparable 88

Batchelor 329

Bauman's Reinette 88

Baxter's Pearmain 89

Bay Ajyple 1 48

Bayfordhury Golden Pippdn 194

Beachemwell Seedling 89

Beadell 89

Bean Swirt 89

Bear Sweet ^9

Beard Burden 152

Beau 89

Beau Rouge 219

Beauty 373

Beauty of America 75

Beauty of Kent 89

Beauty Red 132

Beauty of the West 89

Bedford Sweet 323

Bedfordshire Foundling 90

Beefsteak 90

Beeler's Russet 90

Belden 90

Belden Sweet 90

BeU Dubois 332

BeiFs Early 356

BdVs Scarlet Pearmain 347

BellBonde 90

Belle d' Angers 91

Belle Bonne 91

Belle et Bonne 91

BeUe et Bonne 375

BeUe FilU 204, 412

BeUe-Fleur 324, 418

BelU-Fleur Rouge 824

Belle Grideline 91

Bdle GrisdcUn e 91

BeUe Josephine 191

Belledge 91

Belledge Pippin 91

Bellflower Pippin 91

Belmont 92

Bellefleur de France 183

Bellefleur Yellow 418

APPLES.

439

PAGE

BeUy Bounder 90

Belpre Keeper 93

Bdpre Rimet 342

Belvoir Pippin 93

Belzer 93

Ben Apj)le 165

Ben Davis 93

Ben Harris 210

Bennet 94

Bennington 856

Benoui 94

Bentley's Sweet 94

Benwell's Pearmain 95

Bere Court Pippin 95

Berber 95

Berliner Ghssapfel 341

Berry 286

Berry Bough 358

Bess Pool 95

Best Baohe 96

Best Pool 95

Bethlemite 96

Betsey 96

Betsy's Fancy 96

Better thaa Good 97

Bevau's Favorite 97

Big Fruit 383

Big Hill 286, 316

Big Red 310

Big Bomanite 302

Big Sweet 392

Big Vandevere 891

Bigg's Nonsuch 97

Billy Barker 97

Billy Bond 90

Billy's Pippin 97

Bischoff's Reinette 98

Bishop's Bourne 98

Bishop's Pip2nn of Nova Scotia 418

Birmingham 97

Birmingham Pippin 97

Black American 99

Black Annette 99

Black Apple 99

Black Ajyple 144

Black Coal 98

Black Detroit 144

Black Gilliflower 99

Blackjack 98

Black Lady Apple 245

Black Oxford 98

Black Warrior 98

Blackburn 109

Blackstone Valley Sweet 98

Blair 275

Blake 99

Blakely 99

Blakely 265

Bland's Jubilee 99

Blandilalie 212

Blauberger 101

Bleckensderfer 99

Bledsoe Pippin 99

PAGE

Blenheim 100

Blenhdm Orange 100

Blenheim Pippin 100

Blinkbonny 100

Blinkbonny Seedling 100

Blockley 100

BlocMey Pippiii 100

Blondin 100

Blooming Orange 100

Blue Mountain 101

Blue Mountain Sweet 101

Blue Pearmain 101

Blue Sweet.. 313

Bluff Sweet 101

Blush June 118

Boalsburg 101

Boas 101

Bodiekheimer 341

Bohannan 101

Bonne de Mai 148

Bonne Rouge 219

Bonne Virginie 103

Bonum 102

Bordeauer Gold Reinette 197

Borden's Early 102

Borovitsky 102

Borsdorf Ognon 103

Borsdorffer 103

Bossom 103

Boston Russet 342

Botigne 103

Bottle Greening 103

Bough 250

Bourassa 104

Bowker 104

Bowling's Sweet 104

Bowyer's Russet 104

Boxford 104

Brabant Belle-fleur 105

Brabant Bellflower 105

Braddick's Nonpareil 104

Bradford's Best 238

Bradley's Autumn 104

Bradley's Winter 399

Brandy Ajyple 193

Brandywine 104

Brandywine 276

Braunschweig er Milch 275

Bread-and- Cheese Apple 319

Breedon Pippin 105

Brennaman 105

Brentford Grab 229

Brewer 105

Brewer's Pippin 105

Brickley Seedling 105

Bridge water Pippin 106

Brigg's Auburn 105

Brill's Seedling 106

Brimer 106

Brinckeley White Sweet 106

Bringewood Pippia 106

Bristol 106

Bristol Pearmain 106

440

APPLES.

PARK

Brittle Sweet 107

Broad-End 107

Broad-Eye Pippin 107

Broad Rimr 339

Broading 107

Broadwell 107

Broadwell Siceet 107

BromeUa Ananas 78

Bronson Sweet 108

Brooke's Pijijnn 201

Brookes 108

Broughton 109

Brown 108

Brown Cockle 129

Brown Renting. 108

Brownh Golden Sweet 379

Brown's Summer Beauty 108

Broimi's Winter. 108

Brownite 108

Brownlee's Russet 108

Brovnlee's Seedling Busset . 108

Brubacker 167

Brummnge Pippin 97

Buchanan 101

Buchanan's Pippin 109

Bitchanan''s Seedling 109

Buck Meadow 110

Bvckham 215

Buckingham 109

Buckley 124

Bucks County Pippin 109

Buel's Favorite 110

Buel's Sweet 110

Buff Ill

Buffington's Early 110

Bull's Golden Reinette Ill

Bullett Ill

Bulhck's Pippin 76, 166

Bullripe 152

Buncombe 329

Bunkum 329

Burlington 285

Burlington Oreening 332

Burr Knott 193

Burr's Seedling Ill

Burr's Winter Sweet Ill

Burrell's Red Ill

Burroughs Greening. 112

Bursdorff 103

Bursdo9'fer 103

Burst Open 112

Bush 112

Bush's Beauty 112

Bushwhacker 112

Butter 113

Butter 375

Butter Pippin 195

Butters 85

Byam's Sweet 113

Byer's 109

Byefs Bed 109

Bgso?i Wood 113

Byson Wood Russet 113

Caas ;

Cabashea

Cabbage Head

Cablets OiUiflower

Cache

Cadeau du Oeneral

CaiUot Rosat

Cain

Cake Apple

Caldwell

Caleb Sweet

Calef s Sweet

Calf Pa dure

Calkin's Pijypin

Calville Ananas de Liege

Calville Blanc

Calville Blanche a Cote's

Calville Blanche d''£!te

Calville Blanche d'JTiver

Calrille d'Angleterre

Caldlle d''Autmnne

Calrille irt:t!-

Calrille d'Hiver de Mensfield

Calrille dr.s Prairies

Calrille Efoile 165,

Calville Malingre

Ccdtille Rouge 324,

Calrille Rmtge d'Anjmi

Calrille Rouge d'Autvmne 182,

Calville Rouge de Micoud

Calrille Rrmge d'^Jte

C(driU> Rouge d'' Hirer

Calrille Rouge Normnnde

Calville Royede d'' Hirer.

CrdvUle Saint Sauveur

Calville Tidipee

Calville rraie des AUemands

Camack's Sweet

Camack's Winter Sweet

Cambridge Pij^rin

Cambusnethan Pippin

Cam,nes((r.

Campbell

Campbellite

Campfield

Can

Canada, Pippin

Canada Reinette

Canada Reinette Oris

Canada Reinette Grise

Canada, Sweet

Canadian Reinette

Cane

Cane Creek Sweet

Cann

Cannon Pearmain

Canterbury Reinette

Capendu

Capital

Capron's Pleasant

Caraway Russet

Garbage

Cardinal Red

PAGE

134
113
113

86
113
392
328
235
113
344
113
114
123
368

79
372
114
372
401
133
324
371
272
312
300
114
328
328
324
114
371
328
328
328
345
387
328
114
114

90
115
404
114
405
115
115
402
115
204
116
218
115
235
116
115
116
116
134
117
117
117
117
117

APPLES.

441

pagt:;

Carey's Seedling 117

Carlisle Codlin 117

Carmel Sweet 117

Camahan's Favorite 117

Carnation 118

Carolina 403

Ciirolina Baldwin 118

diirolina Greening 201

Carolina June 119

Carolina Red June 118

C<ifolina IIM Streak 93

Carolina Bed Stripe 328

Carolina Sjiice 28(5

Carolinn Striped June 119

Carolina Sweet 119

Carolina AVatson 119

Caroline 118

Caroline 286, 402

Caroline Auguste 118

Carpenter 119

Carpentin Reinette 120

CarreWs Seedling 300

Carse of Gowrie 384

Carter 120

Carter of Ala 205

Carter's'Blue 120

Carter's Winter 205

Carthoitse 191

Carver 120

Cary's Summer 120

Case 120

Cash Sweet 120

Cassel Beinette 87

Castle Major 121

Cat's Head 285

Catface 121

Cathead 169, 324

CatJiead Greening 121

Cathead Sweet 121

Catline 121

Cato 121

Catooga 121

Catshead 121

Cats/iead Bemifin 288

CatteU Apple. 291

Cattoogaja 121

Cayuga 'Bed Streak. 388

Caywood 121

Cedar Falls 122

Celestia 122

Cellini 122

Challenge 122

Chalmer's Large 151

Chaltram Bip^nii 286

Champaigne Reinette 122

Champhtin ; 368

Chandler 122

Chaney 123

Chapman's Orange 123

Charles Ayqile 263

Charles Pearmain 344

Charley's Winter . 123

Chase's Seedling 123

PAOR

Chase's Winter Sweet 422

Chatham. Bippin 286

Chattahoochie 1 23

Cheat 147

Cheatan Bipprin 286

Cheatmc 280

Cheese 123

Cheese 205

Cheese Apple. 367

Clietsehoro 123

Cheeseborough Russet 123

Cheltenham 123

Chenango Strawberry 124

Cheney 124

Cherry 422

Chestatee 1 25

Chester 125 ..

Chester Pearmain 125 i^

Chester Bed Streak 125 '

Chester Spitzenberg 125

Chestoa 125

Chicago 422

Chicago 229

Chief Good 125

Christ's DeutscJie Goldrdnctte 126

Christ's Gold Reinette 126

Christiana 125

Christie's Pipi^in 126

Chronical 126

Chucket Egg 382

Church's Late Sweet 126

Churchill Greening 126

Citron des Carmes 126

Citronen Reinette 126

Clapper Flat 127

Clara Pippin 127

Clitremont Bippin 158

Clark's Seedling 255

Clarke 127

Clarke's Delaware 127

Clarke Pearmain 127

Clarkson 127

Claygate Pearmain 128

Clayton 128

Clepington 128

Cley Pippin 128

Clifton Nonsuch 174

CUng Tight 147

Clis.sohrs Seedling 254

Clothes- yard Apple 199

Cluster 128

Cluster Golden Pippin 128

Cluster Pearmain 128

Cluster Bip]nn 128

Clyde Beauty 128

Coatees 421

Coate's Greenincj 416

CMetVs FaU Bij)pin 404

Cobham 129

Cobourg Pippin 129

Coccagee 129

Cockle Pippin 129

Cocklin's Favorite 129

442

APPLES.

PAGE

Cocko Oee. 129

Cockpit 129

Coe's Golden Drop 129

Cob's Spice. 152

Cmur (le Pigeon 304

Cogswell 130

CorjKwell Pearmain 130

Coie 130

Coleman. 388

Coles Quince 319

Col/md Vauglni's 392

Colored HarbordJs Pippin 209

Columbian 131

Cithimhian Russet 127

Colvert 131

C'lrille Barre 88

Compote 298

ComstoclhS Garden 186

Conant's Red 131

Conmmhre des Chartrevx 345

Coiulit Sweet 131

Conqress 131

Cou/irf/rnf. Cake 113

CnninrflrNt Seek-no- Further 399

Connecticut Summer Sweet 131

Connett's Sweet 131

Contin Reinette 131

Conway 133

Cook's Red Winter 132

Cookf?s Greening 41 (!

Cooledge's Favorite 132

Cooper 132

Cooper's Early White 132

Cooper's Market 132

Coojiefs Redling 132

Cooper's Russeting 132

Crjpmanthorpe Crab 151

Corbin 121

Coral 423

Coral Blush 134

C&i-dimll 344

Coriandre Rose 134

Corlie's Sweet 133

Cornell's Fancy 133

CorneWs Favorite 133

CorneWs Savewell 346

Cornfield 133

Cornish Aromatic 133

Cornish Gilliflower 133

CornisJt July Flower 133

Cornish Spice 133

Corse's Favorite 133

Cornwallisser 133

Cos 134

Costard 134

Cotsville Spitzenberg 134

Cotton AjyfiU 126

Coidthard 1 34

Court de Mick 135

Court of Wick 135

Court of Wick Pip/pin 135

Court-pendu 134

Court Pendu de Tournay 134

Court-pendu Dore 195

Court-pendu Extra 134

Court-pendu Gm 175

Court-pendu Musque 134

Court Pendu Plat 134

Court-pendu plat rougedtre 134

Court-pendu Rond Gros 134

Court Pendu Rosat 135

Court Pendu Rose 135

Court-pendu Rose 134

Court-pendu Rouge Musque 134

Cowarne Red 135

Cowame's Queening 135

Cox's Orange Pippin 135

Cox's Pomona 135

Cracking 135

Cram 136

Cranberry 136

Cranberry Pippin 136

Cranberry Russet 136

Craneh Pippin, 296

Crawford 136

Crawford's Keeper 136

Cray Pippin 136

Crayton 137

Cream 137

Credo's Quittenreinette 137

Credo's Gutten Reinette 137

Creed's Marigold 137

Creek 137

Creeper 137

Crego Red Streak 137

Crimson Pippin 144

Crimson Queening 137

Crispin 138

Crittenden 138

Crofton Pippin 138

Crook's Seedling .... 138

Crooked Limb Pippin 151

Cropsey's Favorite 138

Crotcher 138

Crow Egg 138

Crow Nest. 138

Cullasaga 139

Cullawhee 139

Culp 139

Cumberland Black 146

Cumberland Seedling 139

Cumberland Spice 139 "^

Currant Crab 423

Curry's Red Winter 139

Curtis Early Stnpe 363

Curtis Greening 140

Curtis Sweet 140

Cushmari's Black 328

Custard T 140

Cut Pippin 140

Cuttugaja 121

Daddy 323

Dahlongea 140

Dahlton 140

DaJdton Pippin 140

APPLES.

443

PAGE

Dainty Apple ' 218

Dale's Sweet Fall Queen 377

Dame Jeannette 140

Dan Pearmain 141

Dana 141

Dana Greening 141

Dana's Striped Sweet 141

Daniel 141

Daniel's Apple 141

Danvers Winter Sweet 141

Dapper 141

Darling Pippin 142

Darlington 142

Darlington Russet 142

Dartmouth Sweet 142

D'Asterus 80

Davis 142

Davis 296

Dams White BcUflower. 20(5

Davis's Sweet 142

Dawson's Cluster 142

Day 142

Dayton 142

De BrmtAgne 103

De Bretagne 115

D^Espagne 404

D'Ere 148

De Saint Julien 345

DeWitt 146

Defiance 143

Delaware 1 43

Delaware 319

Delight 143

Democrat .143, 144

Der Carpentin 120

D^rick's Graft 334

Derrikinan 334

Derry Nonsuch 144

Deterding''s Early 323

Detroit 144, 290

Detroit Black 144

Detroit Red 144

Devonshire Buckland 144

Devonshire Golden Ball 144

Devonshire Quarrenden 145

Devonshire Queen 145

Devonshire Red Streak 145

Devonshire Wilding 145

Dickskill 145

Dickson's Emperor 145

Diel Kernobst 145

Diel's Reinette ; 145

Dietzer Rothe Mandel Reinette. ... 145

Dillingham 140

Dinsmore. 144

Dirck's Graft 334

Disharoon 146

Double Floicering Apple 423

Double Flowering Chinese Crab. . . 423

Double White Siberian Crab 423

Dobb's Kernel Golden Pippin 146

Dobbd BeUefleur 183

Doctor 140

PAGB

Doctor Fulcher 146

Doctor Harvey 211

Doctor Helsham's Pippin 146

Dr. Watson 82

Dodge's Crimson 146

Dodge's Early Bed 356

Domine 147

Donnelan's Seedling 148

Double Bdlefie.ur 183

Doux d' Augers 148

Doux d' Argent 148

Dow's Winter Pippin 148

Dowell's Pippin 148

Downing's Paragon 148

Dotpnfon Golden Pippin 148

Downton Pippin 148

Doicui/ 218

Drap d'Or 148

Drop d'Or 175

Dredge's Beauty of WiltJi 211

Dredge's Fair Maid of Wishford. .. 149

Dredge's Fame 149

Dredge's Golden Pippin 149

Dredqe's Wldte Lily 144

Du Haider 150

Due. (TArsel 288

Duchess of Oldenburgh 149

Duchesse de Brabant 149

Duckett 150

Duflfield Pippin 150

Duif Apfel 304

Duke of Beaufort's Pippin 150

Duke of Devonshire 150

Dulce Doman 151

Duling 130

Dumeloio's Crab 151

Dvimelow's Seedling 151

Dumpling 151

Duncan 151

Dundee 195

Dusten 151

Dutch Codlin 151

Dutch Mignonne 151

Dutch Pearmain 194

Dutch Tulip 387

Dutchess County Sweet 417

Duzenbury 152

Dyer or Pomme Royale 152

Earl of Yarmouth's Pearmain 297

Early Chandler 153

Early Crofton 229

Early French Reinette 153

Early Golden Sioeet 196

Early Harvest 153

Early Joe 154

Early Joe 259

Eeniy Jennetting 402

Early JuHen 155

Early Long Stem 155

Early Marrow 155

Early May 403

Eariy Nonpareil 155

Ui

APPLES.

PAGE

Early Pennock 155

Early Queening . 156

Early Red Juneating 156

Early Red Margaret 156

Early Red Streak 156

Early Red Streak 211

Early Red Sweet 156

Early Ripe 156

Early Spice 156

Early Spice 155

Early Strawberry 157

Ea/rly Summer Pearmain 78

Early Sweet 157

Early Sweet Bough 250

Early Tart 157

Early Tart Harvest 158

Early Tart Harvest 31o

Early Wax 158

Early Yellow Reinette 158

East Grinstead 158

East Grinstead 400

Easter Pippin 158

i'f ' Eaton 158

Edel Kunig 158

Edgar's 159

Edgerly's Sweet 84

Edler Winter Boi'sdm-ffer 103

Edmonton^ s Aromatic Pijypin 239

Edward Shantee 286

Edward's 159

Egg 402

Egg Top 159

Bggermont 159

Eggermonfs CalviUe 159

Egyptian BeUe 159

Egyptian Russet 159

Eighteen Ounce A2)ple 388

Eldon Pippin 159

Elford Pippin 160

Elgin Pijypin 404

Elicke's Winter Sweet 160

EUzabet 195

EUijay 160

Ellis 160

Ellsworth 160

Elton Pippin 148

Embroidered Pippin . . .148, 175

Emperor 160

Emperor Alexander 74

Ene's Winter Sweet 160

Enfield Pearmain 161

EngUsh Beauty 161

English Beauty of Pa 147

English Codlin 293

English Crab 161

English Gillitlower 161

English Golden ... 196

English Golden Russet 196

English Granat Reinette 162

English Nonpareil 288

English Pijypin 195

English Rarnbo 147

English Red Streak 147, 410

PAOR

English Red Stripe 328

English Reinette 162

Enghsh Russet 162

English Sweet 163

English Sweet 218

English Vandevere 355

Episcopal 169

Epse's Sweet .... 141

Epsy 163

Eptings Premium 163

Eptings Red Wmter 163

Equinetely 109

Erd Beei^e 324

Erie Sweet 163

Ernsfs Pippin 292-

Esopus Spitzenburgh 164

Esquire Millefs Best Sort 314

Essex Pippin 164

Esten 165

EtoUe 165

Eustis 165

Eve 159, 402

Eve Apple of the Irish 156

Eve of Scotland 265

Evening Party 165

Evergreen Apple Crab 422

Ewalt 166

Excel . . 166

Exquisite 166

Eyer's Greening 166

Fail-Me-Never 166

Fair Maid 167

Fair Maid of Taimton 167

Fair's Nonpareil 167

Fairbanks 166

Fairfield Summer Queen 167

Falder 167

FaU Bough 82

Fall Butter 167

Fall Cheese 265

Fall de Wulldes 167

Fall Greening 167

Fall Harvey 168

Fall Jenneting 168

Fall Limbertwig 16S

Fall Orange 168

Fall Pearmain 168

Fall Pippin 169

FaU Pipjnn 404

FaU Queen 109

FaU Romanite 319

Fall Seek-Xo-Further 170

Fall Spitzenburgh 169

FaU Swaar of West 82

Fall Vandevere 391

Fall Wine 170

Fall Winesap 171

Fallawater 167

Fallawalder 167

Falwalder 167

Fama Gusta 171

Fameuse 171

APPLES.

445

PAGE

FamHy 172

Fancher 172

Fanny 173

Farleigh Pippin 173

Fitiiey Pippin 173

Farley's Red. 173

Faros 205

Fdrrar's Summer 337

Fat Apple 176

Father 174

Father Apple 306

Faust 174

Fauinfs Winter 174

Favorite 174

Fay's Russet 174

Feams Pippin 174

Federal Peamiain 174

Fekk 85

Fell's Winter Sweet 174

Fenley 175

FennouiUet Jaune 148

Fenouillet Gris 175

Fenouillet Jaune 175

Fenouillet Rouge 175

Fenton Sweeting 386

Ferdinand 175

Ferris 175, 176

Ferris Pippin 1 74

Fett 176

Field 176

Findlay Apple 367

Findlei/ 175

Fink 176

FinM's Seedling 176

Finley 175

First and Last 176

Fish's Seedling 176

Fishkill Beauty 176

Fiske 177

Five Croinu'd Pippin 255

Flake's Fall 177

Flanders Pippin 177

Flanders Reinette 178

Flat Apple 127

Flat Pippin 178

Flat Pippin 306

Flat Sweet 178

Fleet's Nonpareil 178

Fleiner 178

Flint Russet 317

Flora 178

Florence Pippin 174

Floiy 179

Flory's BeUflmrer 179

Flower of Kent 179

Flushing Seek- Ifo- Further 202

Flushing Spitzenburgh 179

Focht 179

Foote's Nonpareil 179

Forange 179

Ford Apple 179

ForeUe 101

Forest .. 180

PAGK

Forest Styre 180

Forest Styre 365

Forever Pijypin 123

Forge 180

Forman's Crew 180

Formosa Pipipin 333

Forn iraldi'r 167

Forsyth (not of Coxe) 158

Frrsythe's Seedling 286

Fort IVIiami 180

Foster Sweet 180

Fouldon Pearmain 181

Foundling 181

Fourth of July 181

Foust 174

Fowler 354

Fox- Whelp 182

Foxley Crab 423

Fragrant 423

Fraise 182

Framboise 182

Framhoos 182

Franchot 182

Frank 124

Frank Ramhovr 370

Frankfort Queen 109

Franklin's Golden Pippin 182

Franz Rennette 184

FranzosiseJie Fdeh'einette 184

Freeman 1 83

Freeze and Thaw I^o

Fremont Pippin 183

French 183

French Bellliower 183

French Crab 183

French Crab 158, 273

French Nonpareil 183

French Pippin 184

French Pipinn 184, 285

French Pippin of Indiana 151

French Reinette 184

French Russet 184

French's Sweet 184

Friar 184

Frisland Reinette 184

Frith Pijypin 265

Frith Pitcher 265

Fronclin 185

Front Door 185

Fry''s Pippnn 135

FuUer 354

FuUerton Sweet 185

Fulton 185

Fulton Strawberry 185

Fulwood 185

Funkhouser 93

Gabriel 186

Gaesdonker Gold Reinette 186

Ganges 186

Garden 186

Garden Apple 90

Garden Royal 186

L^

440

APPLES.

PAGE

Garden Stripe 187

Garden Sweet . .' 187

Gardener'' s Apple 281

Gardner Sweet 188

Oardner S%ceeting 188

Gardner's Sweet Pearmain 188

Garnori's Apple 134

Garret Pijypin 103

Garrettson's Early 188

Garter 188

Gate 92

Gault's BeUflower 188

Ganmont 1 88

Gay's Eomardte 303

General Grant 423

General HaskeU 188

GeneraU 298

Genesee Chief 188

Geneva Pearmain 368

Geneva Pippin 189

Gennetting 402

Gentle's Earge Red 189

George 189

Georgia June 118

Gestreifter Sommer Zimmetapfel. . 190

Gewiss Good 190

Geioiss Guth 190

Giant 190

Giles 190

GilleWs Seedling 340

GUpin 191

Ginctting 402

Gipson's Kentucky 191

Gips&n's Kentucky Seedling 191

Girkin Pipinn 417

Glace Rouge 87

Glace de Lelande 401

Gladney's Red 191

Glammis Castle 384

Glanz Reinette 191

Ghtzenwood Gloria Mundi 191

Gleason Sweet 191

Glendale 191

Gloria Mundi 191

Glory of England 192

Glory of the West 192

Gh>ry of York 333

Gloucester Pefirmain 127

Gloucester White 192

Goble Russet 192

Gogar Pippin 192

Golay 192

Gold Reinette von Bordeaux 197

Golden 192, 424

Golden Apple 76

Golden Ball 192

Golden Burr 193

Golden Drop 135

Golden Goss 193

Golden Harvey 193

Golden Knob 193

Golden Lustre 193

Golden Monday 193

PAGE

Golden Noble 198

Golden Nonpareil 194

Golden Pearmain 194

Golden Pearmain 127

Golden Pippin 194, 195

Golden Pippin 76, 92, 169, 258, 296

Golden Red 195

Golden Reinette 195

Golden Reinette of Vanderlaans . . 195

Golden Russet 196

Golden Russet 76, 303

Golden Russet of Massachusetts. . . 196

Golden Seedling 196

Golden Sjnce 152

GoldenStreak 196

Golden Sweet 196

Golden Sireet 290

Golden Vining 224

Golden Wilding 197

Golden Worcester 197

Golding 76

Goodyear 198

Goody ear'' s Seedling 198

Gooseberry 198

Gooseberry Pippin 198

Gould's Sweet 198

Governor 198

Governor Charter 198

Governor Charter's Seedling 198

Gowdeji 286

Gracey 198

Grafton Sweet 349

GraharrCsRcd Warrior 286

GrandSachem 144

Grandfather 129

Grandmother 361, 414

Grandmothef s Apple 199

Grange 198

Grange's Pearmain 199

Grange's Pijypin 199

Granite Beauty 199

Graniwinkle 199

Greinny Buff Ill

Granny Earle 199

Grape Vine 114

Grau Osnabrucker Reinette 296

Graiie Portugiesisehe Reinette 310

Grauwe Franse Rennett 412

Grave Slije 199

Gravenstein 199

G7-ay Apple 308

Gray Pippin 170

Gray Romanite 191, 319

Greasy Back 306

Greasy Pipjnn 258, 296

Greett Peeu-main 413

Great Unknown 200

Green Abreim Ill

Green Bellflmcer 296

Green Cheese 201

Green Cossings 344

Green Crank 201

Green Domine 201

APPLES.

447

PAGK

Oreen Fulwood 185

Green Mountain Pippin 201

Green Mountain Pij)jnn 167, 893

Green Newtown Pippin 201

Green Nonpareil 303

Green Reinette 202

Green Seek-no-Further 202

Green Skin 201

Green Street Apple 395

Green Sweet 203

G-reen Sweet 302

Green Sweet of Indiana 203

Green Tiffin 203

Green Vandevere 391

Green Winter Pippin 201

Green Woodcock 203

Green's Choice 201

Greening 201

Greenup's Pippin 203

Gi'eenus's Pijypin 203

Gregson Apple 121

Greist's Fine Winter 203

Grey Canada Reinette 204

Grey French Reinette 204

Grey Leadington 204

Grey Leadington Pippin 204

Grey Reinette 204

Greyhouse 204

Griffith 204

Grimes Golden 205

Grimes' Golden Pippin 205

Grindstone 77

Grise 308

Groene Franse Menette 202

Groene Renet 202

Grooveland Sweet 200

Gros Api Rouge 244

Grm Ca'ur de Pigeon 304

Gros Faros 205

Grosh 205

Grosse Reinette d'Angleterre 115

Grosser Casselar Reinette 151

Grosser Edler Primessinapfel. 314

Groton 181

Grouzier 206

Grumas Pipjnn 97

Grummage Pippin 97

Grune Reinette 202, 288

Griinling von Rhode Island 332

Gruver's Early 206

Guernsey Pippin 200

Gullett 206

Gully 206

Gully 265

Guttry 226

Haas. 228, 259

Haberaham's Peannain 206

Hagloe 307

Hagloe Crab 200

Hague Pippin 207

Hain 207

Eaky 142

PAGP

Hall 207

Hall Door 207

HaWs Red 207

HaWs Seedling 207

Hall's Sweet 208

Hallum 75

Hambleton Deux Ans 208

Hamilton 208, 305

Hammond 208

Hampishire Greening 850

H(imj)s1nre Yellow 240

Hampton Bellflower 208

Hampton's Fall Sweet 208

Hampton's Honey Sweet 208

Hampton's Late Sweet 209

Hampton's Riisset 209

Hampton's Siberian Crab 424

Hancock 209

Hang-On 383

Hannah 209

Hanover Seedling 89

Hanwell Souring 209

Harbord's Pippin 209

Hardingham's Russet 305

Hardskin 220

Hardwiek 873

Hare 209

Hargreave's Green Sweet 210

Harkness New Favontc 326

Harmony 155

Harnish 210

Harrigan 275

Harris 210

Harrison 210

HaiTy Sweet 210

Hartford 220

Hartford Sweet 210

Harvest Red Streak 211

Harvey 211

Harvey's Pippin 211

Harvey's Wiltshire Defiance 2ll

Haskell Sweet 211

Haute Bonte 212

Haver straw Pippin 368

Hawherry Pippin 219

Hawley 212

Hawthornden 212

Hay Boys 213

Hay''s Winter 410

Haymaker 140

Heaster 215

Hector 213

Heicke's Winter Sweet 255

Heidelocher 224

Heilige Julians Ajrfd 345

Hei^ster 215

Helen's Favorite 213

Hemphill 213

Hempstead 362

Henrick Sweet 378

Henry Apple 213

Hen ry Sweet 378

Henshaw 109

448

APPLES.

PAGE

Henwood 213

Hepler 213

IlerUtrich Ajifel 298

HerefordsJdre Golden Pippin 194

Herefordshire Pearmain 214

Ilei'efordsJiire Queemng 137

Herefordshire Red Streak 328

Herraan 214

Hermarm 214

Hess 214

Hetterich 214

Hewe's Virginia Crab 214

Hewitt's Sweet 215

Hick's 215

IlicKs Fancy 155

Hiester 215

Hig-by Sweet 215

Highlander 216

Hightop 216

Hightop Sweet 216

Hill's Favorite 217

Hill's Sweet 217

Hilton 217

lUnckman 284

Hinnersley 217

Hoaiy Morning 218

Ilobb's Sweet 218

Hockett's Sweet 218

nocking 384

Hodge's Limber Twig 218

Hog Island Sweet 218

Hogan 147

Hogpen 168

Holbert's Victoria 218

Holcomb 218

Holden 168

Holdsn Pijypin 168

Hollady 219

Holland Pippin 219

Holland Sweet 219

HoUandbury 219

Hollingbury 219

Hollow Core ' ] 219

Hollow Core 321

HoV/jw- Cored Pippin 296

Hollow Crown ... 220

Hollow Crown Pearmain 255

Hollow Crown Pippin 220

Holhw-Eyed Pippin 220

Holly 220

Holmes ', 220

Holmes's Sweet 220

Holsten Sweet ". 220

Hominy 356

Hominocher Apfd 140

Honeinaker Pippin 140

Honey Greening 221

Honey Greening 203

Honey Sweet 221

Honey Sweet 221, 404

Hood 221

Hood's Seedling 221

Hooker 221

Hoopes 204

Hoover 221

Hopkins 222

Hopper 222

Hopsey 204

Hormead Pearmain 222

Hormead Pippin 222

Horn 223

Hm'rex^s Pearmain 181

Horse 175

Horse Apple 223

Horse Block 265

Horsham Russet 223

Horsky Piiypin 219

Hoskreiger 224

House 170

Hoiasum's Red 224

Howard 286

Hoipard Russet 123

Howard's Edgemont 224

Howard's Street 84

Howhurry Pippin 219

Howe A]ij)le 415

Howe's Russet 342

Hower 170

Hubbard 224

Hubbard 286

Hubbard's Pearmain 224

Hubbard's Russet Pearmain 224

Hubbard's Sugar 224

Hubbardston 224

Hubbardston Nonsuch 224

Hubbardton Pippin 225

Hudson Red Streak 235

Hughes 225

Hughes' Golden Pippin 225

Hughes' Virginia Crab 214

Hull Blossom 226

Hull-Sweet 226

Hunge 226

Hunger 226

Hunt 226

Hunt's Connecticut 226

Hunt's Deux Ans 226

Hunt's Duke of Gloucester 227

Hunfs Fine Green Pippin 201

Hunts Green Newtown Pippin .... 201

Hunts Nonpareil .227, 288

Hunt's Russet 227

Hunthouse 226

Hurlbut 227

Hurlbut StHpe 227

Hnrlbut Sweet 163

Hutcheson 228

Hut citing's Seedling 366

Hutchison's Winter Sweet 424

Hutton Square 228

Hyde's Sweet 416

Hyslop 424

Imperial 228

Imperial Vandevere 391

Indeed Good 190

APPLES.

449

PAGE

Indian Prince 228

Indian Queen 155

Indiana Beauty 228

Indiana Favorite 228

Indiana Jannetting 321

Indiana Vandevei'e 391

Ingram 229

Inmaii 29G

Irish Codlin 265

Irish Peach Apple 22*0

Irii^h Pitcher 2(;5

Irish Reinette 229

Irish Bii.m't 346

Iron Apple 105

IronMone Pippin 158

Island Beauty 229

Me of Wight' Orange 229, 294

Isle of Wio-ht Pippin 229

Isleworth^Crab 229

Italian Rose 229

Jabe 230

Jabez Sweet 2o0

J<iGk Apple 296

Jackson 230

Jackson Apple 124, 131

Jackson Bed 286

Jacksori's Red 329

Jacques Lebel 230

James River 409

James IHver 253

Jane 230

Jan uarea 115

Jarminite 230

Jefferis 2:0

Jefferson County 231

Jeniton 321

Jenkins 231

Jennett 321

Jennetting 402

Jenning's Sweet 231 j

Jenny Seedling 207 j

Jersey Black 99 |

Jersey Greening 296, 332

Jersey Pippin 231

Jersey Sweeting 231

Jerusalem 304

Jewett's Best 232

Jewett's Fine Red 232

Joanneting 402

Jounnetten^s Reinette 140

Joe Berry 285

Joel 232

John Carter

John, May

J no. Siiepps'

John's Sweet

Johnson 233

Johnson 328

Johnson Russet 233

Johnson! s Fine Winter 420

Johnston''s Favorite 2'i5

Jolly Beggar 234

65

233
224
356
233

PARK

Jonathan 232

Jones' Pippin 168

Journalaskiet. 235

Jubilee Pippin 234

Judge Andrews 234

Juicy Bite 234

Julian 234

Jidien 234

Juling 234

July Apple 313

July Pippin 153

Junjdiska 235

Junaluskee 235

June Sirecting 326

Juneating 402

Juneting 402

Juniting 40:j

Kaighn's Spitzenburgh 235

Kane .' 235

Keddleston Pippin. ... 235

Keeping Red Streak 235

Keeping Russet 2-}6

Keim 236

Keiser 236

Kelley White 92

Kelsey 236

Kelsey 230

Kelsey Sweet 236

Kelter 101

Kempstev'S Pippin 100

Keney's Sweet 210

Kennebec Russet 236

Kennedy's Red Winter 236

Kenney 237

Kenrick 237

Kennek''s Aiitumn 237

Ken7iek''s Bed Autumn 237

Kent 237

Kentish Broading 237

Kentish Broading 1 07

Keurish Fill-Basket 237

Kentish Pippin 237

Kentucky 238

Kentucky Cream 238

Kentucky King 238

Kentucky Pijrpin 93

Kentucky Queen 109

Kentucky Red Streak 238 ,>

Kentucky Sweet 238 '

Kerry Pippin 239

Keswick Codlin 239

Ketchum's Favorite 239

Kikita 240

Kilham Hill 240

Kinellan 240

King 103, 109, 113, 246

King A^'tple 241

King George the Third 103

King Philip 232

King of the Pippins 240

King Tom 241

King of Tompkins County 241

450

APPLES.

PAGB

Kingsbury Bvsset 123

Kingsley 241

Kingston Black 241

Kinney 241

Kirk's Lord Nelson 242

Kirkbridge White 241

Kirkes Golden Rdnette 195

Kirkt's Lemon Pljypin 252

Kirhr^s Scarlet Admirable 219

Kirtland 241

KirtlaiuVs Seedling 241

Kittageskee 242

Klaproth 242

Klein e Casseler Rdnette 87

Kleine Graue Rdnette 120

Knickerbocker 248

Kniglifs Codling 416

KnigJiVs Golden Pippin 148

KnighVs Red June 118

Knightwick Pipjjin 135

Knobbed Russet 243

Knobby Russet 243

Knowles'' Early 243

Knox Russet 243

K'luig's Reinette 243

Koening's Pijypelin 194

Kohl 243

Kool-appel 321

Kovntz 2.S5

Kram 13G

Krauser 243

Krauter Reinette 244

Krouser 243

Krmoser 243

La Candle 190

La Mire des Pommes 321

Labute 244

Lacker 244

Jjarifs Nonpareil 155

Ladies' Blush 186, 215

Jjidies' Favorite 109

Ladies' Sweet 246, 378

Lady Apple 244

Ladv Blush 245

Ladi/ Cheek Sweet 215

Lady Crab 424

Lady Finger 245

Lacli/ Finger 235

Lady Fitzpatrick 120

Lady de Gretfs 237

Lady Haley's Nonsuch 246

Laily Washington 132, 257, 418

Lady of the Wemyss 246

Lady's Delight 246

Lady's Fancy. 246

Lady's Finger 402

Lady's Seedling 246

Lady's Sweet 246

Lady'^s Sweeting 246

Lady's White 247

Lafayette 247

Lake 248

PAGP

Lamb Abbey Pearmain 248

Lamb Abbey Pearmain 248

Lancasliire Grab 276

Lancaster Crab 276

Lancaster Greening 248

Lancaster Piiypin 248

Jjancaster Queen 370

Lancaster Sweet 248

Landou 248

Lane's Red Streak 249

Lane's Sweet 249

Lansingburgh 249

L^aqnier 244

Large Black 144

LAirge Early Red 323

Jjarge Fall Pippin 404

Large Golden Pipptin 195, 368

Large Rambo 319

Large Red Siberian Crab 424

Large Romanite 302

L^arge Striped Winter Pearmain. .. 363
Large White Lncompardble Crab... 402

Large Wldte Juneating 153

Large Yellow Bough 250

Large Yellow Siberian Crab 425

Large Yeilow Summer 259

Larue's Big Green 250

Lasting Vandervere 391

Late Bough 82

Late Carse of Go/crie 384

Late Chandler 122

Ljote Golden Sweet 84

Late Strawberry 250

Late Sweet 251

Late Wine 251

Latham 251

Lauren's Greening 251

Lawver 251

Le Grand Bohemian Borsdorffer. .. 103

Leadington's Grauer Pippin 204

Leanham 286

Leather Apple 308

Leather Coat Russet 293, 343

Leaver 251

Ledge Sweet 252

LeecKs Red Winter 223

Leicester Sweet 252

Leithemer Streifling 252

Jjcland Pippin 252

Leland Spice 252

Lemon 338

Lemon Pipjiin 252

Lesher 252

Lewis 253

Lewis's Incomparable 253

lA'(viugtan Queen. 109

Liberty 253

Libhart 283

Ligoz 253

Lily Buckland 144

Ljima 388

Limber Twig 253

Lincoln Pippin, 415

451

Lincolnshire Holland Pippin 258

Lindenwald 254

Lindley's Nonpareil 254

Lippincott Sweet 254

LippincoWs Early 371

Litchfield Pippin 254

Little Beauty 254

Little Peiirmmn 76

lAttle Roniaidte 191

Little Vand/'vei'e 391

Loan's Pearmain 254

Locy 254

Lodgemore Nonpareil 254

London Golden Fi^ypin 194

London Pippin 255

London Sweet 255

London Winter Sweet 255

Jjondonderry ... 144

Long Island 168

Long Island Penrmain 255

Long Island Pippin 255

Long Island Russet 255

Long John 255

Long John 235

Long May 402

I^ng Pearmain 235

Long's Red Winter 25()

Long Start 256

Long Stem 256

Jjong Stem. Street 84

Longville's Kernel 256

Loj}-Sided Pearmain 270

Lord Biirgldey 257

Lord Burleigh 257

Lord GiPi/dfs Newtown Pippin. ... 74

Lord Suffield 257

Lorick Cluster 257

Loring Sweet 257

Loudon Pii^piu 257

Louise Renard 257

Loure Queen 258

Loveden's Pippin 288

Lovett's Sweet 258

Lowell 258

Lowre Queen 258

/^SCaLuce's Early Joe 259

' " Lucombe's Pine- Apple 259

Lucoinbe's Seedling 259

Ludu-ig 259

Lutticher Ananas Calville 79

Lyman's Large Summer 259

Lymari's Pamykin Sweet. 317

Lyon's Sweet 259

Lyscom 259

MeAdf)w''s June 181

McAfee's Nonsuch 260

McAfee's Red 260

McCoy's Pippin 260

McDaniel 260

McDowell's Sweet 200

3IcHenry 260

Mclntire's Sweeting 266

McKim's Vandervere 261

McKinley 261

McLellan 261

McLoud's Family. . .' 172

MacKay Sweet 200

M(c/de's Clyde Beauty 128

Maclean's Favorite 261

Macomber 262

Mideleine 371

MagiiS Johnny 203

Maqnif-que 228

Magnolia 262

Magnum, Bon urn 102

Magoun A]^>le 114

Maiden's Apple 263

Maiden's Blush 262, 425

Maiden'' s Bosom 283

Maiden's Favorite 263

Jlajor 263

Mala Carle 263

Maltranche 228

Mamma 263

Mamma Beam 92

Mammoth 195

Mammoth June 264

Manaen 264

Mangura 265

Mank's Codlin 265

Mannington's Pearmain 265

Manomet 205

Manomet Siceet 265

Mansfield Russet 265

Marble Sweet 268

March's Red Seedling 266

Afarch's Red Winter 206

Marengo 425

Margaret 156

Marqarctha Apfel 156

Margil 266

Maria Bush 266

Marietta Russet 342

Mariqold Pippin 294

Marks 267

JIarmalade Pippin 267

Marrow Pippin 296

Marshall 267

Marshall's Sweet 267

Marston's Red Winter 267

Martin 268

Martin 261

^lartin Nonpareil 268

Mary 268

Maryland Beauty 268

Man/lajid Cheese 367

Masten 268

Masten's Seedling 268

Master's .' 268

Master's Seedling 268

Matapfel 341

Matchless 73, 285

Matlock's Summer 269

Matson 269

Mattamusket 269

452

APPLES.

MattJmc Stripe 259

Mauck 269

Maverack's Sweet 269

Maxey 270

Mao-field ; 265

May 270

M<iy 270, 402

M<ni Apple 270

M<ly of Mtiers 270

Man 'Pipfdn 402

May Seek-no-Farther 270

May Seek-no- Further. 270

May of Virginia 402

Meach 270

Meaeliem Sweet 2P2

Meader's Winter 425

Meadow Sweet 270

i/mr'.s Seedling 271

Mear's Sweet 271

MegqineJi. Favorite 195

Meig's 329

Meister 271

Mela Cnrla 263

Mela di Carlo 263

Mela di RosmariTio rossa 327

Melon 271

Melrose 272

Melt in the Mouth 272

Melt in the Mouth 302

Melting Pij}pin 296

Melvin Sweet 272

Menagere 272

Menouisten Reinette 272

Mensfrhh r Gvlderling 272

Mensf<khr Winter Calville 272

Mensfield Calvnie 272

Mercer 273

Mere de Menage 273

Merit 109

Merrill's 273

MerriWs Apple 273

MerritVs Fear main 342

Merritt's Sweet 273

Merwin 273

Methodist 273

Metoiree 273

Mexico 273

Michael Henry Pippin 274

MieJiigan Benvty 351

MicMqan Oolden 258

Middle 274

Middlebourg Eeinette 274

Mifflin King 275

Mignonne d'Hiver 275

Milam 275

IVIilch 275

Milch Apfel 275

Millcreek Vandevere 355

Miller 275

3mier 215

Miller's Apple 312

Miller's Seedling 160

Milton Golden Pipipyin 194

PA OK

Minchall Crab 276

Minchani's Crab 276

Minier's Dumpling 276

Minister 276

Minkler 276

Minsh III Crab 276

Mishler's Sweet 276

Mixi^imppi 191

Mixsoiiri Janet 321

Missouri Keeper 363

Missejuri Pippin 286

Missouri Red 286

Mismurian 363

Mitchelson 277

Mitchelson's Seedling 277

Mittel 274

3Irs. Weavers Sweet 255

3Iobbs 286

Molasses 277

Molasses Sweet 3l3

Molly Wlwpper 167

Monarch 277

Monarch Sweet 277

Monk's Favorite 277

Monkland Pippin 277

Monkton 277

Monmouth Pippiu 278

Monstow''s Pepping 193

Monstrous Bellflower 278

Monstrous Pippin 191

Montalivet 278

Montreal Beauty 425

Moore 279

Moore's Extra 279 //'

Moore's Greening 279

Moore's Seedling 279

Moore's Sweet 279

Moorhen Pippin 279

Moose A])ple 282

Moreland 279

Morgan White 279

^/organ's Favarite 388

Morris's Court of Wick 280

Morris's Russet 280

Morris's Stu-k and Sugar 345

Morrison Sweet 280

Morrison's Red 280

Morton 280

Morton's Seedlin q 280

Moses Wood. . .'. 280

Moss's^Incomparable 280

Mote's Sweet 281

Mother 28 1

Mother Davis 282

Motteua-'s Seedling 89

Mountain Belle 282

Mountain Pijypin 167

Mountain Sweet 282

Mountain Vandevere 391

Mountaineer 282

Mouse Appl^ 282

MuncJte's Pippin 266

Munson Sweet 282

APPLES.

453

Muri:)liy

Muscat Reinette. . .
^ruM'itit dc, Levre. . . .
^ri/sf/rorf's Coaper. .

Jfi/xk Spire

Mankmelon

JMuster ,

Myefs Nonpareil. . .
My gate s Bergamot.

Naigle's Winter

Nanny

Nantahalee.

Ne Pins Ultra

JVensley Belljlower

Nectar

Ned

Needle

Needles

Neisley Bellflower

Neisley^s Winter Penick

Ndken Apfel

Nelson

Nelson's Codliu

Nequassa

Nequassa Siceet

Neverf ail

Neverfail 166,

Neversink

New Brunswick

New Jersey Red Streak

New Late Reinette

New London Pippin,

New Nonpareil

New Rock Pippin

New Scarlet Nonpareil

New Small Lemon Pippin

New York Gl.ona Mundi

New York Greening

New York Pippin

New York Spice

Newark King'

Newark Pippin

Newar/i, Sweeting

Neioholdi's Admiral Duncan

NewbokVs Duke of York

Newbury

Newtoion Greening

Newtown Pippin

Newtown Spitzenburgh

Nichols Sweet

Nickajack

Niemtn^s Bothe Reinette

Nieman's Red Reinette

Nix Green

Noblesse de Gand

Nod/iead

Nonpareil

Nonpareil (VAngleterre

Nonpareil Russet

Nonsuch

Nonsuch

Norfolk

PAGE

282
283

. 304
89

, 170
38:5
283
201
152

288

283
283
100
284
28:!
283
284
178
284
302
1:33
284
284
284
284

2(!(;

321

284
149
155
285
255

155

285
347
285
191
70
93
252
284
285
115

;m4

344

285
70
201
28o
286
286
287
287
288
288
232
288
288
288
288
288
288

Norfolk Beaufln 288

Norfolk Beefing .' 288

Norfolk Coinmn 412

Norfolk Paradise 288

N/rfolk Pippin 73

Norfolk Stone Pippin 289

Norfolk Storing- 289

Norfolk Storing 412

Nf>rth American Best 313

North Carolina Greening Ill

Northern Golden Sweet 290

Northern Greening 135

Northern Hardskln 220

Northern Sjjy 289

Northern Sweet 290

Northfield Beauty 290

Norfhwick Pippin 100

Norton's Melon 271

Nottino-ham Pippin 290

Nursery 290

Nutmeg Cockle 129

Nutmeg Pippin 129

Nyack Pippin 368

Oakes

Oat Harvest

Oblong-Frviited Siberian Crab

Oconee Greening

Ofine

Ogdensburg

Ogleby

Ohio Beauty

Ohio Favorite

Ohio Nonpareil

Ohio Pippin

Ohio Red Streak

Ohio Wine

Ohiinger

Old English Codlin. ..".'...'. .......

Old Field

Old Golden Pippin

Old House

Old Hundred .' ." '

Old Maid's

Old Nonpareil

Old Nonsuch

Old Pearmain 214,

Old Royal Russet

Old To^vn Crab

01 1 TowTi Pippin

Old Town Pippin

Oldakefs New

Oline

Olive

Omar Pasha

Onatine

Osceola

Osgood's Favorite

Oskaloosa

Oslin

Osnabrucker Reinette

Osterley

Osterley Pippin

290
243
425
291
291
291
291
89
296
291
292
292
170
293
293
293

194
293
293
243
298
324
413
293
293
293
224
"74
294
294
294
416
296
259
296
296
296
297
297

454

APPLES.

vo

PAGE

Ostogate 297

Ostogate ] 48

Orange 294, 425

Omnge 168, 258, 369

Orange Pippin 294

Orange Pi]ypin 229

Orange Sweet 295

Orange Sweet 282

Orange Sweeting 196

Ord 295

OrcTs Ajyiile 295

Original Nonpareil 288

Orleans Reinette 295

Orndorf 295

Ome's Early 295

Ortley 296

Ortley Pippin 296

Overman's Sweet 297

Oviatt 297

Owen's Golden Beauty 402

Ox 297

Ox Apple. 191

0.v-Ei/e 109, 285

Ox Sweet 297

Ox Sweet 417

O.rfo}'d Peach 347

Oxjiead Pearmain 297

Padley's Pippin 298

Padley's Royal George Pippin 298

Palmer Greening 396

Panden Sweet 298

Panther 346

Paper Apple 368

Paradise Pi-jypin 402

Paradise Winter Sweet 414

Park Apple 298

0 ^ark Spice 298

Parmentier Reinette 298

Parmin 214

Parmin Boi/al 214

Parrot Reinette 293

Parry's Pearmain 298

Passe Pomme 304

Passe Pomme d'Automne 298

Passe Pomme dc Canada 343

Passe Pomme Cotdlee 298

Passe Pomme Rouge 299

Passe Pomme Boil ge (VAiitomne.... 298

Patch's Russet 299

Paternoster Apfd 151

Paterson's Sweet 299

Paterson's Sweet 84

Patton 265

Pawpaw 299

Pawsan 299

Peach 299

Peach-Pond Sweet 300

Pear 300

Pear-Ajyple 300, 319

Pear Lot 408

Pear-Tree Lot 408

Pearmain 413

PAGK

Pearmain d'Uiver 413

Pearsall's Sweet 300

Pearson's Early 300

Pearson's Plate 301

Peck's Pleasant 301

Pecker 85

Pelham Sweet 302

Pelican 302

Pennington's Seedling 302

Pennock 302

T'ennocKs Bed Winter 302

Pennsylvania Cider 354

Pennsyloania Bed Streak 410

Pennsylvania Sweet 302

Pennsi/hrinia Sweeting 302

Pennnylciinia Vandevere 391

Pennsylvania Wine Sap 302

Peoples' Choice 302

Pepin Limon de GaUes 252

Pepin cFOr 194

Pepin d' Or Allemand 74

Pepin Parmain d'Angleterre 413

Pepin Parmain dHiver 413

Pepin Russe 303

Peremcnes 413

Peri-y Russet 303

Persimtnon 220

Petei'sMirgh Pippin 201

Petit Api Bouge 244

Petit Jean 303

Petworth Nonpareil 303

Pfarrer Walter 167

Pfeifer 301

Phi'ldddphin Piiypin 169

Philaddphia Sweet 82

PhUip Bick 232

Philip's Bcinttte 1 35

Phillippi 303

Phillips' Sweet 303

Phoenix 304

Pickard's Reserve . . 304

Pickman 304

Pickman Pijypin 304

Pie A2rple 219

Pifer 304

Pigeon 304

Pigeon Boiige 304

Pigconet Blanc 304

Pigeonette 304

Pigeonette Blanc d^J^t'' 304

Pigeon ette Gros de Rouen 304

Pigeonette de Rouen 305

Piketon Russet 305

Piles Russet 305

PilUken 270

Pillkin 270

Pirn's Beauty of the }Vest 167

Pine-Apple 259

Pine- Apple Pippin 259

Pine -Apple Russet 305

Pine Creek Sweet , 305

Pine Strawberry 305

Pink Sweeting 305

APPLES.

455

Pmneo's Favorite

Pirmer

Pinner Seedling

Pioneer

Pippin

Pitmnston

Pitmaston Golden Pippin

Pitmastou Nonpareil

Pitmaston Pine-Ajiple

Pittsburgh Pippin

PitUtoicn. Pij)j)in

Pitzrr mil.

Piatt's Sweet

Pleasant Valley Pippin

Plum

Plymouth Greening

Poland

Polecat

Polheni us

Polinia Pearnuiin

Polish

PoUy Bright

Pomeroy

Pomme. cFApi Pouge

Pomme d^ Argent

Pomme d'Aunee

Pomme de Berlin

Pomme du Caen

Pomme de Caraetire 148,

Pomme de Charles

Pomme de CodiUuc

Pomme de Cnir

Pomme Double Agathe

Pomme Finale

Pomme Granate

Pomme Grise

Pomme de Jaune

Pomme de Jaune de let Sartha

Pomme de Laak

Pomme de Malingre

Pomme de Neige

Pomme d' Orange

Pomme dOr

Pomme d' Outre Passe

Pomme de Per roquet

Pomme Eegelans

Pomme Pruiarin Rouge

Pomme Rose

Pomme Roye

Pomme Ruhanee.

Pomme de. Saint Jidien

Pomme Saint Suuveur

Pomme Suisse

Pomme Violettff

Pomme Water

Pomme Water Sweet

Pommeroy

Pom.pey

Ponto Pippin

Poorhouse

Pope

Pojie's Aj-)j)le

Poppy Greening

PAGE

152
306
306
306
306
306
306
306
306
306
194
316
306
307
307
270
324
370
270

87
307
307
307
244
346

74
134
115
175
263
341
308

263
162
308
346
346
151
114
171
229
194
298
366
133
327
244
302
366
345
345
366
324
308
308
246
392
308
309
309
309
221

Popular Bluff. 354

Porter 195, 309

Porter Spitzenburgh 310

Portsmouth Sweet 252

Portugal 115

Portugal Gray Reinette 310

Posey's Red 310

Posey's Red Winter Siceet 310

Posteley 310

Posteley's Seedling 310

Potpie Apple 411

Potter's Large 310

Pottefs Large Ajyple 310

Potter's Large Seedling 237, 310

Potter Siceet 252

Pottinger 310

Pouf/hkeepsie Russet 162

Pound 167, 286

Pound Cake 311

Pound Pippin 109

Pound Royal 311

Pound Roi/al 169, 195, 369

Pound Rm/ale 369

Pound Sweet 311

Pound Sweet 279, 317

Pound's July 311

Poveshon 311

Powell's Russet 311

Powers 312

Powers 313, 329

Powers' Large 426

Pownal Spitzenburgh 312

Prager 204, 412

Praire Rambour Reinette 115

Prairie Calville 312

Prather Ajyple 367

Pratt's Sweet 312

President 312

President De Fay's Dumonceau ... 313

Press .■ 313

Press Bwing 313

Pride of September 350

Priest's Sweet 313

Priestley\s American 313

Priestly 313

Pri&stly Ill

Primate 313

Primiting 402

Prince of Orange 314

Prince's Harvest 153

Prince's Large Red and Green Sweet. 323

Princely 314

Princess Noble Zoete 134

Princesse Noble 314

Princesse Noble 195

Princesse Noble des Chartreaux. . . 315

Prinz 315

Prior's Red 316

Progress 315

Proliferous Reinette 315

Prolific Beauty 315

Prolific Beauty 302

Prolific Sweet 315

456

APPLES.

PAGE

Prop 316

Pmssian 131

Prussian. Piiypin 134

Pryor's Red 316

Pucker End 316

Pumpkin Russet 317

Pumpkin Sweet 317

Pumpkin, Sweet 123, 317

Purjile Siberian Crab 42G

Pushmataha 317

Putnam Harvey 317

Putnam Keeper 31 8

Putnam Russet 342

Piituam Sweet 318

Putnam's SaveweU 346

Putneyite 318

Pi/Ie's Pusset 305

Pyrus Astracanica. 401

Quaker 318

Quaker 362

Quaker Pippin 318

Queen 109

Queen Anne 258, 281

Queen Apple 288

Queen Charlotte 318

Queen of the Pippins 318

Queen of Sauce 318

Queen of the Valley 319

Queens 1 03

Quince 319

PahbiVs Head 125

Rabine 319

Ragan 319

Pagan's Peel 319

Ram's Horns. . .■ 321

Rambo 319

Pambouillet 319

Pamhmir cPHtr. 370

Bamhour Franc 370

Rambour Gros 320

Rumhour Gms 370

Rambour Papeleu 320

Rambour Rose 321

Rambour Rouge 321

Rambourg Papeleu 320

RamsdeWs Red Pumpkin Sweet. . . . 163

RamsdelVs Sweet 163

RamsdeWs Sweeting 163

PandaWs Red Winter 163

Randd Bist 321

Randel's Best 321

Rariton Sweet 274

Rasche 321

Rattle-Box 321

RauVs Gennetting 321

Pauleys Jannetting 321

Ravelston Pippin 321

Rawkis Genet 321

Rawle's Janet 321

Rawle's Jnnnet 321

Bawling'' s Fine Bed Streak 323

PAOR

Rawling's Red Streak 323

Bay Apple 283

Bead's Baker 288

Rebecca 323

Red Apple 323

Bed Ashmore 80

Red Astrachan 323

Red Autumn Calville 324

Red Baldwin 85

Red Belle-Fleur 324

Red Cahrillc 328

Red Canada 324

Red Cathead 324

Red Cedar 325

Red Cheek 90, 325

Red Cheek 168

Red Cheek Pippin 278

Red Codlin 180

Red Crofton 347

Red Doctm- 146

Red Fall Piiypin 329

Red Favorite 326

Red Gilliflower 326

Red Gillifloicer 133

Red Gloria Mundi 109

Red and Green Sweet 323

Red Hazel 286

Red Horse 326

Red Horse 109

Red Ingestrie 326

Red Jewell 326

Red June 118

Red June Sweet 326

Red Juneating 156, 157

Red Kentish Pippin 237

Red Lady Finger 329

Red Limber Twig 353

Red Mormon 337

Red Must ■ 327

Red Neverfail 331

Red Ox 303

Red Pearmain 235, 414

Red Pennock 303

Red Phanix 235

Red Piiijyin 93, 335, 286, 363

Red Polish 307

Red Pound Sweet 323

Red Pumpkin Sweet 1 63

Red Quarrenden 145

Red Queening 137

Red Ranee 327

Red Republican 337

Red Romarin 327

Red Russet 337

P'd Russet 194

Red Seek-no-Farther 328

Red Seek-7w- Farther 326

Red Seek-no- Further 236

Red Shropsavine 356

Red Siberian Crab 436

Red Spitzenburg 235

Red Spitzenburgh 334

Red Streak 328

APPLES.

457

PAGE

Red Streaked Bawling 322

Red Stripe 328

Red Sweet 328

Bed Sweet Pt]>))in 279

Bed Sweet Winesap 378

Bed Vundevere 329, 355, 391

Red Warrior 328

Bed ]V(t)rm- 28(j

Red Winter Calville 328

Red Winter Pearmain 329

Bed Winter Pearmmii 235

Red Winter Sweet 329

Bfid. Winter Sweet 377

Redick 326

Bedling 132

Reed 329

Beine des Beinettcs 318

Beinette d'Aix 195

Behiette d'' Angleterre 102, 194

Reinette d'Anjou 330

Beinette ndtarde 103

Beinette Ban man 88

Reinette de Bayeux 330

Beinette Blanche 184

Beinette Blanche, dite Prime 184

Beinette Blanche d'Espagne 404

Reinette de Breda 330

Reinette Calville 330

Brinrtte de Canada Grise 343

Bei/irttf de Canada Platte 343

Beinette da Canada Blanche 115

Beinette du Canada d Cortes 115

Beinette de Cantorbery ll(j

Beinette de« Carmes 87

Reinette de Caux 331

Bf'indtv de Champagne 122

Brinrttr de Citron ' 12(j

Reinette de Clareval 331

Reinette Coulon 330

Reinette Daniel 330

Bdnette Biel 145

Reinette Dore 331

Beinette Dor: e 151, 243

Beinette Duchessc de Brabant 149

Beinette d'Espagne 404

Beinette d't^ti' Blanche 371

Reinette Etoile 360

Bdnette Etoile 165

Beinette de Flandre 178

Beinette Franehe 184

Beinette Franehe Grauwe 204

Beinette de Fridand. 184

Beinettp Cidni 195

Bdnette Golden 195

Reinette Grain d'Or 331

Beinette Grise 204, 412

Beinette Grise Brownie^ s 108

Beinette Grise Extra 204, 412

Beinette Grise Fran-^aise 204, 412

Beinette gnse haute bonte 212

Beinette Grise d'Hiver 204, 412

Bdnette Grise de Portugal 310

Beinetts Grosse du Canada 115

PACK

Bdnette d'Hollande 219

Reinette de Hongrie 331

Bdnette Jaime Hatif 158

Beindte Jaime Sardine 331

Brindte dcs Jftnonites 273

Brindte de Middkhoiirg 274

Beindte de Mi.va'e 103

Beinette Masque 418

Beinette Musquie 282

Beinette Nonpareil 288

Beinette de Normandy 184

Beinette d' Orleans 134, 295

Bdnette d'Osnabruck 296

Reinette Pippin 332

Bdnette Plate 103

Reinette Quarrendon 332

Bdnette de la Bochelle 337

Bdnette du Boi 243

Beindts Bouge 87

Beinette Botige de Nieman 287

Beinette Bousse 87, 331

Beinette Bousse de Boston 343

Reinette St. Lambert 333

Beinette Suisse 378

Beinette Tardive Nouvelle 285

Reinette de Thorn ^ . . . 331

Reinette Triomphante 333

Bdnette der Tyrol 389

Bdnette doree de Van der Laaiis. . . 195

Bdnette Van Mons 391

Beinette Versaillaise 393

Beinette Verte 203

Reinette Vervaene 333

Reinette du Vigan 331

Bmetten 313

Republican Pi^jpiu 333

Revelstone Pippin 321

Bhenish Maij 270

Rhode Island Greening- 333

BJiode Island Seek-no-Further 175

Rhode's Orange 333

Bihbed Pijypin 76

Ribston Pippin 333

Bihston Pippin 83

Richard's Graft 334

Richardson 334

Birhfleld Nonsuch 324

Richmond 335

Ridge Pipjjin 335

Riest 335

Rigley 336

Biqley 133

Ritter 336

Bival Golden Piirpin 135

River 336

Boa Yon 246

Roadstown Pippin 336

Roane's White Crab 215, 336

Roberson's White 336

Robert Bruce 336

Roberts 337

Boberts Seedling 337

Bobertson^s Pearmain 329

458

APPLES.

PAGF

Robey 337

Robey''s Seedling 337

Robin 337

Robinson's Pippin 337

Robinson's Superb 337

Robinson's Sweet 337

Rochelle Reinette 337

Rock 338

0 t) Rock Pippin 338

Rock Remain 321

Rock Riramon 321

Rock Sweet 338

RockliilPs Riissett 333

Rockhiirs Summer Queen 328

Rockingham Red 75

Rockport Sweet 338

Rd Tris-Noble 158

Rolen's Keeper 338

RoUa 338

RoUa.nd 91

Rollin 338

Roman KnigJit 191, 302

Roman Stem 339

Romanite 339

Romanite 319

Romanite of the West 191

Rornann Blanche 403

Rome Beauty 340

Rosa 340

Rose 340

Rose Calville 340

Rose de la Benavge 341

Rose de HoUande 341

Rose Tendre 341

Rose-coloT'ed Lady Ap2Jle 245

Roseau 340

Roseau d'Automne 340

Roseau, d^iiitomne 82

Rosemary 341

Rosemary Russet 341

Ross Greening 393

Ross Non2)areil 341

Rosseau 324

Rostocker 341

Rosy Red 341

Rothe Hernapfel 341

Rothe Sommerpasspomm 299

Rothe Stettiuer 341

Rother Ananas 78

Rather Astrakan 323

Rother August Apfel 299

R^4her Jlerbstrichapfel 298

Rother SommercidrUle 371

Rother Taubenapfd 304

Rouen Transparent Crab 420

Ro)igh and Ready 313

Round Cats-head 121

Round Top 159

Round Winter Nonesuch 341

Rowe 342

Rowe's Seedling 342

Rowland 338

Roxbury Russet 342

PAGK

Royal Orise Reinette 343

Royal Pearmain 342

Royal Pearmain 214, 311

Royal Pifjypin 86, 120, 142

Royal Reinette 343

Royal Eusset 343

Royal Shepherd 343

Royal Somerset 343

Royal Somerset 255

Royale 243

Roy ale d^ Angletei're 214

RuUcrni 299

Ruckman^s Pearmain 194

Ruckmau's Red 280

Rules Summer Sweet 343

Rum Apple 343

Runnells 343

Rushock Pearmain 344

Russam 235

Russet Golden 196

Russet Golden Pippin 194

Russet Nonpareil 306

Russet Pearmain 344

Russet Table Pearmain 344

Russian 134

Russian IhnperoT 74

Russian Transparent 344

Rusdne 332

Rusty Coat Milam 275

Rusty Core 291

Rymer , 344

Sable Sweet 344

Sack Ajyple 145

Sack and Sugar 345

Sailly Autumn 345

St. John's Nonpareil 306

Saint Julian 345

Saint Julien 345

St. Lawrence 345

St. Mary's Pijyiyin 148

Saint Sauveur 345

Salem 345

Salem Sweet 345

Salle 345

Salopian Pippin 345

Sam Rawlings 218

Sam Wingard 265

Sam Young 346

Sam's Crab 256

Sanguineus 171

Sanguinole 328

Santouchee 346

Sapson 346

Sapsonvine 346

Sartha's Yellow 846

Sassafras Sweet 211

Savage's Cheese 346

Savewell 346

Sawyer 347

Sawyer Sweet 347

Siryka- 283

Scarlet Crofton 347

APPLES,

459

PAOE

Sctirlet Leadington 347

Scarlet Nonpareil 347

Scarlet Pearmain 347

Scaiift Pearmain 235

Scarlet Perfume 130

Scarlet Queening 137

Scarlet Sweet 347

Scarlet Tiffing 348

Schaffer's Early 348

Sc/urfer's Earli/ Red 348

Schaffefs Garden 348

Schoolm^akei' 348

Schoonmaker 348

Schrevdon Golden Pippin 348

Schwitzer Apple 306

Sciota Beauty 348

Scollop Gilliflower 348

' Scolloped GiUiflower 348

Scotch Bridget 340

ScotcJi Virgin 405

Scott 84, 313

Scott's Best 349

Scrivener's Red 349

Scudanwre^s Crab 328

Seaconk Sweet 849

Seager 884

Seago 265

Seaman's Sweet 349

Seaver Sweet 349

Seedless 349

Seedsdille Sweet 417

Seek-I<fo-Further . . . .2Q2, 319, 390, 399

Seever 350

Seevefs Bed Streak. 350

Seigneur d' Orsay 345

Selby Bellflower 350

Selnia 350

Sehna 238

Selwood's Reint tte 850

Seneca Sjyice 319

September 350

Sergeant's Sweet 350

Settin Pi]ypin 151

Shaker Geeening 350

Shaker Pijqyin 350

Shakers Yellow 155

Shakespeare 351

Shannon 292

Shari^e's Early 370

Sharpe's Greening 851

Shcaye^s Spice 170

Sheepnose 351

Sheep Nose 76, 159, 235

Siicep Shire 179

SheU 851

Shepherd's Fame 351

Shepherd's Pipptin 74

Sheppard's Sweet 351

Sher woods Favorite 124

Shiawassee Beauty 351

Shipley Green 352

Shippen's Russet 352

Shirley 181

PAGK

Shockley 352

Showy Crab 426

Siberian August 181

Sigler's Red 347

Simmon 220

Simpson's Pippin 295

Simpsofi's Seedling 295

Simjison Sweet 353

Sinclair's Yclloic 153

Sine-qua-uon 353

Sink 353

Sir William Gibbons 353

Skunk 358

Skunk 862

Sleeper 353

Sleeping Beauty 353

Sleight's Lady Apple 853

Slingerland Pippin 354

Sloan's Seedling 317

Small Black 99

Small Bomanite 191

Small's Admirable 354

Smalley 354

Smith's 354

Smith's Beauty of Newark 149

Smith's Cider 854

Smithfield Spice 152

Smokehouse 355

Smyrna 124

Snediker 355

Suepps' 356

Snorter. .-..., 363

S710W 171 '

Snow Chimney 171

Sol. Carter 109 - ^

Somerset 356 ' -' '

Somerset Harvest 188

Sommerset Lasting 356

Sops of Wine 356

Soskrieger 122

Souisson Russet 356

Soulard 426

Sour Bough 357

Sour Bough 368, 380

Sour Harvest 313

Southern Fall Piqypin 329

Smthern Golden Pipypin 201

Sotithern Greening 201

Southern Lady 357

Southern Bomanite 339

Sovereign 357

SpafEord Russet 357

Spark's 857

Spark's Late 357

Speckled 357

Speckled Golden Reinette 87

Speckled Oley 357

Speckled Pearmain 87

'Speckled Sweet 117

Spectator 357

Spencer Sweeting 210

Spice 354

Spice Apple 293

4G0

APPLES.

PARK

Spice Russet 358

Spice Sweet 358

Sjyiced Ox Eye 285

Spitzenburgh 285

Sponge 358

Spotted Pippin 110

Sprague 358

Spring 83

SjDring Grove Codlin 358

Spring Pippin 358

Springer 358

Sjjri/tger^s Seedling 358

Springport Pippin 358

Squire's Greening 359

Staats' Sweet 359

Stack 359

Stackyard 359

Staqg^s Nonpareil 155

Stdldubs 391

Stamford Pippin 359

Stanard 359

Stdiuarrs Seedling 359

Stanley 360

Stfi/dey^s Seedling 360

Stanley's Winter Sweet 360

Stansill 360

Star 360

Star Lady Apple 245

Star Reinette 360

Stark 360

Starr 360

Steele's Bed Winter 85, 324

Steele's Sweet 361

Stehlg 215

Stephenson's Winter 361

Sterling Bemdy 75

Stetting Bouge 341

Stevens' Gilliflower 361

Stewnrfs Nonpareil 181

Stillman's Early 361

Stillwater Sweet 361

Stire 180

Stirzaker's Early Square 361

Stockade Sweet 361

Stone 77

Stone Pippin 362

Sf/)ne Pippin 97, 192, 289

Stonewall Jackson 362

Stonor Park 362

Straat 364

Straudt 362

Strawberry 124, 324, 334

Strawn 362

Strawn's Seedling 362

Streaked Pippin 362

Strifling d^liirer 80

Striped Anhmore 80

Striped Beaufin 362

Striped Belle et Bonne 363

Striped Belle-Fleur 324

Striped Fameuse 172

Striped ailUfloirer. 348

Stnped Harvest 211

PAGB

Striped Holland Pippin 368

Striped Holland Pippin 253

Striped June 156

Striped Jimeating 156

Striped Mohawk 363

Striped Monstrous Reinette 363

Striped Penrmain 363

Striped Porter 363

Striped Bnmbo 193

Striped B. I. Greening 147

Striped Shropsavine 363

Striped Siberian Crab 426

Striped Sweet Pippin 363

Striped Vandervere 391

Striped Winter Peamiain 363

Stroat 364

Strode's 364

Strode's Birmingham 364

Strubel 365

Stump 365

Stiirmer Pippin 365

Stymus 365

Styre 365

Styre 180

Sudbury Sweet 365

Siidlow''s FaU Pijvpin 182

Suffolk Beauty 365

Sugar and Brandy 366

Sugar Loaf Pippin 366

Sugar Sweet 366

Suisse 366

Summer Bellflower 366

Summer Bellflower of Pennsylvania. 366

Summer Broaden 367

Summer Broadend 367

Summer Cheese. 367

Summer Colman 367

Summer Golden Pippin 367

Summer Hagloe 367

Summer Harvey 367

Summer Horse 223

Summer Janet 367

Summer Jenneting 168

Summer Limbertwig 367

Summer Marigold 368

Summer Nonpareil 155

Summer Pippin 368

Summer Pippdn 219

Summer Pound Royal 369

Summer Queen 370

Summer Queening 137

Summer Rambo 370

Summer Bi(rnbour 370

Summer Red Calville 371

Summer Red Streak 371

Summer Reinette 371

Summer B. I. Greening 369

Summer Rose 371

Summer Bvsset 377

Summer Sweet 373

Summer SweH 216

Summer Sweet Paradise 373

Summer Teuchat Egg 383

APPLES.

461

Summer Thorle

Summer 'WTiite Calville ,

Summo'our ,

iSumminii Boiium

Superb

Superb Sweet

Surprise

Surrey Flat Cap

Susan's Spice

Susannah

Sutton Beauty

Swaar

Swasey

Sweeney Nonpareil

Sweet Baldwin

Sweet Belle Bonne

Sweet Belltlovver

Siceet Bfl'floirer

Sweet Bellflower of Wyandot Co. .

Sireet B'»ig7i

Sweet Butter

Sireet Conn

Sweet Doctor

Sweet Fall Pippin

Siceet Golden Pippin

Sweet Greening

Sweet Harve^st

Sweet Ilnrvey

Sweet Home

Sweet Janet

Sweet Jersey

Sweet June

Sweet King

Sweet Mniderts Bliish 115,

Sweet Mary

Sweet Nonsuch

Sweet Pear

Sweet Pearmain

tSireet Pearmain

Sweet Pippin

ASweet Pippin 218,

Sweet Queen

Sweet Rambo

iSweet Eedstreak

Sweet Ribbed GUliflower

Sweet Romanite

Sweet Russet

Sweet Russet 123, 317,

Sweet Seek-no-Farther

Sweet Seek-no-Further

Sweet and Sour

Sweet Sponge

Sweet Swaar

Sweet Vandervere

Sweet Willie

Sweet Wine

Sweet Winesap

Sweet Winter Pennock

Sweeting, Well/s

Sicvis ApjjU

Siriss Pippin

Swiss Reinette

Syke-House Russet

PAGE

372
372
286
125
372
372
373
373
373
373
373
373
374
374
375
375
375

82
375
250
375
115
375
375

82
375
250
378
151
376
209
216
376
204
376
377
376
376
378
376
279
377
377
378
379
377

358
378
192
374
378
82
378
378
170
378
378
399
306
306
378
379

Sylvan Russet 342

Sylvester 379

Table Greening 379

Ttdkiw Apjile 258

TaUman''s Sweeting 379

Talman's Sweet 379

Tardive de Joncret 380

Tart Bough 380

Tart Bough 153, 368

Tarvey Codlin 380

Taubenfarhige Apfel 304

Taunton 380

Taunton. 307

Taunton Golden Pippin 380

Teigmnorith 383

Ten Shillings 381

Tenderskin 381

Tenor HilU 91

Tenterden Park 381

Terral's Late 381

Terrifs Red Streak 319

Tetof sky 381

Tefofsky 181

Teuchat's Egg 382

Tewkesbury Blush 382

Tewkesbury Winter Blush 382

Them's Red Streak 382

Thickset 128

Thomas 383

Thomas 275

Thoral Pipjnn " 372

Thorle 372

Tift's Sweet 388

Tillaqua 383

Timothy 383

Timothy Titus Sort 383

Tinmouth 383

Tinson's Red 329

Titus Pippin 383

Toccoa 383

TocTs Golden Pippin 296

Toker's Incomparable 384

Tolbert 384

Tohnan^s Sweeting 379

Tom Potter 384

Tom Woodward Pijypin 296

Tmnmy Red 241

Tompkins 1 52

Toole'a Indian Rareripe 384

Tower of Glammis 384

Tower's Glory 384

Townsend 384

Townsend's Smiling Beauty 385

Trader's Fancy 385

Transcendent 426

Transparent Codlin 385

Transparent tit Moscode 401

Transparent Pippin 135

Transparent de Zurich 385

Transport 385

Travers' 333

Treadle Hole 386

4G2

APPLES.

PAGE

Trenham 286

Trenton Early 385

Trenton Early 293

Trescott Rixsset 386

Trippers Horse 223

Trout Apple 101

True 8'pitzenMirqh 164

Trumbull Sweet. 386

TriimbiM Sweeting 386

Trumpeter 386

Trwnpington 143, 319

Tucker 386

Tuebner's Cider 386

Tuebuer's Golden 386

Tuf t^s 386

Tiiffs Baldwin 386

TuUp 387

TiiUjmi Calville 387

Tulp 387

I'lil'pchocken 167

Tul-pen 387

Turk's Cap 387

Turkey Greening 387

Turu-off Lane 387

Turner's Cheese 201

Tuscaloosa 387

Tuscaloosa Seedling 387

Tuscaloosa Sweet 387

Tuttle 388

Twenty Ounce 388

Twenty Ounce Appile 388

20-Ounce Pippin 113

Twin 388

Twin Cluster Pipjiin 128

TwitcheU's Sweet 388

Tyler 220

Tt/lcr Apple 131

Tyre Beauty 388

Tyroler Glanz-reinette 191

Tyroler Pippin 389

Uncle John 389

Uncle Richard^s Graft 334

Uncle Bain's Best 170

Underdunk 368

Union 389

Unique 389

Updegraff 380

Utter 389

Vale Mascal Pearmain 390

Van Buren 390

Van Dyne 296

Van Mons Reinette 391

Vance's Early 390

Vance's Harvest 390

Vandenabeele 390

Vandemoot 390

Vanderspiegel 390

Vanderveer 391

Vandervere Pippin 391

Vandevere 391

I 'andevere 285

PAGTT,

Vandevere of Pa 391

Vandiver 391

Vandyne 391

Varick 143

Vaugoyeau 392

Vaughn's Pipi^in 393

Vaughn's Winter 393

Vaun's Pippin 237

Vermilhn d:Eti' 323

Vermilion Royee 393

Vennont Pippin 383

Vermont Pumpkin Sweet 317

Versaillaise Reinette 393

Victoria 74

Vicioria Pijrpdn 93

VictoHa Red 93

Victorious Reinette 333

Victuals and Drink 393

Violette 393

Virginia Greening 393

Virginia Pippin 393

Virginia Quaker 393

Virginia Spice 393

Virginia Sweet 266

Voss' Winter 393

Vrai Drap d^Or 148

Wabash 393

Wabash Bdljhicefr 393

Waddell Hall 394

Wadhurst Pippin 394

Wagener 394

Wahr Reinette 115

\Vahrer Weiser Sommer-calville .... 373

Walb 286

Walker's Winter 395

Walker's Yellow 395

Wall. 286

Walnut Stem 338

Walpole 395

^\^altham Abbey 395

Waltham Abbey Seedling 395

Waltz Ajyple 301

Walworth 3(58

Wander 286

WanstaU 395

AVard 395

Warfel Crab 437

Warfield 395

Warner Russet 343

Warner's King 396

Warraschke de Guben 396

W((7Te)i Pennock 155

Warren Pij^jyin 296, 418

Wartefs Golden Pippin 194

Warwickshire Pijjpin 417

Washington 250, 356

Washington Pearmain 144

Washington Royal 396

Washington Strawberry 396

Washington Sweet 397

Watch Aiiple 115

Water 397

4G;3

PAGE

Waterman's Sweet 398

Watmncioii 209, 271

W(ttermeh)i 271

Wiitrofis DiiwpUng 151

Watson's Dumpling 398

"Watson's Favorite 398

Wat-ton's JVe^c jYonsuch 372

Wtitmn''s Vandevere 391

Wattaugah 221

Waugh's Orab 398

Wax 398

Wax Airple 158

Waxen 92, 398

Wealthy 398

Wealthy's Favorite 399

Webb's Winter 399

Weelc's Pippin 135

Weisse AntilUsche 414

Weisse ItaUanische Rosjnarinapfel . . 229

Wei.<ise lieinette 184

Weisse Sommer ReineUe 371

Weisse Wdck's Reinette 371

Weisser Astr<i,kan 401

Wei^ser Winter CalviUe 401

Welcome 98

Well Apple 383

WeU's Sweet 399

^^'eUford's YeUow 399

WflUngton 151

WdU 147

WcUh Pippin 267

West Grinstead Pippin 400

WcsVs Spitzenberg 140

Westbrook 357

Wfstrhfstn- Seek no Further 175

Western Baldicin 299

Western Beauty 89, 291

Western Spy 399

Westfield Seek-no-Fiirther 399

Westmoreland Longstart 25(3

Weston 400

Wheeler's Extreme 400

"Wheeler's Russet 401

■\\Tieeler's Sweet 401

Wheelock Sweet 323

Whig 401

White Apple 92

White Astrachan 401

White Beauty 401

White Bell-fieur 29G

White Bd-floircr 296

"WTiite Calville 401

White Cali'ille 372

White Cockle 129

White Ddroit 296

"White Doctor 402

White Fulwood. 185

White Graft of 1W« 168

White Ilau-thornden 212

White Incomparable 402

White June 419

White Juneating 402

White Lily 144

PAOR

White Melrose 272

"White NonpareU 402

White Oslin 296

White Paradise 402

"\^Tiite Pippin 402

White Pippin 289, 296

"V\Tiite Rambo 403

WTaite Romarin 403

WTiite Russet 404

White Seek-no-Further 202, 296

"White Spanish Reinette 404

White Spice 404

White Spice 152

\^^lite Spitzenberg 404

White Stone Pippin 289, 362

V,liite Sugar 83

White Summer Pippin 404

"VMiite Sweet 404

White Vmidever'e 391

Waiie Virgin 405

"vMiite Wine 405

"SMiite Winter 405, 427

Mliite Winter CaleiUe 401

^\'hite Winter Pearmain -. . . 405

Whit if s London Pippin 257

"\^^lite's Red Winter 404

"\^^lite's Winter 405

■\\Tiitewater Sweet 405

Whitman 406

WTiitmore's Pippin 406

Whitney Russet 406

M^'horle Pippin 372

Wick Pearmain 406

Wickham's Pearmain 406

Wier Sweet 407

Wigwam 324

Wildcat 346

Wilden Apfl 312

Wilfong 407

William Penn 407

WiUiam Tdl 306

William-' s Early 407

William's Favorite 407

William's Pii:)pin 407

William-'s Red 407

William's White 407

Willis Sweet 408

Willis's Russet 408

Wilhw 409

Wilknn Leaf Pippin 296

Willow Twig 400

Willsboro 409

Wilmot 409

Wilmot's Seedling 409

Wilson 410

Wilson's June 118

Wilson's Summer 410

Wilson's Volunteer 410

Wmchell Sweet 410

Windham Russet 410

Wme 410

Wine 159, 285, 334

Wine of Connecticut 388

464

APPLES.

PAGE

Wine Sop 411

Winesap 411

Wing Sweet 411

Winn's Russet 413

Wiuslow 412

Winter Belle find Bonne 91

Winter Belle boon 91

WiMer Blush 167

Winter BougJi 115

Winter Broading 107

Winter Cheese 201

Winter Citronenajifel, 243

Winter Codlin 412

Winter Colman 412

Winter Golden Street 84

Winter Gray Reinette 412

f Winter Greening 201

^ ' Winter Harvey 413

Winter Hog Island Sweet 413

Winter Horse 286

Winter Jannetting 321

Winter Lading 413

Winter Maiden's Blush 413

Winter Majettin 413

Winter May 270

Winter Pearmain 413

Winter Penrmain 81, 275, 363

Winter Pippin 413

Winter Pip^nn of Geneva 189

Winter Pijjpin of Vermont 414

Winter Pound Jioyal 311

Winter Queen 109

Winter Bed Streak 115, 238

Winter Reinette 414

Winter Reinette 414

Winter Rose 286

Winter Russet 243

Winter Seedling 399

Winter Seek-no-Further 170

Winter Sleeping Beauty 353

Winter Strawberry 414

Winter Straicberry 387

Winter Sweet Bough 115

Winter Sweet Paradise 414

Winter Winf 410

Winthrop Greening 415

Winthrop Pearmain 415

Wisner 415

WitheriWs White Sweet 404

Wolfs Den 83

WoUaton Pippin 134

Wonder 208

W^ood's Greening 416

Wood\^ Huntingdon 135

Wood's Sweet 416

Woodland 415

Woodpecker 85

FAGB

Woodring 416

Woodstock 153

Wejodstock Pijjpin 100

Woodward' s Pippin 296

Woolfolks 416

Woohnaii''s Harvest 371

WooMan's Long 296

Wo-rden's Pie Apple 356

World's Wonder 286

Wormsley Pippin 416

Wright 416

Wright's Janet 417

Wygers 195

Wyken Pippin 417

Wyker Pipipin 195

Wythe 306

Yacht 417

Yadkin 417

Yahoola 417

Yankee Spy 417

Yates 418

Telhic 135

Yellow Bellflower 418

Yellow Crank 201

Yellow Foster 419

Yelloic German Reinette 195

Fellmo Harvest 153

Yellow Hoss 233

Yellow Ingestrie 419

Yellow Janett 321

Yellow June 419

YeUowMay 402

Yellow Meadow 419

Yellow Newtown Pippin 419

Yellow Pearmain 127

Ydlow Pijy})in 285, 296

Yellow Siberian Crab 427

Yellow Sweet 419

Yellow Vandervere 391

YodeT 106

Yopp's Favorite 420

York 420

York Imperial 420

York Pipi)in 169, 195

York Russet 123, 317

YorksJiire Goose Sauce 421

Yorkshii-e Greening 421

Yost 421

Young's Long Keeping 158

Zane 421

Zane Greening 421

Zieber 421 t\

Zoar Greening 421 J *^

Zour Bough 313

ZweibelApfel 103

APPENDIX.

Foe specimens of Fruit, and information relating to
many of tlie varieties in this Appendix, I am indebted
to many of the leading Pomologists in many parts
of the country, who will please accept my cordial
thanks.

Chakles Downing.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, by

JOHN WILEY & SON,

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

THE APPLE.

Autumn Pomme Gris.

Originated in the orchard of "William Reynolds, Markham, Ontario.
Tree a strong vipright gi-ower, very productive. Fruit small, oblate,
inclining to conic ; skin yellow, nearly covered with thin nettings of
russet, sometimes a shade of rich red in the sun ; stalk long, slender,
inserted in a medium cavity ; calyx closed ; basin broad, shallow, dis-

Baltizley.

tinctly and peculiarly corrugated ; flesh fine, yellowish, tender, moder-
ately juicy, rich, sprightly subacid and aromatic ; very good ; core
small. October and November.

2 the apple.

Baltzley,

Baltzley's Sweet.

Originated on the farm of Jolin Baltzley, Manellan Township, Pa.
Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, an early bearer, very productive
every other year, and a small crop alternate ones ; an old apple, but a
favorite where known ; young shoots light reddish brown, many
russet dots.

Fruit rather large, oblate or roundish oblate, nearly regular; skin
pale yellow, often with a shade of light pale i-ed in the sun, and a few
grayish dots ; stalk rather short, small ; cavity large, deep ; calyx
closed ; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, half fine,
tender, moderately juicy, rather rich, sweet ; good to very good. Sep-
tember, October.

Belle du Havre.
Belle Douce du Havre.

A promising French variety. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, an
early and abundant bearer annually ; a good table fruit, and excellent
for culinary uses ; young shoots reddish brown, slightly downy at the
end.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, conical ; angular or slightly

Belle du Havre.

ribbed ; skin pale greenish yellow, shaded and rather obscurely striped
and splashed with light and dark rich red over most of the surface, and
many light brown dots; stalk medium, slender; cavity large, deep;

THE APPLE,

calyx closed ; basin ratlier large, corrugated ; flesh quite "white, fine,
tender, moderately juicy, with a brisk, peculiar, quince-like flavor ; good
to very good ; core small. Ripe last of August to last of September.

Bell's Seedling.

Originated with the late Z. Bell, near Adairville, Kentucky. Tree
a ■\T.gorous grower, making a large, handsome round head ; comes into
bearing tolerably eai-ly, and rarely fails to produce a crop of fair fruit,
and is popular where known.

Friiit medium or above, roundish, inclining to roundish oblong,
slightly angular ; skin entii-ely covered with light red, striped and
splashed with dark red and a few light dots ; stalk short, slender ;
cavity deep, acute, russeted ; calyx closed or partially open ; basin
rather deep, medium size ; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy,
sprightly subacid ; good to very good ; core medium. September,
October.

Blenheim Pippin.

Blenheim Orange. Blooming Orange. Blenheim.

Woodstock Pippin. Noiihwick Pippin. Kempter's Pippin.

Dutch Slignonne, erroneously.

An error having been made in the second revised edition of this
work with this variety, Dutch Mignonne and Blooming Orange, — the
last being a syn., — we give a corrected descrii^tion.

An old variety which originated in Oxfordshire, England. Tree veiy
strong, vigorous, spreading, somewhat drooping when in fixll bearing,
and makes a large handsome tree in the orchard. It is late comiiig
into bearing, biit when fully established is a good regidar bearer. This
apple is a favorite in England, and succeeds in most localities here in
the Middle and Northern States, especially the latter. Young wood
stout, reddish browTi.

Fruit large, often very large, roundish oblate, regular, skin dull
orange, half covered or more with rich dull red, often mixed with russet,
dotted and mottled with large yellow russet specks, some of which are
areole ; stalk rather shoi't, slender, curved ; cavity large, deep, rus-
seted, the russet sometimes extending in rays out on the fruit ; calyx
large, open ; basin broad, large, ratht r deep, slightly corriigated ; flesh
white, a little coarse — at fii'st fii'm— but becoming crisp, tender, juicy,
rich, biisk subacid, slightly aromatic ; core small, very good. Novem-
ber, February.

Boyd.

Origin supposed to be on the McPherson farm, Monroe County,
Kentucky, and introduced by Alfred and Thomas Boyd. Tree a strong,
spreading, rather straggling gi-ower, and productive.

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic ; skin yellow, shaded vriih liglit
and dark red, deep rich red in the sun, sometimes obscure splaslies and
stripes and moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots ; stalk "very
short ; cavity large, broad, deep, often slightly russeted ; calyx closed

4 THE APPLE.

or lialf open ; basin rather large and smootli ; flesh yellowish, a little
coarse, rather firm, moderately juicy, rather rich subacid, slightly aro-
matic ; good to very good ; core small. January to April.

Bunker Hill.

Originated in the orchard of the late Dr, Paige, of Dryden, New
York. Tree a healthy, rapid grower, an early and abundant bearer,
and valued where known.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, regular ; skin pale whitish yellow,
shaded, mottled, striped and splashed with two shades of red, rather thinly
over two-thirds the surface, and moderately sprinkled wdth light dots, a

Bunker Hill.

few being areola ; stalk short, slender ; cavity medium or large, a little
greenish ; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh quite
white, sometimes a little stained next the skin, fine, tender, juicy,
subacid, vinous, slight quince-like flavor ; very good ; core rather small.
October.

Buzby's Early.

Origin uncertain, supposed to be Moorestown, New Jersey. Tree a
moderate grower, rather spreading, very productive alternate years.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate ; skin pale yellow, thinly
shaded, striped and splashed with light red over half the surface ; stalk
shoi-t, small ; cavity large, deep ; calyx closed ; basin quite deep, slightly
corrugated ; flesh whitish, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid ;
good to very good ; coi'e small. Last of August and September.

the apple. 5

Cadwallader's Golden.

Originated on tlie farm of James Simmons, near Greenbush, Warren
County, Illinois, and introdvxced by E. F. Cadwallader, Paola, Kansas,
who states that the tree is hardy, a strong, vigorous grower, spreading,
an early and prolific bearer, and valuable for market and culinary uses.

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate ; skin bright yellow, some-
times with a slight blush, moderately spiinkled with dark grayish dots ;

Cadwallader's Golden.

stalk rather short, slender ; cavity quite large, deep, sometimes slight
russet ; calyx closed or half open ; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated ;
flesh yellowish white, half fine, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid;
good to very good ; core small. October, February.

Calkins' Pippin.

Originated with the late Elias Calkins, of West Cornwallis, Nova
Scotia. Tree vigorous ; forms a large round head, with drooping
branches ; an eai'ly and heavy bearer alternate years ; is valuable for
market and culinary uses.

Fruit large, roundish conical, sometimes oblong, slightly angiilar ;
skin whitish, thinly shaded and mottled on the simny side, sometimes a
few nettings of russet and a few grayish dots ; stalk of medium length,
slender ; cavity lai'ge, deep ; calyx closed ; basin rather narrow, deep,
much corrugated ; flesh white, rather coarse, tender, juicy, brisk sulj-
acid ; good ; core large. November, February.

Chester County.

Origin uncertain ; fovmd on the farm of Dr. J. C. Brosins, Cochran-
ville, Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, spreading, inclining to droop ; very

D THE APPLE.

pi'oductive nearly every year ; a late keeper, and considered valuable in
its locality.

Fniit mediiim to large, roundish oblate, very slightly conic ; skin
yellow, shaded, splashed and striped with light and dark red in the sxm
and faintly on the shaded side, moderately sprinkled with large and
small light dots, a few being areole ; stalk short ; cavity medium, some-
times slightly russeted ; calyx small, closed ; basin deep, large, slightly
corrugated; flesh yellowish, half fine, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid;
good to very good ; core small. January, March.

Clayton.

Originated with Richard Worrell, near Clayton, Indiana, and is
valiied as a late keeper. Tree vigorous, ixpright, a regixlar and abun-
dant bearer, but only moderate crop alternate years.

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, regular ; skin smooth, yellow,
nearly covered with light and dark rich red, and moderately sprinkled
with light dots ; stalk short ; cavity rather large, thinly russeted ; calyx
small, nearly closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh yellow-
ish, rather coarse, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid; good; core
small. January, May.

Oline's Codlin.

Origin unknown; introduced by Daniel Cline, of Fairview Town-
ship, York County, Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, upright, an early
bearer, and very productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, nearly regular ; skin pale whitish yellow,
almost waxen, sometimes a light shade of red in the sun ; stalk short,
small ; cavity large ; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ;
flesh whitish yellow, fine, crisp, juicy, lively subacid ; good to very
good ; core medium. Middle of August to middle of September.

Connecticut Red Cheek.
Connecticut Red Streak. Connecticut Red Side.

An old variety, which originated in Hartford County, Conn. Tree
vigorous, upright spreading ; very productive alternate years.

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate ; skin j^ale, with a bright red
cheek, sometimes a few obscure splashes and stripes, and a few scatter-
ing brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity large, deep ; calyx closed ;
basin lai'ge, deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, half fine, crisp, ten-
der, juicy, mild subacid ; good to very good ; coi-e medium. Octobei',
November.

Cons.

An old variety of uncertain origin, grown in Lancaster and York
counties, Pa., where it is esteemed as a dessert apple. Tree moderately
vigorous, rather upright, very productive.

Fruit quite small, roundish, slightly conic ; skin whitish, mottled
and striped -with rather dull red, and sprinkled with a few light dots ;
stalk long, slender ; cavity medium ; calyx half closed ; basin medium,

THE APPLE. 7

corrugated ; flesh wliite, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid ; good to
very good ; core medium. Eipe last of Jvily and August.

Grain's Spice.

Originated with Dr. James H. Grain, Undulation, Illinois. Tree
vigorous, forming a round head ; an early, annual, and abundant bearer.

Fruit below medium, oblate, slightly conic, slightly angular ; skin en-
tirely covered with deep rich red, and a few light dots ; stalk very short,
small ; cavity small or medium ; calyx small, closed ; basin some-
what narrow, deep, slightly plaited ; flesh quite white, a little stained
next the skin, fine, tender, quite acid at first, but when fvilly ripe a pe-
culiar subacid, quince-like flavor ; good ; core rather small. October,
January.

Davage.

Origin unkno^wn ; introduced by Judge James Davage, of Gale-
donia, Illinois. Tree moderately vigorous, forming a round head, an
early and annual bearer, said to be a fine apple, retaining its juice and
flavor remarkably well.

Fruit nearly of medium size, oblate ; skin whitish, nearly covered
with light and dark red, many large yellowish and some brown, ir-
regular, and star-shaped dots, a few being areole ; stalk short, small ;
cavity medium, often slightly russeted ; calyx open ; basin quite broad,
not deep, slightly plaited ; flesh whitish, fine, rather firm, juicy, mild
subacid, inclining to sweet ; good to very good ; core small. February,
May.

Dr. Fulcher.

Received from J. S. Do^\^ler, of Fairview, Kentucky, who informs
me that it was a chance seedling found on the farm of the late Dr. Ful-
cher, of that town, and is very popular there. Tree thrifty, upright, in-
clining to spread in the orchard ; an early, annual, and abundant bearer ;
young shoots light reddish brown.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, a little flattened at the ends,
sometimes slightly oblique ; skin whitish yellow, shaded, mottled,
striped, and splashed over two-thirds its surface with light and dark red,
a thin grayish bloom, and a few light dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity
rather lai'ge, sometimes slightly russeted ; calyx open or half closed ;
basin medium, slightly plaited ; flesh white, half fine, sometimes a lit-
tle stained next the skin, tender, juicy, refreshing, subacid ; very good ;
core small. November, January.

Donahue.

Originated vnth P. Donahue, near Gumberland, Md. Tree moder-
ately A'igorous, spreading, productive.

Fruit medium or below, oblate, very slightly conic, regular ; skin
deep rich red or puri^lish in the sun, moderately sprinkled -vN-ith light
dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity broad, sometimes a little greenish ;

8 THE APPLE.

calyx small, closed ; basin large, slightly uneven ; flesh white, fine, ten
der, moderately juicy, mild, pleasant subacid ; very good ; core small.
October, January.

DUFFIELD.

Originated with James^ Dufiield, Jr., Yan Buren, Iowa. Tree
moderately vigorous, spreading ; an early and abundant bearer.

Fruit medium, oblate, sides unequal, skin yellow, shaded, splashed
and striped with light and dark red over the whole surface, and moder-
ately sprinkled with light and brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity

Doctor Fulcher.

large, deep, slightly russeted ; calyx closed, basin medium, corrugated ;
flesh yellowish, half fine, tender, juicy, pleasant mild subacid, rather
rich ; good to very good ; core small. November, February.

DULING.

Duling-'s Sweet.

Originated with Edmund Duling, Linton Township, Coshocton Co.,
Ohio. Tree healthy, vigorous, rather spreading; begins to bear quite
early : a regular bearer, some seasons very heavy crops ; young shoots,
grayish brown, smooth.

Fruit roundish, inclining to conic, regular ; skin yellow, shaded,
striped and splashed with deep rich red nearly over the whole surface —
the splashes sometimes in broad bands, — pale red in the shade ; stalk
of medium length, slender, curved ; cavity rather narrow, deep ; calyx
closed ; basin medium, regular ; flesh whitish, tender, juicy, pleasant,
mild subacid, almost sweet ; very good ; core small. Middle of August
to middle of September.

THE APPLE. 9

Dulin's Red.

Raised by Lodcl Dulin, of Hopkinsville, Christian County, Ky.,
where it is considered a valuable and popiilar winter fruit. Tree
moderately vigorous, rather upright, and makes a handsome orchard
tree, very productive alternate years ; young shoots browTiish red,
grayish.

Fruit medium, oblate, very little conic, sides sometimes unequal ;
skin entirely covered with light red, striped and splashed with dark
red, and many light and brown dots ; stalk short ; cavity large, deep ;
calyx half closed ; basin medium, regular ; flesh yellowish, a little
coarse, breaking, tender, moderately juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic;
good to very good ; core medium. December, February.

Dulin's Red.

Espeken's Reinette.
Eeinette d' Esperen.

A foreign variety ; tree strong and vigorovis, spreading, very pro-
ductive.

Fruit large oblate, or roundish oblate, slightly conic ; skin light
golden yellow, a shade of pale light red in the sun, and a few bro^vai
dots ; stalk rather short, small ; cavity large, broad, regular, thinly
rvisseted ; calyx closed ; basin medium, corrugated ; flesh whitish yellow,
rather coarse, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid ; good to very good ; core
small. December, February.

Fairy.

A new English dessert apple, which is spoken of as very handsome,
and of fine quality, and it is thought will rival in size and color the
celebrated Lady apple. Tree moderately vigorous, upi'ight, hardy, and
prolific.

10

THE APPLE.

Fruit small, oblate, slightly conical ; skin lemon yellow, covered with,
bright lively crimson, shaded with streaks of a deeper tinge ; stalk of
medium length, slender; cavity small, russety; calyx closed; basin
small, plaited ; flesh deep yellow, fii-m, crisp, very juicy, with a rich
brisk flavor, and a fine delicate aroma. December, February. (Florist
and Pomologist.)

Gros Pommier.
Gros Pomier.

Fall Queen, or Haas.

Haas.

Maryland Queen.

Horse of some.
Hoss.

Originated on the grounds of Gabriel Cerre many years since, adjoin-
ing the then village of St. Louis (now city). Mo. It was at first called
Gros Pommier, but now generally Fall Queen or Haas, and we retain
this, as it is most commonly used. It is veiy popular through most of
the West and Southwest as a profitable market fruit, and for family
use. Tree hardy, very vigorous, upright, forming a beautiful symmetric
head ; an early, annual, and abundant bearer.

Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conical, angular or slightly
ribbed ; skin smooth, pale greenish yellow, shaded nearly over the whole
surface with light and dark red, some rather obscure splashes and
stripes, and a few light dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, a little
greenish ; calyx closed ; basin small or medium, slightly corrugated ;

Fall Queen, or Haas.

flesh quite white, fine, often stained next the skin, and sometimes
through the flesh, tender, very juicy, vinous, brisk subacid; good to
very good ; core medium or lai"ge. September, October.

the apple. 11

Fall Stripe.
Saxton.

An old variety wliicli originated in Massachusetts or Connecticut.
Tree vigoi-ous, forming a handsome rovind head ; very productive alter-
nate years ; an early bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, regular ; skin yellow, shaded, striped
and splashed with light and dark red over the whole surface, having a
few light and brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, slightly
russeted ; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; skin yellow-
ish, a little coarse, juicy, tender, subacid, slightly aromatic j good to
very good ; core small. September.

Frakclin.

Origin, Lancaster County, Pa. Tx'ee moderately vigorous, with a
round head, veiy productive alternate years, and a few the intervening
ones.

Fruit nearly of medium size, oblate ; skin pale greenish white, covered
with pale red, often deep red in the sun, sometimes obscure splashes
and stripes, and a few light and gi'ay dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity
rather large, sometimes a little russeted ; calyx closed ; basin medium,
very slightly corrugated; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, tender, jviicy,
pleasant subacid ; very good ; core small. September, October.

General Lyon.

A new variety, received from George S. Park, who wi-ites that it was
raised from seed of Ben Davis by the late Elias Peck, of Parksville,
IMissouri, and that the tree is hardy, and resembles its parent in growth ;
very productive annually, a long keeper, and a good market fruit ; young
shoots smooth, brownish red.

Fruit medium or below, roundish conical, flattened at the ends,
sometimes a little oblique ; skin bright yellow, shaded with light and
dark red nearly over the whole surface ; sometimes a few faint stripes
and a few light and brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium,
often slight green russet ; calyx open ; basin broad, not very deep, cor-
rugated ; flesh yello'wish, fine, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid,
rather rich ; good to very good ; core small. January, April.

General Marion.

Originated with Henry Lyons, Colvimbia, S. C. Tree a strong,
vigorous grower, quite spreading, not early coming into bearing, but
uniformly productive when it attains sufficient age, valuable for its late
keeping and pi'oductiveness ; young shoots reddish brown.

Fruit medium or below ; roundish oblate conic, slightly angular ;
skin pale yellow, shaded, and rather obscurely striped with light and
dai-k red nearly over the whole surface, and moderately sprinkled with
light and gray dots ; stalk short ; cavity medium or small ; calyx half
closed ; basin rather narrow, deep, slightly plaited ; flesh whitish, half
fine, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid; good to very good; core
medium. Januaiy to April.

12 the apple.

Gillette's Wikesap.

Origin unknown, but supposed to have originated -wdth the late H.
N. Gillette, of Quaker Bottom, Ohio. Tree vigorous, rather spreading,
a good and valuable aj)ple, quite jiroductive alternate years.

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, a little oblique, sides sometimes
unequal ; skin whitish, shaded and mottled with light red, rather thinly
stri2)ed and splashed with darker red, and moderately sprinkled with
light and brown dots ; some specimens have a mixed red and russet on
the exposed side ; stalk short ; cavity medium, much russeted ; calyx
open, or half closed ; basin rather large, regular ; flesh white, a little
coarse, crisp, juicy, tender, mild subacid; very good; core small. De-
cember, January.

GOYEAU.

A chance seedling on the farm of Goyeau, Windsor, On-
tario. Tree a vigoi'ous grower, rather straggling and crooked ; comes
rather early into bearing, and produces good crops annually.

Frviit rather large, roundish, angular or slightly ribbed, and some-
what ii'regular ; skin light pale yellow, many rather obscure light dots ;
stalk of medium length, slender ; cavity rather large, uneven ; calyx
closed ; basin quite large, furrowed ; flesh yellowish, fine, very tender,
juicy, brisk subacid, excellent for culinary uses, and a fair table fruit.
August, September.

Grattan.

This new large apple was grown from seed by Nehemiah Smith, of
Grattan, but while quite young, before fruiting, was removed to the farm
of Solomon Deal, of Oakfield, Mich. It is highly prized in that section
for culinary purposes as well as for the table. Tree vigorous, upright,
forming a round open head, producing good crops annually, and larger
ones alternate years.

Fruit large to very large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, regular ;
skin smooth, bright yellow, moderately sprinkled with grayish dots ;
stalk very short, small ; cavity large, deep, sometimes slightly russeted ;
calyx open, or partially closed ; basin large, deep, nearly smooth ; flesh
yello^vish, a little coarse, tender, juicy, brisk, subacid ; good to very
good ; core small. September, December.

Gros Pigeonnet.

Of foreign origin. Tree strong, but a slow gi-ower ; productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate ; skin pale yellow, shaded, mottled,
and rather obscvirely striped and splashed, with light and dark rich red
over most of the surface, and moderately sprinkled with small light dots ;
stalk short, small ; cavity medium, russet ; calyx closed ; basin medium,
furrowed ; flesh whitish yellow, a little coarse, juicy, subacid ; good.
December, February.

the apple.
Gros Vert.

,%

Large Green.

Of foreign origin. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive.

Fruit medium, oblate ; skin greenish yellow, covered with a few
rather obscure green and grayish dots ; stalk rather short, moderately
stout ; cavity qxiite large, russet ; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly
corrugated; flesh pale yellow, half tine, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid;
good to very good ; core small, January, March.

Hannah.

Originated with Joseph Curtis, of Manchester, O. Tree hardy,
vigorous, upright at first, but spreading when in bearing ; an annual,
moderate bearer.

Friiit roundish oblate conic, slightly angular ; skin pale dull green-
ish yellow, striped, splashed and mottled over half the surface with light
red, and moderately sprinkled with large and small white dots, a few
being areole ; stalk short, small ; cavity large, deep ; calyx small,
closed ; basin small, corrugated ; flesh greenish white, fine, tender,
juicy, mild subacid, almost sweet ; good to very good ; core small.
November, December.

Hatcher.

Hatcher's Seedling.

Originated on the farm of the late O. C. Hatcher, near Franklin,
Tenn. Tree an upright thrifty grower, not an early bearer, but pro-

Hatcher.

duces good crops annually ; a late keeper, and one of the most jiopular
apples in Middle Tennessee.

14 THE APPLE.

Fruit medium, roundish inclining to conic, slightly angular ; skin
very dark rich red, sometimes almost purplish, a few light dots ; stalk
short, small ; cavity medium, often slight russet ; calyx open ; basin
medium, slightly plaited ; flesh yellow, fine, rather compact, juicy, mild,
pleasant rich subacid, almost sweet ; very good ; core small. January,
March.

Hawkins' Chief.

Originated with S. Hawkins, Maple Grove, Minn. Tree hardy,
healthy and vigorous, and adapted for a northern latitude.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic ; skin pale yellow, clear of the
slightest blush or tinge ; stalk short, stout ; cavity shallow ; calyx
closed ; basin broad, deep ; flesh rather coarse, brittle, acid ; good ; core
small. October. (Westei'n Pomologist.)

Hiram.

Origin, orchard of General Isaac Sandford, of Vermillion, 111.
Tree a moderate gi'ower, forming a round head ; a moderate bearer at
first, but when the tree has attained some age is veiy productive ; val-
uable in its locality for late keeping and market.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sometimes a little oblique ; skin en-
tirely covered with dark red, sometimes obscure splashes and moderately
sprinkled with light dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, much rus-
set ; calyx closed ; basin broad, rather shallow, corrugated ; flesh whi-
tish, half fine, rather compact, mild subacid ; good to very good ; core
small. January to May.

HoYA Golden Reinette.
Hayasche Gold Remette. Reinette de Hoya.

Of German origin. Tree strong, vigorous, spreading ; an early and
abundant bearer.

Fruit mecKum, oblate, regular ; skin golden yellow, shaded with dark
red, faintly striped and splashed with light red, and sprinkled with a
few light and gray dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity large, slight russet ;
calyx closed ; basin medium ; flesh yellowish, half fine, juicy, tender,
subacid ; good ; core small. November, March.

Huntsman's Favorite.

A seedling on the farm of John Huntsman, of Fayette, Mo. Tree
vigorous, not a very early bearer, but is very productive annually when
the tree has attained sufficient age ; it is said to be a valuable and profi-
table frviit in the locality where it originated ; young shoots smooth, red-
dish bro%vn.

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, often a little obliqvie ; skin
smooth, pale yellow, sometimes a shade of pale red or deep yellow in
the sun, and a few scattering grayish dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity
broad, deep, sometimes slight russet ; calyx closed, or nearly so ; basin

THE APPLE. 15

large, deep, slightly corrugated ; flesli pale yellow, a little coarse, crisp,
tender, juicy, mild rich subacid, slightly aromatic ; very good ; core
rather small. December, March.

Huntsman's Favorite.

HUMISTON.

Origin Plymouth, Comi. Tree vigorous, upright, with long branches,
forming a spreading head when in fruit, very productive every other
year, hangs late on the tree, cooks well, but only second quality for
easting.

Fruit medium, oblate to roundish oblate, slightly conic, sides some-
times unequal ; skin yellow, a little gi^eenish, shaded and rather ob-
scurely striped and splashed with light and dark red over half or two-
thirds its surface, a few light and gray dots ; stalk rather short, small ;
cavity qviite large, slightly russeted ; calyx closed ; basin mediiim,
slightly corrugated ; flesh white, half fine, tender, moderately juicy,
subacid ; good ; core small. February, March.

Illinois Greening,

Originated with Joseph Curtis, of Paris, 111, Tree hardy, vigorous,
\ipright, somewhat spreading, produces large crops annually, valuable as
a late keeping market apple in its locality.

Fruit large oblate, to roundish oblate, sometimes a little oblique ;
skin greenish yellow, often a shade of dull red in the sun, and a few
light and brown dots ; stalk short ; cavity medium,, slight russet ;
calvx half open ; basin large, deep, nearly smooth ; flesh yellowish,
half fine, rather compact, moderately juicy, subacid ; good ; core small.
January, April.

16 the apple.

Iowa Russet. ,

This new apple originated with Joseph L. Budd, Shellsburg, Iowa,
who informs us that the tree is very hardy, vigorous, making a compact
round head, an early, annual, and abiuidant bearer ; fruit even in size,
of good quality, and a valuable acquisition for the praii'ie country ;
young shoots light reddish yellow brown.

Fruit medium, oblate to roundish oblate, sometimes slightly oblique ;
skin deep yellow, a shade of pale red when exposed to the sun, mod-
erately sprinkled with grayish dots, and partially covered with patches
and nettings of I'usset ; stalk short, small ; cavity quite large ; calyx
closed ; basin round, quite deep, nearly smooth ; flesh yellowish, half
fine, tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid, rather rich ; good to very
good ; core small. January, March.

Iowa Russet.

Irish Pippin.

Originated with Stephen A. Porter, Norristown, Pa. Tree a free
upright grower, forming a handsome head, very productive alternate
years ; young shoots smooth, reddish brown.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, sometimes roundish, slightly
conical ; skin whitish, shaded with light bright red, striped and broken
splashes of dark red, and a few light and brown dots ; stalk veiy short,
small ; cavity medium, sometimes a little rvisseted ; basin small, corru-
gated ; flesh white, tender, juicy, mild subacid, slightly vinous ; very
good ; core rather small. October, l^ovember.

Johnson.

Originated with Thomas Johnson, Ash Ridge, 111. Tree vigorous,
upright, an annual and good bearer ; it is highly prized where it origi-
nated.

THE APPLE. 17

Fruit medium to large, oblate, sometimes slightly oblique ; skin pale
greenish yellow, almost entirely covered Avith dark rich red, inclining
to maroon, and moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots ; stalk
very short, small ; cavity medium, russet ; calyx open ; basin medium,
slightly plaited ; flesh yellowish, fine, juicy, mild rich subacid, inclining
to sweet ; very good ; core small. December, March.

Irish Pippin.

Kansas Queen.

Raised by Burrell Atkinson, Leavenworth, Kan. Tree hardy, vigor-
ous, forming a handsome open head ; very productive.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, slightly angular ; skin
entirely covered with light and dark red, sometimes almost purplish in
the sun, moderately sprinkled with small light and gray dots ; stalk
short, slender ; cavity deep, rather narrow ; calyx closed or nearly so ;
basin medium, corrugated ; flesh quite white, rather firm, juicy, biisk
subacid ; good ; core rather large. August, September.

Kansas Sweet.

A seedling raised by B. Atkinson, of Leavenworth, Kansas. Tree
erect, compact, vigorous, productive.

Fruit i-ather large, oblate, slightly conical ; skin greenish yellow,
covered with broken stiipes of light red and crimson ; dots small, black,
scattered ; stalk short, rather thick ; cavity regular, wide, deep ; calyx
small, closed ; basin shallow; flesh yellowish white, fine, juicy, crisp,
breaking, very tender and pleasant, sugar sweet ; quality excellent ; core
medium. November to January.

18

THE APPLE.

King Solomon.

Origin unknown ; received from J. S. Downer & Son, of Fairview,
Ky., who wi'ite me that it came fr'om Georgia. Tree a strong, vigorous
grower, spreading, not an early bearer, but very productive alternate
years ; a handsome and good apple of its season ; young shoots dark
reddish brown ; buds large.

Fruit medium or above, oblate to roundish oblate, slightly angular ;
skin orange yellow, a few scattered stripes and splashes of light red over
the surface, and moderately sprinkled with brown dots ; stalk short ;
cavity medium ; calyx large, open ; basin rather large or medium ; flesh
yellow, a little coarse, moderately juicy, mDd subacid, slightly aromatic ;
good to veiy good ; core small. September.

Kinnaird's Choice.

Originated on the farm of the late Michael Kinnaird, of Franklin,
Term. Tree a thrifty, vigorous gi-ower, not very upright or regular,
similar to Winesap ; an early and annual bearer, producing heavier
crops alternate years.

Kinnaird's Choice.

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, slightly angular, or ob-
scurely ribbed, sides sometimes vmequal ; skin yellow, almost covered
with dark rich red, many small light dots near the crown, and larger
ones and less number near the base ; stalk short, small, sometimes by a
lip ; cavity wide, deep, russeted ; calyx closed ; basin lai'ge, deep, fur-
rowed ; flesh yellowish, half fine, crisp, tender, juicy, mild, rich sub-
acid, slightly aromatic ; very good ; core small. January.

the apple.
Lallier's Prolific Red.

19

A new variety raised by Eugene Lallier, of Leavenworth, Kansas.
Specimens received from Dr, J, Stayman, who wiites that the tree is
moderately vigoi'ous, forming a round head, unusiially productive on
rich bottom land, where nearly all others fail, and has shown no symj)-
tom of blight or disease of any kind ; use, table and market.

Lallier's Prolific Red.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conical ; skin pale greenish yellow,
shaded with rather bright red, moie or less faint stripes and splashes of
rather dull red over most of the surface, and covered with numerous
light dots in the sun and grayish ones in the shade ; stalk short ; cavity
medium to large, sometimes thinly russeted ; calyx closed, or nearly so ;
basin small or mediiim, slightly corrugated ; flesh yellowish, half fine,
crisp, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant svibacid; very good; core small.
October, February.

Lambert.
Keasbey's Favorite.

Origin near Salem, N. J., on the premises of John H. Lambert.
Tree very vigorous, rather upright, inclining to spread ; a good bearer,
and keeps well.

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oblong, slightly conical ; skin
whitish yellow, nearly covered with pale light red and obscurely striped
and splashed vnth. darker red and numerous light dots ; stalk very short,
small ; cavity large, deep, russeted ; calyx large, closed ; basin large,
deep, corrugated; flesh whitish, half fine, rather firm, juicy, pleasant
subacid, slightly aromatic ; very good ; core small. December to Feb-
ruary.

20

THE APPLE,

Landsberger Reinette.
Reinette de Landsberg.

Tree

Originated with Justrigrath Burchardt, Hanover, Germany,
strong, vigorous, spreading, very productive.

Fruit medium to large, oblate, regular ; skin smooth, golden yellow,
sometimes a shade of light red in the sun, and many light and brown
dots ; stalk long, slender ; cavity medium, russet ; calyx closed ; basin
medium, cornigated; flesh yelloAvish, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, lively
subacid, rather rich ; good to very good ; core small. November, Jan-
uary.

Lelieur.

Of foreign origin and a promising variety. Tree vigorous, upright,
very productive.

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, slightly angular ; skin yel-
low, shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red over the en-

tire surface, and a few scattering light dots ; stalk short, slender ; cavity
large, deep, a little greenish ; calyx closed ; basin quite large, moderate-
ly deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, mild sub-
acid ; good to very good ; core small. November, February.

Long's Russet,

Originated with the late J. S. Long, of Fairview, Ky., and is con-
sidered one of the best late keeping apples for that locality. Tree A'igo-
rous, upright, but spreading when in fruit, and makes a large handsome
tree ; very productive annually ; young shoots reddish brown, grayish.

THE APPLE. 21

Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly oblique ; skin greenish, neai'-
ly covered with rough dull russet ; stalk very short ; cavity rather
broad, deep; calyx open; basin medium, regular; flesh white, green
tinge, half fine, moderately juicy, half tender, pleasant subacid ; good ;
core small. March, April.

McAfee's Nonsuch.

McAfee. Wyandotte. Large Striped Peannain.

McAfee's Red. Gray Apple. Storr's Wine.

Striped Pearmain. Indian. Missouri Superior.

Snorter. Uncle Zeeke. • New Missoviri.

Nonsuch. Winter Pearmain. Valandingham's Wine.

Zeeke. Large Striped Winter Pear- White Crow.

Gray's Keeper. main. Ladies' Favorite of some.

Park's Keeper. Striped Winter Pearmain. Hubbardston Nonsuch, er-
roneously.

As this and Sti'iped Winter Pearmain in the second revised edition
have proved to be identical, we give a new description with the addition-
al syns. An old variety, which originated in the orchard of George
McAfee, near Harodsburg, Mercer County, Ky. "We are indebted to
Dr. William Howsley, of Leavenworth, Kansas, for its history, origin,
etc. Tree very vigorous, forming a round spreading head. It does not
come early into bearing, but is very productive when it attains some
age. It is considerably grown through the West and South-west under
the name of Striped Winter Pearmain, also more or less by the syns. as
given above. It is valued in many localities as one of the best of its
season ; in others of but little value.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic ; skin yel-
low, striped, splashed and marbled with light and dark bright red nearly
over the surface, yet showing the yellow giound nearly all through, thickly
sprinkled with large and small light dots, some areole ; stalk short to
long, slender ; cavity large, deep, often thinly russeted ; calyx small,
closed ; basin rather small, slightly plaited ; flesh yellowish, half fine,
crisp, tender, juicy, rich mild subacid, inclining to sweet, slightly aroma-
tic ; very good ; core medium. October, Februai-y.

Mann.

A chance seedling in the orchard of Judge Mooney, of Granby, N. Y.
Tree hardy, an upright grower, with rather slender branches, forming a
round head ; an early and annual bearer, a late keeper, valuable for
market and cooking, and a fair table fruit.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, nearly regular ; skin deep
yellow when fully ripe, often with a shade of browaiish red where ex-
posed, and thickly sprinkled with light and gray dots, a few being
ai'eole ; stalk short, rather small ; cavity medium or quite large, some-
times slightly russeted ; calyx generally closed ; basin rather large,
slightly corrugated ; flesh yellowish, half fine, half tender, juicy, mild
pleasant subacid ; good to very good ; core medium. January, April.

22

THE APPLE.

Mann.

Makquis of Lorne.
Raised from seed of the Gravenstien by William Sutton, of Port

Marquis of Lome.

Williams, Nova Scotia. Tree very vigorous, making a large spreading

THE APPLE.

23

tree; it is rather late coming into bearing, but produces good crops
annually when established ; valuable for market and culinary uses.

Fruit large to very large, roundish oblate ; skin smooth, whitish yel-
low, shaded, mottled, and a few broken splashes and stripes of light and
dark bright red over most of the surface, with a few light and brown
dots ; stalk short ; cavity large, deep, russeted ; calyx large, open ;
basin large, irregular or ribbed ; flesh white, rather coarse, breaking,
tender, juicy, lively subacid ; good to very good ; core medium. No-
vember.

Mason's Pippin.

Mason's Stranger.
Old Field.

Izzard.

A chance seedling found on the farm of Dr. George Mason, Virginia.
Tree of vigorous gi-owth, forming a large symmetric head, very pro-
ductive annually; a popular and favorite apple where it originated;
young shoots brownish red.

Mason's Stranger.

Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat depressed ; skin light bright yellow,
sometimes a shade of light red where exposed to the sun, and a few
brownish dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity large, slight russet ; calyx
open ; basin large, deep, smooth ; flesh whitish, fine, rather compact,
crisp, jvucy, mild subacid, inclining to sweet, somewhat spicy and rich ;
very good ; core small. December, February.

Missouri Pippin.
Missouri Keeper.

It is said to have originated in the orchard of Brink Hornsby,
Johnson County, Mo. Tree hardy, a strong upright, rather spreading
grower, an early and abundant annual bearer.

Fruit medium to large, rovindish oblate, slightly oblique, somewhat
flattened at the ends ; skin pale whitish yellow, shaded, striped and

24 THE APPLE.

splashed with light and dark red, often quite dark in the sun, having
many lai-ge and small light and gi-ay dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity
large, deep ; calyx closed, or half open ; basin rather abruj)t, deep,
slightly corrugated; flesh whitish, a little coarse, crisp or breaking,
moderately juicy, subacid ; goodj core small. January, April.

Monte Bello.

Originated with Matthew Gray, Riverside, Monte Bello Township,
111. Tree rather upright, hardy, healthy, moderately vigorous, an early
bearer, very productive annually, a new variety, and A. C. Hammond,
from whom specimens were received, writes that he considers it an
apple of great promise.

Monte Bello.

Fruit above medium, oblate, regular ; skin pale yellow, shaded and
mottled with light red, striped and splashed with dark rich red over the
whole surface, and a few large light dots ; stalk very short, small ;
cavity large, broad, russeted ; calyx small, nearly closed ; basin large,
deep, smooth ; flesh quite white, fine, sometimes a little stained next
the skin, very tender, juicy, mild subacid, vinous; very good; core
small or medium. September, November.

Morgan.

Originated with Benjamin Morgan, Gloucester County, N. J., many
years since. Tree a healthy moderate grower, not an early bearer, but
produces good crops alternate years when the tree attains some age.

Fruit medium, roundish ; skin pale gi'eenish yellow, sometimes a
shade of pale red in the sun, and many brown dots ; stalk short, small ;
cavity small, often a little russeted ; basin rather small, slightly corru-
gated ; flesh white, fine, tender, moderately jviicy, pleasant, mild sub-
acid ; good ; core small. October, January.

the apple. 25

Otoe Red Streak.

Originated with. James H. Masters, Nebraska City, Otoe County,
Nebraska. Tree an upright spreading grower, forming a round head ;
an early and abundant bearer annually.

Otoe Red Streak.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sides sometimes unequal ; skin
whitish yellow, nearly covered with light red, many stripes and broken
splashes of dark rich red, moderately sprinkled with light and grayish
dots ; stalk rather short, slender ; cavity large, deep, russeted ; calyx
closed ; basin large, deep, very slightly corrugated ; flesh quite white,
sometimes a little stained next the skin, crisp, tender, juicy, mild,
sprightly subacid ; good to very good ; core small. November, May.

Parry's White.
Imperial WMte. Superior White. White Apple.

Of unknown origin, supposed to be Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous,
upright, compact head, a regular bearer, and very productive ; use, table,
cooking, and market.

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, slightly conic ; skin smooth,
whitish, sometimes a slight tinge of red in the sun ; stalk short, small ;
cavity large, deep ; calyx closed ; basin rather shallow, a little uneven ;
flesh fine, white, crisp, very tender, juicy, subacid; good. August.

Perle d'Angleterre.
Pearl of England.

Of foreign origin. Tree a strong grower, productive.

Fruit medium or below, sides sometimes unequal ; skin yellow, thinly

26 THE APPLE.

shaded witli light red, some rather obscure stripes and splashes, and
many brown dots ; stalk of medium length, slender ; cavity quite lai-ge,
russeted ; calyx large, open ; basin large, broad, slightly corrvigated ;
flesh whitish, half fine, half tender, juicy, brisk subacid, rather rich ;
good to very good ; core small. November, December.

Pewaukee.

Raised from seed of Duchess of Oldenburg by George P. Pepper, of
Pewavxkee, Wis., who sends us specimens, and writes that the tree is
strong and vigorovis, centre upright, very spreading, an annual bearer,
and one of the hardiest and best for the Northwest ; young shoots dark
brownish red.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate ; skin bright yellow, striped,
splashed and mottled with light and dark red over most of the surface,
covered with a thin grayish bloom, and many large and small light
dots, a few being areole ; stalk short, small ; cavity small ; calyx closed ;
basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, a little coarse, breaking,
half tender, juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic ; good; core small. Janu-
ary to May.

Pilot.

An accidental seedling, found on the premises of John Robbins, at
the foot of Pilot Mountain, Nelson County, Ya. Tree hardy, of mod-

Pilot.

erate growth, forming a round head, rather slow coming into bearing,
but when established produces large crops alternate years, and a few the

THE APPLE.

27"

intervening ones, and is considered a valuable variety in its locality ;
young shoots reddish brown.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly angular ; skin pale yellowdsh
gi-een, shaded, splashed and striped with pale dull red nearly over the
surface, and thickly spiinkled with large areole dots ; stalk short, small ;
cavity rather large ; calyx half closed ; basin large, deep, smooth ; flesh
yellowish white, fine, rather firm, tender, juicy, rich subacid, slightly
aromatic ; very good ; core small. December, January.

PoMjrE Grise d'Or. .
Swazie Pomme Grise.

An old variety of unknown origin. I am informed it is consider-
ably gi'own in Canada and some poitions of Western New York, and
there were trees of it near Niagara on the Colonel Swazie farm — where
it probably originated — two feet in diameter. Tree hardy, upright,
moderately vigorous, and a good bearer every other year. The fruit is
more oblong, more golden in color, and more aromatic than the Pomme
Grise, and is considered superior to it.

Pomme Grise d'Or.

Fruit small, oblate, or roundish oblate, conical ; skin deep yellow,
covered with a thin light cinnamon gi-ayish russet, and many rather
obscure light dots ; stalk short to long, slender ; cavity rather broad,
deep ; calyx closed ; basin quite large, deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh
whitish, fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, rich and aromatic ; very good
or best ; core rather small. January to March or April.

Presh's Winter.

Originated at the Forest Nursery of J. S. Do-mier & Son, of Fair-
vieAv, Todd County, Ky., who w^ite that the tree is a good gi'ower, up-

28 THE APPLE.

riglit, rather irregular, very productive alternate seasons, and an excellent
winter apple ; young shoots reddish brown.

Fruit medium to large roundish, slightly conic ; skin pale yellow,
shaded with dark red in the sun, thinly shaded and rather obscurely and
faintly splashed and striped in the shade, moderately sprinkled with
light dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, considerably russeted ;
calyx open ; basin quite large, deep, smooth ; flesh yellowish, fine, a lit;-
tle firm, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid, vinous; very good; core small.
December, March.

Princeton.

Origin, Massachusetts. Tree a vigorous grower, spreading ; a good
bearer alternate years.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly angular; skin pale yellow, shaded,
striped and splashed with light and dark red over most of the surface,
a few light and gray dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, smooth,
sometimes thinly russeted; calyx closed; basin large, deep, a little un-
even; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid; good to very
good ; core medium. October, January.

Reliance.

Origin, Berlin, Wis. ; received from G. N. Smith, who writes that it
is valuable for that locality for its hardiness, vigor, and productiveness.

Frviit conical, or oblong conical, slightly ribbed, or with broad shal-
low furrows ; skin pale light yellow with broken stripes and shades of
deep red where fully exposed ; stalk short ; cavity deep, open, slight
greenish russet ; calyx neai'ly closed ; basin deep, broad, open, with
many small sharp furrows ; flesh white, half fine, tender, moderately
juicy, mild subacid; good to very good; core rather open at centre.
January to March. — [Hural New- Yorker.^

Ripley.
Ripley's Claret.

This is said to have been raised by IST. L. Ripley, of Collinsville,
Madison County, 111. Tree said to be thrifty, well shaped and tolerably
prodvictive.

Fruit medium to large, oblate, somewhat conical, sides unequal ;
skin smooth and shining, greenish ground, nearly covered with a bril-
liant crimson and marked with numerous white dots ; stem medium
length, slender ; calyx large, closed ; flesh white, firm, moderately
juicy, subacid ; very good ; core rather small and closed. Septem-
ber. (W. C. Flagg, in Journal of Horticulture.)

Rochester Pippin.

A hybrid raised by Jacob Moore, of Rochester, N. Y., and judging
from the specimens received, being of large size and excellent quality,
is a very promising winter variety.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, nearly regular ; skin smooth, pale
greenish yellow, shaded with light brownish red in the sun, and a few

THE APPLE. 29

greenish dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity large, smooth, a little green-
ish ; calyx closed ; basin medium or rather large, smooth ; flesh whitish,
fine, crisp, tender, juicy, vinous refreshing flavor, slightly aromatic and
rich ; very good or best ; core small. January, March.

Eocheeter Pippin.
E,0SE-BUD.

Origin unknown, supposed to be New Castle County, Del, Tree a
strong, vigorous grower, forming a round, rather spreading top, very
productive ; fruit hangs firmly to the tree, keeps well, and is useful for
tlie table and kitchen.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly angidar ; skin yellowish,
shaded and rather obscurely splashed and striped with light and dark
red nearly over the surface, and moderately sprinkled ^vith quite large
light dots ; stalk of medium length, slender ; cavity rather large, often
slightly russeted ; calyx closed ; basin broad, moderately deep ; flesh
whitish yellow, half fine, breaking, juicy, mild subacid ; good ; core
small. December, March.

Rose Bee.

Originated with John Rose, Loudon, Mercer County, Pa. Tree
\'igorous, upright, a good bearer alternate years, and some the inter-
vening ones.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, slightly angular ;
skin pale whitish yellow, shaded with light red, striped and splashed
with dark i-ed, sometimes almost purplish, and a few light dots ; stalk
short, rather stout ; cavity rather small, often russeted ; calyx closed ;

30 THE APPLE.

basin small, slightly corrugated ; flesh quite white, sometimes a Kttle
stained next the skin, half fine, tender, moderately juicy, brisk subacid ;
good ; core medium. October, January.

Rose Red.

Of unknown origin, supposed to be on the farm formerly owned by
Gideon Ramsdell, Egypt, Monroe County, N. Y. Tree a thi'ifty,
strong grower, upright, inclining to spread ; very productive and regu-
lar bearer.

Bose Bed.

Fniit medium, oblate, or roundish oblate ; skin whitish, shaded,
striped and splashed with light and dark red, sometimes qiiite dark,
nearly over the whole surface, many light dots, a poi'tion being areole ;
stalk shoi't, small ; cavity large, deep, smooth, a little greenish ; calyx
half closed ; basin large, deep ; flesh yellowish, fine, very tender, juicy,
vinous, lively subacid ; very good ; core small. Middle of September
and November.

Seager.

The original tree grows on land owned by the Indians near Lumber-
ville, Bucks County, Pa. Tree vigorous, upright, productive ; young
shoots dark brown, buds large, long, prominent.

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, slightly angular ; skin pale
yellow, shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark rich red, some
of the splashes quite broad and broken, and a few light dots ; stalk
rather long, slender, curved ; cavity large, deep ; calyx closed ; basin
medium, corrugated; flesh white, tender, juicy, rather rich, mild sub-

THE APPLE. 31

acid ; good to very good ; core rather small. Last of August and
September.

Schuylek's Sweet.

Originated on the farm of Rensselaer Schuyler, Seneca Falls, N. Y.
Tree vigorous, spreading, open head, a regular bearer, and productive.

Fruit large, roundish or roundish oblate, slightly conic, slightly
angular ; skin pale yellow, a few scattering brown dots ; stalk rather
short, slender ; cavity large, deep ; calyx closed ; basin large, deep,
slightly corrugated ; flesh white, half fine, tender, moderately juicy,
mild, pleasant sweet, slightly aromatic ; good to very good ; core small.
September, October.

SCRIBNER SpITZENBURGH.

Originated on the farm of Elijah Scribner, Plattsburgh, N. Y. Tree
vigorous, spreading, very productive alternate years.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, angular ; skin pale yellow, shaded
•with bright deep red in the sun, sometimes obscvire stripes and splashes
and pretty thickly sprinkled with light dots ; stalk short, moderately
stout ; cavity rather narrow, deep ; calyx half closed ; basin medium,
furrowed ; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, ci'isp, tender, juicy, svibacid,
slightly aromatic ; good to very good ; core small. December, February.

Sherman's Favorite.
Sherman's Sweet.

Originated on the farm now owned by E. C. Sherman, of "Wyoming,
N. Y. Tree vigorous, rather spreading, very productive alternate
years.

Fruit medium or above, oblate, angular or slightly ribbed ; skin
gi-eenish yellow, sometimes brownish red in the sun, moderately
sprinkled ydth. light and gray dots ; stalk rather long, slender ; cavity
broad, not very deep, a little greenish ; calyx closed ; basin broad, rather
deep ; flesh a little coarse, half tender, crisp, juicy, mild, rather rich
sweet ; good to very good ; core medium. November, January.

SlLLIX.

Originated on the farm of Thomas Sillix, Manellan Township, Pa.
Tree moderately vigorous, upright, somewhat spreading, not an early
bearer, but very productive alternate years when the tree has attained
some age.

Fruit below medium, roundish, regular ; skin pale yellow, shaded
with light and dark rich red over lialf or more of the surface, obscurely
splashed and striped, and covered with numerous small light and gray
dots ; stalk shorty small ; cavity small, smooth ; calyx half closed ; basin
medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh yellow, fine, compact, moderately
juicy, mild subacid, almost sweet, quite rich; very good; core small.
December, March.

32

the apple.
Somerset.

Of uncertain origin; supposed to have originated in the town of
Somerset, N. Y. Tree vigorous, spreading; an annual bearer, but

Somerset.

heavier crops every other year ; a rich, high-flavored apple, desirable for
family use.

Fiaiit below medium, roundish conical, much narrowed towards the
calyx ; skin whitish yellow, some nettings and patches of russet, and a
few brown dots ; stalk of medium length, slender ; cavity medium ;
calyx closed ; basin small, corrugated ; flesh qviite white, fine, very ten-
der, juicy, rich, highly aromatic; very good or best; core medium.
October.

SOULARD.

Raised by Antoine Lessieur, of Portage des Sioux, a few miles above
St. Louis, Mo. Tree very vigorous, upright, slightly spreading when in
fruit ; an early and abundant bearer. This is highly prized in the
neighborhood of its origin.

Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conic, slightly angular, or ob-
scurely ribbed ; skin whitish, shaded, striped and splashed with light
and dark bright red over most of the surface, with a few light and
brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity qiiite large, slight russet ; basin
medium, corrugated ; flesh qiiite white, very tender, very juicy, spright-
ly svibacid, vinous ; very good ; core rather large. October, November.

Starr.

This large early apple was an accidental seedling on the premises of
the late John Starr, of Woodbiny, N. J. The tree is said to be a

THE APPLE.

33

vigorous grower, forming a round, somewhat spreading head ; branches
rather slender ; a regular and abundant bearer ; valuable as an early

Soulard.

market sort, and for culinary uses ; young wood light reddish yellow
brown, buds prominent.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, obscurely ribbed ; skin greenish white, or
pale yellow at full maturity, sometimes a shade of light red in the sun,

34 THE APPLE.

moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots ; stalk short ; cavity
large, deep ; calyx closed ; basin of medium size, slightly corrugated ;
flesh whitish, half fine, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid; good to
very good ; core medium ; ripens from the middle of July to the middle
of Sej)tember.

Stayman's Summer.

Originated on the gi-ounds of Dr. J. Stayman, Leavenworth, Kan-
sas. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading, irregular, tough, "wiry, droops
like a Aveeping willow ^vith ropes of fruit, never breaking a limb ; an
early bearer and very productive, very nearly equal to Benoni and Sum-
mer Pearmain, and handsomer.

Fruit medium, round, regular, approaching conic ; skin smooth,
gi'eenish yellow, splashed and striped with red and purple, covered with
a white bloom ; dots small, gray, scattered ; stem mediiim, rather slen-
der ; cavity narrow, deep, irregular, russeted ; eye very small, closed ;
basin narrow, shallow, furrowed ; core small, slightly open ; flesh green-
ish white, very juicy, brittle, sprightly, high flavored, mild acid; very
good ; use, kitchen, table, and market. August, September. — ( M^estera
J^omologist.)

Stribling.

Originated AA-ith the late AVilliam Stribling, Medon, Tenn. Tree a
good grower, rather upright, forming a regular round head ; an early
annual and abundant bearer ; young shoots reddish brown.

Fruit mediiim, oblate, slightly angular ; skin whitish, nea.ily covered
vsdth stripes and splashes of light and dark rich red — some of the

THE APPLE.

35

splashes almost piirplisli with rather conspicuous yellow dots ; stalk
short, small ; cavity mecUum ; calyx half open ; basin rather small,
slightly corrugated ; flesh white, tender, moderately juicy, mild pleasant
subacid ; good to very good. July at the South,

Striped Sweet Pippin.

Strii^ed Pippin.

An old variety of unkno"s\Ti origin, and was given as a syn. in former
editions of this work to Striped Winter Pearmain, but has proved
distinct. Tree vigorous, forming a round, rather low head ; an early
and abundant bearer, but more heavily alternate years ; vakiable for
table or market ; young shoots olive brown, slightly downy at the end.

striped Sweet Pippin.

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, slightly angular ; skin bright
yellow, shaded with dark rich red in the siin, striped, splashed and
mottled with lighter red on the shaded side, and many light and gray
dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity rather large, deep ; calyx closed ; basin
quite deep, rather abrupt, a little uneven ; flesh white, fine, tender,
juicy, mild, pleasant rich sweet, or very mild subacid; very good ; core
rather large. November, February.

Summer King.

King-. Puckett. Cheese.

Puckett's Summer. Summer Cheese.

An old variety supposed to have originated in North Carolina, and
has been cultivated in Warren and Todd Counties, Ivy., for many years,

' 36 THE APPLE.

where it is highly prized as one of their best and handsomest apples of
its season. Tree iijiright, moderate grower, and productive alternate
years ; young shoots reddish brown, grayish.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate ; skin yellowish gi'een, striped
with ciimson, red and orange ; stalk short ; cavity large, deep, russeted ;
calyx closed ; basin medium, I'egular ; flesh whitish, yellow, tine, brittle,
juicj', mild agreeable subacid flavor ; core small. August, September. — •
( Western Gardener.)

Summer Spitzenburgh.
French Spitzenburgh.

Oinginated with "Woolsey Ostrander, Plattekill, N. Y. Tree moder-
ately vigorous, forming a round head ; an early and abundant bearer
annually.

Frviit medium, roundish conical, slightly angular ; skin whitish,
almost entirely covered with two shades of red in stripes and splashes,

Summer Spitzenburgh.

some of which are quite dark, and covered with a thin bloom ; stalk
short ; cavity medium, sometimes slightly russeted ; calyx closed ; basin
medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh yellowish white, half tender, moder-
ately juicy, subacid, and a little aromatic ; good to very good. August,
September.

Tuttle.

Originated on the farm of Lyman Tuttle, Hamden, Conn. Tree
upright, vigorous, an early and abundant bearer every other year of fair

THE APPLE.

37

fruit, and valued in its locality for market and family use ; young
shoots dark brown, many light grayish dots.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate coiuc, sides sometimes unequal ; skin
pale yellow, shaded, striped and s{)lashed Avith light and dai-k red, nearly
coveiing the fruit, and modei'ately sprinkled with light russet and gray
dots ; stalk medium, slender ; cavity large, russeted, sometimes extend-
ing in rays on the base ; calyx closed ; basin small, slightly corrugated ;
ilesh whitish, tine, tender, juicy, mild pleasant subacid ; very good ;
core medium. December, Mai-ch.

"Wealthy,

A new variety, raised by Peter M. Gideon, of Excelsior, near St.
Paul, Minn. So far the tree has proved hardy, healthy, vigorovis,
spreading, very productive ; a beautiful and excellent fruit.

Fruit medium, oblate, or roundish oblate ; skin smooth, whitish
vellow, shaded with deep rich red in the sun, obscui-e broken stripes,

Wealthy.

splashes and mottlings in the shade, sometimes entirely covered %\-ith
crimson, and many light dots ; stalk short to medium, slender ; cavity
large, green russet ; calyx partially closed ; basin deep, abrupt, uneven ;
flesh white, fine, sometimes stained Avith red, tender, juicy, vinous,
lively subacid ; very good ; core small. December, February.

"Western Beauty.

Mus^ove's Cooper. Big- Rambo. Ohio Beauty.

Oi'igin imknoAvn. William T. English, of Rhinehart, O., seems to
have brought it into notice, and furnished us specimens. Tree very

38 THE APPLE.

vigorous, making a large, sj^reading, open head ; an early and good
bearer.

Fruit large to very large, roundisbi oblate, regular ; skin pale yellow,
shaded with bright red in the sun, some rather obscure splashes and
stripes of light red in the shade, thickly sprinkled with large light and
gray dots, the light ones being areole ; stalk of medium length, slender ;
cavity large, sometimes light russet ; calyx large, closed ; basin large,
broad, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish yellow, coarse, crisp, tender,
juicy, mild subacid; good to very good; core rather small. October,
February.

"Whitescarver.

Originated with R. A. Whitescarver, of Laurel Mills, Va., A\ho
informs me that the tree is ^-igorous, rather spreading or round head,
an early and good bearer annually, but more so alternate years.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate ; skin pale yello-wlsh green, a few
light dots, a portion being areole ; stalk short ; cavity narrow ; calyx
small ; basin broad, moderately deep ; flesh yellowish white, half fine,
crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid ; very good ; core large, open.
November, December.

York Stripe.

Origin York County, Pa. Tree moderately "\T.gorous, spreading, an
early bearer, and very productive alternate years.

Fruit rather large, roimdish, slightly conic, slightly angvilar ; skin
pale whitish yellow, shaded and rather thinly striped and splashed with
light bright red over the whole surface, but quite faintly on the side
least exposed to the sun ; stalk shoi't, small ; cavity large, deep, a little
greenish ; calyx open or half closed ; basin large, deeji, slightly corru-
gated ; flesh white, rather coarse, breaking, moderately juicy, mild
subacid; good; core small. January, Febmary.

SIBERIAN CRABS AND IMPROVED SIBERIAN

APPLES.

Bailey's Crimsox Crab.

Eaised by "William H. Bailey, of Plattsburgh, N. Y. Tree vigor-
ous, upi'ight ; very productive.

Fruit large for a Siberian, roundish, very slightly conic ; skin
yellow, shaded over the whole surface with deep rich crimson, almost
purplish in the sun, and covered ^yith. a light bloom ; stalk short to
long, slender, in a medium or small cavity ; basin rather shallow, cor-
riigated ; flesh yellow, juicy, subacid and asti-ingent. September.

the apple. 30

Brier's Sweet Crab.

Originateil with B. B. Brier, of Baraboo, Wis. Is the result of a
fertilization of tlie Siberian Ci-ab witli the Bailey apple. Tree perfectly
hai'dy, vigoi'ous and productive.

Fi'uit as large as the Transcendent ; shaped like the Bailey Sweet ;
color pale yellow, beautifully pencilled and splashed with carmine ; flesh
yellowish, crisj), juicy, very sweet and rich ; quality best for dessert
or preserves. (A. G. Tuttle, Manuscript.)

Lady Elgin.

Geneva. Marengo Siberian, No. 4.

This beautiful new Siberian apple originated on the farm of James
Forbes, of Ridott ToAvnship, 111. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, slender
branches, very productive, a pleasant dessert fruit, and said to be excel-
lent for canning ; the slight acid or vinous flavor being preferred by
some to the rich sweet of the peach.

Fruit large for a Siberian, roundish oblate, regular ; skin smooth,
whitish yellow, nearly covered with bright rich red, a few light and
gray dots ; stalk medium, slender ; cavity small ; calyx closed ; basin
shallow, corrugated ; flesh white, fine, tender, jviicy, mild subacid,
slightly vinous ; very good. September, December.

Mackie's Beauty Siberian.

Originated with Matthew Mackie, Clyde, N. Y. Tree vigorous ;
very productive.

Fruit large of its class, roundish oblate ; skin whitish, nearly cov-
ered with deep rich red, a light grayish bloom, and a few light dots ;
stalk rather long, slender ; cavity quite large ; calyx closed ; basin
broad, rather shallow, corrugated ; flesh white, crisp, tender, moderately
juicy, subacid, a little astringent. September.

Sylvan Sweet Crab.

Raised by Mrs. C. P. Ailing, Sylvan, Richland County, "Wis., from
seed of Siberian Crab, and A. L. Hatch, of that town, describes the tree
as vigorous, handsome, and suited to a northern latitude ; he says the
flesh is tender, juicy, and sweet, and thinks it would make good cider.

Fruit lai'ge, two inches or more in diameter, roundish oblate ; skin
smooth, light yellow, nearly covered with bright red ; stalk long, slen-
der ; cavity medium ; basin rather small ; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy,
mild, pleasant sweet ; core rather large ; ripens last of August and first
of September. [J^omologist and Gardener .)

Van Wyck's Siberian.

A chance seedling on the farm of Miss Caroline Yan Wyck, Fish-
kill, Dutchess County, N. Y. Tree vigorous, upright, productive.

Fi'viit large for a Siberian, roundish, slightly conic ; skin smooth,
whitish, shaded and mottled with liglit Ijright red, and covered \^n.th a
tliin bloom ; stalk rather long, slender ; cavity rather narrow, deep ;
cal^^\: closed ; basin medium, smooth ; flesh whitish, fine, rather firm,
moderately juicy, rather rich, honeyed sweet; good ; core small and close.
September.

40

THE APPLE.

Additional Synonyms.

Alpian Syn. of Cannon Pearmain.

Anderson " " "

American Nonpareil " Domine.

August Pippin " Summer Sweet Paradise.

Bell's Favorite " Soi^s of Wine.

Bully Pippin " Ewalt.

Chillicothe Sweet " Bailey's Sweet.

Crutchfield Greening " Bullet.

Champ Sweet " Hartford Sweet.

Claybank " Griffith.

Conford " Prj^or's Red.

Dixie " Shockley.

Duverson's June " Early Red Margaret.

Early White " Cooper's Early White.

Early July Pippin " Early Harvest.

Early Red Sweet " Red June Sweet.

Father Abram " Abram.

Garvis Seedling " Buckingham.

Glory of the West " Dutch Codlin.

Hollman " Nickajack.

Hazeldeen " Princely.

Herr's June " Early Red Margaret.

Holland's Red Winter " Winesap.

Hutchinson's Pippin " Ben Davis.

Joe Allen " "

Jones's Early Harvest " Carolina Red June.

July Branch " Jersey Sweet.

Kentucky Red Streak " Ben Davis.

Kirby's Red " Red Winter Pearmatn.

Lady's Blush " Ewalt.

Long Island Graft " Fall Orange.

Normanton Wonder '' Dumelow's Seedling.

New York Bellflower " Fall Orange.

Regular " Cooper's Market.

Red Abram " Abram.

Rigley " Cooper's Market.

Saille Sweet " Red and Green Sweet.

Seneca Favorite " Quince.

Speckled " Fall Orange.

Striped Quarendon " Early Red Margaret.

Striped Sweet Harvest " Red June Sweet.

Striped Red Harvest " " "

Susy Clark " Carolina Red June.

Summer Traveller " Early Red Margaret.

Sweet Dumpling " Summer Sweet Paradise.

Tenan Red " Ben Davis.

Texan Red " Winesap.

Uxbridge Spice " Capron's Pleasant.

Van Kleek's Sweet " Hog Island Sweet.

Virginia June " Early Red Margaret.

Virginia Sweet " Red and Green Sweet.

Virginia Pippin " Ben Davis.

Westbrook " Fall Orange.

White Codlin " Dutch Codlin.

WHiite NeweU " Fall Orange.

White, or Yellow June of some " Kirkbridge White.

Wine Sweet " AVinter Sweet Paradise.

Wrigley " Cooper's Market.

York and Lancaster " St. Lawrence.

INDEX TO THE APPENDIX.

APPLES.

[Standard names are in Roman letters

PAGE

Autumn Pomme Gris 1

Bailey's Crimson Crab 38

Baltzley 3

BnUzUy's Sweet 2

Belle du Havre 2

Belle Douce du Ilarre 2

Bell's Seedlrag '^

Big Rdinbo 37

Blenheim Pippin 3

Blenheim Orange 3

Blooming Orange 3

Blenheim 3

Boyd 3

Brier s Sweet Crab 39

Bunker Hill 4

Buzby s Early 4

Cadwallader's Golden 5

Calkins' Pippin 5

Cheese 35

Chester County 5

Clayton 6

Cline's Codlin 0

Connecticut Red Cheek 6

Connecticut lied Streak 0

Connecticut Bed Side 6

Cons J>

Grains Spice 7

Davage 7

Dr. Fulcher 7

Donahue '

Duffield 8

Duling 8

DuUu'fs Sweet 8

Dulin's Red 9

Esperens Reinette 9

Fairy 0

Fall Queen or Haas 10

Fall Stripe 11

Franclin 11

French Spitzenhurgh 36

General Lyon 11

General Marion 11

Geneca 39

The synonjTnons names in Italict.]

PAOB

Gillette's Winesap 13

Goyeau 12

Grattan 13

Gros Pigeonnet 13

Gros Vert 13

Grot^ Ponimier 10

Gros Pommier 10

ILins 10

Hannah 13

Hatcher 13

Hatcher^s Seeding 13

Hawkins Chief 14

Hiram 14

Horse of some 10

Hoss 10

Hoya Golden Reinette 14

Ilayasche Gold Reinette 14

Huntsman's Favorite 14

Humiston 15

Illinois Greening 15

Imperial White 25

Iowa Russet 16

Irish Pippin 16

hzard 23

Johnson 16

Kansas Queen 17

Kansas Sweet 17

Keasheifs Favorite 19

Kempter\s Pipj)in 3

King Solomon 18

King 35

Kiunaird's Choice 18

Lady Elgin 89

Lallier s Prolific Red 19

Lambert 19

Lanilsberger Reinette 20

Large Green , 13

Lelieur 20

Long's Russet 30

]\Iackier Beauty Siberian 30

McAfee's Nonsuch 31

McAfee 21

42

APPENDIX — APPLES.

PAGE

McAfee's Bed 21

Mismuri jSuperiar 21

Mann 21

Maryland Queen 10

Marquis of Lome 22

Marengo Siberinn JVo. 4 39

Mason's Stranger 23

Ma soli's Pippin 23

Missouri Pippin 23

Missovri Keeper 23

Monte BeUo 24

Morgan 24

Musgroce's Cooper 37

NorthwicJc Pippin 3

OJiio Beauty 37

Old Field 23

Otoe Red Streak 25

Parry's \niite 25

Perle d' Augleterre 25

Pearl of England 25

Pewaukee 26

Pilot 26

Pomme Grise d'Or 27

Presh's Winter 27

Princeton 28

Puckett 35

PijckeWs Summer 35

Beinetle de Landsberg 20

Beinette de Ilaya. 14

Beinette WEspteren 9

Reliance 28

Ripley 28

ley's Claret 28

VKdS

Rochester Pippin 28

Rose Bee 29

Rose Bud 29

Rose Red 30

Saxton 11

Seager 30

Schuyler's Sweet 31

Scribner Spitzenburgh 31

Sherman's Favorite 31

Shermarb's Stceet 31

Sillix 31

Somerset 32

Soulard 32

Starr 33

Stayman's Summer 34

Stribling 34

Striped Sweet Pijipin 35

Striped Pippin 35

Summer King 35

Summer Cheese 35

Summer Spitzenburgh 36

Superior White 25

Swazie Pomme Grise 27

Sylvan Sweet Crab 39

Tuttle 36

Van Wyck's Siberian 39

Wealthy 37

Western Beauty 37

Wliitescarver 38

White Ap}}le 25

Woodstock Pippin 3

York Stripe 38

THE

FRUITS AND FRUIT-TREES

AMERICA;

THE CULTURE, PROPAGATION, AND MANAGEMENT, IN THE
GARDEN AND ORCHARD, OF FRUIT-TREES GENERALLY ;

DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE FINEST VARIETIES OF FRUIT, NATIVE
AND FOREIGN, CULTIVATED IN THIS COUNTRY.

±Jy a. J. DOWNING

0OBEE8PONDINO MEMBER OF THE KOTAL BOTANIC SOCrETT OF LONDON; AND OP THE HORTIPUL-

TURAl. SOCIETrES OF BERLIN, THE LOW COUNTRIES, MASSACHUSETTS,

PENNSYLVANIA, INDIANA, CINCINNATI, ETC.

Second Revision and Correction, with large Additions and an Appendix of 1872,
including many New Varieties,

By CHAELES DOWNING.

CHEEEIES, GRAPES, PEACHES,
PEARS, &c.

KEW YORK:
JOHN WILEY & SON, 15 ASTOR PLACE.

1872.

Entered according to Act of Congress, m the year 1872, bj'

JOHN WILEY & SON,

hi the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

Poole & Maclauotlan, Printf.rs,

205-213 Kast TivelftJi Street,

New York.

CONTENTS

OP

PA.IIT II

PAOE

CHAPTER XI.

The Apricot 433*

Uses, Cultivation, Diseases 433

Descriptive List of Varieties 433

Curious or Ornamental Varieties 442

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1013

CHAPTER XII.

TnE Berberry 443

Culture 448

The Blackberry 443

Descriptive List of Varieties 443

Ornamental Varieties 446

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1015

CHAPTER XIIL

The Cherry 447

Uses 447

Soil and Situation 448

Propagation and Cultivation 449

Training and Gathering the Fruit 450

Descriptive List of Varieties :

Class I. — Bigarreau and Heart Cherries 450

Class II. — Duke and Morello Cherries 476

Ornamental Varieties 486

Selections of Choice Cherries for Family Use 487

Ali^habetical Index to Descriptive List 1015

IV CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XIY.

PAGE

The Cukrant 487

Uses, Propagation and Culture, Insects and Diseases 488

Descriptive List of Varieties :

Class I. — Red and White Currants 489

Class II.— Black CuiTants 492

Ornamental Varieties 493

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1020

CHAPTER XV.

The Cranberry 493

Alphabetical Index 1019

CHAPTER XVI.

The Fig 494

Propagation, Soil, and Culture 495

Descriptive List of Varieties :

Class I. — Red, Brown, or Purple 496

Class II.— White, Green, or Yellow 498

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1020

CHAPTER XVn.

The Gooseberry 499

Uses, Propagation, and Cultivation 500

Descriptive List of Varieties 501

American Varieties 503

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1021

CHAPTER XVHI.

The Grape 504

Uses, Soil 505

Propagation 506

1 . Culture of the Foreign Grape 506

Renewal Training 507

Culture under Glass without Artificial Heat 508

Culture under Glass with Fire Heat 510

Construction of the Vinery 511

Insects and Diseases 513

Descriptive List of Foreign Grapes 513

2. American Grapes 525

Vineyard Culture 526

Diseases and Insects, Grafting, Keeping 527

Descriptive List of American Grapes 528

Selection of Varieties 558

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive Lists of Foreign and American

Grapes 1022

CONTENTS. V

CHAPTER XIX.

PAGE

The Melon 559

Culture 559

Descriptive List of Varieties 560

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1026

CHAPTER XX.

The Water-Melon 561

Descriptive List of Varieties 562

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1037

CPIAPTER XXI.

The Mulberry 564

Description of Varieties 564

Alphabetical Index 1027

CHAPTER XXII.

The Nectarine 565

Culture 565

Descriptive List of Varieties 566

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1027

CHAPTER XXIII.

Nuts 572

Descriptive List of Varieties 573

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1028

CHAPTER XXIV.

The Oliye 575

Uses and Value 575

Propagation and Culture 575

Varieties 576

Index to Varieties 1029

CHAPTER XXV.

The Orange Family 576

SoU and Culture 577

Varieties 578

Lemons 579

The Lime 579

The Citron 579

The Shaddock 579

Index to Varieties 1029

VI • CONTEXTS,

CHAPTER XXVI.

PAGE

The Peach 580

Uses 581

Propagation, Soil, and Situation 582

Pruning 583

Insects and Diseases 586

The Yellows 587

Remedy for the Yellows 591

Eaisiag- Peaches in Pots 594

Descriptive List of Varieties 596

Curious or Ornamental Varieties 638

Selection of Varieties 639

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1029

CHAPTER XXVn.

The Pear 639

General Description 639

Gathering and Keeping the Fruit 641

Propagation 642

Soil, Situation, and Culture 643

Diseases and Insects 644

The Insect Blight 645

The Frozen-sap Blight 646

Varieties 650

Descriptive List of Varieties 651

Select List for Table Use, Marketing, and Cooking 887

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1033

CHAPTER XXVni.

The Pltjm 889

Uses 889

Propagation and Culture 890

Soil ; Insects and Diseases 891

Varieties 895

Descriptive List of Varieties 895

Ornamental Varieties 955

Selection of Varieties for Table, Marketing, and Cooking 055

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1056

CHAPTER XXIX.

The Pomegranate 956

Propagation and Culture 957

Varieties 957

Alphabetical Index to Varieties 1002

CHAPTER XXX.

The Quince 957

Uses, Propagation, Soil, and Culture 958

Varieties 958

Ornamental Varieties 960

Alphabetical Index to Varieties 1063

CONTENTS. Vll

CHAPTER XXXI.

PARK

The Raspberry 960

Uses, Propagation, Soil, and Culture 963

Varieties 962

Alphabetical Index to Varieties 1063

CHAPTER XXXII.

The Strawberry 974

Propagation, Soil, and Culture 975

Varieties 977

Alpine and Wood Strawberries 1005

Hautbois Strawberries 1007

Chili Strawberries 1007

Green Strawberries 1008

Selection of Varieties 1008

Alphabetical Index to Varieties 1064

Index to the Different Fruits 1013

General Index 1069

DOWNING'S

FP.UIT AND FRUIT-TREES

OF AMEEICA

PART II.

FRUITS AND FRUIT-TREES.

APKICOT, CHEKKIES,

GEAPES, PEAKS,

PLUMS, &c.

CHAPTER XI.

THE APKICOT.

Armeniaca Vulgaris^ Dec. Bosacece, of botamts.

Abrieoticr, of the French ; Apnkosenbnum^ German ; Alhrcoco^ Italian ;

Alharicaque, Spanish.

The Apricot is one of the most beautiful of ston fruit-trees, easily
knoTVTi by its glossy heart-shaped foliage, large wiite blossoms, and
smooth-skinned golden or ruddy fruit. In the fuit-garden it is a

THE APRICOT. 433

highly attractive object in early spring, as its charming flowers are the
first to expand. It forms a fine spreading tree of about twenty feet in
height, and is hardy enongh to bear as an open standard south of the
42d degree of latitude in this country.

The native countries of this tree are Armenia, Arabia, and the higher
regions of Central Asia. It is largely cultivated in China and Japan ;
and, indeed, according to the accounts of Grosier, the mountains west of
Pekin are covered with a natural growth of apricots. The names hy
which it is known in various European countries all seem to be cor-
ruptions of the original Arabic term Jyerkoche.

Uses. A very handsome and delicious dessert fruit, only inferior to
the peach, ripening about midsummer, after cheri-ies and before plums,
at a season when it is peculiarly acceptable. For preserving in siigar
or brandy, for jellies or pastries, it is highly esteemed, and, where it is
abundant, an admirable liquor is made from the fruit ; and it is also
dried for winter use. In some parts of Germany, the free-bearing sorts
— the Turkey, Orange, and Breda — are largely cultivated for this pur-
pose.

Cultivation. This tree is almost always budded on the plum stock
(on which in July it takes readily), as it is found more hardy and du-
rable than upon its own root. Many nurserymen bud the apricot on the
peach, but the trees so produced are of a very inferior quality — short
lived, more liable to diseases, and the fruit of a second-rate flavor.
Budded on the plum they are well adapted to strong soils, in which
they always hold their fruit better than in light sandy soils.

Apricots generally grow very thriftily, and soon make tine heads, and
produce an abundance of blossoms and young fruit ; btit the croj:) of
the latter frequently falls ofi" when half grown, from being stung by the
plum-weevil or curculio, to which the smooth skin of this fruit seems
highly atti-active. To remedy this, the same course miist be pursued as
is directed for the plum. Seedling apricots are usually more hardy and
productive here than the finer grafted sorts.

This is a favorite tree for training on walls or espaliers, and, in tov.-n
gardens especially, we often see it trained against the sides of brick
houses, and yielding most abundantly. As it bears its fruit in the same
AVay as the peach, and requires the same management, we must i-efer our
readers to the latter head for direction as to pruning and training. As
the apricot, however, expands its blossoms very early, it should not be
placed on an east wall, or in a situation where it is too much exposed
to the full morning sun.

Diseases. When budded on the Plum, this tree is but little liable
to diseases, and may be considered a hardy fruit-tree. In order to
render it fruitful, and keep it for a long time in a productive state, we
cannot too strongly urge the. advantages of the shortening-in system of
pruning recommended for the peach.

Albergier.

Alberge.

This is a variety very common in the interior of France, where it is
constantly reproduced with but little variation from the seed — Alberr/e
being the name of the ai)ricot in some of the provinces. It is a free
grower, and bears well, but is neither so lar-ge nor fine as many other

28

434 THE APKICOT.

vai-ieties. The leaves are small, and often have little wing-like ears at
the base. The Albergiers are much used for stocks in France.

Fruit small, roundish, deep yellow. Flesh reddish, firm, with a
brisk, vinous flavor. Stone compressed. Kernel bitter. Esteemed for
preserving. Ripe middle of August.

Angoumois.

Anjou. Rouge. Violet.

Fruit small, oval, flattened at the apex. Skin clear deep yellow on
the shaded side, but dark rusty brown on the side next the sun. Flesh
deep orange, juicy, and melting, separating from the stone, rich, sugary,
and briskly flavored, but when highly ripened charged with a fine aro-
ma. Back of the stone impervious. Kernel sweet. End of July.
(Hogg.)

Beauge.

A foreign variety very much resembling the Moorpark, but ripening
a little later.

Black.

Amygdalus dasycarpa. Purple Apricot. Noir.

Violet. Du Pape.

This remarkable little Apricot so strongly resembles a dark round
plum, that at a little distance it might easily be mistaken for one. (It
was indeed called Prunus dasycarpa by the old botanists.) It is pretty
good, and very hardy, and its unique appearance renders it sought after
by amateurs. The tree has a rough, somewhat crooked trunk, and
small, oval foliage.

Fruit about an inch and a half in diameter, round. Skin jiale red
in the shade, but dull reddish purple in the sun, covered with a slight
down. Flesh pale red next the skin, yellow near the stone, adhering
somewhat to the stone, juicy, with a pleasant, slight astringent flavor.
Kernel sweet. August.

Breda.

De Hollande. Amande Aveline. Persique.

Hasselnussmandel. Ananas.

This is a very excellent small Apricot, said to be originally from
Africa, whicli bears well with common culture, and deserves a place in
all gardens, as it is not only a high-flavored dessert sort, bat it makes
one of the richest preserves. The blossom buds are tinged with deep
red before they expand.

Fruit rather small, about an inch and a half in diameter, roundish,
sometimes rather four-sided. Suture well marked. Skin orange, be-
coming dark orange in the sun. Flesh deep orange, rich, high-flavored,
and rather juicy — separating freely from the stone. The kernel, which
is sweet, is eaten in France, whence the name Amande Aveline. Fii'st

of Au crust.

the apricot. 435

Brown's Early.

Origin, Chelsea, Mass.

Fruit large, short oval, yellow, blight red cheek. Flesh yellow,
melting, rich, juicy, luscious flavor. Season, middle to last of July.
(Cole.)

Brussels.

The Brussels Apricot is not a fine fruit in this country, but it is a
good bearer in light soils.

Fruit of medium size, rather oval, and flattened on its side. Skin
\)a]e yellow, dotted ■with white in the shade, but often marked with a
little russety bro^vn in the sun. Sutiire deep next the stalk. Flesh
yellow, rather firm, with a lively but not rich flavor. Kernel bitter.
Middle of August. The Brussels of some collections is the Jjreda,

Burlington.

Raised by Mrs. Woolman, Burlington, N. J. Tree Adgorous.

Fruit medium to large, oblong, somewhat compressed at the sides,
with a distinct suture. Skin golden yellow, with numerous red spots
and a ruddy tint on the side exposed to the sun. Flesh yellowish,
sweet, and fine. Middle of July to the first of August. This variety is
probably out of existence.

Caning Grossg.

A variety from the Papal States of Italy, introduced by Thomas
Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England. Tree hardy and a vigorous
grower.

Fi'uit quite large. Skin orange, becoming red in the sun. Flesh
rich reddish yellow, melting, high-flavored. Middle July.

Claude Bidot.

From France. Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, deep suture, half round. Skin deep
orange yellow, spotted and shaded with deep red. Flesh deep yellow,
slightly colored with red on the side of the sun. Flesh fine, melting,
siigary, aromatic. Stone medium, roundish ovate. Kernel very sweet.
(An. Pom.)

COMICE DE TgULGN.

Of French origin.

Friiit large, roundish ovate. Skin very downy, yellow, becoming
orange in the sun, with deep carmine dots. Flesh orange yellow, fine,
juicy, aromatic. Kernel sweet. Early July. (An. Pom.)

Des Faroes.

Originated near Lyons, France.

Fruit medium to lai-ge, roundish oval, golden yellow, covered with a
short down. Flesh orange yellow, fine, juicy, musky perfumed. Stone
large. Separates free from the flesh. Last of June. (Yerg.)

436 THE APracoT.

Early Golden.
Dubois' Early Golden.

Origin unknown. Inti-odiiced by Cliarles Dubois, Fislikill Landing,
N. Y. Tree vigorous, with long, rather slender branches.

Fruit small, roundish oval, with the suture well marked, and ex-
tending half-way round. Skin smooth, pale orange. Flesh yellow, mo-
derately j uicy and sweet, with a very good flavor — separates from the
.stone. Middle of Ju.ly.

Early Moorpark.

A variety much resembling the Moorpark, but ripening some weeks
earlier.

Fruit roundish, inclining to oval, deep suture on one side, extending
from the base to the apex. Skin yellow, mottled and dotted with crim-
son on the exposed side. Flesh in all respects resembling that of the
Moorpark. Stone oblong, with a covered channel along the back, which
is pervious. Kei-nel bitter.

Golden Drop.

This new Apricot is described by Rivers as having been raised from
seed of the Musch-Musch, and is about the size of an Orleans Plum,
bright oi'ange and crimson. Flesh melting, with a delicious pine flavor.
Ripe middle July.

Hemskirke.

A large and beautiful English vaiiety, of the finest quality. It
strongly resembles the Moorpark, from which it is known by its stone
not being perforated like that variety. It also ripens a little earlier.

Fruit large, roundish, but considerably compressed or flattened on.
its sides. Skin orange, with a red cheek. Flesh bright orange, tender,
rather more jnicy and sprightly than the Moorpark, with a rich and
luscioiis plum-like flavor. Stone rather small, and kernel bitter. End
of July.

Jaques.

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, hardy.

Fruit small, ovate. Skin with a fine short down or bloom, greenish
yellow. Flesh orange yellow, melting, juicy, sugary, perfumed. Stone
medium. July, August.

Kaisha.

A variety from Syria, of high reputation abroad, but we have found
the tree tender and unhealthy.

Fruit medium, roundish, with a deep suture toward the stalk, pale
yellow, mottled and tinged with red in the sun. Flesh tender, juicy,
pale yellowish, parting freely from the stone, sugarj^, high-flavored.
Stone small, roundish. Kernel sweet. July and first of August.

Lafayette.
Origin, City of ISTew York. Tree remarkably vigorous.

THE APKICOT. 437

Fruit very large, oval. Skin light yellow, marbled with red next the
sun. Flesh high-flavored and excellent. Ripens in August. (W. E,.
Prince.)

Large Early.

G-ros Precoce. De St. Jean. Precoce d'Esperin.

Gros d' Alexandria. Gros Fruhe. d'Hongrie.

De St. Jean Rouge.

A fine, large, early variety from France, of vigorous growth, and one
of the best of the early sorts.

Fruit of medium size, rather oblong, and compressed. Suture deep.
Skin slightly downy, pale orange in the shade, fine bright orange with a
few ruddy spots in the sun. Flesh separating readily from the stone,
orange-colored, rich, and juicy. Kernel bitter. Middle of July.

Large Red.
Gros Rouge. Gros Rouge HatU^

This is a variety of the Peach Apricot, the tree hardier than the
Moorpark.

Fruit large, deep orange red. Flesh rich, juicy, separating freely
from the stone. Kernel bitter. Last July.

LlABAUD.

Origin, near Lyons, France.

Fruit large, ovate, depressed at ends. Skin dull yellow, shaded
with orange in the sun. Flesh orange yellow, translucent, fine, melting,
sugary. Stone ovate, obtuse at summit. July. (Verg.)

LUIZET.

Originated near Lyons, France. Tree vigorous.

Fruit large, ovate truncated at apex. Skin thick, orange yellow,
washed and dotted with deep crimson. Flesh yellow, firm, sugary, per-
fumed. Stone large. Freestone. July. (Yerg.)

Mexico.

Originated near Lyons, France.

Fruit medium, ovate elongated. Skin thick, greenish yellow, wash-
ed with reddish brown. Flesh pale yellow, fine, tender, sugary, musky.
Stone obtuse at apex end. July. (Verg.)

MONTGAMET.
Crotte. Alberge de Montgamet.

Fruit small, oval, somewhat compressed on the sides, and marked with
a shallow suture. Skin ]>ale yellow, with a slight tinge of red on the
side next the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, adhering to the stone, juicy,
and agreeably acid. When well ripened, highly perfumed. Stone round-
ish. Kernel bitter. End of July. (Hogg.)

438 THE APRICOT.

MOORPARK.

Anson's. Oldaker's Moorpark. Dunmore.

Walton Moorpark. Dunmore's Breda. Temple's.

Sudlow's Moorpark. De Nancy. Hunt's Moorpark.

This fine variety is the most popular and widely disseminated in this
country, except the Breda. It has its name from Moorpark, the seat of
Sir William Temple, in England, where it was cultivated more than one
hundred and forty years ago. It is only a moderate bearer here, and
especially requires the shortening-in mode of pruning, as recommended
for the peach.

Fruit large, roundish, about two inches and a quarter in diameter
each way, on a standard tree ; rather lai-ge on one side of the suture
than the other. Skin orange in the shade, but deep orange or brownish
red in the sun, marked with numerous dark specks and dots. Flesh
quite firm, blight orange, parting free from the stone, quite juicy, with
a rich and luscious flavor. Stone peculiarly perforated along the back,
where a pin may be pushed through nearly from one end to the other.
Kernel bitter. Ripe early in August.

MUSCH-MUSCH.
D'Alexandrie.

This delicious little Apricot takes its name from the city of Musch,
on the frontiers of Turkey in Asia ; but it is also common about Alex-
andria, and in northern Egypt it is said to be raised in such abundance
that the dried fruit is an article of commerce. The tree is rather deli-
cate, and requires a sheltered position.

Fruit rather small, about an inch and a half in diameter, round.
Skin deep yellow, with a little oi'ange red on the sunny side. Flesh
yellow, with a translucent pulp^ tender, melting, and very sweet. Ker-
nel sweet.

Newhall's Early.

Origin, Lynn, Mass.

Fruit medium, short oval, bright orange, deep red cheek, tender,
juicy, rich delicious flavor. Clingstone. Last July. Early August.
(Cole.)

Orange.

Early Orange. Persian. Royal George.

Royal Orange. Royal Persian.

An Apricot of only tolerable quality for the dessert, but it is much
esteemed by many for preserving; and it makes delicious tarts, even
before the fruit begins to acquire color.

Fruit of medium size, roundish, with a well-marked suture, deeply
hollowed near the stalk. Skin firm, orange, sometimes tinged with a
ruddy tint in the sun. Flesh dark orange, moderately juicy, but often
rather dry and insipid (unless ripened in the house), not separating en-
tirely from the flesh. Stone small, roundish. Kernel sweet. Middle
of July.

THE APRICOT. 439

OuLLiNs Early Peach.
A variety of the Peacli Apricot, differing only in time of ripening.

Peach.

Anson's Imperial. Royal Peach. Peche .

Abricot Peche. De Nancy. Du Luxembourg.

Peche Grosse. Wurtemburg. Pfirsiche.

The Peach Apricot, originally from Piedmont, has long been con-
sidered the finest variety ; and it is with vis the largest and most excel-
lent sox't cultivated — being often as large as a Peach — of medium size,
handsome, and of deliciovis flavor. It very strongly resembles the
Moorpark, biit the two are readily distinguished by the eye when stand-
ing near each other, and the fruit of the Peach is rather larger and
finer, and a few days earlier.

Fruit of the largest size, about two and a half inches in diameter,
roundish, i-ather flattened, and somewhat compressed on its sides, with
a well-marked suture. Skin yellow in the shade, but deep orange, mot-
tled with dark brown, on the sunny side. Flesh of a fine yellow saffron
color, juicy, rich, and high-flavored. Stone with the same pervious
passage as the Moorpark, and with a bitter kernel.

Pine Apple.

Ananas.

Fruit large, roundish, flattened, and marked with a rather shallow
suture. Skin thin and delicate, deep golden yellow in the shade, with a
high-colored red cheek where exposed to sun, and speckled with large
and small red specks. Flesh reddish yellow, somewhat firm, juicy, rich
pine-apple flavor. Stone oval. Kernel bitter. Middle August.
(Hogg.)

Portugal.

Male.

Fruit small, resembling in shape and size the Red Masculine, round,
divided on one side by a deep suture. Skin pale yellow on the shaded
side, deep yellow tinged with red, and marked with brown and red rus-
set spots next the sun. Flesh deep yellow, tender, melting, rich sugary,
musky, adhering somewhat to the stone. Stone almost round. Kernel
bitter. Middle of August. (Hogg.)

Provence.

Abricot de Provence.

Fruit small, compressed on the sides, with a deep suture, higher on
one side, yellow, with red in the sun. Flesh yellow, melting, rich, rather
dry, pleasant. Kernel sweet. End of July.

440 the apricot.

Red Masculine.

Early Masculine. Apricot Precoce.

Brown Masculine. Apricot hatif Musquee.

Abricotier. Abricotier hAtif.

Fruhe Muscateher.

A small early sort, hardy, very productive, of tolerable flavor, but
not rich, growth upright, slender.

Fruit small and nearly round, scarcely an inch and a half in dia-
meter, with a well-marked suture on one side. Skin bright yellow,
tinged with deep orange and spotted with dark red on the sunny side.
Flesh yellow, juicy, with a slightly nnisky, pleasant flavor. Stone thick,
obtuse at the ends. Flowers smaller than in most other soi'ts. Kernel
bitter. Eipe about the 12th of July.

RiNGOLD.

Originated in Athens, Ga.

Fruit large, roundish, a little oblong, suture slight. Skin light
orange, darker in the sun, where it is beautifully dotted with carmine.
Flesh deep yellow, juicy, and excellent. Ripens just after the orange,
hardy and productive.

Roman.

Abricot Commun. Germine.

Grosse Germine. Transparent.

This is with us one of the largest growing and hardiest Apricot
trees, and produces good crops every year in cold or unfavorable situa-
tions, where none of the other sorts except the Masculine succeed. It
is therefore, though inferior in flavor, a valuable sort for northern situ-
ations. The blossoms will bear quite a severe frost without injury.

Fruit middle-sized, oblong, with tlie sides slightly compressed, with
but little or no suture. Skin entirely pale yellow, or very rarely dotted
with a few red spots on one side. Flesh dull yellow, soft, rather dry.
When ripened by keeping a few days in the house, the flavor is tolerably
good. Stone oblong, with a bitter kernel. Ripe the last of July and
first of August.

There is a Blotched-leaved Roman [commun a feu'dles panaches, of
the French), precisely like the foregoing in all respects, except the white
or yellow stain in the leaf — but it is quite distinct from the blotched-
leaved Tvirkey, cultivated here.

Royal.

A fine large French variety, raised a few years since at the Royal
Luxembourg Gardens. It is nearly as large as the Moorpark, but with
larger leaves boine on long footstalks, and without the pervious stone of
that sort. It is quite as high flavored, and ripens a week or ten days
earlier.

Fruit roundish, large oval, slightly compressed. Skin dull yellow,
with an orange cheek, very faintly tinged with red, and a shallow suture.
Flesh pale orange, firm and juicy, with a rich vinous flavor. Ripe the
latter end of Jidy.

the apricot. 441

St. Ambroise.

Tlais is a large early Apricot, almost the size of and eai-lier than the
Moorpark. It is compressed, of a deep yellow color, reddish next the
sun. Flesh jnicy, rich, and sugary. ^Middle August. (Hogg.)

Sardinian',
De Sardaigne.

Tree a great bearer, ripening its fruit as early as the Red Mas-
culine.

Fruit small, with a deep suture on one side. Skin white, with a few
crimson spots, and sometimes a flush of red. Flesh juicy, sprightly,
sweet, pleasant. Stone small. Kernel bitter.

Shipley's.
Blenheim. Shipley's Large.

A very good early variety, of small or medium size, of vigorous but
rather slender gi-owth.

Fruit medium, oval, orange, with a deep yellow, juicy, and tolera-
bly rich flesh. Stone roundish, imper\aous, with a bitter kernel.
Ripens here about the 25th of July.

SuKER Para.
Green Gage.

From Syi'ia.

Fruit medium, roimdish, smooth skin, small stone, delicious, rather
dry, very sweet flesh.

Texas.

Originated -^dth Dr. M. A. Ward, Athens, Ga.

Fruit small, roimd. Color dark maroon, darker in the sun. Suture
slight, a mere line. Flesh juicy and pleasant, except at the stone, where
it is astringent. Adheres to the stone, (W. N. White, MS.)

Turkey.
Large Turkey. De Nancy of some.

The Turkey Apricot is a fine old variety, which is seldom seen in
our gardens, the sort generally sold under tliis name being the Roman.
It is quite a late sort, ripening after the Moorpark, from which it is
easily knoAvn by its impervious stone and sweet kernel.

Fruit of middle size, nearly round, not compressed. Skin fine deep
yellow in the shade, mottled -with brownish orange in the sun. Flesh
pale yellow, firm, quite juicy, with a flavor in which there is an excellent
mingling of sweet and acid. Kernel nearly as sweet as that of an Al-
mond, wliich, as well as the form and color, distinguishes this sort from
the Roman. Ripe the middle of August,

The Blotched-leaved Turkey, or Gold Blotched [Abricot mactde),
is a sub-variety, very well known here, resembling the common Turkey

442 THE BERBERRY.

in all respects, except that it has in the centre of each leaf a large yel-
lowish spot. It is a thrifty tree and bears delicate fruit. Ours is not
identical with the Turkey, as the last edition of the L. H. S.'s Cata-
logue arranges it, but is a globular fruit, and a true variation of the
Turkey.

"White Masculine.

WTiite Apricot. Early White Masculine.

Abricot Blanc. Blanc.

Abricotier Blanc. White Algiers ?

This scarcely differs from the Red Masculine before described, except
in color. It is fovir or five days later.

Fruit small and roundish. Skin nearly white, rarely with a little
reddish brown on one side. Flesh white, delicate, a little fibrous, ad-
heres a little to the stone, and has a delicate, pleasant juice. Kernel
bitter.

Curious or ornamental varieties. The Brian^on Apricot [A.
brigantiaca, Dec), a very distinct species, so mi;ch resembling a plum as
to be called the Brianc^on Plum by man}' authors {Prune de Uriangon,
Poit.), is a small irregular tree or shrub, ten or twelve feet high, a native
of the Alps. It bears a great abundance of small, round, yellow, plum-
like fruit in chisters, which are scarcely eatable ; but in France and
Piedmont the kernels of this variety make the " huile de marmotte,"
which is worth double the price of the olive oil.

The Double floweriis'g Apricot is a pretty ornamental tree, yet
rare with us.

Selection of Aj^ricot-s for a small garden. Large Early, Breda,
Peach, Moorpark.

Selection for a cold or northern climate. Red Masculine, Roman,
Breda.

CHAPTER XII.

THE BERBERRY.

Barberis vulgaris, L. Berberacem, of botanists.
Epine-vinette, of the French ; Berbentzen, German ; Berbero, Italian ; Berberis,

Spanish.

The Berberry (or barberry) is a com.mon prickly shrub, from eiglit
to ten feet high, which grows wild in both hemispheres, and is par-
ticularly abundant in many parts of New England, The flowers, the
roots, and the inner wood are of the brightest yellow color, and the
small crimson fruit is borne in clusters. It is a popular but fallacious
notion, entertained both here and in England, that the vicinity of this
plant, in any quantity, to grain fields, causes the rust.

The barberry is too acid to eat, but it makes an agreeable preserve

THE BLACKBERRY. 443

and jelly, and an ornamental pickle for garnishing some dishes. From
the seedless sort is made in Ilouen a celebrated sweetmeat, confiture
iVejnne-vinette. The inner bark is iised in France for dyeing silk and
cotton a bright yellow.

Culture. The cvilture is of the easiest description. A rich light soil
gives the lai-gest fruit. It is easily propagated by seed, layers, or
suckers. When fine fruit of the barberry is desired, it should be kept
trained to a single stem — as the suckers which it is liable to produce
frequently render it barren or make the fruit small.

Common Red.

This is too well known to need description. In good soils it grows
twelve or fifteen feet high, and its numerous clusters of bright oval
berries are very ornamental in autumn. There is a Large Red variety
of this, which is only a vai-iation produced by cultivation in rich soil.
There are also varieties of this in Europe with pale yellow, white, and
purple fruit, which are not yet introduced into this country, and which
scarcely differ in any other respect than the color. And there is a so-
called sioeet variety of the common Berberry from Austria {^B. v. clidcls),
but it is scarcely less acid than the common.

A variety with purple foliage differs but little in the fruit, which is
perhaps not quite as fleshy, but the foliage is extremely ornamental.

THE BLACKBERRY.

There are several species of the Bramble indigenous to this country,
which produce eatable fruit, but the best for the table, or for cooking,
are tlie Low Blackberry, a trailing shrub, and the following varieties
of the High Blackbei'ry.

The fruit is larger than that of the Raspberry, with fewer and larger
grains, and a brisker flavor. It ripens about the last of Jvily or early
in August, after the former is past, and is much used by all classes in
this country. There is no doubt that vai'ieties of much larger size, and
greatly superior flavor, might be produced by sowing the seeds in rich
garden soil, especially if repeated for two or three successive genera-
tions.

Their cultivation in gardens is similar to that of the Raspberry, ex-
cept that they require to be planted at greater distances apart, say from
six to eight feet. (See page 9G1.)

Adair's Claret.

Originated with D. L. Adair, Hawesville, Ky. The plant is not
quite hardy.

Fruit medium size, claret color, soft, with a mild pleasant flavor.

Albion.

A wildling found and introduced by John B. Orange, of Albion, 111.
Although described as large and pi-oductive, we have never been able to
gather more than half a crop from our plants, and the fruit of only fair
size, imperfect, and without flavor.

444 the blackberry.

Cape ]May.

Fruit large, black, sweet, quite soft, loses color soon after gathering,
not valuable.

Colonel Wilder.

Introduced by Jolm B. Orange.

Fruit of medium size, oblong, light cream color, moderately firm,
does not fill well.

Crystal White.
Orange's Crystal.

Introduced by John B. Orange, Albion, 111. It is a vigorous grower,
suckers freely, and not hardy. Does not set its fruit well.

Fruit medium, oblong OAal, light creamy white, translucent, sweet.
Good. Only desirable as a curiosity.

Cumeeslaxd.

A New Jersey variety, pi-oductive, hardy.
Fruit medium, black, sweet, early.

Cut-Leaved.
Parsley Leaved.

An old Euro])ean variety, ■\alaed more for its cvirious foliage than
for the amount of its fruit.

Frviit roundish, black, sweet, with a musky peculiar flavor.

Cutter's Mulberry.

Introduced by G. B. Cutter, Newtown, Mass.

Fruit long, slender, remarkably sweet. (Ho v. Mag.)

Doctor AVarder,

Introduced by John B. Orange.

Fruit rather shorter and thicker than the Albion, nearly as large.
Color dark rosy red. (Hov. Mag.)

Dorchester.

Introduced to notice by the late Capt. Lovett, of Beverly, Mass.
Nearly equal in size to New Eochelle, of a more elongated form, grains
I'ather smaller, somewhat sweeter, and producing large crops of high-
flai^ored fruit, a vigorous gi'ower.

Fruit large, oblong conic, sometimes measuiing an inch and a quai"-
ter in length, of a deep shining black. The berries should be fully ma-
tured before they are gathered ; it bears carriage well. Eipens aboiit
the first of Ausiust.

the blackberry. 445

Duncan's Falls.

Introduced by J. C. Neff, Duncan's Falls, O. An upriglit, very vig-
orous grower.

Fruit large, black, moderately firm, juicy, sweet. New, not fully
tested.

Farley.

Origin unknown. New.

Fruit nearly as large as New Rocbelle, black, sweet, and ripens two
weeks eai'lier. (Hort.)

Felton.

Introduced by Oscar Felton, of Camden, N. J,

Fruit large, long, slightly conical, sweet. Good. Ripens early,
moderately productive.

HOLCOMB.

Introduced by E. A. Holcomb, of Granby, Conn. Canes hardy and
productive. -

Fruit large, roundish, black, moderately firm, well flavored. Ripens
early.

Kentucky White.

Introduced by D. L. Adair, Kentucky. Plant tender.

Fruit medium size, oblong oval, light dirty white. Imperfect.

Kittatinny.

A native wildling from the Kittatimiy Mountains, Warren Co.,
N. J. It has within a few years become widely disseminated, and every-
where proves of the highest value. Canes quite hardy, and very pro-
ductive ; i-ipenmg early, and continuing a long time.

Fruit large to very large, roundish conical, rich glossy black, mod-
erately firm, juicy, rich, sweet, excellent.

Low Blackberry.

Trailing Blackberry. Dewberry. Eubus Canadensis.

A low trailing, prickly shrub, producing large white blossoms in
May, and veiy large roundish oblong black fruit in midsummer. Leaf-
lets from three to five in number. The fruit, when in good soil and
fully exposed to the sun, is high-flavored, sweet, and excellent.

Mason's Mountain.

A new variety. Canes hardy.

Fruit large, conical, black, sweet, rich.

Missouri Mammoth.
A variet}' recently disseminated from Missouri. It has not yet

446 THE BLACKBERRY.

fruited here, but is described as " bearing fruit of tlie very largest size,
quite black, firm, rich, juicy, sweet, without any core. Ripens very
early, and continues a long time in bearing."

Newman's Thornless.

A new variety, discovered by Jonas ISTewman, Ulster Co., N. Y.
Promises to be valuable. Growth not so vigorous as New Rochelle
and Dorchester, but produces good-sized oval berries of excellent flavor.
The canes have but few spines or thorns in comparison to the others.
Ripens about the first of August.

New Rochelle.
Seacor's Mammoth. Lawton.

This remarkable variety was found by Lewis A. Seacor, in its native
wildness by the roadside, in the town of New Rochelle, Westchester
Co., N. Y. It is of very vigorous growth, with strong spines which
belong to the bramble, is hardy and exceedingly productive.

Fruit very large, oval, and, when fully ripe, intensely black. When
mature the fruit is very jriicy, rather soft and tender, with a sweet, ex-
cellent flavor ; when gathered too early it is acid and insipid. The gra-
nules are larger, consequently the fruit is less seedy than any other va-
riety. Ripens about the first of August, and continues in use five or
six weeks.

Sable Queen.

Introduced by J. W. Manning, Reading, Mass., who describes it as
in size, beauty, and fruitfulness, equal if not superior to Dorchester or
New Rochelle. We have not seen it.

Wachusett.

Found growing wild on Monadnock Mountain. Canes hardy, nearly
thornless.

Fruit medium, oblong oval, moderately firm, productive. (J. of H.)

Washington.

Raised by Prof. C. G. Page, Washington, D. C.
Fruit large, black, sweet. Good. New.

Wilson's Early.

Introduced by John Wilson, Burlington, N. J. A hardy, produc-
tive, very early ripening market sort.

Fruit large, oblong oval, black. Flesh firm, sweet. Good.

Ornamental J^arieties. — The " Double Wliite Blossomed " and
" Double Pink Blossomed Brambles " are beautiful climbing shrubs, of
remarkably luxuriant growth, which may be trained for a great length

THE CHERRY. 447

in a season, and ai-e admirably adapted for covering walls and un-
sightly buildings. The flowers are like small double roses, and are pro-
duced in numerous clusters in June, having a very pretty eftect. North
of New York these climbers are rather tender in severe winters.

The Rose Flowering Bramble {Euhis odoratus) is a very pretty
native shrub, with large broad leaves, and pleasing rose-colored flowers,
and groups well with other shrubs in ornamental plantations.

CHAPTER XIII.

The Cherry.

Cerasits sylvestris, and C. vulgaris^ Arb. Brit. Rosacem, of botanists.
Cerisier^ oi the French; Kirschenhaum, German; Cw'tVg'c?, ItaUan ; Cereso^

Spanish.

The Cherry is a fine, luxuriant fruit-tree, with smooth, light-colored
bark, and generally of rapid growth. The varieties of the black and
heart-shaped cherries are always vigorous, and form fine large spreading
heads, forty or fifty feet in height ; but those of the acid or red cherry
are of lower, more bushy, and tardy growth. In the spring the cherry-
tree is profusely covered with clusters of snow-white blossoms, and
earlier in summer than upon any other tree, these are followed by abun-
dant crops of juicy, sweet, or acid fruit, hanging upon long stalks, and
enclosing a smooth stone

The Cherry comes oi'iginally from Asia, and the Roman general,
Lucullus, after a victorious expedition into Pontus, has the reputation
of having brought it to Italy from Cerasus, a town in that province, in
the year 69 B.C. According to Pliny, the Romans, 100 years after
thLs, had eight varieties in cultivation, and they were soon afterwards
carried to all pax'ts of Europe. The seeds of the cultivated cherry were
brought to this country very early after its settlement, both from Eng-
land and Holland.

Uses. As a pleasant and refreshing dessert fruit, the cherry is
everywhere highly esteemed. The early season at which it ripens, its
juiciness, delicacy, and richness, render it always acceptable. While the
large and fleshy varieties are exceedingly sweet and luscious, others which
are more tender, and more or less acid, are very valuable for pies, tarts,
and various kinds of cookery. The fruit of the Kentish or Early Rich-
mond is excellent when stoned and dried, and the Mazzard, and our wild
Virginia cherries, are used to give a flavor to brandy. When canned
they retain their character and are very delicious. The Dukes or Mo-
rellos are best for the purpose.

