Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. Washington, D. C. December, “2: FRUITS IN WEST VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND TENNESSEE By GEORGE M. DARROW, Pomologist Office of Horticultural Investigations Bureau of Plant Industry Pomological Characteristics of the Area WE Pee Bes OTS ieee etn Wet ee ts STD OME SRE oS AP a Te ES. TG oe ee, Se eee WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1923 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Washington, D. C. December, 1923 FRUITS IN WEST VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND TENNESSEE. By GeorcE M. Darrow,’ Pomologist. Office of Horticultural Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry. CONTENTS. Page. Page. LOSS TON Te poi es = ee ae ee eee See 1 | Disease factors_ = ships Toe oe 24 Pomological characteristics of the | The variety problem __ i a AE BG et 25 junto Ste ee, Ee Berens 2 | Orchard PATIL 4 ee ee, EA Bea —_ 26 Descriptions of the pomological re- amr’? frets 3 tise Pa eae ch eSB em 64 ZU 2s eee ee eee 5 Fruit variety lists for each region__ 74 Selection of an orchard site_______ Of Psieraeure? Cited. 222 2 Ta Fees 7 INTRODUCTION. 9 In 1908 a bulletin (78) * reporting the results of a study of the adaptability of varieties of orchard fruits to the Piedmont and the Blue Ridge Regions of Virginia and the South Atlantic States was published by the Department of Agriculture. The second bulletin (79) of this series was published in 1911, and the third (20) in 1913. The present bulletin is the fourth of this series and contains the results of a study begun in 1912 of the fruit regions of West Vir- ginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee. The former bulletins have reported on varieties of orchard fruits only. After the first season’s work in this area + it seemed advisable to include the small fruits in the investigations, and this was accord- ingly done. The purpose of this bulletin is to present the results of the investigations (1) by outlining and describing the pomological 1JIn the summer of 1912 W. F. Fletcher, then scientific assistant in the Office of Horti- cultural and Pomological Investigations, assisted in the field work. 2 The serial numbers (italic) in parentheses refer to ‘‘ Literature cited,’ at the end of this bulletin. The term ‘“area’’ is used to denote parts of the country grouped together for con- venience in discussion, and in this case refers to the States of Tennessee, Kentucky, and West Virginia. An area of such size divides naturally into regions and sections on ac- count of its geology, soil, topography, and climate. The term “ region’”’ is used to denote a division of an area of the United States in which the geologic structure, the soil, the topography, and the climate are jin the main similar and the pomological conditions there- fore similar. A pomological region may be divided into smaller units called sections, each = which is marked by some characteristics which separate it from the other sections of e region. 56753—23 1 1 2 BULLETIN 1189, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. regions of the area and (2) by presenting the information obtained regarding the behavior of fruit varieties in those regions. While studying the strawberry varieties in the different regions of the area much information on the general culture of that fruit was obtained which has been published as a Farmers’ Bulletin (74) of the Department of Agriculture. To obtain the