The celebrated German Kirschioasser is made by distilling the liquor
of the common black mazzard or gean (in which the stones are ground
and broken, and fermented with the pulp), and the delicious Ratafia cor-
dial of Grenoble is also made from this fruit. 3Iavaschino, the mos(
celebrated liqueur of Italy, is distilled from a small gean or mazzard.
with which, in fermenting, honey and the leaves and kernels of the fruit
are mixed.

448 THIS CHEERY.

The gum of the Cherry is nearly identical with gnm arabic, and there
are some marvellous stories told of its nutritive properties. The wood
of the cherry is hard and durable, anel is therefore valuable for many
purposes ; but the best wood is aflbrded by our common wild or Virginia
cherry, which is a very good substitute for mahogany, taking a fine
polish.

The larger growing sorts of black cherry are the finest of all fruit-
trees for shade, and are, therefore, generally chosen by farmers, who are
alv^ays desirous of combining the useful and the ornamental. Indeed
the Cherry, from its symmetrical form, its rapid growth, its fine sliade,
and beautiful blossoms, is exceedingly well suited for a roadside tree in
agricultural districts. We wish we could induce the planting of ave-
nues of this and other fine-growing fruit-trees in our country neighbor-
hoods, as is the beautiful custom in Germany, affording ornament and a
grateful shade and refreshment to the traveller at the same moment.
Mr. Loudon, in his Arboretum, gives the following account of the cherry
avenues in Germany, which we gladly lay before our readers : —

" On the Continent, and more especially in Germany and Switzer-
land, the cherry is much used as a roadside tree ; particularly in the
northern parts of Germany, where the apple and pear will not thrive.
In some countries the road passes for many miles together through an
avenue of cherry-trees. In Moravia, the road from Brunn to Olmutz
passes through such an avenue, extending iipwards of sixty miles in
lengtli ; and in the autumn of 1828, we travelled for several days through
almost one continuous avenue of cherry-trees, from Strasburg by a cir-
cuitous route to Munich. These avenues, in Germany, are planted by
the desire of the respective governments, not only for shading the ti*avei-
ler, but in order that the poor pedestrian may obtain refreshment on his
j ourney. All persons are allowed to partake of the cherries, on condi-
tion of not injuring the trees ; but the main crop of the cherries, when
ripe, is gathered by the respective proprietors of the land on which it
grows ; and when these are anxious to preserve the fruit of any particu-
lar tree, it is, as it were, tabooed ; that is, a wisp of straw is tied in a
conspicuous part to one of the branches, as vines by the roadsides in
France, when the grapes are ripe, are protected by sprinkling a plant
here and there with a mixture of lime and water, which marks the
leaves with conspicuous Avhite blotches. Every one who has travelled
on the Continent in the fruit season, nuist have observed the respect
that is paid to these appropriating marks ; and there is something highly
gratifying in this, and in the humane feeling displayed by the princes
of the different countries in causing the trees to be planted. It would
indeed be lamentable if kind treatment did not produce a corresponding
retvu'n."

Soil and Situation. A dry soil for the cherry is the universal
maxim, and although it is so hardy a tree that it will thrive in a great
variety of soils, yet a good sandy or gravelly loam is its favorite place.
It will indeed grow in much thinner and dryer soils than most other
fruit-trees, but to obtain the finest fruit a deep and mellow soil, of good
quality, is desirable. When it is forced to grow in wet places, or where
the roots are constantly damp, it soon decays and is very short lived.
And we have seen this tree, when forced into too luxuriant a growth in our
over-rich Western soils, become so gross in its wood as to bear little or
no fruit, and split open in its trunk, and soon perish. It is a very

THE CHERRY. 449

hardy tree, and will bear a great variety of exposures without in-
jury. In deep warm valleys, liable to spring frosts, it is, however,
well to plant it on the north sides of hills, in order to retard it in the
spring.

Propagation. The finer sorts are nearly always proj^agated by Inid-
ding on seedlings of the common black mazzard, Avhich is a very com-
mon kind, producing a great abundance of fruit, and very healthy, free
growing stocks. To I'aise these stocks, the cherries should be gathered
when fully ripe, and allowed to lie two or three days together, so that
they may be partially or wholly freed from the pulp by washing them in
water. They should then be planted immediately in drills in the seed
plot, covering them about an inch deep. They wll then vegetate in
the following spring, and in good soil will be fit for planting out in the
nursery rows in the autumn or foilo^viug spring, at a distance of ten or
twelve inches apart in the row. JMany persons j^reserve their cherry
stones in sand, either in the cellar or in the open air, until spring, but
we have found this a more precarious mode; the cherry being one of the
most delicate of seeds when it commences to vegetate, its vitality is
frequently destroyed bj- leaving it in the sand twenty-four hours too
long, or after it has commenced sprouting.

After jjlanting in the nursery rows, the seedlings are generally fit for
budding in the month of Augvist following. And in order not to have weak
stocks overpowered by vigorous ones, they should always be assorted
before they are planted, placing those of the same size in rows together.
Neax'ly all the cherries are grown Avith us as standards. The English
nurserymen usually bud their standard cherries as high as they wish
them to form heads, but we always prefer to bud them on quite yoimg
stocks, as near the ground as possible, as they then shoot up clean,
straight, smooth stems, showing no clumsy joint where the biid and the
stock are xmited. In good soils the buds will frequently make shoots,
six or eight feet high, the first season after the stock is headed back.
Grafting of the cherry may be performed the same as with the apple and
pear, but the work, to be successful, should always be performed early in
the season, before the frost is well out of the gi'ound. If omitted until
the buds begin to swell strongly the chances for success are less than those
of failure.

When dwarf trees are reqviired, the JSIorello seedlings are used as
stocks, or the Perfumed Cherry (Cerasus Mahaleb) is employed ; but
as standards are almost universally preferred, these are seldom seen
here. Dwarfs in the nursery must be headed back the second year, in
order to form lateral shoots near the ground.

Cultivation. The cherry, as a standard ti-ee, may be said to require
little or no cultivation in the Middle States, further than occasionally
supplying old trees ■s^T.th a little manure to keep tip their vigor, pruning
out a dead or crossing branch, and washing the stem with soft soap
should it become hard and bark-bound. Pruning, tlie cherry very little
needs, and as it is always likely to produce gum (and this decay), it
should be avoided, except when really required. It should then be
done in midsummer, as that is the only season when the gum is not more
or less exuded. The cherry is not a very long-lived tree, but in favor-
able soil the finest varieties generally endure about thirty or forty years.
In the County of Perry, Ohio, there is a tree of the Black Mazzard
variety which is eighty feet in height, and four feet one inch in dia-

29

450 THE CHERRY.

meter of main trunk, while the length of the largest limb or branch is
forty-two feet.

A large cherry-tree at Walworth, N. Y., is recorded as measuring
fourteen feet six inches in circumference, sixty feet in height, and having
a spread of over four rods. It has produced forty bushels of fxaiit in
one season.

Twenty feet apart for the strong, and eighteen feet for the slow-
gi'owing kinds is the proper distance for this tree.

Training the Cherry is very little practised in the United States.
The Heart and Bigarreau Cherries are usually trained in the horizontal
manner, explained in pages 44, 45. When the wall or espalier is once
filled, as there directed, with lateral branches, it is only necessary to cut
ofi", twice every season — in the month of May and July — all additional
shoots to within an inch or so of the branch from which they grew. As
the trees grow older, these fruit-spurs will advance in length, but by cut-
ting them out whenever they exceed four or five inches, new ones will be
produced, and the tree will continue to keep its proper shape and yield
excellent fruit. The Morello Cherries, being weaker growing sorts, are
trained in the fan manner i^pages 42, 43).

Gathering the Fruit. This tender and juicy fruit is best when
freshly gathered from the tree, and it should always be picked with the
stalks attached. For the dessert, the flavor of many sorts in our climate
is rendered more delicious by placing the fruit, for an hour or two pre-
viovis, in an ice-house or refrigerator, and bringing them upon the table
cool, with dew-drops standing upon them. For market or transpor-
tation long distances, they should be gathered only when perfectly dry.

Varieties. Since the first publication of this work was wi-itten, the
number of varieties has greatly increased, and become so hybridized that
no distinct line can now be drawn separating many of the Heart Cher-
ries (tender and half tender) from the tirm-fleshed or Bigarreau varieties,
each class insensibly approaching and intei-mingling with the other. We
have therefore made but one class of these, whose main characteristic is
the large, vigorous growth of the trees. The Duke and Morello Cherries,
also wanting a natural division, we make to constitute another class, and
in these two have comprised all the cherries.

CLASS I.
BIGARREAIJ AND HEART CHERRIES.

Adam's Crown.

Of English origin.

Fruit medium, round heart-shape, pale red. Flesh tender, juicy,
agreeable. Middle of June.

Amber.
Imperial English Amber ?

A variety described by Coxe as large, round. Skin glossy cream
color, faint bkish. Flesh firm, luscious. Ripens late in June. Tree
grows large, regular, spreading.

the cherry. 451

Amber Gean,
Gean Amber.
Of foreign origin, exceedingly productive, ripens late, and hangs til]
the middle of July.

Fruit small, oval or obtuse heart-shape. Skin very thin, color pale
yellow, partially overspread with a very faint red. Stalk long and
slender, very slightly inserted. Flesh white, juicy, melting, of a sweet
and pleasant flavor.

Ambree.

Cerise Ambree.

An English variety, described in Lindley as of rather tender habit in
tree.

Fruit large, round, flattened next the stalk. Skin thick, of a fine
amber color, mottled with red and yellow. Flesh pale yellow, slightly
tinged with red, juicy, excellent. Middle of July.

American Amber.

Bloodgood's Amber. Bloodgood's Honey.

Bloodgood's New Honey.

Raised by the late Daniel Bloodgood, of Flushing, Long Island. A
vigorous tree, productive.

Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-shaped, slightly indented at the
apex. Skin thin, smooth, light amber, delicately mottled and overspread
with bright red. Stalk long and slender, inserted in a slight narrow
cavity. Flesh tender, abounding with a sprightly, though not high-
flavored juice. Kipe about the 25th of June.

American Heart.

Its origin is uncertain. The tree is quite luxuriant, with wide-
spreading branches. Productive.

Fruit pretty large, heart-shaped, often nearly four-sided, and irregu-
lar in its outline — borne in clusters. Skin at first pale, not becoming
covered with light red or pink, mixed with very little amber. Stalk
rather long and slender, inserted in a small and shallow cavity. Ftesh
half tender and crackling, adhering to the skin, which is rather tough.
Juice abundant, and in diy seasons sweet and excellent, but rather want-
ing in sweetness in cool or wet seasons. Ripens early in June.

Anne.

A very productive early variety. Received from A. Y. Bedford,
Paris, Ky.

Fruit medium to small, bright red, tender, juicy, very sweet, and
excellent, a good amateur's fruit, growth moderate. Ripe with Early
White Heart, or soon after.

Argental's Late.

Bigarreau Tardive d'Argental.

A Cherry from France, of rather sjjreading habit, with irregular,
rather slender branches, the fruit in form unlike any other cherry.

-152

THE CHERRY.

Fruit rQediurn, elongated oval. Sides compressed, narrow sutnre.
Stalk medium, slender, in a small cavity. Skin deep purplisk black.
Flesh half tender, juicy, sweet. Very good. Stone small, narrow, elon-
gated oval. Rijiens July 10.

Bisrarreau de Mai.

Baumann's May.

Wilder's Bigarreau de Mai.

Of foreign origin. A very productive, early variety, of vigorous
gi'owth, of good quality, but not equal to E. P. Guigne.

Frviit ratlier small, oval heart-shaped, and rather angular in otitline.
Skin deep rich red, becoming rather dark when fully ripe. Stalk an inch
and three-fourths long, jJi'etty stout at either end, and set in a very nar-
row and rather irregular cavity. Flesh purplish, tender, juicy, and when
fully ripe, tolerably sweet and good. Ripens here the 20th of May.

Belle Agathe.
Autumn Bigarreau. Belle Agathe de Novembre.

A variety from Belgium. Tree vigoi-ous, hardy, good bearer.

Fruit small, roundish oval, depressed at ends, yellow, mostly covered
with red. Flesh firm, hard, sweet, moderately juicy. Stone large
Valuable only because of its time of ripening, late in August.

Belle d'Orleans.

Bigarreaii.

Belle d'Orleans.

A foreign variety, ripening just after the Early Purple Guigne.
Tree a vigorous grower, spreading habit, productive, and a valuable
addition to the early kinds.

Fruit above medium size, roundish heart-shaped. Color whitish
yellov/, half covered with pale red. Flesh tender, very juicy, sweet, and
excellent. Ripens early in June.

THE CHERRY. 453

BiGARREAU.

Graffion. Yellow Spanish.

A\Tiite Big-aiTeaii. Amber, or Imperial.

Tm-key Bigarreau ? Bigan-eau Royal.

Italian Heart. Bigan-eau Gros ?

West's ^\'hite Heart. Bigarreau Tardif.

Groote Princess. Hollandische Grosse.

Prinzessin Kirsche. Cerise Ambroe.

This noble fvuit is unquestionably one of the largest, most beautiful,
and delicious of Cherries. It was introduced into this country about
the year 1800, by the late William Prince, of Flushing, and has been
very extensively disseminated under the names of Yellow Spanish, Graf-
fion, and Bigarreau, The tree is short, but thrifty in growth, making
strong lateral shoots, and forming a large and handsome head with,
spreading branches.

Fruit very large, and of a beautiful waxen appearance, regularly
formed, obtu.se heart-shaped, the base a good deal flattened. Stalk stout,
nearly two inches long, inserted in a wide hollow. Skin pale whitish
yellow on the shaded side, bordered ^\dth minute carmine dots, and
deepening into blight red, finely marbled on the sunny side. Flesh pale
yellow, quite firm, juicy, with a rich, sweet, and delicious flavor if allow-
ed fully to ripen. In jDerfection the last of June.

Bigarreau Gros Cceuret.

Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau. Bigarreau Gros Monstrueux.

Bigarreau Coeur de Pigeon. Bigarreau Marcellin.

Gros CcEuret.

This, the true Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau, is a French variety
only rarely seen in the fruit gardens of this country.

Fruit large, roundish heart-shaped, with a suture line frequently
rai.sed, instead of being depressed. Skin at first yellowish red, marked
with deeper red streaks, but becoming, when fully I'ipe, a dark shining
red, almost black. Stalk inserted in a shallow hollow. Stone oval and
rather large. Flesh firm, purplish, a little bitter at first, but of a sweet
flavor when fully matured. Ripe first week in July.

Bigarreau Jaboulay.
Bigarreau de Lyon.

This is a fine large, early Bigarreau. Skin covered with clear red.
Stalk an inch and a half long. Flesh firm, juicy, richly flavored, and
delicioTis. End of June. (Hogg.)

Some years since we received a Bigarreau de Lyon from LeA^ds B.
Eaton, of Buftalo, N. Y., he having purchased it from a lot of imported
French trees. The label being lost, the above name was given, and as
it has been so disseminated, we continue it and give desci-iption to aid
in its identity. The tree is a free gi-ower, with long, spreading, some-
what pendulous branches.

Fruit lai-ge, heart-shaped, somewhat irregular compressed. Suture
slight. Skin deep red, almost black at maturity. Stalk rather long,
slender, curved, set in a round narrow cavity of moderate depth.

454

THE CHEKRY.

Flesli reddisli purple, half tender, juicy, sweet, rich. Yery good.
Early July.

BiGARREAU OF MeZEL.

Great Bigarreau ?

Great Bigarreau of Mezel.

Large Red Prool ?
Monstrous de Mezel.

Bigarreau Gaubalais.

A foreign variety of the largest size, and, so far as we can judge, iden-
tical with Great Bigarreau and Large Red Prool. This is however
doubted by some. The ti-ee is a very vigorous gi-ower, forming a -wide-
spreading open head, bearing its fruit on spurs along the limbs or
branches.

Fruit very large, obtuse heart-shaped. Surface uneven, dark red, or
quite black at maturity. Stalk long and slender. Flesh firm and
juicy, but not high-flavored. Ripe last of June and beginning of July.

Bigarreau Riverchox.

A late Cherry, described by Rivers as large, dark red, nearly black.
Flesh rich. July.

Bill and Coo.

A variety that originated on the grounds of Prof. J. P. Kirtland,
Cleveland, O., and took its name from the ti-ee being the haunt of
two young lovers. Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit medium, regular, heart-shaped, flattened at apex. Stalk
long, slender. Sides high. Color amber yellow
ground, marbled with clear rich red. Suture
half round, broad, opposite side knobby. Flesh
rich, delicate, sweet. Early in June, but hangs a
long time without decaying. (Elliott's Notes.)

Black Bigarreau op Savoy.

New Large Black Bigarreau.
Bigarreau Noir de Savoi.
Bigarreau Noir.

An Italian variety, of very vigorous growth ;
hardy and productive. Young wood quite dark.

Fruit large, regularly heart-shaped, very
slightly obtuse. Skin smooth and even on the
surface, not very glossy, quite black at matui-ity.
Stalk an inch and three-fourths long, rather stout,
set in a narrow even hollow. Flesh purple, quite
firm and solid, "svith a rich but not abundant
juice. Stone rather large. Ripe middle of July.

Black Eagle.

A very excellent English variety, raised by
the daughter of Mr. Knight, at Do-wnton Castle,
Black Eagle. ^^ 1806, from the seed of the Bigarreau fertilized

by the Mayduke. It ripens at the beginning of
July, or a few days later than the Black Tartarian.

THE CHERRY. 455

Fruit ratlier above medivim size, borne in pairs and threes, obtuse
heart-shaped. Skin deep pui'ple, or nearly black. Stalk of medium
length, and rather slender. Flesh deep purple, tender, -svith a rich,
high-flavored juice, superior to the Black Heart. Branches strong, with
large leaves. Moderate bearer.

Black Hawk.

Originated with Dr. J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio. The tree is
of healthy, vigorous, spreading habit, with much of the general character
of Yellow Spanish. As a table fruit, its high flavor will always com-
mend it ; while as a market fruit, its size and productive habit of tree
place it among the very best.

Fruit large, heart-shape, often obtuse. Sides compressed. Surface un-
even. Color dark purplish black, glossy. Flesh dark purple, half tender,
almost firm, juicy, rich, sweet, fine flavor. Season from 20th June to 1st
July.

Black Heart.

Early Black. Black Caroon.

Ansell's Fine Black. Guinier a fruit noir.

Spanish Black Heart. Guigne grosse noir.

Black Russian. Grosse Schwarze Hertz Kirsche.

The Black Heart, an old varit ty, is better known than almost any
other Cherry in this country, and its great fruitfulness and good flavor,
together with the hardiness and the large size to which the tree grows,
render it everywhere esteemed.

Fruit above medium size, heart-shaped, a little irregular. Skin
glossy, dark purple, becoming deep black when fully ripe. Stalk an
inch and a half long, slender, set in a moderate hollow. Flesh, before
fully ripe, half tender, but finally becoming tender and juicy, with a
rich, sweet flavor. Ripens the last of June, about ten days after the
Mayduke.

Black Mazzard.

Mazzard. Whixley Black.

Common English. Merry Cherry.

Wild English Cherry. Merisier a petit fruit.

Black Honey. Merisier a petit fruit noir.

Bristol Cherry. Corone.

Cerasus avium. Caroon.

Wild Black Fruited. Couronne.

Small WUd Black. Large Wild Black.

This is the wild species of Europe, being common in the forests of
France and some parts of England ; and it has now become naturalized,
and grows spontaneously throughout most poi'tions of the settled States.
It is the original species from which nearly all the fine Heart and other
sweet cherries have sprung. It is small, and of little value for eating,
retaining, unless very ripe, a certain bitterness ; but it ripens and hangs
on the tree until the middle or last of July, so that it then becomes
somewhat acceptable.

Fruit small, roundish or oval heart-shaped, flattened a little on both
sides. Stalk long and very slender, inserted in a small depression.

456

THE CHERRY.

Skin thin, and when fully ripe, jet black. Flesh soft and melting,
purple, with an abundant somewhat bitter juice.

The White Mazzard of Mr. Manning is a seedling raised by that
pomologist, which differs little except in its color.

Tartarian.
Black Circassian.
Ronald's Heart.
Eraser's Tartarische.
Bishop's Large.

Black Tartarian.

Eraser's Black Tartarian.
Superb Circassian.
Eraser's Black Heart.
Schwarze Herz Kirsche.
Circassian.

Ronald's Large Black Heart.
Eraser's Black.
Black Russian.
Double Heart.

This supei'b fruit has become a general favorite
in all our gardens ; and in size, flavor, and produc-
tiveness it has no superior among black cherries.
It is a Russian and West Asian variety, intro-
duced into England about 1796, and brought thence
to this country. It is remarkable for its rapid,
vigorous growth, large leaves, and the erect habit
of its head. The fruit ripens about the middle of
June, a few days after the Mayduke.

Fruit of the largest size, heart-shaped (some-
times rather obtuse), irregular and uneven on the
surface. Skin glossy, bright purplish black.
Flesh pxirplish, thick (the stone being quite small),
half-tender, and juicy. Flesh very rich and deli-

Bohemian Black Bigarreau.

Bigarreau Radowesnitzer.

Foreign.

Fruit very large, roundish heart-shape, very
even and regular in outline. Skin shining jet
black. Stalk short, stout, dark green. Flesh
quite black, firm, jnicy, richly flavored and de-
Black Tartarian. licious. Season early July. (Florist and Pomo-
logist.)

Bowyer's Early Heart,

Medium size, obtuse heai-t-shaped. Skin amber, mottled and
shaded with red. Flesh tender, jviicy, with a pleasant vinous flavor.
Distinct from Early White Heart. Eipens immediately after.

Brand YwiNE,

Originated near Wilmington, Del, Tree vigorous, spreading, pro-
ductive.

Fruit large, roundish obtuse heart-shape, almost without suture.
Skin yellowish, beautifully mottled and marbled with light crimson
and lake, small light dots. Stalk long, slender, in a moderate cavity.
Flesh tender, jviicy, sprightly acidulous. Fine for culinary uses. Stone
rather large. Last of June.

the cherry. 457

Brant.

Origin, Cleveland, Ohio. Tree vigorous, with large foliage and
spreading, of rather roimd, regular form.

Fruit large, rounded angular heart-shape. Sides slightly compressed.
Color reddish black. Flesh dark purplish red, half tender, juicy, sweet,
and rich. Yery good. Season early or middle of June.

Brown's Seedling.

Origin, Connecticut. Tree vigorous, upright.

Fruit medium, obtuse heart-shaped, compressed with a line and slight
sutvire. Stalk in a broad cavity. Skin whitish, shaded and mottled
with red. Flesh half tender, juicy, sweet. Good. Early July.

Burr's Seedling.

Origin, Perrinton, Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree a vigorous spreading
grower, productive.

Fruit large, heart-shaped, whitish yellow shaded with light red, and
sometimes mottled. Flesh nearly tender, with a sweet, rich, excellent
flavor. Yery good. Ripe the last of June.

Buttner's Black Heart.

From Germany. Tree a vigorous grower.

Fruit large, heart-shaped, almost black. Flesh purplish, fii"m, juicy,
not very rich. Good. Bipe middle of July.

Buttner's Yellow.
Buttner's Wachs-Knorpel Kirsclie. Buttner's Gelbe-Ejiorpel Kirsche.

Raised by Biittner, of Halle, in Germany, and one of the few Cher-
ries entirely yelloiv.

Fruit of medium size, roundish. Skin pale yellow. Flesh fii-m, yel-
lowish, sweet, and not of much value. Ripe first week in July.

Cakmine Stripe.

Raised by Prof. J. P. Kirtland. Tree vigorous, healthy, spreading.
Yery productive.

Fruit above medium, heart-shaped. Suture half round, followed by
a line of carmine. Color amber yellow, shaded and mottled Avith bright,
lively carmine. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly, and agi'eeable.
Yery good. Stalk varies. Season, last of June.

Cakoline.

One of Prof. J. P. Klirtland's oiiginating. Tree a vigorous, somewhat
upright spreading habit, very productive, and an exceedingly delicious
fruit for the dessei-t.

Fruit above medium, round oblong, one side compressed slightly.
Color pale amber, mottled with clear light red, and when fully exposed
to the s\in becomes rich red. Flesh very tender, juicy, sweet, and deli-
cate. Yery good or best. Season last of June.

458 the cherry.

Byrnsville.

Origin, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive.

Fruit medium to large, nearly globular, slight apex. Skin yellowish,
shaded and mottled with light and dark red. Stalk medium or short.
Flesh very tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. Last June.

Champagne.

Originated at Newburgh, N. Y. Tree of moderate growth, and forms
a round head.

Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-shaped. Color lively brick
red, inclining to pink, a little paler on the shaded side. Stalk of
moderate length and size, inserted in a rather flat shallow depression.
Flesh amber-colored, of a lively rich flavor, a mingling of sugar and
acid, something between Downer's Late and a Duke cherry, a good
bearer, and ripens \iniformly and hangs some time on the ti"ee. Veiy
good. Season last of June.

China Bigarreau.

Chinese Heart.

Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-shaped, light amber, mottled
and shaded with bright red. Flesh firm, with a sweet, peculiar flavor.
Good. Ripe last of June.

Cleveland.

Cleveland Bigarreau.

Baised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, a thrifty strong grower, spreading,
productive, and a fine fruit.

Fruit large, round heart-shape. Suture pretty broad, nearly half-
round. Color bright clear red on yellowish ground. Flesh fine, juicy,
rich, sweet, and fine flavor. Ripe a few days before Black Tartarian.
Very good.

Cocklin's Favorite.
Late Amber.

Origin unknown. Introduced by E. H, Cocklin, Shepherdsto"WTi,
Pa. Tree upright, conical, vigorous, and exceedingly productive.

Fruit large, roundish, regular, a little compressed, somewhat flatten-
ed at base, almost without suture. Apex sunk. Skin yellowish shaded,
and somewhat mottled in the sun with light crimson. Stalk long and
slender, in a deep smooth cavity. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, vinous.
Veiy good. Stone very small. Ripens a little later than Downer's Red.

Coe's Transparent.

Originated with Curtis Coe, of Middleto"svn, Conn. A produc-
tive and valuable addition to the amateur's collection, but rather too
tender for carriage to market. Tree vigorous and hardy, with a round
and somewhat spreading head.

THE CHERRY.

459

Coe's Transparent.

Fruit of medium size, remarkably round and regular in form. Skin
thin, wax-like, of a very delicate pale amber, nearly covered with pale cor-
nelian red in the sun, and marked with delicate pale
spots or blotches, which give it a unique appearance.
Stalk set in a deep depression of moderate depth.
Flesh, very tender, melting, and juicy, with a deli-
cate but sweet and excellent flavor. Best. Ripens
just before Black Tartarian.

Columbia.

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, pro-
ductive. Fruit medium, heart-shaped, inclining to a
point. Surface angular and uneven. Sides com-
pressed. Suture deep and narrow. Stalk long and
slender, in a large deep cavity. Skin whitish yel-
low, shaded and mottled with light red. Flesh,
whitish, slightly stained with, pink, tender, juicy,
pleasant. Good. Last of June.

CONESTOGA.

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Introduced by Cas-
par Hiller. Tree a very vigorous spreading grower,
and abundant beai'er.

Fruit medium, obtuse, heart-shaped, slightly compressed. Suture
shallow. Apex small. Stalk long. Cavity deep, large. Skin deep red
or purplish, somewhat mottled. Flesh reddish, almost tender, juicy,
brisk. Good. Early July.

Cornelia.

Originated by Charles Pease, near Cleveland, O. Tree vigorous, up-
right spreading, very productive.

Fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, compressed. Suture slight.
Skin whitish yellow, shaded with rich bright crimson when fully ex-
posed to the sun. Stalk long, in a narrow deep cavity. Flesh light
yellow, tender, juicy, sweet, and lively flavor. Very good. Stone small.
Last of June.

Dacotah.

A new variety, originated by Charles Pease, Sen., near Cleveland, O.
The tree resembles Rockport in habit of growth, very productive.

Fruit medium to large, heart-.shaped, compressed. Suture shallow,
with projection and dark line on the opposite side. Stalk long, slender,
pretty deep, rather narrow cavity. Skin rich dark red, almost black.
Surface a little uneven. Flesh purplish, tender, juicy, sweet. Very
good. Stone medium. Ripe just after Black Tartarian.

Davenport's Early Black.

Davenport.

Davenport's Early.

New Mayduke.

Origin, Dorchester, Mass. Tree of moderate upright gi'owth, dis-
tinct from Black Heart, an early and good bearer.

460

THE CHERRY.

Fruit above medium size, roundish heart-shaped. Stem an inch and
a half long, rather stout, in a medium cavity. Color dark pui-plish black.
Flesh tender, juicy, and pleasant. Eipe about the time of Mayduke or
just before. Very good.

Ripens early in June.

Delicate.

Raised by Prof. J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, O.
Tree thrifty, rather spreading habit, productive,
and its beautiful appearance and delicate flavor
will make it a favorite for family use.

Fruit rather above medium size, roundish,
slightly depressed. Stem medium length, in a
ramer broad deep cavity. Color fine amber yel-
low in the shade, with a rich bright red on the
sunny side. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, with a
delicate rich flavor. Best. Ripens the last of
June.

Doctor.
The Doctor.

Tree a free grower, somewhat spreading, very
l^roductive, apt to be small unless well cultivated.

Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-shaped.
Stalk of medium length, in a round regular cavity.
Color light yellow, mostly shaded with bright red.
Flesh tender, juicy, and pleasant. Very good.

DOULIN BiGARREAU ?

A foreign variety, which may be distinct,
but doubtful. Tree a rapid, sjjreading grower,
an eai'ly bearer.

Fruit large, heart-shaped, compressed on one
side. Suture slight. Stalk slender, curved.
Cavity deep. Skin dark pu.rplish red. Flesh
pinkish, rather tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant.
Good to very good. Early June.

Downer's Late.

Downer.

Downer's late Eed,

Downer's Late.

This valuable late Cherry was raised by
Samuel Downer, Esq., an ardent cultivator, of
Dorchester, near Boston. It is a very regular
and great beai'er, ripens abovit a week after the
Cherry season, and hangs for a considerable time
on the tree.

Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-shaped,
inclining to oval. Skin very smooth, of a soft
but lively red, mottled with a little amber in the

THE CHERRY.

461

shade. Stalk inserted with a very slight depression. Fruit borne thick-
ly, in clustei's. Flesh tender, melting, with a sweet and luscious flavor.
Kipens from the 4 th to the 10th of July.

Downing's Bed Cheek.

Originated at Newburgh, N. Y. Tree vigorous, upright spreading,
productive.

Fruit rather large, regularly obtuse heart-shaped, with a pretty
distinct suture. Skin thin, white, with a rich dark crimson cheek
(somewhat mottled). Stalk an inch and a half long, set in an even hol-
low of moderate depth. Flesh yellowish, half tender, and of a very
delicate sweet. Yery good. Ripens about the 14th of June.

DOWNTON.

A variety raised by T. A. Knight, Esq., of
Downton Castle, from the seed, it is believed, of
the Elton. Ti-ee having a round spreading head,
moderately productive.

Fruit large, A'ery blunt heart-shaped, nearly
roundish. Stalk one and a half to two inches
long, slender, set in a pretty deep, broad hollow.
Skin pale cream color, semi-transparent, deli-
cately stained on one side with red, and marbled
with red dots. Flesh yellowish, without any red,
tender, adhering slightly to the stone, with a
delicious rich flavor. Yery good. Last of June.

Drogan's White Bigarreau.
Bigarreau Blanc de Drogan.

Fruit heart-shaped, pointed at apex, flattened
on one side, yellow, mottled and flushed with
red in the sun. Stalk stout. Flesh firm, sweet. Downton.

(Hogg.)

Drogan's Yellow Bigarreau.
Bigarreau Jaune de Drogan. Drogan's Gelbe Knorpelskirsche.

Fruit large, round. Skin clear pale yellow. Flesh very juicy,
.sweet, and pleasant. Middle July. (Hogg.)

Early Black Bigarreau.

Fruit large, heart-shaped. Skin jet black. Stalk rather long. Flesh
dark purple, firm, sweet. Bipe middle of June. (Hogg.)

Early Lamaurie.

A variety described by Bivers, not yet fruited in this country.
Fruit large, dark purple. Flesh rich, juicy, excellent. A week
earlier than Early Furple Guigne.

462

THE CHERRY.

Early Lyons.
Rose de Lyons.

TTiis, to our knowledge, lias not yet been introduced to tins countiy.
Rivers, the celebrated English pomologist, describes it as :

Fruit very large, light red and yellow. Flesh juicy, rich, excellent.
Ripens about a week later than Early Purple Guigne.

Early Prolific.

Raised by Dr. J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio,
very prolific variety, of moderate growth.

Fruit medium size, round obtuse heart-shape,
shaded and mottled with bright red. Stalk long.

An. excellent early,

light yellow gi'ound,
Flesh half tender.

juicy, rich, sweet, and very good. Ripe about a week before May duke.

Early Purple Guigne.

Early Purple Griotte.
German Mayduke.
Trempe Precoce.

Origin unknown. An exceedingly eai'ly
variety, ripening the last of May in favor-
able seasons. Tree hardy, free grower,
spreading, somewhat pendent, and the
leaves have longer petioles than most other
sorts ; a good bearer, and indispensable
among the early varieties.

Fruit medium size, roundish heart-
shaped. Stem long, inserted in a rather
shallow cavity. Suture indistinct. Skin
smooth, dark red, becoming purple at
maturity. Flesh purple, tender, juicy,
with a rich and sweet flavor. Good to very
good.

Has proved hardy at the West, and well
adapted to that climate.

Early Red Bigarreau.
Bigarreau Rouge de Gouben.

An excellent early Cherry, the tree somewhat of the habit of a Duke
in its growth.

Fruit large, heart-shape, bright red, translucent. Stalk long. Flesh
firm, rich, sweet, excellent. Early June. (Hogg.)

Early White Heart.

Arden's Early White Heart. White Transparent.

White Heart. Amber Heart.

Dredge's Early White Heart. Swedish.
Herefordshire White.

An old variety. Tree vigorous, roundish upright, although a good
early fruit. It is not equal to Belle D'Orleans, Early Prolific, and others
of the same season.

Early Purple Guigne.

THE CHERRY.

4G3

Fruit below medium size, rather lieart-sliaped — often a little one-
sided. Suture q\iite distinct. Stalk an inch and three-fourths long,
rather slender, inserted in a wide shallow cavity. Skin dull whitish
yellow, tinged and speckled with pale red in the sun. Flesh half tender,
unless fully ripe, when it is melting, with a sweet and pleasant flavor.
Good. First of June. Manning's Early White similar to above.

Elizabeth.

OiigLnated by Caleb Atwater, Ohio. Tree vigorous, upright, very
prolific.

Fruit medium to large, heart-shaped. Skin rich dark red when fully
ripe. Flesh half- tender, juicy, pleasantly sweet. Good. Ripe middle
to last of June.

Elton.

Bigarreau Couleur de Chair.
Flesh-colored Bigarreau.
Gros Bigarreau Couleur de Chair.
Gros Bigarreau Blanc.
Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Blanc.
Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau.

Bigarreau de Rocmont.

Cceur de Pigeon.

Belle de Rocmont ?

Elton Kirsche.

Elton's Bunte Knorpelkirsche.

The Elton, a seedling raised in 1806, by the late President of the
London Horticultural Society, is cei'tainly one
of the first of Cherries in all respects. The
trees grow very vigorously, and are readily
known, when in foliage, by the unusually dark
red color of the foot-stalks of the leaves.

Fruit large, rather pointed heart-shaped.
Skin thin, shining, pale yellow on the shaded
side, but with a cheek next the sun delicately
mottled and streaked with bright red. Stalk
long and slender. Flesh somewhat firm at
first, but becoming nearly tender, juicy, with
a very rich and kiscious flavor, not surpassed
by any large Cherry known. Ripens about
the middle of June, or directly after the May-
duke.

EsPEREN Bigarreau.

Bigarreau d'Esperin.
Bigarreau des Vignes.

Tree vigorous, rather spreading, productive.

Fruit large, roundish heart-shaped. Skin
yellowish white, mottled and shaded with bright
rich red. Stalk long, rather slender, inserted Elton.

in a large cavity. Flesh rather firm, juicy, and

good flavor. Good. Ripe middle of July. This may yet prove the
same as Napoleon Bigarreau.

Favorite.
Elliott's Favorite.
Tree vigorous and productive.
Fruit small to medium. Stalk long, rather slender, in a slight de-

464

THE CHERRY.

pression. Color pale yellow, "with a light red cheek, somewhat marbled.
Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, and of a delicate flavor. Very good. Ripe
last of June.

Florence.
Knevett's Late Bigarreau,

A most excellent Cherry, originally brought from Florence, in laly,
which considerably resembles the Bigarreau, but ripens a little later,
and has the additional good quality of hanging a long time on the tree.

Fruit lai'ge, roundish heart-shaped, flattened at base, pale amber,
mottled or mostly covered with bright red. Flesh amber color, firm,
rich, sweet, fine flavor. Very good. Stone small. Middle July.

Frogmore Early Bigarreau.

An early Cherry of recent introduction. It is described in the Lon-
don Florist as " large, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin with a brilliant red
cheek, dotted with minute yellow points. Flesh delicate, translucent,
tender, juicy, rich sweet flavor. Bipens before any fruit of its class."

Gascojgne's Heart.

Bleeding Heart. Herefordshire Heart.

Red Heart. Guigne Rouge Hative.

An old English "\ariety.

Fruit of medium size, long heart-shaped, small drop or tear at the
end. Skin dark red. Flesh reddish, half tender, with only a tolerable

flavor. Poor. Bipe the last of June.

A bad beai-er.

Governor Wood.

Gifford's Seedling.

Small, roundish heart-shaped,
red, very sweet. Hardly good,
ductive, last of June.

Governor Wood.

Light
Pro-

Fru.it medium, roundish,
Bipens last of June. Poor.

Baised by Professor Kirtland, Cleve-
land, O, It deserves a place in every
good collection. Tree vigorous, forming
a round, regular head, very productive.

Fruit large, roundish heart-shaped.
Skin light yellow, shaded and marbled
with bright red. Suture half round.
Stem an inch and a half long, in a broad
cavity. Flesh nearly tender, j uicy, sweet,
rich, and delicious. Very good to best
Ripe about the middle of June.

Gridley.

Apple Cherry.

black. Flesh firm, not very juicy nor rich.
Productive. Oiigin, Massachusetts.

the cherry. 465

Grosse de Wagnellee.

Originated in Belgium. Tree vigorous, productive.
Fruit large, oval. Skin yellow, washed and spotted with red. Flesh
tender juicy, sweet. July. (Alb. Pom.)

GUIGNE TRi:S PBtCOCE.

Rivers says of this :

Fruit rather small, round, dark purple. Stalk very short. Flesh
very sweet. One of the earliest to ripen, and a great bearer.

Hensel's Early.

Origin, Lancaster, Pa. Tree a moderate grower, hardy, and pro-
ductive.

Fruit roundish, obtuse at base. Stalk slender. Flesh half tender,
moderately juicy. Good. Early June. (Hort.)

HiLDESHEIM BiGARREAU.

Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim.
Bigarreau marbre de Hildesheim.
Bigarreau Blanc Tardif de Hildesheim.
Hildesheimer ganz Spate Knorpel Kirsche.
Hildesheimer Spate Herz Kirsche.
Spate Hildesheimer Marmor Kirsche.

The Hildesheim Bigarreau is a German variety which ripens here
in August.

Fruit of medium size, heart-shaped. Skin yellow, mottled and
marbled with red. Flesh pale yellow, firm, with a sweet and agreeable
flavor. Good.

Hoadley.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree of healthy, vigorous habit, form-
ing a round, spreading head.

Fruit above medium, regular round heart-shape, light clear carmine
red, mottled and striped on pale yellow. Flesh tender, juicy, rich,
sweet, and delicious. Very good. Season, 20th to last of June.

Honey.

Large Honey. Late Honey.

Yellow Honey. Merisier a fruit blanc.

A small, late, very sweet fruit, formerly much esteemed.
Fruit small, roundish, yellow and red. Flesh tender, very sweet.
Middle of July.

HOVEY.

Originated with C. M. Hovey, Boston, Mass. Tree vigorous,
upright spreading, productive.

30

466

THE CHERRY.

Fruit lax'ge, heart-shaped, compressed on one side with a distinct
line from apex to stalk. Stalk medium. Cavity deep. Skin whitish
yellow, shaded and mottled with rich shades
of red. Flesh rather firm, juicy, sweet, pleas-
ant. Very good. Middle of July.

Hyde's Late Black.

Origin, Newton, Mass. Strong grower and
good bearer.

Fruit medium, obtuse heart-shaped, pur-
plish black. Flesh half firm, juicy. Good. Ripe
first week in July.

Hyde's Red Heart.

Origin, Newton, Mass. Tree vigorous, pro-
ductive.

Fruit medium, heart-shaped. Skin pale,
but becoming a light red at maturity. Flesh
tender, sprightly. Ripe last of June.

Jaune de Prusse.

Foreign.

Tree vigorous, with long slender branches, Hovey.

productive, small, heart-shaped, light yellow,

translucent. Stalk long and slender. Flesh yellowish-white, tender,
jiiicy sweet, a little bitter before fully ripe, which is soon after
Downer's Late.

JocosoT.

Origin near Cleveland, O.

Fruit large, very regular, uniform heart-shape, slightly obtuse, and
with a deep indenture at apex. Surface uneven. Color rich glossy
dark liver color, almost black. Flesh tender, juicy, with a rich sweet
flavor. Very good. Season, near the last of June.

Kennicott.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree vigorous, hardy, spreading. Very
productive.

Fruit large, oval heart-shape, compressed. Suture shallow, half
round. Color amber yellow, mottled and much overspread with rich,
bright, clear, glossy red. Flesh fii-m, juicy, rich, and sweet. Yery good.
Season, 8th to 10th July.

Keokuk.

Originated by Prof. J. P. Kii-tland. Tree a strong, vigorous grower,
forming a large tree.

Fruit large, heart-shaped, dark purplish black. Flesh half tender,
rather coarse, and deficient in flavor. Hardly good. Its chief merit a
market variety. Ripe early in July.

Kirtland's Mammoth.
Originated by Prof. Kirtland. Tree vigorous grower, but poor
bearer.

THE CHERRY.

467

Fruit of the lai-gest size, obtuse lieart-sliaped. Color bright clear
yellow, partially overspread and marbled ^^dth. rich red. Flesh almost
tender, juicy, sweet, with a very fiiae high flavor. Very good, or best.
Season, last of June.

Kirtland's Mary.

Eaised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree a stx-ong, upright grower, said to be
one of the best of his seedlings, and desirable either for the dessert or
market purposes.

Fruit large, roundish heart-shape, very regular. Color light and
dark rich red, deeply marbled and mottled on a yellow ground ; grown
fully in the sun, is mostly a rich, dark glossy red. Flesh light yellow,
quite firm, rich, juicy, sweet, and very high flavored. Very good or
best. Season, last of June and first of July.

Knight's Early Black.

A most admirable early Cherry, resembling
the Black Tartarian, though much more obtuse in
form, but ripening nearly a week earlier. Tree
spreading. Moderately productive.

Fruit large, a little irregular in outline, obtuse
heart-shaped. Stalk of moderate length, rather
stout, and inserted in a deep open cavity. Skin
dark pui-ple, becoming black. Flesh purple, ten-
der, juicy, with a rich and sweet juice of high
flavor.

Lady of the Lake.

Originated by Charles Pease, Sen., near Cleve-
land, O. Tree vigorovis, upright spreading, pro-
ductive.

Fruit medium to lai*ge, roundish obtuse conic,
compressed, shallow suture, a knob, and line on
opposite side. Skin light, yellow, shaded and
marbled with rich bright crimson. Stalk me- Knight's Early Black,
dium, in a deep cavity. Flesh half tender, pale
yellow, j^iicy, sweet. Very good. Middle to last of June.

Lady Southampton's Yellow.

Lady Southampton's Duke.
Golden Drop.

Yellow or Golden.
Spanish Yellow.

Fruit of medium size, heart-shaped. Skin yellow. Flesh firm, not
very juicy. Ripens about the middle of July.

Large Red Bigarreau.

Gros Bigarreau Rouge.
Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Rouge.

Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Rouge.
Belle de Rocmont.

Fruit large, oblong heart-shape. Skin dark red in the sun. Flesh
firm. Early in July. Poor bearer.

468 the cherry.

Late Bigarreau

Originated by Prof. Kirtland. Tree thrifty, moderate growth, rather
spreading, productive.

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin deep yellow, shaded on the
sunny side with bright red. Stalk long, inserted in a broad open
cavity. Flesh almost firm, juicy, sweet, pleasant flavor. Very good.
Ripe last of June and first of July.

Late Purple Guigne.

A. new foreign variety.

Fruit large, roundish, dark red. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet. Middle
July.

Laura.

Originated with Charles Pease, Sen., Cleveland, O. Tree spreading
upright, productive.

Fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, globular, sometimes one-sided.
Color pale yellow ground, mostly overspread with rich, bright red, with-
out suture. Stem medium or short, in a shallow depression. Flesh
peach-blow white, radiating lines wavy, juicy, sweet, very rich, and
high flavor, excellent, half or nearly tender. Pit medium to small.
Season early in June, but hangs well.

Leather Stocking.

Raised by Professor Kirtland. Tree vigorous, upright spreading.
Fruit medium, heart-shaped, reddish black. Flesh firm, sweet.
Middle to last of July.

Lincoln.

Originated near Cleveland, O. Tree vigorous, spreading.

Fruit large, oblong heart-shape, pointed. Color when ripe a brown
red. Suture rather broad, shallow, half round. Stalk long. Cavity
deep. Flesh almost firm, veined and marbled with shades of red,
sprightly, juicy, sweet, and pleasant. Good. Stone above medium.
First to middle of July. A good market sort. (ElUott.)

Lindley.

Origin, near Cleveland, O. Tree vigorous, moderately prolific.
Fruit large, heart-shaped, dark purplish red. Flesh almost firm,
tinged with red, juicy, but only good. Early July. (Elliott.)

Logan.

Originated with Prof. Kirtland.

Fruit medium or above, obtuse, sometimes regular heai-t-shaped,
with a hollow indenture at apex. Color purplish black when ripe.
Flesh nearly firm, juicy, sweet, and rich flavor. Very good. Season,
middle to last of June.

THE CHERRY. 469

LUDWIG.

Ludwig's Bigarreatu Bigarreau de Ludwig.

A Cherry of recent introduction, not yet, to our knowledge, fruited
in this country. It is described as large, heart-shaped, or pointed, with
a deep suture on one side, bright rich red. Flesh pale yellow, half ten-
der, juicy. Early June.

LUNDIE GeAN.

Fruit medium, roundish, purplish black. Flesh tender, juicy. July.

Madison Bigarreau.

Raised by Robert Manning, of Salem, Mass. Tree healthy, very
productive.

Fruit of medium size, fair quality, roundish. Skin yellow, shaded
with red. Flesh half tendei-, juicy, with a pleasant flavor. Ripe mid-
dle or last of June. Good.

Manning's Early Black Heart.

Raised by Robert Manning, of Salem, Mass. Tree vigorous,
spreading.

Fruit medium, similar to the Black Heart, rather earlier and smaller
in size. Ripe about the middle of June.

Manning's Late Black.

Raised by Robert Manning, of Salem, Mass. Tree vigorous, pro-
ductive.

Fruit large, x'oundish, deep purple or nearly black. Flesh purplish,
half tender, very juicy, sweet, and excellent. Good. Ripe the last of
June. Tree vigorous.

Manning's Mottled.
Mottled Bigarreau.

Raised by Robert Manning. It is a most abundant bearer. Tree
vigorous, upright spreading.

Fruit rather lai-ge, roundish heart-shaped, flattened on one side, with
distinct suture lines. Skin amber color, finely mottled and overspread
with red, with a semi-transparent, glossy appearance. Stalk slender,
inserted in a shallow hollow. Flesh, when fully ripe, yellow, tender,
•with a sweet and delicious juice. Very good. Ripens the last of June.

Merveille de Septembre.

Tardive de Mons.

A French variety, ripening in August, vigorous grower.
Fruit small, firm, rather dry, sweet, but of little value.

Mover's Honey Heart.

Originated in Bucks Co., Pa. Tree a strong grower, forming a
round head.

470

THE CHERRY.

Fruit small or mediiim, obtuse lieart-shape, sliglitly compressed.
Suture small. Apex slight. Skin whitisli, shaded and mottled with
rich red. Stalk long, slender. Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, pleasant,
often adheres to the stone. Good. Middle July.

Nancy.

Originated by Charles Pease, Sen., Cleveland, O. Tree a vigorous,
rather upright spreading grower. Very productive.

Frviit large, obtuse heart-shape. Suture slight. Stalk long, stout,
in a large cavity. Skin pale yellow, shaded and mottled with crimson.
Flesh tender, juicy, rich, and sweet. Very good. Stone small. Last
of June.

Napoleon Bigarreau.

Bigarreau Lauermann.
Lauermaim's Kirsche.
Lauermann's Grosse Kirsche.
Clarke's Bisrarreau.

Lauermann's Herz Kirsche.
Holland Bigarreau ?
Clarke's Superb.

The Napoleon Bigarreau is large, well-flavored, handsome, and pro-
ductive.

Fruit of the largest size, very regularly heart-shaped, a little inclining
to oblong. Skin pale yellow, becoming amber in the shade, i-ichly dotted
and spotted with very deep red, and with a fine marbled dark crimson
cheek. Flesh very firm (too much so), juicy, with an excellent flavor.
Stalk very stout, short, and set in a narrow cavity. Ripens a few days
after the Bigarreai;, about the first of July, and is a good and constant
bearer. Good, The fruit is not so obtiise as the Bigari-eau.

Holland Bigarreau is so much like the above that we think it
identical.

Ohio Beauty.

Originated by Prof. Kirtland, Tree a vigor-
ous grower, with a rather spreading head, and
has proved so far a productive, valuable kind.

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Light
ground, mostly covei-ed with red. Flesh tender,
brisk, juicy. Very good. Ripe about the
middle of June.

Osceola.

Originated with Prof. Kirtland. Moderate
bearer and medium growth.

Fruit above medium, heart-shaped. Color
fine dai-k red, approaching to black. Flesh
juicy, tender, sweet, and excellent. Very good.
Ripe last of June.

Ox-Heart.

Ohio Beauty.

Lion's Heart.
Bullock's Heart.

Very Large Heart.
Ochsen Herz Kirsche.

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin dark red. Flesh red,

THE CHERRY.

471

half tender, with a pleasant juice, of second
quality in point of flavor. Good. Ripens last
of June.

Pierce's Late.

Originated with Amos Pierce, Massachusetts.
Growth free, rather upright, with a round head.

Fruit medium, obtuse heart-shaped, dark
red and mottled, light amber in the shade.
Stalk rather short and slim. Flesh soft, tender,
very juicy, sweet. Good. Stone small. Ripe
the last of July.

PONTIAC.

Originated with Prof. Kirtland. Tree vigo-
rous, round headed, upright spreading. Yery
productive. Valuable either for table or market

purposes. Osceola.

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Sides com-
pressed. Color dark purplish red, approaching to black when fully ripe.
Flesh half tender, juicy, sweet, and agreeable. Very good. Season, last
of June.

POWHATTAN.

For profitable market purposes this is one of the very best, the fruit
ripening late, and all being uniform and regular in size. Originated with
Prof. Kirtland.

Fruit medium size, uniform, roundish, flattened or compressed on
sides. Surface irregvilar. Color liver-like, highly polished. Suture half
round. Flesh rich, purplish red, marbled, half tender, juicy, sweet,
pleasant but not high flavor. Good. Season late, 8th to 15th of July.

President.

Tree vigorous, spreading, productive.

Fruit medium to large, regular heart-shape, slightly compressed,
slight suture, followed by an indistinct line. Skin amber color, mottled
and shaded with carmine and yellow. Flesh tender, juicy, and sprightly
sweet. Very good. Last June.

Prince's Black Heart.

Originated by Wm. R. Prince, Flushing, Long Island. Tree vigor-
ous, upright spreading.

Fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, slightly compressed. Apex
small. Suture small. Surface somewhat uneven. Flesh purplish^
rather tender, juicy, sweet, and good to very good. Last of June.

Proudfoot.
Raised by D. Proudfoot, Cleveland, O. Tree vigorous.

472

THE CHERRY.

Fruit large, heart-shaped, dark purplish red. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet.
E.ipe 15th to last of July.

Red Jacket.

One of Prof. Kirtland's seedKngs. A free-
growing, rather spreading, late, and produc-
tive variety. Yeiy profitable for market.

Fruit large, regvilar, obtuse heart-shaped.
Color amber, mostly covered with light red.
half tender, juicy, good but not rich
Stalk long, slender, in a moderate
Ripe about the time of Downer's

Flesh
flavor,
basin.
Red.

Remington.

Remington "WTiite Heart. Remington Heart.

Fruit small, heart-shaped. Skin yellow,
rarely with a faint tinge of red on one side.
Flesh yellowish, dry, and somewhat bitter.
Middle and last of August.

RlCHAKDSON.

Red Jacket, Raised by J. R. Richardson, Boston. Tree

vigorous, productive.
Fruit large, heart-shaped, dark red, inclining to black. Flesh deep
red, half tender, juicy, sweet. Good. Last of June.

Rival.

An English variety. Its principal value being from its period of
late maturity. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, obtuse heart-shape, compressed one side. Suture
distinct. Skin purplish black, or black. Flesh firm, sweet. Good.
August,

RivERs's Early Amber.

Raised by Thomas Rivers, England.

Fruit medium size, heart-shaped, prolific, a sub-vaxiety of old Early
White Heart, but not as early.

RiVERs's Early Heart.

Raised by Thomas Rivers, England,

Fruit medium size, heart-shaped, ripening just after Belle d' Or-
leans. Very much inferior.

the cherky.
Roberts' Red Heart.

473

Tree

Originated in the garden of David Roberts, of Salem, Mass.
hardy, free grower, bears abundantly.

Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-shape. Skin of a pale amber
ground, but nearly overspread with pale red, mottled with deeper red.
Suture quite distinct. Flesh juicy, sweet, and well flavored. Stalk
long, slender, set in a moderate depression. Very good. Ripe last of
Jtine

ROCKPORT.
Bockport Bigarreau.

Raised by Dr. Kirtland, Cleveland, O. Tree vigorous, healthy, up-
right, forming a beautiftd pyramidal head ; a
good bearer, and worthy of a place in every
good collection.

Fruit large, roundish obtuse heart-shaped.
Color, when fully ripe, a beautiful bright red,
shaded with pale amber. Flesh rather firm,
juicy, sweet, rich, with an excellent flavor.
Very good or best. Ripens early in June, or
just before May duke.

Sparhawk's Honey.
Sparrowhawk's Honey.

Raised by Edward Sparhawk, of Brighton,
near Boston. A profuse bearer. Vigorous
grower.

Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-
shaped, very regular in form. Stalk of moder-
ate length, rather slender, set in a round, even
depression. Skin thin, of a beautiful glossy
pale amber red, becoming a lively red when
fully ripe. Flesh juicy, with a very sweet fla-
vor. Ripe the last of June.

Rockport.

Strass's Early Black.

Noir Precoce de Strass.

Fruit small, heart-shape, black. Flesh juicy, sweet. Very early in
ripening, and an abundant bearer. New.

Sumner's Honey.

Originated by Clement Sumner, Dorchester, Mass. Tree a vigorous
grower and good bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish heart -shape. Skin amber, half covered and
marbled with pale red. Flesh rather firm, juicy, rich, sweet. Good.
Last of June. (Cole.)

474 THE CHERKY.

Sv.EET Montmorency.
Allen's Sweet Montmorency.

Raised by J. F. Allen, Salem, Mass. Tree hardy, vigorous gro-\vtli,
good bearer.

Fruit of medium size, round, flattened. Skin pale amber in tlie
shade, light red, slightly mottled, in the sun. Stalk an inch and three-
fourths long, rather slender, inserted in a small, shallow, even hollow.
Flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, and excellent. Ripens here middle
July.

Tecumseh.

One of Prof, Kirtland's varieties. Tree moderately vigorous, pro-
ductive.

Fruit medium to large, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin reddish purple.
Flesh dark red, half tender, with a brisk vinous flavor. Good to very
good. Ripe towards the end of July.

ToBACCO-IjEAVED.

Four to the Pound. Cerisier de 4 a Livre.

Bigarreautier a Feuilles de Tabac. Bigarreautier a Grandes FeuiUes.

Guignier a Feuilles de Tabac. Vier aixf ein Pfund.

Leaves very large.

Fruit small, hard, of no value.

TOWNSEND.

Tree a strong, vigorovis grower, productive, and promises well.
Raised by "W. P. Townsend, Lockport, JST. Y.

Friiit large, obtuse heart-shaped, high-shouldered, compressed.
Suture distinct. Apex depressed. Stem long, somewhat slender, set
in a broad, rather deep depression. Color light amber, mottled and
shaded with carmine. Flesh almost tender, juicy, rich, sprightly, re-
freshing flavor. Pit small. Good to very good. Ripe last of June.

Tradescant's Black Heart.

Elkhom. Elkhom of Maryland.

Large Black Bigarreau. Tradescant's.

Bigarreau Gros Noir. Guigne Noir Tardive.

Gross Schwarze Knoorpel. Kirsche niit Saftigen Fleisch.

It is an European variety, but a tree, growing about forty years since
ill the garden of an inn in Maryland, attracted the notice of the late
Wm. Prince, who propagated it under the name of Elkhorn, by which
it was there known. The bark is of a peculiarly gray color, and the
growth quite vigorous.

Fruit large, lieart-shaped, with a very irregular or uneven surface.
Skin deep black, glossy (before fully ripe, deep purple, mottled with
black). Stalk rather short, set in a pretty deep hollow. Flesh very
solid and firm, dark purple, moderately juicy. Good. Ripe first and
second week in July.

the cherry. 475

Transparent Guigne.
Transparent Geau. Transparent.

It is a pretty variety for tlie dessert, hanging late on the tree.

Fruit small, regulai-, oval heart-shaped. Skin glossy, thin, yellowish
white, delicately blotched with fine red, distinct suture line on both
sides. Stalk long and slender. Flesh tender, when fully ripe very
sweet, mingled with a very slight portion of the piquant bitter of the
Mazzard class of Cherries. Good. First of July.

Triumph of Cumberland.

Monstrous May. Brenneman's Early.

Street's May. Cumberland Seedling.

Origin, Carlisle, Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree vigorous and spreading,
moderately productive.

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shape, one side compressed. Suture slight.
Stalk rather long. Skin deep crimson, almost black when fully ripe.
Flesh purplish, rather firm, juicy, sweet, not high-flavored. Good. Last
of June.

Wabren's Transparent.

Origin, Brighton, Mass.

Fruit small, roundish heart-shape, pale yellow and red. FlesL tender.
Good. Early July. (Cole.)

Waterloo.

An English variety. Tree a moderate grower and bearer.

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped, deep suture half round. Skin dark
purplish black. Stalk rather short. Flesh purplish red, juicy, half
tender, sweet. Good. Middle June.

Wellington.

Fruit medium, roundish, obtuse heart-shape, purplish black. Flesh
almost firm, juicy, sweet. Good. Early July.

Wendell's Mottled Bigaereau.

Originated with Dr. H. Wendell, Albany, N. Y. Ti-ee upright,
thrifty gi'owth.

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped, dark red, nearly black at maturity,
mottled. Flesh dark red, firm, and high-flavored. Good to very good.
Ripe about the time of Downer's Late.

Werder's Early Black Heart.

Werdsche Frlihe Schwarze. Herz Kirsche.

An early variety. Tree vigorous, spreading, moderately productive.
Fruit lai-ge, roundish heart-shaped. Skin lalack. Flesh purplish,

476 THE CHERRY

tender, sweet, and excellent. Very good. Ripens early in June, or just
before Mayduke.

White Bigarreau.

White Ox-Heart. Ox-Heart. White Bigarreau.

Harrison Heart ? Large White Bigarreau. Turkey Bigarreau.

Bigarreau blanc ?

The White Bigarreau is inferior to the Bigarreau or Graffion in hardi-
ness, and in the circumstance that it is a very poor bearer while the tree
is young, though it bears fine crops when it has arrived at from twelve
to fifteen years' growth. Growth vipright.

Fruit of the largest size, heart-shaped, with a rather irregular outline,
and a pretty distinct suture line on one side. Skin yellowish wliite,
overspread with marbling of red. Flesh fii-m, but scarcely so much so
as that of the Bigarreau, and when fully ripe half tender, and more
luscious than the latter Cherry. Good to very good. It is very liable
to crack after rain. Middle and last of June.

White Frexch Guigne.

A foreign sort, of vigoi'ous growth.

Fruit small, roundish obtuse conical, a little compressed, slight
Buture. Skin whitish yellow, translucent, sometimes a tinge of crimson
in the sun. Stalk long, slender. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant.
Good. Middle July.

White Tartarian.

Fraser's White Tartarian. Eraser's White Transparent.

Amber a petit fruit.

Fruit of medium size, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin pale yellow. Stalk
slender. Flesh whitish yellow, half tender, and very sweet. Good.
Early June,

Wilkinson.

Fruit medium, heart-shape, compressed, slight suture. Skin deep
red, almost purplish. Flesh purplish, tender, juicy, pleasant. Good.
Stone large. Early July.

CLASS II.
DUKE AND MORELLO CHERRIES.

Admirable de Soissons.
De Soissons. Belle de Soissons.

A Cherry of the Morello class, good for culinary uses.

Fruit medium or above, broadly heart-shaped, slightly compressed,
slight sutvire half round. Skin shades of red on yellow. Stalk rather
loug. Flesh tender juicy, brisk subacid. Last of June.

THE CHERRY.

477

Arch Duke.

Griotte de Portugal.
Portugal Duke.

Late Arch Duke.
Late Duke of some.

Tree rather more vigorous and upright than the Mayduke, hardy and
prolific.

Fruit h\rge, obtuse heart-shaped. Suture distinct on one side. Skin
at first bright red, but becoming very dark when mature. Stalk an inch
and a half long, slender, inserted in a rather deep open cavity. Flesh
light red, melting, jviicy, rich subacid flavor. Very good. Ripe the first
and second week in July.

Belle Audegoise ?
Cerise Doucette.

Belle de Choisy.

Ambree de Choisy.
Cerise de la Palembre.
Schone von Choisy.

Ambree a Gros Fruit.
Cerise a Noyau Tendre.

In our estimation, there is no Cherry for the dessert more delicious
than the Belle de Choisy. It comes from the village of Choisy, near
Paris, where it was raised in 1760. The habit of the tree is nearly that
of the Mayduke, the leaves dark, and the head upright. It is hardy,
a moderate bearer.

Fruit round or slightly depressed. Skin very thin and translucent,
sho'vving a net-like texture of flesh beneath ; in color, pale amber in the
shade, but in the sun finely mottled with yellowish red — the fruit fully
exposed becoming a bright cornelian red. Flesh amber-colored, very
tender and melting, of a delicate sweet flavor. Stalk rather short, swol-
len at the upper end. Best. Middle of June, or directly after the May-
duke.

Belle de Sceaux.
Chatenay.

A Morello, from France.
Fruit round, deep red.
juicy, acid. Last of June.

Flesh yellowish,

Belle Magnifique.

Belle et Magnifique. Magnifique de Sceaux.

Belle de Sceaux. Belle de Chatenay.

Planchoury ?

Tree hardy, moderately vigorous, productive,
a beautiful and excellent late variety. Useful
for culinary purposes, and good table fruit when
pretty ripe.

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to heart-
shape. Stalk long, slender, in an open medium
cavity. Skin a fine bright red. Flesh juicy,
tender, with a sprightly subacid flavor, one of
the best of its class. Eipe middle of July till
the middle of August.

Belle Maffniflquo.

478 the cherry.

Buttner's October Morello,
A foreign sort. Small, late, acid, and of little or no value.

Carnation.

Wax Cherry. Crown.

Cerise Nouvelle d'Angleterre. Cerise de Portugal.

Grosse Cerise Rouge Pale. Griottier Rouge Pale.
Griotte de Villenues.

A very handsome, light red, large Cherry, highly esteemed here for
brandying and preserving.

Fruit large, round. Skin yellowish white, mottled with red, becom-
ing a lively red slightly marbled. Stalk stout. Flesh tender, a little
more firm than most of this division, but juicy, and when fully ripe of
a sprightly and good subacid flavor. The foliage is pretty large, and the
wood strong, but the tree has a spreading, rather low habit. It is a
moderate but regular bearer, and the fruit hangs a long while on the
branches without decaying. Good. Ripe the middle and last of July.

Cluster.

Cerise a Bouquet. Cerisier a Trochet. Chevreuse.

Commune n Trochet. Tres-Fertile. Griottier a Bouquet.

Bouquet Amarelle. Trauben Amarelle. Busch Weichsel.

Flandrische Weichsel. Biischel Kirsche.

A very curious fruit, growing closely clustered around a common
stalk, small size, borne in clusters of from two to six ; round, of a Kvely
red. Ripens the last of June. The tree is small in all its parts.

Coe's Late Carnation.

A promising late variety.

Fruit above medium size, roundish. Suture shallow, with a line.
Color amber, mostly shaded and mottled with bright red. Flesh juicy
and sprightly subacid. Ripe from the middle till the last of July.

Dauphine.

Of the Morello class. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish, without suture. Skin bright crimson,
mottled. Stalk long, slender. Flesh tender, juicy, less acid than most
of the Morellos. Yery good. Stone small. Last June.

De Chaux.

D'Allemagne.

A Morello.

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Skin dark red. Stalk long, slender.
Flesh dark, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Middle July.

Dechenaut.

A fine large Cherry of the Duke class, ripening about the same time
as May duke.

THE CHERKY. 479

Fruit large, roundish heart-shape, broad at the stalk, rather flat-
tened. Suture slight. Skin rich red. Stalk long, in a deep cavity.
Flesh tender, succulent. (Hogg.)

De Klepakow.
Belle Polonaise.

A Morello.

Fruit medium, roundish, dark red. Stalk long. Flesh dark, tender,
juicy, rich subacid. Middle July. (Hogg.)

De la Toussaint.

A variety of little value except as ornamental. It flowers almost
continuously, and produces fruit the whole season, so that ripe and green
fruit and flowers are upon tlie tree all at the same time.

The fruit is small, round, deep red, firm, acid.

Donna Maria.

A Morello Cherry, forming a small tree, but very prolific.
Fruit of medium size, roundish, dark red, tender, juicy, rich acid.
Valuable for cooking. Middle July. (Elliott.)

Double Natte.

Doppelte Natte. Kirsch von der Natte.

Fruit rather large, roundish, a little compressed and inclining to
ovate. Skin brownish black. Stalk slender, very long, and bearing
leaves. Flesh very red, tender, jviicy, brisk, sprightly acid. Early
July. (Hogg.)

DUCHESSE DE PaLLUAU.

A vigorous tree of the Duke class.

Fruit medium size, roundish heart-shaped, compressed, very dark
purple. Stem long and slender, in a large open cavity. Flesh dark
red, tender, juicy, mild acid. Ripe middle of June.

Early May.

May Cherry. Precoce.

SmaU May. Petite Cerise Rouge Precoce.

Cerisier Nain a Fruit Rond. Konigliclie Amarelle.

Precoce. Fruhe lOeine Runde.

Griottier Nain Precoce. Zwerg Weichsel.

Hative. Cerise Indulle.

An early Morello of rather dwarf habit. Ripening about the first
of June,

Fruit small, round, slightly flattened, lively red, tender, juicy,
acid.

This is an old variety from abroad. The Early May of Illinois and
the West is probably a distinct sort, and by some considered as identical
with our Kentish or Early Richmond. We have had no opportunity
of comparing them.

480 THE CHEERY.

EXCELLENTE DoUCE TARDIVE.

Originated at Jodoigne, France. A Morello of vigorous habit and
productive.

Fruit medium to large, roundish flattened at ends. Skin deep red.
Stalk large and long. Flesh yellowish, melting, acid. Stone small.
Aug. (An. Pom.)

Flemish.

Montmorency. Montmorency a Gros Fruit.

Cerise a Courte Queue. Gobet a Courte Queue.

Gros Gobet. A Courte Queue de Provence.

English Weichsel ? Weichsel mit ganzkurzen Stiel.

Double Volgers. Early May of some.
Kentish of some.

This is a very odd-looking frmt, being much flattened and having a
very short stalk.

Fruit rather large, veiy much flattened both at the top and base, and
generally growing in pairs. Stalk stout, short. Skin shining, of a bright
lively red. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, and subacid. Good for pre-
serving ; but, unless very ripe, scarcely rich enough for table use. Last
of July.

Great Cornelian.

Double Glass.

Fruit large, oblate, deep suture half round. Skin thin, translucent,
at first light becoming dai'k red. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, subacid,
vinous. Last June. (Hogg.)

GUIGNE NOIR LUISANTE.

Black Spanish.

Frtiit medium size, round heart-shaped, glossy, blackish red. Flesh
reddish purple, tender, juicy, rich, acid. Ripe middle to last of July.

Hative Malgre Tout.

A Duke Cherry from France.

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse heart-shape. Skin very dark red,
nearly black when fully ripe. Flesh dark red, juicy, subacid. June.
(Alb. Pom.)

Holsian's Duke.

A variety of the Duke class, which has been confounded with May-
duke. It is very similar, but i-ipens later. The tree has short, erect
shoots.

Fruit large, round oblate, deep red, almost black. Flesh tender,
juicy, rich, excellent. ' Very good. Middle to last of July.

Imperatrice Eugenie.

Empress Eugenie.

A French Cherry of the Duke family, rather dwarf in habit, shoots
pretty stout, very productive.

THE CHEKRT.

481

Fruit l^rge, roundish flattened. Skin rich dark red. Sviture broad,
shallow. Stalk rather short, in a deep cavity. Flesh reddish, tender,
rich, juicy subacid. Very good. Stone small. Middle of June.

Imperial Morello. ^

A productive and early bearing variety.

Fruit medium size, roundish, dark purplish red. Flesh tender, juicy,
acid. Last of July.

Jeffrey's Eoyal.
Cherry Duke.

Jeffrey's Duke.

Jeffrey's Royal Caroon.
Roy ale Ordinaire.

Royale.

Fruit of medium size, round, or a little flattened at the apex and
basin. Skin of a fine lively red. Stalk moderately long. Flesh yellow-
ish amber, scarcely red. Juice abundant, and of a rich flavor. The
trees are of a distinct habit of growth, being very compact, and growing
quite slowly. The buds are very closely set, and the fruit is borne in
thick clusters. Middle and last of June.

June Duke.
Wetherill. Shippen.

A variety described by Coxe as a "vigorous grower.

Fruit of large size, very rich, tree abundant bearer. "We know little
of it, having only heard of it as the Wetherill, grown near Phila-
delphia.

Kentish.

Virginian May ?
Early Richmond,
Kentish Red.
Commune.
Muscat de Prague.
Cherry Cluster
May Cluster

>• of Virginia.

Common Red.

Pie Cherry.

Montmorency.

Montmorency a longue queue.

Sussex.

De Kalb.

The true Kentish Cheriy, an old European
sort, better known here as the Early Richmond,
is one of the most valuable of the acid Cherries.
It begins to color about the 20th of May, and
may then be used for tarts, while it will hang
upon the tree, gradually growing larger, and
losing its acidity, until the last of June, or in
diy seasons even until July, when it becomes
of a rich, sprightly, and excellent acid flavor.
The tree grows about eighteen feet high, with a
roundish spreading head, is exceedingly pro-
ductive, and is from its early maturity a very
profitable market fruit, being largely planted
for this purpose. This kind is remarkable for
the teAacity with which the stone adheres to
the stalk. Advantage is taken of this to draw

31

Early liichmond.

482

THE che};ky.

out the stones. The fruit is then exposed to the sun, and become?
one of the most excellent of all dried fruits.

Fruit when it first reddens rather small, but, when fully ripe, of me-
dium size, round, or a little flattened ; borne in pairs. Skin of a fine
bright red, growing somewhat dark when fully rijje. Stalk an inch and
a quarter long, rather stout, set in a pretty deep hollow. Flesh melting,
juicy, and, at maturity, of a sprightly rather rich acid flavor. Yery good.

Kirtland's Moeello.
Kirtland's Large Morello.

One of Prof. Kirtland's seedlings. Tree a
spreading, rather drooping grower, moderate, reg-
ular bearer.

Fruit pretty large for a Morello, roundish,
dark red. Flesh juicy, acid, when fully ripe rich.
Very good. Stone small. Middle July.

Late Duke.

Anglaise Tardive.

A very lai'ge and fine Duke Cherry, ripening
later than the Mayduke, and therefore a very val-
uable sort for the dessert or for cooking. The tree
is of vigorous growth for its class.

Fruit large, flattened or obtuse heart-shaped.
Late Duke. Color, when fully ripe, rich dark red (but at fii'st

white, mottled with bright red). Stalk rather
slender, inserted in a shallow hollow. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy,
■with a sprightly subacid flavor, not quite so sweet and rich as the May-
duke. Ripens gradually, and hangs on
the tree from the middle of July till the
J\, 10th of August.

Late Kentish.

Common Red. Pie Cherry.

Common Sour Cherry. Kentish Red.

This Cherry, a variety of the Kentish,
is better known among us than any other
acid Cherry.

It is emphatically the Pie Cherry of
this country, being more generally grown
than any other sort.

Fruit medium, round, flattened. Skin
deep lively red, when fully ripe. Flesh
very tender, and abounding with a highly
Louis PMiippe. acidjuice. Ripens middle July.

Louis Philippe.

From France. Tree upright spreading, habit between the -Dukes
and Morellos. Vigorous and very productive.

THE CHERRY,

485

Fruit large, roundish regular. Stalk rather short, stout, set in a
broad even regular cavity, usvially gx-ows in clusters. Skin rich dark,
almost purplish black red. Flesh red, tender, juicy, sprightly, mild
acid. Stone small. Very good or best. Middle to last July.

Love Apple.
Tomato.

A Cherry from Spain of the Duke class.
Fruit large, roundish obtuse heart- shape, shallow sutures,
clear red. Flesh pale, tendei", juicy. Good.

Skin

Mayduke.

Royale HAfcive.

CheiTj Duke of some.

Cerise Guigne.

CouLarde.

De rioUande.

D'EsiJagne.

Griotte Grosse Noire.

Griotte d'Espagne of some.

Griotte Precoce of some.

Early Duke.
Large Mayduke.
Morris Duke.
Moras's Early Duke.
Benham's Fine Early Duke.
Thompson's Duke.
Portugal Duke.
Buchanan's Early Duke.
Millet's Late Heart Duke.

This invaluable early Cherry is one of the
most popular sorts in all countries, thriving al-
most equally well in cold or warm climates.
This, the Black Heart, and the Bigarreau, are
the most extensively difiused of all the finer
varieties in the United States. And among all
the new varieties none has been found to sup-
plant the Mayduke. Before it is fit for table
use, it is admirably adapted for cooking, and
when fully ripe it is, perhaps, the richest of
the subacid Cherries. In the gardens here, we
have noticed a peculiar habit of this tree of
producing very frequently some branches which
ripen much later than the others, thus protract-
ing for a long time the period in which its fruit
is in use. The Mayduke is remarkable for its
upright, or, as it is called, fastigiate head, es-
pecially while the tree is young, in distinction
to other sorts, which produce many lateral branches.

Fruit roundish or obtuse heart-shaped, growing in clusters. Skin at
first of a lively red, but when fully ripe of a rich dark red. Flesh red-
dish, tender, and melting, very juicy, and at maturity rich and excellent
in flavor. This fruit is most frequently picked while it is yet red, and
partially acid, and before it attains its proper color or flavor'. It begins
to color, about New York, in favorable seasons, the last of May, and
ripens during the first half of June.

Mayduke is said to be a corrviption of 3Iedoc, the province in France
where this variety (the type of all the class now called Dukes) is believed
to have originated.

Mayduke.

484 THE CHERRY.

MORELLO.

Milan. EngKsh Morello.

Cerise du Nord. Large Morello.

Griotte Ordinaire du Nord. Dutch Morello.

September Weichsel Grosse. Ronald's Large Morello.

The Morello is a fine fruit. Its name is said to be derived from the
dark purple color of its juice, which resembles that of the 3Iortis or
Mulberry. It is highly valuable for all kinds of preserves, and is an
agreeable addition to a dessert.

Fruit of pretty large size, round or slightly obtuse heart-shaped.
Skin dark red, becoming nearly black when fully ripe. Flesh dark
purplish red, tender, juicy, and of a pleasant subacid flavor when
quite mature. Ripe 20th of July.

The Common Morello of this country is a smaller variety of the
foregoing, and a Kttle darker in color. Little esteemed.

Morello de Charmeux.

This is a very late variety of the Morello, with a milder flavor, ripen-
ing middle of August.

Nouvelle Royale.

This recently introduced variety of the Duke class of Cherries is
stated to possess great size and beauty of fruit, while the tree is of a
pyramidal form, very handsome when grown upon the Mahaleb stock.

Fruit large or very large, roundish, flattened at the stalk. Skin bril-
liant glossy red, somewhat mottled with large dark red dots. Flesh ten-
der, melting, juicy, sprightly, sweet, acid. 5th to 15th July.

OSTHEIM.

Zwerg Kirsche. Ostheimer "Weichsel.

Frankische Wucher Kirsche. Ostheimer Kirsche.

A small growing tree of the Morello class.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly comjiressed one side. Skin
red, quite dark at maturity. Stalk long. Flesh Kver-color, tender,
juicy, rich, almost sweet subacid. Very good. Middle July.

Paramdam.
Baramdam.

A tree of very dwarf habit.

Fruit small, round, pale red. Flesh pale, tender, agreeable, lively
acid. Middle July. (Hogg.)

Plumstone Morello.

Tree of slow growth, makes a fine pyramid. A productive, hardy,
and valuable sort.

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to heart-shape. Skin deep red.
Stalk an inch and a half long, rather slender and straight, set in a hol-
low of moderate depth. Flesh reddish, tender, jnicy, and when well

THE CHERRY.

485

matured, of a sprightly and agreeable flavor. Good,
pointed. Ripe last of July and first of August.

Stone long and

Reine Hortense.

Monstreuse de Bavay,
Lemercier.

Belle de Bavay.
Seize a la Livre.

Frencli origin, of Duke habit. Tree a healthy and handsome grow-
er, productive, and a very desirable variety.

Fruit very large, roundish elongated. Skin a
bright lively red, somewhat marbled and mot-
tled. Suture distinctly marked by a line without
any depression. Flesh tender, juicy, very slightly
subacid and delicious, best of its season. Ripe
from the middle to the last of July.

RoYAii Duke.
Royale Anglaise Tardive.

Growth upright, compact head, branches less
slender than Mayduke. Moderate bearer.

Fruit large, roundish, and distinctly oblate or
flattened. Skin dark red. Flesh reddish, ten-
der, juicy and rich. Good. Ripens in the last
of June.

Rumsey's Late Morello.

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous.
Ripens gradually through August and September.
Not of much value except to the curious ama- Reine Hortenae.

teur.

Fruit lai'ge, roundish heart-shaped. Color rich lively red. Flesh
juicy, with too much acid for the table.

Shannon.

This is a Morello raised by Prof. Kirtland.

Fruit slightly above medium size, globular, flattened at junction
with stem, dark purplish red when ripe. Flesh tender, reddish purple,
juicy, acid. Stone small. Stalk long, slender, inserted in an open
cavity. Good. Season middle of July.

Vail's August Duke.

A very late Cherry, of the Duke class. Originated with Henry
Vail, Esq., Troy, N. Y. Ti'ee very productive, and of vigorous growth.

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Stalk medium, in rather deep
but narrow cavity. Skin rich bright red on the shaded side, and of a
lively cornelian red in the svm. Flesh tender, subacid, much like the
Mayduke in flavor. Very good. Ripe the last week in July, and the
first week or two in August.

486 THE CHERRY.

ORNAMENTAL VARIETIES.

Chinese Double-Floavering,

Yung To. Cerasus serrulata. Serrulated Leaved Cherry.

This is a variety from China, with the leaves cut on the edges in
the manner known as serrulate by botanists. Its flowers, which are
borne in fascicles, are white, slightly tinged with, pink, and nearly as
double as those of the Large Double-Flowering. The tree considerably
resembles the sour cherry-tree, and appears rather dwarfish in its
growth.

Dwarf Double-Flowering.

Double -Flowering Kentish. Small Double-Flowering.

Cerisier a Fleurs Doubles.

This is a double-flowering variety of the sour or Kentish Cherry,
and has the more dwarfish habit and smaller leaves and branches of that
tree — scarcely forming more than a large shrub, on which flccount it is
perhaps more suitable for small gardens. The flowers are much like
those of the Large Double-Flowering, but they are not so regular and
beautiful in their form.

Large Double-Flowering.

Double French Cherry. Merisier a Fleurs Doubles.

Prunus cerasus pleno. Cerasus sylvestris, flore pleno.

The double-blossomed Cherry bears no fruit, but whoever admires a
beautiful flowering tree cannot refuse a place in his garden to this one,
so highly ornamental. Its blossoms, which appear at the usual season,
are produced in the most showy profusion ; they are about an inch and
a half in diameter, and resemble clusters of the most lovely full double
white roses. The tree has the habit and foliage of the Mazzard Cher-
ries, and soon forms a large and lofty head.

Virginian Wild Cherry.

Wild Cherry of the United States. Cerasus Virginiana.

Cerisier de Virginie. Virginische Kirsche.

Our native wild Cherry is too well known to need minute descrip-
tion. It foims a large and lofty forest-tree with glossy, dark green
leaves, and bears currant-like bunches of small frviit, which are palata-
ble, sweet, and slightly bitter when fully ripe, at midsummer. They
are, however, most esteemed for preparing cherry bounce, a favorite
liqueur in many parts of the country, made by putting the fruit, along
with sugar, in a demijohn or cask of the best old rum.

The black wild Cherry ( C serotina, Torrey and Gray), which ripens
the first of September, is the best kind. The other species ( C. Vir-
giniana), which is commonly known as the Choke Cherry, bears reddish
colored fruit, which is more astringent, and ripens a month earlier.

the currant. 487

"VVeepino, or All-saints.

Ever-Flowering Cherry. C. vulgaris, semperflorens.

Cerise de la Toussaiute. Guignier a rameaux pendaus.

Cerise Tardive. Cerisier Pleurant.

Cerise de St. Martin. St. Martin's Amarelle.

Martin's WeichseL Monats Amarelle.

Allerheiligen Kirsche.

This cliarmiug little tree, with slender, weeping branches, clothed
with small, almost myrtle-like foliage, is a very pleasing ornament when
introduced on a lawn. Its frnit is a small, deep red Morello, which is
acid, and in moist seasons is pi-oduced for a considerable period succes-
sively. When grafted, as it generally is, about the height of one's
head, on a straight stem of the common Mazzard, it forms a beautiful
parasol-like top, the ends of the branches weeping half way down to the
arround.

SELECTIONS OF CHOICE CHERRIES EOR FAMILY USE,
TO RIPEN IN SUCCESSION.

Early Purple Guigne, Belle d'Orleans, Mayduke, Bigarreau, Rock-
port, Black Tartarian, Elton, Gov. Wood, Coe's Transparent, Osceola,
Delicate, Downei''s Late, Reine Hortense, Belle Magnifique, Kentish.

The hardiest Cherries are the Kentish (or Early Richmond), the
Dukes, and the Morellos. Tliese succeed well at the farthest limits,
both North and South, in which the Cherry can be raised ; and when
all other varieties fail, they may be depended on for regular crops.

CHAPTER XIV.

THE CURRANT.

Rihes rxibrum^ Lin. Orossvlacem^ of botanists.

Orose&lier comimin, of the French ; Die JuJiaiuiisbeere, German ; Albesseboom,

Dutch ; Ribes rosso^ Italian ; and Orosella^ Spanish.

The name Currant is said to be derived from the resemblance in the
fruit to the little Corinth gi-apes or raisins, which, under the name of
Currants, are sold in a diied state in svich quantities by grocers ; the latter
word being only a corruption of Corinth, and the fi'uit of this little
grape being familiarly known as such long before the common currants
were cultivated.

The Currant is a native of Britain, and the north of Europe, and is,
therefore, an exceedingly hardy fruit-beai-ing shrub, seldom growing

488 THE CURRANT.

more than three or four feet high. The fruit of the original wild
species is small and very sour, but the large garden sorts produced by
cultivation, and for which we are chiefly indebted to the Dutch gardeners,
are large, and of a moi'e agreeable subacid flavor.

The Black Currant [Hibes nigrum) is a distinct species, with larger
leaves, and coarser growth, and which, in the whole plant, has a strong
odor, disagreeable, at first, to many persons.

tlsES. The cooling acid flavor of the Currant is relished by m.ost
people, in moderate quantities, and the larger varieties make also a
pretty appearance on the table. Before fully ripe, currants are stewed
for tarts, like gi-een gooseberries, and are frequently employed along
with cherries or other fruits in the same way ; but the chief value of
this fruit is for making currant jell i/, an indispensable accompaniment to
many dishes. Currant sltruh, made from the frviit in the same manner
as lemonade, is a popular summer drink in many parts of the country,
and corresponds to the well-known Paris beverage, eau de groseilles. A
sweet wine of very pleasant taste is made from their expressed juice,
which is very popular among farmers, but which we hope to see dis-
placed by that afforded by grapes, — which every one may make with
less cost and trouble, and which is infinitely more wholesome, because it
requires less additions, of any kind, to the pure juice.

The fruit of the Black Currant is liked by some persons in tarts, but
it is chiefiy used for making a jam, or jelly, much valued as a domestic
remedy for sore throats.

The season when Currants are in perfection is midsummer, but it
may be prolonged until October by covering the bushes with mats, or
sheltering them otherwise from the sun.

Propagation and Culture. Nothing is easier of culture than the
Currant, as it grows and bears well in any tolerable garden soil. To
propagate it, it is only necessary to plant in the autumn, or earl}' in the
spring, slips or cuttings, a foot long, in the open garden, where they
will root with the greatest facility. The Currant should never be allowed
to produce suckers, and, in order to insure against this, the superfluous
eyes or buds should be taken ovit before planting it, as has been directed
under the head of Cuttings. When the plants are placed where they
are finally to remain, they should always be kept in the form of trees —
that is to say, with single stems, and heads branching out a few inches
from the ground. The after treatment is of the simplest kind ; thinning
out the superfluous wood every spring is all that is required here.
Those who desire beri'ies of an extra lai-ge size stoj), or pinch out, the
ends of all the strong growing shoots about the middle of June, when
the fruit is two-thirds grown. This forces the plant to expend all its
strength in enlarging and. maturing the fruit. And we may add to this,
that it is better not to continue the cultivation of currant-trees after
they have borne more than six or eight years, as finer fruit will be
obtained, with less trouble, from young plants, which are so easily
raised.

For field culture many prefer to grow them from suckers, but when
this mode is adopted, care should be taken to thin out the oldest
branches annually, and dig in old manure about the roots.

Insects and Diseases. Within a few years the Currant and
Gooseberry have been affected by the ravages of an insect described by
Dr. Asa Fitch, in liLs reports to the New York State Agricultural

THE CURRANT. ' 489

Society, under tlie name of Abraxis rihearia. The moths are of a
dull nankeen _yellow, and make their appeai-ance in June — depositing
their eggs tipon the leaves. These soon change to small worms, and
rapidly eat up the foliage. The best remedy yet known is, to dust
thoroughly with powdered white hellebore.

The Currant-borer, Prenocerus sitpernatatus, is another insect that
sometimes creates damage by boring its way through the centre of young
shoots and thus destx'oying them. By examining the young shoots in
wintei', such as are injured or contain the worm will be found of a brown.
color or shrivelled. Cutting away soon checks them.

There are, nominally, many sorts of Currants, but the following sorts
comprise all at present known worthy of cultivation.

CLASS I.
RED AND WHITE CURRANTS.

Attractor.

A variety from. France. Growth rather slow, spreading, very pro-
ductive. Leaves small, sharply serrate or toothed, and three-lobed.
Fruit medium, yellowish white. Bunches medium, short.

Buist's Long-Bunched.

Originated by Robert Buist, Philadelphia, Pa. A very vigorous
upright grower, and very productive.

Fruit of large size. Bunches very long, tapering, much like Red
Dutch in flavor and color.

Champagne.

Pheasant's Eye. Groseillier k Fruit Couleur de Chair.

A large and handsome Currant, of a pale pink or flesh color, exact-
ly intermediate in this respect between the Red and White Dutch. It
is quite an acid sort, but is admired by many for its pretty appearance.

Cherry.

A strong-growing variety, with stout, erect, short-jointed shoots.
Leaves large, thick, and dark green. Not any more productive than
other CuiTants, but a valuable one for market on account of its size.

Fruit of the very largest size. Bunches short. Berries deep red,
and rather more acid than Red Dutch.

Fertile de Palluau.
A variety of rather recent introduction from France. A vigorous

^90 THE CUEUANT.

upright grower, productive. Fruit large. Bunches long, bright red,
moderately juicy.

GoNDOuiN Red.

Red Provens.

From France. Red. Vigorous grower, very productive.
Fruit not as large nor as good as Red Dutch, fails to ripen well,
quite acid and worthless.

GoNDOuiN White.

Fruit large, whitish yellow, quite sweet, more so than any other
sort. Branches rather long, strong growth, productive.

Knight's Early Red.

The merit of this variety is in its ripening a few days earlier than
other sorts.

Knight's Large Red.

Fruit very large, bright red. Bunches very large, very productive,
an excellent sort.

Knight's Sweet Red.

This is not a sweet Currant, but is considerably less acid than other
red Currants, not as sweet as White Dutch.

Fruit nearly as large as Red Dutch, rather lighter in color. Pro-
ductive.

La Fertile.

From France. A vigorous upright grower, and productive.
Fi'uit large. Bunches long, dark red. Flavor similar to Red
Dutch.

La HItive.

Hative de Bertin.

A variety from France. Plant vigorous, foliage not as large as the
cherry.

Fruit large, dark red. Bunches medium length, tapering. In qual-
ity about equal to Red Dutch.

La Veesaillaise.

Macrocarpa. Caucase.

Fertile d' Angers. Imperial Red.

A variety from France. A very vigorous gi'ower, with large, coarse
foliage, productive.

Fruit of the largest size, dark red. Bunches resembling Cherry Cur-
rant, but occasionally longer.

We have received this Currant under the various names above siven,

THE CURRANT. 491

but have been unable to discover any difference. There may be dis-
tinct sorts under these names, but we have failed to obtain them.

Long-Bunched Red.
Grosse Rouge de Holland.

Fruit large. Bunches long. Berries deep red, much like Red Dutch,
with a little larger clusters, and rather larger fruit. Very productive.

Prince Albert.

Moderately vigorous grower, large foliage, late in ripening, produc-
tive and valuable.

Fruit large, similar in color to Victoria.

Red Dutch.

Large Red Dutch. Large-Bunched Red.

New Red Dutch. Morgan's Red.

Groseillier Rouge a Gros Fruit.

An old, well-known sort, thrifty, upright growth, very productive.
Fruit large, deep red, rich acid flavor, with clusters two or three
inches long.

Short-Bunched Red.

Much like Red Dutch, with rather shorter bunches.
Fruit not quite as large, but similar in quality.

Striped-Fruited.

Grosse Weiss und Rothgestreifte Johannesbeere. Shver-Striped.

A fruit fi-om Germany. Distinctly striped, small, poor bearei-, and
of no value except as a curiosity. Gloire des Sablons is similar to
the above, and both without value except for ornament.

Transparent.
Blanc Transparent.

A French Currant.

Fru.it very large, yellowish white, similar to Wliite Grape in growth
and fruit, and we are somewhat disposed to consider them identical.
Very productive.

Victoria.

May's Victoria. Raby Castle. Houghton Castle.

Goliath. Red Grape. Wilmot's Red Grape.

A very excellent, rather late sort, with very long bunches of bright
red fruit, and is an acqviisition to this class of fruits. Berx'ies as lai-ge
as Red Dutch. Bunches rather longer, of a brighter red, growth more
slow, spreading, and very productive. Will hang on tlie bushes some
two weeks longer than most Currants.

d92 THE CURRANT.

White Dutch.

New White Dutch. Reeve's White. Dana's New White ?

White Crystal. Morgan's White. White Le^orn.

White Clinton. White Antwerp.

This is precisely similar to Red Dutch in habit, but the fruit is
larger, with rather shorter bunches, of a fine yellowish white color, with
a very transparent skin. It is considerably less acid than the Red Cur-
rants, and is therefore much preferred for the table. It is also a few
days earlier. Very productive.

White Grape.

Imperial White. Imperial Blanc.

Bunches moderately long. Berries very large, whitish yellow, sweet
and good. Very productive. Branches more horizontal than White
Dutch, and less vigorous.

White Provence.

A strong, upright growing variety, leaves often silvery edged.
Fruit yellowish white. Bunch shoi't, tapering. Not as productive
or profitable as White Grape.

CLASS II.

BLACK CURRANTS.

Bang Up.
A variety similar, and no way superior, to the Black English.

Black Grape,

Ogden's Black Grape.

Very much resembling Black Naples, but the plant, perhaps, a
stronger and more vigorous gi-ower.

Black Naples.

The Black Naples is a beautiful fruit, the finest and largest of all
Black Currants, its berries often measviring nearly three-fourths of an
inch in diameter. Its leaves and blossoms appear earlier than those of
the Common Black, but the fruit is later, and the clusters, as well as
the berries, are larger and more numerous.

Common Black.

Black English. Gasis.

The common Black English Currant is well known. The berries
are quite black, less than half an inch in diameter, and borne in clus-
ters of four or five berries.

THE CRANEERRY. 493

Several varieties of Yellow and Black Currants, whicli we have re-
ceived from Utah, have not fruited sufficiently for us to decide upon
their values.

Selectiox of Currants. Red Dutch, White Dutch, White Grape,
La Versaillaise, Victoria, Cherry.

Ornamental Varieties. There ai-e several very ornamental species
of Currant, among which we may here allude to the Missouri Currant
{Rlhes ^l(f?-e(A»i), brought by Lewis and Clarke from the Kocky Moun-
tains, which is now very common in our gardens, and geuei'ally admired
for its very fragrant yellow blossoms. Its oval blue bei-ries, which are
produced in great abundance, ai'e relished by some persons. Bvit there is
a Large-Fruited Missouri Currant, a variety of this, which bears berries
of the size of the Black Naples, and also some with yellow fruit of large
size, almost equalling small cherries.

The Red Flowering Currant [R. sanguineum) is a very beauti-
ful shrub from the western coast of America, with foliage somewhat
like that of the Common Black, but which bears very charming clusters
of large light crimson blossoms in A])ril.

There are several other varieties, as R. sanguineum, 11. pi., R. san-
guinexxm atro-purpxirea, and R. Gordoni. They are not quite hardy
enough to stand our winters without protection, but at the South will
make a valuable addition to their shrubbery.

CHAPTER XV.

the cranberry.

O.vy coccus, Arb. Brit. Ericacecs, of botanists.

Airelle, of the French ; Die Moosebeere, German ; Veen bessen, Dutch ;

Ossicocco, Italian.

The Cranberry is a familiar trailing shrub, gi'owing vnld in swampy,
sandy meadows and mossy bogs, in the northern portions of both hemi-
spheres, and produces a round, red, acid fruit. Our native species ( O.
macrocarpus), so common in the swamps of New England, and on the
borders of our inland lakes, as to form quite an article of commerce, is
much the largest and finest species ; the European Cranberry ( 0. jxdus-
tris) being much smaller in its gi'owth, and prodvicing fruit inferior in
size and quality. Also the Russian ( 0. viridis), a medium-sized va-
riety.

Of the O. macrocarpus, there are three varieties : — The " Bell-
shaped," which is the largest and niost valued, of a very dark, bright
red color. The " Cherry," two kinds, large and small ; the large one
the best, of a round form, a fine dark red berry, nearly or quite equal
to the Bell-shaped ; and the Bugle, Oval, or Egg-shaped, two kinds,
large and small, not so high-colored as the Bell and Cherry — not so
much prized, but still a fine variety.

The value of the common Cranberry for tarts, preserves, and other

404 THE FIG.

culinaiy uses, is well known, and in portions of the country where il
does not naturally grow, or is not abundantly produced, it is quite worth
while to attempt its culture. Although, naturally, it grows mostly in
mossy wet land, yet it may be easily cixltivated in beds of peat soil,
made in any rather moist situation ; and if a thii-d of old thoroughly
decayed manure is added to the peat, the berries will be much larger
and of more agreeable flavor than the wild ones. A square of the size
of twenty feet, planted in this way, will yield three or four bushels an-
nually— quite sufficient for a family. The plants are easily procured,
and are generally taken up like squares of sod or turf, and planted two
or three feet iipart, when they quickly cover the whole beds.

In some parts of l>le\v England, low and coarse meadows, of no value,
have been drained and turned to very profitable account by planting
them wdth this fruit. In New Jersey, on Long Island, and elsewhere,
large ti'acts of light sandy soils have been planted to Cranberries, and
gi'own with profit and success. The Cranberry gi'ows freely in light
soils, but it is necessary to cover the surface, after ploughing, a depth
of several inches, with clean sand. The average product is from eighty
to o]ie hundred bushels of cranberries, and the care they requii'e after
the land is once prepared and planted is scarcely any at all, except in
gathering. Some of the farms in Massachusetts yield lai-ge crops,
partly from natiiral growth, and partly from cultivated plantations.
The Cranberi-y grows wild in the gi-eatest abundance on the sandy low
necks near Barnstable, and an annual Cranberry festival is made of the
gathering of the fruit, which is done by the mass of the population, who
turn out on the day appointed by the authorities, and make a general
gathering with their cranberry rakes, a certain portion of the crop be-
longing, and being delivered, to the town.

A laborer will gather about thii'ty bushels of the frmt in a day with
a cranberry rake.

CHAPTER XVI.

THE FIG.

Ficus Canea, L. Arb. Brit. Urticacece, of botanists ; Figuier, of the French ;
Fdijenbcnim^ German ; Fico^ Italian ; Higuera^ Spanish.

This celebrated fruit-tree, whose history is as ancient as that of the
world, belongs properly to a warm climate, thoixgh it may be liaised in
the oj^en air in the Middle States, with jiroper care.

In its native countries, Asia and Africa, near the sea coast it forms a
low tree, twenty feet in height, with spreading branches, and large,
deeply lobed, rough leaves. It is completely naturalized in the south
of Europe, where its cultivation is one of the most important occupa-
tions of the fruit-gi'ower.

The fruit of the Fig-tree is remarkable for making its appearance,
growing, and ripening, without being preceded by any apparent blossom.
The latter, however, is concealed in the interior of a fleshy receptacle

THE FIG. 495

wliicli is called, and finally becomes, tlie fruit. Tlie flavor of the fig is
exceedingly sweet and luscious, so mucli so as not to be agreeable to
many persons when tasted for the first time ; but, like most fruits of
this kiiid, it becomes a great favorite with all after a short trial, and is
really one of the most agreeable, wholesome, and iiutritious kinds of food.
It has ;ilwavs, indeed, been the favorite fruit of warm countries, and the
ideal of earthly happiness and content, as typified in the Bible, consists
in sitting under one's o^\^l fig-tree.

Its cultivation was carried to great perfection among the ancient
Romans, who had more than twenty varieties in their gardens. But
the Athenians seem to have prided themselves most on their figs, and
even made a law fox-bidding any to be exported from Attica. Smug-
gling, however, seems to have been carried on in those days, and a curi-
ous little piece of etymological history is connected with the fig. The
informers against those who broke this law were called sukophantai,
from two words in the Greek, meaning the " discoverers of figs." And
as their power appears also to have been used for malicious purposes, thence
arose our word sycophant. The fig was first introduced from Italy
about 1548, by Cardinal Poole, and to this country about 1790, by Wm.
Hamilton, Esq.

PROPAGATiOiS'. This tree is very readily increased by cuttings taken
oif in the month of March, and planted in a light soil in a hot-bed, when
they will make very sti'ong plants the same season. Or they may be
planted in a shady border in the open air, quite early in April, with tol-
erable success. In either case the cuttings should be made eight or ten
inches long, of the last year's shoots, with about half an inch of the old
or previous year's wood left at the base of each.

Soil and Culture. The best soil for the fig is one moderately deep,
and neither too moist nor dry, as in the former case the plant is but too
apt to run to coarse wood, and in the latter, to drop its fruit before it
is fully ripe. A mellow calcareous loam is the best soil in this climate
— and marl, or mild lime in compost, the most suitable manure.

As in the Middle States this tree is not hardy enough to be allowed
to grow as a standard, it is the policy of the cultivator to keep it in a
low and shrub-like form, near the ground, that it may be easily covered
ill winter. The great difiiculty of this mode of training, with us, has
been that the coarse and over-hxxuriant growth of the branches, when kept
down, is so great as to render the tree unfruitful, or to rob the fruit of
its due share of nourishment. Happily the system of root-pruning, re-
cently found so beneficial with some other trees, is in this climate most
perfectly adapted to the fig. Short-jointed wood, and only moderate
vigor of growth, are well-known accompaniments of fruitfulness in this
tree ; and there is no means by which firm, well-ripened, short-jointed
wood is so easily obtained as by an annual pruning of the roots — cutting
oflf all that project more than half the length of the branches. In tliis
way the fig-tree may be kept in that rich and somewhat strong soil ne-
cessary to enable it to hold its fruit, and ripen it of the largest size,
"WT-thout that coarseness of growth which usually happens in such soil,
and but too frequently renders the tree barren. The mode of perform-
ing root-pruning we have already described, but we may add here that
the operation should be performed on the fig early in November. When
this mode is adopted but little pruning will be necessary, beyond that
of keeping the plant in a somewhat low and regular shape, short-

496 ' THE FIG.

ening-m the branclies occasionally, and taking out old and decaying
wood.

In winter the branches of the fig must be bent down to the ground,
and fastened with hooked pegs, and covered with ' three or four inches
of soil, as in protecting the foreign grape. This covering should be re-
moved as soon as the spring is Avell settled. Below Philadelphia,
a covering of straw, or branches of evergreens is sufficient — and south
of Virginia the fig is easy of culture as a hardy standard tree.

Two crops are usually produced in a year by this tree : the first,
which ripens here in midsummer, and is bonie on the previous season's
shoots ; and the second, which is yielded by the young shoots of this
summer, and which rarely ripens well in the Middle States. It is, there-
fore, a highly advantageous practice to rub oft' all the young figs of this
second crop after midsummer, as soon as they are formed. The conse-
quence of this is to retain all the organizable matter in the tree, and to
form new embryo figs where these are rubbed ofl^, which then ripen the
next season as the first croji.

EiPEXiNG THE Fruit. In an unfavorable soil or climate, the ripen-
ing of the fig is undoubtedly rendered more certain and speedy by touch-
ing the eye of the fruit with a little oil. This is veiy commonly prac-
tised in many districts of France. " At Argenteuil," says Loudon,
" the maturity of the latest figs is hastened by putting a single drop of
oil into the eye of each fruit. This is done by a woman, who has a
phial of oil suspended from her waist, and a piece of hollow rye straw
in her hand. This she dips into the oil, and afterwards into the eye of
the fig."

We have ourselves frequently tried the experiment of touching the
end of the Fig with the finger dipped in oil, and have always found the
fruits so treated to ripen much more certainly and speedily, and swell
to a larger size than those left untouched.

There are forty-two varieties enumerated in the last edition of the
London Hortioiltural Society's Catalogue. Few of these have, how-
ever, been introduced into this country, and a very few sorts will com-
prise all that is most desirable and excellent in this fruit. The follow-
ing selection includes those most suitable for our soil and climate.

Fruit nearly all ripen in August.

CLASS I.
RED, BROWlSr, OR PURPLE.

Black Genoa.

The fruit of this Fig is long obovate, that portion next the stalk being
very slender. Skin dark purple, becoming nearly black, and covered
with a purple bloom. Pulp bright red, flavor excellent. Habit of the
tree moderately strong.

Black Ischia.
Early Forcing. Blue IscMa.

One of the most fruitful sorts, and pretty hardy.

THE FIG. 497

Fruit of medium size, roundish, a little flattened at the apex. Skin
dark violet, becoming almost black when fully ripe. Flesh deep red,
and of veiy sweet, luscious flavor.

Brown Ischia.
Chestnut. Chestnut-colored Ischia.

A good variety, with, however, a rather thin skin, rendering it lia-
ble to crack or burst open when fully ripe. It is hardy, of good habit,
and a very excellent bearer.

Fruit of medium size, roundish obovate. Skin light or chestnut
browTi. Pulp purple, very sweet and excellent.

Brown Turkey.

Brown Italian. Large Blue. Italian.

Brown Naples. Murrey. Lee's PerpetuaL

This is undoubtedly one of the very best for this country, and for
open air culture, as it is pei'haps the very hardiest, and one of the most
regular and abundant bearers.

Fruit large, oblong or jjyriform. Skin dark brown, covered with a
thick blue bloom. Flesh red, and of very delicious flavor.

Brunswick.

Madonna. Hanover. Brown Hamburg. Black Naples.

Clementine. Bayswater. Red.

One of the largest and finest purple Figs, well adapted for hardy
culture.

Fruit of the largest size, pyi-iform in shape, with an oblique apex.
Eye considerably suiJj:. Stalk short and thick, of a fine violet brown
in the sun, dotted with small pale brown specks, and, on the shaded
side, pale greenish yellow. Flesh reddish brown, slightly pink near the
centre, and somewhat transparent. Flavor rich and excellent. The
only fault of this variety for open air culture is, that it is rather too
strong in its growth, not being so easily protected in winter as more
dwarfish sorts.

Malta.
Small Brown.

A small, but very rich Fig, which will often hang on the tree untU it
begins to shrivel, and becomes " a fine sweetmeat."

Fruit much compressed at the apex, and very much narrowed in
towards the stalk. Skin light brown. Pulp pale brown, and of a
sweet, rich flavor. Pipens later than the foregoing, about the last of
August.

Small Brown Ischia.

A veiy hardy sort, which, in tolerably warm places south of Phila-
delphia, will make a small standard tree in the open air, bearing pretty
good crops, that ripen about the first of September.

498 THE FIG.

Fruit small, pyriform, with, a very short footstalk. Skin light brown.
Pulp pale purple, of high flavor. Leaves raore entire than those of the
common Fig.

ViOLETTE.

A very good sort from the neighborhood of Pai-is, where it produces
two crops annually.

Fruit small, rovmdish obovate, flattened at the ajDex. Skin dark
violet. Pulp nearly white, or a little tinged with red on the inside,
and of pleasant flavor.

ViOLETTE DE BOKDEAUX.
Bordeaux.

A Fig which is much cultivated in France, being quite productive,
though of inferior flavor to many of the foregoing sorts.

Fi'uit large, pyriform, about three inches long and two in diameter.
Skin deep violet when fully ripe, but at first of a brownish red. Pulp
reddish purple, sweet, and good.

CLASS II.
FRXHT, WHITE, GREEN, OR YELLOW.

Angelique.

Concourelle Blanche. ■ Melitte

This little Fig is a very abundant bearer, and a pretty hardy sort.

Fruit small, obovate. Skin pale greenish yellow, dotted with lighter
colored specks. Pulp white, but only tolerably sweet. It vnll usually
bear two ci'ops.

Large White Genoa.

Fruit large, roundish obovate. Skin thin, pale yellow. Pidp red,
and well flavored.

Marseilles.

White Marseilles. Ford's Seedling-.

White Naples. "NMiite Standard.

Pocock. Figne Blanche.

A ver}^ favorite sort for forcing and raising under glass, but which
does not succeed so well as the Brown Turkey and the Ischias for open
culture.

Fruit small, roundish obovate, slightly ribbed. Skin nearly white,
with a Kttle yellowish green remaining. Flesh white, rather dry, but
sweet and rich.

Nerii.

A fruit rather smaller and longer than the Marseilles, and which,
from a mingling of slight acid,' is one of the most exquisite in its flavor.

THE GOOSEBERRY. 499

Fruit small, roundish obovate. Skin pale gi-eenisli yellow. Pulp
red. Flrivor at once delicate and rich. This is a very favorite variety,
according to London, " the richest fig known in Britain."

Pregussata.

A sort lately introduced from the Ionian Isles into England. It is
tolerably hardy, quite productive, and succeeds admirably under glass.

Fruit of medivim size, roundish, a good deal flattened. Skin purplish
brown in the shade, dark brown in the sun. Pulp deep red, with a
luscious, high flavor. Seeds unusually small. Pipens gradually, in
succession.

White Ischia.
Green Ischia.

A very small Fig, bi;t one of the hardiest of the light-colored ones.

Fruit about an inch in diameter, roundish obovate. Skin pale yel-
lowish green, very thin, and, when fully ripe, the dai'ker-colored pnlp
appears through it. Pulp purplish, and high flavored. A moderate
grower and good bearer.

CHAPTEE XVII.

THE GOOSEBERRY.

Ribes Grossidana, Arb. Brit. Grossulacete, of botanists.
GroseiUier, of the French ; Star7ielbeerst}'auch, German ; UTa Spino, Italian ;
Grosella, Spanish.

The Gooseberry of our gardens is a native of the north of Europe,
our native species not having much improved by garden culture. This
low prickly shrub, which in its wdld state bears small round or oval
fruit, about half an inch in diameter, and weighing one-fourth of an
ounce, has been so greatly improved by the system of successive repro-
duction from the seed, and high culture by British gardeners, that it
now bears fruit nearly or quite two inches in diameter, and weighing an
ounce and a half. Lancashire, in England, is the meridian of the goose-
berry, and to the Lancashire weavers, who seem to have taken it as a
hobby, we are indebted for nearly all the surprisingly large sorts of mod-
ern date. Their annual shows exhibit this fruit in its greatest perfec-
tion, and a Gooseberry Book is published at Manchester every year,
giving a list of all the prize sorts, etc. Indeed the climate of England
seems, from its moistness and coolness, more perfectly fitted than any
other to the groAvth of this fruit. Under our more clear and hot suns,
however, the best vai'ieties of English sorts do not succeed well, suflfering
from mildew of the fruit and foliage in nearly every location. A few
varieties of the English sorts, and some few sorts of Amei-ican origin,
succeed, and their growth near large cities is considered qviite profitable.

500 THE GOOSEBERRY.

Uses. TMs fruit is, in tlie first place, a very important one in its
green state, being in high, estimation for pies, tarts, and puddings, com-
ing into use earlier than any other. The earliest use made of it appears
to have been as a sauce with green goose, whence the name, goose-berry.
In its ripe state it is a very agreeable table fruit, and in this country,
following the season of cherries, it is always most accejDtable. Unripe
gooseberries are bottled in water for winter use (placing the bottles,
nearly filled, a few moments in boiling water, afterwards corking and
sealing them, and bui*ying them in a cool cellar, with their necks down-
ward). They are also canned, the same as with cherries, peaches, and
other fruits.

As a luxury for the poor, Mr. Loudon considers this the most valu-
able of all fruits, " since it can be grown in less space, in more unfavor-
able circumstances, and brought sooner into bearing than any other."

Propagation. Gooseberry plants should only be raised from cut-
tings. ISTew varieties are of course raised from seed, and the produc-
tion of new American varieties of large size and fine quality afibrds a
field of occupation which we should rejoice to see abundantly filled.

In preparing cuttings select the strongest and straightest young shoots
of the current year, at the end of October (or very early in the ensuing
spring) ; cut out all the buds that you intend to go below the ground
(to prevent future suckers), and plant the cuttings in a deep rich soil,
on the north side of a fence, or in some shaded border. The cuttings
should be inserted six inches deep, and from three to six or eight inches
should remain above ground. The soil should be pressed very firmly
about the cuttings, and, in the case of autumn planting, the cuttings
should be inserted into the ground level with the upper buds, and then
covered with a mulch of coarse manure, to be taken away in the fol-
lowing spring, when they should be examined, and the earth pressed to
render it firm again should the cutting have been raised by severe frost.
After they have become well rooted — generally in a year's time — they
may be transplanted to the borders, where they are finally to remain.

Cultivation. The Gooseberry in our climate is very impatient of
drought, and we have uniformly found that the best soil for it is a deep
strong loam ; or at least whatever may be the soil, and it will grow in a
great variety, it should always be deep — if not naturally so, it should
be made deep by trenching and manuring. It is the most common
error to plant this fruit shrub under the branches of other trees for the
sake of their shade — as it always renders the frviit inferior in size and
flavor, and more likely to become mouldy. On the contrary, we would
always advise planting in an open border, as, if the soil is sufliciently
deep, the plants will not sufier from dryness, and should it unfortu-
nately be of a dry nature, it may be rendered less injurious by covering
the ground under the plants with straw or litter. In any case a rich
soil is necessary, and as the Gooseberry is fond of manure, a pretty
heavy top-dressing should be dug in every year around bearing plants.
For a later crop a few bushes may be set on the noi'th side of a fence
or wall.

For the Gooseberry, regular and pretty liberal pruning is absolutely
necessary. Of course no suckers should be allowed to grow. In No-
vember tlie winter pruning should be performed. The leaves now be-
ing off, it is easy to see what proportion of the new as well as old wood
may be taken away ; and we will here remai-k that it is quite impossible

THE GOOSEBERRY. 501

to obtain fine gooseberries here, or anywhere, without a very thoroiigh
thinning out of the branches. As a general rule, it may safely be said
that one-half of the head, including old and young branches (more espe-
cially the former, as the best fruit is borne on the young wood), should
now be taken out, leaving a proper distribution of shoots throughout
the bush, the head being sufficiently thinned to admit freely the light
and air. An additional pi'uniug is, in England, perfoi-med in June,
which consists in stopping the growth of long shoots by pinching out
the extremities and thinning out superfluous branches ; but if the
annual pruning is properly performed this will not be found necessary,
except to obtain fruit of extraordinary size.

We do not think that this fruit shrub can be said to bear well for
more than a half-dozen years successively, when grown in the single
stem or tree form. In large plantations of acres, and where cultivation
is given by means of the horse and plough, the system of growing in the
bush form is by many considered most profitable ; and when so done,
all that is requisite, from year to year, for many years, is to cut away
dead wood, head back vigorous shoots, and keep the form open.

A succession of young plants should be kept up by striking some
cuttings eveiy season.

Varieties. The number of these is almost endless, new ones being
produced by the prize growers every year. The last edition of ther
London Horticultural Society's Catalogue enumerates 149 sorts consid-
ered worthy of notice, and Lindley's Guide to the Orchard gives a list
of more than seven hundred prize sorts. It is almost needless to say
that many of these very closely resemble each other, and that a small
number of them will comprise all the most valuable.

The sorts bearing fruit of medium size are generally more highly
flavored than the very large ones. We have selected a sufllcient num-
ber of the most valuable for all practical purposes.

I. Red Gooseberries.

Boardman's British Crown. Fruit very large, roundish, hairy,
handsome and good. Branches spreading.

Champagne. A fine old variety, of very rich flavor. Fruit small,
roundish oblong, surface haiiy, pulp clear; branches of very upright
growth.

Capper's Top Sawyer. Fruit large, roundish, pale red, hairy;
rather late ; flavor very good. Branches drooping.

Farrow's Roaring Lion. An immense berry, and hangs late.
Fruit oblong, smooth ; flavor excellent ; branches drooping.

Hartshorn's Lancashire Lad. Fruit large, roundish, dark red,
haii'y ; flavor very good ; branches erect.

Keen's Seedling. Fruit of medium size, oblong, hairy; flavor
first-rate ; branches drooping. Early and productive.

Leigh's Rifleman. Fruit large, roundish, hairy ; flavor first-i'ate ;
branches erect.

Melling's Crown Bob. Fruit large, oblong, hairy ; flavor first-
rate ; branches spi-eading.

Miss Bold. Fruit of medium size, roundish, surface downy ; flavor
excellent ; branches spreading.

502 THE GOOSEBERRY.

Red "Warrington. Fruit large, roundish oblong, haiiy ; flavor
first-rate ; branclies drooping.

II. Yellow Gooseberries.

Buerdsill's Duckwing. Fruit large and late, obovate, smooth ;
flavor good ; branches erect.

Capper's Bunker Hill. Fruit large, roundish, smooth ; flavor
good ; branches spreading.

Gorton's Viper. Fruit large, obovate, smooth ; flavor good ;
branches drooping.

Hill's Golden Gourd. Fruit large, oblong, hairy ; flavor good ;
branches drooping.

Part's Golden Fleece. Fruit large, oval, hairy ; flavor first-rate ;
branches spreading.

Prophet's Rookwood. Fruit large and early, roundish, hairy ; fla-
vor good ; branches erect.

Yellow Champagne. Fruit small, roundish, haiiy ; flavor first-
rate ; branches erect.

Yellow Ball. Fruit of middle size, roundish, smooth ; flavor first-
rate ; branches erect.

III. Green Gooseherries.

Collier's Jolly Angler. Fruit large and late, oblong, downy ;
flavor first-rate ; branches erect.

Berry's Greenwood. Fruit lai-ge, oblong, smooth ; flavor good ;
branches drooping.

Early Green Hairy (or Green Gascoigne.) Fruit small and
early, round, hairy ; flavor excellent ; branches spreading.

Edward's Jolly Tar. Fruit large, obovate, smooth ; flavor first-
I'ate ; branches drooping.

Glenton Green. Fruit of middle size, oblong, hairy ; flavor excel-
lent ; branches drooping.

Green Walnut. Fruit middle size, obovate, smooth ; flavor first-
rate ; branches spreading.

Hepburn Green Prolific. Fruit of middle size, roundish, hairy ;
flavor first-rate ; branches erect.

Massey's Heart of Oak. Fruit large, oblong, smooth ; flavor
first-rate ; branches drooping.

Parkinson's Laurel. Fruit large, obovate, downy ; flavor first-
rate ; branches erect.

Pitmaston Green Gage. Fruit small, and hangs long, obovate,
smooth ; flavor rich and excellent ; brandies erect.

Wainman's Green Ocean. Fruit very large, oblong, smooth j fla-
vor tolerably good ; branches drooping.

IV. White Gooseherries.

Cleworth's White Lion. Fruit large and hangs late, obovate,
downy ; flavor first-rate. Branches drooping.

Crompton Sheba Queen. Fruit large, obovate, downy ; flavor first-
rate. Branches erect.

THE GOOSEBERKY.

503

Cook's "White Eagle. Fruit large, obovate, smooth. Flavor first-
rate. Branches erect.

Capper's Bonxy Lass. Fruit large, oblong, hairy. Flavor good.
Branches spreading.

Hapley's Lady of the Manor. . Fruit large, roundish oblong,
hairy. Flavor good. Branches erect.

Saunders' Cheshire Lass. Fruit large and very early, oblong,
downy. Flavor excellent. Branches erect.

Woodward's Whitesmith. Fruit lai-ge, roundish oblong, downy.
Flavor first-rate. Branches erect.

Wellington's Glory. Friiit large, rather oval. Very downy.
Skin quite thin. Flavor excellent. Branches erect.

White Honey. Fruit of middle size, roundish oblong, smooth.
Flavor excellent. Branches erect.

Taylor's Bright Venus. Fruit of middle size, hangs a long time,
obovate, hairy. Flavor first-rate. Branches erect.

The following list of selected sorts, from one hundred varieties, is
prepared by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England : —

Atlas, late.
Echo, late.
Guido, very large.

Red Gooseberries.

Huntsman, early.
Hopley's Companion.
Overall, late.

Prince Albert, early.
Prince Regent, early.
Young Wonderful.

Freedom.
Lady Delamere.

White Goosebekries.

Ostrich, early.
Queen Caroline.

Smiling "Beauty.
Riley's Tallyho.

Conquering Hero, late.
Husbandman, late.
Jolly Cutler, late.
Riley's.

Green Gooseberries.

Elijah, early.
Green River, late.
Keepsake.
Thumper, very late.

Favorite.
Independent.
Profit, late.
Wistastoa Hero, early.

Banks Dublin.
Broom Girl.
Briton.

Yellow Gooseberries.

Husbandman, late.
Marigold, early.
Pilot, early.

Scorpion, early.
Sovereign, early.
Teazer, late.

AMERICAN VARIETIES.

Downing.

A seedling of Houghton, originated at Newburgh, N, Y. Ui^right
vigorous gi'O^ving plant, very productive.

Fruit somewhat larger than Houghton, roundish oval, whitish gi-een
with the rib veins distinct. Skin smooth. Flesh rather soft, juicy,
very good. Excellent for family use.

504 THE GRAPE.

HoBBs' Seedling.

A variety claimed to have originated by O, J. Hobbs, of Randolph,
Pa. It is light pale green, roundish, slightly oval, smooth. Flesh
medium firmness. A good keeper, and nearly one-half larger than
Houghton's.

Houghton's Seedling.

Originated with Abel Houghton, Lynn, Mass. A vigorous grower.
Branches rather drooping, slender, very productive, generally free from
mildew. A desirable sort.

Fruit medium or below, roundish, inclining to oval. Skin smooth,
pale red. Flesh tender, sweet, and very good.

Mountain Seedling.

Originated with the Shakers at Lebanon, N. Y. Plant a strong
straggling grower. An abundant bearer.

Fruit large, the largest of any known American sort, long oval, dai-k
brownish red, with long stalk. Skin smooth, thick. Flesh sweet. A
good market sort.

Pale Red.

American Red. American Seedling.

Robert's Sweet Water. Ohio Pi-olific.

Ohio Seedling. St. Clair.

Dutch Joe. Cluster.

A variety of unknown origin. Bush more upright than Houghton.
Slender wood. Very productive.

Fruit small or medium, or size of the Houghton ; darker in. color
when fully ripe. Hangs a long time upon the bush. Flesh tender,
sweet, very good.

Smith's Improved.
Smith's Seedling.

A new variety recentlj' introduced. Grown from seed of the Hough-
ton, by Dr. Smith, of Vermont, and in growth of plant more upright
and vigorous than its parent ; the fruit is larger and somewhat oval in.
form, light green, with a bloom. Flesh moderately firm, sweet and good.

CHAPTER XYIII.
the grape.

Vitis vinifera^ L. Vitacem^ of botanists.
Vigne, of the French ; Weinti'aube7i, German ; Vigna, Italian ; Vid, or Vina,

Spanish.

The history of the Graj>e is almost as old as that of man. Growing
in its highest perfection in Syria and Persia, its luscious fruit, and the

THE GRAPE, 505

unrivalled beverage which its fermented juice affords, recommended it
to the especial care of the patriarchal tillers of the soil, and vineyards
were extensively planted long before orchards or collections of other
fruit-trees were at all common.

The grapes of the old world are all varieties of the wine grape ( Vitis
vinifera), which, though so long and so universally cultivated and natu-
ralized in all the middle and southern portions of Europe, is not a na-
tive of that continent, but came originally from Persia. From the lat-
ter country, as civilization advanced westward, this plant accompanied
it — first to Egypt, then to Greece and Sicily, and gradually to Italy,
Spain, France, and Britain, to which latter country the Romans carried
it about two hundred years after Christ. To America the seeds and
plants of the European vai'ieties were brought by numerous emigrants
and colonists within the first fifty years after its settlement.

The wild grapes of our own country are quite distinct species from
the wine gi'ape of Europe — are usually' stronger in their growth, with
larger and more entire foliage, and, in their native state, with a pecu-
liar foxy odor or flavor, and more or less hardness of pulp. These
traits, however, disappear in process of cultivation, and we have reason
to hope that we shall soon obtain from the wild type new varieties of
high quality, and of superior hardiness and productiveness in this
climate.

The grape-vine is in all cases a trailing or climbing deciduous shrub,
living to a great age, and, in its native forests, clambering over the tops
of the tallest trees. In the deep rich alluvial soils of western America
it is often seen attaining a truly prodigious size, and several have been
measured on the banks of the Ohio the stems of which were three feet
in circumference, and the branches two hundred feet long, enwreathing
and festooning the tops of huge poplars and sycamores. In a cvilti-
vated state, however, it is found that fine flavor and uniform produc-
tiveness require the plants to be kept pruned ^vithin a small compass.

Uses. The grape in its finest varieties, as the Hamburgh and the
Muscat, is in flavor hardly surpassed by any other fruit in delicacy and
richness, and few or none are more beautiful in the dessert. Dried, it
forms the raisin of commerce, the most excellent of all dried fruits, every-
where esteemed. And wine, the fermented juice, has always been the
first of all exhilarating liquors. Some idea of the past consumption of
this product may be formed from the fact that more than 500,000,000
imperial gallons have been made in France in a single year ; and as a
data to judge of its value we may add that, while a great proportion
of the vin ordinaire, or common wine, is sold at 10 or 12 cents a bot^
tie, on the other hand, particular old and rare vintages of Madeiras or
Sherries will not unfrequently command twenty or thirty dollars a gal-
lon.

Soil. The universal experience in all countries has established the
fact that a dry and warm soil is the very best for the vine. Where
vineyards are cultivated, a limestone soil, or one composed of decay-
ing calcareous rocks, is by far the best ; but where, as in most gardens,
the vine is raised solely for its fri;it, the soil should be highly enriched.
The foreign gi-ape will scarcely thrive well here on a heavy soil, though
our native varieties grow and bear well on any strong land ; but the
essence of all that can be said in grape culture respecting soil is, that it
be dry and light, deep and rich. Freqvient top-dressings of well-rotted

50G THE GPwVPE.

manure should be applied to vines in open borders, and tliis should,
every thii-d or fourth year, be alternated with a dressing of slaked lime.

Propagation. The grape-vine makes roots very freely, and is,
therefore, easy of propagation. Branches of the previous or current
year's wood, bent down at any time before midsummer, and covered with
earth, as layers, root very freely, and make bearing plants in a couple
of years, or very frequently indeed bear the next season.

But the finer varieties of the vine are almost universally propagated
by cuttings, as that is a very simple mode, and an abundance of the cut-
tings being afforded by the annual trimming of the vines.

When cuttings are to be planted in the open border, a somewhat
moist and shaded place shovild be chosen for this purpose. The cut-
tings should then be made of the young wood of the previous year's
gL'owth, cut into lengths about a foot long, and having two or three buds
— one near the top, one at the bottom, and the third in the middle.
Before planting the cutting, pare oft' its lower end smoothly, close below
the bvids, and finally plant it in mellow soil, in a slit made by the spade,
pressing the earth firmly about it with the foot.*

The rarer kinds of foreign grapes are usually gi'own by cuttings of
shorter length, consisting only of two buds ; and the most successful
mode is to plant each cutting in a small pot, and plunge the pots in a
slight hot-bed, or place the cuttings at once in the mould of the bed itself.
In either case they Avill make strong plants in the same season.

Bvit the most approved way of raising vine plants in pots is that of
propagation by eyes, which we have fiilly explained in the first part of
this work. This, as it retains the least portion of the old wood, is mani-
festly the nearest approach to raising a plant from the seed, that most
perfect of all modes with respect to the constitution of a plant. In the
case of new or rare sorts, it oflers us the means of multiplying them
v/ith the greatest possible rapidity. As the gi-ape usually receives its
annual pruning in autumn or winter, the cuttings may be I'educed
to nearly their proper length, and kept in earth, in the cellar, until the
ensuing spring. The hardier sorts may be buried in the open ground.

The foreign and the native gi'apes are very different in their habits in
this climate, and therefore must be treated difierently. The native
sorts are cultivated with scarcely any further care than training up the
branches to poles or a trellis, and are, on this account, highly valuable
to the farmer ; while the European varieties are of little value in this
climate except with especial care, and are therefore confined to the
garden.

1. GtiHure of the Foreign Grape.

The climate of the temperate portion of this country, so favorable to
all other fruits, is, unfortunately, not so for the foreign Grape. This re-
sults, perhaps, from its variability, the great obstacle being the mildeiv,

* In sandy or dry soils, to insure greater success, cover the upper end of the
cutting with grafting-wax, or something of the kind, to prevent evaporation.
The practice of growing gi-apes from single eyes, by making cuttings of one eye
each, and callosing them in sand, in the cellar or pit, has been recently renewed.
The cuttings are made of one eye each, placed in sand, in a cool cellar or sheJ,
frse fi'om frost, and in spring planted oiit, covering the bud half an inch or so
with soil, and over the whole spreading a mulch of tan-bark or sawdust one or
two inches deep.

THE GRATE. 507

which, seizing upon the young frviit, prevents its further growth, causes
it to crack, and renders it worthless. Unwilling to believe that this
was not the fault of bad culture, many intelligent cultivators, and among
them men of capital and much practical skill, have attempted vineyard
culture with the foreign sorts in various sections of the country, under
the most favorable circumstances, and have uniformly failed. On the
other hand, the very finest Grapes are produced under glass, in great
quantities, in our first-rate gardens. In the small yards or gardens of our
cities, owdng to the more uniform state of the atmosphere, the foreign
Grape thrives pretty well ; and finally, in all gardens of the Middle
States the hardier kinds may, under certain modes of culture, be made
to bear good fruit.

Without entering into any inquiries respecting the particular way in
which the mildew (which is undoubtedly a parasitical plant) is caused,
we will endeavor to state concisely some practical truths, to which our
own observation and experience have led us, respecting the hardy cul-
ture of the foreign Grape.

In the first place, it is w^ell known to gardeners here that young
a.nd thrifty vines generally bear one or two fair crops of fruit ; second,
that as the vine becomes oldei', if it is pruned in the common mode
(that is to say, the S2)urring-in mode of shortening the side branches, and
getting fresh bearing shoots from main branches every year), it soon
bears only mildewed and imperfect fruit ; and, finally, that the older
and larger the vine, the less likely is it to produce a good crop.

This being the case, it is not diflicult to see that as the vine, like
all other trees, is able to resist the attacks of disease or unfavorable
climate just in proportion as it is kept in a young and highly vigorous
state, it follows, if we allow a plant to retain only young and vigorous
wood, it must necessarily pi-eserve much of the necessary \T,gor of con-
stitution. And this is only to be done, so far as regards trauiiiig, by
what is called the renewal system.

The renewal system of training consists in an- (^ . p
nually providing a fresh supply of young branches, { / {
from which the bearing shoots are produced, cutting y o/ j
out all the branches that have borne the jDrevious year. \ \ \
Fig. 37 represents a bearing vine treated in this man- / / /
ner, as it would appear in the spring of the year after / ) /
having been pruned. In this figure a represents the 1 c •' \
two branches of last year's growth trained up for **i=»"^'^»*te>w='^
bearing the present year ; b, the places occupied by -«^S^ss^jffiSa».
the last year's wood, which, having borne, has been Renewal Training.
cut down to within an inch of the main arm, c.
The present year, therefore, the two branches, a. will throw out side shoots,
and bear a good crop, while the young branches will be trained up in the
places of b, to bear the next year when a are in like manner cut down.

This renewal training will usually produce fair fruit, chiefly, as it
appears to us, because the ascent and circulation of the sap, being mainly
carried on through young wood, is vigorous, and the plant is healthful
and able to resist the mildew ; while, on the contrary, the circulation of
the sap is more feeble and tardy through the more compact and rigid
sap-vessels of a vine full of old wood.*

* See Iloare on the Grape- Vine.

508 THE GRAPE.

The above mode of training is very easily vmderstood, but we may
add here, for the benefit of the novice : 1st, that vines, in order that
they may bear regularly and well, should always be kept within small
bounds ; 2d, that they should always be trained to a wall, building, or
upright trellis y * and 3d, that the leaves should never be pvilled off to
promote the ripening of the fruit. The ends of the bearing shoots may
be stopjyed (pinched off) when the fruit is nearly half grown, and this
is usually all the summer pruning that, under our bright sun, the grape-
vine properly treated reqviires.

Following out this hint, that here the vine only bears well when it
is young, or composed mainly of young wood, an intelligent cultivator
near us secures every year abundant crops of the Chasselas by a system
of renewal by layers. Every year, from his bearing vines, he lays down
two or more long and clean shoots of the previous year's growth. These
root freely, are allowed to make another season's growth, and then are
made to take the place of the old plants, which are taken out ; and by
this continual system of providing young plants by layers he always
succeeds in obtaining from the same piece of ground fair and excellent
grapes.

Culture under Glass without Artificial Heat. The great
superiority of this fruit when raised under glass, renders a vinery an
indispensable feature in every extensive garden. Even without fii'e-
heat grapes may, under our bright sun, be groAvn admirably ; the sud-
den changes of the weather being guarded against, and the warmth and
uniformity of the atmosphere surrounding the vines being secured.
Cheap structures of this kind are now very common, and even the
Muscat of Alexandria, and other sorts which are visually thought to
require fire-heat, ripen regularly and well with moderate attention.

A vinery of this kind may be erected so as to cost very little, nearly
after the following manner : Its length may be tliirty feet ; its width
sixteen feet ; height at the front two feet ; at the back twelve feet.
This part of the structure may all be built of wood, taking for the
frame cedar or locust posts, setting them three and a half feet in the
ground, the portion rising above the ground being sqviared to fo^^r or
five inches. On these posts (which are placed six feet apart) nail, on
both sides, matched and grooved planks, one and a quarter inches thick.
The space between these planks not occupied by the post, fill in with dry
tan, which should be well rammed down. The rafters should be fixed,
and from three to four feet apart. The sashes forming the roof (which
are all the glass that will be necessary) should be stationary, ventilation
being given by small windows at the top of the back wall, fitted with
hinges, to be opened or shut at pleasure by means of a pulley cord. The
building will, of course, front the south, and the door may be at either
end.

The border for the grapes should be made partly on the inside and
partly on the outside of the front wall, so that the roots of the vines
may extend through to the open border. A trellis of wire should be
fixed to the rafters, about sixteen inches from the glass, on which the
vines are to be trained. Early in the spring the vines, which should be
two-year-old roots, may be planted in the inside border, about a foot
from the front wall, one vine below each rafter.

* And never on an arbor, except for the purposes of stade.

THE GRAPK. 509

Soil. The border should be thoroughly prepared and pulverized
before planting the grapes. Two-thirds of mellow sandy loam, mixed
with one-thii'd of a compost formed of well-fermented manure, bits of
broken charcoal, and a little lime rubbish, forms an excellent soil for
the grape in this climate. If the soil of the garden is old, or is not of
a proper quality for the basis of the border, it is best to prepai^e some
for this purpose by I'otting and reducing beforehand a quantity of
loamy turf from the road-sides. The depth of the border need not ex-
ceed two feet, but if the subsoil is not diy at all seasons it should be
well drained, and filled up half a foot below the border with small stones
or brick-bats.

Pruning. Decidedly the best mode of pruning for a cold hoxise, or
\dnery without fire-heat, is what is called the long or renewal mode,
wliich we have already partially explained. Supposing the hoiise to be
planted ■with good young plants, something like the following mode of
training and pruning may be adopted. The first season one shoot only
is allowed to proceed from each plant, and this, at the end of the first
season, is cut down to the second or third eye or bud. The year follow-
ing two leading shoots are encoviraged, the strongest of which is headed
or stopped when it has extended a few joints beyond the middle of the
house or rafter, and the weaker about half that length. In November
these shoots are reduced, the strong one having four or five joints cut
from its extremity, and the weaker one to the third eye from its lower
end or place of origin. In the third season one leading shoot is laid in
from each of these, the stronger one throwing out side shoots on which
the fruit is produced, which side shoots are allowed to mature one
bunch of gi-apes each, and are topped at one or two joints above the
fruit. No side shoots are allowed to proceed from the weaker shoot,
but it is laid in to produce fruit the ensuing season, so that, by the
third season after planting, the lower part of the house or rafters is fur-
nished with a crop of fruit pi-oceeding from wood of the preceding year.
At next autumn pruning the longest of these main shoots is short
ened aboiit eighteen inches from the top of the rafter, and the next in
strength to about the middle of the rafter, and all the spurs which had
borne fruit are removed. Each vine is now furnished with two shoots
of bearing wood, a part of old barren wood which has already produced
fruit, and a spur near the bottom for producing a young shoot for the
following year. In the fourth summer a full crop is produced, both in
the lower and upper part of the house, the longer or oldest shoot pro-
ducing fruit on the upper part of its length, and the shorter on its
whole length ; from this last a leading shoot is laid in, and another to
succeed it is produced from the spur near the bottom. At the next
autumn pruning the oldest or longest shoot, which has now reached the
top of the house, is entirely cut out and removed, and replaced by that
which was next in succession to it, and tliis in its turn is also cut out
and replaced by that immediately behind it, a succession of a yearly
shoot being obtained from the lower part of the old stem. {3Ic Intosh.')
This is decidedly the most successful mode for a vinery Avithout heat,
producing abundant and fair crops of fruit. Hoare, who is one of the
most experienced and ingenious wi-iters on the grape, strongly recom-
mends it, and suggests that " the old wood of a vine, or that which has
previously produced fruit, is not only of no further use, but is a positive
injury to the fertility of the plant. The truth of this remark dej)ends

510 THE GRAPE.

on the fact that every branch of a vine which produces little or no
foliage appropriates for its own support a portion of the juices of the
j^lant that is generated by those branches that do produce foliage."

Routine of (Julture. In a vinery without heat this is compara
tively simple. As soon as the vines commence swelling their buds in
the spring they should be carefully washed with mild soap-suds, to free
them from any insects, soften the wood, and assist the buds to swell re-
gularly. At least three or four times every week they should be well
syringed with water, which, when the weather is cool, should always be
done in the morning. And every day the vine border should be duly
supplied with water. During the time when the vines are in blossom,
and while the fruit is setting, all spi'inkling or syringing over the leaves
must be suspended, and tlie house should be kept a little more closed
and warm than usual, and should any indications of mildew appear on
any of the branches it may at once be checked by dusting them with
flower of sulphur. Aii" must be given liberally every day when the tem-
perature rises in the house, beginning by opening the rear "windows a
little in the morning, more at mid-day, and then gradually closing them
in the same mamier. To guard against the sudden changes of tempera-
ture out of doors, and at the same time to keep up as moist and warm a
state of the atmosphere within the vinery as is consistent with pretty
free admission of the air during sunshine, is the great object of culture
in a vinery of this kind.

Thinning the fruit is a very necessary practice in all vineries, and
on it depends greatly the flavor as well as the fine appearance and size
of the berries and bunches. The first thinning usually consists in taking
off. all superfluous blossom-buds, leaving only one bunch in the large
sorts, or two in the small ones, to each bearing shoot. The next thiiuiing
takes place when the berries are set and well formed, and is j^erformed
with a pair of scissors, taking care not to touch the berries that are left to
grow. All this time one-third of the berries should be taken off with
the point of the scissors, especially those in the centre of the cluster.
This allows the remainder to swell to double the size, and also to form
larger bunches than would otherwise be produced. Where the bunches
are large, the shoulders should be suspended from the trellis by threads,
in order to take off part of the weight from the stem of the vine. The
last thinning, which is done chiefly to regulate the form of the bunch, is
done by many gardeners just before the fruit begins to color — but it is
scarcely needed if the previous thinning of the berries has been thor-
ovighly done.

The regular autumnal prvining is best performed about the middle
of November. The vines should then be taken down, laid down on the
bordei-, and covered for the winter with a thick layer of straAv or a sliglit
covering of earth.

Culture under Glass With Fire-heat. As the foreign Grape is
almost the only fruit of temperate climates which cannot be raised in
perfection in the open air in this climate, we shall give some concise
directions for its culture in vineries with artificial heat. Those who
only know this fruit as the Chasselas or Sweetwater appeal's, when
grown in the open air, have little idea of the exceeding lusciousness,
high flavor, size, and beauty of such vaiieties as the Black Hamburgh or
Muscat of Alexandria, when well grown in a first-rate vinery. By the
aid of artificial heat, which in this climate is, after all, chiefly re'quired

THE GRAPE.

511

in the spring and autumn, and to countftract any sudden cold changes
of atmosphere, this most admirable fruit may easily be produced for the
dessert from May till December. Indeed, by vineries constructed in
divisions, in some of which vines are forced and in others retarded, some
have Grapes nearly every month in the year.

Construction of the Vinery. The vinery with fire-heat may be
built of wood, and in the same simple manner as just described, with the
addition of a flvie above the surface of the ground, running close along
the end, two feet from the front wall, and about a foot from the back
wall, and returning into a chimney in the back wall over the fvirnace.*

For the sake of permanence, however, a vinery of this kind is usu-
ally built of brick ; the ends and front wall eight inches thick ; the back
wall a foot thick — or eight inches, with occasional abutments to increase
its strength. In fig. 38
(I) is shown a simple plan
of a vinery of this kind.
In this the sui-face of the
ground is shown at a, be-
low which the foundation
walls are sunk three feet.
Above the surface the
front wall, h, rises two
feet, the back wall, c,
twelve feet, and the width
of the house is fourteen
feet. On these walls are
placed the rafters, from
three to four feet distant.

In the present example
the flues are kept out of
the way, and the space
clear, by placing them in
a square walled space di-
rectly under the walk ; the
walk itself being formed by an open grating or lattice, through which
the heat rises freely. The arrangement of the flue will be better u,nder-
stood by referring to the ground plan (II). In this the furnace is indi-
cated at d, in tlie back wall ;f from this the flue rises gradually to e,
whence it continues nearly the length of the house, and returning enters
the chimney ^t f. For the convenience of shelter, firing, etc., it is usual
to have a hack shed, g, behind the back wall. In this shed may be a bin
for wood or coals, and a sunk area (shown in the dotted lines around
d,f), with steps to descend to the furnace and ash-pit. There are two
doors, 7i, in the vinery at either end of the walk.

* Heating by hot water is considered more successful in its results, because
of enabling- a more even and steady temperature to be maintained. The ex-
pense is somewhat greater at first — but in the end, perhaps, most economical.

f This furnace should be placed two feet below the level of the tiue at ^, in
order to secure a draught, after which it may be carried quite level tiU it enters
the chimnej^ An air-chamber may be formed round it, with a register to admit
heated air to the house when necessary. A furnace fourteen inches square and
deep, with an ash-pit below, in which anthracite coal is burned, will be found a
very easy and perfect mode of heating a house of this width, and thirty feet
long.

Plan and Section of a Vinery, with Fire-heat.

512 THE GRAPE.

The border should be thoroughly prepared previously to planting the
vines, by excavating it two feet deep and filling it up with suitable com-
post. This is best formed of one-half loamy tvirf, well rotted by having
been previously laid up in heaps (or fresh and pure loamy soil from an
old pasture or common) ; one-third thoroughly fermented horse or cow
manure, which has lain in a turf-covered heap for tln-ee months ; and
one-third broken pieces of charcoal and old lime rubbish : the whole to
be thoroughly mixed together before planting the vines.

The vines themselves should always be planted in a border prepared
inside of the house ; and in order to give the vines that extent of soil
which is necessaiy for them, the best cultivators make an additional
border, twelve or fourteen feet wide outside, in front of the vinery. By
building the foundation of the front wall on piers, within a couple of
inches of the surface, and supporting the wall above the surface on slabs
of stone reaching from pier to pier, the roots of the vines easily pene-
trate to the border on the outside.

The vines should be planted early in the spring. Two-year-old
plants are preferable, and they may be set eighteen inches from the front
wall — one below each rafter, or, if the latter are over three feet apart,
one also in the intermediate space.

The pruning and training of the vines we have already described.
The reneioal system of pruning we consider the best in all cases. The
S2^ur system is, however, practised by many gardeners, with more or less
success. This, as most of our readers are aware, consists in allowing a
single shoot to extend from each root to the length of the rafters ; from
the sides of this stem are produced the bearing shoots every year ; and
every autumn these S2)urs are shortened back, leaving only one bud at
the bottom of each, which in its turn becomes the bearing shoot, and
is again cut back the next season. The fruit is abundantly produced,
and of good flavor, but the bunches are neither so large nor fair, nor
do the vines continue so long in a productive and healthy state as when
the wood is annually renewed.

The essential points in pruning and training the vine, whatever
mode be adopted, according to Loudon, " are to shorten the wood to
such an extent that no more leaves shall be produced than can be fully
exposed to the light ; to stop all shoots produced in the summer that
are not likely to be reqviii-ed in the winter pruning, at two or three
joints, or at the first large healthy leaf from the stem where they
originate; and to stop all shoots bearing bunches at one joint, or at
most two, beyond the bunch. As shoots which are stopped generally
push a second time from the terminal bud, the secondary shoots thus
produced should be stopped at one joint. And if at that joint they push
also, then a third stopping must take place at one joint, and so on as
long as the last terminal bud continues to break. Bearing these points
in mind, nothing can be more simple than the pruning and training of
the vine,"

When early forcing of the vines is commenced, the heat should be
applied very gently for the first few days, and afterwards very gradually
increased. Sixty degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer may be the
maximum till the buds ai'e all nearly expanded. When the leaves ai'e
expanded, sixty-five may be the maximum and fifty-five the minimum
temperature. When the vines are in blossom, seventy-five or eighty in
mid-day, with the solar heat, should be allowed, with an abundance of

THE GRAPE.

513

air, and somewhat about this should be the average of mid-day tempera-
ture.

To insure a good crop of Grapes, we are satisfied that they must have
— plenty of heat — plenty of air — -^:>^e«<y of moisture — severe tliinning of
hunches — and severe thinning of berries. The vines, also, must be pruned
often, and kept free ; the wood never crowded. Great attention must
be paid to the airing of the house, which must be done gi-adually, that
there may be at no time a sudden change in the temperature.

With such attention, and the prerequisite of a rich border, on a dry
subsoil, good crops of fine Grapes are always to be obtained. The vines
require much moisture until they have completed their last swell, when
the moisture should be withdrawn. ,

Insects and Diseases. When properly grown under glass the Grape
is a very vigorous plant, liable to few diseases. The bleeding which
often happens at the commencement of growth, usually ceases without
doing harm when the foliage begins to expand. If excessive, it may be
stopped by a mixture of three parts of cheese-parings and one part lime
applied to the wound. The red spider, which sometimes infests vineries
kept at a high temperature, is usually destroyed by coating over the
flues with a wash of quick-lime and sulphur, after which the house must
be kept closed for half a day. The smaller insects which occasionally
prey on the young shoots are easily kept down by syringing the parts
afiected with a solution of whale-oil soap.

Varieties. There are in the catalogue a vast number of names of
Grapes, many of which belong to the same fruit. But there are really
only twenty or thirty varieties which are at all worthy of cultivation in
gardens. Indeed, the most experienced gardeners are satisfied with a
dozen of the best sorts for their vineries.

We will describe some of the finest foreign Grapes that have been
introduced.

Aleppo.

Switzerland Grape.
Striped Muscadine.
Variegated Chasselas.
Raisin Suisse.

Raisin d'Aless.
Chasselas panache.
Maurillan panache.
Maurillan noir panache.

A very singular Grape, the berries being mostly striped with white
and black in distinct lines. The foliage is also prettily striped in
autumn.

Bunches rather below medium size. Berries medium size, I'oundish.
Skin thin, striped with white and dark red, or black. Flesh juicy,
and of a rich and excellent flavor.

Alicante.

Black St. Peters.
Black Spanish.
St. Peters.
Blauer von Alicante.

Black Portugal.
Black Valentia.
Espagnin Noir.
Sanct Peter's Traube.

Black Lisbon.
Black Palestrae.
Meredith's Alicante.
Alicantenivein.
Schwarzer Spanischer.

xVn excellent late variety, which is large and showy, and hangs well.

33

514

THE GRAPE.

Bundles large, sometimes shouldered. Berries large, oval. Skin
tough, rather thick, jet black, with a bine bloom. Flesh tender, juicy.

Black Chajipiot.

Bunch large, long, shouldered. Berries large, roundish oval, deep
black with a slight bloom. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet, rich. Bipens
earlier than Black Hamburgh, A good variety for a cold vinery.

Black Morillon.

Franc Pineau.

Pineau.

Eaisin de Bourgne.

Black Burgundy.

Schwarzer.

Black Cluster.

Morillon noir.
Auvema.
Vrai Auvemas.
Small Black Cluster.
Bother.

Auverne.
Auvernas Eouge.
True Burgundj'.
Burgunder.
Early Black,

This is readily distinguished from Miller's Bvirguudy, by the ab-
sence of the down on its leaves. The fruit is very sweet and excellent.

Bunches small, compact (?'. e., berries closely set). Berries middle
sized, roundish oval. Skin deep black. Juice sweet and good. Ripens
in the open air about the 20th of September.

Black FRONTicNAif.

Muscat Noir.

Muscat Noir Ordinaire.

Black Froutignac.

Black Constantia of some.

Muscat Noir de Jura.

Sir William Rowley's Black.
Purple Frontignan.
Purjjle Constantia.
Bourdales des Hautes Pyrenees.

An excellent Graj^e, originally from the town of Frontignan, in
France, where it and other similar sorts are largely cultivated for mak-
ing the Muscadine or Frontignan wine.

Bunches rather long. Berries of medium size, round, quite black.
Skin thin. Flavor musky and rich, ilipens in October. A good bearer.

Black Hamburgh.

Warner's Black Hamburgh,

Purple Hamburgh.

Red Hamburgh.

Brown Hamburgh.

Dutch Hamburgh.

Victoria.

Salisbury Violet.

Hampton Court Vine.

Valentine's.

Gibraltar.

Frankendale.

Black Frankenthall,

Frankenthaler.

Frankenthaler Gros Noir.

TroUinger.

Blue TroUinger.

Troller.

Welscher.

Fleisch Traube.

Hudler.

Langnedoc.

Mohrendutte.

Weissholziger TroUinger.

The Black Hambui-gh has Ions; been considered the first of black
Grapes for the vinery, but it will very rarely perfect its fruit out of
doors. Its very large size and most luscious flavor render it universally
esteemed.

Bunches large (about nine inches deep), and mostly with two shoul-
ders, making it broad at the top. Berries very lai-ge, rovindish, slightly
inclining to oval. Skin rather thick, deep brownish purple, becoming

THE GRAPE. 515

nearly black at full maturity. Flavor very sugary and ricb. A good
and regular bearer.

Black Lombardy.

West's St. Peters. Poonah. Raisin des Cannes.

Raisin de Cuba. Money's.

Bundles large and long, witli sliouldCTs. Berries large, roundish
oval. Skin thin, very black at maturity. Flavor very rich and sugaiy.
The leaves are rather small, and turn purple as the fruit ripens. It
requires a pretty high temperature, and is then a great bearer.

Black Morocco.

Le Coenr. Ansell's Large Oval Black.

Black Muscadel. Raisine d'Espagne.

A large and showy Grape, ripening late, but requiring a good deal
of heat. The blossoms are a little imperfect, and requii'e to be fertilized
with those of the Black Hamburgh, or some other hardy sort.

Bunches large. Berries very large, oval. Skin thick, dark red.
Flavor tolerably sweet and rich.

Black Muscadine.
Black Chasselas. Chasselas Noir.

A pretty good black Grape, scarcely succeeding well, however, in the
open air, and inferior to other sorts for the vinery.

Bunches of medium size, compact. Berries roundish oval. Skin
thick, black, overspread with a blue bloom. Juice sweet, and of pretty
good flavor.

Black Muscat of Alexandria.

Red Muscat of Alexandria. Red Frontignac of Jerusalem.

Muscat Hamburgh.

Bunches large and shouldered. Berries large, oval. Skin thick, of
a reddish color, becoming black at maturity. Flesh quite firm, with a
rich musky flavor, ilequires a vinery with fire-heat.

Black Prince.

Boston. Sir A. Pytches' Black.

Pocock's Damascus. Steward's Black Prince.

The Black Prince is very highly esteemed. It is hardier than the
Black Hamburgh, bearing profvisely, witli the easiest culture, in the
vinery.

Bunches long and not generally shouldered. Berries large, rather
thinly set, oval. Skin thick, black, covered with a thick blue bloom.
Flesh tender, juicy, rich sugary, sprightly.

Black Sweetwater.

Water Zoet Noir.

Bunches small, compact. Berries small, round. Skin thin, with a
sweet and pleasant juice. A second-rate, but rather hardy sort.

516 the grape.

Black Tripoli.
Black Grape from Tripoli,

This Grape is said to be a large and very excellent one, ripening
late, and well worthy of a place in the vinery. It requires some fire-
heat.

Bunches of medium size, shouldered, rather loose. Berries large,
round, often slightly flattened. Seeds qviite small. Skin thin, purplish
black, slightly covered with bloom. Flesh tender and sweet, with a
very high-flavored rich juice.

BowooD Muscat.

Tynningliam Muscat.

A new variety, claimed as a seedling from the Muscat of Alexandria
which it closely resembles, but has rather shorter-jointed wood, and sets
its fruit and bears well.

Burckhaudt's Prince.
Aram on. Plante Riche. TJgrie Noir.

A late variety that hangs well.

Bunches long, tapering. Berries medium, round, a few inclining to
oval. Skin of a deep black color, covered with a thick bloom. Plesh
rather firm, juicy, rich, piquant, vinous.

Canon Hall Muscat.

A variety difiering from its parent, the Mviscat of Alexandria, in
being of stronger growth and more tapering bunches. Berries large,
roundish oval, whitish, juicy, rich. Requires special care to grow it
well.

Chaptal.

A French Grape, a great bearer, and adapted to a cold vinery.
Bunches large and long. Berries large, round, amber color when
ripe. Flesh sweet, juicy.

Charlsworth Tokay.

A variety from England, reputed to be of superior quality.
Bunches long, compact. Berries large, oval. Skin thick, white.
Flavor rich and excellent, with a Muscat perfume.

Chasselas Musque.
Musk Chasselas. Le Cour. St. Albans.

A very delicious Grape, the highest flavored Chasselas, having much
of the flavor of the Muscat of Alexandria.

Bunches of mediiim size, long and rather loose. Berries middle

THE GRAPE. 517

size, roimd. Skin thin, yellowish white. Flesh tender, with an abund
ant juice, of a rich miisky flavor. Leaves smaller and deeper green
than tliose of the Sweetwater or Muscadine. Requires heat.

Chasselas Royal.

A new and excellent Grape.

Bunches short and thick, with shoulders. Berries large, round,
pale amber color when ripe. A great bearer. (Rivers.)

Chasselas Yibert.

A strong grower, well suited to a cold vinery.

Bunches long. Berries large, round, golden amber when ripe. Flesh
juicy, rich. (Rivers.)

Duchess of Buccleugh.

A Grape of recent introduction, and highly praised. It is said to
be a cross between the Muscat and Chasselas Musqu6.

Bunches large, long, tapering, slightly shouldered. Berries medium,
roundish. Early, and an abundant bearer. Suited for a hot or cold
vinery.

Early Black Bordeaux.

One of the best very early sorts.

Bunches medium, short, shouldered. Berries medium, round, quite
black, with a thin bloom. Flesh tender, melting, rich, sweet.

Early Black July.

July Grape. Madeleine. Madeleine Noir.

Raisin Precoce. Morillon Hatif. De St. Jean.

Schwarzer Fruhzeitiger. Burgunder. August Traube.

Jacob's Traube.

The earliest of Grapes, and chiefly valued for the dessert on that
account. In the open air it ripens here the last of July, or early in
August. The leaves are rather small, and light green above and bf»
neath.

Bunches small and compact. Berries small, quite round. Skin
thick, black, covered with a blue bloom. Flavor moderately sweet, but
not rich or perfumed.

Early Golden Frontignan.

A variety adapted to hot or cold vineries.

Bunch long, meditim, not shouldered. Berries medium, rotmd, yel-
low, with minute dark dots. Flesh juicy, sprightly, melting, sweet.

Early Saumur Front ignan.

Muscat de Saumur. Muscat Hatif de Saumur.

Madeleine Musquee de Courtiller. Precoce Musque.

A very early variety, ripening well in a cold vinery.

Bunches small, compact, shouldered. Berries medium^ loundish

618 THE CxRArE.

flattened. Skin tliin, translucent amber color at niatmity. Flesh
juicy, with a j^leasant, slight Muscat flavor.

Early Silver Frontigkan.

Bunch medium to large, shouldered. Berries large, roundish oval,
whitish yellow, with a silver bloom. Flesh very tender, melting, rich,
very juicy, and agreeable. An early and productive sort, suited to hot
or cold vinery.

Early Sjiyrxa Froxtigxax.

Muscat de Smyrne. Isaker Daisiko.

One of the earliest sorts, well suited for a cold vinery.
Bunches medium, well set, not shouldered. Berries medium, round,
bright amber. Flesh melting, rich, jiiicy, delicious.

Early White Malvasia.

Moma Chasselas. Mornair blanc.

Early Chasselas. Le Melier.

Grove End Sweet Water. Melier blanc.

White ]\Ielier. Blanc de Bonneuil.
Early Kienzheim.

A nice early Grape, and a good bearer, which is in fact only an ear-
lier variety of the Chasselas. It bears very well in the open air.

Bunches, in size and form, much like those of the "White Chasselas or
Boyal Muscadine. Berries round, yellowish white. Skin thin. Flesh
sweet, juicy, and agreeable in flavor. Rij)ens in Aiigust. The leaves
are -pale green on the upper side, slightly downy below, cut into five
rather deep lobes.

Esperioxe.

Turner's Black. Hardy Blue Windsor.

Cumberland Lodge.

The Esperione is a hardy, luxuriant, and j)i'olific Grape, growing as
well in the open air as the Muscadine, and even better in many situa-
tions.

Bunches large, shouldered, like the Black Hamburgh in size. Ber-
ries round, or occasionally flattened, and often indented with a groove.
Skin thick, dark purple, powdered with a thick blue bloom. Flesh ad-
heres to the skin, of a pleasant, sprightly flavor, not very rich.

FiXTIXDO.

This Grape is of Italian origin, brought to notice by IM. De Bavay,
of Vilvorde, who received it of Major Esperen, and is said to have been
discovered by the French army in Naples. ' Its growth is vigorous.
Peduncle very stout.

Bunch large, compact, and shouldered. Berries of the largest size,
nearly round, slightly oval. Skin dark violet. Flesh abounds in a
sugary juice, and has a peculiarly pleasant aroma. It has a resemblance
to the Black Hamburgh, but is considerably earKer.

the grape. 519

Foster's White Seedling.

A new variety, described as sviperior to the Royal Muscadine, and
ripening at the stime time.

Bunches large, sets well. Berries above medium, roundish oval, yel-
lowish amber. Flesh tender, melting, sweet, and rich flavored. Said to
have the character of hanging without shrivelling.

Golden Champion.

A new variety but just introduced. It is described in the Gar-
dener's Magazine as remarkably free and robust in growth, and of as
easy cultvu-e as Black Hamburgh.

Bunches large, of a slightly-tapering form, and heavily shouldei*ed.
Berries exti-a large, obovate or ovate, slightly pointed — in some instances
almost round. Flesh firm, yet remarkably juicy, tender, and rich flavor.

Golden Hamburgh.
Busby's Golden Hamburgh. Stockwood Park Golden Hamburgh.

A new white Grape of excellent quality. Requires careful cultiva-
tion, as it soon decays after ripening.

Bunches large, somewhat loose, shouldered. Berries large, round-
ish oval, rich yellow. Skin thru. Flesh tender, juicy, rich, melting,

sweet.

Green's Prolific.

A new variety, originated by W. R. Green, Newburgh, N. Y. Vine
a strong grower, very productive, and sets well.

Bunch large, long, shouldered, very compact. Berry medium, round,
deep black, blue bloom, raised a little at apex. Flesh juicy, melting,
sweet, vinous.

Grizzly Frontignan.

Red Frontignan. Muscat Gris. Grizzly Frontignac.

Muscado Rosso. Red Constantia. Kummel Traube.

Muscat Rouge. Grauer Muscateller,

This delicious Grape requires to be grown in a vinery, when it is, to
our taste, scarcely surpassed.

Bunches rather long, with narrow shoulders. Beri-ies round, of me-
divim size, and growing closer upon the bunches than those of the White
Frontignan. Skin thick, pale brown, blended with pink and yellow.
Flesh very juicy, rich, musky, and high flavored.

Gros Makoc.

Marocain.

An excellent variety, ripening after Black Hamburgh. A gi-eat
bearer, well suited to a cold vinery.

Bunches large, long, shoxildered. Berries large, oval, covered with a
thick bloom. Skin thick, deep reddish purple. Flesh tender, sweet,
rich.

520 the grape.

Jura Muscat.
Muscat Noir de Jura.

A valuable Grape. Vine very prolific.

Bunches long, tapering, slightly shouldered. Ben-ieS above medium
oval, and well set. Skin purplish black or dark chocolate, with a thin
blue bloom. Flesh solid, tender, juicy, richly flavored, with a fine Mus-
cat aroma.

Knight's Variegated Chasselas.
Variegated Chasselas.

A hybrid seedling, raised by Mr. Knight from the White Chasselas
impregnated by the Aleppo. A curious and pretty fruit, but not first-
rate in flavor.

Bunches rather long, unshouldered. Berries below the middle size,
round, loosely set. Skin quite thin, white, shaded with bluish violet,
sometimes becoming purplish in the sun. Flesh tender, sweet, and plea-
sant.

Lady Downe's.
Lady Downe's Seedlmg.

This variety was grown from seed of the Black Morocco crossed by
the Chasselas or Sweetwater. It is among the most valuable, ripening
its fruit and hanging a long time — Hogg says, from August until
March.

Bunches large, rather loose, shouldered. Berries above medium,
roundish oval. Skin rather thick, reddish purple, becoming quite black,
with a delicate bloom. Flesh dull white, firm, sweet, and richly
flavored.

LOMBARDY.
Flame-Colored Tokay. Rhemisli Red. Wantage. Red Grape of Taurida.

The Lombardy is remarkable for the very large size of the bunches,
which are frequently twelve to eighteen inches long. It is a handsome
fruit, the berries thickly set (so much so as to need a good deal of thin-
ning), and it requires fire-heat to bring it to full perfection.

Bunches very large, handsomely formed, with large shoulders. Ber-
ries large, roundish. Skin thick, pale red or flame-colored. Flesh firm,
sweet, with a sprightly, very good flavor.

Miller's Burgundy.

Miller Grape. Miiller. Le Mennier.

Mullevrebe. Morillon Tacorme. Morone Farinaccio.

Fromente. Pulverulenta. Aleatica du Po.

Farineux noir. Sauvignien noir. Notrin.

A variety that ripens pretty well in the open air, and is readily
known by the dense covering of cottony down which lines both sides of
the leaves, whence the name Miller's Grape.

Bimches shoi't, thick, and compact. Berries roundish oval, very
closely set together. Skin thin, black, with a blue bloom. Flesh ten-
der, abounding with a sweet, high-flavored juice. Each berry contains
two small seeds.

the grape. 521

Muscat op Alexandria.

Alexandrian Frontignan. Moscatel Gordo Blanco.

Charlesworth Tokay Malaga. Panse Musquee.

Muscat Escholata. Passe Musquee.

Muscat Grec. Tottenham Park Muscat.

Muscat of Jerusalem. Uva Salamana.

Muscat of Lunel. White Muscat of Alexandria.

Muscat Remain. Muscat Esculata ?

A well-known Grape wMcli fvirnishes the Muscatel Raisins, from
Spain. It requires a high temperatiire to ripen it thoroughly.

Bunches very large, long, loose shouldered. Berries large, oval, unequal
in size. Skin thick, pale amber, thin white bloom. Flesh firm, mode-
rately juicy, sweet and rich, fine Muscat flavor.

Pitmaston "White Cluster.

A pretty hardy Grape, raised in Pitmaston, England, from the
Black Cluster, ripening rather earlier than the Sweetwater, of good
quality, and well deserving a place where the foreign Grapes are culti-
vated in the open air.

Bunches of medium size, compact, and shouldered. Berries middle-
sized, round. Skin thin, amber color, occasionally tinged with a little
russet when fully ripe. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, and excellent.

Primavis Fronttgnak.

An early ripening variety that sets well and is productive.

Bunches large, long, shouldered, berries medium to large, round,
amber. Flesh rather solid, tender, juicy, sweet, and rich. One of the
finest of the Muscat Chasselas family. Early.

Bed Chasselas.

Red Muscadine. Chasselas Rouge Foncee.

Chasselas Rouge. Cerese Septembro.

This Grape a good deal resembles the White Chasselas, except that
the berries are slightly colored with red. Very rarely, when over ripe,
they become a dark red.

Bunches loose, not large. Berries medium size, round. Skin thin,
at first pale green, but when exposed to the sun they become red. Flesh
tender, sweet, and very good.

Reeves' Muscadine.

An excellent variety for the cold vinery.

Bunches lai'ge, conical, loose, shouldered. Berries large, nearly
round, amber color. Flesh tender, rich, juicy, sweet.

Royal Muscadine.

Amber Muscadine. Chasselas de Fontainebleau.

Early White TenerifPe. D'Arbois.

Golden Chasselas. Raisin de Champagne.

White Chasselas. Amiens.

Chasselas dore. Campanella Bianca.

Chasselas blanc. White Nice, or Xeres.

A truly excellent Grape in all respects — one of the very best for

522 THE GRAPE.

hardy culture in this climate, or for the vinery. It is everywhere
highly esteemed, and is the Chasselas par excellence of the French.

Bunches large and shouldered. Berries larger than those of the
Sweetwater, round. Skin thin, at first greenish white, but turning to
an amber color when fully ripe. Flesh tender, with a rich and delicious
flavor. Ripens here about the 20th of September. Wood and foliage
stronger than those of the Sweetwater.

Scotch White Cluster.

Blacksmith's White Cluster. Diamant.

Laan Hatif. Diamant Traube.

Van der Laan Precoce.

This Grape was raised by a blacksmith of Edinburgh in 1812.
Bunches of middle size, compact. Berries medium-sized, roundish
oval. Skin white, thin. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, and excellent.

Syrian,
Jews. Palestine. Terra de la Promise.

This is believed to be the Grape mentioned in the Scriptures as
found by the Israelites on the brook of Eshcol, the bunches of which
were so large as to be borne on a stafi" by two men. It is a very superb-
looking fruit, and has been grown in this country to very large size. In
England bunches of it have been produced weighing 19^ lbs.

Bunches enormously large, and regularly formed, with broad shoul-
ders. Berries large, oval. Skin thick, white at first, but becoming a
tawny yellow or amber when at full maturity. Flesh firm and solid,
moderately juicy and sweet, though not rich. Will hang till Christmas
in a vinery. The wood and foliage are very large.

Trebbiano.
Trebbiano Bianco. Trebbiano Veto. Erbalus. TJgni Blanc.

A variety that requires a tolerably high temperature, especially
during the fall months. It is a late sort, and hangs well.

Bunches very large, broad, shouldered. Berries medium, roundish,
oval. Skin thick, somewhat adhering to the flesh, whitish, with a deli-
cate bloom. Flesh firm, sweet, rich.

Trentham Black.
Long Noir d'Espagne.

A fine variety, well suited to the cold vinery. It ripens with Black
Hamburgh, but will hang plump and fresh long after that variety has
shrivelled.

Bunches large, tapering, and shouldered. Berries above medium,
oval. Skin tough, jet black, covered Avith a thin bloom. Flesh melt-
ing, juicy, rich, sugary, vinoi^s.

the grape. 523

Troveren Frontignan.
Troveren. Muscat Troveren. Muscat Troveren Blanc.

This, says Rivers, is one of, if not the finest of all the Frontignans.
A great bearer, and with a rich Muscat flavor in the fruit.

Bunches large. Berries very large, roundish oval, greenish, chang-
ing to pale amber. Flesh fii-m and crackling, juicy, svreet, and acid.
Requires fire heat.

Tyningham Muscat,

A late variety that sets well and is very productive.

Bunches very large, double-shovildered. Berries large, oval, amber
yellow, slight bloom. Flesh solid, juicy, sweet, and of a rich Muscat
flavor.

Verdelho.
Verdal. Verdilhio. Madeira Wine Grape.

A vigorous growing Grape, of good quality, from Madeira, which is
largely used in that island for making the best wines.

Bunches rather small, loose. Berries small, rather vmequal in size,
and often without seeds. Skin thin, semi-transparent, yellowish green,
a little tinged with russet when very ripe. Juice a little acid at first,
but rich and excellent at maturity.

White Frontignan.

White Constantia. White Frontniac. Nepean's Constantia.

Muscat Blanc. Eaisin de Frontignan. Muscat Blanc de Jura.

Moschata Bianca. Moscado Biaaco. Moscatel Commun.

Muscateller. Weisser Muscateller. Weisse Muscaten Traube.

The White Frontignan is a very favorite Grape, as the many names
quoted above, by which it is known in various parts of Europe, suffi-
ciently prove. Its hardy habit, uniform productiveness in the vinery,
and most luscious flavor, make it everywhere esteemed.

Bunches of medium size, or pretty long, and without shoulders.
Berries middle-sized, round, rather thickly set. Skin thin, dull white
or yellow, covered with a thin bloom. Flesh tender, with a rich, per-
fumed, musky flavor.

White Hamburgh.
White Lisbon. White Portugal. White Raisin.

This is the Portugal Grape of commerce, which is so lai'gely ex-
ported to diff'erent parts of the world in jars. It is not a high-flavored
though a very showy grape, and will hang a long time on the vines after
maturity. It requires fire-heat.

Bunches very large and loose. Berries large oval. Skin thick,
greenish white. Flesh solid, sweet, and sometimes with a slight Muscat
flavor. Bunches of this variety weighing over three pounds have been
grown near Boston.

624 the gkape.

White Nice.

A veiy large and showy fruit, and, in a vinery with fii-e-heat, a very
excellent sort. M'Intosh, an English gardener of reputation, has grown
bunches of this the White Nice to the enormous weight of eighteen
pounds, and considers it " one of the noblest of grapes."

Bunches veiy large, with loose shoulders. Berries roundish, medium
size, thinly distributed over the shoulders and sides of the bunch. Skin
thin, rather tough, '^greenish white, becoming, finally, a little yellowish.
Flesh crisp, sweet, and of very good flavor. Leaves and wood very
strong, the latter remarkably downy beneath.

White Ressling.

Schloss Johannisberg. Rudesheimerberg. Riessling.

Petit Riessling. Grosser Riessling. Rossliag.

Kleiner Riessling.

The most celebrated Grape of the Rhine, producing the celebrated
Hock wines.

Bunches of medium size, compact. Berries rather small, round.
Skin thin. Flesh tender and juicy, with sweet and sprightly pleasant
flavor.

White Sweetwater.

Early White Muscadiae. WTiite Muscadine. Early Sweetwater.

Stillward's Sweetwater. Dutch Sweetwater. Chasselas Precoce.

Chasselas Royal. Water Zoete Blanc.

This Grape is better known and more commonly cultivated than any
other in this country, although it is inferior to the Royal Muscadine.
It differs from the latter in having weaker wood, and open, loose
bimches of a paler color.

Bunches middle-sized, loose or open, usiaally with many small imper-
fect berries, shouldered. Berries of the middle size, round. Skin thin,
clear watery green, rarely becoming amber, except very fully exposed to
the sun. Flesh crisp, watery, sweet, but not high-flavored. Ripens in
the open air from the 20th to the last of August — a fortnight earlier
than the Royal Muscadine.

White Tokay.
Genuine Tokay. Gray Tokay. Tokai blanc.

This is the fruit from which the delicious Tokay wine of Hungary
is made. Its flavor is good, and its aroma peculiarly agreeable.

Bunches of medium size, compact. Berries rounded oval, closely
set. Skin thin, of a dull white. Flesh very delicate, sweet and per-
fumed.

Yeddo.

A variety from Japan, introduced with high praise, but proved of
little value.

Bunches medium. Berries medium, brownish. Flesh rich and
sweet. Not good enough for the vinery, and liable to mildew in the
open air.

THE GRAPE. 525

AMERICAN GRAPES.

The better varieties of the native Grapes are among the most valua-
ble of fruits in the Middle States. Hardy, vigoi-ous, and productive,
"with a modei'ate amount of care they yield the farmer and the common
gardener, to whom the finer foreign sorts, requiring much attention and
considerable expense in culture, are denied, the eqjoyment of an abun-
dance of very good friiit.

The grape region has been lately greatly extended by the addition of
new varieties, which, in consequence of ripening their fruit much earlier
than the Isabella and Catawba, are suited to two or three degrees of lati-
tude farther north than the limit of the cultivation of these varieties.

The garden culture of the hardy native grapes, although not veiy
difficult, camiot be accomplished so as to give the fruit in perfection,
without some attention to theii- habits and wants. The soil should be
dry, deeply worked, and well enriched, always bearing in mind that it
is an essential point to secure a perfectly open, sunny exposure, as it
may always be assumed that with us no atmosphere can be too warm or
bright for the grape ; for althovigh it will make the most vigorous shoots
in the shade of trees or buildings, yet the crops will be small, the friiit poor
and uncertain, and the vines likely to fall a prey to mildew.

In the second place, the vines should be Ae^>< within moderate bounds,
and trained to an upright trellis. The Isabella and Concord are so
rampant in their growth, when young, that the indulgent and gi-atified
cultivator is but too apt to allow them to overbear ; the border should
always be given to the exclusive occupancy of the vines, and the roots
should be allowed space proportional to the branches they are to carry.
By observing these directions, and not suffering the vines to overbear,
they may be continued a long time in full vigor and productiveness.

The system of pruning and training these gi-ajjes generally pursued
is the iipright mode, with the spur mode of training. The first season's
growth of a newly planted vine is cut back to two buds the ensuing fall
or spring. These two buds are allowed to form two upright shoots the
next summer, which at the end of the season are brought do^vn to a
horizontal position, and fastened each way to the lower horizontal rail
of the trellis, being shortened at the distance of three or four feet from the
root — or as far each side as the plant is wished to extend. The next
season, upright shoots are allowed to grow one foot apart, and these, as
soon as they reach the top of the trellis, are also stopped. The next
year, the trellis being filled with the vines, a set of lateral shoots will
be produced from the upright leaders, with from one to three bunches
upon each, which will be the fii'st crop. The vine is now perfect, and,
in the spur mode of pruning, it is only necessary at the close of every
season, that is, at the autumnal or winter pruning, to cut back these
lateral shoots or fruit-spurs to within an inch of the upright shoot from
which they sprang, and a new lateral producing fruit will annually sup-
ply its place, to be again cut out at the winter pruning.

After several years' bearing, if it is found that the grapes fail in
size or flaA^or, the vines should be cut down to the main horizontal
shoots at the bottom of the trellis. They will then speedily make a new
set of upright shoots which will produce very abundantly, as at first.

It cannot be denied that the reneioal system of training (507) is

b26 THE GRAPE.

certain of yielding always tlie largest and finest fruit, though not so
large a crop — as half the surface of the vine is every year occujjied "with
young wood, to take the j^lace of that annually cut out.

What we have already stated (509) respecting pruning \nll ap-
ply equally well here. If the vine is fully exposed to the sun it will
require very little summer pruning ; in fact, none, except stopping the
yovmg shoots three joints beyond the farthest bunch of grapes, at mid-
summer— for the leaves being intended by natui*e to elaborate the sap,
the more we can retain of them (without robbing the fruit unduly of
fluids expended in making new gi'owth) the larger and higher flavored
will be the fruit ; careful experiments having proved that there is no
more successful mode of impoverishing the crop of frxiit than that of
j^ulling off the leaves.

In the axils of the leaves by the side of the buds which are to send
forth shoots for next season's crops, branches called laterals push forth,
which should be pinched off at the first leaf, and at the next leaf where
they start again ; generally the second stopping will be sufficient.

The annual pruning of the hardy grapes is usually performed during
mild days in February or March — at least a month before vegetation is
likely to commence. Many cultivators prefer to prune their vines in
November, and, except for cold latitudes or exposures, this is undoubt-
edly the better season.

Vineyard Culture. The vineyard culture of the native grape is
very simple. Strong, loamy, or gravelly soils are preferable — limestone
and clay shale being usually the best — and a warm, open, sunny expo-
sure being indispensable.

In preparing the soil, if it is loamy or gravelly, a simple deep
ploughing is all that is requisite ; but if it is clay, or underlaid with a clay
hard-pan, the subsoil should be thoroughly broken to a depth of not less
than sixteen inches. This, on most lands, can be done by means of a
plough and team. Steep sidehills or slopes must of course be prepared by
hand labor, digging and trenching the ground thoroughly with the
spade.

The vines are planted in rows, the distance from plant to plant vary-
ing according as it is a strong and vigorous grower like Concord, or a
moderate short-jointed grower like Delaware. The first are generally
planted eight by eight feet or eight by ten feet apart, and the latter four
by six feet ; while varieties of intermediate vigor are placed at six by
eight feet. The renewal system of pruning is generally practised, and
the vines are trained both on stakes and wire trellis, the latter being
most generally considered as the best and most economical.

The ordinary ciilture is as simple as that of a field of Indian corn —
one man and hoi\se with a plough, and the horse cultivator, being able
to keep a pretty large surface in good order. The annual pruning is
performed in autumn or winter, top-dressing the vines when it is neces-
sary in the spring ; and the summer work, thinning, tying, and gather-
ing being chiefly done by women and children.

The summer work is one requiring some care and watchfulness, al-
though attendant with light labor, and, as we have said, may be performed
by women and children. In vineyard culture the long renewal system is
most practised ; by it the vine the first year is jjermitted to make but one
leading shoot, all the buds likely to form other shoots being rubbed off
early in spring, or as soon as they have fully developed. The second

THE GRAPE. 527

year this one cane, or the first year's growth, is cut down to two buds,
and these are grown to two long canes, all others, as the first year, being
rubbed otf. The third year one of these canes of the second year's
growth is cut down to two buds, and the other to four buds — the former
again permitted to make two good long stout canes, and the latter
allowed to produce about four or six clustei's of fruit, all the ground ,
shoots being rubbed away. When the buds break in spring, as soon as
they are about one inch long the bearing canes are to be examined, and
all but one shoot at each axil be rubbed out, otherwise there will be a
mass of small shoots and clusters without any perfect fruit. It is also
in some varieties deemed advisable to rub out entire all the buds of each
alternate joint, leaving only one-half the natural quantity to fruit. When
this is done the winter pruning of the bearing cane should be somewhat
longer than when each bud is allowed to fruit.

The two buds or canes for the next year's fruiting are allowed to
grow as long as they will, and are trained upright ; the other, on which
the fruit is grown, is carried oft' at an angle of about forty-five degrees,
and when it has made its shoots, set its fruit, and groAvn so that there are
three or four leaves or joints beyond the fruit they are stopped by
pinching, as we have advised in the training of foreign grapes, the only
point of difierence being in permitting our native sorts more liberty and
foliage. The following season, or fourth year, the cane which has this
year borne fruit is cut down to two buds, and the two canes of this year's
gi'owth are cut to four or more buds for fruit-bearing, and trained at an
angle of forty-five degrees each way, while the two buds on the bearing
cane of last year make canes for the succeeding year's bearing.

Diseases and Insects. The mildew and rot are diseases which
most atiiect the success of grape cviltui-e in this country. Many theories
and suggestions as to their origin, cause, etc., have been pfomulgated
and printed, but we feel that as yet no clear and full explanation or
cause has been adduced. Sudden changes of temperature, a cold night
or two in the month of August, a few days of foggy warm rain, followed
by clear sunshine, often produciiag the disease, with serious results, with-
out regard to the most thorough practices of prevention as advised by
theorists.

The beetles which sometimes infest the grape-vines in summer,
especially the large brownish yellow vine beetle {Pelidnota pwnctatct)^
and the grape-vine flea-beetle {Haltica chalyhea), are very destructive to
the foliage and buds, and the most effectual remedy is hand-picking
when taken in time.

Grafting the grape may be performed, and often quite successfully.
Operators difier in their opinion as to the best season, some preferring
the autumn, some early spring, and some quite late spring. But, what-
ever time is taken, it must be remembered that the union of the graft
and stock should always be covered with earth, leaving the top or iipper
bud of the graft level with the ground.

Keeping. Grapes may be kept into mid-winter or even spring.
They should be gathered in a dry day, laid in tiers of two bunches deep
on shelves for a couple of days, then aired, and each bunch carefully
wrapped in soft paper and packed in boxes, not over five or six inches
deep, and laid away in a cool dry room. Another plan is to pack them
in layers with fine soft hay, cut by a cutting machine into about inch-
long bits, laying a layer of hay, then grapes, and then hay again. If

528 THE GRAPE.

grapes are gathered before they are fully matured, they do not have as
good flavor, nor are they as rich and sweet as when fully ripe. In han-
dling, be careful to take them always by the stem.

VARIETIES.

Adirondac.

The original vine of this Grape was discovered in the grounds of J.
G. Witherbee, Port Henry, Essex Co., N. Y., and was introduced
to notice by J. W. Bailey, of Plattsburgh, N. Y. The growth and foliage
is much like Isabella, but not as vigorous.

Bunches large, compact, shouldered. Berries large, round. Skin
thin, dark purplish black, covered with a delicate white bloom. Flesh
very tender, juicy, mild, pleasant, sweet, not rich. Ripens a week or ten
days earlier than Isabella.

Agawam.
Rogers' No. 15.

Raised by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass. Yine very vigorous, very
productive, but subject to rot badly in unfavorable seasons.

Bunch large, moderately compact, shouldered. Berry large, round-
ish, dark red or maroon. Flesh aluiost tender, juicy, vinous, with a
little of the native aroma. Ripens soon after the Concord.

Albino.

Garber's Albino.

Raised by J. B. Garber, Columbia, Pa.

Bunch small. Berry nearly round, slightly oval, yellowish or amber
color. Flesh acid, tough, too late for the North.

Alexander's.

Schuylkill Muscadel. Winne.

Muscadine. Schuylkill Madeira.

Cape Grape. Constantia.

Springmill Constantia. Black Cape.

Clifton's Constantia. York Lisbon.

Madeira, of York, Pa.? Vevay.

Tasker's Grape. Rothrock, of Prince.

This Grape, a natural seedling, was first discovered by Mr. Alex-
ander, gardener to Gov. Penn, before the war of the Revolution. It is
not unfrequently found, as a seedling, from the wild Foxgrape, on the
borders of our woods.

Bunches rather compact. Berries of laedium size, roundish oval.
Skin thick, quite black. Flesh with a very firm pulp, but juicy, rather
harsh. October.

The White Cape is similar to above, differing only in its color, which
is gi*eenish white.

Allair.

Bunch small, loose. Berry medium, reddish brown. Flesh pulpy,
harsh, poor.

THE GRAPE,

529

%

^^'^fo

Adirondac.
34

f>30 THE GKAFE.

Alvey,
Hagar.

Introduced by Dr. Harvey, of Hagerstown, Md. Vine vigorous,
moderately productive.

Bunches above medium, long, and shouldered. Berries medium or
small, roundish, black. Flesh tender, refreshing, vinous. Ripens
middle to last of September.

Archer.

Origin, Philadelphia, Pa.

Bunch large. Berries medium, loundish, greenish white, amber
in the sun, white bloom. Flesh jxiicy, sweet, jjleasant. Very good.
Nov. (Hort.) Ripens too late for the North.

Arkansas.

A small black variety from the Southwest, that is said to promise
well for making of red wine.

Bunch compact. Berry round, black. Flesh juicy, rich. Ripens
with Catawba.

Arcott.

Resembles Cassady. Liable to cast its foliage. Skin thick. Valu-
able only for wine. (Miss. Rep.)

AUGHWICK.

A new variety, described as having originated with "Wm. A. Fraker,
Shirley sburgh, Huntingdon Co., Pa.

Bunches and berries similar to Clinton in size and form and color.
Flesh dark red, juicy, making a dark wine. "We have not seen the
Grape.

August Pioneer.

Origin unknown. It is one of the coarsest of native sorts, large,
black, with a firm, hard, pulpy flesh, fit only for stewing. Middle
of August.

AUTUCHON.
Arnold's No. 5.

Originated in 1859, by Charles Arnold, Paris, C. W., from seed of
Clinton crossed with Golden Chasselas. Leaf deeply lobed.

Bunch quite long, moderately compact, often shouldered. Berries
medium, greenish white with a golden tint when fully rijje. Skin thin.
Flesh void of pulp, resembling White Chasselas, but more sprightly and
rich. Ripens with Delaware. .(C. Arnold, MS.)

Baldwin le Noir.

Originated at West Chester, Pa.

Bunches small, rather loose. Berries small, quite dark, almost
black. Flesh somewhat pulpy, brisk, rough acid. May do for wine ;
not desirable for table use. October.

THE GRAPE. 531

Barnes.

Origin, Parker Barnes, Boston, Mass.

Bunches sliouldered. Berries medium, oval, black, sweet, good.
September 5th, or nearly as early as Hartford. New. (Strong.)

Barry.
Rogers' No. 43.

Raised by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass. Yine vigorous, produc-
tive.

Bunch rather large, short, broad, compact, often shouldered. Beiiy
large, roundish, black. Flesh tendei', nearly free from pulp, juicy, sweet,
pleasant. Ripens about the time of Concord.

Baxter.

A late ripening variety from the South.

Bunch long, loose. Berries sniall, black, juicy, not much pulp, but
quite acid here at the North. May be better South. Vei-y late in
ripening.

Bird's Egg.

Bunch long, pointed. Berry long oval, whitish, with brown specks.
Flesh pulpy. Only good. Curiosity.

Black Ha^vk.

Originated at Lebanon, Pa., from seed of Concord vine. Strong,
vigorous, hardy.

Bimch medium to large. Berry large, nearly round. Flesh some-
what pulpy, like its parent. Comparatively new and untested.

Black July.

Lincoln. Sherry. McLean.

Devereux. Thurmond. Husson.

Sumpter. Hart. Lenoir, incorrectly.

Blue Grape. Tuley.

Origin uncertain. A small black Grape, a half-hardy vine, not an
early bearer.

Bunches small, compact. Berries small, dark bluish black. Flesh
tender, juicy, vinous, somewhat prized South for wine.

Bland.

Bland's Virginia. Bland's Madeira. Red Scuppemong of some.

Bland's Pale Red. Powell.

The Bland does not ripen well North, except in favorable situations,
and should always be planted in a warm exposure. It is said to have
been foiuid on the eastern shore of Virginia., by Col. Bland of that State.

Bunches rather long, loose, and often with small imperfect berries.
Berries round, on long stalks, hanging rather thinly. Skin thin, at first
pale gi'een, but pale red when ripe. Flesh slightly pulpy, of a pleasant,
sprightly, delicate flavor, and with little or no musky scent, but a slight
astringency. Ripens late.

532 THE GRAPE.

Blood's Black.

A native fox Grape, healthy, hardy, and productive of fruit, quite
harsh and foxy.

Bunches short, compact, shouldered. Berry round, black. Ripens
about with Hartford, and inferior.

Blue Favorite.

A Southern Grape that does not ripen well North. Vine vigorous,
productive.

Bunch above medium. Berries medium, round, blue black, sweet,
vinous, much coloring matter. Ripe South early in September, and
there said to be much esteemed for A\dne-making.

Blue Imperial.

Origin uncertain. Yine vigorous, free from mildew, not productive.
Bunches medium, short. Berry large, round, black. Flesh with a
hard acid centre or pulp. Ripens with Hartford. Inferior.

Brand YwiNE.
Origin, Wilmington, Del.

Bunch large, shouldered, rather compact. Berry oval, greenish
white. Flesh tender. Middle September. (Gar. Mon.)

Brant.
Arnold's No. 8.

Raised by Charles Arnold, Paris, C. W., from seed of Clinton
fructified with mixed foreign pollen. Yine strong, healthy grower.
Foliage of a dark reddish green, deeply lobed. Smooth on both sides.

Bunch and berry medium, black. Flesh free from pulp, very juicy,
sweet, and, when perfectly ripe, rich and aromatic. Ripens early. (C.
A.rnold, MS.)

Brinckle.

Raised by Peter Raabe, near Philadelphia. Yine tender.
Bunch large, I'ather compact, sometimes shouldered. Berries round,
black. Flesh slightly pulpy, vinous, saccharine. Good. Ripens Sept.

Brown.
Yery much like Isabella, and ripens with it.

Burroughs.

From Yermont. Yine allied to the Clinton.

Bunch small. Berry round, black, thick bloom. Flesh harsh, acid,
austere. Ripens a little earlier than Isabella.

Burton's Early.
A large early, poor Fox Grape. Unworthy culture.

Camden.
Of the fox class.

Bunch medium. Berry large, greenish white. Flesh with a hard
centre, acid, poor.

the grape. 533

Canada.

Arnold's No. IG.

Raised from seed of Clinton crossed witli pollen of Black St. Peter's.
Vine and foliage somewhat like Clinton. The fruit also resembles Clinton
in appearance of bvTnch, but larger berry.

Bunch and berry above medium, shouldered. Skin thin, black, with
a fine bloom. Flesh free from pulp, juicy, with a distinct foreign flavor,
and aromatic. Ripens with Concord. (Chas. Arnold, MS.)

Carter.

Of a foxy character. Berries round, large, almost black. Ripens
with Isabella, and inferior.

Cassady.

An accidental seedling that sprang up in P. H. Cassady's yard, in
Philadelphia.

Bunches medium size, tolerably compact, and sometimes shouldered.
Beriy below medium, round, greenish white, with occasionally a faint
salmon tint, and thickly covered with white bloom. Flesh juicy, little
pulp, pleasant, peculiar honey sweet.

Catawba.

Red Muncy. Catawba Tokay. Saratoga ?

Micliig-an. Fancher ?

This excellent native Grape was first introduced to notice by Major
Adlum, of Georgetown, D. C, and was found by him in Maryland.

The Catawba is too late in ripening for general cultivation in the
Eastern and Northern States ; but where it does succeed few Grapes are
its sviperior. Clay shale soils appear to give most I'ichness to the fruit ;
but very handsome clusters are gro\vn in gravelly or sandy soils. It is
a popular and profitable market sort. Vine hardy and i)roductive.

Bunches of medium size, somewhat loose, shouldered. Beri'ies
round (or sometimes slightly oval), pretty large. Skin rather thick,
pale red in the shade, but pretty deep red in the sun, covered with a
lilac bloom. Flesh slightly pulpy, juicy, very sweet, with an aromatic,
rich, musky flavor. Ripe from the 1st to the middle of October, and
shovild be allowed to hang till fully ripe.

Mead's Seedling, and Mammoth Catawba, and Poeschel's Mammoth
are claimed as seedlings of the Catawba ; but they are so nearly identical
as not to require distinct descriptions. The Zane, White Catawba,
Pond's Seedling, James' Seedling, Clermont, also belong to this class.

Challenge.

Raised by Rev. Asher Moore, from a cross between Concord and
Royal Muscadine. Vine hardy and thrifty.

Bunches short, compact, shouldered. Berries rather large, round,
pale red like Catawba. Flesh slightly pulpy, jiiicy, sweet. Ripens
before Concord. (W. F. Basset.)

Charter Oak.
A very large, coarse, native Fox Grape, quite worthless except for size.

534 THE GKArE.

Chippewa.

A variety found growing on the banks of tlie Chippewa Creek, and
described in 1858 by Wm. H. Read.

Bunches good size, compact, heavily shouklered. Berries medium,
black, covered with bloom. Flesh tender, melting, sweet, and excellent.
"We have never seen the vine or heard of it since the first above-pub-
lished description in the " Country Gentleman."

Clara.

A chance seedling in grounds of Peter Baabe, Philadelphia, Pa.
Vine rather tender.

Bunch medium, loose, shouldered. Berry medium, roundish, pale
yellow, translucent. Flesh tender, juicy sweet. A fine amateur sort.
Bipens with Catawba.

Claret.

A. seedling of Chas. Carpenter, Kelly Island, O. Vine vigorous.
Bunch and berry medium, claret red, acid. Not valuable.

Clinton.
Worthington.

Origin uncertain, said to have originated in Western New Yoi-k.
Growth vigorous, hardy, and pi'oductive.

Bunch medium, shouldered, long and narrow, somewhat irregular,
but compact. Berries round, rather below medivim size, black, covered
with a thick blooin, juicy, with some acidity and toughness in its pulj),
but with a brisk vinous flavor. Colors early, but does not fully ripen
until qiiite late, or after frost.

Clover Street Black.

A seedling raised by Jacob Moore, from Diana crossed by Black
Hamburgh.

Bunches large, compact, shouldered. Berries large, roundish, black,
with a dark violet bloom. Flesh tender, sweet. Vine moderately vig-
orous. Ripens with Concord. (Ho v. Mag.)

Clover Street Red.

Same origin as the preceding.

Bunches larger than Diana, loose, occasionally with a similar long
stalk or shoulder appended to the top. Berries large, roundish oval,
crimson when fully ripe, with a slight Diana flavor. Vine a strong
grower. Ripens with Diana. (Hov. Mag.)

Columbia.

This Grape is said to have been foimd by Mr. Adlum on his farm
at Georgetown, D. C. A vigorous grower, productive.

Bunch small, compact. Berry small, black, with a thin bloom, Avith
very little hardness or acidity in its pulp, not high-flavored, but pleas-
ant and vinous. Ripe last of September.

THE GRAPE.

636

Concord.

536 THE GRAPE.

CONCOBD.

This fine hardy native Grape was raised from seed by E. W. Bull,
Concord, Mass. It is of very healthy, vigorous habit, and productive.

Bunch rather compact, large shouldered. Berries large, globular,
abnost black, thickly covei-ed with bloom. Skin rather thick, with
more of the native pungency and aroma than the Isabella, which it i-e-
sembles, but does not quite equal in quality. Flesh somewhat butteiy,
moderately juicy, sweet, with considerable toughness and acidity in its
pulp. It is more hardy than the Isabella, and ripens about ten days
earlier, consequently it is a very valuable variety for a large northern
range where the Isabella does not ripen. It is very popular, but as a
market sort the fruit, if left to ripen before gathered, does not carry well
long distances, and is liable to drop from the bunch after a few days.

Conqueror.

A cross between Concord and Boyal Mixscadine, grown by Rev.
Asher Moore. Yine hardy, thrifty, productive.

Bunches rather long, loose, shouldered. Berries medium to large,
somewhat pear-shaped, glossy, black, with a fine bloom. Flesh slightly
pulpy, juicy, sweet. Ripens with Concord. New. (W. F. Bas-
sett, MSS.)

Cornucopia.
Arnold's No. 2.

Raised in the year 1859, by Charles Arnold, from seed of Clinton,
crossed with St. Peters. Yine very healthy and vigorous. Leaves
large, dark green, smooth on both sides. "Wood short-jointed. Yery
productive, and a long keeper.

Bunch large, compact, shouldered. Berry above medium, very
black, with a fine bloom. Skin thin. Flesh juicy, no pulp. Ripens
with Concord, which ripens early. (C. Arnold, MSS.)

Cottage.

This is a new variety, originated Tvdth E. W. Bull, and by him de-
scribed as:

Fruit black, and ripening two weeks before Concord.

Cowan.
McCowan.
A native.

Bunch and berry medium, black, rather harsh and austere. Not
desirable.

Crevelling.
Catawissa Bloom. Bloomburg.

Columbia County. Laura Beverly ?

Claimed to be of Pennsylvania origin. Yine hardy and vigorous,
moderately productive. It has imperfect blooms, but is said to be quite
productive when grown side by side with Concord.

Bunch mediimi to large, long, loose, shouldered. Berries medium,
nearly round, black, with a blue bloom. Flesh tender, very little pulp,
juicy, sweet, and moderately rich, more so than Concord. Ripens soon
after Hartford Prolific.

the gkape. 537

Croton.

A new variety, originated by Stephen TJnderhill, Croton Point, X. Y.,
from seed of Delaware crossed by Chasselas. The vine is a fine grower,
hardy.

Bunch medium, shouldered, moderately compact. Berries small to
medium, light greenish yellow. Skin thin. Flesh juicy, sprightlj^,
sweet, pleasant, rich. Ripens about with Hartford Prolific.

Cunningham.
Long.

Said to have originated with Jacob Cvinningham, Prince Edward Co.,
Va. Vine vigorous healthy. A variety of value for wine. South and
Southwest.

Bunch medium, brownish, compact, often, not always, shouldered.
Berries small, round, black. Flesh juicy, rich. Not quite hardy at the
North, and ripens later than Catawba.

Cuyahoga.
Wemple .

A chance seedling found and gi-own by Wemple, CoUamer,

Cuyahoga Co., O. Vine strong grower, requires a warm sandy soil and
exposure to make it desirable at the North ; but when well grown is
of fine quality. South it casts its foliage, and is not valuable.

Bunch medium, compact. Beiry medium, dull gi'eenish amber
when fully I'ipe. Flesh tender, j uicy, rich, vinous, sweet. Ripens with
Catawba or a little later.

Cynthiana.
Red River.

Of unknoAvn origin, said to be Kansas. A distinct and valuable
variety for making of red wine South and West, or v/herever the Catawba
will ripen. Vine very vigorous, hardy, and productive. It much re-
sembles Norton's Virginia, and is perhaps superior.

Bunches moderately compact, shouldered. Berries small, round,
black, blue bloom. Flesh juicy, the juice not quite as dark in color as
Norton's Virginia.

Dana.

A seedling grown by Fi-ancis Dana, of Roxbuiy, Mass., and
described in the " Massachusetts Horticultural' Transactions."

Bunch medium, shouldered, compact, with a peculiar red stem.
Berries rather large, nearly round, red, with a rich heavy bloom, so
that when fully ripe they appear almost black. Flesh as free from
pulp as Delaware ; not so sweet, but more spirited and vinous, yet
not acid. Ripe last of September.

Delaware.

Heath. Italian Wine.

The precise origin of this Grape is not known. It was found many
years since in the garden of Paul H. Provost, Frenchtown, HunterdDn
Co., N. J. It is moderately vigorous in growth, with short-jointed

)38

THE GRAPE.

•wood. Quite hardy, requires rich soil, open, and well drained, to pro-
duce the finest of fruit. One of our most, if not the most, valuable sorts
for general cultivation. Very productive.

Bunch small, very compact, and generally shouldered. Berries
rather small, round. Skin thin, of a beautiful light red, very translu-
cent. It is \vithout hardness or acidity in its pulp, exceedingly sweet,
but sprightly, vinous, and aromatic.

the grape. 539

Detroit.

This variety is supposed to be a seedling. It was found in a garden
in Detroit, Mich. Not having seen the fruit, we copy from desci'iption
in the Horticulturist : " Vine very vigorous and hardy. Foliage re-
sembling Catawba. Wood short-jointed.

" Bunches large, compact. Berries very dark, rich brown claret, witli
a light bloom, round and regiilar. Flesh with very little pulp, rich
and sugary. Ripens earlier than Catawba."

Diana.

A seedling of the Catawba, raised by Mrs. Diana Crehore, of Bos-
ton. It is a very fine fruit when well I'ipened, but while it colors early,
does not ripen much, if any, earlier than Catawba. It is a very vigor
ous vine, requiring much room and long pruning, and increases in pro-
ductiveness and good quality as the vines get age. It does not require
a very rich soil.

Bunches large, very compact, and heavy, not properly shouldered,
but often having a small bunch appended by a long branch of the
peduncle.

The color is a line reddish lilac, thickly covered with bloom. The
berries i-ound. The fruit when fully ripe abounds in fine rich juice,
vinous, and aromatic, from which all the offensive native odor has dis-
appeared. It hangs long on the vines, is not injured by severe frosts,
and keeps admirably for winter xise.

Diana Hamburgh.

Originated from seed of Diana, crossed with Black Hamburgh, by
Jacob Moore, Rochester, N. Y. Yine a fair grower, with shoi-t-jointed
wood, tolerably healthy, sometimes disj^osed to mildew. We have seen
but little of it, and think it not suited for out-door culture.

Bunch lai-ge, moderately compact, shouldered. Berries roundish
oval, rich red, with a bloom. Flesh tender, sweet, somewhat aromatic,
like Diana. Ripens nearly with Isabella.

Dracut Amber.

Originated by J. W. Manning, Dracut, Mass, Yine very vigorous,
of the Fox Grape class, productive.

Bunch large, compact, often shouldered. Berry large, round. Skin
thick. Flesh quite pungent and foxy. Ripens about with Concord.

Early Hudson.

A round black Grape, early, and of little value, except as a curiosity,
inasmuch as some of the berries contain no seed.

Elizabeth.

Originated on the farm of Joseph Hart, near Rochester, N. Y., and
described in the Rural New Yorker.

Bunches large, compact. Berries large, I'oundish oval, gi-eenisli
white, with a slight jDurple tinge in the sun. Flesh rather pulpy, acid.

640 the grape.

Elsingburgii,
Smart's Elsingburg. Elsenborough. Elsinboro.

A very nice little Grape for the dessert, perfectly sweet and melt-
ing, without pulp, originally brought from a township of this name in
Salem Co., N. J. It is not a great deal larger than the common Frost
Grape in the size of the berry. A moderate, but regular bearer, ripens
well, and much esteemed by many for the table.

Bunches pretty large, loose, and shouldered. Berries small, round.
Skin thin, black, covered with a blue bloom. Flesh entirely without
pulp, • melting, sweet, and excellent. The leaves are deeply five-lobed,
pretty dark* green, and the wood rather slender, with long joints.

Emily.

Raised by Peter Raabe, near Philadelphia.

Bunch large, not very compact, occasionally shouldered. Beriy be-
low medium, from three-eighths to one-half an inch in diameter, roimd,
pale red. Flesh very juicy, with little or no pulp. Tender vine.

EUMELAN.

A chance seedling, originated at Fishkill, N. Y. Vine hardy, pro-
ductive, and ripens early.

The bunch of good size, compact, shouldered. Berry medivim size,
nearly round, of a deep purple or bluish black color, covered with a
light bloom. Flesh tender, melting, ripening to the centre, sweet,
sprightly, vinous.

Flora.

Origin, Philadelphia, Pa.

Bunch small, compact. Berry small, roundish oval, purplish red.
Flesh somewhat pulpy, acid at centre, juicy, vinous. Ripens about with \
Isabella. Vine hardy and productive.

Franklin.

Vine much the habit and growth of Clinton. Not as good a bearer.
Bimch small, not very compact. Berry small, black, juicy, quite
acid, austere. Unwoi-thy.

Garrigues.

Raised by Edward Garrigvies, Kingsessing, Philadelphia. A vigor-
ous grower, hardy and prodvictive, very much resembles Isabella, and no
doubt a seedling of it. Ripens a few days earlier.

Goethe.

Rogers' No. 1.

Raised by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass. Vine vigorous, productive,
and has more of the foreign character in it than any other of his seed-
lings. It does not ripen here, except in favorable seasons. It is said tn
succeed well South and Southwest.

THE GEAPE, 541

Bunch large, moderately compact, shouldered. Berry very large,
oval, yellowish green, often blotched with dull i-ed. Flesh tender to
the centre, juicy, sweet, pleasant, slightly aromatic.

Golden Clintok.

King.

A seedling of Clinton, and resembles that variety, except in color of
fruit, which is yellowish white. Not as productive as Clinton.

Graham.

An accidental seedling, introduced by William Graham, of Philadel-
phia.

Bunch of medium Size, shouldered, not compact. Berry half an
inch in diameter, round, purple, thickly covered with a blue bloom, con-
tains little or no pulp, and abounds in juice of agreeable flavor. A
poor grower and bearer.

Hall.

A variety grown by David Hall, of TJrbana, O. Berries medium,
dark, almost black, better than Clinton, not equal to Isabella, but ear-
lier. May be better South.

Hartford Prolific.
Seneca ? Framingham.

Raised by Mr. Steel, of Hartford, Conn. Hardy, vigorous, and pro-
ductive.

Bunch large, shouldered, rather compact. Berry large, globiilar,
with a good deal of the native perfume. Skin thick, black, covered
with a bloom. Flesh sweet, moderately juicy, with considerable tough-
ness and acidity in its pulp. Bipe among the very earliest. An early
variety for marketing, but too liable to drop its fruit from the bunch as
soon as fully ripe.

HJVTTIE.

There are two Grapes under this name. One originated with Mrs.
N. R. Haskell, Monroe, Mich. Is a medium-sized bunch, rather
long and loose. Berries medium, slightly oval, bright clear red, trans-
lucent, with a bloom. Flesh juicy, with little pulp, pleasantly vinous,
not rich. Ripens with Concord. The other Hattie, or Hettie, is of un-
known origin. Bunch small. Bei-ry black. Flesh somewhat pulpy,
a poor grower and bearer, but ripens early.

Herbemont.

"Warren. Warrenton.

Herbemont's Madeira. Neil Grape.

Origin claimed for many localities, but not yet fully ascertained. It is,
however, a Southern Grape, a vigorous growei', a good bearer, and jjarticu-

542 THE GRAPE.

larly fitted for those Southern latitudes that are liable to injury from
late frosts in spring, as it flowers very late. It is higlily esteemed as a
wine grape in Missouri, Tennessee, and other Southern and Southwestern
sections. At the !North it does not ripen its fruit except in warm, shel-
tered situations.

Bunch large and compact, shouldered. Berries below medium,
round, dark blue or violet, covered with a thick light bloom. Skin
thin, which is filled with a sweet, rich, vinous aromatic j nice of so little
consistence that it cannot be called flesh.

HiNE.

Originated with Jason Brown, of Put-in-Bay, O., from seed of
Catawba.

Bunch large, compact, slightly shouldered. Berries medium, round,
irregular in size, dark claret red. Flesh juicy, rich and sweet, slightly
pulpy. Bipens about with Concord.

Howell.

Origin unknown.

Bunch and berries medium, oval, black. Skin thick. Flesh with
firm pulp, pleasant. Good. Middle September.

Hudson.

Originated in the garden of Mr. Calkins, Hudson, N. Y. Growth
similar to Isabella.

Bunch and berry much the same, but less sprightly and not quite so
rich.

Hyde's Eliza.

Originated with Eliza Hyde, Catskill, N. Y. Vine moderately
vigorous, and productive.

Bunch medium, compact, often with a small shoulder. Berry
medium size, round, black, covered with a thin, light bloom. Flesh
tolerably juicy, somewhat buttery, mth a pleasant vinous flavor. Ripe
a few days before Concord.

lONA.

Originated by Dr. C. W. Grant, lona Island, N". Y. Vine vigorous,
productive. A superior grape when in perfection.

Bunch medium to large, shouldered, sometimes double-shouldered.
Berries medium, roundish oval, light clear red, fine bloom. Skin thin.
Flesh soft, tender to the centre, juicy sweet, vinous. Ripens a few
days after Delaware, and continues a long time in use.

Isabella.

Paign's Isabella. Christie's Improved Isabella.

Woodward. Sanbomton ?

Payne's Early.

This very popular Grape, a native of South Carolina, was brought
to the North and introduced to the notice of cultivators about the year

THE GRAPE.

543

544

THE GRAPE.

'::j.

THE GRAPE. 545

1818, by Mrs. Isabella Gibbs, the wife of George Gibbs, Esq., in honor
of whom it was named. Its great vigor, hardiness, and ijroductiveness,
with the least possible care, have caused it to be most widely dis-
seminated. It is, perhaps, a little more hardy, and ripens earlier than
the Catawba.

Bunches of good size — five to seven inches long, rather loose,
shouldered. Berries oval, pretty lai-ge. Skin thick, dark purple,
becoming at last nearly black, covered with a blue bloom. Flesh tender,
with some pulp, which neai-ly dissolves when fully matiu-e ; juicy, sweet
and rich, with slight musky aroma.

This Grape is frequently picked as soon as it is well colored, and
long before it is ripe.

Many seedlings of the Isabella have been grown, differing very
little in form, size, or quality of fruit, or in growth and productiveness,
and therefore we prefer to class them as sub-varieties. They are Clo-
anthe, Aiken, Richmond, Baker, Bogue's Eureka, Sanbornton, "Wright's
Isabella, Lee's, &,c., >tc.

ISRAELLA.

Originated with Dr. C. W. Grant, of lona Island, IS". Y. Vine
vigorous, hardy, and productive.

Bunch medium to large, shouldered, compact. Berries large,
slightly oval. Skin rather thin. Flesh tender, juicy, free from pulp,
sweet. Ripens soon after Hartford Prolific.

Ives.
Ives' Seedling. Ives' Madeira. Kittredge.

Raised by Henry Ives, of Cincinnati. Yine vigorous, productive.
Has lately come into pretty high repute as a valuable wine Grape in its
native locality.

Bunch medivim size, compact, shouldered. Berry medium, black,
roundish oval. Flesh with some pulp, juicy, sweet, a little too harsh
for table use. Ripens with Isabella.

KiLVINGTON.

Origin unknown.

Bunch medium, tolerably compact. Berry small, round, dull red,
with a bloom. Flesh pulpy, half tender, vinous.

KlXGSESSING.

Bunch long, loose, shouldered. Beny medium, round, pale red,
with a bloom. Flesh pulpy.

KiTCHEK.

Seedling from Franklin.

Bunch and berry medium. Berry round, black. Flesh acid, juicy.

Labe.

Bunch rather small, short, oblong. Bemes medium, loosely set,
black. Flesh half tender, pulpy, sharp sweet.

35

646 the grape.

Lake.
Iden.
Bimch and berry small, black, early, acid, harsh.

Lenoir.

This Grape takes its name from Lenoir Co., N. 0. It has been con-
founded with Black July, but is distinct, as shown in foliage. The
foliage of this has lobed leaves.

Bunch medium, compact, shouldered. Berry small, round, dark,
almost black. Flesh tender, vinous, juicy, sweet. A good variety
Sovith, but too late in ripening for the North.

LiNDLEY.
Rogers' No. 9.

Raised by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass. Vine vigorous, very pro-
ductive.

Bunch medium, rather long, compact. Berry medium, roundish,
red or reddish. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic. Ripens
a little before the Concord.

Logan.

Supposed origin, Ohio. Vine a moderate grower and bearer.
Bunches medium, shouldered. Berries roundish oval, black. Flesh
juicy, sweet, some pulp at centre. Ripens just after Hartford Prolific.

Louisa.

Raised by Samuel Miller, Calmdale, Lebanon Co., Pa. ; hardy, vig-
orous grower.

Bunch medium, rather compact, occasionally shouldered. Berry
round, inclining to oval, black, with a blue bloom similar to Isabella,
and ripe a few days earlier.

Louisiana.

A variety from Louisiana, by some considered a native ; others say
it is foreign. George Husmau says :

" It can hardly be distinguished from the Rulander in appearance,
but has a more sprightly flavor. Ripens at the same time."

Lydia.

A chance seedling, originated on Kelly Island, and introduced by
Chas. Carpenter. Vine about with Isabella in growth and hardihood,
but not a good bearer.

Bvinches short, compact, roundish. Berries large, greenish white,
tinge of yellow when fully rijie. Skin thick. Flesh juicy, ricli, sweet,
with very little pulp, and free of native aroma. Ripens with Delaware.

the grape.
Lyman.

547

Origin unknown. A Northern variety, said to have been brought
from Quebec upwards of fifty years ago. Hardy and productive.

Bunch small, rather compact. Berry round, medium or below, black,

%

Martha.

covered with a thick bloom, similar in flavor to Clinton, and ripens
about the same time.

Sherman and McNeil are varieties grown from the above, but hardly
to be distinguished from it. McCoun is another of this class.

548 THE GRAPE.

MaNH ATTAIN.

Originated near New York. A poor bearer.

Bunches small. Berries medium, round, greenish, white, with a
bloom. Flesh sweet, rather pulpy.

Marion.

Origin unknown.

Bunch large, compact. Berries roundish oval, purplish black, tough
centre, austere. Colors early, but ripens late.

Martha.

Raised by Samuel Miller, Bluffton, Mo. The habit of the vine is
much like Concord, but it has not yet been tested, as we think, suiEciently
to decide on its productiveness.

Bunches medium, not very compact, shouldered. Berry large,

roundish, greenish yellow, with a bloom. Flesh similar to Concord,

perhaps a little sweeter. A promising new sort, ripening a few days

earlier than Concord.

i

Mary.

Raised by Charles Carpenter, Kelly Island. Vine hardy, strong
grower. Fruit ripens too late for the North.

Bunch medium, moderately compact. Berries medium, round,
greenish white, with a bloom. Flesh tender, slight pnlp, j^iicy, sweet,
brisk flavor.

Mary Ann.

Raised by J. B. Garber, Columbia, Pa. An early Grape, hardy.
Not equal to Isabella,

Bunch medium, moderately compact, shouldered. Berry medium,
oval, black, pulpy acid, foxy. Ripens about with Hartford.

Massasoit.
Rogers' No. 3.

Raised by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass. Vine moderately vigor-
ous, productive.

Bunch medium, rather loose, short, shouldered. Berry large, round,
claret red. Flesh tender, juicy. Ripens before Concord.

Maxatawney.

Originated at Eagleville, Montgomery Co., Pa., in 1844. Vine
healthy, vigorous, hardy, and productive. Requires a warm situation at
the North, but Southwest proves one of the finest of White Grajses.

Bunch medium, not generally shouldered, somewhat loose, occasion-
ally compact. Berries medium, roundish oval, greenish white, with an
amber tint when ripe. Flesh tender, not j)ulpy, very sweet and deli-
cious. Ripens last of September.

the grape. 549

Merrimack,

Rogers' No. 19.

Eaised by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass. Yine very -v-igorous, very
productive.

Buncli rather large, short, and broad, compact. Bei-ry large, round.

Mottled,

black, with a slight bloom. Flesh tender nearly to the centre, juicy,
sweet, and very much like the Wilder, and ripens at the same time.

550 THE GRAPE.

Miles.

Origin, Westchester Co., Pa. Yine a moderate grower, Lardy, and
productive.

Bimch small, rather compact. Berry small, round, black. Flesh
tender, slight pulp at centre, brisk vinous, pleasant. Ripens among the
earliest, but does not hang long.

Missouri.

Missouri Seedling.

A native sort, with short-jointed wood, and only moderate grower.

Bunch small, moderately compact. Berries small, round, nearly black.
Flesh juicy, rather pulpy, \dnous, pleasant when well ripened. Ripens
about wdth Isabella.

MODENA.

A new variety, raised by A. J. Caywood, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y.,
from seed of the Concord.

Bunch medium. Berries medium, roundish, black, something like
Concord, but richer in saccharine. Ripens about with Concord.

Montgomery.
Merritt's Seedling.

A variety of undoubted foreign parentage. It is a large, showy
bunch, and matures tolerably well in the open ground while the plants
are young.

Mottled.

A seedling grown by Charles Carpenter, Kelly Island, O. Yine
hardy, very short-jointed. A profuse beai-er, ripening with Delaware.
It will hang a long time after ripe, and keeps unusvially well.

Bunch medium, slightly shouldered, close, compact. Berries round,
medium size, maroon red, \\dth spots that when held to the light give
it a mottled appearance, hence its name. Flesh tender. Pulp small.
Juice sweet, rich, vinous, abundant.

Mount Lebanon.

Origin, Columbia Co., N. Y.

Bunch larger than Northern Muscadine. Berry round, reddish.
Flesh pulpy, tough, sweet, perhaps a little better than Noi-thern Mus-
cadine.

Neff

Keuka.

Origin, on the farm of IMr. Neff, near Keuka, on Crooked Lake,
New York.

Biinch medium. Berry medium, dark copper red. Flesh pulpy,
and somewhat foxy. Good native. Early.

NONANTUM.

A new seedling, gi'own by Francis Dana, near Boston, and de
scribed as :

THE GRAPE. 551

" Bunch small, shouldered. Berry good size, oval, similar to Isa-
bella. Entirely free from pulp. Good Havor."

North America.

"Vine vigorous, unproductive.

Bunch small, shouldered. Berry round, black, juicy. Ripens about
with Hartford Proliiic.

North Carolina.

North Carolina Seedling.

Bunch medium to large, shouldered, compact. Berry large, black,
oblong, pulpy, but sweet and good. Ripens only a few days after
Hartford Piolific. Yine very productive, hardy, and healthy. Strong
gi'ower. (Husman.)

Northern Muscadine.

Raised by the Shakers, at New Lebanon, Columbia Co., N. Y.

Bunches small, short, compact. Bei-ry large, round, chocolate or
brownish red. Skin thick, with a pungency and odor common to the
Wild Fox Grape, and is a very little, if any, improvement on it. The
berries fall from the bunch as soon as ripe, which is about two weeks
before Isabella.

Norton's Yirginia.
Norton's Seedling.

A variety introduced by Dr. D. N. Norton, of Richmond, Ya. It is a
most productive Grape in garden or vineyard, bearing very large crops

(especially at the South, where many kinds rot) in all seasons. It is
valued for making a red wine.

Bunch medium, shouldered, somewhat compact. Berries small,

round. Skin thin, dark purple. Flesh tender, with a brisk, rather
rough flavor. Ripens with Catawba.

Ohio.

Cigar-Box Grape. Jack. Black Spanish Alabama.

Longworth's Ohio. McCandless. Jacquez.

The origin of this Grape is unknown. It is said to have been
broiight from the Straits of Gibraltar, in 1805, to Oakland, Ala. Yine
vigorous, long-jointed, not hardy at the North.

Bunches large and long, from six to ten inches, and often fifteen
inches in length, rather loose, tapering, shouldered. Berries small,
round. Skin thin, purple, with a blue bloom. Flesh tender and melt-
ing, without any pulj), brisk and vinous.

Onondaga.

Originated in Fayetteville, Onondaga Co., N. Y., with Lewis Hue-
ber, from a cross between Diana and Delaware.

Bunches about the size and form of Diana, compact. Berry medium,

552 THE GRAPE.

amber color when ripe. Flesh delicate, sweet, rich, without any of the
native aroma. Ripens with Delaware. (W. Brown Smith, MSS.)

Oporto.

A strong, vigorous growing vine, should be long pruned to prodiice
well.

Bunch small, slightly shouldered. Berries medium, round, black.
Flesh purple, pulpy, austere.

Osmond.

A seedling from the Franklin, by O. T. Hobbs, Randolph, Pa.
Bunch and berry small, round, black, blue bloom. Flesh vinous,
harsh.

Othello.
Canadian Hamburgh. Arnold's No. 1. Canadian Hybrid.

Raised in 1859, by Charles Arnold, Canada "West. A good, strong
grower and very productive. Leaves deeply lobed, smooth.

Bunches large, shouldered, compact. Berries large, round. Flesh
solid, crisp, free from pulp, juicy, sprightly. Ripens with Delaware.

Pauline.
Burgundy of Georgia. Red Lenoir.

A Southern Grape, of little value at the North, where it does not
ripen or groAv well.

Bunch large, long, tapering, shouldered. Berries small, very com-
pact, copper color or violet, with a lilac bloom. Flesh brisk vinous,
sweet, aromatic at the South.

Perkins.

Vine vigorous, productive.

Bunch medium, compact, shouldered. Berry full medium, roundish
oval, light red at first, becoming quite copper color at maturity,
covered with a light bloom. Flesh rather pulpy, foxy, showy. Ripens
before Isabella.

Pollock.

Raised by Mr. Pollock, Tremont, N. Y.

Bunches large as Concord, compact. Berries large, dark purple or
black. Flesh free of pulp, vinous, not too sweet. (Strong.)

Raabe.

Raised by Peter Raabe. Vine moderately vigorous, not profitable.

Bunches small, compact, rarely shouldered. Berry below medium
size, round, dark red, thickly covered with bloom. Flesh very juicy,
with scarcely any pulp. Ripens about with Concord.

the grape.
Rebecca.

553

Originated in the garden of E. M. Peake, of Hudson, N. Y. Vine
moderately vigorous, a nice amateur Grape. Succeeds finely in some
localities.

Bunches medium, very compact, rarely shouldered. Berries of full
medium size, roundish oval, strongly adhering to the peduncle. Color
light green in the shade, auburn or golden in the sun, and covered with
a light bloom, considerably ti-anslucent. Flesh of some consistence,
juicy, sweet, and delicious, with a perceptible native perfume, but very
agreeable. Ripens with Isabella, and keeps well.

554 the grape.

Rentz.

4

Origin, Cincinnati, O.

Bunch large, loose. Berry round, purplish red. Flesh pulpy, foxy.
May do for wine.

St. Catherine.

Raised by James W. Clark, Framingham, Mass.
Bunch large, rather compact. Berries large, chocolate color, rather
sweet, tough, foxy. Not of much value.

St. Genevieve.
Rulander. Amoureux. Red Elben.

An old Southern variety, and valuable in the South and South-
west. Vine vigorous, short-jointed, does not succeed North.

Bunch medium to small, shouldered, compact. Berry small, round-
ish oval, dark purple or black, tender, juicy, sweet, and rich at the South,
where it ripens last of July.

Salem.
Rogers' No. 22.

Raised by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass. Yine healthy, vigorovis,
and productive. We have not fruited it siifficient to express a decided
opinion of it, more than it promises well.

Bunch large, short, and broad, compact. Berry large, round, a shade
or two darker in color than Catawba. Flesh tender, juicy, nearly free
from pulp, sweet, aromatic, and well-flavored. Ripens soon after Dela-
ware.

SCUPPERNONG.

Bull or BuUet. Roanoke. Vitis Vulpina.

American Muscadine. Vitis rotundifolia.

The Scuppernong Grape is a very distinct Southern species, found
growing wild, from Virginia to Florida, and climbing the tops of the
talle.st ti*ees. It is easily known from every other Grape by the small
size of its leaves, which are seldom over two or three inches in diameter,
and by their being glossy and smooth on both the under and upper sur-
faces. These leaves are roundish and coarsely serrated, and the yoiing
shoots are slender ; the old wood is smooth, and not shaggy, like that of
most vines.

We have made several ti-ials with the Scuppernong Grape, but find
it quite too tender for a Northern climate, being killed to the ground by
our winters. At the South it is a very hardy, j^roductiA^e, and excellent
wine grape. The White and Black Scuppernong scarcely difler, except
in the color of the frviit. The tendrils of each correspond in hue with
the fruit.

Bunches small, loose, seldom composed of more than six boi-ries.
Berries round, lai-ge. Skin thick, light green in the white, dark red in

THE GRAPE.

oo5

the black variety. Flesh quite pulpy, except when very thoroughly
ripe, juicy and sweet, but with a strong musky scent and flavor.

Sheppard's Delaware.
Kaised from seed of Catawba by J. N. Sheppard, in 1853, from whom,

556 THE GRAPE.

with its history, we received it. The vine and fruit are similar in all
respects to Delaware.

Shurtleff's Seedling.

Kaised many years ago by Dr. S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass. We
copy Coles' description :

" Bunches large. Berries medium, oval. Skin thick, lilac. Flesh
of a sweet rich flavor. Ripe early September."

Taylor's Bullet.

A variety introduced by Judge Taylor, of Henry Co., Ky. It is
a very strong, rampant grower, and requires long space and training
to produce good fruit. Confined to single stakes or low trellis it does
not set well at the North, but does better South.

Bunches small, short, compact, shouldered. Berries small, greenish
white to pale amber, i-ound, sweet, and nearly free from pulp. Ripens
about with Isabella.

Telegraph.

Christine.

This variety was found in a yard near Philadelphia, Pa. A hardy
and vigorous vine. Fruit of fair quality, ripening early or about with
Hartford Prolific.

Bunch above medium to large, compact. Berry large, round, black.
Flesh juicy, with some pulp, similar in quality to Hartford Prolific.

To Kalox.
Wyman. Carter. SpofiFord Seedling. The Beautiful.

Raised by Dr. SpofFord, of Lansingburgh, N. Y. Yine vigorous,
hardy, and productive, but is inclined to rot, and does not ripen well.

Bunches large and shouldered. Berries varying in form from oval
to oblate, very dark in color and profusely covered with bloom. Its
fruit, when ripe, is very sweet, buttery, without foxiness in its aroma,
or but little toughness or acidity in its pulp. Ripens a little earlier than
Catawba.

Una.

Originated with E. W. Bull, Concord, Mass., who describes it as
hardy and prolific. Eai'lier than Concord, and the berries pure white,
changing to golden amber.

Underhill,
Underbill's Seedling. Underbill's Celestial.

Originated at Charlton, Saratoga, Co., N. Y., by Dr. A. K. Under-
hill. It is an improved variety of Fox Grape, large and showy. Yine
hardy.

Bunch large. Berries large, round. Skin thick, clear dark red,
without bloom. Flesh pulpy, hard at centre, sweet. Ripens about with
Concord.

the grape. 557

Union Village,
Shaker Grape. Ontario. Imitation Hamburgh.

Origin claimed among the Shakers of Union Village, O. It la
perhaps the lai'gest berry of any good native Grape. Vine very vigor-
ous and coarse grower, but a little tender at the North — requires pro-
tection.

Bunches large, compact, shouldered. Berries very large, round,
deep black, slight bloom. Flesh, when fully ripened, without any hard-
ness, juicy, vinous, pleasant, not rich. Ripens with Isabella.

Urban A.

Bunch medium, short, shouldered. Berry medium to large, round,
white, yellowish in the sun, juicy, vinous acid, hard centre, aromatic
skin. Ripens about with Isabella.

Venango.

Miner's Seedling.

An old variety, said to be cultivated by the French at Fort Ve-
nango, on the Alleghany river, some eighty years since. A very vigor-
ous grower, and hardy.

Bunch compact, of a fine lilac color, with the toughness of pulp
belonging to the native varieties, but with a peculiar aromatic flavor.
Ripens earlier than Catawba.

Walter.

Originated with A. J. Caywood, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., from seed of
Delaware crossed with Diana, As yet it has only been fruited in the
hands of its originator, where it promises to be valuable.

Bunch medium, shovildered, moderately compact. Beri-ies me-
dium, round, light red. Flesh juicy, sweet, not quite tender at the
centre. Ripens about with Concord.

Wilder.
Eogers' No. 4.

Raised by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass. Vine vigorous, very pro-
ductive. Tliis is one of the best of Rogers' seedlings, adheres well. The
bunch keeps well after it is gathered, and is a promising variety for
market.

Bunch large, compact, shouldered, sometimes double-shouldered.
Berry large, round, black, slight bloom. Flesh tender nearly to the
centre, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly aromatic. Ripens about the time of
Concord.

Wilmington.

Originated on the farm of Mr. Jeifries, near Wilmington, Del. Vine
very vigoi;ous, hardy.

Bunches large, loose, sometimes shouldered. Berries large, round,

558 THE GRAPE.

inclining to oval, greenish white, or when fully ripe, yellowish. Flesh
acid, pungent, not desirable at the North, may be better South, Ripens
late.

WlKSLOW,

This originated in the garden of Charles Winslow, Cleveland, O.
The vine resembles Clinton, is hai-dy and productive ; the fruit matures
very early, and is less acid than Clinton.

Bunch medium, compact. Berries small, round, black. Flesh red-
dish tinge, some pulp, vinous, sweet, juicy.

Wyoming Red.
Hopkins Early Red.

The origin of this Grape is uncertain. It is said to have been found
in the Wyoming Valley, Pa. The leaf and wood are described as simi-
lar to Delaware, only more vigorous. The fruit is also similar in color,
but the berries are larger, and by some thought richer in quality.

Another Grape has been described as Wyoming, the fruit of which is
black. We have not seen either of the above.

York Madeira.

Canby's August. Large German. Marion Port.

Black German. Small German. German Wine.

Wolfe. Monteith. Tryon.

Supposed origin, York Co., Pa. Vine hardy, short-jointed, mode-
rately vigorous and productive.

Bunch medium, compact, shouldered, Beriy medium, roundish,
black, sweet, sprightly, pleasant. Colors early, but does not ripen quite,
as early as Isabella.

SELECTION OF VARIETIES.

The Grape varies so much in its values when gi-own in different lo-
calities, that it is difficult to make a selection of varieties. The Concord
has proved almost universally successful, but is not a grape of high char-
acter. Wilder, or Rogers' No. 4, is a better grape, and so far a suc-
cess when gro^vn.

Delaware and Mottled are two sorts of fine quality, hardy vines, but
the Delaware especially requires rich soil and good cultivation. Rebec-
ca and Allen's Hybrid are varieties among the White Grapes, most valua-
ble, so far as tested, for private gardens.

Adirondac, lona, Isabella, Massasoit, or Rogers' No. 3, Crevelling,
Catawba, Isabella, Elsingburgh, Maxatawney, are valuable fruits, and
where they are found to succeed, and ripen well, should be freely planted.

THE MELON. 559

CHAPTER XIX.

THE MELON.

Cucumis Mdo, It. Cucurbitacem.,oi'bot&ms,ts.

Melon, of the French ; Melona, German ; Melcon, Dutch ; Melone, Italian,

and Melon, Spanish.

The Melon (or Muskmelon) is tjie richest and most luscious of all
herbaceous fruits. The plant which bears this fruit is a trailing annual,
supposed to be a native of Persia, but which has been so long in cultiva-
tion in all warm climates that it is quite doubtful which is its native
country.

The climate of the Middle and Southern States is remarkably favor-
able for it — indeed far more so than that of England, France, or any
of the temperate portions of Europe. Consequently Melons are raised as
field crops by market gardeners, and in the month of August the finest
citrons or green-fleshed Melons may be seen in all the mai-kets of the
States in immense quantities. "Warm dry soils are peculiarly favor-
able to the growth of Melons, and even at low prices the px-oduct is so
large that this crop is one of the most pi'ofitable.

Culture. The culture of the Melon is very easy in all except
the most northern portions of the United States. Early in May a
piece of rich, light soil is selected, well manured, and thoroughly dug or
prepared by deep ploughing and hax'rowing. Hills are then marked out,
six feet apart each way. These hills are prepared by digging a foot
deep and two feet across, which are filled half full of good, well-rotted
manure. Upon the latter are thrown three or four inches of soil, and
both manure and soil are then well mixed together. More soil, well
pulverized, is now thrown over the top, so as to complete the hill, mak-
ing it three inches higher than the surface. Upon this plant eight or
ten grains of seed, covering them about half an inch deep.

When the plants have made two rough leaves, thin them so as to
leave but two or three to each hill. Draw the earth nicely around the
base of the plants with the hoe. In case the striped bug ( Galereuaca
vittala) attack the plants, which it often does, the best remedy is to
hand-pick them early in the morning and then draw earth up even with
the base of the leaves. The cucumber Jlea-heetle is kept off" by dusting
the vines early in the morning, daily, for a period, while they are yet
moist with dew, using either dry fine soil, soot, or plaster.

As soon as the runners show the first blossom-buds, stop them by
pinching out the bud at the extremities. This will cause an increased
production of lateral shoots, and add to the size of the fruit. Nothing
more is necessary but to keep the surface free from weeds, and to stir
the soil lightly with the hoe, in field culture. In gardens, thinning the
fruit, and placing bits of slate or blackened shingles under each fruit,
improve its size and flavor.

To retain a fine sort of Melon in perfection, it should be grown at
some distance from any other sort, or even from any of the cucumber
family, otherwise the seeds of the next generation of fruit will be spoiled
by the mixture of the pollen.

Varieties. A large number of varieties are enumerated, but many

560 THE MELON.

of these do not succeed without extra care, which their quality is not
found to repay. Indeed what is popularly known as the Citron Melon,
one of the finest of the green-fleshed class, is the greatest favorite with all
American gardeners. It is high-flavored, uniformly good, very produc-
tive, and in all respects adapted to the climate.

Melons have become so intermingled during the past ten or fifteen
years that it is almost impossible at this time to classify them, as was
once done. As before said, however, the Citron or Fine Netted, being
types of the Green-Fleshed, are among the highest flavored and most
delicate.

Allen's Superb.

A variety of the Nutmeg, a trifle larger than the old Nutmeg, round,
considerably netted. Flesh green, and sweet. Esteemed as profitable
for market growing.

Alvord's Hybrid.

This variety varies much in form, from round to oval. Color of
skin pale whitish green, deeply ribbed, moderately netted, sometimes
almost smooth. Rind moderately thick. Flesh whitish green Good
but not rich. Ripens medium season.

Beechwood.

Fruit of medium size, quite dark green, roundish oval. Skin
greenish yellow. Flesh green, very sweet. A fine variety for growing
in frames under glass.

Christiana.

Originated in Beverly, Mass. Requires a little extra care, but when
well grown one of the finest.

Fruit medium size, roundish, yellowish gi-een. Flesh yellow, sweet
rich, juicy. Ripens early.

Green Citron.

This is much the finest Melon for general culture.

Fruit rather small, roundish, flattened at the end, regularly ribbed
and thickly netted. Skin deep green, becoming pale greenish yellow at
maturity . Rind moderately thick. Flesh gi-een, firm, rich, and high-
flavored. Ripens pretty early and bears a long time.

Ispahan.

This is large, handsome, with flesh of a light sulphur yellow, not rich
or sweet.

Jenny Lind.

A variety somewhat resembling the foregoing, but not quite as large,
of a rich, delicious sweet flavor. Ripens quite early and produces abun-
dantly.

the melon. 561

Large Musk Caxtelope.

An old and well-known variety, hardly worth growing except for
its size.

Fruit large, long oval, deeply ribbed. Flesh thick, light salmon
color, sweet, juicy. It is early and productive, and often used for mak-
ing mango pickles.

Nutmeg.

An old variety, often seen impure, but when in perfection very
melting and excellent.

Fruit large, roundish oval. Skin very thickly netted, pale green,
slightly but distinctly ribbed. Rind rather thin. Flesh pale green,
very melting, sweet and good, with a high musky flavor. Medium sea-
son.

Persian.

There are several sorts under this name. The best among them has
long oval-shaped fruit, with a thin and delicate skin, and flesh quite
tender, juicy, rich, and sweet. Medium season.

Pine-Apple.

A dark-green oval Melon, of medium size, rough-netted. Flesh
thick, firm, juicy, and sweet.

Skillman's Fine Netted.

Earliest of the green-fleshed Melons, small, rough-netted, flattened
at the ends. Flesh green, very thick, firm, sugary, and of the most deli-
cious flavor.

White Japan.

Comparatively new. Originally from Japan.

Fruit small to medium, ribbed, sometimes slightly netted, color
creamy white. Flesh thick, juicy, sweet, and well-flavored.

Besides the foregoing there are Winter Jlelons from the South of
Europe, very commonly cultivated in Spain, which, if suspended in a
dry room, may be kept till winter. The Green, Valencia, and the
Dampsha are the three principal sorts ; they are oval, skin netted, flesh
white, sugary, and good.

CHAPTEPv XX.

the water-melon.

Cucurbita citrullus^ L. Cucurbitacem^ of botanists.
Pasteur^ of the French ; Wasser Mdone^ German ; Cocomero^ Italian.

The Water-melon is a very popular and generally cultivated fruit
in this country. The vine is a training annual of the most vigorous

662 THE WATER-MELON.

growtli, and the fruit is very large, smooth, and green, with a red or yel-
low core. Though far inferior to the Melon in richness, its abundant
cooling juice renders it very grateful and refreshing in our hot midsum-
mer days. Immense tields of the Water-melon are raised, and their cul-
ture is very easy throughout all the Middle and Southern States.

The cultivation of the Water-melon is precisely similar to that of the
melon, except that the hills must be eight feet apart. The finest crops
we have ever seen were grown upon old pieces of lich meadow land,
the sod well turned under with the plough at the last of April, and the
melons planted at once.

The following are its best varieties : —

Apple-Seeped.

Medium roundish, slightly oval, dark rich green. Rind thin. Flesh
scarlet, ci-isp, sweet, and very good. Early and prolific. Seeds very
small, dull reddish brown. A nice little melon, but only desirable for
the amateur.

Baugh.

Received from Kentucky.

Fruit large, long oval, pale green. Flesh red, nearly solid, juicy,
sweet. Rind thin. Rather early. Seeds reddish.

Black Spanish.

A rich and very excellent Water-melon.

Fruit large, roundish oblong. Skin very dark, blackish green,
slightly marbled. Rind moderately thick. Flesh red, solid, rich, and
very sweet. A late variety.

Bradford.

Originated in South Carolina.

Fruit large, oblong. Skin usually dark green, with gray longitudinal
stripes, mottled and streaked with green. Rind half an inch thick.
Flesh red to the centre, with a fine sugary flavor, of the best quality.

Carolina.

The large common variety.

Fruit very large, oblong. Skin dark green and white marbled. Rind
thick. Flesh deep red, hollow at the centre, sweet and good. Seeds large,
black.

There is also a sub-variety, with pale yellow flesh and white seeds.

Clarendon.

Origin, Clarendon District, South Carolina.

Large, oblong. Skin mottled gray, with dark-green longitudinal
stripes. Rind half an inch thick. Flesh scarlet to the centre, with a
sugary and exquisite flavor, " best " quality. Seeds yellow, with a black

THE WATEE-MELON, 563

stripe around the edge, and from one to three black spots on each side ;
the form and number corresponding on the two sides.

Citron Water-melon.

This is a small, round, pale green, marbled sort, ripening late, and
esteemed by many for preserving.

Ice-Cream.

A fine variety, large, round, early and prolific. Skin very light
green. Rind rather more than half an inch thick. Flesh white, crisp,
sugary, and excellent. Seeds white.

Imperial.

A remarkably fine-flavored and very productive sort, from the Me-
diterranean. Keeps a long time after it is ripe.

Fruit of medium size, nearly round. Skin pale gi'een and white,
marbled. Rind remarkably thin. Flesh solid to the centre, light red,
crisp, rich, and high-flavored. Seeds quite small, reddish brown.

Mountain Sprout,

Large, long oval, striped with light and dark green. Flesh scarlet,
a little open in the centre. Rind thin. Seeds light fawn-coloi-, one of
the best.

Mountain Sweet,

Similar to the above, except it often has a mammelonne neck.
Flesh rather more solid, and of excellent flavor. This is grown exten-
sively for the markets.

Odell's Large White.

Very large, round. Skin gray, with green network. Rind three-
quarters of an inch thick. Flesh pale red, of a very good quality.
Keeps a long time after being gathered.

Originated with Col. A. G. Sumner, South Carolina.

Orange.

Peculiar for the division of its flesh from the rind, medium size,
roundish oval, light green, with shades of darker green. Rind half an
inch thick. Flesh red, not very solid, of good quality, but not equal
to Mountain Sweet and Imperial.

Ravenscroft.

Origin, South Carolina.

Large, oblong, dark green, faintly striped, and marked with lighter
green. Rind half an inch thick. Flesh red to the centre, with a deli-
cious sugary flavor, of the best quality. Seeds cream-color, having
a brown stripe around the edge.

564 THE MULBERRY.

SOUTER.

Large, oblong, sometimes roundish. Skin peculiarly marked witli
grayish dots, and pale and dark green stripes. Rind half an inch thick.
Flesh deep red to the centre. Flavor sugary and delicious, of the
best quality. Seed cream white, with a faint russet stripe around
the edge. Very productive.

Originated in South Carolina.

CHAPTER XXI.

THE MULBERRY.

Morus, Toum. Urticacem, of botanists.
Murier^ of the French ; Maiilbeerbaum, German ; Moro, Italian ; Mord, Spanish.

The Mulberry is a hardy, deciduous fruit-tree, but little cultivated
in this country, though it is really a very considerable acquisition to our
list of summer fruits, and every garden of considerable size ought to
contain one or two trees. The fruit ripens in July, very soon after the
season of cherries. It is rarely picked from the trees, as it falls as soon
as ripe, and it is therefore the custom to keep the surface below it in
short turf, and the fruit is picked from the clean grass. Or, if the sur-
face is dug gi-ound, it may be sown thickly with cress seed, six weeks
previously to the ripening of the fruit, which will form a temporary
carpet of soft verdure.

The Black Mulberry, or English Mulberry [3forus nigra, L.), is
a very celebrated old fruit-tree, originally from Asia, more or less com-
monly cultivated in all parts of Europe, but yet quite rare in this country.
Its growth is slow, and it seldom attains a height of more than twelve
or fifteen feet, forming a low, branching tree, with lobed leaves, but it is
very long lived, and there is a specimen in England, at the seat of the
Duke of Northumbex-land, 300 years old. In this country it is scarcely
hardy enough north of New York, except in sheltered situations. An
occasional extreme cold winter kills them; they are also subject to
canker and die off.

The fruit is incomparably larger and finer than that of the Red Mul-
berry, being an inch and a half long, and nearly an inch across — black,
and of delicious flavor.

Everbearing. Originated here from seed of the Multicaulis. Tree
very vigorous and very productive, an estimable variety, and surpassed
by none except the Black English, and possesses the same rich subacid
flavor. It continues in bearing a long time.

Fruit cylindric, one and a quarter of an inch long, and nearly half
an inch in diameter. Color maroon, or an intense blue black at full
maturity. Flesh juicy, rich, sugary, with a sprightly vinous flavor.
Hick's Everbearing, from Kentucky, is similar to the above.

Johnson, a seedling from Ohio. Fruit very large, oblong cylindric ;
blackish color, subacid, and of mild, agreeable flavor. Growth of the
wood strong and irregular. Leaves uncommonly large.

THE NECTARINE. 565

The Red Mulberry {3forus rubra, L.) is a native species, more or
less common in our woods, with large, rough, heart-shaped or lobed
leaves. The fruit is about an inch long, and very pleasant and palatable,
though mvich inferior to the Black English. It bears transplanting
well, or is easily raised from seed, and may, undoubtedly, be greatly im-
proved by repeated reproduction in this way. As it forms a large orna-
mental tree, with a fine spreading head, forty feet high, it is well deserv-
ing a place on the lawn, or near the house, in ornamental plantations.

There are many varieties of the White Mulberry, commonly cultivated
for silk, but which produce fruit of no value.

The best soil for the Mulberry is a rich, deep, sandy loam. The tree
requires little or no pi-uning, and is of very easy culture. It is usually
propagated by cuttings, three feet long, planted in the spring, half their
depth in the ground ; cuttings made of pieces of the roots will also send
up shoots and become plants.

CHAPTER XXII.

THE NECTARINE.

Persiea vulgaris (v.) Lwvis, Dec. Bosacem, of Botanists,

The Nectarine is only a variety of the peach with a smooth skin
i^Peche lisse, or jBi-ugnon, of the French). In its groAvth, habit, and
general appearance, it is impossible to distinguish it from the peach-
tree. The fruit, however, is rather smaller, perfectly smooth, without
down, and is one of the most wax-like and exquisite of all pi-oductions
for the dessert. In flavor it is perhaps scarcely so rich as the finest
peach, but it has more piquancy, partaking of the noyau or peach-leaf
flavor.

The IS^ectarine is known in Northern India, where it is called mooncUa
aroo (smooth peach). It appears to be only a distinct, accidental variety
of the peach, and this is rendered quite certain since there are several
well-known examples on record of both peaches and nectarines having
been produced on the same branch — thus showing a disposition to re-
turn to the natural form. Nectarines, however, usually pi'oduce necta-
rines again on sowing the seeds ; but they also occasionally produce
peaches. The Boston Nectarine originated from a peach-stone.

The Nectarine appears a little more shy of bearing in this country
than the peach, but this arises almost alwa3^s from the destruction of
the crop of fruit by the curculio, the destroyer of all smooth-skimied
stone fruit in sandy soils. It is quite hardy here w'herever the peach
will thrive, though it will not generally bear large and fine fruit, unless
the branches are shortened^in annually, as we have fully directed for the
peach-tree.

With this easy system of pi'uning, good crops are readily obtained
wherever the curculio is not very prevalent.

The culture of the Nectarine is in all respects precisely similar to
that of the peach, and its habits are also completely the same.

566 THE XECTARINE.

VARIETIES.

The same characters are used as in describing peaches, for which
the reader is referred to that part.

Albert.

A variety raised by Thomas Eivers, of Sawbridgeworth, England.
It is one of the finest of Nectarines, but requires a warm location and
soil to i-ipen it well. .

Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers large.

Fruit large, round. Skin greenish white, with a pale red cheek.
Flesh pale red next the stone, juicy, melting, brisk, vinous. Separates
freely from the stone. Season middle of August.

Balgowan.
Balgone. De Balgone.

A variety allied to Violette Hative, but more hardy and vigorous.

Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small.

Fruit very large, roundish, inclining to ovate. Skin pale green,
mottled with red on the shaded side, covered with deep bright red next
the sun. Flesh greenish, veined with red at the stone, rich, melting.
Season middle August. (Hogg.)

Boston.
Lewis's. Perkins' Seedling.

This American seedling was raised from a peach-stone by Mr. T.
Le"\vis, of Boston. The fi-uit, though not of high flavor, is excellent, the
tree very hai-dy and productive, and one of the best for general standard
culture. Leaves ^vith• globose glands. Flowers small.

Fruit large and handsome, roundish oval. Skin bright yellow, with
very deep red cheek, shaded oft" by a slight mottling of red. Flesh yel-
low to the stone (which is small and pointed), sweet, though not rich,
with a pleasant and peculiar flavor. Sei^arates from the stone. Ripe
fiirst of September.

Broomfield.
Lewis (incorrectly of some).

A handsome clingstone Nectarine, of second quality. It is an acci-
dental seedling, which sprang up in the garden of Henry Broomfield,
Esq., of Harvard, Mass. Leaves with obscure, reniform glands.
Flowers small

Fruit large, roundish. Skin rather dull yellow, with a dull or rather
dingy red cheek. Flesh yellow, and adheres closely to the stone, juicy,
rather pleasant, but not high-flavored. First to the middle of Septem-
ber.

Chauviere.
A variety originated in France.

THE NECTARINE. 567

Fruit medium, roundish, depressed at base. Skin smooth, colored
with carmine or deep purple and dotted with gray in the sun. Flesh
white, firm, jiiicj, vinous, aromatic, freestone. Season last of August.
(Alb. Pom.)

DOWNTON.

The Downton is a seedling raised by Mr. Knight. It is in quality,
appearance, and season, an intermediate variety between the Violette
Hative and the Elruge, ripening a few days earlier than the latter.
Leaves Avith reniform glands. Flowers small.

Fruit large, roundish oval. Skin pale green, with a deep violet red
cheek. Flesh pale gi-een, slightly red at the stone ; melting, rich, and
very good. Separates from the stone. Ripens about the 25th of August.

Due Du Tellier's.

Due Tilliers. Duke de Tilley.

Due de Tello. Du Tilly's.

A very excellent Nectarine, considerably resembling the Elruge, but
a much greater bearer. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small.

Fruit rather large, roundish oblong, being slightly narrowed at the
top, and broad at the base or stalk. Skin pale green, with a marbled
purplish-red cheek. Flesh greenish white, pale red at the stone, melt-
ing, jviicy, sweet, and good. Separates from the stone. Last of August.

Early Newington.

Early Black Newington. Lucombe's Black.

New Dark Newington. Lucombe's Seedling.

New Early Newington. Early Black,

Black.

The Early Newington is one of the best of clingstone Nectarines. It
is not only a richer flavored fruit than the old Newington, but it is
larger, dark-colored, and earlier. Leaves serrated, without glands.
Flowers large.

Fruit large, roundish ovate, a little enlarged on one side of the
suture, and terminating with an acute swollen point at the top. Skin
pale green in its ground, but nearly covered with bi'ight red, much
marbled and mottled with very dark red, and coated with a thin bloom.
Flesh greenish white, but deep red at the stone, juicy, sugary, rich, and
very excellent. Beginning of September.

Elruge.

Common Elruge. Anderson's.

Claremont. Temple's.

Oatlands. Peterborough,

Spring Grove,

The Elruge is everywhere esteemed us one of the very finest Necta-
rines, It is an English variety which has been a good wloile cultivated,
and, with the Yiolette Hative, is considered indispensable in every col-
lection. In this country, when the young wood is annually shortened-in^
it bears good crops on standard trees, which ripen finely.

5G8 THE NECTARINE.

Without this precaution, like almost all other Nectarines, the fruit
is small, poor, and ripens imperfectly. Leaves with reniform glands.
Flowers small.

Fruit of medium size, roundish oval, the suture slight except at the
top, where it is distinctly marked. Skin with a pale-green ground, but
when fully exposed it is nearly covered with deep violet, or blood-red,
dotted with minute brownish specks. Flesh pale green to the stone, or
slightly stained there with pale red; melting, very juicy, with a rich,
high flavor. Stone oval, rough, of a pale color. Separates from the
stone. Last of August and beginning of September.

Fairchild's.
Fairchild's Early.

A very small, indifferent sort, only valued for its earliness, and
scarcely worth cultivating. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers
small.

Fruit small, about an inch and a fourth in diameter, round, slightly
flattened at the top. Skin yellowish green, with a bright red cheek.
Flesh yellow to the stone, rather dry, with a sweet, but rather indifiier-
ent flavor. Separates from the stone. Beginning of August.

Feligny.
De Feligny. Du Hainaut.

Leaves with coarse serratures and reniform glands.

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Skin smooth, carmine red on rich
yellow, i^eddish gray in sun. Flesh white, shaded with purplish red
next the stone, jviicy, vinous, perfumed. Early September. (An. Pom.)

Galopin.

A variety from Belgium.

Fruit large, roundish, flattened next the stem. Skin thick, firm, yel-
low, covered with violet in the sun. Flesh greenish, tinted with red,
juicy, slightly acid, sugary. August. (Verg.)

Gathoye.

From Belgium.

Fruit small to medium, roundish. Skin yellowish green, marbled
with reddish purple. Flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet. August.
(Verg.)

Golden.

Orange. Fine Gold-fleshed.

An old English variety. Leaves with renifoi-m glands. Flowers
small.

Fruit of medium size, roundish ovate. Skin of a fine bright, waxen
yellow color, with a small scarlet cheek. Flesh orange yellow, firm,
juicy, sweet, and tolerably good. It ripens about the 10th of Septem-
ber. Clingstone.

THE NECTARINE. O'jd

Hardwicke.
Hardwicke's Seedling.

Was raised at Hardwicke House, in Suffolk, England, and has the
reputation of being " one of the best and hardiest of Nectarines, and a
verj excellent bearer." Leaves with globose glands.

Fruit very large, roundish, inclining to oval, and resembling the
Elruge. Skin pale green, with a deep violet red cheek. Flesh pale
green, slightly marked with red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, and
high-flavored. End of August. Freestone.

Hunt's Tawny.
Hunt's Large Tawny. - Hunt's Early Tawny.

This is the best very early Nectarine. It is a very distinct sort,
with serrated leaves, and was originated in England about fifty years
ago. It is worthy of general cultivation, as it is not only early but hardy,
and an abundant bearer. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers
small.

Fruit nearly of medium size, roundish ovate, being considerably nar-
rowed at the top, where there is a prominent swollen point ; and the
fruit is slightly enlarged on one side of the suture. Skin pale orange,
with a dark-red cheek, mottled with numerous russety specks. Flesh
deep orange, juicy, melting, rich, and very good. Separates from the
stone. It ripens from the 5th to the 15th of August.

Lord Napier.

New. Raised by Thomas Rivers, England.

Fruit medium, pale cream-color, with a red cheek. Flesh melting.
Separating from the stone. Glands kidney-shape. Flowers large. Ripens
first week in August. (Rivers.)

MUFFRUM.

Of unknown origin.

Fruit small, roundish, deep suture half round. Skin smooth, golden
yellow, shaded and dotted with rich purplish red. Flesh yellow, rich,
juicy, sweet. Separates fi*om the stone. Early September. (Alb.
Pom.)

Murrey.

Murry. Black Muny.

The Murrey is an old English Nectarine, which, though of good
quality, is rather a poor bearer. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers
small.

Fruit of medium size, i-oundish ovate, slightly swollen on one si<lc
of the suture. Skin pale gi-een, with a dark-red cheek. Flesh greenish
white, melting, sweet, and of good flavor. Stone almost smooth. Sepa-
1 ates freely. Ripens about the 20th of August.

570 THE NECTARINE.

Newington.

Scarlet Newing-ton. Anderson's.

Scarlet. Anderson's Round.

Old Newington. Rough Roman.

Smith's Newington. Brugnon de Newington.

French Newington. D'Angleterre.
Sion Hill.

A very good clingstone Nectarine, of English origin. It should be
allowed to hang on the tree till it begins to shrivel, when the flavor is
much improved. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers large.

Fruit rather large, roundish. Skin pale greenish yellow, nearly cov-
ered with red, marbled Avith dark red. Flesh firm, pale, but deep red
next the stone, juicy, sweet, and rich, with an excellent vinous flavor.
Ripens about the 10th of September.

New White.

Neat's White. Flanders.

Cowdray White. Emerton's New White.

Large White.

The New White is a fine light-skinned variety. Leaves with reni-
form glands. Flowers large.

Fruit rather large, nearly round. Skin white, with occasionally a
slight tinge of red when exposed. Flesh white, tender, very juicy, with
a rich, vinous flavor. The stone is small. Separates freely. Ripens
early in September.

Olb White.

This Nectarine is supposed to have been introduced from Asia into
England about sixty years ago. It is much like the foregoing in flavor,
perhaps a little richer, but it is less hardy and productive. Leaves with
reniform glands. Flowers large.

Fruit rather large, roundish oval. Skin white, slightly tinged with
red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, and rich. Separates freely from the
stone. Early in September.

Peterbokough.

Late Green. Vermash.

This is the latest Nectarine known. It is rather small, and of infe-
rior quality, and scarcely deserves cultivation except to make convplete
a large collection. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small.

Fruit rather small, roundish. Skin mostly green, or slightly tinged
with dingy red on the sunny side. Flesh greenish white to the stone,
somewhat juicy, and of tolerable flavor. Separates freely from the stone.
It ripens early in October.

Pine-Apple.
Paised by Thomas Pivers, England.

THE NECTARINE. 571

Fruit large, nearly oval, poiuted. Color deep orange and crimson.
Hipens a week later than Pitmaston Orange. (Kivers.)

PiTMASTON Orange.
Williams' Orange. Williams' Seedling.

TTie Pitmaston Orange, whicli is considered the best yelloio-&eshed
Nectaiine, was raised in 18 IG by John Williams, of Pitmaston, near
AVorcester, England. The tree is vigorous. Leaves with globose
glands. Flowers large.

Fruit large, roundish ovate, the base (towards the stalk) being broad,
and the top naiTow, and ending in an acute swollen point. Skin rich
orange yellow, with a dark brownish-red cheek, streaked at the union
of the two colors. Flesh deep yellow, but red at the stone ; melting,
juicy, rich, sweet, and of excellent flavor. The stone is rather small,
separates freely. Ripens middle and last of August.

llED POMAN.

Old Roman. Brugnon Violette Musquee.

Roman. Brugnon Musquee.

The Red Roman is a very old European variety, having been enu-
merated by Parkinson in 1629. It is one of the richest and best of
clingstone Nectai'ines. The tree healthy and productive. Leaves with
reniform glands. Flowers large.

Fruit large, roundish, a little flattened at the top. Skin greenish
yellow, with a brownish, muddy red cheek, which is somewhat rough,
and marked with brown russety specks. Flesh firm, gi-eenish yellow,
and deep red at the stone, juicy, ^vith a rich, high vinous flavor. Ri-
pening early in September.

Rivers' Orange.

New variety, produced by Thomas Rivers, England, from seed of
Pitmaston Orange. It is described as mvich resembling its parent,
but higher flavored, and ripening a week or so later. The tree is a
great bearer, robust, and hardy. Leaves with uniform glands. Flow-
ers large.

Rivers' White.

Originated in 1857, by Thomas Rivers, England.

Fruit large, roundish. Skin smooth, whitish, with slight shades of red
m sun, white bloom. Flesh melting, juicy, vinous. Glands reniform.
Flowers large. Earlier than New White.

Stanwick.

A new late variety. At the South, probably, it will prove an ac-
quisition.

It was grown in England from a stone brought from Syria, and is
described in the Journal of the London Horticultural Society as above
medium size, roundish oval, slightly heart-shaped at base. Skin pale

572 NUTS.

greenish white, shaded into deep rich violet in the sun. Flesh white,
tender, juicy, rich, sugary, and without the slightest trace of prussic
acid flavor,

Victoria.

Raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, from seed
of Violette Hative fertilized by Stanwick,

Fruit large, roundish, flattened at top. Skin greenish yellow, crim-
son on the sunny side. Flesh rich, sweet, one of the best. Glands re
niform. Flowers small. Middle of August. New.

YioLETTE Hative.

Early Violet. Petite Violette Hative.

Violet. Brugnon Hatif.

Early BrugTion. Violette Angervilli'Tes.

Brugnon Red at the Stone. Violette Musqu^'e.

Hampton Court. Lord Selsey's Elruge.

Large Scarlet. Violet Red at the Stone.

New Scarlet. Violet Musk.
Aromatic.

The Violette Hative, or Early Violet Nectarine, every^vhere takes
the highest rank among Nectarines. It is of delicious flavor, fine ap-
pearance, hardy, and productive. Externally the fruit is easily con-
founded with that of the Eli'uge, but it is readily distinguished by its
dark-colored stone, and the deep red flesh surrounding it. The fruit is
usually rather darker colored. It is of French origin, and has been long
cultivated. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers rather small.

Fruit rather large, ro^^ndish, narrowed slightly at the top, where it
is also marked with a shallow sutiire. Skin pale yellowish green in the
shade, but when exposed nearly covered with dark piirplish red, mot-
tled with pale-brown dots. Flesh whitish, but much rayed with red at
the stone. The latter is roundish, the furrows not deep, and the sur-
face reddish brown. The flesh is melting, juicy, rich, and very high-
flavored. It ripens about the last of August.

The Violette Gkosse (Thomp.) resembles the foregoing in leaves and
flowers, and general appearance. The fruit is, however, larger, but not
so richly flavored.

Selection of choice hardy Nectarines for a small Garden. — Violet
Hative, Elruge, Hardwicke, Hunt's Tawny, Boston, Roman, New
White.

CHAPTER XXIII.

KUTS.

The Chestnut ( Castanea vesca, W. ; Chdtaignier, of the French ;
lyastanienhaum, German ; Castagno, Italian) is one of our loftiest

NUTS. 573

forest-trees, common in most parts of the United States and Europe, and
bearing excellent Nuts. The foreign variety best known in this country
is the Spanish Chestnut, with, fruit nearly as large as that of the Horse-
Chestnut, and which is excellent "when boiled or roasted. It thrives
very well here, but is not quite hardy to the north or east of tliis. One
or two English varieties have been produced, of considerable excellence,
among which the Downton is considered the best. The French cultivate
a dozen or more varieties of gi'eater or less excellence, but though some
of them have been introduced, we have not yet faii-ly tested them in this
country.

The Chinquapin, or Dwai-f Chestnut, common in some parts of the
Middle and Southern States, is a dwarf species of the chestnut, visually
growing not more than six to ten feet high, and bearing fruit of half
the size of the common chestnut, with the same flavor. It is worth a
place in a small fruit-garden as a cui-iosity.

All the chestnuts are very easily cultivated in any good, light soil,
and may be propagated by grafting and by sowing the seeds.

The European Walnut [J'uglans regia, L. ; JVoyer, of the French ;
IValnvssbaum, German ; JVoce, Italian ; and JV^ogcd, Spanish), better
known here as the Jfadeira JVut, is a fine lofty growing tree, with a
handsome spreading head, and bearing crops of large and excellent nuts,
enclosed like those of our native black walnut in a simple husk. It
stands the winter very well here, and to the south of this it wovild un-
doubtedly be a profitable fruit to plant for the market. The fruit in a
gi'een state is very highly esteemed for pickling, and the gi'eat cpiantities
of the ripe nuts annually imported and sold here, prove the estimation
in which they are held for the table. There are several varieties re-
puted to be of rather finer cpiality, which, however, have not displa.ced
the original species, even in the gardens of Europe, and have not yet
borne fruit here.

This tree is usually propagated by the seed, and transplanted from
the nurseries when from thi'ee to six feet high. But it may also be
grafted, with due care, on the common hickory-nut. A number of dis-
tinct varieties have been jDroduced from seed and perpetuated by grafting.
Amonsc them the following are regarded as of the most value : — ■

DWAKF PbOLIFIC.

Early-BeariDg. Fertile. Precocious.

This is a dwarf-growing and very early bearing variety, very desi-
rable for small fruit-gardens, as it may in our Northern States be easily
protected in winter. The trees commence bearing when not more than
three feet high, and, like the common walnut, it reproduces itself nearly
always from seed.

Large-Fruited,

Double. Frencli. De Jauge.

This is the largest of all, and of little A'alue except as its size makes
it attractive, or its fchell may be of value for forming toys.

574 NUTS.

Thin-Shelled.
A Coque Tendre.

TMs is an oblong-sliaped nut witli a tender shell, well filled, one of
the best.

The Filbert {JVoisette, of the French ; Haselstaude, German ; Ave-
llano, Spanish) is an impi'oved variety of the common hazel-nut of the
woods of Europe ( Corylus avellana, L.). The fruit is three or four
times as large as that of our common hazel-nut, and from its size and
excellent flavor is admired for the dessert. The old S^^anish filbert,
common in many of our gardens, is a worthless, nearly bai-ren vaiiety ;
but we have found the better English sorts productive and excellent in
this climate, and at least a few plants of them shoiild have a place in all
our gardens. They are generally raised from layei's, made in the spring,
but they may also be grafted I'eadily on the common hazel-nut, or the
Spanish nut. When planted out they should not be permitted to sucker,
and should be kept in the form of bushes with low heads, branching
out about two feet from the ground, and they should be annually pruned
somewhat like the gooseberry, so as to preserve a rather thin, open head,
shortening back the extremities of the young shoots one-half, every
spring.

The following are the best filbei'ts known : —

CosFORD. Nut large, oblong. Husk hairy. Shell remarkably thin,
and kernel of excellent flavor. A good bearer.

Frizzled, Easily known by its handsome, deeply cut husk. ISTut
of medium size, oval, compi'essed. Husk hairy. Shell thick. Kernel
sweet and good.

Lambert {Kentish Cob, Filbert Cob). This is perhaps the best of
all the nuts, some of them being an inch or more in length. Husk
nearly smooth. Nut large, oblong, and somewhat compressed. Shell
pretty thick, of a brown color. Kernel full and rich. A great bearer.

Pearson's Prolific {Dwarf Prolific, JVottin(/ham Prolific). Nut
medium size, obtusely ovate. Shell rather thick. Kernel full.

Purple Filbert [Purjyle-leaved). This is an ornamental shrub, as
well as productive of excellent fruit. Its fruit is much like the Red
Filbert, but the foliage is of a deep purple or red color.

Northamptonshire Prolific. Ripens early. Nut of medium size,
oblong. Husk hairy. Shell thick.

Red Filbert. Easily known from other sorts by the crimson skin
of the kernel. Fruit of medium size, ovate. Shell thick. Kernel
with a peculiar, excellent flavor.

White Filbert. Resembles the last, but with a light yellow or
white skin. The tree is also quite bushy. Nuts ovate. Husk long and
tubular.

The English generally call those varieties with long husks, filberts
(full-beards), and those with short husks, simply nuts.

The Hickory-Nut ( Gary a alba), or shell-bark, the Black Walnut
(tTiiglans nigra), and the Butternut («/! cinerea), are native nut-bearing
trees, common in our forests, and too well known to need description
here. There are occasionally found in the woods accidental varieties
of the shell-bark hickory of much larger size and finer flavor than the

THE OLIVE. 575

common species, which are highly worthy of cultivation, as we confess,
to our own taste, this nut is much superior to the European walnut.
There is indeed no doubt that, with a little care in reproduction by
seed, the shell-bark may be trebled in size, and greatly improved in
flavor.

CHAPTER XXIV.

THE OLIVE.

Olea Europea, L. ; Oleince, of botanists.
Olivier, of the French ; Oehlbaum, German ; JJUvo, Italian ; Oliw, Spanish.

The Olive, which, as Loudon justly remarks, furnishes, in its invalu-
able oil, the cream and butter of Spain and Itah', will undovibtedly one
day be largely cultivated in our Southern States.

The uses and value of the olive-oil are still comparatively unknown
in this country. In the South of Europe it is more valuable than bi'ead,
as, to say nothing of its wholesomeness, it enters into every kind of
cookery, and renders so large a quantity of vegetable food tit for use.
A few olive-trees will serve for the support of an entire family, who
would starve on what could otherwise be raised on the same surface of
soil ; and dry crevices of rocks, and almost otherwise barren soils in the
deserts, when planted with this tree, become flourishing and valuable
places of habitation.

The olive is a native of the temperate sea-coast ridges of Asia and
Africa ; but it has, time out of mind, been cultivated in the South of
Europe. It is a low evergreen tree, scarcely twenty feet high, its head
spreading, and clothed with stitF, narrow, bluish-green leaves. Its dark
green or black fruit is oval, the hard fleshy pulp enclosing a stone. In
a pickled state the frnit is highly esteemed. The pickles are made by
steeping the unripe olives in lye-water, after which they are washed
and bottled in salt and water, to which is often added fennel, or some
kind of spice. The oil is made by crushing the fruit to a paste, pressing
it through a coarse hempen bag into hot water, from the surface of
which the oil is skimmed ofl^. The best oil is made from the pulp alone :
when the stone also is crushed, it is inferior.

Propagation and Culture. A very common mode of proj^agatLng
the olive in Italy is by means of the uovoli (little eggs). These are
knots or tumors, which foi'm in considerable numbers on the bark of
the trunk, and are easily detached by girdling them with a pen-knife,
the mother-jDlant suflering no injury. They are planted in the soil like
bulbs, an inch or so deep, when they take root and form new trees. It
is also propagated by cuttings and seeds. The seedlings form the
strongest and thriftiest trees ; they are fx-equently some months in vege-
tating, and should therefore be buried an inch deep in the soil as soon
as ripe.

The wild American olive ( Olea Americana, L.) or Devil-wood, a tree

576 THE OHANGE FAMILY.

tliat grows more or less abundantly as far north as Virginia, will
imdoubtedly prove a good stock on which to ingraft the European
olive. It is of a hardier habit, and, though worthless itself, may become
valuable in this way.

The olive-ti-ee commences bearing five or six years after being
planted. Its ordinary crop is fifteen or twenty pounds of oil per annum,
and the regularity of its crop, as well as the gi'eat age to which it lives,
renders an olive plantation one of the most valuable in the world.
"With respect to its longevity we may remark, that there is a celebrated
plantation near Terni, in Italy, more than five miles in extent, which,
there is every reason for believing, has existed since the time of Pliny.

. The Olive is not a very tender tree. It will thrive farther north
than the orange. The very best sites for it are limestone ridges, and
dry, crumbling, limestone rocky regions always produce the finest oil.
The toee, however, thrives most luxuriantly in deep, rich, clayey loams,
which should be rendered more suitable by using air-slaked lime as
manure. It requires comparatively little pruning or care when a plan-
tation is once fairly established.

Varieties. There are numberless varieties enumerated in the
French catalogues, but only a few of them are worth the attention of
any but the curious collector. The common European Olive is, on the
whole, much the best for general ciiltivation, yielding the most certain
and abundant crops.

The sub-variety most cultivated in France is the Long-leavep Olive
( Olea, e. longlfolia), with lai'ger and longer leaves ; the fruit nearly of
the same size as that of the common olive.

The favorite sort in Spain is the Broad-leaved Olive ( Olea e. lati-
folia). Its fruit is nearly double the size of the common Olive, and
yields an abundance of oil, but the latter is so strong in flavor as to be
more relished by the Spaniards than by strangers.

The Olivier a Fruit Arrondi ( Olea spherica, IST. Duh.) is a hardy
French variety, which, in a moist, rich soil, yields most abundant crops
of tine oil.

The Olivier Pi choline {Olea ohlonga,!^. Duh.) yields the fruit
most esteemed for pickling. It grows quite readily in any tolerable soil,
and is one of the hardiest varieties.

The Olivier Pleureur ( Olea erardvioipha, N. Duh.), or Weeping
Olive, is one of the largest and finest trees. Its branches are pendent,
its fruit excellent, and the oil pure and abundant. It is a very hardy
sort, and grows best in damp valleys.

CHAPTER XXV.

THE ORANGE FAMILY.

Citrus^ L. Aurantiaceoe, of botanists.

The Orang>.: family includes the common orange ( Oltrus aurantium) ;
the Lemon ( C. limonum) ; the Lime ( C. lirneUa) ; the Shaddock ( 0.

THE ORANGE FAMILY. 577

decumana) ; and the Citron ( C. medico) ; all diftevent species, with the
same general habit.

The Orange, a native of Asia, is the most atti-active and beautiful
of fruit-trees, with its rich, dark evergreen foliage and its golden fruit ;
and it may well therefore enjoy the I'eputation of being the Golden Ap-
ple of the Hesperides. A\nien to these charms we add the delicious fra-
grance of the blossoms, surpassing that of any other fruit-tree, it musL
be conceded that, though the orange must yield in liavor to some other
fruits, yet, on the whole, nothing surpasses an orange grove, or orchard,
in its combination of attractions — rich verdure, the delicious aroma of
its flowers, and the great beauty of its fruit.

The south of Europe, China, and the West Indies, furnish the lar-
gest supplies of this fruit. But it has, for a considerable time, been cul-
tivated pi-etty largely in Florida, and the orange groves of St. Augustine
yield large and profitable crops. Indeed the cultivation may be extended
over a considerable portion of that part of the Union bordering on the
Gulf of Mexico ; and the southern part of Louisiana, and part of Texas,
are highly favorable to orange plantations. The Bitter Orange has be-
come quite naturalized in parts of Florida, the so-called Wild Orange
seedlings furnishing a stock much more hardy than those produced by
sowing the imported seeds. By continually sowing the seed of these
Wild Oranges, they will furnish stocks suited to almost all the Southern
States, which will in time render the better kinds grafted upon ihem
comparatively hardy.

North of the latitude where, in this country, the orange can be
grown in groves or orchards, it may still be profitably cultivated with
partial protection. The injury the trees sutler from severe winters
ai'ises not from theii' freezing — for they will bear, without injury, severe
frost — but from the I'upture of sap-vessels by the sudden thawing. A
mere shed, or covering of boards, will guard against all this mischief.
Accordingly, towards the south of Europe, where the climate is pretty
severe, the orange is grown in rows against stone walls or banks, in ter-
raced gardens, or trained loosely against a sheltered trellis ; and at the
approach of winter they are covered with a slight movable shed, or
frame of boards. In mild weather the sliding doors are opened, and
air is admitted freely — if very severe, a few pots of charcoal are placed
within the enclosure. This covering remains over them four or five
months, and in this way the orange may be gro^vn as far north as Bal-
timore.

Soil and Culture. The best soil for the orange is a deep rich
loam. In propagating them, sow, early in the spring, the seeds of the
naturalized or wild bitter orange of Florida, which gives much the har-
diest stock. They may be bvidded in the nursery-row the same season,
or the next, and for this purpose the earliest time at which the opera-
tion can be perfoi-med (the wood of the buds being sufficiently firm), the
gx'eater the success. Whip or splice grafting may also be i-esorted to
early in the spring. Only the hardiest sorts should be chosen for
orchards or groves ; the more delicate ones can be grown easily Nvith
slight covering in winter. Fifty feet is the maximum height of the
orange in its native country, but it i-arely forms in Florida more than a
compact low tree of twenty feet. It is better, therefore, to plant them
so near as partially to shade the surface of the ground.

Insects. The orange plantations of Florida have suffered veiy

578 THE ORANGE FAMILY,

severely from the attacks of the scale insect ( Coccus Msperiduni)y
which in some cases has spread over whole plantations, and gradually
destroyed all the trees. It is the same small, oval, brownish insect, so
common in our greenliovises, which adheres closely to the bark and
underside of the leaves. A wash of sal soda or potash water, applied with
a brush to the bodies and limbs of the trees, is the most certain and sure
remedy for destroying this insect that we have known. Repeating this
once or twice will pi-obably efiectually rid the trees of the scaled insect.
Varieties. From among the great number of names that figure in
the European catalogues, we select a few of those really deserving atten-
tion in each class of this fruit.

The Orange.

The Orange ( Granger, French ; Pomeranzenbaum, German ; Arancio,
Italian ; and Naranjo, Spanish) is, on the whole, the finest tree of the
genus. Its dark-green leaves have winged foot-stalks, its fruit is round,
with an orange-colored skin. It is one of the longest lived fruit-trees,
as an instance of which we may quote the celebrated tree at Versailles,
called "the Grand Bourbon," which was sown in 1421, and is at the
present time in existence, one of the largest and finest trees in France.

The fruit of the orange is universally esteemed in its ripe state.
The bitter orange is used for marmalades ; the green fruits, even when
as small as peas, are preserved, and used in various ways in confection-
ery ; the rind and pulp are used in cooking ; and the orange flowers, dis-
tilled, give the orange-flower water, so highly esteemed as a perfume
and in cookery.

Besides the Common Sweet Orange, the most esteemed sorts are
the Maltese and the Blood-Red, both of excellent flavor, with red
pulp. The Mandarin orange is a small, flattened fruit, with a thin rind
separating very easily from the pulp, frequently partmg from it of itself,
and leaving a partially hollow space. It comes from Cliina, and is
called there the Mandarin, or noble orange, from its excellent quality.
The flesh is dark orange-colored, juicy, and very rich.

The Bergamot orange has small flowers and pear-shaped fruit. The
leaves, flowers, and fruit being peculiarly fragrant, it is highly esteemed
by the pei-fumer, and yields the bergamot essence. " The rind, first
dried and then moistened, is pressed in moulds into small boxes for hold-
ing sweetmeats, to which it communicates a bergamot flavor."

The Havana or common sweet orange is a well-known fruit, of good
size and moderately rough rind, pulp well filled with delicious juice.

The St. Augustine oranges are a large variety of the Havana, much
better than those brought from Cuba.

The St. Michael's orange is a small fruit, the skin pale yellow, the
rind thin, the pulp often seedless, juicy, and lusciously sweet. It is
considered the most delicious of all oranges, and the tree is a most
abundant bearer.

The Seville, or bitter orange, is the hardiest of all the varieties, en-
during very hard frosts without injury. It lias the largest and most
fragi-ant flowers ; the pulp, however, is bitter and sharp, and is valued
chiefly for marmalades. The Double BigaracU is a French variety of
this species, with fine double blossoms.

THE ORANGE FAMILY. 579

Besides the above, the Fingered^ Sweet-shinned, Pear-shaped, and
mhhed oranges, are the most striking sorts — all chiefly cultivated by
curiovis amateurs.

LEMONS.

The Lemon [Limonier, of the French and German ; Limone, Italian ;
Xiimon, Spanish) has longer, paler leaves than the orange, the footstalks
of which are naked or wingless ; the flowers tinged with red externally,
and the fruit is oblong, pale yellow, with a swollen point, and usvially an
acid pulp. Its principal use is in making lemonade, punch, and other
cooling acid drinks.

Besides the common Lemon, there is an Italian variety, called the
Sweet Lemon, the pulp of which is sweet and good.

THE lime.

The Lime {Limettier, of the French) differs from the Lemon by its
smaller, entii-ely white flowers, and small, roundish, pale yellow fruit,
with a slight protuberance at the end. The acid, though sharp, is scarcely
so rich and high as that of the lemon, and is used for the same purposes.
The gi-een fruit is more esteemed than any other for preserving. The
Italians cultivate a curiously marked variety called Porno d'Adamo, in
which Adam is said to have left the marks of his teeth.

THE CITRON.

The Citron ( Cedratier, of the French ; Citronier, German ; Cedrato,
Italian) is one of the finest growing trees of this family, with large, ob-
long, wingless leaves, and flowers tinged with purple externally. The
fruit, shaped like that of the lemon, is much larger, of a yellow color,
warted and furrowed externally. The rind is very fragi-ant and very
thick, the pulp is subacid, and is used in the same way as that of
the lemon. It is chiefly valued, however, for the rich sweetmeat or pre-
serve, called citron, made from the rind.

The Madras citron is considered the largest and best variety.

THE SHADDOCK.

The Shaddock [Pamjyelmous, French ; Arancio massimo, Italian)
may be considered a monstrous orange, with a comparatively tasteless
pulp. It is a native of China and Japan, and has its name from Dr.
Shaddock, who first carried it to the West Indies. The leaves are
winged, like those of the orange, the flowers white, and the fruit globu-
lar. Its size is very large, as it often weighs six or eight pounds. The
pulp is sweetish, or subacid, and the juice is rather refreshing. It is,
however, more showy than useful, and certainly makes a magnificent
appearance in a collection of tropical fruits.

580 THE PEACH.

CHAPTER XXVI.

THE PEACH.

Persica vvlgaris, Dec. Hosacem, of botanists.

Pec?ier, of the French ; PJirschbaum, German ; Persickkeboom, Dutch ; Persico,

Italian ; and el Melocoton, Spanish.

The Peach-tree is a native of Persia and China, and was brought
from the former country to Italy by the Romans in the time of the Emperor
Claudius. It was considerably cultivated in Britain as early as the
year 1550, and was introduced to this country by the early settlers
somewhere about 1C80. From Persia, its native country, its name in all
languages — Persico — Pecher — Peach — has evidently been derived.

The peach is a rather small fruit-tree, with narrow, smooth, serrated
leaves, and pink blossoms. It is more tender and of shorter duration than
most other of the fruits usually grown in temperate climates. It is never
raised in England, and not generally in France, without the aid of walls.
Even at Montreuil, near Paris, a village whose whole population is
mainly employed in cultivating the peach for market, it is grown entire-
ly upon white-washed walls. China and the United States are, there-
fore, the only temperate coimtries where the peach and the apple both
attain their highest perfection in the open orchard. The peaches of
Pekin are celebrated as being the finest in the world, and of double the
usual size.

It is a curious fact in the history of the jieach, that with its delicious
flavor were once coupled, in the East, certain notions of its poisonous
qualities. This idea seems vaguely to have accompanied it into Europe,
for Pliny mentions that it was supposed that the king of Persia had sent
them into Egypt to poison the inhabitants, with whom he was then at war.
As the peach and the almond are closely related, it has been conjectured
by Mr. Knight that the poisonous peaches referred to were swollen al-
monds, which contain a considerable quantity of prussic acid. But it is
also worth remarking that the peach-tree seems to hold very much the same
place in the ancient Chinese "WT,'itings that the tree of knowledge of the
old Scriptures, and the golden Hesperides apples of the heathens, do in
the early history of the western nations. The traditions of a peach-
tree, the fruit of which when eaten conferred immortality, and which
bore only once in a thousand years — and of another peach-tree of
knowledge, which existed in the most remote period, on a mountain
guarded by a hundred demons, the fruit of which produced death— are
said to be distinctly preserved in some of the early Chinese writings.
Whatever may have been the nature of these extraordinary trees, it is cer-
tain that, as Lord Bacon says, " not a slip or sucker has been left behind."
We must therefore content ourselves with the delight which a fine
peach of modern times affords to the palate and the eye.

We believe there is at the present time no country in the world
where the peach is gi'own in siich great quantities as in the United
States. North of a line di'awn from the Mohawk river to Boston,
comprising most of the Eastern States, they do not indeed flourish well,
requiring some artificial aid to produce regular crops ; but in all the
Middle, Southern, and Western States, they gi-ow and produce the

THE PEACH. 581

heaviest crops in every garden and orchard. Thousands of acres are
devoted to tliis crop for the supply of the markets of our kirgo cities.
The market price usually varies according to the abundance of the crop,
and to the earliness or lateness of the season at which they are ofiered.
Many growers have orchards of from 10,000 to 100,000 tx-ees of dif-
ferent ages, and send to market in good seasons as many bushels of fruit
from the bearing trees. When the crop is not universally abundant,
the profits are very large ; if the contrary, they are often very little.

The very great facility witli wliich the peach grows in this country,
and the numerous crops it produces, almost without care, have led to a
carelessness of cultivation which has greatly enfeebled the stock, and,
as we shall presently show, has in many places produced a disease jjecu-
Har to this country. This renders it necessary to give some additional
care and attention to the cultivation of the peach ; and with very tri-
fling care this delicious fruit may be produced in great abundance for
many successive years.

Uses. Certainly no one expects us to write the praises of the peach
as the most delicious of fruits. " To gild refined gold " would be a
task quite as necessary, and if any one doubts the precise rank which
the peach should take among the different fruits of even that cornuco-
pian month — September — and Avishes to convince us of the higher flavor
of a Seckel or a Belle Lucrative pear, we will promise to stoj) his mouth
and his argument with a sunny-cheeked and melting " George the
Fourth," or luscious " Rareripe ! " No man who lives under a warm
sun will hesitate about giving a due share of his garden to peaches, if
he have no orchard; and even he who lives north of the best Indian corn
limits ought to ventvire on a small line of espalier for the sake of the
peach. In pies and pastry, and for various kinds of preserving, the
peach is eveiywhere highly esteemed. At the South and West a consid-
erable quantity of peach brandy is annually distilled from them, but we
believe by no means so much as formerly. Hogs are fattened, in such
districts, on the refuse of the orchard and distillery.

In most parts of the country where peaches are lai'gely cultivated
the fruit is dried, and in this state sent to market in very large quanti-
ties. The drying is performed, on a small scale, in spent ovens ; on a
large scale, in a small drying-house heated by a stove, and fitted up with
ventilated drawers. These drawers, the bottoms of which are formed of
laths, or narrow strips sufiiciently open to allow the air to circulate
through them, are filled with peaches in halves. They are cut in two
without being peeled, the stones taken out, and the two halves placed
in a single layer with the skin downward. In a short time the heat of
the drying-house will complete the drying, and the drawers are then
ready for a second filling. Farther south they are spread upon boards
or frames, and dried in the sun merely ; but usually with the previous
preparation of dipping the pea,ches (in baskets) for a few minutes in
boiling water before halving them.

The leaf of the peach, bruised in water and distilled, gives the peach
water, so much esteemed by many for flavoring articles of delicate cook-
ery ; and steeped in brandy or spirits, tliey communicate to it the fla-
vor of Noyau. Indeed a very good imitation of the celebrated Noyau
is made in this way, by using the best white brandy, which, after being
thus flavoi'ed, is sweetened with refined sugar mixed with a small quan-
tity of milk, and aftei-wards decanted.

.')82 THE PEACH.

Propagation. Tlie peach is the most easily propagated of all fruit-
trees. A stone planted in the autumn will vegetate in the ensuing
spring, gi'ow three or four feet high, and may be budded in August or
September. Two years from this time, if left undisturbed, it -wdll usu-
ally pi'oduce a small crop of fruit, and the next season bear very abun-
dantly, unless the growth is over-luxuriant.

In nursery culture it is customary to bury the peach-stones in
autumn, in some exposed spot, in thick layers covered with earth.
Here they are allowed to lie all winter. As early in the spring as the
ground is in fine friable condition, the stones are taken out of the ground,
cracked, and the kernels sown in mellow prepared soil, in the nursery
rows where they are to grow. They should be covered aboi;t an inch
deep. Early in the following September they will be fit for hiidding.
This is performed with great ease on the peach, and grafting is there-
fore seldom or never resorted to in this covmtry, except at the South.
The buds should be inserted quite near the ground. The next season
the stock should be headed back in March, and the trees will, in good
soil, gi-ow to the height of a man's head in one year. This is by far
the best size for transplanting the peach — one year old from the bud.

In England the plum stock is universally employed. The advantage
gained thereby is, a dwarfer and neater habit of growth for their walls.
In France, some of the best cultivators prefer the almond stock.
Healthy peach stocks afibrd the most natural foundation for the growth
of standard orchard trees. At the same time we must protest against
the indiscriininate employment of peach-stones from any and every source.
With the present partially diseased state of many orchards in this coun-
try, this is a practice to be seriously condemned ; and more especially as,
with a little care, it is always easy to procure stones from sections of
country where the Yelloios is not prevalent.

For rendei'ing the peach quite dwarf, the 3firahelle plum stock is
often employed abroad.

Soil and Situation. The very best soil for the peach is a rich,
deep, sandy loam ; next to this, a strong, mellow loam ; then a light,
thin, sandy soil ; and the poorest is a heavy, compact clay soil. We are
very well aware that the extensive and profitable appropriation of thou-
sands of acres of the lightest sandy soil in New Jersey and Delaware,
has led many to believe that this is the best soil for the peach. But
such is not the fact, and the short duration of this tree \i\ those districts
is unquestionably owing to the rapidity with which the soil is impover-
ished. We have, on the contrary, seen much larger, finer, and richer
flavored peaches proc/ifcecZ^^/b?" a long time successively on mellow loam,
containing but little sand, than upon any other soil whatevei\

It is a well-founded practice not to plant peach orchards successively
upon the same site, but always to choose a new one. From sixteen to
twenty -five feet apart may be stated as the limits of distance at which
to plant this tree in orchards, more space being required in warm cli-
mates and rich soils than under the contrary circumstances. North of
New York it is better always to make plantations in the spring, and it
should be done pretty early in the season. South of that limit it may
usually be done with equal advantage in the autumn.

In districts of country where the fruit in the blossom is liable to be
cut oft' by spring frosts, it is found of great advantage to make planta-
tions on the north sides of hills, northern slopes or elevated grounds, in

THE PEACH. 583

preference to warm valleys and soiitliern aspects. In the colder ex-
posures the vegetation and blossoming of the tree is retarded until after
all danger of injury is past. Situations near the banks of large rivers
and inland lakes are equally admirable on this account, and t lie blossoms
are not injured once in a dozen years; while on level grouu<ls, dis-
tant but a little way, they are destroyed eveiy fourth or fifth season.

AVith regard to the culture of peach orchards, there is a seeming
disparity of opinion between growers at the North and South. Most of
the cultivators at the South say, never ploiigh or cultivate an orchard
after it has borne the first crop. Ploughing bruises the roots, enfeebles
the trees, and lessens the crop. Enrich the ground by top-dressings, and
leave it in a state of rest. The best northern growers say, always keep
the land in good condition, mellow and loose by cultivation, and crop it
very frequently with the lighter root and field crops. Both are correct,
and it is not difficult to explain the seeming diftereuce of opinion.

The majority of the peach oi'chards south of Philadelphia, it will be
recollected, grow upon a thin, light soil, previously rather impoverished.
In such soils it is necessarily the case that the roots lie near the sur-
face, and most of the food derived by them is from what is applied to
the surface or added to the soil. Ploughing, therefore, in such soils,
wounds and injures the roots, and cropping the ground takes from it the
scanty food annually applied or already in the soil, which is not more
than sufficient for the orchard alone. In a stronger and deeper soil the
roots of the peach-tree penetrate farther, and are mostly out of the
reach of serious injury by the plough. Instead of losing by being
opened and exposed to the air, the heavier soil gains greatly in value by
the very act of rendering it more friable, while at the same time it has
naturally siifficient heart to bear judicious cropping ^\^.th advantage
rather than injury to the trees. The gi-owth and luxuriance of an orchard
in strong land, kept under tillage, is suprisingly gi-eater than the same
allowed to remain in sod. The diflerence in treatment, therefore, should
always adapt itself to the nature of the soil. In ordinary cases, the dura-
tion of ))each orchards in the light sandy soil is rarely more than three
years in a bearing state. In a stronger soil, with proper attention to the
shortening system of pruning, it may be prolonged to twenty or more
years.

Pruning. It has always been the prevailing doctrine in this country
that the peach requires no pruning. It has been allowed to grow, to
bear heavy crops, and to die, pretty much in its own way. This is very
well for a tree in its native climate, and in a wild state ; bvit it must be
remembered that the peach comes from a warmer country than ours, and
that our peaches of the present day are artificial varieties. They owe
their origin to artificial means, and require therefore a system of culture
to correspond.

In short, we view tliis absence of all due care in the management of
the peach-tree, after it comes into bearing, an the principal original cause
of its present short duration, and the disease which preys upon it in
many of the older parts of the country. We therefore earnestly desire
the attention of peach-growers to our brief hints upon a regular system
of pruning this valuable tree. Of course we speak now of common
standard trees in the orchard or garden.

A peach-tree, left to itself after being planted, usually comes into
"bearing the thii-d or fourth year, and has a well-shaped rounded head,

684 THE PEACH.

full of small bearing branches, and well garnished with leaves. It mnst

be borne in mind that the fruit is
only borne on the young shoots of
the previous summer's growth. In a
young tree these are properly distri-
buted throl^ghout. But in a couple of
seasons, the tree being left to itself,
the growth being mostly produced at
the ends of the principal Ijranches, the
young shoots in the interior of the
head of the tree die out. The conse-
quence is, that in a short time the

. , , -^v, ^ interior of the tree is filled with long

A peach-tree without pruning, as com- ^•■•■^^•■'■^'- ^ . , , i

moniy seen. lean branches, with only young shoots

at their extremities. Any one can
see that such a tree can be provided with but half the number of
healthy, strong shoots for bearing, that one Avould have if filled through-
out vidth vigorous young wood. The sap flows tardily through the
long and rigid branches, and not half leaves enough are j)rovided to
secure the proper gi'owth of the fruit. And, finally, all the fruit which
the tree yields being allowed to remain at the ends of the branches, they
often break under its weight.

Now, we propose to substitute for this what is generally known as
the shortening-in system of pruning. We afiirm, both from its constant
success abroad, and from oui' own experience and observation in this
country, that, putting its two diseases out of the qiiestion, the peach may
be continued in full vigor and production, in any good soil, for from ten
to thirty years.

Let us take a healthy tree in the orchard or garden, in its first blos-
soming year. It is usually about six to eight feet high, its well-shaped
head branching out about three feet * from the gi-ound. It has never yet
been trimmed, except to regulate any deformity in its shape, and this is
so much the better.

At the end of February, or as early in the spring as may be, we com-
mence pruning. This consists only of shortening-in, i.e., cutting off lialf
the last yem-'s grov)th over the whole ovitside of the head of the tree,
and also upon the inner branches. As the visual average growth is from
one to two feet, we shall necessarily take off from six to twelve inches.
It need not be done with precise measurement ; indeed, the strongest
shoots should be shortened back most, in order to bring up the others,
and any long or projecting limbs that destroy the balance of the head
should be cut back to a uniform length. This brings the tree into a
well-rounded shape. By reducing the young wood one-half, we at the
same moment reduce the coming crop one-half in number. The remain-
ing half, receiving all the sustenance of the tree, are of double the size.
The young shoots, which start out abundantly from every part of the
tree, keep it well supplied with bearing wood for the next year, while
the greater luxuriance and size of the foliage, as a necessary conse-
quence, produces larger and higher flavored fruit.j Thus, while we have

* We think loic heads much preferable to high ones on many accounts. They
shade the root, and are more within reach both for pruning and gathering.

f It is well, in shortening-back, to cut off the shoot close above a wood-iud
rather than a blossom-bud. Few persons are aware how much the size and

THE TEACH.

585

A peach-tree pruned by the shorten-
ing-in mode.

secured against the prevalent evil, an ovei'-crop, "vve have also provi-
ded for the full nourishment of the present year's fniit, and induced a
sujiply of fruit-bearing shoots throughout the tree for the next season.

This course of pruning is followed regu-
larly, every year, for the whole life of the
tree. It is done much more rapidly than
one would suppose ; the prvmed wounds are
too small to cavise any gum to flow ; and it
is done at the close of winter, when labor
is worth least to the cultivator.

The appearance of a tree pruned in
this way, after many years of bearing, is a
very striking contrast to that of the poor
skeletons usually seen. It is, in fact, a fine
object, with a thick, low, bushy head, filled
with healty young Avood, and in the summer with an abundance of dark-
green, healthy foliage and handsome fruit. Can any intelligent man
hesitate about adopting so simple a course of treatment to secure
such valuable results ? We recommend it with entire confidence to the
practice of every man in the country that cultivates a peach-tree.
After he has seen and tasted its good effects, we do not fear his laying
it aside.*

Training the peach-tree against walls or espaliers is but little prac-
tised in this country. Espalier and cordon training, on a small scale,
is, however, highly worthy of the attention of persons desiring this fruit

beauty of the fruit depend on the size and vigor of the leaves. We have seen
two peach-trees of the same age side by side, one unpruned, and the other regu-
larly s7iortened-in, and both bearing about four bushels. That of the latter was,
however, of double the size, and incomparably finer.

* Our attention has been drawn to the following remarkable examples of the
good effects of regular pruning, which we translate from the leading French
journal of horticulture. We ask the attention of our readers to these cases,
especially after perusing our remarks on the Yellows and its cause.

" M. Duvilliers laid before the Royal Society of Horticulture an account of
some old peach-trees that he had lately seen at the Chateau de Villiers, near
Fert '-Aleps (Seine-et-Oise). These trees, eight in number, are growing upon a
terrace wall, which they cover perfectly, and yield abundant crops. The gar-
dener assured M. Du^Tlliers that they had been under his care during the thirty
years that he had been at the chateau ; that they were as large when he first saw
them as at present, and that he supposed them to be at least sixty years old. We
cannot doubt (says the editor) that it is to the annual p7'uninr/ that these peach-
trees owe this long life ; for the peach-trees that are left to themselves in the latifiidc
of Paris necer live beyond twenty or thirty years. M. Duvilliers gave the accu-
rate measurement of the trunks and branches of these trees, and stated, what it
is more interesting to know, that although all their trunks are hollow, like those
of old willows, yet their vigor and fertility are still quite uuimpah-ed." {Annales
deln Soci'ti': d' Horticulture, tome xxx. p. 58.)

In volume 25, page 67, of the same journal, is an account of a remarkable
peach-tree in the demesne of M. Joubert, near Villeneuve le Roi (departement
de I'Yonne). It is trained against one of the wings of the mansion, covers a
large space with its branches, and the circumference of its trunk, taken at some
distance from the ground, is two feet and a half. Jt is known to be, eftiualli/, of
more than 9o years'' growth, and is believed to be more than 100 years old. It is
still in perfect health and vigor. It is growing in strong soil, but it has been
regularly subjected to a uniform and severe system of pruning, equivalent to
our shortening-in mode. Where can any peach-tree of half this age be found
in the United States, naturally a much more favorable climate for it than that
of France ?

586 THE PEACH.

in tlie colder parts of the country, "n^here it does not succeed well as a
standard. Everywhere in New England excellent crops may be pro-
duced in this way. Full directions for training the peacli en esjyalier
and cordon, with illustrations, are given in pages 42 and 43.

Cordon or low fan training is practised by some cultivators at the
North, and in sections where the crop of the jieach is uncertain by reason
of extreme cold in winter or late spring frosts desti'oying the buds.
When the cordons or low fans are kept within one to two feet from the
ground the trees may be readily protected in winter by covering with
corn-stalks, straw, or brush of evergi'eens.

Injects and Diseases. For a considerable time after the peach was
introduced into America, it was gi'own everywhere south of the 40° of
latitude, we may say literally, without cultivo.tion. It was only necessary
to plant a stone in order to obtain in a few years, and for a long time,
an abundance of fruit. Very frequently these chance seedlings were of
excellent quality, and the finer grafted varieties were equally luxuriant.
Two maladies have apjjeared within the last twenty years, which, becavise
they are little understood, have rendered this fine fruit-tree compara-
tively short-lived and of little value. These are the Peacli-horer and
the Yellows.

The Peach-boker or Peach-worm {^uEgeria exitiosa, Say) does great
mischief to this tree by giidling and devouring the whole circle of bark
just below the surface of the ground, when it soon languishes and
dies.

The insect in its perfect state is a slender, dark-blue, four-winged
moth, somewhat like a wasp. It commences depositing its eggs in the
soft and tender bark at the base of the trunk, usvially about the last of
June, but at different times from June to October. The egg hatches
and becomes a small white borer or gi'ub, which eventually grows to three-
fourths of an inch long, penetrates and devours the bark and sap wood,
and, after passing the winter in the tree, it enfolds itself in a cocoon
under or upon the bark, and emerges again in a perfect or winged form
in June, and commences depositing its eggs for another generation.

It is not difficult to rid our trees of this enemy. In fact, nothing is
easier to him who is willing to devote a few moments every season to
each tree. The eggs which produce the borer, it will be i-ecollected,
are deposited in the soft portion of bark, just at the sui'face of the
earth. Experience has conclusively proved that if a quantity of leached
ashes, charcoal, or even common soil, be hea^ied to the height of one foot
around the trunk of each tree at the end of INIay, and sufiered to remain
till October, the peach-borer will not attack it. It has been tried most
successfully in large orchards, where the protected trees have long re-
mained sound, while those unprotected have been speedily destroyed by
the borer. The remedy undoubtedly lies chiefly in covering the most
vulnerable portion of the tree from the attack of the insect. These
mounds or heaps of earth, ashes, etc., should be spread over the surface
every autumn on approach of winter, thus exposing the larvae of the in-
sect, if any have entered the tree, to cold and destruction.

Another simple remedy is in S2:)ring to first draw away a little earth
from the cro'^ai of the tree, then wrap the body up, one foot from the
ground, with strong coarse paper, securing it with tying, and veiAAce
the earth.

Many careful and rigid cultivators prefer a regular examination of

THE PEACH. 587

the trees every spring and autumn. On removing the earth for a few
inches, the appearance of gum or castings rpiickly indicates where the
borer has made his lodging. A few moments with the knife will then
eradicate the insect for the season.

The Yelloavs. This most serious malady seems to belong exclu-
sively to this country, and to attack only the peach-tree. Although it
has been the greatest enemy of the peach-planter for the last thirty
years, — rendering the life of the tree uncertain, and frequently spreading
over and destroying the orchards of whole districts, — still little is
known of its nature, and nothing with certainty of its cause. Many
slight observers have confounded it with the effects of the peach-borer,
but all persons who have carefully examined it know that the two are
totally distinct. Trees may frer^uently be attacked by both the yellows
and the borer, but hundreds die of the yellows when the most minute
inspection of the roots and branches can discover no insect or visible
cause. Still we believe proper cultivation will entirely rid our gardens
and orchards of this malady ; and this belief is in part borne out by
experiments under our own inspection. In order to combat it suc-
cessfully, it is necessary that tlie symptoms should be clearly under-
stood.

Syriiiotoms. The Yellows appears to be a constitutional disease, no
external cause having yet been assigned for it. Its infallible symptoms
are the following : — •

1. The production upon the branches of very slender, loiry shoots, a
few inches long, and bearing starved diminutive leaves. These shoots
are not pi'oti'uded from the extremities, but from latent buds on tlie
main portions of the stem and larger branches. The leaves are very
narrow and small, quite distinct from those of the natural size, and are
either pale yellow or destitiite of color.

2. The premature I'ipening of the fruit. This takes place from two
to four weeks earlier than tlie proper season. The first season of the
disease it grows nearly to its natural size ; the following season it is not
more than half or a fourth of that size ; but it is always marked exter-
nally (whatever may be the natural color) with specks and large spots
of purplish red. Internally the flesh is more deeply colored, especially
around the stone, than in the natiiral state.

Either of the foregoing symptoms (and sometimes the second ap-
pears a season in advance of the first) are undeniable signs of the Yel-
lows, and they ai-e not produced by the attacks of the worm or other
malady. We may add to them the following additional remarks : —

It is established beyond question, that the Yellows can always be
propagated by budding or grafting from a diseased tree ; that the stock,
whether peach or almond, also takes the disease, and finally perishes ;
and that the seeds of the diseased trees produce young trees in which
the Yellows sooner or later breaks out. To this we may add that the
peach, budded on the plum or apricot, is also known to die with the
Yellows.

Very frequently only a single branch, or one side of a tree, will be
affected the first season. But the next year it invariably spreads
through' its whole system. Frequently trees badly affected will die tlie
next year. But usually it will last, growing more and more feeble
every year, for several seasons. The roots, on digging up the tree, do not
appear in the least diseased.

588 THE PEACH.

The soil does not appear materially to increase or lessen the liability
to the Yellows, thoiigh it first originated, and is most destructive, in
light, warm, sandy soils.

Lastly, it is the nearly universal opinion of all orchardists that the
Yellows is a contagions disease, S2:)reading gradually, but certainly, from
tree to tree through whole orchards. It was conjectured by the late
William Prince that this takes place when the trees are in blossom, the
contagion being carried from tree to tree in the pollen by bees and
the wind. This view is a questionable one, and it is rendered more
doubtful by the fact that experiments have been made by dusting the
pullen of diseased trees upon the blossoms of healthy ones without
communicating the Yellows.

We consider the contagious nature of this malady an unsettled
point. Theoretically, we are disinclined to believe it, as we know
nothing analogous to it in the vegetable kingdom. But on the other
hand it would appear to be practically true, and for all practical pur-
poses we would base our advice ujjon the supposition that the disease is
contagiovis. For it is only in those parts of the Atlantic States where
every vestige of a tree showing the Yellows is immediately destroyed,
that we have seen a return of the normal health and longevity of the
tree. *

Cause of the Yelloivs. ISTo writer has yet ventured to assign a
theory, supported by any facts, which would explain the cause of this
malady. We therefore advance our opinion' with some diffidence, but
yet not without much confidence in its truth.

We believe the malady called the Yellows to be a constitutional taint
existing in many American varieties of the Peach, and produced, in the
first place, by bad cultivation and the consequent exhaustion arising
from successive over-crops. Afterwards it has been established and
perpetuated by sowing the seeds of the enfeebled tree, either to obtain
varieties or for stocks.

Let us look for a moment into the history of the Peach culture in
the United States. For almost a hundred yeai-s after this tree was in-
troduced into this country it was largely cultivated, especially in Vir-
ginia, Maryland, and New Jersey, as we have already stated, in perfect
freedom from such disease, and with the least jjossible care. The great

* The following extract from some remarks on the Yellows by that careful
observer, Noyes Darling, Esq., of New Haven, Ct. , we recommend as worthy the
attention of those who think the disease contagious. They do not seem to
indicate that the disease spreads from a given point of contagion, but breaks
out in spots. It is clear to our mind that in this, and hundreds of other
similar cases, the disease was iiiherent in the trees, they being the seedlings of
diseased parents.

" "When the disease commences in a garden or orchard containing a consider-
able number of trees, it does not attack all at once. It breaks out in patcJus
which are progressively enlarged, till eveutually all the trees become victims to
the malady. Thus, in an orchard of two and a half acres, all the trees were
healthy in 1827. The next year two trees on the ^oest side of the orchard, within
a rod of each other, took the Yellows. In 1829, six trees on the east side of the
orchard were attacked ; five of them standing within a circle of four rods
diameter. A similar fact is now apparent in my neighborhood. A fine lot of
200 young trees, last year in perfect health, now show disease in two spots near
the opposite ends of the lot. having exactly six diseased trees in each patch con-
tiguous to each other ; while all the other trees are free from any marks of dis-
ease."— Cultivator.

THE PEACH. 589

natural fertility of the soil was unexhausted, and the kind occupied by
orchards was seldom or never cropped. Most of the soil of these
States, however, though at first naturally rich, was light and sandy, and
in course of time became comparatively exhausted. The peach-tree,
always j)roductive to an excess in this climate, in the impoverished soil
was no longer able to recruit its energies by annual growth, and gra-
dually became more and more enfeebled and short-lived. About 1800,
or a few years before, attention was attracted in the neighborhood of
Philadelphia to the sudden decay and death of the orchards without
apparent cause. From Phi]adel})hia and Delaware the disease gradually
extended to New Jersey, where, in 1814, it was so prevalent as to
destroy a considerable part of all the orchards. About three or four
years later it appeared on the banks of the Hudson (or from 1812 to
1815), gradually and slowly extending northward and westward to the
remainder of the State. Its progress to Connecticut was taking place at
the same time, a few trees here and there showing the disease, until it
became well known (though not yet generally prevalent) throughout
most of the warmer parts of New England.

It should be here remarked, that though the disease had been con-
siderably noticed in Maryland and the Middle States previously, yet it
was by no means general until a1)out the close of the war of 1812. At this
time wheat and other grain crops bore very high prices, and the failing
fertility of the peach orchard soils of those States was sviddenly still
more lowered by a heavy system of cropping betw^een the trees without
returning anything to the soil. Still the peach was planted, produced a
few heavy crops, and declined from sheer feebleness and want of sus-
tenance. As it was the custom with many oi-chardists to raise their
own seedling trees, and as almost all nurserymen gathered the stones in-
discriminateli/ for stocks, it is evident that the constitutional debility of
the parent trees would naturally be inherited to a greater or less degree
by the seedlings. Still the system of allowing the tree to exhaust itself
by heavy and repeated crops in a light soil was adhered to, and genei'a-
tion after generation of seedlings, each more enfeebled than the former,
at last produced a completely sickly and feeble stock of peach-trees in
those districts.

The great abundance of this fruit caused it to find its way more or
less into all the markets on the sea-coast. The stones of the enfeebled
Southern trees were thus carried north, and, being esteemed by many
better than those of home growth, were everywhere more or less
planted. They brought with them the enfeebled and tainted constitu-
tion derived from the parent stock. They reproduced almost always
the same disease in the new soil ; and thus, little by little, the Yellows
spread from its original neighborhood, below Philadelphia, to the whole
northern and eastern sections of the Union. At this moment, 1845, it
is slowly but gi-adually moving West ; though the rich and deep soils of
the Western alluvial bottoms will, perhaps, for a considerable time, even
witljout care, ovei'power the original taint of the trees and stones re-
ceived from the East.

Let us now look a little more closely into the nature of this enfeebled
state of the peach-tree which we call the Yellows.

Every good gardener well knows that if he desires to raise a healthy
and vigorous seedling plant, he must select the seed from a jiarent
plant that is itself decidedly healthy. Lindley justly and concisely re-

590 THE PEACH.

marks : " All seeds will not eqvially produce vigorous seedlings ; but the
healthiness of the new plant will correspond with that of the seed from
which it sprang. For this reason it is not sufficient to sow a seed to
obtain a given plant ; but in all cases, wlien any importance is attached
to the result, the plumpest and healthiest seeds should be selected, if the
greatest vigor is required in the seedling, and feeble or less perfectly
formed seeds, when it is desirable to check natural luxuriance." *

Again, Dr. Van Mons, whose experience in raising seedling fruit-trees
was more extensive than that of any other man, declares it as his
opinion that the more frequently a tree is reproduced continuously from
seed, the more feeble and short-lived is the seedling produced.

Still more, we all know that certain peculiarities of constitution
or habit can be propagated by grafting, by slips, and even by seeds.
Thus the variegated foliage, which is a disease of some sort, is propagated
forever by budding, and the disposition to mildew of some kinds of
peaches is continued almost always in the seedlings. That the peach-
tree is peculiarly constant in any constitutional variation, the Nectarine
is a well-known proof. That fruit-tree is only an accidental variety of
the peach, and yet it is continually reproduced with a smooth skin from
seed.

Is it not evident, from these premises, that the constant sowing of
the seeds of an enfeebled stock of ^^eacAes would oiaturally produce a
sickly and diseased race of trees ? The seedlings will at first often
appear healthy, when the parent had been only partially diseased, but
the malady will sooner or later show itself, and especially when the tree
is allowed to produce an over-crop.

That poor soil and over-bearing will produce great debility in any
fruit-tree, is too evident to need much illustration. Even the apple,
that hardiest orchard tree, requires a whole year to recover from the
exhaustion of its powers caused by a full crop. The gi'eat natviral luxu-
riance of the peach enables it to lay in new fruit-buds while the branches
are still loaded with fruit, and thus, except in strong soil, if left to itself,
it is soon enfeebled.

There are some facts in our every-day observation which may be
adduced in proof of this theory. In the first place, the varieties of this
tree always most subject to this disease are the yellow peaclies y and they,
it is well known, also produce the heaviest crops. More than nine-
tenths of the victims, when the disease first appeared, were the yellow-
fleshed peaches. On the other hand, the white-fieshed kinds (those white
and red externally) are much more rarely attacked ; in some parts of the
country never. They are generally less vigorous, and bear more mod-
erate crops. And it is well worth remarking that certain fine old sorts,
the ends of the branches of which liave a peculiar mildewed, ajipearance
(such as the old Red Rareripe, the Early Anne, &c.), which seems to
check the growth without impairing the health, are rai-ely, if ever,
attacked by the Yellows. Slow-growing and moderately productive
sorts, like the Nutmeg peaches, are almost entirely exempt. We l^iow
an orchard in the adjoining county whei*e every tree has gradually died
with the Yellows, except one tree which stood in the centre. It is the
Red Nutmeg, and is still in full vigor. It is certainly true that these
sorts often decay and suddenly die, but we believe chiefly from the neg-

* Theory of Horticulture.

THE PEACH. 591

lect which allows them to fall a prey to the Peach-borer. Indeed the
frequency with which the Boi'er has been confounded witli the Yellows
by ignorant observers, renders it much more difficult to arrive at any
correct conclusions respecting the contagious nature of the latter
disease.*

It may be said, in objection to these views, that a disease which is only
an enfeeblement of the constitution of a tree, would not be sufficient to
alter so much its whole nature and duration as the Yellows has done that
of the peach. The answer to this is, that the debility produced in a
single generation of trees probably would -not have led to such effects,
or to any settled form of constitutional disease. But it must be borne
in mind that the same bad management is to a great extent going on to
this day, the whole country over. Every year, in the month of August,
the season of early peaches, thousands of bushels of fruit, showing the
infallible symptoms of the Yellows, — a spotted skin, Ac, — are exposed
and sold in the markets. Every year more or less of the stones of these
peaches are planted, to produce, iu their tvitn, a generation of diseased
trees, and every successive generation is even more feeble and sickly
than the last ! Even in the North, so feeble has the stock become in
many places, that an excessive crop of fine fruit is but too frequently
followed by the Yellows. In this total absence of proper care in the
selection both of the seed and the trees, followed by equal negligence
of good cultivation, is it surprising that the peach has become a tree
comparatively difficult to preserve, and proverbially short-lived ?

Abroad, it is well known that the peach is always subjected to a
regular system of pruning, and is never allowed to produce an over-
crop. It is not a little singular, both that the Yellows should never
have originated there, and that, notwithstanding the great number of
American varieties of this fruit that have been repeatedly sent to Eng-
land and are now growing there, the disease has never extended itself,
or been communicated to other ti-ees, oi- even been recognized by English
or French horticulturists. We must confess, these facts appear to us
strong proofs in favor of our opinion as to the nature and origin of the
malady.

Remedy for the Yellows. It may seem to many persons a difficult
task to rid ourselves of so Avide-spread a malady as this, yet we are con-
fident that a little perseverance and care will certainly accomplish it.
In the present uncertainty with regard to its contagioiis nature, it is
much the wisest to reject " the benefit of the doubt," and act upon the
principle that it is so. "We know at the present moment several gardens
where the trees are maintained in good health by immediately rooting
out and destroying every tree as soon as it shows marked symptoms of
the malady.

1. We would therefore conmience by exterminating, root and branch,
every tree which has the Yellows. And another tree should not be
planted in the same spot without a lapse of several years, or a thorough
removal of the soil.

2. The utmost care should be taken to select seeds for planting from
perfectly healthy trees. Nurseiymen, to secure this, should gather them

* All knowledge relating to the Yellows appears to its as much in obscurity
as when this was written. In our experience no one variety seems more liable
to be attacked than another, the most vigorous trees being as often affected aa
those of moderate growth. — C. D.

'^92 THE PEACH.

from the latest ripening varieties, or procure tliem from districts of the
country where the disease is not known,

3. So fiir we have aimed only at procuring a healthy stock of trees.
The most imj)ortant matter remains to be stated — how to preserve them
in a healthy stale.

The answer to this is emphatically as follows : pursue steadily, froin
the first hearing year, the shortening-in system of pruning alrtialy ex-
plained. This will at once secure your trees against the possibility of
over-bearing and its consequences, and maintain them in vigor and pro-
ductiveness for a long time.* It will, in short, effectually prevent the
Yellows where it does not already exist in the tree. To whoever will
follow these precautions, pursue this mode of cultivation, and adopt at
the same time the remedy for the Borer already suggested, we will con-
fidently insure healthy, vigorous, long-lived trees, and the finest fruit.
Will any reasonable man say that so fine a fruit as the peach does not
fully merit them ?

Whether the system of shortening-in and careful culture will pre-
vent the breaking out of the Yellows, when constitutionally latent in
the tree, we will not yet undertake to say. In slight cases of the dis-
ease we believe that it may. Of one thing, however, we are certain : it
has hitherto failed entirely to reclaim trees in which the malady had
once broken out. Neither do we know of any well-attested case of its
cure, after this stage, by any means whatever. Such cases have indeed
been reported to us, and published in the journals, but, when investi-
gated, they haVfe proved to be trees suiFering by the effects of the horer
only.

A planter of peach-trees must, even with care, expect to see a few
cases of Yellows occasionally appear. The malady is too widely ex-
tended to be immediately vanquished. Occasionally trees having the
constitutional taint will show themselves where least suspected ; but
when the peach is once propei-ly cultivated these will every day become
more rare, until the oiiginal health and longevity of this fruit-tree is
again established.

The Curl is the name commonly given to a malady which often at-
tacks the leaves of the peach-tree. It usually appears in the month of
May or June. The leaves curl up, become thickened and swollen, with
hollows on the under and reddish swellings on the upper side, and
finally, after two or three weeks, fall oft'. They are then succeeded by a
new and healthy crop of foliage. Although it does not appear mate-
rially to injure either the tree or the crop, yet it greatly disfigures it for
a time.

Innumerable seedlings have been produced in this country, and
some of them are of the highest excellence. It is very desirable to re-
duce the collection of peaches to reasonable limits, because, as this fruit
neither offers the same vaiiety of flavor nor the extent of season as the
apple and pear, a moderate number of the choicest kinds, ripening from

* The followhig remarks, directly in point, are from Loudon's last work :
" The effect of shortening the shoots of the peach is not merely to throw more
sap into the fruit, but to add vigor to the tree generally by increasing the
power of the roots relatively to the branches. The peach being a short-lived
tree, it has been justly remarked by Mr. Thompson, were it allowed to e.i'pend ell its
accumulated sap every year, it icould soon exhaust itself and die of old age.'''' — Su-
burban Horticultxirist.

THE PEACH.

593

the earliest to the latest, is in every respect better than a great variety,
many of which must necessarily be second-rate.

It is worthy of remark, that most of our American varieties of the
first quality have proved second-rate in England. This is owing to the
comparative want of sun and heat in their climate. Indeed, our finest
late peaches will not ripen at all except under glass, and the early
varieties are much later than with us. On the other hand, many of the
best European sorts are finer here than in England, and we have lately
endeavored to introduce all of the foreign sorts of high quality.

Ja the descrij)tlo)i of' 2)eaches and nectarines the foim and outlines
of many kinds are so nearly similar that we are obliged to resort to other
characteristics to distinguish the varieties. The two most natural
classes into which the kinds of this friiit are divided are freestones and
clingstones (^melters and pavles, of the English) ; the flesh of the former
parting freel^^ from the stone, that of the latter adhering.

Next to this, the strongest natural distinction is found in the leaves
of the peach. At the base of the leaves of certain kinds are always
found small glands, either rovuid and regular, or oblong and irregular,
while the leaves of certain other kinds have no glands, bixt are more
deeply cut or serrated on the margin. These peculiarities of the foliage
are constant, and they aid us greatly in recognising a variety by forming
three distinct classes, viz. : —

Characters in tho leaves of peaches.

1. Leaves serrated and without glands, a. 2. Leaves with small
round or globose glands, b. 3. Leaves with large, irregular, reniform
glands, c.

This distinction of leaves is valuable, because it not only assists us

594 - THE PEACH.

when we have the fruit before us, but it may be referred to, for the sake
of verifying an opinion, at any time during the season of foliage.

There is also another class of characteristics to be found in the blos-
soms, which is constant and valuable, though not so much so as that of
the leaves, because it can only be referred to for a few days in the
spring. The blossoms aftbrd two well-marked subdivisions : 1st,
Large flowers, always red in the centre, and pale at the margin ; 2d.
Small flowers, tinged with dai'k at the margin.*

The most desirable peaches for market-growers in this country are
A'ery early and very late kinds. These command double the price in
■ market of kinds ripening at the middle season. For Kew England and
the North only the earliest kinds are desirable, as the late ones seldom
matvire well.

In describing peaches we have embodied their character as Free-
stones or Clingstones in the text desci-iptive.

Raising Peaches m Pots. The uncertainty of peach culture in the
open air has become so common in many sections where once the crop
was as sure as that of the apple, that many persons are resorting to or-
chard houses, or artificial in-door culture, both for supply of families and
also as a profitable item of fruit-growing for market.

" Two modes are adopted : one without fire-heat, the crop matviring
a little earlier than in common orchards ; the other, where by the use of
fii-e-heat the fruit is obtained two or three months earlier than in open
ground." The former mode has been successfully prosecuted by Messrs.
EUevanger and Barry, Rochester, N. Y. ; and the following, written by
P. Barry and published in Thomas' Amej-ican Fruit C'uUurist, we copy :

" We have now fi'uiting in wooden boxes, ten by ten inches, fifty-three
varieties of peaches, eleven varieties of nectarines, and seven of apricots.

" Age, Potting, and Soil. The trees are now three years from the
bud. They wei-e taken up in the fall of 1861; heeled-in and covered
during winter ; potted early in spring — March, I think ; soil a mix-
ture of about three parts yellow sandy loam and one part of old hot-
bed manure.

" Summer Care. After potting they were kept in a cool hoiise,
partly covered with glass, until they had made shoots four or five
inches long, and the danger of cold weather over. They were then
plunged to the rim of the boxes in an open border until the fall. They
were carefully watered when necessary during summer, and the shoots
kept as much as possible in uniform vigor by piuchLng.

" Pruning. When potted the yearling trees were exit back to six or
eight inches, and in some cases to four inches, or only two or three
buds above the union of bud and stock, the object being to grow them
in the form of bvxshes. We now find that those cut back farthest are
the best trees. [Fig. 350 represents the yearling tree ; Fig. 351 the
same, cut back ; Fig. 352 the tree set in a pot ; and Fig. 353, the same
after a year's growth.]

" Wintering. On the approach of very cold weather, or just before
the freezing of the ground so as to prevent out-door work, they were

* Lindley makes a third division, embracing a few sorts with blossoms of an
intermediate size. But it is of no practical value, as any doubt as to which of
the two divisions any blossom belongs is immediately set at rest by the color of
the blossom.

THE PEACH.

595

removed to a shed, where they were plunged, as they had been during
summer, up to the edges of the tubs.

" /Spring Treatment. On the return of mikl spring weather
abundance of air was admitted, and they remained there till 1st May,
when they were placed under glass, the buds at this time being about to
expand. Here they were kept till the 15th of June, at which time the
fruits were set, and all danger of cold to affect the foliage past.

" Ventilation and Watering. During the period they were under

glass, May 1st to June 15th, the principal points of management were
VENTILATION, which was ample, and watering — the latter being one of the
most important points in the treatment of all trees and plants in pots.
Careless watering will ruin any plant, no matter how skilfully or care-
fully other points may be managed. Daily watering is necessary, and,
as soon as out of bloom, a free use of the syringe night and morning.

" Summer Treatment. On the 15tli June, when all danger of cold
was over, and the fruits set, they were removed from the glass cover-
ing and plunged in an open but sheltered border, and mulched with
old hot-bed manure. Since that time they have received no care but
watering, except an occasional pinch to regidate the growth of shoots.

" There has not been a single leaf curled on any one of all these
trees, showing conclusively that the curl is dvie to unfavorable changes
of weather. Each tree now is a bush about two and a half feet high,
and occupies about three feet square of space.

" The first winter we had potted trees we kept them in a cellar, biit
most of the buds dropped, and we changed to the cool dry shed, the
boxes plunged, and this has been successful."

In houses where fire-heat is used, and the fruit brought forward so
as to ripen in May and onward, the pots are either immersed in beds
of tan bark over the flues or heating pipes, or placed on platforms or
shelves, the pot containing the tree inside of one, two, or three sizes

59G THE PEACH.

larger, and the space between filled with moss ; this serves to keep the
roots at a more even temperature than would be the case were they to
stand without this double potting. The trees are generally prepared by
training one or two years before being brought into fruit, forming a head
at about one foot to sixteen or eighteen inches of stem. This is done by
a systematic system of pinching or summer pruning, removing the end
of each shoot as fast as it grows to form three or four leaves. This
pinching gives to the head a compact round form, and supplies it with
numerous spvirs or bearing shoots. The trees or pots are kept in the
house all winter, and the thermometer in no instance allowed to go be-
low zero, as the buds are more easily affected than those of out-door cul-
tui-e. It is usvial to commence heating by artificial means about the
middle of January, inci-easing it as the season advances and the natural
growing season and influence of the sun's rays are increased, giving
all the time attention to reducing the temperature at night and increas-
ing it by day, as in the natural life out of doors. Great heat may be
maintained in a peach-house, but it must be always accompanied by
abimdant wateiing, or the trees will be liable to drop their fruit before
mature. Some growers place their trees in wann, sheltered situations
out of doors a few days before fall ripening, believing it affects and in-
creases the flavor of the fruit.

Growing peaches in pots without the aid of glass structures or fire-
heat has also been successfully pi-actised." The trees are prepared,
pruned, and gi'own the same as for house culture, and during the grov/-
ing season the pots are plunged in the open ground in a warm, sheltered
position in the gai'den, due attention being given to watering. Just
before the approach of sgvere winter, say about the middle of Novem-
ber, they are removed into a cool, light cellar or pit frame, there to
remain during winter. In spring they are I'eturned to the garden, and
should there be any sign of frost or cold, to injure the blooms, they are
protected by means of a cloth awning, arranged so that it can be drawn
over them at a moment's notice.

VARIETIES.

The varieties of peach are almost innumerable, new seedlings being
produced in this country with gi-eat facility, and, after being heralded for
a season, are suffered to pass out of existence and theii' places occupied
with still later productions. A few of the old sorts remain as good to-
day as when this work was first written, and occasionally a new variety
is found of superior merits. In the follo"vving pages descriptive we have
endeavored to record all of much value, omitting many which are infe-
rior, and others perhaps that, although good, were not siifiiciently so to
make them desirable, and therefore they are rare to be found in any col-
lection.

A Bec.

Mignorme a Bec. Pourpree a Bec.

This is a new variety, ripening early in August. The leaves have
globose glands. Flowers large.

THE PEACH. 597

Fruit large, roundish, uneven in its outline, having a bold blunt
nipple at the apex. Suture shallow, highest on one side. Skin thin,
of a lemon yellow, with crimson cheek. Flesh white, slight tinge of red
next the stone, tender, melting, sweet. Freestone. (Hogg.)

Abricotee.

Yellow Admirable. Grosse Jaune Tardive. D'Abricot.

Apricot Peach. Admirable Jaune. D'Orange. (Orange Peach. )

The Apricot Peach (or Yelloiv Admirable, as it is more frequently
called) is an old French variety, but little cultivated in this couutr}'-,
though deserving of attention in the Middle States. It ripens very late,
and is thought to have a slight apricot flavor. It grows with moderate,
vigor, and bears abundantly. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers
large.

Fruit large, roundish oval, with a small suture running on one side
ordy. Skin clear yellow all over, or faintly touched with red next the
sun. Flesh yellow, but a little red at the stone, firm, rather dry, with
a sweet and agreeable flavor. Stone small. Ripens at the beginning of
October.

Acton Scott.

The Acton Scott is an English Peach, raised by Mr. Knight. It is
an excellent early fruit, and will thrive and ripen well at the North.
Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large.

Fruit of medium size, rather narrow and depressed at the top, with
a shallow suture. Skin rather woolly, pale yellowish wliite, with a mar-
bled bright red cheek. Flesh pale quite to the stone, melting, sugary,
and rich, with sometimes a slight bitter flavor. Middle of August.

Albert's Late Rareripe.

A Southern vai-iety. Glands globose.

Fruit large, roundish. Sutui-e slight. Skin not very downy, yellow-
ish white, spi'inkled with red dots and a marbled red cheek. Flesh pale,
light red at the stone, juicy, sweet. Freestone. September. (White.)

Alexandra.

Alexandra Noblesse. Seedling Noblesse.

This variety was raised by Thomas Rivers, from the Old Noblesse,
and, unlike the old variety, the tree is not subject to mildew. Glands
globose. Flowers large.

Fruit of the largest size, round, and marked with a deep suture.
Skin covered with a rough down, pale, with a few clusters of red dots
on the side next the sun. Flesh white, quite pale at the stone, teiider,
melting, juicy, rich, vinous. Freestone. Early in August. (Hogg.)

Alida.

Originated with Charles Carpenter, Kelly Island, O.
Fruit large, round, dai'k red. Flesh yellow, juicy, good. September.
Freestone.

598 the peach.

Allen.

An old sort, cultivated in Massachusetts. It has the habit of repro-
ducing itself true from seed.

Fruit small, roundish, white, with a red cheek. Flesh white, juicy,
pleasant. Freestone.

Amelia.

Stroman's Carolina. Rayzer's June. Nonesuch of North Carolina.

Orangeburg. Sally's Peach.

This Peach originated with Mr. Stroman, in Orangeburg District,
S. C. Glands reniform. Flowers small.

Fruit large, roundish oblong. Suture large and deep, extending nearly
round. Skin pale whitish yellow, shaded and marbled with crimson in
the sun, downy. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, viuous. Free-
stone. Last of August. Ripens at the South with Early York.

Amelia.

This fine large Peach originated with George Hvisman, Hermann, Mo.
It is much like Cohimbia, but later in i-ipening. Leaves with indistinct
globose, almost reniform glands.

Fruit large, round. Suture well defined, deepest towards the apex,
which has a rounded point. Skin rich yellow, marbled with dull red.
Flesh thick, rich, juicy, sweet. Ripe a few days later than Columbia.
Freestone. (Hort.)

Akemie.

Origin, Pomaria, S. C.

Fruit very lai'ge. Flesh yellow, juicy, high-flavored. 10th August.
Clingstone. (Sumner's MS.)

ASTOR.

An American Peach, which originated in New York. It is good,
but hardly first-rate ; not very productive. Flowers large. Leaves
with globose glands.

Fruit large, rather flattened or broad, and slightly sunk at the top.
Suture well marked. Skin pale yellowish white, with a deep red cheek.
Stone small. Flesh melting, very juicy, sweet, and of excellent flavor.
Ripens the last week in August. Freestone.

Atwood.

Originated with Roscius Atwood, Newberry, S. C.

Fruit large. Quality best, productive. Clingstone. (Sumner's MS.)

Austin's Late Red.

Glands reniform. Flowers large.

Fruit large, oblong, white, with a red cheek. Flesh white, juicy,
vinous, and well-flavored. Clingstone. Ripens middle of October. (P.
J. Berckman, MS.)

the peach. 599

Baldwin's Late.

Glands reniform. Flowers small.

Fruit large, oblong, with a distinct swollen point. Skin greenish
white, with a slight red cheek. Flesh very firm, juicy, melting, and
well-flavored. Freestone. Ripe the last of October at the South. Dis-
seminated by Dr. Baldwin, of Montgomery. (White's Gard.)

Barrington.
Buckingham Miguonne. Colonel Ausley's.

A handsome, very fine, and very hardy English Peach. The tree is
vigorous and healthy. The fruit ripens at the medium season, about a
week after the Royal George. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers
large.

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to ovate, and rather pointed at the
top, with a moderate suture on one side. Skin pale yellowisli white,
with a deep-red marbled cheek. Flesh but slightly tinged with red at
the stone, melting, juicy, very rich, and of the first quality. Stone
rugged, dark brown. Beginning of September. Freestone.

Batchelder.

Origin, Haverhill, Mass. Hardy and productive ; said to produce
the same from seed.

Fruit large, round. Skin white, with a deep blush. Flesh white,
melting, juicy, very pleasant vinous flavor. Last of September. (Cole.)

Baugh.

Leaves with reniform glands.

Fruit medium, roundish, terminated with a small point. Suture
obsciu'e. Skin pale yellow, almost white, with a slight blush towards
the sun. Flesh yellowish white, pure white at the stone, melting and
juicy, with a sweet, pleasant flavor. Separates from the stone. Ripens
the first of October. (White's Gard.)

Belle Bausse.

Belle Bauce. Pourpree Vineuse. Vineuse Hative.

Pourpree Hative Vmeuse. Vineuse de Fromentin.

This delicious Peach is a variety of Grosse Mignonne, but larger, and
ripens ten days later. Glands globose. Flowers large.

Fruit large, somewhat flattened at extremities. Suture distinct,
higher on one side than the other. Skin thin and delicate, covered
with fine down, highly colored almost over the entire surface with deep
red. Flesh wliite, with a rosy tint round the stone, tender, melting,
vinous. Freestone. Early September.

Belle Chevreuse.

Glands reniform. Flowers small.

Frvdt elongated, with a bold nipple at summit. Skin downy, yel-

600 THE PEACH.

lowisli, marbled with red in the sun. Suture distinct. Flesh whitish
yellow, red at stone, sweet, and juicy. September. (Hogg.)

Belle de Beaucaire.

A Southern variety. Glands globose. Flowers small.

Fruit lai'ge, roundish, with protruding point. Suture shallow. Skin
light yellowish green, with cheek slightly reddened. Flesh pale greenish
yellow, red at the stone, a little coai-se, melting, rich. Freestone. Ripe
last of July, South. (White's Gard.)

Belle de Doue.

Belle de Douai.

A large melting Peach, an eai'ly variety of Bellegarde. Flesh vinous,
rich flavored. Freestone. Glands globose. Flowers small. Middle
August. (Hogg.)

Belle de la Croix.

A new Peach raised at Bordeaux. Glands reniform. Flowers
small.

Fruit large, round. Flesh sweet and rich. Middle August. (Hogg.)

Belle de Vitry.
Admirable Tardive. Bellis.

This is not the Belle de Vitry of most of our gardens, which is the
Early Admirable / it is quite distinct, also, from the Late Admirable y
but is the Belle de Vitry described by Duhamel, and is a veiy firm-
fleshed and excellent French variety, little known in this country.
Leaves serrated without glands. Flowers small.

Fruit middle size, rather broad, with a deep suture, and the top
depressed. Skin pale yellowish white, tinged and marbled with bright
and dull red. Flesh rather firm, red at the stone, melting, jvdcy, and
rich. Ripens here the last of September. Freestone.

Belle et Bonne.

A foreign variety. Leaves without glands. Flowers large.

Fruit large, roundish. Suture deep. Skin downy, clear yellow, shaded
with bright red in the sun. Flesh white, fine, melting, highly perfumed.
Freestone. August. (An. Pom.)

Bellegarde.

Galande. Red Magdalen.

Noir de Montreuil. Brentford Mignonne.

French Royal George. Ronald's Mignonne.

Smooth-leaved Royal George. Early Garlande.

Early Royal George. Belle de Fillemont.

This very excellent French Peach is the one most highly esteemed
by the Montreuil growers, who supply the Pai'is markets, and it is

THE PEACH. GOl

equally valued by the English. It is also one of the handsomest and
most delicious fruits here. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small.
Fruit large, round, and regular, the suture shallow, the top slightly
hollowed, and having a little projecting point. Skin pale yellowish
green, with a rich red cheek, often streaked with darker purple. Flesh
slightly marked with red at the stone, a little firm, but very melting,
juicy, rich, and high-flavored. Stone rather large. JEnd of August and
first of September. Freestone.

Bergen's Yellow.

One of the best of the yellow-fleshed Peaches, but not a good bearer,
and therefore unprofitable. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers
small.

Fruit large (often measuring nine inches in circumference), globular,
depressed, and broad ; the suture well marked, and extending more than
half round. Skin deep orange, dotted with some red, and with a very
broad, dark-red cheek. Flesh deep yellow, melting, juicy, and of rich
and luscious flavor. Ripens at the beginning of September. Free-
stone.

Blanton Cling.
Yellow Blanton Cling.

Leaves large. Glands reniform. Flowers small.

Fruit large, and shaped like Lemon Cling, with the same projecting,
swollen point. Skin rich orange, with a slightly reddened cheek. Flesh
orange yellow, firm, but full of a delicious vinous juice. Later and
better than Lemon Cling. Reproduces itself from seed. Ripens 10th
August. (White's Card.)

Blood Clingstone.
Indian Blood. Claret Clingstone. Blood Cling.

The Blood Clingstone is a very large and peculiar friiit, of no value
for eating, but esteemed by many for pickling and preserving ; the flesh
very red, like that of a beet. This is an American seedling, raised many
years ago from the French Blood Clingstone — Sanguinole a Chair
Adherente. It is a much larger fruit than the original sort, which has
large flowers ; otherwise they are the same in all respects. Leaves with
reniform glands. Flowers small.

Fruit often very large, roundish oval, with a distinct suture. Skin
very downy, of a dark, dull, clouded, purplish red. Flesh deep red
throughout, firm and juicy — not fit for eating. September to October.

There is a French Blood Freestone [Sanguinole, Sanguine, Car-
dinale, or Hetrave, Duh., Thomp.) of the same nature, and used for the
same pui'pose as this, but smaller in size, and not equal to it for cooking.
Leaves without glands.

There is also a Blood Freestone, raised by John M. Ives, Salem,
Mass., which is of medium size. Blood red throughout. Tree hardy
and a good bearer.

Bonne Gros de Noisette.
Originated with M. Noisette, Paris, France.

602 THE PEACH.

Fruit large, roundish, depressed. Suture deep. Skin nearly smooth,
white, with faint marblings of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish wliite,
red at the stone, juicy, vinous, aromatic. Freestone. September.

Bordeaux Cling.

Raised in New Bordeaux, Abbeville District, S. C, from a stone
brought from Bordeaux. Glands reniform. Flowers large.

Fruit large, oblong or oval, a little one-sided. Suture shallow.
Skin very downy, lemon yellow, with a red cheek. Flesh yellow, red
at the stone (to which it clings), juicy, melting. A shoAvy market sort.
First of August. (Wm. N. "White, MS.)

Brevoort.
Brevoort's Morris. Brevoort's Seedling Melter.

One of the richest and most delicious of American Peaches, and one
of the favorite sorts for garden cultivation. It was raised by Henry
Brevoort, of New York. Bears regular, moderate crops. Leaves with
reniform glands. Flowers small.

Fruit medium or large, round and rather broad, with a distinct su-
ture, deep at the top. Skin pale 3-ellowish white, often a little dingy,
with a bright red cheek. Flesh rather firm, slightly red at the stone,
rich, sugary, and high-flavored. Freestone. First of September.

Briggs.

Origin, Dedham, Mass. Hardy and productive.

Fruit large, roundish. Suture continued almost round it. Skin white,
nearly covered with bright red. Flesh white, tinged with red at the
stone, very juicy, of a i-ich, sweet, slightly vinous flavor. Freestone.
From first to middle of September. (Cole.)

Cable's Late.

Cable's Late Melocoton.

Originated with E. Cable, Cleveland, O. A seedling of the Red
Clieek Melocoton, and resembles Crawford's Late, somewhat larger, and
ripening a little earlier. Tree a good bearer. Freestone. (Elliott.)

Cambridge Belle.
Hovey's Cambridge Belle.

Raised by Hovey & Co., Boston, Mass.

Fruit large, roundish. A beautiful Peach, with a clear waxen skin,
and a blush on the exposed side, and of a rich, brisk, delicious flavor.
Freestone. Ripe early in September. (Hov. Mag.)

Canary.

An American variety. Glands globose. Flowers small.

Fruit medium, roundish oblong. Skin thin, beautiful bright yellow.
Flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, rich, and good. July, South ; Angiist,
North. Freestone.

the peach. g03

Carpenter's White.

Raised by William S. Carpentei', New York City. Tree vigorous
and productive, with globose glands. Flowers small.

Fruit large and round. Skin white, with a slight shade of gi-een.
Flesh white to the stone, juicy, melting, and of good flavor. Sepa-
rates from the stone. Kipens about the middle of October.

Catherine.

Congress.

The Catherine Cling is an old English variety, of excellent quality,
but not, we think, equal to the Large White Grinf/stone., a native seed-
ling, so much esteemed in the Middle States. Leaves with renifovm
glands. Flowers small.

Fruit large, roundish oval, more swollen on one side than the other,
and terminated by a small swollen point at the top. Skin pale yellowish
green, much sprinkled with red dots, the exposed cheek of a bright
lively redj streaked with darker red. Flesh firm, yellowish white, but
dark red at the stone, to which it adheres very closely, juicy, rich, and
good. Middle and last of September.

Chancellor.

Chancelliere. Stewart's Late Galande.

Noisette. Edgar's Late Melting.

Late Chancellor.

The Chancellor is said to have been originated by M. de Seguier,
of Paris, then Chancellor of France. Leaves with reniform glaudi-.
Flowers small.

Fruit large, oval, with a well-marked suture. Skin pale yellov,ish
white, with a dark crimson cheek. Flesh very deep red next the stone,
melting, and possessing a rich vinous flavor. Stone oblong. Freestone.
Middle of September.

Chinese Cling.

Reniform glands. Flowers small.

Fruit large, globular. Sides compressed. Siiture quite shallow.
Skin creamy white, shaded and marbled with fine red. Flesh white,
red at the stone (which is adherent), very juicy, melting, with a rich,
excellent vinous flavor. Ripens first to middle of September ; at the
South, from the middle of July to the first of August.

Christiana,

Oi'iginated at Pomaria, S. C.

Fru^it large, beautiful. Flesh white to the stone. Flavor delicious.
Freestone. September. (Sumner's MS,)

Clemence Isaure.

A new French Peach. Leaves with large reniform glands. Flowers
small.

604 THE PEACH.

Fruit large, roundish oval. Suture well marked. Skin covered
•vnth a gray down, whitish yellow, deep purple in the sun. Flesh deep
yellow, purplish next the stone. Freestone. September. (Yerg.)

Clinton.

A native variety, of second-rate flavor. Leaves with globose glands.
Flowers large.

Fruit of medium size, roundish, a little depressed at the top, but
nearly without suture. Skin pale yellowish white, with a red cheek
marked by broken stripes of dull red. Flesh scarcely stained at the
stone, juicy and good. Last of Augiist. Freestone.

♦ Cole's Early Red,

An American Peach, which is a very fruitful and excellent variety
for market culture. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small.

Fruit of medium size, roundish, with biit little suture. Skin pale
in the shade, but nearly all covered with red, becoming dark red on the
sunny side. Flesh melting, juicy, rich, and very sprightly. Beginning
to the middle of August. Freestone.

Columbia.
Indian Peach. Pace. Mulatto.

The Columbia is a singular and peculiar Peach. It was raised by
Mr, Coxe, the author of the first American work on fruit-trees, from a
seed brought from Georgia, It is a very excellent fruit, which every
amateur will desire to have in his garden. The tree is not a very rapid
gi'ower, and bears only moderate crops, being, of course, all the less
subject to speedy decay. The young wood is purple. Leaves with
reniform glands. Flowers small.

Fruit large, globular, broad and much depressed, the suture distinct,
extending half way round. Skin rough and rather thick, dull dingy
red, sprinkled with spots and streaks of darker red. Flesh bright yel-
low, of the texture, as Coxe remarks, of a very ripe pine-apple, rich,
juicy, and of very excellent flavor. Ripens from the beginning to the
middle of September, Freestone.

Columbus, June.

Glands globose. Flowers small.

Fruit medium to large, flattened or slightly hollowed at the apex.
Suture shallow. Skin pale yellowish white, with a rich red cheek.
Flesh slightly red at the stone, melting, juicy, and high-flavored, excel-
lent. Ripens here in Georgia 20th June. Free. (White's Gard.)

Comet.

Raised by Thomas Rivers, of England, from the Salway. Glands
reniform. Flowers small.

Fruit large, round. Skin pale yellow, with a crimson cheek. Flesh
pale yellow, separating freely from the stone, juicy, melting. Early
October. (Hogg.)

THE PEACH. 605

COMTESSE DE HaINAUT.

Originated in Belgium. Flowers large.

Fruit large, roundisli. Suture distinct, not deep. Skin covered with
a light down, clear yellow, red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, red
at the stone, juicy, melting. Stone large. Freestone. September.
(An. Pom.)

Cooledge's Favorite.
Cooledge's Early Red Rareripe.

This most popular early New England Peach was raised from seed
by Mr. J. Cooledge, of Watertown, Mass. It is unusually productive,
and a very bright-colored handsome Peach, of excellent quality ; and its
hardiness renders it valuable at the North. Leaves with globose glands.
Flowers small.

Fruit large, roundish (the suture prominent at the top only), but
rather the largest on one side. Skin clear, smooth, white, with a fine
crimson mottled cheek. Flesh very melting and juicy, with a i"ich,
sweet, and high flavor. Middle of August. Freestone.

Counts'.

Originated with H. H. Counts, Lylesford, S. C.

Fruit large, white, with red cheek. Flesh white, rich, juicy, supe-
rior. Clingstone. (Sumner, MS.)

Crawford's Early.
Early Crawford. Crawford's Early Melocoton.

This is the most splendid of all early yellow-fleshed Peaches, and is
scarcely surpassed by any other variety in size and beauty of appear-
ance. As a market frvut it is perhaps the most popular of the day. It
was originated by William Crawford, Esq., of Middletown, N. J. The
tree is vigorous, very fruitful, and hardy. Leaves mth globose glands.
Flowers small.

Fruit very large, oblong, the swollen point at the top prominent ;
the suture shallow. Skin yellow, with a fine red cheek. Flesh yellow,
melting, sweet, rich, and very excellent. It ripens here the last week
in August. Freestone.

Crawford's Late.
Crawford's Superb Malacatune.

Crawford's Late Melocoton, from the same source as the foregoing, is
one of the most magnificent American Peaches. We think it deserving
of universal cultivation. As a splendid market fruit it is unrivalled,
and its size and beauty will give it a place in every garden. Leaves
with globose glands. Flowers small.

Fruit very large, roundish, with a shallow but distinct suture.
Skin yellow, with a fine dark-red cheek. Flesh deep yellow, but red
at the stone, jtiicy and melting, with a very rich and excellent vinous
flavor. Ripens from the 20th to the last of September. Freestone.

oOb THE PEACH.

Crimson Gaiande.

Crimson Mignonne.

Glands globose. Flowers small. Fruit medium, roundish, faint
suture, pitted at apex. Skin almost covered with dark crimson, nearly
black. Flesh tender, melting, blood red at the stone, juicy, rich. Free-
stone. (Hogg.)

Crockett's Late "White.

A late-maturing white Peach, originated in New Jersey, where it is
popular as a market sort. Leaves with reniform glands.

Fruit medium to large, oblong. Skin greenish white, occasionally
some red in sun. Flesh pale, sweet, not very juicy. Last September.
Freestone. (Gar. Mon.)

Dagmar.

A new Peach raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Glands globose.
Flowers small.

Fruit round, marked "svith a shallow suture, deepest at apex. Skin
tender, veiy downy, pale straw-color, nearly covered with minute crim-
son dots, giving a mottled appearance. Flesh white, very tender, melt-
ing, juicy, rich, vinous, sweet. Freestone. August. (Hogg.)

De Beurre.

A French Peach, Leaves without glands. Flowers small.

Fruit medium, oval, depressed at apex. Skin easily detached from
the flesh, covered with a short, fine down, whitish yellow, washed with
brownish red in the sun. Flesh fine, melting, purplish next the stone,
sweet, vinous. August. Freestone. (Verg.)

De Bonlez.

A Belgian variety. Flowers large.

Fruit large, round, depressed. Suture deep. Skin downy, yellow-
ish, deeply colored with red in the sun. Flesh firm, yellowish, red at
the stone. September. Freestone. (Alb. Pom.)

Desse Tardive.

Glands globose. Flowers small.

Fruit large, round, flat at top, deep suture next the stalk. Skin
pale yellow, faint tinge of rosy red next the sun. Flesh greenish white,
slightly tinged with red next the stone, melting, juicy, sweet, Septem-
ber. Freestone. (Hogg,)

De Zelhern,

Fruit medium, round. Suture deep, large. Skin downy, yellow, more
or less colored with bright red. Flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet.
August. Freestone. (Alb. Pom.)

the peach, 607

Doctor Hogg.

Originated with Thomas Rivers, England. It is described as the
largest early Peach known. Glands reniform. Flowers large.

Fruit large, x'ound. Sutui-e distinct. Skin lemon yellow, dotted with
crimson, and a ci-imson cheek in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, some-
what firm, but melting and juicy, stained with I'ed at the stone. Last
of July or early August. Freestone.

D'OlGNES.

Originated in Belgium. Leaves serrated.

Fruit medium to large, roundish. Sutvire large and shallow. Skin
downy, greenish yellow, with red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white,
much colored around the stone, melting, juicy. September. Freestone.
(An. Pom.)

DoKAHOO Cling.

From Mr. Donahoo, Clark Co., Ga. Glands reniform. Flowers
small.

Fruit very large, roundish. Suture quite deep on one side, and visi-
ble entirely around the fruit. Apex depressed. Skin creamy white,
dotted and tinged with red in the sun. Flesh white to the stone,
exceedingly juicy, rich, and luscious. Ripens from 10th to 20th Sep-
tember.

Double Montagne.
Double Mountain. Montague. Montauban.

A Peach much resembling the Noblesse, of Freuch origin. Leaves
serrated, without glands. Flowers large.

Fruit of medium size, roundish, but somewhat narrower at the tOp.
Skin pale greenish white, with a soft red cheek, which is marljled with
darker red at maturity. Flesh white to the stone, very delicate and
melting, with a plentiful and high-flavored juice. Stone ovate and
rugged. Middle of August. Freestone.

Druid Hill.

Originated by Lloyd N. Rogers, Esq., of Druid Hill, near Balti-
more. The tree is unusually vigorous, the shoots and leaves very large,
and it bears abundantly. The very late season of its maturity renders
it valuable, as most of the luscious soi'fcs are then gone. Leaves with
globose glands. Flowers small.

Fruit large, roundish ; the cavity of the stalk rather narrow, the su-
ture very slight, and the swollen point distinct, but scarcely prominent.
Skia pale greenish white, clouded with red on the sunny side. Flesli
greenish white, purple at the stone, very juicy and melting, with an
exceedingly rich, high vinous flavor. Stone long and rather compressed,
much furrowed. Ripens from the 20th of September to the lift of
October. Freestone.

608 the peach.

Duff Yellow.

Glands globose. Elowers small. An excellent early market Peach.

Fruit very large, round, with a sharp point. Skin yellow, with a
red cheek. Flesh yellow, juicy, and pretty well flavored, a little acid,
red at the stone. Clingstone. Ripens early in Jvdy. (P. J. B., MS.)

Duperron.

A seedling of M. Duperron. Promises of value. Leaves with glo-
bose glands. Flowers small.

Fruit large to very large, roundish, depressed at end. Suture shal-
low. Skin doAvny, golden yellow, more or less washed with pale red.
Flesh yellow. Clingstone. October.

Dwarf Orleans.
Italian Dwarf.

This variety, introduced many years since, and described by Wm.
Prince, in 1828, has recently been brought out anew under the name of
Italian Dwarf. It forms a diminutive tree of about two feet in height,
is a slow grower, with short-jointed wood, suited as a curiosity for pot-
growing. Leaves long. Flowers large.

The fruit is nearly as large as the Nutmeg Peach. White flesh,
juicy. Freestone.

Early Admirable.
Admirable. Belle de Vitry. L'Admirable.

A very excellent French Peach, wrongly known by many in this
country as the Belle de Vitry, which is a distinct variety. We find it
early, and very prolific. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large.

Fruit not quite round. Skin pale yellowish white, with a lively red
cheek. Flesh red next the stone, melting, and juicy, with a good, rich,
sweet flavor. Middle of August.

Early Albert.

An early Peach raised by Thomas Rivers, of England. Glands glo-
bose. Flowers small.

Fruit above medium, roundish, frequently one side of suture higher
than the other, pitted at apex Skin greenish yellow, shaded with deep
crimson. Flesh white, tender, melting, with a faint brick red tinge next
the stone, rich juicy. Freestone. Last of July. (Hogg.)

Early Alfred.

Raised by Thomas Rivers, from seed of Hunt's Tawny Nectarine.
Glands globose. Flowers large.

Fruit rather large, marked with a deep suture. Skin straw-color,
mottled with crimson in the sun. Flesh white, melting, vinous, rich.
Early August. (Hogg.)

the peach. 609

Early Anne.
Anne. Green Nutmeg.

The Early Arme is an old and familiar English sort. The tree is
of slender growth. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers large,
nearly white.

Fruit rather small, round. Skin white, with a faint tinge of red
next the sun. Flesh white to the stone, soft, melting, sweet, and of
pleasant flavor. Last of July and first of August.

Fay's Early Anne, a seedling of the above, by Lincoln Fay, of Chau-
tauque Co., N. Y., is larger and better. Ripens a week or two later,
and j list before Early York (serrate). Skin whitish, sometimes slightly
tinged with red. Flesh white, juicy, melting, and very good.

Eakly Beatrice.

This Peach, says its originator, Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth,
England, is the earliest sort known, ripening fi'om 5th to 11th of July.
Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers large.

Fruit medium size, with a marbled red cheek. Flesh melting, very
juicy.

Early Chelmsford.
Mammoth.

Leaves glandless.

Fruit large, roundish. Suture clear round, deep on one side. Skin
white, with a bright red cheek. Flesh white, very melting and juicy,
of a very delicious, slightly vinous flavor. Freestone. 20th to last of
August.

Early Grosse Mignonne.
Grosse Mignonne Hative . Mignonne Hative.

This is a very fine Peach, ripening early in August. Glands globose.
Flowers large.

Fruit medium, roundish, pitted at apex. Nipple one side, and shal-
low suture. Skin with a pale red cheek in the sun, dotted thickly with
bright crimson dots. Flesh white, veined with red, very juicy, vinous,
sweet. Freestone. (Hogg.)

Early Louise.

Seedling of Thomas Rivers. Glands reniform. Flowers small.
Fruit medium, bright red. Flesh melting, juicy, excellent. Free-
stone. July 12th to 16th. (Rivers' Cat.)

Early Malden.

Raised by James Dougall, Canada West. Flowers small. Leaves
glandless.

Fruit medium, roundish, one side enlarged. Suture distinct on one
side. Skin whitish, mostly shaded with red in the sun. Flesh white,
juicy, melting, sprightly. Fx-eestone. Middle of August.

39

610 THE PEACir.

Early Newington Freestone.

Newington Peach. Smith's Early Newington.

Early Newington. Smith's Newington.

This is a large and exceedingly high-flavored early Peach ; indeed
we consider it without a superior at its season. It is quite distinct
from the other Newingtons, which are clings and rather late, while this
is early and generally parts from the stone, though it fr-equently hap-
pens that some of the fruit on the same tree adheres partially or wholly
to the stone ; and this peculiarity (common, so far as we knov.', to but
one other kind) is one of its constant characteristics. The tree is only a
moderate bearer. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small.

Fruit rather large, round, with a distinct suture, and one-half the
fruit always the larger. Skin pale yellowish white, dotted and streaked
with red, the cheek a rich red. Flesh white, but red at the stone, to
which many particles adhere. If not fully ripe it has tlie habit of a
cling. Flesh juicy, melting, with a rich vinous flavor. Ripens directly
after the Early York, about the 24th of August.

Early Rivers.

Glands reniform. Flowers large.

Fruit large, pale straw-color, with a delicate pink cheek. Flesh
melting, remarkably rich and racy. Middle July. (Rivers' Cat.)

Early Silver.

Raised by Thomas Rivers, in 1857, from seed of the White Nec-
tarine. Glands reniform. Flowers large.

Fruit veiy large, roundish ovate, sometimes a nipple at the apex.
Skin cream-color, with a slight blush in the sun. Flesh white, melting,
juicy, brisk. Middle August. Freestone. (Hogg).

Early Sweet Water.
Sweet Water. Large American Nutmeg.

It is an American Peach, raised from a stone of the Early Anne.
The tree is thrifty and productive, with pale shoots, and nearly v»^hite
blossoms. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large.

Fruit of medium size, sometimes large, roundish, with a slight
suture. Skin pale white, very seldom with a faint blush when fully
exposed. Flesh white, slightly stained at the stone, melting, juicy,
sweet, and of very agreeable flavor. Ripe about the 8th of August.
Stone small.

Early Sweet Water (Prince's) is distinct from this, and, Mr.
Prince says, equally valuable.

Early Tillotson.

The Early Tillotson was first introduced to notice by J. J. Thomas,
of Macedon, Wayne Co. It is considered a native of that part of the
State.

This has not succeeded well here, and most cultivators at the North
havo discontinued it. It mildews badly, gi-ows slowly, and is not pro-

THE PEACH. 611

ductive. At the South it is one of their very best early peaches, and
in many localities it has proved fine. Leaves deeply sei-rated, without
glands. Flowers small.

Fruit of medium size, round. Skin nearly covered with red, the
ground color, pale yellowish white, being thickly dotted with red, and
the exposed cheek being a dark red. Flesh whitish, but red at the
stone, to which, though a freestone, it partially adheres, melting, juicy,
with a rich, highly excellent flavor. It ripens the middle of August.

Eakly Victoria.

Raised by Tnomas Rivers, England. Much like its parent, Early
York.

Early York.
Early Purple. Pourpree H^tive. Serrate Early York.

The Early York has long been the most popular of early Peaches in
this couiitry. It is at least a week earlier than the (true) Royal George,
more melting and juicy, though not quite so rich, and deserves a place
in every garden. In unfavorable soil, the ends of the branches are a
little liable to mildew ; but the tree is very hardy and productive.
There are one or two newer seedlings raised from this, and bearing the
same name, in New Jersey, which are rather more tln-ifty for the
orchard, but do not jiossess the high flavor of the old kind. They are
easily kmiwn from it by the absence of glands in the leaves and by the
large flowers of the true sort. It is quite distinct from the Red Rare-
ripe, which is large, broader, deeply marked with a suture, later in
ripening and richer flavored. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flow-
ers large.

Fruit of medium size, roundish, inclining a little to ovate, with a
slight suture only. Skin very thin, pale red, thickly dotted over a pale
gi-ovmd in the shade, but quite dark red in the sun. Flesh gi-eenish
white, remarkably tender and melting, full of rich, sprightly juice.
Ripens about the 18th of August.

Eastburn.
Eastbum's Choice.

American.

Fruit large, roundish, pale yellow, with red on the sunny side.
Flesh yellowish, red near the stone, juicy. Freestone. September.
(ElUott.)

Eaton's Golden.

Origin, North Carolina. Glands reniform. Flowers large.

Fruit above medium, round. Suture shallow. Skin golden yellow,
with occasionally a few faint pink spots near the base. Flesh golden
yellow, sweet, j^iicy, with a marked apricot flavor. Clingstone. Ripo
middle of September. (P.J. B., MS.)

Eliza Peach.
Origin, Philadelphia. Leaves large, with reniform glands.

612 THE PEACH.

Fruit medium, round, terminating in a nipple. Skin yellow, with
a mottled red cheek. Flesh yellow, red at the stone. Last of Sep-
tember. Freestone.

Elmira Cling.

Originated with M. W. Phillips, Mississippi. Glands reniform.
Flowers small.

Fruit large, oval, depressed. Suture rather shallow on one side.
Skin white, with a greenish yellow tinge, quite downy. Flesh white,
tinged with red at the stone, to which it adheres. Sweet and good.
Early in August.

Emperor of Russia.
Cut-Leaved. Serrated. New Cut-Leaved. Unique.

A very rich and fine-flavored Peach, raised by Mr. Floy, in 1812.
Its growth is slow, and its shoots are inclined to become mildewed. It
is rather a shy bearer. The leaves are very deeply cut, or serrated
on the edges. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers small.

Fruit large, roundish and broad, with one half more swollen than
the other. Skin downy, dull yellowish white, with a dark-red cheek.
Flesh yellowish white, rather firm, rich, and high-flavored. Last of
August.

Ernoult.

This is a singularly formed and colored Peach, from Belgium. Leaves
with globose glands.

Fruit large, roundish, depressed. Suture shallow in the middle of
the fruit, deeper at ends, and peculiarly wrinkled pit at apex. Skin
downy, clear yellow, shaded with deep reddish purple in the sun. Flesh
white, some red next the stone, melting, juicy, rich. Freestone. (An.
Pom.)

Exquisite.

A variety that originated in Georgia. Glands globose. Flowers
small.

Fruit large, roundish oval. Suture distinct. Nipple at apex. Skin
yellow, mottled with crimson in the sun. Flesh deep yellow, red at
stone, tender, melting, juicy, vinous. September.

Favorite.
Favorite Red.

A capital orchard fruit, of large size, hardy, and a most abundant
bearer. It is a very good native Peach, though not of high flavor.
Leaves with obscure globose glands, often with none. Flowers
small.

Fruit large, oblong or oval. Skin white, rather downy, much cov-
ered with red, which becomes a very dark red when fully exposed in
the sun. Flesh red at the stone, a little firm, but juicy, with a good.
Vinous, but not rich flavor. Second week in September.

the peach. 613

Plater's St. John.
Yellow St. John.

A new variety, of Southern origin, said to be one of the most pro-
mising of the early varieties.

Fruit large, somewhat resembling Early Crawford, bvit deeper color.
Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet. Freestone. Ripens a little before Early
Tillotson. (R. R. Hunley, MS.)

Flewellen Cling.

Fruit large, globular, depressed at the apex. Skin do^\^ly, yel-
lowish white, mostly overspread with shades of red, dark dull purplish
red in the sun, the Lighter tints of red somewhat in stripefj. Flesh yel-
lowish white, red at the stone, to which it ftrmly adheres, very juicy,
sweet, and high-flavored. A desirable early cling for the South. First
of August.

Fox's Seedling.

A good and productive late Peach, a native of New Jersey. Leaves
with globose glands. Flowers small.

Fruit round, a little compressed. Cavity at the stalk narrow. Skin
white with a red cheek. Flesh melting, juicy, sweet, and good. Mid-
dle of September. Freestone.

Freeman.

This Peach originated in South Pass, 111., and was brought to no-
tice by Parker Earle. It is there esteemed as highly valuable for late
max'ket, ripening considerably later than the Smock. Leaves ^vith
globose glands.

Fruit large, round, yellow, with red in the sun. Flesh yellow, red
next the stone, juicy. Freestone.

Fkuitland.
Fruitland Seedling.

A new variety, originated at Augusta, Ga.

Fruit large, obovate to a point, greenish white, with a pale mottled
red cheek. Flesh greenish white, very juicy, vinous, a little red at the
stone. Freestone. Early September. (P. J. Berckman's Cat.)

FULKERSON.
Fulkerson's Early.

Originated with R. P. Fulkerson, Ashland, O. Hardy and produc-
tive.

Fruit medium, obtuse, I'ounded. Sides irregular, unequal. Suture
half round. Skin whitish, rich red cheek. Flesh whitish yellow, tinged
with red at the pit, juicy, rich, sweet, and high-flavored. Freestone.
20th August. (Elliott.)

614 the peach.

Gatlord.

Originated by Dr. M. W. Phillips, Mississippi. Glands globose.
Flowers small.

Fruit large to very large, rovmd, with a sharp point. Skin roseate,
with a red cheek. Flesh white, juicy, lich, and superior. Freestone,
Eipe middle of August. (P. J. B., MS.)

George the Fourth.

This is certainly the most popular Peach for garden culture in the
United States. It is large, bears regular and moderate crops, is of the
highest flavor, and the tree is unusually hardy and vigorous, succeeding
well in all parts of the country. No garden should be without it. The
original tree stood in the garden of Mr. Gill, Broad Street, New York.
Leaves large, with globose glands, often obsciire. Flowers small.

Fruit large, round, deeply divided by a bj'oad suture, and one halt
a little larger than the other. Skin j)ale yelIo^vish white, finely dotted
with bright red, and deepening into a rich dark-red cheek on one side.
Flesh pale, marked with red at the stone (which is small), melting, veiy
juicy, with a remarkably rich, luscious flavor. Kipens the last of
August. Freestone.

Goode's October.

Belongs to the Indian type. Origin, South Carolina.

Fruit large, round or slightly oblong. Skin white, veined with i-ed,
and quite downy. Flesh white, with red near the stone, very jiiicy,
vinous subacid. Clingstone. Ripe early October. (P. J. B., MS.)

GORGAS.

Originated with Benjamin Gullis, Philadelphia. Growth vigorous.
Leaf glandless. Flowers small.

Fruit rather large, roundish, with a small swollen point at the apex.
Skin yellowish white, clouded and blotched with red on the exposed sur-
face ; dull greenish on the shaded parts. Suture indistinct. Flesh whitish,
slightly stained at the stone, juicy. Freestone. Middle September.

Great Eastern.

Origin, Fruitland Nursery, Augusta, Ga. A very large fruit.
Glands globose. Flowers small.

Fruit very large, round, sometimes a little flattened. Skin gi-eenish
white, with a red cheek. Flesh white, juicy, and well-flavored. Kipe
middle of July. (P, J, B., MS.)

Gregory's Late.

A very late variety. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small.
Fruit large, ovate, pointed. Skin pale green, with a dark red cheek.
Flesh melting, vinous, sweet. Early October, Freestone, (Hogg.)

Green Catharine.
Origin uncertain. Glands globose. Flowers small.

THE PEACH. 615

Fruit large, roundish. Skin pale gi-een, with a red cheek only when
exposed to the sun. Flesh greenish white, red at the stone, very juicy,
melting, and very good flavor. Freestone. Requires a warm season to
bring it to perfection. Ripe from the first to middle of September.

Grosse Mignonne.

Royal Kensington. Neil's Early Purple.

Grimwood's Royal George. Johnson's Early Purple.

New Royal George. Mignoune.

Large French Mignonne. Veloutee de Merlet.

French Mignonne. Pourjiree de Normandie.

Swiss Mignonne. La Royale.

Purple Avant. Pourproe Hative.

Early Purple Avant. Ronald's Seedling Galande.

Early May. Royal Sovereign.

Early Vineyard. Superb Royal.

The Grosse Mignonne is certainly the " world-reuoAvned." of Peaches.
It is evei-ywhere esteemed as one of the most delicious of varieties.
Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large.

Fi'uit lai'ge, roundish, always somewhat depressed, and marked with
a hollow suture at the top. Skin pale gi-eenish yellow, mottled with
red, and having a pur})lish-red cheek. Flesh yellowish white, marked
"\^^.th red at the stone, melting, j nicy, with a very rich, high, vinous fla-
vor. Stone small, and very rough. Middle of August, before the
Royal George, Freestone,

Haines' Early Red.

An early Peach, originated in New Jersey, of very fine flavor, and
so hardy and productive as to be a popular orchard fruit. Leaves with
globose glands. Flowers small.

Fruit of medium size, round, depressed at the top, with a well-
marked suture extending rovmd the fruit, which is always one half larger
than the other. Skin pale white, marked with red, and nearly covered
with deep red. Flesh greenish white, very juicy, melting, sweet,
and well-flavored. Middle of August.

Hale's Early.
Early German.

This very early and profitable market Peach was originated in Sum-
mit Co., O., by a German, and was first distributed under the name
Early German. The tree is quite hardy and productive, maturing the
earliest of any good sort. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large.

Fruit medium size, nearly round. Skin greenish, mostly covered
and mottled with red when ripe. Flesh white, melting, juicy, rich,
sweet. Freestone, Last of July.

Haeker's Seedling.

Origin, New Jersey, Glands globose. Flowers small.
Fruit large, roundish, mostly covered with red. Flesh yello'W'ish,
sweet, juicy. Early September, Freestone, (Elliott,)

616 the peach.

Hastings' Rareripe.

Origin unknown. Globose glands. Flowers small.

Fruit above medium, round, often a little flattened. Skin yellowish
white, having a purplish-red cheek on the sunny side, shaded ofl;' with
specks of the same color. Productive, juicy, and of delicious flavor.
Middle of September, Freestone.

Hatch.

Originated with S. O. Hatch, Franklin, Conn. Hardy and valuable
at the North. Glands globose.

Fruit roundish, pointed. Suture shallow. Skin deep yellow blush
in the sun. Flesh yellow, melting, sweet, and excellent. Freestone.
First of September. (Cole.)

Hative de Ferrieres.

An early French variety. Leaves without glands.

Fruit medium, roundish. Suture shallow ; one side a little enlarged.
Skin white, nearly covered with rich red. Flesh white, slightly tinged
at the stone, juicy, melting, with a sweet, rich, vinous flavor. Freestone.
Ripe last of August, just after Early York.

Heath.

Heath Clingstone. Fine Heath. White English. Red Heath.

The most superb and most delicious of all late Clingstones. It
seldom ripens in New England, but here, and to the southward, it is
one of the most vahiable kinds, of very large size, and the very finest
flavor.

Coxe informs us that this is a seedling produced in Maryland from
a stone brought by Mr. Daniel Heath from the Mediterranean ; and it
is frequently still propagated from the stone, without variation. The
tree is vigorous, long-lived, and moderately productive ; \nth the sJiort-
ening-in mode of pruning, the fruit is always large and fine, other^%ise
often poor. This tree is well deser^^.ng of a place on the espaher rail, or
wail, at the North. Leaves nearly smooth on the edges, with reniform
glands. Flowers small.

Fruit very large, oblong, narrowing to both ends, and terminating at
the top with a large swollen point; the suture distinct on one side.
Skin downy, cream-colored white, ^^dth a faint blush or tinge of red in
the sun, or a brownish cheek. Flesh gi-eenish white, very tender and
melting, exceedingly juicy, with the richest, highest, and most luscious
flavor, surpassed by no other variety. It adheres very closely to the
stone. It ripens in October, and frequently keeps for a month after
being gathered.

Henry Clay.

A Southern Peach, introduced and described in the Horticulturist by
Rev. A. B. Lawrence, Woodville, Miss.

Fruit very large. Skin deep purple in the sun, shading to bright

THE PEACH. 617

pink and creamy white. Flesh grapsh white, delicate, tender, peculiar
flavor, partaking slightly of pine-apple and strawberry. Fii'st of August ;
September at the North. Freestone.

HOFFNER.
Hoffner's Seedling.

Originated near Cincinnati, O. Glands globose.
Fruit medium to large, roundish. Skin gi-eenish white, red in the
sun. Flesh yellowish white, juicy. August. Freestone.

Honey.

De Montigny.

This is undoubtedly a variety that reproduces itself from seed with
gi-eat exactness. The one grown mostly in this country was raised by
Charles Downing, many years since, from seed brought from China and
presented to him.

Hogg describes a Honey as having originated at the " Jardin des
Plantes," and from Chinese seed. Glands reniform. Flowers large.

Fruit small, oval, compressed, with a pretty deep suture aJong one
side, and turning the point to the opposite side, giving it the appearance
of a beak. Skin whitish yellow, washed and marbled with fine red in
the sun. Flesh creamy white, fine, juicy, melting, with a peculiar
honeyed, rich, delicious sweet flavor. Freestone. Last of August

Horton's Delicious.

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval, depressed at apex, point
very small, and within the depression. Suture shallow. Skin mode-
rately downy, of a rich creamy white, with a faint blush in the sun.
Flesh white to the stone, with the exact flavor of a Heath Cling. From
first to middle of October. (Clingstone.)

Hull's Athenian.

From Henry Hull, Jr., Athens, Ga.

Fruit very large, oblong, depressed at apex. Suture a mere line.
Skin very downy, yellowish white, marbled with dull red in the sun.
Flesh white, pale red at the stone, rather firm and rich. October.
Clingstone.

Hyslop.

Hyslop's Clingstone.

Origin unknown. An American variety, hardy and productive.
Glands reniform. Flowers small.

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval. Skin white, with a crim-
son cheek. Flesh very juicy, melting, with a rich vinous flavor. A.d-
herea to the stone. First of October.

618 THE PEACH.

Ijf COMPARABLE,
Pavie Admirable. Late Admirable Cling.

Larger than the Catherine, which it resembles. Leaves with reni-
form glands. Flowers small.

Fruit large, roundish, one side enlarged. Skin pale yellowish white,
light red on the exposed side. Flesh yellowish white, red at the stone,
juicy, melting, and of agreeable flavor. Last of September.

Jackson Cling.

Raised by Mrs. L, A. Franklin, Athens, Ga.

Fruit large, oblong, with a very large, swollen point. Skin rich
dark yellow, covered with dark red in the sun. Flesh rather firm,
orange yellow, and dark red at tlie stone ; juicy, sprightly. Last of
August.

JACQtTEs' Rareripe.

Jacques' Yellow Rareripe.

Origin, Massachusetts. A large yellow Peach of medium quality,
and productive. Glands reniform. Flowers small.

Fruit large, roundish, compressed. Suture shallow. Skin dark
yellow, mostly shaded with dull red. Flesh yellow, red at the stone,
juicy, slightly subacid. Freestone. Middle of September.

Jane.

Baxter's Seedling, No. 1. Irish Jane.

Origin, Philadelphia, Pa.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellowish-white, with a red
cheek. Good. Last of September. Freestone.

Jones' Early.

Raised by S. T. Jones, Staten Island, N. Y. Globose glands.

Fruit medium, roundish. Suture shallow, distinct, extending
around the fruit. Skin yellowish white, tinged with pale red in the svin.
Flesh yellowish white, slight red at the stone, juicy. Middle of Augiist.
Freestone.

Jones' Large Early.

Raised by S. T. Jones. Glands reniform.

Fruit large, roundish, flattened at each end. Suture deep, one half
a little larger than the other. Skin delicate white, broadly shaded with
deep crimson in the sun. Flesh white, pink at the stone, very juicy,
rich, sprightly, and delicious. Freestone. Middle of August. (Hov.
Mag.)

Jose Sweet.

Glands globose. Flowers small.

Fruit medium, roundish. Sutvire deep. Skin greenish white, with
a dull red cheek, juicy, delicious. Last September. Fi-eestone.

the peach. 619

Julia.

Origin, South Carolina.

Fruit medium, white, with a slight red cheek. Flesh white, juicy,
vinous. One of the best late sorts for the South. November. Free-
stone. (P. J. Berckman's Cat.)

Kenrick's Heath.
Freestone Heath. Heath Free. White Heath.

A large, showy, oblong Peach, often growing to the largest size, and
a very hardy tree, but the quality of the fruit is only second-rate.
This sort, which is a native of New England, is vigorous, and bears
large crops. It is quite distinct from the celebrated Heath Cling.
Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small.

Fruit very large, oblong, with a slight suture, and a small swollen
point at the top. Skin pale greenish white, with a purplish red cheek.
Flesh greenish white, deep red at the stone, a little coarse, melting,
quite juicy, with a pleasant subacid flavor. Middle of September.

Lady Palmerston.

One of Thomas Rivers' new varieties, and described by him as hav-
ing reniform glands. Flowers small.

Fruit large, greenish yellow, marbled with crimson. Flesh pale
yellow, melting. Yery good. Ripe last of September.

Lady Parham.

Originated with Thomas Affleck. Glands reniform. Flowers
small.

Fruit medium, roundish, one side larger than the other, depressed
at the summit. Suture distinctly mai-ked, the swollen point small.
Skin yellowish white, downy. Flesh pale, red at the stone, firm, rich,
vinous. Middle of October. Freestone.

La Grange.

The La Grange is a white freestone Peach, of very late matiirity,
large size, and fine flavor. It was originated from seed in the garden
of Mr. John Hulse, Burlington, N. J.

Its late period of maturity, its color, its productiveness, and size,
have given it quite a reputation among the extensive growers of New
Jersey, and it is undoubtedly a most valuable fruit, not only for the
table, but for preserving at the most desirable period for this purpose,
late in the season. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small.

Fruit large, oblong, shaped somewhat like the Heath Cling. Skin
greenish white, with occasionally some red on the sunny side. Flesh
pale, juicy, melting, very rich, sweet, high-flavored, and delicious. Last
of September and beginning of October. Freestone.

Large Early York.
Honest John. New York Eareripe.

A valuable variety, so much like Haines' Early and Walter's Earlj

620 THE PEACH.

that it is difficult to decide whether they are not identical. Leaves
with globose glands. Flowers small.

Fruit above medium, roundish. Skin whitish, with marblings and
dots of I'ed, clear rich red-cheek in the sun. Flesh almost white, fine-
gi'ained, juicy, rich, mild, excellent. Freestone. Last of August.

Large White Clingstone.

New York White Clingstone. Williamson's New York.

Selby's Cling.

The Large White Clingstone is one of the most popular of this class
of Peaches. We think it superior to the Catherine and Old Newington,
and only surpassed in flavor by the Oldmixon Cling and the Heath
Cling.

This variety was raised by David Williamson, in New York. The
light color and excellent quality of this fruit render it the greatest
favorite for preserving in brandy or sugar. It bears regular and good
crops. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small.

Fruit large, round, the suture slight, and the swollen point at the
top small. Skin white (inclining to yellow only when over-ripe), dotted
with red on the sunny side, or with a light-red cheek when fully exjDosed.
Flesh whitish, tender, very melting, full of juice, which is very sweet,
luscious, and high-flavored. Begimiing and middle of September.

Late Admirabi^e.

La Royale. Judd's Melting.

Peche Royale Motteux's.

Teton de Venus. Pourpree Tardive, } incorrectly

French Bourdine. Late Purple, \ of some.

" The Late Admirable " is one of those delicious sorts that, origina-
ting a long time ago in France, have received the approval of the best
cultivators everywhere. It is hardy and productive in this climate.
Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small.

Fruit very large, roundish, inclining to oval, with a bold suture
dividing the fruit pretty deeply all round, and a small, acute, swollen
point at the top. Skin pale yellowish green, with a pale red cheek, mar-
bled with darker red. Flesh greenish white, but red at the stone, very
juicy, melting, and of delicate, exquisite flavor. Middle of September.

Late Red Rareripe.
Prince's Red Rareripe.

This American fruit is one of the finest of Peaches. Its large size,
and its productiveness and vigor, unite to recommend it to universal
favor. The rather grayish appearance of the fruit serves to distinguish
it, at first sight, from all others. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers
small.

Fruit large and heavy, roundish oval. Sutux-e depressed only at the
toj), where the swollen point is distinctly sunken. Skin downy, j^ale
grayish yellow, thickly marbled and covered with reddish spots ; the
cheek dull, deep red, distinctly mottled Avith fawn-colored sjjecks. Flesh
white, but deep red at the stone, very juicy, melting, and of rich, liigh
flavor. First to the 10th of September. Freestone.

the peach. 621

Late Yellow Alberge,
October Yellow. Algiers Yellow. Algiers Winter.

A very late Clingstone, originally introdnced from the South of
Fiance, but now abandoned. Leaves with reniform glands, Flowera
large.

Fruit of medium size, roundish oval. Skin downy, green, becoming
yellow. Flesh yellow to the stone, very firm, rather juicy, sweet
October.

Lemon Clingstone.

Kennedy's Carolina. Long Yellow Pine-apple.

Kennedy's Lemon Clingstone. Pine-apple Clingstone.

Largest Lemon. Yellow Pine-apple.
Allison.

The Lemon Clingstone is one of the largest and most beaixtiful of all
the yellow-fleshed clings. It is originally a native of South Carolina.
There are now many seedlings reproduced from it. This is a very pro-
ductive, hardy tree. Leaves long, with reniform glands. Flowers
small.

Fruit large, oblong, narrowed at the top, and having a large, pro-
jecting, swollen point, much like that of a lemon. Skin fine yellow,
with a dark bi-ownish-red cheek. Flesh firm, yellow, slightly red at the
stone, adhering firmly, with a rich, sj^rightly, vinous, subacid flavor.
Middle and last of September.

Lenoir.

Fruit medium, round, with one side projecting. Skin white, smooth,
washed and splashed with red. Flesh white, juicy, perfumed. Free-
stone. Ripe middle August.

Leopold I.

A Belgian Peach. Leaves serrated, with slight reniform glands.
Flowers large.

Fruit large, roundish. Sut\ire well marked. Skin downy, clear
yellow, shaded with red in the sun. Flesh fine, melting, juicy. Sep-
tember. Freestone.

Lincoln.

Origin, Lincoln, Mass. Very hardy and productive. Glands globose.

Fruit large, roundish. Suture large. Skin rich yellow, mostly
covered with dark purplish red, much downy. Flesh yellow, with a
tinge of red at the stone, juicy, of a very rich, sweet, and excellent
flavor. Freestone. From first to last of September.

Lord Palmerston.

This is another of Thomas River's' new sorts, grown, as he says, from
seed of the Princess of Wales, and resembling in size its grandparent,
the Monstrous Pavie of Pompone. Glands globose. Flowers large.

Fruit very large. Skin whitish, with a pink cheek. Flesh firm, yet
melting, juicy, and rich. Middle to end of Sei^tember.

622 the peach.

Lyon.

An accidental seedling, originating on tlie grounds of George Hus-
man, Hermann, Mo.

Fruit ratlier large, round, somewhat irregular, largest on one side.
Suture slight, marked with a red streak. Skin smooth, little down, yel-
lowish white, nearly covered and marbled with beautiful red, becoming
deep purple in the sun. Flesh veined with red, deep red at the stone,
juicy, sweet, vinous. " One of the best among thirty of my varieties."
Early August. Freestone. (Husman, MS.)

Madame d'Andrimont.

Originated in Belgium. Leaves glandless. Flowers large.

Fruit large, roundish, depressed at ends. Suture shallow. Skin
downy, pale yellow, bright I'ed in the sun. Flesh white, marbled with
bright pui'ple next the stone. August. Freestone. (Verg.)

Madeleh^te de Courson.

Hed Magdalen. French Magdalen. Madeleine Rouge.

True Red Magdalen. Rouge Paysanne.

The Red Magdalen of Courson is a favorite old French Peach. Leaves
serrated, without glands. Flowers large.

Fruit of medium size, or rather below it, round, flattened, with a
deep suture on one side. Skin pale yellowish white, with a lively red
cheek. Flesh white, slightly red at the stone, juicy, and melting, with
a rich, vinous flavor. Middle and last of August. Freestone.

Malta.
Peche Malte. Malte de Nonnandie. Italian. Belle de Paris.

An old European Peach. The tree is not a great bearer. The fruit
of the Malta keeps well after being gathered. Leaves serrated, without
glands. Flowers large.

Frviit of rather large size, roundish, flattened, with a broad, shallow
suture on one side. Skin pale dull gieen, marked on the simny side
with broken spots and blotches of dull purple. Flesh gi'eenish, with a
little dark red at the stone, very juicy and melting. Last of August.
Freestone.

Meeriam,

Glands globose.

Fruit very large, short oval. Skin light yellow, bright red cheek.
Flesh yellow, red at the stone, melting, very juicy, of a sweet luscious
flavor. First of October. (Cole.)

MiGXONNE DUBARLE.

Glands globose. Flowers large.

Fruit of medium size, roundish, inclining to oval. Nipple at apex.
Suture distinct. Skin nearly covered with bright red in the sun. Flesh
tender, melting, juicy, rich. ]Middle August. Freestone. (Hogg.)

the peach. 623

Mrs. Hunley.

Origin, Fruitland Nursery, Augusta, Ga. Glands reniform. Flowers
small.

Fx'uit medium to large, one-sided, pale yellow, witli occasionally a
little red near tlie base. Flesh yellow, rich, melting. Ripens last of
September. (P. J. B., MS.)

Mrs. Poinsette.

Origin, South Carolina. Tree vigorous and productive. Globose
glands.

Fruit large, globular, with a regular sutvire. Skin yellowish, inclin-
ing on the exposed side to a brownish tint, veined with red. Flesh of
rich yellow, juicy, melting, and of first qualitj^, partially adherent.
Ripens from 1st to 12th of August in South Carolina. (William
Summer.)

Montgomery's Late.

Southern origin. Glands reniform. Flowers large.

Fruit large, round, depressed at apex. Suture shallow, but distinct.
Skin downy, yellowish white, dotted with red, and having a dull red
cheek. Flesh pale white, red at the stone, very juicy, melting.
Ripens the first of September, continues nearly all the month. Free-
stone.

MoiiDEN's "White.

Origin, Molden Mountain, on the Chesapeake. A fine white Peach,
valuable for its lateness. Glands reniform. Flowers small.

Fruit large, roundish oval. Suture distinct. Skin creamy white,
rarely with a tinge of red. Flesh white to the stone, jviicy, sweet,
melting. Ripe last of September. Freestone.

Moore's Favorite.

Origin, garden of H. R. Moore, Chelsea, Mass. Tree hardy, vigo-
rous. Glands globose.

Fruit large, roundish. Suture round the fruit. Skin white, with a
broad, bright blush. Flesh white, fine, juicy, of a rich vinous flavor.
Stone small, free. September 1st to 15th. (Cole.)

Moore's June.

Origin, Athens, Ga. Glands reniform. Flowers small.

Fruit below medium, globular. Suture shallow. Skin yellowish,
with red dots and marblings, and deep red in the sun. Flesh white,
marbled Avith red from the skin to the stone in the darker-colored ones,
but red only at the stone where grown in the shade ; juicy, vinous. Last
of Jvm^e and first of July. Freestone.

Morrisania Pound.

Hoffman's Pound. Morrison's Pound.

A very large variety, originated many years ago, by Martin Hoff-
man, but first disseminated from the garden of Gouverneur Morris, of

624 THE PEACH.

Morrisania, near New York. It is a good fruit, but its j^lace lias been
taken, of late, by other more popular sorts. Leaves with globose glands.
Flowers small.

Fruit very large and heavy, nearly round. Skin dull greenish
white, with a brownish-red cheek. Flesh pale yellow, firm, juicy,
sugary, and rich in flavor. Ripens the middle and last of September.
Freestone.

Morris's Red Rareripe.
Morris Eed. Red Rareripe. Large Red Rareripe.

This very popular and well-known American Peach has been justly
esteemed for its acknowledged good flavor, beauty, and productiveness.
Leaves with small globose glands. Flowers small.

Frviit large, i-oundish, a little depressed at the top, with a moder-
ately well-marked suture. Skin fine pale greenish white, a little
dotted, and with a lively, rich red cheek. Flesh pale greenish white,
qidte red at the stone, very melting and juicy, with a sweet and rich
flavor. Last of August. Freestone.

Morris's White Rareripe.

Morris's White. White Melocoton

White Rareripe . Cole's White Melocoton.

Luscious White Rareripe. Freestone Heath.

Lady Ann Steward. Morris's White Freestone.

Morris's "White Rareripe, a native, is the most popular and well-
known white Peach, and is everywhere cultivated in this country,
either under this or some of the other names qvioted above. It is
a rich fruit in a waim climate, b\it is not quite so high flavored at the
Noi-th or East. The tree is vigorous and healthy, and bears fair crops.
In some sections tender and variable in quality. Leaves with reniform
glands. Flowers small.

Fruit rather large, oval. Suture only of moderate dejith, swollen
point small. Skin rather downy, greenish white on all sides at first,
but white with a creamy tint when fully ripe, and, when fully exposed,
sometimes with a slightly ])urple cheek. Flesh white to the stone, a
Kttle firm, melting juicy, sweet, and rich. Middle of September.

Napoleon.

Supposed to have originated near Macon, Ga. Glands reniform.
Flowers small.

Fruit mediiim to large, round, very downy. Skin almost dark
red. Flesh pink, veined with red, juicy, rich. Freestone. Ripens last
of July. (P. J. B., MS.)

Nectarine Peach.

Raised from stone of a Dutch Nectarine, by Thomas Rivers. Glanda
reniform. Flowers large.

THE PEACH. 626

Fruit large. Skin smootli. Flesh melting, lich, peculiar, jSne flavor.
Middle September. (Rivers' Cat.)

NiVETTE.

Nivette Veloutee. Veloutee Tardive. Dorsetshire.

The Nivette is an excellent French variety, much resembling the
Late Admirable. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small.

Fruit lai'ge, roundish, inclining to oval. Suture shallow, and the
top slightly depressed. Skin pale green, with a lively red cheek. Flesh
pale green, but deep red at the stone, juicy, melting, and veiy rich.
Beginning and middle of September-.

Noblesse.
Vanguard. Mellish's Favorite. Lord Montague's Noblesse,

An English Peach, esteemed wherever known, as one of the largest
and most valuable varieties. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers
large.

Fruit large, roundish oblong, a little narrowed at the top, and ter-
minated by an acute swollen point. Skin slightly downy, pale green
throughout, mai'ked on the cheek with delicate red, clouded with darker
red. Flesh pale greenish white to the stone, melting, very juicy. Last
of August. Freestone.

Oldmixon Clingstone.
Oldmixon Cling.

The Oldmixon Clingstone is certainly one of the highest flavored of
all Peaches known in this country, where.it is raised in perfection, and
should have a place in every good garden. Indeed we consider this,
the Large White Cling, and the Heath Cling, as being the sorts among
the most desirable of this class of Peaches for small collections. Leaves
with globose o;lands. Flowers small.

Fruit large, roundish oval. The suture distinct only at the top, on
one side of which the fruit is slightly enlarged. Skin yellowish white
dotted with red, or with a red cheek, vaiying from pale to lively red.
Flesh pale white, very melting and juicy, Avith an exceedingly rich, lus-
cious, high flavor. First of September.

Oldmixon Freestone.
Oldmixon Clearstone.

A large American Peach, of late maturity and rich flavor. It was,
we believe, raised either from a stone of the Catherine Cling or the
Oldmixon Cling, the latter having been brought to this country many
years ago by Sii* John Oldmixon. It bears good crops, and is a valuable
variety for market or garden. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers
small.

Fruit large, roundish or slightly oval, one side swollen, and the
suture visible only at the top. Cavity but slightly sunk at the stalk.
Skin pale yellowish white, marbled with red, the cheek a deep red.
Flesh white, but quite red at the stone, tender, Avith an excellent rich,
sugary, and vinous flavor. Beginning of September.

40

,626 the peach.

Old Newington.
Newington. Large Newington.

A celebrated English Clingstone, which has been in cultivation more
than two hundred years, and still is perhaps the best in the English cli-
mate. Although excellent, it is not so generally esteemed here as the
Large White Cling and Oldmixon Clingstone. Leaves serrated, without
glands. Flowers large.

Fruit large, roundish, the suture slight. Skin pale yellowish white,
with a fine red cheek, marked with streaks of darker red. Flesh pale
yellowish white, deep red at the stone, to which it always adheres very
firmly; melting, juicy, and rich. Ripens about the 15th of September.

Orange Clingstone.

The Orange Cling is a very large, handsome, and excellent fruit,
somewhat resembling the Lemon Cling in color, but globular in form,
rather richer in flavor, and quite a distinct sort. Leaves large, serrated,
without glands Flowers small.

Fruit large, round, the suture distinctly marked, and extending
nearly rovxnd the fruit, swollen point at the top, none. Skin deep orange,
with a rich dark-red cheek. Flesh dark yellow, rather firm, juicy, with
rich, vinous flavor. September.

Osceola.

Origin, Macon Co., Ga. Belongs to the Indian type. Flowers large.

Fruit medium, round. Suture medium, golden yellow, with an
orange cheek, and a few reddish veins. Flesh yellow, stained and
streaked with dull red, sweet, pleasant. Freestone. Last of Sep-
tember.

Owen.
Owen's Lemon Rareripe.

Origin, garden of J. Owen, Cambi-idge, Mass. Glands globose.
Flowers small.

Fruit large, roundish. Suture large. Skin rich yellow, mostly
covered with dark red or purplish red in the sun. Flesh yellow, red at
the stone, tender, very juicy, of a delicious saccharine and slightly sub-
acid flavor. Freestone. Middle to last of September.

There is another Owen, originated in Habersham Co., Ga., which is
described as having globose glands.

Fruit medium. Skin creamy white, downy. Flesh white to the
stone, juicy, melting, sweet, and rich. Freestone. September.

Pavie de Pompone.

Monstrous Pomponne. Pavie Rouge de Pomponne.

Monstrous Pavie. Pavie Camu.

Pavie de Pomponne Grosse. Gros Melocoton.

Pavie Monstrueux. Gros Persique Rouge.

A large old French Clingstone. The fruit is very solid in flesh.
The tree is of very strong gi-owth. Leaves with reniform glands. Flow-
ers large.

THE PEACH. 627

Fruit very lai'ge, roundish oval, witli a well-marked suture extend-
ing to tlio top, and terminating there in an obtuse swollen point. Skin
yellowish white, a good deal covered with the broad very deep red color
of its cheek. Flesh firm, yellowish white, deep red at the stone, to
which it adheres very firmly, and which is rather small, juicy. Flavor
sweet and good. First of October.

Picquet's Late.

Originated with Antoine Picquet, Bell Air, Ga. Glands reniform.
Flowers large.

Fruit large to very large, round, sometimes a little flattened and one-
sided. Skin yellow, with a red cheek. Flesh yellow, melting, sweet,
rich, and perfiimed. Very good. Freestone. Early September. (P.
J. B., MS.)

Poole's Large Yellow.
Poole's Late Yellow Freestone.

A very large Peach, of the Melocoton family. Leaves with reniform
glands.

Fruit large, roundish, with suture. Skin deep yellow, dark-red
cheek. Flesh yellow, but red at the stone, juicy. Last of September.
Freestone.

President.

One of the best of our Peaches, and a capital variety. Originated,
several years ago, on Long Island. Leaves with globose glands. Flow-
ers small.

Fruit large, roundish oval, the suture shallow. Skin very downy,
pale yellowish green, with a dull red cheek. Flesh white, but deep red
at the stone, very juicy, melting, rich, and high-flavored. Stone very
rough. Middle of September. Freestone.

President Church.

Raised by the Pev. A. Church, President of Franklin College, Ga.
Glands reniform.

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval. Suture shallow, often a
mere line, with a small point at the apex, which is rarely depressed.
Skin pale red in the shade, beautifully mottled and washed with dark
red in the sun. Flesh white, pale red at the stone, very juicy, melting.
Freestone. Ripe middle September,

Prince of Wales.

A late Peach grown from seed of Pitmaston Orange Nectarine, by
Thomas Rivers, England. Glands reniform. Flowers small.

Fruit veiy large, roundish, rather flattened. Skin downy, green in
shade, but dark red in sun. Flesh greenish white, stained with red
next the stone, tender, melting, juicy. Middle September. Fi-eestone.
(Hogg.)

628 the peach.

Prince's Climax.

Originated on the farm of George Mitchell, Fkishing, Long Island ;
very productive.

Fruit large, oval. Skin yellow, witli a crimson clieek, and two-
thirds mottled with, crimson. Flesh, yellow, very rich, aromatic, pine-
apple flavor ; adheres to the stone. Ripens the middle and end of Sep-
tember.

Prince's Excelsior.

Originated with William R. Piunce, Flushing, Long Island.

Fruit large, round. Suture slight, little abortive mamelon. Skin
creamy white, shaded with crimson. Flesh yellow, rich, aromatic, sweet
and rich ; separates freely from the stone. Ripens middle of October.

Prince's Paragon.

Tree very vigorous and very productive.

Fruit large, oval. Skin yellowish green, shaded with red. Flesh
juicy, luscious, and fine flavor. Separates from the stone. Ripens
about the middle of September. (Wm. R. Prince, MS.)

Princess of Wales.

Raised by Thomas Rivers, from seed of Pavie de Pompone. Glands
globose. Flowers large.

Fruit very large, round, terminated by a nipple. Skin cream-colored,
very slightly shaded with blush. Flesh melting, juicy, rich, deep red at
the stone. Freestone. October. (Hogg.)

PUCELLE DE MaLINES.

A foreign variety not much known here. Leaves without glands.
Flowers large.

Fruit large, round. Suture distinct. Skin downy, yellow, becom-
ing red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, stained with red round the
stone, melting, juicy, sweet. Early September. Freestone.

Ray.

Originated by Dr. H. Ray, of Yallobusha Co., Miss. Glands reniform.
Fruit medium, roundish, with a nipple. Skin cream white, spotted
with purple. Flesh juicy. Late in August. South. (Gar. Mon.)

Raymackers.

A foreign variety. Leaves serrated.

Fruit large, round. Suture deep at ends. Skin downy, clear yel-
low, largely colored with carmine. Flesh white, melting, vinous. Sept.
Freestone. (Alb. Pom.)

the peach. 629

Red-Cheek Melocoton. *

Malagatune. Yellow Malocoton.

Malacatune. Yellow Malagatune.

Hogg's Melocoton. Red Cheek Malocoton.

The Melocoton (or Malagatune, as it is commonly called) is almost
too well known to need description. Almost every orchard and garden
in the country contains it, and hundreds of thousands of bushels of the
fruit are raised and sent to market in this country every jesiv. It is a
beautiful and fine fmiit in favorable seasons, though in unfavorable ones
the acid frequently predominates somewhat in its flavor. It is an
American seedling, and is constantly reproducing itself imder new forms,
most of the varieties in this section having, directly or indirectly, been
raised from it ; the finest and most popular at the present time being
Crawford's Early and Late Melocotons, both greatly superior, in everjr
respect, to the original Melocoton.

Pettit's Imperial, Middleton's Imperial, Scott's jSTonpareil, and Tice,
are seedlings of this variety, but not sufiiciently distinct and valuable
to merit cultivation. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small.

Fruit large, roundish oval, with a swollen point at the top. Skin
yellow, with a deep red cheek. Flesh deep yellow, red at the stone,
juicy, melting, with a good, rich, vinous flavor. First of September.
Freestone.

Red Nutmeg.

Avant Rouge. Red Avant.

Avant Peche de Troyes. Brown Nutmeg.

Early Red Nutmeg.

The Red Nutmeg is a very small and inferior Peach, which has long
been cultivated solely on account of its eai-liuess. It is now seldom
seen in our gardens, being abandoned for better sorts. It is desirable,
however, in a complete collection. The tree grows slowly, and is of
dwarf habit. Leaves small, with reniform glands. Flowers large.

Fruit small, roundish, with a distinct suture, terminating in a small,
round, swollen point at the top. Skin pale yellow, with a bright, rich
red cheek. Flesh yellowish white, red at the stone, with a sweet and
rather pleasant flavor. Middle and last of July. Freestone.

Red Rareripe.
Large Red Rareripe, of some. Early Red Rareripe.

This Peach strongly resembles the Royal Geoi-ge, and we believe it
an American seedling from that variety, which is, however, distinct, and
superior in flavor.

It must be observed, that this is totally different both from the
Early York and 3forris''s Red Rarei-ijye, with which it is often con-
founded by some. The fruit is larger, broader, and a week later than
the first ; and its serrated leaves, and different flavor, separate it widely
from the latter. Ends of the bx-anches sometimes slightly mildewed
Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers small.

* Melocoton is the Spanish for Peach.

G30 THE PEACH.

Fruit rather large, globular, but broad, depressed, and marked "with
a deep, broad suture, extending nearly round the whole fruit. Skin
white, mottled, and marked ■nd.th numerous red dots, and the cheek of a
rich dark red. Flesh whitish, but red at the stone, melting, juicy, very
rich and high-flavored. Middle and last of August. Freestone.

Reeves' Favorite.

Raised by Samuel Reeves, Salem, N. J. A hardy and productive
kind. Glands globose. Flowers small.

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval, with a SAvollen point. Skin
yellow, Avith a fine red cheek. Flesh deep yellow, red at the stone,
juicy, melting, with a good, vinous flavor. Freestone. Middle of Sep-
tember.

Reine Des Vergers.

Monstrueuse de Doue. Orchard Queen.

An old French Peach but little known in this country. Leaves with
reniform glands. Flowers small.

Fruit large, roundish, narrowing a little at stem end. Suture nearly
round. Skin whitish, mostly covered with dull deep purplish red in the
sun. Flesh whitish red at the stone, juicy, melting, vinous. Last Sep-
tember. Freestone.

Rivers' Early York.

Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large.

Fruit medium. Skin marbled with red. Flesh melting, juicy, Nec-
tarine flavor. Not liable to mildew. Early August. Freestone.
(Rivers' Cat.)

Rodman's Red.
Rodman's Cling.

An American Clingstone, not of the richest quality but very showy
for market. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small.

Fruit large, roundish oblong. Skin mostly covered with fine red.
Flesh white, juicy, rather firm, vinous. Last of September.

Rose Aromatic.

Originated with J. F. Nesmith, Indian Town, S. C.

Fruit medium, oblong. Suture distinct, one side enlarged. Skin
yellow with dark orange cheek, washed with red, very downy. Flesh
white, red near the stone, rather dry, with a peculiar rose aromatic per-
fume. Freestone. Ripe last of July. (P. J. B., MS.)

ROSEBANK.

Raised by James Dougall, Windsor, Canada West. Tree healthy,
moderate bearer.

Fruit large, round. Suture deep. Skin greenish white, with a
beautiful dark red mottled cheek. Flesh whitish, j uicy, melting, rich,
and excellent. Separates from the stone. Last of August.

the peach. g31

Royal Charlotte.

New Royal Charlotte. Lord Fauconberg's Mignonne.

Grimwood's Royal Charlotte. Madeleine Rouge Tardive.

New Early Purple. Madeleine Rouge a Bloyenne Fleirr.

Lord Nelson's. Madeleine a Petite Fleur.

A very excellent Peach, and a favorite variety with all European
gardeners. Its leaves ai'e more coarsely and deeply serrated than those
of other varieties. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers small.

Fruit rather large, inclining to ovate, being rather broader at the
base than at the top ; the suture of moderate size. Skin pale greenish
white, with a deep red marbled cheek. Flesh white, but pale red at the
stone ; melting, juicy, rich, and excellent. Beginning of September.
Freestone.

Royal George.

Early Royal George. Red Magdalen.

Millet's Mignonne. Madeleine Rouge a Petite Fleiir

Lockyer's Mignonne. French Chancellor, incorrectly, of some.

Griffin's Mignonne. Early Bourdine, •' "

Superb. Double Swalsh, " "

Few of the early Peaches surpass in flavor and beauty the Royal
George. It is one of the finest Europea,n varieties. It is a ]'egular and
moderate bearer. Leaves serrated, without glands. FloAvers small.

Fruit above the middle size, or rather large, globular, broad, and de-
pi'essed, the suture deep and broad at the top, and extending round two-
thirds of the fruit. Skin pale or white, thickly sprinkled with red dots,
and the cheek of a broad, rich, deep red, slightly marbled. Flesh whit-
ish, but very red at the stone, melting, jnicy, veiy rich, and of the high-
est flavor. From the 20th to the last of August. Freestone.

Scott's Early Red.

Scott's Early Red is a variety of a very excellent flavor, and a pro-
lific bearer, which was received from New Jersey. Leaves with o)>
scure globose glands. Flowers small.

Fruit of medium size, roundish, a little depressed, the suture dis-
tinctly marked, but not deep. Skin pale greenish white, but much
covered with red, which is mottled with fawn-colored dots. Flesh whitish,
very juicy, with a rich and luscious flavor. Middle of August. Freestone.

Scott's Magnate.

A noble variety of the Red Rareripe. Glands reniform.

Fruit very large, round, depressed. Skin pale yellow, with a dark-
red cheek. Flesh white, luscious, and well-flavored. Ripens early in
September. (Prince's MS.)

Scott's Nectar.

Another very fine seedling from the Red Rareripe. Glands globose.

Fruit large, round, somewhat depressed. Color red shaded on pale
yellow gi'ound, and bright red next the sun. Flesh wliite, very sweet,
and of the highest flavor. Ripens early in September. (Prince's MS.)

632 the peach.

Scott's October.

Originated with Jacob C Lyons, Columbia, S. C.
Fruit medium to large, pale dingy lemon yellow. Flesli firm, with a
lemon flavor. Last of October. Clingstone. (Sumner, MS.)

Shanghae.

Trees of this variety and Chinese Cling were sent to this country
by the late Mr. Winchester, while British Consul at Shanghae. Tree
vigorous. Glands reniform. Flowers lai'ge.

Fruit large, oval, truncate. Suture distinct, extending from the base
to beyond the apex, deepening very much at the apex, so as to form quite
a cavity. Skin greenish yellow, quite downy, sometimes a little mottled
or shaded "svith pale red. Flesh greenish yellow, very melting, juicy,
adhering to the stone, with a high, vinous flavor. Ripens from first to
middle of September. At the South, last of July and first of August.

Smith's Favorite.

Grown by Calvin Smith, Lincoln, Mass, Glands reniform.

Fruit lai'ge, roundish. Suture deep. Skin yellow, mostly covered
with deep rich red. Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet. Freestone. Middle to
last of September. (Cole.)

Smith's Newington.
Early Newington. Smith's Early Newington. Early Newington.

This is one of the best early Clingstone Peaches. The Early Newing-
ton of our gardens as generally known (see Early Newington Freestone),
is earlier and a very much finer variety, with reniform glands ; being a
partial Clingstone, but most frequently parting from the flesh, has quite
supplanted it. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers large.

Fi'uit middle-sized, rather oval, narrower at the top, and one half a
little enlarged. Skin pale straw-color, with a lively red cheek streaked
with purple. Flesh firm, jjale yellow, but light red at the stone, to which
it adheres closely; juicy, and of very good quality. Last of August.

Smock Freestone.
St. George.

This was originated by Mr. Smock, of Middleton, N. J. Leaves
with reniform glands.

Fi'uit large, oval, narrowed towards the stalk, and I'ather compi'essed
on the sides. Skin light orange yellow, mottled with red, or often with
a dark-red cheek when fully exposed. Flesh bright yellow, but red at
the stone, moderately juicy and lich. Ripens last of September and
first of October.

Snow.

The snow Peach is a remarkably fair and beautiful fruit, of Ameri-
can origin. The fi-uit and blossoms are white, and the foliage and wood
of a light green. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small.

Fruit large, globular. Suture faintly marked, except at the top.

THE PEACH. 633

Skin thin, clear, beantiful, white on all sides. Flesh white to the
stone, jnicy and melting, with a sweet, rich, and sprightly flavor. Be-
ginning of September. Freestone.

Stephenson Cling.

From Thomas Stephenson, Clark Co., Ga.

Fruit large, roundish. Suture distinct. Skin very downy, of a
creamy tint, shaded with flesh-color — the tint deepening in the sun to a
dark, dull, pvirplish red where fvilly exposed. Flesh white, somewhat
tinged with red, and deep x"ed at the stone. Flesh very tender, melting,
juicy. September first.

Stetson's Seedling.

Raised by N. Stetson, Bridgewater, Mass. Globose glands. Flowers
small.

Fruit large, roundish. Suture indistinct. Skin greenish white,
marbled and shaded with crimson in the sun. Flesh white, pink at the
stone, very melting, juicy, brisk, rich. Freestone. Ripens from middle
to last of September. (Hov. Mag.)

Strawberry.
Rose.

The Strawberry Peach we received from the late Thomas Hancock,
of Burlington, N. J. It is esteemed one of the veiy finest early
varieties for orchard culture in that State. It is quite distinct from
the Early York. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small.

Frviit of medium size, oval, the cavity at the stem deeply sunk, the
sntiire extending half i-ound. Skin marbled with deep red over almost
the whole surface. Flesh whitish, melting, j uicy, rich, and of very deli-
cious flavor. Middle of August.

Stump the World.

A native of New Jersey, large and showy, and profitable for mai'ket
growing. Flowers small. Glands globose.

Fruit very large, roundish, a little oblong. Skin creamy white, with
a bright red cheek. Suture shallow, rather more than half round.
Flesh white, j uicy, and high-flavored. Last of Septembei*. Freestone.

Sturtevant.

Raised from seed by E. T. Sturtevant, Cleveland, O., in 1826. It is
one of, if not the, best yellow-fleshed Peaches grown.

Fruit medixim or above, roundish, compressed. Broad shallow su-
ture half round, followed by a dark line. Skin downy, rich yellow,
mostly covered with dark rich red, very dark in the sun. Flesh yellow,
red at the stone. Stone very small. Freestone. Last of August to
first of September. (Elliott.)

Sumner's Early.
Fruit medium to large, beautiful blush. Flesh white, firm, bears

634 THE PEACH.

transportation well. Early and valuable for market. Freestone.
(Sumner's MS.)

Sumner's White Free.

From South Carolina. Flowers large.

Fruit lai^ge, nearly round, slightly depressed. Sides unequal. Suture
large, half round. Skin whitish green, a shade of red in sun, downy.
Flesh white to the stone, juicy, sweet. Last of August, early Septem-
ber.

Susquehanna.
Griffith Malacotune. Griffith. Griffith Mammoth.

Originated with Mr. Griffith, on the banks of the Susquehanna. A
large, handsome fruit, and a favorite in that section.

Fruit large, nearly globular. Sutui-e half round. Skin rich yellow,
with a beautiful red cheek, nearly covering the whole surface. Flesh
yellow, sweet, juicy, with a rich vinous flavor. Ripens from the lirst to
the middle of September. Freestone.

Tinley's October.

Origin, Macon, Ga. Glands reniform. Flowers large.

Fruit medium, slightly oblong, white, with a light wash 'of I'ed,
Flesh white, juicy, vinous, very good. Ripe middle of October. (P.
J. B., MS.)

Tippecanoe.
Hero of Tippecanoe.

A large and handsome Clingstone, originated by George Thomas, of
Philadelphia. Its lateness and beauty render it a valuable kind.
Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. The shoots dark pur-
plish red.

Fruit very large, nearly round, a little compressed on the sides.
Skin yellow, with a fine red cheek. Flesh yellow, juicy, with a good
vinous flavor. It ripens from the 20th to the last of September.

Titus,

Originated with Mrs. Sarah Titus, Philadelphia.

Fruit large, roundish. Skin fair yellow, with a rich cheek. Flesh
yellow, red next the stone, juicy. Maturity middle to last of Septem-
ber. Freestone.

Troth's Early Red.

A New Jersey Peach, valued as an early sort, profitable for market.
Glands globose. Flowers small.

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin whitish, bright red in the sun. Flesh
white, red at the stone, juicy, sweet. Freestone. Ripens early in
August.

the peach. 635

Tufts' Rareripe.

Originated with Bernard Tufts, Billerica, Mass. Very hardy, vigo-
rous, and productive. Glands globose.

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin yellowish, with a bright red cheek.
Flesh yellow, melting, very sweet and kiscious. Freestone. Middle to
last of September. (Cole.)

Van Buren's Golden Dwahf.

An accidental seedling found in the grounds of J. Van Buren, Clarks-
ville, Ga. The habit of this is somewhat dwarfed, and it is well suited
for pot culture. Flowers small.

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, jioiuted at apex. Skin golden yel-
low, with a crimson cheek in sun. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sprightly.
Clingstone. September to early October.

Van Zandt's Superb.

Originated in the garden of R. B. Van Zandt, Long Island. Flowers
small.

Fruit medium size, oval. Skin nearly smooth, white, delicately
marbled with I'ed, giving it a waxen hue ; the beauty and smoothness
of the skin approximate in appearance to that of a nectarine. Flesh
melting and delicious ; separfites from the stone. Ripens in August.

Walburton Admirable.

An English variety, which is found very good here. Flowers small.

Fruit large, roundish. Suture medium. Skin greenish white, finely
shaded with dark red in the sun. Flesh white, a little stained at the
stone, juicy, melting, with a rich sweet flavor. Middle and last of Sep-
tember. Freestone.

Walter's Early.

Walter's Early is esteemed as one of the most popular eai'ly varie-
ties for orchards in New Jersey, where it originated. It is remarkably
well adajoted to the light sandy soil of that State, bearing abundant
crops of excellent fruit. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small.

Fruit large, roundish. Skin white, with a rich red cheek. Flesh
whitish, a little touched with red at the stone, melting, juicy, sweet, and
of very agreeable flavor. Ripens about the 20th of August.

Ward's Late Free.

A fine late American variety, vigorous and productive, valuble for
market. Glands reniform. Flowers small.

Fruit rather large, roundish, inclining to oval. Skin white, with a
beautiful crimson cheek. Flesh white, slightly tinged with red at the
stone, juicy, melting, rich, and excellent. Freestone. First of
October. '

Washington.

Washington Red Freestone.

The Washington is a handsome and very delicious Peach, of Ameiicaii
origin. It was named and first introduced to notice by Michael Floy,

636 THE PEACH.

New York. Tlie fruit ripens late ; the tree is vigorous, hardy, and pro-
ductive, and it is altogether a valuable variety. Leaves with globose
glands. Flowers small.

Fruit large, broad, depressed, with a broad, deep suture extending
nearly round it. Skin very thin, yellowish white, with a deep crimson
cheek. Flesh pale yellowish white, very tender, juicy, and melting,
with a sweet, rich, and luscious flavor. It often adheres slightly to the
stone, which is quite small. Middle of September. Freestone

Washington Clingstone.

An American variety, juicy and sweet. It is neither handsome nor
prepossessing externally. Leaves with reniform glands. FloAvers
small.

Fruit of medium size, roundish. Skin yellowish gi*een, marked with
gray specks, and with a slight tinge of red on the simny side. Flesh
very jviicy, tender, and melting, with a very sweet and luscious flavoi*.
Last of September.

White Ball.

Originated in Massachusetts. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers
large.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly dej^ressed. Suture medium, half
round. Skin greenish white, shaded and marbled with red in the sun.
Flesh white to the stone, juicy, melting, sweet. Early September.
Freestone.

White-Blossomed Incomparable.
White Blossom. Willow Peach .

This is a native fruit, of second quality, much inferior both in flavor
and appearance to the Snow Peach. Leaves with reniform glands.
Flowers large, white.

Fruit large, oval. Skin fair, white throughout. Flesh white to the
stone, melting, jnicy, pleasant. September.

White Imperial.

The White Imperial is a fruit of most estimable quality. This fine
Peach originated in the garden of David Thomas, of Cayuga Co., N. Y.,
long known for his skill and science as an amateur horticulturist.
Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small.

Fruit rather large, broad, depressed, hollowed at the summit, with
a wide, deep cavity at the stem ; the suture moderately deep, and the
fruit enlarged on one of its sides. Skin yellowish white, with only a
slight tinge of red next the sun. Flesh nearly white, very melting and
juicy, of a very delicate texture, and the flavor sweet and delicious.
Ripens last of August. Freestone.

White Magdalene.

I*radeleine Blanche. Madeleine Blanche de Loisel. Montague Blanche.

A foreign variety. Loaves without glands. Flowers large.

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at base. Suture deep. Skin

THE PEACH. 637

slips easily from tlie flesh, yellowisli white iu the shade, marked with
red in the sun. Flesh white, with yellowish veins, and red next the
stone. Juicy, melting, sweet, vinous. Ripe middle August. Freestone,

White Nutmeg.
Early White Nutmeg.

The White Nutmeg is the smallest of Peaches, the flavor is inferior,
and it is only esteemed by curious amateurs as ripening a few days
earlier than any other variety. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flow-
ers large.

Fruit very small, rather oval, with a deep suture extending a little
more than half round. Skin white, or rarely with pale bkish.
Flesh white to the stone, with a sweet and slightly musky, pleasant
flavor. Ripens about the 10th or 15th of July. Freestone.

White Pace.

A Southern Peach, a variety of the Indian or Pace Peach, but
with a comparatively white skin. Flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet.
August. Freestone.

YlOLET HaTIVE.

English Galand. Hardy Galand.

A variety of Bellegarde. Glands globose. Flowers small.
Fniit similar to Bellegarde, but smaller and paler in color.

Yellow Alberge.

Alberge Jaune. Gold-Fleshed. Red Alberge.

Peche Jaune. Yellow Rareripe. Golden Mignonne.

Purple Alberge.

The Yellow Alberge is an old French variety, and one of the earliest
of the yellow-fleshed Peaches. It is, no doubt, the original sort from
which our Melocotons and Yellow Rareripes have sprung in this coun-
try. It has only a second-rate flavor, except in rich, warm soils, and
is not comparable to the Yellow Rareripe in size or quality. Leaves
with globose glands. Flowers small.

Fruit of medium size, roundish, Avith a well-marked furrow running
half round. Skin yellow, with a deep purplish-red cheek. Flesh
yellow, but deep red at the stone, soft, juicy, sweet, with a pleasant
vinous flavor. Middle of August. Freestone.

The RosANNA, Alberge JTaune lardif of many French gardens, and
Yellow Alberge of some gardens here, differs from the above only in
having reniform glands and ripening ten or twelve days later. Flavor
second-rate.

Barnard's Early and Yellow Honest John are probably identical,
or, if seedlings, so near like the parent. Yellow Alberge, as to be un-
worthy- particular attention.

638 the peach.

Yellow Rareripe.

Large Yellow Earerlpe. Marie Antoinette.

Red and Yellow Rareripe. Cutter's Yellow.

One of the finest very early yellow-fleshed Peaches. Tt is an A meri-
can seedling, and well deserves the extensive cultivation it receives both
in the orchard and garden. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small.

Fruit large, roundish, the suture slightly dejjressed, extending more
than half round, the swollen point at the toj? small. Skin deep orange
yellow, somewhat dotted with red, the cheek rich red, shaded off in
streaks. Flesh deep yellow, but red at the stone, juicy, melting, with a
rich and excellent vinous flavor. Ripens from the 25th to the 30th of
August. Stone small. Freestone. .

CURIOUS OR ORNAMENTAL YARIETIES,

Double-Blossomed.

Double-Flowering Peach, Pecher a Fleurs Doubles.

Rose-Flowering. Pecher a Fleurs Semi-Doubles,

The Double-Blossomed Peach is, when in full bloom, one of the gay-
est and most beautiful of fruit-trees, and blooming with its lovely com-
panion, the Double-Flowering Cherry, finds a place in all our pleasure-
grounds and ornamental plantations. Its flowers are of a lively rose color,
nearly full double, and so thickly disposed on the branches as to be very
striking and showy. They are produced at the usual season, or a few
days later. This sort is rendered more dwarf for shrubberies by bud-
ding it upon^ the Mirabelle or the Cherry Plum stock. The leaves
have reniform glands.

The fruit, which is sparingly produced, is roundish oval, pale green-
ish yellow, faintly tinged with red. Freestone, and of indifterent flavor.

The Crimson or Camellia-flowered, with large double-flowers of
a rich crimson hue, especially attractive and showy, the Carnation-
flowered, with flowers striped like a carnation, and the Yariegated-
flowered, with flowers of different hues on the same tree, are among
the more recent introductions, and, grouped with the older varieties, are
very effective.

Flat Peach of China.
Chinese Peach. Java Peach. Peen To.

A very singular variety, from China, where the gardeners affect all
manner of vegetable curiosities. The fruit is of small size, about two
inches in diameter, and so much flattened at the ends that only the skin
and the flat stone remain, the fleshy part being crowded on either side.
The tree is of rather dwarfish habit, and holds its leaves very late. The
fruit is of very good flavor, and is well worthy of a place in the gardens
of the curious. * Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers large.

Fruit small, so much flattened as to form a deep hollow at both ends,
having at the top a singular broad, rough, five-angled eye. Skin pale

* Should any one of our amateurs now possess it, we shall be much gratified
to receive buds of it.

THE PEAR.

639

yellowisli green, mottled with red on one side. Flesh pale yellow, with
a circle of red round the stone (from Avhich it sej)ai-ates), sweet, juicy,
with a slight noyau flavor. Beginning of September.

Weeping Peach.

Reid's Weeping Peach.

A peculiar variety, with pendent, weeping branches, and a habit
much like that of the weeping ash. It was originated by the late Wm.
Eeid. To display itself to advantage it should be grafted six or eight
feet high, on the clean stem of a peach or plum stock. Heniform glands.
Flowers large.

Selection of choice JPeaclies, to furnish in succession. Freestones :
Hale's Early, Early York (serrate). Early Newington, Cooledge's Favor-
ite, George the Foui'th, Grosse Mignonne, Crawford's Early, Crawford's
Late, Oldmixon Free, Morris' White, Van Zandb's Superb, Ward's
Late Free, Noblesse, Late Red Rareripe, Druid Hill. Clingstones :
Large White, Oldmixon and Heath Clings.

SELECTION OF VARIETIES FOR THE SOUTH.

With no actual personal knowledge of the success and value of
varieties at the South, we have compiled the following list from a
summing up of majorities of leading Southern pomologists in their
favor.

Amelia.
Columbia.
Crawford's Early.

Fkeestones.

Early TUlotson.
Grosse Mig-uonne.
Lady Parham.
Stump the World.

Picquet's Late.
President Church.
Susquehanna.

Chinese.
Eaton's Golden.

Clingstones.

Heath.

Lemon.

Washington.

Oldmixon.
Tinley's October.

CHAPTER XXYII.

THE PEAR.

Pynis communis^ L. Rosacea, of botanists.
Pairier, of the French; Birnebamn, German; Peer, Dutch; Per o, Italian ;

and Pera, Spanish.

The Pear is undeniably the favorite fruit of modern times and
modern cultivators. Indeed, we believe the Pear of modern times,

640 THE PEAR.

tliauks to the science and skill of horticulturists, is quite a different
morsel for the palate from the pear of two or three centuries ago. In
its wild state it is one of the most aiistere of all fruits, and a choice-
pear of our fields, really a great improvement on the wild type, seizes
one's throat with such an unmerciful grijie as to leave behind it no
soothing remembrances of nectar and ambrosia.

So long ago as the earliest time of the Romans the pear was con-
siderably cultivated. It was common in Syria, Egyjit, and Greece, and
from the latter country was transjilanted into Italy. " Theophrastus
speaks of the productiveness of the old pear-trees, and Yirgil mentions
some pears which he received from Cato. Pliny in his 15 th book de-
scribes the varieties in cultivation in his time as exceedingly numer-
ous ; and mentions a number which were named after the countries
from which they were received. Of all pears, he says, the Costumine
is the most delicate and agreeable. The Ealernian Pear was esteemed
for its juice ; and the Tibernian, because it was preferred by the Em-
peror Tiberius. There were ' proud pears,' which were so called be-
cause they ripened early and would not keej), and ' winter pears,' pears
for baking, as at the present day." None of these old Poman varieties
have been handed down to us, and we might believe some of them ap-
proached the bi;ttery lusciousness of our modern pears, did not Pliny
l^ithily add, most unfortunately for their reputation, " all pears whatso-
ever are but a heavy meat, unless they are well boiled or baked."

In fact, the really delicious qualities of this fruit were not devel-
oped until about the seventeenth century. And within the last sixty
years the pear, subjected to constant production from seed by Van
Mons and his followers, and to hybridizing or crossing by Mr. Knight
and other English cv;ltivators, ajipears at length to have reached almost
the summit of perfection in beauty, duration, and flavor. Of Professor
Van Mons and his labors of a whole life, almost devoted to pears, we
have already spoken in our first chapter. From among the 80,000
seedlings raised by himself, and the many thousands reared by other
zealous cultivators abroad, especially in Belgium — the Eden of the pear-
tree — there have been selected a large number of varieties of high excel-
lence. In this country we are continually adding to the number, as,
in our newer soil, the pear, following tlie na,tural laws of successive re-
production, is constantly appearing in new seedling forms. The high
flavor of the Seckel Pear, an American variety, as yet unsurpassed in
this respect by any European sort, proves the natural congeniality of
the climate of the Northern States to this fruit.

The pear-tree is not a native of North America, but 'was introduced
from the other continent. In Europe, Western Asia, and China if
grows "s^ld, in company Avith the apple, in hedges and woody wastes.
In its wild state it is hardier and longer lived than the apple, making a
taller and more pyramidal head, and becoming thick in its tiaink. There
are trees on record abroad of great size and age for fruit-trees. M.
Bosc mentions several which are known to be near 400 years old.
There is a very extraordinary tree in Holme Lacy, Herefordshire, Eng-
land— a perry pear — from which were made, more than once, 15 hogs-
heads of perjy in a single year. In 1805 it covered more than lialf an
acre of land, the branches bending down and taking root, and, in turn,
producing others in the same way. Loudon, in his work on trees, says
that it is still in fine health, though reduced in size.

THE PEAR. 641

One of the most remarkable pear-trees in this country is growing
in Illinois, about ten miles north of Yincennes. It is not believed to
be more than forty years old, having been planted by Mrs. Ockletree,
about 1805. The girth of its trunk one foot above the ground is twelve
feet, and at nine feet from the ground, six and a half feet / and its
branches extend over an area ninety-four feet in diameter. In 1834
it yielded 184 bushels of pears; in 1840 it yielded 140 bushels. It is
enormously productive always ; the fruit is pretty large, ripening in
early autumn, and is of tolerable flavor.

The tree came into bearing at the fifteenth year from its planting,
but grafts from it produce in about four or five years. Like the Dix,
it is almost thornless, and it is remarkable that no blight of any kind
has ever atiected it.

The Stuyvesant Pear-Tree, which was destroyed in 1867, was ori-
ginally planted by the old governor of the Dutch colony of New York,
more than two hundred years ago, on what was once his farm, but is
now })art of the city, quite thickly covered with houses.

Along the St. Clair river, below Detroit, and on the banks of the
Mississippi, near St. Louis, are found many large old pear-trees vying
in health and vigor with those of recent planting.

Uses. The great value of the Pear is as a dessert fruit. Next to
this, it is highly esteemed for baking, stewing, preserving, and marma-
lades. In France and Belgium the fruit is very genei-ally dried in
ovens, or much in the same way as we do the apple, when it is quite an
important article of food.

Dessert pears should have a melting, soft texture, and a sugary,
ai'omatic juice. Kitchen pears, for baking or stewing, should be large,
with firm and crisp flesh, moderately juicy.

The juice of the pear, fermented, is called Perry. This is made
j)recisely in the same way as cider, and it is richer, and more esteemed
by many persons. In the midland counties of England, and in various
parts of France and Germany, what are called Perry Pears — very hardy
productive sorts, having an austere juice — are largely cultivated for this
purpose. In several places in our Eastern States, we understand, perry
is now annually made in considerable quantities. The fruit should be
ground directly after being gathered, and requires rather more isinglass
(say 1-2- oz. to a barrel) to fine it, on racking, than cider. In suitable
soil the yield of perry to the acre is usually about one-third more than
that of cider.

The wood of the Pear-tree is heavy and fine-grained, and makes, when
stained black, an excellent imitation of ebony. It is largely employ-
ed by turners for making joiners' tools. The leaves will dye yellow.

Gathering and Keeping the Fruit. The ])ear is a peculiar fruit
in one respect, which should always be kept in mind: viz., that most
varieties are much finer in favor if piehed from the tree and ripened in
the house, than if allowed to become fully matured on the tree. There
are a few exceptions to this rule, but they are very few. And, on the
other hand, we know a great many ^'arieties which are only second or
third-rate when ripened on the tree, but possess the highest and rich-
est flavor if gathered at the proper time and allowed to mature in the
house. This proper season is easily known, first, by the ripening of a
few full-grown but worm-eaten specimens, which fall soonest from the
tree ; and, secondly, by the change of color and the readiness of the

41

642 THE PEAK.

stalk to part from its branch on gently raising the fruit. The fruit
should then be gathered — or so mucli of the crop as appears sufficiently
matured — and spread out on shelves in the fruit-room.

So important is the ripening of pears in the hovise, that most ama-
teurs of tliis fruit find it to their advantage to have a small room set apart
and fittednip with shelves in tiers, to be used solely as ?i, fruit-room.

In absence of any room specially devoted to the purpose, shallow
drawers, say four inches deep, and from one and a half to two feet
in diameter, should be procured, and into the bottom of each lay a soft
woollen cloth, then a layer of peai-s, but so that they may not touch eacli
other ; tlien over them lay anothei- soft woollen cloth, and place the drawers
in a cool dry room. In a period varying from three days to as many
weeks, according to the variety, the fruit will be found to have ripened
to a delicious richness, and to have taken on a high golden color, seldom
or never obtained when allowed to ripen on the tree. Some persons use
the common husks called " shorts," from the fioviring-mills, to cover the
pears in place of the woollen cloths, and with perhaps ecpially good re-
sults, but it is not as neat or convenient a pi'actice.

Many sorts which, ripened in the sl^n and open air, are rather dry,
when ripened within doors are most abundantly melting and juicy.
They will also last for a considerably longer period if ripened in this
way — maturing gradually, as wanted for iTse, and being thvis beyond
the risk of loss or inj ury by violent storms or high winds.

Winter dessert pears should be allowed to hang on the tree as long
as possible, until the nights become frosty. They should then be wrap-
ped separately in paper, packed in kegs, bar7'els, or small boxes, and
placed in a cool, dry room, free from frost. Some varieties, as the
D'Aremberg, will ripen finely with no other care than placing them in
barrels in the cellar like apples. But most kinds of the finer winter
dessert pears should be brought into a warm apartment for a couple of
weeks before their usual season of maturity. They should be kept
covered, to prevent shrivelling. Many sorts that are comparatively
tough, if ripened in a cold apartment, become very melting, buttery, and
juicy when allowed to mature in a I'oom kept at the temperature of 60
or 70 degrees.

Propagation. The finer sorts of pears are continued or increased
by grafting and budding, and the stocks on which to work are either
seedlings or suckers. Sucker stocks have iisually such indirterent roots,
they are so liable to produce suckers continually themselves, and are so
much less healthy than seedlings, that they are now seldom used by good
cultivators ; though, if quite yovmg and thrifty, they will often make
good stocks.

Seedlings, however, are by far the best stocks for the pear in all
cases ; and seedlings from strong-gi'owing, healthy pears, of common quality
- — such as gi-ow about most farmers' gardens — are preferable for stocks to
those raised from the best varieties, being more hardy and vigorous.

As it is usually found more difficult to raise a good sujiply of seedling
pear-stocks in this covintry than of any other fruit-tree, we will here re-
mark that it is absolutely necessary, to insure success, that two points be
observed. The first is, to clean and sow the seed as soon as may be after
the fruit is well matured ; the second, to sow it only in deep rich soil.
It should be previovisly trenched — if not naturally deep — at least twenty
inches or two feet deep, and enriched with manure or compost mixed

THE PEAR. 643

with ashes. This will give an abundant supply of nutriment to the
young seedlings the first year, without which they become starved and
parched, after a few inches' growth, by our liot and dry summer, when
tliey frequently fall a prey to tlie apliis and other insects at the root and
top. A mellow, rich soil, whose depth insures a supply of moisti;re,
will give strong seedlings, which are always, at two years' gr(jwth, fit to
go into the nursery-rows for budding ; while a dry, thin so'il will seldom
pi-oduce good stocks, even in half a dozen years.

The seeds should be sown precisely like those of the apple, in broad
drills, and the treatment of the stocks, when planted in the rows for biul-
ding, is quite similar. Budding is almost universally preferred by us for
propagating the pear, and this tree takes so readily that very few failures
can happen to an experienced hand. About the first of August, in this
latitude, is the proper season for performing this operation.

We may add here, that one-year-old pear seedlings are often winter-
killed wlien the autumn has not been such as to ri^en the wood tho-
roughly. A few branches of evergreens, or some slight covering laid
along the rows will prevent this. Or they may be laid in by the heels
in a sheltered place.

The thorn makes very good stocks for the pear, except that if gi^ifted
above ground the tree is often apt to be broken off at the point of
union by high winds. This is obviated by grafting a little below the
surface. Grafting on the thorn is a very useful practice for strong
clayey soils, as on such stocks the pear may be grown with success,
when it would not otherwise thrive. It also comes rather earlier into
bearing. The tnountain ash is thought by some to be a valual:)le stock
for light sandy soils, but care should be taken that the graft or bud be
inserted low down near the crown of the stock, so that when transplanted
the whole of the stock can be covered with soil, otherwise the borer will
soon destroy it. The pear is sometimes budded on the apple, but it is
then usually very short-lived.

For rendering the pear dwarf, the Quince stock is almost universally
used, as the pear unites readily with it, becomes quite dwarf in habit,
and bears veiy early. Some large-growing pears — as the Duchess of
Angouleme — extremely liable to be blown ofl:" the tree, bear much better
on the quince stock, and others ai-e considerably improved in flavor by
it. The dwarf pear, however, it must be confessed, rather belongs to
the small garden of the amateur than to the orchardist, or him who de-
sires to have I'egular large crops and long-lived trees. The dwai'f tree
is usually short lived, seldom enduring more than fifteen or twenty years
in bearing — but it is a pretty and economical way of growing a good
many sorts, and getting fruit speedily, in a small garden.*

The pear, not being very abundantly supplied with fibrous roots,
should never be transplanted, of large size, from the nursery. Small
thrifty plants, five or six feet high, are much to be preferred.

Soil, Situation, and Culture. The best soil for this fruit-tree is
a strong loam of moderate depth on a dry subsoil. The pear will, in-

* Whether the Pear can be successfully cultivated on the Quince for market

IS yet a debatable question ; some growers, owing perhaps to soil and climate,
having succeeded satisfactorily, while others have entirely failed. That dwarfs
are a great acquisition to the garden where large standards are inadmissible is
unquestioned. We believe the promise of some varieties on quince warrants the
expectation that they will be found profitable for general cultivation.

C44 THE TEAR.

deed, adapt itself to as great a vai'iety of soils as any fi'uit-tree, but in
unfavorable soils it is more liable to suffer from disease tban any other.
Soils that are wet during any considerable portion of the year, are en-
tirely unfit for the pear-tree ; and soils that are over-rich and deep, like
some of the Western alluvials, force the tree into such ovei'-luxuriant
growth that its wood does not ripen, and is liable to be killed by winter
blight. Soils that are too light, on the other hand, may be improved by
trenching if the subsoil is hea^•ier, or by top-dressing with heavy muck
and river mud if it is not.

In a climate rather cold for the pear, or on a cold soil, it is advan-
tageous to plant on a Southern slope ; but in the Middle States, in warm
soils, we cTo not consider a decidedly Southern exposure so good as other
rather cooler ones.

The Pear succeeds so well as an open standard, and requires so little
care for pruning — less, indt^ed, in the latter respect than any other
fruit-tree — that training is seldom thought of except for dwarfs, or in the
gardens of the curious or skilful. The system of qtienouille or distaff
training, an interesting mode of rendering trees very j^roductive in a
small space, we have already fully described in p. 40, as well as root-
pruning for the same purpose in p. 36.

The manner of growing and training dwarfs in this country, on a
lai-ge scale, for orchards, is, however, more as bushes or low-headed trees
than as pyramids, quenouille, or espalier ; and while the same general
principles are maintained, it is necessary to head back the leading shoot
more severely ; and unless time can be given in the summer season to
checking the growth, and forming a thick, round, open head by means
of summer pinching, then, in order to maintain health and vigor in
dwarfs, they must be annually shortened back from one-lialf to two-
thirds of the preceding year's growth. The best time for this is imme-
diately at the close of winter.

In orchard culture the pear is usually planted about thirty feet
distant each way ; in fruit-gardens, where the heads are somewhat kept
in by pruning, twenty feet is considered sufficient by many.

Pear-trees in a bearing state, where the growth is no longer luxu-
riant, should have, every autumn, a moderate top-dressing of manure,
to keep them in good condition. This, as it promotes steady and
regular growth, is far pi'eferable to occasional heavy manuring.

Diseases. As a drawback to the otherwise easy cultivation of
this fine fruit, the pear-tree is, unfortunately, liable to a very serious
disease called the pear-tree blight or fire blight, appearing irregularly,
and in most parts of the country ; sometimes in succeeding seasons,
and again only after a lapse of several years ; attacking sometimes
only the extremities of the limbs, and at other times desti'oying the
whole tree ; producing, occasionally, little damage to a few branches,
but often also destroying, in a day or two, an entire lai'ge tree; this
disease has been, at diflerent times, the terror and despair of peai'-
growers. Some parts of the country have been nearly free from it,
while others have suffered so much as almost to deter persons from
extending the cultivation of this fine fruit. For nearly a hundred
years its existence has been remarked in this country, and all notions
of its character and origin have been so A-'ague as to lead to little jn-ac-
tical assistance in removing or remedying the evil.

Careful observations for several years past, and repeated comparison

THE PEAR. 645

of facts "with accurate observers in various parts of the country, have
led us to the following conclusions : —

1st. That what is popularly called the pear blight, is, in fact, two
distinct diseases. •

2(7. That one of these is caused by an insect, and the other by sud-
den freezing and thawing of the sap in unfevorable autumns. The first ^^•e
shall therefore csdl the insect blight, and the second the frozen-saj) hl'ujld.

1. The Ixsect Blight. The symptoms of the insect blight are as
follows : In the month of June or July, when the tree is in fidl luxuri-
ance of growth, shoots at the extremities of the branclies, aiid often
extending down two seasons' growth, are observed sviddenly to turn
brown. In two or three days the leaves become quite blacK and dry,
and the wood so shrivelled and hard as to be cut with difficulty with a
knife. If the branch is allowed to remain, the disease sometimes extends
a short distance farther down the stem, but usually not much farther
than the point where the insect had made his lodgment. The insect
which causes this blight was first discovered by the Hon. John Lowell, of
Boston, in 181G, and was described by Professor Peck under the name of
Scoli/tus pi/ri. It is very minute, being scarcely one-tenth of an inch
long ; and it escapes from the branch almost as soon as, by the wither-
ing of the leaves, we are aware of its attack ; hence it is so rarely seen
by careless observers. In the perfect state it is a very small beetle,
deep brovrn, with legs of a paler color. Its thorax is short, convex,
rough in front, and studded with erect bristles. The wing-covers are
marked with rows of punctured points, between v/hich are also rows of
bristles, and they appear cut off very obliquely behind.

This insect deposits its egg some time in July or August, either be-
hind or below a b\id. Whether the egg hatches at once, we are not
aware, but the following spring the small grub or larva bores through
the sap-wood or tender alburnum, beginning at the root of the bud, and
burrows toward the centre of the stem. Ai-ound this centre or pith it
foi'ms a circular passage, sometimes devouring it altogether. By thus
perforating, sawing off, or girdling, internally, a considerable portion of
the vessels which convey the ascending sap, at the very period when the
I'apid growth of the leaves calls for the largest supply of fluid from the
roots, the gro^vth and the vitality of the branch are checked, and finally
extinguished. The larva about this time completes both its transforma-
tion and its passage out, and, in the beetle form, emerges, with wings,
into the aii', to seek out new positions for laying its eggs and continuing
its species. The small passage wdiere it makes its exit may now more
easily be discovered, below or by the side of the bud, resembling a hole
bored with a needle or pin.

It is well to remark here that the attack of this blight insect is not
confined to the Pear, but in some parts of the country we have observed
it preying upon the Apple and the Quince in the same manner. In the
latter tree, the shoots that were girdled were shorter, and at the extremi-
ties of the branches only ; not leading, therefore, to such serious conse-
quences as in the Pear.

The ravages of the insect blight, we are inclined to think, do not ex-
tend much below the point where the insect has deposited its egg, — a
material point of difference from the frozen-saj) blight, which often
poisons the system of the whole tree if allowed to remain, or if origin-
ally very extensive.

646 THE PEAK.

The remedy for the insect blight is very distinct. It is that originally
suggested by Mr. Lowell, Avhicli we and many others have pursued with
entire success, when the other form of the disease was not also present.
The remedy consists, at the very first indications of the existence of the
enemy, in cutting off and burning the diseased branch, a foot below the .
lowest mark of discoloration. The insect is usually to be found at the
bottom of this blackened point, and it is very important that the
branches be removed early, as the Scolytus is now about emerging from
his burrow, and will speedily esca^^e us, to multiply his mischief else-
where. If there is much appearance of the insect blight, the tree
should be examined every noon, so long as there are any iudications of
disease, and the amputated branches carried at once to the fire.

2. The Frozex-sap Blight. We give this term to the most for-
midable phase of this disease that affects the pear-tree. Thoiigh it is by
ordinaiy observers often confounded in its affects with the insect
blight, yet it has stx'ongly chai-acterLstic marks, and is far more fatal in
its effects.

The symptoms of the frozen-sajy blight are the following : First.
The appearance, at the season of winter or spring pruning, of a thick
clammy sap, of a sticky nature, which exudes fi-om the wounds made
by the knife; the ordinary cut showing a clean and smooth surface.

Second. The appearance in the S])ring, on the bark of the ti'unk or
branches, often a considerable distance from the extremities, of black,
shrivelled, dead patches of bark.

Third. In early summer months the disease fully manifests itself
by the extremities shrivelling, tin*ning black, and decaying, as if siid-
denly killed. If these diseased pai'ts are cut off, the inner bark and
heart-wood will be found dark and discolored some distance below
where it is fresh and gi-een outside. If the tree is slightly affected
only, it may pass off -vsdth the loss of a few branches ; but if it has been
seriously tainted, the disease, if not arrested, may, sooner or later, be
carried through the whole system of the ti-ee, which will gradually de-
cline or entirely perish.

To explain the natui'e of this disease we must first premise that, in
every tree, there are two currents of sap carried on : 1st, the \ipward
current of sap, which rises through the outer wood (or cdburnum), to
be digested by the leaves ; 2d, the downward current, which descends
through the inner bark (or liber), forming a deposit of new wood on its
passage down.*

Now let us suppose, anterior to a blight season, a very sudden and
early -wdnter succeeding a damp and warm autumn.f The summer having
been dry, the growth of trees was completed eai'ly, but this excess of
dampness in autumn forces the trees into a vigorous second gi'owth,
which continues late. While the sap-vessels are still filled with their
fluids, a sharp and sudden freezing takes place, or is, perhaps, repeated
several times, followed, in the daytime, by bright sun. The descend-
ing current of sap becomes thick and clammy, so as to descend with

"* Being distributed towards the centre of the stem by the medullaiy rays
which communicate from the inner bark to the pith.

f "Which always happens previously to a summer when the blight is very
prevalent, and will be remembered by all as having been especially the
case in the autumn of 1843, which preceded the extensive blight of the nest
season.

THE PEAB. 647

difficulty ; it cliokes up the sap-vessels, freezes and tliaws again, loses its
vitality, and becomes dark and discolored, and in some cases so poison-
ous as to destroy the leaves of other plants when applied to them.
Here, along the inner bark, it lodges, and remains in a thick, sticky
state all winter. If it hai)pens to flow down till it meets with any ob-
struction, and remains in any considerable quantity, it freezes again
beneath the bark, ruptures and destroys the sap-vessels, and the bark
and some of the wood beneath it shrivels and dies.

In the ensuing spring the upward current of sap rises through its
ordinary channel, — the outer wood or alburnum, — the leaves expand, and,
for some time, nearly all the upward current being taken up to form
leaves and new shoots, the tree appears flourishing. Toward the begin-
ning of summer, however, the leaves commence sending the downward
current of sap to increase the woody matter of the stem. This current,
it will be remembered, has to pass downward through the inner bark or
liber, along whi^ch still remain portions of the poisoned sap, arrested
in its course the previous autumn. This poison is diluted, and taken up
by the new downward current, distiibuted toward the pith, and along
the new layers of alburnum, thus tainting all the neighboring parts.
Should any of the adjacent sap-vessels have been ruptured by frost, so
that the poison thus becomes mixed with the still ascending current of
sap, the branch above it immediately turns black and dies, precisely as
if poison were introduced under the bark. And very frequently it is
accompanied with pi-ecisely the odor of decaying frost-bitten vegetation.*

The foregoing is the worst form of the disease, and it takes place
when the poisoned sap, stagnated under the bark in spots, remains
through the winter in a thick, semi-fluid state, so as to be capable of
being taken up in the descending current of the next summer. When,
on the other hand, it collects in suflicient quantity to freeze again, burst
the sap-vessels, and afterwards dry out by the influence of the sun and
wind, it leaves the patches of dead bark which we have already described.
As part of the wo^dy channels which convey the ascending sap probably
remain entire and uninjured, the tree or branch will perhajjs continue to
gi"0w the whole season and bear fruit, as if nothing had happened to it,
drying down to the shrivelled spots of bark the next spring. The eflect
in this case is ])recisely that of girdling only, and the branch or tree
will die after a time, but not suddenly.

From what we have said, it is easy to infer that it would not ])e diffi-
cult, on the occurrence of such an autiunn, when sudden congelation
takes place in unripened wood, to predict a blight season for the following

* We do not know that this form of blight is common in Europe, but the
following extract from the celebrated work of Duhamel on fruit-trees, published
in 17G8, would seem to indicate something very similar a long time ago.

' ' The sap corrupted by putrid water, or the excess of manure, bursts the
cellular membranes in some places, extends itself between the wood and the
bark, which it separates, and carries its poisonous acrid influence to all the
neighboring parts, like a gangrene. "When it attacks the small branches, they
should be cut off ; if it appears in the large branches or body of the tree, all the
cankered parts must be cut out down to the sound wood, and the wound covered
with composition. If the evil be produced by manure or stagnant water (and it
maybe produced by other causes), the old earth must be removed from the
roots, and fresh soil put in its i^lace, and means taken to draw off the water
from the roots. But if the disease has made much progress on the trunk, the
tree is lost." — Truiti des Arbres Fndtiers, vol. 11, p. 100.

648 THE PEAR.

summer. Such has several times been done, and its fulfilment may be
looked for with certainty in all trees that had not previously ripened
their wood.*

So also it would and does naturally follow, that trees in a damp, ricli
soil, are much more liable to the frozen-sap blight than those upon a
drier soil. In a soil over-moist or too rich, the pear is always liable to
make late second growths, and its wood will often be caught unripened
by an early winter. For this reason this form of blight is vastly more
extensive and destructive in the deep rich soils of the Western States
than in the drier and poorer soils of the East. And this will always be
the case in over-i-ich soils, unless the trees are checked in their luxuri-
ance by root-pruning.

Again, those varieties of the pear which have the habit of maturing
their wood early, are very rarely affected with tlie frozen-saj) blight.
But late-growing sorts are always more or less liable to it, especially
when the trees are young, and the excessive growth is not reduced by
fruit-bearing. Every nurseryman knows that there are certain late-
growing sorts which are always more liable to this blight in the nursery.
Among these we have particularly noticed the Passe Colmar and the Fo-
relle, though when these sorts become bearing trees they are not more
liable than many others. The Seckel pear is less svibject to blight than
others, which we attribute entirely to its habit of making short-jointed
shoots, and ripening its wood very early.

To distinguish the blight of the frozeu-sap from that caused by the
attack of the Scolytus lyyri is not difficult. The effects of the latter
cease below the spot where the insect has perforated and eaten its bur-
row in the branch. The former sjjreads gradually down the branch,
which, when dissected, shows the marks of the poison in the discolora-
tion of the inner bark and the pith, extending down some distance below
the external marks of injury. If the poison becomes largely diffused in
the tree, it will sometimes die outright in a day or two ; but if it is only
slightly present, it will often entii'ely recover. The presence of black,
dry, shrivelled spots of bark on the bi'anches, or soft sappy spots, as well

* Since the above was written, we have had the pleasure of seeing a highly
interesting article by the Rev. H. W. Beecher, of Indiana, one of the most in-
telligent observers in the country. Mr. Beecher not only agi'ees in the main
with us, but he fortifies our opinion with a number of additional facts of great
value. We shall extract some of this testimony, which is vouched for by Mr.
B. , and for the publication of which the cultivators of pears owe him many
thanks.

"Mr. R. Ragan, of Putnam Co., Ind., has for more than twelve years
suspected that this disease originated in the fall previous to the summer on which
it declares itself. During the last winter Mr. Ragan predicted the blight, as
will be remembered by some of his acquaintances in Wayne Co., and in his pear-
orchards he marked the trees that would suffer, and pointed to the spot which
would be the seat of the disease, and his prognostications were strictly verified.
Out of his orchard of 200 pear-trees, during the previous blight of 1832, only
four escaped, and those had been transplanted, and had, therefore, made little
or no growth.

"Mr. White, a nurseryman near Mooresville, Ind., in an orchard of over
150 trees, had not a single case of blight in the year 1844, though all around
him its ravages were felt. What were the facts in this case V His orchard is
planted on a mould-like piece of ground, is high, of a sandy, gravelly soil:
earlier by a week than nursery soils in this country ; and in the summer of 1843,
his trees grew through the summer, ripened and shed their leaves early in the
fall, and during the warm spell made no second growth."

THE PEAR. 649

as the appearance of thick clammy sap in winter or spring prvming, are
the infallible signs of the frozen-sap blight.

The most successful remedies for this disastrous blight, it is very evi-
dent, are chiefly preventive ones. It is, of course, impossible for us to
avoid the occasional occurrence of rainy, warm autumns, which have a
tendency to urge the trees into late second growth. The principal
means of escaping the danger really lies in always studiously avoiding a
wet soil for the fruit-tree. Very level or hollow surfaces, where heavy
early autumnal rains are apt to lie and saturate the ground, should also
be shunned. And any summer top-dressing or enriching calculated
to stimulate the tree into late gro^vth is pernicious. A rich, dry
soil is, on the whole, the best, because there the tree will make a good
growth in time to ripen fully its wood, and will not be likely to make
second growth. A rich, wet soil will, on the contrary, serve continu-
ally to stimulate the tree to new growth. It is in accordance with this
that many persons have remarked, that those pear-trees growing in com-
mon meadow land were free from blight in seasons when those in the
rich garden soils were continually suffering from it.

The first point, then, sliould be to secure a rich, but dry, well-drained
soil. Cold aspects and soils should be avoided, as likely to retard the
growth and ripening of the wood.

The second is to reject, in blighted districts, such varieties as have
the habit of making wood late, and choosing rather those of early habit,
which ripen the wood fully before autumn.

Severe summer-pruning, should it be followed by an early "wdnter,
is likely to induce blight, and should therefore be avoided. Indeed,
we think the pear should always be primed in winter or early spring.

As a remedy for blight actually existing in a tree, we know of no
other but that of freely cutting out the diseased branches at the ear-
liest moment after it appears. Tlie amputation should be continued as
far down as the least sign of discoloration and consequent poisoning
is perceptible, and it should not be neglected a single day after it mani-
fests itself. A still better remedy, when we are led to suspect, during
the winter, that it is likely to break out in the ensuing summer, is that
of carefully looking over the trees before the buds swell, and cutting out
all branches that show the discolored or soft sappy spots of bark that
are the first symptoms of the disease.

Finally, as a preventive, when it is evident, from the nature of the
season and soil, that a late autumnal growth will take place, we recom-
mend laying bare the roots of the trees for two or three weeks. Root-
pruning will always check any tendency to over-luxuriance in particu-
lar sorts, or in young bearing trees, and is therefore a valuable assist-
ance when the disease is feared. And the use of lime in strong soils,
as a fertilizer, instead of man\u"e, is worthy of extensive trial, because
lime has a tendency to throw all fruit-trees into the production of short-
jointed fruit-spurs, instead of the luxviriant woody shoots induced by
animal manure.

In gardens where, from the natural dampness of the soil or locality,
it is nearly impossible to escape blight, we recommend that mode of
dwarfing the growth of the trees — conical standards, or qimnouilles,
described in the section on pruning. This mode can scarcely fail to
secure a good crop in any soil or climate where the pear-tree will
flourish.

650 THE PEAR.

After the blight, the other diseases which affect the pear-tree are
of little moment. They are chiefly the same as those to which the
apple is liable, the same insects occasionally affecting both trees, and we
therefore refer our readers to the section on the apple-tree.

There is, however, a slug-worm, which occasionally does gi"eat damage
on the leaves of the pear-tree, which it sometimes entirely destroys. This
slug is the Selandria cerasi of Harris. It appears on the upper side of
the leaves of the pear-tree, from the middle of June to the middle of
July. It is nearly half an inch long when fully grown, olive-colored,
tapering from the head to the tail, not much unlike in shape a minia-
ture tadpole. The best destructive for this insect is ashes, plaster, drj^
dust, or quicklime, sifted or sprinkled over the leaves, early in the
morning.*

VARIETIES.

The varieties of pear have so multiplied within the last thirty
years that they may almost be considered endless. Of the new vari-
eties, Belgium has produced the greatest number of high quality ;
England and France many of excellence ; and, lastly, quite a number
of valuable sorts have originated in this country, to which some addi-
tions are made annually. The latter, as a matter of course, are found
even more generally adapted to our climate than any foreign sorts.
But we believe the climate of the Middle States is so nearly like that of
Belgium, that the pear is grown here as a standard to as great perfec-
tioii as in any other country.

More than one thousand kinds of pears, collected from all parts of
the world, have been fruited here, but only a small proportion of these
have been found of first-rate quality, and a very large number of them
are of little or no value. The great difficulty seems to be, to decide
which are the really valuable sorts, worth universal cultivation. We
shall not, perhaps, arrive at this point, in this country, for several years,
not until all the most deserving sorts have had repeated trials, and the
difficulty is always increased by the fact of the difference of climate and
soil, and the continuous increase of new varieties. A variety may
prove of superior merit in one locality and quite indifferent in another,
owing to the influence of soil and climate. This, however, is true only
to a very limited extent, as the fact that most sorts of the first character
receive nearly the same praise in Belgium, England, and all parts of
this country, clearly proves. High flavor, handsome appearance, pro-
ductiveness, and uniformly good flavor in all seasons — these are the cri-
terions of the first class of pears.f

" Many theories and spec\ilativ« opinions have been promulgated diiring tlie
past twenty or more years since these remarks on blight were written, but, so far
as we can learn, nothing conclusive is yet known. There are many persons
holding the views here expressed, while others support a theory of atmospheric
fungoid blight with equally good reasoning.

f The most successful cultivator of pears in this country, whose collection
comprises hundreds of varieties, lately assured us that if he were asked to
name all the sorts that he considered of unvarnut-ri and nnqimHomihU excellence
in all respects, he could not count more than twenty ! It may, then, be asked.
Why do all cultivate so large a variety? We answer, because the quality of many
is yet not fully decided ; again, there is a great difference in taste, as to the

THE PEAR. 651

Most of the finer varieties of pears have not the necessary hardi-
hood to enable them to resist, perfectly iminjured, the violent atmos-
pheric changes of our climate, except under favorable circumstances ;
consequently the fruit is more or less variable in quality; and this is
moi'e particularly true of some that come to us from abroad with
promise of the highest excellence, and to pronounce an abiding judg-
ment upon their merits requires many years' experience and careful ob-
servation under different circumstances and in various localities. And it
must be borne in mind, that although young trees give fruit of nearly
or quite full size and beauty, yet perfection of flavor is only to be ex-
pected from trees of more mature age. The inference is not legiti-
mate that a variety which exhibits great excellence in Belgium, or some
of the districts of France, will exhibit generally in all localities in the
United States the same excellence ; but the supposition is fair, and
borne out by some experience, that those which possess excellence of a
particular cliaracter in an eminent degree in Europe, will genei-ally ex-
hibit the same in particular localities in tliis comitry. We would in-
stance such vigorous growers, Avith pretty solid flesh, as the following : —
Belle Liicrative, Rostiezer, Duchess d'Angouleiue, Beurre Hardy, &c.
To produce satisfactory results in the cultivation of pears, some of its
wants must alwtiys be complied with, such as good depth of soil, sufii-
cient drainage, and pro])er enrichment.

In describing pears, we shall, as usual, designate the size by com-
parison, as follows : — Large, as the Beurre Diel or Bartlett ; medium, as
the Doyenne or Virgalieu ; small, as the Seckel.

With regard to form, these are so numerous and complicated that it
is diflicult to determine upon any terms that can be always preserved ;
but with a view to unity, and with a belief that they are the best now
in use, we have adopted those established by the Massachusetts Hor-
ticultural Society. (See pages 652 and 653.)

As with apples and other fruits, we continue the alphabetical system
of arrangement, it being the most readily applicable for general iise ; and,
as with apples, have, in designating the quality of flesh, continued the
terms adopted by the Amei'ican Pomological Society, as " hest^'' " very
good,'''' and " goody The latter term, although in many cases having refer-
ence only to the quality of the fruit as a dessert pear, may be often
found attached to one of great value for cooking, or highly profitable for
market.

Abb6 de Beaumont.

Originated in the commercial gardens of Andre Leroy, Angeis,
France.

Fruit medium, obtuse, pyi-iform. Stalk short. Calyx lai'ge, open.
Skin greenish yellow, marbled with fawn-color and washed with red in
the sun. Flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, rough or gritty at core,
vinous, sweet. August, September. (Leroy.)

merits of a given sort ; there are also some sorts so producUve, or handsome,
etc., that they are highly esteemed, though on]y second-rate. In a work like the
present, we are akso obliged to describe many sorts of second quality, in order
to assist in identifying Ihem, as they are already in general cultivation.

652

THE PEAR.

SIMPLE FORMS.

Globular.

Orate.

Oblate.

Oblong.

COMPOUND FORMS.

Globular, obtuse pyriform.

Globular, acute pyrifomi.

THE PEAR.

COMPOUND FOnmS — Continued.

Ovate, pyriform.

Obovate, acute pyriform.

Obovate, obtuse pyriform.

Oblong pyrifonn.

Oblong, ovate pyriform.

Oblong, obovate pyriform.

654 THE PEAR.

Abbe Edouard.

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous, spreading.

Frnit medium size, I'oundish obtuse pyiiform, rich clear green, be-
coming yellow at maturity, with a russet cheek. Flesh white, half ten-
der, melting, juicy, sweet, pleasant. Kipens in November.

Abbe Perez.

This Pear originated in Germany, and was introduced in 1862.

Fruit small to medium, oval oblate. Skin yellowish green, splashed
and dotted with red, shaded with fawn-color at the apex. Flesh whitish,
firm, melting, juicy, harsh at the core, vinous, sweet. November, Feb-
ruary. (Leroy.)

Abbott.

Origin, Providence, P. I., on the farm of Mrs. Abbott. A vigorous
grower, and the fruit, although not of first quality, is uniformly good
and beautiful. Young wood reddish olive.

Fruit of medium size, oblong obovate pyriform. Skin yellowish,
considerably shaded with crimson, sjirinkled with gray and crimson dots,
and having a few russet patches. Stalk medium, inserted by a lip or
ring in a slight depression surrounded by russet. Calyx open, with
segments persistent, in a broad open basin. Flesh white, gi-anular,
buttery, j uicy, melting. Flavor sweet, pleasant, and perfumed. Ripens
last of September.

Abercromby.
Abercromby's Seedling.

An American chance seedling that was found in Tallapoosa Co.,
Ala. Tree a vigorous, stout grower, an early and abundant bearer.

Fruit medium size, globular obovate obtuse pyriform, greatest
breadth at centre. Skin rather rough, greenish yellow, netted and
patched with russet, and with a mottled red cheek. Stalk short. Calyx
large and open. Flesh whitish, coarse, gi-anular, moderately juicy, and
sweet, slightly vinous. Good. Ripens early in August.

Adams.

Raised by Dr. H. Adams, of Waltham, Mass. Tree a vigorous
grower, with an upright, erect habit, making a pyramidal head. Young
wood reddish yellow brown.

Fruit large, obovate pyriform, largest at centre. Surface uneven.
Skin pale yellow shaded with light crimson in the sun, with many brown,
green, and reddish dots. Stalk short, often set with a russeted lip.
Calyx closed. Basin very shallow. Flesh white, very juicy, melting,
vinous. Very good. Ripens early September.

Adelaide de Reves.

Madame Adelaide Reves.

From Belgium. Tree vigorous. Young shoots very stout, yellow-
ish brown red.

THE PEAR. G55

Fruit large, oblong, obovate acute pyi-ifovm, yellowish gi-een with
a shade of red in the sun, and russet specks and blotches, and russet at
base of stalk. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, vinous, sweet.
Good. October.

Adele Lancelot.

A Belgian Pear of recent introduction. Tree vigorous.

Fruit medium to large, pyi'iform. Skin clear gi-een yellow, shaded
with red in the sun. Flesh white, not very juicy or rich. Good. Oc-
tober.

Admirable.
Dana's Admirable.

Originated with Francis Dana, Boston, Mass., and first exhibited
before the Massachusetts Horticultviral Society in 1853. IVee a vigo-
rous grower, somewhat irregular, and, according to Hovey, tardy in
coming into bearing. Young wood olive brown.

Fruit medium to lai'ge, roundish ovate, narrowing toward the stalk.
Surface uneven. Skin yellowish, partially russeted and thickly sprinkled
with russet dots. Stalk medium, a little inclined, plaiited in a small
cavity, and sometimes with a lip. Calyx open. Segments short, erect.
Basin medium, rather abrupt, uneven. Flesh juicy, melting, vinous, a
little astringent. Good. September.

Admiral Farragut.

This new American Pear originated with Dr. Shurtleff, Boston,
Mass., who describes the tree as strong, vigorous, productive. Shoots
long, medium size.

Fruit very large, long pyriform, green with many dots, and blush
in the sun. Stalk stout, curved. Calyx medium. Basin shallow.
Flesh melting, juicy, fine-grained, subacid, pleasant. Season last of
September. (J. of H.)

Adolphe Catchet.

Origin, gardens of M. Andre Leroy, Angers, France.

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, lich yellow, dotted and splashed
with red in the sun. Flesh white, juicy, vinous, sweet, harsh and grit-
ty at core. August, September. (Leroy.)

Adolphine Richard.

A Belgian Pear of recent introduction.

Finiit medium, pyriform, clear yellow, with shades and patches of
brown red. Flesh white, half fine, juicy, vinous, sweet. Good. No-
vember.

Aglae Gregoire.

A Belgian variety, of vigorous and productive habit.

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, dotted and splashed

656 THE PEAR.

■with reddish brown. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, half melting,
juicy, perfumed. Good. February, March. (Jardin Yan Mons.)

Ah ! MoN DiEU.

Poire d'Abondance. Mandieu.

Mod Dieu. The ray-God Pear.

Beurre Sprin. Esperine.

An old French Pear. Tree vigorous, upright, productive.

Fruit medium, obovate acute pyriform. Skin pale yellow, smooth,
nearly covered with red. Flesh white, juicy, slightly vinous, and sweet.
Good. October.

Alexander.

Origin, town of Alexander, N. Y. Tree moderate growth. Young
wood light olive brown.

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, somewhat one-sided. Skin
yellowish green, dotted, netted, and splashed with russet. Stalk
slender, rather long, curved, fleshy at its insertion. Calyx large, closed.,
Flesh white, a little coarse and gi'itty, very juicy, melting, sugary, and
rich. Yery good. Ripe last of September and early October.

Alexandre Bivort.

A seedling of Esperen in 1848. Tree vigorous, of a bushy habit.
Young wood reddish brown.

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow, with a few patches
and traces of russet. Stalk rather long, set in a small cavity. Calyx
small, open. Segments slender, partly recurved. Basin large, ab-
rupt, corrugated. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, modei-ately juicy, half
tender, sweet, and pleasant. Good. December to February.

Alexandre Lambre.

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous, spreading. Branches
long, slender.

Fruit medium, oblate obtuse pyriform, yellowish, netted and patch-
ed with russet, brown red in sun. Flesh yellowish pinkish white, juicy,
sweet, a little astringent. Good to very good. October, December.

Alexandrina.
Alexandrina Bivort.

A Belgian Pear, too small in size to be of much value at its season
of ripening.

Fruit medium or below, oblate pyriform, light yellow, shaded with
red in the sun, netted and dotted with russet. Stalk long. Calyx open.
Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet. Good to very good. September.

Alexandrine Douillard.

Douillard.

This comparatively new Belgian Pear has size to commend it, and
may prove valuable. Tree vigorous, productive, and comes early into
bearing. Young wood dull yellowish brown.

THE PEAK. 657

Fmiit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow, slightly-
netted and traced with russet. Stalk varying in length, inserted in a
slight cavity, sometimes with a lip. Calyx partly closed. Basin ab-
rupt, uneven. Flesh white, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Yery
good. October.

Alexandrine Mas.

A seedling of M, Mas, France, from seeds of Passe Colmar in 1850.

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, light yellowish green, with shades and
patches and dots of russet. Stalk stout, set without depression. Calyx
large. Segments erect. Flesh white, translucent, j uicy, sweet, perfumed.
Late winter. (Verg.)

Alpha.

A Belgian seedling. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium or below, obovate, slightly oblong. Skin smooth, pale,
yellowish gi-een, dotted with reddish points, and having a thin, pale
brown blush. Stalk about an inch long, inserted in a slight depression.
Calyx stiff, open, set in a round basin of moderate size. Flesh white,
fine-grained, buttery. Good. October.

Alphonse Kaer.

Originated with M. Louis Berckmans. Tree vigorous. Young wood
dull olive.

Fruit medium, obovate obtvise pyriform, golden yellow, netted, mar-
bled, and dotted with russet. Flesh whitish, fine, melting, juicy,
slightly vinous, sweet. November, December.

Althorpe Crassane.

Fruit medium, roundish ovate. Skin pale green. Flesh white,
buttery, and quite juicy, not rich, slightly perfumed. Good. October,
November.

Amadotte.

Madotte. Autumn Superb. De Graine Damadote.

Beurre Knox ? Dame Houdotte. Beurre Blanc des Capucins.

Fruit rather large, pyi-iform. Skin pale yellow. Stalk medium.

Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin shallow and uneven. Flesh whitish,

coarse, juicy, vinous, variable, sometimes astringent. Hardly good.
Ripe October.

Amandine de Rouen.

A new French Pear, as yet little known.

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, with splashes of
fawn russet. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, sweet. Good.
September, October. (Leroy.)

42

658 THE PEAR.

Ambrette.

Ambrette d'BKver. Trompe-valet . Thorny Ambrette.

Ambre Gris. Ambret. Ambrette avec epines.

Ambrette Gris. Winter Ambret. Ambrette epineuse

Belle Gabrielle. Cheat Servant. De Chine.

Tilton.

A very old Pear-tree, very hardy and productive.

Fruit medium to small, roundish oval, yellowish green, with russet
spots and black blotches. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, melting, sweet.
Good. December to March.

Ambrosia.

Early Beurre.

A French Pear of medium size, roundish obovate. Skin greenish
yellow, a little russeted. Flesh buttery, without much flavor. Hardly
good. September.

America.

An American Pear, originated with Francis Dana, Boston, Mass.
Tree a strong vigorous grower.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate obtuse pyriform. Skin
yellow, with traces, dots, and patches of russet. Stalk Ions, in a small
cavity. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, half melting, sweet,
sugary, pleasant. Good. November, December.

Amelie Leclerc.

A seedling of the late Leon Leclerc, of Laval, France. Tree mod-
erately vigorous, spreading, with long slender shoots.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to obtuse pyriform. Skin gieen-
ish yellow, with a shade of red in the sun, and slight nettings of russet.
Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Good to very good.
October.

Amiral Cecil.

Originated in France, of moderate growth, productive.

Fruit medium or below, roundish ovate, yellowish, with fawn-color
marblings in the sun. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, harsh and giitty
at centre. Good. October, December.

Amire Joannet.

St. Jean. St. John's Pear. Amire Johannet.

Joanne tte. Petit Johannet. Petit St. Jean.

This fruit is one of the earliest, ripening at the beginning of July
— in France, whence it originally comes, about St. John's day, whence
the name Joanne t. It is a j^leasant fi-uit, of second quality, and lasts
but a few days in perfection. It opens the pear season, with the Little
Muscat, to which it is superior.

Fruit below the middle size, regularly pyriform, tapering to the
stalk, which is an inch and a half long, and thickest at the point of
junction. Skin very smooth, at first light green, but becomes bright

THE PEAR.

059

lemon-color at maturity — very rarely witli a faint blush. Calyx large,
■with reflexed segments, even with the surface. Flesh white, sugary,
delicate and jvdcy at first, but soon becomes mealy.

Tresor.

Tresor d' Amour.

Amour.

Poire d' Amour.
Treasure.

Love Pear.

An old Pear, valued only for cooking.

Fruit very large, oblong obovate pyriform. Skin rough, dull yel-
lowish gi-een, brownish in sun. Flesh white, coarse, harsh, astringent.
Good for stewing. December to March.

Ananas de Courtrai.

Ananas de Courtray.

What we have received as Ananas de Courtrai from three or four
sources, both here and in Etu'ope, have proved to be Ananas d'Ete ; and

Ananas d'Et6.

as there is said to be a distinct Ananas de Courtrai, we insert Leroy's
description.

660 THE PEAR.

Fruit large, pyriform, slightly obtuse, surface uneven. Skin pale
yellow, with a warm brown red cheek in the sun, more or less marbled,
some dots and patches of russet brown. Flesh white, fine, juicy, mild,
sweet, musky, delicate perfume. Yery good. Last of August and early
in September.

Ananas d'Ete.

Ananas (of Manning and of Leroy). Ananas Frangais.

Du Bouchet. Summer Pine-apple.

Favori Musque.

An old variety, from Holland, which here is one of our best late
summer or early autumn Pears. Tree very vigorous. Young shoots
strong, of a rich reddish-yellowish brown, with prominent sharp-pointed
buds, and oblong white specks.

Fruit rather large, j^yriform, or occasionally obtuse at the stalk.
Skin pale yellow, with a little brown on one side, and much covered
with large, rough, brown russet dots. Stalk an inch and a quarter long,
inserted sometimes in a bkmt cavity, sometimes without depression, by
the side of a lip. Calyx open, with short divisions. Basin shallow.
Flesh fine-grained, buttery, and melting, with a sweet, perfumed, and
high flavor. Yery good. September and October.

Andre Desportes.

Originated in the gardens of M. Andre Leroy, in France, 1854.

Fruit mediiim, obovate obtuse pyriform, oblique. Skin greenish
yellow, with patches of fawn and bronze in the sun. Flesh yellowish
white, fine, juicy, melting, granulous at the core, sugary acid. July.
(Leroy.)

Andrews.
Beurre Oudinot ? Amory. Gibson.

The Andrews is a favorite native seedling, found in the neighbor-
hood of Dorchester, and first introduced to notice by a gentleman of
Boston, whose name it bears. It is of excellent flavor, but variable and
subject to rot at the core.

Fruit rather large, pyriform, one-sided. Skin smooth, and rather
thick, pale yellowish green, with a dull red cheek, and a few scattered
dots. Stalk about an inch and a quarter long, curved, and set in a very
shallow, blunt depression, or often without depression. Calyx open,
placed in a small basin. Flesh greenish white, full of juice, melting,
with a fine vinovis flavor. Good to very good. Early in September.
The Beurre Oudinot, as we have repeived it, has always proved identical
with our Andrews, but Leroy claims it a distinct sort.

Angelique de Bordeaux.

Gros Franc Real d'Hiver. St. Martial.

Cristalline. Molle Bouche d'Hiver.

A variety from France.

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish green in the shade,
brownish red in the sun, with brown dots. Stalk fleshy at insertion.

THE PEAR. G61

Calyx small. Flesli tender, juicy, buttery, melting. January to April.
(Hogg.)

Ang^lique Leclerc.

Originated with Leon Leclerc, of Laval. Tree productive.

Fruit medium to large, oblong obtuse pyriform. Stalk short. Ca-
ly:x small, open. Skin greenish yellow, shaded and dotted with red in the
sun. Flesh white, very close, melting, juicy, rough at the core, sweet,
aromatic. October, December. (Leroy.)

Angleterre.

English Beurre. Monkowthy.

Beurre d' Angleterre. Longue de Narkouts.

Beurre Amande. Beurre Judes.

Almond Pear. Amande Double.

An old French fruit of imknown origin. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, acute pyriform. Skin dull light green, slight net-
tings of russet. Stalk long, slender, curved, fleshy at its j unction with
the fruit. Flesh white, buttery, and melting, full of juice, and of
pleasant though not high flavor. Good. Middle of September,

Angleterre D'Hiver.
Angoisse blanche.

An old Pear of little value, except as a keeper and for cooking.

Firuit lai"ge, acute pyriform, greenish yellow, with a brownish red
tint in sun, many small russet and black specks. Flesh firm, rather
dry, slightly acid. February to April.

Angleterre Nain.
Angleterre Parfume.

Origin, Paris, France.

Fruit small to medium, obovate obtuse pyriform. Stalk long.
Calyx half closed. Skin rough, dull green, dotted with red in the sun.
Flesh whitish, fine, juicy, harsh near the core, musky. September,
October. (Leroy.)

Angobert,

Mansuette. Gros Angobert. Beurre de Semur. Dagobert.

Solitaire. De Satnte Catherine. Double Mansuette. A. Gobert.

A very old variety, described in 1660, and then, as now, considered
one of the best of cooking Pears.

Fruit large, or very large, irregular obtuse pyriform, greenish yel-
low. Flesh half melting, juicy, somewhat astringent. A cooking pear.
September.

Anna Audisson.

Doyenn^ Anna Audisson. Beurro Anna Audisson.

Originated at Angers, France.

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform, yellowish green, with
patches of russet and brownish red in the sun. Stalk short and stout.

n62 THE PEAK.

Cavity slight, sometimes a lip. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, juicy,
melting, sweet, and pleasant. Good to very good. October.

, Apple Pear.
Pomoire. Poire-Pomme. Beurro de Rackenheim,

Fruit below medium, I'ound or roundish oblate. Skin covered with
cinnamon russet, unless in the shade, when it is a dirty yellow green,
with russet marblings. Flesh yellow, tender, melting, juicy. Good.
October.

Arbre Courbe.
Amiral. Colmar Chamay.

Tree vigorous, with irregular crooked branches. Young wood yel-
lowish brown, with many specks, angled or bent from joint to joint.

Fruit medium or large, oval pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, with
patches and russet dots. Stalk large and fleshy. Calyx open. Basin
broad and shallow. Flesh whitish, coarse, half bnttery, melting, juicy,
slightly astringent. Good. Kipe last of September.

Arlequin Musque.

An old Pear, but little known.

Fruit large, obovate pyriform. Skin yellowish green, with mar-
blings and dots of brown. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, buttery,
melting, sweet. Good. Last of September.

Arthur Bivort.

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous.

Fruit above medium, oblong obtuse pyriform, green, becoming yei-
loM^sh at maturity, dotted with red in the sun. Stalk curved in a
slight cavity. Calyx open. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, vi-
nous. October. (Alb. Pom.)

Aston Town

Fruit small, roundish turbinate. Skin pale yellowish, with brown
specks. Flesh soft, buttery, moderately sweet, perfumed. Hardly
good. Middle and last of September.

AUDIBERT.
Belle Audibert.

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, orange in sun.
Flesh white, breaking, granulated, acidulous. Good for stewing only.
November.

AUGUSTE JURIE.

A seedling of M. Fortune, Willermoz, France. Tree moderately
vigorous, very productive.

Fruit small, oblate pyriform, yellow, shaded with dark red in the
sun. Flesh white, half melting, juicy, slightly vLaous, and slightlj
musky. Good. August.

THE PEAR. 663

AUGUSTE ROYER.

Tree very vigorous and productive, and promises to be a valuable
orchard fruit.

Fruit medium, rovindish. Skin greenish yellow, covered with rus-
set-faAvn. Flesh whitish, half melting, juice abundant, sugary, and
pleasantly pei'fumed. Good. Ripe October.

Augustine Lelieur.
Auguste Lelieur.

A variety from Belgium, but of unknown origin.

Fruit below medium, oblong ovate pyriform. Skin greenish, ^vith
patches and nettings of russet, russet dots, and a blush-red cheek in sun.
Stalk long, curved. Calyx closed, basin small, corrugated. Flesh
white, buttery, juicy, half-melting, sweet, and pleasant. Good. Octo-
ber, November.

Augustus Dana.

An American Pear, originated with Francis Dana, Boston, Mass.
The tree is a good but not strong or a handsome grower. Young shoots
of a light reddish brown color.

Fruit medium, varying in form from acute pyriform to obtuse pyri-
form. Skin yellow, netted and patched with russet, and russet dots.
Stalk often one side of a true axis, curved, and set with slight depression.
Calyx open. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly aromatic.
Good to very good. October.

AURATE.

An old variety.

Fruit small, pyriform, pale yellowish green. Flesh jaicy, rich.
Yery good. Last of Jtily.

Autumn Bergamot.

English Bergamot. York Bergamot.

Common Bergamot. English Autumn Bergamot.

Fruit small, roundish, and flattened. Skin roughish green. Flesh
greenish white, coarse-grained at the core, j uicy, sugary. September.

The Bei'gamotte d'Automne of the French is a distinct fruit from
this. Skin light yellowish green, brownish red cheek. Flesh breaking,
juicy, and refreshing, but not high-flavored. A second-rate fruit.

Autumn Colmar.

A French Pear, of fair quality and a good bearer.

Fruit of medium size, oblong or obtuse pyriform, a little uneven.
Skin pale green, dotted with numerous russety specks. Stalk about an
inch long, straight, planted in a small, uneven cavity. Calyx small, closed,
set in a slight basin, a little furrowed. Flesh a little gritty at the core,
buttery, with a rich and agreeable flavor. Good. October.

664 THE PEAR.

Autumn Nelis.
Graham's Autumn Nalis. Graham's Bergamot.

An English Pear. Tree mnch the habit of Winter Nelis, very
hardy and productive. Young wood light olive.

Fruit medium, obovate pyi-iform. Skin greenish yellow, mostly
overspread and netted with russet. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, melt-
ing, rich aromatic. Very good. October.

AVRIL.
D'Avril. Poire d'Avril.

Tree a vigorous grower, productive.

Fruit large, roundish, obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow,
slightly shaded and somewhat spotted with russet, and thickly covered
with russet dots. Stalk long and curved, inserted usually in a depres-
sion. Calyx closed, basin deep and irregular. Flesh whitish, compact,
coarse, granular, juicy, half-melting, sweet, and agi-eeable. A good bak-
ing pear, November to February.

Barbancinet.

Origin, Nursery of Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree vigorous,
spreading, upright, productive. Young wood light brown.

Fruit medium oblong acute pyriform, greenish yellow, with a brown-
ish shade in the svin, sometimes slightly netted and patched with russet,
and sprinkled Avith dots. Stalk medium, fleshy at junction. Calyx
partially open. Segments short. Basin small. Flesh white, juicy,
melting, slightly vinous. Ver'y good. September.

Barbe Nelis.

Raised by Gregoire, of Belgium. Tree very vigorous, moderately
productive. Young wood stout, light yellowish brown.

Fruit small, oblare obtuse pyriform, gi-eenish yellow, shaded and
marbled with dull red in the sun, many green dots, and a few nettings
and patches of russet. Stalk long, slender, curved, often with bracts
in a slight cavity. Calyx open. Flesh white, buttery, juicy, half-melt-
ing, sweet, pleasant. Good. Last of August.

Baron Deman De Lennick.

A Belgian Pear, too small to be of great value at its season.

Fruit small, roundish to roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with net-
tings and traces of russet, especially near the calyx, and many russet
dots. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, coarse at centre, juicy, half-
melting. Good. November, December.

Baronne de Mello.

Adele de St. Denis. St. CeiTan.

Adele de St. Cerras. Beurre Van Mons.

A Belgian Pear, first described by Bivoi-t, in Album Pomology. Tree

THE PEAR. G65

hardy, vigorous grower, and productive. Young wood light olive brown
with many specks.

Fruit medium, iri-egular in form, varying from curved pyriform to
long acute pyriform, occasionally roundish acute pyriform. Skin yel-

Baronne de Mello.

lowish, nearly covered with brown russet, and thickly sprinkled with
russet dots. Stalk long, curved, inclined, fleshy at base, and often with
a lip. Calyx partially closed. Segments short, erect. Flesh whitish, a
little coarse, juicy, melting, vinous subacid. Very good, October.

Barry.
De Lestnmieres, Doyenne Barry.

An old variety, lately introduced and renamed.

Fruit medium, oblong obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, netted and
shaded and dotted with russet. Stalk short, obliquely inserted, short.
Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good to
very good. October.

666

THE PEAR.

Bartlett, ok "^iVllliams' Bokcheetiex.

Bartlett, of all American Gardens.
"Williams' Bonchretien.
Clement Doyenne.
Poire Guillaume. of the French.

Bamett's William.
Bonchretien Bamett.
Delavault.

This noble Pear is, justly, one of the most popular of all the summei
varieties. Its size, beauty, and excellence entitle it to tliis estimation,
apart from the fact that it bears very early, regularly, and abun-
dantly. It is an English variety, originated about 1770, in Berkshire,
and was afterward propagated by a London grower by the name of Wil-

BoztleU, or TVlQiams' Bonchritieii.

liams. When first introduced to this country its name was lost, and
having been cultivated and disseminated by Enoch Bartlett, Esq., of
Dorchester, near Boston, it became so universally known as tht; Hartleti

THE PEAR. 667

Pear, tliat it is impossible to dispossess it now. It smts our climate
admirably, ripening better here than in England, and has the imusual
property of maturing perfectly in the house, even if it is picked before
it is fall-grown. It has no competitor as a summer market fruit.
The tree gi-ows upright, with thrifty, yello^dsh brown shoots, and nar-
row, folded leaves.

Friut of large size, oblong, obtuse ppiform. Suriace uneven.
Skin very thin and smooth, clear yellow (with a soft blush on the
sunny side in exposed specimens), rarely marked with faint russet.
Stalk one to one and a half inches long, stout, inserted in a shallow
caA"ity. Calyx open. Segments short, erect, set in a very shallow, ob-
scruely plaited basin. Flesh white, and exceedingly hne-gi-ained and but-
tery ; it is full of juice, sweet, with a highly perfumed vinous flavor.
(In damp or unfavorable soils it is sometimes slightly acid.) Ripens
from last of August to middle and last of September.

Bartkam.

Origin, an accidental seedling on the premises of the late Miss Anna
Bartram, near Philadelphia, Pa. Tree an irregular grower. Young
wood slender, reddish yellow brown.

Fruit medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, pale lemon yellow, thickly
sprinkled with brown gray dots and traces of russet. Stalk inclined in
a narrow ca^-ity. Calyx partially open. Flesh white, fine-gi-ained,
juicy, melting, rich, sKghtly vinous. Very good. September.

Beadxell.
Beadnell's Seedling.

Foreign. Tree "v"igorous. Shoots long, bright chestnut.
Fruit medium, pvriform, pale yellowish green, blushed red in the
sun. Flesh melting, juicy. Good. Last September. (Elliott.)

Beau Present d'Artois.
Present Royal de Naples. Present Royal de Nances.

A foreign variety, by some persons highly esteemed. Tree vi^o-
rous, with long branches. Yoting wood dull brown, with white oblon"
specks.

Fruit large, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow, dotted and patched
with russet. Stalk long, rather stout, inclined, little or no depression.
Calyx paitially closed. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh buttery, juicy,
melting. Good to very good. September.

Beaut ALOT.
Angiere. Augert Auger.

A foreign variety of indifferent quality.

Fruit medivim or above, obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow,
sprinkled and patched with russet and many russet dots. Flesh juicy,
vinous, plea.sant. November, December.

668 THE PEAR.

Belle de Bruxelles.

Belle d'AoAt. Gros Muscadille. Beurre de Bruxelles.

Petit Certeau. Bellisime d'Automne. Muscat Rouge.

Beauty of Brussels. Muscadille. Vermilion des Dames.

De Coq. Vermilion. Vermilion d'Automne.

Des Dames.

A large and liandsome fruit, of poor quality.

Fruit medium, acute pyriform. Skill pale yellow, with a soft red
cheek when fully exposed. Flesh white, sweet, and slightly perfumed.
Middle of August.

Belle de Figuier.

Originated at Angers, France, iu 1860.

Fruit medium to large, globular obtuse pyriform. Skin rough, greenish
red, with fawn-colored spots. Stalk short. Calyx large, open. Flesh
white, juicy, melting, sweet aromatic acid, gritty at core. December,
January. (Leroy.)

Belle de l'Orient.

A foreign variety, showy but of poor quality.

Fruit large, oblong obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, netted and
dotted with russet. Flesh white, tender, rots at core before ripe. Oc-
tober.

Belle de Thouars.

Coulon de Saint Marc. Belle de Thouarse.

Belle de Troyes. Saint Marc.

Belle de Prague. Belle de Jersey.

A foreign variety, of indifferent or poor quality.

Fruit medium to large, oblong obtuse pyriform, yellow, covered
with a thin cinnamon russet. Flesh white, dry, sweet. December,
January.

Belle Epine Dumas.

Due de Bourdeaux. Beurre Rochechourt

fipine du Rochoir. Beurre St. Louis.

£prne de Limoges. Colmar de Lot.

^pine Dumas. Comte de Limoges.

Beurre de Rochoir. EmUe de Rochois.

Beurre d'Elberg.

Tree vigorous, pyramidal form, good bearer. Young wood dull yel-
low brown, with sharp-pointed buds.

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin green, becoming
greenish yellow when ripe, with small russet brown dots. Stalk long, set
in a very small depression. Calyx partially closed, in a shallow, regular
basin. Flesh white, buttery, half melting, juicy, sweet, and of a peculiar
flavor. Yery good. November and December.

Belle Julie.

Tilloy . St. Germain Dutilleul.

Alexandre Helie. St. Germain du Tillay.

St. Germain du Tilloy. St. Germain de Graines.

A Belgian Pear. Tree very vigorous, and productive. Young wood
rather slender, light yellowish bro'svii.

THE PEAR. 669

Fruit medium, globular obtuse pyriform, sometimes inclined. Skin
rather rough, greenish yellow, considerably netted and patched with
russet, especially around the stalk and calyx. Stalk generally curved,
set in a slight depression, often without and sometimes with a lip.
Calyx open. Flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, melting, slightly vinous.
Good to veiy good. October.

Belle Moulinoise.

Originated at Moulins, France, and introduced in 1864.

Fruit large, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin rough, greenish, dotted
and marbled in the sun, with fawn-color near the stalk. Stalk long,
large, curved. Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, fine, firm, juicy, crisp,
sweet, musky. February, March. (Leroy.)

Belle Kouennaise.

A French Pear, introduced in 1856.

Fruit medium, roundish oblique acute pyriform. Skin lemon yel-
low, covered with russet dots. Calyx large, half open. Stalk stout.
Flesh white, tender, melting, juicy, rich, sugary, with a delicate aroma.
Early in October. (Hogg.)

Belle Williams.

A foreign variety little known. Tree a very erect, vigorous grower.
Young wood olive, slightly yellow, glossy.

Fruit medium to large, oblong pyriform, with a groove or sunken
line from stem to calyx, yellowish, with traces and nettings of russet.
Stalk long, curved, set in a slight depression by a lip. Calyx partially
closed. Flesh whitish, not juicy or rich. Good for cooking. Decem-
ber to March.

Bellissime d'Hiver.

Vermilion d'Hiver des Dames. Du Bur.

Bellisime du Bur. Belle Noisette.

An old Pear, valuable only for cooking.

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, with shade of
red in the sun, and many russet dots. Flesh white, fine, sweet, break-
ing, not gritty. November, January.

Belmont,

An English kitchen Pear.

Fruit rather large, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish green, a lit-
tle brownish next the sun. Flesh rather coarse, juicy, and sweet.
October.

Bergamotte Boussieke.

One of Yan Mons' seedlings.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate pyriform, yellowish green.
Flesh white, juicy, harsh at centre. Good. October, December.

670 THE PEAR.

Bergamotte Bufo.
Bergamotte Capraud. Crapaud.

An old French Pear, heretofore confounded with Bergamotte Cadet.
Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood light reddish yellow brown.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, netted and patched
with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, in a
br-oad, rather shallow cavity. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, juicy,
melting, sweet, sHghtly vinous. Good. October.

Bergamotte Cadet.
Poire de Cadet. De Cadet. Milan de Bourdeaux.

A good Bergamot from France. Productive. Young wood clear
light yellowish brown.

Fruit middle-sized, roundish inclining to oblate. Skin smooth, pale
yellow, rarely with a pale red cheek. Stalk an inch long, thick set in
an angular, shallow cavity. Calyx small, open. Basin nearly flat. Flesh
buttery and juicy, sweet and lich. Good. October and November.

Bergamotte d'Esperen.

A seedling of Esperin, in 1830. Tree vigorous, productive. Young
wood warm rich dark yellow brown, with small white specks.

Fruit medium, oblate, exceedingly depressed, sides often unequal.
Skin gi-eenish yellow, thick and rough, covered with russet dots and
patches. Stalk long and stout, thickened at its insertion in a small
cavity, at an inclination. Calyx small, closed in a rather deep
slightly furrowed basin, surrounded by russet. Flesh greenish yellow,
juicy, buttery, sweet, and i-ich. Good. December to Februai-y.

Bergamotte de Millipieds.

Said to have originated by Goubalt, at Millipieds, France, and first
fruited in 1852.

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, ribbed at apex, pale yellow, moderately
sprinkled with small brown dots. Stalk long, stout. Cavity small. Calyx
open. Segments erect. Basin deep, abrupt, uneven. Flesh white,
a little coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet. Good to very good. Novem-
ber.

Bergamotte Dussart.

A Belgian variety, described by various authors.

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, with gray dots
and traces of russet. Flesh half melting, juicy, sweet, vinous. Good.
December, January.

Bergamotte Gaudry.

Gaudry.

A foreign Pear of little value.

Fruit small, roundish oval oblate, greenish yellow, partially netted

THE PEAR. 671

and patched with russet, and many russet dots. Stalk long. Flesh
■whitish, coarse, breaking, gritty at core, pleasant, vinous. Hardly good.
October.

Bergamotte Heimbourg.

Raised by M. Bivort. Tree vigorous and very productive.

Fruit large, Bergamotte-shaped. Skin rough, green, changing to
lemon-yellow when ripe, dotted with brown, and tinged with red next
the sun. Flesh white, very fine, somewhat butteiy, juice abundant,
sugary, perfumed. Ripe early in October. (Gard. Chron.)

Bergamotte Leseble.

A Pear of French origin, only good in qiiality. Tree vigorous and
prodvictive.

Fruit medium, oblate, or Bergamotte-shaped. Skin yellow, with a
sunny cheek, numerous small dots, and russeted patches. Stalk long,
curved, inserted in a depression. Calyx open, broad. Basin iiTegular.
Flesh juicy, buttery, melting, sweet, and pleasant. October.

Bergamotte Parthenay.

Bergamotte de Parthenay. Poire Poriault. Parthenay.

Beurre Parthenay. Berg-amotte Stoffels. Poiream

Bergamotte Poireau.

An old French Pear, large, and valuble only for cooking.
Fruit large, oblate obtuse pyramidal, olive yellow, with fawn-colored
specks. Flesh white, firm, juicy, subacid, astringent. January to May.

Bergamotte Piquot.

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish, broad obtxise pyriform, pale yellow, tinge
of red in the sun, traces of russet and rvisset dots. Flesh white, juicy,
melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Good. Rots at core. September.

Bergamotte Sageret.
Sageret.

A French Pear, of vigorous growth of tree.

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish, very thickly sprinkled with
brown and russet dots. Stalk fleshy at insertion. Calyx large, open.
Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. October.

Bergamot Seckel.

Raised by William Pitmaston, England. Tree moderately vigorous,
productive.

Fi'uit medium or below, roundish, regular. Skin reddish-bi'own,
russet specks. Stalk short, thick, inclined without depression. Calyx
short, stiff". Basin shallow. Flesh white, juicy, sugary, with all the
spicy flavor of the Seckol. (Gard. Chron.)

Bergen.
A chance seedling found in a hedge on land formerly belonging to

672 THE PEAR.

Simon Bergen, of New Utreclit, Long Island. Tree moderately vigo-
rous, npiight. Yooing wood reddish, an early and good bearer, but
not profuse.

Fruit large, elongated, obtuse pyriform, often witli sides not sym-
metric, angular. Skin waxen, lemon yellow, finely shaded with crim-
son and fawn where exposed to the sun, and thickly sprinkled with
browTi and crimson dots. Stalk long, rather stout, curved, inserted in
a moderate depression by a fleshy ring. Calyx small, open. Segments
stiff. Basin small, surrounded by a wavy border. Flesh whitish,
veined with yellow, a little coarse and gritty, buttery, juicy, melting,
with a sweet aromatic flavor, delicately perfumed. Good to very good.
Bipe last of September and beginning of October.

Berriays.
Poire de Berriays.

This is a new French variety, obtained from seed in 1861, by M. Bois-
bunel. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Young shoots reddish.

Fruit medium, surface a little uneven, roundish obovate obtuse.
Skin pale greenish yellow, sometimes a shade of bi-o\vn in the sun, and
thickly sprinkled with brown and green dots. Stalk long, set in a
small cavity. Calyx closed. Segments short. Basin small, uneven.
Flesh white, a little coarse at the core, juicy, melting, refreshing, slightly
vinous. Good to very good. September.

Beurre Antoine.
Saint Germata Fondant.

Originated in 1822, and was rebaptized in 1849, under name of the
present synonym. Tree vigorous.

Fruit medium or above, oblong pyriform, sometimes with a suture
one side. Skin pale gi'eenish yellow, sprinkled with gi-een and brown
dots. Stalk long, curved, inserted in a small cavity. Calyx large, open.
Flesh white, buttery, not very juicy or melting, but sweet. Good. Last
September.

Beurre Antoinette.

A Belgian Pear, originated in 1846. Tree vigorous and produc-
tive.

Fruit medium, roundish acute pyriform. Skin greenish yellow,
slightly netted with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots.
Stalk long, slender, inserted generally with a lip. Calyx open. Flesh
yellowish, juicy, buttery, sweet, pleasant, a little perfumed. Slightly
vinous. Good. September.

Beurre Assomption.
Beurre de 1' Assomption.

Originated near Nantes, in France. Tree vigorous, very productive.

Fruit large, irregular, generally oblong pyriform, obtuse, yellow,
dotted, marbled, and splashed with red in sun. Stalk short. Calyx
large, open. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, rough next the core,
acid sweet. July, August. (Leroy).

THE PEAR, 673

Beurre Auneniere.

Origin, supposed France. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood
dull yellowish brown.

Fruit medium, I'oundish oblong pyriform, pale yellow, with a few
traces of russet, and sprinkled with bi'own dots. Stalk stout. Calyx
partially open. Segments short, erect. Flesh white, juicy, melting,
sweet, aromatic. Good. Last September.

Beurr]6 Bachelier.
Bachelier . Chevalier.

A French Peai-, introduced in 1845. Tree vigorous. Young wood
rich dark brown.

Fruit medium or above, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish
yellow, with brown dots and patch of russet next the stalk. Stalk short-
ish, very much inclined in a moderate depression by a lip. Calyx pai-tial-
ly closed, set in a shallow basin. Flesh buttery, juicy, melting, with a
brisk, vinous, aromatic flavor. Very good. November and December.

Beurre Bailey.

A variety that originated in France, and first fruited in 1848.

Fruit large, irregular, elongated pji-iform, yellow, dotted with green-
ish gray, and with fawn color next the calyx. Flesh white, fine, half
melting, juicy, sugary, rough near the core. October, November.
(Leroy.)

Beurre Beauchamps.

Beauchamps. Haghens d'Hiver.

Biemont. Bergamotte Beauchamp.

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous. Young shoots stout,
dark dull olive yellow, many long white specks, and patches of whitish gray.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Skin rough, light yelloAV, slightly
netted and patched with russet, and with many brown and crimson
dots. Stalk pi-etty stout, long and curved, set in a moderate cavity,
sometimes by a lip. Calyx open. Basin rather narrow, abrupt, and
uneven. Flesh white, juicy, melting, a Little buttery, very sweet,
gritty, pleasant. Good. November.

Beurre Beaulieu.

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, mostly
covered with russet. Stalk short, inclined, without cavity. Calyx
open. Basin shallow. Flesh whitish, somewhat coarse, buttery, melt-
ing, with a brisk vinous flavor, resembling Brown Beurre. Good.
October.

Beurre Beguines.

A small but very rich Pear, one of Yan Mons' seedlings, too small
for the season.

Fruit small, obovate oblate. Skin rough, nearly covered with dull
msset. Stalk long. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, juicy, coarse, melt
ing, sweet. Good. October.

43

674 THE PEAR.

Beurr6 Bennert.

From Belgium.

Fruit small, roundisli oblate pyriform, pale yellow, sometimes
shaded and mottled witli fawn and crimson in the sun, and often net-
ted and patched with russet. Stalk long, slender. Calyx open. Flesh
whitish or light rose color, j uicy, melting, a little coarse, sweet, per-
fumed. Good. November, December.

Beurre Benoist.
Beurre Auguste Benoit . Benoist. Beurre Benoist Nouveau.

Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, very productive. Young wood
reddish, with sharp spur-like buds.

Fi'uit medium, roundish inclining to acute pyriform. Skin yellow,
spotted and shaded with brown russet, red cheek in sun. Stalk of
moderate length, inserted by a fleshy ring or lip. Calyx open, in a
regular basin. Flesh white, fine, melting, juice abundant, sugary, and
well perfumed. Very good. Ripe end of September.

Beurre Berckmans.
Alexandre Berckmans.

One of Major Esperen's seedlings, dedicated to M. Louis Bei'ckmans,
once a colaborer in pomology. Tree vigorous, upright, very productive.
Young wood very stout, blunt at ends, yellowish olive.

Fruit medium or above, obovate pyriform, sometimes obovate acute
pyriform. Skin yellowish, rough, chiefly covered with rvisset. Stalk
of medium length, fleshy, very much inclined. Calyx small, open, in a
shallow furrowed basin. Flesh white, juicy, very buttery, melting, with
a rich, highly perfumed flavor. Very good. October, November.

Beurre Boisbunel.

Originated with L. M. Boisbunel, at Rouen, France, in 1835. Tree
moderately vigorous and productive. Young wood diill yellowish
brown.

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, with traces
of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, slender,
curved, set in a small cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx small, open.
Flesh whitish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly perfumed.
Good. September.

Beurre Bollwiller.

A winter cooking Pear, of good quality.

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish, with spots
of grayish brown and russet near the calyx, shade of red in the sun.
Flesh white, half fine, juicy, sweet, agi-eeable. Good. January, March.

Beurr6 Bosc.
Bosc's Flaschenbime. Calebasse Bosc. Cannelle.

The Beurre Bosc is a Pear to which we give our unqualified praise.

THE PEAR,

675

It is large, handsome, a regular bearer, always perfect, and of the high-
est flavor. It bears singly, and not in clusters, looking as if thinned on
the tree, whence it is always of fine size. It was raised in 1807, by Yan
Mons, and named Calebasse Bosc in honor of M. Bosc, a distinguished
Belgian cultivator. Having also been received at the garden of the

Beurre Bosc.

Horticultural Society of London under the name of Beurrg Bosc, Mr.
Thompson thought it best to retain this name, as less likely to lead to a
confusion with the Calebasse, a distinct fruit. The tree grows vigor-
ously. Shoots long, brownish olive.

Fruit large, pyriform, a little imeven, often tapering long and gra-
dually into the stalk. Skin pretty smooth, dark yellow, a good deal cov-
ered with streaks and dots of cinnamon russet, and slightly toucliod
with red on one side. Stalk one to two inches long, rather slender.

G7G THE PEAE.

curved. Calyx short, set in a very shallow basin. Flesh white, melt-
ing, very buttery, with a rich, delicious, and slightly perfumed flavor.
Best. Ripens gradually from the last of September to the last of Octo-
ber.

Beurre Brettouneau.

Docteur Brettouneau. Brettouneau.

One of Major Esperen's seedlings, originated in 1818, Tree vigorous,
but comes late into bearing. Young wood yellowish brown.

Fruit large, variable in form, generally obovate pyriform. Skin
rough, light green, golden yellow at maturity, reddish brown in the sun.
Flesh fine, yellowish white, not juicy, half melting, sugary, vinous, plea-
santly perfumed. Good. March and April.

Beurre Bruneau.

Crassane d'Hiver de Bruneau. De Saint Herblain.

Bergamotte Crassane d'Hiver. Crassane Bruneau.

Crassane d'Hiver. Bergamotte Crassane de Bruneau.

This variety, we believe, was originally figured and described in the
Annals of Pomology as Bergamotte Crassane d'Hiver, but having re-
ceived it as Beurre Bruneau, we prefer to continue that name as the
most simple. It is not a variety of much excellence, although the tree
is hardy and productive.

Fruit medium, short obtuse pyriform, dull yellow, spotted and shaded
with grayish brown. Flesh white, juicy, vinous a little acid. Good.
November, December.

Beurre; Burnicq.

Originated and first fruited with Major Esperen, in 1846, Tree vig-
orous, spreading, irregular, productive. Young wood reddish brown.

Fruit medium, globular acute pyrifoi'm. Skin yellowish, partially
netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk
medium, fleshy at insertion. Calyx generally open. Basin small, un-
even. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, vinous, slightly astringent. Good.
October.

Beurre Charron,

Originated at Angers, Fi-ance, in 1838.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, with many gray dots. Stalk
long. Calyx small, closed. Basin deep. Flesh juicy, melting, buttery.
Yery good. October.

Beurre Chatenay,

A French Pear, too small for profit, but very good in quality.

Fruit small, varying in form from obovate to ovate pyi-iform, pale
yellow, netted and patched with russet, occasionally a red cheek in the
stm. Stalk rather short. Calyx partially open. Flesh white, half fine,
juicy, sweet, vinous. October.

Beurr6 Citron.

From Belgium, one of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous. Young
wood reddish brown.

THE PEAR.

677

Frviit medium or below, obovate oblate. Skin whitish yellow, shade
of red or crimson in the sun, traces of russet and many russet dots.
Stalk long, a little curved, set in a small cavity, sometimes with a slight
lip. Calyx open. Flesh white, half melting, jviicy, sweet, a little per-
fumed. Good to very good. Last September and October.

We have received another and quite different pear under this name,
the wood of which is yellowish brown.

Fruit medium or below, irregular, sometimes obovate obtuse pyri-
form, and again ovate acute pyriform. Skin pale yellow, slightly netted
with russet, and with small brown or russet dots. Stalk medium, fleshy
at insertion. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, coarse, not juicy or melt-
ing. Hardly good. November, December.

Leroy makes General Lamorici^re identical with Beurre Citron, but
as we have received them they are quite distinct.

Beurr6 CUirgcau.

^78 THE PEAR.

Beurr^ Clairgeau.
Clairgeau. Clairgeau de Nantes.

Eaised by Pierre Clairgeau, of Nantes, France. Tree very vigorous,
forming a beautiful pyramid. Young wood reddish brown, very produc-
tive.

The size, early bearing, j^roductiveness, and beauty of this Pear ren-
der it a profitable market sort.

Fruit large, pyriform, but with unequal sides. Skin warm yellow,
inclining to fawn, shaded with orange and crimson, thickly covered with
russet dots, and sometimes sprinkled with russet. Stalk short, stout, and
fleshy, inserted by a lip at an inclination almost without depression ;
when the lip is absent the cavity is uneven. Calyx open. Segments
stiff, in a shallow furrowed basin. Flesh yellowish, buttery, jviicy, some-
what granular, with a sugary, perfumed, vinous flavor. Good. October
to January.

Beurre Colmar.
Beurre Colmar d'Automne. Beurre d'Enghien of France.

It is one of Dr. Van Mons' seedlings, and is quite distinct from the
Autumn Colmar.

Fruit of medium size, oval obovate, regularly formed. Skin smooth,
pale green, becoming yellowish at maturity, with a blush next the sun,
and thickly sprinkled with dots. Stalk an inch long. Calyx expanded,
and set in a very shallow, narrow, irregular basin. Flesh very white,
slightly ciisp at first, but becoming very juicy and melting, with a
slightly perfumed flavor. Good. October.

Beurre Coloma.
Beurre du Coloma. Capucine d'Automne Coloma.

The trees of this foreign Pear are good growers.

Fruit small to medium, long oval pyriform, greenish yellow, with a
tinge of red in the sun, and many gi-een and brown dots. Stalk me-
dium, inserted without cavity. Calyx open. Flesh whitish yellow,
juicy, melting, slightly astringent. Good. October.

Beurre d'Albret.

Poire d'Albret. Beurre Delbret.

Dalbret. Calebasse d'Albret.

A foreign variety. Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood reddish.

Fruit medium or above, elongated pyriform, angular, often with a
suture on one side. Skin yellow, mostly covered with cinnamon russet.
Stalk short, thick, and fleshy, much inclined at its insertion by a lip.
Calyx small, open, or partially closed. Basin small and uneven. Flesh
greenish white, exceedingly juicy, buttery, melting, with a rich vinous
flavor, highly perfumed. Very good. October.

BEURRfi d'AmANLIS.

Hubard. Beurre d'Amalis. Kaissoise.

Beurre d'Amaulis. Kessoise. Thiessoise.

A Belgian Pear, very productive, variable. Succeeds best in cold
latitiides.

THE PEAK. 679

Fruit large, obovate, not very regular, a little swollen on its sides.
Skin rather thick, dull yellowish green, with a pale reddish brown cheek,

Beorr^ d'Albret.

overspread with numerous brown dots and russet streaks and patches.
Stalk a little more than an inch long, set rather obliquely in a shallow, ir-
regular cavity. Calyx open, with broad divisions. Basin shallow. Flesh
yellowish, somewhat coarse, but buttery, melting, abundant, rich, with
slightly perfumed juice, often astringent and poor. September.

Beurre d'Amanlis Panachee diHers from the above only in its skin,
having green and greenish yellow shades and stripes.

Beurr^ d'Anjou.
Ne Plus Mentis of the French.

A noble fruit, said to be of French origin. Tree vigorous. Young
shoots yellowish brown, very productive.

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform. Stem short, thick, and fleshy, inserted in
a cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx very small, open, stilfF, in an exceed-
ingly small basin, surrounded by russet. Skin greenish, sprinkled with
russet, sometimes shaded with dull crimson, and sprinkled thickly with
brown and crimson dots. Flesh whitish, not very fine, melting, juicy,
with a brisk vinous flavor, pleasantly perfumed. Very good to best.
October, November.

680

THE PEAR.

This is one of the most profitable varieties for orcharding, bearing
abundantly and evenly, whether grown on quince or pear stocks.

Beurrfi d'Anjou.

Beurr^ d'Aremberg.

Due d'Aremberg.
Deschamps.
Colmar Deschamps.
D'Aremberg Parfait.
L'Orpbeline.

Beurre des Orphelines.
Beurre Burchardt.
Orpheline d'Enghien.
Beurre Deschamps.
Delices des Orphelins.

The Beurre d'Aremberg is a fine fruit, high-flavored, bears most
abundantly, and always keeps and matures with perhaps less care than
most other winter fruits in the house.

The Beurre d'Aremberg was raised by the Abbe Deschamps, in the
garden of the Hospice des Orphelines, at Enghien. The Beurre d'Arem-
berg of many French catalogues is the Glout Morceau. The two sorts
are easily distinguished. The fruit of the d'Aremberg has a short, or
thicker stalk, usually bent to one side ; its flavor is vinous instead of

THE PEAR.

G81

sugary, and its wood not so strong, with more deeply serrated leaves.
Branches clear yellowish brown, dotted with pale specks. Tree vin-
healthy and subject to canker.

Fruit obovate, but narrowing a good «leal to the stalk. Skin thick,
rather uneven, pale greenish yellow, becoming yellow at maturity, with
many tracings and spots of light russet. Stalk short, half an inch to an
inch long, thick, and very fleshy, especially where it joins the fruit, and
usually planted very obliquely. Calyx short and small, set in a deep
basin. Flesh white, buttery, and melting, with an abundant, rich, deli-
cious vinous juice. Very good. December.

Beurr6 d'Avoine.

A vai'iety of comparatively recent introduction from Belgium.

Fruit medium, obovate. Skin greenish yellow, with a few patches
and nettings of russet, and some russet dots. Stalk medium. Calyx
closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, and pleasant. Good to
very good. October.

Beun-e de Brignais.

Beurre de Brignais.
Des Nonnes. Poire des Nonnes. Nun's Pear. De Nonne.

A valuable variety, the origin of which we cannot learn. Ti-ee

682 THE PEAR.

vigorous, hardy, and productive. Young wood rich dark yellowish
brown.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin greenish, with numerous gi'ay
dots. Stalk long, curved, inserted in a narrow, uneven cavity. Calyx
closed. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh white, juicy, melting, with a
brisk, perfumed, high flavor. Very good. Ripe middle and last of
September. Core small, continues a long time ere it decays.

Beurre de Capiaumont.

Capiumont. Beurre Anrore. Calebasse Vasse.

Aurore. De la Glaciere.

A Flemish Pear, very fair and handsomely formed, and a capital
bearer, hardy in all soils and seasons ; sometimes first-rate ; but when
the tree is heavily laden, it is apt to be slightly astringent. It gi'ows
freely. Branches a little pendent, grayish yellow.

Fruit of medium size, long turbinate, very even, and tapering regu-
larly into the stalk. Skin smooth, clear yellow, with a light cinnamon-
red cheek, and a few small dots and streaks of russet. Calyx large, with
spreading segments prominently placed, and not at all sunk. Stalk
from three-fourths to an inch and a half long, curved. Flesh fine-grain-
ed, buttery, melting, sweet, and, when not astringent, of high flavor.
September and October.

Beurre Defais.
Beurre Audusson d'Hiver. Beurr6 Defays.

A French Pear. Tree productive, and a strong, vigorous grower.
Young shoots rich clear reddish brown, with a lai-ge pointed bud at
end.

Fruit rather large, oblique obtuse pyriform. Skin fine yellow,
slightly netted with russet, and a few russet dots. Stalk varying in
length, set in a narrow cavity. Calyx small, partially open. Flesh
white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly aromatic. Good. October.

Beurre de Fevrier.

This winter Pear originated in Rouen, France, and is classed as a
superior variety ; we have not fruited it, and give our description from
Leroy.

Fi-uit medivim, oblong obtuse pyi'iform. Skin greenish yellow, with
clear spots of red in the sun. Flesh white, half fine, melting, slightly
granulous, juicy, sweet with a vinous perfume. January, February.

Beurre de Ghelin.
Beurre Fromentel.

Raised by M. Fontaine de Shelin, near Mons, Belgium. Tree vigo-
rous, productive.

Fruit large, very irregular in its outline, often roundish oblong
oval, yellowish, with some few marblings of russet. Stalk short. Cav-
ity irregular. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, juicy, sweet, agreeable.
October, December. (Leroy.)

THE PEAR. 683

Beurr6 d'Hardenpont d'Automne.
Wilfred ?

Tree upi-ight, vigorous. Young wood gi-ayish reddish brown.

Fruit rather large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yel-
low, netted and patched with russet, and many large russet dots.
Stalk long, curved. Calyx open. Basin narrow, abrupt. Flesh yel-
lowish, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. Octo-
ber.

Beurre de Johnge.

Originated in the garden of M. Gambier, near Brussels. Tree
hardy, productive.

Fruit medium to large, obovate acute pyriform, fleshy next the
stem. Skin pale yellow, a tinge of red in the sun, considerably netted
and patched with russet, and many russet dots. Stalk short, inclined,
lip at base. Calyx open. Segments short. Basin rather small and

Bemri de Koning.

uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, a little perfumed.
Good to very good. December, January.

684 THE PEAK.

Beurre de Koxing.

Beiirr^ Koninck. Beurre de Conick. Beiirre Conning.

Auguste de Maraise ?

A Belgian Pear. Tree moderately vigorous. Young shoots slen-
der, olive reddish yellow.

Fruit medium, obovate, slightly obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish
green, with russet and brown dots and marblings. Stalk medium, stout.
Calyx open, in a broad basin. Flesh white, juicy, melting, vinous.
Good to very good. October.

Beurre Delannoy.
De Launay.

Originated with Alexander Delannoy, of Toumai. Tree vigorous,
productive. Yovmg shoots dull leddish-yellowish brown.

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyrifoim. Skin greenish yellow, a lit-
tle brownish in the sun, with patches and traces of russet and many rus-
set dots. Stalk varying, a little curved and inclined. Calyx open.
Flesh whitish, melting, refreshingly sweet. Yery good. October, No-
vember.

Beurre Delbecq.

Delbecque. Fleur de Mars.

Fondante Delbecq. Beurre Delberg.

A Belgian variety. Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit medium, oval obovate, golden yellow, splashed and dotted
with red in the sun. Flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, sweet. Good.
September, October.

Beurre Delfosse.

Beurre Philippe Delfosse. Delfosse Bourgmestre.

Delfosse. Philippe Delfosse.

Bourgmestre Delfosse.

Raised by M. Gregoire, of Belgium. Tree vigorous, productive.
Young shoots very stout, rich warm yellow brown.

Fruit medium to large, obovate obtuse pyriform, sometimes only
obovate, greenish yellow, netted and patched with russet, and many
russet dots. Stalk curved, set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Flesh
white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. October, November.

Beurre de Mons.
Beurre de Mans.

A foreign Pear of little value, as it rots at the core.

Fruit small, roundish obovate, yellowish, with a shade of brownish
red in the sun, many green and gray dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx
open. Flesh whitish, coai-se, juicy, astringent. Poor. August.

BeURR^ DE MONTGERON.

New Frederick of Wurtemburg. De Montgeron.

Beurre de Montigeron.

A variety obtained by M. Guyot, of Yilleneuve, in 1830. Tree vigo-
rous, moderately productive. Young wood dull yellow brown.

THE PEAR. GS5

Fruit medium, broad pyriform, Skiii yellow, shaded with fine rich
red in the sun, and sprinkled with minute light brown dots. Stalk long,
curved. Calyx open. Basin furrowed. Flesh whitish yellow, juicy,
melting, with a pleasant vinous flavor. Good to very good. August.

Beubbe de Nantes.
Beurre Nantais. Beurre Blanc de Nantes.

Raised by Francois Maisonneuve, at Nantes, France. Tree very vig-
orous, upright, healthy, and comes early into bearing. Young wood olive.

Fruit large, elongated pyriform or pyramidal. Skin greenish yel-
low, with a red cheek and minute dots. Stalk rather long and large,
inserted by a lip almost without cavity. Calyx large, open. Basin
broad and furrowed. Flesh juicy, sweet, melting, and pleasantly per-
fumed. Yery good. October.

Beurre de Nivelles.

A Belgian Pear, as yet but little known.

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, with brownish red
in the sun, netted, patched, and dotted with russet. Stalk set in a
small cavity. Calyx small, nearly closed. Basin small, narrow, abrupt.
Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, vinous. Good. October.

Beurre de Quenast.

We have received several Pears vmder this name, one of which has
proved identical with Louise Bon de Jersey, and as we have doubts of
the othei's, we copy description from the Annals of Pomology, as fol-
lows : —

Fruit medium, roundish oblong pyriform, slightly acute, greenish
yellow, with patches of russet, and russet next the stalk and calyx.
Flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, and pleasantly perfumed. October.

Beurre Derouineau.

A French Pear of small size and poor quality.

Fruit small, obovate, yellowish, sprinkled with russet patches. Flesh
white, sweet. October, November.

Beurre de Saint Arnaud.
Beurre de Saint Arnaud.

A Belgian Pear, originated in 1853. Tree vigorous.

Fruit below medium, roundish obovate, yellow, becoming brownish
red in the sun. Flesh white, fine, buttery, juicy, agreeable. Good.
October.

Beurb^ des Mouchouses.
Origin, France.

Fruit large, roundish obtuse obovate, yellow, with many gray dots.
Flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, vinous. July, August. (Leroy.)

Beurr6 de Wetteren.
This Pear was discovered by Louis Berckmaus, in his garden at

686

THE PEAR.

Heyst-op-den-Berg, among a number of wild pear-trees of his sowing.
Tree vigorous, very thorny, suitable for a pyramid.

Fruit middle size, turbinate. Stalk medium, with some small plaits
around its insertion. Eye in a wide even cavity. Skin completely
covered with russet, and slightly colored next the sun. Flesh fine, yel-
lowish white, half melting, buttery, with an abundant sugary, agreeably
perfumed, musky juice. February. (An. Pom.)

Beurr6 DieL

BEURRfi DiEL

Dillen.

Des Trois Tours.

Mabille.

Beurre d'Yelle.

De Melon.

Melon de Kops.

Beurre Magnifique.

Beurre Incomparable.

Dial's Butterbime.
DieL

Dorothea Royals.
Grosse Dorothea.
Sylvanghe vert d'hiver.
Beurre Royale.
Dorothee Royale.
Gros Dillen

A. chance seedling near Brussels, Belgium, dedicated by Van Mons,

Beurre de Gelle.
Dill an d'Hivar.
Dry Toren.
Gracioli d'Hivar,
Fourcroy.

Guillaume de Nassau.
Beurre Vert.

THE PEAR. 687

and named in honor of his friend Dr. Augustus Frederick Adrien Diel,
a distinguished German pomologist. Its vigor, productiveness, and
beauty have made it already a general favorite with our planters. It
is in every respect a first-rate fruit in favorable situations, but on very
young trees and in cold soils it is apt to be rather coarse and astringent.
The tree has long, very stout, twisting branches, and is uncommonly
vigorous. Young shoots reddish yellow grayish brown.

Fruit large, varying from obovate to obtuse pyriform. Skin rather
thick, lemon yellow, becoming orange yellow, marked with large brown
dots, and marblings of russet. Stalk an inch to an inch and three-quar-
ters long, stout, curved, set in a rather uneven cavity. Calyx nearly
closed, and placed in a slightly furrowed basin. Flesh yellowish white,
a Kttle coarse-gi'ained, especially at the core, but rich, sugaiy, half melt-
ing, and, in good specimens, buttery and delicious. Very good. In
eating, in this country, from September to December, if picked and
ripened in the house.

Beurre du Cercle.
Beurre de Cercle. Pratique de Rouen,

A new French Pear little known. Tree moderately vigorous.

Fruit medium or below, very irregular in form, varying from obovate
to oblong acute pyriform. Skin yellow, mostly covered with golden
russet, and shade of red in sun, and many russet dots. Stalk rather
short. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, coarse, juicy, melting, sweet,
slightly vinous. Good. October.

Beurr^ Duhaume.

Tree a moderate grower, productive. Young wood yellowish
brown.

Fruit medium, oblate turbinate, very much depressed, with a suture
along one side. Skin rough, covered with thin russet, and thickly
sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk short, thick, and fleshy, inserted by a
lip at an inclination. Calyx open. Segments stiflf. Basin irregular.
Flesh coarse, buttery, juicy, melting, with a pleasant vinous flavor.
Good. November to February.

Beurr6 Dumont.
Beurre Dumon.

A Belgian variety, raised by Joseph Dumont. Tree a vigorous
grower, with rather slender branches.

Fruit rather large, obovate pyriform obtuse. Skin pale yellow,
with a shade of red in the sun, and a few nettings and patches of rus-
set and russet dots. Stalk rather stout, set in a slight cavity. Calyx
open. Flesh white, a little coarse, juicy, melting, refreshing, sweet.
Good. September and October.

Beurre Dumortier.

Du Mortier. Dumontier. Dumoustier.

A Belgian Pear.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate pyriform, often with unequal

688 THE PEAR.

sides. Skin rough, greenish, pai-tially netted and patched with russet,
and many russet dots. Stalk generally inclined and without depression.
Calyx open. Segments long, recurved. Flesh gi-eenish white, juicy,
sweet, melting, a little vinous. Good to very good. October.

Beurre Dueand.

Originated at Angers, France, and introduced in 1855.

Fruit medium, oblong obtuse pyriform, yellow, dotted and mar-
bled with fawn-color and splashed with red in the sun. Stalk short.
Calyx half closed. Flesh white, fine, melting, sugary, vinous. Sep-
tember, October. (Leroy.)

Beurre Duval.
Duval. Dwael. Roi Louis Nouveau. Audibert.

A Belgian Pear, raised by M. Duval. Tree vigorous, productive.
Young wood pretty stout, gi-ayish olive brown.

Fruit medium to large, varying in form from obovate to oblong
obtuse pyriform. Skin warm yellow, dull brown in the sun, and with
patches and nettings of nisset and many brown dots. Stalk mode-
rately stout, with little or no depression. Calyx open. Flesh whitish,
juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. October.

Beurr6 Duvivier.
Duvivier. General Duvivier.

A coarse, poor French Pear.

Fmit small, obovate, gi-eenish with russet. Flesh white, coarse,
sweet, pleasant, hardly good. Rots at core. September.

Beurre Flon.

Originated near Angers, France, in 1852.

Fruit large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform. Sides imequal. Skin
rough, thick, citron yellow, mostly overspread, marbled, splashed, and
dotted with red. Stalk short, set in a shallow cavity. Calyx open.
Flesh white, half fine, tender, juicy, a little rough, sweet, aromatic.
September, October. (Leroy.)

Beurr6 Fougiere.

A foreign Pear, introduced by J. C. Lee.

Fruit of medium size, obovate. Skin greenish yellow, with patches
and points of light russet, and some dark gi-een spots. Flesh yellowish
white, coarse-gi'ained, a little gritty at the core, melting, juicy, sweet,
and good. October. (Bob. Manning's MS.)

Beurr6 Gendron.
Poire Gendron.

A large foreign Pear, fine for cooking.

Fruit large, irregular, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform, yellowish,
with a shade of brownish red in the sun. Flesh white, coarse, breaking,
juicy, sweet, vinous. January, March.

THE PEAK.

689

Beurre Gens.
Tree vigox-ous and productive.

Young wood yel-

A Belgian Pear,
lowish brown.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate, obscurely pyriform. Skin yellow
shaded with bright red and sprinkled with russet dots, and netted and
patched with russet. Stalk short. Calyx small, partially closed. Basin
narrow. Flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, aromatic, a
little gi'itty at the core. Very good. October.

Beurre Giffard.
Poire Giffard.

Giffart.

A chance seedling, originated with M. Gifiard, Angers, France.
Tree of moderate growth, with slender reddish-colored shoots.

Beurre Giffard.

Fruit medium in size, pyriform, tapering to the stem, which is rather
long. Skin greenish yellow, marbled with red on the sunny side.
Calyx closed. Segments stiff, set in a very small basin. Flesh white,
melting, juicy, with an excellent vinous flavor, delightfully perfumed.
An early Pear of value, but requires to be gathered early, and does not
continue long. Very good. Ripening middle of August.

44

690 THE PEAR.

Beurr6 Goubalt.
Poire Goubalt.

Originated in France, in 1842. Tree vigorous, an early bearer, and
productive.

Fruit small, irregularly obovate. Skin greenish yellow, with gray
lines. Stalk long. Calyx large. Flesh juicy, melting, pleasant, but
not rich. Good. September.

Beurre Gris d'Hiver Nouveau.

Beurre Gris d'Hiver. Beurre de Fontenay.

de Lu9on. d'Hiver.

Superieur. de Lu9on.

Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Young wood dark yellow-
ish-reddish brown.

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform. Skin golden russet, with
a fine sunny cheek, and sprinkled with dots. Stalk very stout, rather

Beurre Gris d'Hiver Nouvean.

short, inclined, sometimes inserted in a large cavity, at others with a
lip. Calyx very small and open. Segments small, slightly recurved.
Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh somewhat granular, juicy, buttery, melt-
ing. Flavor rich and sugary, with a very peculiar aroma. Very good.
November, February.

THE PEAR. 691

Beurre Haffner,

A Belgian Pear, by some confounded with Flemish Beauty, from
which it is entirely distinct. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood
clear reddish yellow brown.

Fruit medium, obovate pyi'iform. Skin greenish yellow, often with
a shade of red, netted and patched with russet, and many russet dots.
Stalk rather long, curved, set in a small cavity, sometimes with a lip.
Calyx large and open. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, melting,
sweet, pleasant. Very good. September, October.

BeurriS Hamecher.

A Pear from Belgium.

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin pale yellow. Stalk large,
long, curved. Calyx small and closed. Flesh dry, sugary. Poor. Oc-
tober, November.

Beurr^ Hardy.

Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood dai'k grayish olive brown.
Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish, covered with

Senrrfi Hardy.

light russet, considerably shaded with brownish red, and sprinkled with
brown dots. Stalk about an inch long, a little swollen at its insertion,
at an inclination, in a small, rather uneven cavity. Calyx open. Seg-

G92 THE PEAR.

ments long, recixrvecl in a broad, shallow basin. Flesli buttery, melt-
ing, juicy, brisk, vinous, and highly perfumed, slightly astringent next
the skin. Very good. September and October.

BEURRfi JaLAIS.

Originated in 1848 with M. Jacques Jalais, of Nantes. Tree very
productive.

Fruit large, roundish obovate pyriform, golden yellow, with marblings
and veins of reddish brown in the sun. Stalk short, curved. Calyx
small, half closed. Flesh whitish, fine, melting, rough at the core,
juicy, sweet, perfumed. Septembei', October. (Leroy.)

Beurre Jean Van Geert.

Originated in Belgium with M. Jean Van Geert, and introduced in
1864.

Fruit large, oblong pyriform. Skin yellow, dotted and marbled with
fawn, and washed with vermilion red in the sun. Stalk short. Calyx
half closed. Flesh white, half fine, melting, jnicy, rough at the core,
sweet, aromatic. October, November. (Leroy.)

Beurre Kennes.

A Belgian Pear, a seedling of Van Mons, introduced and described
by Bivort in 1846. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood brownish
red.

Fruit medium, roundish acute pyriform. Skin greenish yellow,
mostly covered with thin russet, shaded with crimson, and thickly
sprinkled with russet and crimson dots. Stalk of medium length,
thick, and inclined, fleshy at its insertion, by a large ring or lip. Calyx
paitially closed, set in a broad, shallow basin. Flesh whitish, buttery,
juicy, melting, with a very sweet, rich, perfumed flavor. Very good.
October.

Beurre Kenrick.

No. 1599 of Van Mons.

A Flemish seedling, of medium size. Skin greenish yellow, russet
spots. Flesh juicy, sweet, and buttery. Poor. September.

Beurr6 Knox.

A Flemish variety, of vigorous gi'owth, productive.

Fruit large, oblong obovate. Skin pale green, russet on one side.
Flesh tender and soft, juicy and sweet, but not high-flavored, hardly
good. Last of September.

BEURRfi Kossuth.

A variety from Belgium. Tree of modei*ate vigor, productive.
Fruit large, very variable in form, generally pyriform obtuse. Surface
uneven. Stalk long, curved. Calyi small. Basin modei-ately deep and

THE PEAR. 693

1-ound. Skin dull yellowish green, traced and freckled with gray or bronze,
dotted with specks of the same color, shade of i-ed in the sun. Flesh
very fine, melting, buttery, sugary, a little vinous. Good. September,
October.

Beurr^ Langelier.
Langelier's Beurre.

Raised by M. Langelier of Jersey. Tree vigorovis, productive.
Young wood dull yellow brown.

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow, slightly
shaded with crimson and blotched with russet, and covered with russet
dots. Stalk short and fleshy, inserted often by a lip without depression.
Calyx open or partially closed. Segments persistent. Basin somewhat
irregular, shallow, and open. Flesh white, juicy, melting, somewhat
granular, with a very brisk, rich, vinous flavor. Very good. November
to January.

Beurr6 Le Fevre.
Beurre de Mortefontaine. Lefevre.

A French Pear of large size, roundish or roundish obovate, greenish
yellow, with brownish orange in the sun. Flesh white, gritty, coarse.
October.

Beuhr^ Leon le Clerc.

Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Young wood yellow brown.

Fi'uit medium or above, roundish oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin
pale yellow, partially netted and patched with russet, and many russet
dots. Stalk rather long, curved. Cavity small. Calyx open. Seg-
ments broad. Basin abrupt, furrowed. Flesh whitish, juicy, buttery,
melting, sweet, pleasant, aromatic. Very good. October.

Beurre Luizet.

Originated with M. Luizet, France, in 1847. Tree very productive.

Fruit above medium, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow,
shades of red in the sun, fawn- color next the stalk. Flesh white, fine,
juicy, melting, sweet, vinous. October, November, (Leroy.)

Beurr^ Mauxion.

Tree vigorous. Young wood grayish yellowish brown.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to pyriform. Skin yellow msset,
with a bright red cheek. Stalk short, modei-ately stout, swollen at the
extremities, inserted in a shallow cavity. Calyx open, stiff, set in a very
shallow basin. Flesh fine, buttery, melting, abounding in jviice, sugary,
with a spicy vinous flavor, pleasantly perfumed. Very good. Ripe in
September.

Beurr6 Menaud.

Beurre Menand.

A French Pear of recent origin.

Fruit medium to large, long obovate. Skin pale lemon yellow.

694

THE PEAR.

Stalk stout. Calyx opeu. Flesh tender, buttery, melting, very juicy,
brisk. October. (Hogg.)

Beurr^ Millet op Angers.

Origin, Angers, Erance. Tree vigorous and very productive. Young
wood yellowish brown.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Skin greenish, covered with
russet and thickly sprinkled with minute russet dots. Stalk medium,
stout, curved, inserted in a rather abrupt cavity. Calyx open, set
in a deep irregular basin. Flesh whitish, somewhat buttery, juicy,
melting, with a brisk vinous flavor. Good to very good. November to
January.

Benrr6 Moire.

Beurr^ Moiret.

BEURRfi Moire.
Moire.

A French Pear of vigorous and productive habit,
reddish yellow olive brown.

Belle de Moire.

Youns; wood

THE PEAR. 695

Fruit large, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, pro-
fusely sprinkled with yellow dots, sometimes a tinge of red in the sun.
Stalk medium, stout, curved, inserted in an uneven depression. Calyx
small. Basin shallow. Flesh yellowish, a little granulai-, buttery,
melting, with a fine rich brisk flavor, highly perfumed. Good to very
good. October.

Beurr6 Mondelle.

A Belgian Pear, but little known.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate obovate, or pyriform. Skin greenish
yellow, netted and patched and mostly covered with cinnamon russet,
and many russet dots. Stalk long, curved, sometimes set in a small cavity
sometimes by a lip. Calyx open. Basin broad, uneven. Flesh yel-
lowish, coarse, juicy, melting, aromatic. Good. October.

Beurr6 Navez.

Beurre de WaeL Beurre Noisette.

Colmar Navez. Due de Nemours.

One of Van Mons' seedlings, introduced first by M. Bouvier. Tree
vigorous and productive.

Fruit large, obovate acute pyriform. Skin yellow, inclining to cin-
namon, with numerous gi'ay dots. Stalk long, thick, fleshy, inserted in
an inclined cavity. Calyx small, open, set in a shallow basin. Flesh
white, j uicy, melting, pleasant. Good. October.

Beurr6 Paimpol.

A French Pear, recently introduced, of only good quality. Tree vigo-
rous and productive.

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, patches nettings
and dots of russet. Flesh white, juicy, half melting, sweet. Good.
September.

Beurr6 Pointelle de E.OUX.

A Belgian Pear, showy, but of second quality.

Fruit medium, ovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish, dotted,
splashed, and shaded with red in the sun. Flesh white, half tender,
melting, juicy, sweet. Good. October. (Leroy.)

Beurre Preble.

A Pear named by Mr. Manning in honor of Commodore Edward
Preble, U.S.N., and raised from seed by Elijah Cooke, of Raymond,
Me.

Fruit medium, oblong obovate. Skin greenish yellow, mottled with
russet and green spots. Stalk about an inch long, very stout, set in a
moderate hollow. Flesh white, buttery, and melting, with a rich, high
flavor. Good. October and Novembex-.

Beurre Precocee.

Precocee Goubault. Bezi Precocee.

Raised by Mr. Goubault, Angers, France. Tree moderately vigorous,
productive.

696 THE PEAR.

Fruit medium, obovate, inclining to pyriform. Skin greenish yel-
low, slightly netted and patched with russet. Stalk long, curved. Calyx
nearly closed. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh whitish, juicy, melt-
ing, vinous, a little astringent. Good. Middle of August.

Beurre Range.

Beurre Ranse. Bon Chretien de Rans.

Hardenpont du Printemps. Beurre de Noirchain.

Beurre Epine. Beurre de Rhin.

Beurre de Flandre. Beurre d'Hiver.

Josephine, incorrectly of some. Beurre Bon Chretien.

Beurre de Ranz. Gastelier.

Noirchain. Jenart.
Beymont.

The Beurre Ranee is considered by all English cultivators the best
very late Pear yet generally known. The wood is dull grayish brown-
ish yellow, straggling in growth, and rather pendulous when in bearing,
and when the tree has attained a moderate size it bears well.

Fruit of medium size, obtuse pyriform. Skin dark green, even at
maturity, rather thick, and dotted with numerous russet specks. Stalk
rather slender, an inch and a half long, set in a slight blunt depression,
or often without any cavity. Calyx quite small, and set in a basin very
little sunk. Flesh greenish white, melting, a little gritty at the core,
full of sweet, rich juice, of excellent flavor. Succeeds in England, Bel-
gium, and France, but does not in this country, except at the South, or
in warm soils and particular localities.

Beymont is doubtless a seedling of Beurre Ranee, but so identical in
every respect except its wood as to make a second description unneces-
sary.

Beurre Richelieu.

Tree vigorous. Young shoots dull olive reddish brown.

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform truncate. Skin greenish, inclining to
yellow, sprinkled with dots. Stalk short, inserted by a slight lip in a
broad depression. Calyx firmly closed, set in a broad, shallow furrowed
basin. Flesh buttery, juicy, melting, with a fine sweet, aromatic flavor,
sometimes astringent. Good to very good. December.

Beurr6 Robert.

Originated near Angers, Fi-ance, in 1860 or 1861. The tree is vigo-
rous and promising of considerable value.

Leroy describes the fiiiit as large, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin
greenish yellow, covered with small gi-ay dots, and with a brownish red
next the stalk and calyx. Flesh white, melting, fine, juicy, sweet, vi-
nous, delicate perfiime. November, December.

Beurr6 Romain.
Fondante de Rome . Beurre de Rome. La Reine.

An old variety, variable in quality. Tree moderately vigorous.
Fruit of medium size, obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellowish green.
Flesh white, juicy, sweet, and agreeable. Good. September to October

THE PEAR. 697

Beurr6 Rouge d'Anjou.
Rouge d'Anjou.

A French Pear, Tree a good grower and productive. Young wood
dull olive brown.

Fruit medium or below in size, roundish obovate pyriform. Surface
uneven. Skin yellow, partially netted and patched with russet, a tinge
of crimson in the sun, spi'inkled with many green and brown dots.
Stalk medium, set in an acute cavity, sometimes with a lip. Calyx
open. Basin uneven. Flesh whitish, half melting, not juicy, sweet.
Good. October.

Beurr6 Scheidweiler.

Grosse Sucre.

Tree stout and vigorous, inclining to a pyramid, good bearer.

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin green or dull green, Avith a
few traces of russet, changing very little at maturity. Flesh bi;ttery,
sweet, and pleasant. Good. September and October.

Beurre Seutin.

Fruit medium, pyriform, inclining to oval, irregular or angulai.
Color green, sprinkled with russet, sometimes shaded with dull crimson.
A late-keeping, dry, cooking pear.

Beurr^ Six.
Poire Six.

Originated in Belgium. Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit below medium, pyriform, pale greenish yellow, sprinkled with
green and brown dots. Stalk long, rather stout, little or no depression.
Calyx open. Basin small. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, vinous. Good.
September.

Beurr6 Soulange.

Size medium to large. Form acute pyriform. Stalk an inch or more
in length, fleshy at its junction. Color pale clear yellow, with occasional
traces of russet. Flesh melting and very juicy, flavor rich, sugary,
with a peculiarly pleasant aroma. Season — October, November. (Wil-
der's Rep.)

Beurr6 Spae.

A Belgian Pear, figured and described in the Illustration Horticole,
from which we copy. Tree vigorous, jjroductive.

Fruit large, roundish pyriform, pale yellowish, spotted and mottled
with brown in the sun. Stalk curved, inserted in a furrowed cavity.
Flesh very juicy, fine, sugary, melting, perfumed. Yery good. No-
vember.

Beurre Spence.

Many varieties having been received from Europe for Beurre Spence
and proved incorrect, we give description of one which we have received,

698 THE PEAE.

and presume to be the true variety, originated by Van Mons. Tree
moderately vigoroiis. Young shoots reddish, Yery productive.

Fruit medium, short pyriform, inclining to turbinate. Skin green-
ish, becoming yellow at maturity, shaded with dull crimson, thinly
sprinkled with russet, and thickly covered with russet dots. Stalk long,
fleshy at its insertion, which is often at an inclination by a lip. Calyx
small, closed, in a deep, rather abrupt basin. Flesh juicy, melting, with
a fine rich, vinous flavor. Good to very good. Core small. September.

Beubre Sterkmans.
Doyenne Sterkmans. Belle Alliance. Calebasse Sterkmans.

A Belgian Pear. Tree vigorous, with stout yellowish-brown shoots,
productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, remotely pyriform. Skin green, speckled with
russet, and shaded with crimson. Stalk about an inch long, stout.

Beurrfi Sterkmans.

inserted in a small, uneven cavity. Calyx open. Segments stiff, set in a
broad, uneven basin, slightly russeted. Flesh yellowish white, fine, very
melting, juicy, sugary, Aonous, pleasantly perfumed. Good to very good.
October and November.

Beurr6 Superfin.
This really good Pear originated in France, in 1837. The tree is

THE PEAK. 699

very healthy, hard)'-, and moderately vigorous, not an early, but a good
bearer when at full age. Young shoots slender, light yellow brown.

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin yellow, slightly shaded
•with crimson on the sunny side, and partially covered with russet, and

Beurre Superfin.

thickly sprinkled with minute dots. Stalk stout, rather long, inserted
without depression by a fleshy enlargement. Calyx partially closed, in
an abrupt, small basin. Flesh exceedingly juicy, buttery, melting, with
a brisk vinous or subacid flavor. Very good to best. Ripe all of Octo-
ber.

Beurr^ Yan Driessche.

Originated in Belgium, and but recently introduced. We find no
description of it except in Leroy, which we copy.

Fruit above medium, oblong obtuse pyriform, dull yellow, dotted
with clear brown, and shaded with the same next the stem. Flesh
whitish, half fine, half melting, rough at centre, jviicy, sweet, vinous.
Excellent. February, May.

Bezi de Caen.

This Pear is of recent introduction, and promises to be valuable as a
midwinter variety. Young wood dull yellow brown.

700 THE PEAR.

Fruit medium, pyriform. Skiu dull blown, with smooth russet on
greenish yellow. Stalk set without depression. Calyx open. Segments
short. Flesh white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous. Very-
good, December, January.

Bezi de Caissoy.

Bezy do Quessoy. Nutmeg Pear.

Roussette d'Anjou. De Quessoy.

Petite Beurr6 d'Hiver. Small Wiater Beurr6.

Wilding of Caissoy. Besi de Quassoy.

Terreneuvaise. Besi de Bretagne.

An old Pear, said to have been discovered in the forest of Caissoy,
in Bretagne, Tree hardy and very productive. Young wood slender,
dull olive yellow.

Fruit small, roundish pyriform. Skin yellow, reddish brown in sun
and numerous russet specks. Stalk shor-t, set in a rather deep cavity.
Calyx open. Flesh white, tender, buttery, sweet and aromatic. Very
good. November to February.

Bezi de Caissoy d']6t6.
Bergamotte Quessoy d'fite, Besi Quessoy d'fite.

This variety resembles in all respects the preceding Bezi de Caissoy,
only in maturing its fruit early in September instead of winter.

Bezi d'Heri.

Bezi Royal. Wilding of Hery,

Franzosische Rumelbime. Besi d'Airy,

Besidery. De Henri.

Bezi de Hery. De Bordeaux.

This is a very excellent winter stewing pear, which bears most
abundantly. It is of no value for the dessert.

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin gi-eenish yellow, with a reddish
blush. Flesh tender, juicy, free from grit, with an anise-like flavor.
Fit for cooking from October to January.

Bezi de la Motte.
Bein Aimudi. Beurre blanc de Jersey.

The tree is exceedingly vigorous and productive, and the grayish
olive shoots, like the fruit, have a peculiarly speckled appearance. It
ripens gradually, and may be kept a good while.

Fruit of medium size, bergamot-shaped, roundish, flattened at the
eye. Skin pale yellowish green, thickly sprinkled with conspicuous
russet green dots. Stalk about an inch long, green, slightly curved, and
inserted in a slight flattened hollow. Calyx small, open, set in a shal-
low, rather abruptly sunken basin. Flesh white, very fine-grained, but
tery, juicy, with a sweet, delicate perfumed flavor. Good, October,

THE PEAR. 701

Bezi de la Pierre.
Besi de la Pierre.

Originated at Auvergne, France. Introduced in 1862. Tree pro-
ductive.

Fruit small to medium, oval, citron-yellow, marbled, dotted, and
splashed with fawn-color. Stalk short, curved. Calyx half closed.
Flesh whitish, half fine, melting, juicy, rough at core, vinous. Octo-
ber, November. (Leroy.)

Bezi* de Montigny.

Trouve de Montigny, Beurre Cullem.

Doyenne Musque. De Montigny.

Louis Bosc. Comptesse de Lunay.

A pleasant juicy fruit, with a musky flavor, but not first-rate. The
skin is remarkably smooth, and the pear is evenly formed. It is a good
bearer. Yoimg wood olive brown.

Fruit of medium size, very regularly obovate. Skin pale yellowish
green, with numerous gray dots. Stalk stout, thickest at the point of in-
sertion, an inch long, inserted in a small shallow cavity. Calyx small,
half open, reflexed, in a very smooth basin, scarcely sunk. Flesh
white, melting, juicy, half buttery, with a sweet, musky flavor. Good.
First of October.

Bezi des Veterans.
Banueau. Des Veterans.

A Belgian Pear, of vigorous thrifty habit, and productive. Young
wood olive brown, with many specks.

Fruit lai'ge, obtuse pyriform. Skin light yellow, thickly sprinkled
with gray dots, and slight patches of russet. Flesh firm, not tender ;
chiefly for cooking. December to February.

Bezi Esperen.
Bezy d'Esperen. Besi Esperen.

Raised by Major Esperen. Tree a moderate grower and good bearer.
Young wood olive brown.

Fruit large, roundish obtuse pyriform. Skin dull yellow, sprinkled
and patched with russet, and thickly covered with russet dots. Stalk
rather long, stout, inserted by a ring or lip, at an inclination, in a small,
irregular cavity. Calyx open, set in a deep, acute basin, surrounded by
russet. Flesh juicy, with a sprightly vinous flavor. Good. October,
November.

Bezi Goubault.

A French Pear, originated in 1845.

Fruit medium size, irregular in form, generally roundish obovate.
Skin yellow, mostly covered with cinnamon russet, and many russet dots.
Flesh tender, half melting, gritty at core. Good. February, March.

* Bezi signifies wilding, i. e. , natural seedling found near Montigny, a town iu
France.

702 THE PEAK.

Bezi Mai.
Besi de Mai,

Raised by J. De Jonghe, Brussels, and first fruited in 1856. It is
a winter fruit, said to mature from April to May. As yet it has not
fruited here. The tree is hardy, a good grower, and described as produc-
tive. Young wood yellow brown.

Fruit large, obtuse oval, dull yellowish gi-een, with brown dots.
Stalk nearly an inch long. Calyx small, with short, stiff, erect seg-
ments. Flesh buttery, juicy, sugary, rich, very firm. February,
April.

Bezi Vaet.

Beurre de Beaumont. Besi Va, De Saint Waast.

Besi Vaat, Besi Vath. Besi Waet,

Besi de St. Waast.

The Bezi Vaet has been considerably cultivated in this country, but
is not generally considered more than a good second-rate Pear. The
young shoots are reddish olive brown.

Fruit of medium size, obovate, narrowing to the stalk. Skin rough-
ish, pale green, becoming yellowish, with many russety spots and a
brownish cheek. Stalk an inch or more long, inserted in a slight cavity.
Calyx set in a small basin. Flesh yellowish white, melting, juicy, with
a sweet, somewhat perfumed flavor. Good. November to January.

Bezy Sanspareil.

Bergamotte Sanspareil. Nonpareille. Sans Pareille.

Besi Incomparable. Sans Pair,

An old French Pear, of little value and only good for cooking.
Fruit large, obscurely pyriform. Skin yellowish green, covered

with numerous brown dots. Stalk fleshy at its insertion, in a slight

cavity, at an inclination. Calyx open in a moderate uneven basin.

Flesh coarse and granular, buttery, juicy, melting, with a brisk vinous

flavor. October to December.

Bishop's Thumb.

A long, oddly shaped English Pear.

Fruit rather large, oblong and narrow, and tapering irregularly.
Skin dark yellowish green, having a russet red cheek. Flesh juicy,
melting, with a vinous flavor, somewhat astringent. Good. October.

Black Worcester.
Black Pear of Worcester, Parkinson's Warden. Iron.

A market fruit esteemed for cooking. The branches incline down-
wards with the weight of the fruit. Young shoots dark yellow olive,
diverging.

Fruit large, obovate or oblong pyriform. Skin thick, rough, green,
nearly covered with dark russet. Flesh hard and coarse, but stews and
bakes well, November to February,

THE PEAR. 703

Blanquet Anastere.
Blanquet Anasterque. Blanquet d'Austrasia.

A French Pear, of poor quality.

Fruit small, pyi-iform, yellowish green, with a tinge of brown in the
sun. Flesh white, coarse, breaking, rots easily. August.

Bleecker's Meadow.

Large SeckeL Heidelberg. Meadow Feaster.

Feaster. Spice Butter. Frankford.

A native fruit, said to have been found in a meadow in Pennsylva-
nia. It is a handsome, hardy fruit, and bears large crops, but it has
been overpraised as to quality.

Fruit small, roundish. Skin bright clear yellow, with crimson dots
on the sunny side. Flesh very white, firm, with a peculiar musky or
wasp-like aroma and spicy taste, but mostly remains crisp and hard.
Stalk straight and stiff. Basin shallow. Calyx open and reflexed.
Good. October and November.

Bloodgood.

Bloodgood.

Early Beurre.
The Bloodgood is the highest flavored of all early Pears, and de-

704: THE PEAK.

serves a place even in the smallest garden. It was named from the cir-
cumstance of its having been brought into notice, about 1835, by the
late James Bloodgood, nurseryman. Flushing, L. I. The sort was
brought to that nursery as a new variety, without a name, however, by
some person on Long Island, unknown to Mr. B., who was never able
afterward to trace its history further. The tree is rather short-jointed,
with deep reddish brown wood, grows moderately fast, and bears_ early
and regularly. The fruit, like that of all early jjears, is better if j'ipen-
ed in the house. It surpasses every European variety of the same sea-
son, and together with the Dearborn's Seedling, another native sort, will
supplant all inferior early pears.

Fruit of medium size, tvirbinate, inclining to obovate, thickening very
abruptly into the stalk. Skin yellow, sprinkled with russet dots and
network markings, giving it a russety look on one side. Calyx strong,
open, set almost without depression. Stalk obliquely inserted, without
depression, shoi't, dark brown, fleshy at its base. Flesh yellowish
white, buttery, and melting, with a rich sugary, highly aromatic flavor.
The thin skin has a musky aromatic perfume. Very good. Core small.
Ripe from the 5th of July to the 10th of August.

Bon Chretien Fondante.

Bon Chretien de Bruxelles. Bon Chretien Musque Fondante.

Pioulice. Bugiarda.

Bon Chretien Fondante Musque. Petit Musqu6.
Bon Chretien d'£te Musque.

A Flemish Pear, abounding with juice, and having a refreshing,
agi-eeable flavor. In good seasons it is first in quality, and it bears
early and abundantly. Young shoots slender, diverging, olive gray.

Fruit pretty large, roundish obovate, regularly formed. Skin pale
green, sprinkled with small russet dots, and considei-ably covered
with russet. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, curved, inserted in a
slight depression. Calyx small, set in a narrow hollow. Flesh yellow-
ish white, gi'itty round the core, exceedingly juicy, tendei-, and melting,
with a rich and pleasant flavor. Very good. October.

Bon Chretien Joseph Lamarque.

Originated in Liege, Belgium. Tree very vigorous and productive.
Fruit large, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin rough, yellowish, with

a shade of brown red, and spotted and dotted with black and dark

brown specks. Stalk rather stout, curved, set in deep furrowed cavity.

Calyx open. Flesh white, buttery, melting, juicy, delicate perfume.

October. (An. Pom.)

Bon Gustave.

Baised by Major Esperen. Tree very vigorous, with stout shoots.

Fruit middle size, regular, pyriform. Stalk medium. Calyx open.
Basin shallow. Skin light green, covered vdth russet. Flesh white,
fine, bxittery, juicy, sugary, and perfumed. Ripe December, January.
(Gard. Chr.)

THE PEAR. 705

Bonne Antoine.

Fruit very large, conical or pyriforro obtuse, yellowish green, with,
spots, marblings, and patches of brown. Flesh white, fine, slightly gra-
nulous, juicy, sweet, perfumed. First quality. October, November.
(Leroy.)

Bonne Charlotte.

Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit of moderate size, variable in form, generally resembling Doy-
enne. Skin smooth, pale yellow, with green dots. Stalk long. Calyx
open. Flesh moderately fine, more buttery than melting, sugary, and
strongly perfumed. Good. Should be gathered early. Middle of
August.

Bonne d'Ez^e.

Bonne des Haies. Bonne de Longneval.

Bonne de Zees. Belle at bonne d'Ezee.

A French Pear. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Young
wood dull yellow brown.

Fruit large, oblong obtuse pyrifonn. Skin light yellowish green,
with russet patches and dots. Stalk large, long, curved, inserted in a
broad cavity. Calyx small, open. Basin narrow, of little depth. Flesh
white, juicy, melting, sugary, brisk, rich. Good to very good. Sep-
tember and October.

Bonne DE Jalais.
Beurre de Jalaise.

A French Pear, originated at Nantes in 1857.

Fruit medium, roiindish pyriform. Skin golden yellow, washed,
splashed, and dotted with red. Stalk rather long, largest at junction
with the tree, inclined, and set in a shallow cavity. Flesh white, fine,
melting, juicy, aromatic, sweet. Good. October.

Bonne de la Chapelle.
Beurre de la Chapelle.

This variety was found by a gardener in the wood of La Chapelle-
sur-Erdre, near Nantes, in 1845. Tree moderately vigorous and pro-
ductive.

Fruit medium, varying in form from roundish oblate to oblate pyri-
form. Skin greenish yellow, with nettings and patches of russet, and dis-
tinct brown dots. Stalk long, slender, curved. Calyx open. Flesh yel-
lowish, moderately juicy, rather coarse. Good. November, December.

Bonneserre de Saint Denis.

Originated with Andre Leroy, Angers, France, in 1863. Tree very
productive. Young wood reddish brown grayish.

' Fruit medium to large, roundish obovate, yellowish green, dotted
and splashed with red. Stalk short. Calyx large, half closed. Flesh
white, fine, melting, juicy, rough at the core, sweet, vinous, delicious
perfume. December, January. (Leroy.)

45

706

THE PEAR.

Bonne de Soulers.

De Soulers.
Beurre de Soulers.

Bergamotte de Soulers.
Soleure.

An old variety, described in 1675. Tree moderately vigorous, pro-
ductive.

Fruit medium, oval. Skin pale greenisli yellow, dull red in the sun.
Flesh white, juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Good. Jan-
uary to March.

Bonne Sophia.

Bonne Saplier.

Fruit medium, acute pyriform. Skin pale greenish j^ellow, with a
shade of crimson, a few patches and nettings of russet, and many small

Bonne Sophia.

brown dots. Stalk long, inclined, fleshy at insertion. Calyx open.
Flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly perfumed, Yery good.
New and promising. October.

THE PEAR. 707

Bonne Thjer^se.

Originated in Malines, France.

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Skin gi'eenish yellow, marbled with
red at the stalk. Stalk short, straight. Calyx small, open. Flesh very
white, fine, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed. October. (Leroy.)

BOUCQUIA.

Beurre Boucquia.

A Flemish Pear.

Fruit rather large, oval turbinate. Skia pale yellow. Flesh yel-
lowish white, rather astringent, and liable to rot at the core. October.

BOURGEMESTER.

Bouvier Boiirgemestre.

Fruit large, pyiiform. Skin pale yellow, with large gray dots, rus-
seted around the eye. Flesh tender, juicy, and astringent. November.
Wood cracks and cankers badly.

Braconot.
Poire Braconot d'Epinal.

Originated in 1840 or 1841, with M. Leclerc-Epinal, France. A
new Pear, very showy and promising. Young wood yellow brown.

Fruit very large. Skin pale yellow, washed with a brown shade in
sun. Stalk long and stout. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowish white,
fine, crisp, juicy, sweet, perfumed, October.

Brande's Saint Germain.
Brande's. Bran de St. Germain.

Origin uncertain, said to be a seedling of Van Mons. Tree a slow
grower, with slender branches, spreading.

Fruit of medium size, oval, narrowing towards both ends. Skin
yellowish green. Flesh melting, juicy, with a rich and excellent flavor.
Good. November and December.

Brand YwiNE.

Found on the farm of Eli Harvey, on the banks of the Brandywine,
Delaware Co., Pa. Tree \igorous, upright, uniformly productive.
Young wood dull yellow brown.

Fruit medium, varying in form from oblate depressed pyriform to
elongated pyriform. Skin dull yellowish green, considerably dotted and
somewhat sprinkled with russet, having a warm cheek on the side of tho
sun. Stalk is fleshy at its junction with the fruit, and generally sur-
rounded by folds or rings. Calyx open. Basin smooth and shallow.
Flesh white, juicy, melting, sugary, and vinous, somewhat aromatic.
Good to very good. Kipe last of August and first of September.

708

THE PEAR.

Brewer.

Fruit medium, obovate i^yriform. Skin lemon-yellow, thickly
sprinkled with minute brown dots. Stalk very long, curved, set in a
small cavity. Calyx open. Basin rather small, slightly corrugated.
Flesh white, coarse, not juicy or melting, but sweet and pleasant. Good.
October.

Brandywine

Brialmont.

A Belgian Pear, of recent introduction and good promise. Young
wood olive brown.

Fruit medium, ovate, greenish yellow, with traces of russet and many
green and brown dots. Stalk rather shoi-t, set in a small cavity. Calyx
open, with long recurved segments. Flesh white, juicy, buttery, melting,
pleasant. Very good. October.

Bripfaut.

Originated with M. Briffaut of Sevres. Tree very productive.

Fruit large, oblong acute pyriform. Skin greenish, with fawn
colored shades, especially around the stalk, bright red cheek in
sun. Stalk long, straight, without depression. Calyx large and open.
Flesh white, juicy, melting, rough at the core. J^ily, August. (Leroy.)

THE PEAK.

709

Brialmont.

BrIND AMOUR.

An old variety, which originated in Yienne, France. Tree vigorous
and productive.

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin bronzed, marbled, and
shaded A\'ith fawn and green. Stalk short, set without depression.
Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, fine, fibrous, melting, watery, sugary
acid, perfumed. November, December. (Leroy.)

Bringewood.

A foreign Pear, described in Hovey's Magazine, from which we
copy, not having seen the fruit : —

" Fruit medium, pyriform, yellowish brown and russet. Stalk long
and slender. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish white, gritty at core, the
rest buttery. Very good. November."

British Queen.

An English Pear, raised at Frogmore, supposed from seed of Marie
Louise. Tree a vigorous grower. Young wood very strong, clear rich
reddish broAvn. It is described in Hogg as follows : —

710 THE PEAR.

" Fruit large, obovate pyriform, the outline undulating and bossed.
Skin smooth, and almost entirely covered witli a thin coat of cinnamon-
colored russet, but on the side next the sun it has a blush of rosy crim-
son. Calyx rather small, with short, nan-ow segments. Stalk stout,
obliquely inserted in a round, narrow cavity. Flesh yellowish white,
very fine-grained, buttery, melting, rich, sugary. October, November."

Bronx.

A new American Pear, raised in 1850, by James P. Swain, of Bronx-
rille, N. Y. The tree is an upright pyramidal growei', with reddish
brown young shoots.

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin dull greenish yellow, par-
tially netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet
and brown dots. Stalk long, rather slender, curved, and set in a small
cavity. Calyx small, open. Segments short, erect. Basin small, uneven,
and much russeted. Flesh whitish, j uicy, melting, sweet, a little per-
fumed. Good to very good. Early September.

Brougham.

An English variety.

Fruit roundish oblate. Skin greenish yellow, some russet. Flesh
coarse, astringent. November.

Brown Beurr^.

Beurre Gris. Red Beurre.

Beurre Rouge. Badham's.

Beurre d'Or. Gray Beurre.

Beurre Doree. Beurre Vert.

Beurre d'Amboise. Red Butter.

Beurre d'Ambleuse. Beurre Rousse.

Beurre du Roi. Beurre Roux.

Poire d'Amboise. Gisambert.

Isambert. Beurre d'Isambert le Bon.

Isambert le Bon. Beurre Gris d'Automne.

Beurre. Eisenbart.

Golden Beurre. Beurre de Caen.

The Brown Beurre, almost too well known to need description, was
for a long time considered the prince of Pears in France, its native
country, and for those who are partial to the high vinous flavor — a rich
mingling of sweet and acid — it has, still, few competitors. It is, how-
ever, quite variable in difierent soils, and its variety of appearance in
different gardens has given rise to the many names — gray, brown, red,
and golden — under which it is known. Shoots diverging, dark reddish
brown.

Fruit large, oblong obovate, tapering convexly quite to the stalk.
Skin slightly rough, yellowish green, but nearly covered with thin rils-
set, often a little reddish brown on one side. Stalk from one to one and
a half inches long, stout at its junction with the tree, and thickening
obliquely into the fruit. Calyx nearly closed in a shallow basin. Flesh
greenish white, melting, buttery, extremely juicy, with a rich subacid
flavor. Very good. September.

THE PEAR.

BUPFUM.
Buffam.

711

The BufFam is a native of Rhode Island, and from its general resem
blance to the Doyenne, it is, no doubt, a seedling of that fine sort. It
is an orchard Pear of tlie first quality, as it is a very strong, upright
grower, with reddish or reddish brown young shoots, bears large, regular
crops, and is a very handsome and salable fruit. It is a little variable
in quality. We have frequently eaten them so fine as scarcely to be
distinguished from the Doyenne, and again when rather insipid. It
may be considered a beautiful and good, though not first-rate variety.

Fruit of medium size, oblong obovate, a little smaller on one side.
Skin fair, deep yellow (brownish green at first), finely sufiused over

Bnffum.

half the fruit, with bright red, sprinkled with small brown dots, or a
little russet. Stalk an inch long, inserted in a veiy slight cavity.
Calyx with small segments, and basin of moderate size. Flesh white,
buttery, not so juicy as the Doyenne, but sweet, and of excellent flavor
The strong upright reddish brown shoots, and peculiar brownish green
appearance of the pear before ripening, distinguish this fruit. Yery
good. September.

BUBLINGAME.

A Pear of quite indifferent quality that oi'iginated in Ohio.

712 THE PEAR.

Fniit small or medium, roiindisli oblate, yellow, shaded with red in
the sun. Flesh coarse, not juicy, sweet. Poor. September.

Burnett.

Raised by Dr. Joel Burnett, of Southboi'ough, Mass.

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow. Flesh greenish
white, a little coarse-grained, but juicy, sweet. Good. First of Octo-
ber.

Cabot.

Originated from the seed of the Brown Beurre, by J. S. Cabot, Esq.,
of Salem, Mass. It has a good deal of the flavor of its parent, and ia
an agreeable subacid fruit. The tree grows upright and very strong,
and produces amazing crops.

Fruit small to medium, roundish turbinate, narrowing rather
abruptly to the stalk, which is bent obliquely, and inserted on one side
of a tapering summit. Skin roughish, bronze yellow, pretty well cov-
ered with cinnamon russet. Calyx small, open, set in a round, smooth
basin. Flesh greenish white, breaking, juicy, with a rich subacid flavor.
Good to very good. Middle and last of September.

Cadet de Vaux.

Origin unknown. Tree very productive. Young wood yellow
brown.

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, irregular. Skin ochre yellow, dotted
with brown, and shaded with fawn and pale red in the sun Stalk short,
large, curved. Calyx large. Flesh yellowish white, fine, almost melting,
sweet, juicy, perfumed. Good. December to March.

Caen de France.
Doyenne de Bruxelles, erroneously.

A foreign Pear promising great value. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, regular, ovate obtuse pyrifoi'm. Skin rough, yellow,
overspread with a dull russet, and with many rough russet dots. Stalk
rather short and stout, a little inclined, and set in a small cavity. Calyx
closed, or partially open. Segments short. Basin rather small, uneven.
Flesh whitish, fine-grained, juicy, melting, vinous, slightly aromatic.
Very good. December, February.

Calebasse.
Calebasse Double Extra. Calebasse d'HoUande. Calebasse Musquee.

The Calebasse is a very grotesque-looking Belgian fruit, named from
its likeness to a calabash or gourd.

Fruit of medium size, oblong, a little crooked and irregular or
knobby in its outline. Skin rough, dull yellow, becomiag orange russet

THE PEAR. 713

on the STinny side. Plesh juicy, crisp, a little coarse-grained, but sugary
and pleasant. Good. Middle of September.

Caen de France.

Calebasse d'St^.
Belle de Forets.

A variety raised from seed by Major Esperen. Tree moderately
vigorous. Not desirable.

Fruit medium, oblong acute pyriform, greenish yellow, mostly cov-
ered, netted, and patched with russet, and many russet dots. Stalk long,
stout, fleshy at base. Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, vinous, astrin-
gent. Poor. Early September.

Calebasse Delvigne.

Origin uncertain. Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit medium, pyriform, broad at calyx. Skin yellow, slightly rus-
seted, sometimes shaded on the sunny side. Stalk short, tliick at its
junction with the fruit. Calyx open. Segments stiff, in a very shallow,
uneven basin. Flesh white, coarse, butteiy, juicy, melting, perfumed,
slightly astringent. Good. October.

Calebasse Tougard.
A Belgian Pear raised by Van Mons. Tree vigorous, productive.

714 THE PEAR.

Fruit medium, oblong pyriform, sometimes acute, sometimes obtuse.
Skin gi-eenisli yellow, mostly covered with rough taisset, and tliickly
sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk curved. Calyx open. Basin small,
uneven. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic.
Good to very good. October.

Calhoun.

Raised by the late Governor Edwards, New Haven, Conn.

Fruit medium, roundish, obliquely oblate. Skin yellowish, shaded
-ttdth dull crimson, sprinkled with russet, russet dots. Stalk short.
Calyx open. Flesh white, coarse, granular, buttery, melting, pleasant.
Good. October.

Camerling.
Camerlyn. Camerlingne. Camerling d'Allemagne.

A Flemish Pear. Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit medium, pyriform. Skin yellow, with numerous brown dots
and a slightly marbled cheek. Stalk long, slightly inclined, in a small
cavity surrounded by russet. Calyx open. Flesh juicy, melting, sugary,
with a pecviliar aroma. Good. September, October.

Camille de Rohan.
Prince Camille de Rohan.

A foreign Pear, with thorny yellow olive broAvn shoots, hardy.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Skin yellow, considerably netted
and patched with russet, and sprinkled Avith large russet dots. Stalk
long, slender. Calyx partially closed. Basin medium. Flesh white,
fine-gi'ained, melting, vinous. Good. November, January.

Canandaigua.
Catherine.

Origin uncertain, supposed to have been brought from Connecticut
to Canandaigua about the year 1806, vigorous and productive.

Fruit rather large, irregular, elongated acute pyriform. Surface un-
even, i-esembling Bartlett. Skin lemon-yellow, sometimes a shade of red
in the sun. Stalk medium, or rather short, inclined. Calyx open. Basin
narrow and deep. Flesh whitish, coarse, melting, vinous. Good. Sep-
tember.

Cantelope.

A seedling of the late Gov. Edwards. Not valuable.

Fruit below medium, nearly globular, pale yellow, sometimes a bli;sh
in the sun. Flesh whitish, coarse, breaking, dry. Good only for cook-
ing. October.

Capsheaf.
Cops Heat.

A native of Rhode Island. It is a very agreeable fruit. Young
shoots stout, upright, yellowish brown.

THE PEAK. 715

Fi'uit of medium size, oblong obovate pyriform. Skin deep yellow,
with patches and traces of cinnamon russet. Stalk an incb long, stout,
inclined, inserted in a shallow hollow. Calyx small. Basin slightly
sunk. Flesh white, juicy, and melting, very sweet and pleasant. Good.
October.

Capucin.
Capuchin. Capucin Van Mons.

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree a moderate grower.

Fruit medium, oval jiyriform, greenish yellow, marbled and shaded
in the sun with fawn and red, slightly netted with i-usset, and with
many russet crimson dots. Stalk slender, set in a slight depression by
a lip. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, melting, juicy, vinous. Good to
very good. October to December.

Cassante de Mars.

A variety from Malines, said to be a seedling of Major Esperen. It
may be a distinct sort, but as we have received, it has proved identical
with Winter Nelis. We copy description from the Album Pomology :—

" Tree vigorous.

" Fruit, which is borne in clusters, resembles Doyenne l)lanc. Skin
smooth, bright green, becoming golden yellow at maturity, striped and
shaded with fawn. Flesh when in full perfection is half melting, juicy,
sugary, vinous, and well perfumed. Ripe December to April."

Casserule.

Of foreign oi'igin. We have fruited it but once.

Frviit medium to large, oblong obovate pyriform. Skin rough.
Color yellowish, covered with a dull yellow brown russet. Stalk short,
without depressions, often oblique. Calyx large, open, round, with con-
nected segments. Basin medivim, regular. Flesh whitish, coarse, granu-
lated, especially next the core, dry, and without flavor. Good. De-
cember, January.

Castelline.

A Belgian Pear, described by foreign authors as first quality, here it
has only proved good.

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform, pale greenish yellow, udtli
slight nettings and patches of russet, and sprinkled with dots. Stalk
long, largest at junction with the tree, curved, set in a shallow cavity.
Calyx open, with long recurved segments. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh
yellowish, juicy, buttery, melting, sweet. Good. November, December.

Catharine Gardette.

Raised by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, of Philadelphia. Young shoots short-
jointed, yellow brownish olive.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Skin fair, yellow, with numerous

716 THE PEAR.

small carmine dots od tlie exposed side. Stalk cvirved, inserted by a
fleshy termination into a slight depression. Calyx small, set in a rather
deep basin. Flesh yellowish, coarse, juicy, sweet. Good. September.

Catherine Lambre.

One of the new Belgian Pears that promises to sustain here its
foreign reputation. It originated with Van Mons, and was named and
introduced by Bivort. The tree is very vigorous and hardy, and a good
bearer, with long, strong, dark rich yellow brown shoots.

Fruit medium or above, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin smooth,
greenish yellow, shaded in the sun with red, and dotted with bronze
specks. Stalk medium, set without depression, inclined. Calyx large,
open. Flesh whitish, half fine, juicy, melting, sweet. Very good.
October, November.

Catillac.

Grand Monarque. Grand Mogol.

Cadillac. Gros Thomas.

Katzenkop. De Bell Argentine.

Groote Mogul. Tete de Chat.

40 Ounce. Gros Rateau.

Bon Chretien d' Amiens Chartreuse. Grand Tamerlan.

Monstrueuse de Landes. De Gros Rateau Raisenette ?

Cotillard de Livre. Roi de Louvain.

Besi de Maraise. Gros Rateau gris.

De Citrouille. Misporde Benoist ?

De Tout Temps.

The Catillac is an old French baking and stewing Pear, of very large
size, and of good quality for these purposes. In rich soil the fi-uit is
often remarkably large and handsome.

Fruit very large, broadly turbinate (flattened-top shaped). Skin
yellow, dotted with brown, and having sometimes a brownish red cheek
at maturity. Stalk stout, about an inch long, curved, and placed in a
very narrow, small cavity. Calyx short and small, and set in a wide,
rather deep plaited basin. Flesh hard and rough to the taste. Novem-
ber to March.

Catinka.

Raised by Major Esperen. Tree of vigorous growth. Branches
rather slender, productive. Young wood dull yellow brown.

Fruit small to medium, obovate pyriform. Stalk very long, inserted
by a ring in an uneven cavity. Calyx large and open, with segments
persistent. Basin shallow. Skin pale yellow, netted, patched, and
thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Flesh coarse, granular, buttery,
melting, juicy, with a refreshing vinous flavor. Good to very good.
October to December.

Cedarmere.

Originated in the grounds of W. C. Bryant, Roslyn, Long Island.

Fruit small, nearly globular. Skin pale greenish yellow, with rus-
set nettings and dots. Stalk rather short, curved. Calyx open.
Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet. Good. August.

THE PEAR. 717

Certeau d'Ete.

Gros Certeau d'fite. Co\irte de Ersol.

Rouges des Vierges. Coloree d'Aoftt.

Emmanuel. De Champagne d'^te.

This showy Pear is by some authors attributed to Yan Mons. Others
say it was described in 1540. Tree vigorous and productive. Young
wood reddish yellow broAvn.

Fruit medium, oblong acute pyriform. Skin smooth, almost waxen
yellow, shaded with brigh tcrimson over most of the suiface, and sprin-
kled with light dots. Stalk long, curved, fleshy at its insertion. Calyx
small, open. Basin small. Flesh white, juicy, melting, pleasant, sweet.
Good to very good. Last of August.

Chancellor.

Supposed to be a native of Germantown, Penn., on the grounds of
Mr. Chancellor. Branches horizontal, not very vigorous, spreading.
Young wood reddish brown.

Fruit rather lai-ge, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow,
sometimes red in sun, rough, somewhat inclining to russet, thickly
covered with dots. Stem medium, curved, rather stout, fleshy at its
insertion by a lip, inserted in a rather broad cavity. Calyx small, set
in a moderate basin. Flesh whitish, juicy, butteiy, melting, sugary,
perfumed. Good. October, November.

Chapman.

An American Pear of poor quality, unworthy.

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, dotted with brown and
green. Flesh white, half melting, astringent. September.

Chaptal.
Beurre Chaptal.

An old French Pear, that sometimes is very good but often only
good.

Fruit medium to large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish
yellow. Stalk stout, in a slight cavity. Calyx large, open. Flesh white,
breaking, juicy. December.

Charles Basiner.

A foreign Pear which we have not yet fruited. Young wood light
yellow. Buds projecting, prominent. Hogg describes it as : —

" Fruit obovate, pale yellowish green. Stalk long, slender. Calyx
small, open. Flesh white, juicy, sweet. October."

Charles Bivort.

A Belgian Pear, an early bearer, but only good in quality. Young
shoots dai-k rich yellow brown.

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse, pale whitish yellow, with a few

718 THE PEAR.

patches and nettings of russet, and conspicuous russet dots. Stalk
rather short, curved, set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Flesh white,
coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet, and pleasant. Good. October.

Charles Frederick.

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate pyriform, sometimes obtuse oblong.
Skin pale yellow, shaded and mottled with red in the sun, patches, net-
tings and dots of russet. Stalk short to medium, sometimes in a small
cavity, others without. Calyx open. Biisin shallow. Flesh white,
buttery, sweet, slightly vinous. Good. September.

Charles Smet.
Charles Smith.

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree a vigorous gi'ower. Young
wood dull olive gi-ayish brown.

Fruit medium, pyriform, broad at the crown. Skin yellowish, con-
siderably russeted. Stalk long, curved, fleshy at its insertion. Calyx
open, small. Basin narrow. Flesh juicy, sweet, and highly perfumed.
Good to very good. January, February.

Charles Van Hooghten.

Fruit large, varying in form from obovate acute pyriform to round-
ish obtuse obovate. Skin yellow, netted and patched with russet, and
with many russet dots. Stalk varying, always fleshy at insertion.
Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh rather coarse, sweet. Good. Early
October.

Charlotte de Brower.

One of Esperen's seedlings. Tree of moderate vigor, and of great
productiveness.

Fruit medium or above, obovate roundish pyriform. Skin yellow,
slightly netted and patched with russet, and with many russet dots, and
slightly shaded in the sun with crimson. Stalk stout and fleshy at its
insertion. Calyx open. Basin medium. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting,
vinous. Good. October.

Chaumontel.

Bezi de Chaumontelle. Oxford Chaumontel.

Winter Beurre. Bon Chretien de Chaumontel.

Beurre d'Hiver. Benrre de Chaumontel.

Shaumontel. Shaw-montel.

This old French Pear takes its name from the village of Chaumon-
telle, in France, and succeeds well in Europe, but has not proved good
here, except in very favorable situations. It may be valuable South.
Tree a good and vigorous grower. Young shoots yellow brown grayish
olive.

Fruit large, pyriform. Skin a little rough, yellowish in the shade,
dotted with many brownish russet dots, and brownish red or rich deep

THE PEAR. 719

red in the sun. Stalk about an inch long, inserted moderately deep, in
an angular basin. Flesh buttery and melting, sugary, with a peculiar
and agreeable perfume. Good, November to February.

Chelmsford.
Tynsboro'. Mogul Summer.

Origin, Chelmsford, Mass. Tree vigorous, productive.
Fruit large, roundish obtuse pyriform, yellow, red cheek. Flesh
coarse, sweet, good for cooking. Last of September.

Choisnakd.

Originated with M. Choisnard, Ormes, France.

Fruit medium to large, oblong obtuse i:»yriform. Skin rouf^h, dull
yellow brown in the sun, and with many fawn-colored dots. Stalk
rather long. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowish white, half crisp, half
fine, rough at centre, juicy, delicate musky flavor. January, March.
(Leroy.)

Church.
Clarke ?

This really good Pear originated on land belonging to the Trinity
Church, at New Rochelle, N. Y. ; hence its name. The habit of the
Church Pear is somewhat spreading in its growth, uniformly productive,

720 THE PEAR.

and the fruit unvarying in its quality. Young wood dull yellow, or
brown.

Fruit rather below medium size, generally depressed, somewhat an-
gular. Stalk rather long, stout at its insertion, in a small cavity
surrounded by russet. Calyx small and closed, in a broad, rather shal-
low basin. Skin green, becoming yellow at maturity. Flesh white,
very buttery, juicy, melting, with an exceedingly rich, sweet, and highly
perfumed flavor. Very good. Core small. Ripens slowly, and con-
tinues in use all of September.

CiTRINA.

Originated with Dr. ShurtlefF, Boston, Mass., first fruited in

1862. Tree productive. Wood slender, grayish.

Fruit medium, pyriform, bright yellow. Surface slightly knobby
and uneven. Stalk medium. Calyx small. Basin cornigated. Fl«sh
nearly white, rather coarse. Gritty at the core. September. (Journal
of H.)

Citron.

A seedling of the late Governor Edwards, a vigorous, upright grower,
producing large crops, but inclined to rot at the core.

Fruit small, nearly globular, approaching turbinate. Stalk short,
rather stout, set in an abrupt, uneven cavity. Calyx closed. Basin
broad, shallow, irregular. Skin greenish, slightly shaded with dull
crimson. Flesh greenish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, sugary, vinoiis,
with a musky perfume. Good. Ripe from middle of August to mid-
dle of September.

Clara.
Claire.

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. It is of medium size, oval pyriform.
Skin clear yellow, dotted with red. Flesh white, melting, very juicy,
and sweet, relieved by a slight acid. Hardly good. September and
October.

Clap.

This variety was raised from seed, by Capt. William Clap, of Massa-
chusetts.

Fruit below medium, acute pyriform, yellowish green, with a brown-
ish blush in the sun. Flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, aromatic. Middle
of August. (Prince.)

Clapp's Favorite.

This extremely fine and valuable Pear was raised from seed by the
late Thaddeus Clapp, of Dorchester, Mass. The tree is an upright
spreading, vigorous grower, forming an open, well-shaped head, on which
the fruit is evenly distributed and almost \miform in size. Yeiy pro-
ductive. Youno; shoots dark reddish brown.

THE PEAK.

721

Fruit large, obovate ovate, slightly obtuse pyriform. Surface un-
even. Skin thin, pale lemon yellow, marbled and faintly splashed with
crimson and fawn when fully exposed to the suu, thickly sprinkled with
brown dots, and sometimes patches and traces of russet. Stalk nearly

Clapp's Favorite.

an inch long, a little inclined, stout, and somewhat fleshy, inserted in a
slight depression. Calyx partially closed. Segments stiS', erect. Basin
shallow, sHghtly corrugated. Flesh white, fine-grained, juicy, buttery,
melting, rich, sweet, vinous, a little perfumed. Very good. Last of
August or early September.

Clay.
Sponge.

Raised by the late Governor Edwards.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sometimes pyriform. Skin waxen
yellow, shaded with crimson, and sprinkled with brown or crimson
dots. Stalk medium. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, rather coarse,
granular, j uicy, sweet. Good. October.

46

722 THE PEAR.

Clemence.
Clementine.

A seedling of Yan Mons, originated in 1833. Young wood olive
brown.

Fruit medium, acute pyriform, sometimes obovate acute pyriform,
pale yellow, shaded and mottled witli crimson, and patched and netted
with russet, few brown dots. Stalk short, curved, fleshy at insertion.
Calyx open. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh white, fine, juicy, sweet,
melting, pleasant. Yery good. September.

Clement Bivort.

A Belgian Pear that we have not yet fruited. Young shoots
smooth, short-jointed, yellow brown. It is described by the Societe
Yan Mons as : —

" Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin golden yellow, shaded with
red in the sun. Flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed.
November."

Clintok.

Van Mons, No. 1238.

A poor fruit, of medium size, light yellow skin. Flesh soft, buttery,
and good, but not high-flavored. Middle of November.

Coit's Beurr^.
Beurr6 Coit.

Originated with Col. Coit, Collamer, near Cleveland, O. Tree a
healthy, good grower, productive. Young wood brownish olive, with
rough specks.

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, inclining to russet,
sometimes with a sunny cheek, thickly covered with dots, which become
crimson on the exposed side. Stalk short, rather stout, set in a small
cavity, sometimes incUned by a lip. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, a
little coarse, juicy, melting, rich, vinous. Yery good. September,
October.

COLLIKS.

Watertown. Colin Noir. Meconnaitre.

Charbonniere. Malconnaitre.

Raised by A. Collins, of Watertown, Mass., and first exhibited be-
fore the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1848. Tree of moderate
growth, with reddish brown shoots.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly acute pyriform. Skin greenish
yellow, with russet spots, and frequently a blush on the sunny side.
Stalk short, thick, inserted at an inclination without cavity. Calyx
small, and very little sunk. Flesh fijie, melting, juicy, with a brisk.

THE PEAR.

723

sugary flavor, resembling white Doyenne. Very good. Ripens fiist of
October.

Coit's Beurrfi.

COLMAR.

De Maune.
Incomparable.
Winter Virgalieu.
Bergamotte Tardive.
Colmar Doree.

Belle et Bonne d'Hiver,
Colmar d'Hiver.
Commodore.
Bergamotte Royal d'Hiver.

Aji old Belgian Pear. The tree hardy, vigorous, and productive.
Valuable for cooking, often very good in quality.

Fruit medium or large, obtuse pyriform. Skin light yellow. Flesh
meltiag, half buttery, juicy, sweet. December, February.

Colmar Artoisenet.

A. Belgian Pear of vigorous growth, and a good bearer. Young
shoots reddish olive brown.

Fruit large, irregularly oblate obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow,
often with a brownish cheek, netted and patched with cinnamon russet,
and with many russet dots. Stalk short, inserted in a slight depression,

724 THE PEAR.

often with a lip. Calyx small, closed. Basin furrowed. Flesh whitish,
coarse, juicy, melting, brisk, vinous. Good. September, October.

COLMAR d'AlOST.
Delices d'Alost.

A Belgian Pear, said to have originated with M. Hellinck in 1840.
Young wood dark olive brown.

Fruit large, roundish oblong obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, brown-
ish in the sun. Flesh white, half melting, juicy, gritty at core, sweet,
vinous. Good. October, November.

COLMAR d'ArEMBERG.

Kartofel. Cartofel.

A large Belgian Pear, mainly to be valued for its size and for cook-
ing.

Fruit large to very large, roundish obtuse pyriform. Skin green,
becoming yellow at maturity, with nettings of russet and dots. Flesh
whitish, half fine, granulous, sweet, vinous. Good. November, De-
cember.

COLMAR d'AuTOMNE NoUVEAU.

Received from France. Tree vigorous. Young shoots light yellow
' brown.

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, sometimes inclined. Skin pale yel-
low, sometimes a shade of crimson in the sun, partially patched and net-
ted with traces of russet, and misset brown dots. Stalk long, inclined,
set in a small cavity, often by a lip. Calyx open. Segments long, recurv-
ed. Basin rather abrupt. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, rich, vinous.
Very good. Last September.

Colmar d'Et6.
Colmar Precoce. Autumn Colmar.

A Belgian Pear, originated in 1825, and ranked high among foreign
pomologists ; here it proves only good, or rather poor, and rots at the
core.

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow,
sometimes a slight blush in sun, patches of russet, and brown dots.
Stalk long, a little inclined, set in a small cavity. Flesh white, coarse,
astringent. Early in September.

Colmar de Jonghe.

Originated with M. J. De Jonghe, Belgium, and not having fruited
it, we copy from his description : — " Tree hardy, robust, vigorous, and
productive, rather upright. Young wood nut brown, with a few gray
specks.

" Fruit medium, pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, mostly covered with
reddish brown blotches. Stalk thick, set without depression. Calyx
open. Flesh white, fine, juicy, vinous, sweet, and aromatic. Septem
ber."

THE PEAK. 725

COLMAR DE MeESTER.

Demeester.

Originated in Belgium.

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow, a few
nettings of russet, and sprinkled with many brown and green dots. Stalk
long, a little inclined. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, coarse, juicy,
half melting, slightly vinous. Scarcely good. October.

COLMAR DBS InVALIDES.

Poire des Invalide?. Va Deux Ans.

Beurre de Printemps. Colmar Van Mons.

Gros Colmar Van Mons.

This Belgian Pear is said to have been raised at Enghien in 1808.
It is large and showy, but only valuable for cooking. Young wood red-
dish olive yellow brown.

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, slightly marbled with
crimson in the sun, and sprinkled with russet and brown dots and traces.
Stalk rather short, set in a small cavity. Calyx large and open. Seg-
ments long, reciu'ved. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, breaking, sweet.
November to February.

Colmar Epine.

An agreeable juicy Pear, sent to this country by Yan Mons, and
originated by him. Young shoots stout, upright, brown.

Fruit large, roundish oblong, tapering gradually to an obtuse point
at the stem, which is one inch long. Color gieenish yellow. Flesh
white, sweet, melting, juicy, and good. Middle of September.

COLOREE DE JuiLLET.

Originated in Rouen, France.

Fruit below medium, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish, with
a shade of brownish red in the sun, and small patches and dots of brown
russet. Stalk medium or stout, set in a shallow cavity. Flesh white,
half tender, juicy, a Little gritty at core, sweet, perfximed. Good. July.

Columbia.
Columbian Virgalieu. Columbia Virgalouse.

The original tree grows on the farm of Mr. Casser, in Westchester
Co., N. Y. The tree grows upright. Young wood stout, upright, olive
brown.

Fruit large, regularly formed, obovate, usually a little oblong, and
always broadest in the middle. Skin smooth and fair pale green in au-
tumn, but when ripe of a fine golden yellow, with occasionally a soft
orange tinge on its cheek, and dotted with small gray dots. Stalk
rather more than an inch long, slightly curved, placed towards one side
of a narrow depression. Calyx of medium size, partially open, set in a
very shallow basin. Flesh white, uot very fine-grained, but melting,
juicy, with a sweet aromatic flavor. Good. November to January.
Yery apt to drop from the tree previous to ripening.

726

THE PEAR.
COMMISSAIRE DeLMOTTE.

Originated in Belgium bj Gregoire.

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin greenisb yellow, sometimes a
shade of crimson in the sun, netted, patched, and dotted with russet.
Stalk medium, curved, set in a small cavity. Calyx open, or partially
closed. Basin rather abrvipt, uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, half melt-
ing, sweet. Good. January to March.

COMPRETTE.

A Flemish seedling of little value.

Fruit small, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish green. Flesh white,
buttery, with a sugary perfumed juice. October, November.

CoMTE d'Egmont.

Fruit small, obovate, lemon yellow, covered with dots of reddish
brown russet, forming almost a patch. Stalk stout, inserted without
depression. Calyx small, open. Flesh yellow, melting, slightly gritty^
very rich, sugary, and delicious. Last of October. (Hogg.)

Comte de Flandre.

THE PEAR. 727

COMTE PE FlANDRE.
St. Jean Baptiste. St. Jean Baptiste d'Hiver.

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous, prodnctive. Young
wood reddish yellow brown.

Fruit large, elongated pyriform, obtuse. Skin yellowish, con-
siderably covered with russet. Stalk long, much inclined, and insert-
ed by a lip in a small cavity. Calyx open, set in a shallow, corrugated
basin. Flesh very buttery, melting, juicy, granular, sweet, and rich.
Good to very good. October, November.

COMSTOCK.
Comstock Wilding.

A coarse cooking Pear that originated in Dutchess Co., N. Y.

Fruit of medium size, regularly formed, obovate. Skin smooth and
glossy, bright yellow, with a crimson cheek. Flesh white, crisp, and, if
well ripened, with a sweet and sprightly flavor. November.

COMTE DE LaMY.

Beurre Curtet. Beurre Quitelet. Comte Lamay.

Dingier. Bis Curtet. Beurre Cutter.

Henri Van Mons, erroneously.

Originated in Belgium in 1828. Tree vigorous, spreading.

Fruit of medium size, oblate pyriform. Skin yellow, with a
brownish red cheek, and sprinkled with patches and small russety dots.
Stalk an inch long, straight, obliquely inserted under a lip, or planted
in a slight cavity. Calyx open, set in a shallow basin. Flesh white,
fine-grained, buttery, melting, sweet. Good. Last of September to
middle of October.

Comte de Paris.

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree pyramidal, very vigorous.
Young shoots reddish brown grayish.

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, often elongated. Skin greenish yel-
low, a little netted and patched with russet, and dotted with conspicuous
russet and gi-een dots. Stalk long, slender, curved, set in a shallow
caAdty, sometimes by a lip. Calyx large, open. Segments long. Basin
small. Flesh whitish yellow, juicy, melting, brisk, slightly vinous,
musky. Good to very good. September.

Comte Lelieur,
Frederick Lelieur.

Of Belgian origin. Tree vigorous, upright, moderately productive.
Young wood reddish olive brown.

Fruit large, pyriform. Skin yellowish green, with a brownish-red
cheek, speckled with gi'ay, netted and patched with russet. Stalk short,
curved, inclined, set by a lip. Flesh yellowish white, a little coarsc-
gi'ained, melting, juicy, sweet. Good to very good. September.

728 THE PEAR.

COMTESSE d'AlOST.

A Belgian Pear, highly commended abroad, bnt here proves only
good. Tree vigorous. Young wood dull reddish yellow brown.

Fruit large, oblong ovate pyriform, sometimes acute. Skin pale yel-
low, slightly netted and patched with russet, and many brown dots,
shade of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, juicy, half melting, vinous,
astringent. Scarcely good. November.

CoMTESSE DE ChAMBORD.

Originated at Poictiers, France. Tree moderately vigorous. Young
wood olive yellow brown. Leroy describes the fruit as follows : —

" Fruit small to medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish green in
the shade, bright golden in the sun, veined, dotted, and marbled with
yellowish gray. Stalk short. Calyx large, half closed. Flesh yellowish
white, melting, rough at centre, sweet, vinous, delicate aroma." Novem-
ber, December.

Congress Pomologique.
Triomphe de Pomologique.

Originated with M. Boisbunel, at Rouen, in 1856. Tree a vigorous
grower, ^vith moderate-sized young shoots, long-jointed, and of a dull
yellowish-brown color, with many rough specks. Productive.

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin rather rough, greenish yellow,
with traces of yellow, and sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk long, slen-
der, with bracts, set in a shallow cavity. Calyx large, open. Segments
long, recurved. Basin broad, shallow, uneven, russeted. Flesh whitish,
buttery, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. October,
November.

CONKLIN.

Originated in Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous and produc-
tive.

Fruit rather large, oblate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish or pale
yellow, netted and patched with russet, and dotted with green and brown
dots. Stalk medium, fleshy at insertion. Calyx partially closed in a
deep, abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish, coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet.
Good. September.

CONSEILLER E.ANWEZ.

One of Tan Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous, very productive.
Young wood dull oUve reddish brown.

Fruit large, very irregular in form, obovate obtuse, obscurely pyri-
form. Skin greenish yellow, rough, with a few patches of russet, and
many brown dots. Stalk inserted in a broad cavity, by a slight lip or
fleshy ring. Calyx open, stiff, set in a furrowed basin. Flesh coarse, a
little granular, juicy, melting, perfumed, sweet, vinous, slightly astrin-
gent. Good. October.

THE PEAR. 729

COPIA.

A Philadelphia seedling.

Fruit large. Skin yellow. Flesh rather coarse, but sugary. Poor.

September to October.

CORNWELL.

Cluster ?

An old Pear, origin unknown, transferred by travelling grafters from
the New England States, and may yet prove some named sort.

Fruit small, nearly globular, greenish yellow, netted and patched
with light russet. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, vinous, a little astrin-
gent. Good. Early September.

COTER.

One of Van Mons' seedKngs, of moderate growth and productive.

Fruit medium or below, irregular in form, varying from obtuse to
acute pyi'iform. Skin yellowish, with numerous russet dots, some
patches of russet, and russet around the calyx and stem. Stalk slightly
curved, and enlarged at its insertion, without cavity, and inclined.
Calyx open, set in an abrupt, not very deep basin. Flesh whitish, not
very fine, juicy, vinous. Good. December.

Crassane.

Bergamotte Crassane. Cresane. Bergamotte Crassane d'Automne.

Beurre Plat. Flat Butter. Crassane d'Automne.

An old variety, cultivated as long ago as 1667. Tree hardy, vigo-
rous, and productive. Young wood light reddish.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate. Skin yellow, rarely with a
blush, dotted with russet dots. Flesh coarse, rather dry, sweet, plea-
sant. Good. October, November.

Crawford.
Bancrief. Lammas of the Scotch.

A Scotch fruit, of second quality ; the chief merit of which is its
hardiness in a cold climate.

Fruit middle-sized, obovate. Skin light yellow, tinged with brown
in the sun. Flesh white, buttery, sweet, and of a tolerably pleasant
flavor. August.

Croft Castle.

An English variety, peculiar in its shape, and especially so in its
flavor ; very productive.

Fruit medium. Skin pale greenish yellow. Flesh juicy, crisp, and
sweet. Scarcely good. October.

730 THE PEAR.

Cross.

Originated on the premises of Mr. Cross, of Newburyport, Mass.
Branches rather slender, of slow growth.

Frtiit of medium size, roundish oblate. Skin smooth, deep yellow,
with a red cheek, and marked with numerous rtisset dots, and patches
of russet around the eye. Stalk planted in a slight depression. Flesh
coarse, white, melting, juicy, and sweet. Good. In eating from the
last of November to the middle of January, but chiefly in December.

Crouch.

Originated at Colchester, Conn. Tree vigorous. Young wood dull
yellow bi'own.

Fruit below medium size, roundish inclining to oblate. Skin pale
yellow, considerably netted and patched with russet, many russet dots.
Stalk slender, curved. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting,
sweet, pleasant. Good. Early September.

Cumberland.

A native fruit, in Cumberland, Rhode Island.

Fruit rather large, obovate pyriform. Skin orange yellow, pale red
cheek. Flesh white, buttery, and tolerably juicy. Good. September
and October.

Gushing.

The Cushing is a native of Massachusetts, having originated on the
grounds of Colonel Washington Cushing, of Hingham, about forty years
ago. It is a very sprightly Pear, and, like many of our native varieties,
it produces most abundant crops. Branches rather slender, diverging,
olive yellow brown.

Fruit medium size, obovate, tapering rather obliquely to the stem.
Skin smooth, light greenish yellow, sprinkled with small gray dots, and
occasionally a dull red cheek. Stalk an uich long, planted in an abrupt
cavity. Calyx rather small, set in a basin of moderate size. Flesh white,
fme-grained, buttery, melting, sweet, sprightly, perfumed. Good.
Middle of September.

Dallas.

Raised by Governor Edwards, of New Haven, Conn. Tree upright,
vigorous. Young wood reddish brown. A profitable Pear to grow, as
it produces abundantly and keeps long after gathering.

Fruit rather large, ovate obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, with a
sunny cheek, thickly sprinkled with crimson and russet dots. Stalk
large, long, inserted by a slight lip in a very moderate cavity. Calyx
open. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh buttery, juicy, with a sweet, rich,
pleasant aromatic flavor. Very good. Ripe October and November.

Dana's Hovey.
Raised by Francis Dana, of Roxbury, Mass. Tree vigoi-ous, hardy.

THE PEAK. 731

and productive. Young wood olive yellow brown, retains its foliage late
in season. This is one of the highest-flavored Pears, next to the
Seckle, that we have known. It lacks in size for a market variety,
but as an amateur sort is one of the most desirable.

Dana's Hovey.

Fruit small, obovate obtuse pyriform, regular. Skia greenish yel-
low or pale yellow, considerably netted and patched with russet, and
sprinkled with many brown dots. Stalk rather short, a little curved,
set in a sKght cavity, sometimes by a lip. Caljrx: open. Basin small,
uneven, and slightly russeted. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, with
a sugaiy, rich, aromatic flavor. Best. November to January.

Darlington,

An American variety, the origin of which we have been unable to
leam. Tree very vigorous, upright grower, productive. Young wood
yellow brown.

Fruit large, oblate obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, with sometimes
a shade of crimson in the sun, nettings and patches of russet, and
russet dots. Flesh whitish, coarse, sweet. Not quite good. Eots at
core. Early September.

Davis.

Introduced from Delaware Co., Pa. The only claim this Pear has
is that some specimens are almost, or entirely, seedless.

Fruit small, obovate obtuse, yellowish, netted and patched with
russet dots. Stalk short, in a small cavity. Calyx partially open.

732

THE PEAR.

Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, not juicy, melting, sweet. G-ood. Sep
tember. This is similar to and may be -identical with Elton.

Dearborn's Seedling.

Nones.

Dearborn's Sanding.

Dearborn's Seedling.

A very admirable early Pear,
of first quality, raised in 1818, by
the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn, of
Boston. It bears most abundant
crops, and is one of the most de-
sirable early varieties, succeeding
the Bloodgood, and preceding the
Bartlett. Young shoots long,
reddish brown.

Fruit scarx5ely of medium size,
roundish pyriform, and very regu-
larly formed. Skin very smooth,
clear light yellow, with a few mi-
nute dots. Stalk slender, rather
more than an inch long, set with
very little depression. Calyx
with delicate spreading segments,
set in a very shallow basin.
Flesh white, very juicy and melt-
ing, sweet and sprightly in fla-
vor. Very good. Ripens about
the middle of August.

De Bavay.
Poire de Bavay.

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree a moderate grower. Young
wood duU olive brown.

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish, netted and patched
with russet, and sprinkled with large russet dots. Stalk stout, curved,
a little inclined, set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Basin shallow, un-
even, often russeted. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, melting,
sweet, a little aromatic. Good to very good. October.

De Deux Foix Lane.

A small foreign Pear, handsome but of poor quality.

Fruit small, oblate pyriform, irregular, or a little inclined, lemon
yellow, with a crimson-red cheek, fawn and russet nettings and dots.
Flesh white, coarse, rather dry, sweet. Poor. August.

Delices de Charles.

We have received two Pears under tliis name, one as of Van Mons,
the other of Bouvier.

The former is medium in size, irregular in form, varying from obo-
vate to obovate pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, netted and patched

THE PEAR. 733

with russet, and sprinkled witli russet dots. Stalk rather long, inclined,
set in a slight depression, often with a lip. Calyx open. Flesh yellow-
ish, juicy, melting, vinous, sweet. September, October.

The latter is above medium in size, obovate obtuse. Skin greenish,
with traces of russet, and sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk long,
curved, set in a rather large cavity. Flesh whitish, buttery, rots at core.
Middle of September.

D^LICES DE FrOYENNES.

This variety was obtained by M. de Courcelle, of Lille, near Tour-
nay.

Fruit medium, acute pyriform. Skin a little rough, clear fawn-color.
Stalk straight, stout. Calyx open. Flesh white, fine, melting, juicy,
sweet, perfumed. Novembei*, December. (Revue Horticole.)

D^LicES d'Hardenpont of Angers.

Beurre des Hautes. Vignes.

Beurre Lasalle. Delices d' Angers.

Tree of moderate growth, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish, becoming yellowish at maturity,
with a warm cheek, sprinkled and patched with russet. Stalk short
and thick, inserted by a ring or lip at an inclination, in a shallow cavity.
Calyx open. Segments short, stiif, in a small, uneven basin. Flesh yel-
lowish, nearly melting, juicy, sugary, aromatic. Good to very good.
October, November.

Delices d'Hardenpont op Belgium.

Fondante Pariselle. Charles d'Autriche.

Delices d'Ardenpont. Pariselle.

Archduke Charles.

Tree moderately vigorous, upright, with long, slender shoots of dull
olive brown color.

Fruit medium, truncate conic or pyramidal, angular. Skin rough,
greenish, covered with small brown dots, becoming yellowish at matu-
rity. Stalk short and thick, inserted in a small uneven cavity at an in-
clination. Calyx large, set in a shallow furrowed basin. Flesh white,
buttery, juicy, melting, sweet, with a fine aromatic perfume. Good.
November, December.

DfiLiCES de Jodoigne.

This Belgian Pear originated in 1846, but it is yet little known.
Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood reddish brown.

Fruit rather large, varying from obtuse to acute pyi'iform. Skin
pale yellow, rich brownish crimson in the sun, netted and patched and
dotted mth russet. Stalk medium, sometimes with a slight depression
at insertion, again fleshy, without cavity. Caljx open. Segments re-
curved. Basin small, shallow. Flesh white, juicy, buttery, half melt-
ing. Good to very good. October.

734 THE PEAR,

D^LICES DE LA CaCAUDIERE.

This variety originated in France, in 1846. We do not know of its
being fruited in this country, but its size and period of ripening are pro-
mising of value.

Fruit large, obovate pyriform, yellow green, shaded with red in the
sun and many small dots. Stalk long, stout, set without depression.
Flesh white, a little coarse, half melting, juicy, sweet. Ripens early in
August. (Verg.)

Delices de Louvenjal.
Jules Bivort.

An old variety, yet little known in this country. Tree moderately
vigorous and very productive.

Fruit medium or above, obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow,
with patches of russet and many small green and russet dots. Stalk
rather stout, curved. Calyx small. Basin shallow. Flesh juicy, melt-
ing, sweet, rich, vinous. Good to very good. October, November.

Delices Van Mons.
Delices de Mons. Delices de la Meuse.

The date of origin of this Pear is unknown. So far as we can learn,
it was first described simply as Delices. The tree is a healthy free
gi'ower, with young wood of a dull grajnsh yellow brown.

Fruit medium, ovate obovate pyriform. Surface somewhat uneven.
Skin pale yellow, with a shade of crimson in the sun, nettings of russet,
and numerous brown dots. Stalk rather long. Cavity small, russeted.
Calyx small, closed. Segments short. Basin small, slightly russeted.
Flesh white, coarse at the core, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly
vinous. Good or very good. October.

De LouvAiN.

Poire de Louvain, Gros Quere. Valandree.

Bezy de Louvain. Parabelle Musque.

Eaised by Van Mons in 1827.

Fruit of medium size, obovate, inclining to pyriform, and tapering
to the stalk. Skin rather uneven, clear light yellow, a little marked
with russet, and dotted with brown points, which take a ruddy tinge
next the sun. Stalk about an inch long, stout, inserted obliquely with-
out depression, or by the side of a fleshy lip. Calyx placed in a very
narrow, shallow basin. Flesh white, buttery, and melting. Good.
October.

Democrat.

Originated in Pennsylvania. Tree a Adgorous grower and produc-
tive.

Fruit medium or below, obovate roundish. Skin greenish yellow,
nettings and patches of russet, and dotted with conspicuous russet and
brown dots. Stalk long, slender, curved, set in a small cavity. Calyx
large, open. Basin abrupt, uneven. Flesh half melting, juicy, sweet,
pleasant. Good. September.

THE PEAR,

Des Chasseurs.

735

Chaaeeurs. Sportsman.

Poire des Chasseurs. Hunter.

This Belgian Pear is supposed to be one of Van Mons' seedlings.
The tree is moderately vigorous, somewhat spreading, productive. Young
shoots warm yellow bro%vn.

Fruit medium, pyriform, sometimes obtuse. Skin greenish yellow,
covered with minute dots, and a few patches of russet. Stalk long, en-
larged at its junction, without depression. Calyx small. Basin shal-
low. Flesh buttery, juicy, slightly granular, perfumed. Good to very
good. October.

Desiree Cornelis.
Comelis.

Raised by M. Bivort. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood
cinnamon russet brown.

Fruit medium to large, oblong obovate pyriform, slightly obtuse.
Skin greenish yellow, with nettings of russet and irregular conspicuous
brown dots. Stalk curved, set in a slight cavity. Calyx partially closed.
Basin small. Flesh whitish, juicy, half melting, sweet. Very good.
Early September.

Desiree Van Mons.

One of Van Mons' seedlings, oiiginated in 1836.

Fruit medium to large, obtuse pyriform. Skin dull greenish, with
a few traces and patches of russet, especially around the stalk, minute
marblings and dots of black. Stalk slender, curved, set in a very slight
depression. Flesh white, half melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed. Good.
September, October.

De Sorlus.

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous, very productive.

Fruit medium or above, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish
yellow, slightly netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with
minute gi-een and brown dots. Stalk rather long, generally straight,
set with little or no cavity, sometimes by a ring or enlargement at base.
Calyx open. Basin small, uneven. Flesh whitish, a little coai-se, not
juicy or melting. Good. November.

De Tongres.
Poire Durandeau.

This fine fruit was raised by M. Durandeau, of Tongres, France.
Tree vigorous, with long slender branches, pyriform, bears young and
abundantly. Young shoots olive yellow brown.

Fruit large, obovate acute j)yriforni, slightly irregular. Skin pale
yellow, covered with rich cinnamon russet, which becomes crimson on

736 THE PEAR.

the sun-exposed side. Sprinkled with russet and brown dots. Stalk
long, curved, inserted without depression, often by a lip. Calyx small,
open, or partially closed. Segments short, erect. Basin shallow, abrupt,
uneven. Flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, vinous, rich saccharine.
Very good. October.

Deux S(eurs.
Des Deux Soeurs. The Two Sisters.

A chance seedling found near Malines, France, and named by Major
Esperen. Tree vigorous, thorny, hardy, productive.

Fruit medium, oblong oval, irregular. Skin greenish yellow, sprin-
kled with brown dots. Stalk rather short, set in a slight depression or
by a lip. Calyx open. Flesh white, coarse, moderately juicy, sweet.
Good. October, November.

Devergnies.

Belle du Vemis. Duvemay.

Belle du Vemie. Duvemis.

Beurre Duvemay.

A Belgian Pear, originated at Hainault in 1817.

Fruit medium, roundish short pyriform. Skin dull yellow, shaded
and blotched with brownish red in the sun, dark russet dots and specks.
Stalk curved, set in furrowed cavity. Calyx large. Basin furrowed.
Flesh whitish, half fine, sweet. Good. December.

DiCKERMAN.
Pardee'.'" No. 2.

Raised by S. D. Pardee, New Haven, Conn. Tree vigorous and
productive. Young wood dark rich brown.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin yellowish, shade of bright
cinnamon in the sun, thickly covered with minute dots. Stalk curved,
fleshy at its insertion, in a moderate cavity. Calyx nearly closed. Seg-
ments persistent. Basin broad and uneven. Flesh whitish, buttery,
juicy, melting, perfumed. Good to very good. Ripe from the middle of
September to the middle of October.

DiEUDONNE AnTHOIXE.

A variety from Enghien, Belgium. Tree vigorous, moderately pro-
ductive.

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform. Skin light yellow, vary-
ing to a cinnamon yellow, with occasionally a flush of red in the sun.
Flesh whitish, melting, juicy, sugary, vinous, perfumed. October.
(An. Pom.)

DiLLER.

A Pennsylvania Pear. Tree a slow and poor grower. Young wood
light brownish yellow.

Fruit below medium, nearly globular. Skin yellowish, sprinkled

THE PEAR.

737

and patched with russet. Stalk long, inserted in a very slight cavity by
a fleshy ring. Calyx closed, set in a rather broad, shallow basin. Flesh
whitish, coarse, and granular, juicy, buttery, melting, with a very sweet,
aromatic perfumed flavor. Good to very good. Ripe last of August
and first of September.

Dix.

Dix.

Lewis, erroneously of the French.

The Dix is, unquestionably, a fruit of the highest excellence, and
deserves the attention of all planters. It is one of the hardiest of pear-
trees, but the tree does not come into bearing until it has attained con-
siderable size. The young branches are dull olive yellow brown, upright,
and slender. The original tree stands in the garden of Madam Dix,
Boston. It bore for the first time in 1826.

47

738 THE PEAR.

Fruit large, oblong, or long pyriform. Skin roughish, fine deep yel-
low at maturity, mai'ked with distinct russet dots, and sprinkled with
russet around the stalk. Calyx small for so large a fruit. Basin nar-
row, and scarcely at all sunk. Stalk rather stout, short, thicker at each
end, set rather obliquely, but with little or no depression. Flesh not
very fine-grained, but juicy, rich, sugary, melting, and delicious, with a
slight perfume. Very good to best. October and November.

DOCTEUR BOUVIER.

A vigorous tree, forming a beautiful pyramid, very productive.
Young wood yellow reddish brown.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin greenish, becom-
ing slightly yellow at maturity, sprinkled, shaded, and dotted with
russet, sometimes slightly crimson and fawn in the sun. Stalk curved,
set without depression. Calyx open. Flesh a little coarse, juicy, melt-
ing, brisk, vinous, slightly perfumed. Good to very good. December.

DoCTEUR CaPRON.

One of Yan Mons' seedlings, originated in 1842.

Fruit medium, regular, ovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, a little
brownish in the sun, with nettings, patches, and dots of russet. Stalk
medium, inclined, set in a slight depression, russeted. Calyx open.
Flesh yellowish, juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. October,
November.

Docteur Lentier.

Doctor Lenthier.

A Belgian Pear, originated about 1847, and named after M. Lentier,
a physician. Tree vigorous, productive. Young shoots olive brown.

Fruit medium, obovate, sometimes acute pyriform. Skin greenish
or pale yellow, with traces and patches of russet, especially next the
stalk, sometimes a shade of crimson" in the sun, and sprinkled with mi-
nute brown dots. Stalk varying, set without depression. Calyx par-
tially closed. Basin small. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet,
pleasant. Good. September, October.

Docteur Trousseau.

Raised from seed at Saint Remy, France, in 1848. Tree a vigorous
grower, with long, strong, rather spreading branches. Young wood
dull dark red brown.

Fruit medium to large, roundish obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish
yellow, partially netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled
with russet dots. Stalk variable, curved, set in a slight depression or
cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melt-
ing, vinous, a little astringent. Good to very good. November.

Doctor Nelis.
Another Belgian variety, originated in 1847, and named and de-

THE PEAR. 739

dicated to a physician. Tree moderately vigorous and productive.
Young wood olive yellow brown.

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform, slightly obtuse. Skin greenish
yellow, with a shade of red in the sun, somewhat patched and netted

Doctor Nelis.

with russet, and sprinkled with russet green dots. Stalk short, a little
inclined, set in a small, russeted cavity. Calyx large, open. Flesh
whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly vinous. Very good.
Last of September.

Doctor Reeder.
Reeder's Seedling.

Raised from seed of the Winter ISTelis by Dr. Henry Reeder, Varick,
Seneca Co., N. Y. Tree very hardy, healthy, vigorous, spreading, open
form, an excellent bearer. Yoiing shoots warm olive brown.

Fruit small to medium, roundish ovate obtuse pyriform, compressed,
often apparently slightly furrowed on one side. Skin yellow, netted
and patched with russet nearly over the whole surface, and tlaickly
sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long and slender, slightly curved, a
little inclined, in a small cavity. Calyx large and open. Segments
large, lying flat on the fruit. Basin medium, nearly regular. Flesh
fine, juicy, melting, buttery, a little granular, very sugary, vinous, with
a high musky perfume. Very good to best. Novembei*.

740 THE PEAR.

Doctor Reeder.

Doctor Turner.

A Connecticut Pear, origin unknown. Tree a moderate spreading
grower. Young wood a dark olive brown.

Fruit large, acute obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow, sometimes
with a slight blush, and thickly spiinkled with green and brown dots,
a few traces of russet. Stalk long, curved, set in a slight depression by
a ring or lip. Calyx closed. Basin rather small. Flesh white, juicy,
half melting, slightly vinous, somewhat astringent. Good. August.

DOROTH^E ROYALE NOUVELLE.

Fruit about medium, pyriform, uneven. Skin smooth, clear deep
lemon yellow, with here and there a patch of cinnamon russet. Calyx
open. Stalk stout. Flesh very fine, melting, juicy, rich. Last of Oc-
tober. (Hogg.)

DORSORIS.
American Beauty.

Origin unknown. Introduced by Isaac Coles, of Glen Cove, Long
Island. Tree a vigorous, upright, spreading grower, and an early bearer.
Young wood reddish yellow brown.

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin pale yellow, shaded with

THE PEAR.

741

bright ricli crimson in the sun, and sprinkled with brown and green
dots. Stalk medium. Calyx nearly closed. Flesh white, buttery,
sweet, pleasant. Good. August.

Dow.

Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. Tree upright, vigorous,
productive.

Fruit rather above medium, obovate, acutely pyriform, sometimes
turbinate. Skin rough, yellowish green, sprinkled with russet dots, and
a few small patches of russet. Stalk long, inserted at an inclination in
a very slight cavity. Calyx large, open, set in a very small basin.
Flesh white, buttery, juicy, melting, with a good vinous flavor, some-
times slightly astringent. Good. September, October.

Doyen Dillen.

Deacon Dillen.

Doctor Dillen.

One of Van Mons' Pears. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood
olive yellow brown.

Fruit rather large, oblong pyriform. Skin fine yellow, inclining to
russet, thickly sprinkled with russet specks. Stalk short, thick, and
fleshy, strongljr fixed, without any depression. Calyx small, rarely open.
Basin of moderate depth. Flesh juicy, buttery, sweet, and rich.
Very good. October, November.

Doyenn6 Botusaock.

742 THE PEAR.

DOYENN6 BOUSSOCK.

Doyenne Boussouck Nouvelle. Beurre Boussock.

Beurre de Merode. Albertine.

Double Philippe. Beurr>l' de Westerloo.

Bossocli. Beurre Magnifique.

Doyenne de Merode.

This Belgian Pear proves one of the most vigorous of trees, and pro-
fitable as a market sort. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. Young
wood dull reddish brown.

Fruit varying in form, obovate inclining to pyriform, or roundish
obtuse obovate. Skin rough, deep yellow, netted and clouded with riis-
set, with a warm cheek. Stalk i-ather short and stout, inserted in a
round cavity. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh buttery, juicy,
melting, sweet, aromatic, and excellent. Very good. September and
October.

Delpiere, as we have received it, proves identical "wath the above.

Doyenne d'Alen^on.

Doyenne d'Hiver d'Alengon. Doyenne Marbre.

Doyenne Gris d'Hiver Nouveaii. Doyeuu^ d'Hiver Nouveau.

St. Michael d'Hiver.

A foreign Pear, of unknown origin. Tree moderately vigorous and
productive. Young shoots dull olive brown.

Fruit medium, roundish oval, inclining to obovate or pyriform.
Skin rough, yellow, shaded with dull crimson or carmine, sprinkled,
netted, and patched with I'usset brown dots. Stalk of moderate length,
pretty large, inserted in a medium cavity. Calyx open. Segments per-
sistent. Basin deep, round, upright. Flesh somewhat gi-anular, but-
tery, juicy, sugary, very rich, sprightly, and highly perfumed. Very
good. December to April.

Doyenne de Cercle.

Doyenne de Cercle Pratique de Rouen.

Fruit medium, nearly round, inclining to pyriform. Sides unequal.
Skin gi-eenish yellow, with a blush of crimson in the sun, a few traces
and nettings of russet, and thickly sprinkled with large brown dots.
Stalk varying, set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Basin uneven, slightly
russeted. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Good. October.

Doyenne d'Ete.

Summer Doyenn^. Jolliemont.

Doyenne de Juillet. Roi Jolimont.

St. Michael d'£te. Jolimont.
Jolivet.

One of Van Mons' seedlings, obtained in 1823. Tree vigorous, up-
right, an early and abundant beai-er. Young shoots reddish yellow
brown.

Fruit small, roundish obovate, slightly pyriform. Skin smooth,
fine yellow, often shaded with bright red, and covered with numerous

THE PEAR. 743

gray or russet dots. Stalk rather short and thick, fleshy at its junction
with the fruit, almost without depression. Calyx small and open, in a

Doyenne d'£t6.

very shallow, slightly corrugated basin. Flesh white, melting, juicy,
with a sweet, pleasant flavor. Good to very good. Last of July.

DOYENNlfi DePAIS.
Defays. Doyenne d'Affay.

Originated at Angers, France. Tree moderately vigorous. Young
wood dull olive brown, with manj- white specks.

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate. Skin pale yellow, some-
times a slight shade of red in the sun, ti-aces of russet and sprinkled with
brown dots. Stalk short, a little curved, in a broad cavity. Calyx
open. Basin abrupt, furrowed. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet,
pleasant, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. October.

DoYEXNfi DE SaUMUH.

Tree vigorous. Young wood grayish olive.

Fruit medium or below, roundish ovate. Skin pale whitish yellow,
thickly sprinkled with large green and brown dots. Stalk medium,
curved. Calyx open. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant.
Good to very good. September.

744

THE TEAR.

DoYENNiS Downing.

Eaised by Andi-e Leroy, and dedicated to the late A. J, Downing
Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood slender, dark rusty brown.

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, inclining to turbinate. Skin
greenish yellow, sprinkled and netted with russet, very slightly shaded
with crimson, and thickly covered with russet dots. Flesh fine, buttery,
juicy, melting, with a sweet, vinous, rich, perfumed flavor, somewhat
aromatic. Good to very good. October.

Doyenne du Comice.

A French Pear, of comparatively recent introduction, which promises
to be of much value. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. Young wood
rich warm reddish yellow brown.

Doyenne du Comice.

Fruit large, varying, roundish pyriform or broad obtuse pyriforta,
sometimes obtuse. Skin greenish yellow, becoming fine yellow at matu-
rity, often lightly shaded with crimson and fawn in the sun, slight net-

THE PEAR.

745

tings and patches of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots.
Stalk short, stout, inclined and set in a shallow cavity, often russeted.
Calyx small, open. Basin large, deep, and vmeven. Flesh white, fine,
melting, a little buttery, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly aromatic. Very
good or best. Core small. October, November.

Doyenn:^ Goubault.

Origin, Angers, France. Of slow growth, and rather slender
branches. An unprofitable sort.

Fruit medium, occasionally large, obovate acute pyriform. Stalk
short. Calyx small. Skin dull pale yellow, with a few traces of rus-
set, particularly around stem and calyx. Flesh melting and juicy, sweet,
aromatic. Good to very good. Ripe December to February.

DoyennS Gray.

Doyenne Gray.

Gray Butter Pear.

Gray Deans.

Gray Doyenne.

Red Doyenne.

St. Michel Dote.

Doyenne Galeux.

Doyenne Boussouck, of some.

Doyenne Gris.

Doyenne Rouge.

Doyenne Roux.

Doyenne d'Automne.

Red Beurre, ) incorrectly

Beurre Rouge, [ of some.

Le Beurre.

The Gray Doyenne strongly resembles the White Doyenne in flavor
and general appearance, except that its skin is covered all over with a

746 THE PEAR.

fine, lively cinnamon russet. It is a beautiful Pear, usually keeps a lit-
tle longer, and is considered by many rather the finer of the two.
Shoots u^iright, grayish brown.

Fruit of medium size, ovate obovate, but usually a little rounder than
the White Doyenne. Skin wholly covered with smooth cinnamon rus-
set (rarely a little r\iddy next the sun). Stalk half to three-fourths of
an inch long, curved, set in a narrow, rather deep and abrupt cavity.
Calyx small, closed, and placed in a smooth, shallow basin. Flesh
white, fine-grained, very buttery, melting, rich, and delicious. Best.
Middle of October, and will keep many weeks.

Doyenne Robin.
Beurre Robin.

Eaised by M. Robin, Angers, France. Tree vigorous. Young wood
olive brown.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin greenish yellow, netted,
patched, and thickly S2:»rinkled with russet and gray dots. Stalk long,
stout, inserted in a broad deep cavity. Calyx j^artly closed. Flesh
whitish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, somewhat granular, vinous, per-
fumed. Good. September.

Doyenne Rose.

Fruit above medium, obovate, obscurely pyriform. Skin yellow,
beautifully shaded with crimson. Stem short. Cavity small. Caljx
small ; deep, regular basin. Flesh white, coarse, granular, with very
little flavor. Rots at the core. Poor. Last of October.

Doyenne Santellet.

A fine handsome Pear from Flanders.

Fruit above medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, with mar-
blings and specks of gray russet. Flesh white, a little gritty, tender,
musky perfume. October. (Lindley.)

Doyenne Sieulle.
Sieulle. Beurre Sieulle. Bergamotte Sieulle.

A hardy tree, and a profitable market Pear in some sections.
Raised by M. Sieulle. Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood
olive yellow brown.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin greenish yellow, thickly
sprinkled with green or bro\\'n dots, shaded with crimson and fawn
in the sun. Stalk curved, stoiit, inserted in a broad cavity by a ring
or lip. Calyx open in a small shallow basin. Flesh white, coarse, very
butteiy, juicy, with a rich vinous, slightly aromatic flavor. Good.
October, November.

Du Beeuil Pere.

A seedling grown by M. Alphonse Du Breuil.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate pyriform. Skin greenish, with mar-
blings and rays of brown in sun. Flesh white, fine, melting, juicy,
sweet, vinous. Middle September. (Leroy.)

THE PEAR. 747

Due Alfred de Cruy.

Fruit large, obtuse pyrifoi-m. Skin smooth, greenish yellow, with
a thin crust of brown russet over the surface; on the side next the sun
it is tinged with pale bi-own. Stalk fleshy at base, set without dejires-
sion. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, not very juicy, buttery, rich, spicy.
November, December. (Hogg.)

Due d'Aumale.
Gedeon Paridant.

A seedling of Van Mons', of vigorous growth and productive habit.
Young wood reddish yellow brown.

Fruit medium, slightly obtuse })yriform. Skin pale yellow, shiided
and mai-bled with bi'ownish red in the sun, sliglffc netting and patches
of russet, and many russet dots. Stalk rather long, a little curved.
Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Good to
very good. September.

Due de Brabant.

Fondante des Chameuse. Jamin. Waterloo.

Miel d'Waterloo. Beurre Chameuse. Belle Excellente.

Beurre d'Waterloo.

A Belgian Pear. Tree hardy, vigoi'ous, productive. Young wood
olive brown grayish.

Fruit large, oblong pyriform, sometimes acute, sometimes obtuse.
Skin greenish, shaded with crimson on the sunny side, and thickly
sprinkled with greenish dots. Stalk long, curved, and twisted, some-
what fleshy at its insertion, in a very small cavity. Calyx large and
open. Segments persistent, in an iri'Ogular ribbed basin. Flesh whit-
ish green, very juicy, buttery, melting, with a refreshing vinous flavor.
Very good. October, November.

DuCHESSE D'ANGOULfeME.
Beurre Soule.

A magnificent large dessert Pear, sometimes weighing a poimd and
a quarter, named in honor of the Duchess of Angouleme, and said to
be a natural seedling, found in a forest hedge near Angers. When in
perfection, it is a most delicious fruit of the highest quality. We are
compelled to add, however, that the quality of the fruit is a little un-
certain on young standard trees. The tree is a sfci'ong grower, the shoots
iipright, reddish yellow brown.

Fruit very large, oblong obovate, with an uneven, somewhat knobby
surface. Skin dull greenish yellow, a good deal streaked and spotted
with russet. Stalk one to two inches long, very stout, bent, deeply
planted in an irregular cavity. Calyx set in a somewhat knobby l>asin.
Flesh white, buttery, and very juicy, with a rich and veiy excellent
flavor. Very good. October.

DucHESSE d'Aremberg.

A French Pear, the frviit of which we have seen but once. Tree
a vigorous grower and (sarly bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform, dull greenish. Stalk long,
slender, curved, set in a broad, rather deep cavity. Calyx partially

748 THE PEAR.

closed. Basin shallow. Flesh whitish, rather coarse, tender, juicy.
Good. September.

DUCHESSE DE BeRRY d'EtE.

Ducliesse de Berry. Duchesse de Berry de Nantes.

Originated at Nantes, France. Tree vigorous, upright. Young
wood dark reddish.

Fruit small, roundish oblate, obscurely pyriform. Skin yellow,
shaded with light red, nettings and patches of russet. Stalk short, in

Duchesse de Berry d'Etfi.

serted in a small cavity. Calyx partially open, set in a broad shallow
basin. Flesh juicy, melting, with a good vinous flavor. Good to very
good. Bipens last of August.

Duchesse de Bourdeaux.
Beurre Perrault.

Originated with M. Secher, near Angers, Fi-ance, in 1850. Tree mo-
derately vigorous. Young wood dull olive brown.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow,
netted and traced with russet, and sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk
long, stout, fleshy at insertion, often by a lip. Calyx open. Basin
medium, uneven. Flesh white, moderately juicy, sweet, pleasant.
Good. December to February.

Duchesse de Brabant. (Durieux.)

Tree very vigorous.

Fniit of good size, turbinate pyriform, sometimes elongated. Skin
rough, bright green, becoming moderately yellow at ripening, much
shaded with bright russet. Flesh whitish yellow, tine, melting, juice

THE PEAK, 749

abundant, sugary, vinous, finely jjeifumed. Fruit of the first quality,
ripening at the end of October. (An. Pom.)

DucHESSE DE Brabant. (Capenick.)

Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit medium, roundish, depressed at crown, clear yellow, tinged
with bright red in the sun. Stalk long, inserted in a small contracted
cavity. Calyx open. Flesh white, rather firm, but melting, juicy, rich,
sweet. October. (Hovey Mag.)

There is also another Duchesse de Brabant, the origin of which is un-
known. We have fruited, but are in doubt of the correctness of our tree.

Duchesse d'Hiver.
Tardive de Toulouse. Winter Duchess.

Originated with M. Barthere, at Toulouse, France. Tree a vigorous
handsome grower, and an early bearer. Young wood olive yellow brown.

Fruit large, obovate pyriform, uneven surface, dull greenish, with
brownish dull russet shades and spots. Stalk stout, set in a slight un-
even cavity. Flesh white, juicy, pretty fine-grained, mild, sweet, plea-
sant. Very good. December to April.

Duchesse de Mars.
Comtesse de Lumay.

A French Pear, first described in 1850, by M. Prevost, in Album
Pomologie. Tree hardy, branches rather slender. Young wood very
dark reddish yellow brown.

Fruit medium or below, oblong obovate, obtuse pyriform, yellowish
brown, with considerable russet and russet specks. Stalk shoi-t, set in
a rather deep cavity. Flesh whitish, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous.
Very good. Core small. October, November.

Duchesse d'Orleans.
Beurre St. Nicholas. St. Nicholas. Due d'Orleans.

A French Pear, of which the precise location of origin is unknown.
Tree a good grower, upright, with long jointed wood. Young shoots
dull olive brown, slightly grayish.

Fruit rather above medium, elongated pyriform, narrowing towards
the basin. Skin yellowish green, sometimes a sunny cheek, with brown
dots. Stalk long, pretty large, curved. Calyx nearly closed, set in a
shallow uneven basin. Flesh juicy, melting, slightly aromatic, with a
very good flavor. Very good. September, October

Duchesse H^lene d'Orleans.

Princess Helen d'Orleans. Reine de Vierge.

According to the Album Pomologie this variety was first described
in 1847. It has been, by some, confounded with Marechal de la Cour,
and also with Dvichesse d'Orleans, but is found by its growth of wood,
more than by its fruit, to be distinct. The tree is a vigorous grower,
with long jointed, stout wood, the young shoots of a rich warm reddish

750 THE PEAR.

brown color, with scattered, ueai-ly oblong, liglit gray specks. Buds
sharp pointed.

Fruit large, varying from oblong pyriforni to oblong obovate pyri-
forni, whitish yellow, considerably netted and patched with russet, and
thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk medium or i-ather stout, a
little inclined, set in a small cavity, sometimes with a lip. Calyx open,
or partly so. Segments short, erect. Basin small, corrugated. Flesh
white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant, a little vinous. Good to very
good. Septembei-, October.

DUMONT DUMORTIER.

This is a Belgian variety. Not having fruited it, we copy description
from Hovey. " Tree a moderate grower and a good bearer.

" Fruit large, roundish obovate, rounding to an obtuse point at
stem. Dull gi-een, nearly covered with dark russet, reddish in sun, and
dotted with russet specks. Stalk rather short, straight. Cavity mode-
rately deep. Calyx lai'ge, open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, melt-
ing, juicy, pleasant, slightly vinous. Good. Core large. October."

DUNDAS.

Eliott Dundas. Felicite Dundas.

Rousselet Jamin. Rousselet de Jamin.

A Belgian variety, sent to this country by Van Mons, in 1834.
Tree an upright, vigorous grower, an early and good bearer.

Fruit medium size, roundish obovate pyriform, yellow, shaded with
crimson in sun, thickly sprinkled with brown russet dots, and a few nettings
and patches of russet. Stalk mediiim, curved. Cavity small, some-
times a lip. Calyx open. Segments small, persistent. Flesh white,
juicy, melting, sweet, agreeable. Good to very good.

DUNMORE.

The Dunmore is a large Pear, raised by Knight. It is a strong-
growing ti-ee, and bears exceedingly well. Young wood grayish.

Fruit large, oblong obovate, rather swollen on one side, greenish,
dotted and speckled with smooth brownish-red russet, and nettings
and patches of russet. Stalk rather long, cvirved, inserted in a slight
depression by a lip. Calyx open, with rellexed segments. Basin shallow.
Flesh yellowish white, juicy, melting, rich, vinous, sometimes gritty, and
i-ots at core unless gathered early and carefully ripened. Very good.
September.

DupuY Charles.

A variety produced by Louis E. Berckmans, in 1S47, and by him
dedicated to Charles 'Dvxpuy, Loches, France. By description, in 1850,
the tree is vigorous, half upright in growth, and productive.

Fruit below medium, acute pyriform, yellow, netted and patched
with russet, and sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk varying in length,
curved, set without depression. Calyx open. Basin small, shallow,
uneven. Flesh yellowish, j uicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. Oc-
tober.

THE PEAK.

751

DUREE.

Duree's Seedling.

The original tree of this variety Avas found on the farm of White-
head Duree, Westbury, Long Island, N. Y., by Isaac Hicks, and by
him introduced. Tree a vigorous, spreading grower, and an eai'ly
bearer. Young wood dull dark olive brown.

Fruit medium, oblong acute pyriform, pale yellowish, considerably
netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots.
Stalk long, curved, without depression. Calyx open. Basin uneven.
Flesh whitish, half melting, juicy, vinous, sweet, slightly musky. Good
to veiy good. October.

Early Bergamot.

A second-rate French sort.

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin pale yellowish green. Flesh quite
juicy, crisp, with a pleasant, sweet flavor. Ripe about the 20th of August.

Early Butter (of Cincinnati).
Early Summer Butter. Meat's Summer Butter.

A variety somewhat grown around Cincinnati, O. Origin unknown.
Tree upright, and a good grower.

Fruit small, oval, inclining to obovate, light yellow, with a tinge
of red in the sun, brown and green dots. Stalk rather long, curved.
Calyx large, with long recurved segments. Flesh white, juicy, butteiy.
Good. Last of July.

Easter Bergamot.

Bergamotte de Paques. St. Herblain d'Hiver.

Bergamotte d'Hiver. Bergamotte de la Grilliere.

Bergamotte de Bugi. Bergamotte de Careme,

Bergamotte de Toulouse. Bergamotte Ronde d'Hiver.

Robert's Keeping. Bergamotte Soldat-Nabours.

Winter Bergamotte. Anderson's Favorite.

Paddrington. Cape May.

Royal Tairling. Bonner's Pope's Pear.
Terling.

An old French variety. Tree vigorous and productive, keeps well,
and a good cooking fruit. Young wood olive, with round white specks.

Fruit mediiim, roundish obovate, narrow at the stalk. Skin smooth,
pale green, thickly speckled with conspicuous light gray dots, and be-
coming pale yellowish at maturity. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, with a
sprightly flavor. Good for cooking. February to May.

Easter Beurr6.

Bergamotte de la Pentecote. Pastorale d'Hiver.

Beurre de la PentecOte. Beurre de Paques.

Beurre d'Hiver de BruxeUes. Philippe de Paques.

Doyenne d'Hiver. Bezi Chaumontelle tr^s-gros.

Doyenne du Printemps Chaumontelle tres-gros.

Beurre Roupe. Canning.

Du Patre. Seigneur d'Hiver.

Merveille de la Nature. Canning d'Hiver.

The Easter Beurre is considered abroad one of the very best late

752 THE PEAR.

winter or spring Pears. It seems to require a rather warmer climate
than that of the Eastern States to arrive at full perfection, and has dis-
appointed the expectations of many cultivators. It bears well here, but

Easter Benrri.

is rather variable in quality. In good seasons, if packed away in boxes
and ripened off in a warm room, it is a delicious, melting, buttery fruit.
The tree grows upright, and thriftily, with reddish yellow shoots. It
requires a warm exposure and a rich soil to give fine fruit as an open
standard tree. It is said to succeed well at the South,

Fruit large, roundish obovate obtuse, often rather square in figure.
Skin yellowish green, sprinkled with many russety dots, and some russet,
which give it a brownish cheek in some specimens. Stalk rather short,
stout, planted in an abruptly sunken obtuse cavity. Calyx small,
closed, but little sunk among the plaited folds of the angular basin.
Flesh white, fine-grained, veiy buttery, melting and juicy, with a
sweet and rich flavor. January to March.

EASTJfOR Castle.

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin green and thick. Flesh greenish
white, juicy, melting. December.

THE PEAR.

763

Bezi d'Echassey.
Beai I'Ecliasserie.
Jagdbirne.
Bezi de Chasseray.

ECHASSERIE.

L'Echasserie.
Verte Longue d'Hiver.
Besidery Sandry.
Echassery.

Winter Long GreeiL
"Winter Green Long.
Landry Wilding.

A French Pear of second quality, productive.

Fruit of medium size, roundish oval. Skin smooth, pale green, yel-
lowish at maturity, slightly dotted with gray. Flesh melting, buttery,
with a sweet perfumed flavor. January to April.

Edmonds.
Origin, town of Brighton, N. Y. A chance seedling on the farm of

Edmonds.

Eliphalet Edmonds. Tree a strong grower,
reddish brovvn, with large spots.

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform.

48

Young shoots yelloAvish
Surface uneven, yellow,

754 THE PEAK.

bronzed red in sun, and slight nettings of russet and russet dots. Stalk
long, inclined, curved, fleshy at insei'tion. Cavity broad, uneven.
Calyx open. Segments short, erect. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh
fine-grained, whitish, juicy, half melting, sweet, with a peculiar flavor.
Very good. Sejitember.

Edward Morren.

A foreign variety, the origin of which we have not traced. Tree
Adgorous and productive. Young wood rich brownish olive.

Fruit small, roundish, greenish, with brownish cheek, sprinkled with
green and brown dots. Stalk long. Cavity small, often a lip at base
of stem. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, juicy, half melt-
ing, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. November.

Edwards.

Raised by Governor Edwards. A very good baking fruit.

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyiiform, yellow, sometimes shaded
with crimson. Stalk short and thick. Calyx closed. Basin deep, un-
even. Flesh coarse, granular, not tender. September.

Edwards' Elizabeth.

Edwards' Elizabeth is a seedling raised by Ex-Govei-nor Edwards,
of New Haven, Conn.

^ Fruit of medium size, often large, oblate obtuse pyriform, angular,
and oblique at the base, the stalk frequently planted in a fleshy protu-
berance like a fold, yellowish green, very fine, and a peculiar waxen ap-
pearance. Flesh white, buttery, slightly subacid, and good. October.

Edavards' Seedling St. Germain.

Raised by Dr. W. D. Brinckle.

Fruit medium, globular pyriform, yellow, with nettings and patches
of russet, rvisset green dots. Stalk rather stout, set often with a lip.
Calyx open. Basin medium. Flesh whitish, rather coarse, juicy, half
melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. October to December.

Eleonie Bouvier.

A Belgian variety, as yet little known. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium or below, oblong obovate pyriform, clear yellow,
shaded with crimson and fawn, patches and nettings of russet, and many
russet dots. Stalk medium, fleshy at insertion. Cavity slight. Calyx
open. Flesh white, rather coarse, sweet. Good. September.

Eliza d'Heyst.

A French variety, introduced and described by Major Esperen in
1844. Tree a good grower. Young wood olive yellow brown.

Fruit medium size, obtuse jiyriform, greenish yellow, shade of brown
in sun, nettings and patches of russet, many brown russet dots. Stalk
rather stout, often curved, set in a slight cavity with a lip. Calyx open.
Segments short, erect. Basin small. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting,
sweet, pleasant, aromatic. Good to very good. January to March.

THE PEAR.

755

Elliott's Melting.

Raised by Betsey Elliott, Carlisle, Pa., some sixty yeai'S since. Tree
vigorous, spreading.

Fruit below medium, nearly globular, oblique, greenish, netted with
russet, especially at the ends. Stalk short. Cavity narrow, small.
Basin small, regular. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic,
])leasant. Good to very good. September.

Ellis.

Raised from seed of the Seckel, by Mrs, Ellis, of New Bedford, Mass.,
in 1843. The tree is a vigorous grower, hardy, and prolific. Young
shoots dull yellow brown, with long gi'ay specks.

EUls.

Fruit large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform. Surface somewhat tm-
even, greenish yellow, patched and mottled with russet, and sometimes
a shade of crimson in the sun, many russet dots. Stalk rather large,

7nG THE PEAR.

long, curved, and set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Segments long,
recurved. Basin uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly
vinous, aromatic. Very good. September and October.

There is another Pear under the name of Ellis, grown in Western
New York, entirely distinct.

Fruit medium, acute pyriform, greenish yellow, shaded with crim-
son red in svm, many small brown dots. Flesh white, juicy, melting,
vinous, and often astringent, and disposed to rot at the core. Good.
August and early September.

Ellsworth.

Origin unknown.

Fruit medium, globular pyi-iform, greenish yellow. Flesh whitish,
coarse, sweet. Only to be valued for cooking. October.

Elton.

According to Lindley, the original tree of this variety grew in Here-
fordshire, England, and must be now nearly two and one-half centuries
old. The fiaiit is stated by Hogg to be frequently without core or seeds,
the flesh being solid throughout.

Fruit medium, oval obovate, gi-eenish, with russet, shaded with
orange red in sun. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy. Very good. September.

Emerald.

A Belgian variety, variable, sometimes good. '

Fruit medium size, obtuse pyriform, oblique. Surface uneven, yellow-
ish, with a brown cheek in sun, and brown dots. Stalk rather stout,
curved. Calyx partially closed. Flesh white, melting, rather coarse,
juicy, subacid, vinous. Good. November, December.

Emerance.
Emerance Bivort.

A foreign variety, the tree of which grows strong but somewhat
rambling.

Fruit large, obovate acute pyriform, greenish yellow, shaded with
reddish crimson in the sun, patches and nettings of russet, and many
brown dots. Stalk curved, inserted with a knob or rim, fleshy. Calyx
partially open. Basin medium. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet,
pleasant. Good. September.

Emilie Bivort.
Emily Bivort.

A Belgian variety, dedicated by its first describer, Bouvier, to the
daughter of the distinguished pomologist, A. Bivort. Young wood
olive brown.

Fruit medium or below, roundish irregular, sometimes oblate, yel-
low, blotched and patched with russet, and many russet dots ; sometimes
neai'ly the whole surface is covered with cinnamon russet. Stalk medi-

THE PEAR. 757

urn. Cavitj shallow. Calyx partially open. Basin abrupt, deep, fur-
rowed. Flesli whitish, jmcy, melting, sweet, rich, slightly aromatic.
October. Very good.

Emile d'Heyst.

This fruit was dedicated by Major Esperen to the son of his friend
L. E. Berckmans, of Georgia. It is of Belgian origin, and is one of
the very best. The tree is hardy and productive, so much so as to re-
quire thinning to obtain full-sized fruit. It holds its foliage quite late in
autumn, and holds its fruit well. Tree vigorous, sp)-eading. Younw
wood olive color.

Fruit large, oblong obovate pyriform, angular and irregular. Skin
clear yellow, with brownish orange cheek in svm, netted and patched with

Emile d'Heyst.

russet, and thickly sprinkled with large russet dots. Stalk medium to
long, inclined, curved. Cavity slight, often with a lip or fleshy ridge
at base of stem. Calyx small, closed. Segments short. Basin medi-
um, somewhat furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, juicy,

758 THE PEAR.

melting, sweet, slightly vinous and aromatic, ricli and excellent. Very
good to best. November, December. .

English Jargonelle.

Epargne. Sw^et Summer.

Grosse Cuisse Madame. Chandelle.

Beau Present. Chopine.

Poire de tables des princes. Certeau Madam.

Saint Sampson. Beurre de Paris.

Saint Lambert. Espargne.

Belle Verge. Reserve Pear.

Sparbirne. Jargonelle de Knoop.

Frauenschenkel. Sicile.

Real Jargonelle. Long Island Summer.

An old variety, variable in quality and decays at the core soon after
maturity. If gathered early is very good. Tree a strong gi'ower, with
a rather straggling, pendent habit.

Fi'uit pretty large, long pyriform, tapering into the stalk. Skin
greenish yellow, smooth, with a little brownish color on the sunny side.
Stalk nearly two inches long, rather slender, curved, obliquely set.
Calyx open, with quite long projecting segments, and sunk in a small
and furrowed basin. The flesh is yellowish white, rather coarse -gi'ained,
juicy, with a sprightly refreshing flavor. Good. August.

Epine d'Et6.

Summer Thorn. Petite Epine d'^te.

Fondante Musqu^e. Bugiarda.

Satin Vert. Bugiarda des Italiens.

Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, productive.

Fruit medii\m, pyriform. Skin greenish yellow. Flesh tender,
melting, with a sweet, musky, peculiar flavor. Good. Last of August
and fii'st of September.

fipiNE ROYALE.

A French Pear. Tree vigorous, very productive.
Fruit medium, pyriform, yellowish, with bright red in the sun.
Flesh fine, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous. October. (S. Y. M.)

Ermesinde.

A French variety.

Fruit large, oblong ovate pyriform, dull greenish, mostly covered
and netted with russet, few dark blackish dots. Flesh white, fine,
melting, juicy, sweet, agreeable. October. (Alb. Pom.)

Ernestine Auzolle.

Of French origin.

Fruit small, roundish pyriform, sometimes acute pyriform, greenish
yellow, with a shade of brown in sun, often netted and patched with
russet. Flesh rather coarse, yellowish, moderately juicy, half melting,
sweet. Good. Septcmbei', October.

THE PEAR. 759

ESPERINE.

This variety originated witli Van Mons, and by him was dedicated
to Major Esperin, of Malines. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit large, pyriform, greenish yellow, I'ed in the sun, and shaded
and specked with cinnamon russet. Stalk medium, set with a lip or
inclined. Calyx with open, short, half erect segments. Flesh white,
buttery, melting, very juicy, and sweet. Good to very good. October.
(S. Y. M.)

Essex.

Introduced by Jonathan Batty, from the garden of Wm. Flack,
Essex, Essex Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous and healthy.

Fruit below medium, oblong obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, with
many brown and gi'een dots, marbled Avith carmine in the sun. Stalk
long. Cavity large. Basin russeted. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting,
granulai", sweet. Good. September.

ESTURION.

A foreign variety.

Fruit small, obovate pyriform, yellow, shaded with crimson in the
sun, russet around the calyx. Flesh white, coarse, not juicy, hardly
good. September.

Excelsior.

Dana's Excelsior.

A seedling of Francis Dana, Boston, Mass. Tree a strong upright
grower, and good bearer. Young wood rich olive brown.

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, sometimes irregular, green-
ish yellow, with traces of russet and many brown dots. Stalk long,
curved, rather slender. Cavity small, russeted. Calyx open. Seg-
ments a little recurved. Basin small. Flesh juicy, melting, sweet,
pleasant. Good to very good. September.

Etewood.

A seedling of Mr. Knight's. Tree vigorous and hardy.
Fruit of medium size, oblate or flattened. Skin much covered with
russet. Flesh buttery, rich, and excellent.

Famenga.

A foreign variety.

Fruit medium, obovate, greenish yellow. September. (ElKott.)

Feast.

Feast's Seedling.

Originated with Samuel Feast, of Baltimore, from seed of Seckel.
Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, with brown dots.
Flesh whitish, juicy, sweet. Good. September.

Felix de Leim.

A Belgian variety, but little known.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate pjTiform, often inclined, yellowish

7G0 THK PEAR.

green or pale yellow, marblings and traces of russet, many small russet
green dots. Stalk medium, rather slender, set inclined in a small cavity
with a lip. Calyx with long reflexed segments. Flesh whitish, juicy,
melting, sweet, aromatic. Good. October.

FiGUE.

FigTie d'Alengon. Petaless.

Verte lougue de la Mayenne. Figue d'Hlver d'Alenfon.

Verte longue d' Angers. Pettalless.

Figue d'Hiver. Figue d'Alengon d'Hiver.

Bonnisseme. Pistolette.

Bonni?sima de la Sartha. Grosse Figue ?

Sylvange d'Hiver.

Originated in the town of Alen9on, France. Tree vigorous, pro-
ductive. Young wood reddish or reddish brown on the upper side,
olive yellow brown underneath, prominent pointed buds.

Fruit large, oblong ovate acvite pyriform, inclining by a lip over the
stalk, greenish yellow, sometimes with a brownish cheek, partially netted
and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet green dots.
Stalk short, stout, fleshy at insertion by a lip, often russeted. Calyx
open. Segments stiff, long, recurved. Basin small, shallow, uneven.
Flesh greenish white, juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Very
good. October to December.

Figue de Naples.

Beurre Bronzee. Fig Pear of Naples. Fourcroy ?

Comtesse de Frenol. De Vigne Pelone.

A Belgian Pear. Tree vigorous, with upright brown shoots.

Fruit medivim, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, shaded and
marbled with red in the sun, netted and patched with russet, many
russet-green dots. Stalk long, slender, generally curved and enlarged
at junction of fruit, and a little inclined. Calyx open. Basin small,
shallow, and uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant.
Good or very good. October.

Fine Gold of Summer.

Fin Or d'ttL

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, with a beautiful red cheek. Flesh
iuicy, good flavor, not rich. Very productive. Good. Middle of
Augvist.

Flemish Beauty.

Belle de Flandres. Bergamotte de Flandre.

Bosch Nouvelle. Beurre Foidard.

Bosch. Petersilie Peer.

Bosc Sire. Beurre de Bourgogne.

Poire Davy. Beurre St Amour.

Imperatrice de France. Belle des Bois.

Fondante du Bois. Beurre de Deftinge.

Boschpeer. Beurre Deftinghem,

Beurre Spence (err meously). Beurre Davy.

Brilliant. Poire de Persil.

Brillante. Molle Bouche Nouvelle.

All old Pear, supposed of Belgian origin, although foreign authors

THE PEAR. 761

conflict in regard thereto. The tree is very hixuriant, hardy and bears
early and abundantly ; the yoxmg shoots upright, reddish olive brown.
The fruit requires to be gathered sooner than most pears, even before
it parts readily from the tree. If it is then ripened in the house it is
always fine, while, if allowed to mature on the tree, it usually becomes
soft, flavorless, and decays soon.

Fi'uit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Surface a little rough, the
ground pale yellow, but mostly covered with mai'blings and patches of

Flemish Beauty.

Kght russet, becoming reddish brown at maturity, on the sunny side.
Stalk rather short, from an inch to an inch and a half long, and pretty
deeply planted in a peculiarly narrow, round cavity. Calyx short,
open, placed in a small round basin. Flesh yellowish white, not very
fine-grained, but juicy, melting, very saccharine and rich, with a
slightly musky flavor. Very good. Last of September.

Flemish Bon Chretien.

Bon Chretien Turc. Turkish Pear.

Bonchretien Vernois. Turkish Bonchretien.

The Flemish Bon Chretien is an excellent cooking Pear, not very
productive.

762 THE PEAR.

Fmit of medium size, obovate pyriform, yellow, russeted near
the calyx, and with many large russet dots. Flesh whitish, coarse,
juicy ; stews very tender. November to March.

Florent Scouman.

Fruit large, pyriform, clear green, striped and spotted with brown-
ish red. Flesh very fine, melting, j^iicy, sweet. October to December.
(S. V. M.)

Florimond Parent.

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree of moderate vigor and fer-
tility.

Fruit very large, pyramidal, swelled towards its centre, green,
pointed and striped with brown russet, becomes deep yellow at ma-
turity. Flesh coarse, melting, juicy, sugary, and agreeably perfumed.
Good. Ripe at the end of September.

FONDANTE AgREABLE.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Color dull yellowish green,
slightly russeted. Stalk planted at an inclination, and fleshy at its
junction Avith the fruit. Flesh juicy and melting. Flavor very pleasant
and refreshing, with a delicate aroma. Ripe last of August. (Wilder
in Hoit.)

FONDANTE d'AlBRET.

Received from France. Tree a vigorous iipright grower, produc-
tive. Young wood yellow brown.

Fruit above medium, nearly globular, a little oblique, pale yellow,
slightly netted and patched with russet, thickly sprinkled with green
and russet dots, a bronzed red cheek in sun. Stalk rather short, stout.
Cavity broad. Calyx large, open. Basin large. Flesh whitish, a little
coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant, vmous, slightly musky.
Good to very good. September.

FONDANTE d'AuTOMNE.

Belle Lucrative. Arbre Superbe.

Seigneur d'Esperin. Lucrate.

Bergamotte Fievee. Fondante de Maubege.

Gresillier. Autumn Melting.

Dii Seigneur. Esperin's Herrenbime.

Beurre Lucrative. Bergamotte Lucrative.

Seigneur.

This Flemish Pear is, when grown in perfection, one of the very
best ; but if the trees are overloaded, soil unsuited, or a dull, cloudy,
rainy season, it is only second-rate. The tree is moderately vigorous,
healthy and productive. Young shoots yellowish brown.

Fruit medium size, variable in form, from obovate obtuse pyriform
to globular. Pale yellowish green, slightly russeted. Stalk little more

THE PEAR. 763

than an inch long, stout, often fleshy, obliqiiely inserted in a slight,
irregular cavity. Calyx very short, open, vdth. few divisions, set in a

Fondante d'Automne.

basin of moderate depth. Flesh juicy, melting, sugary, rich, and
delicious. Very good to best. Last of September.

Fondante de Cuebne.

A French variety, said to be superior to, and ripening with, Beurre
Giffard, We have not fruited it, and therefore copy description : —

Fruit medium, oblong obovate pyriform, pale greenish yellow, with
traces of russet and russet brown in the sun. Stalk rather short, vary-
ing. Calyx small, open. Flesh white, juicy, melting, buttery, sweet,
agreeable. August. (An. Pom.)

Fondante d'Ingendal.

Fruit small, acute pyriform, greenish yellow, a little brownish in sun,
with green and gray dots. Stalk long, curved, fleshy where joined to the
fruit. Calyx open. Segments long. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting,
sweet, a little vinous, pei-fumed. Very good. September.

764 THE PEAR.

FONDANTE DE LA MaiTRE d'EcOLE.

A foreign variety.

Fruit medium, pyrifoi-m, yellow, dotted with green. Flesh yellow,
half melting. December, January. (Hov. Mag.)

FONDANTE DE MaLINES.

One of the seedlings of Major Esperen, of Belgium. Tree vigorous,
somewhat irregular in habit. Young wood dull yellow brown.

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, lemon yellow, with a tinge of crim-
son and fawn in the sun, sometimes russet patches and thickly sprinkled
with brown russet dots. Stalk long, often curved, set in a shallow cavity
by a lip. Calyx large, open, stiff segments. Basin rather abrupt, un-
even. Flesh white, a little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, a little aroma-
tic. Good to very good. September, October.

FONDANTE DE NeES.

Fruit large, deep yellow, mottled and dotted with pale brown russet.
Flesh yellowish, buttery, not juicy. Second-rate. October. (Hogg.)

FONDANTE DE NOEL.

Belle de Noel. Belle apr^s Noel.

Of French origin. Tree vigorous and a good bearer. Young wood
olive brown.

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyiiform. Surface uneven, fine yellow,
mostly covered with cinnamon russet, and a brownish cheek in the sun,
many russet dots. Stalk short, fleshy at insertion. Calyx open. Flesh
yellowish, coarse, juicy, melting, brisk, a little astringent. Good. Sep-
tember.

FONDANTE DES Pr^S.

A seedling of Van Mons'. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood
rich warm brown.

Fruit medium, varying from obovate obtuse to obovate acute pyri-
form, pale yellow, often with red cheek in sun, many brown dots. Flesh
buttery, melting, agreeable. Only good. October.

FONDANTE DU COMICE.

Originated at Angers, France, about 1849. The tree is a good
grower, with olive brown young shoots.

Fruit large, ovate pyriform, sometimes obovate pyriform, yellow,
with a warm cheek, inclining to russet, with rvisset dots. Stalk varying,
sometimes curved, inserted in a depression. Calyx open, set in a rather
dee]), open basin. Flesh juicy, butteiy, with a rich, sugary, vinous fla-
vor. Good to very good. October, November.

FoNDANTE YaN MoNS.

Raised by Dr. Yan Mons, and first introduced by Mr. Manning, xi
bears abundantly. Young wood brick red.

THE PEAR.

765

Friiit nearly of medium size, roundish, a little depressed. Skin pale
yellow. Stalk stout, an inch and a half long, planted in a rather deep
cavity. Calyx set in a pretty deep basin. Flesh white, juicy, melting,
sweet, and of very agreeable flavor. Only good. Fii-st of November.

Foote's Seckel.

Raised by Asahel Foote, of Williamstown, Mass., from seed of the
Seckel. A very promising new variety, ripening a week or two later
than its parent, and a little more vinous. Tree healthy, vigorous, more
spreading than Seckel. Young wood dark rich brown.

Fruit small, oblate obtuse pyriform, yellow, shaded with brownish
crimson in the sun, nearly covered with rich crimson russet. Stalk
short, fleshy.

Foote's SeckeL

Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin medium, rather deep. Flesh whitish,
fine, juicy, melting, sugary, slightly vinous. Very good. September.

Forellen-bime.
Grave de CoraiL

FORELLE;

Corail.
Poire Truite.

Petit Corail.
Trout Pear.

This exquisitely beautifvd German Pear — called in that language
Forellen-bime, i. e., trout pear^ from its finely speckled appearance — is
one of the most attractive dessert fruits. Yovmg shoots long, with few
and dark-colored branches.

Fruit oblong ovate, incUning to pyriform, smooth, at first green, but
when fully ripe lemon yellow, washed with rich deep red on the sunny
side, where it is marked with large, margined, crimson specks. Stalk
rather slender, slightly curved, shallow, uneven cavity. Calyx rather
small. Basin abruptly sunk. Flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melt-

766 THE PEAB.

ing, slightly vinous. Good. Beginning of November, and may be kept,
■with care, till Chiistmas.

Forme de Bergamotte Orassane.

One of Yan Mens' seedlings.

Fruit medium, oblong ovate pyriform, pale yellow, a tinge of led iu
sun, slightly netted and patched vath russet, many small russet dots.
Stalk rather stout, inclined, curved, set in a depression, often with a
lip. Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, juicy, pleasant, a little astrin-
gent. Good. January to April.

Forme de Delices.

A Flemish Pear, received from the London Horticultural Society.

Fruit medium, obovate. Skin rough, yellowish, with dull russet.
Flesh buttery, melting, somewhat dry, but sweet. Good. Last of Oc-
tober.

FORTUN^E.

Episcopal. Surpasse Fortunee.

La Fortunee de Paris. Fortunee de Rename.

La Fortunee de Parmentier. Beurre de Remme.
Bergamotte Fortunee.

An old variety, raised by M. Parmentier, of Enghien, and valuable
and profitable to grow for sale as a cooking Pear.

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, slightly
netted and patched with russet, many russet dots. Stalk short. Calyx
open. Flesh whitish, melting, sweet. November, December.

Foster's St. Michael.

Fruit medium, roundish ovate. Stalk medium, in a small cavity.
Caljx nearly closed, stiff. Basin shallow. Skin yellow. Flesh coarse,
sweet. Good. September.

Fbanchimont.

Supposed French origin.

Frviit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shade of red in sun,
netted and patched with russet, many russet dots. Flesh yellowish,
juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly aromatic. Good or very good. Sep-
tember, October.

Francois Bergia.

A new French sort.

Fruit medium, obtuse obovate, golden yellow, with large russet dots.
Flesh coarse-grained, not very juicy, brisk, and not good. October.
(Hogg.)

Franc J^al d'Hiver.

Franc Real. Fine Gold of Winter. Golden End of Winter.

Fin Ord'Hiver, Gros Micet.

The Winter Franc Real is a good cooking Pear, bears well, and
grows upright.

THE PEAR. 767

Fi'uit of medium size, roundish, slightly pyriform. Skin yellow,
speckled with russet orown, and having a brownish cheek. Flesh crisp
and firm. In use from December to March.

Frakgipane.
Franchipane.
An old variety.

Fruit small, roundish pyriform, yellow, with some light russet.
Stalk short, fleshy at base. Flesh whitish yellow, juicy, melting, sweet.
Good. September, October.

Frederic de Wurtemburg.

Frederick of Wurtemburg. Roi de Wurtemberg. Medaille d'Or.
Vermilion d'^te. King of Wurtemberg.

Origin disputed by authors. A very handsome and sometimes very
good fruit, but often poor.

Fruit large, one-sided, pyriform, rather uneven in its surface. Skin
deep yellow at maturity, with a remarkably rich crimson cheek. Flesh
white, juicy, melting, and sweet, and when in perfection, buttery and
good. September,

Frederick Leclerc,

A French Pear, described in the Album Pomologie by L. E. Berck-
mans, and dedicated to Doctor Leclerc. Tree moderately vigorous.
Yotmg wood olive.

Fruit medium or above, oblong obovate pyi-iform, greenish yellow,
with thin traces of russet. Stalk slender. Cavity narrow, acute.
Flesh whitish yellow fine, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed, November,
December.

Frederika Bremer.

Introduced by J. C. Hastings, of Clinton, Oneida Co., N, Y, Tree
vigorous.

Fruit medium, irregularly obtuse pyriform, sometimes Bergamotte-
shaped, greenish yellow. Flesh whitish, melting, buttery, sweet, and
vinous, slightly perfumed. Good. October.

French Jargonelle.

Bellissime d'fite. Saint Laurent.

Bellissirae Supreme. Muscadet d'fite.

Bellissime Jargonelle. Bassin.

Vermilion d'^te. Just.

Red Muscadel. Belle Comelie.

Sabine d'Ete. Butler's Harvest.

Summer Beauty. Cuisse Madame.

English Red Cheek. Summer Jargonelle.

Red Cheek. Cuisse Dame d'^^te.

Udal. Fusee d':&te.
Laurentienne.

This, which Mr. Thompson calls, by way of distinction, the French
tTargoaelle, because it is most commonly received undo- that name

768

THE PEAR.

from France, is a higher colored and handsomer fruit than the English
Jargonelle, though much inferior in quality, and, in fact, lasts only a
day or two in perfection, and is often mealy and overripe, while the
exterior is fair and tempting. The tree is of very strong, upright
growth.

Fruit of medium size, obovate in form, light green, becoming lemon
color, with a very rich, deep red cheek. Flesh white, coarse, breaking,
sweet, and soon rots at the core. Ripens the last of July and first of
August.

Fulton.

This American Pear is a native of Maine, and is a seedling from the
farm of Mrs. Fulton, of Topsham, in that State. It is very hardy, and
bears every year abundantly. Tree moderately vigorous. Young shoots
rather slender, and yellowish reddish brown.

FiTiit below medium size, roundish, flattened. Skin at first entire-
ly gray russet in color, but at maturity of a dark cinnamon russet.
Stalk one to two inches long, slender, planted in a narrow cavity. Calyx
with long segments sunk in an uneven hollow. Flesh half buttery,
moderately jxiicy, with a sprightly, agreeable flavor. Very good. Oc-
tober and November.

THE PEAR. 769

Gansel's Bergamotte.

Brocas Bergamot. Bonne Rouge.

Ives's Bergamot. Gurle's Beurre.

Staunton. Diamant.

Gansel's Bergamotte is an old Pear, raised from seed of the Autumn
Bergamotte, by the English Lieutenant-General Gansel, of Donneland
Hall. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading in habit, and productive.
Young wood dull grayish brown.

Fruit large, rovindish obovate, but much flattened. Skin roughish
brown, becoming yellowish brown at matiuity, tinged sometimes with a

Gansel's Bergamotte.

russet red cheek, and sprinkled with spots of russet. Stalk short, fleshy
at both ends. Cavity moderate. Calyx short and small, placed in a
smooth, moderate hollow. Flesh white, melting, very juicy, rich, sweet,
and aromatic. Very good. Ripens during all September.

Gansel's Late Bergamotte.

Raised by Mr. Williams, of Pitmaston, England. Of vigorous
growth. Young wood grayish yellow brown.

Fruit roundish oblate. Skin gi-eenish, rough, sprinkled with rus-
set. Stalk much enlarged at its insertion in a pretty deep cavity.
Calyx large, open. Basin broad and shallow. Flesh juicy, granular,
melting, sugary, and rich, vinous, highly perfumed with musk. Good
to very good. December, January.

49

770 THE PEAR.

Ga>'sel's Seckel.

Raised by Mr. Williams, of Pitmaston, England. Growth much
like Seckel, although with a more rough bark. Young shoots dull olive
bro^vn.

Fruit medium or small, oblate, much depressed. Skin yellow,
rough, and uneven, mostly covered with thin russet. Stalk short and
stout, inserted in a broad, shallow cavity. Calyx closed, set in a broad,
deep basin. Flesh coarse, buttery, juicy, melting, slightly vinous, with
a rich aromatic perfumed flavor. Very good. November.

Garden Pear.
Poire du Jardin.

An old variety, valued for cooking.

Fruit large, roundish obovate, yellow or yellow gi-een, with a blush of
broken stripes, red in sun. Flesh rather coarse, gi'itty at the core,
sweet. December.

Gendesheim.
Verlaine. Verlaine d'^te. Gendebien.

A Flemish Pear, of not very good quality.

Fruit small, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale greenish yellow, a little
russet. Flesh rather gi'itty near the core, elsewhere buttery. Hardly
good. October and November.

General Bosquet.

Of French origin.

Fruit medium size, ovate acute pyi'iform, greenish, thickly sprinkled
with green and brown dots. Stalk long, rather slender, curved, set with-
out cavity. Calyx with stiff, erect segments. Basin small, cori-ugated.
Flesh white, tendei-, juicy. Good. September.

General Canrobert.

A French Pear.

Fruit medium size, ovate acute pyriform, greenish, with traces of
russet and many brown dots. Stalk inclined, fleshy at junction. Calyx
open. Flesh yellowish, buttery, not juicy or melting, without flavor.
Hardly good. November.

General de Lourmel.

Of French origin.

Fruit small to medium, roundish, greenish brown in sun, with
patches and traces of russet, especially at apex, and many brown dots.
Stalk variable, sometimes stout, and again long and curved. Calyx
open. Segments long, recurved. Basin uneven. Flesh juicy, half
melting, sweet. Good, November.

General Dutilleul.

Of Belgian origin.

Fruit below medium or small, oblong ovate pyriform, pale yel-

THE PEAR. 771

low, shade of crimson in. tlie sun, nettings and patches of russet. Stalk
short, moderately stout. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh yellowish
white, juicy, melting, sweet. Good. November.

General Lamoriciere.

A French Pear, the tree very vigorous, very productive. Young
wood dai'k dull olive brown.

Fruit medium size, irregular pyi-ifoi-m, inclined. Sides often un-
equal. Surface rough greenish yellow, considerably netted and patched
with russet, especially at base of stalk, and thickly sprinkled with large
russet dots. Stalk rather stout, sometimes curved, set inclined in a
small cavity. Calyx open. Segments recurved. Basin small and un-
even. Flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Good to
very good. October.

General Taylor.
Homewood. Keyports.

"We have no doubt of this being a native American seedling. It was
first introduced by L. N. Rogers, of Baltimore, who found it in the tovsoi
of Franklin, Md. Afterwards it was said to have been brought from
Germany by a man named Keyports, but we can find nothing resembling
it in any foreign pomological work. Tree vigorous, upright. Young
wood reddish brown grayish.

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, sometimes oblate obtuse
pyriform, yellow, shaded in the sun with thiu light rich crimson, par-
tially netted and patched with russet, much russet near the calyx, and
many russet dots. Stalk medium length and thickness, a little inclined
in a small cavity. Calyx partially open. Basins lightly corrugated.
Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet. Good to very
good. October.

General Totleben.
General Todleben.

Raised by M. Fontaine, of Gheling. Fix-st fruited in 1855, and first
described by M. Adolphe Papeleu, in 1858. Tree a vigorous grower,
irregular, spreading, productive. Young wood reddish yellow bro^vn.

Fruit above medium or large, obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yel-
lov,', patched and netted with russet, and many russet brown dots. Stalk
rather stout, often curved. Cavity small. Calyx small, closed, with
short segments. Basin large, deep, uneven. Flesh whitish yellow, a
little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous, and aromatic. Very
good. October and early November.

Gerando.
Poire Gerando.

A foreign variety. Tree vigorous, spreading.

Fruit above medium, roundish obtuse pyriform. Surface knobby,

^ / J, THE PEAR.

yellow, mostly overspread with, cinnamon russet, dull red in tlie sun.
Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, granular, buttery, sugary, vinous, slightly
astringent. Good. October.

Gerardin.
Girardin. Gerardine. Girardon. La Girardin.

A foreign variety. Tree a vigorous grower. Young wood dull
grayish brown.

Fruit medium, roundish, somewhat irregular. Skin yellow, with
many spots and patches of rough russet, and a reddish tint towards the
sun. Flesh coarse, buttery, asti-ingent, granular. Tolerably good.
September.

German Muscat.

Muscat d'Allemagne. Muscat Allemand. Muscat Lallemand.

Almain. Muscat 1' Allemand. Colmar Boise.

Muscat I'Alleman. Muscat of Germany. Muscat I'Aleman.

An old variety, described by La Quintinge in 1690. Tree vigorous,
spreading. Young wood yellowish brown.

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, partially net-
ted and patched with russet. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy,
sweet, slightly astringent. Good. October to December.

GiLOGIL.

Bergamotte Geerard. Gros Gilot.

Bellegarde. Gros Gobet.

Beurre Geerards. Teton de Venus.

Cir e d'Hiver. Fontarabie acure.

Garde Ecorce. Girogille.

Gile-o-g-ile. Gros Franc Real.

Poire a G9bert. Gros Guy Grillaud.

Garde d'Ecosse. Livre de Burgoyne.

Jilogil. Pequini.

Gilot. Poire de 16 Ounces.

Gobert. Ris de Loup .

A large showy French. Pear, only fit for cooking.

Frui" large, roundish. Skin thickly covered with russet, with a
reddish russet cheek. Flesh very firm and crisp. November to Feb-
ruary.

Glory of Combrone.

Supposed of Fi'ench origin. Tree a fine grower, healthy, and hardy
and productive.

Fruit above medium, or nearly large, oblong pyriform, yellowish,
mostly overs])read, marbled, and dotted with warm brownish yellow rus-
set. Stalk moderately stout. Cavity slight. Calyx medium. Seg-
ments open, reflexed. Basin medium, regular. Flesh whitish yellow,
granulated, ahnost buttery, melting, juicy, sugary, delicious. Last of
September and early October. (Elliott.)

THE PEAK. 773

Glou-moroeau.

Gloux Morceaux. Trimble.

Beurre d'Hardenpont. Goulue Morceau de Chambron.

Hardenpont d'Hiver. Beurre de Kent.

Linden d'Automne. Glou Morceau de Cambron.

Beurre d'Aremberg. Beurre d'Hardenpont de Cambron.

Goulu Morceau. Beurre Lombard.

Kronprinz Ferdinand. Beurre d'Ardenpont.

von Oestreich. Glout Morceau.

Beurre de Cambron. Hardempont.

Got Luc de Cambron. Victoria.

Woolaston. Langlier's Victona.
Potts.

An old riemisli Pear, originated witli M. d'Ardempont, canon of
Touniay. The growth of the tree is distinct, having dark olive shoots,
spreading in habit.

Fruit rather large, varying in form, bnt usually obovate ovate obtuse
pyriform, smooth, thin, pale greenish yellow, marked with small green
dots, and sometimes with thin patches of greenish brown. Stalk
rather slender and straight, an inch or more long, planted in a small,
regular cavity. Calyx usually with open divisions, set in a moderately
deep basin. Flesh white, tine-grained, and smooth in textiire, buttery,
very melting, with a rich, sugary flavor, with no admixture of acid.
Sometimes astringent in heavy soils. Good to very good. December.

GoLDEx Beuer6 op Bilboa.

Hooper's Bilboa. Beurre Dore de Bilboa.

Driver ? Beurre Gri.s de Bilboa.

Beurre Gris de Portugal.

The Golden Beurre of Bilboa was imported from Bilboa, Spain,
about 1827, by Mr. Hooper, of Marblehead, Mass. Its European name
is unknown. The tree is healthy, hardy, and a vigorous grower, form-
ing a beautiful upright, round head, and producing abundantly. It
is a profitable orchard sort. Shoots stout, upright, light yellowish
brown.

Fruit medium, regular obovate pyriform, golden yellow, evenly dot-
ted with small brown dots, and a little marked -with russet, especially
round the stalk. Stalk about an inch and a half long, rather slender,
set in a small cavity. Calyx small, closed, placed in a slight basin.
Flesh white, very buttery and melting, and fine-grained, with a slightly
vinous flavor. Veiy good. First to the middle of September.

GOODALE.
Goodale's Seedling. Saco.

Raised from seed of the McLaughlin, by Enoch Goodale, Saco,
Me. Its size and period of ripening make it promise of high value
as a market sort. The tree is very hardy, a vigorous, thrifty grower,
spreading upright in habit, and uniformly productive. Young wood
very stout, olive.

Fruit large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform, light yellow, shaded
with crimson and fawn in the sun, slightly netted and patched with rus-

THE PEAK.

set, and thickly sprinkled with small russet brown dots. Stalk rather
short and set in an inclined cavity of considerable depth, sometimes a
projection one side. Calyx small, closed. Segments thick. Basin

Goodale.

rather deep and uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, a little gritty at
the core, sweet, slightly vinous, with a brisk refreshing musky perfume.
Very good. October.

Grand Bketagne. ,

Great Britain.

Supposed of Belgian origin.

Fruit medium or below, obovate acute pyiiform, pale yellow, shaded
and mottled with red in the sun, nettings and patches of russet, and
russet dots. Flesh yello^vish, coarse, gritty, juicy, sweet. Not qviite
good. January, February.

THE PEAR. 775

Granb Soleil.

Introduced by Major Esperen, of Malines. Tree vigorous and pro-
ductive. Young wood dull dark yellow brown.

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, mostly covered with
cinnamon russet and fawn, and a red elieek in sun, many russet dots.
Stalk medium, in a small cavity. Calyx small, neai'ly closed. Basin
abrupt, deep, a little furrowed. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy,
half melting, sugary, slightly vinous. Very good. October, November.

Graslin.

Of Fi-ench origin. Tree vigorous. Young wood olive yellow brown,
very productive.

Fruit medium, obovate ovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow,
sjjrinkled with bro^vn dots and sometimes traces of russet. Stalk rather
long and stout, set in a slight cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx open.
Segments large, refiexed. Basin small, slightly furrowed. Flesh yel-
lowish, juicy, buttery, sweet, slightly vinous. Good. October, No-
vember.

Great Blanqi'kt i'::.

Blanqnet de Florence. Musette d'Anjou.

Grosse Blanqnet. Grosse Blanquette.

Roi Louis. Great Blanket.

Grosse Roi Louis. Bagpipe of Anjou.

An old French Pear, of little value.

Fruit small, ovate acute pyriform, yellowish green. Flesh melting,
juicy, sweet. Good. August.

Great Citron of Bohemia.
Citronenbime Bomische grosse, punctirte.

Fruit small, oblong, yellow. Flesh sugary, juicy, a little coarse-
grained, and not much flavor. Ripens the last of September.

Green Chisel.

Madeleine Vert. Guenette.

Hativeau. Petit muscat batard mnscade.

An old English Pear. The tree is very productive, erect, fruiting
in clusters.

Fruit small, roundish ovate, greenish. Flesh white, melting, juicy,
spi'ightly. Good. Middle August.

Green Mountain Boy.

An American variety.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate or obovate pyriform, golden yel-
low, with rxissety brown specks. Flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, sweet.
Very good. October. (Elliott.)

776 THE PEAR.

Green Pear of Yair.
Green Yair.

The Green Pear of Yair is a European fruit, which proves but lit-
tle worthy of cultivation here.

Fruit of medium size, obovate. Skin green. Plesb juicy, but not
high-flavored or rich. Good. September.

Groom's Princess Royal.
Matthews Eliza. Princess Royal. Bergamotte Matthews Eliza.

An English fruit, raised by Mr. Groom, the famous tulip-growei .
young wood olive yellow brown.

Fruit of medium size, roundish. Skin greenish brown, with a tinge
of brownish red, and some russet tracings. Stalk short and thick, set
in a very trifling depression. Calyx small, open, set in a shallow basin.
Flesh buttery, melting, a little gritty near the core, but sweet and high-
flavored. Very good. January and February. .

Gros Rousselet d'Aout.

A seedling of Yan Mons. Catalogued in 1823. Tree vigorous, of
pyramidal form, very productive.

Fruit medium, pyi-iform. Skin gi-een, becoming golden yellow at
maturity, shaded with russet and spotted with fawn. Flesh whitish,
fine, melting, very j uicy, sugary, vinous, ddliciously perfumed. Ripens
in August. (Al. Pom.)

Grumkower.

Grumkower Winterbimie.

This variety is described by Lindley as of middle size, in shape like
a Bon Chretien, with obtuse angles or ribs. Flesh melting, juicy, sweet,
musky. November, December.

GUSTAVE BlVORT.

A French variety.

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, patches and nettings of russet,
shade of red in sun. Flesh white, juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly
perfumed. Good or very good. August.

GuSTAVE BURGOYNE.

Fruit large, oblong obovate obtiise pyriform, greenish yellow, a little
brownish in the sun, slightly netted and patched with russet, sometimes
nearly covered, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk set in a
shallow cavity. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet,
pleasant. Good. September, October,

Gustin's Summer.
An American variety, of little value. Originated in New Jersey.

THE PEAR. 777

Fruit small, rovmdisli. Skin yellow. Flesh white, sweet, without
much flavor. First of September.

Hacon's Incomparable.
Celestus. Downham Seedling.

An English fruit, raised by Mr. Hacon, of Downham Market, Nor-
folk. It is a hardy, productive tree, with rather depending branches.
Young shoots rather slender, diverging, olive-colored.

Fruit rather large, roundish, inclining to turbinate. Skin slightly
rough, pale, and dull yellowish gi'een, mixed with pale brown, sprinkled
with numerous greenish russet dots and russet streaks. Flesh white,
buttery, melting, with a rich vinous flavor. Good. October and
November.

Haddington.

Raised by J. B. Smith, Philadelphia. Tree vigorous, spreading.

Fruit above medium, obovate or pyriform. Color greenish yellow,
with a brownish cheek. Stalk slender, inserted in a small cavity.
Calyx small, in a round, shallow basin. Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, with
an aromatic flavor. Good. January till April.

Hagar.

A French Pear, of poor quality. Tree very vigorous, upright.
Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, shade of red in
sun, some russet. Flesh coarse, dry, sweet. October.

Haight.

An American variety. Ti-ee moderately vigorous, spreading.

Fruit of medium size, roundish pyriform, yellow, shaded and mottled
with red in the sun, small brown dots and traces of russet. Stalk long,
a little curved, fleshy at insertion, set in a small cavity. Calyx open.
Basin broad and uneven. Flesh white, pink at centre, a little coarse,
breaking, juicy, sweet, and pleasant. Good. October.

Hamilton.
Hamilton Seedling.

An American Pear, originated in South Carolina, where it is said
to be of very good quality, but here at the North it is astringent and
poor.

Fruit medium, oblate. Surface roxigh, yellowish, slightly patched and
blotched with russet, and many russet dots. Flesh yellowish, coarse,
not juicy, slightly astringent. November.

Hamon.
Besi Fondante. Besi Hamon. Beurre Seringe ?

Originated by M. Nerard, Lyons, France, in 1837. Tree vigorous,
productive.

77» THE PEAR.

Fruit medium or below, irregular, oval, dull pale green, tinged witlx
yellow. Stalk long, curved. Flesh white, half melting, juicy, sweet.
Good. August.

According to Leroy, Beurre Seringe should be a synonym of Doyenn6
de Saumur ; but our ti'ees received of these varieties are not identical.
According to the Jardin Fruiterer, Beurre Seringe is identical with
Hamon. Not having trees of that variety with which to compare it,
we for the present place it here.

Hampden's Bergamot.

Bergamotte d'Angleterre. Bergamotte de Bruxelles.

Fingal's. Bergamotte d'Ete Grosse.

Scotch Bergamot. Bergamotte de Paysans.

Ellanrioch. Gracieuse.

Milan Vert. Fanfareau.

Longueville d'Ecosse. Great Bergamotte.

Hampden. Deutsche National Bergamotte.

Benzard. Poire sans Pepins.

Belle et Bonne. Belle de Bruxelles.

Belle sans Pepins Sans Pepins.

Belle de Luxembourg. Schone and Gute.

An old variety, the origin of which is unknown.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, a little rising at the stalk end, greenish
yellow, with traces and patches of thin russet, and greenish riisset dots.
Flesh white, a little coarse, tender, half buttery, sweet, agreeable. Good.
September.

Hampton's Bergamot.

Originated with W. C. Hampton, Mt. Victory, Ohio.

Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellow, netted and sprinkled with rus-
set and green dots. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, half melting, vinous.
Good. September.

Hampton's Cluster.
Hampton. Cluster Pear.

Raised by W. C. Hampton, Ohio.

Fruit borne in clusters, veiy small, roundish, greenish yellow, shaded
with dull red in the sun, and netted with russet. Flesh juicy, melting,
sweet. Very good. September.

Hampton's Virgalieu.

A seedling of W. C. Hamilton, Ohio.

Fruit meditim, roundish pyriform. Surface uneven, green, slightly
yellow at maturity, sometimes with a warm cheek in sun, patches, net-
tings, and dots of russet. Flesh yellowish, slightly gritty, juicy, melt-
ing, brisk, vinous. Very good. October.

Hanners'.
Haimas.

Originated in the garden of Mr. Hanners, Boston, Mass. Tree an
upright good grower and bearer. Young shoots dull olive.

THE PEAR. 779

Fruit large, oblong, very obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, sliglitly
netted and patclied with russet, and many green and russet dots. Stalk
varying, sometimes long, pretty stout, set in a cavity, often with a lip.
Calyx open. Segments long, slender, recurved. Basin shallow, uneven,
slightly russeted. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, pleasant, sweet, a little
perfumed. Veiy good. September.

Haxover.

From Hanover Furnace, N. J.

Fruit below medium, roundish obovate. Skin green, with dull green
russet markings, and a brown cheek. Stalk medium. Cavity shallow and
angular. Calyx open, in an irregular basin. Flesh greenish yellow, ex-
ceedingly melting and juicy. Flavor pleasant. Good. Ripe October.
(Ad. Int. Rep.)

Hakris.
Speckled Harris?

Received from Georgia. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse to obovate acute pyriform, pale yel-
low, deep red in the sun, many green and brown dots. Flesh whitish,
buttery, not juicy, sweet. Good. September.

Harrison's Large Fall.

Rushmore's Bon Chretien. Richmond. Englebert Lott.

Large Swan's Egg. Lott's Pear.

An American variety, a strong, rapidly-growing tree, comes early into
bearing, and produces abundantly.

Fruit large, irregular, inclined, obovate obtuse pyriform, j^ale yellow,
with a red cheek. Valued as a cooking fruit. August, September.

Harvard.

Boston Eisame. Cambridge Sugar Pear. Belle de Flushing.

The Harvard produces enormous crops, of fair quality. The tree is
remarkably hardy and vigorous, with upright shoots forming a fine head.
It originated at Cambridge, Mass.

Fruit rather large, oblong pyrifoi-m, russety olive yellow, with a
brownish-red cheek. Stalk rather stout, inserted rather obUquely on the
narrow summit or in a small cavity. Calyx set in a narrow basin.
Flesh white, tender, juicy, and melting, of excellent flavor, but liable,
if not picked early, to rot at the core. Beginning of September.

Harvest.
Early Sugar. Sugar Pear. Wolcott's Early ?

An American variety. Tree an upright round spreading head, a
good grower and bearer. Young wood olive yellow brown.

Fruit below medium, or small, i-oundish, pale yellow, brown tinge of
red in the sun, and sprinkled v.'ith brown and green dots. Flesh whitish,
not very juicy or melting, but sweet, pleasant. Good. July.

780 THE PEAK.

Hawes' Winter.
Morgan. Hewes' Winter.

Origin, King and Queens Co., Va., on the farm of the Hawes family.
Tree vigorous, jjroductive.

Fruit medium or below, roundish, gi^eenish yellow, with traces and
spots of russet. Flesh whitish, buttery, half melting, jmcy, sweet
Good. November.

Heathcot.
Gore's Heathcot

The Heathcot originated on the farm of Governor Gore, in Waltham,
Mass., by Mr. Heathcot, then a tenant ; the original tree came into
bearing in 1824. Tree moderately ^igorous. Young shoots upright,
reddish brown.

Fruit of medium size, regularly obovate, pale greenish yellow, with
a very few dots, and a few russet streaks. Stalk an inch long, planted
in a very small cavity. Calyx closed, and set in a rather narrow and
shallow basin. Flesh white, buttery, and melting, moderately juicy,
with an agi'eeable vinous flavor. Good to very good. Middle and last
of September.

Hebe.

Raised by William Sumner, Pomaria, S. C. Tree thrifty, thorny,
hardy, productive, and retains its foliage late. Young wood slender,
grayish.

Fruit large, round, obovate, with irregular protuberances, gi-eenish
lemon yellow, dotted with russet specks and blotches. Flesh sprightly,
melting, butteiy, slightly vinous. Seldom forms seeds. December.
(Hort.)

Hegeman.
Hegerman. Heggerman Hampton.

Originated on the farm of Andrew Hegeman, North Hempstead,
Long Island. Ti'ee vigorous, upright in habit, not an early bearer, but
when mature bears heavily. Young wood oHve brown.

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, variable in form, gi-eenish yellow,
netted and dotted with russet. Stalk short. Cavity shallow, uneven.
Calyx large, open. Basin shallow. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting,
sweet. Good to very good. October.

Helene Gr^goire.

Raised by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, Belgium. Tree vigorous and
productive. Young wood dull reddish brown.

Fruit large, ovate, light greenish yellow, slightly colored in the sun,
russet patches and spots. Stalk short, set in a narrow cavity. Calyx
large. Basin furrowed. Flesh fine, melting, half buttery, juicy, sweet,
perfumed. October. (An. Pom.)

THE PEAK.

Henkel.

781

Cumberland of Belgium,

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Growth vigorous, upright, productive.
Young wood dull gi-ayish brown.

Fruit rather large, broad obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, netted and
patched with russet, and sprinkled with green and brown dots. Stalk

inclined, rather stout, fleshy at insertion Tjy a ring or lip. Calyx par-
tially open. Segments short, stiff, sometimes reflexed. Basin rather
large, slightly uneven, russeted. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, with a
rich, slightly vinous flavor. Very good to best. September.

Henri Bivort.

Henri (Bivort.)

A Belgian variety. Tree vigorous.

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, few patches of

783 THE PEAR.

russet, and many green and brown dots. Flesli wMtish, juicy, half
melting, sugary. Good. September.

Henri Desportes.

A seedling of Andre Leroy's.

Fruit large, pyriform. Flesh white, juicy, one of the best summer
Pears. (Leroy.)

Henrietta.

Raised by Gov. Edwards, of New Haven, Conn. Tree a free grower,
of upright form, a good bearer. Young wood reddish brown.

Fruit medium, roundish oval, greenish or greenish yellow, a little
netted and patched with russet, tinge of red in the sun. Flesh whitish
green, juicy, half melting, sweet. Good. September.

Henriette.
Belle Henriette. Henriette Bouvier. Henriette d'Orleans.

Raised by M. Simon Bouvier, of Jodoigne, Belgium. Tree a fine
grower. Young wood reddish.

Fruit medium, oblate, nearly globular, pale greenish yellow, a little
shaded with fawn or dull red in the sun, thinly netted with i-usset, and
thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, slender, a little inclined,
fleshy at insertion, or with a mamelon neck. Calyx open. Segments
long, slendei", often recurved. Basin very shallow, slightly uneven.
Flesh a little coarse, whitish, juicy, half melting, sweet, perfumed.
Good to very good. November.

Henri Van Mons'.

Bergamotte Rouge Tardif. Fleur de Neige.

Beurre Rouge Tardif. Snow Flower.

One of Van Mons' earliest seedlings. Tree very vigorous, hardy,
holding its foliage late in the season, and an abundant bearer. Young
wood clear olive.

Fruit medium to large, elongated acute pyriform, pale yellow, shaded
and mottled with brownish red or crimson in the sun, netted and patch-
ed with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long,
rather slender, curved, without cavity. Calyx open. Segments long,
generally recurved. Basin small, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melt-
ing, sweet. Good to very good. October.

Henry the Fourth.

Henri Quatre. Jaquin.

Favori Musque du Conseiller. Beurre Ananas.

Ananas.

The tree of this French Pear is a good grower, hardy and prodiictive.
Young wood dull yellow brown, with many specks.

Fruit below medium size, roundish pyriform, pale greenish yellow,
dotted with small gray specks. Stalk i-ather more than an inch long,
slender. Calyx small, placed in a shallow abi-upt basin. Flesh whitish,

THE PEAR. 783

not very fine-grained, but unusually juicy and melting, with a rich, deli-
cately perfumed flavor. It should always be ripened in the house.
Good to very good. Early in September.

Hericart.

A second-rate Belgian Pear, with a pleasant, perfumed juice, ripen-
ing early in autumn. Tree very vigorous and productive.

Fruit of medium size, obovate, often rather oblong and irregular,
yellow and russety. Stalk an inch or more long, rather slender, set in
a small cavity. Calyx set in a shallow basin. Flesh white, fine-grained,
butteiy, not rich, but with a delicate, peculiar aroma, gritty, and slightly
astringent. Good. The fruit ripens the last of September.

Hericart de Thury.

Raised by Van Mons. A good grower, of peculiar habits and aj)-
pearance, x'ather jDyi'amidal, but with diverging crooked limbs. Not an
early nor a very profuse bearer. Young wood dull reddish olive brown.
Fruit medium or above, obtuse ovate pyriform, yellow, thinly
shaded with red in the sun, slightly netted, and thickly sprinkled witli
russet dots. Stalk long, i-ather slender, curved. Cavity small. Calyx
closed. Segments short. Basin small, uneven. Flesh white, not very
juicy, and slightly astringent. Good. December.

Herkimer.
Earl Pear.

Originated on the farm of S. Earl, Herkimer, N. Y. The tree is a
vigorous grower, hardy and productive. Young wood warm reddish
brown.

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate. Surface a little uneven,
pale greenish yellow, clouded with dull red in the sun, and many green
dots. Stalk pretty stout, curved. Cavity deep, round. Calyx with
flat reflexed segments. Basin varying from shallow to moderately deep.
Flesh white, a little coarse-grained at the core, juicy, sweet, melting, and
agreeable. Good. September, October.

Hessel.

Hazel. Hasselbim.

A Scotch Pear, very productive.

Fruit small, obovate. Skin yellowish green. Flesh whitish, juicy,
of little or no value. First of September.

Hingham.

Originated in Hingham, Mass. Tree vigoroiis, spreading.

Fruit medium, obovate acute pyi'iform, pale yellow, shaded with red
in the sun, many brown dots. Stalk long. Calyx partially closed.
Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, vinous. Good. October.

784 THE PEAR.

HOLLANDE BeRGAMOTTE.

Holland Bergamot. Hollandische Bergamotte.

Beurre d'Alen^on. Bergamotte d'HoUand.

Begamotte d'Alengon. Sarah.

Jardin de Jougers. Bergamotte d'Hiver d'Holland.

Bergamotte de Fougere. Beurre Extra.

Amoselle. Lord Cheney.

Lord Cheeney's. Musquine de Bretagne.

An old variety, the origin unknown. An excellent kitchen fruit,
which will keep sound till May or June. Shoots stout, diverging,
olive brown.

Fruit rather large, roundish, green, much marbled and covered with
thin brown russet, but becoming yellowish at maturity. Flesh white,
crisp, with an abundant, sprightly, agreeable juice.

Holland Green.

An old variety, described by Coxe, and sometimes called Holland
Table Pear.

Fruit large, irregular, green, with spots of russet. Flesh juicy,
melting, delicate, delicious. September. (Coxe.)

Honey.
Eviropean Honey.

This Pear is considerably grown in many parts of the country, and
although an old sort, its origin seems unknown, and to oxir knowledge
is not noted by any American author. The tree is an upright, good
grower, and a great bearer.

Fruit medium or below, roundish, sometimes roundish pyriform,
pale yellow, shaded and mottled with red in the sun, with many light
russet dots, and sometimes patches of russet. Stalk short, rather stout.
Calyx open. Basin broad, shallow. Flesh whitish, coarse, breaking,
moderately juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good. August.

HOSENSCHENCK.

Hosenshenck. Queen of August.

Shenk's. Moore's Pound.

Watermelon. Eshleman.

Smokehouse. Moore's Pear.
Butter Pear.

This Pear originated on the farm of John Schenck, Weaver Town-
ship, Pa. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood grayish olive
brown.

Fruit of medium size, roundish oblate. Skin light yellowish green,
rarely with a l)lush. Stalk about an inch long, rather stout, inserted
without much depression, sometimes by a lip. Calyx small. Basin deep.
Flesh rather coarse, tender, juicy, slightly vinous, melting, with a
pleasant flavor. Good to very good. Ripens the last of August.

HOVEY.
Doyennd Hovey.
Raised by Andre Leroy, and dedicated to C. M. Hovey, of Boston,

THE PEAR.

785

Mass. Tree a vigorous, upright grower. Young shoots clear yellow
brown.

Fruit medium or above, varying in form from oblong oval to obo-
vate obtuse pyriform, yellow or greenish yellow, slightly sprinkled,
netted, and patched with russet. Stalk medium, moderately stout, in-
serted without cavity. Calyx vith short, stiif segments. Basin shal-
low, lightly furrowed and slightly russeted. Flesh yellowdsh, buttery,
juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic. Very good. October, November.

Howard.

Received from D. W. Coit, Norwich, Conn. Tree vigorous, upright,
productive, with olive yellow brown young shoots.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate, pale yellow, patches and traces
of russet, and thickly sprinkled -with russet dots. Stalk long, curved.
Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin uneven, slightly russeted. Flesh
white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, slightly perfumed, pleasant. Very
good. September.

Howell.

Raised by Thomas Howell, of New Haven, Conn. A valuable

50

786 THE PEAR.

variety . Tree an upriglit and free grower. Young shoots reddish yel-
low brown, an early and profuse bearer.

Fruit rather large, roundish pyriform, light waxen yellow, often
with a finely shaded cheek, thickly sprinkled with minute russet dots,
and some russet patches. Stalk medium, insei'ted "s^athout cavity, some-
times by a ring or lip, sometimes in a small cavity. Calyx open. 'Seg-
ments recurved. Basin rather large and uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy,
melting, brisk, vinous. Very good. September, October.

Huguenot.

A fruit originated by INIr. Johonnot, of Salem, Mass. It bears abun-
dantly, but is rather dry, and not worthy of general cultivation.

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, sprinkled with large spots of
bright red. Flesh white, fine-grained, half breaking, sweet, but wanting
in flavor and juice. Good. October,

Hull.

Originated in the town of Swanzey, Mass. Tree vigorous, somewhat
rambling in habit, with long shoots of a rich reddish yellow bro^vn.

Fruit medium, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform, gi-eenish yellow, net-
ted and patched with russet, especially near the stalk, thickly sprinkled
with russet dots. Stalk long, rather stout, inserted by a ring in a shal-
low cavity. Calyx partially closed. Segments shoi-t, erect. Basin
small, uneven. Flesh white, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Very
Good. September.

Hungeeford's Oswego.

Received from Oswego, N, Y,

Fruit mediuai, roundish, yellow, with brown dots. Flesh white,
buttei-y, juicy, melting, gritty, sweet. Good. October.

Huntington,

Origin, New Rochelte, and brought to our notice by S. P. Carpenter.
It was found by Mr, Huntington, and now stands on his grounds.
Tree vigorous, forming a pyramid, an early and profuse bearer. Young
shoots olive color.

Fruit nearly medium in size, roundish oblate, rough yellow, often
shaded with crimson, thickly covered with gray and crimson dots, and
russet patches. Stalk medium or long, nearly straight. Cavity broad
and uneven. Calyx open. Segments stifl". Basin broad and open.
Flesh white, very juicy, melting, buttery, with a very sweet, vinous
flavor, delicately perfumed, .Very good, Septem.ber.

Hunt's Connecticut,

An American fruit for kitchen use. Medium, oblate, yellowish
green, coarse, dry, and sweet,

Huyshe's Prince Consort,

Raised by Rev. John Huyshe, of Clythesdon, Devon, England, from
seed of Beurre d'Aremberg, fertilized by Passe Colmar. This is one of

THE PEAR. 787

a series of four new Pears, originated by ]\[r. Huyshe, all of which are
said to be of superior excellence. The tree is a vigorous grower, with
short-jointed young shoots of a dark dull reddish brown, and indistinct
white specks. Hogg describes the fruit as large, oblong obovate pyri-
form, grass green, much covered with russet and russet dots. Stalk
long, stout. Calyx small, open. Basin deep, uneven. Flesh yellowish,
coarse-grained, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, witli a pecv^liar flavor un-
like any other pear. November.

Huyshe's Prince op Wales.

Huyshe's Bergamot.

Originated at Clythedon, England, by Rev. John Huyshe, from seed
of Marie Louise crossed, with Gansel's Bergamot. Tree vigorous,
spreading. Young wood reddish brown.

Fruit large, roundish oval, lemon yellow, mostly covered with cin-
namon-colored russet. Stalk stout and woody, somewhat obliqviely in-
serted in a round and rather open cavity. Calyx small, open, with erect
tooth-like segments. Flesh yellowish white, tender, melting, jiiicy, and
richly flavored. November to January. (Hogg.)

Huyshe's Princess of Wales.

Origin, Clythedon, England, by the Rev. John Huyshe.

Fruit mediiim, oblong, abrupt at stalk, lemon yellow, with patches,
veins, and dots of cinnamon-colored russet. Stalk long, stout, woody,
somewhat obliquely inserted in a round and rather wide cavity. Calyx
small, open, with nai-row, erect segments. Flesh deep yellow, fine-
gi-ained, very melting, juicy, rich, and highly aromatic. Last of Novem-
ber. (Hogg.)

Huyshe's Victoria.

This Pear is of the same origin as Huyshe's Prince of Wales. It
has fruited in several collections in this country. Tree a good gi'ower,
spreading. Young wood dull brown.

Fruit medium size, ovate pyriform or ovate acute pyriform, yellow,
considerably patched and netted with russet, and thickly sprinkled with
green and brown dots. Stalk medium length, stout, inclined, and
joined to the fruit without depression. Calyx open. Basin medium,
uneven. Flesh yellowish, jviicy, melting, a little vinous. Good to very
good. November.

Incommunicable.

A Flemish Pear.

Fruit above medium, obtuse pyriform, grass green, with russety
specks. Flesh yellowish white, a little gritty, melting, sweet. October.
(Lind.)

Inconnue Van Mons.

L'Inconnue.

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, very
productive.

788 THE PEAR.

Fruit medium or below, broad oval pyriform, light yellow, netted
and patched with russet, and many russet dots. Stalk long, curved,
inclined, and set in a slight depression, sometimes by a lip. Calyx
open. Segments long, recui'ved. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh white,
juicy, melting, very sweet, rich, and pleasant. Good to very good.
December to March.

Inconstant.

L'Inconstant.

Fruit medium, ovate obovate acute pyi'iform, pale yellow, slight
traces and patches of russet, shade of red in the sun, many dots.
Flesh white, juicy, half melting, a little astringent. Good. October.

Iris Gregoire.

A Belgian Pear, as yet little known in this country. Tree moderately
vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium to large, oblong acute pyriform, clear light yellow,
with shades and marblings of red russet. Stalk short, with two or more
fleshy rings at its connection with the fruit. Flesh white, fine-grained,
melting, buttery, sweet, perfumed. December, January. (An. Pom.)

Isabella.

Raised by Dr. S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass. Tree thrifty, upright.
Fruit medium size, pyriform, light green, red in sun. Flesh white,
juicy, sprightly, agreeable. October. (J. of H.)

Island.

Originated at New Utrecht, Long Island. Tree moderately vigorous,
upright. Young wood olive yellow brown.

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, netted, sprinkled, and
patched with russet. Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh white, a little
granular, jiiicy, melting, sweet, slightly perfumed. Good. October.

Ives' August.

Originated with Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn.

Fruit medium, oblong obtuse pyriform, greenish, with a brownish
red cheek. Flesh greenish white, juicy, half melting, a little astringent.
Good. August.

Ives' Bergamotte.

Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. Tree closely resembles
the Seckel, and is very productive.

Fruit medium or small, roundish, greenish yellow, with slight traces
of russet. Stalk short and thick. Flesh rather coarse, buttery, melting,
juicy, vinous. Good. Ripens first of September.

Ives' Pear.

Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. Tree vigorous and very
productive.

THE PEAR. 789

Fruit small, oval oblong pyriform, greenish, witli a brownish-red
cheek. Stalk long. Calyx open. Basin very small. Flesh juicy, melt-
ing, sugaiy, and good. Ripens first of September.

Ives' Seedling.

Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn.

Fruit nearly medium, somewhat globular, greenish yellow, shaded
with crimson. Stalk short and thick. Calyx small, nearly closed. Basin
shallow and irregular. Flesh whitish, coarse, and granular, juicy, melt-
ing, with a refreshing sugary flavor, well perfumed. Good. Ripe about
the first of September.

Ives' Virgalieu.

Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven.

Fruit below medium, acute pyriform, broad at calyx, greenish, shaded
with dull crimson. Stalk inserted by a lip. Calyx open. Basin shal-
low and irregular. Flesh whitish, rather coarse and granular, buttery,
juicy, and melting, with a sweet vinous flavor. Good. October.

Ives' Winter.

Raised by Prof. Ives, New Haven.

Fruit medium, depressed pyriform, yellowish, sprinkled with russet.
Stem large and long, in an abrupt cavity. Calyx open, in a large basin.
Flesh white, coarse, and granular. Cooking. December.

Ives' Yale.

Raised by Dr. EK Ives, New Haven, Conn.

Frviit medium, roundish, mamelon at base of stem, dull greenish yel-
low, brownish crimson in the sun. Flesh greenish white, moderately
jucy. Good. Early August.

Jackson.

Origin, New Hampshire. Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood
dvdl reddish brown.

Fruit medium, obovate, short pyriform, pale yellow, somewhat rus-
seted. Stalk long and curved, fleshy at its junction, inserted in a slight
cavity. Calyx small and open, set in a rather deep abrupt basin. Flesh
white and juicy. Flavor brisk and vinous. Good to very good. Ripens
the last of September.

Jackson's Elizabeth.
Mrs, Jackson. Jackson.

Originated with S. S. Jackson, of Cincinnati, O. Tree moderately
vigorous, very prodvictive. Young wood reddish brown.

Fruit medium size, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin greenish yel-
low, shaded with crimson in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with russet
dots. Stalk medium, set in a slight depression. Calyx small, partially
closed. Basin small, regular. Flesh whitish, jviicy, melting, sweet,
2)leasant, slightly aromatic. Good to ver}^ good. Last of Septemb(;r.

790 THE PEAR.

Jalousie.
De Pucelle.

An old Belgian Pear.

Fruit rather large, ronndisli to obovate, and more frequently pyri
form. Skin rough, of the deepest russet, ruddy in the sun. Flesh a
little coarse-grained, soft, sweet, and of pleasant flavor. Good. Last
of September.

Jalousie de Fontenay Yendee.
De Fontenay Vendee. Jalousie de Fontenay. Belle d'Esquermes.

The tree of this French Pear is vigorous, and an early and abundant
bearer. Young shoots a dull olive brown color.

Fruit medium, oblong obovate, slightly acute pyriform, dull yellow
and .green, considerably marked with russet patches and dots, and
tinged with a red cheek. Stalk about an inch long, set obliquely, with-
out depression, on an obtuse point. Calyx with stifi' segments, set in a
shallow, round basin. Flesh white, buttery, melting, with a rich-fla-
vored juice. Very good. First of October.

Jaminettb.

Sabine. Wilhelraine. • Bergamotte Cheminette.

D'Austrasie. Josephine. Sabine Van Mons.

Beurre d'Austrasie. Colmar Jaminette. Beurre Saint Helier.

Belle d'Austrasie. Crassane d'Austrasie. Tyrolle.

Raised by M. Jaminette, of Metz, very productive, and in favorable
seasons an excellent winter fruit. Yoimg wood dull yellow brown.

Fruit of medium or large size, A^arying in form, but mostly obovate,
a good deal narrower at the stalk, clear green, paler at maturity, consid-
erably marked with russety brown, especially near the stalk, and sprink-
led with numerous brown dots. Stalk scarcely an inch long, rather
thick, and obliquely planted, without any depression. Calyx open,
set in a basin of moderate depth. Flesh white, a little gritty near
the core, but very juicy and buttery, sweet. Good to very good. No-
vember to January.

Japan.

This peculiar Pear originated with Gideon Ross, of Westfield, N. J.,
from seeds brought from Japan, and is similar to Chinese sand pear.
The tree is a very vigorous grower, with very large thick leaves, an
early and abundant bearer. Young wood rich clear brown, with long
Avhite specks. It has a hard flesh, with a peculiar quince-like aroma,
and is only valued for cooking.

Fruit medium, oblate, cinnamon yellow russet, with many large
light-colored specks. Stalk very long. Cavity open, deep. Calyx in-
conspicuous. Basin deep, open, broad. Flesh coarse, gritty, finn, in
consistence and flavor much like a delicate quince. Very fine for cook-
ing. October, December.

Jean Baptiste Bivobt.

A new Belgian Pear. Tree vigorous.

Fruit large, oblong pyriform, yellowish, nearly overspread 'with

THE PEAR. 791

cinnamon red and reddish specks. Stalk long, slender. Ca\T.ty narrow,
small. Flesh white, melting, buttery, juicy, sweet, slightly perfumed.
November, (An. Pom.)

Jean de Witte.
Dial. Beurre de Hamptienne. Passe Colmar Fran9ois.

Tree vigorous, upright grower. Young shoots very dark olive.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate pyriform, yellowish green, dotted,
sprinkled, and netted with russet, and slightly shaded with fawn or
crimson in the sun. Stalk long, cvirved, inclined, set in a small cav-
ity. Calyx open. Segments stiif. Basin rather abrupt. Flesh white,
juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. November, De-
cember.

Jefferson.

Origin, Mississippi. Tree very vigorous, an early bearer, and very
productive.

Fruit large, roundish obtiise pyriform, straw color, shaded with red
in the sun, and dotted with small green dots. Flesh white, not juicy,
sweet, coarse, decays quickly at core, not high-flavored. August.

Jersey Gratioli.
Gracioli of Jersey. Bedminster Gratioli. Norris Pear.

Originated in the Isle of Jersey. Tree a moderately vigorous grower
and a good bearer. Young wood short-jointed, dull reddish brown.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, netted
and j)atched with russet, many brown russet dots. Stalk short, rather
stout, inclined, in a small cavity, russeted. Calyx, open. Segments rather
long and slender, recurved. Basin abrupt, deep, uneven. Flesh whitish,
juicy, melting, rich vinous. Very good. September.

John Griffith.

Originated in Westchester Co., N. Y.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yel-
low, with many brown dots, and some nettings and patches of russet.
Flesh whitish, coai'se, not very juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good.
September.

JOHONNOT.

Franklin.

Originated in the garden of George S. Johonnot, Esq., of Salem,
Mass.

The fruit is of medium size, of a roundish and peculiar irregular
form, dull yellowish. Stalk short and thick, planted by the side of a
swollen protuberance. The flesh is melting, butteiy, and good. Septem-
lx?r, October.

792 THE PEAR.

JOLIE FiLLE DE GuST.

This " pretty girl of Gust " is of Belgian origin.

The fruit is small, roundish acute pyriform, pale yellow, shaded with
crimson in the sun. Stalk long. Calyx open. Flesh white, coarse, dry ;
its beauty its only value. September.

JOLY DE BONNEAU.

Fruit above medium size, obovate, pale green, with spots and veins
of brown russet. Stalk long, obliquely insei-ted, stout, woody, and in-
serted without depression. Calyx open. Flesh white, with a pink tinge,
fine-grained, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous. December. (Hogg.)

Jones.
Jones's Seedling.

Origin, Kingsessing, near Philadelphia. This is one of the good Pears,
and, were it a little larger, would be one of the most valuable. The tree
is vigorous and upright in growth, and productive. Young shoots of a
dull olive brown.

Fruit medium or below, pyriform, broad at calyx, tapering to the
stem, which meets it by a fleshy junction. Skin yellow, shaded with
russet, bright cinnamon on the sunny side. Calyx open, in a broad,
shallow, imeven basin. Flesh coarse, granular, buttery, sugary, brisk,
and vinous. Very good. October,

THE PEAR. 793

Josephine Bouvier.

Fruit medium, ovate, gi-een, with, a few patches and nettings of rus
set, and many bi-own dots. Stalk medium length, curved. "Cavity shal-
low. Calyx partially open. Segments recurved. Flesh white, coarse,
juicy, melting, sweet, without flavor. January.

Josephine de Malines.

Raised by Major Esperen, of Malines, and proves one among the
best of winter vaiieties. Ti-ee moderately vigorous and prodiictive.
Young wood olive yellow brown, very short-jointed. Buds round, pro-
jecting.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly pyriform, pale greenish yel-
low, netted and patched with russet, especially around the stalk, and

Josephine de Malines.

with many minute brown dots, particularly around the calyx. Stalk
enlarged at both ends, curved, sometimes set in a small cavity. Calyx
small, open. Segments short, stiff, nearly erect. Flesh pinkish white,
juicy, melting, sweet, Avith a delicate aroma. Very good. January,
February.

Joseph Staquet.

A new variety, from Belgium.

Fruit above medium, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, with patches and

794 THE PEAR.

dots of green and inxsset. Stalk fleshy at insertion, set without depres-
sion. Flesh white, melting, butteiy, very juicy, sweet, with a musky
perfume. September, October. (An. Pom.)

Judge Andrews.
Andrews' Kingsessing.

Originated in Pennsylvania.

Fruit medium, oblong obovate pyriform, yellowish, traced and mot-
tled with red in the sun. Flesh coarse, breaking, dry. Poor. Sep-
tember.

Julienne.

A handsome summer Pear. It is a pi-oductive fruit, and comes into
bearing very early. It is often of excellent flavor, and of the first qua-
lity; but, unfortunately, it is variable in these respects, and some seasons
it is comparatively tasteless and insipid. In the Southern States, and in
rich, warm, and dry soils at the North, it is almost always fine. The
tree is of thrifty, upi'ight gi-owth, with light yellowish-brown shoots.

Fruit of small size, but varying in difi'erent soils ; obovate, regularly
formed, clear bright yellow on all sides. Stalk light brown, speckled
with yellow, a little more than an inch long, pretty stout, inserted in a
very shallow depression. Calyx open, set in a basin slightly sunk, but
often a little plaited. Flesh white, rather firm at first, half buttery,
sweet, and moderately juicy. Ripens all the month of August.

Keiser.

Fruit medium size, pyriform, yellowish green, with small gray
russet specks, and russet round the stalk. Flesh greenish white, a
little gritty, melting, sweet. October. (Lind.)

Kelsey.

Originated in the garden of Wm. Kelsey, Columbiis, O. Tree up-
right, partially spreading, vigorous. Young wood dull yellow brown.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate, dull green, becoming yellowish
when well ripened, marblings of nisset near the calyx. Dots of russet.
Stalk slender. Calyx small, open. Segments short, erect. Basin slightly
furrowed. Flesh greenish yellow, melting, sweet, buttery, vinous,
slightly aromatic. October to February. (Hort.)

King.

Originated at Oswego, N. Y.

Fruit medium or below in size, roundish oblate pyriform, gi-een-
ish brown in the sun, with many green and brown dots. Flesh whitish,
coarse, half melting, sweet. Good. September, October.

King Edavard's.
Jackman's Melting.
Fruit large, pyriform, tapering gradually to the stalk, yellow, red

THE PEAR. 795

cheek. Flesli yellowish, buttery, melting, and good, when the season
is favorable. Good. October.

KiNGSESSING.
Leech's Kingsessing.

Originated in the family burying-grovind of Isaac Leech, near Phi-
ladelphia. Tree upright and of vigorous growth, with dark olive yel-
low brown shoots. Buds broadly shouldered, prominent.

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, thickly sprinkled
with minute green or gray dots. Stalk medium or long, curved, and
fleshy at its insertion in a broad, uneven cavity. Calyx set in a large,
iri'egular, corrugated basin. Flesh whitish, somewhat coarse and gran-
ular, juicy, buttery, and melting, with a sweet perfumed flavor; Good
to vexy good. * September.

King.

King's Seedling.

Medium size, oblate uneven, yellowish green, rough. Stalk in a
cavity. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh greenish white, granular,
juicy, sugary, aromatic, perfumed. Good. October.

KiRTLAND.

Kirtland's Seedling. Hadley. Kirtland's Seckel. Kirtland's Beurre.

Raised by H. T. Kirtland, Poland, O. Tree moderately vigorous.
Young wood olive yellow brown.

Fruit medium or below, obtusely obovate, sometimes obscurely pyri-

796 THE PEAR.

form, fine yellow, mostly covered with bright ciimamon russet, occa-
sionally mottled and streaked with red on the sunny side. Stalk rather
short and stout, inserted in a small cavity, often by a ring or lip.
Calyx partially open, persistent. Basin shallow and broad. Flesh melt-
ing, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Very good. Ripe first of September.

Knight's Monarch.
Monarch.

An English Pear, raised by Thomas Andrew Knight, which has not
proved of much value at the North. In the Southern States it promises
well. Tree vigorous, hai'dy, and productive.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green, with brown russet and
many gray russet specks. Flesh yellowish, melting, sweet, agreeable.
Good. December, January.

Knight's.
Knight's Seedling.

Raised by Mr. Knight, of Rhode Island. Tree vigorous, produc-
tive.

Fruit medium, oblate pyriform, yellowish gi-een, rough. Stalk
long, inserted by a slight cavity. Calyx closed, in a shallow basin.
Flesh juicy and sweet. Good. October.

Kopertscher.

Kossertscher. Beurre Prince de Schwarzenberg.

Princiere de Kopertsh. Supreme Coloma.

A foreign Pear, of uncertain origin. Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit medium or below, nearly globular, greenish yellow, with a
few patches of russet, and many green and brown dots. Stalk short.
Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, juicy, buttery, melting, sweet,
pleasant. Good. October.

Lafayette.

Origin, Connecticut.

Fruit small, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, with light russet, and
dotted with brown russet dots. Flesh yellowish, buttery, juicy, half
melting, sweet, lacking flavor. Good. November.

La Herard.

One of Yan Mons' seedlings, originated in 1825.

Fruit medium, oblong obovate pyriform, pale yellowish green, with
reddish cheek in sun, and sprinkled with many brown dots. Stalk
rather long, curved. Cavity small. Calyx partially closed. Segments
short, erect. Basin small, slightly furrowed. Flesh whitish, juicy,
melting, sweet, a little perfumed. Very good. September.

La Juive.
Juive. Jewess.

One of Major Esperen's introduction. Tree vigorous and productive
Young wood yellow brown.

THE PEAR. 797

Fruit medium, ovate obovate, pale yellow, considerably russeted, net-
ted, and patched, and with many brown russet dots. Stalk short, stout,
fleshy at base. Cavity small. Calyx open. Segments persistent, often
a little recurved. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh yellowish, a little
coarse at the core, jviicy, half melting, sweet, a little aBomatic. Good
to very good. October.

Lamartine.
De Lamartine.

Of foreign origin.

Fruit small, roundish oblate. Surface rough, greenish yellow, mostly
covered with a light thin russet, and with many brown dots. Stalk
short and small. Cavity small. Calyx small and open. Basin rather
deep. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, melting, rich, sweet. Very
good. November.

Lammas.
Huntingdon,

An old variety, described by Lindley as an erect, strong gi'ower,
hardy, good bearer, and profitable for the market. We do not know of
its ever fruiting in this country.

Fruit small, pyriform, pale yellow, tinged with red in the sun. Flesh
juicy, melting, agreeable. Good. August.

La Moulinoise,

A foreign variety, that we have fruited biit once.

Fruit large, oblong pyi'iform, greenish yellow, partially netted and
patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with brown russet dots.
Stalk long, rather stout, inserted by a lip. Calyx partially open. Seg-
ments erect. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous.
Very good. September.

Lansac.

De Lansac. Dauphine. Satin.

This Pear is described by Lindley as below medium size, nearly glo-
bular, yellowish green. Flesh yellowish, melting, sugary, slightly per-
fumed. November and December.

Large Round Blanquet.

Grosse Blanquette Ronde. Gros Blanquet Rond.

An old fruit of little value, small size, round, yellowish, shade of red
in the sun. Flesh white, half bi*eaking, sweet. Last of July.

La Savourese.

Probably of German origin.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, gi-een, with some marblings
and patches of russet. Stalk long, slender. Flesh greenish white, but-
tery, sweet, agreeable. Early winter. (Verg.)

798 THK PEAR.

Las Canas.
Bon Parent. Bouvier. Bow Parent.

A Belgian Pear, possessed of many of the best qualities tliat make
up a good friiit. The tree is a good gi-ower, an early bearer, and the
fruit keeps well.

Fruit medium or below, ovate acute pyriform, pale or greenish yel-
low, netted and patched with golden russet, and thickly dotted with I'us-
set gray dots. Stalk medium, inclined, fleshy at base, or inserted by a
lip without depression. Calyx small, open. Basin shallow, russeted.
Flesh yellowish white, buttery, meltiag, juicy, slightly astringent, and
aromatic. Very good. October,

La Sceur Gregoire.
Soeur Gregoire.

Raised by M. Gregoire.

Fruit large, oblong. Surface uneven, rich golden yellow, mostly
overspread with dull brick red. Flesh fine, yellowish white, melting,
buttery, juicy, sweet, with a delicate aroma. November, January.
(An. Pom.)

Laure de Glymes.

A seedling of Van Mons'. Tree of moderate gi'owth, very jiroduc-
tive.

Fruit medium or below, roundish oval, inclining to obovate. Sur-
face rough, yellow, nearly covered, netted, and patched with russet,
many russet dots. Stalk rather stout, fleshy at insertion. Calyx par-
tially open. Segments recurved. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh
yellowish, a little coarse, buttery, not very juicy, slightly vinous, and a
little astringent. Good. September, October.

Lawrence.

Originated at Flushing, Long Island. Tree hardy, a moderate
grower, an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots dull yellow
brown. A valuable sort for orcharding, and unsurpassed in its many
good qualities among our early winter Pears.

Fruit medium size, obovate obtuse pyrifoi'm, nearly regular. Color
lemon yellow, with traces and occasional patches of russet, and thickly
dotted with minute brown dots. Stalk of medium length and rather
stout, set in an irregular russeted cavity. Calyx open. Segments short,
persistent. Basin broad, shallow, uneven, or slightly corrugated, and
thinly russeted. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, and aromatic.
Very good or best. December.

Le Breton.

The origin of this Pear is unknown.

Fruit medium size, irregular, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellow, net-
ted and patched with russet, and many russet dots. Flesh yellowish,

THE PEAR.

'99

rather coarse at the core, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Good to
very good. November to January.

Lawrence.

Le Brun.

Originated in Troy, France.

Fruit of medium size, oblong ovate pyriform, yellowish, with brown
and fawn shades. Flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, with a musky
perfume. September, October. (Leroy.)

Lee.

Lee's Seedling.

Originated at Salem, Mass.

Frviit small to medium, roundish oval, greenish, russet brown in
siin. Flesh white, juicy, coarse. Poor. Septembei*. (Elliott.)

Beurre le Fevre.

Lefevre.

Beurre de Mortefontalne.

An old French Pear, originated about 1740.

Fruit very large, roundish oval, dull green, didl brown in sun, with
numerous conspicuous large gray dots. Stalk stout. Calyx with re-
flexed segments. Flesh greenish white, fine, melting, juicy, vinous,
perfumed. October. (Jar.)

800 THE PEAR.

Lenawee.

Origin unknown. Received from Dr. D. K. Underwood, of Adrian,
Michigan. Tree at first upright, becoming straggling, and twisting
irregular.

Fruit medium, oblong pyriform. Surface uneven, light yellow, with a
crimson cheek in sun, dotted with small russet specks. Flesh buttery,
not very juicy, slightly aromatic. Good. September.

Lent Saint Germain.

Easter Saint Germain.

Fruit pretty lai'ge, oblong oval obovate, pale green, full of small
white specks. Flesh firm, breaking, with a very good flavored juice.
March, April. (Lind.)

Leochine de Printemps.

This is one of the new foreign varieties, which we have fruited but
once.

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, netted and patched with
russet, and sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk short. Calyx open.
Flesh white, firm, not very juicy. Good. Late Winter.

Leon Gregoire.

This new Pear is described in the Annals of Pomology as : —
Fruit large, oblong, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, marbled,
mottled, and shaded with reddish brown, and reddish gray dots. Flesh
yellowish white, melting, buttery, sweet, vinous, agreeable. December,
January.

Leonie Pinchart.

A new Belgian variety.

Fruit of medium size, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, much cov-
ered, netted, and patched with yellow russet, and minute russet dots.
Stalk short, stout. Calyx open. Segments recurved. Basin rather
shallow, uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, sweet, melting. Very good. Sep-
tember, October.

Leon le Clerc Laval.
Blanc-per-ne.

One of Van Mons' seedlings. A good cooking Pear, large size, and
very distinct from the celebrated " Van Mons Leon le Clerc." In fa-
vorable seasons it is of tolerable quality for the table.

Fruit large, obovate pyi-iform, yellow, tinge of red in the si;n, with
russety spots at either end, and some large dots. Calyx large, with long,
straight, narrow divisions, and placed in a broad shallow basin. Stalk
an inch and a half long, pretty stout, swollen at its point of insertion.
Flesh yellowish white, juicy, crisp, and rather firm, sweet, pleasant.
Good. December to April.

THE PEAB. 801

Leon le Clerc Louvain.

A seedling of Van Mons', Belgium. Tree of moderate growth, very
productive.

Fruit large, pyriform, russet, on greenish yellow ground. Stalk long
and curved, inserted in a slight cavity by a lip. Calyx open. Basin shal-
low. Flesh white, juicy, buttery, melting, rich, and exceedingly sugary,
October, November.

Leon Eey.

Beurre Leon Rey.

A new variety, obtained by Rey at Toulouse.

Fruit medium size, roundish pyriform. Flesh melting, juicy. Au-
gust. (Leroy.)

Leopold I.

A Belgian Pear, little known, and, so far as we have fruited it, not
specially valuable. Tree moderately vigorous.

Fruit medium, oblate obtuse pyriform, yellow, partially netted and
patched with russet. Many russet dots. Stalk stout. Cavity small.
Calyx open. Basin small, uneven. Flesh yelloAvish, juicy, melting, sweet.
Good to very good. (Dec.)

Leopold Riche.

One of M. de Jonghe's seedlings.

Fruit rather large, obtuse obovate pyriform ; yellow, thickly dotted
with large cinnamon russet dots. Stalk slender. Calyx open. Basin
shallow. Flesh rather coarse-gi-aiued, crisp, very juicy, rich, sweet, with
a fine almond flavor. November. (Hogg.)

Lepine.
De Lepine. Delepine. Poire de Lepine.

Tree of moderate growth, very productive.

Fruit small, oblate, yellowish, shaded with crimson, slightly rus-
seted. Stalk long. Ca\T.ty broad and shallow. Calyx small, open, in a
corrugated basin. Flesh coarse, gi-anular, melting, juicy, brisk, vinous.
Good. November, December.

Lewis.

This Pear originated on the farm of John Lewis, of Roxbury, Mass.
It bears enormous crops. The tree gi'ows vigorously, and has long,
drooping branches of olive brown color.

Fruit scarcely of medium size, obovate, dark green in autumn, pale
green at maturity, with numerous russety specks. Stalk long and slen-
der, inserted nearly even with the surface. Calyx large, with white
spread divisions. Basin almost level. Flesh yellowish white, rather
coarse-grained, melting, juicy, and rich in flavor, with a slight spicy per-
fume. Good. November to February.

Liberale. *

Of Belgian origin. Tree a vigorous grower. Young wood dtJl brown.

51

802 THE PEAK.

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, gi-eeuisli yellow, shade of
brown in tbe sun, sprinkled with bro^vn or russet dots, and with patches
of russet. Stalk long, curved, inserted in a cavity at an inclination.
Calyx large and open. Basin broad and shallow. Flesh yellowish, juicy,
melting, sweet, rich, and peculiarly aromatic. Very good. October.

LlEBART.
Chamoisine. Beurre Liebart.

A foreign variety, the origin of which is unknown. Tree a very
vigorous gi'ower, and an early bearer.

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, shade of red in
the sun, a few large patches of russet and russet dots. Stalk rather
stout. Cavity slight. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh white,
coarse, breaking, not juicy. Poor. September.

Lieutenant Poitevin.
Lieutenant Poidevin.

A French Pear, introduced in 1853. Tree vigorous, and an early
bearer, valuable as a cooking fruit.

Fruit lai'ge, broad at calyx, obtuse pyriform, yellow, overspread, net-
ted and patched ^vith cinnamon russet, many russet dots, sometimes
shade of crimson in sun. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh
white, rather firm, juicy, breaking, rather coarse. November to March.

LiMON.
No. 10. Van Mons. Beurre Haggerston. Bergamotte Louise.

A fine sprightly Belgian Pear, originated by Van Mons. The
young shoots are long, slendex", reddish brown.

Fruit rather small, obovate, yellow, with a faint red cheek. Stalk
an inch and a half long, rather stout, set in a moderately depressed
round cavity. Calyx set in a rather shallow round basin. Flesh white,
buttery, melting, and juicy, with a sprightly high flavor. Very good.
Middle of August.

Little Blanquet.

Petite Blanquette. Little Blanket.

Petit Blanquet. Musk Blanquet or Blanquette.

Poire a la Perle. Small Blanquet.

Blanquet Petit. White Pear.

Pearl Pear.

An old variety, superseded.

Friiit small, pyriform, yellowish white. Flesh half-breaking, plea-
sant. Good. Early August.

Little Muscat.

Little Musk. Primitive. Sept-en-gueule.

Petit Muscat. Muscat Petit. Chiot.

This very little French Pear, well kno^vn in many of our gardens, is

THE PEAR. 803

allowed a place there, chiefly because it is the earliest of all Pears, rip-
ening at the beginning of July,

Fruit very small, turbinate, yellow, with a dull red cheek. Flesh
breaking, sweet, with a slight musk flavor. Good. Yery productive.

Livingston Virgalieu.

An old variety, somewhat grown along the Hudson River, origin
unknown.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, patched and dot-
ted with russet. Stalk short. Calyx small, open. Flesh whitish,
juicy, nearly melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. September.

Locke.
Locke's New Beurre.

This is a native fruit, originated by James Locke, West Cambridge,
Mass.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate, dull yellowish green, slightly
mottled with spots of darker green and bits of i-usset. Flesh greenish
white, melting, and juicy, with a spiightly vinous flavor. Good.
November and December.

Lodge.
Smith's Bordenave.

The Lodge Pear is a native of Pennsylvania, and is understood to
have originated near Philadelphia. It is a very agreeable subacid Pear,
and has so much of the Brown Beurre character, that we susjject it is
a seedling of that fine old variety.

Fruit of medium size, pyriform, tapering to the stem, and one-sided,
gi-eenish brown, the gi'een becoming a little paler at maturity, and much
covei-ed with patches of dull russet. Stalk an inch and a fourth long,
obliquely planted at the point of the fruit, which is a little swollen
there. Flesh whitish, a little gi'itty at the core, which is large, juicy,
and melting, with a rather rich flavor, relieved by pleasant acid. Very
Good. September and October.

London Sugar.

An English Pear, described by Lindley.

Fruit small, pyriform, pale yellow with a brownish tinge in sun.
Flesh tender, melting, sweet. Good. Last of July.

Long Green.
Verte Longue. Mouille Bouche. Mouthwater.

An old variety, described by Duhamel. Tree very vigorous and pro-
ductive.

Fruit small, obovate acute pyriform. Stalk of medium length,
nearly perpendiculai'ly inserted. Calyx small, almost without basin.
Skin remains green when fully ripe. Flesh melting, juicy, "vvith a plea-
sant spicy flavor. Good. September.

804 THE PEAR.

Long Green of Autumn.

Verte longue d'Automne. Autumn Mouthwater.

Mouille bouche d'Automne. Coule Soif d'Automne.

The Long Green of Autumn is said to be even an older variety than
Long Green. The fruit of this sort is later in maturing.

Fruit medium, oblong ovate acute pyriform, smooth, pale green, with
occasional patches of russet, and thickly sprinkled with small brown
dots. Stalk long, slendei", curved. Calyx open. Segments almost joined,
short, persistent. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh greenish white, buttery,
juicy, half melting. Good. October.

Long Green of Esperin.
Verte Longue of Esperin.

We received this variety from L. E. Bei-ckmans. It is of Belgian
origin.

Fruit medium, oblong ovate pyriform, greenish yellow, with a shade
of crimson in the sun, and patches and nettings of russet, and many
brown dots. Stalk rather short, moderately stout, set in a small cavity.
Calyx open. Segments recurved. Basin shallow, furrowed. Flesh yellow-
ish white, juicy, half melting, vinous. Good. September.

Long Green Panache.

Culotte de Suisse. Verte longue panache.

This differs from Long Green only in being striped with yellow.

Long-Stalked Blanquet.

Blanquette a longue queue. Long-Stalked Blanket.

Blanquette a longue queuen. Sucree blanche.

Long-Tailed Blanquette. Gillette longue.

Suchrin blanc d'Ete.

A very old variety, now entirely superseded.

Fruit small, roundish, greenish or greenish yellow. Flesh white, half
breaking, delicate, sweet, vinous. Good. Eax-ly August.

Louise Bonne.
Louise Bonne Real. St. Germain Blanc.

An old French winter Pear.

Fruit large, pyriform, a little rounded towards the stalk, smooth,
pale green. Flesh white, rather coarse-grained, melting, sweet. Good.
December.

Louise Bonne de Printemps.

This variety was raised by M. Boisbunel, of Rouen, France, as he
supposed, from seed of Louise Boime de Jersey, which in appearance
the fruit much resembles. The tree is a vigorous grower and productive.
Young wood olive yellow brown.

Fruit large, oblong ovate pyriform, rich clear yellow, with a red
cheek in sun, and a little of russet, especially near the stalk. Stalk
short, set in a narrow, furrowed cavity. Calyx with short persistent
segments. Basin i-ather deep, furrowed. Flesh white, melting, juicy, bvxt-
tery, sweet, and slightly perfumed. February, March. (An. Pom.)

THE TEAR.

805

Louise Bonne of Jersey,

Bonne de Longueval.

Louise Bonne d'Avranches.

Louise Bonne de Jersey.

Beurre or Bonne Louise d'Araudore.

William the Fourth.

Bergamotte d'Avranches.

De Jersey.

Beurre d'Araudore.
Bonne Louise d'Araudore.
Beurre d'Avranches.
Bonne d'Avranches.
De Louise.
William.

Originated in France, near Avranches, succeeds admirably on the
quince, forming a fine pyramid — not of the first quality, but profit-
able. Tree vigorous, upright, very productive. Fruit of better quality
on the quince than on the pear. Yoimg wood dull olive brown.

Louise Bonne of Jei-sey.

Fruit large, oblong pyriform, a little one-sided, glossy, pale green in
the shade, but overspread with brownish red in the sun, and dotted with
numerous gray dots. Stalk about an inch long, curved, rather obliquely
inserted, without depression, or with a fleshy, enlarged base. Calyx
open, in a shallow, uneven basin. Flesh gi'eenish white, very jxiicy and
melting, with a rich and excellent flavor. Good to very good. Sep-
tember and October.

SOG

THE PEAR.

Louise of Boulogne. »

>

Of Belgic origin.

Fruit medium size, roTxndisli obovate, greenish yellow, sprinkled with
brown dots. Stalk long, a little curved, rather slender. Cavity small,
russeted. Calyx open. Basin small and uneven. Flesh whitish, light
pink at centre, juicy, melting, sweet. Good to very good. October,
November.

Louis Gregoire.

A seedling raised in 1832 by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne. Tree a vigo-
rous, somewhat upiight grower, and productive. Young wood dull yel-
lowish olive brown.

Fruit medium size, roundish obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, con-
siderably covered with russet, and thickly dotted with russet dots. Stalk
varying, set with little or no depression. Calyx open. Segments large,

persistent. Basin small and rather
shallow. Flesh yellowish white,
juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vi-
nous. .Good. October, Novem-
ber.

LuciEN Leclercq.

that

A seedling of Van Mons'
first fruited in 1844.

Fruit medii;m size, ovate, pale
green, with russet patches and
russet near the stalk, distinct rough
dots. Flesh fine, white, melting,
sweet. November. (Alb. Pom.)

Lycurgus.

Originated with George Hoad-
ley, of Cleveland, O., from seed
of Winter Nelis. It is one of
the best in quality of late Winter
Pears. The tree is a moderate,
rather spreading grower, produc-
tive. Young wood dark rich
olive brown.

Fruit small, oblong pyriform,
greenish yellow, mostly covered with a thin brownish russet, many
large grayish dots. Stalk medium length, a little curved, set with
little or no depression. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. Basin
small, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, a little aro-
matic, and slightly perfumed. Yery good. December to February.

Lydia Thierard.

Raised by M. Jiiles Thierard, Bethel, France. Tree very vigorous,
productive.

Fruit is of Bergamotte shape. Stalk of medium size, curved, a little
fleshy at the base, in a large and uneven depression. Calyx small,
open. Basin large, deep, regular. Skin thin, clear green, thickly

Lycurgus.

THE PEAR.

807

sprinkled with small brown dots, and imsset spots near the calyx.
Flesh fine, melting, jnicy, sugary, and highly perfumed. Core large.
Season, December to January. (Revue Horticole.)

Lyon.

Originated at Newport, R. I. Tree upright, vigorous, hardy, and
productive.

Fruit medium, oblong obovate, yellow, with a crimson blush on one
side, minute dots, russet near the stalk. Calyx small. Segments per-
sistent. Basin narrow, shallow. Flesh white, coarse, gritty at the core,
melting, moderately juicy, sweet. Good to very good. October.
(Hov. Mag.)

McLaughlin.
A native of Maine, introduced by S. L. Goodale, of Saco. Tree
hardy and vigorous. Young wood light dull red.

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, greenish, mostly covered with russet,

McLaughlin.

which becomes yellowish at maturity, with a warm sunny cheek. Stalk
short, inserted at an inclination, with some appearance of a lip. Calyx
open, set in a shallow corrugated basin. Flesh whitish, not very fine,
juicy, and melting. Flavor sweet, rich, and perfumed. Good to very
good. November to January.

McYean.

Origin, Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree very vigorous, very productive.
Young wood grayish light yellow brown.

80S

THE PEAR.

Fruit large, obovate acute pyriform, yellow, with nettings and patches
of russet, and numerous green and brown dots. Stalk short, rather
stout, fleshy at insertion, and often set inclined, and with a lip. Calyx
partially closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh coarse, not juicy, or
melting, sweet. Good. September.

Madame Durieux.

A Flemish variety.

Fruit medium or below, obovate acute pyriform, yellowish, netted
and patched and dotted with russet. Stalk long or very long, and slen-
der. Flesh white, buttery, melting, juicy, sweet. Very good. Octo-
ber.

Madame Ducar.

Introduced by M. Esperen. Tree vigorous, productive.
Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, pale lemon yellow, with a few rus-
set dots. Stalk long, fleshy at insertion. Cavity medium, somewhat

Madame Eliza.

THE PEAR. 800

ribbed. Calyx open. Basin abrupt, uneven. Flesh white, juicy,
melting, pleasant, slightly vinous. Very good. September.

Madame Eliza.

One of Bivort's seedlings, and named in honor of the wife of the
well-known pomologist, L. E. Berckmans. The tree is vigorous, rather
open and irregular in form, productive. Young wood dull olive yellow
brown. It is a Pear described as excellent in Belgium, and so far here
sustains its foreign character.

Fruit large, oblong ovate acute pyriform, pale whitish yellow, a
few traces of russet, and thickly sprinkled with small russet dots.
Stalk long, inclining, fleshy at insertion, or by a lip. Calyx small, par-
tially closed. Segments small, erect. Basin abrupt, uneven, russeted.
Flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, delicately perfumed. Very
good. October.

Madame Millet.

Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood olive brown.

Fruit medium, obovate pjTiform, pale yellow, much covered, netted,
patched, and dotted with light russet. Stalk long, stout, curved, set in
a slight cavity with a lip. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. Basin
rather small, uneven. Flesh whitish, jiiicy, not melting, slightly vinous,
a little aromatic. Good. November to April. <

Madame Gr^goire.

Of Belgian origin, seedling of Gregoire of Jodoigne, and dedicated
to his wife.

Fruit large, oblong obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, netted, patched,
and dotted with brown russet. Stalk rather long, fleshy at base. Ca-
vity rather deep. Flesh white, tinted with rose, half melting, sweet,
vinous, perfumed. November, December. (An. Pom.)

Madame Henri Desportes.

Fruit roundish, obovate, yellow, mostly covered with dark cinna-
*mon-colored russet. Stalk short, stout. Calyx large, open. Flesh
yellow, buttery, rich, sweet, juicy. October. (Hogg.)

Madame Treyve.
Souvenir de Madame Treyve.
Raised by M. Treyve, of Trevons, France, and dedicated to his wife.
Tree vigorous.

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, pale yellow, with a red cheek in
the sun, some russet, and dotted with minvite brown dots. Stalk slen-
der. Cavity narrow. Calyx small, open. Basin narrow, round, regu-
lar. Flesh white, melting, juicy, rich, sweet, with a delicate aroma.
September. (Verg.)

Madeleine, or Citron des Carmes.

Madeleine. Sainte-Madelaine.

Citron des Carmes. Grune Sommer Magdalena.

Early Chaumontelle. Grune Magdalena.
Magdelen.

The Madeleine is one of the most rofreshintr and excellent of the

810

THE TEAE,

early Pears. It takes its name from its being in perfection, in France,
at the feast of Ste. Madeleine. Citron des Carmes comes from its being
first cultivated by the Carmelite monks. The tree is fruitful and vigo-
rous, with long, erect, olive-colored branches.

Frxiit of medium size, obovate pyriform. Stalk long and slender,
often nearly two inches, set on the side of a small swelling. Pale yellow-
ish gi-een (very rarely with a little bi-ownish blush and russet specks
around the stalk). Calyx small, in a very shallow furrowed basin.
Flesh white, juicy, melting, with a sweet and delicate flavor, slightly
perfumed. Good to very good. Middle and last of July.

MalconnaItre d'Haspin.

Fruit large, form i-oundish obovate. Stalk one inch long, inserted
in a slight depression. Calyx closed, set in a rather deep irregular
basin. Skin dull yellow, with a brownish red cheek, stippled with
coarse dots, and russeted at the calyx. Flesh juicy, tender, and melt-
ing. Flavor rich subacid, perfumed. Tree vigorous, hardy, and pro-
ductive. October, November. (Wilder's Rep.)

Manchester.

Manchester Late.

Manchester October.

A native variety, originated in Providence, R. I.

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, with a blush of crimson in
the sun, tx-aces and many dots of russet. Stalk rather long. Calyx
open. Flesh white, moderately juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant.
Good. October.

with a
or best.

Manning's Elizabeth.

Van Mons. No. 154.
Elizabeth Van Mons.

Manning's Elizabeth, a seed-,
ling of Dr. Van Mons', named by
Mr. Manning, is a very sweet and
sprightly Pear, with a 2:)eculiar fla-
vor. A. beautiful dessert fruit,
pi'oductive, growth moderate,
shoots dull reddish. One of
the most desirable Pears of
its season, for amateur growing.

Fruit below medium, obovate
obtuse pyrifox'm, bright yellow,
with a lively red cheek, dotted
with brown and red dots. Stalk
one inch long, set in a shallow,
round cavity. Calyx open, set
in a broad shallow basin. Flesh
white, juicy, and very melting,
saccharine but very sprightly aromatic character. Very good
Last of August.

Manning's Elizabeth.

THE PEAR. 811

Mansfield.

A native variety, origiu uncertain. Tree vigorous and productive.
Young wood reddish brown.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish green, "svith considerable
russet and many gi-een and brown dots. Stalk rather long. Cavity
naiTOw, small. Calyx open, with recurved segments. Basin broad,
uneven. Flesh whitish, coarse, buttery, melting, sweet, a little astringent.
Good. September.

Marasquine.

A Belgian Pear, obtained of Major Esperen.

Fruit medium, oblong oval, light pale yellow, greenish in shade, with
fawn russet in the sun. Stalk long, slender. Calyx open. Basin shallow.
Flesh white, tine, melting, slightly sweet, perfumed. August. (Verg.)

March Bergamotte.

One of Mr. Knight's seedlings.

Fruit small or medium. Color gi-een, with small gray dots, and
large patches of russet. Stalk long, straight, in a cavity like that of
an apple. Flesh coarse, greenish, of no decided excellence.

Marechal de la Cour.

B. 0. de la Cour . Baud de la Cour.

Conseilier de la Cour. Grosse Marie.

Marechal Decours.

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Dedicated to his son in 1845. Tree
moderately vigorous, holding its foliage late in season. Young shoots
olive reddish brown, with many specks.

Fruit medium to lai'ge, oblong obovate pyriform. Skin greenish
yellow, with a slight netting and few patches of russet, and russet dots.
Stalk rather long, sometimes inclined, set in a moderate cavity, some-
what russeted. Calyx open, in a narrow basin, russeted. Flesh yel-
lowish white, buttery, juicy, melting, I'ich vinous, very good. October.

Marechal Dillen.
Dillen d'Automne.

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit large or very large, oblong obtuse pyriform, dull greenish
yellow, mottled with fawn, shades and traces and dots of russet. Stalk
short, set in a broad shallow cavity. Flesh white, melting, buttery, juicy,
sweet. October, November. (An. Pom.)

Margaret.

Raised by Christopher Wiegel, Cleveland, O. Tree a vigorous, up-
right grower, productive, and an early bearer. Young wood dull
reddish.

Fruit small to medium, oblong obovate, yellow, mostly ovorspiead
with deep dull red, small russet dots. Stalk medium, inserted with-

812

THE PEAR.

out depression. Calyx large, open. Segments long, reflexed. Flesh
white, juicy, vinous, sweet, good, early. August. (Hort.)

Mar6chal de la Cour.

Marianne de Nancy.

Eaised by Van Mons.

Fruit medium or above, oblong obovate pyriform, yellowish green,
netted and dotted with fine dull russet. Stalk short, stout. Calyx
open. Flesh white, buttery, half melting, juicy, vinous, sweet. Octo-
ber. (Alb. Pom.)

Marie de Nantes.

A French Pear, originated by M. Garnier, in 1853. Tree mode-
rately vigorous. Young wood olive bi'own.

Fruit small, obovate acute pyriform, yellow, shade of brownish
red in sun, and partially netted and patched with russet, especially near

THE PEAR, 813

the base. Stalk short, set in a narrow, fun-owed, shallow cavity. Calyx
small, open, with short segments. Basin small. Flesh whitish, juicy,
melting, sweet. Very good. November, December.

Marie Guisse.

This variety is said to have been grown from seed of St. Germain, in
1834, near the town of Metz, France. It was twenty years befoi-e it
fruited.

Fruit medium size, obovate oblong pyriform. Surface uneven,
yellow, with shades of red in sun, and large, dull, dark specks. Sfcalk
rather long and moderately stout, set in a narrow furrowed cavity.
Flesh yellowish white, granular, melting, sweet, vinous. December,
February. (Verg.)

Marie Louise.

Forme de Marie Louise. Marie Louise Donkelar.

Marie Ohretienne. Marie Louise Nouvelle.

Princesse de Parme. Marie Louise de Jersey.

Braddick's Field Standard. Corchorus.

Marie Louise d'Elcourt. Marie Louise Delacourt.

Van Donkelear. Van Donckelaer.

A Belgian variety, of first quality in its native country, and here, in
some seasons, fully sustains that character ; but it is so uncertain, so
variable in seasons, as greatly to detract from its value. Tree a vigo-
rous but straggling grower. Young wood reddish olive brown.

Fruit pretty laige, oblong pyriform, rather irregular or one-sided in
figure, pale green, but at maturity rich yellow, a good deal sprinkled
and mottled with light russet on the exposed side. Stalk an inch and a
half long, obliquely planted, sometimes under a slightly raised lip, some-
times in a very small one-sided cavity. Flesh white, exceedingly but-
tery and melting, with a rich, saccharine, and vinous flavor. Yery
good. Last of September and middle of October.

Marie Louise d'Uccle.

This variety was raised from a seed of the Marie Louise, by M.
Gambier, in a village (Uccle) near Brussels. Tree a vigorous, upright
grower. Young wood dark brown.

Fruit above medium, roundish obovate pyriform. Surface rough,
yellow, with a shade of brown in the sun, considerably netted, patched,
and numerously dotted with russet. Stalk medium, inclined, cm-ved, set
in a small cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx large, partially open, with
persistent segments. Basin large, uneven. Flesh white, juicy, melting,
vinous, a little astringent. Good to very good. September, October.

Marie Louise Nova.

This variety was sent by Yan Mons to Mr. Manning. It will by no
means bear a comparison with the Marie Louise, though in some seasons
a very good fruit. The wood is very strong and dark colored.

Fruit medium, regular acute pyriform, yellow, with a brownish-
red cheek. Flesh at first melting, juicy, but quickly decays. Good.
Last of September.

814 THE PEAR,

Marie Parent.

Sophia Beekmans. Roussellet de Meester.

Ferdinand de Meester.

Eaised by M. Bivort, in 1844, from seeds of the last generation of
Van Mons' seedlings. It first fruited in 1851. Tree moderately vigo-
rous. Yovuig wood dull .grayish-reddish brown.

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform to obovate acute pyriform, green-
ish yellow, with shade of red in the sun, and' traces of russet, and
many minute brown dots. Stalk medium, generally inserted without
cavity. Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, juicy, vinous. Good.
September.

Marquise de Bedman.

Of foreign origin.

Fruit medium or below, roundish pyriform, pale greenish yellow,
with a few traces and patches of russet, and many green and brown
dots. Stalk long, slender. Cavity small. Calyx open. Flesh white,
sweet, rather fii-m. Good. September.

Marmion.

A Belgian variety.

Fruit small, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, some russet. Flesh
whitish, coarse, sweet, dry and poor. November.

Martha Ann.
Dana's No. 1.

Raised by Francis Dana, of Roxbury, Mass,

Fruit medium, obovate obtvise pyriform, yellowish green, with
patches and dots of russet. Flesh coarse, juicy, astringent. Poor.
October.

Martin Sec.

Rousselette d'Hiver Martin Sec d'Hiver.

Dry Martin. Troken Martin.

Winter Rousselette. Martin Sec de Champagne.

An old variety, of which the origin is unknown. Tree vigorous, very
productive.

Fruit small, ovate, yellow, shaded with crimson in the sun, some
russet. Flesh coarse, granular, juicy, half breaking, agreeable. Chiefly
valued for cooking. Winter.

Martin Sire.
Certeau Musque d'Hiver. Sire Martin.

A very old sort, valued only for cooking.

Fruit large, pyriform, greenish yellow, with a shade of red in the sun.
Flesh crisp, gritty near the coi*e, juicy, sweet. December to February.

THE PEAR. 815

Marulis.

Marcellis.
Foreign.
Frviit small, roundish, greenish yellow. Poor. September. (Elliott.)

Mary,

Originated in the grounds of William Case, Cleveland, O. Tree
an upright, vigorous grower, with brownish, short-jointed young wood.
An early and productive bearer.

Fruit small to medivim, roundish pyriform, yellow, mostly overspread
with rich red, a little russet, and many gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx
large. Erect segments. Flesh white, juicy, almost buttery, sweet.
Very good. Last of July. (Hort.)

Mather.

Originated with John Mather, near Jenkinstown, Montgomery Co.,
Pa. Tree a moderate grower. Young wood olive grayish brown.

Fruit below medium, rouudish ovate, greenish yellow, slight blush in
sun, and many minute bi'own dots. Stalk short, stout. Calyx open.
Flesh white, a little coarse, not juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good. AugiTst.

Maynard.

Origin unknown, grown in Lancaster Co., Pa.

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, with russet dots and
a crimson cheek. Stalk obliquely inserted, fleshy at its junction. Calyx
open, in a slight depression. Flesh white, juicy, and sugary. Scarcely
good. Ripe last of July.

Mellish.

Fruit below medium, roundish pyrifonn, pale yellow, netted, patched,
and dotted with russet. Stalk long, slender. Calyx partially closed.
Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good.
October.

Merriam.

Origin, Poxbury, Mass. Tree vigorous and very productive. Young
wood reddish yellow brown ; a good market soi't.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dull yellow, covered mth pale rus-
set around the stem and calyx, and entire surface somewhat netted with
russet. Stalk short, moderately stout, in a small cavity, with one pro-
tuberant side. Calyx closed. Basin shallow and furrowed. Flesh yel-
lowish, coarse, melting, and juicy, slightly vinous, musky. Good to very
good, October.

Messire Jean.

Chaulis. Messire Jean Dore.

Emmilacour. Mr. John.

Marion. John,

Monsieur Jean. Communaute,

Messire Jean Gris. ■ Coulis.

Messire Jean Blanc. Convent.

An old French Pear, but rather coarse-grained and gi'itty.

SIC THE PEAR.

Frmt of medium size, turbinate, yellow, nearly covered with brown
russet. Flesb gritty, white, crisp, juicy, and breaking, with a very sweet
flavor. Good. November and December.

Merriam.

MiCHAUX.

Comte de Michaux.

Fruit of medium size, nearly round pyriform, light yellowish green,
■with a faint blush on the sunny side. Flesh white, coarse, half buttery,
juicy, sweet, but second-rate. Poor. September and October.

MiGNONNE d'HiVER.

An old Belgian variety, often very good.

Fruit medium, ovate obovate to oblong ovate pyriform, light yellow,
mostly covered with thick rough russet, and veined with crimson and
fawn. Stalk rather stovit. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, a little gran-
ular, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, aromatic. Good. November, De-
cember.

Milan de Rouen.

A Flemish Pear, little known and not of much value.

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with nettings, patches, and
dots of russet. Flesh white, coarse, juicy, melting, vinous. Septem
ber.

MiLLOT DE Nancy.

One of Van Mons' seedlings, named after M. Millot, a resident of
Nancy, France. Tree productive. Young shoots reddish brown.

THE PEAR. 817

Ff-uit medium, oblong obovate, greenish yellow, with many brown dots.
Stalk medium, curved, often inclined, and set in a small cavity. Calyx
partially open. Segments short, erect. Flesh yellowish, not juicy,
melting, sweet. Good. November.

Mitchell's Russet.

Origin, Belleville, 111.

Fj-uit medium or small, roundish, slightly pyriform, rough, yellow
brown russet, thickly covered with gray dots. Stalk long. Calyx open.
Flesh juicy, melting, astringent. Scarcely good. October.

MOCCAS.

Originated by Mr. Knight. A good grower, productive, but not of
good quality.

Fruit medium, obovate, gi-een, sprinkled with small dots. Flesh
juicy. Poor. December.

Mollet's Guernsey Beurke.
MoUet's Guernsey Chaumontelle.

An English variety, raised by Charles Mollet, Esq., of the Island
of Guernsey.

Fruit of medium size, oval pyriform. Skin rather uneven, yellow
and yellowish green, nearly covered on one side with dark cinnamon
brown russet, in stripes and tracings. Flesh yellowish, melting, and
buttery, with a lich vinous flavor. Good. December.

MONSEIGNEUR AfFRE.

One of Bivort's introducing. Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive.
Young wood dull olive brown.

Fruit below medium, roundish, greenish, considerably covered with
thick russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, curved,
inserted in a moderate cavity. Calyx small, open, persistent. Basin
broad. Flesh white, rather coarse, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good.
November.

MONSEIGNEUR DES HONS.

A new summer Pear, from Troyes, Fi-ance. Tree vigorous, spread-
ing. Young wood reddish brown.

Fruit medium, oblong ovate pyriform, rich warm yellow, veined
with gi-een, and shaded with a warm red cheek in the sun. Stalk me-
dium, inserted \^'ithout depression. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh
half fine, melting, aromatic, sweet. Early August. (An. Pom.)

MONSEIGNEUR SiBOUR,

A new French Pear, described in the Annals of Pomology : —
" Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, with greenish shades,
mottled, shaded, and dotted with warm red or crimson. Stalk long,

52

yl8 THE TEAK.

slender. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowisli white, half fine, melting,
juicy, sweet. November."

Morel.

An English Pear, mainly valued for cooking.

Fruit medium, obovate, yellow, freckled with large russet spots.
Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, and sweet. December to April.
(Hogg.)

Mount Vernon.

Walker's Seedling.

A chance seedling, oi-iginated in the grounds of Samuel Walker,
Roxbury, Mass., and by him named Mount Vernon. The tree is a vigo-
rous grower, and an early bearei'. Young wood yellow reddish brown.

Fruit medium or above, varying in form, but generally roundish
obtuse pyi'iform, light russet on a yellow ground, brownish red in the
sun. Stalk short, inserted by a lip, with little or no depression. Calyx
small, closed, with short segments. Flesh yellowish, granulated, juicy,
melting, slightly vinous and slightly aromatic. Very good. November,
December.

MOYAMENSING.
Smith's Early Butter.

Origin in the garden of J. B. Smith, Philadelphia, Moyamensing
Distiict. Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, lemon or greenish yellow, with
patches, marblings, and dots of russet. Stalk short. Calyx nearly closed.
Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. August.

Muscadine.

The Muscadine is remai-kable for its high musky aromii. Its history
is uncertain, and it is believed to be a native. It bears very heavy
crops, and if the fnait is picked early, and ripened in the house, it is a
good Pear of its season. Tree vigorous, upright in growth. Young
shoots stout, dark gray brown.

Fruit of medium size, roundish obovate, regularly formed, pale yel-
lowish green, a little rough, thickly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk
about an inch long, set in a well-formed small cavity. Calyx with re-
flexed segments, set in a shallow basin. Flesh white, butteiy, half melt-
ing, with an agreeable, rich, musky flavor. Good to very good. Last
of August and first of September.

Muscat Robert.

Poire h. la Reine. Queen's Amber.

D'Ambre. Virgin of Xaintonge.

St. Jean Musquee Gros. Muscat d'Ambre.

Musk Robine. The Princess.

Early Queen. Great Musk Pear of Cone.

Queen's Pear. Maiden of Flanders.

Beurre a la Reine. Maiden of Xaintonge.

Robine. Robert's Muskateller.
Muscat Robine.

An old Pear, of unknown origin. Tree very productive.

THE TEAR, 819

Fruit small, roundish pyriform, inclining to ovate, greenish yellow,
with a dull crimson. Stalk long, sometimes inserted by a Jip, and some-
times in a slight cavity. Calyx large, open. Flesh breaking, juicy,
sweet. Good. Last of July.

Muskingum.

Origin, supposed Ohio. Tree very vigorous, upright, hardy, and
productive. Young wood dull reddish olive brown.

Fi'uit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, much dotted with russet
and green. Stalk long. Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin very shal-
low. Flesh melting, -with a pleasant, brisk flavor. Good. Ripe mid-
dle and last of August.

Napoleon.

Meclaille. Melon.

Sucree Dorce. Beurre d'Autien.

Poire Liard. Liart.

Roi de Rome, erroneously. Mabille.

■ Bonaparte. Mailanderin Grosse Grune.

Belle Canaise Napoleon d'Hiver.

Charles. Bois Napoleon.

Poire Napoleon. Napoleon Vrai.

Gloire de TEmpereur. Bon Chretien Dore.
Captif de Sainte Helene.

The Napoleon is hardy, thrifty, and bears abundant crops, even
while very yoimg. In poor soils, or unfavorable exposures only, it is
astringent. The tree is thrifty, and a vigorous grower. Shoots iipright,
olive colored. It was i-aised from seed, in 1808, by M. Liard, gardener
at Mons.

Fruit pretty large, obtuse pyriform, clear gi-een at first, but becom-
ing pale yellowish green at maturity. Stalk varying from half an inch
to an in chlong, pretty stout, set in a slight depression or under a swol-
len lip. Calyx set in a basin of moderate depth. Flesh white, melting,
juicy, sweet, sprightly. Good, September.

Napoleon Savinien.

This is a new French variety, resembling Napoleon in appearance
but matvu'ing later in the season.

Fruit medium, obovate acute pyriform, yellow, partially netted and
patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk short.
Calyx large, open. Segments reflexed. Basin large, uneven. Flesh
whitish, rather coarse, juicy, half melting. Good, January,

Naumkeag,

A native of Salem, Mass.

Frviit medivim, roundish. Skin yellow misset. Flesh jnicy, melting,
but rather astringent in flavor. Good. October.

Navez Peintre.

Fruit medium, ovate, yellowish green, Avith brownish red 'in the sun,
and bands of brown russet. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, melting,
j\ucy, piquant, sugary. Last of Septembei'. (Hogg.)

820 THE PEAR.

Negley.

This is supposed to be a seedling originated near Pittsburgh, Pa.
Introduced by J. S. Negley. Tree vigorous, upright, and an early
bearer. Young wood reddish brown.

Fruit medium or above, obovate obtuse pyriform, waxen yellow,
slightly netted with russet, beautifully shaded with bright crimson in
the sun, and thickly sprinkled with minute brown russet dots. Stalk
medium. Cavity deep, regular. Calyx oj^en. Segments persistent.
Basin shallow, a little russeted. Flesh white, a little coarse, juicy, half-
melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. Early
September.

Ne Plus Meuris.

This is a Belgian Pear, one of Dr. Yan Mons' seedlings, named in
allusion to Pierre Meuris, his gardener at Brussels. The tree grows
upright, has short-jointed, olive-colored shoots.

Fruit medium or rather small, roundish, usually very irregular, with
swollen parts on the surface, dvill yellowish brown, partially covered
with iron-colored russet. Stalk qviite short, set without depression, in
a small cavity. Flesh yellowish white, buttery, with a sugary and
agreeable flavor. Good. January to March.

New Bridge.

Fruit below medium, pyriform, dull gray, covered with gray russet
brown in the sun. Flesh melting, a little gritty, a sugary juice without
flavor. October. (Lindley.)

Newhall.

Raised from seed by Thaddeus Clapp, Dorchester, Mass. Tree hardy,
healthy, and prolific. Young wood quite reddish.

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, inclining to oval. Surface a little
uneven, yellow at maturity, with a few traces or blotches of russet,
sometimes a blush cheek in sun. Stalk inserted without much cavity
Calyx small, partly closed, set in a corrugated basin. Flesh melting,
very juicy, buttery, and tender, sweet, with a musky aroma. Very
good. October. (Journ. of Hort.)

Newtown.
Newtown Seedling.

Originated at Newtown, Long Island.

Fruit medium, i-oundish obovate, lemon yellow, netted and patched
with russet. Flesh whitish, rather coarse, half melting, sweet, and
pleasant. Good. September.

NiCKERSON.

This variety originated in Readfield, Me., from seed planted by
ex-Governor Himtoon.

Fruit large, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow, with a dull red cheek
in sun. Flesh white, juicy, melting, vinous, sweet. Good. October.

THE PEAR. 821

NlELl;.

Beurre Niell. Colmar Bosc.

Poire Niell. Fondante du Bois, incorrectly.

Colmar Niel.

A large and handsome Belgian variety, raised by Van Mons, from
seeds sown in 1815, and named in honor of Dr. Niell, of Edinburgh, a
distinguished horticulturist and man of science. The tree bears
plentifully.

Fruit large, obovate, inclining to pyriform, rather shortened in figure
on one side and enlarged on the other, tapering to the stalk, which is
about an inch long, obliquely planted, with little or no caAT.ty, pale
yellow, delicately marked with thin russet, finely dotted, and sometimes
marked with faint red. Flesh white, buttery, sweet, with a plentiful
and agreeable juice. Good to very good. Last of September.

NlLES ?

A. foreign variety, imported by John M. Niles, Hartford, Conn.
The original name having been lost, it has not yet been identified. Young
wood whitish gi'ay.

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform. Color yellow at maturity, thickly
covered with russet dots. Stalk long, inserted in a deep, abrupt, uneven
cavity. Calyx closed, set in a deep round basin. Flesh juicy, buttery,
sweet, and pleasant. December. (Ad. Int. Rep.)

Nonpareil.

A seedling raised by Judge Livingston, of New York. Tree vigo-
rous, productive.

Fruit small, roundish oblate, russety yellow, specked with red.
Flesh fine, melting, sugary, juicy, rich vinous. December. (Hov. Mag.)

Notarie Minot.

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, mostly overspread
and shaded with red in sun, and bright fawn russet in shade. Stalk
slender. Cavity rather deep, naiTOw. Flesh yellowish white, melting,
juicy, sweet, perfumed. November. (Alb. Pom.)

.Nouveau Poiteau.
Tombe de 1' Amateur. Choix d'un Amateur.

A seedling of Yan Mons', a very vigoroiTS grower, forming a beaiati-
ful pyramid ; very productive. Young wood brownish red. An early
bearer.

Fruit large, obovate, inclining to pyiiform, green, with numerous
russet dots, and sometimes patches of russet. Stalk rather short, curved,
inserted in a small cavity. Calyx partially closed, set in a narrow basin
of moderate depth. Flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, melting, with a
sugary, vinous, and very refreshing flavor. Good to very good. Ripe
November.

822 THE PEAK,

NOUVELLE FULVIE.
Fulvie Gregoire.

This new Belgian Pear is described iu the Annals of Pomology as : —
Fruit very large, pyriform. Surface uneven, rich light yellow, shaded
and marbled with brown red in the sun, and an occasional fawn russet
patch. Stalk stout, inserted as it were by a neck. Calyx large, in a
round, regular basin. Flesh yellowish white, melting, buttery, juicy,
sweet, with an exquisite perfume. January and February.

As we have received and fruited this Pear it is only of medium size,
roundish, slightly pyriform, and ripens in November.

Oak-Leaved Imperial.

Imperial. Imperiale a feuilles de chene.

IiDjierial Oak -leaved. Oak-leaved Imperial.

An old Peai", of unknown origin and of little vahie, except as a curi-
osity, from its peculiar foliage somewhat resembling the oak.

Fruit below medium, ovate pyriform, deep green, with some nettings
and patches of russet. Flesh whitish, half melting, juicy, sweet. Good.
December to March.

Oakley Park Bergamotte.

One of Knight's seedUngs. It is described by the London Horti-
cultural Society as : —

Fruit medium size, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, with some
russet. Flesh buttery, melting. October.

CEuF.

Fruit small, oval, greenish yellow, with light red in the sun, and
gray russety dots. Stalk long. Calyx small, open. Flesh whitish,
tender, melting, sweet, musky. Ripe in August, and will keep three
weeks without decaying. (Hogg.)

Oken.

Oken d'Hiver Cent Conronnes.

Winter Oken. Beurre Oken.

A Belgian Pear, of little value.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, with a little brown in
sun. Flesh white, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Hardly good. Oc-
tober.

Oliver's Russet.

Originated in the grounds of Oliver, Lynn, Mass.

Fruit below medium, roundish, cinnamon russet on yellow
ground, with a blush. Stalk in a cavity. Basin small. Flesh whitish,
coarse, without much flavor. Last of September.

Olivier de Serres.
Originated with M. Boisbunel, Rouen, France. Tree vigorous,

THE PEAR.

823

rather spreading, and very j^roductive. Young wood slender, rich yel-
low brown. A new sort, repnted of first quality in France. It has
not yet fruited here.

Fruit medium to large, irregular in form, generally roundish. Deep
yellow, with shade of rough russet, and many reddish russet dots in
sun. Flesh white, &i\e, melting, rich, juicy, sweet, delicate perfume.
February, March. (Verg.)

Oneida.

Origin, Western New York.

Fruit medium or below, roundish, pale yellow, partially netted and
patched with light russet. Flesh white, coarse, juicy, half melting,
pleasant. Good. September.

Onondaga.

Onondaga.
Swan's Orange; Kilmer.

Supposed to have origiiiated in Farmington, Conn. Tree very vigo-

824 THE PEAR.

rous and productive. Young wood oKve brown. A profitable market
variety.

Fruit large, ovate obovate obtusely pyriform. Skin somewhat
coarse and uneven, thickly covered with russet dots, fine rich yellow at
maturity, generally with some traces of russet, and sometimes with a
sunny cheek. Stalk rather stout, of medium length, inserted in a small
cavity, at an inclination. Calyx small, firmly closed, set in a narrow,
somewhat uneven basin. Flesh buttery, melting, abounding in juice,
slightly granular, and when in jserfection with a fine, rich, vinous
flavor. A variable fruit. Good to very good. September to No-
vember.

Ontario.

Origin, Geneva, Ontario Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous and produc-
tive. Yoixng wood light yellow, a shade of red next the buds.

Fruit medium, oblong ovate pyriform, pale yellow, thickly dotted
with minute l^rown and green dots, and slightly netted with russet.
Stalk long, inserted in a small cavity, with a ring or lip. Calyx open,
with long I'ecurved segments. Flesh whitish, slightly veined with yel-
low, melting, juicy, buttery, slightly granulous, sweet. Good to very
good. Last September.

Orange.
Red Orange. Orange d'Automne. Orange Rouge.

An old variety of little value.

Fruit medium, nearly globular, pale yellow, with a few traces of
russet and brown dots. Flesh white, half melting, sweet. Early Sep-
tember.

Orange Bergamotte.

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, yellow. Flesh firm, rather acid
for eating, but excellent for baking. September.

Orange d'Hiver.

Winter Orange.

Fruit medium ; an old Pear, very productive ; not desirable for ta-
ble, but a good baking Pear. November, December.

Orange Mandarine.

Fruit about medium, roundisl), golden yellow, with many brown
russet dots, and a warm glow on the side next the sun. Flesh yellowish,
very tender, melting, acidulous, sugaiy. October. (Hogg.)

Orange Musqu^e.

■ Orange Musk. Musk Orange. Orange d'£te.

Fruit medium, round, yellow, marbled and shaded with red in the
sun. Flesh breaking, with a musky j nice. Good. Last of August.

THE PEAR.

825

Orange Tulipee.

Poire aux Mouches.
Striped Orange.

Tuliped or Fly-Pear.
Great Orange.

Fruit pretty large, oval pyriform, green, shaded in sun with brown-
ish red. Flesh melting, juice agreeable. September. (Lind.)

Orpheline Colmar.

One of Van Mons' Belgian Pears, as yet little known in this coun-
try. Tree vigorous, very fertile. Young wood dull olive brown.

Fruit very large, pyriform, bright green, somewhat yellow, dotted
with gray, brown, and black, and shaded with russet, fawn on the sunny
side, and around the calyx and stem. Flesh whitish yellow, fine, melt-
ing, a little granular around the core, juicy, sweet, and perfumed. Octo-
ber. (An. Pom.)

Osband's Summer.

Osband's Favorite.

Summer Virgalieu.

Origin, Wayne County, N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous, upright,
an early and prolific beai'er. Young wood rich yellow brown.

Fruit small, roundish ovate obovate pyriform, clear yellow, thickly
dotted with small greenish and brown dots, with a warm cheek on the
side of the sun, and some traces
of russet, particularly aroiind
stalk and calyx. Stalk of medi-
um length, rather strong, inserted
in an abrupt cavity. Calyx open,
set in a broad, shallow basin.
Flesh white, juicy, melting, with
a rich sugary flavor and pleasant
musky perfume. Very good. Ri-
pens early in August.

Osborne.

Pro-

Origin, Economy, Ind.
ductive and a free grower.

Fruit medium, short pyri-
form, yellowish green, with nu-
merous gray dots. Stalk rather
long. Basin broad and shal-
low. Calyx partially closed.
Flesh white, juicy, brisk, vinous.
Hardly good. Middle of Sep
tember.

Osband's Summer.

Oswego Beurre.

Read's Seedling.

Raised by Walter Read, of Oswego, N. Y.
and productive. Young wood olive yellow.

Tree vigorous, hardy,

826 THE PEAR.

Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes inclining to conic, yellowish, green,
streaked and mottled with thin russet, but becomes a fine yellow. Stalk
rather short, inserted in a deep, round cavity. Calyx closed, set in an
even, shallow basin. Flesh buttery, juicy, melting, with vinous, aro-
matic flavor. Good to very good. October, November.

Oswego Incomparable.

Originated at Oswego, N. Y. Tree very vigorous.

Fruit rather large, obtuse obovate pyriform, yellow, slightly netted
and patched with russet, a tinge of crimson in the sun, and many russet
dots. Flesh whitish, juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. Sep-
tember.

Ott.

A seedling of the Seckel ; originated with Samuel Ott, Montgomery
Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, very productive. Young wood
reddish olive-brown.

Fruit small, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, partially netted
with russet, reddish on the sunny side. Stalk long and curved, insert-
ed in a slight depression. Calyx open, in a round, open basin. Flesh
melting, sugary, rich, perfumed, and aromatic. Ripe middle of August.
An excellent little pear, somewhat variable. Good to very good.

Ott's Seedling.

Originated by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, from seed of the Ott. Tree
moderately vigorous. Young wood reddish yellow brown.

Fruit small, globular obtuse pyriform, greenish, shaded with dull
crimson in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with green and light dots.
Stalk stout, inclined in a slight depression by the lip. Calyx small,
closed. Segments short. Flesh whitish, juicy, sweet, rich. Good to
very good. Last of August.

Owen.

Originated in the garden of John Owen, Cambridge, Mass. A fine
cooking Pear.

Fruit medium, roundish oval, dark green. Flesh tender, deli-
cious, finely colored. October to December. (Cole.)

Paddock.

Received of Chauncey Goodrich, of Burlington, Yt. Tree vigorous,
spreading.

Fruit rather below medium, oblong ovate pyriform, light yellow,
sometimes with a faint blush. Stalk medivim. Calyx in a rather
broad, shallow basin. Flesh fine-grained, melting, sweet, but not very
high flavor. Good. Ripe last of July.

Pailleau.

A Belgian Pear of good quality, but rather coarse-grained.
Fruit medium, turbinate, greenish yellow, with patches of russet.
Flesh jnicy, sweet. Good. Early in September.

THE PEAR.

827

Paradise d'Automne.

Calebasse Bosc.
Maria Nouvelle.
Princesse Marianne.
Faux Sprecievv.

False Spreciew.

Marianne.

Calebasse.

Calebasse Princesse Marianne.

A Belgian Pear, of uncertain origin. Tree very vigorous. Shoots
long and twisting, dull reddish brown, thickly sprinkled with very
conspicuous dots.

Fruit large, oblong obovate acute pyriform, yellow, mottled,
and often entirely overspread with bright cinnamon russet. Surface

Paradise d'Automue.

uneven. Stalk long, enlarged at both ends, and inserted without much
cavity, often by fleshy wrinkles or folds. Calyx open. Basin abrupt,
and surrounded by prominences. Flesh moderately fine, sometimes
slightly granular, juicy, melting, with a very rich vinous, aromatic
flavor. Very good. September, October.

Pardee's Seedling.

Raised by S. D. Pardee, New Haven, Conn. Tree vigorous, very
productive. Young shoots slender, grayish red brown.

828 THE PEAK.

Fi'uit small, roundish, greenish yellow, chiefly covered with russet.
Stalk medivim. Cavity lai^ge, deep. Calyx open. Basin furrowed.
Flesh coarse, granular, buttery, juicy, melting, vinous, slightly aromatic.
Good to veiy good. October.

Parfum d'Aout.
Perfumed. August Perfume.

An old sort, of little value.

Fruit small, pyriform, light yellow, deep red in the sun, with many
dark yellow dots. Flesh white, leather coarse, musky, juicy. Hardly
good. August.

Parfum de Pose.

A Belgian variety, of little value.

Fruit small, oblong ovate acute-pyi'iform, yellow, nearly covered
with light russet, and with numerous brown and gray dots. Flesh yel-
lowish, moderately juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant. October.

Parsonage.

Oi-igin, New Rochelle, N. Y. Tree a fine healthy gi'ower, produces
large crops of perfect fruit annually, making it, although not of first
quality, a profitable market sort. Young wood dull olive brown.

Fruit medium or large, obovate obtuse pyriform, often inclined,
orange yellow, rough, generally shaded with dull crimson, netted and
patched with I'usset, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk
short and thick, fleshy at its junction, inserted in a small cavity, russet-
ed. Calyx partially open, stiftj set in a shallow, slightly russeted ba-
sin. Flesh white, slightly coarse, somewhat granular, juicy, melting,
with a refreshing vinous flavor. Good. Pipe all of September.

Passans du Portugal.

Summer Portiigal. Poire Chenille.

Miller's Early. Chenille.

Butter of Michigan.

A delicate and pleasant Pear, which comes early into bearing, and
produces very large crojis. Shoots gi-ayish reddish brown.

Fruit small, roundish oblate, j^ale yellow, with a cheek of fairest
brown, becoming red in the sun. Stalk nearly an inch long, inserted in
a round, regular hollow. Calyx stift'. Basia moderately sunk. Flesh
white, juicy, breaking, of very delicate, agreeable flavor. CJood. Last
of August.

THE PEAR. 829

Passe Colmar,

Ananas d'Hiver. Gambier.

Passe Colmar Epineaux. Cellite.

Colmar Gris. Colmar Preule.

Passe Colmar Gris Pucelle Condesienne.

Beurre Colmar Gris, dit precel. Berg-entin.

Precel. Colmar Epineaux.

Fondante de Mods. Beurre Chapman.

Beurre d'Argenson. Chapman's.

Regintin. Colmar Bonnet.

Colmar Hardenpont. Passe Colmar Vineux.

Present de Malines. Colmar de Silly.

Marotte Sucree Jaune. Preul.

Souveraine d'Hiver. Imperatrice.

Colmar Souveraine. Souveraine.

The Passe Colmar is a Belgian Pear, raised by the Counsellor Har-
denpont. Vigorous growth, and abundant bearer. It grows indeed
almost too thriftily making long bending shoots, and owing to this over-
luxuriance the fruit is often second-rate on young trees, but on old trees,
with high cultivation, it is sometimes of the best qv;ality. It is a very
variable fruit, and often poor. The young shoots are of a dark olive
yellow brown.

Fruit rather large, varying considerably from obovate to obtuse
pyi'iform. Skin rather thick, yellowish gi-een, becoming yellow at
maturity, a good deal sprinkled with brown russet, especially around the
stalk and calyx. Stalk an inch and a half long, inserted in an obtuse,
nneven cavity, or sometimes without depression. Calyx open. Basin
shallow. Flesh yellowish white, buttery, and juicy, with a rich, swe^t,
aromatic flavor. Good to very good. December, January.

Passe-Colmar Musque.
Colmar Musque. Passe-Colmar Musque d'Automne.

Raised by Major Esperen of Malines.

Fruit medium size, varying from roundish oblate to roundish ovate
pyi'iform, gi'eenish yellow, netted and patched with russet, and thickly
sprinkled with green and brown dots. Stalk rather short. Calyx
small, partially closed. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh white, very but-
tery, juicy, melting, pleasant perfumed. Good. October.

Passe Crassane.
Surpasse Crassane. Neue Crassane.

Originated in France. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood
yellow olive brown.

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, yellow, with slight nettings and
patches of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long,
rather stout, inclined. Cavity medium. Calyx small and closed.
Basin abrupt, uneven. Flesh yellowish, gritty near the core, juicy,
melting, slightly vinous. Good. December, January.

Passe Tardive.

One of Major Esperen's seedlings.

Fruit medium, obovate acute pyriform. Surface uneven, pale yel-

830 THE PEAK.

low, tinge of i-ed in tlie sun, and thickly sprinkled with gray brown

dots. Stalk stout, fleshy at insertion, and without cavity. Calyx open.

Flesh white, juicy, breaking, sweet, pleasant. Good. January to
March.

Pater Noster.
Paul Thielens, erroneously.

An old variety, of which the origin appears unknown. It was in
Van Mons' catalogue in 1823.

Fruit large, variable in form, from obovate obtuse pyriform to irre-
gular obovate acute pyriform, greenish yellow, mottled and shaded in
sun with red, netted, patched, and dotted with russet brown. Stalk
stout, usually planted with a lip. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh white,
juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Good to very good. October, Novem-
ber.

Paul Ambre.

The origin of this Belgian variety is unknown.

Fruit medium, roundish or roundish oval, pale greenish yellow, often
shaded and mottled with crimson in the sun, sometimes netted with rus-
set, and thickly sprinkled with russet brown dots. Stalk medium, set
in a small cavity. Calyx large, open, with long, broad, recurved seg-
ments. Basin shallow, smooth. Flesh whitish, juicy, buttery, melting,
sweet. Good to very good. October.

Paul Thielens.

One of Van Mons' seedlings, first fruited in 1844. Tree vigorous
and productive. Young wood olive yellow brown.

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, pale yellow, slightly netted
and patched with russet, and sprinkled with russet dots, light shade of
crimson in the sun. Stalk medium length, pretty stout. Cavity broad,
irregular. Calyx small. Segments persistent. Basin small, abrupt,
uneven. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, melting, a little astringent.
Good. October.

Payenche.

Poire de Payency. Paquency.

De Perigord. Payenchi de Perigord.

Payenchi. Payency.

This Pear was first discovered in the village of Payenche, in 1830.
Tree a moderately vigorous grower and an early bearer.

Fruit medium size, oblong ovate pyriform, light yellow, with a rich
warm red cheek in the sun, mvich netted and specked with rough russet.
Stalk stout, curved, often a little inclined, and set with a scarcely per-
ceptible cavity. Calyx rather large, open. Basin small, abrupt. Flesh
yellowish white, a little coarse, melting, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic.
Good to very good. October.

THE fEAR. 831

Peach Peak.
Poire Peche. Peach. Pfirsichbirne.

A seedling of Esperen, of moderate growth and productive. Young
wood dull reddish brown.

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, netted and patched
with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk rather long,
curved, fleshy at insertion, by a lip. Calyx partially open. Basin small,
uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, brisk, vinous, sometimes astrin-
gent. Good. August.

Pemberton.
General Banks.

Originated with S. A. ShurtlefF, of Boston, Mass.

Fruit medium size, roundish, obtuse at the stem, nearly smooth,
yellowish green, shade of red in the sun, and dotted with gi-eenish
specks. Stalk short, stout. Calyx large, open. Basin shallow, ribbed.
Flesh yellowish white, fine, melting, jucy, with a rich bergamot aroma.
Early September. (Ho v. Mag.)

Penderson.

Raised by Samuel Penderson, of Xew Haven, Conn. Tree a great
bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow. Flesh white, crisp, half
melting, brisk, somewhat astringent. Good. October.

Pendleton's Early York.

Raised by Mrs. Jeremiah York, of Pendleton Hill, Conn. Tree mod-
erately vigorous, and very productive.

Fruit medium or below, obovate, varying to obtuse pyriform. Skin
yellow, sometimes with a faint blush, a few patches and traces of russet,
and many green and brown dots. Stalk inserted in a moderate cavity.
Calyx, open. Basin irregular. Flesh white, not melting, sweet, slightly
perfumed. Good. Ripens last of July.

Pengethly.

One of Mr. Knight's seedlings.

Fruit medium, inclining to oval. Stalk long, rather slender. Calyx
large. Segments quite long and narrow. Skin light green, thickly
sprinkled with dark dots, yellowish on the side of the sun, sometimes
a red cheek. Flesh somewhat coarse, but juicy, sweet, and good.
February, March. (Robert Manning's MS.)

Penn.

Fraser or Butter Pear. Railroad Fuss.

A variety originated in Bordentown, N. J., near the old Penn
Manor, hence the name. Tree vigorous, upright, an annual bearer.

Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes roundish oblate, pale lemon

832 THE PEAR.

yellow, thickly sprinkled with small grayish and russet dots, and some-
times a few patches and dots of russet around the calyx. Stalk rather
stout, enlarged at insertion. Cavity slight, uneven. Calyx open. Seg-
ments short, erect. Basin slightly furrowed. Flesh white, a little
coarse, jucy, melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly aromatic. Good to very
good. October.

Pennsylvania.
Smith's Pennsylvania.

The Pennsylvania is a seedling originated by J. B. Smith, Esq., of
Philadelphia, a well-known amateur.

Fruit of medium size, roundish obovate, brown russet, nearly cover-
ing a dull yellow ground, and becoming russet red on the sunny side.
Flesh yellowish white, not very fine-grained, juicy, half melting,
sweet, perfumed, musky flavor. Hardly good. Middle and last of
September.

Perpetual.

Origin, Long Island, K. Y. Tree vigorovis.

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, slight tinge
of red in the sun. Flesh whitish, firm, moderately juicy. A good cook-
ing Pear. Keeping to May.

Peters.

Raised in 1848, by Rev. Absalom Peters, of Williamstown, Mass.
Tree vigorous grower, and an annual abundant bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow,
shaded with brownish red in the sun. Flesh white, coarse, moderately
juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. August.

Petre.

An American Pear. The original tree is growing in that interesting
place, the old Bartram Botanic Garden, near Philadelphia. The tree is
not a rapid grower, but produces very regiilar and abundant ci'ops;
Young wood slender, yellowish brown.

Fruit of medium size, or rather large obovate, pale yellow, some-
times marked with greenish I'usset, and spi-inkled with russet about the
eye. Stalk stiff and strong, about an inch long, stout at the lower end,
and set in a peculiar, abruptly flattened cavity. Calyx small, set in a
narrow but smooth basin. Flesh whitish, fine-gx-ained, buttery, and
very melting, with a perfumed, slightly musky, high flavor. Good to
very good. October.

Philadelphia.
Latch. Orange Bergamot, erroneously.

Origin, near Philadelphia. Tree healthy, vigorous. Young shoots
light yellowish brown, productive. Fruit sometimes cracks.

Fruit large, roundish obtuse pyriform, yellow, thickly sprinkled with
green or gray dots, sometimes netted with russet. Stalk of medium

THE PEAR. 833

length, stout at its insertion, in an abrupt cavity. Calyx open, set in a
broad, uneven basin. Flesh coarse, juicy, buttery, melting, with a sugary-
flavor, slightly perfumed. Good. September.

Philippe Goes.

A Belgian variety, much resembling Baronne de Mello. Tree vigo-
rous and productive. Young wood dark olive brown.

Fruit small to medium, roundish acute pyriform, yellow, covered
with brownish russet. Stalk long, curved, fleshy at insei'tion. Calyx
small, partially closed. Basin small. Flesh whitish, melting, juicy,
vinous, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. September.

PiCCIOLA.

Of Belgian origin. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. Young
wood reddish yellow brown.

Fi'uit small, roundish oblate, gi'eenish yellow, sometimes a slight
blush in svm, and traces of russet. Stalk long, curved, set in a cavity
somewhat furrowed. Calyx small, open, with short, erect segments.
Flesh whitish, very juicy, melting, with a vinous flavoi*. Good to very
good, September.

Pie IX.

A Belgian Pear, quite variable in quality, but almost always smooth
and handsome. Tree vigorous. Young wood olive yellow brown.

Fruit above medium, roundish acute pyriform, slightly inclined, yel-
low, netted and patched with rvisset, especially at each end, and thickly
sprinkled Avith russet dots. Stalk stout, joined insensibly as it were to
the fruit. Calyx open. Segments short, persistent. Basin broad,
shallow. Flesh Avhite, a little firm, juicy, melting, brisk, vinous. Good
to very good. September, October.

Pinneo.

Boston. Early Denzelona,

Graves. Hebron,

Silliman's Russet. Lebanon.

Summer Virgalieu.

An old American variety, said to have originated in Columbia, Tol-
land Co., Conn. Tree a moderately vigorous grower, a good bearer.
Young wood light reddish brown.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, slightly pyriform, pale yellow,
netted, patched, and dotted with russet, and often a warm red cheek
in sun. Stalk rather long, nearly straight, sometimes curved. Cavity
medium or small. Calyx partially open. Basin broad. Flesh white,
fine, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. Last of August.

PiTMASTON DUCHESSE D'AnGOUL^ME.

This is the unfortunate name given to a Pear raised by John Wil-
liams, of Pitmaston, England. Tree vigoi'ous.

Fruit very large, oblong obovate, yellow, with light russet near
the stalk. Flesh yellowish white, melting, buttery, juicy. October,
"November. (Gard. Chron,)

53

834 THE PEAR.

Pitt's Prolific.

Pitt's Surpasse Marie. Surpass Maria Louise, incorrectly.

An English fruit of medium size, oblong pyriform. Skin yellow, a
little russeted. Flesh juicy, soft, sweet, rather coarse, and of indiffer-
ent quality. September.

Plantagenet.

A new Belgian Pear. Young wood reddish yellow brown.

Fruit medium, pyriform, greenish yellow, netted, patched, and dot-
ted with russet. Stalk long, slender, set in slight cavity, with a lip.
Calyx open. Segments partially recurved. Flesh whitish, juicy, melt-
ing. Good to very good. November.

Platt.
Piatt's Seedling.

Origin on the farm of the late Thomas Tredwell, Beekmantown,
Clinton Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, hardy, and productive. Young
wood gi-ayish reddish brown, with many specks.

Fruit medium, roundish, in-egular oblate, pale yellow, netted and
patched with russet and sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk medium.
Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, buttery, half melting, plea-
sant. Good. October.

Pocahontas.

Origin, Quincy, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood olive
brown.

Fruit below medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, netted, patched, and
dotted with russet, sometimes shaded in the sun with bright crimson.
Stalk rather long, stout, set without cavity by a lip. Calyx open.
Basin small, slightly russeted. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet,
slightly musky, pleasant. Good to very good. September.

POLLAN.

A Pennsylvania Pear.

Fi-uit below medium, nearly globular, greenish yellow, with a shade
of brown in the sun. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, moderately juicy,
vinous, pleasant. Good. August.

Pope's Quaker.

Origin, Long Island, N. Y.

Fiuit very fair, middle-sized, oblong pyriform, smooth, yellow rus-
set, juicy, melting, and pleasant. Hardly good. October.

Pope's Scarlet Major.

Origin, Long Island, N. Y.

Fruit rather large, obovate, yellow, with a bright red cheek. Flesh
wliite, breaking, and rather dry. Poor. Last of August.

THE PEAR. 835

Pound.

Uvedale's St. Germain. Bolivar d'Hiver.

Winter Bell. • Comtesse de Terweuren.

Bretagne le Cour. Duchesse de Berry d'Hiver.

Belle Angevine. Gros fin or long d'Hiver.

Belle de Jersey. Union.

Du Tonneau. Grosse de Bruxelles.

Royal d'Angleterre. La Quintinye.

Beaute de Tervueren. Grosse Dame Jeanne.

Pickering Pear. Louise Bonne d'Hiver.

Lent St. Germain. Bellissime d'Hiver, du Bur.

Cordelier. Abbe Mongein.

Anderson. Chamber's Large.

Angora ? Dr. Udales Warden.

D'Horticulture. German Baker.

Berthebirn. Pickering's Warden,

Bolivar. Piper.
Faux-Bolivar.

The Pound, or Winter Bell Pear, valued only for cooking, is an
abundant bearer, and a profitable orchard crop. The trees are strong
and healthy, with very stout, upright, dark-colored wood.

Fruit large, pyriform, swollen at the crown, and nai-rowing gradually
to a point at the insei-tion of the stalk. Skiii yellowish green, with a
brown cheek (yellow and red when long kept), and sprinkled with
numerov;s brown russet dots. Stalk two inches or more long, stout,
bent. Calyx crumpled, set in a narrow, slight basin. Flesh firm and
solid, stews red, and is excellent baked or preserved.

Prairie du Pond.

Introduced by A. H. Ernst.

Fruit small, nearly globular, greenish yellow, with many brovm and
green dots. Flesh whitish, moderately jviicy, half melting, vinous,
astringent. Poor. September

Pratt.

A native of Rhode Island. Tree a vigorous upright gi'ower, very
productive. Young wood olive brown.

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, shaded with
crimson, and sprinkled with numerous russet and conspicuous dots, fre-
quently patched and netted with russet. Stalk long, slender, curved,
inserted in a regular cavity. Calyx open, set in a broad, shallow basin.
Flesh white, juicy, melting, briskly vinous, and saccharine, variable,
but when in perfection of great excellence. Good to very good.
Ripens last of September,

Precilly.

A Belgian Pear. Tree very vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium to large, obovate acute pyriform, greenish yellow,
netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with brown dots.
Flesh yellowish white, coarse, juicy, breaking. Good for cooking. Oc-
tober.

836 THE PEAR.

Pr^mices de Wagelwater.

Fruit below medium, roundish obovate pyi-iform. Sides unequal.
Skin yellow, a few traces of russet, and thickly sprinkled with brown
dots. Stalk long. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, very
sweet. Good to very good. October.

President.

Raised by Dr. S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass., and first described in
the New England Farmer^ 1862.

Fruit very large, roundish obovate, somewhat irregular. Skin
slightly rough, gi-eeuish yellow, pale red in the sun, considerable of russet
next the base of stalk, and traces of russet and conspicuous russet dots
over all. Stalk short, rather stout. Calyx medium, with short, stiff,
closed segments. Basin medium. Flesh yellowish white, rather coarse,
juicy, slightly vinous. Good. Early November.

President Felton.

Originated with Dr. W. D. Brinckle. Tree moderately vigorous.
Young wood olive yellow brown.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with a crimson cheek
in sun, nettings, traces of rvisset, and many brown and gray dots. Stalk
short. Calyx oiien. Flesh fine, juicy, yellowish, half melting, slightly
vinous, sweet. Good. October.

President Mas.

A new Belgian variety.

Fruit large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow,
with some patches and traces of russet. Flesh yellowish white, fine,
juicy, melting, buttery, sweet. December, January. (Transom's Cat.)

Prevost.
Poire Prevost.

A French Pear. Tree vigorous, very productive. Young wood
stout, olive yellow brown.

Fruit medium size, obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, with a
tinge of red in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with minute brown dots.
Stalk medium length, moderately stout. Calyx open. Flesh white, a
little coarse, juicy, breaking, sweet, and pleasant. Good. February.

Prince Albert.

One of Van Mons' late seedlings. Tree very vigorous. Young
wood olive yellow brown.

Frl^it rather large, oblong obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, some-
times brownish yellow in the sun, nettings and patches of russet. Calyx

THE PEAR. 837

open. Flesh yellowish, juicy, valuable as a cooking pear. Decem-
ber to March.

Prince de Joinville.

A Belgian Peai', first fruited in 1848,

Fruit medium, roundish, gi-eenish yellow, with a red cheek in sun,
and more or less of shades and patches of fawn russet. Stalk slender.
Cavity medium. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yellowish white, half fine,
melting, juicy, vinous, sweet, with a peculiar perfume. November.
(Alb. Pom.)

Prince Imperial de France.

One of M. Gregoire's seedlings. Tree vigorous, irregular spreading,
productive.

Fruit large, obovate ovate pyriform. Skin clear warm greenish yel-
low, becoming golden or bi'ownish in sun, with small patches and dots
of fawn russet. Stalk medium. Cavity deep, acute, furrowed. Flesh
white, slightly tinged with rose, melting, juicy, sweet, with an agreeable
perfume. October. (An. Pom.)

Prince Napoleon.

Inti'oduced by M. Boisbunel, Rouen, France. Tree moderately vigo-
rous and very productive. Young wood dull brown, slightly reddish.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly ])yriform, dull greenish, much
shaded with thin brown r\isset, and russet patches. Stalk short, stout.
Flesh greenish white, fine, juicy, sweet, pex'fumed. December. (Verg.)

Prince's Harvest.

Raised by William Prince, of Flushing, Long Island, N. Y. Tree
vigorous, upright, and productive. Young wood reddish yellow brown.

Fruit small, ovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, rarely a brownish
blush, red cheek in sxin, sprinkled with brown dots, and sometimes
patched with russet. Stalk medium, fleshy at insertion, by a large lip
and rings. Calyx open. Flesh white, firm, breaking, moderately juicy,
sweet, slightly musky. Good. Last of July.

Prince's Pear.
Poire de Prince. Cher Adame. Chair a Dame,

An old variety, of unkno-wn origin, and of little value.

Fruit small, pyrifoim, roundish, greenish yellow, mostly covered
with dull reddish russet, with some gray specks. Flesh crisp, sweet,
juicy. Last of August.

Prince's St. Germain.
Brown St. Germain. New St. Germain.

Originated with William Prince, Flushing, Long Island. Tree a

838 THE PEAR.

moderately vigorous grower, and an abundant bearer of fruit, in quality
very good, and possessing a good keeping character. Young wood dull
reddish brown.

Fruit of medium size, obovate, inclining to oval pyriform. Skin
nearly covered with brownish russet over a green ground, and becoming

Prince's St. Germain.

dull red next the sun. Stalk an inch or more long, a little curved, and
placed in a medium uneven cavity. Calyx large, open, firm, and
nearly without divisions, set in a smooth, nearly flat basin. Flesh yel-
lowish white, juicy, melting, with a sweet, somewhat vinous, and very
agreeable flavor. Very good. November to March.

Princess Charlotte.

Raised by Major Esperen. A vigorous tree, productive. Young
wood dull yellow brown.

Fruit medium, oblate pyriform. Color greenish. Stalk stout and
long in a slight cavity. Basin broad and shallow. Flesh yellowish pink
ish at centre, melting, juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good. November.

Princess Mabia.
One of Van Mons' seedlings.

THE PEAR. 839

Fruit medium or below, ovate obovate pyrifoi-m. Skin yellow,
considerably covered with rough dull russet, and thickly sprinkled with
dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, rather
coarse, juicy, melting, vinous, aromatic. Good. September.

Princess op Orange.
Princesse d'Orange. Princesse Conquete.

A Flemish variety, raised by the Count Coloma, in 1802.

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin cinnamon russet in the shade, bright
reddish russet in the sun. Flesh pale yellowish white, crisp, juicy, astrin-
gent. Poor. October and November.

Professeur Hennau.

A new Flemish Pear. Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit medium or above, ovate pyriform. Skin yellowish, mostly
covered with warm reddish brown in sun, and dotted with numerous
small and large dots. Stalk very short, inserted, inclined, with a ring
or lip. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, sweet. December. (An.
Pom.)

PULSIFER.

Raised by Dr. John Pulsifer, of Hennepin, 111. An upright and
vigorous grower. Young wood light yellow brown.

Fruit small, obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, slightly netted
and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet brown dots,
sometimes shaded with crimson in the sun. Stalk medium. Cavity
small. Calyx partially open. Basin small, uneven. Flesh whitish, a
little coarse, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Good. August.

Puvis St. Germain.
Saint-Germain-Puvis.

A French Pear, as yet little known in this country.

Fruit large, oblong obovate acute pyriform, dull green or greenish
yellow, with nettings, patches, and specks of dull russet. Stalk stout,
curved, set vdth. a knob or lip. Flesh greenish white, fine, half melting,
juicy, vinous, sweet. September. (Verg.)

Queen of the Low Countries.
Eeine des Pays Bas.

A see'dling of Yan Mons'.

Fruit large, often very large, broad acute pyriform. Skin in tho
shade dull yellow, dotted and russeted around the eye, and overspread
with fine dark red on the side next the sun. Flesh white, buttery, melt-
ing, and juicy, with a rich, subacid, vinous flavor. Yariable, sometimes
poor. Early in October.

840 THE PEAR.

QUILLETETTE.

An odd-looking, late autumn fruit, received from Van Mons.

Fruit nearly of medium size, roundish, a little flattened. Skin green-
ish, nearly covered with dull iron-colored russet. The flesh is white,
buttery, and melting, sweet and perfumed. Scarcely good. November.

QUINN.

Knight's Seedling.

This variety was imported by Prof. Mapes, and the name being lost
when the fruit was shown before the American Institute Farmers' Club,
it was newly christened as above.

The fruit is below medium size, acute pyriform. Skin inclined to
golden russet. Flesh juicy. Good. January. (Hort.)

E-ALLAY.

An old variety, of unknown origin.

Fruit small to medium, globular acute pyriform. Skin roixgh, dull
yellow, dull reddish cheek, and over all spots of russet. Flesh yel-
lowish white, breaking, juicy, gritty. Good. November, December.
(Elliott.)

Rapelje.

Iiitroduced by Professor Stevens, Astoria, Long Island. Tree vigo-
rous and pi'oductive.

Fruit medium, obovate, sometimes obtuse, and sometimes acute pyri-
form. Skin yellowish, covered with ' cinnamon russet. Stalk long,
rather thick, generally inserted by a lip. Calyx large and open, set in a
very shallow basin. Flesh whitish, somewhat granular, juicy, and melt-
ing, with a sweet, vinous, aromatic flavor. Variable, sometimes poor.
September.

Ravenswood.

Origin, Ravenswood, Long Island. Tree a vigorous grower, with
grayish olive brown, young shoots.

Fruit small, obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, sometimes a tinge
of red in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with green dots. Stalk short.
Calyx partially closed, with persistent segments. Flesh whitish, slight-
ly coarse, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Good to very good. Early
August.

Raymond.

The Raymond is a native of Maine, and originated on the farm of
Dr. I. Wright, in the town of this name. Tree of slow growth. Young
shoots slender.

Fruit of medium size, obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, marked with
russet near the stalk, and tinged with a little red towards the sun, and
thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk an inch or more long, inserted
with little or no depression. Calyx round, firm, open, set in a shal-
low basin. Flesh white, buttery, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic.
Good to very good. September.

THE PEAR. 841

Reading.

Ori^ated in Oley Township, Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous and
productive. Young wood dull brown grayish, with conspicuous appa-
rently rough dots.

Fruit medium to large, obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, thickly dot-
ted with brown and gray dots and sprinkled with russet. Stalk long,
curved, enlarged and ribbed at its insertion, generally in a depression.
Calyx open. Segments strong, in an exceedingly shallow basin. Flesh
whitish, granular, melting, with a brisk, vinous flavor. Good. January
to March.

Red Bergamot.

Bergamotte Kouge. Du Colombier.

Bergamotte Musque. De Sicile Musquee.

De Sicile. Crassane d'tite.

Petit Muscat d'Automne. Bergamotte Doree.

A very old Pear, of little value.

Fruit below medium, roundish, sometimes obovate acute pyriform,
pale yellow, mostly overspread with dull red in sun. Flesh soft, melt-
ing, juicy, sweet. September.

Red Garden.

Raised by Josiah Youngken, of Richlandtown, Pa. Tree a good
grower and bearer.

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, pale yellow, shaded and mottled
with a few crimson dots in sun, netted and patched with russet, and
thickly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk rather long, slender. Calyx
partially open. Segments short. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy,
melting, sweet, pleasant. Good or very good. September.

Regine.

One of Van Mons' seedlings.

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, with slight
nettings of russet, and thickly sprinkled with green and brown dots.
Stalk long, inclined. Calyx open. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet,
pleasant. Good. September.

Reine Caroline.

A European Pear, only fit for cooking.

Fruit of medium size, narrow pyriform. Skin yellow, with a
brownish red cheek. Flesh white, crisp, rather dry and indifferent in
quality. November.

Reine d'Hiver.

Fruit small, roundish oblate. Skin yellow, with a brownish tinge
in sun, and nettings, patches, and dots of russet. Flesh yellowish, juicy,
melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. November.

842 THE PEAR.

Reine des Poires.

A French Pear, of poor quality.

Fruit medium or above, obovate pp-iform. Skin pale yello-w, shaded
and mottled with crimson in the sun. Flesh white, coarse, breaking,
notjviicy. Scarcely good except for cooking. October.

Peine Victoria.

Supposed a seedling of Van Mons'.

Fruit medium, obovate acute pyriform, greenish yellow, with shades
and. patches of fawn. Flesh white, tinted with rose, fine, melting, juicy,
sweet. December. (Alb. Pom.)

Retour de Rome.

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous. Young wood reddish
brown, with oblong white specks.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate acute pyriform. Skin yellowish,
blotched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russ'^t dots. Stalk
short, and stout at its insertion in a small inclined cavity. Calyx
partially closed, in a round narrow basin. Flesh whitish, coarse,
granular, melting, juicy, with a rich vinous flavor, slightly astringent.
Good. September.

Reynaer Beernaert.

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous.

Fruit medium, roundish pyi'iform. Skin golden yellow, dotted with
red. Flesh melting, juicy, sweet. December. (Soc. V. M.)

Richards.

Origin, Wilmington, Del. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood
olive brown.

Fruit medium, obovate acute pyriform. Skin yellow, with nu-
merous small russet dots, and traces and patches of russet. Stalk of
medium length, curved, inserted by a fleshy ring in a slight depression.
Calyx partially closed. Basin very small. Flesh buttery, melting,
gianulated, with a sweet, pleasant, vinous flavor. Good. Ripens first
of October.

Ridelle's.
Poire Eitelle.

Tree of moderate vigor, productive.

Fruit medium, oblate turbinate, remotely pyriform. Skin yellow,
covered nearly all over with bright red. Stalk short. Calyx open.
Flesh not very fine, rather juicy, not melting or delicate in flavor.
Scarcely good. September.

THE PEAR. 843

EiVERs' Winter Beurr6.
Winter Beurre (Rivers).

Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Tree modei-ately vigorous,
spreading, an eai'ly and abundant bearer. Young wood dull yellow
brown.

Fruit medium, roundish elongated pyriform. Skin greenish, rough,
spotted, netted, and patched with russet. Stalk stout, curved, inclined at
its insertion. Calyx partially closed, set in a shallow irregular basin.
Flesh white, fine-grained, gritty at core, melting, buttery, vinous or sub-
acid. Good. January, February.

Roe's Bergamot.

Raised by William Roe, Newburgh, X. Y. Tree moderately vigo-
rous, very productive. Young wood reddish yellow brown.

Fruit medium, oblate or Bergamotte-shaped. Skin smooth, yellow,
with minute yellow dots in the shade, mottled and clouded with red
on the sunny side. Stalk short, inserted in a narrow, abrupt cavity.
Calyx small, with short stiff segments, set in a narrow basin. Flesh
rather coarse, melting, with a sweet, rich, brisk, well-perfumed flavor.
The flavor of this excellent new Pear is extremely like Gansel's Ber-
gamotte, but much more sugary. Good to veiy good. September.

Roi d'^^te.

Gros Rousselet. Large Rousselet.

Great Rousselet. The Rousselet.

Russelet. King of Summer.

An old variety, of little value.

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, pale green, dull red in the sun,
with numerous gray russety specks. Flesh half buttery, melting,
agi'eeable subacid. Last of August. (Lind.)

Roi de Rome.

This variety was found in a province of Hainault, Belgium, by M.
I'Abbe Du^quesnes, and first fruited in 1810. Under the name of Roi de
Rome, the Napoleon has been repeatedly received in this country, but, as
described in the Annals of Pomology, is entirely a distinct fruit.

Fruit very large, regular, oblong ovate pyriform. Skin clear yellow,
marbled with crimson in the sun, specked with russet, and dotted with
many small gray dots. Stalk short, set with little or no cavity, but
surrounded Avith slight furrows. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, melt-
ing, juicy, sweet, agi-eeable. October, November.

Roitelet.

A Flemish Pear.

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, netted, shaded, and sprinkled with
russet. Flesh whitish, half melting, juicy, sweet. Good. September.

844

THK PEAK.

ROKEBY.

Raised by M, Bivort, Belgiiun. Tree vigorous, very prolific.
Young wood dark olive brown, with narrow oblong white specks.

Fruit below medium, obovate pyriform. Skin yellowish, sometimes
a tinge of red in the sun, netted, patched, and dotted with russet. Stalk
short. Cavity shallow. Calyx open. Flesh white, half melting, vi-
nous, astringent. Poor. Early September,

RONDELET.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate. Skin greenish yellow, shaded
with brown russet, tinged with red in the sun, and speckled with large
gray dots. Stalk an inch long, inserted in a narrow cavity. Flesh fine-
grained, buttery, melting, juicy, rich, sweet, with a musky perfume.
November. (Hogg.)

RONVILLE.

Martin Sire (incorrectly).
Lord Martin Pear.

Hocrenaille.
Poire de Bunville.

An old Belgian Pear, of little
value.

Fruit medium to large, ovate,
yellowish green, russeted at end,
dotted with gray russet specks.
Flesh white, breaking, gritty at
core, sweet, pleasant. October.
(Prince.)

Ropes.

Origin, garden of Mr. Ropes,
Salem, Mass.

Frviit medium, ovate obovate.
Color cinnamon russet, slightly
tinged with red on the sunny side.
Stem short, in an inclined cavity.
Calyx small, open. Basin shallow.
Flesh whitish, coarse, melting, and
juicy, sugary, and good, with a
perfume. Good. October, No-
vember.

ROSLYN.

Found on the place of "W. C.
Bryant, of Roslyn, Long Island.
Tree vigorous. Young wood red-
dish yellow brown.

Fruit medium, nearly globular.

Skin yellow, netted, patched, and

dotted with russet. Stalk long.

Rostiezer. ^alyx partially closed. Flesh

whitish, juicy, melting, slightly

vinous. Good or very good. Last of Avigust.

THE PEAK. 845

ROSTIEZER.

A foreign variety, which is scarcely medium in size and has not
generally much beauty of color, yet combines an assemblage of excel-
lences that places it in the rank before any other of its season. The
young trees produce but few shoots of strong growth, and require severe
shortening to bring them into a fine symmetric form. The color of
the young wood is dark olive brown. It is healthy and vigorous in
its habit, an early and most profuse bearer, and in flavor is only
equalled by the Seckel, which ripens six weeks later.

Fruit medium or below, obovate oblong pyriform. Skin dull yel-
low green, mixed with reddish brown on the sunny side. Stalk long
and slender, curved, and inserted with very little depression. Calyx
open, persistent. Basin small and corrugated. Flesh juicy, melting,
somewhat buttery, exceedingly sugary, vinous, aromatic, and pleasantly
perfumed. Best. Middle of August to middle of September.

EoussE Lench.

Fruit large, oblong oval. Skin lemon yellow, with a slightly rus-
seted covering. Flesh yellow, buttery, juicy, sugary, pretty well fla-
vored. January, February. (Hogg.)

ROUSSELET AeLENS.

A Belgian Peai* of medium size, obovate acute pyriform, yellow,
with shade of red in sun, patches of russet, and dots of grayish red.
Stalk inserted without cavity. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, melting,
juicy, sweet, perfumed. (An. Pom.)

RoUSSELET BlVORT.

A Belgian Pear, raised from seed of the Simon Bouvier in 1840.

Fruit medium, ovate obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, slightly
netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk
rather long, with a fleshy fold at insertion. Calyx partially open.
Basin small, furrowed. Flesh yellowish, fine, juicy, buttery, melting,
sweet. Good to very good. November.

RoUSSELET DeCOSTER.
Rousselet de Coster. Decoster's Russelet.

A seedling of Van Mons', dedicated to M. Decoster, of Louvain.
Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood dull reddish brown.

Fruit small, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin pale gi-eenish yellow,
patched and blotched with russet, especially around the stalk and
calyx, thickly sprinkled with russet dots, and sometimes a brownish
cheek in sun. Stalk rather long. Cavity small. Calyx open. Seg-
ments stiff". Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh coarse, yellowish, juicy,
melting, slightly vinous, aromatic. Good. September.

Rousselet de Janvier.

Of Belgian origin.

Fruit small, obovate pyriform. Skin yellowish. Flesh fine, half
melting, buttery, perfumed. January. (Soc. V. M.)

846 THE PEAR.

E.OUSSELET DE JoNGHE.

Fruit small, curved obovate, uneven and irregular in its outline.
Skin smooth lemon color. Calyx very large, open. Flesh yellow, fine-
grained, firm, melting, juicy, rich, sugary. November, December.

(Hogg.)

ROUSSELET DE RhEIMS.

Rousselet. Rousselet Musque.

Petit Rousselet. Late Catherine

Spice o^ Musk Pear. Autumn Catherine.

This French Pear, originally from Rheims, is supposed to have been
the parent of our Seckel. There is a pretty strong resemblance in the
color, form, and flavor of the two fruits, but the Seckel is much the
most delicious. The growth is quite diflferent, and this Pear has re-
markably long and thrifty dark brown shoots. It is sugary, and with a
peculiarly aromatic, sjjicy flavor, and if it were only buttery and melt-
ing, would be a first-rate fruit.

Fruit small, obovate, inclining to pyriform. Skin yellowish green,
with brownish red and russefcy specks. Flesh breaking or half buttery,
with a sweet, rich, aromatic flavor. Ripe at the beginning of Septem-
ber, subject to rot at the core.

Rousselet Enfant Prodigue.
Nectarine ? Enfant Prodigue,

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, pyriform. Skin thick and rough, green, covered
with russet, sometimes with a sunny cheek. Stalk of medium length,
in an inclined cavity. Calyx large. Basin shallow. Flesh yellowish,
juicy, granular, with a vinous flavor, highly perfumed with musk. Good,
October, November.

Rousselet Esperen,
Rousselet Double.

Tree very vigorous, and very productive.

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, with reddish gray
and white dots, and covered with russet around calyx and stalk. Flesh
whitish, half fine, half melting, juicy, sugary, vinous, and perfumed.
Good, September.

Rousselet Hatif.

Early Catharine. Early Rousselet.

Kattem. Perdreau.

Cyprus Pear. Poire de Chypre.

The Rousselet Hatif is productive, with long slender branches, of
dark dull reddish brown color.

Fruit rather small, acute pyriform. Skin, when fully ripe, yellow,
with a brownish-red check. Flesh a little coarse-grained, sweet, plea-
sant, and slightly perfumed. Ripens the middle of August, Apt to
rot at the core.

THE PEAR. 847

RoussELET St. Nicholas.

A Belgian Pear, so far as we have seen it, of little value.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded with crimson
in the sun, netted, patched, and dotted with russet. Flesh whitish,
juicy, melting, sweet, vinous. November.

RoussELET Stuttgart.

Poire de Stuttgard. Chevriers de Stuttgardt.

Stuttgarter Geishirtel. Bellisime de Provence.

Originated in the environs of Stuttgardt in 1779. Tree a vigorous,
upright, healthy grower, and a good bearer. Young wood reddish
purple.

Fruit below medium, pyi'iform. Skin greenish yellow, netted and
patched with russet, and sprinkled with russet and gi'een dots, brownish
crimson in the sun. Stalk rather long, curved, enlarged at its insertion,
generally without depression. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh
rather coarse, juicy, half melting, with a sweet, rich flavor, spicy aroma.
Ripe last of August.

RoussELET YaNDERWECKEN.

Raised by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, Belgium. A pyramidal tree
of medium vigor, but very productive.

Fruit small, varying in form fi'om Doyenne to Bergamotte. Skin
yellow at time of maturity. Flesh white, fine, melting, juice abundant,
sugary, and strongly aromatic, like that of the Rousselet. Fruit quite
of first quality, and ripe first of November. (An. Pom.)

ROUSSELINE,
Russelin.

An old variety, now superseded by larger and better Pears.

Fruit small, nearly globular. Pale yellow, shaded with red in sun,
and sprinkled with many russet dots. Flesh white, melting, sweet,
musky. Good. November.

ROUSSELON.

Raised by Major Esperen in 1846, and figured and described by L,
E. Berckmans in 1851. Tree of medium vigor, grows well as a pyramid.

Fruit medium, shaped like a Doyenne. Skin citron yellow at matu-
rity, dotted with russet, and highly colored on the side of the sun. Flesh
fine, half melting, sufiiciently juicy, sugary, vinous, with an agreeable
perfume. February. (An. Pom.)

Royal.
Peck's Seedling.

A seedling raised by Thomas R. Peck, Waterloo, N. Y. Tree a vigo-
rous grower, productive. Young wood yellow brown.

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin yellow, mostly covered with
thin crimson russet, and a shade of crimson in the sun, sprinkled with

848

THE PEAR.

brown and russet dots. Stalk medium. Cavitj' small. Calyx partially
closed. Segments short. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet. sUghtly
aromatic. Good to very good. September.

Winter Eoyal.

ROYALE d'HiVER.
Royal Winter.

Spina di Carpi

An old vai-iety, of unknown origin.

Fruit rather large, obovate pyriform, or nearly pyriform. Skin yel-
low, with fine red in the sun, marbled with numerous brown specks and
dots. Flesh yellowish, half buttery, melting, juicy, sweet, well flav^ored.
December to February. (Lind.)

RUTTER.

Raised by John Rutter, of Westchester, Pa. Tree a moderate
grower, a good bearer, with young wood of a dull oKve yellow brown
color.

Fruit medium to large, nearly globular, remotely pyriform. Skin
rough, greenish yellow, sprinkled and netted with russet, and numerous
russet dots. Stalk large, long, and woody. Cavity small. Calyx

THE PEAR. 849

small, closed. Segments narrow, nearly erect. Basin ratlier small, un-
even. Flesh white, modei-ately juicy, half fine, somewhat gi'itty, nearly
melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Very good. October, November.

Sacandaga.
Van Vranken. Sacandaga SeckeL

Found on the farm of Wm. Van Vranken, Edinburgh, Saratoga Co.,
N. Y. Tree an upright moderate grower. Young wood rich warm
brown.

Fruit small, neai-ly globular. Skin pale greenish yellow, shaded
with bro'wnish crimson, and netted and dotted with russet. Stalk
medium. Cavity small. Calyx open. Segments rather long, erect.
Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, a little perfumed. Good to
very good. September.

Saint Andre.

Imported by Mr. Manning, from the Brothers Baumann, of Bolwyl-
ler. Wood often cracks and cancers.

Fruit medium, obovate. Skin light greenish yellow, somewhat dot-
ted with red. Flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, and good.
Early in September.

Saint Crispin.

A seedling raised by Israel Bxiffum, of Lynn, Mass. Tree a strong
grower, and an abundant bearer. Young wood yellow brown grayish.

Fruit large, irregular in outline, generally oblong obovate pyriform.
Skin a little rough. Surface uneven, greenish yellow, with tinge of red in
sun, and russet patches. Stalk rather long. Calyx large, closed. Flesh
yellowish white, a little coarse, melting, juicy, subacid. October.
(Hov. Mag.)

Saint Denis.

Tree vigorous, with long dark reddish branches.

Fruit small, turbinate angular. Skin yellowish, considerably shaded
with crimson, thickly sprinkled with crimson dots. Stalk long. Calyx
open ; broad, shallow, uneven basin. Flesh breaking, a little coarse,
sweet, and aromatic, rots at the core unless gathered early. Last of
August.

Saint Dorothee.
Royale Nouvelle.

Of foreign origin. Tree vigorous. Young wood grayish brown.

Fruit rather large, oblong obovate jiyriform. Skin greenish yellow,
netted and patched -svdth russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots.
Stalk long, ciu-ved, inserted by a fleshy lip in a small cavity. Calyx
open. Segments rather large, recurved, set in a rather abrupt basin.
Flesh whitish, fine, juicy, melting, with a sugary, vinous, peculiarly pei'-
fumed flavor. Good to very good. October.

51

850 THE PEAR.

Saint Germain.

St. Germain Gris. Saint Germain blanc.

Jaune. Arteloire.

Inconnue la Fare. Richmond.

Lafare. Saint Germain brun.

St. Germain Dore. vert.

Franklin. d'Hiver.

Hermansbime.

This is a well-known old French variety. The tree is rather a slow
grower, with a dense head of foliage. The wood slender, and light olive
colored.

Fruit large, pyriform, tapering regularly from the crown to the stalk.
Skin yellowish green, marked with brownish specks on the sunny side,
and tinged with a little brown when ripe. Stalk an inch long, strong,
planted obliquely by the side of a small fleshy swelling. Calyx open,
set in a shallow basin. Flesh white, a little gritty, but full of refresh-
ing j uice, melting, sweet, and agi'eeable in flavor. November and De-
cember.

The Striped Germain (St. Germain Panacli'ee) is a pretty variety
of this fruit, differing only in being externally sti-iped with yellow.

Saint Germain de Pepins.

A foreign variety. Tree a good grower and an early bearer.

Fi-uit medivim, nearly globular or obovate, slightly pyriform. Skin
pale yellow, lightly shaded or mottled with crimson in the sun, netted
and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk
rather long and stout, largest at junction with the tree. Cavity small,
irregxilar, russeted. Calyx partially closed. Basin irregular, corru-
gated. Flesh yellowish, coarse and gritty, with a hard core. Good.
February.

Saint Ghislain.
Quiimipiac.

A most excellent Belgian Pear. When in pei-fection it is of the
highest quality, but on some soils it is a little variable. The tree is
remarkable for its uprightness, and the great beauty and vigor of its
gi'owth. Young shoots olive brown, with oblong white specks.

Fruit of medium size, pyriform, tapering to the stalk, to which it
joins by fleshy rings. Skin pale clear yellow, with a few gi'ay specks.
Stalk an inch and a half long, curved. Calyx rather small, open, set in
a shallow basin. Core small. Flesh white, buttery, and juicy, with a
rich sprightly fiavoi*. Good to very good. September, October.

Saint Lezin.

Fruit very large, pyriform. Skin dull gi-eenish yellow, covered with
flakes of russet. Stalk long. Calyx open. Flesh fii-m, crisp, juicy,
sweet. A cooking Pear. September, October. (Hogg.)

Saint Menin.

Omer Pacha. His Poiteau. Poire His.

Tree a \T.gorous gi-ower. Young wood grayish oli\e.

Fruit rather large, obovate obtuse pyrifoi-m. Skin pale yellow,

THE PEAR. 851

slightly brown in the sun, netted and patched with russet, and thickly
dotted with conspicuous russet dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx
closed. Basin abrupt. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly
aromatic. Good to very good. Sejitember.

Saint Michael Archangel.
St. Michel Arcliange. Plombgastel. Dusnas.

A French Pear, of unknown origin. Ti-ee vigorous and productive.
Young wood yellowish olive.

Fruit large, ovate obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, slightly net-
ted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with green and rus-
set dots. Stalk rather stout, a little inclined in a small cavity by a
fleshy ring or lip. Calyx partially closed. Segments rather short, stiff.
Basin uneven, furrowed. Flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, melting, slightly
aromatic. Good to very good. October.

Saint Yincent de Paul.

A new foreign Pear. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood a
very dark rich olive brown.

Fruit medivim, oblate pyiiform, broad at calyx. Skin light yellow,
mostly covered with thin light russet, and thickly sjirinkled with russet
dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx with short erect segments. Basin
abrupt. Flesh firm, jxiicy, melting, not sweet. Good. November.

Salisbury Seedling.

A native of Western New York. Tree vigorous.

Fruit obtuse pyriform. Skin rough, somewhat covered with I'usset,
and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk short and thick. Calyx
partially closed, in a deep, uneven basin. Flesh coarse, white, sweet,
breaking, not j uicy or melting. Scarcely good. September.

Salviata.
Forniquet. Perfumed. £pme Rose Gris.

An old variety, now superseded by better sorts.

Fruit below medium, obovate ovate obtuse pyriform, light yellow,
dotted with russet. Flesh breaking, juicy, musky. Good. Last of
August.

Sand Pear.
Chinese Sand Pear.

This variety is valued mainly as a curiosity, although it is good for
cooking. The tree is remarkably vigorous, with large, glossy foliage.

The fruit is of medium size, roundish pyriform, dull yellow, covered
with a rough, sandy-like russet. Flesh firm, moderately juicy, cooks
well, and acquires a fine color. September.

Sanguinole.
Sanguine d'ltalie. Bloody. Grenade.

An ancient Pear, of unknown origin. As an amateur curiosity it is
only desirable.

8r)2 THE PEAR.

Fruit small to medium. Form roundish, pale yellow, brownish in
sun, with irregular-shaped brown dots and specks. Flesh white, tinged
with red, juicy, melting. Good. September.

Sanguinole de Belgique.

Fruit medium, ovate pyriform. Skin greenish, mottled and dotted
with red in the sun, netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with
red and brown dots. Stalk long, curved. Flesh stained with red,
which renders it a curiosity, that being its only value. September.

Sarah.

Raised by Thaddeus Clapp, Dorchester, Mass. Tree of an erect habit,
hardy, healthy, and productive. Young wood rich olive yellow bi"own.

Fruit medium size, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin pale greenish
yellow, partially netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled
with brown dots. Stalk medium, a little inclined, set with a slight
depression by a ring or lip. Calyx partially closed. Segments shoi-t,
erect. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, sweet,
rich, aromatic. Very good. October.

#^

SCHUMAN.

A native of Buck's Co., Pa.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Pale yellow, shade of red in sun.
Flesh coarse, pasty. Poor. September.

Seal.

From Peimsylvania.

Fruit medium or below, roundish. Skin pale yellow, lightly shaded
with crimson in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with green and russet
dots. Stalk medium length, largest at ends, inserted by a I'ing or lip.
Calyx open. Segments persistent. Flesh white, coarse, moderately juicy,
melting, slightly astringent. Good. Last of August.

Sebastopol.

Sebastopol d'£te.

A Belgian Pear, described by Alexander Bivort as : —
Fruit of medium size, ovate obovate, greenish yellow, dotted with
grayish brown. Flesh white, half fine, melting, a little gi-anulous,
sweet, vinous, perfumed. Agi-eeable. August. {Jar. Van Mons.)

Seckel.

Seckle. Syckle. New York Red Cheek.

Sickel. Red-Cheeked Seckel. Shakespeare.

We do not hesitate to pronounce this American Pear the richest

THE PEAR.

853

In its higlily concen-

and most exquisitely flavored variety known,
trated, spicy, and honeyed flavor
it is not surpassed, nor indeed
equalled, by any Euro2:)ean vari-
ety. When we add to this, that
the tree is the healthiest and har-
diest of all pear-trees, forming a
fine, compact, symmetrical head,
and bearing regular and abundant
crops in clusters at the ends of the
branches, it is easy to see that we
consider no garden complete with-
out it. Indeed we think it indis-
pensable in the smallest garden.
The stout, short-jointed, olive-
brown colored wood distinguishes
this variety, as well as the pecu-
liar reddish brown color of the
fruit. The soil should receive a
top-dressing of manvire frequently,
when the size of the Pear is an
object. The Seek el Pear origi-
nated on the farm of Mr, Seckel,
about four miles from Philadel- Seckei.

phia.* It was sent to Europe by

the late Dr. Hosack, in 1819, and the fruit was pronounced by the Lon-
don Horticultural Society exceeding in flavor the richest of their autumn
Pears.

Fruit small, regularly fomied, obovate. Skin brownish gi'een at
first, becoming dull yellowish bro^\^l, with, a lively russet red cheek.
Stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long, slightly curved, and set in a
trifling depression. Calyx small, and placed in a basin scarcely at all
sunk. Flesh whitish, buttery, very juicy and melting, v/ith a peculiarly
rich spicy flavoi- and aroma. It ripens gradually in the house from the
end of August to the last of October.

* The precise origin of the Seckel Pear is unknown. The first iiomologists
of Europe have pronounced that it is entirely distinct from any European vari-
ety, and its affinity to the Rousselet, a well-known German Pear, leads to the
supposition that the seeds of the latter Pear, having been brought here by some
of the Germans settling near Philadelphia, by chance produced this superior
seedling. However this may be, the following iiiorccau of its history may be
relied on as authentic, it having been related by the late venerable Bishop White,
whose tenacity of memory is well known. About 80 years ago, when the Bishop
was a lad, there was a well-known sportsman and cattle-dealer in Philadelphia,
who was familiarly known as " Dutch Jacob. " Every season, early in the autumn,
on retummg from his shooting excursions. Dutch Jacob regaled his neighbors
with pears of an unusually delicious fl:ivor, the secret of whose placie of growth,
however, he would never sati.'sfy their curiosity by divulging. At length the
Holland Land Company, owning a considerable tract south of the city, disposed
of it in parcels, and Dutch Jacob then secured the ground on which his favorite
pear-tree stood, a fine strip of land near the Delaware. Xot long afterwards it
became the farm of Mr. Seckel, who introduced this remarkable fruit to public
notice, and it received his name. Afterwards the property was added to the
vast estate of the late Stephen Gir.ard. The original tree still exists (or did a
few years ago), vigorous and fruitful. Specimens of its pears were quite lately
exhibited at the annual shows of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.

854 THE PEAR.

Selleck,

Origin somewhat uncertain. The oldest beaiing tree stands on the
grounds of Columbus Selleck, Sudbury, Vt., and is of healthy gi'owth,
and very productive. Young wood gi-ayish olive brown.

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Surface uneven, fine yellow,
sometimes with a crimson cheek, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots.
Stalk long and curved, fleshy at its insertion in a moderate cavity.
Calyx nearly closed, in &. rather small uneven basin. Flesh white, a
little coarse, juicy and melting, sweet, aromatic. Good to very good.
September, October.

Senateur Mosselman.

A foreign variety.

Fruit medium or below, roundish, slightly obovate. Skin greenish
yellow, shaded in the sun with orange and crimson, and numerous brown
and russet dots. Flesh yellowish, fii-m, moderately juicy, sweet. Good.
February, March.

Seraphine Ovin.

A Belgian variety, originated in 1854. Tree vigorous, making long
annual shoots, pretty stout, of olive brown, with oblong white specks.

Fruit medium, roundish obtiise pyriform, pale yellow, mottled and
marbled in the sun with crimson, numerously dotted with large conspi-
cuoixs russet and gray dots or specks. Flesh yellowish white, half fine,
half melting, buttery, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic, musky. Good.
September.

Serrurier.

Serrurier d'Automme. Nouveau Maison.

Fondante de Millot. Nouveau Mauxion.

Fondante Serrurier de Millot.

A seedling of Professor Van Mons', Tree vigorous, healthy, pro-
ductive. Young wood light yellow brown.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate obtuse. Skin pale yelloAv, with a
tinge of red in the sun, considerably netted and patched Avith russet, and
numerously sprinkled with I'usset dots. Stalk medium, inserted in a
small cavity, often russeted. Calyx open. Basin small. Flesh yellow-
ish white, a little coarse, juicy, melting, vinous, slightly astringent.
Good to very good. October.

Seutin.
Poire Seutin.

A seedling of M. Bouvier's.

Fruit medium or above, ovate, gi'een, with a brownish shade in sun,
marblings, patches, and dots of dull russet. Stalk quite long. Calyx
large, with short persistent segments. Flesh half fine, white, melting,
juicy, sweet, perfumed. September, October. (Alb. Pom.)

THE PEAR. 855

Shawmut.

Originated witli Francis Dana, Roxbury, Mass. Tree an upright,
moderately vigorous grower. Young wood grayish reddish brown.

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform. Skin nearly smooth, dull yellow, dot-
ted with large round russet specks. Stalk long, fleshy, and wrinkled at
base. Calyx open. Basin broad, deep. Flesh yellowish, coarse, melt-
ing, juicy, vinous, sprightly, musky perfume. October. (Hov. Mag.)

Sheldon.
Wayne. Bland. Huron, Wisner.

An accidental seedling on the farm of Norman Sheldon, in the town
of Huron, Wayne Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, erect, hardy, and a
good bearer. Young wood yellow brown.

Friut medium, roundish obtuse obovate. Skin greenish yellow,
mostly covered with thin light russet, a little brownish crimson in the

Sheldon.

sun, dotted with russet. Stalk short, stout. Cavity deep. Calyx
open. Segments partly recurved. Basin broad, large. Flesh whitish,
very juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, rich aromatic. Very good. Octo-
ber.

Sheppaed.

Raised by James Sheppard, of Dorchester, Mass. ; introduced to
notice by Dr. L. W. Puffer. Tree a free grower, and very productive.
Young "wood grayish olive brown.

856 THE PEAR.

Fruit large, obovate pyriform. Skin rough, yellow, sometimes witli
a brownisli red cheek, slightly sprinkled with russet dots, and with some
patches of russet. Stalk short and stout, in a depression, often inclined,
surrounded by russet. Calyx partially closed, set in a very shallow
furrowed basin. Flesh whitish, coarse and granular, buttery, melting,
juicy, vinous, perfumed. Good to very good. Ripens last of Septem-
ber and first of October.

Simon Bouvier.
Souvenir de Simon Bouvier.

Originated in 1833, with M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, Belgium. Tree
moderately vigorous. Young wood rich brown.

Fruit medium or above, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin rough, yel-
low, netted, patched, and dotted with russet, and a few specks and mar-
blings of crimson in the sun. Stalk short, inserted in a shallow, broad
cavity. Calyx open. Segments reflexed. Flesh white, buttery, melt-
ing, juicy, sweet, perfumed. October, November. (Al. Pom.)

Skinless.

Poire sans Peau. Sanspeau. Friihe Rousaelet.

Fleur de Guignes. Precoce de Glady.

The Skinless is a very nice little Pear, with a remarkably thin,
smooth skin, and a delicate perfumed flavor. It bears in clusters, and
very regularly. It is not first-rate, but is esteemed by many.

Fruit below medium size, long pyriform. Skin very smooth and
thin, pale gi-een, becoming light yellow, speckled with light red in the
sun. Stalk long, slender, curved, inserted in a very trifiing cavity.
Calyx closed, set in a small basin. Flesh white, juicy, half melting, with
a sweet and slightly perfumed flavor. Good. Middle of August.

SOLDAT LaBOUREUR.
Augnste Van Krans. Blumenbach. Soldat Esperen.

A seedling of Major Esperen's, produced about 1820. Tree vigo-
rous, upright, an early and abundant bearer. Young wood dull grayish
I'eddish brown.

Fruit rather large, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, patched,
netted, and dotted with russet. Stalk rather stout, long and curved,
inserted in a small, abrupt cavity. Calyx ojjen, scarcely sunk. Basin
very small. Flesh yellowish, slightly granular, melting, juicy, with a
sugary, vinous, perfumed flavor. Good to very good. October, Novem-
ber.

Souvenir dv Congress.

This Pear was originated by M. Morel, of Lyon-Vaise, France, and
by him dedicated to the Pomological Congress of France. Tree vigo-
rous and fertile, pyramidal in form.

Fruit large to very large, resembling in form the Bartlett. Skin
smooth, of a handsome yellow at maturity, washed with bright red, or
carmine, on the side exposed to the sun. Flesh much like the Eai-tlett,
having the musky flavor, though in a less degree. Its maturity com-
mences in August and continues in September. (Revue Horticole.)

THE PEAK.

Souvenir d'Esperen.

857

This seedling Pear of Major Esperen's proves one of the very best,
either for amateur or market cultivation. Tree vigorous, healthy, hardy,
and productive, and holds its foliage well and late. Young wood olive
reddish yellow brown.

Fruit large, oblong pyriform. Surface uneven. Skin greenish yel-
low, mostly covered with dull rough russet, especially around the stalk

Souvenir d'Esperen.

and calyx. Stalk long, inclined, set in a slight cavity, sometimes by a
lip. Calyx open. Segments medium, erect, sometimes a little recurved.
Basin small, narrow, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, vinous, aromatic.
Very good. October, November.

Souvenir de la Reine des Belges.

A Belgian Pear seedling of M. Gregoire. Tree vigorous and pro-
ductive.

Fruit above medium, acute pyriform, pale yellow, tinged with crim-
son brown in sun, patched and dotted with thin russet. Stalk short,

858 THE PEAR.

enlarged at end, and inserted by a ring. Flesh yellowisli white, half fine,
melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed. October, November. (An. Pom.)

Souvenir Favre.

A French Pear, originated with M. Favre in 1850, and first fruited
in 1857. Young wood reddish olive brown.

Fruit above medium, oblong obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, deeper in
the sun, and dotted with many gray dots, or reddish in the sun. Stalk
rather stout, inserted with a slight cavity. Calyx open, with long half-
erect segments. Flesh a little coarse, half melting, juicy, sweet, and
perfumed. November, December. (An. Pom.)

SOUVERAINE d'Ete.

Fruit below medium, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin light yel-
low, with numerous dots, which are crimson on the sunny side. Stalk
short, in a narrow cavity, frequently by a lip. Calyx partially closed.
Basin medium. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sugary, vinous, aromatic.
Good. Hipens first of September,

SOUVERAINE DE PrINTEMPS.
Poire de Printemps.

A French Pear. Young wood dark olive reddish brown.

Fruit medium, irregular in form, generally roundish obovate, slightly
pyriform. Skin rough, greenish yellow, partially netted and patched
with rough dark russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk
curved, enlarged at insertion, in a small cavity, sometimes a lip. Calyx
large and open. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good
to very good. October.

Spanish Bon Chretien.

Bon Chretien d'Espagne. Bon Chretien dore d'Espagne.

Spina. Van Dyck.

De Janvry. Compagnie d'Ostende.

Bon Chretien d'Automne. Janvry.

Gratiole d'Automne. Grosse Grande Bretagne doree.

President d'Espagne. Vermilion d'Espagne d'Hiver.

Safran d'Automne. Gracioli de la Toussaint.

Safran rosat d'Automne. Vandyck.

Bon Chretien Jaune d'Automne. Good Christian of Spain.

Blanche. Spanish Warden.

Grosse Grande Bretagne. Autumn Bon Chretien.

Bon Chretien Spina.

A very old variety. Tree a good bearer, and the fruit highly va-
lued for cooking.

Fruit large, pyriform. Skin at maturity deep yellow, with a brilliant
red cheek, and dotted with reddish brown specks. Flesh white, ci-isp,
or half breaking, good for cooking. December to January.

Steinmitz Catherine.

A Pennsylvania Pear. Tree very vigorous and productive.

Fruit medium or small, oblong pyriform, greenish, with a tinge of
brown in the sun. Flesh white, moderately juicy, half melting, vinous.
Good. September.

THE PEAR. ^ 859

Steinmitz Spice.

Origin, Pennsylvania.

Fruit small, roundish pyriform, greenish yellow, with nettings,
patches, and dots of rvisset. Flesh whitish green, juicy, melting, sweet,
pleasant, aromatic. Good. September.

Sterling.
De Mott.

Origin, Livingston Co., N. Y. ; grown from seed brought from Con-
necticut. Tree vigorous, upright. Young wood grayish-yellowish bro\vn,
an early bearer, and productive.

Fruit medium, nearly round, slightly oval, very obscurely pyriform.

sterling.

Skin yellow, sometimes with a few small patches of russet, and on the
sunny side a mottled crimson cheek. Stalk rather scout, inserted in a
slight cavity, sometimes by a ring. Calyx open, in a medium, rather un-
even basin. Flesh rather coarse, juicy, melting, with a very sugary, brisk
flavor. Good to very good. Ripens last of August and first of Septem-
ber.

Stevens' Genesee,

Guernsey. Philippe Strie.

Louise de Prusse. Doyenne Crott6.

Crottee. Passa-tutti.

Doyenne Galeux. Stephen's Genesee.

Saint Michel Crotte. Genesee.
Beurre des Beiges.

This admirable Pear, combining in some degree the excellence of the

860 THE PEAR.

Doyenng and Bergamotte, is reputed to be a seedling of Western New
York. It originated on the farm of Mr. F. Stevens, of Lima, Living-
ston Co., N. Y. Although placed among autumn pears, it frequently
ripens here at the end of August, among the late summer varieties.
Young shoots diverging, dark gray.

Fruit large, roundLh, and of a yellow color. Stalk about an

Stevens' Genesee.

inch long, stout, thicker at the base, and set in a slight, rather one-
sided depression. Calyx with short, stiff divisions, placed in a smooth
basin of only moderate depth. Flesh white, half buttery, with a rich
aromatic flavor. Good to very good. First of September.

Stone.

Origin, Ohio. Tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit large, roundish pyriform, uneven. Skin bright yellow with a
sunny cheek. Stalk large, long, and curved. Calyx large. Basin
open, broad, and shallow. Flesh white, somewhat buttery, slightly astrin-
gent. August.

Styer.

Origin uncertain, mtroduced by Alan W. Corson, of Montgomery
Co., Pa. Tree a very vigorous grower. Shoots stout and short-jointed,
productive. Young wood olive yellow brown.

Fruit medium or below, rovmdish oblate. Skin pale yellow, netted,
patched, and dotted with cinnamon russet. Stalk rather short, inserted

THE PEAK. 861

in a small, shallow cavity. Calyx almost obsolete. Basin narrow, mo-
derately deep. Flesh yellowish white, somewhat gritty at the core,
buttery, melting. Good to very good. Kipens middle of September.

Styrian.
Keele Hall Beurre.

This very bright-colored and excellent Pear comes from Eng-
land. Tree vigorous and productive. Young shoots dull grayish olive
brown.

Fruit medium or above, obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, lightly
shaded with crimson in the sun, traces and patches of russet, and nu-
merous brown dots. Stalk rather long, inclined, curved, set in a small
cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx partially closed. Segments a little
recurved. Basin uneven. Flesh white, a little coarse near the core,
juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic. Good. September.

Sucre de Tertolan.
Sucre d'Automne de Tertolen. Sucre Vert d'Autoume de Tolsduyn.

Originated in Holland.

Fruit below medium, roundish pyriform, pale green, mostly covered,
netted, patched, and dotted with russet. Stalk rather long. Flesh
white, tinged with yellow, half melting, juicy, sweet, jjcrfumed. Last
September, early October. (Verg.)

Sucree de Hoyerswerda.

Sugar of Hoyersworda. Sucre Noir d'fite.

Sucre-vert d'Hoyerswerda.

A pleasant German Pear, of peculiar flavor, good when ripened in the
house. It bears immense crops.

Fruit small, roundish pyriform. Skin pale yellowish green, thickly
sprinkled with greenish russet dots. Flesh white, quite juicy, with a
sweet and piquant flavor. Scarcely good. It does not keep long.
Last of Aiigust.

Sucree du Comice.

This Pear comes from France, and is described in the Catalogue of
the Hort. Soc. of Angers as : —

Fruit of medium si^e, irregTilarly formed. Skin yellow, covered
with green and russet dots. Flesh tender, sugary. Ripe in September
and October.

Sucre Vert.
Green Sugar. Bayonnaise. Gris de Chine. Verdette. Sukerey d'Automne.

An old Pear, of unknown origin.

Fruit medium or small, obovate pyriform. Skin green. Stalk me-
dium, fleshy at its insertion in a very slight cavity. Basin shallow.
Flesh juicy, melting, sweet, and pleasant. Good. October.

862 THE PEAR.

Suffolk Thorn.

An English Pear, raised from seed of Gansel's Bergamot.
Fruit small, roundish pyriform. Skin yellowish, mostly covered with
thin russet. Flesh rather coarse, juicy, melting. Good. October.

Sugar Top.

July Pear. Prince's Sugar. Prince's Sugar Top.

Fruit roundish, top-shaped. Skin smooth, yellow. Flesh white,
somewhat juicy and breaking, sweet, but with little flavor. Last of July.

Sullivan.
Van Mons, No. 889.

Sent to this country by Van Mons, and named by Mr. Manning.
Young shoots slender, diverging, reddish brown.

Fruit of medium size, oblong pyriform. Skin pale greenish yellow.
Stalk an inch and a half long, stout, tapering to the stalk. Flesh
juicy, melting, sweet, and pleasant. Good. September.

Summer Archduke.

Archiduc d'^te. Gros Ognonet. Archduke of Summer.

Amire roux. Ognonet. Brown Admired.

Amire roux de Tours. Ognonnet. Great Onion Pear.

De-la-mi-Juillet. Oignonet. Ognonet Musque.

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin smooth, yellowish green,
covered with dark brownish red next the sun. Calyx open. Basin
shallow. Flesh whitish, rather gritty, juicy, and sweet. Ripe early
August. (Hogg.)

Summer Bergamot.
Bergamotte d'fite.

The Summer Bergamot is an old foreign variety, of small size and
second quality. The tree is of feeble growth.

Fruit quite small, round. Skin yellowish green. Flesh juicy, and
pretty rich in flavor, but quickly becomes mealy and dry. Last of July.

There is a Large Summer Bergamot, quite distinct from the above.
Flesh breaking and half buttery, not rich. September. The tree gi-ows
and bears finely.

Summer Beurre d'Aremberg.

Raised by Thomas Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, Herts, England.
Tree hardy, moderately vigorous, upi-ight, very productive.

Fruit medium or below, somewhat turbinate or short obovate. Skin
of a lemon color, slight nettings and patches of russet, particularly
around the stem. Stalk rather long, inserted in a small cavity. Calyx
very small. Basin deep and narrow. Flesh tender, melting, juicy, brisk,
vinous and perfumed, apt to rot at the core unless gathered early. First
of September. (Gard. Chron.)

THE PEAR. 863

Summer Bon CHRifiTiEN.

Bon Chretien d'6te. Safran d'^te.

Gratioli _ Schelis.

Gratioli d'Ete. Gracioli rouge.

Gratioli di Roma. Bon Chretien d'fit^ Jaune.

Summer Good Christian. Canelle d'Ete.

Musk Summer Bon Chretien. De Duchesse.

Sommer Apothekerbime. Gros Bon Chretien d'fite.

Sommer Gute Christenbime. Bon Chretien Gratioly.

Die Sommer Christebime. Gros Bon Chretien Beauclerc.

Large Sugar, of some. William Powell.

Gros Bon Chretien. Stuyversant.

Beauclerc. Richards Beurre, of some.
Endicott.

This is one of tlie oldest Pears, having been cultivated for the last
three centuries all over Europe.

Fruit large, irregularly bell-shaped or piriform, with swollen,
knohhy sides. Skin yellow, with an orange blush. Flesh yellowish,
coarse-grained, very juicy, and of a pleasant, rich, sweet flavoi*. Good.
Last of August, or early in September.

Summer Crassane.
Crassane d'l&te.
Fruit small, roundish oblate, pale yellow, covered with crimson
russet. Flesh half melting, very juicy, sweet, and aromatic. Last of
August. (Hogg.)

Summer Franc E^al.

Franc Real d'^^te. Royale.

Fondante. Hativeau Blanc.

Gros Micet d'fite. Coule Soif,

Milan Blanc. Gros Mouille Bouche.

Bergumotte d'fite ou Milan Blanc. Great Mouth water.

Milan de le Beurriere. Beurre Blanc.
Beurre d'flte.

The origin of this Pear is unknown.

Fruit of medium size, obovate, but largest in the middle, and taper-
ing each way. Skin pale yellowish green, dotted with small brownish
green dots. Flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, sugary. Good. Ripe
early in September.

Summer Rose.

fipine Rose. De Monsieur.

CaUIot Rosat d'^te. De la Montieres.

Thorny Rose. Ognon de Xaintonge.

Poire de Rose. Rozatte du Dauphine.

fipine d'fiti Couleur Rose. Viliane d'Anjou.

Caillot Rosat. Rozatte d'Ingrandes.

Rosenbime, of the Germans. Beurre Hatif.

The Rose Pear. D'Eau Rose.

Rose fipine Rose. Bigarride.

De Cailleau. Tulips'e.

De Caillot. Biiite Bonne d'Automne.

Calua Rosat. Caillaurozat.

Oaillou Rozat. CaUlorozar.
Peral del Campo.

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin faint yellow, with a red russet
cheek. Flesh white, coarse. Last of August, not eatable.

864 THE PEAR.

Summer St. Germain.

Short's Saint Germain. Joli-mont of some.

Saint Germain de Martin. Hoe-Langer Hoe-Liever.

Saint Germain d'Ete. Jargonelle des Proven9aux.

A pleasant, jiiicy summer Pear, of second-rate flavor, beai-ing large
crops.

Fruit of medium size, obovate pyriform. Skin pale green all over
the surface. Stalk an inch and a quarter long, obliquely inserted.
Calyx large, in a basin scarcely sunken. Flesh juicy, tender, with a
very slight acid. Poor. Last of August.

Summer Virgalieu,
Powell's Virgalieu.

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish pyiiform. Skin yellow, slightly netted and
patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk rather
long, often curved, set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Segments re-
curved. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, a
little vinous. Good. August,

SUPERFONDANTE.

Fruit of medium size, obovate. Skin smooth, pale yellow, marked
with russet. Flesh white, buttery, melting, and good. October.

Supreme de Quimper.

This nice little Pear is of Belgian origin. Tree moderately vigorous,
upright and productive. Young wood olive yellow broAvn, very short-
jointed.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly pyriform. Skin fine, clear yellow,
richly shaded with red, somewhat specked and netted with russet. Stalk
i-ather short, obliquely inserted, without cavity, by a slight appearance
of a lip. Calyx open or partially closed. Basin s'hallow. Flesh
whitish, juicy, melting, sweet and perfumed. Good to very good. Pipe
early in August. Should be gathered very early, or it becomes dry.

SURPASSE MeURIS.
Ferdinand Demeester.

A seedling of Van Mons'. Tree \'igorous, very productive.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oval. Skin greenish yellow, some-
times shaded with dull crimson in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with
brownish dots. Stalk stout, fleshy at insertion, in a shallow depression.
Calyx large, oi)en. Segments long, recurved. Basin shallow, uneven.
Flesh whitish, juicy, buttery, half melting, sweet. Good. November.

SuRPASSE Virgalieu.
Surpasse Virgouleuse. Colmar Van Mons, erroneously.

The precise origin of this very delicious fruit is not known. It was
first sent out from the nursery of the late Mr. Andrew Parmentier, of
Brooklyn, xmder this name, and is, perhaps, an unrecognized foreign

THE PEAR. 865

Pear, so named by him in allusion to its surpassing the favorite Yirga-
lieu (White Doyenne) of New York.

Fruit rather large, roundish, sometimes roundish obovate. Skin
smooth, pale lemon yellow, with a very few minute dots, and rarely a
little faint red on the sunny side. Stalk rather more than an inch long,
not deeply planted in a cavity rather higher on one side. Calyx rather
small, and ])retty firm, set in a slight, smooth basin. Flesh white, ex-
ceedingly tine-grained and buttery, abounding with delicious, high-
flavored, aromatic j uice. Very good. October.

Surpasse Virgalieu.
SUZETTE DE BaVAY.

Raised by Major Esperen. Tree -vigorous, and very productive.

Fruit small, roxmdish oblate. Skin yellowish, sprinkled with minute
dots, and some traces of russet. Stalk curved, inserted in a small cavity.
Calyx open. Basin shallow and uneven. Flesh whitish, melting, sweet,
and pleasant. Good. Only valuable for cooking. January to March.

Swan's Egg.
Moor-fowl Egg, incorrectly.

A very old Pear, unworthy cultivation.

Fruit small, oval. Skin pale gi-een, washed with pale brown on the
sunny side, and dotted with brownish specks. Flesh soft, juicy, with a
sweet, somewhat musky flavor. October.

Swiss Bergamot.
Bergamotte Suisse. Striped Bergamot. Bergamot Rayee.

A very pretty, roundish, striped Pear. Branches often striped.

65

866 THE PEAR.

Fruit of medium size, roundish, a little inclined to turbinate. Skin
smooth, pale green, striped with yellow and pale red. Flesh melting,
juicy, sweet, and pleasant. Good. October.

Sylvange.

Bergamotte Sylvange. Bergamot Sylvanche.

Green Sylvange. Silvanbirne.

Sylvanche. Silvange Pierard.

A foreign variety, superseded.

Fruit roundish obovate. Skin rough, pale green, with a slightly
darker green cheek. Flesh greenish white, juicy, tender, and melting,
with a sweet, agi-eeable flavor. Good. October, and keeps a lopg time.

Tardif de Mons.

Fruit oblong obovate. Skin yellow, with an orange tinge in sun, and
strewed with large russety dots. Flesh white, tender, buttery, melting,
very juicy, rich, sugary. November. (Hogg.)

Tarquin.

An old variety, which we have never fruited. The description by
Prince resembles that of Belle Williams, recently received as new.

Fruit large, oblong pyriform, with a shallow groove from one end of
the fruit to the other. Skin greenish yellow, marbled over with fawn.
Stalk medium length, enlarged, with a fleshy appearance near its junction
with the fruit. Flesh breaking without being dry, rather delicate, and
has a slight acidity. Good. Ripens April, May.

Tarquin des Pyr^n^es.

Tree vigorous.

Fruit large, pyriform. Stem long, stout, fleshy at its junction, with-
out cavity. Calyx large, open, Avith persistent segments, in a broad,
irregular basin, surrounded by russet. Skin green, sprinkled or patched
with russet, and thickly covered with brown dots. Flesh of poor qua-
lity, a very long keeper, and said to keep two years. Only a cooking
Pear.

Taylor Pear.
Merriweather.

Originated on the farm of Mr. Merriweather, near Charlottesville,
Albemarle Co., Va. Tree vigorous. Young wood clear olive brown,
productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin light green, mottled with dark
green, netted and dotted with russet. Stalk medium. Cavity shallow.
Calyx small, open. Flesh yellowish, coarse, buttery, juicy, half melting,
sweet, and pleasant. Good. November, December.

Tea.

Raised by Mrs. Ezra Merchant, of Milford, Conn. The seed was found
in a pound of tea, which she purchased at the store, hence its name.
Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood olive yellow.

THE PEAR.

867

Fruit medium, obovate, inclining to pyriform. Skin lemon yellow
■with numerous small brown dots, and sometimes a reddish cheek, netted
and patched with russet. Stalk rather stout, inserted obliquely under a
lip ia a very small cavity. Calyx half closed. Basin shallow. Flesh
white, fine, juicy, melting, and vinous. Good to very good. Ripens last
of August to middle of September,

Theodore Van Mons.

This Belgian Pear, supposed one of Van Mons' seedlings, originated
about 1827, but was not brought to notice until about 1843. The tree
is a vigorous, upright grower, quite productive. The young wood light
yellow reddish brown.

Theodore Van Mons.

Fruit medium or above, oblong pyriform. Skin greenish or pale yel-
low, with traces and patches of russet, and many gi-ay and green dots.
Stalk curved. Cavity slight, russeted. Calyx open. Segments reflexed.
Flesh whitish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, vinous. Good to very good.
September, October.

868 THE PEAR.

Therese Kumps.

A Belgian Pear, introduced in 1847. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, slightly tinted with
brownish in sun, small patches, large specks and dots of thin I'usset,
Stalk medivxm, rough, inserted with rings at base. Calyx with short,
almost erect segments. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, melting, juicy,
sweet, vinous, perfumed. November. (An. Pom.)

Thompson's.

This Pear, received by us from the Horticultural Society of London,
was named in honor of Mr. Kobert Thompson, the head of the fruit de-
partment in the Society's garden, to whose pomological acumen the hor-
ticultural world is so largely indebted. Tree vigorous and productive.
Fruit variable. Young wood reddish yellow brown.

Fruit of medium size, obovate pyriform, slightly irregular in surface.
Skin pale lemon yellow, with a few small russety dots and patches
and streaks. Stalk pretty stout, an inch or more long, inserted in a
blunt, uneven cavity. Calyx open, stiff, often without divisions. Basin
abrupt, uneven. Flesh white, buttery, melting, sugary, slightly aromatic.
Good to very good. October and November.

Thooris.

A Belgian Pear, introduced in 1854, and unworthy cultivation.
Fruit below medium, oval, pale yellow, thickly sprinkled with brown
dots. Flesh white, coarse, dry, sweet, and poor. Early September.

Thuerlinckx.
Tuerlinckx. Beurre Tuerlinckx.

This variety was gi-own from seed and first exhibited in 1848, by M.
Thuerlinckx, of Malines, Belgium. Tree moderately vigorous.

Fruit very large, regular oblong obovate pyriform. Skin diill green-
ish, with a shade of brown at ends, and marblings of dull dark green
and bro%vn. Stalk medium, inserted without depression by a ring.
Flesh white, buttery, acidulous. November, December. (Al. Pom.)

TiLLINGTON.

Raised in the village of Tillington, near Hereford, England, and first
exhibited by T. A. Knight, Esq., before the London Horticultural Soci-
ety, in 1820. Tree hardy and productive.

Fruit medium size, short pyriform, greenish yellow, with light brown
russet dots. Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, tender, but-
tery, melting, not juicy, vinous, aromatic. Good. October.

Totten's Seedling.

Raised by Colonel Totten, of New Haven, Conn. Tree vigorous.
Young wood dull olive yellow brown.

Fruit small, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, with a shade of crimson
in the sun, traces, patches, and dots of russet. Stalk long. Calyx open.
Flesh white, sweet. Poor. September. •

THE PEAR. 869

Trescott.

Originated on the farm of Niles Trescott, Cranston, R. I.

Fruit medium size, roundish obovate, orange yellow, with patches of
cinnamon russet. Flesh fine-grained, melting, juicy, pleasant. Good.
Last September. (Hort.)

Triomphe de Jodoigne.

A Belgian Pear, seedling of M, Bouvier in 1830, introduced in 1843.
Tree vigoi-ous and productive. Young wood short-jointed, dull grayish
brown.

Fruit large, obovate ovate obtuse pyriform. Surface uneven. Skin
pale greenish yellow, shaded and mottled with crimson in the sun,
patches, nettings, and traces of russet, and thickly sprinkled with brown
and green dots. Stalk rather long, a little inclined, fleshy at its inser-
tion by a ring. Cavity small. Calyx open. Segments short and stiff.
Basin small, uneven. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet.
Good to very good. October.

Triomphe de Louvain.

Of Belgian origin. Tree vigorous, productive, an early bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin rather rough, greenish yellow,
mostly covered with thin dull russet, with a dull red cheek in sun, many
russet brown dots. Stalk rather short, stout. Cavity medium. Calyx
large, open. Segments recurved. Flesh whitish, coarse, not juicy or
melting, sweet. Good. September.

Truckhill Bergamot.

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate. Skin yellow, with crimson
and fawn in the sun, sprinkled with gray and green dots. Stalk rather
short. Cavity deep. Calyx open. Basin deep, abrupt, uneven. Flesh
half melting, somewhat coarse and gritty, moderately juicy. Good.
October.

Twenty-fifth Anniversaire de Leopold I.

This Pear, with its unfortunate long name, is a seedling of M. Gre-
goire, Jodoigne, Belgium. The tree is of medium vigoi-, and very pro-
ductive.

Fruit medium to large, oval obovate pyriform. Skin pale greenish
yellow, with a few patches of crimson in the sun, and netted, patched,
and dotted with russet. Stalk medium or slender. Cavity narrow.
Calyx -with half-erect segments. Flesh white, fine, melting, buttery,
juicy, sweet, with a delicious perfume. November. (An. Pom.)

Tyler.

An American variety. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood
reddish yellow brown.

Fruit below medium, i-oundish pyriform, yellow, netted and patched
and dotted with russet. Stalk long and slender, in a moderate cavity.

870

THE PEAR.

surrounded by russet. Calyx open. Basin shallow and uneven. Flesh
white, coarse, granular, buttery, melting, juicy, brisk, and vinous.
Good. October.

Tyson.

A native seedling, found in a hedge on the farm of Jonathan Tyson,
of Jenkintown, near Philadelphia. Tree an upright, vigorous grower,
but a tardy bearer, very productive. Young wood olive yellow brown.

Fruit medium or below, acute pyriform. Skin clear, deep yellow at
full maturity, slightly russeted, with a fine crimson cheek, and numerous

Tyson.

minute brown dots. Stalk long and curved, generally inserted by a
fleshy ring or lip. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh rather fine, juicy,
melting, very sugary, and somewhat aromatic. Very good to best.
Ripens last of August and first of September.

Upper Crust.

A seedling of South Carolina, and introduced by Colonel Sumner.
Fruit below medium, roundish. Skin greenish, covered with dots

THE PEAR.

871

and patches of russet. Stalk rather short and stout. Cavity broad,
shallow. Calyx large, open. Flesh granular, not juicy, rots at core.
Poor. August.

Urbaniste.

Count Coloma.
St. Marc?
Beurre Picquery.

Drapiez.

Coloma d'Automne.

Louise d'Orleans.
Picquery.
Louis Dupont.
Henkel d'Hiver.
Urbaniste Seedling.

The Ui'baniste is a fi-uit which, in its delicious flavor, compares per-
haps more nearly with the favorite old Doyenne or Virgalieu than any
other fruit, and adds, when in perfection, a delicate perfume peculiarly
its own. Its handsome size and remai'kably healthy habit commend it
for those districts where the Doyenne does not flourish. The tree is a

Urbaniste.

moderately vigorous grower, and though it does not begia to bear so
early as some varieties, it yields abundant and regular crops, and gives
every indication of a long-lived, hardy variety. For the orchard or
garden in the Middle States, therefore, we consider it indispensable.
\V'ith so many other fine sorts, we owe this to the Flemish, it having

S72 THE PEAR.

been originated by the Count de Coloma, of Malines. It was first intrO'
duced into tins countiy in 1823. Young shoots vipright, short-jointed,
oKve yellow brown.

Fruit of medium size, often large, obovate pyi-iform. Skin smooth
and fail", pale yellow, ^\T.th gray dots, and a few russet streaks. Stalk
about an inch long, rather stout, and inserted in a well-marked or rather
broad depression. Calyx small, closed, and set in a narrow basin, which
is abruptly and rather deeply sunk. Flesh white, yellowish at the core,
buttery, very melting and rich, with a copious delicious juice, delicately
perfumed. Very good or best. Ripens from the last of September till
the end of November, if kept in the house.

Ursula.

Fruit below medium size, oblong acute pyriform. Skin yellow, muchi
shaded with fine crimson in the sun, partially netted and patched, and
thickly sprinkled with riasset dots. Stalk stout, fleshy at base, inclined,
set without cavity. Cal}TC open. Flesh yellowdsh, coarse near the core,
juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. October,
November,

UWCHLAN.
Dowlin. Round Top.

Origin on the premises o£ widow Dowlin, Uwchlan township. Pa.,
near the Brandywine. Tree of moderate growth.

Fruit below medium, roundish, inclining to obovate. Skin yellow,
mostly covered with golden russet. Stalk long, curved, in a slight
depression. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, melting, juicy,
slightly vinous, A^dth a fine aromatic flavor. Good to very good. If not
picked early it is disposed to rot at the core. Ripens last of August.

Valentine.

Originated on Long Island.

Friiit above medium, oblong acute pjTiform, pale yellowish green,
tinge of red in the sun. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant.
Good. August.

Vallee Franche.
De Valleo. Bonne de Keinzheim. De Keinzheim.

An old variety, unworthy cultivation.

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin yellowish gi'een. Flesh
white, not fine-grained, quite juicy, but not buttery, and of a simple
sweet flavor. Last of August.

Van Assche.

Van Assene. Van Asshe.

This Flemish Pear is quite handsome but of variable quality. Tree
vigorous, productive. Yoimg wood reddish yellow brown.

Fruit medium to large, roixndish obovate pyriform. Skin pale whit-

THE PEAR. 873

isli yellow, shaded, mottled, and dotted with crimson, and thickly covered
with conspicuous brown dots. Stalk curved, inclined, set in a shallow
cavity, sometimes by a liji. Calyx partially closed. Segments short,
erect. Basin abrupt, large, deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh white,
juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. September.

Yan Buren.

An American seedling, raised by Governor Edwards, of New Haven,
Conn. Only valuable for cooking.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin clear yellow, with a rich
orange-red bhish next the sun, regularly dotted with conspicuous brown-
ish specks, and slightly toixched with greenish and russet spots. Flesh
white, crisp, sweet. October.

Van Deventer.

Origin, New Jersey. Tree very vigorous, very productive.

Fruit rather small, oblong ovate i^yriform, greenish yellow, shaded
with brownish red in the sun, with many gray and gi-een dots. Stalk
inclined, inserted by a lip, and sometimes rings. Calyx partially closed.
Basin shallow. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, half melting, sweet, plea-
sant. Good. Middle August.

Van de Weyer Bates.

Vandeweyer Bates.

Fruit below medium, roundish obovate, pale lemon yellow, covered

with small brown dots, and a few veins of the same color. Calyx large,

open. Flesh yellow, buttery, juicy, rich, siigary, with a pleasant aroma.

One of the finest late Pears. March to May. (Hogg.)

Van Marum.

Beurre Van Marum. ' Calebasse Carafon.

Grosse Calebasse du Nord. Calebasse Monstre.

Bouteille. Calebasse Monstrueuse du Nord.

Mon&trueuse du Nord. Calebasse Koyale.

Triomphe du Nord. Calebasse de Holland.

Triomphe de Hasselt, Calebasse Imperiale.

Poire Van Marum. Calebasse du Nord.

Calebasse de Nerckman's. Calebasse Monstrueuse.

Originated with Van Mons. Tree a vigorous grower, productive.
Young wood reddish brown.

Fruit large to very large, oblong pyriform. Skin yellow, rarely with
a little red. Stalk rather long and slender, inserted in a flattened cavity.
Calyx large, set in a regular shallow basin. Flesh white, liable to rot at
the core, half melting, not very juicy, but sweet and pleasantly perfumed.
Good. October.

Van Mons Leon le Clerc.

Van Mons Leon le Clerc was originated by M. Leon le Clerc, an
amateur cultivator, of Laval, in France, who, in naming it, desired to
couple his own name with that of his friend, Dr. Van Mons—" le grand
pretre de Pomona." Its young shoots are strong, iipright, olive-colored.

874 THE PEAR.

Fruit large, oblong obovate. Skin yellowish, much mingled with
brown over nearly the whole sui-face, and slightly russeted near the
stalk. Stalk an inch and a half long, rather stout, obliquely inserted,
with little depression. Calyx small, open, set in a shallow basin. Flesh
yellowish white, buttery, and melting, with a sugary flavor. Good to
very good. October and November.

Van Mons St. Germain.
St. Germain Xouveau.

A seedling of Professor Van Mons', and considered a gi-eat acquisi-
tion to the list of fine Pears. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit rather above medium, regular, oblong obovate pyiiform, green-
ish yellow, shaded with dull green, and with fawli russet patches and
minute black dots. Stalk long, inserted with scarcely any depression,
surrounded by a few folds. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, SAveet,
perfumed. September. (Al. Pom.)

Vauquelin.
Poire Vauquelin. Saint Germain Vauquelin.

A variety from Rouen, France. Tree a vigorous gi'ower. Young
wood reddish brown.

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, sometimes oblong obovate pjri-
form. Skin greenish, a little brownish in the sun, some patches and
tj-aces of Vusset, and russet dots. Stalk stout, inserted with little or no
cavity, and base enlarged. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, vinous, astrin-
gent. Good. December, January.

Yeelaine.
Verlaine d'^te ?

One of Van Mons' seedlings.

Fruit medium, oblong obovate pyriform, pale yellow orange in sun,
with patches and dots of brownish red. Stalk slender, inserted in a
small cavity. Calyx -svith shoi't, stift' segments. Flesh white, half fine,
melting, juicy, sweei, vinous. September. (An. Pom.)

VeriiiILLOX d'en Haut.

A foreign variety. Tree vigorous, with strong young shoots of a
light olive yellow brown.

Fruit medium size, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, shaded with
red in the sun. Flesh fine, melting, j uicy, sweet. September.

Vermont.
Vermont Seedling.

A supposed seedling, taken from Vermont to near Oswego, N. Y.,
where it has friiited. Tree an upright grower. Young wood gi-ayish
olive.

Fruit medium or below, ovate obovate obtuse pyriform, pale whitish

THE PEAK, 875

yellow, slight red in the sun, traced, netted, and dotted with russet.
Stalk slender. Cavity deep. Calyx with erect segments. Flesh whit-
ish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good, October.

Verulam.

Black Beurre. Buchanan's Spring Beurre.

Spring Beurre. New Spring Beurre.

An old variety, valuable only for cooking.

Fruit large, obovate, dull green, covered with thin russet in the
shade, and reddish brown in the sun, thickly dotted -with gray dots.
Stalk slender. Calyx open. Flesh crisp, coarse-grained, and when
stewed assumes a fine rose color. January to March. . (Hogg.)

Vezouziere.

This is a seedling raised by M. Leon le Clerc, from seeds of the Van
Mons Leon le Clerc. Tree a vigorous grower, productive. Young
wood reddish olive brown.

Fruit medium or below, nearly globxilar, slightly oblate. Skin yellow-
ish, sprinkled with minute gray and green dots. Stalk long, curved,
inserted in a broad, shallow cavity. Calyx open, persistent, in a wide,
uneven basin. Flesh very juicy, melting, sweet, and agreeable. Good
to very good. September,

Vicar of Winkfield,

Le Cure. Missive d'Hiver.

Monsieur le Cure. Cueillette d'Hiver.

Clion. Cornice de Toulou.

Belle de Berry. Du Cure.

Belle Heloise. Grosse AUongee.

Bon Papa. Du Pradel.

De Clion. Wicar of Wakefield.

Monsieur. Pradello de Catalogue.

Belle Andreane. Curette.

De Monsieur Le Cure. Jouffroy.

Belle Adrienne. Messire d'Hiver. -

Vicaire de Winkfield.

This large and productive Pear was discovered, as a natural seed
ling, in the woods of Clion, France, by a French curate, whence it
obtained in France tlie familiar name of Le Cure, or 3fonsieur le Cure.
A short time after it became known at Paris, it was imported into
England by the Reverend Mr, Rham, of Winkfield, Berkshire, and
. cultivated and disseminated from thence, becoming kno\^Ti in the neigh-
borhood of London as the Vicar of Winkfield. With regard to its
merits there is some difference of opinion — some persons considering it
a fine fruit. It is always remarkably large, fair, and handsome. We
think it always a first-rate baking Pear, Occasionally we have tasted it
fine as a table Pear, but generally it is astringent, and only third-rate
for this purpose. If ripened off in a warm temperature, however, it
will generally prove a good second-rate eating Pear. But its great pro-
ductiveness, hardiness, and fine size, will always give it a prominent
place in the orchard as a profitable market cooking Pear, The tree
grows thriftily, with drooping fruit branches. Shoots diverging, dark
olive brown.

876

THE PEAR.

Fruit large and long pyriform, often six inches long, and a little one-
sided. Skin fair and smooth, pale yellow, sometimes with a brownish

Vicar of Winkfield.

cheek, and marked with small bro-^vTi dots. Stalk an inch or an inch
and a half long, slender, obliquely inserted without depression. Calyx
large, open, set in a basin which is very slightly sunk. Flesh greenish
white, generally juicy, but sometimes buttery, with a good, sprightly
flavor. November to January.

THE PEAK. 877

ViCOMTE DE SpOELBERCH.
De Spoelberg. Beurre de Spoelberg. Despoilberg.

A seedling of Yan Mons', described in 1830, and dedicated to M. le
Yicomte de Spoelberg de Lowenjoul. Tree vigorous, productive.
Young wood reddish yellow brown.

Fruit medium, roundish acute pyriform. Skin pale yellow, covered
with numerous small dots, and small patches of russet. Stalk cxirved,
fleshy at its insertion, with slight russet. Calyx open. Basin small,
Flesh white, buttery, juicy, melting, not high flavored. Good. Novem-
ber, December.

YiNEUSE.
Vineuse d'Esperen.

A seedling of Major Esperen's, first introduced in 1840. Tree vigo-
rous, ^^dth slender wood, productive. Young wood reddish olive brown.

Fruit medium or above, obovate ovate slightly obtuse pyriform.
Skin greenish, slightly bronzed in the sun, a few j^atches and nettings
of russet, and many small brown and green dots. Stalk medium.
Cavity small. Calyx lai'ge, open. Basin broad, shallow. Flesh coarse,
juicy, melting, acid. Good. October.

YlRGOULEUSE.

Poire-glace. Le Virgoule. Poire de Glace.

Chambrette. Virgolese. Ice Pear.

Bujaleuf. Chambrette d'Hiver. La Virgiileuse.

An old French variety, of little value.

Fruit medium, pyriform. Skin very smooth, yellowish green at ma-
turity, sprinkled with numerous gray or reddish dots. Flesh white,
buttery. Good. November to January.

Yon Zugler.

A new Belgian variety. Tree slender. Young wood oKve. Pro-
ductive.

Fruit medium size, roundish acute pyriform. Skin yellow, nearly
covered with cinnamon russet. Stalk rather short, inclined in a slight
depression by a fleshy lip. Calyx small, open. Segments short, erect.
Basin small. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly aromatic.
Yery good. September.

Wad LEIGH.

Origin, New Hampshire.

Fruit medium, nearly globular. Fine yellow, slightly netted and
patched with russet. Stalk short, stout, inserted in a slight cavity,
sometimes by a fold or lip. Calyx with small short segments. Flesh
white, fine, a little gritty, juicy, melting, pleasant. Good. September.

"Walker.
No. 135, Van Mons.
This is a seedling of Yan Mons', and sent to Eobert Manning, of

878

THE .PEAR.

Salem, Mass., in 1834-5, under number. Tlie tree is a vigorous,
healthy grower, iipright habit. The young wood grayish.

Fruit large, oblong pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, sometimes a
shade of crimson in the sun. Slight nettings and patches of russet,
and thickly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk long, fleshy at insertion,
in a slight cavity by a ring. Calyx open or partiallj^ closed. Segments
short, ei'ect. Basin small. Flesh white, a little coarse, juicy, half
melting, vinous, a little astringent. Good to very good. October.

Washington.
Robinson. Naaman's Creek. Robertson. Namen's Creek.

A beautiful American Pear,
of very excellent quality, which
is a native of Delaware. It was
discovered there in a thorn
hedge, near Naaman's Creek, on
the estate of Colonel Robinson.
It is one of the most attractive
and distinct of our native des-
sert Pears. Young shoots slen-
der, diverging, reddish yellow
brown.

Fruit of medium size, oval
obovate, regularly formed. Skin
smooth, clear lemon yellow, with
a sprinkling of reddish dots on
the sunny side. Stalk about an
inch and a half long, inserted
even with the surface, or with a
slight depi'ession. Calyx small,
partly closed, and set in a shal-
low basin. Flesh white, very
juicy, melting, sweet, and agree-
able. Yery good. Middle of
September.

Watson.

An American variety, of
poor quality.

Fruit below medium, roundish slightly obovate, yellowish, covered
mostly with russet. Flesh whitish, coarse, moderately juicy, sweet.
Early September.

Webster.

Originated at Hudson, N. Y. Tree a moderate grower, produc-
tive. Young wood reddish brown.

Fruit medium, globular obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, sometimes a
tinge of crimson in the sun. Traces and nettings of I'usset, and many
minute brown dots. Stalk long, slender, inclined, set in a small russeted
cavity. Calyx open. Segments long, reflexed. Flesh white, juicy,
melting, sweet, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. November.

Washington.

THE PEAJl. 879

Welbeck Bergamot.

Hepworth.

Fruit above medium, roundish, uneven in outline, bossed about the
stalk, lemon yellow, blush of light crimson in the sun, and thickly-
sprinkled with large russet S])ecks. Calyx small, 02:)en. Basin shallow.
Flesh white, rather coarse-grained, half melting, juicy, sweet, without
flavoi'. November. (Hogg.)

Wellington.

Raised by Wellington, Braintree, Mass., and first shown before

the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1864.

Fruit large, oblong obovate obtvise pyriform. Skin clear pale yellow,
clouded with green. Stalk very short. Calyx open, with short, stiff,
slightly incurved segments. Basin shallow. Flesh yellowish white, lit-
tle coase, juicy, melting, sweet, with a jjeculiar aroma. November.
(Hov. Mag.)

Wendell.

A seedling of Van Mons', named in honor of Dr. H. Wendell,
Albany, N. Y. Tree vigorous, upright.

Fruit rather small, i-oundish pyriform, pale yellow, shaded in sun
with crimson, and sprinkled with dots. Calyx small, partially open.
Flesh whitish, fine-grained, jviicy, melting, buttery, sweet, pleasant.
Good. September.

Westcott.

A native of Rhode Island. Tree vigorous, an early bearer, very
productive.

Fruit medium, irregular globular. Stalk long, curved, rather stout,
fleshy at its insertion, in a cavity of moderate depth, with a lip. Calyx
very small, in a shallow furrowed basin. Color light yellow, with
numerous gray dots. Flesh white, juicy, nearly melting, coai-se, granu
lar, sweet, and agreeable. Good. Sejitember, October.

Wetmore.

Raised by E. B. Wetmore, Westmoreland, N. Y. Tree upright,
vigorous. Young wood reddish yellow brown.

Fruit small, roundish oval. Skin pale yellow, with nettings and
patches of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long,
slender, set in a small cavity, sometimes by a lijj. Calyx open. Seg-
ments short, erect. Basin shallow, slightly corrugated. Flesh white,
juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic. Good to very good. October.

Wharton's Early.

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous. Young wood olive yellowish brown.

Fruit medium size, obovate oblong acute pyriform. Skin pale yel-
low, traces of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long,
curved, rather slender, set in a slight cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx
open. Segments short, erect. Basin small, uneven. Flesh whitish,
juicy, melting, sweet, slightly musky. Good or very good. August.

880

THE PEAR.

Wheeler.

Originated in Greenwich, R. I. Tree vigorous, upright. Young
wood olive yellow brown.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Skin greenish yellow, a few
traces and patches of russet, and numerous gray and green dots.
Stalk medivim. Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin abrupt, uneven.
Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. August.

Whieldon.

Whieldon's McLellan.

McLellan.

Originated in the garden of Wm. W. Whieldon, Concord, Mass.
The tree is moderately vigorous, and a profuse bearer.

Fruit medium or above, obovate obtuse, slightly pyriform. Skin
pale yellowish green, with a tinge of red in the sun, numerous russet
nettings and dots. Stalk long, rather slender, a little inclined, set in a
shallow cavity. Calyx open. Segments a little recurved. Basin me-
dium, uneven. Flesh whitish, a little gritty near the coi'e, juicy, melt-
ing, biittery, sweet, plea-sant, slightly aromatic. Good to very good.
September,

White Doyenne.

Doyenne White.

Vugalieu, of New York.

St. Michael, of Boston.

Butter Pear, of Philadelphia.

Virgaloo.

Bergoloo.

Yellow Butter.

White Beurre.

White Autumn Beurre.

Dean's.

Warwick Bergamot.

Pine Pear.

St. Michel.

Reigner.

Doyenne.

Doyenne blanc.

Beurre blanc.

Poire de Limon.

Valencia.

Citron de Septembre.

Bonne-ente.

A courte queue.

Kaiserbime.

Kaiser d'Automne.

Weisse Herbst Butterbime.

Dechantsbime.

Nouvelle d'Ouef.

Edwige.

Carlisle.

White or Autumn Butter.

Valentia or Valencia.

Poire du Doyen.

Gamer or Gardner.

Sublime Gamotte.

The White Doyenne is, unquestionably, one of the most perfect of
autumn Pears. Its imiversal popularity is attested by the great num-
ber of names by which it is known in various parts of the world. As
the Virgalieu in New York, Butter Pear in Philadelphia, and St.
Michael's in Boston, it is most commonly known ; but all these names, so
likely to create confusion, should be laid aside for the true one. White
Doyenne.* It is an old French variety, having been in cultivation over
two hundred years. The branches are strong, upright, yellowish gray or
light brown.

Fruit of medium or large size, regularly formed, obovate. It varies
considerably in difierent soils, and is often shorter or longer on the same

* Virgalieu seems an American name, and is always liable to be confounded
with the Virgouleuse, a very different fruit. The Doyenne (pronounced diooy-
annay)^ literally deanship, is probably an allusion to the Dean by whom it was
first brou"-bt into notice.

THE PEAR, 881

tree. Skin smooth, clear pale yellow, regularly sprinkled with small
dots, and often with a fine red cheek. Stalk brown, from three-fourths
to an inch and a fourth long, a little curved, and planted in a small,
round cavity. Calyx always very small, closed, set in a shallow basin,
smooth or delicately plaited. Flesh white, fine-grained, very buttery,

White Doyennd.

melting, rich, high-flavored and delicious. Best. September — and, if
picked early from the tree, will often ripen gradually till December.

The Doyenne Panache, or titriped Dean, is a variety rather more
narrowing to the stalk, the skin prettily striped with yellow, green, and
red, and dotted with brown. Flesh juicy, melting, but not high-flavor-
ed. October.

"White's Seedling.

Origin, New Haven, Conn. Tree a vigorous giower, very produc-
tive. Young wood olive brown.

Fruit medium, oblong ovate obovate. Skin yellow, sometimes with
a brownish blush in the sun, considerably netted and patched with rus-
set, and many russet dots. Stalk long, inclined, set in a shallow cavity,
often by a fleshy lip. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. Basin
small, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic. Good
to very good. October to February.

56

882 THE PEAR.

"WlEST.

From Pennsylvania. Tree a vigorous gi'ower. Young wood reddish
yellow brown, with oblong gray sj^ecks.

Fruit medivim or below, roundish oval, green, shaded with dull red,
and sprinkled with green and gray dots. Stalk rather stout. Calyx
small, closed. Segments to a point. Flesh whitish green, juicy, melt-
ing, subacid. Good. September.

Wilbur.

The Wilbur is a native fruit, which originated in Somerset, Mass.
Shoots slender, light olive brown.

Fruit below medium size, roundish ovate, pale yellow, slightly netted
and patched Avith russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk
small in a small cavity. Calyx open. Segments long. Basin small.
Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, slightly astringent. Good. Septem-
ber.

Wilkinson.

The original tree gi'ows on the farm of Mr. J. Wilkinson, Cumber-
land, R. I. The tree is very thrifty, hardy, and a regular bearer.
The shoots are long, upright, stout, olive yellow, with oblong white
specks.

Fruit of medium size, obovate, inclining to oval. Skin smooth and
glossy, bright yellow, dotted with brown points. Stalk an inch and a
quarter long, rather stout, inserted with little or no depression. Calyx
small, open, and firm, set in a shallow basin. Flesh very white, juicy,
melting, sweet, and rich, with a slight perfume. Good. October to De-
cember.

WiLLERMOZ.

This Belgian Pear was produced in 1848. The tree is an extremely
fine grower, with young shoots dark dull olive brown, very productive.

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, nettings
and some large patches of russet, and many small russet dots. Stalk
medium or rather stout, inclined, set in a small cavity. Calyx open, or
partially closed. Basin abrupt. Flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, melting,
coarse at core, slightly vinous. Good to very good. November,
January.

William Edwards.

A seedling of Ex-Governor Edwards, of New Haven, very produc-
tive, and a good baking fruit, but not juicy or melting enough for the
dessert.

Fruit of medium size, obtuse pyiiform, terminating rather abruptly
at the stalk. Skin yellow, and at maturity profusely dotted with red
and russet points or dots on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish white,
buttery, sugary. September.

THE PEAR. 883

William Prinoe,

Origin unknown. Ti-ee vigox-ous, nj^viglit, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, with a
shade of crimson in the sun, and many brown dots. Stalk rather sliort.
Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet. Good
to very good. September, October.

Williams' Early.

A native fruit, which originated on the farm of Mr. A. D. Williams,
of Roxbury, Mass. Tree a moderate grower. Young shoots brown
red.

Fruit small, roundish slightly pyriform. Skin blight yellow, thickly
sprinkled with rich scarlet dots on the sunny side. Stalk an inch and a
half long, straight, a little fleshy where it joins the fruit. Calyx very
short, open. Basin shallow and slightly plaited. Flesh yellowish white,
a little coarse-grained at flrst, but, when ripe, very juicy, half buttery,
with a slightly musky flavor. Good. First to the middle of September.

Williamson.

Origin on the farm of Nicholas Williamson, Long Island. Tree
hardy, vigorous, and a good bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin greenish yellow, a few patches
and traces of russet. Stalk rather stout. Calyx open. Basin vmeven.
Flesh white, coarse, juicy, half melting. Good. October.

Wilmington.

A seedling of Passe Colmar, raised by Dr. Brinckle, of Philadelphia.
Tree a moderate grower. Young wood dull yellow brown.

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow,
netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots.
Stalk long, set in a small cavity, often by a lip. Calyx open. Seg-
ments persistent. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh whitish green, juicy,
buttery, melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly aromatic. Good to very good.
September.

Windsor.

Summer Bell. Belle d'Ete. Green Windsor.

Konge. Lady Thigh. Grosse .Jargonelle,

Madame. Bell Tongue. Supreme.

Madame de France. Bellissime. Water, of some.

Watermelon, of some.

The Windsor is an old Euroj^ean Pear, very commonly known in
some pai-ts of this country as the Summer Bell Pear. It is a profitable
market soi-t, bearing regularly large crops, and selling well, although in
quality it is, from its astringency, almost uneatable, and to be valued
only as a cooking fruit. The tree is remarkable for its stout, perfectly
upright dark brown shoots.

Fruit large, pyriform or bell-shaped, widest above the middle, nar-

884 THE PEAR.

rowing to the eye. Skin yellowisli green. Flesli white, tender or soft,
coarse-grained, with a somewhat astringent juice. Rots at the core.
Last of August.

WiNSHIP.
Winship Seedling.

Originated in the nvirseries of the Messrs. Winship, Brighton, Mass.
Tree vigorous. Young wood rich diill yellow reddish brown.

Fruit medium size, oblong acute pyi-iform. Skin greenish yellow,
with traces and patches of russet. Stalk long, rather stout, and uneven.
Calyx large. Segments short, erect. Basin small, cori-ugated. Flesh
white, coarse, not jviicy or melting. Poor. August.

Winter Bonchretien.

Bon Chretien d'Hiver. De Dos.

Poire d'Angoise. De Fesses.

Good Christian of Winter. De Bon Crustemenien.

Winter Good Christian. De Chretien.

Bon Chretien de Constantinople. Bon Chretien de Tours.

Panchresta. Bon Chretien de Vernon.

Poire d'Apothecaire. Bon Chretien.

Crustemenie. Bon Chretien d'Auch.

A Tetiae. De Saint-Martin.

This is perhaps one of the oldest Peai-s known, having been de-
scribed in 1485. Its value is only for cooking.

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin dull yellow, tinge of
brown in the sun, and sprinked with russet dots. Stalk me-dium.
Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin deep. Flesh white, crisp, juicy,
sweet, perfumed. December to March.

Winter Nelis.

Nelis d'Hiver. Etoumeau.

Bonne de Malines. Bergamotte Thouin.

Beurre de Malines. Colmar Nelis.

La Bonne Malinaise. Thouin.

Milanaise Cuvelier. Colmar d'Hiver.

The Winter Nelis holds, in our estimation, nearly the same rank
among winter Pears that the Seckel does among the autumnal varieties.
It is a very hardy and thrifty tree, and bears regular crops of pears,
which always ripen well, and in succession. Branches diverging, i-ather
slender, dark reddish brown. It is a Flemish Pear, and was originated
by M. Kelis, of Mechlin.

Fruit of medium size, or usually a little below it, roundish obovate,
narrowed-in near the stalk. Skin yellowish green at maturity, dotted
with gray russet, and a good deal covered with russet patches and
streaks, especially on the sunny side. Stalk an inch and a half long,
bent, and planted in a narrow cavity. Calyx open, with stiff, short di-
visions, placed in a shallow basin. Flesh yellowish white, fine-gi-ained,
buttery, and very melting, abounding with juice of a rich, saccharine,
aromatic flavor. Best. In perfection in December, and keeps till the
middle of Januaiy.

THE PEAR. 885

Winter Nelis.

Winter Seckel.

Origin, near Fredericksburg, Va. Intx'oduced by H. R. Roby.

Fruit small, obovate, yellow, with a brownish cheek in sun, patches
and nettings of russet, and many large green and brown dots. Stalk
slender. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, a little coarse at core, juicy,
half melting, sweet. Good. January to March.

Winter Thorn.
flpine d'Hiver. fipine Rose d'Hiver.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate, yello^dsh green, with gi*ayish
brown dots. Calyx small, open. Flesh whitish, tender, buttery, sweet,
musky. November, January. (Hogg.)

Woodbridge's Seckel.

Originated at Detroit, Mich. Tree moderately vigorous.

Fruit small, ovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, shaded and marbled
with crimson in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with brown and crimson
dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melt-
ing, sweet, .vinous. Very good, but rajjidly decays at the core. Sep-
tember.

886

THE PEAR,

Woodstock.

Origin, Yermont. Tree a moderate grower, very productive. Young
wood olive brown.

Fruit medium or below, varying in form from roundisli obtuse to
obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, netted and patched, and thickly
sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, rather slender, inserted in a
small cavity, often by a lip. Calyx open. Segments long, slender, per-
sistent. Basin abrupt. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant,
slightly musky. Good to very good. September.

Wredow.

This is of unl^:nown origin, probably French. Tree moderately vi-
gorous, very productive. Young wood dark olive.

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, shade of
crimson in the sun, netted, patched, and dotted with rich golden russet.
Stalk long, slender, inserted in a small cavity, sometimes by a lip.
Calyx open. Segments recurved. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, brisk,
vinous. Good to very good. September.

Yat.

Yutte.

Beurre Gris d'ifite.
De Hollande.
Gute Graue.

Graue Sommer Butterbime.

Jutjesbime.

Jut-peer.

Jutte.

Originated in Holland, of little value. Tree vigorous. Young
:A'Ood reddish yellow brown.

Fruit small, obovate pyi'iform, green, with some large, round, light-
colored specks, brown russet in sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet.
Rots quickly. September.

Zepherin Louis.
Zepherin Louis Gregoire.

Originated and first described by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, Bel-
gium. Tree a moderate healthy grower.

Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Skin dull greenish yellow, clouded
with brownish red, and shades of russet. Stalk very short. Cavity
narrow, i-ound. Calyx small. Flesh yellowish white, tinge of green,
half melting, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic. January. (Al. Pom.)

Zephirin Gregoire.

Raised by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, in 1843. Tree a free grower.
Young wood smooth, light olive yellow brown.

Fruit medium, irregular, roundish acute pyriform. Skin greenish
yellow, reddish in the sun, with patches of russet, and many green and
gray dots. Stalk short, fleshy, very fleshy at insertion, and without a
cavity. Calyx open. Segments long. Flesh whitish, melting, juicy,
perfumed. Good to very good. Octobei', November.

THE PEAR. 887

ZoAR Beauty.
Zoar Seedling.

A native of Ohio. Tree A^gorous, dark brown slioots, an early and
abundant bearer.

Fruit medium, acute pyriform. Skin yellow, with a beautiful crim-
son or carmine cheek in sun, thickly dotted with minute green dots.
Stalk long, curved, fleshy at insertion, often by a ring or lip, in a small
cavity. Calyx open. Segments erect, sometimes recurved. Flesh
white, granular, half breaking, moderately juicy, sweet, aromatic, per-
fumed. Unless gathered early it rots at core. Good. Eai-ly August.

SELECT LIST OF PEARS FOR TABLE USE, MARKETING,
AND COOKING.

Ananas d'Ete. Table and market.
Baron de Mello. Table and market.
Bartlett. Table and market.
Beurre d'Albret. Table and market.
Beurre d'Anjou. Table and mai-ket.
Beurre Bosc. Table and market.
Beurre Briguais. Table and market.
Beurre Clairgeau. Market.
Beurre Diel. Table and market.
Beurre Gifiart. Table.

Beurre Gi'is d'Hiver Nouveau. Table and market.
Beurre Hardy. Table and market.
Beurre Koning. Table and market.
Beurre Sterckmans. Table and market.
Beurre Superfin. Table and market.
Black Worcester. Market and cooking.
Bloodgood. Table.
Brandywine. Table.
Biialmont. Table and mai'ket.
BufFum. Table and market.
Catillac. Mai'ket and cooking.
Church. Table.

Clapp's Favorite. Table and market.
Coit's Beurre. Table and market.
Dana's Hovey. Table and market.
Dearborn Seedling. Table.
Dix. Table and market.
Doctor Reeder. Table.
.Doyenne Boussock. Table and market.
Doyenhe Comice. Table and market.
Doyenne d'Ete. Table and market.
Doyenne Gris. Table and market.

888 THE PEAR.

Duchesse D'Angouleme. Table and market.

Ducliesse D'Orleans, Table and market.

Edmonds. Table and market.

Emile d'Heyst. Table and market.

Flemish Beauty. Table and market.

Fondante d'Automne. Table and market.

Foote's Seckel. Table.

Fulton. Table and market.

GanseFs Bergamotte. Table and market.

Henkel. Table and market.

Howell. Table and market.

Jones' Seedling. Table and market.

Josephine Malines. Table and market.

Lawrence. Table and market.

Leon le Clerc Laval. Market and cooking.

Louise Bonne de Jersey. Table, market, and cooking.

Lycurgus. Table.

McLaughlin. Table and market.

Madame Eliza. Table and market.

Manning's Elizabeth. Table.

Marechal de la Cour. Table and market.

Merriam. Table and market.

Onondaga. Table and market.

Paradise d'Automne. Table and market.

Pound. Mai-ket and cooking.

Prince's St. Germain. Table and market.

Rostiezer. Table and market.

Putter. Table and market.

Seckel. Table and market.

Sheldon. Table and market.

Souvenir d'Esperen. Table and market.

Spanish Bon Chretien. Market and cooking.

Stevens' Genesee. Table and market.

Surpasse Virgalieu. Table and market.

Tyson. Table and market.

Urbaniste. Table and market.

Vicar of Winkfield. Market and cooking.

Washington. Table and market.

White Doyenne. Table and market.

Winter Bonchretien. Market and cooking.

Winter Nelis. Table and market.

THE PLUM. 889

CHAPTER XXVII.

THE PLUM.

Prunus dmnestica, L. Bosacefe, of botanists.
Pnmier, of the French ; Pjlaumenbaiim, German ; Prugno, Italian ; Ciruelo,

Spanish.

The original parent of most of the cultivated Plums of our gardens
i.s a native of Asia and the Soutliern parts of Europe, but it has become
naturalized in this country, and in many parts of it is produced in the
greatest abundance.* That the soil and climate of the Middle States
are admirably suited to this fruit is sufficiently proved by the almost
spontaneous pi'oduction of such varieties as the Washington, Jefterson,
Lawrence's Favorite, &c. ; sorts which ecpial or surpass in beauty or
flavor the most celebrated Plums of France or England.

Uses. The finer kinds of plums are beautiful dessert fruits, of rich
and luscious flavor. They are not, perhaps, so entirely wholesome as
the peach and the pear, as, from their somewhat cloying and flatulent
nature, unless when very perfectly ripe, they are more likely to disagree
with weak stomachs.

For the kitchen the plum is also very highly esteemed, being prized
for tarts, pies, cainiing, sweetmeats, etc. In the South of France an
excellent spirit is made from this fruit fermented with honey. In the
western part of this State, where they are very abundant, they are
halved, stoned, and dried in the sun or ovens in large quantities, and
are then excellent for winter use. For eating, the plum should be
allowed to hang on the tree till perfectly ripe, and the fruit will always
be finer in proportion as the tree has a more sunny exposure. Tlie size
and quality of the fruit is always greatly improved by thinniiig the
fruit when it is half-grown. Indeed, to prevent rotting, and to have
this fruit in its highest perfection, no two plums should be allowed to
touch each other while growing, and those who are willing to take this
pains, are amply repaid by the superior quality of the fruit.

* There are three ppccies of wild plum indigenous to this country — of toler-
able flavor, but seldom cultivateiJ in our gardens. They are the following : —

I. The Chickasaw Plum. {Primus CMcasa,Michaux.) Fruit about three-
fourths f)f an inch in diameter, round, and red or yellowish red, of a pleasant,
subacid flavor, ripens pretty early. Skin thin. The branches are thorny, the
head rather bushy, with narrow lanceolate serrulate leaves, looking at a little
distance somewhat like those of a peach-tree. It usually grows about 12 or 14
feet high ; but on the Prairies of Arkansas it is only 3 or 4 feet high, and in this
form it Ls also common in Texas. The Dwarf Texas Plum described by Ken-
rick is only this species. It is quite ornamental.

II. Wild Red OR Yellow Plum, i P. Ame7'icana, Marshall.) Fruit round-
ish oval, skin thick, reddish orange, with a juicy, yellow, subacid pul}>. The
leaves are ovate, coarsely serrate, and the old branches rough and somewhat
thorny. Grows in hedges, and by the banks of streams, from Canada to the
Gulf of Mexico. Tree from 10 to 15 feet high. Fruit ripens in July and
August.

III. The Beach Plum, or Sand Plum. (P. Maritima, Wang.) A low shrub
with stout straggling branches, found mostly on the sandy sea-coast, from Mas-
sachusetts to Virginia, and seldom ripening well elsewhere. Fruit roundish,
scarcely an inch in diameter, red or purple, covered with a bloom. Pleasant,
but somewhat astringent. Leaves oval, finely serrate.

890 THE PLUM.

One of the most important forms of the plum in commerce is that of
prunes, as they are exported from France to every part of the •world.
We quote the following interesting account of the best mode of prepar-
ing pnmes from the Arboretum JSritannicum : —

The best prunes ave made near Tours, of the St. Catherine Plum,
and the Prune d'Agen ; and the best Frencli plum.s (so called in Eng-
land) are made in Provence, of the Perdrigon blanc, the Brignole, and
the Prune d'Ast ; the Provence plums being the most fleshy, and hav-
ing always most bloom. Both kinds are, however, made of these and
other kinds of plums, in various pai-ts of France. The plums are
gathered when just ripe enough to fall from the trees on their being
slightly shaken. They are then laid, separately, on frames or sieves
made of wicker-work or laths, and exposed for several days to the sun,
till thej' become as soft as ripe medlars. When this is the case they
are put into a spent oven, shut quite close, and left there for twenty-
four hours ; they are then taken out, and the oven being slightly re-
heated, they are put in again when it is rather warmer than it was be-
fore. The next day tliey are again taken out, and turned by slightly
shaking the sieves. The oven is heated again, and they are put in a
tliird time, when the oven is one-fourth degree hotter than it was the
second time. After remaining twenty-four hours, they are taken out,
and left to get quite cold. They are then rovmded, an operation which is
performed by turning the stone in the plum ^\^.thout breaking the skin,
and pressing the two ends together between the thimib and finger.
They are then again jiut upon the sieves, which are j^laced in an oven
from which the bread has been just drawn. The door of the oven is
closed, and the crevices are stopped round it with clay or dry grass.
An hour afteiwards the plums are taken out, and the oven is again
shut, with a cup of water in it, for about two hours. When the
water is so warm as just to be able to bear the finger in it, the prunes
are again placed in the oven, and left there for twenty-four hours, when
the operation is finished, and they are put loosely into small, long, and
rather deep boxes, for sale. The common sorts are gathered by shaking
the trees ; but the finer kinds, for making French plums, must be
gathered in the morning, before the rising of the sun, by taking hold of
the stalk between the thumb and finger, without touching the fruit,
which is laid gently on a bed of vine-leaves in a basket. When the bas-
kets are filled, without the plums touching each other, they are removed
to the fruit-room, where they are left for two or three days exposed to
the Sim and air ; after which the same process is employed for the others ;
and in this way the delicate bloom is retained on the fruit, even when
quite dry.

Propagation and Culture. The plum is usually propagated in
this country by sowing the seeds of any common free-growing vai'iety
(avoiding the Damsons, which are not readily worked), and budding
them, when two years old, with finer sorts. The stones should be
planted as soon as gathered, in broad drills (as in planting peas), but
about an inch and a half deep. In good soil the seedlings will reach
eighteen inches or two feet in height the next season, and in the
autumn or the ensuing spring they may be taken from the seed-beds,
their tap-roots reduced, and all that are of suitable size planted at once
in the nursery rows, the smaller ones being thickly bedded until after
another season's OTOwth.

THE PLUM. 891

The stocks planted out in the nursery will ordinarily be ready for
■working about the ensuing midsummer, and, as the plum is quite diffi-
cult to bud in this dry climate, if the exact season is not chosen, the
budder must watch tbe condition of the trees, and insert his buds as
early as they are sufficiently firm,— say, in tbis neighborhood, about the
lOtli of July. Insert the buds, if possible, on the north side of the
stock, that being more protected from the sun, and tie the bandage
lather more tightly than for other trees.

The English propagate very largely, by layers, three varieties of the
common plum — the JSIusde^ the J3nissels, and the JPear Plum, which
are almost exclusively employed for stocks ^vith them. But we have not
found these stocks superior to the seedlings raised from our common
plums (the Blue Gage, Horse Plum, &c.), so abundant in all our
gardens. For dwarfing, the seedlings of the Mirabelle are chiefly em-
ployed.

Open standard culture is the universal mode in America, as the plum
is one of the hardiest of fruit-trees. It requii-es little or no pruning
beyond that of thinning out a crowded head, or taking away decayed or
broken branches, and this should be done before midsummer, to prevent
the flow of gum. Old trees that have become barren may be renovated
by heading them in pretty severely, covering the svounds with a
solution of gum shellac, and giving tliem a good top-dressing at the
roots.

Soil. The plvim will grow vigorously in almost every part of this
country, but it only bears its finest and most almndant crops in heavy
loams, or in soils in Avhich there is a considerable mixtur-e of clay. In
sandy soils the tree blossoms and sets plentiful crops, but they are
rarely perfected, falling a prey to the curculio, an insect that harbors in
the soil, and seems to find it difficult to penetrate or live in one of a
heavy texture, while a warm, light, sandy soil is exceedingly favorable
to its propagation. It is also undoubtedly true that a heavy soil is na-
turally the most favorable one. The surprising facility with which su-
perior new varieties are raised merely by ordinary reproduction from
seed, in certain parts of the valley of the Hudson, as at Hudson or near
Albany, where the soil is quite clayey, and also the delicious flavor and
gi'eat productiveness and health of the plum-tree there, almost withoixt
any care, while in adjacent districts of rich sandy land it is a very un-
certain bearer, are very convincing proofs of the great importance of
clayey soil for this fi'uit.*

Where the whole soil of a place is light and sandy, we would recom-
mend the employment of pure yellow loam or yellow clay in the place
of manure, when preparing the border or spaces for planting the plum.
Very heavy clay, burned slowly by mixing it in large heaps with brush
or fagots, is at once an admirable manure and alterative for such soils.
Swamp muck is also one of the best substances, and especially that from
salt-water marshes.

Common salt we have found one of the best fertilizers for the plum-
tree. It greatly promotes its health and luxuriance.

Insects and Diseases. There are but two drawbacks to the culti-

* When this was written it wae generally supposed that the curoulio would
not attack the fniit of phims growinpr on trees in clayey soils ; but practical ex-
perience has shown that such is not the fact. — Revisor.

892 THE PLUM.

vation of tlie plum in tlie United States, but they are in some districts
so great as almost to destroy the value of this tree. These are the cur-
culio and the knots.

The curculio, or plum-weevil [Rhynchcenus Hemqyhar), is the un-
compromising foe of all smooth-stone fruits. The cultivator of the
Plum, the Nectarine, and the Apricot, in many parts of the country,
after a flattering profusion of snow}' blossoms and an abundant promise
in the thickly set young crops of fruit, has the frequent mortification of
seeing nearly all, or indeed, often, the whole crop, fall from the trees
when half or two-thirds grown.

If he examines these falling fruits he will perceive on the surface
of each, not far from the stalk, a small semi-circular sear. This scar is
the crescent-shaped insignia of that little Turk the ciirculio — an insect
so small as, perhaps, to have escaped his observation for years, unless
particularly drawn to it, but which nevertheless appropiiates to himself
the Avhole product of a tree, or an orchard of a thousand trees.

The habits of this curculio, or plum-weevil, are not yet fully and en-
tirely ascertained. But careful observation has resulted in establishing
the following points in its history : —

The plum-weevil is a small, dark brown beetle, with
spots of white, yellow, and black. Its length is scarce-
ly one-fifth of an inch. On its back are two black
humps, and it is furnished Avith a pretty long, curved
throat and snout, which, when it is at rest, is bent
between the forelegs. It is also provided with two
wings, Avith which it flies through the air. How far
this insect flies is yet a disputed point, some cultiva-
tors afiirming that it scarcely goes farther than a
single tree, and others believing that it flies over a
whole neighborhood. Our own observation inclines
us to the belief that this insect emigrates iust in

The cnrcnlio, and ,• -x i2 i • i v. i j.i

its mark. proportion as it nnds m more or less abundance the

tender fruit for depositing its eggs. Very rarely do
we see more than one puncture in a plum, and, if the
insects are abundant, the trees of a single spot will not aflbrd a sufiicient
number for the purpose ; then there is little doubt (as we have seen
them flying through the air) that the insect flies farther in search of a
larger supply. But usually, we think, it remains nearly in the same
neighborhood, or migrates but slowly.

About a week or two after the blossoms have fallen fi'om the trees,
if we examine the fruit of the plum in a district where this insect
abounds, we shall find the small, newly formed fruit beginning to be
punctured by the j^roboscis of the plum-weevil. The insect is so small
and shy, that unless we watch closely it is very likely to escape our no-
tice. But if we strike or shake the tree suddenly, it will fall in considei--
able numbers on the ground, drawn up as if dead, and resembling a small
raisin, or, perhaps more nearlj^, a ripe hemp-seed. From the first of
April until August this insect may be found, though we think its de-
predations on fruit, and indeed its api^earance in any quantity, is con-
fined to the months of INIay and June in this climate. In places where
it is very abundant, it also attacks to some extent the cherry, the peach,
and even the apple and pear.

Early in July the punctured plums begin to fall rapidly from the

THE PLUM. 893

tree. The egg deposited in each, at first invisible, has become a white
grub or larva, which slowly eats its way towards the stone or pit. As
soon as it reaches this point the fruit falls to the ground. Here, if left
xmdisturbed, the grub soon finds its way into the soil.

There, according to most cultivators of fruit, and to our own observa-
tions, the grubs or larvaB remain till the ensuing spring, when in their
perfect form they again emerge as beetles and renew their ravages on
the fi'uit. It is true that Harris and some other naturalists have
proved that the insect does sometimes undergo its final transformation
and emerge from the gi'ound in twenty days, but we are inclined to the
opinion that this only takes place with a small portion of the brood,
which, perhaps, have penetrated but a veiy short distance below the
surface of the soil. These making their appearance in midsummer, and
finding no yovmg fruit, deposit their eggs in the young branches of trees,
etc. But it is undeniable that the season of the plum-weevil is early
spring, and that most of the larvae which produce the annual swarm, re-
main in the soil during the whole period intervening since the fall of the
previous year's fruit. Plum-trees growing in hard trodden court-yards
usually bear plentifvil ci'ops.

The modes of destroying the plum-weevil are the following : —

1. Shaking the tree and killhig the beetles. Watch the young fruit,
and you will perceive when the insect makes its appearance by its
punctures upon them. Spread some sheets under the tree, and strike
the trunk pretty sharply several times with a loooden mallet. The in-
sects will quickly fall, and should be killed immediately. This should
be repeated daily for weeks, or so long as the insects continvie to make
their appearance. Repeated trials have proved, beyond question, that
this rather tedious mode is a very eflfectual one if persisted in.* Cooj^s
of chickens placed about under the trees at this season will assist in de-
stroying the insects.

Dr. E. S. Hull, of Alton, Illinois, has invented a machine for
catching the curculio on a large scale for orchard culture, but not having
seen it, we copy an extract from the Hearth and Home :

" This is nothing but a gigantic white umbrella, turned bottom up-
ward, mounted uj^on an immense wheelbarrow, and split in front to re-
ceive the trunk of the tree which is to be operated ujion. At the in-
terior end of the split in front is a padded biimper, which strikes against
the trunk as the operator Avheels the barrow, fii'st against one tree, and
then against another, and with two or three sudden jars fetches all the
insects ofi" the boughs into the white umbrella, which gapes widely open
to receive them. Keally, it is a most magnificent institution, but for its

* Merely shaking the tree is not sufficient. The foUowing memorandum, as
additional proof, we quote from the Oene.iee Farmer : — " Under a tree in a re-
mote part of the fruit-garden, having spread the sheets, I made the following
experiment. On shaking the tree well I caught five ourculios ; on jarring it with
the hand I caught twelve more ; and on striking the tree with a stone, eight
more dropped on the sheets. I was now convinced that I had been in error ; and
calling in assistance and using a h.ammer to jar the tree violently, we caught, in
less than an hour, more than two hundred and sixty of these insects. " We will
add to this, that to prevent injury to the tree a large wooden mallet should be
substituted for a hammer, and it is better if a thick layer of cloth is bound oyer
its head. A sharp stunning blow is found necessary to readily dislodge the in-
sect, and as such, when given directly upon the bark of the tree, often causes a
bruise, it is found to be a good practice to saw off a small limb and strike the
blow upon the stump.

894 THE PLTTM,

practical success three things are necessary : 1st. That the land should
be decently clean, and not ovei-grown with rank weeds four or five feet
high. 2d. That the orchard be a sufiiciently large one to pay the inter-
est on the pi'ime cost of the machine. 3d. That the trees have a clean
trunk of some tln-ee or four feet."

For those wishing a full description of the machine, we refer them
to the Doctor's own statement in the American HJntomologist for July,
18G9.

2. Gathering the fruit and destroying the larvce. As the insect, in
its larva or gi'ub form, is yet within the plums when they fall prema-
turely from the tree, it is a very obvious mode of exterminating the next
year's brood to gather these fallen fruits daily, and feed them to swine,
boil, or otherwise destroy them,

A simple and easy way of covering the difficulty, where there is a
plum orchard or enclosure, is that of turning in swine and fowls dur-
ing the whole season, when the stung plums are dropping to the
ground. The fx'uit, and the insects contained in it, will thus be de-
voured together. This is an excellent expedient for the farmer, who
bestows his time grudgingly on the cares of the garden.

The knots or black gum. In some pai-ts of the country this is a
most troublesome disease, and it has, in neighborhoods where it has been
suffered to take its coiirse, even destroyed the whole race of Plum-trees.

The knots is a disease attacking the bark and wood. The former
at first becomes swollen, afterwards bursts, and, finally, assumes the
appearance of large, irregular, black lumps, with a hard, cracked, nneven
surface, quite dry within. The passage of the sap upwards becomes stop-
ped by the compression of the branch by the tumor, and, finally, the
poison seems to disseminate itself by the downward flow of the
sap through the whole trunk, breaking out in various parts of it.

The sorts of plum most attacked by this disease are those with pur-
ple fruit, and we have never known the green or yellow fruited varieties
infected, until the other sorts had first become filled with the knots.
The common Horse Pkim and Damson appear to be the first to fall a
prey to it, and it is more difficult to eradicate it from them than from
most other sorts. The common Morello cherry is also very often in-
jured by the same disease, and, in some districts, the sweet cherry also.

There is yet some doubt respecting the precise cause of these knotty
excrescences, though there is every reason to think it is the work of an
insect. Professor Peck and Dr. Harris believe that they are caused by
the same cui'cnlio or plum-weevil that stings the fruit ; the second brood
of which, finding no fruit ready, choose the branches of this tree and
the cherry. This observation would seem to be confirmed by the
fact that the grubs or larvse of the plum- weevil are frequently found in
these warts, and that the beetles have been seen stinging the branches.

On the other hand, the following facts are worthy of attention.
First, in some pai-ts of the country, where the curculio has been trouble-
some for many years, the knots have never been known. Secondly,
in many cases, the knots have been abundant on Plum-trees, when the
fruit was entirely fair and uninjured by the curculio, even upon the
same branches.

These facts seem so irreconcilable with the opinion that the curculio
produces both these effects, that we rather incline at present to the be-
lief, that though the curculio deposits its eggs in the tumors on the

THE PLUM. 396

branclies wliile they are yet soft and tender, yet it is not to tlie curculio^
but to some other insect or cause that we owe this unsightly disease.

Practically, howevei-, this is of little account. The experience of
many persons, besides ourselves, has proved most satisfactorily that it is
easy to extirpate this malady, if it is taken in season and unremittingly
pursued. As early as possible in spring the whole of the infected trees
should be examined, and every branch and twig that shows a tumor
should be cut off and immediately burned. Whatever may be the in-
sect, we thus destroy it, and, as experience has taught us that the
malady spreads rapidly, we will thus eflectually prevent its increase. If
the trees are considerably attacked by it, it will probably be necessaiy
to go over them again aboiit the middle of May, but, \isually, once a
year will be sufficient. If any of the trees are very much covered with
these knots, it is better to head back the shoots severely, or dig them
up and biirn them outright, and it will be necessary to prevail upon
your neighbors, if they are near ones, to enter into the plan, or your
own labors will be of little value. Pui'sue this simple and straightfor-
ward practice for two. or three seasons (covering any large wounds
made with the solution of gum shellac), and the knots ^vill be found to
disappear, the curculio to the contrary notwithstanding.

Varieties. There are now a pretty large number of fine plums,
and some most important additions have been made by the seedlings
raised in this coimtry. The Green Gage still stands at the head of the
list for high flavor, though several other sorts are nearly or quite equal
to it. The Washington, the Jefferson, and the Madison are among
the largest and most beautiful ; and Coe's Golden Drop and Heine
Claude de Bavay are very desii'able for their late maturity.

In describing Plums, the surface of the young wood, when just
I'ipened, is an important character ; as it is smooth in some varieties,
and downy, or covered with soft hairs, in others. In some varieties
the flesh ^>«7-fe from the stone, while in others it adheres. And, finally,
the depressed line or channel which runs down one side of the exterior
surface of the plum is called the suture, and the prominence or absence
of this feature enables us to distinguish many kinds at first sight.

VARIETIES.

Abricotee de Braunau.

Branches smooth.

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval, rather flattened on the
sides, and marked with a suture which is deep towards the stalk, and
higher on one side than the other. Skin whitish gi-een, covered with a
thick white bloom on the shaded side, and reddish, with some spots of
a deeper red on the side next the sun. Stalk an inch long, thick.
Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sweet, sugary, and rich flavored, separating
from the stone. Rijie middle of September. (Hogg.)

Albany Beauty.
Denniston's Albany Beauty.
Originated with Isaac Denniston, Albany, IST. Y. Tree moderately
vigorous. Branches smooth.

896 THE PLUM.

Fruit rather below medivim size, roundish oval, with an obscure su-
ture. Skin 2)ale whitish green, marked with nximerous small purplish
dots, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk an inch or more long, slen-
der, very slightly inserted. Flesh yellow, moderately juicy, rich, and
sweet ; sepai-ates from the stone, which is small and pointed. Good to
very good. Ripe August.

American Magnum Bonum.

A native vaiiety, qiiite common, but its origin unknown. Tree
very vigorous, with strong, downy bi'anches.

Fruit rather large, oval. Suture broad, shallow. Skin deep pur-
ple, covered with a thick blue bloom. Stalk rather long, curved, set in
a moderately deep cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, and
pleasant ; adheres to the stone. Good. Early September.

American Wheat.

Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Branches smooth, grayish
brown.

Fruit quite small, roundish, with a shallow suture. Stalk slender.
Skin gi-eenish, shaded v/ith violet purple, and covered with a thin blue
bloom. Flesh greenish, juicy, sweet. Good. Adheres partially to the
stone. Last of August.

Angelina Burdett.

An English variety, raised by Mr. Dowling, Southampton. Tree
moderate grower, productive, hardy. Branches smooth.

Fruit above medium, round, with a suture deepest next the stalk.
Skin thick, dark purple, thickly covered with brown dots and a blue
bloom. Flesh yellowish, juicy, well flavored; separates from the stone.
Good. Early September.

Anna Maria.

Raised by S. D. Pardee, New Haven, Conn. Tree moderately vigo-
rous, rather spreading, very productive. Branches slightly downy, gray,
short-jointed.

Fruit below medium, roundish oval, without suture. Skin pale
greenish yellow, splashed with darker green, and covered with a thin blue
bloom. Stalk rather short, in a small cavity. Flesh pale green, very
juicy, melting, rich, sugary. Good to very good. Adheres slightly at
one edge of the stone. Last of August.

Apple Plum.
From the garden of D. TJ. Pratt, Chelsea, Mass.

Fruit medium, roundish flattened, a little swollen on one side. Su-
ture medium. Skin reddish jjurple, with a blue bloom and light dots.
Flesh greenish yellow, a little coarse, sweet, sprightly, with considerable
austerity at the skin ; adheres partially to the stone. Good. Sep-
tember.

Apricot.

Apricot Plum of Tours. Abricotee. Abricotee Blanche.

Abricotee de Tours. Yellow Apricot. Old Apricot.

Abricotee Blanc.

Branches quite downy, nearly white.

THE PLUM. 897

Fruit above medium size, roundish, with a deep suture or furrow.
Skin j^ellow, dotted and tinged with red on the sunny side, covered
with a wliite bloom. Flesh yellow, rather firm, separates from the
stone ; slightly bitter, until fully ripe, when it is melting, juicy, and
high-flavored. Good. Kipe the middle of August.

Auburn.

A native of Western New York. Tree vigorous. Branches smootli,
reddish.

Fruit medium, oval. Suture shallow. Skin light reddish purple,
with a thin lilac bloom. Stalk rather short. Flesh rather coarse,
orange yellow, not juicy, sweet, pleasant; separates from the stone.
Good. Early August.

AUTOMNE DE ScHAMALI.

Prune d'Automne de Schamili. Damascena Schamali.

D'Automne de Schamal.

A German vai-iety. Tree vigorovis. Branches upright, smooth,
light reddish brown.

Fruit large, oval, with a long, peculiar mamelon neck, one side
sometimes enlarged. Suture large, deep, two-thirds around. Skin
light reddish purple, with a light lilac bloom. Stalk long and stout.
Flesh orange yellow, j uicy, sweet ; adheres firmly to the stone. Good.
September.

Autumn Compote.

This variety was grown by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, Eng-
land, from seed of Cooper's Large. Tree vigorous, moderately produc-
tive. Branches smooth.

Fruit large, oblong oval, narrowing to the lower end. Suture broad
and shallow, one side often swollen. Skin dull whitish yellow, with
light crimson on the sunny side, and covered with a thin lilac bloom.
Stalk long, set in a small narrow cavity. Flesh yellow, a little coarse,
juicy, sweet, pleasantly mixed with acid; adheres partly to the stone.
Good to very good. September.

Autumn Gage.
Roe's Autumn Gage. Reine Claude d'Automne.

Raised by Wm. Roe, of Newburg. Of good quality, a very abun-
dant bearer. Branches smooth. Tree vigorous, spreading.

Fruit medium size, oval, rather broadest towards the stalk. Stalk
three-fourths of an inch long, inserted without any depression. Skin
pale yellow, covered with thin whitish bloom. Flesh greenish yellow,
separating from the stone, jviicy, sweet, and of delicate, pleasant flavor.
Good to very good. Stone long, compressed, pointed at both ends.
September.

Bavay's Green Gage.
Reine Claude de Bavay. Monstrueuse de Bavay. Saint Clair.

Raised hj Major Esperen, and dedicated to M. De Bavay, of Vil-
vorde. A very vigorous grower, very productive, and a valuable
addition to the late varieties. Bi-anches smooth.

57

SOS

THE PLUM.

' Fruit large, roundish, slightly depressed. Skin greenish yellow,
with stripes and splashes of green, covered with a thin bloom. Su-
ture medium. Apex dimpled. Stalk short and stout, set in a small

cavity. Flesh yellow, juicy, melt-
ing, with a sugary, rich, excellent
flavor ; separates from the stone.
Best. Last of September and
first of October.

Bejonnieres.

Prune des Bejonnieres.

A foreign variety. Tree vigo-
rous. Branches smooth, reddish
brown.

Fruit medium or below, oval,
often with a slight neck. Suture
bi-oad, shallow. Skin pale yellow,
with a thin light bloom. Stalk
rather stout, in a small cavity.
Bavay's Green Gage. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet,

slightly vinous; separates from the
stone. Good. Last of August.

Belgian Purple.
Bleu de Belgique. Bleu de Perque.

From Belgiu.m. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth. Buds prominent.

Fruit rather large, roundish oval. Suture shallow. Apex sunken.
Skin deep brownish purple, covered with a blue bloom. Stalk half
inch long, rather slender. Cavity large. Flesh a little coarse, greenish,
juicy, rich, sugary; adheres to the stone. Very good. Early Septem-
ber.

Belle de Louvain.

Prune de Louvain.

A Belgian variety, of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, productive.
Branches stout, smooth, gi-ayish brown.

Fruit large, long oval. Si\ture deep. Skin purplish red, covered
with a thin bloom. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, juicy, agreeable;
separates from the stone. September. (Al. Pom.)

Belle de Septembre.

Van Mons' Red ? Reine Claude Rouge de Septembre.

Van Mons' Red Gage ? Reina Nova.

Autumn Beauty. Gros Rouge de Septembre.

Reine Claude Rouge Van Mons ?

A variety introduced from Brus.sels. Tree vigorous and productive.
Branches smooth.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oval. Sides unequal. Suture
large, extending a little beyond the apex. Skin light reddish purple,
covered with a thin blue bloom. Stalk short, slender. Cavity small.

THE PLUM.

899

riesli orange yellow, juicy, sweet, vinous ; adheres to the stone. Good
to very good. September.

Benedict.

Origin, Pa. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth, brownish.

Fruit small, oval, one side a little enlarged. Suture distinct, extend-
ing a little beyond the apex. Skin pale yellow, covered with a thin
white bloom and a few red dots and blotches on the sunny side. Stalk
of medium length, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh pale yellow, juicy
sweet and pleasant. Good. Adheres to the stone.

Bingham.

A native fruit, originally from Pennsylvania, and named after the
Bingham family. Tree vigoi'ous, productive. Branches do^vny.

Fruit lai-ge, long oval, rather widest towards the stalk. Skin deep
yellow, somewhat spotted with rich red on the sunny side. Stalk
slightly inserted. Flesh yellow, adhering to the stone, juicy, and of
rich and delicious flavor. Very good. Last of August and first of
^ptember.

German Gage.

Bleecker's Gage.
Bleecker's Yellow.

Bleecker's Yellow Gage.

A fruit of the first quality, not only excellent but remarkably hardy,
and a good and regular bearer. It was raised by the late Mrs. Bleecker,
of Albany. Tree veiy vigorous. Branches downy.

Fruit of medium size, roundish oval,
very regiilar. Suture scai'cely percep-
tible. Stalk quite long, an inch or
more, straight and pretty stoi;t, do^vlly,
slightly inserted. Skin yellow, with
minierous imbedded white specks, and
a thin white bloom. Flesh yellow,
rich, sweet, and luscious in flavor;
separates almost entirely from stone,
which is pointed at both ends. Very
good. Easily distinguished from
Yellow Gage by its longer and stouter
stalk. Very good. Last of A ugust.

Blue Gage.

Azure Hdtive.
Black Perdrigon.

Little Blue Gage.
Cooper's Blue Gage.

An ordinary little round blue Plum,
the Azure Ildtive of the French.
Branches slender and downy. Bleecker's Gage.

Fruit quite small and round. Skin
dark blue, covered with light blue bloom. Flesh greenish, juicy, a
little acid, somewhat rich, and separates from the stone. Good.
Ripe middle of August.

900

THE PLUM.

Imperatrice.
Veritable Imperatrice.

Blue Imperatrice.

Violette.
Imperatrice Violet.

Empress.
Violet Empress.

The true Blue Imperatrice is an admirable Plum, one of the finest
of the late plums, hanging for a long time on the tree, and may be
kept in the fruit-room a considerable period after being gathered. It
is rich, sugary, and excellent. The branches are long, smooth, and

slender, and the smaller twigs start out
at nearly right angles ^vith the main
branches.

Fruit of medium size, oval obovate,
obtuse, tapering most towards the stalk.
Stalk nearly an inch long, set in a slight
hollow. Skin deep purple, covered with
a thick blue bloom. Flesh greenish yel-
low, pretty firm, rather dry, but quite
rich and sugary, adhering closely to the
stone. Very good. BijDens in Octo-
ber, and will hang, in sheltei'ed situa-
tions, till the middle of November.

Blue Perdrigon.

Violet Perdrigon. Perdrigon Violette.

Brignole Violette.

A very old variety from Italy.
Blue Imperatrice. Branches downy.

Fruit of medium size, oval. Skin
reddish purple, with many brown dots, and a very thick whitish
bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, rather firm, sugary; adhering to the
stone. Good. Last of August.

Blue Plum.

From the South. Propagated by suckers. Tree productive. Branches
smooth.

Fruit medium, roundish, scarcely oval. Suture obscure. Skin dark
blue, with light blue bloom. Flesh yellowish gi-een, juicy, sweet ; adheres
to the stone. Early August. (Wliite.)

Blum.

Tliis is supposed to be a seedling of North Carolina. The Country
Gentleman describes it as: —

"Fruit full medium or rather large, oval. Color dull orange, with
numei-ous small brown dots. Suture distinct. Stalk short. Cavity
narrow. Flesh yellowish brown, fine-grained, very juicy. Very good.
July, August."

Bonnet d'Eveque.

Tree vigorous, upright. Branches smooth.
Fniit medium, obovate. Skin dark purple,
from the stone. October. (Hogg.)

Flesh, rich, separating

THE PLUM.

901

V BOULOUF.

Fruit large, roundish, red or reddish violet, with spots. Flesh
yellow, fine, juicy, slightly acid, perfumed. September. (S. V. M.)

Bradshaw.
Black Imperial Blue Imperial.

Tree an upright, vigorous grower. Branches smooth, brownish.

Fruit large, oval obovate, sometimes with a slight neck. Suture

half round,broad, shallow. Apex
a little sunk. Skin reddish pur-
ple, covered with a light blue
bloom. Stalk rather stout, curv-
ed, set in a small cavity. Flesh
yellowish, coarse, juicy, brisk,
pleasant ; adheres partially to the
stone. Good to very good. Au-
gust.

Brahy's Green Gage.
Reine Claude de Brahy.

Tree vigorous, with stout,
smooth branches, brownish pur-
ple.

Fruit large, roundish, inclin-
ing to oval. Suture half round,
large. Skin greenish yellow,
splashed with darker green, and
covered with a pretty thick
light bloom. Flesh greenish
yellow, sugary, rich; adheres to
the stone. Very good. Sep-
Bradshaw. tember.

Brevoort's Purple.

New York Purple.
Brevoort's Purple Bolmar.

Brevoort's Purple Washington.
Washington Purjjle.

Tree vigorous. Branches

Raised by Henry Brevoort, New York
long, smooth.

Fruit large, oval. Skin reddish, covered with a violet bloom.
Flesh yellowish, soft, juicy, not very sweet, but with considerable
vinous flavor ; adheres closely to the stone. Good. Ripe the first of
September.

Petit Bricette.

Bricet.

Bricetta.
Mirabelle Tardive.

Mirabelle d'Octobre.

Tree moderately vigorous. Branches smooth.

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Skin yellow, with spots of red.
Stalk of medium length, set in a small cavity. Flesh yellow, rather

902 THE PLUM.

firm, very juicy, sugary, and excellent; adheres to tlie stone. Oood.
Rijiens middle of September.

Bryanston's Gage.

Fruit medium, oval, witli a shallow suture. Apex a little sunk.
Skin dull pale yellow, with a bronze cheek in the sun, covered with a
light bloom. Stalk rather stout. Cavity medium. Flesh yellow, a
little coarse, juicy, sweet, pleasant; adheres partially to the stone.
Good to very good. October.

Buel's Favorite.

An excellent Plum, raised by Isaac Denniston, of Albany, N. Y.'
Tree moderately vigorous. Branches smooth, reddish.

Fruit pretty large, ovate, broadest towards the stalk. Suture quite
distinct for half the circumference. Stalk nearly three-quarters of an
inch long, rather stout, slightly inserted. Skin pale green, thickly
sjirinkled with lighter dots, and speckled with a little red next the
stalk. Flesh greenish yellow, rather firm, jviicy, and quite rich and high-
flavored ; adheres to the stone, which is long and pointed. Good.
Last of August.

Burgundy Prune.

Prune de Bourgogne.

Fruit medium, egg-shaped, with a neck. Suture indistinct. Skin red-
dish black, with a blue bloom, covered with numerous small dots. Stalk
long, set in a very small cavity. Flesh fine, juicy, sugary, very pleasant ;
separates from the stone. Good. Middle of September.

Burlington Gage.

Origin, Burlington, Yt. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading, irregular
grower, productive even when young. Wood yellowish gray.

Fruit medium size. Form roundish oval. Color dark pur2)lish blue,
with rich bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, rich. Freestone. Good.
August.

Burettes.

Raised by M. Gregoire. Tree of medium vigor, very fertile.

Fruit large, long oval. Skin dull yellow. Flesh very delicate,
melting, abounding in jviice, very sweet, with a delightful aroma. Ripe
the end of September. (Al. Pom.)

Byfield.

Tree moderately vigorous. Branches smooth.

Fruit small, rovmd. Skin light yellow. Flesh yellow, of good fla-
vor ; adheres to the stone, which is thick. Good. Middle to last of
August.

Caldwell's Golden Drop.
An American variety. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth.

THE PLUM. 903

Fruit large, oval, one side often enlarged. Suture half round, large.
Skin yelloAV, marbled with crimson in the sun, thin bloom. Stalk slen-
der. Cavity small. Flesh yellow, juicy, sugary, rich ; adheres to the
stone. Good. August.

Caldwell's White Gage.

American. Tree productive. Branches smooth or slightly downy,
grayish.

Fruit medium, oval, narrowing a little to the apex. Suture shal-
low. Point at apex. Skin greenish yellow, dotted with purjjle in the
sun, covered with a thick bloom. Stalk long. Flesh greenish yellow,
rather coarse, j uicy, sugary; adheres to the stone. Good. September.

Cambell.
Cambell's Seedling'. McCauley's Seedling.

Tree vigorous. Branches smooth.

Fruit rather large, oval. Suture shallow. Skin pale yellow, splashed
with green, dotted and marbled with crimson in the sun, light bloom.
Stalk long. Cavity small. Flesh pale yellow, a little coarse, juicy,
sweet ; adheres partially to the stone. Good. September.

Chapin.

Originated with Aaron Chapin, Hartford, Conn. Tree vigorous
grower.

Fruit medium, oval. Suture shallow. Skin light reddish purple
or chocolate, blue bloom. Stalk long, slender. Cavity deep. Flesh
yellow, juicy, and vinous; adheres partially to the stone. Good. Late
October.

Cherry.

Early Scarlet. De Virginie. Prunus Cerasifera.

Myrobolan. D'Amtrique Rouge. Mser Plum.

Virginia Cherry. Prunus Myrobolana.

The Cherry Plum or Early Scarlet is a very distinct species. Tree
grows ra]>idly, forming a bushy head, with slender branches and small
leaves. A beautiful early fruit. Good for preserving or market.

Fruit is round, about an inch in diameter, of a lively red, Avith very
little bloom, and a very slender, short stem, set in a narrow cavity. The
flesh is greenish, melting, soft, very juicy, with a pleasant, lively, sub-
acid flavor — neither rich nor high flavored — and adheres closely to the
stone. It ripens about the middle of July, before most other j^lums,
and this, and its pretty appearance at the dessert, arc its chief merits.
Branches smooth. The common Cherry Plum, or Myrobolan, of Europe,
is rather larger, and shaped like a heart. In all other respects the same.

Chester County Prune.

Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright, with long, slen-
der branches, smooth, and of a light grayish brown.

Fruit medium or below, long oval or oblong oval, almost without
suture. Skin black, with a thick blue bloom. Stalk rather long, slen-
der. Cavity small. Flesh greenish, swoet ; separates freely from the
stone. Good. Early September.

904

THE PLUM.

Chestok.
Matchless. Diapree Violette. Violet Diaper.

A pleasant early Plum, but superseded noAV by better ones.
Branches do^vny.

Fruit rather small, oval. Skin dark purple, with a blue bloom.
Stalk quite short, set without depression. Flesh yellow, firm, sweet,
and rather sprightly ; separating from the stone. Good. Last of July
and first of August.

Cleavinger.

A native of Philadelphia Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, spreading.
Branches downy.

Fruit rather large, oval. Suture distinct, one side often enlarged.
Skin deep purple, thick blue bloom. Stalk moderately stout. Cavity
deep. Flesh orange yellow, coarse, juicy, vinous, subacid ; adheres to
the stone. Good. Last of August.

Coe's Golden Drop

Bury Seedling.
Coe's Imperial.
New Golden Drop.
Fair's Golden Drop.
Golden Gage.

Waterloo of some.
Goutte d'Or.
Coe's Plum.
Prune Goutte d'Or.

Raised by Mr. Coe, an English gardener, near London. Tree mo-
derately vigorous, productive; re-
quires a warm, late season to ripen
it north of 41° latitude. Branches
smooth.

Fruit of the largest size, oval,
with a well-marked suture, on one
side of which it is a little more swol-
len than the other, the outline nar-
rowing towards the stalk. Skin light
yellow, with a number of rich dark
red spots on the sunny side. Stalk
neai'ly an inch long, rather stifi*, set
on the end of the fruits. Flesh yel-
low, rather firm, adhering closely to
the stone, which is quite pointed.
Flavor rich, sweet, and delicious.
Very good. Last of Sejjtember.

Coe's Late Red.

Saint Martin.
Saint Martin Rouge.
Prune de St. Martin.
Red Saint Martin.

Tree vigorous, with long, rather

slender branches, very productive.

Coe's Gk)iden Drop. A good late Variety. Branches

downy.

Fruit of medium size, nearly round, with a well-marked suture

THE PLUM,

905

running along one side. Skin light purplish red, with a thin blue bloom.
Stalk pretty stout, three-fourths of an inch long, set nearly even with
the surface. Flesh yellowish, rather firm and crisp, juicy, with a rich
vinous flavor ; separating almost entirely from the stone. Good to veiy
good. October and November.

Coe's A^'iolet.
Coe's Golden Drop Violette.

Tree vigorous. Branches smooth, dark brown.

Fruit large, oval. Suture large, extending a little beyond the apex.
Skin light reddish, thickly sprinkled
with brown dots and a lilac bloom.
Stalk rather long and stout. Cavity
small. Flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet ;
adheres to the stone. Good to very good.
September.

Columbia.

Coliimbian Gage.

Raised by L. U. Lawrence, Hudson,
N. Y. Tree vigorous, productive, but
subject to rot.

Fruit of the lai-gest size, six or seven
inches in circumference, nearly globular,
one half rather larger than the other.
Skin brownish purple, dotted with nu-
merous fa"\vn-colored specks, and cov-
ered with much blue bloom, through
which appears a reddish brown tint on
the shaded side. Stalk about an inch
long, rather stout, inserted in a naiTOw,
small ca\aty. Flesh orange, not very

juicy, but when at full matui-ity very rich, sugary, and excellent ; it
separates freely from the stone, except a little on the edge. The stone
is quite small and comjiressed. Good. Last of August.

Coe's Violet.

Comte Gustave d'Egger.

An Austrian variety, oi-iginated with M. Liegel, of Braunau, from
seed of the Abricotee. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches downy.

Fruit small or medium, oblong oval. Siiture half round, broad,
deep, distinct. Skin pale yellow, bronzed in sun and tinged with violet.
Flesh yellowish, fine, sweet, juicy, delicious; separates from the stone.
September. (An. Pom.)

Cooper's Large. .

Cooper's Large Red. Cooper's Large American. La Delicieuse ?

Coxe, who first described this Plum, says it was raised by Mr.
Joseph Cooper, of New Jersey, from a stone of the Orleans. He con- .

906 THE PLUM.

siders it as a fine large plum, but exceedingly liable to rot upon the tree.
Tree vigorous. Branches smooth, dark brown.

Fruit large, oval. Sides unequal. Suture bi'oad, large, often ex-
tending beyond the apex. Skin deep bluish purple, pretty thickly covered
with a blue bloom. Stalk medium. Cavity large, deep. Flesh yellow-
ish, not very juicy, sweet, slightly vinous; adheres to the stone. Good.
September.

Cope.

Raised by John Cope, near Philadelphia.

Fruit large, long oval, dark purple. Flesh not juicy, acid; separates
from the stone. Good for cooking.

Copper.
French Copper.

An old Plum, very jiroductive and profitable. Tree vigorous.
Branches smooth. Very productive and a good market sort.

Fruit medium or below, oval, without suture and with a slight mame-
lon neck. Skin deep copper color, covered with a thick blue bloom.
Stalk rather long, slender, set on a point without depression. Flesh
greenish, juicy and acid ; adheres to the stone. Good. Valued for cook-
ing. Last September.

Corse's Admiral.

Raised by Henry Corse, of Montreal, Canada. Branches downy.

Fruit above medium size, oval. Skin light purple, covered with a
pale lilac bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy and sprightly, but second-
rate in flavor, and adhering closely to the stone. Good. September.

Corse's Field Marshal.

Skin lively purplish red. Raised by Henry Corse, Montreal, Canada.
Fruit rather large, oval. Flesh gi'eenish yellow, juicy, but a little
tart ; adheres closely to the stone. Ripe middle of August.

Corse's Nota Bene.

Raised by Henry Corse, of Montreal, Canada. Tree very vigorous,
very productive, and hardy. Branches smooth.

Fi-uit of rather large size, round. Skin pale lilac or pale brown,
often dull green on the shaded side, with much light blue bloom. Stalk
half an inch loiig, set in a round hollow. Flesh greenish, rather fii-m,
juicy, sweet, and rich, and separates from the stone. Good. First of
Septembei\

Cox's Seedling.

Raised by Mrs, Cox, York, Pa. Tree a vigorous upright grower.
Branches smooth.

Fruit very large, roundish oval, slightly compressed. Suture broad,
shallow. Skin yellow, sometimes a little splashed with green, and cov-

THE PLUM. 907

ered with a light bloom. Stalk rather stout, in a narrow, rather deep
cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, a little coarse, juicy, sweet; separates
from the stone. Good. Early August.

Croft's Early.

Fruit small, reddish blue. Flesh yellow, dry, devoid of flavor.
August. (Elliott.)

Cruger's Scarlet,
Cruger's. Cruger's Seedling. Cruger's Scarlet Gage.

Raised by Henry Cruger, of New York. Tree of free growth.
Branches long, downy, very productive.

Fruit rather larger than a Green Gage, roundish oval, with an obscure
suture. Skin, when fully exposed, a lively red, but usually a bright
lilac, covered with a thin bluish bloom, and speckled with numerous
golden dots ; in the shade it is pale fawn-colored on one side. Stalk
half an inch long, set in a shallow depression. Flesh deep orange, not
very jviicy nor rich, but with a very agreeable, mild, sprightly flavor.
It hangs well after ripening. Good. Last of August.

Damson.

Common Damson. Purple Damson.

Black Damson. Early Damson of many.

The common oval Blue Damson is almost too well known to need
description, as every cottage garden in the country contains this tree,
and thousands of bushels are annually sold in the market for preserves.
The tree is enormously productive, but in the hands of careless cultiva-
tors is liable to be rendered worthless by the knots, which are easily extir-
pated if t]ie diseased branches are regularly burned every winter or
spring. Branches slender, a little thorny and downy.

Fruit small, oval, about an inch long. Skin purple, covered with
thick blue bloom. Flesh melting and juicy, rather tart; separates par-
tially from the stone. September.

As the Damson is frequently produced from seed, it varies somewhat
in character.

The Shropshire or Prune Damson is an English purple variety,
rather obovate in figure, but little superior to our common sort. The
Sweet Damson resembles the common Damson, and is but slightly acid.

The Late Black Damson, Late Purple Damson, Prince's Early
Damson, Small Red Damson, Small White Damson, Large White
Damson, ai-e also varieties not of sufiicient value or distinctness to ren-
der separate description necessary.

The Winter Damson is a valuable market sort from its extreme
lateness. It is small, round, purple, covered with a very thick light
blue bloom. Flesh greenish, acid, with a slight astringency, but makes
good preserves. It bears enormous crops, and will hang on the ti'ee till
the middle of November, six Aveeks after the common Damson, unin-
jured by the early frosts.

908 THE PLUM.

Dana's Yellow Gage.

A New England variety, raised by the Rev. Mr. Dana, of Ipswich,
Mass. It is a very hardy and healthy tree, and bears abundantly.
Branches smooth.

Fruit of medium size, oval, pale yellow, with a very thin bloom, the
skin clouded like that of the Imperial Gage. Flesh adheres to the stone,
juicy, sweet, with a lively peculiar flavor. Good. Last of August and
first of September.

Date Plum.

Prune Datte. Quetsche de Hongrie,

Prune d'Autriche. Quetsche Datte.

D'Autriche. Dattelzwetsche.

Fruit small, nearly round. Suture distinct, rather flat. Skin yel-
low, marked with touches of bright red in the sun, and covered with a
whitish bloom. Flesh yellow, soft. Early September. (Pom. Mag.)

De Delice.

A foreign variety of excellence. Tree moderately vigorous and pro-
ductive. Branches smooth.

Fruit medium, roundish oval, with a slight neck, a little swollen on
one side. Suture small. Skin green, marbled and shaded with violet,
and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long,
rather stout, very slightly inserted. Flesh orange yellow, juicy, melt-
ing, with a rich, svigary, luscious flavor ; adheres slightly to the stone.
Very good. Bipens the last of September.

De Montfort.

A seedling of Prevost. Tree of moderate growth, spreading, very
productive. Branches smooth.

Fruit medium size, roundish oval. Suture large, extending to apex.
Skin dull purple, with russet dots and stripes, a thin blue bloom. Stalk
nearly an inch long, rather stout, without depression. Flesh greenish,
j nice abundant, sweet, and rich ; separates from the stone. Very good.
Bipens last of August.

Denniston's Bed.

Raised by Isaac Denniston, Albany. Vigorous grower, productive.
Branches smooth, dai'k colored.

Fruit rather lai-ge, roundish oval, narrowed towards the stalk. Su-
ture running half round. Skin of a beautiful light red, sprinkled with
many small, fawn-colored dots, and dusted with a veiy light bloom.
Stalk very long and slender, slightly inserted. Flesh amber color,
juicj^, rich, and sprightly, with an excellent flavor. It separates from
the stone, which is small, oval, and compressed. Good. Last of Au-
gust.

Denniston's Superb.
Madison.

An excellent seedling, from INIr. Denniston's famous plum orchard,

THE PLUM. 909

near Albany, N. Y., of the Green Gage family, a thii-d larger than the
latter variety, and nearly as rich in
flavor. Tree very vigorous and pro-
ductive. Branches downy.

Fruit round, a little flattened, and
having a distinct suture, often extending
quite rovmd the fruit. Skin pale yellow-
ish green, marked with a few large pur-
ple blotches and dots, and overspread
with a thin bloom. Stalk rough, three-
fourths of an inch long, set in a cavity
of moderate size. Flesh very thick
(the stone being small), moderately
juicy, with a rich vinous flavor; stone
parts readily, and is roundish and thick.
Best. Middle and last of August.

Diamond.

English origin. Branches long, Dennistou's Superb.

downy.

Fruit of the largest size, oval. Skin black, covered Avith a blue
bloom. Flesh deep yellow, coarse-grained, and rather dry, a little acid,
and without flavor; separates from the long-pointed stone. Scarcely
good. Valuable for cooking only. First of September.

Dictator.

Raised by Henry Corse, of Montreal. Tree vigorous and hardy.
Fruit very large, brownish purple, covered with a bloom. Flesh
juicy, rich, and high-flavored. (Hov. Mag.)

DoMiNE Dull.
Dutch Prune. Dutch Quetzen.

This good American Prune was raised from a seed brought from
Holland by the Rev. Mr. Dull, a Dutch minister, who afterwards re-
sided at Kingston, N. Y. The parent tree was the common Dutch
Prune. Branches long and smooth.

Fruit of medium size, long oval, with little or no suture. Skin very
dark purple, nearly black, dusted with some blue bloom. Stalk nearly
an inch long, inserted with very little cavity. Flesh yellow, quite juicy
at first, but if allowed to hang on the tree becomes dry, rich, and sweet ;
it adheres closely to the stone. Good, A prodigious bearer, and a
really good fruit. September.

Dorr's Favorite.

Originated with Elisha Dorr, Albany, K Y. Tree moderately
vigorous. Branches smooth, brownish.

Fruit large, oval, with a slight neck. Suture broad. Apex a little
sunk. Skin yellowish, marbled aud dotted in the sun with purplish
crimson, thin lilac bloom. Stalk long. Cavity small. Flesh yellowish,
a little coarse, juicy, sweet ; adheres to the stone. Good to very good.
Last of Se^^tember.

910 THE PLUM.

Downing's Early.

Originated at Newbiirgh, N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches
short-jointed, sliglitly downy.

Fruit medium, oval. Suture half round. Skin yellow, slight blush,
and minute crimson dots. Flesh yellow, sweet ; adheres slightly to the
stone. Good. Early September.

DowNTON Imperatrice.

Raised by Mr. Knight. A strong, ujiright growing tree. Branches
long, smooth.

Fruit of medium size, oval, narro'sving a little to the stalk. Skin
pale yellow, quite thin. Flesh yellow, melting, and sweet when fully
ripe, with a little acidity before ; adhering to the stone. Good to very
good. Ripens last of September, and hangs some time on the tree.

Drap d'Or.
Mirabelle Double. Mirabelle Grosse. Yellow Perdrigon.

The Drap d'Or, or Cloth of Gold Plum, is about the size and figure
of the Green Gage, but of a fine golden yellow, and ripens a week earlier.
Branches slightly downy.

Fruit below medium size, round, with an indistinct siiture, and a
dimpled or pitted apex. Stalk slender, half an inch long. Skin rich
bright yellow, with a few crimson specks when fully exposed. Flesh
yellow, sugary, and rich ; separates freely from the stone. Good to very
good. Early in August.

Dronet Damask.

Damas Dronet.

Branches smooth.

Fruit small, oval. Skin yellowish, with a thin light bloom. Flesh
greenish, sweet ; separates fropa the stone. Good. Late August.

Duane's Purple.
Purple MagTium Bonum. Pourpree Duane.

Raised by James Duane, of Duanesburgh, N. Y. Tree very vigor-
ous, distinct from the Red Magnum Bonum of Eiu'ope. Branches very
downy.

Fruit veiy lai'ge, oval or oblong, considerably swollen on one side of
the suture. Skin reddish purple in the sun, but a very pale red in the
bhade, sparingly dotted with yellow specks, and covered with lilac bloom.
Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slender, set in a narrow cavity.
Flesh amber-colored, juicy, sprightly, moderately sweet ; adheres par-
tially to the stone. Good. Ripens with the Washington (or a little
before), about the 10th of August.

Dunmore.

Dumore.

Foreign origin.

Fruit small, oblong oval. Skin thick and gi-een, becomes golden

THE PLUM. 911

yellow at maturity. Flesh yellow, fine, very juicy, sweet, very aroma-
tic; separates from the stone. Ripens the first of October. (Al. Pom.)

E-uiLY Amber.

Fruit small, somewhat oblong, broadest at apex. Skin pale greenish
yellow, with small crimson specks in sun, covered with a thin whitish
bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, subacid ; adheres to the stone.
Early August. (LLad.)

Early Apricot.

Abricote HAtif. Abricotee H3tive.

Fruit small, roundish. Skin prle i-ed, darker in the sun. Flesh
yellowish green, moderately juicy, acid ; adhei'es to the stone. Good.
Early August.

Early Cross.

Originated with Mr. Cross, Salem, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous,
productive.

Fruit small to medium, roundish. Skin reddish purple, covered
with a thick bloom. Stalk half an inch long. Flesh greenish yellow,
juicy, sweet, and good ; adheres to the stone. Good. Ripens the second
week in August.

Early Favorite.
Rivers's Early Favorite. Rivers' No. 1.

Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Tree moderately vigorous.
Branches rather slender, slightly dowTiy.

Fruit small to medium, roundish oval, with a shallow suture. Skin
almost black, sprinkled with russet dots, and covered with a blue
bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, vinous, not quite as early
as Jaune Hative, separates fi-om the stone. Good. Fiist of August.

Early Green Gage.

Reiae Claude Hitive.

Fruit small, round, flattened at top. Skin yellowish green, with
a red cheek, and a few dots. Stalk about half an inch long. Flesh
yellow, very tender, juicy, sweet, rich; separates from the stone. Last
of July. (Hogg.)

Early" Orleans.

New Early Orleans. Monsieur Hatif de Montmorency.

New Orleans. Wilmot's Orleans.

Grimwood's Early Orleans. Wilmot's Early Orleans.

Hampton Court. Early Monsieur.

Monsieur Hatif. Monsieur Hative.

Tree a moderate gi'ower. Branches downy.

Fruit of the size and color of the common Orleans, a little more

912 THE PLUM.

oval, and with a more shallow suture. Skin a little marbled. Flesh
yello\\dsh gi-een, of brisk flavor, rather richer than the old Orleans, and
separates from the stone. Good. Last of August.

Early Prolific.
Early Kivers. Kivers' Early Prolific. Rivers' Early No. 2.

Raised by Thos. Rivers, England. A prolific early Plum. Tree
moderately ^dgorous, with smooth grayish branches.

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Skin reddish purple, covered with a
fine blue bloom. Stalk about half an inch long, set in a very small
cavity. Flesh yello^^'ish, juicy, sweet, and pleasant ; separates from the
stone. Good. Fii-st of August.

Early Eoyal of ISTikita.

A German variety. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches smooth,
gi*ay.

Fruit small, roundish oval, narrowing towards the stalk. Skin vio-
let purple, with a thin blue bloom. Stalk set with little or no cavity.
Flesh orange yellow, juicy, sugary, rich ; adheres to the stone. Good to
very good. Early September.

Early St. Johx.
Prune de St. Jean. St. Jean.

Tree moderately vigorous. Branches slightly downy.

Fi'uit medium, roundish oblong. Suture shallow, distinct. Skin
reddish purple. Flesh green, firm, sweet, sprightly ; separates from
stone. Good. Last of August.

Early Yicllow Prune.

A foreign sort. Tree "vdgorous and veiy productive. Branches
downy.

Fruit rather large, oval. Skin yellow, with a very slight bloom,
and dotted with red in the sun. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a
small cavity. Flesh yellow, sweet, juicy, with somewhat of a melon fla-
vor. Separates from the stone. Good. Middle of August.

There is another Early Yellow Prune that originated in Bedford
Co., Pa., which differs but little from the above either in appearance
or quality.

Edouard Seneclauze.

Branches downy.

Fruit very small, obovate, narrows toward the stalk. Skin clear
golden yellow. Flesh very tender, sweet, and rich ; separates freely
from the stone. July. (Hogg.)

Elfrey.

Elfry's Prune. '

Branches smooth.

Fruit small, oval. Skin blue. Flesh greenish, very sweet, dry, and
firm ; parting very freely from the stone. Good. Last of August.

THE PLUM. 913

Emerald Drop.

Origin, Newbvirgb, N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous, and veiy pro-
ductive. Branches long and smooth.

Fruit of medium size, long oval. Suture strongly marked, and the
fruit larger on one of its sides. Skin pale yellowish green, sometimes
dull green only in the shade. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long,
inserted with scarcely any depression. Flesh greenish yellow, very
juicy ; adheres somewhat to the stone, which is long and pointed. Good.
Last of August.

English Wheat.

"WTieat Plum. Wheaton. Whitlow. Nutmeg.

Fi'uit medium, roundish oval. Sutui'e moderate. Skin reddish pur-
ple, with a blue bloom, covered with numerous white dots. Stalk half
an inch long, rather strong, set in a rather deep cavity. Flesh yellow,
a little coarse, j uicy, sweet, with a rich flavor. It adheres to the stone.
Good. Last of August.

English Yellow Gage.

Little Queen Claude. Reine Claude Blanche. Small Green Gage.

Petite Reine Claude. petite espece. Gonne's Green Gage.

White Gage.

This Plum, formerly known, we believe, as the little Queen Claude,
but which has now received the sobriquet of Yellow Gage, we suppose
for good I'easons, from the head of the fruit department in the London
Horticultural Society's garden, is an old French variety described by
Duhamel. Bi'anches smooth and rather long.

Fruit below medium size, round, with a distinct suture on one side.
Stalk half an inch long, rather slender, inserted in a slight hollow.
Skin pale yellowish green, speckled with a few reddish dots, and over-
spread ^\'ith a good deal of bloom. Flesh pale yellow, sweet, and plea-
sant ; separates freely from the stone. Good. Middle of August,

Eugene . Furst.
Sweet Damson. Quetsche Precoce de Furst.

A new German variety. Branches smooth.

Fruit small, obovate pointed. Skin dark purple, with a thick bloom.
Flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet ; separates from the stone. Good. Last of
August.

Fine Bonte.

This variety originated at Moselle, France. Tree \igorous. Branches
smooth.

Fruit small, oval pointed. Skin reddish purple or lilac, blue
bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet; separates from the stone.
Last of July. ( Verg.)

Foote's Early Orleans.

Raised by Asahel Foote, Williamstown, Mass. Tree vigorous,

spreading. Branches slightly downy, grayish.

58 '

914r THE PLUM.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oval, dot at apex. Skin deep
black covered with a blue bloom. Stalk medium, slender, set in a deep
cavity. Flesh greenish, moderately jtiicy, sweet, pleasant ; adheres to
the stone. Good to very good. Early August.

Foote's Golden Gage.

Same origin as the preceding. Tree very vigorous, upright. Branches
slightly downy, reddish brown.

Fruit large, nearly globular. Suture shallow, half round. Skin
golden yellow, with obscure splashes of green, and shaded with red in
the sun ; thin bloom. Stalk slender. Cavity small. Flesh yellow,
juicy, sweet, slightly vinous; adheres very slightly to the stone. Very
good. Early September.

FOTHERINGHAM.
Sheen. Fotheringay. Grove House Purple.

An old English Plum of good quality. Branches smooth.

Fruit of medium size, obovate, with a distinct suture. Skin reddish
purple, covered with a pale blue bloom. Flesh pale greenish yellow,
juicy, sprightly, and rich; separating from the stone. Good. Middle of
August.

Frost Gage.
Frost Plum.

A late Plum, scarcely yielding to any other late variety in the excel-
lence of its flavor. It appears to have originated in Fishkill, Dutchess
Co., N. Y., where it has for many years past been most extensively
cultivated for market ; but of late has been so subject to knots that it
is not now miich grown. Branches smooth.

Fruit rather below medium size, roundish oval, with a distinct suture
on one side. Skin deep purple, with a few brown specks, and a thin
bloom. Stalk half to three-fourths of an inch in length, inserted with
little or no depression. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, rich and
melting; adhering to the stone. Good to very good. Fii-st of October.

Fulton.

Origin uncertain. Found at Johnstown, Fulton Co., N. Y. Tree
vigorous and productive. Branches smooth, reddish.

Fruit rather large, roundish oval. Sutvire shallow, half rou.nd.
Skin whitish yellow, covered with a bloom, blotched and marbled in the
sun. Stalk rather stout. Cavity large. Flesh golden yellow, juicy,
sugary, vinous. Good to very good. Separates from the stone. Early
October.

Galbraith.

Originated with Mr. Galbraith, near Boalsburg, Pa. A straggling
grower. Tree very vigorous. Branches smooth, brownish gray.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oval. Suture shallow. Skin pur-
ple. Stalk medium. Cavity deep. Flesh tender, juicy; adheres to the
stone. Good. Avigust.

THE PLUM. 915

Gem.

Originated near Albany, IST. Y. Tree vigorous. Branches downy.

Fruit small, roundish. Suture slight. Apex a little sunk. Skin
whitish, mostly shaded and mottled with violet in the shade and pur])le
in the sun, covered with a blue bloom. Stalk rather long. Cavity
large. Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, adheres partially to the stone. Its
beauty its only merit. Last of August.

Genl. Hand.

Origin uncertain ; supposed to have originated on the farm of Genl.
Hand, near Lancaster, Pa. Tree veiy vigorous. Branches smooth.

Fruit very large, roundish, oval. Suture obscure, running half
round. Skin deep golden yellow, slightly marbled with greenish yellow.
Stalk long, set in a shallow cavity, the whole of that end being flattened.
Flesh coarse, pale yellow, moderately juicy, sweet and good, but not
high flavor; separates freely from the stone. Good. September.

German Prune.

Common Quetsche. Quetsche Grosse.

True Large German Prune. Prune d'Allemagne.

Turkish Quetsche. Quetsche d'Allemagne Grosse.

Leipzic. Damas Gros.

Sweet Pnane. Covetche.

Damask. Early Russian.

Imperatrice Violette. German Quetsche. Couetsche.

Imperatrice Violette Grosse. Koetsche.

Damas Violet Gros. Quetzen.

Zwetsche. Large German Prune.

So many Plums ai'e cultivated xmder the name of German Prune
that it is difficult to fix this fickle title, a circumstance owing to the fact
that the prune frequently comes the same, or
nearly the same, from seed, and in prune-grow-
ing districts this is a popular way of increasing
them, while it, of course, gives rise to many
shades of character. It is a valuable class of
plums, of fair quality for the table, but most
esteemed for drying and preserving — abundant
bearers, and hanging long on the tree. Branches
smooth. The common German Prune is describ-
ed as follows : —

Fruit long oval, nearly two inches long, pecu-
liarly swollen on one side, and drawn out towards
the stalk. Suture distinctly marked. Skin pui*-
ple, with a thick blue bloom. Stalk three-foui'ths
of an in ch long, slender, slightly inserted. Flesh
firm, green, sweet, and pleasant ; separates from
the stone, which is flat, very long, and a little
curved. Good to very good. 10th of Septem-
ber.

This prune is, perhaps, the most miiversal
and most valuable fruit-tree in Germany, Hun-
gary, Saxony, and all Central Europe. Pre-
served, it is used in winter as a substitute for German Pnme.

916

THE PLUM.

butter by tbe laboring peasantry ; and dried, it is a source of large
profit in commerce.

The Austrian Quetsche, Thomp, ( Qxietsclie de JBreme, Hremen
Prune) ^ is a sub-variety, much like the foregoing, purple, a freestone, of
rather better flavor, and ripening somewhat later.

St. James' Quetsche is another variety, with smooth branches, and
oblong fruit of medium size. Flesh purple, adheres to the stone, of very
good flavor. It yields good crops. September.

Ghiston's Early.

Branches smooth, short-jointed.

Fruit large, oval. Skin clear yellow, with a light bloom,
low ; separates from the stone. Poor. Middle of August.

Gifford's Lafayette.

Flesh yel-

Tree very vigorous, and very productive.

Fruit medium, long oval, purple, with a bloom. Flesh gi-eenish,
coarse, juicy, not rich ; adheres to the stone. Poor. Last of August.

Gisborne's.
Gisbome's Early.

Paterson's.

Tree a moderate grower, spreading, productive. Branches downy.

Fruit medium, oval. Suture distinct, one side often enlarged. Skin
greenish yellow, with red next the sxm, marbled and spotted, thin bloom.
Stalk medium. Cavity deep. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, moder-
ately juicy ; separates from the stone. Good. Last of August.

Golden Cherry Plum.

Raised by Samuel Reeve, Salem,
N, J. Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit small to medium, roundish.
Skin fine waxen yellow, becoming bronzed
in the sun. Flesh yellowish, juicy, brisk,
subacid ; adheres to the stone. July.

Golden Esperen.

Cloth of Gold Esperen.
Drap d'Or Esperen.

Raised by Major Esperin. Tree of
moderate growth, spreading. Buds large,
pointed, a promising variety. Branches
smooth, reddish brown
Golden Esperin. Fruit large, roundish oval. Skin

golden yellow, with light streaks of green
beneath, covered with a thin bloom, and a few crimson dots on the sunny
side. Suture shallow. Stalk short and rather stout, in a small cavity.
Flesh light yellowish, rather coarse, very juicy, sugary, and rich. Good
to very good. Adheres partially to the stone. Ripens last of August.

THE PLUM. 917

Goliath.

Caledonian. Saint Cloud.

Steers's Emperor. "VVUmot's late Orleans.

A large and handsome Plum. It is easily distinguished from the
Nectarine Plum, with which it has been confounded, by its gray, very
downy shoots.

Fruit large, roundish oblong, enlarged on one side of the suture.
Skin a fine deep red, approaching purple, a little paler in the shade,
dusted with a thin blue bloom. Flesh yellow, adheres considerably to the
stone, rather juicy, with a brisk, sprightly flavor. Good. Last of
August.

GONNE.
Prune Gonne.

A large and handsome Belgian Phim. Tree vigorous productive.
Branches downy.

Fruit large, I'oundish oval. Suture distinct. Skin reddish purple,
with carmine dots and sjiecks in sun, thin bloom. Flesh yellowish,
rather coarse, juicy, melting, sweet ; separates from the stone. Early
September. (An. Pom.)

Great Damask Violet of Tours.

Gros Damas de Tours Largest Damask of Tours.

Damas de Tours gros.

This French Plum is described by Lindley, whom we copy. Branches
downy.

Fruit medium, somewhat oval. Skin dark blue, covered with a vio-
let bloom. Flesh yellow, and loosely adheres to the stone. Early
August.

Green Gage.

Bruyn Gage. Abricot Vert. Schuyler Gage, iacorrectly .

Bradford Gage. Dauphine. Trompe Garcon.

Wilmot's Green Gage . Louis Brun? Trompe Valet.

New Green Gage. Abricotee Sageret ? Verducia.

Late Green Gage. Ida Gage. Verdochio.

Isleworth Green Gage. Cant's late Green Gage. Verte Tiquetee.

Brugnou Gage. Aloise's Green Gage. Murray's Reine Claudia.

Reine Claude. Goring's Golden Gage. Huling's Reine Claudia.

Grosse Reine Claude Great Green Damask. Reine Claudia blanche la grossc.

Grosse Reine Ida Green Gage. Gros Damas vert.

Damas Vert. Mirabelle Vert Double. Livingston Manor.

Sucrin Vert. Queen Claudia. Reine Claude Doree.

Vert Bonne. Rensselaer Gage.

The Green Gage is universally admitted to hold the first rank in
flavor among all Plums, and is everywhere highly esteemed. In France
this variety is genei-ally known as the Peine Claude, having, it is said,
been introduced into that country by Queen Claude, wife of Francis I.
During the last century an English family by the name of (rage ob-
tained a number of fruit-trees among the monks of Chartreuse, near Paris.
Among them was a tree of this plvim, which, having lost its name, was

918 THE PLUM.

called by the gardener the Green Gage. It is pronounced, by Lindley,
the best plum in England, and we must admit that we have no superior

to it here.

The Green Gage is a very short-jointed, slow-growing tree, of spread-
ing and rather dwai'fish habit. It is an
abundant and pretty regular bearer, though
the fruit is a little liable to crack upon the
tree in wet seasons. Branches smooth.
Buds with large shoulders.

Fruit round, rather small, seldom of
medium size. Suture faintly marked, but
extending from the stalk to the apex.
Skin green, or yellowish green at full ma-
turity, when it is often a little dotted or
marbled with red. Stalk half to three-fourths
of an inch long, slender, very slightly insei-t-
ed. Flesh pale green, exceedingly melting
and juicy, and lasually separates freely from
Green Gage. ^^q stone. Flavor at once sprightly and

very luscious. Best. Ripe about the middle of Aixgust.

Thex-e are several seedling varieties of this Plum in various parts of

this country, but none supeiior or scarcely equal to the old.

GUNDAKER PbUNE.

Groundacre.

Raised by Samuel E. Gundaker, of Lancaster, Penn.

The Gundaker Prune is of a yellowish white color, neai-ly as large as
the Blue Prune, and of the same oval shape, very high-flavored, and a
good bearer.

Gundaker Plum.

Same origin as the Prune, of a purple color on one side, and the
other a light color, heart-shaped, resembling a Plum called Golden
Drop, but larger in size, and a great bearer. (Gundaker in Hort.)

Guthrie's Apricot.
Guthrie's Golden.

Raised by Mr. Guthrie, Scotland. Tree very vigorous, hardy, pro-
ductive. Branches smooth.

Fruit rather large, roundish oval. Suture very slight. Skin yel-
low, sprinkled with a few crimson dots, and covered with a thin bloom.
Stalk rather long, set in a small depression. Flesh yellow, coai-se, juicy,
sweet, but not high-flavored; adheres to the stone. Good to very good.
Ripens the last of August.

Guthrie's Aunt Ann.
Aunt Ann.

Same origin as the preceding. Tree vigorous, upright. Branches
smooth, reddish.

Fruit medium, oval. Suture shallow, a little more than half round.

THE PLUM.

919

Apex a little sunk. Skin pale yellow, somewhat splashed with green,
covered with a thin bloom. Stalk rather long. Ca\'ity moderate.
Flesh yellow, juicy, sugary, slightly vinous ; adheres to the stone. Good
to very good. Early September.

Guthrie's Late Green.

Minette.

Raised by Mr. Guthrie, Scotland
smooth.

Fruit medium, globular, swollen on one side
splashes of green, and covered with a thin bloom,
of an inch long, inserted in a small
cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy,
sugary, rich; adheres to the stone.
Very good. Early September.

Guthrie's Russet.

Another of Mr. Guthrie's origi-
nating. Tree vigorous. Branches
smooth, brownish

Fruit large, oval. Suture large,
half round. Skin yellow, covered
with a thin bloom, sometimes marbled
in the sun with crimson. Stalk long,
slender. Cavity small. Flesh yel-
low, j uicy, sweet, rich ; adheres to
the stone. Good to very good. Last
of AuoTist.

A very rapid grower. Branches

Skin yellow, with
Stalk three-fourths

Guthrie's Late Green.

Guthrie's Taybank.

Same origin as above. Branches smooth, short-jointed.
Fruit large, roundish oval. Skin greefiish yellow. Flesh yellowish,
juicy. Good. Last of September. (Elliott.)

Guthrie's Topaz.

Raised by Mr. Guthrie, Scotland. Tree a moderate grower, with
smooth reddish brown branches, very productive.

Fruit medium, oval, with a slight neck, one side somewhat swollen.
Suture moderate. Skin golden yellow, with a thin bloom. Stalk an
inch long, slender, curved, inserted in a small deep cavity. Flesh yel-
low, juicy, swoet, not very rich, bi;t pleasant ; adheres to the stone.
Good. Middle of September.

Gwalsh.
Fruit large, oblong oval. Suture shallow. Skin deep purple, with

920 THE PLUM.

a bloom. Stalk rather short, slightly sunk. Flesh greenish, coarse,
not very juicy, sweet, and pleasant ; adheres to the stone. Good.
. First of September.

Hallenbeck.

Originated with Henry Hallenbeck, East Greenbush, Rensselaer Co.,
N. Y. Tree vigorous, with upright stout shoots and prominent buds,
rather slow growth. Branches smooth or slightly downy.

Fruit lai-ge, roundish oval, one side often enlarged. Suture broad,
shallow. Skin deep reddish purple, sprinkled with numerous minute
dots, and covered with a grayish blue bloom. Stalk stout. Cavity
large. Flesh greenish yellow^ very juicy, sugary, with a brisk flavor;
adheres closely to the stone. Good. Last of August.

Hartwiss' Yellow Prune.

A German variety. Tree vigorous, very productive.

Fruit medium, oval, narrowed toward the stalk, next which is a
slight mamelou neck. One side compressed. Skin fine yellow,
slightly blotched and dotted with crimson, thin light bloom. Stalk
long, slender. Cavity small. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, juicy,
sugary. Separates freely from the stone. Good to very good. Early
September.

Henrietta Gage.
Early Genesee.

Originated in the town of Henrietta, Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree of
rather slow growth. Branches brownish gray, slightly downy.

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture shallow, a little more than
half round. Skin pale yellowish white, with a thin white bloom. Stalk
rather short, stout, in a small cavity. Flesh yellow, not very juicy,
sweet ; adheres to the stone. Good. Early Augush.

Henry Clay.

Raised by Elisha Dorr, Albany, N. Y. Tree vigorous and pro-
ductive. Its great beauty will make it desirable. Branches smooth.

Fruit medium, somewhat oval, inclining to a neck, with a slight
suture. Skin yellow, with a light bloom, and the cheek beautifully
marbled and shaded with red. Stalk long, slender, inserted in a small
cavity. Flesh yellow, juicy, and sweet ; adheres slightly to the stone.
Good to very good. Last of August.

Highlander.

Origin, Newburgh, N. Y. Tree vigorous and very productive.
Branches gray, smooth.

Fruit large, irregularly ovate, somewhat swelled on one side. Su-
ture moderate, half round. Skin deep blue, inclining to reddish brown,
covered with a thin bloom, and thickly spi'inkled with brown dots.
Stalk very short, inserted in a slight cavity. Flesh greenish yellow,
juicy, sugary, rich, vinous ; adheres slightly to the stone. Good to
very good. Last of Septembei'.

THE PLUM.

Holland.

921

Blue Holland.

Holland Prune.

Tree vigorous. Brandies downy, rather slender.

Fruit round, slightly flattened. Skin blue or light reddish purple,
covered with a blue bloom. Flesh juicy, melting, sweet, and pleasant;
separating freely from the stone. Good. Last of August to the middle
of September.

Horse Plum.

Large Early Damson.

Sweet Damson.

Tree vigorous, upright. Branches do^vny.

Fruit of medium size, oval, with a deep suture on one side. Skin
purple in the sun, reddish on the shaded side, with blue bloom. Flesh
greenish yellow, rather dry and acid, sejiarates from the stone. Scarcely
good. Last of August.

Howard's Favorite.

Raised by E. Dorr, Albany, N. Y. Tree a vigorous grower, very
productive. Branches smooth.

Fruit large, oval, narrowing toward the stalk, and flattened at apex.
Suture shallow, a little more than half round. Skin pale yellow, dotted
and marbled with carmine in tlie sun,
covered with a thin lilac bloom. Stalk
rather long. Cavity small. Flesh
yellow, j uicy, sweet ; adheres to the
stone. Good to very good. SejJtember.

Howell's Early.

Sea.

Early Purple. Chapin's Early.

Origin unknown ; brought from
Virginia. Tree of rather slow growth.
Wood slender, gi'ay, and downy.

Fruit rather below medium size,
oval, without any suture, one side a
little enlarged. Skin pale red, reddish
purple in the sun, covered with a light
lilac bloom. Stalk short, stout, %vith
a slightly elevated collar. Flesh yel-
low, jviicy, rich, sweet; separates from
the stone. Good to very good. Early
August.

Howard's Favorite.

How's Amber.

Origin, Portsmouth, N. H. Tree vigorous, prodiictive.

Fruit medium, roundish, slight suture. Skin amber-colored in the
shade, mottled with rose, thinly covered \vith pale violet bloom. Stalk
of medium length, inserted without cavity. Flesh coarse, yellow, melt-
ing, juicy; adhering to the stone. First of September. (Hov. Mag.)

922 THE PLUM.

Hudson Gage.
Eeine Claude d'Hudson.

Raised by L. U. Lawrence, of Hudson, N. Y. Tree thrifty, produc
tive. Branches downy.

Pruit of medium size, oval, a little enlarged on one side of the ob-
scure suture. Skin yellow, clouded with
green streaks under the skin, and covered
with a thin white bloom. Stalk short,
little more than half an inch long, insert-
ed in a moderate hollow. Flesh greenish,
very juicy and melting, with a rich, spright-
ly, excellent flavor. It separates from the
stone (adhering very slightly). Yery good.
First week in August.

HuLiNGs' Superb.

Keyset's Plum. Gloire de New York.

Raised by Mr, Keyser of Pennsylvania,
and brought into notice by Dr. W. E
Hulings of that State. Tree very vigO'
Hudson Gage. roiis, upright, large foliage, blunt shoots

large-shouldered buds, moderate bearer
Branches downy.
Fruit very large, roundish oval, with a distinct though shallow su-
ture. Stalk strong and stout, set in a round, small cavity. Skin rather
dull greenish yellow, thinly covered with pale bloom. Flesh greenish
yellow, rather coarse, but with a rich, brisk, sprightly flavor. Good.
It adheres to the stone. Middle of August.

ICKWORTH ImPERATRICE.
Knight's No. 6.

Raised by Mr, Knight, of Downton Castle. It hangs a long while
on the tree, and if gathered and wrapped in soft paper, will keep many
weeks. Branches smooth.

Fruit rather above medium size, obovate. Skin purple, peculiarly
traced or embroidered "svith streaks of golden fawn color. Stalk mode-
rately long and thick. Flesh greenish yellow, sweet, juicy, and rich,
mostly adhering to the stone, which is rather small. Yery good. Early
in Ocvober,

Imperiale de Milan.
Prune de Milan.

Tree vigorous, rather spreading. Branches smooth.

Fruit rather large, roundish oval. Suture broad, extending two-
thirds around one side, often enlarged. Skin deep purple, covered with
a thick blue bloom. Stalk stout, set in a small cavity. Flesh greenish,
juicy ; sugary, adlieres to the stone. Good, Early September.

THE PLUil,

923

Imperial Gage.

Flushing Gage. Reine Claude Imperiale.

White Gage. Prince's Gage.

Prince's Imperial Gage. Admiral de Rigny ?

Superior Green Gage. Prince's White Gage.

Prince's Imperial.

The Imperial Gage has long enjoyed
the reputation of one of the most excellent
and productive of Plums. It was raised at
Prince's Nursery, Flushing, N. Y., from
the seed of the Green Gage, and the fact
of the fruit of a single tree near Ijoston
having produced fruit to the value of near-
ly fifty dollars annually, has often been
repeated as a proof of the profit of its cul-
tivation for market. The tree grows freely
and rises rapidly, and has long daik shoots,
slightly downy.

Fruit rather above medium size, oval,
with a distinct sut\u"e. Stalk nearly an
inch long, slightly hairy, and pretty stout,
inserted in an even hollow. Skin pale
green until fully ripe, when it is tinged
with yellow, showing a jj)ec?iZiar marbling imperial Gage,

oy dull green stripes, and covered with

copious white bloom. Flesh greenish, very juicy, melting, and rich, with
a very slightly agreeable flavor ; it separates pretty freely from the stone.
The latter is oval, and pointed at both ends. Best. Early September.

Imperial Ottoman.

A very neat early Plum, of good flavor,
and a prolific beai'er. It has the reputation
of having been brought from Turkey, but it is
uncertain whether this is correct. Tree \igor-
ous, upright. Branches long, slightly downy.

Fruit scarcely below medium size, round-
ish, between Gi'een Gage and the American
Yellow Gage in appearance, and having a
suture on one side, from the stalk half way
down. Stalk downy, slender, curved, three-
fourths of an inch long, insei'ted in a very
slight cavity. Skin dull yellow, clouded
with darker streaks, and covered with a
thin bloom. It adheres considerably
to the stone. The flesh is juicy, sweet,
melting. Good to very good. Last of
July.

Imperial Ottoman.

Imperial Purple

Originated with Wm. Pt. Prince, Flushing, L, I. Tree vigorous,
very productive. Branches smooth.

924 THE PLUM.

Fruit medium, roundish oval, one side slightly compressed. Suture
slight. Skin reddish purple, covered with a pretty thick lilac bloom.
Stalk rather short, slender. Cavity small. Flesh greenish, juicy, sweet ;
adheres to the stone. Good to very good. Last of August.

Incomparable.
Nonpareil. Incomparable Prune.

A German Prune Plum. Tree vigorous, upright, with long slender
smooth branches.

Fruit medium or below, long oval, narrowing at ends. Suture shal-
low, jjointed at ajjex. Skin deep purplish black, covered with a thick
blue bloom. Stalk long, slender. Cavity small. Flesh yellowish,
sweet ; adheres slightly to the stone. Good. Last of September.

Isabella.

Tliis is an attractive-looking English Plum. Branches quite downy
and gray.

Fruit medium size, oval, rather narrower towards the stalk. Skin
dark dull red in the sun, paler in the shade, and thickly sprinkled with
darker colored dots. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, a little hairy,
set in a moderate hollow. Flesh yellow, rich, ju^icy, with a smart flavor,
and adheres to the stone. Good. Last of August.

Italian Damask.

Damas d'ltalie.

Tree thrifty, vigorous.

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture shallow. Apex slightly
sunken. Skin purplish black, covered with a thick blue bloom. Stalk
rather stout. Flesh light green, a little firm, moderately juicy, slightly
vinous ; separa.tes from the stone. Good. Late August.

Italian Prune.

Prune d'ltalie. Altesse Double.

Fellenberg. Italian Quetsche.

Quetsche d'ltalie.

Tree vigorous, spreading. Branches smooth.

Fruit medium, oval. Suture moderate. Skin dark blue, with a
bloon). Stalk an inch long, rather stout, inserted in a very small cavity.
Flesh dark yellow, juicy, sweet, and good ; separates from the stone.
Good. First of October.

Ives.
Ives' Washington. Ives' Seedling.

Raised by J. M. Ives, Salem, Mass. Tree of moderate growth, strag-
gling and irregular, prominent buds. Branches smooth.

Fruit medium, oval. Suture a mere line. Skin pale yellow, with a
light thin bloom. Stalk long, slender. Flesh yellow, melting, juicy ;
separates from the stone. Good. Early September.

THE PLUM.

925

Jacob.

Tree modei-ately vigorous. Branches smooth.

Fruit medium, oval, with a neck, one side enlarged. Suture large.
Skin violet purple, covered with lilac bloom. Stalk long, slender. Cav-
ity small. Flesh greenish, juicy, sweet; separates from the stone. Good.
September.

Jaune Hative.

Early Yellow.
Catalonian.
White Primordian.
Jaune de Catalogue.
Prune de St. Barnabe.
D'Avoine.

Amber Primordian.

Jean Hative.

Early John.

Bilboa.

St. Barnabee.

Loudon Plum.

Prune de Catalogne.
Avant Prune blanche.
Cerisette Blanche.
Pickett's July.
Prune Monsieur Jaune.
Prune d'Altesse blanche.

The earliest of Plums, which is its chief recommendation. It is a
very old variety, from Catalonia and the South of France, and has been
in cultivation more than two hundred years. It is a jjretty little fruit,
and is worthy of a place in the garden of the amateur. The tree has
long, slender, downy branches.

Fruit small, oval or obovate, with a shallow suture on one side.
Stalk slender, half an inch long. Skin pale yellow, thinly coated with
bloom. Flesh yellow, tolerably juicy, and melting, of sweet and plea-
sant flavor ; separates from the stone. Good. From the 10th to the
middle of July.

Jefferson.

If we were asked which we think the most desirable and beautiful
of all dessert Plums, we should undoubtedly give the name of this new

variety. When fully ripe, it is nearly
equal in flavor to the Green Gage,
that unsurpassable standard of flavor.
But when we contrast the small ap-
pearance of the Green Gage with the
unusual size and beauty of the Jeffer-
son, we must admit that it takes the
very first rank. It is about ten days
or a fortnight later than the Washing-
ton, ripening the last of Augvist.

We received the Jefierson Plum, a
few years ago, from the late Judge
Buel, by whom it was raised and
named. It is a good moderate grower
and regular bearer, and the crop is
very handsome on the tree. Branches
slightly downy.

Fruit large, oval, slightly narrowed
on one side towards the stalk. Skin
golden yellow, with a beautiful pur-
plish-red cheek, and covered with a
thin white bloom. Stalk an inch
long, pretty stout, very slightly in-
serted. Suture indistinct. Flesh
deep orange ; i)arts freely, and al-
most entirely from the stone, which is long and pointed. Very rich,
juicy, luscious, and high-flavored. Best.

JefEerson.

926 THE PLUM.

Jerusalem.

Prunier de Jerusalem. Prune Violet de Jerusalem.

Violette Jerusalem. De Bordeaux.

OEil de Bceuf.

Fruit large, long, egg-sliaped. Skin dark purple, covered with a
dense blue bloom. Stalk an inch long, hairy. Flesh firm, sweet, brisk ;
separates from the stone. Middle September. (Hogg.)

JoDOiGNE Green Gage.
Boulouf. Keiue Claude de Jodoigne. Royal de Vilvorde.

Tree vigorous. Branches smooth, stout, .short-jointed.

Fruit large, round, inclining to oblate. Suture shallow, half round.
Skin thin, greenish yellow, with blush red strewed green and yellowish
dots on the side next the sun, and covered with a thin blue bloom.
Stalk half an inch long. Flesh whitish yellow, firm, very juicy, tender,
sugary, rich. Late September. (Hogg.)

JUDSON.

Raised by INIr. Judson, of Lansingburgh, N. Y. Tree thrifty and
pr-oductive. Branches smooth.

Fruit large, long oval. Suture broad, rather deep. Skin reddish
purple, covered with a thin blue bloom. Stalk long, stout. Flesh
greenish, rather coar.se, not very juicy, sweet; adheres partially to the
stone. Scarcely good. Last of August.

July Green Gage.
Reine Claude de Bavay Hative. Early Bavay.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblong. Suture distinct, a little
more than half round. Skin greenish yellow, tinged with purple in the
sun, thin bloom. Stalk rather stout. Cavity broad, shallow. Flesh
yellow, juicy, sweet ; separates from the stone. Very good. Last Au-
gust.

Kester's Green Gage.

Raised by Weaver, Mt. Pleasant, Westmoreland Co., Pa.

Tree vigorovis, productive.

Fruit small, nearly globular, one side enlarged. Suture rather large.
Skin pale yellowish green, with splashes of deeper green, slight bloom.
Stalk of medium length, inserted in a large cavity. Flesh greenish, j uicy,
sugary, rich. Very good. Adheres slightly to the stone.

Kester's Yellow Gage.

Raised by Weaver, Mt. Pleasant, Westmoreland Co., Pa.

Tree vigorous, upright. Branches smooth.

Fi-uit medium, roundish oval. Suture broad and shallow. Skin pale
yellow, splashed with green, and covered with a thick white bloom.
Stalk of medium length, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh greenish yel-
low, juicy, sugary, rich. Very good. Adheres partially to the stone.

Kirke's.
Kirke's Plum is a variety which came to us from England, where

THE PLUM. 927

it was first brought into notice by Mr. Kii-ke, the nurseryman, at
Brompton, Branches smooth.

Fruit of medium size, roundish oblong, with very little suture.
Skin dark purple, with a few golden dots, and coated with an unusually
thick blue bloom, which adheres pretty closely. Stalk three-fourths of
an inch long, inserted in a very slight depression. Flesh greenish yel-
low, firm, and very rich in flavor. It separates freely from the stone,
which is flat and broad. Good to very good. Last of August and fia'st
of September.

KOLENKAMP.

Originated in the garden of W. Kolenkamp, Philadelphia, Pa.
Fi-uit large, oval, red. Flesh yellowish, dry ; separates from the
stone. Last of September. (Am. P. Soc.)

Lady Plum.

Eaised by Isaac Denniston, Albany, ISJ". Y. Tree of slender gi-owth,
productive. It is quite a pretty fruit, esteemed highly for preserving,
this being its chief quality. It is a rampant grower, an abundant
bearer.

Fruit quite small, oval. Stalk short and stout. Color light yellow,
spotted with red. Stone free and small. Flavor acid. Fii-st of Sep-
tember. (E. Dorr in Cult.)

Langdon.
Langdon's Seedling'.

Raised by Reuben Langdon, of Hartford, Conn. Tree vigorous and
productive. Branches smooth.

Fruit rather large, roundish oval, with a moderate suture. Skin
reddish purple, covered with a thick lilac bloom. Stalk three-fourths
of an inch long, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Flesh greenish yel-
low, coarse, juicy, sjjrightly, subacid, and adheres mostly to the stone.
Good. Last of August.

Large Green Drying.
Knight's Large Drying.

A late variety, raised, we believe, by Mr. Knight, and introduced
here from the garden of the Horticultural Society of London. The tree
is vigorous, and the branches are smooth.

The fruit large, round, greenish yellow. The flesh yelloA^'ish, mo-
derately juicy, sweet. Good. Adheres to the stone. Middle of Sep-
tember.

Late Black Orleans.

Tree vigorous, with long and slender smooth branches ; very produc-
tive.

Fruit medium, nearly round. Suture broad, shallow. Dot at apex.
Skin deep black, covered with a thick blue bloom, and thickly sprinkled
with minute brown dots. Stalk rather stout. Cavity Small. Flesh
deep yellow, juicy, sugary ; adheres firiidy to the stone. Good. Last
of September.

928

THE PLUM.

Late Bolmer.

Winter Bolmar.

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin yellow, mottled with red next the
sun. Flesh yellow, rather firm, sweet, but not rich ; separates from
the stoue. Good. Middle of September.

Late Rivers.

A seedling of Thomas Rivers, England. Branches smooth.

Fruit below medium size, round, slight suture. Skin dark purple, al-
most black. Stalk an inch or more long, slender. Flesh yellow, juicy,
sweet ; adheres to the stone. Good. Last of October. (Hogg.)

Lawrence's Early.

A foreign variety.

Fruit medium size, roundish oval, flattened at ends. Skin dark pur-
plish red, covered with a thick bloom. Flesh juicy ; separates from the
stone. Good. Middle August.

Lawrence's Favorite.

Lawrence's Gage.

Reine Claude de Lawrence.

Lawrence's Favorite is a fruit of high merit, raised by Mr. L. U.
Lawrence, of Hudson, N. Y., from a seed of the Green Gage.

The general appearance of the fruit is like that of its parent, except

that it is much larger. It hangs well
on the tree, and its size, flavor, and pro-
ductiveness should give it a place in
every garden.

Lawrence's Favorite forms an up-
right tree of thrifty growth. Young
bi'anches smooth.

Fruit large, heavy, roimdish, a little
flattened at either end. Skin dull yel-
lowish green, clouded with streaks of a
darker shade beneath, and covered with
a light bluish-green bloom. The upper
part of the fruit, when fully ripe, is cov-
ered with a peculiar brownish network,
and a few reddish dots. Stalk short,
only half an inch long, slender, inserted
in a narrow cavity. Flesh gi'eenish,
resembling that of the Green Gage, re-
markably juicy and melting, perhaps scarcely so rich as the latter, but
with a very rich, sprightly vinous flavor, and one of the most delicious
of plums. The flesh sometimes adheres a little when not fully ripe,
but then separates freely. Best. Middle of August.

Lawson's Golden.
Damas Lawson. Golden Gage Lawson.

Tree vigorous, productive. Branches smooth.
Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture very shallow. Skin pale yel-

Lawrence's Favorite.

THE PLUM.

929

low, lightly shaded and mottled in the sun with dull crimson, covered
with a thin bloom. Stalk long, slender. Cavity small. Flesh yellow,
juicy, sweet. Adheres to the stone. Good to very good. Last of
August.

Lewiston Egg.

Origin, Lewiston, IST. Y. Tree vigorous and productive. Branches
downy.

Fruit medium size, oval. Skin pale yellow, with a bloom. Flesh
yellow, adhering closely to the stone, not very sweet, and only second-
rate flavor. Good. Last of August.

Liegel's Apricot.
Abricotee de Braunau Nouvelle.
Branches downy.

Fruit medium, roundish. Suture deep. Skin like Green Gage,
covered with a white bloom, becoming yellowish as it ripens. Flesh
greenish yellow, melting, juicy, sugary ; separates from the stone. Last
of September. (Hogg.)

Lombard.
Bleecker's Scarlet. Beekman's Scarlet. Montgomery Prune.

Tree very vigorous, hai-dy, has strikingly crimpled leaves, bright
purple glossy shoots, very productive, popular.

It was called the Lombard Plum by the Massachusetts Horticul-
tui-al Society, in compliment to Mr. Lombard, of Springfield, Mass.,
who first brought it into notice in that
State ; and it is said to have been received
by him from Judge Piatt, of Whitesbo-
rough, iS". Y., who raised it from seed. But it
was previously well known here by the name
of Mleeckers Scarlet. Never having been
described under that name, however, we
adojit the present title.

Fruit of medium size, roundish oval, slight-
ly flattened at either end. Suture obscure.
Stalk quite sleuder, scarcely three-fourths of
an inch long, set in a broad, abruptly narrow-
ing cavity. Skin delicate violet reel, paler in
the shade, dotted with red, and dusted
thinly with bloom. Flesh deep yellow,
juicy, and pleasant, but not rich ; adhering
to the stone. Good. Middle and last of
August.

Long Scarlet.

Scarlet Gage. Red Gage, incorrectly.

American. Tree very vigorous, and A'^ery productive. Shoots doA\Tiy.

Fruit of medium size, oblong obovate, swollen on one side of the
suture, and tapering to the stalk. Skin bright red in the sun, pale
yellowish red on the shady side, covered with a fine lilac bloom. Flesh
deep yellow, juicy, acid at first, but, if allowed to hang, it becomes rather
rich and sweet. It acUieres to the stone. Good. Last of August.

59

Lombard.

130 THE PLUM.

Louisa.

From Missoux'i. Tree vigorous, very productive, spreading. Branches
evidence of its native wild character.

Fruit medium, nearly round, yellow, nearly covered with purplish
red, gray dots, thin bloom. Suture slight. Flesh yellow, juicy. Good.
Adheres to the stone. Last of August. (Husmann.)

Lucombe's Nonesuch.

An English Plum, raised by Lucombe, of the Exeter Nursery. Tree
moderately vigorous. Branches smooth.

Fruit above medium size, roundish, shaped and colored much like the
Green Gage, but much more distinctly streaked with yellow and orange,
and covered with a whitish bloom. Suture broad. Stalk straiglit,
three-fourths of an inch long, set in a wide hollow. Flesh pretty fii-m,
greenish, and adheres to the stone. Good. Last of September.

McLaughlin.

Baised by James McLaughlin, Bangor, Me. Tree hardy, vigoroiis,
and productive, a valuable variety, nearly or quite equal to Green Gage.

Branches smooth.

Fruit lai-ge, nearly round, oblate, flat-
tened at both ends. Suture slight. Stalk
three-fourths of an inch long, inserted in a
small cavity by a ring. Skin thin and ten-
der, yellow, dotted and marbled with red
on the sunny side, and covered with a thin
bloom. Flesh dull yellow, rather firm, juicy,
very sweet and luscious, perfumed. It ad-
heres to the stone. Best. Last of August.

Mamelonnee.
Mamelon Sageret.
A seedling of Sageret, near Paris. Tree
moderately vigorous. Branches smooth,
bro'wnish gray.

Fruit of remarkable shape, having a
aec!L or (mamelon) at the base of the stock. It is of excellent quality,
hardy and prolific. Fruit of medium size, oval, tapering towards the
apex, and a well-marked suture on one side. Stalk small, inserted
without depression. Skin pale yellow, a few splashes and streaks of
green, dotted and marbled with crimson in the sun, covered with a thin
light bloom. Flesh yellow, juicy, sugary, rich; separates from the
stone. Good to very good. Middle August.

Manning's Long Blue Prune.
Manning's Prune. Large Long Blue. Manning's Long Blue.

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, with long dark-colored shoots, very
productive. Branches smooth.

Fruit quite large, long oval, a little one-sided, with an obscure sutm-e.
Stalk very long and slender, set in a very trifling depression. Skin daik
purple, with a thick blue bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, fii-m, rather

THE PLUM. 931

juicy, with a sweet, sprightly, pleasant flavor. It separates pretty readily
from the stone, which is long and pointed. Good. First to last of Sep-
tember. Ripens gradually and bears carriage well.

Mann's Imperial.

Brandy Gage. Mann's Brandy Gage.

This fruit is a small form of Coe's Golden Drop, of rich flavor, but
very much earlier. It differs from Coe's Golden Drop by having downy

shoots. (Hogg.)

Marten.

Marten's Seedling.

An accidental seedling in the garden of Mr. Marten, Schenectady,
N. Y. A veiy vigorous, upright grower, productive. Branches smooth,
grayish.

Fruit large, roundish oblong, irregular suture, rather deep from stalk
to apex, which is a little sunk. Skin yellow, somewhat streaked with
green, and dotted vnih red on the sunny side. Stalk nearly an inch
long, set in a small cavity. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, juicy, wdth a
brisk sprightly flavor. Separates from the stone. Good to very good.
First of September.

Maugeron.

Damascene Maugeron. Maugeron.

Damas de Mangeron. Maugeron Damask.

Branches smooth.

Fruit large, round, depressed. Skin purplish, dotted with yellowish
dots, and covered with a blue bloom. Flesh whitish yellow, not veiy juicy,
breaking, sweet; separates from the stone. Eaidy September. (Liegel.)

Mediterranean.

Tree vigorous, productive. Branches smooth, quite reddish.

Fruit medium, ovate-necked. Suture medium. Skin light crimson.
Stalk long, slender. Cavity small. Flesh yellow, sweet, sprightly ; sepa-
rates from the stone. Good. Early September.

Meigs.

Fruit large, roundish oval. Suture indistinct. Skin dull reddish
purple, with numerous gray dots. Stalk long, curved, slender, set in a
small cavity. Flesh gi-eenish yellow, juicy, rich, sugary and excellent;
adlieres to the stone. Good. Last of September.

Miner.

Hinckley. Gillett. Robinson.

Isabel Townsend.

This is an improved variety of the wild or Chickasaw Plum, origi-
nated with Mr. Miner, Lancaster, Pa. Branches smooth, dark .red.

Fruit medium, oblong, pointed at apex. Skin dark purplish red,
with a fine bloom. Flesh soft, juicy, vinous; adheres to the stone.
Early October.

932 THE PLUM.

MiKABELLE.

Mirabelle Petite. Mirabelle de Vienne. Gelbe Mirabelle.

Mirabelle Jaune. White Mirabelle. Small Mirabelle.

Mirabelle Blanche. Mirabelle Prt-coce. Little Mirabelle.

Mirabelle Perle. Prune de Mirabelle. Petit Drap d'Or.

A very pretty little fruit, exceedingly ornamental on the tree,
the branches of which are thickly sprinkled with its abundant crops.
The tree is small in all its parts, and although the fruit has a tolerable
flavor, yet from its size and high perfume it is chiefly valued for pre-
serving. Branches downy.

Fruit quite small, obovate, with a well-marked suture. Stalk half
an inch long, slightly inserted. Skin of a beautiful yellow, a little
spotted with red at maturity, and covered with a white bloom. Flesh
orange, sweet, and sprightly, becoming dry when over-ripe, and sepa-
rates from the stone. Good. Middle of August.

Mirabelle de Nancy.

A variety resembling the foregoing, except in its maturing later.
Fruit small, nearly round, rich yellow, dotted with red. Flesh
juicy. September. (Hogg.)

Mitchelson.

Mitchelson's.

Raised by Mitchelson, England. Tree hardy, productive.

Branches smooth.

Fruit above medium size, oval, withoiit suture. Skin black, dotted
with a few minute fawn-colored dots, covered with a thin blue bloom.
Stalk stout. Flesh yellow, tender, jviicy, sweet ; separates from the
stone. Good. Early September. (F. and P.)

Monroe.
Monroe Egg.

Raised by Miss Dunham, Penfield, Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree very
vigorous and productive. Branches smooth.

Fruit medium or above, oval. Skin greenish yellow, with rarely a
blush. Stalk rather long, with very little depression. Flesh greenish
yellow, not very tender, sweet. Good. First of September.

Morocco.

Early Morocco. Black Morocco.

Early Black Morocco. Early Damask.

A good early Plum, of rather slow growth, and a moderate bearer.
Branches downy.

Fruit of medium size, roundish, with a shallow suture on one side,
a little flattened at both ends. Skin dark purple, covered with a pale
thin bloom. Stalk half an inch long, rather stout. Flesh greenish
yellow, adhering slightly to the stone, juicy, with a smart, rich flavor,
becoming quite sweet at maturity. Good. First to middle of Au
gust.

THE PLUM. 933

Moyret's Gage.
Reine Claude Moyret.

A new French Plum, originated by M. Moyret, at Neuville-siir-Ain.
Tree vigoroiis. Brandies slightly downy.

Fruit medium, roundish. Suture half round, distinct, not deep.
Skin light reddish, covered with an amber-blue bloom. Stalk rather
stout, set in a cavity rather deep. Flesh greenish yellow, fine, juicy,
sweet, perfumed ; separates from the stone. Early August. (Verg.)

Mulberry.

Raised by Isaac Denniston, of Albany. The tree is a vigorous
grower.

Fruit large, oval, somewhat narrowest towards the stalk. Skin
pale whitish yellow, sprinkled with white dots, and dusted with a pale
bloom. Stalk an inch long, rather slender, very slightly inserted.
Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, good; adheres slightly to the stone.
Good. First of September.

Muscle,

This variety is only valuable for stocks on which to propagate other
sorts.

Fruit small, oblong, dark red. Stone large.

Musk Damask.

Prune de Maithe. Damas Musque.

De Chypre. Prune de Chypre.

Musque de Malta ?

Tree vigoroiis, upright. Branches smooth or slightly downy.

Fruit below mediiim, roundish. Suture distinct. Skin deep purple
or bluish black, covered with a thick blue bloom. Flesh yellow or
greenish yellow, juicy, sugary, musky. Good. Adheres slightly to the
stone. Last of August.

Nectarine.

Caledonian. Peach Plum, erroneously.

Howell's Large. Prune Peche.

Jenkins' Imperial. Louis Philippe.

Tree vigorovis, upright, stout, blunt, purplish shoots, nearly smooth.
A fine-looking fruit, of foreign origin, but only of second quality.

Fruit of the largest size, regularly formed, roundish. Stalk about
half an inch long, rather stout, and set in a wide shallow depression.
Skin purple, dusted with a blue bloom. Flesh dull greenish yellow, be-
coming tinged with red at maturity, a little coarse-grained, with a rich,
brisk flavor, and adhering partially to the stone. Good. Middle of
August.

Nelson's Victory. .

Knevett's Late Orleans.

Tree very vigorous, an abundant bearer. Branches smooth.
Fruit medium-sized, round, marked with a shallow suture. Skin
deep purple, covered with a blue bloom. Stalk half an inch long, set

934 THE PLUM.

in a sliallow cavity. Flesli firm, rather coarse, sweet, briskly flavored ;
adhering to the stone. Middle September. (Hogg.)

Newman.

A variety of the Chickasaw family, that has recently come into no-
tice through D. L. Adair, of Kentucky. Tree healthy, hardy, vigorous,
and productive.

FruiL medium, roundish oval. Skin light scarlet, with a thin bloom.
Flesh soft, light pinkish, vinous, juicy ; adheres to the stone. Early
August.

NOKBERT.
Prune de Lepine. Prune de Prince.

Branches slightly hairy.

Fruit very small, round, inclining to oblate. Skin dark purple,
covered with a tliick, clear, light blue bloom. Flesh greenish yellow,
firm, sweet, not juicy. Separates from the stone. (Hogg.)

Norman Perdrigon.
Perdrigon Normand.

A French variety.

Fruit medium, nearly round. Skin light purple, considerable bloom,
marked with fawn-colored dots. Flesh yellowish, melting, j uicy, sweet ;
adheres to the stone. Last of Aixgust. (Pom. Man.)

North.

North's Seedling.

Raised by Professor North, Clinton, N. Y. Tree very vigorous,
very productive. Bi'anches slightly downy.

Fruit large, roundish oblong oval. Skin reddish purple, with a
thin bloom. Flesh yellowish, juicy, moderately sweet, jierfumed. Good
to very good. Early September.

Nouvelle de Dorelle.

Prune Grosse Quetsche Nouvelle. Dorelle's Neue Grosse Zwetsche.

Prune Nouvelle de Dorrel. Quetsche de Dorelle Nouvelle Grand.

Dorelle's New Purple Prune.

A German variety. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches downy.

Fruit large, oval, somewhat pointed at tlie stalk. Suture shallow, dis-
tinct, one side often a little enlarged. Skin violet purple, covered with a
thin blue bloom, and pretty thickly sprinkled with whitish brown dots.
Stalk rather long and stout, set in a small cavity. Flesh yellow,
juicy, sugary, vinous ; adheres to the stone. Good to very good.
Last of August.

Oberley.

Oberley's Greenwood.

Originated in Northampton Co., Pa., on the farm of Ober-
ley. Tree a thrifty, upright gi-ower, very productive. Branches smooth,
greenish.

THE PLUM. 935

Fruit medium size, roundish. Suture shallow. Apex a little sunk.
Skin amber, nearly covered with rosy red, thin light bloom. Stalk me-
dium, slender, set in a moderate cavity by a ring. Flesh yellow, juicy,
vinous, rather sweet ; adheres to the stone. Good. Last of August.

October Green Gage.
Late Green Gage. Keine Claude Tardive. Keine Claude d'Octobre.

Tree very vigorous. Young wood smooth, stout, and short-jointed.

Fruit small, roundish. Suture moderate. Apex dimpled. Skin
greenish yellow, covered with a thin white bloom, mottled with crimson
in sun. Stalk stout, rather long. Flesh green, juicy, sugary, and rich ;
separates from the stone. Good to very good. First of October.

Orange.
Orange Gage. Wager.

Origin, Rhinebeck, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree a vigorous grower,
productive. Branches stout and smooth.

Fruit very large, oval, flattened at both ends. Skin bronze yellow,
marked with i-oughish wliite dots and clouded with pui-plish red near
the stalk. The latter is three-fovirths of an inch long, rather rough, in-
serted in a narrow round cavity. Flesh deep yellow, a little coarse-
grained, moderately juicy, siigar and acid combined. It adheres a little
to the stone. Good. Last of August.

Orleans.

Monsieur. Anglaise Noir. Prune de Monsieur.

Monsieur Ordinaire. English Orleans. Common Orleans.

Old Orleans. Prune d'Orleans. Red Orleans.

Red Damask. Late Monsieur.

A popular English market Plum, being hardy and uniformly prcfduc-
tive. Tree vigorous. Branches gray, and veiy downy.

Fruit middle-sized, round, a little enlarged on one side of the distinct
suture. Skin dark red, becoming purple in the sun. Flesh yellowish,
sweet, mixed with acid, and separates freely from the stone. Good.
Middle of August.

Oullin's Golden.

Reine Claude d'OuUins. Oullin's Golden Gage.

Reine Claude Precoce. Monstrueuse d'Oullins.

Ouillin's Gage.

This is a German Plum, large and showy. Tree very vigorous and
productive, with smooth branches, stout, short jointed.

Fruit large, roundish oblong. Suture very shallow. Skin rich yel-
low, flecked and shaded with green, small crimson dots in sun, and cov-
ered with a thin white bloom. Stalk inserted in a broad, moderately
deep ca\aty. Flesh yellow, very tender, juicy, sugary ; adhering slightly
to the stone. Very good. Middle of August. (Hogg.)

936 THE PLUM.

Parsonage.

Origin, Ehinebeck, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree very vigorous, up-
right, productive. Branches smooth.

Fruit medium to large, oval. Skin pale yellow, lightly splashed with
green. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a small depression. Flesh
yellow, juicy, with a rich sugary flavor. It separates freely from the
stone. Good. First of September.

Peach Plum.
Prune Peche. Large Peach. Reine Claude Berger ?

Tree upright, vigorous, only a moderate bearer. Tree rather tender
at the North. Branches smooth.

Fruit very large, shaped more like a peach than a plum, roundish,
much flattened at both ends. Suture shallow, but strongly marked.
Apex much depressed. Skin light brownish red, sprinkled with obscure
dark specks, and covered with a pale bloom. Stalk short, rather stout,
set in a shallow narrow cavity. Flesh pale yellow, a little coarse-grained,
but juicy, and of pleasant sprightly flavor when fully ripe ; separates
freely from the stone. Good. Last of July.

Penobscot.

Raised by James McLaughlin, Bangor, Me. Tree vigorous, hardy,
productive. Branches smooth.

Fruit large, oval. Suture distinct. Stalk three-fourths of an inch
long, set in a small cavity. Skin yellow, tinged with green and a faint
red cheek. Flesh yellow, sweet, and pleasant ; adheres to the stone.
Good. First of September.

Peoly's Early Blue.

This is a native fruit, of medium quality. Branches very downy.

"Fruit middle-sized, roundish. Sviture scarcely visible. Skin very
dark blue, covered with light blue bloom. Flesh yellow, of pleasant
flavor, adhering partially to the stone. Good. Early August.

Perdrigon Yiolet Hatif.

Tree hardy, vigorous, pi'oductive. Branches downy.

Fruit medi\im or below, roundish, slightly oval. Suture half round,
shallow. Apex a little sunk. Skin violet or reddish purple, sprinkled,
with brownish dots and covered with a blue bloom. Stalk short, stout.
Cavity small. Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, with a sugary pleasant
flavor ; separates from the stone. Good or very good. Middle Au-
gvist.

Pershore.

An English variety. Branches smooth.

Frviit above medium size, obovate. Skin yellow, with a golden
tinge. Flesh tender, with a fine subacid flavor ; adhering to the stone.
Last of August. (Hogg.)

THE PLUM.

937

Peter's Yellow Gage.

Tree moderately vigorous, with short brandies, which are downy.

Fruit medium, nearly globular, a little depressed at base. Suture
broad, shallow. Apex broad, shallow, sunken. Skin pale yellow, some-
times with crimson dots in the sun and a thin light bloom. Stalk rather
short and stout, set in a large cavity. Flesh yellowish, juicy, sugary ;
adheres slightly to the stone. Good to very good. Middle August

Pond's Seedling.
Pond's Purple.

American origin. Tree very vigorous. Branches downy.

Fruit middle-sized, roundish. Skin purple. Flesh yellowish, rather
dry, separates from the stone, -sweet, mingled with acid. Good. Early
in Aueust.

Plum de rinde.

Pond's Seedling.
Fonthill.

Pond's Purple.

English origin. Tree very vigorous and productive ; a beautiful
fruit. Branches smooth, grayish.

Fruit very large, oval, taper-
ing a little towards the stalk, some-
times with a mamelon neck. Skin
yellowish, nearly covered with
bright red or carmine, having a
thin whitish bloom, and sprinkled
with brownish dots. Flesh yel-
low, a little coarse, juicy, and
sugary, but not rich. Good.
Middle of September.

Pbecoce de Tours.

Early Violet.
Violette Hative.
Early Tours.
Perdrigon Violet.
Blue Perdrigon.
Violet de Tours.
Noire Hative.
Prune de la Madelaine.
Damas de Tours.
Prune de Gaillon.

Of foreign origin. Tree vigo
rous, with long, slender branches,
moderately productive. Branches
downy.

Fruit rather more than an inch in
diameter, oval, with a shallow su-
ture. Skin deep purple, covered with a
half an inch long, set in a narrow cavity.

becoming dull yellow at maturity ; a little fibrous, but juicy, sweet, melt
ing, and slightly perfumed ; it adheres considerably to the stone. Good
First of August.

Pond's Seedling (English.)

thick azure bloom. Stalk
Flesh at first greenish, but

938

THE PLUM.

Pr^coce de Bergthold.

Tree moderately vigorous, very productive.

Fruit small, nearly globular. Suture shallow, but distinct point at
apex. Skin pale yellow, sometimes with marblings of green, and cov-
ered with a thin white bloom. Stalk short, stout. Cavity shallow.
Flesh yellow, juicy, sugary; adheres slightly to the stone. Good. Early
August.

Prince Englebert.

From Belgium. This is a promising variety for market growing, as

the tree is a great bearer, and the
fruit valuable for dessert and cooking.
Tree vigorous. Branches smooth.

Fruit large, oblong oval. Suture
very slight, one side a little enlarged.
Skin very deep purple, sprinkled
with brown dots, and covered with a
deep blue bloom. Stalk rather stout,
set in a deep cavitj". Flesh yellowish
gi-een, juicy, sugary; se2:)arates from
the stone. Yery good. Last of Au
gust.

Prince of Wales.

Chapman's Prince of Wales.
Prmce Albert ?

English origin. Tree very vigo-
rous, very productive. Branches
smooth or slightly downy.
' Prince Engelbert. Fi'uit large, globular, inclining to

oblong, with a moderate suture on
one side. Skin reddish purple, with brownish yellow dots, and a thick
bloom. Stalk short and stout, set in a moderate cavity. Flesh a little
coarse, gi-eenish yellow, juicy, sweet, and sprightly, not rich, partially
adhering to the stone. Good. First of September.

Prince's Orange Egg.

Raised by William P)-ince, Flushing, Long Island, N. Y. Tree veiy
vigorous and productive. Branches smooth.

Fruit rather large, oval. Skin yellow, covered with a thin bloom.
Stalk three-fourths of aii inch long, rather stout, set in a small cavity.
Flesh golden yellow, coarse, juicy, sprightly, subacid, not rich ; ad-
heres to the stone. Good. Middle of September.

Prince's Orange Gage.
Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture moderate. Skin yellow.

THE PLUM.

939

Stulk long, set in an open cavity. Flesh light yellow, coarse, juicy,
pleasant, but not rich ; adheres to the stone. Good. First of Sep-
tember.

Prince's Primordian.
Prince's Blue Primordian.

Originated with William Priuee, of Flushing, L. I. Branches slen-
der, grayish.

Fruit small, oval, blue. Flesh pleasant ; its principal value is its
early maturity. (Pom. Man.)

Prince's Yellow Gage.

American Yellow Gage of some.

White Gage of some.

The Yellow Gage was raised so long ago as the year 1783, by the
elder Mr. Prince, of Flushing, L. I. Its
great hardiness and productiveness, joined
to its rich, sugary flavor, make it a favor-
ite sort. Branches smooth, short-jointed,
and the tree forming a large spreading
head.

Fruit a little above medium size, oval,
rather broadest towards the stalk. Su
ture a mere line. Skin golden yellow, a
little clouded, and covei-ed with a copious
white bloom. Stalk an inch long, inserted
in a small round cavity. Flesh deep yel-
low, rich, sugar}', and melting, though
sometimes rather dry ; parts freely from
the stone. Very good. Early in Au-
gust.

Provence Damask.

Damas de Provence.
Early Damask of Provenee.
Damas de Provence Hatif.

Prince's Yellow Gage.

Tree vigorous, branches downy.

Fi-uit above medium, roundish. Suture deep. Skin reddish pur-
ple, covered with blue bloom. Flesh yellowish green ; separates from
the stone. Good for cooking. Last of July.

Prune d'Agen.

D'Agen. Robe de Sergent. St. Maivriu.

Prune d'Ast. Agen Datte. Prune de Brignole of some.

Prune du RoL

A foreign variety of excellent quality. Tree of moderate gi-0A\^h,
Branches smooth. Very productive.

Fruit medium size, oval, slightly necked. Suture small. Skin vio-

940 THE PLUM.

let piirple, covered with a thick bloom and iii;merous small dots. Stalk
nearly an inch long, a little curved, set in a small depression. Flesh
greenish yellow, juicy, sugary, rich, and delicious, slightly adherent to
the stone. Best. Middle and last of September.

Prune d'Ageru Purple Favorite.

Purple Favorite.

This delicious frviit received its name from us some years ago. The
tree from which the stock now in this country was derived, stood for
many years (vintil it died of old age) in the centre of the principal gar-
den hei'e, and was planted by the father of the author. Its origin we
were never able to learn, and we have not been able during all our
pomological researches and comparisons to identify it with any other
sort.

The Purple Favorite, w^hen in perfection, is not surpassed by any
otlier Plum in luscious flavor. It is more juicy and melting than the
Purple Gage, and has some affinity to the Diajiree Rouge, or Mimms.
It should have a place in every garden, as it bears well, and is very
hardy. In the nursery it has the dwarfish habit of the Green Gage,
but more slender shoots. Branches nearly smooth, short-jointed.

Fruit medii^m size, often large, roundish obovate. Suture none.
Skin liglit brown in the shade, brownish purple in the sun, dotted with
numerous golden specks, and dusted with thin, light blue bloom. Stalk
three-fourths to one inch long, set in a very slight depression. Flesh
pale greenish, very jv;icy, tender, melting, with a luscious sweetness.
Parts fi-eely from the stone, which is very small and roundish. Best.
Begins to ripen about the 20th of August, and will hang for a fortnight
on the tree.

Purple Gage.

Reine Claude Violette. Violette Queen Claude.

Die Violette Konigin Claudia. Violet Gage.

The Purple Gage holds the first place for high flavor among purple

THE PLUM.

941

plums abroad. Although it is well kno^\Ti iu France under the title of
the Reine Claude Violette, as in England under that of the Purple
Gage, yet its native country is not precisely determined. Tree mod-
erately vigorous. Branches smooth, much like those of the Green Gage.
Fruit medium sized, shaped like the Green Gage, roundish, a little
flattened. Suture shallow, but distinct. Stalk an inch long, rather
thick, set in a narrow cavity. Skin a little thick, violet, dotted with
pale yellow, and covered with light blue bloom. Flesh greenish yellow,
rather firm, i-ich, sugary, and very high-flavored ; separates from the stone,
which is oval and compressed. Ripens rather late, and will hang on the
tree — shrivelling a little, but not cracking — all the mouth of September.
Very good.

QflACKEJTBOSS.

Introduced by Mr. Quackenboss, of Greenbush, N. Y. Origin in
the garden of S. C Groot, Albany. A very rapid upi'ight gi-ower, and
productive. Branches smooth.

Fruit large, oblong roundish. Skin deep purple, covered with a blu-
ish bloom. Suture scarcely apparent. Stalk long, slender, and set in a
slight depressed cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, sprightly, juicy, a little
coarse-grained, sweet, and subacid • adheres slightly to the stone. Good.
September.

Queen Mother.
Ked Queen Mother. Pigeon's Heart.

Damas Violet.

A neat little reddish Plum, long known in European gardens.
Branches smooth, rather feeble in gro-svth.

Fruit rather small, round, about an inch in diameter. Skin dark,
purplish red in the sun, pale reddish amber in the shade, with many red-
dish dots. Stalk half an inch long. Flesh yellow, sweet and rich, sepa-
rating freely from the stone. Good. September.

Reagle's Ancient City.

Originated at Schenectady, N.
Y,, by C. Reagles. Tree very
vigorous. Branches smooth.

Fruit large, roundish oval.
Skin clouded orange, red in the
sun. Suture distinct. Flesh yellow,
juicy, sweet ; separates from the
stone. Good. Last of August.

Reagle's Gage.

Another of the seedlings raised
by C. Reagles, Schenectady, N. Y.,
from seed of the Washington. Tree
vigorous, vipright. Branches smooth.

Fruit medium, nearly globular.
Suture broad and shallow. Apex

Reagle's Gage.

942 THE PLUM.

sunken. Skin gi'eenisli yellow, with splashes of darker green, and covered
with a bloom. Stalk medium in length and thickness. Cavity large.
Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous j separates from the
stone. Very good. Last of August.

Reagle's Uxion Purple.

Same origin as the preceding. Tree \agorous, branches smooth.

Fruit large, roundish oval. Skin reddish piu-ple, covered with a thin
bloom, suture only perceptible near the stalk and apex. Stalk short,
stout. Flesh greenish, a little coarse, vinous, sweet; adheres to the
stone. Good. September.

Red Apricot.

Abricotee Rouge.

A French variety. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches smooth.

Fruit of medium size, roundish oval. Skin of a fine clear red in the
shade, violet in the sun. Flesh orange color, sweet, but rather dry, and
without much flavor ; separates freely from the stone. Good. Last of
August.

Red Diaper.

Diapree Rouge. Mimms.

Roche Carbon- Imperial Diadem.

The Diapree Rouge, or Red Diaper, is a very large and handsome
French Plum. A rather slow grower. Branches almost smooth.

Fruit large, obovate. Skin of a reddish purple, with a few golden
specks, and a light blue bloom, easily rubbed off. Stalk three-fou.rths
of an inch long, slender, hairy, slightly inserted. Flesh pale gi-een, juicy,
very melting, rich, and delicious, separating from the stone, which is
quite small. Good to very good. Last of August.

Red Gage.

An American Plum, of delicious flavor, very hardy, and a prodigious
bearer. It is a seedling raised from the Green Gage by the elder Wm.
Prince, of the Flushing Nurseries, in 1790.
It grows very vigorously, and is distin-
guished, when young, by its deep gi-een
crimped foliage. Branches dark reddish,
smooth.

Fruit about as large as the Green Gage,
but more oval, i-egularly formed. Skin
brownish or brick red, with little bloom.
Stalk rather slender, set in a narrow cavity.
Flesh greenish amber, very juicy, melting,
sugary, and luscious. It parts freely from
the stone, which is suiall. Best. Middle of
August.

Red Gage of Dutchess County.

J'^ed Gage. ^ seedling of Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree

vigorous, upright, productive. Branches slightly downy.

THE PLUM. 943

Fruit medium, roundisli oval, a little compressed. Suture large,
often extending two-thirds around the fruit. Skin yellowish, nearly
covered with a light reddish purple, and with a thin lilac bloom, thickly
sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short, stout. Cavity large. Flesh
yellow, juicy, slightly vinous ; adheres to the stone. Good. Last of

August.

Red Magnum Bonum.

Purple Egg. Imperial Violet. Prune d'CEuf.

Red Imperial. Imperiale Violette. Red Egg.

Imperial. Imporiale Rouge. Askew's Purple Egg.

Purple Magnum Bonum. Dame Aubert Violette. Die Rothe Eiperflaume.

Florence. ImpJriale. Shepler ?

A foreign variety of moderate growth, slender smooth shoots, dis-
tinct from the American variety, which is a vigorous growei', with
downy shoots.

Fruit large, oval, with a strong sutui-e, on one side of which the
fruit is more swollen. Skin rather pale in the shade, but deep red in
the sun, spiinkled with many gray dots, and dusted with but little pale
bloom. Stalk an inch or more long, slender, set in a narrow cavity.
Flesh greenish, rather firm and coarse, with a subacid flavor, separating
from the stone, which is oval and pointed. Good, First of September.

Pi,ED Perdrigon.
Perdrigon Rouge.

Foreign. Branches downy.

Fruit of medium size, roundish. Sides often unequal. Skin fine deep
red, much lilac bloom. Stalk long, slender. Flesh pale yellow, a little
coarse, moderately juicy and sweet, and parts from the stone. Good.
Last of August to the middle of September.

Red Primordial.

Originated with William Prince, Flushing, L. I. Tree vigorous,
upright, with long, smooth, brownish gray branches.

Fruit medium or small, oval, somewhat pointed, slightly necked.
Skin light lilac or chocolate, and covered with a thin, light lilac bloom.
Stalk rather long, slender, set in a small ring. Flesh yellowish, moder-
ately juicy, with a slight acid flavor ; separates from the stone. Good.
Early August.

Reine Victoria.

This is a French variety, and quite distinct from the Victoria.
Branches downy. It is of short oval shape, much like Kirke's, but not
quite so round. Skin dark reddish purple. Flesh very juicy, rich, and
agreeable, and separating from the stone. It is from two to three weeks
later than Kii-ke's. (Hogg.) We think this may yet prove to be Sharp's
Emperor.

Reizenstein's Yellow Prune.

An Italian fruit. Tree very vigorous and productive. Bi-anchea
smooth.

944 THE PLUM.

Fruit medmm size, oval, narrowing at both ends, often enlarged on
one side and swollen on one edge. Small niamelon neck. Suture
large, extending beyond the apex. Skin fine yellow, often much shaded
and marbled with rich crimson, and covered with a tldn lilac bloom.
Stalk long, rather slender. Cavity small. Flesh golden yellow, juicy,
sweet ; adheres closely to the stone. Good to very good. Last Sep-
tember.

Rhinebeck Yellow Gage.

Origin, Rhinebeck, IST. Y. Tree very strong and vigorous. Branches
smooth.

Fruit large, oval. Suture deep. Skin yellow. Stalk rather long,
inserted by a fleshy ring without depression. Flesh coarse, juicy, sweet,
and pleasant ; adheres to the stone. Good. First of September.

Rhue.
Rhue's Seedling.

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, productive. Branches slightly
downy.

Fruit large, oval. Suture shallow, broad, half round. Apex slightly
sunk. Skin reddish purple, covered with a blue bloom. Stalk rather
short, stout. Cavity deep. Flesh greenish yellow, rather coarse, juicy,
sweet, vinous ; adheres partially to the stone. Good. Middle Au-
gust.

Richland.

Originated on the farm of Randall Elden, Richland, Bucks Co., Pa.
Tree upright, vigorous. Branches smooth, long, slender.

Frviit medium size, oval, a little pointed at apex. Skin reddish pur-
ple, covered with a thin blue bloom. Stalk in a small cavity. Flesh
greenish yellow, juicy, sugary ; adheres partially to the stone. Good.
Last of August.

Roby's Yellow.

A seedling raised by H. R. Roby, Fredericksburgh, Va. Tree mode-
rately vigorous. Branches smooth.

Fruit rather small, roundish. Suture broad, shallow. Sides unequal.
Skin greenish yellow, covered with a copious light bloom, and a few red
dots in the sun. Stalk short. Cavity small. Flesh greenish yellow,
juicy, sweet ; adheres to the stone. Good. Last of August.

ROLLANDE GaLLOPPI.

Tree very vigorous, upright. Branches smooth.

Fruit medium, elongated oval, with a large neck. Suture large, half
round. Skin pale yellowish green, dotted and marbled with crimson in
the sun, and covered with a thin light bloom. Stalk slender. Cavity
small. Flesh yellowish green, juicy, sweet ; adheres to the stone. Good.
Last of September.

THE PLUM. 945

Ronald's Fancy.

Fruit meduim or above, oval. Sutui-e half round. Skin yellow,
striped, marbled, and splashed with green, and covered with a thin light
bloom. Stalk half inch long. Cavity moderate. Flesh greenish yel-
low, juicy, sugary, vinous, sprightly ; separates from the stone. Good.
Early October.

RosTRAVE Bell.

Originated with John D. Stephens, Westmoreland Co., Pa. Tree
very vigorous and productive. Branches smooth.

Fruit large, roundish oval. Suture broad, shallow, two-thirds round,
one side enlarged. Skin reddish purple, many brown dots, and covered
with a blue bloom. Stalk medium. Cavity large, rather deep. Flesh
yellowish, coarse, not very juicy, vinous ; adheres partially to the stone.
Good. Early September.

ROTALE.

La Eoyale. Koyal Red. French RoyaL

Royal. Sir Charles Worsley's. Prune Royale.

The Royale, a French variety, is remarkable for the exceedingly
thick coat of bloom which covers the skin. The tree is a slow grower,
forms a bushy, spreading head, and its very downy shoots have a gray
or whitish appearance. It bears regularly, but moderately, and though
not fit for the orchard, it is a first-rate garden fruit.

Fruit of medium size, often quite large, round, lessening a little to-
wards the stalk. Suture distinct at the apex on one side only. Skin
reddish purple, dotted with light brown specks, and covered with a thick
pale bloom, which adheres closely. Stalk three-foui'ths of an inch long,
downy, set in a narrow cavity. Flesh dull yellow, rather firm, but
melting, very juicy, Avith an exceedingly rich, vinous flavor ; it sepa-
rates from the stone, which is small, roundisli, pointed at both ends.
Good to ver'y good. Last of August, till the middle of September.

Royale de Tours.
Royal Tours.

A French variety, received from several sources, but they do not
agree, neither do the authorities; some say a freestone, and others a
cling. Branches always qviite downy.

Fruit large, roundish, but marked with a large and deep suture ex-
tending quite half round, and enlarged on one side. At the apex is a
small, white, depressed point. Skin lively i-ed in the shade, deep violet
in the sun, with many minute golden dots, and coated with a thick blue
bloom. Stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long, stout, set in a nar-
row cavity. Flesh greenish, rather firm, with a rich, high-flavored,
abundant juice. Good to very good. Middle August.

Royale Hative.

Early Royal. Marian.

An early Plum, of French origin. Tree vigorous, with stout short
branches. Branches very downy.

60

94G

THE PLUM.

Fruit of medium size, roundish, a little wider towards the stalk.
Skin light purple, dotted (and faintly streaked) with brownish yellow,
and covered with a blue bloom. Stalk half an inch long, stout, in-
serted with little or no depression. Flesh yellow amber, with rich, high
flavor, and parts from the stone (adhering slightly till ripe). Very-
good. Early August.

Eoyale Hative.

Saint Catherine.

Saint Catherine.

Among the fine old varieties of late Plums the St. Catherine is one of
the most celebrated. In France it is raised in large qviantities, in some
districts making the most delicate kind of prunes. It is also much
esteemed for preserving, and is of excellent quality for the dessert.
Branches smooth, upright, rather slender.

Fruit of medium size, obovate, narrowing considerably towards the
stalk, and having a strongly marked suture on one side. Stalk three-
fourths of an inch or more long, very slender, inserted in a slight cavity.
Skin very pale yellow, overspread with thin white bloom, and occasion-
ally becoming a little reddish on the sunny side. Flesh yellow, juicy,
rather firm, and adheres partially to the stone. In flavor it is sprightly,
rich, and perfumed. Very good. Middle to last of September.

Saint Etienne.

Tree of moderate growth. Branches smooth.

Fruit medium, roundish heart-shaped. Suture shallow, half round.
Skin yellow, shaded, marbled, and dotted with rich dark crimson.
Stalk short, rather slender. Cavity small. Flesh fine yellow, juicy,
sweet, and rich ; separates from the stone. Good to very good. Last
of August.

Saint Julien.

Common St. Julien. Petit St. Julien.

French St. Julien. St. Julien petit.

Fruit small, oval, dark violet, covered with bloom. Flesh gi-eenish,

slightly acid; separates from the stone. Last of August. (Pom. Man.)

THE PLUM.

Saint Martin's Quetsche.

947

A veiy late variety of Prune from Germany. Hardy and a good
beai'er. Branches smooth.

Fruit of medium size, ovate, or considerably broadest towards the
stalk. Suture broad, shallow. Skin pale yellow, covered with a white
bloom. Flesh yellowish, with a rich and excellent flavor, and separates
readily from the stone. Good. First of Octobei', and will hang a month.

Schenectady Catherine.

Origin, Schenectady, N. Y. Tree vigorous, very productive.
Branches smooth, grayish.

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture shallow on one side. Skin red-
dish purple, covei'ed with a thin blue bloom. Stalk of medium length,
slender, set in a small cavity. Flesh
greenish yellow, very juicy, sugary, and
rich ; separates freely from the stone.
Very good. First of September. •

Schuyler Gage.

Originated with Gen. Schuyler, Alba-
ny, N. Y., from a seed of the Green Gage.
T^ee upright, very vigorous and produc-
tive. Branches smooth.

Fruit medium, oval. Suture moderate.
Skin yellow, with small green splashes,
dotted and washed with carmine on the
sunny side, and covered with a thin bloom.
Stalk long, curved, inserted in a small ca-
vity. Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, rich, and
excellent ; separates from the stone. Very good

Schenectady Catherine.

Last of September.

Semiana of Boston.
Blue Imperatrice of some.

This is quite distinct from the Semiana of Europe. It is probably a
native fruit. Tree moderately vigorous, with slender shoots nearly
smooth, very pi-oductive, late, keeps well — a good mai-ket fruit.

Fruit medium, oval, with a slight rise or neck next the stalk. Skin,
deep purple, covered with blue bloom. Stalk short. Cavity very small.
Flesh greenish, juicy, subacid, not rich; adheres to the stone. Good.
Last of September and first of October.

Damas de Septembre.

September Damask.
Prune de Vacance.

Prunier des Vacances.

Branches downy.

Fruit small, roundish oval. Suture distinct. Skin dark purple,
covered with a thick blue bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, sweet ; sepa-
rates from stone. Poor. Last of September.

948 THE PLUM.

Sharp's Emperor.

Dolphin. Denyer's Victoria. Victoria.

Dauphin. Alderton. Royal Dauphiae.

Imperial de Sharp.

A beautiful Plum, brought iaito notice by Denyer, of Sussex, England.
Tree vigorous and productive. Branches strong, downy, and foliage large.

Fruit large, roundish oval. Suture shallow, but distinct. Skin
light yellow, marbled, spotted, and shaded with light lilac and purple,
thickly sprinkled with light and gray dots, and covered with a tliin lilac
bloom. Stalk medium length, rather stout, set in a rather deep cavity.
Flesh golden yellow, coarse, not very juicy or sugary, a little vinous ;
separates from the stone. Good. Middle September.

Sheldon.

Originated on the farm of Wareham Sheldon, Huron, "Wayne Co.,
N. Y. Tree a rapid grower, and very productive. Branches smooth,
stout.

Fruit large, oval. Suture shallow. Skin deep purple, thick blue
bloom. Stalk short, in a small cavity. Flesh gi-eenish, juicy, slightly
acid ; separates from the stone. Good. September.

Siamese.

Branches long, slender, and smooth.

Fruit mostly in pairs, distinct, but closely joined on one side, medium-
sized obovate. Skin pale yellow, with a white bloom. Flesh yellow,
Juicy, and sprightly, of second-rate flavor, and adheres to the stone.
Good. Eai"ly September.

Smith's Orleans.

Violet Perdrigon, incorrectly. Red Magnum Bonum of some.

Smith's Orleans, the largest and finest of this class of Plums, is a
native variety raised from the old Orleans by Mr. Smith, of Gowanus,

Long Island. It is one of the most
vigorous of all plum-trees, making
straight, glossy, reddish purple shoots,
with dark green crimped leaves. Very
productive. Bearing branches smooth,
or nearly so.

Fruit large, often of the largest
size, oval, rather widest towards the
stalk, a little irregular, with a strongly
marked suture on one side. Stalk
quite small and slender, little more
than half an inch long, inserted in a
dee]-) narrow cavity. Skin reddish
purple, covered with a deep blue
bloom. Flesh deep yellow, a little
firm, very jviicy, with a brisk, rich
vinous flavor (not sweet and cloying),
and adlieres to the stone. Good to
very good. 20 th to the last of Au-

Smith's Orleans. gUSt.

THE PLUM. 949

Spanish Damask.

Damas d'Espagne,

Fruit small, nearly round. Skin deep purple, covered with bloom.
Flesh yellowish, not rich, mild, sweet ; separates from the stone. Last
of August. (Pom. Man.)

Spotted Gage.

Tree vigorous, very productive. Branches downy.

Fruit medium or above, oval. Suture shallow. Skin greenish yel-
low, shaded, mottled, and patched with crimson and lilac, numerous
light dots, and covered with a thin bloom. Flesh coarse, yellow, sugary,
juicy, a little vinous ; adheres partially to the stone. Good. Early Sep-
tember.

Standard of England.

Said to have been raised by Mr. Dowling, of Southampton, England.
Tree vigorous. Branches smooth or slightly downy.

Fruit medium, ovate, slight character of neck. Suture shallow.
Skin purplish lilac, many dots, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk
inserted in a small cavity. Flesh greenish, juicy, moderately sweet ;
separates from the stone. Good. Early September.

Stoneless.
Kirke's Stoneless. Sans Noyau. Pitless.

Branches downy. Of no value excejit as a curiosity.

Fruit small, oval. Skin dark purple, covered with blue bloom.
Flesh greenish, harsh acid. Kernel without any stone surrounding.
Early September.

Suisse.

Simiana. Swiss Plum.

Monsieur Tardif. Monsieur Tardive.

Prune d'Altesse. Switzer's Plum.
Prune Suisse.

A foreign variety, of free growth, with long, slender, smooth branches,
distinct from Semiana of Boston.

Fruit rather small, roundish oval. Skin violet red, covered with a
thick bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, rather dry, but SAveet, and
separates from the stone. Good. Last of September.

Thomas.

A handsome native fruit, originated in the garden of William
Thomas, of Boston. A free grower, and bears abundantly. Branches
slightly downy.

Fruit large, roundish oblong, a little irregiilar, and rather compressed
in the direction of the suture. Stalk hairy, half an inch or more long,
stout, set in a small narrow cavity. Skin salmon color, with numei"ous
dots, and a soft red cheek. Flesh pale yellow, a little coarse-grained,
but with a mild pleasant flavor ; separating freely from the stone.
Good. Last of August.

950 THE PLUM.

Thorndyke Gage.

A native fruit, originated near Newburgh, N. Y. Tree moderately
■\dgorous. Branches downy.

Fruit below medium, roundish. Suture slight. Skin pale green,
with a blue bloom. Flesh greenish, jxiicy, sweet, pleasant ; adheres
to the stone. Good. Early September.

Tomlinson's Charlotte.
Charlotte.

A seedling raised by Judge Tomlinson, Schenectady, N. Y. Tree
vigoroifs.

Fruit large, oval. Skin yellow. Flesh sweet, agreeable. August.
(Pom. Man.)

Transparent Gage.

Eeine Claude Diaphane. Prune Diaphane LafFay.

Diaphane Laffay. Beine Claude Transparent.

Diaphane.

A French variety, evidently from seeds of the Green Gage, raised
by M. LafFay, of Paris. Tree vigorous, with long, stout, and smooth
branches.

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate. Suture shallow, distinct.
Apex sunk. Skin gi-eenish yellow, marbled and specked in the sun
with carmine red. Stalk medium. Cavity small, rather deep. Flesh
greenish yellow, tender, juicy, sugary, ricli. Very good or best. Mid-
dle of September.

Trouv^e de Youeche.

Found in the woods by Gregoire, and by him introduced. Tree mo-
derately vigorous and very fertile.

Fruit medium or small, regularly oval. Skin thick, reddish vio-
let with a shady side, and a violet bloom on the sunny side. Flesh
juicy, sweet, and very good. Last of August. (Al. Pom.)

Ulysses.

A variety from Western New York. Branches smooth.

Fruit above medium, roimdish oval. Skin whitish, shaded and mot-
tled with violet purple, thin blue bloom. Flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet ;
adheres to the stone. Good. Early September.

YlRGIN.

Virginale Blanc. Virginal Blanc.

White Virginale. Virginal a gros Fruit blanc.

Virginal a Fruit blanc.

A foreign variety, of free growth. Branches smooth, rather slender.

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin reddish purple, with a thick bloom.
Flesh greenish, very juicy, sweet. Good to very good. Adheres slightly
to the stone. First of September.

THE PLUM.

Wangenheim.

951

A German variety. Tree a moderate grower. Branches smooth.

Fruit medium, oval. Suture shallow. Apex a little sunk. Skin
deep purple, covered with a thick blue bloom. Stalk rather short.
Cavity small. Flesh rather firm, gi-eenish yellow, juicy, sugary, rich.
Separates from the stone. Good to very good. Last of August.

Bolmar.
Bolmer.
New Washington.

Washington.

Bolmer's Washington.
Franklin.
Irvuig's Bolmar.
Jackson.

Parker's Mammoth.
Washington Jaune.
Philippe I.

The Washington, although not equal to the Green Gage and two or
three others in high flavor, yet its great size, its beauty, and the vigor
and hardiness of the tree, are qualities which have brought this noble
fruit into notice everywhei-e. The
parent tree grew originally on De-
lancey's fann, on the east side of
the Bowery, New York, but, being
grafted with another sort, escaped
notice until a sucker from it, planted
by Mr. Bolmer, a merchant in Chat-
ham Street, came into bearing about
the year 1818, and attracted uni-
versal attention by the remarkable
beauty and size of the fruit. In
1821, this sort was first sent to the
Horticultiiral Society of London, by
the late Dr. Hosack.

The Washington has remarkably
large, broad, and glossy foliage, is a
strong grower, and forms a hand-
some round head. Wood light
bro^vn, downy.

Fruit of the largest size, round- Washington.

ish oval, with an obscure suture,

except near the stalk. Skin dull yellow, with faint marblings of green,
but when well ripened, deep yellow, with a pale crimson blush or dots.
Stalk scarcely three-fourths of an inch long, a little downy, set in a shal-
low, wide hollow. Flesh yellow, firm, veiy sweet and luscious, separa-
ting freely from the stone. Good to veiy good. Middle to the last of
August.

Wax.'

Raised by Elisha Dorr, Albany, N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous
and productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture slight, broad, shallow. Skin
yellow, with a bright carmine cheek, and covered with a thin whitish
bloom. Stalk long, slender, set without cavity. Flesh yellow, juicy,
subacid, sprightly ; separates from the stone. Good. Early October.

952 THE PLUM.

White Apricot.

Abricote Blanc. Abricotee Blanche.

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow. Flesli rather firm, slightly acid ;
separates from the stone. Good. Middle August.

White Bullace.

Branches downy.

Fruit small, round. Skin yellowish white, mottled with red in the
sun. Fleshfirm, juicy, sweet; adheres to the stone. Cooking. Early
October.

White Damask.
Damas Blanc. Damas Blanc Gros. Damas Blanc Hdtif Gros.

Branches smooth.

Fruit below medium, i-oundish oval. Skin gi-eenish yellow, with
white bloom. Flesh sweet, pleasant ; separates from the stone. Cook-
ing. Last of September.

White Damson.

Late Yellow Damson. White Damascene.

White Prune Damson. Late Cluster.

Shailer's White Damson. Frost Plum.

White Winter Damson.

Branches smooth, and of thrifty growth, very productive.

Fruit small, oval. Skin pale yellow, with a white bloom, and
sprinkled with reddish-broAvn spots at maturity. Flesh adheres closely
to the stone, is yellow, and when fully ripe of a rich, sprightly, subacid,
agreeable flavor. Good. Last of September.

White Diaper.

Diapre Blanc. Diapree Blanche.

Fruit small, round. Skin whitish green, covered with bloom-
Flesh rather firm, pale yellow, sweet. Good. Last of August.

White Imperatrice,
White Empress. Imperatrice Blanche.

In the habit of the tree, appearance and flavor of the fi'uit, and sea-
son of maturity, it strongly resembles the St. Catherine, but is a free-
stone. It is not equal to the latter in flavor. Branches smooth.

Fruit of medium size, obovate, a little flattened at the ends. Suture
rather obscuie. Skin bright yellow, covered partially with a thin white
bloom, and spotted with a little red. Stalk a little more than half an
inch long, set in a narrow cavity. Flesh yellow, very juicy, crisp, sweet,
and quite transparent in texture ; separates freely from the stone.
Good, Early in September.

THE PLUM. 953

White Perdrigon.
Perdrigon Blanc. Maitre Claude. Brignole.

Tree rather a slow grower. Branches downy.

Fruit middle-sized, oval, narrowing towards the stalk. Skin pale
gi-eenish yellow, a few crimson dots in the sun and numerous small
white dots, and thinly coated with bloom. Flesh pale yellow, sweet,
with a slight perfume, and adheres slightly to the stone. Good. Last
of August.

Wilde's.

Frait medium, roundish oblong, dark brownish orange, covered with
a white bloom. Flesh sweet, not juicy ; separates from the stone. Early
August.

Wild Goose.

Nolen Plum.

An improved variety of the Chickasaw, evident in the greater vigor
of the tree and increased size of the fruit, which is nearly as large as a
Green Gage. Skin purple, with a blue bloom. Flesh juicy, sweet;
adheres to the stone. Last of Ju.ly.

Wilkinson.

Tree vigorous. Branches smooth, rather slender.

Fruit medium, oval, slightly necked. Skin reddish purple, covered
with a thick bloom. Stalk medium, set in a small cavity. Flesh dark
yellow, rather firm, sweet, not rich or high flavored ; adheres partially
to the stone. Good. Last of July.

WiNESOUB.

Eotherham.

An English Plum, valued for cooking. Branches downy.
Fruit below medium, oblong oval. Skin dark purple. Flesh green-
ish yellow, acid ; adheres to the stone. September.

Woolston's Black Gage.

Of same origin as Angelina Burdett and Standard of England. Tree
vigorous. Branches smootli.

Fruit medium, roundish, with a shallow suture. Skin very deep
purple, with many small dots, and covered with a blue bloom. Flesh
melting, juicy, sugary; separates from the stone. Good. Early Septem-
ber.

Yellow Damask.
Damas Jaune.

Branches smooth.

Fruit below medium, nearly round. Skin yellow, with a fine white
bloom. Flesh very juicy, separating from the stone. Early October.
(Hogg.)

954

THE PLUM.

Yellow Egg.

White Magnum Bonum.
Askew's Golden Egg.
Egg Plum.
White Egg.
Magnum Bonum.
Yellow Magnum Bonum.*
White Mogul.
Wentworth.

White Imperial.
White Holland.
Dame Aubert.
Dame Aubert blanche.
Dame Aubert jaune.
Imperiale blanche.
Grosse Luisante.
Prune d'Inde blanc.

The White Magnum Bonum, or Egg Plum, as it is almost universally

known here, is a very popiilar fruit,
chiefly on account of its large and
splendid appearance, and a slight acid-
ity, which renders it admirably fitted
for making showy sweetmeats or pre-
serves. When it is raised in a fine
warm situation, and is fully matured,
it is pretty well flavored, but ordina-
rily it is considered coarse, and as be-
longing to the kitchen and not to the
dessert. Branches smooth, long.

Fruit of the largest size, measur-
ing six inches in its longest circumfer-
ence, oval, narrowing a good deal to
both ends. Suture well mai-ked.
Stalk about an inch long, stout, insert-
ed without cavity in a folded border.
Skin yellow, with numerous white
dots, covered with thin white bloom —
when fully ripe, of a deep gold color.
Flesh yellow, adliering closely to the
stone, rather acid until very ripe, when
it becomes sweet, though of only
second-rate flavor. Stem long, and
pointed at both ends. A pretty good
o drop from the tree before -matured.

Yellow Egg.

bearer, though apt, in light soils
Middle of August.

Yellow Imperatrice.
Altesse Blanche. Monsieur a fruits Jaune.

Branches smooth.

Fruit large, roundish oval, marked with a suture, deep at . apex,
shallow at the stalk. Skin deep golden yellow, with a few streaks of
red about the stalk. Flesh yellow, juicy, melting, sugary, rich, adheres
to the stone. Middle of August. (Hogg.)

Yohe's Eagle.

An accidental seedling in the garden of Caleb Yohe, Bethlehem,
Pa.

* There is really no practical difference between the White and the Yellow
Magnum Bonum. The fruit is precisely similar in appearance and quality, though
the growth of the two trees may not fully agree .

THE PLUM. 955

Fruit large, roundish, oblong oval. Skin greenish yellow, slight red
cheek in sun, thin white bloom. Flesh firm, yellow, melting, juicy,
sweet ; separates from the stone. Good. Eai'ly September.

Young.
Young's Seedling.

From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth.

Fruit medium, roundish oval, deep reddish purple, with a blue
bloom. Flesh yellow, not juicy, sweet ; separates from the stone. Good.
Last of August.

ORNAMENTAL VARIETIES.

There are few varieties of Plums which are considered purely orna-
mental. One, however, is a remarkable exception to this, as it is scarcely
exceeded in beauty in the month of May by any other flowery shrub —
we mean the Double-Flowering Sloe. It is a large shrub, only 10
or 12 feet high, with quite slender shoots and leaves, but it is thickly
sprinkled, evevj spring, with the prettiest little double white blossoms
about as large as a sixpence, resembling the Lady Banks' Roses. It is
one of the greatest favorites of the Chinese and Japanese — those flower-
loving people.

The Common English Sloe, or Blackthorn {JPrunus spinosa), is
rather an ornamental tree in shrubbery plantations. The branches are
more thorny than those of the common Damson, and the fruit is nearly
round, quite black, but covered with a thick blue bloom. In the spring
^ his low tree is a perfect cloud of white blossoms.

The Double-blossomed Plum has large and handsome double white
flowers. Except in strong soils, however, they are apt to degenerate
and become single, and are, indeed, always inferior in effect to the
Double Sloe.

The Cherry Plum we have already described. It is one of the fruit-
bearins: sorts.

SELECTION OF VARIETIES FOR TABLE, MARKET, AND COOKING.

Bavay's Green Gage. Table and market.

Bleecker's Gage. Table and market.

Bradshaw. Market and cooking.

Coe's Golden Drop. Table, market, and cooking.

Denniston's Superb. Table and market.

German Prune. Market and cooking.

Green Gage. Table and market.

Howard's Favorite. Table and market.

Hudson Gage. Table and mai-ket.

Imperial Gage. Table and market.

Imperial Ottoman. Table and market.

Jefferson. Table and market.

Lawrence's Favorite. Table and market.

Lombard. Market and cooking.

956 THE POMEGRANATE.

McLaughliu. Table aud market.

Pond's Seedling (English), Market and market.

Prince Engelbert. Table and market.

Prince's Yellow Gage, Table and market.

Prune d'Agen, Table and market.

Pari^le Favoiite. Table,

Smith's Orleans, Table and market.

Transparent Gage. Table and market.

Washington. Table and market.

Yellow Egg. Market and cooking.

CHAPTER XXIX.

THE POMEGBANATE.

Punica granatum, L. ; Oranatacea, of Botanists.

Grenadier, of the French ; Granatenbaum, German ; Melagrano,

Italian ; Granado, Spanish.

This unique fruit, the most singularly beautiful one that ever appears
at the dessert, is a native of China and the South of Europe, It grows
and bears very readily in this country, as far north as Maryland and the
Ohio River, though the fruit does not always mature well north of
Carolina, except in sheltered places. It is even hardy enough to stand
the winter here, and will bear very good fruit if trained as an espalier
and protected in winter.

The fruit is as large as an apple. Its skin is hard and leathery, of
a yellowish orange color, with a rich red cheek. It is crowned in a
peculiar manner with the large calyx, which remains and increases in
size after the flower has fallen. There is a pi-etty bit of mythological
history told by Rapin, the French poet, respecting this fruit, Bacchus
once begixiled a lovely Scythian girl, whose head had been previously
turned by the diviners having prophesied that she would some day wear
a crown, and who therefore lent a willing ear to his suit. The fickle
god, however, not long after abandoned her, when she soon died of
grief. Touched at last, he metamorphosed her into a pomegranate-tree,
and placed on the summit of its fruit the crown (calyx) which he had
denied to his mistress while living.

The fruit of the common Pomegranate is acid, but the cultivated
variety beai's fruit of very agreeable, sweet flavor. The interior of the
fruit consists of seeds enveloped in pulp, much like those of the goose-
berry, but arranged in compartments, and of the size and color of red
currants. Medicinally, it is cooling and much esteemed, like the orange,
in fevers and inflammatory disordei'S.

The tree is of low growth, from twelve to twenty feet, with nume-
rous slender, twiggy branches, and is very ornamental in garden scenery,
either when clad with its fine scarlet flowers or decked with fruit,
which hangs and grows all summer, and does not ripen till pretty late
in the season. It is well worthy of a choice sheltered place at the

THE QUINCE. 957

North, on a wall or espalier i-ail, where it can be slightly protected with
mats or straw in winter ; and it deserves to be much more popular than
it now is in every Southern garden. If raised in large quantities there,
it would become a valuable fruit for sending to the Northern cities, as
it is now constantly sent from the South of Exirope to Paris and London.
Hedges are very often made of it near Genoa and Nice.

Propagation and Culture. This tree is readily propagated by
cuttings, layers, suckers, or seeds. When by seeds, they should be sown
dii'ectly after they ripen, otherwise they seldom vegetate. Any good
rich garden soil answers well for the Pomegranate ; and, as it produces
little excess of wood, it needs little more in the way of pruning than an
occasional thinning out of any old or decaying branches.

Varieties. There are several varieties. The finest, viz. : —

1. The Sweet-Fruited Pomegranate {Grenadier a Fruit Doux)^
with sweet and juicy pulp.

2. The Subacid JFruited Pomegranate ; the most common va-
riety cultivated in gardens.

3. The Wild or Acid-Fruited Pomegranate, with a sharp, acid
flavor, which makes an excellent syrup.

Besides these, there are several double-flowering varieties of the
Pomegranate, which are very beautiful, but bear no fruit. They are
also rather more tender than the friiit-bearing ones. The finest are the
Double Red Pomegranate, with large and very splendid scarlet blos-
soms, and the Double White Pomegranate, with flowers nearly white.
There are also the rarer varieties, the Bellow Flowered and the
Variegated Flowered Pomegranate, seldom seen here, except in
choice green-house collections.

CHAPTER XXX.

the quince.

Cydonia Tidgaris^ Dec. ; Bosacece, of Botanists.

Coignassier, of the French ; Quittenbaiim, German ; Kivepeer, Dutch ; Cotogno,

Italian ; and Membrillo, Spanish.

The Quince is a well-known hardy, deciduous tree, of small size,
crooked branches, and spi^eadiiig, bushy head. It is indigenous to
CTermany and the South of Europe; and it appeai-s first to have attracted
notice in the city of Cydon, in Crete or Candia, whence its botanical
name, Cydonia. The fruit is of a fine golden yellow, and more nearly
resembles that of the orange than any other. It was even more highly
esteemed by the Greeks and Romans, for preserving, than by us.
" Quinces,'' says Columella, " not only yield pleasure, but health."

The Quince seldom grows higher than fifteen feet, and is usually
rather a shrub than a tree. Its large white and pale pink blossoms,
which appear rather later than those of other fruit-trees, are quite orna-
mental ; and the tree, properly grown, is very ornamental when laden
in October and November with its rij)e golden fruit.

958 THE QUIXCE.

Uses. — Tlie Quince is, in all its varieties, unfit for eatiag raw. It is,
however, much esteemed when cooked. For preserving it is every-
where valued, and an excellent marmalade is also made from it.
Stewed, it is very frequently used to communicate additional flavor and
piquancy to apple-tarts, pies, or other pastry. In England, wine is
frequently made from the fruit by adding sugar and water, as in
other fruit wines ; and it is a popular notion there that it has a
most beneficial effect upon asthmatic patients. Dried Quinces are
excellent.

In this country large plantations are sometimes made of the Quince ;
and as it is in good soil a plentiful bearer, it is considered one of the
most valuable market fruits. The Apple Quince is the most productive
and salable ; but as the Pear Quince ripens and can be sent to market
much later, it frequently is the most profitable. The Angers is also a
profitable market sort, producing abundantly, and keeping equally as
well as the Pear-shaped.

Propagation. — The Quince is easily propagated from seed, layers, or
cuttings. From seeds the Quince is somewhat liable to vary in its
seedlings, sometimes proving the apple-shaped and sometimes the pear-
shaped variety. Cuttings prepared in the autumn, heeled-in, and pro-
tected during winter, and jjlanted in a shaded situation early in the
spring, root very easily, and this is perhaps the simplest and best way
of continuing a good variety. Another way is to bud upon free grow-
ing sorts, as that of the Angers.

Quince stocks are extensively used in engi-afting or budding the pear,
when it is wished to render that tree dwarf in its habit.

Soil and Chdtnre. — The Quince grows naturally in rather moist soil,
by the side of rivulets and streams of water. Hence it is a common idea
that it should always be planted in some damp, neglected part of the
garden, where it usually receives little care, and the fruit is often knotty
and inferior.

This practice is a very erroneoiis one. No tree is more benefited by
manuring than the quince. In a rich, mellow, deep soil, even if quite
dry, it grows with thrice its usual vigor, and bears abundant crops of
large and fair fruit. It should therefore be planted in a deep and good
soil, kept in constant cultivation, and it should have a top-dressing of
manure every season when fair and abundant crops are desii-ed. As to
pruning or other care, it requii-es very little indeed — an occasion&l
thinning out of crowding or decaj'ed branches being quite sufiicient.
Thinning the fruit when there is an overcrop improves the size of the
remainder. Twelve feet apart is a suitable distance at which to plant
this tree.

The Quince, like the apple, is occasionally subject to the attacks of
the borer and a few other insects, which a little care will prevent or
destroy. For their habits we refer the reader to the Apple.

VARIETIES.

Angers.

This is the variety most genei'ally used for stocks on which to bud
the pear. It is only within a few years that its value as a fruit has been

THE QUINCE. 959

knowu. The tree is one of the most thrifty growing, and an abundant
bearer. It does not cook quite as tender as the apple, but will keep
much longer. In form it is much like the apple, but the flesh is a little
harsher and more acid.

Apple-shaped Quince.
Orange Quince.

This is the most popular variety in this country. It bears large
roundish fruit, shaped much like the apple, which stews quite tender,
and is of very excellent flavor. It also bears most abundant crops.
Leaves oval. »

There are several inferior varieties of the Apple Quince. Tlie true
one bears fruit of the size of the largest apple, fair and smooth, and a
fine golden color.

I^EW Upright.
Paris de Fontenay.

This is an tipright growing variety, forming quite small, compact lit-
tle trees. Of little or no value as a fruit.

Pear-shaped Quince.

Oblong Quince.

The Pear-shaped Quince is drier and of fii-mer texture than the fore-
going. It is rather tough when stewed or cooked, the flesh is less lively
ill color, and it is therefore much less esteemed than the apple-shaped
variety. The fruit is of medium size, oblong, tapering to the stalk, and
shaped much like a pear. The skin is yellow. The leaves are oblong
ovate. It ripens about a fortnight later than the apple-shaped, and may
be preserved in a raw state considerably longer.

Portugal Quince.

The Portugal Quince is rather superior to all others in quality, as it
is less harsh, stews much better, and is altogether of milder flavor, though
not fit for eating raw. For marmalade and baking it is much esteemed,
as its flesh turns a fine purple or deep crimson when cooked.

The leaf of the Portugal Quince is larger and broader than that of
the common quince, and the growth of the tree is stronger. The fruit
is of the largest size, oblong ovate, obtuse. The skin is in color not so
deep an orange as that of the other sorts.

The Portugal Quince is unfortunately a shy bearer, which is the
reason why it has never been so generally cultivated as the Apple
Quince.

Rea's Seedling.

Van Slyke.

A new seedling, raised by Joseph Rea, Coxsackie, Greene Co.,
N. Y. It is a superb fruit, averaging one-third larger than the apple or

9 GO THE RASPBERRY.

orange quince, of the same form and color, fair and handsome, and
equally as good, and by some preferred to the apple quince for culinary
purposes. Tree healthy, a thrifty gi-owei-, and moderately productive —
an acquisition.

Ornamental Varieties. — There are two or three ornamental varieties
of the Quince, which are natives of China and Japan, and are now among
the most common and attractive of our garden shrubs. They are the
following : —

Chinese Quince.

We have had this pretty shrub in our garden for several years,
where it flowers abundantly, but has as yet produced no fruit. The
leaves are oval, somewhat like those of the common Quince, but with a
shining surface. The flowers are rosy red, rather small, with a delicate
violet odor, and have a very pretty effect in the month of May, though
much less showy than those of the Japan Quince. The fruit is described
as large, egg-shaped, with a green skin and a hard dry flesh, not of any
value for eating. The leaves assume a beautiful shade of red in autumn.

Japan Quince.
Cydonia Japonica. Pyrus Japonica.

The Japan Quince is a low thorny shrub, with small dark green
leaves. It is the most brilliant object in the shrubbery during the
month of April, the branches being clothed with numerous clusters of
blossoms, shaped like those of the Quince, but rather larger, and of the
brightest scarlet. The fruit which occasionally succeeds these flowers is
dark green, very hard, and having a peculiar and not unpleasant smell.
It is entirely useless.

The White, or Blush Japan Quince ( C. jap. fl. albo) resembles the
foregoing, except that the flowers are white and pale pink, resembling
those of the common apple-tree.

CHAPTER XXXI.

the raspberry.

Rubus ld(FV.s, 4 ; Rosacea, of botanists.

Framboisier, of the French ; Himbeerstrmtch, German ; Framboos, Dutch ; Rovo

ideo^ Italian ; and Frambueso, Spanish.

The Raspberry is a low deciduous shrub, which in several forms is
common in the woods of both Europe and America. The large-fruited
varieties most esteemed in our gardens have all originated from the long
cultivated liubus Zdoius, or Mount Ida bramble, which appears first to
have been introduced into the gardens of the South of Europe from
Movint Ida. It is now quite naturalized in some parts of this country.

THE RASPBERRY. 961

Besides this, we have in the woods the common black raspberry, or
thimbleberry [Hubus occidentalis, L.), and the red raspberry {Ruhus
strigosus, Michx.), with very good fruit.

The name raspberry {Raspo, Italian) is probably from the rasp-
ing roughness of prickly wood. The term ras2ns is still used in Scotland.

Uses. — The raspberry is held in genei-al estimation, not only as one
of the most refreshing and agreeable subacid fruits for the dessert, but
it is employed by almost eveiy family in making preserves, jams, ices,
sauces, tarts, and jellies; and on a larger scale by confectioners for mak-
ing syrups, by distillers for making raspberry brandy, raspberry vinegar,
«fec. Raspberry wine, made in the same way as that of currant, is con-
sidered the most fragrant and delicious of all home-made wines.

Succeeding the strawberry at the beginning of summer, when there
is comparatively little else, this is one of the most invaluable fruits, and,
with the strawberry, generally commands the attention of those who
have scarcely room for fi-uit-trees. It is, next to the strawberry, one of
the most wholesome berries, and not being liable to undergo the acetous
fermentation in the stomach, it is considered beneficial in cases of gout
or rheumatism.

Propagation. — The raspberry is universally propagated by suckers,
or otfsets, springing up from the main roots. It may also be grown
from pieces of the roots, two to three inches long, and planted in a
light sandy soil early in the spring, covering about one inch deep, and
adding a slight coat of light mulch to prevent the earth from drying or
baking. The Black CajDs, Yellow Caps, and the Purple Cane varieties
are grown from burying the tips of canes in the latter part of August
or Sejjtember, or as soon as the ends of the canes stop growing about one
inch deep, when they will form roots and make good plants for trans-
planting the following spring. Seeds are only planted when new va-
i-ieties are desired. The seedKngs come into bearing at two or three
years of age.

Soil xsT) Culture. — Tlie best soil is a rich deep loam, rather moist
than dry, but the raspberry will thrive well in any soil that is rich and deep.

In making a plantation of raspberries, plant the suckers or canes
in rows, from three to four feet apart, according to the vigor of the
sort. Two or three suckers are generally planted together, to form a
group or stool, and these stools may be three feet apart in the rows, or
they may be set one plant in a place, at distances of one foot to eighteen
inches along in the row.

The plantation being made, its treatment consists chiefly in a single
pruning every year, given early in the spring. To perform this, ex-
amine the stools in April, and leaving the strongest shoots or suckers,
say about tlii-ee or five to each stool, cvit away all the old wood and all
the other suckers. The remaining shoots should have about a foot of
their ends cut off, as this part of the wood is feeble and worthless.
It is also a good plan soon after the fruit is gathered to cut out the old
canes, which have fruited so as to give the new a better chance to ripen.
With a light top-dressing of manure, the ground shoidd then be dug
over, and little other care will be requisite during the season, except
keeping down the weeds.

When very neat culture and the largest fruit are desired, more space
is left between the rows, and after being pruned the canes are tied to

61

9G2 THE RASPBERRY.

long lines of rods or rails, Hke an espalier, by which means they are
more fully exposed to the sun and light.

For field culture, the European varieties ought to be planted four or
five feet apai-t each way, which gives room for the plow and cultivator to
work both ways. The Black Cap varieties should be five or six feet
each way, and the growing canes of these should be stopped or shortened
in when about three feet high, which causes them to grow stocky and
throw out lateral shoots, and these should be cut back to within eighteen
inches or two feet the following spring.

A fine crop of the autumnal varieties of raspberries is readily ob-
tained by cutting down the canes over the whole stool, in the spring, to
within a few inches of the ground. They will then shoot up new wood,
which comes into bearing in Avigust or September.

We have found a light application of salt, given with the top-dressing
of manure in the spring, to have a most beneficial eflect on the vigor of
the plants and the size of the fruit.

A plantation of raspberries will be in perfection at the third year,
and after it has borne about eight or ten years it must be broken up
and a new one formed on another plot of ground.

All the raspberries except the hardy American varieties should be
pruned in the fall. After which bend the canes gently on the ground,
and cover them an inch or two deep with earth ; let them remain in the
spring until the cold winds are over, or until the buds begin to swell,
then take them up and tie them to stakes or frames.

Varieties. — The finest raspberiies in general cultivation for the
dessert are the Hudson River Antwerp, Fastollf, Orange, Belle de
Pallan, Knevett's Giant, French, Franconia, and Clarke.

The common American Red is most esteemed for flavoring liqueurs
or making brandy, and the American Black is preferred by most persons
for cooking and drying. The Ever-bearing varieties are valuable for
prolonging the season of this fruit till late frosts.

Allen.

Allen's Antwerp. English Eed Cane. False Red Antwerp.

The origin of this variety is unknown. It is said by F. R. Elliott
to have been brought to Cleveland by an English gardener, and was, by
Mr. Elliott, sent to W. H. Sotham, Black Rock, N. Y., from whose gar-
den Lewis F. Allen obtained it. Canes sti-ong, vigorous, upright, some-
what branclung. Spines purplish, quite numerous. This and the fol-
lowing, in foliage and fruit, are similar to American Red, and no doubt
are improved seedlings of it, or a cross between it and some foreign sort,
botli throw up a large quantity of suckers, which should not be allowed
to grow if a crop of fruit is wanted.

Fruit medium, nearly globular, light red, juicy, not very firm ; sep-
arates freely ; mild, pleasant flavor.

Allen's Red Prolific.

Same origin as the preceding. Canes strong, upright, without
branches. Spines whitish, rather scattering.

Fruit medium, nearly globular, light red or crimson, rather juicy,
not very firm, separates freely, productive.

THE RASPBERRY. 9G3

American Black.

Common Black-Cap. Black Baspberry.

Thimbleberiy. Rubus Occidentalis.

This Raspberry, common in almost every field, with long, rambling,
purple shoots, and flattened, small, black berries, is everywhere known.
It is frequently cultivated in gardens, where, if kept well pruned, its
fruit is much larger and finer. Its rich acid flavor renders it, perhaps,
the finest sort for kitchen use — tarts, pviddings, &c. It ripens a little
earlier than most of the European sorts.

American Red.
Common Red. Stoever.

The Common Red Raspberry is a native of this and all the Middle
States. It ripens nearly a week earlier than the Antwerps, bears well,
and though inferior in flavor and size to these sorts, is esteemed by many
persons, particularly for flavoring liqueurs.

Fruit of medium size, roundish, light red, pleasant subacid in flavor.
Shoots very vigorous, long, upiight, and branching, grows from four to
six feet high. Light shining brown, with purplish spines. Leaves nar-
row, light green.

A merican "White.
Yellow Cap. Golden Cap.

A variety resembling the American Black in all respects, except in
the color of its fri;it, which is pale yellow or white, and the flavor not
as rich or sprightly.

Arnold's Orange.

Originated with Charles Arnold, Paris, Ontario, C. W. Canes strong,
branching, yellowish brown, almost smooth, and produces but few suckers.

Fruit large, somewhat shorter than Brinckle's Orange, and of a dark-
er orange color, unsurpassed by any for lich flavor. (Arnold's MS.)

Arnold's Red.

Same origin as the preceding. A strong gi'ower. Canes strong
branching, dark purple, somewhat drooping. Spines slightly purple,
stout, quite numerous.

Fruit large, red, about the size and shape of Philadelphia, but of
superior flavor. Aji enormous bearer both in July and September.
(Arnold's MS.)

August Black.

This variety was received from Thomas Rivers, England. Canes
strong, branching. Spines greenish, quite numerous.

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, dark red, slight bloom, rather
soft, subacid.

Autumn Black.

Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. It is said by its author to be
propagated only from seeds. We quote his desci-iption of the fruit : —

" Fruit medium size or large, dark purple, very juicy and agree-
able."

964 the raspberry.

Bagley's Perpetual.

Fruit medium, oblate, crimson, brisk subacid. Of poor quality.

Barxet.

Cornwall's Prolific. Lord Exmouth's,

Cornwall's Seedling. Large Red,

Bamet Cane.

An old EngKsh vaiiety. Canes long, yellowish. green, branching.
Fruit lar'ge, roundish conical, bright purplish red. Pleasant fla-
vor.

Belle de Fontenay.

Belle d'Orleans.

A variety producing its fruit mainly in the autumn. It suckers
freely, and requires to be carefully thinned out. The canes should all
be cut down in spring in order to obtain good crops. Canes strong,
stout, branching. Spines purplish, short, and stiff, quite numerous.

Fruit large, long conical. Grains large, dax'k crimson, thin bloom.
Flesh moderately fii-m, juicy, sprightly ; adheres slightly to the core.

Belle de Paluau.

A new French variety, of good promise. Canes strong, vigorous,
upright. Spines short, purplish, rather slender, and numerous at
base.

Fruit very large, conical, a little obtuse, bright light crimson.
Grains large, regular, a few hairs. Flesh quite firm, juicy, lich. Very
good. Separates freely from the germ in picking.

Black.

English Black.

This is a hybrid from England. An old variety. Canes mode-
rately vigorous, with nvimerous purple spines.

Fruit medium, roundish, dark crimson or pui'plish. Grains medium
or small, compact. Flesh rather firm, brisk subacid, separates freely.

Brentford Cane.
English.

Fruit mediimi, oval conical, dull dark red. Inferior to the best.
Not productive.

Burlington.
Prosser.
Originated by Benjamin Prosser, of Burlington, N. J. There is
some confusion as to this kind, two or three having been sent out under
this name. The one we have is moderately vigorous and productive.
Spines gi-eenish white, with a brownish tinge, slender, and more numer-
ous than any kind we have ever seen.

Fruit large, roundish conical. Graias rather small, compact, scar-
let. Flesh quite firm, juicy sweet and good.

Canada Black Cap.

A variety of American Black, which we have not seen, but said to
have been brought jBrom Canada to Piqua, Ohio, where it is pop\ilar.

the raspberry. 9g5

Carter's Prolific.
Prolific (Carter's).'
An English variety. Canes strong, with purplish spines.
Fruit large, roundish or obtuse conical, deep scarlet, slight bloom.
Grains medium compact. Flesh rather firm, moderately juicy, sweet,
pleasant. Good.

Catawissa.

A native of Columbia Co., Penn. Vigorous and very productive.
This is especially vahied in some localities as an autumn or late-bearing
variety. In order to obtain the best crops, the canes should all be cut
away in spi-ing, and as the new sprouts grow they should be thinned to
four to six canes only. It is a little tender, and should always be
covered in winter.

Fruit medium size, flattened, dark ciimson, covered with thick bloom.
Flavor sprightly, rather acid, more suited to the amateur than for gen-
eral cultivation. Commences ripening about the first of August, and
continues in use a long time.

Clarke.

Raised by E. E. Clarke, New Haven, Conn. Canes very strong, vigo-
rous, upright. Spines purpKsh, rather long and stitF. Foliage large,
flat, and thick, and endures heat and cold better than any European
kind we have. It is not entirely hardy, but more so than any foreign
sort, and produces better crops by being covered. It is better suited to
light sandy soils than any of its class.

Fruit large, conical, regular. Grains large, quite hairy, bright
crimson. Flesh rather soft, juicy, sweet, and excellent.

Col. "Wilder.

Originated with Dr. Brinckle, Philadelphia. Strong white spines.
Leaf much crimped. Productive, and a good grower.

Fruit large, roundish, semi-transparent, yellowish white or cream
color, pleasant flavor, but not rich.

Cope.

Raised by Dr. Brinckle. Canes strong, upright. Spines short,
purplish, numerous.

Fruit large, obtuse conical, or nearly globular. Grains compact,
scarlet, with a slight bloom. Flesh firm, moderately juicy, sweet, and
pleasant.

Cretan Red.

A rather late variety, of medium quality.

Fruit of medium size, globular, inclining to conical, deep purplish
red, subacid, and good.

Gushing.

Originated "svith Dr. Brinckle, Philadelphia. Canes moderately
vigorous. Productive. Spines purplish, long, stiff*, rather numerous.

Fruit roundish conical, regular in form, crimson, with a tliin
bloom, sprightly rich acid flavor. Parts freely from the germ.

966 the raspberry.

Davison's Thornless.
Thornless Black Cap.
Said to have originated in the garden of Mrs. Mercy Davison, Go*
wanda, Angola, Erie Co., N. Y. It differs from the American Black
Cap only by its ripening a few days earlier. It is nearly as vigorous,
and about as productive, not quite as large, but a little sweeter and tlip
canes without spines, except a small one on the leaf stalk.

DOOLITTLE.

American Improved. Joslyn's Black Cap.

Doolittle's Black Cap. Joslyn's Improved.

Joslyn's Improved Black Cap.

Introduced by Leander Josljm, of Phelps, Ontario Co., N. Y. Canes
very vigorous, branching. Spines wlatish, stout, and numerous. Very
productive.

Fruit similar to American Black, but an improvement on it, and is
one of the best of its class for market.

Double-Bearing.

Perpetual Bearing. Late Liberian.

A variety of the Antwerp, formerly esteemed for its habit of bear-
ing late in the season ; but is now suipassed by better kinds.

DUHRING.

Originated with Henry Duhring, Philadelphia, Pa. Canes strong.
Spines slightly pui-plish, not very strong, but quite numerous.

Fruit large, roundish obtuse, deep red or crimson. Grains large,
rather soft, sweet. Good. Separates freely.

Ellisdale.

Described by H. A, Terry as having been found growing wild upon
the Ellisdale Farm, in Iowa. It is a vaiiety of the Purple Cane Family,
but of stronger gi'owth.

Fruit large, darker in color, with a little more bloom, and about the
same quality.

Elm City.

A hardy sort, size and flavor much like Philadelphia. Eight to ten
days earlier than other sorts. (F. Trowbridge, MS.)

Elsie.

A seedling raised by Samuel Miller, of Bluff'ton, Mo., who describes
it as very large and excellent. We have not fruited it.

Emily.

A seedling from the Col. Wilder. White spines.
Fruit large, conical, sometimes round, often shouldered, which dis-
tinguishes it from the other varieties ; light yellow.

English Globe.

Canes strong. Spines short, purplish, moderately numerous.
Fruit large, obtuse conical, dark ci-imson. Flesh soft, juicy,
sweet.

the easpberry. 967

Fastollf,
Filby.

The Fastollf Easpberry is an English variety of high reputation. It
derives its name from having originated near the ruins of an old castle,
so called, in Great Yarmouth. Canes strong, rather erect, branching,
light yellowish brown, with few pretty strong bristles.

Fruit very large, obtuse or roundish conical, bright purplish red,
rich and high-flavored, slightly adhering to the germ in picking.

Franconia.
Abel.

This was imported from Yilmorin, of Paris, under this name, by S.
G. Perkins, Esq., of Boston, some years ago. Its crops are abundant,
the fruit is firm, and bears carriage to market well, and it ripens about
a week later than Ped Antwerp. It is one of the finest for preserving.
Canes strong, spreading, branching, yellowish brown, with scattered,
rather stout purple spines. Leaves rather large, very deep green.

Fruit large, obtuse conical, dark purplish red, of a rich acid flavor,
much more tart and brisk than that of the Red Antwerp.

Naomi so closely resembles this in growth, fruit, &c., that we are
unable to see any difference, yet it is claimed to be a seedling, differing
in the canes being more hardy and the grains of less size, &c.

French.
Vice-President French.

Originated with Dr. Brinckle. A little later than most sorts, a very
productive, vigorous grower. Canes very strong, tall and upright.
Spines purplish, stout and short, numerous at base, few at top. Foliage
large, deep green, with many deep veins.

Fruit medium to large, roundish or very obtuse conical, inclining to
oblate, deep crimson, slight bloom. Grains large. Flesh rather firm, sweet
and very good. Separates freely.

Fulton.

A seedling of the French. Raised by Dr. Brinckle.
Fruit large, round, crimson, productive ; a vigorous grower, red
spines.

Garden.
Doolittle's Red Flavored Black Cap.
A variety of the Black Cap, lighter in color, more acid. Good cook-
ing sort.

Gen. Patterson,

A seedling of the Col. Wilder. Raised by Dr. Brinckle ; vigorous
grower, very productive, red spines.

Fruit large, round, crimson ; does not part readily from the stem.

Golden Thornless.

A large variety of the American white or yellow, introduced from
the west by Purdy and Johnston, of Palmyra, N. Y. It is moderately
vigorous, very productive, and has but few spines.

•968 THE RASPBERRY.

Fruit equal in size to tlie McCormick, oblate, occasionally conical,
slight bloom, dull orange or darker than the American yellow, rather
firm, juicy, sweet and pleasant.

HiLDRETH.

Introduced by Isaac Hildreth, of Big Stream Point, Yates Co., N. Y.
as a native sort near that place. It does not grow i-eadily from the tips
of the canes and produces but few suckers. Canes rather strong. Spines
purplish, stiff, numerous.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dull red or maroon, thick bloom, half
firm, juicy, sweet, subacid and similar to Purple Cane in flavor.

Hornet.

Raised by Souchet, near Paris, very productive. Canes very strong,
vigorous, upright. Spines purplish, rather stout, and numerous at the

Fruit very large, conical, often irregular. Grains large, quite hairy,
compact, crimson. Flesh rather firm, juicy, sweet, and good. Separates
freely.

Hudson River Antwerp.

New Red Antwerp.

Origin unknown, but as far as we have been able to trace it, was first
brought to this country by the late Mr. Briggs, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
Its firmness of flesh and parting readily from the germ, together with its
productiveness, render it the most popvilar variety for market. Canes
short, but of sturdy growth, almost spineless, of a very pecviliar gray or
mouse color.

Fruit large, conical. Flesh firm, rather dull red, with a slight bloom,
not very juicy, but of a pleasant, sweet flavor.

Huntsman's Giant.

Raised by Prof. T. W. Huntsman, Flushing, L. I. Fuller describes
it as similar to the Franconia in size, shape, and quality, but the canes
taller, and having a peculiar grayish white bark.

Imperial.

A large French variety. Canes pale green, nearly white, with a
pale red blush.

Fruit large, roundish, bright red. Flesh firm, excellent. (Gar.

Mon.)

Imperial Red.

Red Imperial.

A variety grown in New Jersey, where it proves hardy.
Fruit medium, roundish, scarlet, half firm, j uicy, pleasant.

Jouet.

A French variety. Canes yellowish green. Spines whitish, numerous.
Fruit small, long conical, bright lemon yellow, with a whitish bloom.
Flesh soft, sweet. Only good.

THE RASPBERRY. 969

KiRTLAND.

Cincinnati Red ?

Origin unknown. A vigorous, upright grower, not mucli branched.
Spines whitish, not very stout nor numerous; the earliest to ripen, suckers
freely.

Fruit medium, roundish or obtuse conical, inclining to oval. Grains
small, light crimson, slight bloom. Flesh tender, soft, not very juicy,
nor high flavored ; separates freely.

Kjnevet's Giant.

This is one of the strongest growing varieties. Very productive,
and of excellent flavor. Canes strong, erect. Spines small, reddish,
very few.

Fruit of the lai'gest size, obtiise conical, deep red, firm in texture,
and Jiangs a little to the germ in picking. Beri'ies sometimes double,
giving them a cock's-comb appearance.

Large-Fruited Monthly.
Rivers' New Large Monthly.

Canes moderately strong, upright. Spines red, stout, and numerous.
Fruit above medium size, roundish conical, crimson. Flesh soft,
sweet, and excellent.

LiNDLEY.

Raised by Joseph B. Lindley, of Newark, N. J. Canes strong, tall,
upright, much branched. Spines gi-eenish and stout, numerous ; suckers
too freely.

Fruit medium to large, conical, a Uttle obtuse, crimson. Grains
medium to large, compact. Flesh rather soft, juicy, sweet, and good;
adheres slightly.

Lum's Ever-Bearing.

Autumn Black Raspberry.

Baised by H. B. Lum, of Sandusky, O. Tliis variety is mvxch like
the Ohio Ever-bearing Black Cap, and is increased by layers from the tips
of the canes. Like the Catawissa, it is advisable, when a full autumn
crop is desired, to cut away the canes in spring. It is similar in size
to the Black Cap, but not quite as firm.

McCORMICK.

Miami Black Cap. Large Miami Black Cap. Mammoth Cluster.
CoUinsvUle Miami. Improved Miami. Superior Miami.

A variety of the American Black Cap, with stronger and more vigo-
rous canes, having fewer spines, and more productive, and is the largest
and best Black Cap we have yet seen.

Fruit similar in form to American Black Cap, but of much larger size,
of deeper color, more bloom, juice, and sweetness.

970 the raspberry.

Magnum Bonum.

A white or yellowish fruit, of large size, rather firm flesh, and
finely flavored, similar to the Old Yellow Antwerp. Very productive
and vigorous.

Miami Black.
Little Miami Black Cap.

A common Black Cap, originally found growing along the Miami
River, in Ohio, from whence its name. It is of less value than the
McCormick, but very vigorous, very productive, of a more brownish
red, not quite as sweet, and not quite as late in ripening.

Mrs. "Wood.

Originated with Mrs. Reuben Wood, near Cleveland, O. Supposed
a hybrid between the Black Cap and Purple Cane families. Canes
very strong, much branched, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse, purplish red, with a bloom. Flesh
moderately fii-m, juicy, sprightly subacid ; separates freely. Matures
its crop quite late, and is on that account valuable.

Mote's Ever-Bearing.

Raised by L. S. Mote, of West Milton, O. A new Ever-bearing va-
riety, of vigorous growth, somewhat like Catawissa, Canes of a brownish
color, branching. Spines slender, but sharp, and quite numerous at the
base, few at the top.

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse, dark red, with a bloom. Grains quite
large, rather firm, juicy, subacid; separates freely.

Northumberland Fill-Basket.

A foreign vai-iety. Canes strong, vigorous, with numerous rather
strong crimson-colored spines.

Fruit somewhat globular or obtuse conical. Grains large, compact,
deep red, with a good, pleasant, slightly acid flavor ; adheres a little
to the core.

Nottingham Scarlet.

An old English variety, of medium size, obtuse conical, red, good
flavor.

October Red.
MerveiUe de Quatre Saisons.

A French variety. Requires the canes to be cut down in spring in
order to produce much fruit. Canes strong, upright. Spines purplish.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic or obtuse conical, crim-
son. Flesh rather soft, juicy, sweet, and separates freely.

October Yellow.
MerveiUe de Quatre Saisons.

This is of same origin and similar to the above, except that the
fruit is of a yellow color and not quite as firm.

the raspberry. 971

Ohio Ever-Bearing.

Ohio Raspberry.

This is a native of Ohio. It is precisely like the American Black
Raspberry, or Black Cap, in all respects, except that it has the valuable
property of bearing abundant crops of fine fruit till late in the season.

Orange.
Brinckle's Orange.

Originated with Dr. W. D. Brinckle. It is unquestionably the
largest and finest flavored light-colored Raspberry yet known, and
deserves a place in every garden. Canes strong, branched. Strong
white spines. Yery productive.

Fruit large, conical, sometimes ovate, beautiful orange color. Grains
large. Flesh juicy, a little soft, sweet, rich. Excellent.

Philadelphia.

Supposed a chance native variety, found wild in the county of Phila-
delphia, Pa. The canes have proved hardy, vexy productive, and well
suited to light soils in the southern portions of the Middle States.
Canes vigorous, tall, branching, almost free from spines.

Fruit medium, roundish, dark crimson or purplish red. Flesh
rather soft, moderately juicy, mild subacid; separates freely. Good.

Pilate,

This is a French variety, of good flavor. Canes moderately strong,
with a tinge of purple. Spines purplish.

Fruit large, conical, ci'imson, with- a slight bloom. Flesh moderately
firm, juicy, sweet. Good. Separates freely.

Prince of Wales.
Cutbush's Prince of Wales.

An English variety. Canes strong, nearly upright. Spines purplish.

Fruit large, conical, somewhat obtuse. Grains small, rather com-
pact, regular, quite hairy, crimson. Flesh moderately firm. Sweet
and very good. Separates freely.

Prince's Globose.

Raised by Wm. R. Prince, Flushing, L. I. Canes strong, upright,
bx'anching. Spines long, very stout, and numerous. Suckers numerous.

Fruit large, nearly globular or very obtuse conical. Graius very
large, dull red, with a deep bloom. Flesh coarse, rather dry, crum-
bling. Not valuable.

Purple Cane.

Purple Prolific. English Purple. Red Prolific.

Huntsville. English Red. Allen, erroneously.

A native variety. Canes strong and tall, often branching, reddish
purple. Spines rather long, stiff, and moderately numerous.

972 THE RASPBERRY.

Fruit medium size, oblate, purplish maroon, slight bloom. Flesh
soft, juicy, and rich.

Red Axtwerp.

Old Red Antwerp. Howland's Red Antwerp.

Knevett's Antwerp. Framboisier a Gros Fruit.

True Red Antwerp. Burley.

This is the common Red Antwerp of England and this country, and
is quite distinct from the North River variety, which is shorter in
growth, and has a conical fruit. Canes strong and tall. Spines light red,
rather numerous, and pretty strong.

Fruit large, nearly globular or obtuse conical. Color dark red, with
large grains, and covered with a thick bloom. Flesh juicy, with a brisk
vinous flavor.

Red Pearl,

Fruit medium, roundish conical, light red, moderately firm. Scarcely
good.

Riley's Early.

From New Jersey. It is described as of medium size, good flavor,
and quite early. We have not seen it.

Rivers' Orakge,
Large Orange.

Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Canes strong, branching.
Spines greenish, stout, not numerous.

Fruit medium to large size, roundish conical, pale reddish orange or
deep orange. Grains large. Flesh soft, juicy, subacid, but not rich;
separates freely.

Russell's Red.

Raised by Dr. G. W. Russell, of Hartford, Conn. Belonging to the
Antwerp family. Canes strong. Spines short, stout, whitish, productive.

Fruit large, conical, scai'let. Grains medium, compact. Flesh rather
firm, juicy, sweet ; separates freely.

Semper Fidelis.

An English variety. Canes strong, upright. Spines purplish, short,
and stifle.

Fruit large, conical, somewhat irregular, dull red, with a thick bloom.
Grains medium, compact. Flesh fii-m, not very juicy, subacid. Good.

Seneca Black Cap.

A variety of the American Black Cap, raised by Mr. Dell, of Seneca
Co., N. Y. It is larger and later than Doolittle, very vigorous, very
productive. Spines reddish, strong, and numerous.

Fruit rather lai-ger than Doolittle, not as black, but with a shade of
purple, light bloom, juicy, and sweet.

THE EASPBERRY. 973

SOUCHETTI.
White Transparent.

A French variety, raised by M. Souchet, near Paris, France. Canes
moderately strong. Spines greenisli, short, slender, scattering.

Fruit rather large, conical, a little elongated. Grains medium, com-
pact, pale creamy yellow. Flesh rather soft, moderately juicy, mild
sweet, not rich ; separates freely.

Summit.

Of the American Yellow Cap class, raised by O. T. Hobbs, Ran-
dolph, Pa. Canes strong, branching. Spines stout and numerous.

Fruit large for its class, roundish oblate, orange color, with pink at
the base of most of the grains, which are rather small and compact.
Much like Yellow Cap in form, but the flesh firmer and richer.

Surprise.

This is another variety of the American Black Cap, found wild
and introduced to notice by George Husman, of Blufi'ton, Mo. In
growth its canes have few and short spines, and have stiff upright
branches.

The fruit is larger, more conical, darker in color, with a peculiar
deep bloom, and fewer seeds than the Common Black Cap.

Sweet Yellow Antwerp.

An old English variety, sweet but unprofitable. Canes slender.
Fruit medium, roundish obtuse conical, light yellow. Grains small.
Flesh soft, juicy, sweet.

Thunderer.

Foreign. Strong grower. Canes erect. Spines red, not numerous,
productive.

Fruit rather lar'ge, obtuse conical, deep red, rather acid flavor.

Victoria.
Roger's Victoria.
An English variety, of rather dwarf and delicate habit. It is an
autumn-bearing sort.

Fruit rather large, dark red. Good.

Walker.

Raised by Dr. Brinckle. Canes strong, with few reddish spines.
Fruit large, round, deep crimson, solid, adheres firmly to the stem,
keeps long in perfection on the plant, bears carriage well.

White Canada.

Raised by Charles Arnold, Paris, Ontario, C. W. Canes vigorous,
upright, brownish yellow. Spines white, qviite stout, numerous.

Fruit about the shape of Brinckle's orange, pale yellow, of a decid-
edly Antwerp flavor. (C. Arnold, MS.)

974 THE STRAWBERRY.

WOODSIDE.

Originated in New Jersey. One of tlie Black Cap family. Canes
light crimson or dark scarlet. Spines few and scattering.

Fruit very large, globular, black, with little bloom, sweet, juicy, and
good. Produces a second crop in autumn. (Fuller.)

Woodward.

Raised by Dr. Brinckle. This is one of the smallest varieties,
though larger than the ordinary wild Raspberry.

Fruit round, sometimes roundish ovate, crimson, ripens quite early.

Yellow Antwerp.
White Antwerp. Double -Bearing Yellow.

The Yellow Antwerp is a large, light-colored Raspberry, and, with
high cultivation, a good sort, but greatly surpassed by the Orange.
Canes strong and vigorous, light yellow, sometimes with many bristles
or spines, often nearly smooth. Productive.

Fruit large, nearly conical, pale yellow, sweet, and of good flavor.

Yellow Pearl.

A variety of the Yellow Cap. More vigorous, very productive,
often produces a fall crop.

Fruit darker in color, with a slight bloom, and more sprightly in
flavor.

CHAPTER XXXII.

THE STRAWBERRY.

Fragaria (of species), L. Rosacece, of botanists.

Fraisier, of the French ; Erdbeerj)flanze^ German ; Aadbezie, Dutch ; Pianta

di Fragola^ Italian ; and Fresa^ Spanish.

The Strawberry is the most delicious and the most wholesome of all
berries, and the most universally cultivated in all gardens of temperate
climates. It is a native of the temperate latitudes of both hemispheres,
— of Europe, Asia, North and South America, — though the species
found in different parts of the world are of distinct habit, and have each
given rise, through cultivation, to different classes of fruit.

The name of this fruit is by some understood to have arisen from the
common and ancient practice of laying straw between the plants to keep
the fruit clean. Another reason of the oiigin of the name comes from
the custom of children stringing the berries on straws.

In the olden times the variety of strawberries was very Kmited, and the
garden was chiefly supplied with material for new plantations from the
woods. Old Tusser, in his " Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry,"
points out where the best plants of his time were to be had, and turns

THE STRAWBERRY. 975

them over with an abrupt, farmer-like contempt of little matters, to
feminine hands :-—

" Wife, into the garden, and set me a plot
With strawberry roots, of the best to be got ;
Such growing abroad, among thorns in the wood,
Well chosen and picked, prove excellent good. "

The Strawberry, though well known, is of comparatively little value
in the South of Europe. Old Eoman and Greek poets have not, there-
fore, sung its praises ; but after that line of a northern bard,

" A dish of ripe strawberries, smothered in cream,"

which we consider a jjerfect pastoral idyl (as the German school would
say) in itself, nothing remains to be wished for.

Ripe, blushing Strawberries, eaten from the plant, or served with
sugar and cream, are certainly Arcadian dainties with a true paradisiacal
flavor, and, fortunately, they are so easily grown that the poorest owner
of a few feet of ground may have them in abundance.

To the confectioner this fruit is also invaluable, communicating its
flavor to ices, and forming several delicate preserves. In Paris a cooling
drink, bavaroise d, la grecque, is made of the juice of strawberries and
lemons, with the addition of sugar and water.

The Strawberry is perhaps the most wholesome of all fruits, being
very easy of digestion, and never growing acid by fermentation, as most
other fruits do. The often quoted instance of the great Linnaeus curing
himself of the gout by partaking freely of strawberries — a proof of its
great wholesomeness — is a letter of credit which this tempting fruit has
long enjoyed, for the consolation of those who are looking for a bitter
concealed under every sweet.

Propagatiox and Soil. The strawberry propagates itself very ra-
pidly by runners,* which are always taken to form new plantations or
beds. These are taken oft' the parent plants early in spiing, or in Au-
gust and September, and at once planted in the rows or beds where they
are to fruit.

The best soil for a strawberry is a deep rich loam. Deej:) it must
be, if large berries and plentiful crops are desired ; and the wisest
course, therefore, where the soil is natux'ally thin, lies in trenching and
maniiring the plot of ground thoroughly before putting out the plants.
But even if this is not necessaiy, it should be dug deeply, and well en-
I'iched with strong manure beforehand.

The best exposure for strawberries is an open one, fully exposed to
the sun and Ught.

Culture in Rows. The finest strawberries ai-e always obtained
Avhen the plants are kept in rows, at such a distance apart as to give suf-
ficient space for the roots, and abundance of light and air for the leaves.

In planting a plot of strawberries in rows, the rows should be two
feet ajiart, and the plants of the lai-ge-growing kinds, two feet from
each other in the rows ; of the smaller growing kinds, from one foot to
eighteen inches is sufiicient. The runners must be kept down by cut-
ting them off at least three times a year, and the ground must be main-
tained in good order by constant dressing. During the first year a row

* Excepting the Bush Alpines, which have no runners, and are propagated by
division of the roots.

976 THE STKAAVBERRY.

of any small vegetables may be sown in the spaces between the rows.
Every autumn, if the plants are not luxuriant, a light coat of manm'e
should be dug in between the rows ; but if they are very thrifty it
should be omitted, as it woidd cause them to run too much to leaf.

A light top-dressing of leaves, or any good compost, applied late in
the fall, greatly pi'omotes the vigor of the plants, and secures the most
tender kinds against the eflects of aij unusually cold winter. Before the
fruit ripens the gi-ound between the rows should be covered with
straw, or light new-mown grass, to keep it clean.

A plantation of this kind in rows will be found to bear the largest
and finest frviit, which, being so fully exposed to the sun, will always
be sweeter and higher flavored than that grown in crowded beds.

Culture in alternate Strips. A still more easy and economical
mode is that of growing the strawberry in strips.

Early in April, or in August, being provided with a good stock of strong
young plants, select a suitable piece of good deep soil. Dig in a heavy
coat of stable manure, pulverizing well and raking the top soil. Strike
out the rows, three feet apart, with a line. The plants should now be
planted along each line, about a foot apart in the row. They will soon
send out runners, and these runners should be allowed to occupy a
width of one foot, leaving an alley of two feet, which is kept clear from
weeds, and is used to walk in when gathering the fruit.

The occupied strip or bed of runners will now give a heavy crop of
strawberries, and the open strip of two feet will serve as an alley from
which to gather the fruit. After the crop is over, dig and prepare this
alley or strip for the occupancy of the new runners for the next season's
crop. The I'unners from the old strip will now speedily cover the new
space allotted to them, and will perhaps reqviire a partial thinning out
to have them evenly distributed. An soon as this is the case, say about
the middle of August, dig under the whole of the old plants with a
light coat of manure. The surface may be then sown with turnips or
spinage, which will come off before the next season of fruits.

In this way the strips or beds occupied by the plants are reversed
every season, and the same plot of ground may thus be continued for
years, but less productive than when new land is taken.

It may be remarked that the Alpine and European Wood strawber-
ries will do well and bear longer in a rather shaded situation. The
Bush- Alpine, an excellent sort, having no runners, makes one of the
neatest borders for quartei-s or beds in the kitchen garden, and produces
considerable fruit till the season of late frosts. If the May crop of
blossoms is taken off, they will give a moderate crop in September.

To accelerate the ri2)ening of early kinds in the open garden, it is only
necessary to plant rows or beds on the south side of a wall or tight
fence. A still simpler mode, by which their maturity will be hastened
ten days, is that of throwing up a ridge of soil three feet high, running
east and west, and planting it in rows on the south side. (The north
side may also be planted with later sorts, which will be somewhat re-
tarded in ripening.)

Hermaphrodite and Pistillate Plants. — A great number of ex-
periments have been made, and a gi-eat deal has been written lately, in
this country, regarding the most certain mode of producing large crops
of this fruit.

Cultivators di\-ide all Strawberries into classes, characterized by their

THE STRAWBERRY. 977

blossoms. The first of these they call staminate (or male), from the
stamens being chiefly developed. The second they call hermaphrodite (or
perfect), from their having both stamens and pistils developed. The third
are called pistillate (or female), from the pistils being chiefly developed.

The first class really does not exist among cultivated varieties, be-
cause a pure male variety, or one producing only male flowers, cannot
bear fruit.

In planting strawberry beds it is important, therefore, to the cultiva-
tor to know which are the perfect, or hermaphrodite, and which are the
pistillate varieties — as they are found to be permanent in these cha-
racters. We have accordingly designated these traits in the descriptions
of the varieties which follow.

Upon the relative proportion of hermaphrodites, cultivators are not
absolutely agreed. Some considering one plant of a hermaphrodite
sufiicient to* impregnate ten or twelve pistillates ; others again set
twenty pistillates to one. The hermaphrodite, or perfect flowering
sorts, requii'e no special care of this kind, and are generally preferred by
planters, and are considered fully as productive as an entire pistillate,
even when most advantageously impregnated.

STRAWBERRY BLOSSOMS.

Perfect or Hermaphrodite blossom. Pistillate blossom.

Nothing is easier than to distinguish the two classes of strawberries
when in blossom. Inthe irerma2)h7-odite, the long yellow anthers (a), bear-
ing the fine dust or pollen, are abiindant. In the pistillate, only the cluster
of pistils (b), looking like a very minute green strawberry, is visible
(that is, to the common observer, for the male organs are vaerelj rudi-
mentary, and not developed), while the perfect, or hermaphrodite flower,
as seen in the drawing, has both stamens and pistils developed.

Varieties.

The varieties of this fruit are very numerous, indeed quite unnecessa-
rily so for all useful purposes. They were formerly divided into classes,
designated as the 2>ine anj;l scarlet, but the introductions of late years
have become so intermingled as to make reference thereto of no prac-
tical value, if indeed it can be done correctly.

The characters of the flowers corresponding with the above are noted
in the text by the words IIermap>hrodite and Pistillate.

As before remarked, the varieties of the Strawberry are very nume-
rous. They are also comparatively evanescent. We have therefore
omitted to name or describe many sorts once recorded, because of a
doubt as to their present existence. Again, others have perhaps only a

62

978 THE STRAWBERRY.

local habitation and name, and, possessing no superior qualities, are not
worthy of perpetuation, and are therefore omitted.

Adair.

Nimorod.

An English variety. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit large, conical, dark red. Flesh deep red, soft, hollow at core.

Admiral Dundas.

An English variety, of vigorous habit. Hermaphrodite.
Fruit large. Color pale scarlet. Flesh moderately firm, juicy, with
a good but not high flavor.

Agriculturist.
Abraham Lincohi. President.

Raised by Seth Boyden, Newark, N J, Plant vigorous, foliage dark
green; hardy and very productive. Pistillate.

Fruit large, roundish conical, elongated, often with a neck. Sur-
face somewhat uneven ; first ben-ies often cock's-comb shape, deep crim-
son. Flesh dark red, quite firm, juicy, sweet, and rich.

Ajax.

An English variety. A large dark-colored fruit, of a blunt ovate
form, with a deep-colored flesh, well flavored and good. Vines not
hardy. (Ho v. Mag.)

Alice Maud.
Princess Alice Maud.

A foreign variety. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit large, conical. Color dark glossy scarlet. Flesh light scarlet,
juicy, rich, and excellent.

Ambrosia.

An English variety.

Fruit large, roundish, dark shining crimson. Flesh iuicy, rich.
(Hogg.)

America.

Raised by J. Keech, "Waterloo, N. Y., who informs us they ripen
nearly all at the same time, and quite as early as the Early Scarlet.

Fruit large, obtuse conical, often wedge shape, crimson. Flesh quite
firm, juicy, rich subacid.

Ariadne.

Pistillate.

Fruit rather large, conical, slight neck, light scarlet, sweet, fine fla-
vor. (Hov. Mag.)

the strawberry. 979

Austin.
Austin Seedling. Austin Shaker. Shaker's Seedling.

Orifijinated at the Shaker Settlement, near Albany, N. Y. Hardy and
productive. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit large, rovindish conical, light scarlet. Flesh white, rather soft,
acid, and deficient in flavor.

Barnes Mammoth.

Raised by D. H. Barnes, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Plant very vigo-
rous, very productive, and said to be one of the best for market.

Fruit very large, roundish obtuse conical. Surface somewhat un-
even ; crimson. Flesh scarlet, firm, juicy, sprightly subacid.

Baron Deman de Lennick.

Fruit very large, elongated flattened cone, light scarlet. Flesh
pink, soUd, sweet. (Fuller.)

BiCOLOR.

Foreign.

Fruit large, conical, rich blush red. Flesh moderately firm.

BiCTON Pine.

Barnes' White. Virgin Queen.

An English variety, but too tender for our climate.
Fruit large, roundish. Color white, with a tinge of pink on the
sunny side. Flesh tender, delicate, mild and pleasant, but not rich.

Bijou.

Raised by M. De Jonghe. Not profitable.

Fruit medium, conical, bright crimson or scarlet. Flesh white, firm.

Bishop's Orange.

Bishop's New. Orange Hudson Bay.

Pistillate. Vines hardy, vigorous, and productive.
Fruit medium, conical, regular. Color light scarlet, approaching
orange. Flesh rather firm, rich, and excellent.

Black Prince.
Black Imperial. Cuthill'a Black Prince. Malcolm's Aberdeen Seedling.

A foreign variety, and, when in perfection, of the best quality.
Variable. Pistillate.

Fruit large, regular roundish or ovate depressed. Color very deep
crimson, almost black, glossy. Flesh deep crimson, rather firm, rich,
and high-flavored.

980 the strawberry.

Black Roseberry.

Fruit medium, nearly round, dark red or purplish, pleasant flavor,
moderate bearer.

BoNTE DE St. Julian.
A foreign variety.

Fruit medium size, roundish conical, bright scarlet. Flesh, tinged
with red, rich, sugary.

Boston Pine.

Bartlett.

Raised by C M, Hovey, Boston, Mass. This fine Strawberry, to
have it in perfection, requires rich, deep soil, and to be grown in liills
or bunches eighteen or twenty inches apart each way. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit rather large, roundish, slightly conical. Color deep glossy
crimson. Flesh rather firm, juicy, rich, and of excellent flavor — an un-
certain variety in many places.

BOUDINOT.

Originated with H. Boudinot, Alexandria, Licking Co., O. Herma-
phrodite.

Fruit large, roundish conical, rich clear scarlet. Flesh firm, good
flavor, and productive.

BouLE d'Or.

Boisselot.

Plant robust, moderately productive.

Fruit very large, roundish flattened, bright glossy orange scarlet.
Flesh white, sweet. (Fuller.)

Boyden's Mammoth.

Raised by Seth Boyden, Newark, N. J. Plant vigorous, not very
productive.

Fruit large, roundish, often depressed, dark crimson.

Boyden's No. 30.

Raised by Seth Boyden, of Newark, N. J. Plant vigorous, very
productive. Its large size, prodxactiveness and firmness give promise
as a valuable market variety.

Fruit very large, roundish obtuse conical, regular, often with, a short
neck, bright crimson. Flesh quite firm, juicy, rich subacid.

Brewer's Emperor.
English. Hermaphrodite. Medixim size, ovate, dark red, good flavor.

Brighton Pine.

Raised by T. Scott, of Brighton, Mass. Said to be early, hardy,
and productive.

Fruit medium to large, conical, light crimson, rich sprightly flavor.

the strawberry. 981

Brillia:s^t.

Raised by Wm. R. Prince, Flushing. Hermaphrodite.
Fruit large, conical, deep crimson.

British Queen.
Myatt's British Queen.

Raised by Mr. Myatt, England. Flowers hermaphrodite. Plant
vigorous, rather tender, requires deep, rich cultivation.

Fruit very large, roundish conical, occasionally cock's-comb-shaped, of
a beautiful shining scarlet. Flesh rather firm, juicy, rich, and excellent.

Brooklyn Scarlet.

Raised by A. S. Fuller. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit medium to large, elongated, a little compressed, bright scarlet.
Flesh rather soft, sweet, rich.

Bryan's Satisfaction.

A new sort. Originated with S, Bryan, Vineland, N. J.
Fruit small, heart-shape pointed, glossy crimson. Flesh fiim.

Burr's New Pine.

Raised by Zera Burr, Columbus, O. Vines moderately vigorous,
productive. Flowers pistillate.

Fruit medium, regular roundish cpnical. Color light crimson.
Flesh tender, juicy, with a sweet, rich, aromatic flavor.

Burr's Seedling.
Burr's Old Seedling. Biurr's Staminate.

Raised by Zera Burr, Columbus, O. Hermaphrodite. Vines hardy,
vigorous, and productive.

Fruit rather large, roundish, inclining to conic. Color light scarlet.
Flesh tender, juicy, with a mild, j^leasant flavor.

Caleb Cope.

An American variety. Pistillate.

Fruit large, pointed, scarlet. Flesh white.

Capt. Cook.

An English variety, of large size, somewhat resembling the British
Queen, but not quite so large ; the color is dark and rich. Poor
bearer.

Carolina Superba.

An English variety. Plant hardy and productive.
Fruit very large, ovate, sometimes cock's-comb shape. Seeds not
deeply embedded, pale red. Flesh clear white, firm, solid, rich. (Hogg.)

982 the strawberry.

Champion.
Ori<nnated by Dr. J. C. NefF, Carlisle, Cumberland Co., Pa. Her-
maphrodite.

Fruit large. Flesb firm, melting, sweet. (Dr. ISTefi".)

Charles Downing.

Raised by J. S. Downer, Fairview, Ky. Plant very vigorous and
very productive. Hermapbrodite.

Fruit very large, nearly regular, conical, deep scarlet. Seeds brown
and yellow, rather deep. Flesh quite firm, pink, juicy, sweet, rich.

Charles Favorite.

A seedling from Hovey's Seedling. Size, shape, flavor, and color
similar, but ripens ten days earlier. (Hov. Mag.)

Charlotte.
Pistillate.
Fruit large, obovate, dark scarlet. Flesh sweet.

Chillian.

Pyramidal Chillian, or Newland,

Raised by Mr. Newland, in New Jersey.

Fruit medium, conical, bright crimson. Flesh rather firm, mild
acid, late. Productive, sometimes very good.

Chorlton.
Charlton Prolific.

Raised by WilUam Chorlton, Staten Island, N. Y. Hermaphrodite.
Fruit large, roundish obtuse, slight neck, scarlet. Flesh light
scarlet, rather acid.

Clinton.

Raised by Elias Camfield, near Newark, N. J. Plant hardy, healthy,
vigorous, productive, rather early, and said to be a valuable market
sort.

Fruit large, roundish, crimson. Flesh quite firm, juicy, rich,
sprightly subacid.

Cockscomb.

Obtained in the Royal Gardens, Windsor, England.
Fruit very large, ovate, occasionally cock's-comb-shaped. Skin pale
scarlet. Flesh white, with a rosy tinge, rich. (Hogg.)

Colfax.

From Indiana. Plant very vigorous, very productive, but too small
to be of much value.

Fruit small size, round, dark crimson. Flavor subacid, with a
peculiar spicy taste.

the strawberry. 983

Colonel Ellsworth.

Raised by A. S. EuUer, Ridgewood, Bergen Co., N". J. Plant
moderately vigorous, productive, the foliage often burns with the sun.
Hermaphrodite.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, somewhat obtuse, slight neck, dark
scarlet. Flesh rather firm, not very juicy, sweet.

Columbus.

American. Pistillate. Large, roundish, hardy, productive, dark red,
tender, and sweet.

COMTE DE FlANDRE.

Fruit large, conical, bright crimson, fine flavor. Excellent bearer.
(Gar. Mon.)

CoMTE DE Paris.

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin scarlet, becoming deep crim-
son. Flesh pale red, and solid throughout, with a brisk acid flavor.
(Hogg.)

Cornucopia.

Raised by Wm. R. Prince, Flushing, L. I. Plant vigorous, moder-
ately productive.

Fruit large, conical, bright scarlet. Flesh rather soft, sweet. Good.

Crimson Cluster.

An English variety.

Fruit medium size, roundish, sometimes cock's-comb shape, dark red.
Flesh firm, juicy, sweet. (Hogg.)

Crimson Cone.
Scotch Pineapple. Dutchberry, Scotch Runner.

An old and beautiful variety, a hardy, vigorous grower, productive.
Pistillate.

Fruit medium, irregular elongated conic. Color deep crimson. Seeds
deeply embedded. Flesh rather firm, sprightly, with a rich acid flavor,
rather late in ripening. One of the best for preserving.

Crimson Favorite.

Originated with A. S. Fuller. Plant vigorous, not productive.
Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, somewhat irregular. Color
crimson. Flesh rich, juicy, sweet, sometimes hollow.

Crimson Queen.
Doubleday's No. 2.

An English variety, moderately productive.

Fruit medium to large, cock's-comb shape, irregular, bright scarlet.
Flesh firm, brisk acid.

984 the straavberry.

Culverwell's Seedling.

An English variety.

Fruit long, tapering, much furrowed, very dark red, almost black.
Flesh firm, and rich flavored. (Hogg.)

Gushing.

Eaised by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, Philadelphia.

Fruit medium, roundish conical. Color light scarlet. Flesh tender,
with a sprightly, pleasant flavor.

Cutter's Seedling.
Bunce.

Originated in Massachusetts. Plant vigorous, productive. Herma-
phrodite.

Fruit medium to large, roundish obtuse conical, slight neck, bright
scarlet. Seeds yellow and brown. Flesh scarlet, rather soft, juicy,
sweet.

De Bath.

Fruit large, roundish oval. Color pale rose, or white tinted with rose.
Flesh white, fine, sweet, juicy, excellent. (Al. Pom.)

D^LiCES d'Automne.
Not productive.
Fruit lax-ge, roundish, light scarlet, sweet, rich, high-flavored.

Deptford Pine.

Myatt's Deptford Pme.

English. Hermaphrodite. Large, wedge-shaped, bright glossy scarlet.
Flesh solid, rich, subacid. Shy bearer.

Diadem.

Raised by William R. Prince. Pistillate. Large, showy, rounded,
beautiful light scarlet, pleasant flavor, a fine and beautiful berry. (W.
R. P., in Hort.)

Doctor Hogg.

This variety is from Nottingham, England. It is described by for-
eign authors as very hardy, holding its foliage well, and one of the finest.

Fruit very large, cock's-comb-shaped. Skin pale red. Flesh pale
red, sweet, very rich flavor.

Doctor Nicaise.

This is a French variety, of recent introduction, often producing fruit
of extra large size. It is hermaphrodite ; not productive.

Fruit very large, irregular cock's-comb shape, bright clear scarlet red.
Flesh moderately fii-m, juicy, sweet, a little hollow at centre.

Downj:r's Prolific.

Raised by J. S. Downer, Kentucky. Hermaphrodite. Plant vigorous)
very productive, early. Valuable for near market growing.

THE STRAWBERRY. 985

Fruit incdium to large, roundish conical, light clear bright scarlet.
Elesh rather soft, juicy, rich, but a little acid.

DOWNTON.

Knight's Seedling.

English. Hermaphrodite. Medium, with a neck, ovate, dark pur-
plish scarlet, good flavor. Poor bearer.

Due DE Brabant.

From Belgium.

Fruit large, conical, bright scarlet, good flavor, tolerably productive,
and early.

Due DE Malakoff.

Fi'uit large, handsome, roundish, a cock's-comb shape, deep red. Flesh
red, sweet.

Duke of Kent.

Austrian Scarlet Early Prolific Scarlet.

Nova Scotia Scarlet. Oatland's Scarlet.

Globe Scarlet. Duke of York Scarlet.

English. Plant vigorous, productive. Hermaphrodite.
Fruit small, roundish conical, bright scarlet. Flavor sharp and good.
Ripens early, which is its chief merit.

Dundee.

A Scotch variety. Pistillate. Medium, roundish oval, light scarlet,
rich acid flavor, productive, late.

DURAND.

Durand's Seedling.

Raised by Elias W. Durand, Irviiigton, N, J. Plant moderately vigo-
rous, not very productive. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit large, irregular in form, from conic to oblong. Color scarlet.
Flesh somewhat firm, juicy, nearly white.

Eclipse.

Reeve's Eclipse.

Fruit above medium size, conical. Seeds small. Skin glossy red,
shining as if varnished. Flesh firm, solid, white, (Hogg.)

Crystal Palace.
Myatt's Eleanor.

An English variety, of vigorous growth, hardy, and requires plenty
of room.

Fruit large, very conical, regular, brUliant glossy scarlet. Flesh
firm, fine-gi-ained, juicy, and high-flavored.

986 the strawberry.

Elton.

Elton Seedling. Elton Pine.

An old English variety, that ripens quite late.

Fruit large, ovate, frequently cock's-comb shape, bright shining crim-
son. Flesh red, firm, brisk subacid.

Elton Improved.

Raised at the Royal Garden at Frogmore, England.
Fruit large, conical, bright glossy crimson. Flesh solid, sweet, and
good. (Fuller.)

Emily.

An English variety. Plant hardy, not very productive.
Fruit large, roiind, pale red. Flesh white, juicy, and sweet.

Emma.

One of M. de Jonghe's raising ; vigorous, moderately productive.
Fruit medium size, obtuse conical, bright deep red. Flesh whitish,
juicy, moderately sweet.

Empress Eugenie.

A variety from France. Not valuable.

Fruit large, irregular in form, deep red. Flesh red, sweet, tolerably
good.

English Lady Finger.

Fruit medium size, oblong, orange scarlet. Flesh white, sweet, and
good.

Fairy Queen.

Raised in the Royal Gardens at Frogmore, England.
Fruit large, conical. Skin pale scarlet, shining as if varnished.
Flesh pure white, tender, jiiicy, sweet, very rich. (Hogg.)

Ferdinande.

This is a French variety, of good promise.

Fi'uit large, regular obtuse conical, rich deep scarlet red. Seeds
light yellow. Flesh firm, juicy, rich, and high-flavored. (Am. Pom.)

Filbert Pine.

Myatt's Seedling.

An English sort, that is said to succeed finely in light soils. Yines
prolific, matures late.

Fruit above medium size, conical, occasionally cock's-comb shape,
dull red. Flesh pale pink, firm, rich, brisk, with a fine aroma. (Hogg.)

the strawberry. 987

Fill-Basket.

An English variety, very large, roundish, dark scarlet, beautiful,
good flavor.

Fillmore.

Raised by Samuel Feast & Sons, Baltimore, Md. Plants mode-
rately vigorous. Pistillate. In deep rich soils, under high culture, this is
one of value for amateur cultivation ; not profitable for market.

Fruit medium to large, obtuse conical, rich deep scarlet. Seeds yel-
low, and near the surface. Flesh moderately firm, rich acid.

Fleming.

Originated in Pennsylvania. Plants vigorous, moderately pro-
ductive. Pistillate.

Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, deep scarlet. Seeds yellow,
not deep. Flesh rather soft, sweet, and rich.

Florence.

Raised by Wm. R. Prince ; vigorous, moderately productive. Her-
maphrodite.

Fruit large, conical, scarlet, fine flavor.

French.
French's Seedlmg.

From Moorestown, N. J. Plant vigorous, moderately productive.
Hermaphrodite. A fine early variety for private gardens.

Fruit medium to large, roundish obtuse conical, light bright scarlet.
Flesh rather soft, rich, and good.

Frogmore Late Pine.

Raised by Mr. Ingram, at the Royal Gardens, Frogmore, England.
Fruit large, conical or cock's-comb shape, with a glossy neck, bright,
rich dark red. Flesh juicy, rich, high -flavored. Late. (Hogg.)

Garibaldi.

An American variety, raised by W. A. Burgess, near New York.
Hermaphrodite.

Fruit medium size, roundish obtuse conical, light scarlet. Seeds
yellow. Flesh soft, rich, sweet.

Genesee.

Raised by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y. Hardy, vigorous,
moderately productive. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit rather large, roundish, somewhat oblate, largest at centre,
tapering towards base and apex, generally necked. Color scarlet,
inclining to crimson. Flesh tender, juicy, mild, and pleasant, not
rich.

988 the steawberrt.

General Scott.

Raised by W. A. Burgess, near New York. Plant vigorous, pro-
ductive.

Fruit large, roundish obtuse, deep scarlet, rather soft, rich, subacid.

Globe.

Myatt's Globe.
English. Large, rich scarlet, excellent flavor, moderately productive.

Globose Scarlet.

Raised by Wm. R. Prince, Flushing, Long Island, N". Y. Plant
vigorous, moderately productive. Pistillate.
Fruit large, roundish, light scarlet. (Pr.)

Golden Seeded.

Raised by W. H. Read, Port Dalhousie, C. W. Poor bearer.
Fruit medium, conical, rich crimson, bright yellow seeds. Flesh
half firm, juicy, rich, mild, pleasant.

Goliath.
Kitley's Goliath.

An English variety. Hermaphrodite. Plant vigorous, hardy, and
moderately productive.

Fruit very large, irregular, often cock's-comb shape, bright scarlet,
rich, high flavor, and, like all the English varieties, requires plenty of
room and high culture.

Great Eastern.

Plants vigorous, not vei'y productive. Hermaphrodite.
Fruit large, broadly conical, light crimson. Flesh whitish, rather
firm, sweet, not high-flavored, a little hollow.

Green Prolific.
Newark Prolific.

Raised by Seth Boyden, Newark, N. J. Plant hardy, very vigorous,
very productive, and is highly valued by some as a market sort.
Pistillate.

Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, orange scarlet. Surface soft,
centre of flesh firm, rather acid.

Grove End Scarlet.

Atkinson's Scarlet. Aberdeen Beehive.

English. Hermaphrodite. Medium, globular, bright scarlet, rather
acid, early, productive.

the strawberry. 989

Haquin.

This fox'eign variety is of good rich quality, but not productive.
Hermaphrodite.

Fruit large, broadly conical, sometimes irregular, bright scarlet.
Seeds yellow brown. Flesh pinkish, rather firm, juicy, rich.

Harlem Orange.

Originated near Baltimore, Md. Pistillate.

Fruit orange color, pineapple shape, glossy. Good. (Hov. Mag.)

Hathaway.
Hathaway's Seedling.

Raised by B. Hathaway, Little Prairie Ronde, Mich. Plant vigo-
rous, very productive. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit large, roundish obtuse or oblate. Seeds yellow and brown.
Color deep scarlet. Flesh scarlet, juicy, moderately firm, rich acid.

Hendry.

A new foreign variety, very beautiful.

Fruit large, long ovate, slight neck, light red or pale red at point,
glossy. Flesh moderately firm, juicy, lich, sweet.

Hero.

Fruit large, regular, globular, bright red. Flesh carmine, very
sweet. Early. (Fuller.)

Highland Chief.

This variety, Hogg writes, " deserves universal cultivation." It is
worthy of trial here. We copy his description : —

Fruit large, roundish ovate, and somewhat flattened. Seeds not
deep. Skin fine, clear red, becoming dark red. Flesh dark red, firm,
very juicy, vinous, with a rich pine flavor.

Highland Mary.

An English variety ; an abundant bearer.

Fruit above medium, conical, inclining to cock's-comb shape, dark
red. Flesh white, hollow at core. (Hogg.)

Hooker.

Raised by H. E. Hooker, Rochester, N. Y. Plant vigorous, hardy,
and productive. Hermaphrodite.

Fi-uit large, broadly conical, regular, very large, specimens some-
times cock's-comb-shaped or depressed. Color deep crimson, almost
maroon, with a polished surface, which is rather soft. Flesh deep crim-
son, rather tender, juicy, with a fine rich flavor.

990 the strawberry.

Hooper's Seedling.

An English variety. Hermaphrodite. Medium, conical, deep glossy
crimson, rich and sweet, not productive.

Hovey's Seedling.

Young's Seedling. Germantown.

This splendid Strawberry was raised in 1834, by Messi'S. Hovey,
seedsmen, of Boston, and is undoubtedly one of the finest of all varieties.
The vines are vigorous and hardy, producing moderately large crops, and
the fruit is always of the largest size, and finely flavored. It is well
known at the present moment throughout all the States. The leaves are
large, rather light green, and the fruit-stalk long and erect. Pistillate.

Fruit very laige, roundish oval or slightly conical, deep shining
scarlet. Seeds slightly embedded. Flesh firm, with a rich, agreeable
flavor. It ripens about the medium season, or a few days after it.

Hudson.

Hudson's Bay. American Scarlet.

Late Scarlet. York River Scarlet.

An old American variety, formerly much cultivated for the markets,
but other and larger kinds are taking its place. Pistillate.

Fruit medium, conical, sometimes with a neck. Color rich, dark
shining red. Seeds deeply embedded. Flesh firm, of a high, but biisk
acid flavor. Good for preserving.

Huntsman.

American. Pistillate. Large roundish, light scarlet, poor flavor, very
productive.

Ida.

Miss Ida.

Raised by E. H. Cocklin, Plants vigorous, and when fertilized very
productive. Pistillate. Foot-stalks long, holding the fruit well up.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, dark rich red. Flesh modeiately
firm, juicy, sprightly, rich, a little acid. Ripens among the earliest, and
continues late.

Imp^ratrice Eugenie.

Frvdt large, conical, bright glossy rosette, handsome, fii*m, sweet,
perfumed.

Imperial Crimson.

Raised by W. R. Prince. Plant vigorous, productive. Pistillate.
Fruit large, short cone, or rounded. Color dark scarlet or crimson.
Flesh firm, sweet, and fine flavor. (Pr.)

the strawberry. 991

Imperial Scarlet.

Raised by Wm. R, Prince. Plant vigorous, productive. PistOlate.
Fruit very large, obtuse cone or rounded, scarlet, juicy, and spright-
ly flavor.

Ingram's Prince Arthur.

Raised at the Royal Gardens, Frogmore, England.
Fruit medium, conical, regular, with a glossy neck, brilliant scar-
let. Flesh white, solid, juicy, brisk, rich and fine flavor.

Iowa.
Early Washington. Washington. Brook's Prolific.

A seedling of the Western prairies. Hermaphrodite. Plant hardy
vigoroiis, and very productive.

Fruit medium to large, roundish, light orange scarlet. Flesh tender,
juicy, very acid ; an early variety.

Jenny Lind.

Raised by Isaac Fay, Cambridgeport, Mass. Hermaphrodite. Vines
hardy, vigorous, and productive ; an early variety.

Frviit medium, conical. Color rich crimson, glossy. Flesh rather
fii'm, juicy, rich, sprightly subacid.

Jenny's Seedling.
An American vai-iety, hardy, vigorous, and productive. Pistillate.
Fruit large, roundish conical. Color rich dark red. Flesh firm,
rich, sprightly subacid.

Jessie Read.

Raised by W. H. Read, Port Dalhousie, C. W. Hermaphrodite.
Moderately pi-oductive.

Fruit large, roundish conical, light scarlet. Flesh soft, sweet, rich.

John Powell.

Fruit above medium size, long ovate, with a neck, bright shining
red. Flesh white, firm, juicy, sugary, rich. (Hogg.)

JUCUNDA.
Knox's 700.

A foreign variety, that, like some others of its class, does extremely
well in some few localities, under high cultivation. Plants moderately
vigorous. Hermaphi'odite.

Fruit large to very large, obtuse conical or coxcomb flattened, bright
Ught scarlet. Seeds mostly yellow. Flesh light pink, moderately firm,
sweet, not high flavor, often hollow.

JULIEN.

Originated with W. F. Kramer, Dubuque, Iowa. Said to be from
seed of the Peabody.

992 THE STRAWBERRY.

Fruit medium, roundish, rich scarlet, glossy. Flesh moderately
firm, sweet, well flavored.

Keen's Seedling.
Keen's Black Pine. Murphy's Child.

An old well-known EngKsh sort of the finest quality, but does not
generally succeed here. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit large, roundish, often coxcomb-shaped, dark purplish scarlet.
Surface polished. Flesh firm, with a rich high flavor.

Kentucky.

Raised by J. S. Downer, of Fairview, Todd Co., Ky. "We have not
seen the fruit, and give Wm. Parry's description. Plant strong, vigo-
rous, very productive, with long fruit-stalks, bearing the berries well up
from the gi'ound, and the foliage standing the heat of summer and cold
of winter, and is a week later than most varieties. Herma^^hrodite.

Fruit large to very large, roixndish conical, bright scarlet. Flesh
white, firm, juicy, rich, sweet, and of excellent quality. (Wm. Parry's
MS.)

KiMBERLY Pine.

Fruit large, irregular oval, bright crimson scarlet. Flesh firm, juicy,
subacid.

Kramer.

Origin, near Dubuque, Iowa. Plant vigorous, hardy. Hermaphi-o-
dite. Productive.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, rich dark red, moderately firm,
juicy, a little acid, but pretty rich and good.

La Challonaise.

Fruit large, conical, bright pale scarlet. Flesh white, juicy, sweet.
(Hogg.)

La Constante.

A foreign variety that occasionally succeeds, but generally it burns
and dies out. In quality it is excellent, and for some amateur gardens
a desirable variety. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit large, roundish conical, bright lively crimson. Flesh white,
tinged with rose-color, firm, juicy, rich, and delicious.

La Delicieuse.
Of foreign origin.
Fruit large, roundish oblate, pale red. Flesh whitish, sweet.

Ladies' Pine.

Originated with W. H. Eead, Canada. Unproductive. Pistillate.
Fruit small, roimdish, Light scarlet. Flesh soft, sweet, rich, and
delicious.

Laby.

This is comparatively a new variety from England. It is described

THE STRAWBERRY. 993

as large in size, bright salmon-color, tinged witli crimson. Flesh juicy,
and delicious flavor.

Lady Finger.

Ladies' Finger.

Originated in Burlington, N, J. Plants vigorous, moderately pro-
ductive. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit medium, oblong conical, dark rich clear scarlet or red. Flesh
firm, juicy, rich, sprightly subacid. Very good.

Lady of the Lake.

Raised by John C. Scott, Brighton, Mass. Plants vigorous, hardy,
productive. Pistillate.

Fruit large, rather uneven, dark red. Flesh firm. (Jour, of Hort.)

La Fertile.

Fruit large, conical, bright red. Flesh white, with a rosy tinge,
firm, j uicy, sweet. (Hogg.)

La Grosse Sucr6e.

A German variety. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit large, oblong, dark crimson. Flesh white, soUd, sweet,
pleasant.

La Liegeoise.

French. Hermaphrodite. Large, bright scarlet, medivim quality,
unproductive.

La Perlb.
Foreign.
Fruit medium, conical, bright red.

La Reine.

A foreign sort. It is described as of large size, conical, or cox-
comb shape. Flesh white, juicy, sweet, rich, not productive.

Large Early Scarlet.
Early Virginia.
An American variety, one of the earliest, an abundant bearer ; popu-
lar in many sections. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit medium or below, roundish ovate, regularly formed, light
scarlet. Seeds deeply embedded. Flesh tender, of a rich, excellent flavor.

La Sultane.

This is a French variety, of large size, conical in form, light clear
red. Flesh white, firm, juicy, sweet, perfumed.

Laurella.

Origin unknown. Plant vigorous, productive. Pistillate.
Fruit large, broadly conical, scarlet. Seeds yellow brown. Flesh
rather soft, pink, rather acid, not rich.

63

994 the strawberry.

La Yersaillaise.

A French variety.

Fruit very large, oblong, bright scarlet. Flesh shaded with red,
firm, juicy, rich, sweet.

Le Baron.

Raised by Wm. R. Prince. Hermaphrodite

Fruit early, very large, obtuse cone, dark scarlet, not showy, sweet,
rich, melting.

Lennig's White.

White Pineapple. Albion White.

Albino. White Albany.

Origin, supposed Germantown, Pa. This is one of the very finest-
flavored sorts grown ; but unfortunately it does not produce but very
moderate crops, and is therefore unsuited to any but amateurs. Plants
vigorous. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical. Seeds reddish, not deep.
Color whitish, tinged with red. Flesh soft, tender, juicy, sweet, rich,
dehcious pineapple flavor.

L^ONCE DE LaMBERTYE.

Fruit very large, conical. Skin bright shining red, as if varnished.
Seeds slightly embedded. Flesh firm, rosy white, very juicy, rich and
sweet. (Hogg.)

LEOPOLD I.

This is a Belgian variety.

Fruit large, roundish conical, rich deep red. Seeds yellow, promi-
nent. Flesh tinted with rose, juicy, sweet, delicious. (An. Pom.)

Little Monitor.

Originated with W. A. Burgess.

Fruit small, roundish obtuse conical, light scarlet. Flesh soft, rich,
sweet.

Lizzie Randolph.

American. Pistillate. Medium, roundish, light crimson, poor flavor,
productive.

Longworth's Prolific.

Originated at Cincinnati, on the lands of Mr. Longworth, in the Gar-
den of Eden, by Mr. Schneicke. Hermaphrodite. Vines vigorous and
very productive. Footstalks long, stout. Leaves large, not very thick,
considerably ruffled.

Fruit large, roundish, broad at base, sometimes oblate. Color
light crimson. Flesh firm, scarlet, with numerous rays (the remains of
the filaments). Flavor rich, briskly acid. Valuable for preserving.

Lorenz Booth.
Fruit large, oval, bright glossy red. Flesh dark crimson, firm, sweet.

THE STRAWBERRY. 995

LORIO.

A new German variety.

Fruit large, obtuse conical, rich clear dark red. Flesh reddish
tinged, juicy, vinous, sweet.

Lucas.
Fruit large, roundish oval, glossy crimson. Flesh firm, rich. Good,

LuciDA Perfecta.

Fruit medium to large, light clear crimson, conical or obtuse conical
occasionally coxcomb shape. Flesh white, jviicy, sweet. '

McAvoy's Extra Red.
McAvoy's No. 1.

Same origin as Superior. Pistillate. Vines hardy, vigorous, and
very productive.

Fruit large, irregularly oblate, generally necked. Color deep scarlet.
Flesh tender, juicy. Flavor exceedingly acid. Excellent for preserving.

McAvoy's Superior,
McAvoy's No. 13. General McLellan. Buffalo.

Origin, Cincinnati, on the lands of Mr, Longworth. Pistillate.
Vigorous and productive.

Fruit large, roundish irregularly oblate, more or less necked. Color
light crimson, becoming deep crimson at full maturity. Flesh deep
scarlet, tender, very juicy, with an exceedingly rich vinous flavor.
Surface of the fruit rather tender, and will not bear long carriage.

Mead's Seedling.

Raised by Peter B. Mead, Tenafly, Bergen Co., N. J. Plant a good
grower, moderately productive. Pistillate.

Fruit medium size, long conical, inclining to a neck, light scarlet.
Seeds brown yellow. Flesh pinkish, rather firm, sweet, and rich.

Marguerite.
A French variety.

Fruit large, elongated conical, bright shining red. Flesh whitish
pinkish, sweet, coarse, hollow, poor.

Mammoth.
Myatt's Mammoth.

English, Hermaphrodite. Large, roundish, dark crimson, poor fla-
vor, unproductive.

Melon.
Scotch, medium, roundish, dark color ; not of much value.

996 the strawberry.

Metcalp's Early.

Origin, Niles, Mich, Plant hardy, vigorous, moderately productive.
Fruit small, roundish, inclining to oval, light scarlet. Flesh rather
soft, mild acid. Not very early. ,

Methven Scarlet.

Methven Castle. Keen's Seedling of some.

Warren's Seedling'. Higgins' Seedling.

Southampton Scarlet. British Queen of some.

An English variety, of large size, roundish or coxcomb-shaped, rather
dull scarlet. Flesh soft, and of indifierent flavor. Pistillate.

Monitor.

Raised by A. S. Fuller. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, with a neck, bright scarlet.
Flesh dry, coarse, fii-m. Poor. Carries well to market.

Monroe Scarlet.

Raised by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y. Pistillate. Plant
vigorous and productive.

Finit rather large, roundish, light scarlet. Flesh tender, juicy, and
of very good flavor.

Montevideo Pine.

Raised by Wm. R. Prince. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit large, conical, pineapple flavor, ripening late. (W. R. P. in
Hort.)

MOYAMENSING.

Raised by Gerhard Schmitz, of Philadelphia. Pistillate. Moderately
vigorovis and productive.

Fruit medium to large, broadly conical, deep crimson. Seeds numer-
ous, deeply embedded. Flesh red, rather firm, pretty briskly acid, much
like Hudson.

Myatt's Eliza.
Omer Pacha. Rival Queen.

An English variety, of fine flavor; but, like most of its class, a poor
bearer. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, with a glossy neck, light
glossy scarlet. Flesh rich, sweet, delicious.

!N^AOMI.

An accidental American seedling.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oval, quite deep scarlet. Flesh
white, sweet, soft, not high-flavored.

the strawberry. 997

Napoleon.

This variety originated with M. Lorio, of Liege, Belgium. Herma-
phrodite.

Fruit large, roundish, light clear red or scarlet. Flesh fii-m, juicy,
sweet.

Napoleox III.

Originated with M. Gloede. Plants vigorous, productive. Herma-
phrodite.

Fruit large to very large, conical, irregular, sometimes coxcomb-
shaped, light scarlet. Seeds yellow, reddish near the surface. Flesh white,
rather firm, juicy, sweet, rich.

Necked Pine.
Unique Prairie. Pine Apple.

An American variety, rather early. Pistillate. Medium size, conical,
with a neck, light scarlet. Flesh tender, sprightly, rather acid.

New Jersey Scarlet.

Originated near Burlington, N. J. Plants vigorous, moderately
productive. Hermaphrodite. Early.

Fruit medium, conical, with a neck, light clear scax'let. Flesh mode-
rately firm, juicy, sprightly, mild subacid.

NiCANOR.

Raised by Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y. Plants
vigorovis, productive. Hermaphrodite. Footstalks tall, upright.

Fruit medium or above, roundish obtuse conical, bright scarlet,
somewhat glossy. Seeds brown yellow, not deeply embedded. Flesh
juicy, reddish, rather firm, rich, sweet.

Old Black.

Black. Mulbeny.

Black Pine. Black Canterbury.

Black Beacon. Turkey Pine.

A very old variety, described by Lindley, as : —

" Fi-uit middle-size, conical elongated and pointed, with a neck,
haiiy, very dark purplish red. Flesh scarlet, firm, with a buttery core,
very rich and high-flavored."

Old John Brown.

Raised by Dr. H. Schroeder, of Bloomington, 111.
Fruit very large, broadly conic, pointed, light crimson, sweet. (Ful-
ler.)

998 the strawberky.

Old Pine, or Carolina.

Pine Apple. Old Scarlet.

Carolina. Blood Pine.

Old Scarlet Pine. Grandiflora.

American. Hermaphrodite. Medium, conical, with a neck, some-
times coxcomb-shaped, bright scarlet. Flesh solid, juicy, and rich.

Orange Prolific.

Raised by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y. Pistillate. Yines
hardy, vigorous, very productive.

Fruit large, roixndish, sometimes oblate, often necked, deep crimson.
Seeds deeply embedded. Flesh somewhat firm, with a brisk, rather acid
flavor.

Oscar.

An English variety. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit large, irregular in form, from ovate to coxcomb, rich deep
crimson. Flesh red, melting, firm, juicy, rich, and sweet.

Peabody.
Peabody's Seedling. New Hautbois.

This variety originated with Charles A. Peabody, Columbus, Ga.

Fruit of large size, form irregular. Flesh firm, sweet, melting, juicy,
with a pineapple flavor. When fully ripe the color is a rich deep
crimson.

Peak's Emperor.

Originated by E. Peak, South Bend, Ind.

Fruit large, oblong conical, dark crimson. Flesh firm, juicy, mild,
subacid.

Pennsylvania.

Raised by Gerhard Schmitz, of Philadelphia. Pistillate. Plant mo-
derately vigorovis, not productive.

Fruit medium to large, broadly conical, deep crimson. Flesh red,
very similar to Moyamensing.

Premier.
British Green Seedling.

An English variety.

Fruit large, roundish or roundish ovate, bright red, shining. Flesh
white, firm, juicy, rich. (Hogg.)

President Wilder.

Raised in 1860 by Hon, Marshall P. Wilder, of Dorchester, Mass.,
from seed of Hovey's Seedling impregnated with La Constante, and dedi-
cated to him by the Massachvisetts Horticultural Society. This new va-
riety, as gi'own on the originator's grounds, promises to be valuable, and if
it succeeds as well in other soils and localities it will be an acquisition.
Plant healthy, hardy, vigorous, and very productive. Fruit-stalk short,

THE STRAWBERRY. 999

stout, erect. It is said to stand the lieat of summer and cold of winter
uninjured.

Frviit large to very large, roundish obtuse conical, very regvilar,
bright crimson scarlet. Seeds mostly yellow, near the surface. Flesh
rosy white, quite firm, juicy, sweet, and rich.

There is another President Wilder, originated in Europe, that is de-
scribed as large, ovate conical, Avith a neck, bright rich deep crimson.
Flesh rose-color, moderately firm, juicy, rich, and excellent.

Primordial.

Raised by Wm. R. Prince. Pistillate.

Fruit large, conical, deep scarlet. (W. R. P., in Hort.)

Prince Albert.

English. Hermaphrodite. Large, oblong cone, deep scarlet, not
high flavor, moderately j^roductive.

Reine des Belges.

A new Belgian varie'ty.

Fruit large. Form variable, from long conical to obtuse conical,
bright rich scarlet. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet. Agreeable. (An. Pom.)

Prince Frederick William.

An English variety. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit large, roundish, pale red. Flesh with a rosy tint, sweet, and
good flavor.

Prince of Orleans.
Hermaphrodite. Medium. Roundish, dark color, poor bearer.

Prince of Wales.

An English fruit of large size, with a bright deep red glossy sur-
face, and a delicate solid flesh, somewhat acid.

Prince's Climax.

Raised by Wm. R. Prince, Flushing, L. I. Pistillate. Productive.
Fruit large, conical, bright scai'let. Flesh sweet, good flavor.

Prince's Excelsior.

Raised by Wm. R. Prince. Pistillate.

Fruit large, obtuse conical or rounded, deep scarlet. Flesh sweet,
fine flavor.

Prince's Magnate.

Scarlet Magnate.

Originated with Wm. R. Prince. Pistillate.

Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, bright scarlet. Flesh rather
soft, pinkish, hollow, not rich.

1000 the strawberry.

Princess Royal.

Ingram's Princess Royal.

This is an English variety. Pistillate.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, bright deep scarlet. Plesh firm,
juicy, rich, perfumed.

Princess Royal.

Originated in France, by M. Pelvilian.

Fruit large, oblong obtuse conical in form. Skin very bright rich
scarlet. Flesh half firm, juicy, melting, sweet. (An. Pom.)

Princess Royal of England.
Cuthill's Princess Royal.

An English variety. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit medium size, roundish ovate or conical, with a neck. Seeds
deeply embedded. Skin deep scarlet. Flesh pale red at the surface,
whitish at the core, rich, high flavor. (Hogg.)

Prolific.

English. Hermaphrodite. Large, conical, light glossy scarlet, rich
flavor, unproductive.

Profuse Scarlet.

American. Pistillate. Medium, a little improvement on the old Early
Scarlet, which it much resembles. Productive.

Randolph Pine.

Raised by O. T. Hobbs, Randolph, Pa.

Fruit medium, long conical, bright scarlet. Flesh sweet, whitish,
not rich.

Richardson's Early.

American. Hermaphrodite. Medium, conical, dark crimson, early,
good flavor. Not productive.

Richardson's Late.

American. Hermaphrodite. Large, roundish, light scarlet, good
sprightly flavor, moderately productive.

Rifleman.

An English variety.

Fruit large, ovate or coxcomb shape. Skin bright salmon-colored.
Flesh solid, white, firm, juicy, rich. (Hogg.)

RiPAWAM.

Faulkner's King. Faulkner's Seedling.

Raised by J. W. Faulkner, Stamford, Conn. Plant moderately
vigorous and productive.

THE STRAWBERRY, 1001

Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, sometimes coxcomb shape,
scarlet. Flesh whitish, rather fii-m, jxiicy, sweet.

Rival Hudson.

Raised by Mr. Burr, Columbus, O. An improrement on the old
Hudson. Plant hardy and pi-oductive. Pistillate.

Fruit medium, conical. Color deep crimson. Flesh firm, with a
brisk subacid flavor.

Rivers' Eliza.

Seedling Eliza.

Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Hermaphrodite.
Fruit large, ovate conical, glossy scarlet. Flesh moderately firm,
good flavor.

Robinson's Defiance.

Raised in Ohio. Plant vigorous, not productive.
Fruit medium, roundish conical, necked, dull red. Flesh quite
firm, acid.

ROSEBERRY.

Aberdeen. Prolific Pine.

Scotch Scarlet. Rose.

Aberdeen Seedling. Brickley Scarlet.

Foreign. Pistillate. Rather small, ovate, dark scarlet, tolerable fla-
vor. Poor bearer.

Rosebud.

Fruit large, ovate, coxcomb shape, with a neck. Skin fine bright
red. Flesh rich. (Hogg.)

Ross's Phcenix.

Raised by Alexander Ross, Hudson, N. Y. Hermaphrodite ; does
not succeed unless with deep, rich soil, and good cultivation.

Fruit large, generally coxcomb-shaped. Color very dai'k red.
Flesh firm, and high-flavored.

Ruby.

English. Medium size. Bright-colored berry of a long ovate form,
similar in shape to Scott's Seedling. Flesh juicy, rich, and excellent.
Not very hardy.

Russell's Prolific.

Originated with H. Russell, Seneca Falls, N. Y. Vines vigorous,
productive. Pistillate.

Frviit large, conic, compressed, ribbed, scarlet, changing to crimson.
Seeds small, pretty deeply embedded. Flesh mild, moderately rich,
rather soft, pleasant.

1002 ■ the strawberry.

Sabreur.

A foreign variety, pi-od active.

Fruit medium, conical, bright orange scarlet. Seeds prominent.
Flesh soHd, white, sweet, and of high flavor. (Fuller.)

Salter's Versaillaise.

An English variety. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit large, ovate, sometimes flattened or coxcomb-shaped, dark
red. Flesh pale, juicy, and rich. (Thomp.)

Scarlet Cone.

Raised by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y. Pistillate. Plant
vigorous and very productive.

Fruit large, perfectly conical, bright scarlet, beautiful.

Scarlet Melting.

American. Pistillate. Medium, conical, light scarlet, showy, very
tender, not rich. Very productive.

Scarlet Nonpareil.

English. Large, pretty regularly formed, roundish conical, bright
glossy red, saccharine, and rich.

Scott's Seedling.

Raised by Mr. J. Scott, of Brighton, Mass. Hermaphrodite.
Fruit rather large, elongated conic, regular, light crimson or scarlet.
Flesh pale red, not very juicy, nor high-flavored.

Sir Charles Napier.

An English variety. Plant tender.

Fruit large, roundish, flattened or coxcomb-shaped, light scarlet.
Flesh whitish pink, juicy, not high-flavored.

Sir Harry.

A seedling of the British Queen, impregnated with Keen's Seed-
ling. The berries are large, of a thick coxcomb form, large calyx, and
stout fruit stems. Color deep dark red, or mulberry, glossy. Flesh
red, solid, flne-grained, very juicy, and of delicious flavor.

Sir Joseph Paxton.

A fine early variety.

Fruit large, roundish, bright shining crimson. Seeds prominent.
Flesh salmon-colored, firm, and rich. (Hogg.)

THE STRAWBERRY. 1003

SOUTHBOROUGH.

Southborough Seedling. Marshall's Seedling.

English. Pistillate.

Fruit medium, ovate conical, rich deep scarlet. Flesh firm, mild,
rich flavor. (Elliott.)

Souvenir.
Souvenir de Kieff ?

Raised by M. de Jonghe, of Brussels.

Fruit large, roundish ovate to long conical, irregular and corrugated,
bright shining red. Seeds large, even with the surface. Flesh white,
firm, juicy, rich.

Stinger.
Union. Stinger's Seedling.

Raised by Wm. H. Stinger, near Philadelphia. Hermaphrodite.
Fruit large, roundish, sometimes coxcomb shaj)e, brilliant glossy
scarlet. Flesh firm, juicy, rich, pleasant

Stirling Castle Pine.

Fruit large, ovate or conical, bright deep scarlet. Flesh pale scarlet,
brisk. (Hogg.)

Swainstone's Seedling.

English. Hermaphrodite. Large, ovate, beautiful light glossy scar-
let, and good fiavor. Bears only very modei*ate crops.

The Prairie Farmer.

Originated on the gi'ounds of Wm. D. Neff, of Ottawa, 111. Plant
strong and vigoroiis. Foot-stalks large and tall, and promise well as a
market variety. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit very large, oblong compressed or ovate, occasionally coxcomb-
shape, irregular, deep scarlet; texture fii*m; subacid. (Prairie Farmer.)

TOPSY.

One of De Jonghe's seedlings, not valuable.

Fruit medium, oblong conical, light scarlet. Flesh fii'm, sweet.

Triomphe de Gand.

The Triomphe de Gand is a Belgian variety, which appears to stand
our climate, and produce more crops in more localities than any other
foreign sort. The vines are vigorous, hardy, moderately productive, and
well suited to strong clayey soils, requires high cultivation and to be
grown in hills. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit laige, roundish obtuse, sometimes coxcomb shape, bright rich
red next the calyx, almost gi-eenish white at point, glossy as if varnished.
Seeds light yellow brown, near the surface. Flesh firm, white, a little
hollow at core, juicy, with a peculiar rich and agreeable flavor.

1004 THE STRAWBERRY.

Romeyn Seedling so closely resembles this that we are unable to see
any difference ; but the originator claims that it is a seedKng of more
vi»or in foliage and roots, more productive, and less number of coxcomb
berries.

Triomphe de Liege.

A Belgian variety, raised by M. Lorio.

Fruit large, oval, with a slight neck, bright deep scarlet. Seeds
few, long-pointed. Tlesh rather soft, juicy, rich, aromatic. (An. Pom.)

Vicomtesse Hericart de Thury.
Duchesse de Trevisse. Marquise de la Tour Maubourg.

A French variety, of fine quality, but the foliage does not stand our
climate well. Hermaphrodite. Moderately productive.

Fruit large, roundish, broadly conical, sometimes coxcomb-shaped,
deep scarlet, somewhat glossy. Flesh rich, sweet, and high-flavored.

Victoria.

Trollope's Victoria. Golden Queen.

Union. Trembly's Union.

An English variety, moderately productive, quite handsome. Her-
maphrodite.

Fruit very large, nearly globular, regular. Calyx very large, in a
depression. Color light crimson. Flesh light scarlet, tender, juicy,
sweet, rich, with a somewhat peculiar aromatic flavor.

Victory of Bath.

Fruit large, ovate, bright red. Flesh white, firm, juicy, rich.
(Hogg.)

ViNEUSE DE Nantes.

Fruit medium to large, flattened, bright glossy crimson. Flesh red,
solid, sweet, peculiar vinous flavor. (Fuller.)

Walker's Seedling.

Raised by Samuel Walker, Roxbury, Mass. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit medium to large, regular, generally conic. Color very deep
crimson, becoming maroon at maturity, glossy. Flesh deep crimson,
tender, juicy, with a fine, rich, brisk acid flavor.

Ward's Favorite.
Fruit medium to large, roundish, deep crimson. Flesh sweet, rich.

Western Queen.

Raised by Prof. Kii-tland, Cleveland, O. Pistillate. Vines hardy
and productive.

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical. Color rich glossy dark
red. Flesh firm, juicy, subacid, sprightly and agreeable flavor. (Elliott.)

THE STRAWBERRY. 1005

WlLLEY.

American. Pistillate. Vigorous, hardy, and very productive.
Fruit medium, roundish. Color deep crimson. Flesh firm, with a
sprightly acid flavor. A good sort for preserving.

Wilmot's Prince Arthur.

Fruit medium size, conical. Skin deep red and glossy. Flesh scar-
let, firm, hollow at core. (Hogg.)

Wilson's Albany.

Raised by the late James Wilson, Albany, N. Y. Although not of
high quality, because of its superabundance of acid, yet no variety has
become so generally cultivated as the Wilson's Albany. The vine is
very hardy and vigorous, very productive, commencing to ripen its fruit
earl}', and continuing to the latest. Hermaphrodite.

Frl^it large, broadly conic, pointed. Color deep crimson. Flesh
crimson, tender, with a brisk acid flavor.

Wizard of the North.

A Scottish variety. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit medium to large, roundish obtuse, dull red. Flesh red, soft,
juicy, not rich.

Wonderful.

Jeyes' Wonderful. Myatt's Prolific.

Fruit large, conical, frequently coxcomb-shaped and fingered. Skin
pale red, whitish at apex. Seeds numerous. Flesh white, tender, melt-
ing, juicy, sweet, with a fine aroma. (Hogg.)

ALPINE AND WOOD STRAWBERRIES.

Brune de Gilbert.

A variety of the Alpine, with larger fruit than the common, and
remarkable for its reddish-brown color. It is well flavored, and an
abundant bearer. (Hogg.)

Galland.
This is a variety of the Alpine, of a dark red color.

Red Alpine.

Red Monthly Strawberry. Des Alpes a Fruit Rouge.

Des Alpes de Tous les Mois a Fruit Rouge, &c.

The common Red Alpine, or monthly-bearing Strawberry, is a native
of the Alps, and succeeds well with very trifling care in this country.
The Alpines always continue bearing from June till NoA'ember; but a

1006 THE STRAWBERRY.

very fine autumnal crop is secured by cutting off all tlie spring blossoms.
The plant resembles the Red Wood, and the fruit is similar in flavor
and color, but long conical in form. Flowers always perfect.

Red-Bush Alpine.

Euisson. Monthly, without Runners.

Des Alpes sans Filets. Commun sans Filets.

The Bush Alpines are remarkable among Strawberries for their total
destitution of runners. Hence they always grow in neat, compact
bunches, and are preferred by many persons for edging beds in the
kitchen garden. The fruit is conical, and the whole plant, otherwise, is
quite similar to common Alpines. We think it one of the most desira-
ble sorts, and it bears abundantly through the whole season. The Bush
Alpines were first introduced into the United States by the late Andrew
Parmentier, of Brooklyn. To propagate them the roots are divided.
Flowers always perfect.

Red Wood.

English Red Wood. Newland's Mammoth.

Des Bois a Fruit Rouge. Stoddard's Alpine.

Common Rouge. Washington Alpine.

This is the wild Strawberry of Europe {F. vesca), long more com-
monly cultivated in our gardens than any other sort, and still, perhaps,
the easiest of cultivation, and one of the most desirable kinds. It al-
ways bears abundantly ; and though the fi'uit is small, yet it is produced
for a much longer time than that of the other classes of strawberries,
and is ver}' sweet and delicate in flavor. Flowers always perfect.

Fruit red, small, roundish ovate. Seeds set even with the surface
of the fruit. It ripens at medium season.

Triomphe d'Hollande.

Triumph of Holland Alpine. Des Quatre Saisons.

This new variety of the Alpine comes from the Netherlands, where
it is said to have been raised by M. J. Verkroost, Utrecht. The habit
of growth is very vigorous, compact, and the plaiit very pi'oductive.
The fruit is large for its class, regular, roundish conical, light scarlet red.
Seeds light yellow. Flesh juicy, sweet, rich, aromatic, delicious.

White Alpine.

White Monthly. Des Alpes a Fruit Blanc.

Des Alpes de Tons les Mois A Fruit Blanc, &c.

Precisely similar to the Red Alpine, except in color.
Fruit conical, white.

White-Bush Alpine.

White Monthly, without Runners. Buisson des Alpes Blanc, &c.

This differs from the Red-Bush Alpine only in the color of the fruit,
■which is conical and white.

the strawberry. 1007

White Wood.

This is precisely similar in all respects to the Eed Wood, except in
its color, which is white. It ripens at the same time.

HAUTBOIS* STRAWBERRIES.

Belle de Bokdelaise.

A new variety. Plants very vigorous and productive.
Fruit medium or large, ovate, deep rich crimson. Flesh firm and
high-flavored.

Prolific or Conical.

Musk Hautbois. Double Bearing. Sir Joseph Banks.

French Musk Hautbois. Caperon Royal. Caperon Hermaphrodite.

Sacombe. Regent's Dwarf.

This is a capital variety. Its strong habit and very large, usually
perfect flowers, borne high above the leaves, distinguish it. The fruit
is very large and fine, dark-colored, with a peculiarly rich, slightly
musky flavor. It bears most abundant crops. Hermaphrodite.

Fruit large, conical, light purple in the shade, dark blackish purple
in the sun. Seeds prominent. Flesh rather firm, sweet, and excel-
lent. It ripens tolerably early, and sometimes gives a second crop.

The CoMJioN Hautbois, GtLOBE, LAi:riE Flat, &c., are scarcely worthy
of cultivation here.

BoYAL Hautbois.

This is one of the largest, most vigorous, and prolific of the Hautbois
family.

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, regular. Seeds yellow,
on the surface, rich dark crimson. Flesh whitish, soft, sweet, rich.

CHILI STRAWBERRIES.

True Chili.
Patagonian. GreenwelPs New Giant. Greenwell's French.

Fruit very large, bluntly conical or ovate, dull red. Seeds dark
brown, projecting. Flesh very firm, hollow-cored, of a rather indifierent
sweet flavor. Ripens late.

Wilmot's Superb.

An English seedling, raised from the foregoing, veiy showy in size,
but indifierent fruit and a poor bearer.

Fruit roundish, sometimes coxcomb-shaped ; surface pale scarlet,
polished; seeds projecting. Flesh hollow, and of only tolerable flavor.
Medium season.

* Haut-hois, literally Jiigh-wood, that is, wood strawberries with high leaves
and fruit-stalks.

1008 the strawberry.

Yellow Chili.

Fruit very large, irregular in form, yellow, with a brown cheek.
Seeds slightly embedded. Flesh veiy fii-m, rather rich.

GREEN STRAWBERRIES.

Little valued or cultivated, being more curious than good. They
resemble, in general appearance, the Wood Strawberries. Leaves light
green, much plaited. Flesh solid. There are several sorts grown by
the French, but the following is the only one of any value, and it is a
shy bearer.

Green Strawberry.

Green Pine. Fraisier Vert. Green Alpine.

Green Wood. Powdered Pine.

Fruit small, roundish or depressed, whitish green, and at maturity
tinged with reddish brown on the sunny side. Flesh solid, greenish,
very juicy, with a pecviliar rich, pineapple flavor. Ripens late.

SELECTION OF VARIETIES.

The Strawberry is so variable in soils and climates that it is very
difficult to select such as will always give satisfaction. We present the
following as a list embracing varieties that have proved satisfactory
with us : —

Agriculturist, Charles Downing, Downer's Prolific, French, Green
Prolific, Hovey's Seedling, Jucunda, Longworth's Prolific, Napoleon III.,
Royal Hautbois, Triomphe de Gand, Wilson's Albany.

Key to French standard names of Fruit. — To meet the wants of
some of our farming friends in various parts of the country who are
zealous collectors of fruit, but at the same time are more familiar with
plov^gh-handles than with the sound of 3fonsieur Orapaud''s polite ver-
nacular, we have prepared the following little key to the pi-onunciation
of such French names as are necessarily retained among the standard
varieties.

So long as these sorts must retain their foreign names, it is very
desirable that they should be coi-rectly pronounced. To give to these
French terms what appears to merely English readers the proper sound
is often as far as possible from the true pronunciation. A skilful Hiber-
nian gardener puzzled his employer, a friend of ours, during the whole
month of September with some pears that he persisted in calling the
" Lucy Bony," until, after a careful comparison of notes, the latter
found he meant the Louise Honne.

We have therefore, in the following, eschewed all letters with signs,
and given, as nearly as types alone will permit us, the exact pronun-
ciation of the French names.

KEY TO FRENCH NAMES.

APPLES.

Court Pendu Plat. — Coor Pahn du Plah.

Drap d'Or — Drah dor.

Fenouillet Gris. — Fen-nool-yai Gree.

Male Carle. — Mai Carl.

Porame de Neige. — Pum de Naije.

Reinette Blanche d'Espagne. — Ren-ett-Blansh d'Espagne.

Reinette Triomphante. — Ren-ett Tre-ome-fant.

APRICOTS.

Albergier. — Al-bare-je-ai.

Brian^on. — Bre-ahn-sohn.

Belle de Choisy. — Bel de Shwoi-sey.

Belle Magnifique. — Bel Man-gne-feek.

Bigarreau. — Be-gar-ro.

Bigarreau Rouge. — Be-gar-ro Rooje.

Bigarreau Couleur de Chair. — Be-gar-ro Coo-lur de Shair.

Bigarreau Grros Coeuret. — Be-gar-ro Gro Keur-ai,

Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim. — Be-gar-ro Tar-deef de Hildesheim.

Gros Bigarreau Rouge. — Gro Be-gar-ro Rooje.

Griotte d'Espagne. — Gre-ote Des-pan.

Chasselas Musqu^. — Shah-slah Meuskay.

Chasselas de Fontainebleau. — Shah-slah de Fone-tane-blo.

Ciotat. — Se-o-tah.

Lenoir. — Lun-war.

NECTARINES.

Brugnon Violet Musqu^. — Brune-yon Ve-o-lay Meus-kay.
Brugnon Musqu^. — Brune-yon Meus-kay.
D'Angleterre. — Dahn-glet-are.
Due du Tellier. — Deuk du Tel-yay.

PEACHES.

Abricotde. — Ab-re-co-tay.
Belle de Vitry. — Bell de Ve-tree.
Grosse Mignonne. — -Groce Mene-yon.
Madeleine de Courson. — Mad-lane de Coor-son.
Pavie de Porapone. — Pah-vee de Pom-pone.
Pourpr^e Hative. — Poor-pray Hat-eve,

Sanguinole a Chair adh^rente. — Sahn-gwe-nole ah Shair Ad-hay-rent,

64

1010 KEY TO FRENCH NAJflES.

PEARS.

Amird Joannet. — Am-e-ray Jo-ahn-nay.

Ananas. — Au-an-ah.

Ananas d'Etd. — An-au-ah Da-tay.

Angleterre. — Ahn-glet-are.

Beurre. — Bur-ray.

Belle de Bruxelles. — ^Bel-de Broos-elL

Belle et Bonne. — Bel-a-Bun.

Belle-Lucrative. — Bel-lu-crah-teve.

Beurre de Capiumont. — Bur-ray de Cap-u-moha.

Beurrd d'Amalis. — Bur-ray Dah-mah-lee.

Beurre Gris d'Hiver Nouveau. — Bur-ray Gree Dee-vair Noo-vo.

Beurre Diel. — Bur-raj- De-ell.

Beurre Bronzee. — Bur-ray Brone-zay.

Bezi d'Heri. — Ba-zee Daree.

Bezi Vaet. — Bazee Vah-ai.

Beurre Crapaud. — Bur-ray Crah-po.

Bezi de Montigny. — Bay-zee de Mon-teen-gnee.

Bon Chretien Fondante. — Bone Cray-te-an Fone-donte.

Boucquia. — Boo-kiah.

Calebasse Grosse. — Cal-bass Groce.

Capucin. — Cap-u-san.

Chaumontel tres Gros. — Sho-mone-tell tray Qro.

Compte de Lamay. — Conte de Lah-me,

Colmar Epine. — Cole-mar A-peen.

Crassane. — Cras-sahn.

Cuisse Madame. — Kuees Mah-dam.

D'Amour. — Dara-oor.

De Louvain. — Dul-oo-van.

Delices d'Hardenpont. — Day-lece Dar-dahn-pone.

Doyenne d'Ete. — Dwoy-on-nay Day-tay.

Doyenne Panache. — Dwoy-on-nay Pan-ah-Shay.

Dumortier. — Du-mor-te-ay,

Duchesse d'Angouleme. — Du-shess Dong-goo-lame.

Duchesse d'Orleans. — Du-shess Dor-lay-on.

Enfant Prodige. — On-font Pro-deeje.

fipine d'£te. — A-peen day-tay.

Figue de Naples. — Feeg de Nah-pl,

Fondante d'Automne. — Fone-donte do-tonn.

Forme de Delices. — Form de Day-lece.

Forelle. — Fo-rel.

Fondante du Bois. — Fone-dont du Bwoi.

Fortunee. — For-tu-nay.

Franc Real d'Hiver. — Fronk Ray-ahl Dee-vair.

Glout Morceau. — Gloo Mor-so.

Hericart. — Hay-re-car.

Jalousie — Jal-oo-zee.

Jalousie de Fontenay Vendue. — Jal-oo-zee de Fone-ten-ai Von-day.

Leon le CI ere. — Lay-on le Clair.

Limon. — Lee-mohn.

Louise Bonne. — Loo-eze Bun.

Madeleine, or Citron des Carmes. — Mad-lane, or Cee-trone day Cam.

Marie Louise. — Mah-re Loo-eze.

Michaux. — Me-sho.

Passans de Portugal. — Pah-sahn de Por-tu-gal.

Pailleau. — Pahl-yo.

Paradise d'Automne. — Par-ah-deze do-tonn.

Passe Colmar. — Pass Col-mar.

Quilletette.— Keel-tet.

KEY TO FRENCH XAMES. 1011

Reine Caroline. — Rane Car-o-lene.

Reine des Poires. — Rane day Pwore.

Rousselet Hatif. — Roos-lay Hat-eef.

Sanspeau. — Sahn-po.

Sieulle.— See-ull.

Suciee de Hoyerswarda. — Seu-cray de Hoyersworda.

Surpasse Yirgalieu. — Seur-pass Vere-gal-yu.

St. Germain. — San Jare-man.

Sylvange. — Seel-vonje.

Vallee Franciie. — Vol-lay Fronsh.

Yerte Longue. — Vairt Longh.

Verte Longue Panachee. — Vairt Longh Pan-ah-shay.

Virgouleuse. — Vere-goo-leuz.

"VYilhelmine. — Wil-el-nieen.

PLUMS.

Abricotee Rouge. — Ab-re-co-tay Rooje.

Diapree Rouge. — De-ab-pray Rooje.

Drap d'Or. — Drah-dor.

Jaune Hative. — Jaun Hat-eve.

Mirabelle. — Me-rab-bell.

Precoce de Tours. — Pray-cose de Toor,

Prune Suisse. — Prune Su-ece.

Royale Hative. — Rwoy-al Hat-eve.

I N'DEX

TO

APEICOTS, BEEBERRIES, BLACKBERRIES, CHERRIES,

GOOSEBERRIES, GRAPES, PEACHES, PEARS,

PLUMS, RASPBERRIES,

STRAWBERRIES,

(fee, &c.

APRICOTS.

Abricot Blanc 442

Ahricot Commun 440

Abricot de Provence .' 439

Abrtcot hdtif Musquee 440

Abricot Phhe 499

Abricot Precocc 440

Abricotier 440

Abrieotier Blanc 442

1014

APRICOTS.

AbricoUer Mtif 440

Alberge 433

Alberge de Montgamet 437

Albergier 433

Amande Aveline 434

Amvodalus dasucarpa 434

Ananas 434, 439

Angoumis 434

Anjou 434

Anson's 438

Anson'' s Imperial 439

Beauge 434

Black 434

Blmc 442

Blenheim 441

Bl'Ai'hed-lefived Roman 440

Blotched-leaved Turkey 441

Breda 434

Briancon Apricot 442

Brianfon Plum 442

Broicn Masculine 440

Bro^Ti's Early 435

Brussels 435

Burlington 435

Canino Grosso 435

Claude Bidot 435

Cornice de Toulon 435

Crotte 437

D'Alexandrie 438

Des Farges 435

DeHoUande 434

De ^\incy 438, 439, 441

De Sardaigne 441

DeSt. Jean 437

De St. Jenn Bovge 437

Double-flo-wering Apricot 442

D>i Lnxembourg 439

DuPape 434

Dubois'' Early Golden 43(3

Diinmore 438

Dunmor^s Breda 438

Early Golden 436

Early Maseuline 440

Early Moorpark 436

Early Orange 438

Early White Mascidine 442

Fr'uJie Miiscateher 440

Germine 440

Gold Blotched 441

Golden Drop 436

Green Gage 441

Gros d'Alexandrie 437

Gros Fruhe 437

Gros Prccoce 437

Gros Rouge 437

Gros Bovge Hdtif 437

Grosse Germine 440

PAGB

Hassdnussmandd 434

Hemskirke 436

HunVs Moorpark 438

Jaques 436

Kaisha 436

Lafayette 436

Large Early 437

Large Red 437

Large Turkey 441

Liabaud 437

Luizet 437

3/fffe 439

Mexico 437

Montgamet 437

Moorpark 438

Musch-Musch 438

Newhall's Early 438

Noir 434

Oldakefs Moorpark 438

Orange 438

Oullins Early Peach 439

Peach 439

Pec7ie. 439

Prclie Grosse 439

Persian 438

Persique 434

Pfirsiche 439

Pine Apple 439

Portugal 439

Pricoce d'Esper'in 437

Prccoce d^IIongrie . 437

Provence 439

Puiple Apricot 434

Red Masculine 410

Ringold 440

Roman 440

Royal 440

Royal George 438

Royal Orange 438

Royal Peach 439

Royal Persian 438

Rouge 434

St. Ambroise 441

Sardinian 441

Shipley's 441

Shipley's Large 441

Sudloio's Moorpark 438

Suker Para 441

Temple's 438

Texas 441

Transparent 440

Turkey 441

BERBEERIES AND BLACKBERRIES CHERRIES.

1015

TARE

Violet 484

Walton Moorpark 438

White Algiers 442

W/a'fe Apricot 442

White Masculine 442

Wurtemburg 439

BERBERRIES & BLACKBERRIES.

THE BERBERRY.

Common Red 443

BLACKBERRIES.

Adair's Claret 443

Albion 443

Cape May 444

Colonel Wnder 444

Crystal WTiite 444

Cumberland 444

Cut-Leaved 444

Cutter's Mulberry 444

Dexcberry 445

Doctor Warder 444

Dorchester 444

Double Pink Blossomed 446

Double "\^Tiite Blossomed 446

Duncan's FaUs 445

Farley 445

Felton 445

Holcomb 445

Kentucky WTiite 445

Kittatinny 445

Laioton 446

Low Blackberry 445

Mason's Mountain 445

Missouri Mammoth 445

New Rochelle 44G

Newman's Thomless 446

Orange's Crystal .• 444

Parsley Leaved. 444

Rose Flowering Bramble 447

Rubus Canadensis 445

Rubus odoratus 447

Sable Queen '. . 446

Sea(x>r''s Mammoth 446

Trailing Blaekberry .

445

PA OK

Wachusett 446

Washington 446

Wilson's Early •. 446

CHERRIES.

A Coiirte Queue de Provence 480

Adam's Crown 450

Admirable de Soissons 476

All-Saints 487

Alleifs Sweet Montmorency 474

Allerheiligen Kirsche 487

Amber 450

Amber 453

Amber Gean 451

Amber Heart 462

Amber a petit fruit 476

Ambree 451

Ambrie ds Chcn'tiy 477

A?nbr<'e d Gros Fruit 477

American Amber 451

American Heart 451

Anglnise Tardive 482

Anne 451

Anseirs Fine Black 455

Apple Cherry 464

Arch Duke 477

Arden's Early White Heart 462

Arg-ental's Late 451

Autumn Bigarreau 452

Baramdam 484

Baumann's May 452

Belle Agathe 452

BeUe Agathe de Novembre 452

Belle Audegoise 477

Belle de Bacay 485

Belle de Chatenay 477

Belle de Choisy 477

Belle Magniflque 477

BeUe et Magnifique 477

Belle d'Orleans 452

Belle Polonaise 479

BeUe de Bocnwnt 463, 467

Belle de Sceaux 477

Bdle de Sceaux 477

Bdle de Soissotis 476

Beiihani's Fine Early Dulce 483

Bigarreau 453

Bigarreau Comr de Pigeon 453

Bigarreau Couleur de Chair 463

Bigarreau Blanc 476

Bigarreau Bkinc de Brogan 461

Bigarreau Blanc Tardif de Hildes-

heim 465

Bigarreau d'Esperin 463

Bigarreau, Gaubalais 454

Bigarreau Gros 453

Bigarreau Gros Cceuret 453

Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Blanc .... 463

Bigarreau d Gros Fruit Rouge .... 467

Bigarreau Gros 3Ionstrueux 453

1016

CHERRIES.

PAGE

Bigmreau Oros Noir 474

Bigarreau Jaboulay 453

Bigarreau Jaune de Brogan 4G1

Bigarreau Lmtermann 470

Bigarreau de Liidwig 469

Bigarreau de Lyon 453

Bigarreau de Mai 452

Bigarreau Mareellin 453

Bigarreau marhre de Hildesheiiii . . . 405

Bigarreau of Mezel 454

Bigarreau JVair 454

Bigarreau Noir de Savoi 454

Bigarreau Radowcsnitzer 456

Bigarreau Riverclion 454

Bigarreau de Bocmont 463

Bigarreau Rouge de Oouien 463

Bigarreau Royal 453

Bigarreatt Tardif 453

Bigarreau Tard'if de nUdesheim ... 465

Bigarreau Tardive d'Argental 451

Bigarreau des Vignes 463

Bigarreautier d Feuilles de Tabac . . 474

BiqarreaiLtier d Orandes Feuilles. . . 474

Bill and Coo 454

Bishop's Large 456

Black Bigarreau of Savoy 454

Black Caroon 455

Black Circassian 456

Black Eagle 454

Black Hawk 455

Black Heart 455

Black Honey .'. 455

Black Mazzard 455

Black Russian 455, 456

Black Spanish 480

Black Tartarian 456

Black Wild Cherry 486

Bleeding Heart 464

Bloodgood's Amber 45 1

Bloodgood^s Honey 451

Bhodgood^s New Honey 451

Bohemian Black Bigarreau 456

Bouquet Amarelle 478

Bowyer's Early Heart 456

Brandywine "■■■.... 456

Brant 457

Brennernari's Early 475

Bristol Clierry 455

Brown's Seedling 457

B'uchanan\'i Early Duke 483

BuUock's Heart .'. 470

Burr's Seedling 457

Busch }Veic7isel 478

Bdschel Kirsche 478

Buttner's Black Heart 457

Buttner's October Morello 478

Buttner's Yellow 457

Byrnsville 458

Carmine Stripe 457

Carnation 478

Caroline 457

Caroon 455

PA OK

Cerasus avium 455

Cerasus serrulata 486

Cera»us sylvestris flore pleno 486

Cerasus Virginiana 486

C. vulgaris semperflorens 487

Cerise Ambrie 451, 453

Cerise d Bouquet 478

Cerise a Courte Queue 480

Cerise Doucette. 477

Cerise Guigne 483

Cerise Indulle 479

Cerise du Nord 484

Cerise Nouvelle cVAngleterre 478

Cerise a Noyau Tendre 477

Cerise de la Palembre 477

Cerise de Portugal 478

Cerise de Ht. Martin 487

Cerise Tardive 487

Cerise de la Toussainte 487

Ccrider d Fleurs Doubles 486

Ceriner de 4 d Livre 474

Cerisier Nain d Fruit Rond 479

Cerisier Nain Precoce 479

Cerisier Pleurant 487

Cerisier d Trochet 478

Cerisier de Virginie 486

Champagne 458

Chatenay 477

Cherry Cluster 481

Cherry Duke 481, 483

CJievreuse 478

China Bigarreau 458

Chinese Double Flowering 486

Chinese Heart 458

Choke Cherry 486

Circassian 456

Clarke's Bigarreau 470

Clarke's Superb 470

Cleveland 458

Cleveland Bigarreau 458

Cluster 478

Cocklin's Favorite 458

Coe's Late Carnation 478

Coe's Tran.sparent 458

Civur de Pigeon 463

Columbia 459

Common English 455

Common Red 481, 482

Common S)ur Cherry 482

Commune 481

Commune d Trochet 478

Conestoga 459

Cornelia 459

Corone 455

Coularde 483

Couronne 455

Croion 478

Cumberland Seedling 475

Dacotah 459

D'Allemagne 478

Dauphine 478

Davenport 459

CHERRIES.

1017

PAGK

Dr!venpo7't''s Early 459

JJacviiporVs Early Blade 459

De Chaux 478

D'E-spagne 483

De Hollande 483

De Kalb 481

De Klcparow 479

De S)tif<Kons 476

De la Toussaint 479

Delicate 4G0

Dochenaut 478

Doctor 460

Donna Maria 479

Dojipdte Natte 479

Dovhlc. Fhipering Kentish 486

Donhle, French Cherry 486

Double Glass 480

Double Heart 456

Double Natte 479

Double Yolgers 480

Doulin Bigarreau 460

Downier 460

Downer's Late 460

Dou-aefs Late Bed 460

Downing's Red Cheek 461

Downton 461

Dredge's Early White Heart 462

Drogaii's'' Oelbe Knorpelskirsche . . . . 461

Drogan's "WTiite Bigarreau 461

Drogan's Yellow Bigarreau 461

Duchesse de Palluau 479

Dutch Morello 484

Dwarf Double-Flowering 486

Early Bkiek 455

Early Black Bigarreau 461

Early Duke 483

Early Lamaurie 461

Early Lyons 462

Early May 479, 480

Early Prolific 462

Early Purple GHotte 462

Early Purple Guigue 462

Early Red Bigarreau 462

Earli/ Bichmond 481

Early ^^VTiite Heart 462

Elizabeth 463

Ea-horn 474

Elkhorn of Maryland 474

Elliotfs Favm-iie 463

Elton 463

EWm Kirsche 463

Elton's Bunte Knorpelkirsche 463

Ejiipresx Eugenie 480

English Moi-Mo 484

English IIV ichsel 480

Esperen Bigarreau 463

Ever-Flowering Cherry 487

Excellente Douce Tardive 480

Favorite 463

FlandriscJie WeicJisel 47S

Flemish 480

V\GV.

Flesh- Colored Bigarreau 463

Florence 464

Four to the Pound 474

Frankische Wucher Kirsche 484

Frasefs Black 456

Eraser's Black Heart 456

Eraser's Black Tartarian 456

Eraser's Tartarische ITtfi

Eraser's White Tartarian 476

Frasefs White Transparent 476

Frogmore Early Bigarreau 464

Friihe Kleine Bunde 479

Friihe Zwerg Weiclisd 479

Gascoigne's Heart 464

Qean Amber 451

German Mctyduke 462

Gilford's Seedling 464

Gobet a Courte Queue 480

Golden 467

Governor Wood 464

Graffion 453

Great Bigarreau 454

Great Bigarreau of Mezd. 454

Great Cornelian 480

Gridley 464

Griotte d'Espagne 483

Griotte Grosse Noire 483

Griotte Ordinaire du Nord 484

Griotte do Portugal 477

Griotte Precoce 483

Griotte de ViUennes 478

Griottier « Bouquet 478

Griottier Nain Precoce. 479

Griottier Bouge Pale 478

Groote Princess 453

Gros Bigarreau, Blanc 463

Gros Bigarreau Couleur de Chair. . 463

Gros Bigarreau Bouge 467

Gros Cauret 453

Gros Gobet 480

Gross Schwarze Knoorpel 474

Grosse Cerise Bouge P le 478

Grosse Schwarze Hertz Kirsche 455

Grosse de Wagnellee 465

Guignier n Feuilles de Tabac 474

Guigne grosse noir 455

Guigne Noir Liaisante 480

Guigne Noir Tardice 474

Guigne Bouge Hut ice 464

Guigne Tres Precoce 465

Guignier d rarnenux pendans 487

Guinier a fruit noir 455

Harrifton Heart 47G

Hutive 479

Hative Malgre Tout 480

Hensel's Early 465

Herefyrd^hire Heart 464

Herefordshire White 462

Herz Kirsche 175

Hildesheim Bigarreau 466

1018

CHERRIES.

PAGE

HildesTidmer ganz Spate Knorpel

Kirsche 465

Hildcshelmer Spate Hei-z Kirsche .. . 405

Hoadley 405

lioVund Bigarreau 470

Jifillandmlie. Grosse 458

Holman's Duke 480

Honey 4G5

Hovey 405

Hyde's Late Black 400

Hyde's Red Heart 466

Imperatrice Eugenie 480

Imperial : 458

Imperiid English Amber 450

Imperial Morello 481

Italian Heart 453

Jaune de Prusse 406

Jeffrey's Duke 481

Jeffrey's Boyal 481

Jeffrey's Boyal Caroon 481

Jocosot 406

June Duke 481

Kennicott 400

Kentish 481

Kentish 480

Kentish Bed 481, 483

Keokuk 466

Kirsch von der No.tte 479

Kirsche mit Saftigen FleiscJi 474

Kirtland\'i Large Morello, 482

Kirtland's Mammoth 466

Kirtland's Mary 407

Kirtland's Morello 482

KnevetVs iMte Bigarreaxi 464

Knight's Early Black 407

KiJnigliche Amarelle 479

Lady of the Lake 467

Lady So'iithampton\'^ Btil-e 467

Ijady Soiithinnpto]t\< Golden. Drop. . 467

Lady Southampton's Yellow 467

luorge Black Bigarreau 474

Large Double Flowering 486

iMrge Heart-shaped Bigarreau. 45'3, 408

Large Honey 465

Large Maydnke 483

Ijtrge Morello 484

Large Hed Bigarreau 467

Large Red Prool 454

Ijarge White Bigarreau 476

I,arge Wild Black 455

iMte Amber 458

Late Arch Duke 477

Late Bigan-eau 468

Late Duke 482

I-.ate Buke 477

Late Honey 465

Late Kentish 482

Late Purple Guigne 408

Jjiiteruiann's Grosse Kirsche 470

Lauermanri's Herz Kirsche 470

Laiiermami's lursche 470

Laura 468

Leather Stocking. 468

I^emercier 485

Lincoln 408

Lindley 468

Lion's Heart 470

Logan 408

Louis Philippe 482

Love Apiole 483

Ludwig 469

lAidirig's Bigarreau 469

Lundie Gean 469

Madison Bigarreau 469

Magnifique de Sceaux. ... 477

Manning's Early Black Heart 469

Manning's Late Black 469

Manning's Mottled 469

Martin's Weichsel 487

May Cherry 479

May Cluster 481

Mayduke 483

Mazzard • 455

M'Tisier d Fleurs Doubles 486

Merisier d fruit blanc 465

Merisier d petit fruit 455

3ferisier d petit fruit noir 455

Merry Cherry 455

Merveille de Septembre 469

Milan 484

MiUePs Late Heart Duke 483

Monats AmareUe 487

Monstreuse de Bavay 485

Mmistrous May 475

Monstrmis de Mezel 454

Montmore)icy 480, 481

Montmorency a Gros Frmt 480

Man tmorency a longue queue 481

Morello 484

Morello de Charmeux 484

Morris Duke 483

Morris s Earhj Duke 483

Mottled Bigarreau 469

Moyer's Honey Heart 469

Muscat de Prague 481

Nancy 470

Napoleon Bigarreau 470

JSfew Large Black Bigarreau 454

JSfeiD Mayduke 459

Noir Prlcme de Strass 473

Nouvelle Royale 484

Ochsen Herz KJirsche 470

Ohio Beauty 470

Osceola 470

Ostheim 484

Ostheimer Kirsche 484

Osfheimer Weichsel 484

Ox-Heart 470

Ox-Heart 476

CHERRIES — CRANBERRIES.

1019

PAGE

Paramdam 484

Petite Cerise Rouge Prlcoce 479

Pie Cherry 481, 482

Pierce's Late 471

PlinicJiotiry 477

Plumstone MoreUo 484

Pontiac 471

Portugal Duke 477, 483

Powhattan 471

Pr.'coce 479

President 471

Prince's Black Heart 471

Prinzesxiii Kirsehe 453

Proudfoot 471

Pruiius cerasus pleno 486

Bed Heart 464

Red Jacket 472

Eeine Hortense 485

Remington 472

Eemingtoii Heart 472

Remington White Heart 472

Richardson 472

Rival 472

Rivers's Early Amber 472

Rivers's Early Heart 472

Roberts' Red Heart 473

Rockport • 473

Rockport Bigarreau 473

Ronald's Heart 456

RonaliFs Large Black Heart 456

RonalrVs Large MoreCb 484

Rose de Lyons 462

Royal Duke 485

Rnjale 481

Royale Anglaise Tardive 485

Roytde Hdtive 483

Roy(de Ordinaire 481

Rumsey's Late MoreUo 485

8t. Martinis Amarelle 487

Schi'me von Clioisy 477

Sahioarze Herz Kirsehe 456

Seize d la Licre 485

September Weichsd Orosse 484

Serrulated Leaved Cherry 486

Shannon 485

Ship]ien 481

Small Double Flowering 486

Small May 479

SmiU WM Black 455

Spani-th Black Heart 455

Spanish Yellow 467

Sparhawk's Honey 473

Sparrowhawk's Honey 473

Spa te Hildesheimer Ma/rmar Kirsehe . 465

Strass's Early Black 473

Street's May 475

Sumner's Honey 473

Superb Circussian 456

Sussex 481

Swedish 462

Sweet Montmorency 474

Tardive de Mans

PAGi;
.... 460

Tartarian

456

Tecumseh

474

The Doctor

4(50

77iomp.\on\s Duke

Tobacco-Leaved

Tomato

483

474

483

Townsend

474

Tr((dcscant\s

. 474

Trade-scant's Black Heart . .
Transparent

474

475

Transparent Gcan

Transparent Guigne

Tranhen Amarelle

Trempe Prvcoce

T res- Fertile

475

475

478

462

478

Triumph of Cumberland. . . .
Turkey Bigarreuu

475

..453, 476

Vail's August Duke 485

17/7/ I^argc Heart 470

Vier auf ein Pfu/id 474

Virginian May 481

Virginian Wild Cheny 486

Virgirdsche KirscJie 486

Warren's Transparent

Waterloo

Wax Cherry

Weeping

Weichsel mit gamkurzen Stid

Wellington

Wendell's Mottled Bigarreau

Werder's Early Black Heart

WerdscJie Friihe Sehwarrse

We,€s White Heart

Wetherill

White Bigarreau

White Bigarreau 453,

White French Guigne

White Hem-t

White Mazzard

White Ox-Heart

White Tartarian

White Transparent

Whialey Black

Wild Black Fruited

Wild Cherry

Wild English Cherry

Wilder's Bigarreau de Mai

Wilkinson

475
475
478
487
480
475
475
475
475
453
481
476
476
476
462
456
476
476
462
455
455
486
455
453
470

Yelhw 467

Yelloic Honey 465

Yellow Spanish . 453

Yang To 486

Zwerg Kirsehe 484

CRANBERRIES.
Bell-Shaped 493

1020

CBANBERUIES CURRAXTS FIGS.

Bugle, Oval, or Egg-shaped 493

Cherry 498

CURRANTS.

Attractor 489

Bang Up 492

Eluck English 492

Black Naples 492

Black Grape 492

Blanc Transparent 491

Bvust's Long-Bunched 489

Oasis 492

Gaucase 490

Champagne 489

Cherry 489

Common Black 492

Dana's New White 492

Fei'tile d' Angers . 490

Fertile de PaUuau 489

Goliath 491

G-oudouua Red 490

Gondouin White 490

OroseiUierd Fruit Gouleurde Chair. 489
Groseillier Rouge a Gros Fruit. . . . 491

Grosse Rouge de HoUand. 491

Grosse Weiss und Rothgestreifte Jo-
hannesbeere 491

Edtive de Bertin 490

Houghton Castle 491

Imptrial Blanc 492

Imperial Red 490

Imperial W/iite ... 492

Knight's Early Red 490

Knight's Large Red 490

Knight's Sweet Red 490

La Fertile 490

La Hative 490

La VersaUlaise 490

Large-Bunched Red. 491

Large Red Dutch 491

Long-Bunched Red ... 491

Macrocarpa 490

Maifs Victoria 491

Missouri Currant 493

Morgan's Red 491

Morgan's White 492

New Red Butch 491

New White Butch '. '. 492

OgderCs Black Grape 492

PAGE

PheasanVs Eye 489

Prince Albert 491

Raiy Castle 491

Red Dutch 491

Red Flowering Currant 493

Red Grape 491

Red Provens 490

Reeve's White 493

Short-Bunched Red 491

Biker-Striped 491

Striped-Fruited 491

Transparent 491

Victoria 491

White Antwerp 492

White Clinton 492

White Crystal 493

White Dutch 493

White Grape 493

White Leghorn 493

White Provence 493

Wilmot's Red Grape 491

FIGS.

Angelique 498

Bayswater 497

Black Genoa 496

Black Ischia 496

Black Naples 497

Blue Isciiia 496

Bordeaux 498

Brown Hamburg 497

Brown Ischia 497

Brown Italian 497

Brown Naples 497

Brown Turkey 497

Brunswick ... 497

Chestnut 497

Chestnut-colored Ischia 497

Clementine 497

Concourelle Blanche 498

Early Forcing 496

Figue Blanche 498

Ford^s Seedling 498

Green IscJiia 499

Hanover 497

Italian 497

Large Blue 497

Large White Genoa 498

FIGS GOOSEBERIUES.

1021

PAGE

Leis Perpetual 497

Mnflonna 497

Malta 498

Marseilles 498

Melitte 498

Murrey 497

Nerii 498

Pocock 498

Pregussata 499

Red 497

SmoU Brown 497

Small Browu Ischia 497

Violette 498

Violette de Bordeaux 498

White Ischia. . 499

White JffrmMes 498

W/iite ^^((pk.s 498

White Standard 498

GOOSEBERRIES.

American Red 504

American Seedling 504

Atlas 503

Banks Dublin 503

BenVs Greenwood 502

Boardman's British Crown 501

Briton 503

Broom Girl 503

Buerd.sill's Duckwing 502

Capper's Bonnv Lass 503

Capper s Bunker Hill 502

Capper s Top Sawyer 501

Champatjne 501

Cleworth's White Lion 502

Cluster 504

Collier's Jolly Angler 502

Conquerinof HerO 503

Cook's White Eagle 503

Crompton Sheba Queen 502

Downing 503

Dutch Joe 504

Early Green Hairy 502

Echo 503

Edward's Jolly Tar 502

Elijah 503

Farrow's Roaring Lion 501

Favorite 503

Freedom 503

Glenton Green 502

Gorton's Viper 502

Oreen Oascoigne 503

Green River 503

Green Walnut 503

Guido 503

Hapley's Lady of the Manor 503

Hartshorn's Lancashire Lad 501

Hepburn Green Prolific 503

Hill's Golden Gourd 502

Hobbs' Seedling 504

Hopley's Companion 503

Houghton's Seedling 504

Huntsman 503

Husbandman 503

Independent 503

Jolly Cutter 503

Keen's Seedling 501

Keepsake 503

Lady Delamere 503

Leigh's Rifleman 501

Marigold 503

Massey's Heart of Oak 503

Melling's Crown Bob . . 501

Miss Bold 501

Mountain Seedling 504

Ohio Prolific 504

OJdo Seedling 504

Ostrich 503

OveraU 503

Pale Red 504

Pai-kinson's Laurel 503

Part's Golden Fleece 503

PUot 503

Pitmaston Green Gage 503

Prince Albert 503

Prince Regent 503

Profit 503

Prophet's Rockwood 503

Queen Caroline 503

Red Warrington 503

Riley's 503

Riley's Tallyho 503

RoherVa Sn-ett Water 504

St. Clair 504

Saunders' Cheshire Lass 503

Scorpion ''03

Smiling Beauty 303

Smith's Improved 504

Smith's Seedling 504

Sovereign 503

Taylor's Bright Venus 503

Teazer 503

1022

GOOSEBERRIES GRAPES.

PAGK

Thumper 503

Wainman's Green Ocean 502

Wellington's Glory 503

White Honey 503

Wistastoa Hero 503

Woodward's White Smith 503

Yellow Bail 502

Yellow Champagne 502

Young Wonderful 503

GRAPES.

Adirondac 538

Agawam 52S

Aiken 545

Albino 528

Aleatica du Po 520

Aleppo 513

Alexander's 528

Alexandrian Frontignan . 521

Alicante 513

Alicantenivem 513

AUair 528

Alvey 530

Amber Muscadine 521

American Muscadine 554

Amiens 521

Amoureux. 5o4

AnselVs Large Oval Black 515

Aramon 516

Archer 530

Arcott 530

Arkansas 530

ArnokVs No. 1 552

Arnold's No 2 536

ArnokVs No. 5 530

Arnold's No. 8 532

Arnold's No. 16 533

Aughwick 530

August Pioneer 530

August Traube 517

A\ituchon 530

Auverna 514

Auvernas Boiige 514

Auvei'^ne 514

Baker 545

Baldwin le Noir 530

Barnes 531

Barry 531

Baxter . . 531

Beautiful 556

Bird's Egg 531

Black Burgundy 514

Black Cape 528

Black Champion 514

Black Chasselas 515

Black Cluster 514

Black Constantia 514

Black Frankenthall 514

PAGH

Black Frontignac 514

Black Frontignan 514

Black German 558

Black Grape from Tripoli 516

Black Hamburgh 514

Black Hawk 531

Black July 531

Black Lisbon 513

Black Lombardy 515

Black MoriUon 514

Black Morocco 515

Black Muscadel 515

Black Muscadine 515

Black Muscat of Alexandria 515

Black Palestine 513

Black Portugal 513

Black Prince 515

Black St. Peters 513

Bktck Spanish 513

Black Spanish Akibama 551

Black Sweetwater 515

Black Tripoli 516

Black Valentia 513

Blacksmith's White Chester 522

Blanc de Bonneuil 518

Bland 531

Bland's Madeira 531

Bland's Pale Bed 531

Bland's Virginia 531

Blauer ton Alicante 513

Blood's Black 532

Bhomhurg 536

Blue Favorite 532

Blue Grape 531

Blue Imperial 532

Blue Trollinger 514

Bogue's Eureka 545

Boston 515

Bourdales de-s Hautes Pyrenees 514

Bowood Muscat 516

Brandywine 532

Brant 532

Brinckle 532

Brown 532

Brown Hamburgh 514

Bull 554

BuUett 554

Burckhardt's Prince 516

Burgunder 514, 517

Burgundy of Georgia 552

Burroughs 532

Burton's Early 532

Busby's Golden Hamburgh 519

Camden 532

Gampandla Bianca 521

Canada 533

Canadian Hamburgh 552

Canadian Hybrid 552

Canhy's August 558

Canon HaU Muscat 516

Cajje Grape 528

Carter 533

GRAPES.

1023

PAOK

Carter 556

Cassady 583

Catawba 588

Catiiwba Tokay 588

C'ataimssa Bloom 586

Cereae Sqytembro 521

Challenge 588

Chaptal 516

Gharlsworth Tokay 516

Charlr.'umrth Tokay Malaga 521

Charter Oak 588

PJtasselas blanc 521

Chassdas dore 521

Chnssel/ts de FontaineUeau 521

Chasselas Musque 516

Chasselas JVoir 515

Chasselas panache 513

Chasselas Precoce 524

Chasselas Rmige 521

CJutsselas Rouge Fonc'e 521

Chasselas Rcyal 517

Chasselas Royal 524

Chasselas Vibert 517

Chippewa 534

Christie's Improved Isabella 542

Chiistine : 556

Cigar- Box Or ape 551

Clara 534

Claret 584

Clermont 583

Clifton's Constantia 528

Clinton 584

Cloanthe 545

Clover Street Black 584

Clover Street Red 534

Columbia 584

Columbia County 586

Concord 586

Conqueror 586

Coni<t((ntia 528

Cornucopia 536

Cottage 536

Cowan 536

Crevelling 586

Croton 537

Cvmberlnnd Lodge 518

Cunningham ' 587

Cuyahoga 537

Cynthiana ". 537

Dana 587

IfArbois 521

Delaware 537

De St. Jean 517

Detroit 539

Decereux 531

Diamant 522

Biamant Traube 522

Diana 539

Diana Hamburgh 589

Dracut Amber 589

Duchess of Buccleugh 517

Butch Hamburgh 514

PARK

Butch Sweetwater 524

Early Black 514

Early Black Bordeaux 517

Early Black July 517

Early Chasselas 518

Early Golden Frontignan 517

Early Hudson 580

Early Kienzheim. 518

Early Saumur Frontignan 517

Early Silver Frontignan 518

Early Smyrna Frontignan 518

Early Sirrcttrater 524

Early White Tenerife 581

Early White IMalvasia 518

Earh/ White Muscadine 524

Elizabeth 539

EUenborough .... 540

Elsinhoro 540

Elsingburgh 540

Emilv , 540

Erbdlus 522

Es'pagnin Noir 513

Esperione 518

Eumelan 540

Fancher 533

Fanneux noir 520

Fintindo 518

Flame- Colored Tokay 520

Flciseh Traube 514

Flora 540

Foster's "WTiite SeedUng 519

Framinghain 541

Franc Pineau 514

Frankendide 514

Franke/ithtder 514

Fraukenthaler Gros Noir 514

Franklin 540

Fromenti 520

Garbefs Albino 528

Garrigues 540

Genuine Tokay 524

German Wine 558

Gibraltar 514

Goethe 540

Golden Champion 519

Golden Chasselas 521

Golden Clinton 541

Golden Hamburgh 519

Graham 541

Grauer MuscateUer 519

Gray Tokay 524

Green's Prolific 519

drizzly Froidignac 519

Grizzly Frontignan 519

Gros Maroc 519

Grosser Riessling 524

Grove End Sweet Water 518

Ilagar 580

Hall 541

102i

GRAPES.

PAGE

Hanvpton Court Vine 514

Hardy Blue Windsor 518

Hart 531

Hartford Prolific 541

Hattie 541

Heath 537

Herbemont 541

Herbemonfs Madeira 541

Hettie 541

Hine 542

Hopkins Early Red 558

Howell 542

HmJkr 514

Hudson 542

Husson 531

Hyde's Eliza 542

Iden 546

Imitation Hamburgh 557

lona 542

Isabella 542

Isnker Daisiko 518

Israella 545

Italian Wine 537

Ives 545

Ive^'' Madeira 545

Ives' Seedling 545

Jack 551

JacoVs Trauhe 517

Jacquez 551

James' Seedling 533

Jews 522

July Grape 517

Jura Muscat 520

Keuka 550

Kilvington 545

King 541

Kingsessing 545

Kitchen 545

Kittredge 545

Kleiner Riessling 524

Knight's Variegated Chasselas. . . . 520
Kuminel Traube 519

Laan Hdtif 52?

Labe 545

Lady Downe's 520

Lady Downis Seedling 520

Lake 546

Langup.doc, 514

Large German 558

Laura Beverly 536

Le Coeur 515, 516

LeMelier 518

Le Meunier 520

Lee's 545

Lenoir 546

Lenoir 531

Lincoln 531

Lindley 546

Logan . 546

PAR?

Lombardy 52C

Long 537

Long Noir d^Espagne 522

LongwortKs Ohio 551

Louisa 546

Louisiana 546

Lydia 546

Lyman 547

McCandkss. 551

McCoun 547

McGowan 536

McLenn 531

McNeil 547

Madeira Wine Ora/pe 523

Madeira of York, Pa 528

Madeleine 517

Madeleine Musquee de Courtiller. .. 517

Madeleine Noir 517

Mammoth Catawba ' 533

Manhattan 548

Marion 548

Marion Port 558

Marocain 519

Martha 548

Mary 548

Mary Ann 548

Massasoit 548

Maurillan noir panache 513

Maurillan panachii 513

Maxatawney 548

Mead's Seedling 533

Melier blanc 518

MereditKs Alicante 513

Merrimack 549

Merritfs Seedling 550

Michigan 533

Miles 550

MiUer Grape 520

Miller's Burgundy 520

Minefs Seedling 557

Missouri 550

Missouri Seedling 550

Modena 550

Mohrendutte 514

Moneifs 515

Mont'eith 558

Montgomery 550

Morillon Hutif 517

Morilhn noir 514

MoriU'in Taconni' 520

Morna Chasselas 518

Mornair blanc 518

Morone Farinaccio. 520

Moscado Bianco 523

Moscatel Commun 523

Moscatd Gordo Blanco 521

Moscliata Bimica 523

Mottled 550

Mount Lebanon 550

Midler 520

Midleercbe 520

Muscado Rosso 519

GRAPES.

1025

Muscat of Alexandria

Muscat Blanc

Muscat Blanc de Jxira

Muscat Escfiolata

Muscat Esciilata

Muscat Grec

Muscat Gris

Muscat Hamhurgh

Muscat Hdtif de Saumiir

Muscat of Jerusalem

Muscat of Lunel

Muscat Noir

Muscat Noir de Jura, 514,

Muscat JSfoir Ordinaire

Muscat Romain

^fuscat Roiige

Muscat de Saumur

Muscat de Smyrne

Muscat Troveren

Muscat Troveren Blanc

MuscateUer

Musk Chasselas

PAGK

521
523
523
521
521
521
519
515
517
521
521
514
520
514
521
519
517
518
523
523
523
516

NeU G^rape 541

NefiE 550

Nepeari's Constantia 523

Noirin 520

Nonautum 550

North America 551

North Carolina . . 551

North Carolina Seedling ... 551

Northern Muscadine 551

Noiioii's Seedling 551

Norton's Virginia 551

Ohio 551

Ontario 557

Onondaga 551

Oporto 552

Osmond 552

OtheUo 552

Paiqn''s Isabella .... 542

Palestine 522

Panse Musquie 521

Passe Musquee 521

Pauline 552

Payne's Early 542

Perkins 552

Petit Riessling 524

Pineau 514

Pitmaston White Cluster 521

Plante Riche 510

PoGoclc's Damascus 515

Poeschel's Mammoth 533

Pollock 552

Pond's Seedling 533

Poonah 515

Poirell 531

Precoce Musque 517

Primavis Frontignan 521

Purple Constantia 514

Puijile Frontignan 514

Purple Hwmburgh 514

Puleerulenta 520

Raabe 553

Raimn d'Aless 513

Raisin de Bourgne 514

Raisin dcs Carme,s 515

RaiMn de Champagne 521

Raisin de Cuba 515

Raisin de Frontignan 523

Raisin Pn'coce 517

Raisin Suisse 513

Raisine d'Espagne 515

Rebecca 553

Red Chasselas 521

Red Constantia 519

Red Elhen 554

Red Frontignac of Jerusalem 515

Red Frontignan 519

Red Grape of Taurida 520

Red Hamhurgh 514

Red Lenoir 552

Red Muncy 533

Red Muscadine 521

Red Muscat of Alexandria 515

Red River 537

Red Scuppernong 531

Reeves' Muscadine 521

Rentz 554

Rhemish Red 520

Richmond 545

Riessling 524

Roanoke 554

Rosslinq 524

Rogers' No. \ 540

Rogers' No. 3 548

Rogers' No. '^ 557

Rogers' No. Q 546

Rogers' No. 15 528

Roqer.^ i\u 19 549

Rogers' No. 22 554

Rogei!^ iYo. 43 531

Rather 514

Rothrock 528

Royal Muscadine 521

Rndcsht'imerhei'g 524

Ruhuidi'.r 554

St. Albans 516

St. Catherine 554

St. Genevieve 554

St. Peters 513

Sanct Peter's Trauhe 513

Salem 554

Salisbury Violet 514

Sanbornton 545

Saiihornton 542

Saratoga 533

Saurignien noir 520

Srhhtss .Tohtinnisberg 524

Schui/lkiU Madeira 528

Schuylkill Muscadel 528

Sell uylkill Muscadine 528

1026

GRAPES.

PAGE

Schwarzer 514

Schwarzer Fruhzdtiger 517

Scliimrzer Spanmher 513

Scotch White Cluster 523

Scuppernong 554

f<en fm 541

Shaker Grdjte 557

Sheppard's Delaware 555

Sherman 547

SUrry 531

Shurtleff's Seedling 55G

8ir A. Pytches' Black 515

Sir WiUiam Eowlet/s Black 514

Small Black Cluster 514

Small German 558

Smarfs Ehingburg 540

Spoford Seeding 556

Springmill Constantia 528

Stewara's Black Prince 515

SfillwareVs Sweetwater 524

tStock icood Park Oolden Hamburgh . . 519

Striped Muscadine 513

Sumpter 531

Switzerland Orape 513

Syrian 522

Tasker's Grape 528

Taylor's Bullet 556

Telegraph 556

Terra de la Promise 522

Thurmond 531

To Kalon 556

Tokai blnnc 524

Tottenham Park Muscat 521

Trebbiano 522

Trchhiano Bianco 522

TreJihiano Vero 522

Trentham Black 522

Troller 514

Trollinger 514

Troveren 523

Troveren Frontignan 523

True Burgundy 514

Tryon 558

Tuley 531

Turner's Black 518

Tyningham Muscat 523

Tynningham Muscat 516

JJgni Blanc 522

Ugne Noir 516

Una 556

Underhill 556

UnderhDl's Celestial 556

UnderhilPs Seedling 556

Union Village 557

Urbana 557

Uva Salamana 521

Valentine's 514

Von der Laan Precoce 522

Variegated Chassdas 513, 520

Venango 557

Verdal 523

Verdelho 523

Verdilhio 523

Vemy 528

Victoria, 514

Vitis rotund'ifolia 554

Vitis Vtdpifia 554

Vrai Auverjias 514

"Walter 557

Wantage 520

Warnefs Black Hamburgh 514

Warren 541

Wa7-renton 541

Water Zoet Noir 515

Water Zoete Blanc 524

Weisse Muscaten Traube 523

Weisser Muscateller 523

Weisshokiger Trollinger 514

Welscher 514

Wemple ; 537

Wesfs St. Peters 515

White Cape 528

White Catawba 533

White Chasselas 521

White Constantia 523

White Frontignan 523

White Front niac 523

White Hamburgh 523

White Lisbon 523

White Melier 518

White Muscadine 524

White Muscat of Alexandria 521

White Nice 524

Whiti Nice 521

White Portugal 523

White Raisin 523

White Ressling 524

White Sweetwater. 524

White Tokay 524

Wilder 557

Wilmington 557

Win ne 528

Winslow 558

Wolfe 55S

Woodicard 542

Worthington 534

Wright's Isabella 545

Wyman 556

Wyoming Red 558

Xeres 521

Yeddo 524

York Lisbon 528

York Madeira 558

Zane 533

MELON FAMILY.

1. MELONS.

Allen's Superb 560

WATER-MELONS— -MULBEIirJES — NECTARINES.

1027

AlvorcVs Hybrid 560

Beecliwood 5G0

Christiana oGO

Dampsha 5G1

Green Citron 560

Green Melon 561

Ispahan 560

Jenny Lind 560

Larg'e Musk Cantelope 561

Nutmeg 561

Persian 561

Pine-Apple 561

Skillman's Fine Netted 561

Valencia 561

White Japan 561

Winter Melon 561

2. WATER-MELONS.

Apple-Seeded

562

Baugh 562

Black Spanish 562

Bradford 562

Carolina 562

Citron Water Melon 563

Clarendon 562

Ice Cream 563

Imperial 563

Mountain Sprout 563

Mountain Sweet 563

Odell's Large White 563

Orange 563

Ravenscroft 563

Souter 564

MULBERRIES.

Hick's Everbearing. 5(54

Johnson 564

Red Mulberry 565

White Mulberry 565

NECTARINES.

Albert 566

Andersoii's 567, 570

Anderson'' s Round 570

Aromatic 572

Balgone

Balgowan

Bhick

BldcJc Murry

Boston

Broomfield

Bnignon JLitif.

Bn/f/non Miisquie

Brurjnon de Neinngton. . .
Brugnoii Red at the Stone.
Brugaon Violette Musquee.

566
566
567
509
566
566
572
571
570
573
571

Chauviere 566

Clnrt-mont 567

Common Elnige 567

Goiodray White 570

U'Avgleterre 570

De Bidgone 566

De Feiigny 568

Downton 567

Du Hainaut 568

Du TiUifs 567

Due du Tellier's 567

Duo de Tello 567

Dug Tilliers 567

Duke de Tilly 567

Early Black 567

Early Black Xewington 567

Early Brugnon 572

Early Newington 567

Early Violet 572

Elnige 567

Emerton's New White 570

Fairchild's 568

FairchiUrs Early 568

Feiigny 568

Fine Gold-fleshed 568

Flmiders 570

French Newington 570

Black Mulberry 564 i

I Galopin 568

English IVInlberry 564 Gathoye 568

Everbearins- 564 ; Golden 568

1028

NECTARINES NUTS.

Urimpton Court 572

Hardwicke 569

JLirdicicl-e's Seedling 569

JLiitfs Enrly Taicny 569

Hunt's Large I'awny 569

Hunt's Tawny 569

Large Scarlet 572

Large White 570

Late Green 570

Leids 566

Lewis's 566

Lord Napier 569

Lord Selsfy\H Elruge 572

Lucomhe'S Black 567

iMGombe^s SeedJsing 567

Mixffrum 569

Murrey 569

Murry 569

Neafs White 570

New Dark Newington 567

New Early Newington 567

New Scarlet 572

New White 570

Newington 570

Oatlands 567

014 Newinqton 570

Old Boma'n 571

Old White 570

Orange 568

Perkins' Seedling 566

Peterborough 570

Pi terhnrmiqh 567

Petit Vidette Hdtive 572 i

Pine-Apple .. 570 j

Pitmaston Orange 571 j

Red Roman 571

Rivers' Orange 571

Rivers' White 571

Roman 571

Bough Boman 570

AScarlet 570

Scarlet Newington 570

Sioii Hill 570

Smithes Newington 570

Spring Grove 567

Stanwick 571

Temple's 567

Vermash 570

Victoria 572

Violet 572

Violet Musk 572

Violet Bed at the Stone 572

VioleUe Angervillieres 572

Violette Grosse 572

PAGT!

Violette H4tive 572

Violette Musquee 572

Williams' Orange 571

Williams' Seedling 571

NUTS.

1. CHESTNUTS.

Chestnut 572

Chinquapin 573

Dwarf Chestnut 573

Spanish Chestnut 573

2. PILBERTa

Cosford 574

Dwarf ProUfic 574

Fimert Cob 574

Frizzled 574

Kentish Cob 574

Lambert 574

Northamptonshire Prolific 574

Nottingham Prolific 574

Pearson'' s Prolific 574

Pujple Filbert 574

Puqjle-Leaved 574

Red Filbert 574

White Filbert 574

3. HICKORY NUTS, BUTTERNUTS.

Hickory Nut 574

Shell Bark 574

The Butternut 574

4. WALNUTS.

A Coqae Tendre 574

Black ... 574

De Jauge 573

Double 573

Dwarf Prolific 573

Early-Bearing 573

European 573

NUTS — OLIVES — OKAXGE FAMILY — PEACHES.

1029

PA OF,

FertiU 573

French 573

Large-Fruited 573

Precious 573

Thin-SheUed 574

OLIVES.

Broad-leaved 576

Devil-wood 575

Long-leaved 576

Olivier a Fruit Arrondi 576

Olivier Picholine 576

Olivier Pleureur 576

Weeping Olive 576

Wild American 575

ORANGE FAMILY.

1. ORANGES.

Bergamot 578

Bitter Orange 578

Blood Red 578

Common Sweet 578

Double Bigarade 578

Fingered 579

Havana 578

Maltese 578

Mandarin 578

Noble Orange -578

Pear-shaped 579

Ribbed 579

St. Augustine 578

St. Michael's 578

Seville 578

Shaddock 579

Sweet Skinned 579

2. LEMONS.

Common 579

Sweet 579

PAGH
3. LIMES.

Common 579

Po7no d' Adamo 579

4. CITRONS.

Common 579

Madras 579

PEACHES.

A Bee 596

Abricotee 597

Acton Scott 597

Admirable 608

Admirable Jaime 597

Admirable Tardive 600

Alberge Jaime 637

Albert's Late Rareripe 597

Alexandra 597

Alea'andra Noblesse ... 597

Algiers Winter 621

Algiers Yellow 621

Alida 597

Alien 598

Allison 621

Amelia .■ 598

Anne 609

Apricot Peach 597

Aremie 50S

Astor 598

Atwood 598

Austin's Late Red 598

Avant Peche de Troyes 629

Avant Rouge 629

Baldwin's Late 599

Barnard's Farly 637

Barnard's Yellow Honest John 637

Ban-ington 599

Batchelder 599

Baxter's Seedling, No. 1 618

Belle Bauce 599

BeUe Bavsse 599

Belle de Beaiacaire 600

Belle et Bonne 600

Belle Chevreuse 5!)0

Belle de la Croix 600

BrUc de Douai 600

Belle de Done • . . 600

Bdle de Fillemont 600

BeUe de Paris 622

Belle de Vitry 600

Brlle de Vitry 608

Bellegarde 600

BdUs 600

Bergen's Yellow 601

Blanton Cling 601

Blood Cling 601

1030

PEACHES.

PACK

Blood Clingstone 601

Bonne Gros de Noisette 601

Bordeaux Cling 003

Brentford Mignonne 600

Brevoort 602

Brevoorfs Mirrris 602

Breroorfs Seedling Melter 602

Briggs 602

Brown Nutmeg 629

BuelingJiam Mignonne 599

Cable's Late 002

Cable'' s Late Melocoton 603

Cambridge Belle 602

Camellia-flowered ()-j8

Canary..... 002

Carnation-flowered 6:]8

Carpenter's White 603

Catherine 603

Chancellor 603

ChaneellUre 603

Chinese Cling 603

Chinese Peach 638

Christiana GG3

Claret Clingstone 601

Clemence Isaure 603

Clinton 604

Cole's Early Red 604

Cole's White Melocoton 624

Colonel Ausley''s 599

Columbia 604

Columbus, June 604

Comet 604

Comtesse de Hainaut 605

Congress 603

Cooledge's Early Red Bareripe 605

Cooledge's Favorite 605

Count's 605

Crawford's Early 605

Crawford's Early Melocoton.: 605

Crawford's Late 605

Craipford's Swperb Malacatune 605

Crimson-flowered 638

Crimson Galande 606

Ci^mson Mignonne 606

Crockett's Late White 606

Cut-Leaved 612

Gutter's Yellow 638

D'Abriwt 597

Dagmar 606

De Beurre 606

De Bonlez 606

De Montigny 617

Desse Tardive 606

De Zelhem 606

Doctor Hogg 607

D'Oignes 607

Donahoo Cling 607

B' Orange 597

Borsetsinre 625

Double-Blossomed 638

Double Fl&wering Peach 638

PA on

Double Montagne 607

Double Mountain 607

Double Swalsh 631

Dmid Hill 607

Duff Yellow 608

Duperron 608

Dwarf Orleans 608

Early Admirable 608

Eariy Albert 608

Eariy Alfred 608

Early Anne 609

Early Beatrice 609

Earhi Bourdine 631

Early Chelmsford 609

Early Crairford . . 605

Early Garlande 600

Early German 615

Early Grosse Mignonne 609

Early Louise 609

Early Maiden 609

Early May 615

PJarly Nemngtou. 610, 633

Early Newington Freestone 610

I^larly Purple 61 1

Earh/ Pii?-ple Arant 615

Eariy Pud Nntmeg 629

Early Red Rareripe 629

Early Rivers 610

Early Royal George 600, 631

Early Silver 610

Early Sweet Water 610

Early Tillotson 610

Eta-ly Victoria 611

Early Vineyard. 615

Early White Nutmeg 637

Eariy York 611

Eastburn 611

Easfburn's Choice. 611

Eaton's Golden 611

Edgar's Late Melting 603

Eliza Peach 611

Elmira Cling 612

Emperor of Russia 613

English Galand 637

Ernoult 612

Exquisite 612

Favorite 613

Favonte Red. 612

Fine Heath 616

Flat Peach of China 638

Flater's St. John 613

Flewellen Cling 613

Fox's Seedling 613

Freeman 613

Freestone Heath 619, 634

French Bourdine 620

French Chancellor 631

French Magdalen 623

French. Mignonne 615

French Royal George 600

Fruitland 613

PEACHES.

1031

PAGE I

Fniitland Seedling 613

Fulkerson 613

Ftdkersmi's Early 618

Galande 600

Gaylord 614

George the Fourth 614

Gold-Fleshed 637

Golden Mignonne 637

Goode's October 614

Gorgas 614

Great Eastern 614

Green Catharine 614

Green JSfutmeg 609

Gregory's Late 614

Gnjlin''s Mignonne •. . . 631

G7iffith 634

Griffith Malneotune 634

Griffith Mnmnwth 632

GrimicoocFs New Boi/al George 615

Grimwood's Royal Charlotte 631

Grimwood's Royal George 615

Gros MeloGoton G26

Gros Persique Rouge 626

Grosse Jaune Tardive 597

Grosse Mignonne 615

Grosse Mignorme Hative 609

Haines' Early Red 615

Hale's Early 615

Hardy Galand 637

Harker's Seedling 615

Hastings' Rarerijpe 616

Hatch 616

Hative de Ferrieres 616

Heath 616

Heath Clingstone 616

Heath Free 619

Henry Clay 616

Hero of Tipjiecanoe 634

Hoffman's Pound 623

Hoffner 617

Hoffnefs Seedling 617

Hogg's Melocoton 629

Honest John 619

Honey 617

Horton's Delicioiis . . 617

Hocey's Cambridge Belle 602

Hull's Athenian 617

Hyslop 617

Hyslop's Clingstone. 617

Incomparable 618

Indian Blood 601

Indian Peach 604

Irish Jane 618

Italian 622

Italian Dwarf 608

Jackson Cling 6l8

Jacques' Rareripe 618

Jacques' Yelloic Rareripe 618

PAOK

Jane G18

Jam. Peach 638

Johnson's Early Purple 615

Jones' Early 618

Jones' Large Early 618

Jose Sweet . . 618

Jvdd's Melting 620

Julia 619

Kennedy's Carolina 621

Kennedy's Lemon Clingstone 621

Kenrick's Heath 619

E Admirable 608

La Grange 619

LaRoyale 615, 620

Lady An n Steward 624

Lady Parham 619

Lady Palmerston 619

Large Ammcan Nutmeg 610

Large Early York 619

Large French Mignonne 615

Large Newingtmi 62G

Large Red Rareripe 624, 629

Iferge White Clingstone 620

Large Yellow Rareripe 638

Largest Lemon 621

Late Admirable 620

Late Admirable Cling 618

Late Chancelloi' 603

Late Purple 620

Late Red Rareripe 620

Late Yellow Albergo 621

Lemon Clingstone 621

Lenoir 621

Leopold 1 621

Lincoln 621

Lockyer's Mignonne 631

Long Yellow Pine-Ap])le 621

Lord Fauconberg's Mignonne 631

Lord Montague's Noblesse 625

Loi'd Nelson's 631

Lord Palmerston 621

Luscious White Rareripe 624

Lyon 622

Madame d'Andrimont 622

Madeleine Blanche 636

Maddrine Bbinche de Loisd 636

Madeleine de Courson 622

Madeleine d Petite Fleur 631

3Iadeleine Rouge 622

Madeleine Rouge d Moyenne Fleur . 631

Madeleine Rmige d Petite Fleur 631

Madeleine Rouge Tardive 631

Malacatune 629

Malagatune 629

Malta 622

Malte de N&rmandie 622

Mammoth 609

Marie Antoinette 638

Merriam 622

Mdlish's Favorite. 625

1032

PAGE

Middleton'rf Imperial 629

Mignonne 615

Mignonne d Bee 596

Mignonne Dubarle 622

Mignonne Hdtive 609

MiUefs Mignonne 631

Molden's White 628

Montngne 607

Monf/igne Blanche 636

Monlauban 607

Montgomery's Late 633

Moore's Favorite 623

Moore's June 623

Monstrous Pavie 626

Monstrous Pomponne 626

Monstrueuse de Dove 630

Morris Bed 624

Morris's Red Rareripe 624

Morris's White 624

Morris's White Freestone 624

Morris's "White Rareripe 624

Morrisania Pound 623

Morrison's Pound 623

Motteux's 620

Mrs. Hmiley 623

Mrs. Poinsette 623

Midatto 604

Napoleon 624

Nectarine Peach 624

NeiVs Early Purple 615

New Gut-Lenved 612

NeiD Early Purple 631

New Royal Charlotte 631

New York Rareripe 619

New York White Clingstone 620

Neioington, 626

Newinqton Peach 610

Nivette 625

Nicette Veloutee 625

Noblesse 625

Noir de Montreuil 600

Noisette 603

Nonesuch of N. G 598

October YeUow 621

Old Newington 626

Oldinixan Clear stone 625

Oldniixon Cling 625

Oldmixon Clingstone 625

Oldmixon Freestone 625

Orange Cliiigstone 626

Orange Peach 597

Orangeburg 598

Orchard Queen 630

Osceola 626

Owen 626

Owen's Lemon Rareripe 626

Pace 604

Pai'ie Admirable. 618

Pavie Camu 626

Pavi'} Monstrueuz 626

PAGE

Pavie de Pompone 626

Pavie de Pomponne Orosse 626

Pavie Rouge de Pomponne 626

Peche Jaiine 637

Peclier cl Flettrs Doubles 638

Pecher d Flcmrs Semi-Doubles 638

Peche Malte 622

Peche Royale 620

Peen To' 638

Pettit's Imperial 629

Picquet's Late 276

Pine-apple Clingstone 621

Poole's Large Yellow 627

Poole's Late YeUow Freestone 627

Pourpr'ee d Bee 596

Pourprie Hdtive 611, 615

Pourprie Hdtive Vineuse 599

Pourprie de Normandie 615

Pourprie Tardive 620

Pourpr'ee Vineuse 599

President 627

President Church 627

Prince of Wales 627

Prince's Climax 628

Prince's Excelsior 628

Prince's Paragon 628

Prince's Red Rareripe 620

Princess of Wales 628

Pucelle de Malines 628

Pwple Alberge 637

Purple Avant 615

Ray 628

Raymackers 628

Rayzer's June 598

Red Alber-ge 637

Red Avant 629

Red Cheek Maloeoton 629

Red-Cheek Melocoton 629

R^d Heath 616

Red Magdalen 600, 622, 631

Red Nutmeg 629

Red Rareripe 629

Red Rareripe 624

Red and YeUow Rareripe 638

Reeves' Favorite ' 630

Reid's Weejying Peach 639

Reine Des Vergers 630

Rivers' Early York 630

Rodman's Cling 630

Rodman's Red 630

Ronald^ s Mignonne 600

Ronald's Seedling Oalande 615

Rosanna 637

Rase 633

Rose Aromatic 630

Rose-Flowering 638

Rosebank 630

Rough Paysanne 622

Royal Charlotte 631

Royal George 631

Royal Kensington 615

Royal Sovereign 615

PEARS.

1033

PAGE

St. Gewge 632

Sally's Peach 598

Sang-uinole a Chair Adherente .... 601

Scott's Early Red 631

Scott's Magnate 631

Scott's Nectar 631

Scott's Nonpareil 629

Scott's October 632

Seedling Noblesse 597

Selby's Cling: 620

Serrate Early York 611

Serrated. 612

Shanghae 632

Smith's Early Newington 610, 632

Smith's Favorite 632

Smith's Newington 632

Smith's Newington 610

Smock Freestone 632

Smooth-leaved Royal George 600

Snow 632

Stephenson Cling 633

Stetson's Seedling 633

StercarVs Late Gulande 603

Strawberry 633

Stroman's Carolina 598

5tump the World 633

Sturtevant 633

Sumner's Early 633

Sumner's White Free 634

Superb 631

Sif2'>erb Royal 615

Susqaehanna 634

Sweet Water 610

Swiss Mignonne 615

Teton de Venus : . . . 620

Tice 629

Tinley's October 634

Tippecanoe 634

Titus 634

Troth's Early Red 634

True Red Magdalen 622

Tuft's Rareripe 635

Unique 612

Van Buren's Golden Dwarf 635

Van Zandt's Superb 635

Vanguard 625

Variegated-flowered 638

Veloutee de 3Ierlet 615

VelauH^e Tardive 625

Vineuse de Fromentin 599

Vinerise Hdtive 599

Violet Hative 637

Walburton Admirable 635

Walter's Early 635

Ward's Late Free 635

Washington 635

Washington Clingstone 636

WashingPm Red Freestone 635

Weeping Peach 639

. PAGE

White Ball 636

White Bhssam 636

White-Blossomed Incomparable. . . 636

White English 616

White Heath 619

White Imperial 636

White Magdalene 636

White lldocoton 624

White Nutmeg 637

WTiite Pace 637

White Rareripe 624

Williamson's New York 620

Willow Peach 636

Yelloto Admirable 597

Yellow Alberge 637

YeUow Blanton Cling 601

Yellow Malagatime 629

YeUow Malocoton .• . 629

Yelloto Pine-apple 621

Yellow Rareripe 638

YeUow Rareripe 637

Yellow St. John 613

PEARS.

A courte qtietie 880

A. Gobert 661

A Tetine 884

Abbe de Beaumont 651

Abbe Edouard 654

Abbe Mongein 835

Abbe Perez 654

Abbott 654

Abercromby 654

Abercromby's Seedling 654

Adams 654

Adelaide de Reves 654

Adele Lancelot 655

Adele de St. Ceiras 664

Adele de St. Denis 664

Admirable 655

Admiral Farragut 655

Adolphe Catchet 655

Adolphine Richard 655

Aglae Gregoire 655

Ah ! Mon Dieu 656

Albcrtine 742

Alexander 656

Alexandre Berckman 674

Alexandre Bivort 656

Alexandre Helie 668

Alexandre Lambre 656

Alexandrina 656

Alexandrina Bivm^t 656

Alexandrine DouUlard 656

Alexandrine Mas 657

Almain 772

Almond Pear 661

Alpha 657

Alphonse Karr 657

Althorpe Crassane 657

103J:

TEARS.

PAGE

Amadotte 657

Amrinde Douhlc 601

Amandine de Rouen 657

Ainhre Grh 658

Amb-rf 658

Ambrette 658

AmhretU aveo ipines 658

Ambrette fpineuse 658

Ambrette Giis 658

A^mbrette (V Hirer 658

Ambrosia 658

Amelie Leclerc 658

America 658

Americem Beauty 740

Amiral 662

Arairal Cecil 658

Amire Joannet 658

Amir.' Johannet 658

Amire roux 802

Amire roux de Tours 802

Amory 600

AmoseUe 784

Amour 059

Ananeis 060. 782

Ananas de Courtray 059

Ananas d'Ete 600

Ananas Fre(ii-:nis 660

Atianas (PHiter 828

Anderson , 885

Anderson'' s Favorite 751

Andre Desportes 660

Andrews GOO

Aridreins' Kingsessing 794

Angelique de Bordeaux 060

Angelique Leclerc 661

Angleterre 001

Angleterre d'Hiver 001

Angleterre Nain 061

Angleterre Pevrfume 661

Angobert 601

Angoissc Ueinche 061

Angora 835

Anna Audisson 661

Apple Pear 602

Arbre Courbe 661

Arbre Superbe 762

Arckd'tke Charles 733

Archduke of Summer 862

ArchiduG d'Ete 862

Arletjuin Musque 662

Arteloire 850

Arthur Bivort 662

Aston To^vn 662

Audibert 662

Audibcrt 688

Auger 667

Avgert 667

Augilre 667

August Perfume 828

Auguste Jurie 662

Auguste Lelieur 663

Auguste de Afaraise 684

Auguste Royer 663

PAOT?

Auguste Van Krans 856

Augustine Lelieur 663

Augustus Dana 663

Aurate 663

Aurore 682

Autumn Bergamot 663

Aittunm Bon Chretien 858

Autumn Butter 880

Autumn Catlienne 846

Autumn Colmar 603

Autumn Colmar 724

Autumn Melting 762

Autumn Mouthioeiter 804

Autumn Nelis 064

Autumn Sujierb 657

Avril 604

B. 0. (Tela Cour 811

BacMier 673

Badham's . ■ 710

Bagpipe of Anjou 775

Bnncrief 729

Baud de la Cour 811

Banueem 701

Barbancinet 064

Barbe Nelis 664

Bar net fs Willienn 666

Baron Deman De Lennick 664

Baronne de Mello 664

Barry 665

Beirtlett 666

Bartlett Bonchretien 666

Bartram 667

Bassin 767

Bayonnaise 861

Beadnell 667

BeetdneWs Seedling 667

Beau Present 758

Beau Present d'Artois 667

BeaucJiamps 673

Beeiudere 863

Beaute de Tervueren 835

Beauty of Brussels 668

Beauvalot 667

Bedminster Oratioli 791

Bein Armudi 700

Bell Tongue 883

Belle Adrienne 875

Belle Alliance 698

Belle Andreane 875

Belle Angevine 835

Belle d'AoiH 668

Belle AudibeH 602

Belle (TAustrasie 790

Belle de Berry 875

Belle de Bruxelles 668

BeUe de Bruxelles 778

BeUe dcs Bois 760

BeUe et Bonne 778

Belle et bonne d'Es^e 705

BeMe et Bonne d'Hiver 723

BeUe Canaise. 819

Belle Conielie 767

PEARS.

1035

PAGE

Belle Epine Dumas 668

BeJle (TEsqiuniics 790

Belle (T£ti 88:^

BfUt Excellente 747

Belle de Figuier 668

Belle de Flandres 760

Belle de FhisMng 779

Belle de Fm-ets 713

Bdle Gabrielle 658

Belle Hehise 875

Belle Hennette 782

Bell&de Jersey 668, 8?)0

Belle Julie 668

Belle LxiGvative 762

Belle de Luxembourg 778

Belle de Moire 694

BeUe Moulinoise 669

Bells apr>s Noel 764

Belle de Noel 764

Belle Noisette 669

Belle de rOrient 668

Belle sems Pejniis 778

BeUe de Prague 668

Belle Rouennaise 669

Belle de Thomas 668

Belle de Thomas 668

Belle de Troyes 668

BeUe Verge 758

BeUe du Vernie 736

Be%le du Veriiis 736

Belle Williams 669

Bellegarde 772

Bellisime d'Automne 668

BeUisime du Bur 669

Bellisime de Provence 847

BeUissime 883

BeUissime d'^te 767

BeUissime d'Hiver *. 669

BeUissime dJ'Hicer du Bnr 835

BeUissime Jargonelle 767

Bdlissime Supi'eme 767

Belmont 669

Benoist 674

Bergamot Rayfe 865

Bergamot Seckel 671

Bergamot SyUariche 866

Berganwtte d''Alen^on 784

Bei'gamotte d'Angleterre 778

Bergamotte d'Acrn riches 805

Bej'gamotte Beavcham'p 673

Bergamotte Bouissiere 669

Bergamotte de Bruxellc-s 778

Bergamotte Buf o 670

Bergamotte de Bugi. 751

Bergamotte Cadet 670

Bergamotte Capraud 670

Bergamotte de Cnreme 751

Bergamotte Cheminette 790

Bei'gamotte Crassane 729

Bergamotte Crassane d'Antomne. .. 729
Bergamotte Crassane de Bruneau. . . 676

Bergamotte Crassane d' Hirer 676

Bergamotte Borie 841

Bergamotte Dussart 670

Bergamotte d'Esperon 670

Bergamotte d' t-.ti 862, 863

Bergamotte d'flt'e Grosse 778

Bergamotte Fi:v!e 762

Bergamotte de Flandre 760

Bergamotte Foiivnie 766

Bergamotte de Fovghe 784

Bergamotte Geerard 772

Bergamotte de la GrillHre 751

Bergamotte Gaudry 670

Bergamotte Heimbourg 671

Bergamotte (V Hirer 751

Bergamotte d'' Hirer d' Holland 784

Bergamotte d" Holland 784

Bergamotte Leseble 671

Bergamotte Louise 802

Bergamotte Lvcratire 762

Bergamotte Matthews Eliza 776

Bergamotte de Millipieds 670

Bergamotte Muse/ue . . 841

Bergamotte de Picjues 751

Bergamotte Parthenay 671

Bergamotte de Parthenay. ........ 671

Bergamotte de Paysans 778

Bergamotte de la Pentecute 751

Bergamotte Piquot 671

Bergamotte Poireau 671

Bergamoite Quessoy d'£t<- 700

Bergamotte Ronde d'Hiver 751

Bergamotte Bmige 841

Bergamotte Rovge Tardif 782

Bergamotte Royal d^Hiver 723

Bergamotte Sageret 671

Bergamotte Sanspareil 702

Bergamotte Sienlle 746

Bergamotte Soldat-Nabours 751 •

Bergamotte de Solders 706

Bergamotte Stoffels 671

Bergamotte Suisse 865

Bergamotte Sylvange 866

BergameAte Tar dice. 723

Bergamotte Thouen 884

Bergamotte de Toulouse 751

Bergen 671

Bergentin ^29

Bergoho ^■'^O

Berriays "''^2

Berthebirii 835

Best dAiry ^'''0

Besi de Bretagne 700

Besi Esperen 701

Besi Fondante 777

Besi Incomparable 702

Besi Hamon 777

Besi de Mai 702

Besi de Maraise 71 6

Besi de la Pierre 701

Besi de Qnassoy "f 00

Besi Quessoy dfyi- 700

Bed de St. Waast 702

BesiVa 702

Besi Vaai 703

103G

PEARS.

PAGE

Bed rath 702

Besi Waet 702

Besidery 700

Bendery Sandry 753

Beurr!- 710

BeuiTe d'Albret 678

Beurrl' d^Aleiuon 784

Beurre d'Amalis 678

Beurrl- Amande 661

Beurre d'Amanlis 678

Beurre d'Amanlis 678

Beurre d'Amanlis Panachee 679

Beurre d'Amhlense 710

Beurre d'Amboise 71 0

Beurre Ananas 782

Beurre d* Angleterre 661

Beurre d'Anjou 679

Beurre Anna Audisson 661

Beurre Antoine 672

Beurre Antoinette 672

Beurre dAraudore 805

Beurre d'Ardenpont 773

Beurre d'Aremberg 6^0

Beurre d Aremherg 773

Beurre dArgenson 829

Beurre Assomption ' 672

Beurre de V Assamption 672

Beurre Audusson dHimr. 682

Beurre Auguste Bmoit 674

Beurre Auueniere 673

Beurre Aivrore 682

Beurre dAustrasie 790

Beurre d^Autien 819

Beurre d'Avoine 681

Beurre d'Avranches 805

Beurre Bachelier 673

Beurre Bailey 673

Beurre Beau champs 073

Beurre Beaulieu 673

Beurre de Beawnont 702

Beurre Beguines 673

Beurre des Beiges 859

Beurre Bennert 674

Beurre Benoist 674

Beurre Benoist JVouveau 674

Beurre Berckmans 674

Beurre Blanc 863, 880

Beurre Blanc des Gapucins 657

Beiirr'e hlanc de Jersey 700

Beurre Blanc de Nantes 685

Beurre Boisbunel 674

Beurre BoUwiller 674

Beurre Bon Gkrltien 696

Beurre or Bonne Louise dAraudere. 805

Beurre Bosc 674

Beurre Boucquia 707

Beurre de Bourgogne. 760

Beurre Boussock 742

Beurre Brettonneau 670

Beurre de Brignais 681

Beurre Bronzce 760

Beurre Bruneau 676

Beurre de Bruxdles 668 I

PARE

Beurre Burchardt 680

Beurre Burnicq 676

Beurre de Caen 710

Beurre de Cambron 773

Beurre de Capiaumont 682

Beurre du Cercle 687

Beurre de Cercle 687

Beurre de la Chapelle 705

Beurre Chapman 829

Beurre Cha/ptal 717

Beurre Chameuse 747

Beurre Charron 676

Beurre Chatenay 676

Beurre de Chawnontel 718

BeuiTe Citron 676

Beurre Clairgean 678

Beurre Coit 722

Beurre Colmar 678

Beurre Colmar dAutomne 678

Beurre Colmar Gris^ ditpr'ecel 829

Beurre Coloma 678

Beurre du Coloma 678

Beurre de Conick 684

Beurre Conning 684

Beurre Cullem 701

Beurre Curtet 727

Beurre Cutter 727

Beurre Davy 760

Beurre Defais 682

Beurre Defays 683

Beurre de Def tinge 760

Beurre Deftingliern 760

Beurre Delannoy 684

Beurre Delbecq , 684

Beurre Delberg 684

Beurre Delbret 678

Beurre Delf osse 684

Beurre Deroilineau 685

Beurre Desch/xmps 680

Beurre Diel 686

Beurre Bore de Bilboa 773

Beurre Dori'e 710

Beurre Brnpiez 871

Beurre Duhaume 687

Beurre Dumon 687

Beurre Dumont 687

Beurre Dumortien 687

Beurre Durand 688

Beurre Duval 688

Beurre Duvernay 736

Beurre Duvivier 688

Beurre dElberg 668

Beurre d'Enghien of France 678

Beurre Epine 696

Beurre diti' 863

Beurre Extra 784

Beurre le Pevre 799

Beurre de Fevrier 682

Beurre de Flandre 696

Beurre Flon 688

Beurre Foida.rd 760

Beurre de Fontenay 690

Beurre Fougiere 688

PEARS.

1037

PACK

BeuoTe Fromental 683

Beurre QeerarcU 772

Beurre de Oelle 686

Beunv Gendron 688

Beiirre Gens 689

Beixne de Ghelin 683

Beurre Giffard 689

Beurre Goubalt 690

Beurre Oris 710

Beurre Oris d'Avtoinne 710

Beurre Oris de Bilboa 773

Beurre Oris d'Et! 886

Beurre Oris d'llicer 690

Beurre, Oris (riliver Nouveau 690

Beurre Oris de Lucon 690

Beuri'i Oris de Portugal 773

Beurre Oris Suplrieur 690

Beurre Haffner 691

Beurre Haggerston 802

Beurre Hamecher 691

Beurre de Ilamptienne 791

Beurre d^IIardenpont 773

BeuiTe d'Hardeni)out d'Automne. . . 683
Beurre d'lLirdcupont de Cambron.. 773

Beurre Hardy 691

Beurre Hdtif 863

Beurre des Hautes 733

Beurre d'Hiver 690, 696, 718

Beurre d^ Hirer de BruxcUes 751

Beurre Ineoinpu ruble 686

Beurre d^Isambcrt le Bon 710

Beurre Jalais 693

Beurre de Jnlnisc 705

Beurre Jean Van Geert 692

Beurre' de Johnge 683

Beurr,' Judes 661

BeuiTi' Kennes 693

Beurre Kenrick 692

Beurr: de Kent. 773

Beurre Knox 693

Beurre Knox 657

Beurrii Koninck 684

Beurre de Koning 684

Beurre Kossuth 693

Beurre Langelier 693

Beurr i Lasalle 733

Beurre Le Fevre 693

Beurre Leon Le Clerc 693

Beurre Leon Rey 801

Beurre Liebart 803

Beurrii Lombard 773

Beurre de LdiQon 690

Beurre Lucrative 762

Beurre Lviizet 693

Beurre Mngnifque 686, 743

Beurre de MaUnes 884

Beurre de Mans. 684

Beurre Mauxion 693

Beurre Menand 693

Beurre Menaud 693

Beurre de Merode 742

Beurr.' Millet of Angers 694

Beurre Moire 694

PA OB

Beurre Moiret 694

Beurre Mondelle 695

Beurn'- de Mons 684

Beurro de Montgeron 684

Beurre de Montigeron 684

Beurre de Mortrfoidaine 693, 79?

Beurre des Mouchousea 685

Beurre Nantuis 685

Beurre de Nantes 085

Beurre Navez 695

Beurre^ Niell 831

Beurre de Nivelles (585

Beurre de Noirchain 696

Beurre Noisette (i95

Beurrk St. Nichohs 749

Beurri Oken 823

Beurrti d'Or 710

Beurre des Orphelines 680

Beurre Oudinot 660

Beurre de Pacques 751

Beurre de Paris 758

Beurre Paimpol (!95

Beurre Parthenay 671

Beurre de la Pentecote 751

Beurre Perra ult 748

Beurre PJdlippe Delfosse 684

Beurre Picquery 871

Bmrre Plat 739

Beurre Pointelle de Roux 695

BeuiTc Preble 695

Beurre Precocee 695

Beurre Prince de Schwarzehberg. . . . 796

Beurre de Printemps 735

Beurre de EMn 696

Beurre du Boi 710

Beurre Rouge 710

Beurre de Quenast 685

Beurr i Quitelet 737

Beurre de Rackenheim 661

Beurre Ranee 696

Beurre Ranse 696

Beurre de Ranz 696

Beurre d la Reine 818

Beurre de Remme 766

Beurre Richelieu 696

Beurre Robert 696

Beurre Robin 746

Beurre Rochecliourt 668

Beurre de Rochoir 668

Beurre Romaia 696

Beurre de Rome 696

Beurre Rouge 745

Beurre Rouge d'Anjou 697

Beurre Rouge I'ardif 782

Beun'e Roupe 751

Beurre Rousse 710

Beurre Roux 710

Beurre Royale 686

Beurre St. Amour 760

Beurre de Saint Arnaud 685

Beurre de Saint Arnaud 685

Beurre Saint Ilelier 790

Beurre St. Louis G68

1038

PEAES.

PAGE I

Beurre Scheidweiller 697

Beurre de Semur 661

Beurre Seringe 777

Beurre Seutin 697

Beurre SieuUe. 746

Beurre Six 697

Beurre Soulange 697

Beurre Soule 747

Beurre de Soulers 706

Beurre Spae 697

Beurre Spence 697

Beurre Spence 760

Beurre de Spoelberg 877

Beurre Sprin 656

Beurre Sterkmans 698

Beurre Superfin 698

Beurre TuerUnckx 868

Beurre Van Driessche 699

Beurre Van Mnrum 873

Beurre Van Mons 664

Beurre Vert ' 686, 710

Beurre de Wael 695

Beurre de Waterloo ,. . . 747

Beurre de Westerloo 742

Beurre de Wetteren 685

Beurri- d? Telle 686

Bernard 778

Beymont 696

Bezi de Caen 699

Bezi de Caissoy. 700

Bezi de Caissoy d'Ete 700

Bed de Ghasseray 753

Besi de Cfmumontdle 718

Bezi Chaumontdle tres-gros 751

Bezi V EcJinsserie 753

Bezi d^Eohassey 753

Bezi Esperen 701

Bezi Goubault 701

Bezid'Heri 700

Ben de Eery 700

Bezi Mai 702

Bezi de Montigny 701

Bezi de la Motte 700

Bezi de la Pierre 701

Bezi Precoeee 695

Bezi Royal. *. . . . 700

Bezi Vaet 702

Bezi des Veterans 701

Bezy d' Esperen 701

Bezy de Louvain 734

Bezy de Quessoy 700

Bezy SaLspareil 702

Biemont 673

Bigarride 863

Bis Curtet 727

Bishop's Thumb 702

Black Beurre 875

Black Pear of Worcester 702

Black Worcester 702

Bkinc-per-ne 800

Blanche 858

Bland 855

Blanquet Anastere 703

PAOE

Blanquet Anasterque 703

Blanquet d'Austrasia 703

Blanquet de Florence 775

Blanquet Petit 802

Blanquctte d longue queue 804

Blanquette d longue queuen 804

Bleecker's Meadow 703

Bloodgood 703

Bloody 851

Blumcnhach 856

Bois Napoleon 819

Bolivar 835

Bolivar d'lliver 835

Bon Chretien 884

Bon Chretien d Amiens ChaHreuse . 716

Bon Chrttien d)Aucli 884

Bon Chretien d'Automtie 858

Bonehr'tien Barneft 666

Bon Chretien de Bruxelles 704

Bo)i Chretien de Chaumontel 718

Bon Chretien de ConstantinojM .... 884

Bon Chretien Bore 819

Bon Chretien dare d'Espagne 858

Bon Chretien d'Espagne 858

Bon Chretien dEte 863

Bon Chretien dEte Jaune 863

Bon Chretien dEte Musque "704

Bon Chrtien Fondante 704

Bon Chretien Fondante Musque 704

Bon Chretien Gratioly 863

Bon Chretien d Hirer 884

Bon Chretien Jaune dAutomne. . . . 858
Bon Chretien Joseph Lamarque. . . . 704
Bon Chretien Musque Fondante . . . 704

Bon Chretien de Bans 696

Bon Chretien Spina 858

Bo)i Chretien de Tours 884

Bon Chr tien Turc 761

Bonehr'tien Vernois 761

Bon Chretien de Vernon 884

Bon Gustave 704

Bon Papa, 875

Bon Parent 798

Bonaparte 819

Bonne Antoine 705

Bonne dAcranches 805

Bonne de la Chapelle 705

Bonne Charlotte 705

Bonne-ente 880

Bonne d'Ezee 705

Bonne des Huies 705

Bonne de Jalais 705

Bonne de Keinzheiiii 872

Bonne de Longueval 705, 805

Bonne Louise dAraudore 805

Bonne de Malines 884

Bonne Rouge 769

Bonne Saplier 706

Bonne Sophia 706

Bonne de Soulers 706

Bonne Therese 707

Bonne de Zies 705

Bonner's Pope's Pear 751

PEARS.

1039

PA OR

BonneseiTe de Saint Denis 705

Bonnmetae 700

Bonimdma de la Sartha 700

Bom Sire 700

Base's Flaschenbirne 674

Bosch 700

Bosch NouveUe 700

Boschpeei' 700

Bossoch 742

Boston 83^

Boston Eparne 779

Boucquia 707

Bourgemester . . 707

Bourgmestre Delfosse 684

Bouteille 873

Bo-uvier 798

Bouvier Bourgemestre 707

Boic Parent 798

Braconot 707

Braddicks Field Standard 818

Bran de St. Oermain 707

Brande's 707

Brande's Saint Germain 707

Brandywine .• 707

Bretagne le Cour 8-35

Brettonneau 676

Brewer 708

Brialmont 708

Briffaut 708

BriUfantc 706

Brilliant 760

Brindamour 709

Bringewood 709

British Queen 709

Brocas Bergaiiwt 769

Bronx 710

Brougham 710

Brown Admired 803

Brown Beurre 710

Brown St. Germain 837

Brute Bonne d^Autornne 863

Bt(c7ianan^s S^mng Bcurri 875

Bufam 711

Buffum 711

Bugiarda 704, 758

Bugiarda des Italiens 758

Bu'jalevf 877

Burlingame 711

Burnett 712

Butlei'''s Harvest 767

Butter of Michigan 828

Butter Pear 784, 831

Butter Pear of Philadelphia 880

Cabot 712

Cadet de Vaux 712

CadiUac 716

Caen de France 712

CaiUaurozat 803

Vaillorozar '63

CaiMot Rosat 8(;3

Cnilht JRosat d'flU 803

Cailhu Rozat 869

PAGE

Calebasse 712

CaleMsse 827

Calebasse d'Albret 678

Calebasse Base 074, 827

Ccdebasse Carafon 873

Calebasse Delvigne 713

Ctdrhassr Do it hie Extra 712

Calebasse d'Ete 713

Calebasse de JloUand 873

Calebasse d' Holla nde 712

Calebasse Impiriale 873

Calebasse Monstre 873

Calebasse Monstnicnsc 873

Calebasse Mimstrujuse du Nord .... 873

Calebasse Musquio 712

Calebasse de Nerckmari's 873

Calebasse du Noi'd 873

Calebasse Pnncesse Marianne 827

Calebasse Roy ale 873

Calebasse Sterkmans 698

Calebasse Tougard 713

Calebasse Vasse 682

Calhoun 714

Calua Rosat 803

Cambridge Sugar Pear 779

Camerling 714

CanierUng d'Allemagne 714

Canierlingue 714

Canierli/n 714

Camille de Rohan 714

Canandaigua 714

Canelle d]Eti 803

CanneUe 074

Canning 751

Canning d'Hiver 751

Cantelope 714

Cape May 751

Capiumont 082

Capsheaf 714

Captif de Sainte Hl'ene 819

Capuchin _ 715

Capucin 715

Capucin Van Mons 715

Ca'pucine d'Automne Cdmna 078

Carlide 880

Cartofel 724

Cassante de Mars 715

Cassemle 715

Castelline 715

Catharine Gardette 715

Catherine 714

Catherine Lambre 716

Catillac 716

Catinka 716

Cedarniere 716

Celestas 777

CMite 829

Cent Couronnes 822

Certeau d'foe 717

Certeau Madam 758

Certeau Musqui' d^Uiver 814

Chair (I Dame 837

Chambe}''s Large 835

1040

PEARS.

PAGE

Chambrette 877

Chambrette d'Hiver ■ 877

Chamoisine 802

Chancellor 717

Ghandelle 758

Chai)man 717

Ghn'pm<ui'8 829

Chaptal 717

Gharbonmere 722

GMrlcs 819

CArt/fe? (VAutrklie 733

Charles Basiner 717

Charles Bivort 717

Charles Frederick 718

Charles Smet 718

Glumes Smith 718

Charles Van Ilooghten 718

Charlotte de Brewer 718

Ghasseurs 735

Ghaiilu 815

Chaumontel 718

Ghaiimontclle tvls-gros 751

Ghent Srre<(iit .' . 658

Chelmsford 719

Ghenille 828

Gher Adame 837

Ghemlier 673

Ghevriers de Stuttgardt 847

Ghinese Sand Pear 851

Ghiot 802

Choisnard 719

Gh&ix d'un Amateur 821

Ghopine 758

Church 719

Girte d'Hiver 772

Citrina 720

Citron 720

Citron des Cannes 809

Gitroii des Garmes 809

Gitroii de Septembre 880

Gitron-birne Bdmische grosse punc-

tirte 775

Glaive 720

Glairgeau 678

Glair geau de Nantes 678

Clap 720

Clapp's Favorite 720

Clara ..." 720

Glarke 719

Clay ■.,■.■ ■ 721

Clemence 722

Clement Bivort 722

Glement Doyenne 666

Glementine 722

Clinton 722

Glion 875

Gluster 729

Gluster Pear 778

Celt's Beurre 722

Golin Noir 722

Collins 722

Colmar 723

Colmar d' Alost 724

PAOB

Colmar d'Aremberg 734

Colmar Artoisenet 723

Colmar d'Automne Nouveau 724

Golmar Boise 772

Colmar Bonnet 829

Golmar Bosc 821

Golmar Gharnay 662

Colmar Deschamps 680

Golmar Doree 723

Colmar Epine 725

Colmar Spineaux 829

Colmar d'fite 724

ColmaT Otis 829

Colmar Hardenpont 829

Colmar di'Hiver 723, 884

Colmar des Invalides 725

Golmar Jaminette '. . . . 790

Colmar de Jonghe 724

Colmar de Lot 668

Colmar de Meester 725

Colmar Mnsqiie 829

Colmar Navez 695

Golmar Nllis 884

Colmar Niel , 821

Golmar Precoce 724

Colmar Preule 829

Colmar ds Silly 829

Golmar Souveraine 829

Colmar Van Mans 725, 864

Coloma d^Antomne 871

Colorte d'Aout 717

Coloree de Juillet 725

Columbia 725

Columbia Virgalouse 725

Columbian Virgalieu 725

Cornice de Taction 875

Commissaire Delmotte 726

Commodore 723

Common Bergamot 663

Communante 815

Compagnie d^ Ostende 858

Comprette 726

Comptesse de Lunay 701

Comstock 727

Conutock Wilding 727

Comte d'Egmont 726

Comte de Flandre 727

Comte Lamay 727

Comte de Lamy 727

Comte Lelieur 727

Comte de Limoges 668

Comte de Michmtx 816

Comte de Paris 727

Comtesse d'Alost 728

Comtesse de Chambord 728

Comtesse de Frenol 760

Comtesse de Lumay 749

Comtesse de Terweuren 835

Congress Pomologique 728

Conklin 728

Con-seiller de la Cour 811

Conseiller Ranwez 728

Copia 739

PEARS.

1041

PAGK

Coi)s Heat 714

Cm'ail 765

Corchorus 813

Cordelier 835

Cornelk 735

Comwell 729

Coter ' 729

CotiUard de Litre 716

CouU Bolf 863

CouU Soif d^Automne 804

Coulis 815

Couhn de Saint Marc 668

Count Coloma 871

Courte de Ersol 717

Convent 815

Crapaud 670

Crassane 729

Crassane d'Austrasie 790

Crassane d'Automne 729

Crassane Bruneau 676

Crassane d'Ete 841, 863

Crassane d'Hiver 676

Crassane d''IIiver de Bruneau 676

Crawford 729

Crisane 729

CristaUi?ie 660

Croft Castle 729

Cross 730

Crottee 859

Crouch 730

Crustemenie 884

CueiUette d'Hiver. 875

Cuisse Dame dEte 767

Cmsse Madame 767

Culotte de Svisse 804

Cumberland 730

Cumberland of Belgium 781

Curette 875

Cushing 730

Cyprus Pear 846

jyAmbre 81 8

jy Aremherg Parfait 680

IPAustrasie 790

D'Avril 664

D'Bau Ease 863

B'Hoi-ticulture 835

Daqobert 661

Dalbi-et 678

Dallas 730

Dame Houdotte 657

Dana^s Admirable 655

Dana^s Excelsior 759

Dana's Hovey 730

Dana's JVo. i 814

Darlington 731

Dauphine 797

Davis 731

De Bavay 732

De Bell Argentine 716

De Bon Crustmnenien 884

De Bordeaux 700

De Cadtt 670

De CaiUeau 863

De Cailht 863

De Champagne d'£tc 717

De Vldne . . .'. 658

De Chrltien 884

De CitrouiUe 716

De CUon 875

De Coq 668

De Deux Foix Lane 732

DeDos 884

De Duehesse 863

De Fesses 884

De Fontenay Vendie 790

De Graine Damadote 657

De Oros Bateau Baisenette 716

De Henri 700

De Hollande 886

De Janvry 858

De Jersey 805

De Kdmheim 872

De Lama.rtine 797

De Lansac 797

De Launay 684

De Lepine 801

De Lcstumiires 665

De Louise , 805

De Louvain 734

DeMaune 723

De Melon 686

De Monsieur 863

De Monsieur Le Cure 875

De Montgeron 684

De Montigny 701

DeMott 859

DeNonne 681

De Perigoi'd 830

De Pmelle 790

De Quessoy 700

De Sainte Catherine 661

De Sainie Herblain 676

De Saint Martin 884

De Saint Waast 702

De Sidle 841

De Sieile Musquie 841

De Sorlus 735

De Soulers 706

De Spoelberg 877

De Tongres 735

De Tout Temps 716

De VrdUe 872

De Vigne Pelone 760

De la Glaeiire 682

De-la-mi-Juilkt 862

De la Montii res 863

Deacon Dillen 741

Dean\s 880

Dearborn's Sanditig 732

Dearborn's Seedling 732

Dechantsbirne 880

Decostefs Busselet 845

Defays 743

Delavault 666

Dclbecque 684

1042

PEAKS.

PAGE

Delejnne ^01

Delfosse 684

Delfosse Bourgmestre 684

Bilices (TAlosi 724

Bilices d* Angers 738

Delioes cP Ardcnpont "83

Delices de la Cacaudiere 734

Delices de Charles 732

Delices d'Hardenpont of Angers ; . . 733
Delices d'Hardenpont of Belgium.. 733

Delices de Froyennes 733

Delices de Jodoigne 733

Delices de Louvenjal 734

Bilices de la Meuse 734

Bilices de lions 734

Bilices des Orphelins 680

Delices Van Mons 734

Bemeester 725

Democrat 734

Des Chasseurs 735

Bes Bnmes 668

Bes Beux Soeurs 736

Bes Nonnes 681

Bes Trois Tours 686

Bes Vit 'rans 701

Beschamps 680

Desiree Cornells 735

Desiree Van Mons 735

Bespoilberg 877

Beutsche National Bergamotte 778

Deux Soeurs 736

Devergnies 736

Bial 791

Biamant 769

Dickerman 736

Bie Sommer ChristeMrne 863

Biel 686

BieVs Butterbirne 686

Dieudonne Anthoine 736

Billen 686

Billen di'Avtomne 811

Billen d'Hiver 686

Biller 736

Bingler 727

Dix 737

Boyenri'; 880

BoyeniiK d^iffay 743

Doyemit> d'Alen^on 742

Boyenne Anna Audisson 661

Boyenni' d'Automne 745

Boyeniif- Barry 665

Boyenne Mane 880

Doyenne Boussock 742

Boyenni- Boumoiiclu 745

Boyenne Boussouck Noui-dle 742

Boyenni: de BnnreUes 712

Doyenne de Cercle 742

Boyenni de Cercle Pratique ds Rouen 742

Doyenne du Cornice 744

Boyenni^ CrotU 859

Doyenne Defais 743

Doyenm'' Downing 744

Doyenne d'^te 742

PAGE

Boyenne Galeux 745, 859

Doyenne Goubault 745

Doyenne Gray'. 745

Boyenni Gris 745

Boyenne Gris d'Himr Nouveau. . . . 742

Boyenne d'Hiver 751

Boyenni; d'Hiver dAlencon 742

Boyenne d^Hiver Nouveau 742 ■

Boyenne Homy 784

Boyenne de Juillet 742

Boyenne Marhrli 742

Boyenne de Merode 742

Boyenne Musque 701

Doyenne Panache 881

Boyenne du Printemps 751

Doyenne Robin 746

Doyenne Rose 746

Boyenne Bouge 745

Boyenne Roux 745

Doyenne Santellet 746

Doyenne de Saumur 743

Doyenne SieuUe 746

Boyenne Sterkmans 698

Boyenne White 880

Docteur Bouvier 738

Bocteur Brettonneau 676

Docteur Capron 738

Docteur Lentier 738

Docteur Trousseau 738

Boctor Billen 741

Boctor Lentliier 738

Doctor Nelis 738

Doctor Reeder 739

Doctor Turner 740

Br. Udnles Warden 835

Borothie Royale 686

Dorothee Royale Nouvelle 740

Dorsoris 740

Bouhle Mansuette 661

BouUe Pliilippe 742

Bouillard. 656

Dow 741

BouMn 873

Bownham Seedling 777

Doyen Dillen 741

Briver 773

B)-y Ifartin 814

Bry Toren 686

Bu Bouchet 660

Du Breun Pere 746

BuBur 669

Bu Cohmbier 841

Bu Cure 875

Bu Martier 687

Bu Pdtre 751

Bu Pradel 875

Bu Seigneur 762

Bu Tonneau 835

Due Alfred de Cruy 747

Bug dAreniherg 680

Due d'Aumale 747

Bug de Bourdeaux 668

Due de Brabant 747

PEAES.

104?

PAr.E

Due (le Nanours 095

DvG (TOrUans 740

Duchesse d'Angouk'me 747

Duchesse cVAremberg 747

DiicheJise cle Berry 748

Duchesse cle Beny d'jfet:- 748

Duchesse de Bern/ (T Hirer 8oo

Dnche.'ise de Berry de Nantes 748

Duchesse de Boi^rdeaux 748

Duchesse de Brabant 748, 749

Duchesse H^loue d'Orleans 749

Duchesse d'lliver 749

Duchesse de Mars 749

Duchesse d'Orleans 749

Dumont Dumortier 750

Dumontier 687

Dmmmtier 687

Dundas 750

Dumnore 750

Dupuy Charles 750

Duree 751

Duree's Seedling 751

Dnsnas 851

Duval 688

Duvernay 736

Duvernis 736

Dutivier 688

Dwad 688

Earl Pear 783

Early Bergamot 751

Early Bevrre 658, 703

Early Butter of Cincinnati 751

Early Catharine 846

Early Chaumontelle. .'. 809

Early Denzelona 833

Early Queen 818

Early Eousselet 840

Early Svgar 779

Early Summer Butter 751

Easter Bergamot 751

Easter Beurre 751

Easter Saint Germain 800

Eastnor Castle 752

Echasserie 753

Echassery 753

Edmonds 753

Edward Morren 754

Edwards 754

Edwards' Elizabeth 754

Edwards' Seedling St. Germain. . . . 754

Edidge 880

Eisenhart 710

Eleonie Bouvier 754

Eliott Dundas 750

Eliza d'Hevst ' 754

Elizabeth Van Mons 810

Elkinrioch 778

Elliott's Melting 755

Ellis 755

EUswoi-th 756

Elton 750

Emerald 756

PAGH

Emerance 750

Emerance Birort 756

Emile d'Heyst 757

Emile de Itorhois 6()8

Emilie Bivort 750

Emily Bii-ort 750

E>nnainu(i 717

Emmilncour 815

Endicott 8(i3

Enfant Prodigue 840

Englehert Lott 779

English Bergeimot 603

Englixli Autumn Bergamot 003

English Bcurrc 0()1

English Jargonelle 758

English Red Cheelc 707

Ej)argne 758

Kfine Dumas 668

£pine d'Ete 758

Eitine cVEte Couleur Rose 863

t'.inne d'Hiver 885

Epine de Limoge,^ 668

flpine de Rochoir 668

Epine Rose 803

Epine Rose Gris 851

Epine Rose d'Hiver 885

Epine Royale 758

Epi'icojxd 706

Ermesinde 758

Ernestine Auzolle 758

Esldemem . 784

Espargne 758

Esjjeriii's Herrenbirne 702

Esperine 759

Esperine 056

Essex 759

Esturion 759

Etmirneau 884

European Honey 784

Excelsior 759

Eyewood 759

Fedse Sjyreciew 827

Famenga 759

Fanfareau 778

Faux-Bolivar 835

Faux Sprecieio 827

Famri Musque 060

FeivoH Musque du GonseiUer 783

Fig Pear of Naples. 700

Figue 700

Figue d'Alencon 700

Figue d'Alencon d'Hiver 760

Figue dHiver 760

Figue d'Hiver dAlen^on 760

Figue de Naples 760

Fin Or dEtr 760

Fin Or d Hirer 766

Fine Gold of Summer 760

Fine Gold of Winter 766

FingaFs 778

Feast 759

Feasfs Seedling 759

1044

PAGE

Feaster 703

Filidte Dundas 750

Felix de Leim 759

Ferdinand Demeester 864

Ferdinand de Meester 814

Flat Butter 729

Flemish Beauty 760

Flemish Bon Chretien 761

Fleur de Guignes 856

Fleur de Mars 684

Fleur de Neige 782

Florent Scouman 762

Florimond Parent 762

Fondante 863

Fondante Agreable 762

Fondante d'Albret 762

Fondante d'Automne 762

Fondante du Bms 760, 821

Fondante de Cliarneuse 747

Fondante du Comice 764

Fondante de Cueme 763

Fondante Delbecq 684

Fondante d'Ingendal. 763

Fondante de la Maitre d'£cole 764

Fondante de Malines 764

Fondante de Maubege 762

Fondante de Millot 854

Fondante de Mans 829

Fondante Marquee 758

Fondante de Nees 764

Fondante de Noel 764

Fondante PariscUe 733

Fondante de Pome 696

Fondante des Pres 764

Fondante Serrwiei' de Millot 854

Fondante Van Mons 764

Fontarabie aeure 772

Foote's Seckel 765

Forelle 765

Forellen-hirne 765

Forme de Bergamotte Crassane. . . 766

Forme de Delices 766

Forme de Marie Louise 813

Forniquet 851

Fortunee 766

Fortunce de-Remme 766

40 Ounce 716

Foster's St. Michael 766

Fourcroy 686, 760

Franc Rial 766

Franc Real d'Ete 863

Franc Real d'Hiver 766

Franchiraont 766

FrancMpane 767

Francois Bergia 766

Frangipane 767

Fra.n/cfw'd 703

Franklin 791, 850

Franzdsische Rumelbirne 700

Fvaser Pear 831

Frauensclienkel 758

Frederick Leclerc 767

Frederick Lelieur 727

PAGE

Frederick de Wurtemburg 767

Frederick of Wurtemburg 767

Frederika Bremer 767

French Jargonelle 767

Frithe Rousselet .* 856

Fulton 768

Falvie Qrlgoire 822

Fm'ee d'Mk 767

Oambier 829

Gansel's Bergamotte 769

Gansel's Late Bergamotte 769

Gansel's Seckel 770

Garde Ecorce 772

Garde d'Fcosse 772

Garden Pear 770

Gardner 880

Garner 880

Gastelier 696

Gaudry 670

GMeon Paridant 747

Gendebien 770

Gendesheim 770

Genercd Banks 831

General Bosquet 770

General Canrobert 770

General Dutilleul 770

General Duvivier 688

General Lamoriciere 771

General de Lourmel 770

General Taylor 771

General Todleben 771

General Totleben 771

Genesee 859

Gerando ' 771

Gemrdin 772

G^erardine 772

German Baker. 835

German Muscat 772

Gibson 660

Gifart 689

Gile-o-gile 772

Gillette longue 804

Gilogil 772

GHot 772

Girardin 772

Girardon 772

Girogille 772

Gisambert 710

Gloire de VFmpereur 819

Glory of Combrone 772

Glou-morceau 773

Glmi Morceau de Cambron 773

Glout Morceau 773

Glotix Morceaux 773

Gobert ". 772

Golden Beurre 710

Golden Beurre of Bilboa 773

Golden End of Winter 766

Good Christian of Spain 858

Good Ckiistian of Winter 884

Goodale 773

GoodaWs Seedling 773

PEAKS.

1045

PAGE

Om-e's HeatJicot 780

Got Lric de Cambron 778

Oouhi Morcemi 773

Ooukie Mbrceau de Chatnhron 773

Oracieuse 778

Gradoli d^Hi-ner 686

GracioU of Jersey 791

Oracioli rmige 863

GracioU de la Toussaint 858

Grail nml^ Autumn- Nelis 664

Gi-aliamh Bergamot 664

Grand Bretagne 774

Grand Mogd. 716

Grand Monarque 716

Grand Soleil 775

Grand Tamerlan 716

Graslin 775

Grotiole d'Automne 858

GratioU 863

Gratioli d'M 863

GratioU di Roma 863

Graue Sommer ButterUrne 886

Grave de Corail 765

Graves 833

Gray Beurre 710

Gray Butter Pear 745

Gray Beans 745

Gray Doyenne 745

Great Berganiotte 778

Great Blanket 775

Great Blanquette 775

Great Britain 774

Great Citron of Bohemia 775

Great Mouthwater 863

Great Mnsh Pear of Cone. 818

Great Onion Pear 862

Great Orange 825

Great Bo^isselet 843

Green Chisel 775

Green Mountain Boy 775

Green Pear of Yair 776

Green Sugar 861

Green Sylvange 866

Green Windsor 883

Green Yair 776

Grenade 851

Gresillier 762

Gris de Chine 861

Groom's Princess Royal 776

Groote 3fogid 716

Gros Angobert 661

Gros Bkinquet Bond 797

Gros Bon Chritien 863

Gros Bon Chretien Beaiiderc 863

Gros Bon Chr/tien d^m 863

Gros Certeau d^EU. 717

Gros Colmar Van Mons. 725

Gros DUlen 686

Gros fin or long (VHiver 835

Gros Franc Rial 772

Gros Franc Real diHiver 660

Gros Gilot 772

Gros Gobet 772

PAGE

Gros Guy Grillaud. 772

Gros Mieet 766

Gros Micet dlM 863

Gros Mouille Bouche 863

Gros MuscadiUe 668

Gros Ognonet 862

Gros Q:uere 734

Gros Rmmelet 843

Gros Rousselet d'Aout 776

Gros Rateau 716

Gros Rateau gris 716

Gros Thomas 716

Grosse Allongle 875

Grosse Blanquct 775

Grosse Blanquette 775

Grosse Blanquette Ronde 797

Grosse de Bruxelles 835

Grosse Calebasse du JVord 873

Grosse Cuisse Madame 758

Grosse Dame Jeanne 835

Grosse DorotMe G86

Grosse Figue 760

Grosse Grande Bretagne 858

Grosse Grande Bretagne doree 858

Grosse Jargonelle 883

Grosse Marie 811

Grosse Roi Louis 775

Grosse Sucre 697

Grumkower 776

Grtimkowm' Winterbirnie 776

Grune Magdalena 809

Grime Sommer Magdalena 809

Guernsey 859

Gute Gram 886

Guenette 775

Guillaume de I^assau 686

GurWs Beurre 769

Gustavo Bivort 776

Gustave Burgoyne 776

Gustin's Summer 776

Hacon's Incomparable 777

Haddington 777

Hadley 795

Hagar 777

llaghens dULiver 673

Haight 777

Hamilton 777

Hamilton Seedling 777

Hamon 777

Hampden 778

Hampden's Bergamot 778

Hampton 778, 780

Hampton's Bergamot 778

Hampton's Cluster 778

Hampton's Virgalieu 778

Hannas 778

Hanners' 778

Hanover 779

Hardempont 773

Hardcnpont d^ Hirer 773

Hardenpont du Print&mps 696

Harris 779

lOlG

PEARS.

PAGE

Harrison's Large Fall 779

Harvard 779

Harvest 779

Hnsselhlrn 783

Hntivmu 775

Hntivenu Blanc 863

Hawes' Winter 780

Hazel 783

Heathcot 780

Hebe 780

Hebron 833

Hegeman 780

Hegerman 780

Heggerman 780

Heidelberg 703

Helena Gree-oire 780

Henkel ...T 781

HenM tV Hirer 871

Henri Bivort 781

Henri (Bivort) 781

Henri Desportes 782

Henry the Fourth 782

Henri Quatre 782

Henri Van Mons 782

Henri Van Mons 727

Henrietta 782

Henriette 782

Heiiriette Bouvier 782

Henriette cP Orleans 782

Hepworth 879

Hericait 783

Hericart de Thury 783

Herkimer 783

Hermansbirne 850

Hessel 783

Heices' Winter 780

Hingham 783

His Poiteau 850

Hocrenaille 844

Hoe-Langer Hoe-Liever 864

Holland Bergamot 784

Holland Green 784

Hollande Bergamotte 784

HoUandhiGhe Bergamotte 784

Homewood 771

Honey 784

Hoopefs Bilboa 774

Hosenschenck 784

Hosenschenck 784

Hovey 784

Howard 785

Howell 785

Hubard 678

Huguenot 786

Hull 786

Hungerford's Oswego 786

Hunt's Connecticut 786

Hunter 735

Huntingdon 797

Huntington 786

Huron 855

Huyslie's Bergamot 787

Huyshe's Prince Consort 786

PAGK

Huyshe's Prince of Wales 787

Huyshe's Princess of Wales 787

Huyshe's Victoria 787

Ice Pear 877

Imfiratrice 829

Impiratrice de France 760

Imperial 822

Imperial Oak-leaved 822

Imprriale a feuilles de cliene 822

Incommunicable 787

Incomparable 723

Inconnue la Fare 850

Inconnue Van Mons 787

Inconstant 788

Iris Gregoire 788

Iron 702

Isabella 788

Isambert 710

Immbert le Bon 710

Island 788

Ives' August 788

Ives's Bergamot 769

Ives' Bergamotte 788

Ives' Pear 788

Ives' Seedling 789

Ives' Virgalieu 789

Ives' Winter : 789

Ives' Yale ; 789

Jackmmi's Melting 794

Jackson 789

Jackson 789

Jackson's Elizabeth 789

Jagdbirne 753

Jalousie 790

Jidoiisie de Fontenay 790

Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee 790

Jamin 747

Jaminette 790

Janvry 858

Japan 790

Jaquin 782

Jardin de Jougers 784

Jargonelle de Knoop> 758

Jargonelle des Proveni:aux 804

Jean Baptiste Bivort 790

Jean de Witte 791

Jefferson 791

Jenart , 696

Jersey Gratioli 791

Jewess 796

Jilogil 772

Joannette 658

John 815

John Griffith 791

Johonnot 791

Joli-mant 864

Jolie Fille de Gust 792

Jolimont 742

Jolimt 742

Jollicmmit 742

Joly de Bonneau 792

PEARS.

1047

PAGT?

Jones 792

Jonea's Seedling 792

Joseph Staquet 793

JosepJdne 696, 790

Josephine Bouvier 793

Josephine de Malines 793

Joiiffroy 875

Judge Andrews 794

Jmve 796

Jules Bicori 734

Julienne 794

July Pear 862

Just 767

JvM-peer 886

Jutjesbirne 886

Jutte 886

Kaiser (TAutomne 880

KaiserUrne 880

Kaissoise 678

Kartofel 724

Kattern 846

Kntzenkoj) 716

Kede Hall Beurre 861

Keiser 794

Kelsey 794

Kessoise 678

Keyports 771

Kilmer 823

King 794, 795

King Edward's 794

Kinr] of Svmmer 843

King of Wurteniberg 767

King^s Seedling 795

Kingsessing 795

Kirtland 795

Kirtland's Beurre 795

Kirtland' s Seckel 795

Kirtland's Seedling 795

Knight's 796

Knight's Monarch 796

KnighVs Seedling 796, 840

Konge 883

Kopertscher 796

Kossertscher 796

Kronprinz Ferdinand 773

Kronprim von Oestreich 773

V EcMsnerie 753

VInconnue 787

LIncomtant 788

L-Orpheline 680

La Bonne Mcdinnise 884

La Fcfrtiin'e de Paris 766

La Fcrtinu'e de Parmentier 766

La Girardin 772

La H< rard 796

La Juive 796

La Moulinoise 797

La Savourese 797

La Sceur Gregoire 798

La Quintinye 835

La Peine 696

PA on

La Virguleitse 877

Lady Thigh 883

Lafare 850

Lafayette 796

Lamartine 797

Lammas 797

Lammas 729

Langelier's Beiirn- 693

Langliefs Victoria 773

Lansac 797

Large Round Blanquet 797

Large Rmisselet 843

Large Seckel 703

Large Sugar 868

Large Summer Bergamot 862

Large Sicati's Egg 779

Las Canas 798

Latch 833

Late Catherine 846

Laundry Wilding 753

Laure de Glymes 798

JMurentienne 767

Lawrence 798

Le Beurre 745

Le Breton 798

Le Briin 799

Le Cure 875

Le Virgmde 877

Lebanon 833

Lee 799

Lee's Seedling 799

Leedis Kingsessing 795

Lefevre 799

Lefevre 693

Lenawee 800

Lent Saint Germain 800

Lent St. Germain 835

Leochine de Printemi^s 800

Leon le Clerc Laval 800

Leon le Clerc Louvain 801

Leon Gr goire 800

Leon Rey 801

L(' onie Pinchart 800

Leopold 1 801

Leopold Riche 801

Lepiue 801

Lewis 801

Ljetcis 737

Long Green 803

Long Green of Autumn 804

Long Green of Esperin 804

Long Green Panache 804

LMncj Lsland Summer 758

Dm g- Stalked Blanket 804

Long-Stalked Blanquet 804

Long-Tailed Blanguette 804

LonguerMe d'£cosse 778

Le/rd Cheeney's 784

L^ord Cheney 784

Lord Martin Pear 844

Lotfs Pear 779

T.otds Bosc 701

Louis Dupont 871

1048

PEARS.

PAGE

Louis Givgoire 806

Louise Bonne 804

Louise Bonne cV Avranches 805

Louise Bonne (Sllimr 835

Louise Bonne de Jersey 805

Louise Bonne of Jersey 805

Louise Bonne de Printemps 804

Louise Bonne Rial 804

Louise of Boulogne 806

Louise cT Orleans 871

Louise de Prusse 859

Liart 819

Liberals 801

Liebart 802

Lieutenant Poidevin 802

lieutenant Poitevin 802

Limon 802

lAnden (CAutomne 773

Little Blanket 802

Little Blanquet 802

Little Muscat 802

Little Musk 802

Livingston Virgalieu 803

Livre de Burgoyne 772

Locke 803

Locke's Neio Benrri 803

Lodge 803

London Siigar 803

Longue de Narkoiits 661

Love Pear 659

Lucien Leclercq 806

Lucrate 762

Lycurgus 806

Lydia Thierard 806

Lyon 807

MaUlle 686, 819

McLdlan 880

McLaughlin 807

McVean 807

Madame 883

Madame Adelaide Rhves 654

Madame Ducar 808

Madame Durieux 808

Madame Eliza 800

Madame de France 883

Madame Gregoire 809

Sladame Henri Desportes 809

Madame Millet 809

Madame Treyve 809

Madeleine 809

Madeleine 809

Madeleine Vert 775

Madotte 657

Magdelen 809

Maid.en of Flanders 818

Maiden of Xaintonge 818

Mailanderin Orosse Grune 819

Malconnaitre 732

Malconnaitre d'Haspin 810

Manchester 810

Manchester Late 810

Manchester October 810

Mandleu 656

Manning's Elizabeth 810

Mansfield 811

Mansuette 661

Marasquine 811

Marccllis 815

March Bergamotte 811

Marechal de la Cour 811

Marlchal Decours 811

Marechal Dillen 811

Margaret 811

Maria Nouvelle 837

Marianne 827

Marianne de Nancy 812

Marie Chrttienne 813

Marie Guisse 813

Marie Louise 813

Mane Louise Delacourt 813

Marie Louise Donkdar 813

Marie Louise d'Elcourt 813

Marie Louise de Jersey. 813

Marie Louise NouveUe 813

Marie Louise Nova 813

Marie Louise d'Uccle 813

Marie de Nantes 812

Marie Parent 814

Ma7ion 815

Marmion 814

Marotte Sucrle Jaune 829

Marquise de Bedman 814

Martha Ann 814

Martin Sec 814

Martin See de GJiampagne 814

Martin Sec d'Lliver 814

Martin Sire 814

Martin Sire 844

Marulis 815

Mary 815

Mather 815

Matthews Eliza 776

Maynard 815

Meadow Feaster 703

Mear''s Summer Butter 751

M'Connaitre 732

Mdaille 819

3ldaiUe d'Or 767

Mellish 815

3fehn 819

Melon de Kops 686

Merriam 815

Merriweather 866

Merveille de la Nature 751

Messire dLiiver 875

Messire Jean 815

Messire Jean Blanc 815

Messire Jean Dorl 815

Messire Jean Oris 815

Michaux 816

3fiel d' Waterloo 747

Mignonne d'Hiver 816

Milan Blanc. 863

3Llan Blanc 863

Milan de la Beurrilre 863

PEARS.

1049

MiJ.(in (le Bourdeaiix 670

Milan de Rouen 81(5

Milan Vert 778

Milanaue G livelier 884

Miller'ii Early 828

Millot de Nancy 816

Mi'tjiorde I'enimt 71(i

Misxiir (V Hirer 875

Mitchell's Russet 817

Moccas 817

Mofful Summer 719

Moire 694

MoJle Boitche d? Hirer 660

^[olle Bouche Nouvelle 760

Mollet's Guernsey Beurre 817

Mollefs Ouernsey Glmumontelle . ... 817

MoH Dieu 656

Monarch 796

Monkowthy 661

Monseigneiir Affre 817

Monseigueur des Hons 817

Monseigneur Sibour 817

Mondeur 875

Monsieur le Cure 875

Mondeur Jean 815

Monstreuse de Landers 716

Monstrueuse du JVord 873

Moor-fowl Egg 865

Moore^s Pear 784

Moore's Pound 784

Morel 818

Morgan 780

Moiiille Bouche ■ 808

MoniUe houche d'Automne 804

Mount Vernon 818

Mouthirxiter 803

Moj-amensing 818

Mr. John 815

Mrs. Jnck,w?i 789

MiiHcadet d'EU 767

MnscadiUe 668

Muscadine 81 8

Muscat VAlemnn 772

Miificat d.Alleniagne 772

Muscat VAllenuDi 772

Muscat Allemand 772

Muscat V Allemand 772

Muscat d'Ambrc 818

Muscat of Germany 773

Muscat Lallemand 772

Muscat Petit 802

Muscat Robert 818

Muscat Robine 818

Muscat Unvqe 668

Musdt, 'TAnjnu 775

Musk PAiiiifjuft, or Blanquette. .... 802

Musk Orange 824

3/w.v^• Pear 846

Musk liobiae 818

Musk Summer Bon Chr'tien 8()3

Muskingum 819

Muscjuiuo de Brctaqne 784

My-God Pear 656 ;

Nauman's Greek 878

Namen's Greek 878

Napoleon 819

Napoleon d'Hivei' 819

Napoleon Savinien 8 1 9

Napolcan Vrai 819

Naumkeag 819

Navez Peintre 819

Ne Plus Meuris 820

Ne Plus Meuris 679

Nectarine 846

Negley 820

Nelis d' Hirer 884

Neue Grassane 829

New Bridge 820

New Frederick of Wkirtemberg. . . . . 684

New St. Germain '. 837

NeiD Spring Beurri- 875

New Yoi'k Red GJieek 852

Newhall 820

Newtown 820

Newtoipn Seedling 820

Nickerson 820

Niell 821

Niles 821

No. 10 Van Mons 802

No. 135 Van Mons 877

No. 1599 of Van Mons 692

Noirchain 696

Nones 732

Nonpareil 821

Nonpareille 702

Norris Pear 791

Notarie Miuot 821

Noureau Maison 854

Nouceau Mav.vion 854

Nouveau Poiteau. . . 821

Nouvelle Fulvie 822

Nouedle d' Ouef 880

NurCs Pear 681

Nutmeg Pear 700

Oak-Leaved Imperial 822

Oftk-leaved Imperi<d 822

Oakley Park Bergamotte 822

CEuf • 822

Oqnon de Xaintonge 863

dgnonet 862

Ognonet Musque 862

Ognonnet .... 862

Oiqnonet 862

Oken 822

Oken d'Hiver 822

Oliver's Russet 822

Olivier de Serres 822

Omer Pacha 850

Oneida 823

Onondaga 823

Ontario 824

Orange 824

Orange d'Automne 824

Orange Bcrgamot 832

Orange Bergamotte 824

1050

PAGE

Oranrie (VMp 824

Orange d'Hiver 824

Orange Mandarine 824

Omnrie Musk 824

Orange Musqu ''e 824

Orange Rouge 824

Orange Tulip '-e 825

Orpheline Colmar 825

OrfiJi/iine (V Englden 680

OxhniuVi Faw'nte 825

Osband's Summer 825

Osborne 825

Oswego Beurre 825

Oswego Incomparable 826

Ott 826

Ott's Seedling 826

Owen 826

OxjWd CJmumontel 718

Paddock 826

Paddrington 751

Pailleau 826

Paiu-JireMa 884

Paqucncy 830

Pui'iihdle Musqu'e 734

Paradise d'Automne 827

Pardee's No. 2 736

Pardee's Seedling 827

Parfum d'Aout 828

Parf um de Rose 828

Poiselle 733

Parlinson's Warden 702

Parsonage 828

Parthenay 671

Passa-tutti 859

Passans du Portugal 828

Passe Colmar 829

Passe Colmar Epineaux 829

Passe Colmar Franr^ois 791

Passe Colmar Gris 829

Passe-Colmar Musque 829

Passe- Colmar Musque d''Autam7ie. . . 829

Passe Cohnar Vineux 829

Passe Crassane 829

Passe Tardive 829

Pastorale d'Hiccr 751

Pater Noster 830

Paul Ambre 830

Paul Thielens 830

Paul Thielens 830

Payerche 830

Paynichi 830

Payi'ricJd de Perigord 830

Piyency ' 830

Peo,^ 831

Peach Pear . 831

Pearl Pear 802

Peck's Seedling 847

Pemberton 831

Penderson 831

Pendleton's Early York 831

Pengethly 831

Penn 831

PARE

Pennsylvania 832

Pequini 772

Peral del Campo 863

Perdreau 846

Perfumed 828. 851

Perpetual 832

Petaless 760

Peters 832

Petej'silie Peer 760

Petit Blanquet 802

Petit Certeau 668

Petit Corail 765

Petit Johannet 658

Petit Muscat 802

Petit Muscat d?Aiitomne 841

Petit muficat hatard muscade 775

Petit Musquo 704

Petit Eou.<selet 846

Petit St. Jean 658

Petite Beurre d'Hiver 700

Petite Blanquette 802

Petite Epine d'tlte 758

Petre 832

Pettalless 760

PfirsicMirne 831

Philadelphia 832

PhiU])])e Delfosse 684

Philippe Goes 833

PJiilijype de Pacques 751

Philippe Strie 859

Picciola 833

Pickering Pear 835

Pickering's Warden 835

Picquei'y 871

Pie IX 833

Pine Pear 880

Pinneo 833

Pioulice 704

Piper 835

Pistolette 760

Pitmaston Duchesse d'Angouleme. . 833

Pitt's Prolific 834

Pitt's Surpasse Marie 834

Plantagenet 834

Piatt 834

Piatt's Seedling 834

Plmnbgastel 851

Pocahontas 834

Poire fVAbondance 656

Poire (rAlbret 678

Poire d'Amboise 710

Poire d' Amour 659

Poire d'Angoise 884

Poire d' AjMthleaire 884

Poire d'Avril 664

Poire de Bavay 732

Poire de Berriays 672

Poire Braconot d'Epinal 707

Poire de Bunville 844

Poire de Cadet 670

Poire de~'i Chasseurs 735

Pmre Chenille 828

Poire de Chypre 846

PEARS.

1051

PAOF.

7G0

Poire Davy

Poire (hi Doyen ^»^

Poire Durnndeau ''^'^

688
771
689

877
877

Poire Gendroii

Poire Gerando

Pttire Giffard

Poire-glace

Poire de Glace

Poired Gobei't ^'^

Poire Govhalt »^0

Poire GuiUaume ^»»

Poire His oj''

Poire des Invalides j,;^

770
801
819

84

Poire du Jardin

Poire de Lepine

Poire Liard

Poire de Limon

Poire de Louvain

Poire avx Mouclm ^^

Poire Napoleon gii

Poire Niell ^f

Poire des Nonnes ^^j!^

Poire de Payency ^Y

Poire Peche °^i

Prrsent Royal de Nantes ^67

President ^^^

Premleut d'EsjKigne w^o

President Felton 83b

President Mas 8d6

Pretty Girl of Gust '-^i

Prei'l fZ

Prevost f^

Primitive °"*

Prince Albert °^o

PHnce Camille de Boh an 714

Prince Imperial de France 837

Prince de Joinville 837

Prince Napoleon 83 1

Prince's Harvest 8d7

Prince's Pear 8d7

Prince's St. Germain 8€J7

.... 8o«

... 862

. 818

838

... 749
838

802
760
662
671
836
837
858

of Orange 839

Poire a la Perle

Poire de Persil

Poire-Pomme

Poire Poriault

Poire Prerost

Poire de Pnnce

Poire de Printemps

Poire a la Peine 81«

Poire BitelU 84v

Poire de Rose

Poire sans Peau

Poire sans Pepins

Poire Seutin

Pf/ire Six <,

Poire de 16 Ounees ^'-

Poire de StuUgard 84/

Poire de tables des princes ^^^

Poire Tniite '^\

Poire Van Marwn ^'^

Poire Yauquelin 874

863

856
778
854
697

Princess Sugar

Prince's Sugar Top

Princess

Princess Charlotte

Princess Helen (T Orleans
Princess Maria
Princess
Princess Boyal
Princesse Conquete. . .
Princesse Marianne .
Princesse d" Orange. . .
Princesse de Parme . .
Prinfi'^rs de Kopertsli
Prof esseur Hennau
Pucelle Condisienne

776
839

827
839
813
796
839
829

Ptdsif er ^^^

Puvis St. Germain .

889

Poireau .

Pollan

Pomoire

834
662

Pope's Quaker. 834

834
3

Queen of Av gust ^84

Queen of the Low Countries NW

Quem's Amber 81 8

Queen's Pear 818

Quilletette 84U

Quinn . ^^^

Quinnipiac

850

831
840

840

Pope's Scarlet Major

PatU .3-

Pound 2ftl

PmreWs Virgalim »»^

PradeUo ds Catalogne 875

Prairie du Pond 835

Pratique de Bouen ^8/

Pratt 83^

Pr:cd 8.9

PrecHly f'l

Preface de Glndy ^5(1

Precocee Goubault »^5

Premices de Wagelvvater b3b

Prfsent d« Malines 8~J

Prcserd Boyal de Naples 6b <

Bailroad Fuss

Rallay

Rapelje ^^"

Ravenswood ^ "

Raymond ^,,

Bead's Seedling ^-"^^

Reading

Beat Jargonelle

Red Bergamot • • •

BedBeurre *•"•

Bed Butter

Bed Cheek ^^

Bed- Cheeked Seckel

Bed Doyenne

Red Garden ^

Bed Muscadel *^'

Bed Orange ^^*

Beeder's Seedling ^»

Regine g„

Begintin °'^^

841
758
841
745
710

852
745
841

1052

PEARS.

PAGE

Rdgner 880

Reiue Caroline 841

Reine d'Hiver 841

Rdne des Pays Bus 839

Reine des Poires 842

Reine Victoria 842

Reine de Vierge 749

Reserve Pear 758

Retour de Rome 842

Reynaer Beernaert 842

Richards 842

Richards Beurre 863

Richmond 779, 850

Ridelle's 842

Ris de Loup. . . . .- 772

Rivers' Winter Beurre 843

Robert's Keeping 751

Roberfs Muskateller 818

Robertson 878

RAiine 818

Robinson 878

Roe's Bergamot 843

Roid'Ete 843

Roi Jolimont 742

Roi Louis 775

Roi Louis Nouveau 688

Roi de Louvain 716

Roi de Rome 843

Roi de Rome 819

Roi de Wurtemberg 767

Roitelet 843

Rokeby 844

Rondelet 844

Ronville 844

Ropes 844

Rose ^pine Rose 863

Rose Pear 863

Rosenbirne 863

Roslyn 844

Rostiezer 845

Rouge dWnjou 697

Rr>iige des Vierges 717

Round Top 872

RouseUet de Meester 814

Rousse Lench 845

Roussdet 843, 846

Ronsselet Aelens 845

Rousselet Bivort ^ 845

Rousselet de Coster 845

Rousselet Decoster 845

Rousselet Double 846

Rousselet Enfante Prodigue 846

Rousselet Esperen 846

Rousselet Hatif 846

Rousselet d'llicer 814

Rousselet Jamin 750

Rousselet de Jamin 750

Rousselet de Janvier 845

Rousselet de Jonghe 846

Rousselet 3fusqv.c 846

Rousselet de Rheims 846

Rousselet St. Nicholas 847

Rousselet Stuttgart 847

v.\nv,

Rousselet Vanderwecken 847

Rousseline 847

Rousselon 847

Roussette d'Anjou 700

Royal 847

Royal d'AngleteiTe 835

Royal Tairling 751

Royal Winter 848

Roycde 863

Royale d'Hiver 848

Roy ale Nouvelle 840

Rozatte du Dauphine 863

Rozatte d' Ingrandes 863

Rushmme's Bon Chretien 779

Russelet 843

Russelin 847

Rutter 848

Sabine 790

Sabine d' £te 767

Sabine Van Mons 790

Sacandaga 849

Sacandaga Seckel 849

Saco 773

Safran d'Autarnne 858

Safrand^te 863

Safran rosat d'Autarnne 858

Sageret 671

Saint Andre 849

St. Cerran 664

Saint Crispin 849

Saint Denis 849

Saint Dorothee 849

Saint Germain 850

Saint Germain blanc 804, 850

Saint Germain brun 850

St. Germain Dare 850

St. Germain Dutilleul 668

Saint Germain (TMe 864

Saint Germain Fondant 672

St. Germain de Graines 668

St. Germain Gris 850

St. Germain Jaune 850

Saint Germain d'Hiver 850

Saint Germain de Martin 864

St. Germain Nouveau 874

St. Germain PanacJiee 850

Saint Germain de Pepins 850

Saint- Germain-Puvis 839

St. Germain du Tillay 668

St. Germain du Tilhy 668

Saint Germain Vauquelin 874

Saint Germain vert 850

Saint Ghislain 850

St. Ilerblain dHiver 751

*S'^. Jean 658

St. Jean Baptiste 727

St. Jeein Betptiste dHiver 727

,6'^. Jean Musquie Gros 818

St. John's Pear 658

Saint Lambert 758

Saint Laurent 767

Saint Lezin 850

TEAKS.

105.3

Saint Menin

Saint Mavc GG8

St. Martini

St. Michael Archange

Saint Blichael Archangel

St. Michael of Bodoii

St. Michael Bore

St. Michael d' Bte

St. Michael eV Hirer

St. Michel

Sai7it Michel Crotte

St. Nicholas

Saint Sampson

Saint Vincent de Paul

Sainte-Madeliiine

Salisbury Seedling

Salviata

Sand Pear

Sanguine d^ Italic

Sanguinole ....

Sanguinole de Belgique

Sans Pair

Sans Pareille

Sfins Pejnns

Sanspeau

Sarah

Sarah

Seitin

Satin Vert

Schelis

Schdne and Oute

Schuman

Scotch Bergamot

Seal

Sebastopol

Sebnstopol cFEt-

Seckel

Sectde.

Seigneur

Seigneur iVEsperin

Seigneur d'Hiver

Selleck

Senateur Mosselman

Sept-en-gueule

Serapbiue 0\'in

Serrurier

Serrurier (TAutomne

Seutin

Shakespeare

Shauniontel

Shaw-Montel

Shawmut.

Sheldon

ShenJSs

Sheppard

SJwrfs Saint Germain

Sidle

Sickd

SieiiUe

Silliman''s Busset

Sikanbirne

Silvange. Pierard

Simon Bouvier

P.\GE

8oO
, 871
GGO
851
851
, 880
745
742
742
, 880
859
749
758
851
809
851
851
851
.851
851
852
702
702
T78
856
852
784
797
758
863
778
852
778
852
852
852
852
852
762
762
751
854
854
802
854
854
854
854
852
718
718
855
855
784
855
864
758
852
746
833

866
856

Sire Martin 814

Skinless 856

Small Blanguet 802

Small Winter Beurre 700

Smith''s Bordenave 803

Smith's Early Butter 818

Smith's Pennsylvania 832

Smokehouse 784

Snow Floicer 782

Smir Qregoire 798

Soldat Esperen 85(5

Soldat Laboureur 856

Soleure 706

Solitaire 661

Sommer Gute Christenbirne 863

Sophia Beekmans 814

Souvenir du Congress 856

Souvenir d'Esperen 857

Souvenir Favre 858

Sauvenir of Madame Trcyce 809

Souvenir de la Reine des Beiges. . . 857

Souvenir de Simon Bonder 856

Souveraine. 829

Souveraine d'Ete 858

Souveraine d' Hirer 829

Souveraine de Printemi^s 858

Spanish Bon Chretien 858

Spanish Warden 858

Sparbin>6 758

Sjwckled Harris 779

Spice Butter ■ 703

Spice Pear 846

Spina 858

Sjyina di Carpi 848

Sponge 721

Sportsman 735

Spnng Beurre 875

Staunton 769

Steinmitz Catherine 858

Steinmitz Spice 859

Stephen s Genesee 859

Sterling 859

Stevens' Genesee 859

Stone 860

Striped Bergamot 865

Striped Dean 881

Striped Gennain 850

Striped Orange 825

Stutt garter Geishirtcl 847

Stuytersant 863

Styer 860

Styrian 861

Sublime Garnotte 880

Sucre d'Automne de Tertolen 861

Sucre Noir d'Ete 861

Sucre de Tertolan 861

Sucre Vert 861

Sucre Vert d'Automne de Tvlsduyn. 861

Sucre-vert d'Hoyersworda 861

Sucr'e blanche 804

Sucree du Cornice 861

Sucree de lloyerswerda >^(>\

Sucrie Doric 810

1054

PEARS.

PAGF.

Sucfirin Mane d'Hte 804

Suffolk Thorn 863

Sugar of Hoyerswarda 861

Sugar Pear '^'^^

Sugar Top 862

Sukerey d'Automne 861

Sullivan 863

Summer Apothekerbirne 86;}

Summer Archduke 862

Summer Beauty 767

Swmner Bell 883

Summer Bergamot 863

Summer Beurre d'Aremberg 863

Summer Bon Chretien 863

Summer Crassane 863

Summer Doyeiin'' 743

Summer Franc Real 863

Summer Good Christian 863

Swmmer Jargonelle 767

Summer Pine-apple 660

Summer Portugal 838

Summer Rose , 863

Summer St Germain 864

Summer Thorn 758

Summer Virgalieu 864

Summer Virgalieu 825, 833

Superfondante 864

Supreme 883

Supreme Ooloma 796

Supreme de Quimper 864

Surpass Mana Louise 834

Surpasse Crassane 829

Surpasse Fortunce 766

Surpasse Meui'is 864

Surpasse Virgalieu 864

Surpasse Virgouleuse 864

Suzette de Bavay 865

Swan's Egg S65

Swan.s Orange 823

Sweet Summer 758

Swiss Bergamot 865

Syckle 852

Sylvanehe 866

Sylvange 866

Sylvonge WHiver 760

Sylvanghe vert d''hivier 686

Tardif de Mons 866

Tardive de Toulouse 749

Tarquin 866

Tarquin des Pyrenees 866

Taylor Pear 866

Tea 866

Terling 751

Terreneuvaise 700

T'te de Chat 716

Teton de Venus 772

Theodore Van Mons 867

ThtTese Kumps 868

Thiessoise 678

Thompson's 868

Thooris 868

Tliarny Ambrette 658

Thorny Hose ,

Thouin

Thuerlinckx

Tillington

Tilloy

Tilton

Tombe de V Amateur ,

Totten's Seedling

Treasure

Trescott ,

Tresor

Tresor d^ Amour

Trimble ,

Triomphe de Hasselt

Triomphe de Jodoigne

Triomphe de Louvain

Triomphe du Noi'd

Triomphe de Pomologique

Troken Martin

Trompe-valet ,

Trotit Pear

Trouve de Montigny

Truckhill Bergamot

Tuei'linckx ,

Tulipee

Tuliped or Fly Pear

Turkish Bonciirctien ,

Turkish Pear

Twenty-fifth Anniversaire de Leo

pold I

Two Sisters

Tyler ,

Tynsboro'

Tyrolle

Tyson

PACK

863

868
668
658
831
868
659
869
659
659
773
873
869
869
873
728
814
658
765
701
869
868
863
825
761
761

869
736
869
719
790
870

Udal 767

Union 835

Upper Crast 870

Urbaniste 871

Urbaniste Seedling 871

Ursula 873

Uved(de's St. Germain 835

Uwchlan 873

Va Deux Ans 725

Valandree 734

Valencia 880

Valentia 880

Valentine 873

Vallee Franche 873

Van Assche 873

Van Assene 873

Van Asshe 873

Van Buren 873

Van Deventer 873

Van de Weyer Bates 873

Vandeweyer Bates 873

Van Donckelaer 813

Van Donkelear 813

Van Dyck 858

Van Marum 873

Van Mons Leon le Clerc 873

105/

PAGK

Vfi7i Mons No. 154 810

Van Mons iV«. 889 8(i2

Van Mons No. 1238 722

Van Mons St. Oermain 874

Van VranJcen 849

Vandyck 858

Vauquelin 874

Verdette 861

Verlaine 874

Verlaine 770

Ver-laine d'£te 770, 874

Vermilion 668

Vermilion d''Et'' 767

Vermilion d'^Automne 668

Vermilion des Dames 668

Vermilion d'Espagne d^Hieer. 858

Ver?nillon d'Ete 767

Vermilion d'en Haut 874

Vermilion d'Hiver des Dames 669

Vermont 874

Vermont Seedling 874

Verte Longue 803

Verte Longue d' Angers 760

Verte Longue d'Antomne 804

Verte Longue of Espenn 804

Verte Longue cTHiver 753

Verte Longue de la Mayenne 760

Verte Longue paiMclie 804

Verulam 875

Vezou.ziere 875

Vicaire de Winkfeld 875

Vicar of Winkfield 875

Vicomte de Spoelberch 877

Victoria 773

Vignes 733

Vtliane d'Anjou 863

Vineuse 877

Vineuse dEsperen 877

Virgalieu of New York 880

Virgrdoo 880

Virgin of XainUmge. ... 818

Virgolese 877

Virgouleuse 877

Von Zug-ler 877

Wadleigh 877

Walker 877

Walkefs Seedling 818

Warwick Bergamot 880

Washington 878

Water 883

Waterloo 747

WaternieVm 784, 883

Watertown 722

Watson 878

Wayne 855

Webster 878

Weixse Ilerhd Butterhirne 880

Welbeck Bergamot 879

Wellington 879

Wendell 879

Westcott 879

Wetmore 879

PA OK

Wharton's Early 879

Wheeler 880

Whieldon 880

Whieldon's McLellan 880

W/dte Atttumn Beurre 880

White Beurre 880

WJdte Butter 880

White Doyenne 880

White Pear 802

White's Seedling 881

Wicar of Wakefield. 875

Wiest 882

Wilbur 882

Wilding of Caissoy 700

Wilding of Eery 700

Wilfred 683

Wilhelmine 790

Wilkinson 882

Willermoz 882

WilUa7n 805

William Edwards 882

William the Fourth 805

William Powell 863

William Prince 883

Williams' Bonchretien 666

Williams' Boncliritien .' 666

Williams' Early 883

Williamson 883

Wilmington 883

Windsor 883

Winship 884

Win ship Seedling 884

Winter Ambret 658

Winter Bell 835

Winter Bergamotte 751

Winter Beurre 718, 843

Winter Bonchretien 884

Winter Duc?iess 749

Winter Good Christian 884

Winter Green Long 753

Winter Long Green 753

Winter Nelis 884

Winter Oken 822

Winter Orange 824

Winter Rousselette 814

Winter Royal 848

Winter Seckel 885

Winter Thorn 885

Winter Virgalieu 723

Wisner 855

Woodbridge's Seckel 885

WoIg'AVs Early 779

Woolaston "^"'^

Woodstock 886

Wredow 886

Tat 886

Telhw Butter 880

York Bergamot 6()3

Yutte 8^

Zepherin Grt'goire 886

Zepherin Louis 886

105G

PEARS PLU3IS.

PAGE

Zepherin Louis Gregcdre 886

Zoar Beauty 887

Zoar SeedUny 887

PLUMS.

Abricot Vert 917

Abricote Blanc 953

Abricote Hutif 911

Abricot'te 896

Abricotee Blanc 896

Abricotie Blanche 896, 952

Abricotee de Brauuau 895

Abncotie de Braunau Noucelle. . . . 929

Abricot'e Hative 911

Abricotee Rouge 942

Abricot'e Sageret 917

Abricot'e de Tours 896

Admiral de Bigny 923

Agen Datte 939

Albany Beauty 895

Aldertoii 948

Aloise's Green Gage 917

Altesse Blanche 954

Alte^se Double 924

American Magnum Bonum 896

American Wheat 896

American Yelloio Gage 939

Amber Pmnordian 925

Ang-elina Burdett 896

Anglaise Noir 935

Anna Maria 896

Apple Plum 89(i

Apricot 896

Ajmcot Plum of Tours 896

Askew's Golden Egg 954

Askeio''s Purple Egg 943

Auburn 897

Aunt Ann 918

Austrian Quetsche 916

Automne de Schamali 897

Autumn Beaut}/ 898

Autumn Compote 897

Autumn Gage 897

Avant Prune blanche 925

Azure Illtice 899

Bavay's Green Gage 897

Beach Plum 889

Beeknia.Cs Scarlet 929

Bejonnieres 898

Belgian Purple 898

Belle de Louvain 898

Belle de Septembre 898

Benedict 899

Bilhoa 925

Bingham 899

Black Damson 907

Bkick Lnperial 901

Black Jilorocco 932

Black Perdrigon 899

Blackthorn 955

Bleecker's Gage 899

Bleecker''s Scarlet 929

Bleeeker'^s Yellow 899

Bleecker's Yellmo Gage 899

Bleu de Belgique 898

Bleu de Perque 898

Blue Gage 899

Blue Holland 921

Blue Imperatrice 900

Blue Imperatnce 947

Blue Impericd 901

Blue Perdrigon 900

Blue Perdtigon 937

Blue Plum 900

Blum 900

Bolmar 951

Bolmer 951

Bolnier^s Washington 951

Bonnet d'Eveque 900

Boulouf 901

Boulouf 926

Bradford Gage 917

Bradshaw 901

Brahy's Green Gage 901

Brandy Gage 931

Bremen Prune 916

Brevoort's Purple 901

Brevoorfs Purple Bolmetr 901

Brevooi'Vs Purple Washington 901

Bricet 901

Bricetta 901

Brignole 953

Brignole Violette 900

Brugnon Gage 917

Bruyn Gage 917

Bryanston's Gage 902

Buel's Favorite 902

Burettes 902

Burgundy Prune 902

Burlington Gage 903

Bury Seedling 904

Byfield 903

Caldwell's Golden Drop

Caldwell's White Gage

Caledonian 917,

Cambell

GambeWs Seedling

Cant's late Green Gage

Gatalonian

Cerisette Blanche

ChajDin . . . .

Ch((pirCs Early

Chapman'' s Prince of Wcdes

Charlotte

Cheriy

Chester County Prune

Cheston

Chickasaw Plum

Cleaviuger

Cloth of Gold Esperen

Cloth of Gold Plum

Coe's Golden Drop

902
903
933
903
903
917
925
925
903
921
938
950
903
903
904

904
916
910
904

PLUMS.

1057

€06' s Golden Bro^ Violette 905

eve's Imperial 5)04

Coe's Late Red 904

Coe's Plum 904

Coe's Violet 905

Columbia 905

Columbian Gage 905

Common Damson 907

Common English Sloe 955

Common Orleans 935

Common Quetsche 915

Common St. Jttlien 946

Comte Gustave d'Egger 905

Goofefs Blue Gage 899

Cooper's Large 905

Coopefs Large American 905

Goopefs Large Bed 905

Cope 906

Copper 906

Corse's Admiral 906

Corse's Field Marshal 906

Corse's Nota Bene 906

CoueUche 915

Covetclie 915

Cox's Seedling 906

Croft's Early 907

Grugefs 907

Cruger's Scarlet 907

Gruger's Scarlet Gage . . 907

Crugei'^s Seedling 907

D'Agen 939

D'Amerique Bouge 903

B^iutonine de Schamal. 897

D'Autriche 908

D'Avoine 925

Damas Blanc 952

Damas Blanc Gros 952

Damas Blanc Hdtif Gros 952

Dumas Dronet 910

Damas d'Espagne 949

Damas Gros ... 915

Damas dUialie 924

Damas Jaune . . 953

Damas Lawson 928

Damas de Mangeron 931

Damas Mu»qm 933

Damas de Provence 939

Damas de Provence Hdtif 939

Damas de Septembre 947

Damas de Tours 937

Damas de Tours gros 917

Damas Vert 917

Damas Violet 941

Damas Violet Gros 915

Dmnascena Schamali 897

Damascene Maugeron 931

Damask 915

Dame Aubert 954

Dame Aubert blanche 954

Dame Aubert Jaune 954

Dame Aubert Violette 94:5

Damson 907

PASS

Dana's Yellow Gage 908

Date Plum 908

Battel- /refsc/te 908

Danphiii . . . . 948

Dauphine 917

De Bordeaux 926

De (Uiypre 933

De Di'iice 908

De Montf ort 908

De Virgiide 903

Dennisto)i''s Albany Beauty 896

Denniston's Red 908

Denniston's Superb 908

Denyefs Victoria 948

Diamond 909

Dictator 909

Diapliane 950

Diaphane Laffay 950

Diapre Blanc 952

Diaprie Blanche 952

Diapn'!:e Rouge 942

Diaprie Violette 904

Die Blithe Eiperflaume 943

Die Violette Ivonigin Claudie 940

Dolphin 948

Domine Dull 909

DoreUe's Neue Grosse Zwetsche 934

DoreWs New Ptirple Prune 934

Dorr's Favorite 909

Double-blossomed Plum 955

Double-flowering Sloe 955

Do^\•Tliug's Early 910

Downtou ImiJiratrice 910

Drapd'Or 910

Drop d'Or Espei-en 916

Dronet Damask 910

Duaue's Purple 910

Dumore 910

Dunmore 910

Dutcii Prune 909

Dutch Quetzen 909

Dwarf Texas Plum 889

Early Amber 911

Early Apricot 911

Eiuiy Bnvay 926

Eitrly Black Morocco 932

Early Cross 911

Early Damask 932

Early Damask of Provence 939

Early Damson 907

Early Favorite 911

Early Gcnesre 920

Early Green Gage 911

Eudy John 925

Earh/ Jfonsiiur 911

Enrb/ Jfororro 932

Early Orleans 911

Early Prolific 913

Early Purple 921

Early Blccrs 913

Early Royal 945

Early Royal of JMkita 913

1058

PLUMS.

PAGE

Early Russian 915

Early St. John 912

Early Scarlet 903

Early Tours 937

Early Violet 937

Early Yellow 925

Early Yellow Prune 912

Edouard Seneclauze 912

Egg Plini) 954

Elfrey 912

Elfry's Prune 912

Emerald Drop 913

Emj)7'ess 900

English Orleans 935

English Wheat 913

English Yellow Gage 913

Eugene Furst 913

Fair's Golden Drop 904

Fellenberg 924

Fine Bonte 913

Florence 943

Flushing Oage 923

Fonthill 937

Foote's Early Orleans 913

Foote's Golden Gage 914

Fotheringay 914

Fotheringham 914

Franklin 951

French Copper 906

French Royal 945

French St. Julicn 946

Frost Gage 914

Frost Plum. .: 914, 952

Fulton 914

Galbraith 914

Gelbe Mirabelle 932

Gem 915

Genl. Hand 915

German Gage 899

German Prune 915

German Quetsche 915

Ghiston's Early 916

GifEord's Lafayette 916

Gillett 931

Gisborne's 916

Gisborne's Early 916

Gloire de New York 922

Golden Cherry Plum 916

Golden Bsperen 916

Golden Gage 904 '

Golden Gage Lawson 928

Goliath 917

Gonne 917 1

Gonne's Green Gage 913

Goring'' s Golden Gage 917

Goutte d^Or 904 !

Great Damask Violet of Tours .... 917

Great Green Damask .... 917

Green Gage 917

GrimwoodCs Early Orleans 911

Gros Damas Vert 917 i

Gros Da'mas de Tours. 917

Gros Rouge de Septenibre. 898

Grosse Luisante. 954

Grosse Reine 917

Grosse Reine Claude 917

Groundacre 918

Grove Hou.se Purple 914

Gundaker Plum 918

Gundaker Prune 918

Guthrie's Apricot 918

Guthrie's Aunt Ann 918

Guthrie's Golden 918

Guthrie's Late Green 919

Guthrie's Russet 919

Guthrie's Taybank 919

Guthrie's Topaz 919

Gwalsh 919

Hallenbeck 920

Hampton Court 911

Hartwiss' Yellow Prune 920

Henrietta Gage 920

Henry Clay 920

Highlander 920

Hinckley 931

Holland 921

Holland Prune 921

Horse Plum 921

How's Amber 921

Howard's Favorite 921

Howell's Early 921

HowelVs Large 933

Hudson Gage 922

Huling^s Reine Claudia 917

Huling's Superb 922

Ickworth Imperatrice 922

Ida Gage 917

Ida Green Gage 917

Imj)eratrice 900

Implratriee Blanche 952

Impiratrice Violet 900

Imperatrice Violette 915

Impt-ratHce Violette Grosse 915

Imperial 943

Imperial Diadem. 942

Imperial Gage 923

Imperial Ottoman 923

Imperial Purple 923

Imptrial de Sharp 948

Imjnrial Violet 943

Imppriale 943

Impmale blanche 954

Imperiale de Milan 922

Implriale Rouge 943

Impiriale Violette 943

Incomparable 924

Incomparable Prune 924

Irving^s Bolmar 951

Isabel 931

Isabella 924

Isle worth Green Gage 917

Italian Damask 924

PLUMS.

1059

Italian Prune 934

Italian Quetsche 924

Ives 924

Ive^'' Seedling 924

/»<«' WusJdngton 924

Jackson 951

Jacob 925

Jaime de Catalogne 925

Jaune Hative 925

Jean Hative 925

Jefferson 925

Jenkins' Imperial 933

Jerusalem 926

Jodoigne Green Gage 926

Judson 926

July Green Gage 926

Raster's Green Gage 926

Kester's Yellow Gage 926

Keyser's Plum 922

Kirke's 926

Kirke's Stonele^ 949

KneveWs Late Orleans 933

Knighfs Large Drying 927

Knighfs No. Q 922

Koctsche 915

Kolenkamp 927

La DHicieuse 905

La Roi/dle 945

Lady Plum 927

Langdon 927

Langdon's Seedling .... 927

Large Early Damson 921

Large German Prune 915

Large Green Drjang 927

Large Long Blue 930

Large Peach 936

Large "WTiite Damson 907

Largest Damask of Tours 917

Late Black Damson 907

Late Black Orleans 927

Late Bolmer 928

Late Cluster 952

Late Green Gage 935

Late Monsieur 935

Late Purple Damson 907

Late Rivers 928

Late Yelhw Damson 952

Lawrence's Favorite 928

Lawrence^s Gage 928

Lawrence's Early 928

Lawson's Golden 928

Leipzic 915

Lewnston Egg 929

Liegel's Apricot 929

Little Blue Gage 899

Little. Mirabelle 932

Little Queen Claude 913

Lidngston Manor 917

Lombard 929

Long Scarlet 929

PAoa

London Plum 925

LouiJi Brun 917

Louis P/iili]y]ie 933

Louisa 930

Lucombe's Nonesuch 930

McCaidey''s Seedling 903

McLaughlin 930

Madison 908

Magnum Bonum 954

Ma'itre Claude 953

Mamelon Sageret 930

Mamelonnee 930

Mangeron 931

Mann''s Brandy Gage 931

Mann's Imperial 931

Manning^s Long Blue 930

Manning's Long Blue Prune 930

Manning's Prune 930

Marian 945

Marten 931

3Iarten'8 Seedlifig 931

3IatcMess 904

Maugeron 931

Maugeron Damask 931

Mediterranean 931

Meigs 931

Mimms 942

Miner 931

Mindtc 919

Mirabelle 932

3Iirabelle Blanche 932

Mirabelle Double 910

Mirabelle Grosse 910

Mirabelle Jaune 932

Mirabelle de Nancy 932

Mirabelle d' Octobre 901

Mirabelle Perle 932

Mirabelle Petite 932

Mirabelle Pricoce 932

Mirabelle Tardive 901

Mirabelle Vert Double 917

Mirabelle de Vienne 932

Miser Plum 903

Mitchelson 932

Mitchelson'' s 932

Monroe 932

Mon roe Egg 932

Monsieur 935

Monsieur d fruits Jaune 954

Monsieur Hdtif 91 1

Monsieur Hdtif de Montmorency ... 911

Monsieur Hutive 911

Monsieur Ordinaire 935

Monsieur Tardif 949

Monsieur Tardive 949

Monstrueuse de Bavay 897

Monstrueuse d'OuUins 935

Montgomery Prune 929

Morocco 933

Moyret's Gage 933

Mulberry ....••■" 933

Murray's Peine Claudia 917

1060

PLUJtS.

PAGE

Muscle 933

Musk Damask 93?)

Musqut! cle Malta 933

Myrdbolan 903

Nectarine 933

Nelson's Victory 933

New Early Orleans 911

New Golden Drop 904

Neic Orleans 911

New WasJdnqton 951

New York Purple 901

Newman 934

Noire Hdtive 937

Nolen Plum 953

Nonpartil 924

Norbert 934

Norman Perdrigon 934

North 934

North's Seedling 934

Nouvelle de DoreUe 934

Nutmeg 913

Oberle.y 934

Oberley's Greenwood 934

October Green Gage 935

CEil de Bauf 926

Old Apricot 896

Old Orleans 935

Orange 935

Orange Gage 935

Orleans 935

OullirCs Gage 935

Oullin's Golden 935

Oidlirt's Golden Gage 935

Parker's Mammoth 951

Parsonage 936

Paterson's 916

Peach Plum 936

Peach Plum 933

Penobscot 936

Peoly's Early Blue ■ 936

Perdrigon Blanc 953

Perdrigon Normand 934

Perdrigon RoMge 943

Perdrigon Violet 937

Perdrigon Violet Hatif 936

Perdrigon Violette 900

Pershore 936

Peter's Yellow Gage 937

Petit Bricette 901

Petit Drap d'Or 932

Petit St. JuUen 946

Petite Peine Claude 913

Philippe I. 951

Picketfs Jtdy 925

Pigeon's Heart 941

Pitless 949

Plum deVInde 937

Pond's Purple 937

Pond's Seedling 937

Pourpree Duane 910

Precoce i"c Bergthold

Precoce de Tours

Prince Albert

Prince Englebert ,

Prince of Wales

Prince's Bine Primordian

Prince's Early Damson

Prince's Gage

Prince's Imperial

Prince's Imperial Gage

Prince's Orange Egg

Prince's Orange Gage

Prince's Primordian

Prince's White Gage

Prince's Yellow Gage

Provence Damask

Prune d'Agen

Prune d'Adlemagne

Prune d'Alte-ssc

Prune d'Altesse blancJie

Prune d'Ast

Prune d'Automne d^ Schamili

Prune d'AutricIte

Prune d^s Bejonrdere^

Prune de Bourgogne

Prune de Brignole

Prune de Catalogne

Prune de Chypre

Prune Damson

Prune Datte

Prune IHaphane Laffay

Prune de Gaillon

Prune Gonne

Prune Goutte d'Or

Prune Grosse QuetscJie Nouvelle.. . .

Prune d'Inde blanc

Pi'une d'ltalie

Prune de Lepine

Prune de Louvain

Prune de la. Maddaine

Prune de Malthe

Prune de Milan

Prune de Mirabelle

Prune de 3Ionsieur

Prune Monsieur Jaune

Prune Nouvelle de Barrel

Prune d'GBJuf

Prune d' Orleans

Prune Peche 933,

Prune de Prince

Prune du Roi

Prune Royale

Prune de St. Barnabe

Prune de St. Jean

Prune de St. Martin

Prune Suisse

Prune de Vacance

Prune Violet de Jerusalem

Prunier de Jerusalem

Prunier des Vacances *

Primus Cerasifera

Prunus Myrobolana

Purple Damson

PACK

938

937

938

938

938

939

907

923

923

923

938

938

939

923

939

939

939

915

949

925

939

897

908

898

902

939

925

933

907

908

950

937

917

904

934

954

924

934

898

937

933

922

932

935

925

934

943

935

936

934

939

945

925

912

904

949

947

926

926

947

903

903

907

PLUMS.

1061

PACK

Pvrple Egg 943

Purple Favorite 940

Purple Gage 940

Purple Magnum Bonum 910, 943

Quackenboss 941

Queen Claudia 917

Queen Mother 941

QuetscJie cVAllemagne Grosse 915

QitetscJie de Breme 916

Quetsche Datte 908

Quetsclie de DoreUe JSfouveUe Grand. 934

QuetscJie Grosse 915

QuetscJie de Hongrie 908

QuetscJie d^Italie 924

Quetsche Precoce de Furst 913

Quetzen 915

Reagle's Ancient City 941

Reagle's Gage 941

Reagle's Union Purple 943

Red Apricot 942

Red Damask 935

Red Diaper 942

Red Egg 943

Red Gage 942

Red Gage 929

Red Gage of Dutchess County .... 942

Red Imperial 943

Red Magnum Bonum 943

Red Magnum Bonum 948

Red Orleans 935

Red Perdrigon 943

Red Primordian 943

Bed Queen Mother 941

Red Saint Martin 904

Beina Nora 898

Peine Claude 917

Peine Claude d'Automne 897

Peine Claude de Baxay 897

Beine Claude de Bavay Hdtice 926

Beine Claude Berger 936

Beine Claude Blctnche 913

Beine Claude de BraJiy 901

Beine Claude Diaphane 950

Beine Claude Daree 917

Beine Claude Hdtive 911

Peine Claude d* Hudson 922

Heine Claude Imp'rialo 923

Beine Clnude de Jodoigne 926

Beine Claude de Lawrence 928

Beine Claude Moyret 933

Beine Claude d'Octobre 935

Beine Claude d'Oullins 935

Beine Clemde Prlcoce 935

Peine Claude Rouge de Septembre. . 898

Peine Claude Rouge Van Mons 898

Peine Claude Tardive 935

Peine Claude Transparent 950

Eeine Claude Violette 940

Peine Claudia blanche la grosse. . . . 917

Peine petite esphee 913

Reine Victoria 943

PAGR

Reizenstein's Yellow Prune 943

Rensselaer Gage 917

Rhinebeck Yellow Gage 944

Rhue 944

Phue-s Seedling 944

Richland 944

Rivers' No. 1 911

Piters'" Early No. 2 912

Rivers^ Early Favorite 911

Rivers' Early Prolific 912

Robe de Sergent 939

Robinson 931

Roby's Yellow 944

RocJie Carbon 942

Roe''s Autumn Gage 897

Rollande Galloppi 944

Ronald's Fancy 945

Rostrave Bell 945

Rotherham 953

P<yyal , 945

Royal Datiphine 948

Royal Red. 945

Royal Tours 945

Royal de Vilvorde 926

Royale 945

Royale Hative 945

Royale de Tours 945

St. Barnabie 925

Saint Catherine 946

Saint Clair 897

Saint Cloud 917

Saint £tienne 946

St. James' Quetsche 916

St. Jean 912

Saint Julien 946

St. Julien petit 946

Saint Martin 904

Saint Martin Rouge 904

Saint Martin's Quetsche 947

St. Maurin 939

Sand Plum 889

Sans Noyau 949

Scarlet Gage 929

Schenectady Catherine 947

Schuyler Gage 947

Schuyler Gage 917

Sea 921

Semiana of Boston. 947

September Damask 947

Shail-er's White Damson 952

Sharp's Emperor. 948

Sheen 914

Sheldon 948

Shepler 943

Shropshire Damson 907

Siamese 948

Simiana , . . . . 949

Sir Charles W^orsley's 945

Small Green Gage 913

Small Mirabdle 932

Small Red Damson 907

Small White Damson 907

1062

PLUMS — POMEGRANATES.

PAGE

Smith's Orleans 948

Spanish Damask 949

Spotted Gag-e 949

Standard of England 949

Steers' s Emperor 917

Stoneless 949

Sucrin Vert 917

Suisse 949

Super icn- Green Gage 923

Siceet Damson 913, 921

Sweet Prune 915

Swiss Plum 949

Switzer's Plum 949

Thomas 949

Thorndyke Gage 950

Tomlinson's Charlotte 950

Townsend 931

Transparent Gage 950

Trompe Garqon 917

Trompe Valet 917

Trouvee de Voueche 950

2'r^ie Large German Prune 915

Turkish Quetsche 915

Ulysses 950

Van Mms' Red 898

Van Hans' Bed Gage 898

VerdmMo 917

Verducia 917

Veritable Tmperatnce 900

Vert Bonne 917

Verte Tiquetie 917

Victoria 948

Violet Diaper 904

Violet Empress 900

Violet Gage 940

Violet Perdngon 900, 948

Violet de Tours 937

Violette 900

Violette Hdtive 937

Violette Jerusalem 926

Violette Queen Claude 940

Virgin 950

Virginal Blanc 950

Virginal d Fruit blanc 950

Virginal d gros Fruit blanc 950

Virginale Blanc 950

Virginia Cherry 903

Wager 935

Wangenheim 951

Washington 951

Washington Jaune 951

Washington Purple 901

Waterloo 904

Wax 951

Wentworth 954

Wheat Plum 913

Wheaton 913

White Apricot 952

White BuUace 952

White Damascene

"White Damask

White Damson

White Diaper

White Egg

White Empress /,

White Gage ■^.. ,l)|ll, 923,

White Holland i|j>,»tii>:

White Imperatrice. . .s.*?.*.

White Imperial '.\'^

White Magnum Bonum

White Mirabelle

White Mogul

White Perdrigon

White Primwdian

White Prune Damson

White Virginale

White Winter Dainson

Whitloio

Wild Goose

Wild Red Plum

Wilde's

Wilkinson

WilmoVs Early Orleans

Wihrujfs Green Gage

Wilmofs Late Green Gage

Wilmots Late Orleans

Wilmofs New Green Gage

Wilmofs Orleans

Winesour

Winter Bolmar

Winter Damson

Woolston's Black Gage

PAOB

952
952
952
952
fl.-)4
952
939
954
952
954
954
932
954
953
925
952
950
952
913
953
889
953
953
911
917
917
917
917
911
953
928
907
953

Tellow Apricot 896

Yellow Damask 953

Yellow Egg 954

Yellow Imperatrice 954

Yellow Magnum Bomim 954

Yellow Perdrigon 910

Yellow Plum 889

Yohe's Eagle 954

Young 955

Young'^s Seedling 955

Zwetsche 915

POMEGRANATES.

Acid-Fruited 957

Double Red 957

Double White 957

Grenadier a Fruit Doux 957

Subacid-Fruited 957

Sweet-Fruited 957

Variegated Flowered 957

Wild Pomegranate 957

POMEGRANATES — QUINCES RASPBERRIES.

10G3

PAGE

YeUow Flowered 957

QUINCES.

Angers 958

Apple-shaped Quince 959

Blush Japan Quinc^ 960

Chinese Quince 960

Cydania Ja/ponica 960

Japan Quince 960

New Upright 959

OUong Quince 959

Orange Quince, 959

Pmis de Fontenay 959

Pear-shaped Quince 959

Portugal Quince 959

Pyrus Japonica 960

Rea's Seedling 959

Van Slyke 959

White Qumce 960

RASPBERRIES.

AM 967

Allen 962

Allen 971

AUen^s Antwerp 962

Allen's Red Prolific 962

American Black 963

American Improved 966

American Red 963

American "White 963

Arnold's Orange 963

Arnold's Red 963

August Black 963

Autumn Black 963

Autumn Black Raspberry 969

Bagley's Perpetual 964

Barnet 964

Barnct Cane 964

Belle de Fontenay 904

Belle (FOrleairs 964

Belle de Paluau 964

Black 964

Black Raspberry 963

Brentford Cane 964

Bri/ickle\s Orange 971

Burley 972

Burlington 964

Canada Black Cap 964

Carter's Prolific 965

Catawissa 965

Cincinnati Red 969

Clarke 965

Col. Wilder 965

CollinsviUe Miami. 969

Common Black- Cap 963

Common Red 963

Cope 965

CornwaWs Prolific 964

CornwaWs Seedling 964

Cretan Red ' 965

Cushing 965

CutbusJi's Prince of Wales 071

Davison's Thomless 906

Doolittle 966

DooUttle's Black Cap 966

Doolittle's Red Flavm-ed Black Cap. 967

Double-Bearing 960

Double- Bearing Yellow. . . . , 974

Duhring 966

Ellisdale 966

Elm City 960

Elsie 960

Emily 9G0

English Black 904

English Globe 966

English Purple 971

English Red 971

English Red Cane 962

Fcdse Red Anticerp 902

FastoUf 967

Filby 967

Framboisier « Gj'os Fruit 972

Franconia 967

French 967

Fulton 967

Garden 967

Gen. Patterson 9()7

Oolden Cap 963

Golden Thornless 967

Hildreth 968

Hornet 968

IIoirland''s Red Antweip 972

Hudson River Antwer]^) 968

Huntsman's Giant 968

Huntsville 971

Imperial 968

Imperial Red 908

Improved Miami 969

Joslyn''s Black Cap 966

Josiyn's Improved 966

Josiyn^s Improved Black Cap 966

Jouet 968

Kirtland 969

Knevet's Giant 969

1064

RASPBERRIES — STRAAVBERRIES.

PAGE

Knevetfs Antwerp 972

Large-Fruited Monthly 969

Large 3Ea?m Black Cap 969

Large Orange 972

Large Red 964

Late SibeiHan 966

Lindley 969

Little Miami Black Gap 970

Lord EmnoutKs 964

Lum's Ever-Bearing 969

McCormick 969

Blagnum Bonum 970

Mamnwth Cluster 969

Mermille de Quatre Saisons 970

Miami Black 970

Miami Black Cap 969

Mote's Ever-Bearing 970

Mrs. Wood 970

New Red Antwerp 968

Northiimberland Fill-Basket 970

Nottingham Scarlet 970

October Red 970

October Yellow 970

Ohio Ever-Bearing 971

OJiio Raspberry 971

Old Red Antwerp 972

Orange 971

Perpetual Bearing 966

Philadelphia 971

Pilate 971

Prince of Wales 971

Prince's Globose 971

Prolific (Carter's) 965

Prosser 964

Purple Cane 971

Purple Prolific • 971

Red Antwerp 972

Red Imperial 968

Red Pearl . 972

Red Prolific 971

Riley's Early 972

Rivers' New Large Montlily 969

Rivers' Orange 972

R^jgefs Victoria 973

Rubus Occidentalis 963

Russell's Red 972

Semper Fidelis 972

Seneca Black Cap 972

Souchetti 973

Stoever 963

Summit 973

Superior Mimni 969

Surprise 973

Sweet Yellow Antwerp 973

TJiimbleberry 963

PAGE

TJiornless Black Cap 966

Thunderer 973

True Red Antwerp 972

Vice-President French 967

Victoria 973

Walker 973

WMte Antwerp 974

White Canada 973

White Tran^sparent 978

Woodside 974

Woodward 974

Yellow Antwerp 974

Yellow Cap 963

Yellow Pearl 974

STRAWBERRIES.

Aberdeen 1001

Aberdeen Beehive 988

Aberdeen Seedling 1001

Abraham Lincoln 978

Adair 978

Admiral Dundas 978

Agriculturist 978

Ajax 978

AUnno 994

Albion White 994

Alice Maud 978

Ambrosia 978 .

America 978

American Scarlet. 990

Ariadne 978

Atkinson's Scarlet 988

Austin 979

Austin Seedling 979

A^istin Shaker 979

Austrian Scarlet 985

Barnes' Mammoth 979

Barnes' White 979

Baron Deman de Lennick 979

Bartlett 980

Belle de Bordelaise 1007

Bicolor 979

Bicton Pine 979

Bijou 979

Bishop's New 979

Bishop's Orange 979

Black 997

Black Beacon 997

Black Canterbury 997

Black Imperial 979

Black Pine 997

Black Prince 979

Black Roseberry 980

Blood Pine 998

Bomseht 980

Bont'' de St. Julian 980

Boston Pine 980

STRAWBERRIES.

1065

PAGE

Boudinot 980

Boule d'Or 980

Boyden's Mammoth. 980

Boyden's No. 30 980

Brewer's Emperor 980

BricMey Scarlet 1001

Brighton Pine 980

Brilliant 981

British Green Seedling 998

British Queen 981

British Queen 996

Brook's FroUfic 991

Brooklyn Scarlet 981

Brune de Gilbert 1005

Bryan's Satisfaction 981

Buffalo 995

Baisson des Alpes Blanc, etc 1006

Bunce 984

Burr's New Pine 981

Burr's Old Seedling 981

Burr's Seedling 981

Burr's Staminate 981

Caleb Cope 981

Ca'peron Hermaphrodite 1007

Caperon Royal 1007

Capt. Cook 981

Carolina 998

Carolina 998

Carolina Superba 981

Champion 982

Charles Downing 982

Charles Favorite 982

Charlotte 982

Charlton Prolific 982

Chorlton 982

Chillian 982

Clinton 982

Cockscomb 982

Colfax 982

Colonel Ellsworth 983

Columbus 983

Common Boxige 1006

Commun sans Filets 1006

Comte de Flandre 983

Comte de Paris 983

Conical 1007

Cornucopia 983

Crimson Cluster 983

Crimson Cone 983

Crimson Favorite 983

Crimson Queen 983

Crystal Palace 985

Culverwell's Seedling 984

Cushing 984

CuthilVs Black Prince 979

CuthiWs Princess Royal 1000

Cutter's Seedling 984

De Bath 984

Delices d' Automne 984

Deptford Pine .'-!84

Des Alpes d Fruit Blanc 1006

I'AGn

Des Alpe^ d Fruit Rouge 1005

Des Aljyes de Tons les Mois d Fimit

Blanc, etc 1006

Des Alj)cs de Tous les Mais d Fruit

Rouge 1005

Des Alpes sans Filets. 1006

Des Bois d Frmt Rmtge 1006

Des Quatre Saisons 1006

Diadem 984

Doctor Hogg 984

Doctor Nicaise 984

Double-Bearing 1007

DouUeday's No. 2 988

Downer's Prolific 984

Dowi:ton 985

Due de Brabant 985

Due de MalakofE 985

DufJiesse de Trivisse 1004

Duke of Kent 985

Duke of York Scarlet 985

Dundee 985

Durand 985

Durand's Seedling 985

DutcUerry 983

Early Prolific Scarlet 985

Early Virginia 993

Early Washington 991

Eclipse 985

Elton 986

Elton Improved 986

Elton Pine 986

Elton Seedling 986

Emily 986

Emma 986

Emjiress Eugenie 986

English Lady Finger 986

English Red Wood 1006

Fairy Queen 986

Faulkner's King 1000

Faulkner's Seedling 1000

Ferdinande 986

Filbert Pine 986

Fill-Basket 987

Fillmore 987

Fleming 987

Florence 987

Fraisier Vert 1008

French 987

French Jlusk Hautbois 1007

French's Seedling 987

Frogmore Late Pine 987

Galland 1005

Garibaldi 987

General McLdlan 995

General Scott 988

Genesee 987

GernmnUmn 990

Globe 988

Ghbe Scarlet 985

Globose Scarlet 988

1066

STEAV.'BERRIES.

PAGE

Golden Seeded 988

Goldrii Queen 1004

Goliath 988

Orandiliom 998

Great Eastern 988

Oreen Alpine 1008

Oreen Pine 1008

Green Prolific 988

Green Strawberry 1008

Green Wood 1008

GreenweWs French 1007

GreemcfWs Neio Giant 1007

Grove End Scarlet 988

Haquin 989

Harlem Orange 989

Hathaway 989

Hathiiiray's Seedling 989

Hendiy 9.?9

Hero 989

Higqins' Seedling 996

Highland Chief'. 989

Highland Mary 989

Hooker 989

Hooper's Seedling 990

Hovey's Seedling 990

Hudson 990

JIudwri's Bay 990

Huntsman 990

Ida 990

Imperatrice Eugenie 990

Imperial Crimson 990

Imperial Scarlet 991

Ingram's Prince Arthur 991

Ingram's Pnneess Royal 1000

Iowa 991

Jenny Lind 991

Jenny's Seedling 991

Jessie Read 991

J^/f.b' Wondcrpil 1005

John Powell 991

Jucunda 991

Julien 991

Keen's Black Pine 992

Keen's Seedling 992

Keen's Seedling 996

Kentucky 992

Kimberlv Pine 992

Kthyf! Goliath 98S

Knig/ifs Seedling 985

Knox's 700 991

Kramer 992

La Challonaise 992

La Constante 992

La Delicieuse 992

La Fertile 993

La Grosse Siicree 993

La Liegeoise 993

La Perle 993

PAOR

La Reine 993

La Sultane 993

La Versaillaise 994

Ladies' Finger 993

Ladies' Pine 992

Lady 992

Lady Finger 993

Lady of the Lake 993

Large Early Scarlet 993

Lftte Scarlet 990

Laurella 993

Le Baron 994

Lennig's ^\^lite 994

Leonce de Lambertye 994

Leopold I 994

Little Monitor 994

Lizzie Randolph 994

Longworth's Prolific 994

Lorenz Booth 994

Lorio 995

Lucas 995

Lucida Perf ecta 995

McAvoy's Extra Red 995

McAvoifs No. 1 995

{ Mc Amy's No. \2 995

: McAvoy's Superior 995

M(dc<jlm's Aberdeen Seedling 979

Mammoth 995

Marguerite 995

Marquise de la Tour Mauhourg. . . .1004

MarslmlVs Seedling 1003

Mead's Seedling 995

1 Melon 995

Metcalf s Early 996

Methi-en Castle 996

Methven Scarlet 996

\ Miss Ida 990

! Monitor 996

i Monroe Scarlet 996

Montevideo Pine 996

Monthly^ withmit runners 1006

Moyamensing 996

Mulberry 997

Murphy's Child 992

Musk ilautbois 1007

Myatt's British Queen 981

Myatt's Beptford Pine 984

Myatfs Eleanor 985

Mvatt's Eliza 996

Myatt's Ghbe 988

Mi/att's Mammoth 995

Myatt's Prolific 1005

Myatt's Seedling 980

Naomi 996

Napoleon 997

Napoleon III 997

Necked Pine 997

New ILiutbois 998

New Jersey Scarlet 997

Newark Prolific 988

Neicland 982

STRAWBERRIES.

1067

PAGE

Newland's MammoiJi 1006

Nicanor 997

JS/inm-od 978

iVowa Scotia Scarlet 985

Oatland's Scarlet 985

Old Black 997

Old John Brown 997

Old Pine 998

Old Scarlet 998

Old Scarlet Pine 998

Omer Pacha 996

Orange Hudson Bay 979

Orange Prolific 998

Oscar 998

Patagonian 1007

Peabody 998

Peabody^s Seedling 998

Peak's Emperor 998

Pennsylvania 998

PineAm^le 997, 998

Powdered Pine 1008

Prairie Farmer 1003

Premier 998

President 978

President Wilder 998

Primordian 999

Prince Albert 999

Prince Frederick William 999

Prince of Orleans 999

Prince of Wales 999

Prince's Climax 999

Prince's Excelsior 909

Prince's Magnate 999

Princess Alice Maud 978

Princess Royal 1000

Princess Royal of England 1000

Profuse Scariet 1000

Prolific 1000, 1007

Prolific Pine 1001

Pyramidal CMUian 982

Randolph Pine 1000

Red Alpine 1005

Red-Bush Alpine 1006

lied Monthly Strawberry 1005

Red Wood 1006

Beeee's Eclipse 985

Begenfs Dwarf 1007

Reine des Beiges 999

Richardson's Early 1000

Richardson's Late 1000

Rifleman 1000

Ripawam 1000

Rival Hudson 1001

Bical Queen 996

Rivers' EUza 1001

Robinson's Defiance 1001

Romeyn Seedling 1004

Base 1001

Roseberry 1001

Rosebud 1001

PA OR

Ross's Phoenix 1001

Royal Hautbois 1007

Ruby 1001

Buisson 1006

Russell's Prolific 1001

Sabreur 1003

Sacombe 1007

Salter's Versaillaise 1003

Scarlet Cone 1003

Scarlet Magnate 999

Scarlet Melting 1003

Scarlet NonpareU 1003

Scotch Pineapple 983

Scotch Bunner 983

Scotch Scarlet 1001

Scott's Seedling 1003

Seedling Eliza 1001

SJtakefs Seedling 979

Sir Charies Napier 1003

Sir Harry 1003

Sir Joseph Banks 1007

Sir Joseph Paxton 1003

Southampton Scarlet. 996

Southborough 1003

Sontiibm-ough Seedling 1003

Souvenir 1003

Souvenir de Kieff. 1003

Stinger 1003

Stinger's Seedling 1003

Stirling Castle Pine 1003

Stoddard's Aljiine 1006

Swainstone's Seedhng 1003

Topsy 1003

TremUy's Union 1004

Triomphe de Gand 1003

Triomphe d'Hollande 1006

Triomphe de Liege 1004

Triumph of Holland Al/pine 1006

Trollope's Victoria 1004

True Chili 1007

Turkey Pine 997

Union 1003, 1 004

Unique PraiHe . . 997

Vicomtesse Hericart de Thury. . . .1004

Victoria 1004

Victory of Bath 1004

Vineuse de Nantes 1004

Virgin Queen 979

Walker's Seedling 1004

Ward's Favorite 1004

Warrerts Seedling 996

Washington 991

Washington Alpine 1006

White Albany 994

White Alpine 1006

White Bush Alpine 1006

White Monthly 1006

White Monthly, mthout runners . . . 1006

1068

STKAWBERKIES.

White Pi7ieapple 994

White Wood 1007

Western Queen 1004

Wild Strawberry of Europe 1006

Willey 1005

Wilmot's Superb 1007

Wilmot's Prince Arthur 1005

Wilson's Albany 1005

Wizard of the North 1005

Wonderful 1005

Yellow Chili 1008

York River Scarlet 990

Young's Seedling 990

GENERAL INDEX.

AliMOND, its nativity, 430 ; uses of, ib. ;
its cultivation, ib. ; varieties, 431 ; or-
namental, 432.

American Blight, 00.

Aimual pruning of peach trees, 585
(note) .

Aphis, the Woolly, 06.

Apple, its history, 58 ; where best nat-
uralized, 59 ; its uses, ib. ; its quality,
60; propagation, ib ; grafting, 21;
soil and situation for, 01 ; planting
and cultivation of apple orchards, 62 ;
the bearing year. 03 ; pruning, ib. ;
insects destructive to, ib. ; how to de-
stroy, 64; gathering and keeping,
67; varieties of, 72; Siberian crabs
and improved Siberian apples, 421 ;
selections for different latitudes, and
for table use, marketing, cooking, and
keeping, 427.

Apple bark beetle, 67.

Apple Borer, 03.

Apple Worm, 00.

Api-icot, uses and cultivation of, 433 ;
liable to disease, ib. ; curculio fatal
to fruit, ib. ; varieties of tree, ib. ;
ornamental varieties, 442; varieties
adapted for small gardens, and for
cold climates, ib.
Ashes, a cure for peach borer, 586.
Aspect of fruit trees, 53.

Bark Louse, the, 66.

Bats, useful as destroyers of insects,
58.

Bending down limbs, to produce fruit-
fulness, 37.

Berberry, description of, 442 ; its use
and culture, 443 ; varieties of, ib.

Birds, as destroyers of insects, 57.

Black Gum, fatal to plum trees, 894.

Black Walnut, 574.

BlackbeiTy, culture and varieties of,
443 ; ornamental varieties, 446.

Blight on Apple Trees, 07.

Budding, 23; proper season for, 24;
shield and American shield budding,
25 ; reversed shield budding, 26 ; an-
nular budding, 27.

Butternut, 574.

Canker Worm, the, 65.

Caterpillar, 64 ; to destroy, ib.

Chamomile to destroy insects, 56.

Cherry, its history, 447 ; uses of, ib. ;
gum of the, 448 ; as shade trees, ib. ;
soil and situation for, ib. ; propaga-
tion and cultivation, 449 ; classes of,
450; ornamental varieties, 480; se-
lections of, for family use, to ripen
in succession, 487 .

Chestnut, 572.

Cider, how to make, 09.

Citron, the, 579.

Coal Tar. a remedy for grubs, 56.

Codling Moth, 66.

Composition for wounds in pruning, 35.

Crab, wild species of, 58.

Cranberry, description of and value,
493 ; its culture profitable, 494.

Cross-breeding, 7.

Cucumber Bug, the, 559.

Curculio, 892 ; habits of, ib. ; how to
destroy, 893.

Curl, the, in peach trees, 592.

Currant, its history and use, 487 ; pro-
pagation and culture, 488 ; insects de-
structive to, 488, 489 ; varieties of,
489; ornamental, 493.

Cuttings, to propagate by, 29.

De Candolle, remarks on decay of

varieties, 11.
Deep planting to be avoided, 48.
Disbarking and ringing, 37.
Duration of varieties, 10.

Eyes, or Buds, to propagate by, 23.

Fig, its history, 494 ; its secret blo.ssom,
494, 495 ; propagation, 495 ; soil and
culture, ib. ; oiling the fruit, 490 ; va-
rieties, ib.

Filbert, varieties of, 574.

Fire Blight, 044.

French Standard Names, key to, 1009.

Frozen-Sap Blight, <i46.

Fruit, production of new varieties, 1.

1070

GENERAL INDEX.

Fruitf ulness increased by root-pruning,
86 ; by bending the limbs, 37.

Glands of the Peach, 593.

Gooseberry, description and uses of,
499,500; propagation and culture,
500 ; varieties, 501 ; selection of, 503 ;
American varieties, ib.

Graft, its influence on the stock, 27.

Grafting, uses of, 16 ; j^roper time for,
ib. ; scions selected, 17; stock for,
ib. ; theory of, ib. ; confined to cer-
tain limits, ib. ; its manual opera-
tion, 18 ; splice and tongue grafting,
18, 19 ; American Whip-tongue graf-
ting, 19 ; cleft grafting, 21 ; grafting
the vine, 22 ; saddle grafting, ib. ;
side grafting, 23.

Grafting Clay, 23.

Graftmg Wax, 23.

Grape, hi-story of, 504 ; uses and soil,
505 ; iDropagation, 500 ; culture of
foreign, ib. ; renewal system, 507 ;
culture under glass, without heat,
508 ; soil for vinery, 509 ; priming,
ib. ; routine of culture, 510; thinning
the fruit, ib. ; culture under glass,
with fire -heat, ib. ; construction of
vinery, 511; the border. 512; the
sjDur system of pruning, 512 ; insects
and diseases peculiar to, 513 ; varie-
ties, ib. ; iDruning, training-, and cul-
ture of Anierican grapes, 525 ; dis-
eases and insects, 527 ; grafting, ib. ;
keeping, ib. ; varieties, 528 ; selection
of varieties, 558.

Grape Beetle, 527.

Hickory Nut, 574.
Hybridising, 7 ; limits of, 8.

IxocuLATiNG Fruit Trees, 23.

Insect Blight, 645.

Insects, remarks on, 54 ; to destroy by
hand-picking, 55 ; lar\'a3, or grubs,
ib. ; salt, a remedy for, ib. ; to de-
stroy in the %vinged state, 56.

Knight, his mode of raising new varie-
ties, 10 ; his theory on the decay of
varieties, ib.

Knots Disease, fatal to plum, 894.

L.WERS, propagating by, 31.

Laying in by the heels, 50.

Lemons and Limes, 579.

Lime, a cure for peach-borer, 586.

Loams, best adapted for plantations,

51.
Longevity of Peach Trees, 585 (note).

Madeira Nut, 573.

Manure for fruit trees, 48, 49.

Melon, its hi.story and culture, 559 ; in-
sects attacking, ib. ; varieties, 560.

Mice, to prevent girdling trees, 35.

Mildew in grapes, 527.

Moths, how to destroy, 56.

Mulberry, habits and varieties, 564 ; the
ever-bearing, ib. ; the red mulberry,
565.

Mulching, 48.

Nectarine, its history and culture,
565 ; curculio an enemy to, ib. ; va-
rieties, 566.

Noyes, Darling, remarks on the yellows
in Peach 588 (note).

Nuts : Chestnut, 572 ; the Chinquapin
and European Wahiut, 573 ; Filbert,
Hickory nut, 574.

OLrv'E, history and uses. 575 ; propaga-
tion and culture, ib. ; varieties, 576.

Orange, history, 576, 577; soil and cul-
tru-e, 577 ; insects on, ib. ; si^ecific
against, 578 ; varieties, ib.

Peach, its history, 580 ; uses, 581 ;
propagation, 582 ; soil and situation,
ib. ; pruning, 583 ; training, 585 ; in-
sects and diseases, 586 ; yellows in,
587 ; symptoms, ib ; cause, 588 ;
remedy for, 591 ; the curl, 592 ; classi-
fication of freestones and clingstones,
ib. ; raising jDeaches in pots, 594 ; va-
rieties, 596 ; curious or ornamental
varieties, 038 ; selection of choice
sorts, 639; selection for the South,
ib.

Peach Borer, 586 ; remedy for, ib.

Pear, histoiy of, 639 ; its nativity, 640 ;
extraordinary specimen of tree, 641 ;
uses of. ib. ; gathering and keeping,
ib. ; propagating, 642 ; soil, situation,
and culture, 643 ; diseases of, 644 ;
insect blight, etc. , 645 ; varieties,
050 ; select list for table use, market-
ing, and cooking, 887.

Planting deep, bad effects of, 48.

Plum, history and use, 889 ; jiropaga-
tion and culture, 890; soil, 891 ; in-
sects and diseases, ib. ; curculio or
plum-weevil, 892 ; how to destroy,
893 ; the knots or black gum, 894 ;
varieties, 895 ; ornamental varieties,
955 ; selection of varieties for table,
market, and cooking, ib.

Plum Weevil, 892.

Pomegranate, history and iTses, 956 ;
proijagation and culture, 957 ; varie-
ties, ib.

Position of fruit trees, 51.

Potash Wash for f riiit trees, 35.

Preparing soil for fruit trees, 47.

Propagation of Varieties, 16; by cut-
tings, 29 ; b}' layers and suckers, 31.

GENERAL INDEX.

1071

Prunes, to make, 890.

Pruning, to promote growth, 2'-] ; to in-
duce fruitfulness, olS ; annual, pro-
duces longevity in ^jeach trees, 585
(note).

QUENOTJILLE training, 30.

Quince, its history and use, 957, 958 ;
propagation, culture, and varieties,
958; ornamental varieties, 960.

Quince Stocks to dwarf pears, 643.

Rabbits, to prevent girdling trees, 35.

Raspberry, its habits, uses, propaga-
tion, and culture, 960, 961 ; varieties,
963.

Remedies for Blight, 646.

Renewal Training of vines, 507.

Ringing and Disbarkiug, 37.

Rivers, Mr. , on Root-pruning, 36.

Root-pruning, 36.

Saddle-grafting, 22.

Salt, used to destroy injects, 55.

Scale Insect on Orange, 578.

Scions, to select, 17.

Seedlings, to raise, 4, 5.

Shaddock, the, 579.

Shellac, for wounds in trees, 35.

Shortening -in, mode of pruning the
peach, 37.

Siberian Crabs, 421.

Slug-worm, 650.

Smells will drive away winged insects,
56.

Soft-Soap, for stems of trees, 36.

Soil, best for fruit trees, 51.

Species of Fruit Trees, 2.

Spurring-in, training the vine, 507.

Stocks, for grafting, 17 ; their influence
on graft, 27.

Stopping the bearing shoots of the vine,
508.

Strawberry, history and uses, 974 ; pro-
pagation and soil, 975 ; modes of cul-
ture, 976 ; fertile and barren plants,
976, 977 ; varieties, 977 ; Alpine and
wood strawberries, 1005 ; hau.tbois
strawberries, 1007; Chili strawberries,

ib. ; gi-een strawberries, 1008 ; selec-
tion of varieties. 1008.
Suckers, propagating by, 32.

Taking up Trees, 46.

Thorn, the, good stocks for pear trees,
643.

Toads destroy insects, 58.

Tobacco- Water, remedy for insects, 56.

Training, remarks on, 38 ; its objects,
39 ; conical standards and quenouille
training, 39, 40 ; pyramids and bush-
es, 40 ; cordon-training, 41 ; fan-train-
ing, 43 ; horizontal training, 44.

Transplanting, remarks on, 45 ; best
season for, 45, 46 ; preparing the
places, 47 ; proper size for, 49 ; lay-
ing in by the heels, 50.

TreUis, use of, for the vine, 508.

Trenching, to improve soil, 53.

Valleys, objectionable for fruit trees,
53.

Van Mons' Theory, 5.

Varieties, to produce new, 1 ; tendency
to change, 3 ; influence of grafting
on, 4 ; Van Mons' method of raising
new, 5 ; cross-breeding, 7 ; propaga-
tion of, 16 ; remarks on the dru-ation
of, 10 ; Knight's theory on the decay
of, ib. ; effects of clunate on, 12 ; to
restore decayed, 15

Vine, grafting the, 22; culture of, 506.

Vinery, cheap mode of building, 508 ;
for fire-heat, 510.

Vineyard Culture, 526.

Wash for stems of fruit trees, 35.
Water Melon, its uses, culture, and

varieties, 561.
Weevil, attacks plums, 892.
Whale-oil Soap, to destroy insects, 56.
Wild Plum, varieties indigenous, 889.
Woolly Aphis, the, 66.
Wounds made in pruning, composition

for, 35.

Yellows, disease of, in Peach, 587 ;
symptoms, ib. ; cause, 588 ; remedy
591.

appe:^dix.

G-RAPES, PEACHES, PEAPS, &c.

Foe specimens of Fruit, and information relating to
many of tlie varieties in this Appendix, I am indebted
to many of the leading Pomologists in many parts
of the country, who will please accept my cordial
thanks.

Chaeles Downustg.

QR-APES.

Allen's Hybrid.

Originated with J. Fisk Allen, Salem, Mass. It is a hybrid be-
tween the native and foreign, and is one of the best in qi;ality, and has
peculiar crnmpled leaves. The vine is not hardy, and requires winter
protection, but is vigorous and productive, ripening quite early, and in
sheltered situations is a desirable variety.

Bunch medium to large, shouldered, compact ; berry medium to
large, round, sometimes depressed ; skin thin, white, changing to pale
yellow when fiilly ripe ; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, rich, with a delicate
slightly vinous flavor, and one of the best in quality.

Janie Wylie.

A new hybrid between Clinton and foreign, raised by Dr. A. P.
Wylie, of Chester, S. C, who kindly sent us specimens, and wiites that
the vine is vigorous and has a pretty large, thick, deep gi-een foliage,
and so far free from mildew ; an early and productive variety, hangs
well and late. It may requii-e protection at the north during winter.

Bunch large, shouldered ; berry varying from medium to large,
roundish oval ; some of the larger ones are nearly globular ; color dark
red, with a thick grayish bloom ; flesh rather firm and meaty, juicy,
sweet, i"ich, slightly vinous, refreshing ; skin thick yet tender ; very
good.

Kalamazoo.

Said to have originated with Dixon, of Steuben ville, O., from

seed of Catawl^a, which it somewhat resembles in color, but the bv;nch
and beriy are larger, and it ripens a week or ten days earliei-, and is a
showy grape.

Bunch large, long, often shouldered, compact ; berry large, round ;
skin rather light dull red, Avith a lilac bloom ; flesh soft, but not qviite
tender, and adheres a little to the seeds, juicy, sweet, vinous.

Peter Wylie.

Tliis fine new early grape was raised by Dr. A. P. Wylie, of Ches-
ter, S. C, from a seedling of a hybrid. The Doctor informs us when
sending the specimens of fruit that the vine is one of the most rapid
growers, free from mildew and rot, entirely native in its appearance ;
vrood short jointed ; leaves not large, but thick and leathery, hold well
and late, and the fruit one of the first to ripen.

2 PEACHES.

Bvmcli medium ; berry medium to small, round, transparent, yellow,
with a rather thick whitish bloom; flesh soft, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly
vinous, with a Frontignan flavor ; skin thin but tough ; very good or
best.

Senasqua.

This new grape was raised by Stephen Underbill, of Croton Point,
N. Y., and is a hybrid between Concord and Black Prince. The vine
is vigorous and hardy, and the fruit similar to Black Prince, and of
fine quality ; but in consequence of its thin skin and compactness of
bunch the fruit is sometimes apt to crack, especially in wet weather.

Bvmch large, often shouldered, very compact ; berry large, round ;
skin deep black, with a thick blue bloom ; flesh quite firm, but tender,
breaking, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly vinous ; ripens about the time of
Concord, or soon after.

nPE^OHES.

Atlanta.

Raised by Dr. E. W. Sylvester, Lyons, N. Y. Tree vigorous, pro-
ductive ; reniform glands.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly compressed, regular, suture large,
distinct, extending nearly round the fruit ; cavity quite deep ; skin whi-
tish, shaded, and mottled with deep red, almost purplish in the sun;
flesh white, a little red at the stone, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, adheres
partially to the stone. Ripe last of September.

Blacjk's Extra Early Peach.

An accidental seedling found on the farm of Dr. J. Stayman, Leav-
enworth, Kansas. Tree a good grower, hardy, and productive.

Fruit large, round with a slight point, svitvire distinct, shallow all
around ; color clear rose pink, shaded maroon, and slightly mottled with
light yellow, very handsome ; flesh stained red to the seed, to which it
slightly adheres ; juicy, tender, with rich subacid ; excellent.

This is the earliest peach we are acquainted with, ripening this sea-
son (1871) before the 4th of July, being ten days before Hale's Early,
and it is of larger size and better quality. — Pomologist and G-ardener.

Early Rivers.

Raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridge worth, England. It ripens a
few days earlier than the Albert or Alfred, and quite equal to them in
flavor. The tree is thrifty, healthy, and productive ; glands reniform,
flowers large.

PEACHES. 3

Fruit medium, roundish obloug, slightly compressed, suture slight,
ending at the apex, which is a little sunk, and has a very small nipple ;
skin creamy white, shaded with light red in the sun, cavity deep ; iiesh
white to the stone ; juicy, melting, sweet, rich, refreshing, slightly vi-
nous ; very good ; separates freely from the stone. Kipe middle of Sep-
tember.

Foster.

Originated with J. T. Foster, Medford, Mass. Tree said to be
hardy, vigorous, and productive ; a good market variety.

Fruit large, slightly flattened, with a slight suture, stem moderately
depressed ; flesh yellow, very rich and juicy, with a pleasant subacid
flavor ; freestone of medium size ; color a deep orange red, becoming
very dark red on the exjiosed side. Ripe from the middle to the last
of September. — tTour. of Hort.

Free Mason.

This new late peach originated with Nathan Todd, Denton, Caroline
County, Md. Tree a vigorous grower, i-ather spreading ; leaves serrated,
without glands ; flowei-s small.

Fruit medium, roundish inclining to oblong, a little compressed, su-
ture slight, apex small; skin white, shaded with red where exposed
to the sun; flesh white, deep red at the stone, juicy and good. Ripens
just after the Smock. — Hearth wnd Home.

Laporte.

Raised by M. Laporte at Ecully, near Lyons, France. Tree mode-
rate vigorous, productive, a cui-io\is resemblance to the blood peach.

Fruit medium to large, a little oval, tapering to the apex ; suture
large, extending a little beyond the apex, which is a little swollen; skin
yellow, covered and washed and strongly striped and splashed with
dark red ; flesh white, reddish, or rose tint, but darker towards the pit,
fine, juicy, sugary, melting, delicate and agreeable; very good. — The

Mountain Rose.

This new peach is said to have originated in Morris County, N, J.
Tree vigorous and very productive. It ripens about the same time as
Large Early York, is more highly colored, but not quite as rich. Glands
globose. Flowers small.

Fruit large, roundish, slightly compressed ; suture distinct, extend-
ing a little beyond the apex ; skin whitish, nearly covered with light
and dark ricla red ; flesh white, slightly stained at the stone, juicy,
sweet, slightly vinous ; very good ; separates freely from the stone.

Parks' Cling.

A chance seedling on the grounds of A, L. Parks, Alton, 111. Tree
vigorous, productive, leaves Avith globose glands, rijiens eight or ten
days later than Heath Cling.

TEARS.

Fruit very large, broader than deep ; siiture deep, extending quite
around the fruit ; skin slightly downy, light creamy yellow, mostly
covered with red ; flesh also of a light creamy color, stained with red,
hut deeper red at the stone, very juicy, but not of the highest flavor ;

adheres to the stone. — Prairie Farr)ier.

E.ICHMOND.

Raised by Dr. E. W. Sylvester, Lyons, N. Y., who wiites that the
tree is vigorovis and very pi'oductive, and ripens a few days later than
Crawford's Early, is less acid, and a promising market variety. Glands
reniform.

Fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly compressed ; suture slight
but distinct, ending at the apex, which is a little swollen ; skin fine
yellow, shaded and mottled ■\^dth dark rich red ; flesh yellow, a little
red at the stone, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous; very good; separates
from the stone, which is of medium size. Ripe last of September.

Salway.

Originated with Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England. Tree
vigorous, very productive, ripens soon after the Smock. Flowei-s small.
Glands reniform.

Fruit large, roimdish oblate ; siiture broad, deep, extending beyond
the apex ; skin downy, creamy yellow, with a warm, rich, clear crimson
red cheek in the sun ; flesh deep yellow, stained with red at the stone,
which is free, juicy, melting, rich, sweet, slightly vinous; very good.
—R. N. Yorker.

Southwick's Late.

An accidental seedling* on the grounds of T. T. Southwick, Dansville.
N. Y., and is said by those who have it to be very juicy and rich.
Tree vigorous and productive. Flowers small.

Fruit large, roundish, a little depressed at the summit ; suture quite
distinct, mamelon small, svinken nearly to a level with the parts around ;
skin yellowish white, sprinkled with minute red dots in the shade, and
streaked and clouded with red towards the sun ; flesh white, parting
freely from the stone, very juicy, melting, with a fine delicate flavor;
stone very small. Last of September. — tTour. of Hort.

Beurke Lade.

Originated by M. Gregoire-Nelis, of Jodoigne, Belgium, and dedi-
cated to M. le Consul Lade. Tree vigorous, an abundant bearer, and
fruit holds well to the tree.

PEAKS.

Fruit rather large, oblong obtuse pyrifoi-m ; skin fine yellow, shaded
with carmine in the sun ; stalk long, curved, inserted in a slight depres-
sion ; caljrx and basin rather small, surrounded somewhat by pointed
knobs ; flesh white, almost fine, melting, juicy, sugary, with a delicate
aroma. October, November. — Revue Ilorticole.

Bonne du Puits Ansault.

Originated at Angers, France, in the nursery of Andre Leroy ; for
specimens of this and several other new varieties, we are indebted to
Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry, Eochester, N. Y. Tree moderately vigor-
ous, very productive.

Bonne du Puits Ansault

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, inclining to obtuse pyri-
form, surface a little rough, uneven ; skin light gi-eenish yellow, mostly
covered with a thin light russet ; stalk short ; cavity medium, uneven ;
caljnc small, closed ; basin deep, rather narrow ; flesh white, fine, juicy,
melting, sweet, vinous, and rich ; very good. September.

Brockworth.

A new English variety raised by Mr. Lawrence, Brockworth Park,
and the English journals say it is of excellent qi;ality.

Fruit large, oblong obtuse pyriform ; skin smooth pale yellow,
slightly flushed and streaked with red on the exposed side ; stalk an

6 PEARS.

inch long, rather stout, obliquely inserted without any depression ;
calyx small, closed ; basin shallow ; flesh white, buttery, melting, very
juicy, vinous, and rich. — Lon. tTour. of Sort.

Bronze d'Enghiem.

Originated by M. Paternoster, in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.
Tree moderately vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, oblong ovate pyriform, regular ; skin rough, deep yel-
low, nearly covered with brown russet and slightly bronzed in the sun ;
stalk long, slender, ciirved, cavity shallow ; basin small, uneven ; flesh
yellowish, a little coarse, juicy, half melting, vinous, slightly astringent;
good. November, January.

COLMAR DeLAHAUT.

Eaised by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, Belgium. Tree vigorous,
spreading, moderately productive ; young shoots olive brown.

Fruit medium, roundish acute pyriform ; skin pale yellow, partially
netted and patched with russet and many russet dots ; stalk long,
curved, slender, joined to the fruit without depression ; calyx half
closed ; basin small, uneven, russeted ; flesh white, juicy, half melting,
sweet ; good. November, December.

Delpierre.
Beurre Delpierre.

A chance seedling in the garden of M. Delpierre, of Jodoigne, Bel-
gium. Tree very A"igoro\is, very productive ; young shoots dark olive
brown.

Fruit large, roundish obtuse pyi'iform; skin pale yellow, partially
blotched and netted with russet and thickly sprinkled with small russet
dots ; stalk rather long, generally curved ; cavity medium ; calyx
closed ; basin medium, nearly smooth ; flesh white, a little coarse, juicy,
melting, sweet, slightly vinous ; good to very good. September.

Doctor Koch.

Originated in the nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree
moderately vigorous, very productive.

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform ; sldn pale yellow, a shade of red
when fully exposed, a few traces of russet and many small russet dots ;
stalk long, rather slender, curved ; cavity shallow ; calyx half closed ;
basin rather small, uneven ; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, juicy, melt-
ing, slightly vinous ; good. October.

Due DE MORNY.

A seedling of M. Boisbunel, Bouen, France. Tree vigorous, pro-
ductive; young shoots dark olive brown, many grayish specks.

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform, a little obtuse ; skin pale yellow,
sometimes a shade of red in the sun, a few traces of russet, and many

TEARS.

small russet dots ; stalk of medium length, inclined, curved, cavity
very small ; calyx open ; basin medium, a little uneven ; flesh yellowish ;
half fine, juicy, half melting, vinous; good. November, December.

Delpierre.
DUCHESSE DE MOUCHY.

A chance seedling discovered by Florentin Delavier, of Beauvaise,
in a garden at Breteuil, France. Tree vigorous, upright, moderately
productive.

Fruit medium roundish, inclining to obtuse pyriform ; skin deep
yellow, shaded with light orange red in the sun, slight nettings of russet
and small russet dots ; stalk rather short, stout ; cavity small ; calyx
half open ; basin medium, a little uneven ; flesh white, half fine, lialf
melting, moderately juicy, sweet ; good. April, May.

DuCHESSE PreCOCE.

Originated in the nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree
strong and vigorous, moderately productive.

8 TEARS.

Fruit medium to large, long p}Tiform, a little obtuse ; skin pale
yellow, shaded and mottled with pale red where exposed to the sun,
and covered with many small russet dots ; stalk of medium length,
rather stout, inclined, inserted in a slight depression, sometimes small
cavity ; calyx large, open ; basin shallow, uneven ; flesh whitish, a
little coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly vinous, and a little
astringent ; good. Ripe first of September.

Eastern Belle.

Raised by Henry McLavighlin, Bangor, Me., from whom we received
specimens, which were of excellent quality. Tree hardy, vigorous, and
a regular bearer ; young shoots yellow brown.

Eastern Belle.

Fruit medium, obovate pyiiform, somewhat obtuse ; skin pale yellow,
often shaded with light red in the sun, a few nettings and patches of
russet, and many russet dots ; stalk short, stout, inclined, and sometimes
fleshy at its insertion in a slight depression, much russeted ; calyx
open ; basin medium, nearly smooth, slight russet ; flesh whitish yellow,
a little coarse at the core, juicy, half melting, very sweet, rich, slightly
aromatic, and a peculiar slight musky perfume ; very good. September.

PEARS. 9

Egerie.

A cliance seedling in the grounds of M. Tavenier de Bonllongue at
Angers, France. Tree moderately vigorous, rather upright, a good
bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform, slightly obtuse; skin pale yellow,
partially netted and patched with russet, and many russet dots ; stalk
rather long, slightly curved ; cavity small ; calyx open ; basin medium,
regular, russet; flesh white, half fine, juicy, half melting, sweet,
slightly vinous ; good to very good, October,

Eliot's Early.

A new early pear, raised by Charles Eliot, of Windsor, Ontario.
Specimens received from James Doxigall, who wiites that the tree is
very hardy, a strong, vigorous gi-ower, an early bearer, very productive,
and ripens a week or more before the Madeline.

Fruit small pyriform, regular ; skin pale greenish yellow, brownish
red when exposed to the sun ; stalk long, slendei", curved ; cavity small,
russeted ; calyx closed or partially open ; basin small, slightly plaited ;
flesh whitish, half fine, juicy, melting, sweet, slight perfume ; good to
very good. July.

Indian Queen.

Raised by Henry McLaughlin, Bangor, Me., who writes that the
tree is perfectly hardy, a vigorous gi'ower, productive, and a good mar-
ket variety, although not of the best quality.

Fruit rather large, long pyriform, somewhat acute, surface a little
uneven ; skin pale yellow, often shaded with light red where exposed to
the sun, slight nettings of russet, and many russet and brown dots ;
stalk of medium length, rather stout, set in a slight depression ; calyx
open ; basin medium, uneven ; flesh whitish yellow, a little coarse,
moderately juicy, half melting, sweet, but not rich. September.

Jacques Chamaret.

A seedling of the late Leon Leclerc, at Laval, France. Tree strong,
vigorous, erect, moderately productive ; young shoots light reddish
brown.

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to acute pyi-iform ; skin pale yel-
low, sometimes thinly shaded and marbled with light red in the sun ;
stalk rather long, curved, a little swollen at its insertion, sometimes by
a lip ; calyx open ; basin shallow, uneven ; flesh whitish, fine, juicy,
half melting, sweet, slightly vinous ; good to very good, October.

Josephine de Binche.

Raised at Binche, Belgium, from seed of Josephine de Malines.
Tree very vigorous and very productive, branches smooth, of a yellow-
ish brown, with gi'ayish dots.

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform; skin smooth, clear yellow,
netted ^\TLth brown and russet ; stalk of medium length, small, inserted

10 PEARS.

iu a moderate cavity ; eye large, deeply sunk ; flesh, half fine, half melt-
ing, very juicy, sugary, of an exquisite perfumed flavor. October, De-
cember.— Illus. Sorticole.

LORIOL DE BaENY.

Originated in the nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree
vigorous, upright, very productive.

Fruit medium to large, oblong pyriform, slightly obtuse ; skin pale
yellow, a few nettings and patches of russet, and numerous russet dots ;
stalk of medium length; cavity small; calyx closed; basin medium,
slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish, half fine, juicy, melting, sweet, pleas-
ant ; good to very good. September.

Louis Yilmoein.

Originated with Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree vigorous,
rather spreading, very productive.

Louis Vilmorin.

Fruit medium, pyi-iform, a little obtuse ; skin deep yellow, consider-
ably netted ^vltll russet, many russet dots, and sometimes a shade of red
where exposed ; stalk short, curved ; cavity small, sometimes broad and

TEARS. 1 1

shallow ; calyx large, open ; basin medixim, uneven, russet ; flesh white,
half fine, juicy, melting, sweet, sliglitly perfumed ; good to very good.
December.

Madame Andre Leroy.

Raised by Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree moderately vigo-
rovis, but healthy, with long shoots, productive.

Fruit rather large, oblong pyriform, somewhat obtuse, inclined or
sides unequal ; skin pale whitish yellow, sometimes a shade of red in
the sun, and many brown dots ; stalk rather long, set at an inclination
in a small cavity, sometimes by a lip ; calyx closed or half open ; basin
medium, uneven ; flesh whitish yellow, a little coarse, juicy, melting,
vinous, a little astringent ; good to very good. Last of September and
first of October.

Madame Cuissard.

A seedling of M. Cuissard, of Ecully, near Lyons, France. Tree
moderately vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse ppiform ; skin pale greenish yellow,
with many green and brown dots ; stalk rather long, curved ; cavity
small ; calyx closed or nearly so ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ;
flesh white, a little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, very slight acid or
vinous ; good. Last of August and first of September.

Madame Favre.

A chance seedling discovered by M. Favi-e, of Chalons, France.
Tree very strong, upright, pyramid, an early and abundant bearer.

Fi-uit large, roundish obovate, a little obtuse ; skin pale gi-eenish
yellow, with numerous traces and splashes of russet ; stalk rather long,
quite strong, set in a slight depression ; calyx large, open ; basin quite
deep, and rather abrupt ; flesh whitish, fine, melting, juicy, sweet, and
of a delicate flavor. October, November. — Illustrated JSIontlily.

Madame Loriol de Barny.

Originated in the nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree
vigorous, upright, productive.

Fruit medium, oblong pyriform, a little obtuse ; skin greenish yel-
low at first, changing to a deep yellow, slightly bronzed, sometimes a
shade of red in the sun ; stalk short ; cavity small, or slight depression ;
calyx closed, or nearly so ; basin rather shallow, a little uneven ; flesh
yellowish, a little coarse, melting, juicy, slightly vinous ; good to very
good. October, November.

Mannington.

Originated in the garden of James M. Hannah, of Salem, Manning-
ton Township, N. J., who Avrites that the tree is rather a slow grower,
forming a compact symmetric head ; branches strong, short jointed ;

12 PEARS.

ripens two or three weeks later than Seckel, of the best quality, and
keeping remarkably well.

Fruit rather small, ovate acute pyriform ; skin pale greenish yelloAv,
a shade of brownish red in the sun, slight nettings of russet and many
russet dots ; stalk short, slightly cvirved, joined to the fruit without
depression ; calyx open; basin shallow, uneven ; flesh white, juicy, melt-
ing, sugary, rich, aromatic ; very good or best. September, October.

Madame Loriol de Bamy.

Makechal Vaillant.

Originated with M. Boisbunel, of Rouen, France. Tree vigorous,
upright, very productive.

Fruit large, broad obtuse pyriform ; skin greenish yellow, a few
nettings of russet and many russet and brown dots ; stalk rather short,
moderately stout, curved ; cavity broad, not very deep ; calyx open ;
basin large, deep, vineven ; flesh whitish, half fine, melting, sweet,
slightly vinous ; very good. November, December.

Maurice Desportes.

Originated in the nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree
vigorous, moderately productive ; young shoots yellow bro^\'n.

Fruit medium to large, long acute p}T.-iform ; surface somewhat un-

PEAKS. 13

even ; skiu pale yellow, nearly covered with thin light russet, often a
shade of red in the svm ; stalk long, rather slender, curved, joined to
the fruit acutely without cavity, sometimes by a ring or lip ; calyx
open ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, fine, juicy, melt-
ing, sweet, slightly perfimied ; very good. September, October.

MarSchal Vaillant.

Petite Marguerite.

Originated m the nvirseries of Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree
moderately vigorous, very productive ; young shoots olive brown.

Fruit nearly of medium size, oblate obtuse pyriform, surface slightly
uneven ; skin gi*eenish yellow, or pale yellow when mature, shaded with
brownish red on the sunny side, and many gi-eenish dots ; stalk long,
slightly curved, set in a narrow, rather deep ca\-ity ; calyx half open ;
basin quite large, slightly ' -rugated ; flesh white, lialf fine, buttery,
juicy, melting, sweet, slight perfume flavor; very good. Ripens last of
Ausixst.

14

PEARS.

Premices d'Ecully.

Originated with M. Luizet, at Ecully, near Lyons, France. Tree
moderately vigorous, very productive.

Fruit nearly of medium size, obtuse pyriform ; skin pale yellow, a
few nettings of russet, and many russet dots ; stalk of medium length,
a little inclined ; cavity broad, shallow ; calyx closed or half open ;
basin rather shallow, russet ; flesh whitish, a Kttle coarse, juicy, half
melting, sweet, slightly aromatic ; good. September.

Maurice Desportes.

Professor Hortoles.

Tree

This new pear originated with M. Morel, at Lyons, France,
very strong and vigorous, and a very good bearer.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, inclining to pp'iform, slight-
ly obtuse ; skin deep yellow, slight nettings of russet, and many large
dark brownish red dots, and often brownish red in the sun ; stalk short,
stout; cavity medium; calyx large, open; basin rather wide, quite
deep ; flesh fine, juicy, melting, sugary, vinous, and of the highest qual-
ity. September, Octohev.— Illustrated Mont/di/.

PEARS.

15

Petite Margnerite.

KOGERS.

Dean.

A chance seedling in the gai-den of the late Capt. Rogers, of Boston,
Mass., and introduced by A. J. Dean, of the same place. Tree vigor-
ous, somewhat spreading, productive.

Fruit medium, oblong ovate obtuse pyi-iform ; skin yellowdsh gi-een,
sometimes a shade of dull red in the sun, and many green and russet
dots ; stalk long, curved, inserted in a slight depression or small cavity ;
calyx half open ; basin rather small, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish
yellow, a little coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly vinous, and
slightly aromatic ; good to very good. September.

Saint Germain Van Mons.

Origin Belgium, one of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree moderately
vigorous, moderately productive.

Fruit medium or nearly so, roundish obovate pyriform ; skin light
gi-eenish yellow, many brown dots ; stalk long, curved ; cavity very
small ; calyx open ; basin small, russet ; flesh whitish, buttery, melting,
juicy, sweet ; good. October.

16

TEAKS.

Sam Brown.

*

Originated witli Samuel Brown, Jr., at Wakiiit Hills, Md. Tree
a free gi'ower, an early and regular bearer.

Fruit nearly ' of medium size, roundish oblate, a little uneven ;
skin pale yellow, partially covered with thin russet, sometimes^ ^ little

■S"-.

Rogers.

brownish in the sun ; stalk short, rather stout, inserted in a large
cavity ; calyx open or partially closed ; basin large, deep ; flesh white, a
little coarse, juicy, melting, vinous, and rich ; very good. September.

Souvenir Favre.

A variety raised by M. Favre, of Chalons, France. Tree vigorous,
moderately productive.

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform; skin greenish yellow, sometimes
'a shade of red in the sun, many brown and green dots ; stalk short,
inserted at an inclination in a slight depression by a lip ; calyx open ;

PEARS.

17

basin small o- medmm, uneven, slightly russeted; flesli whitish, half
fine, juicy, mating, sweet, slightly perfumed ; good to very good.
October.

Sam Brown.

Thcrese Apiwrt.

/

18

QUINCE KASPBERK Y.

Therkse Appert.

A new variety raised by Andre Leroy. Ai ance. Tree
strong, vigorous, an abundant bearer.

Fruit medium, rather long pyriform to roundis e pyriform,

a little obtuse ; skin deep yellow, partially netted, md patched

with russet, sometimes a shade of rich brownish i : sun; stalk

short, a little inclined ; cavity small, often without )pen ; basin

rather shallow, smooth ; flesh whitish yellow, half 3y, melting,
sweet, slightly vinous ; very good. September.

QTJINOE.

Sweet Quince.

Origin said to be Chambersburg, Pa., many years since. ia

good grower and an abundant bearer. The fruit is less acid the, )r

kinds, keeps late, and cooks tender.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, angular or someN .t
ribbed; skin deep yellow; stalk short, set on a swollen projection in i
broad, shallow depression ; calyx open, with long, broad segments ; basin
large, deep, corrugated ; flesh firm, deep yellow, with the same juice and
acid astringency of the apple-quince, but much less of it.

Herstine. ■?

This new raspberry originated with D. W. Herstine, Branchtown,
Pa. The plant is said to be hardy, is very vigorous, and very produc-
tive, and is a promising market variety, except for carrying long dis-
tances I fear it will not be quite firm enough ; canes strong, erect ;
spines short, strong, scattering, greenish white, sUghtly purple.

Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, bright scarlet ; flesh moderately
firm, juicy, sweet, rich, separates freely from the core.

Narraganset.

A neAV variety raised by John F. Jolls, of Providence, E. I., which
is said to be very large, very productive, and a promising variety for
market, being large and keeping in good condition for a long time ; the
berry is scarlet, of a conical form and fine flavor. We have not seen
the fruit.

i^*''''«;t.3:i;.T'.-»-r">«w'*>%a»ai*xi. ■

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3

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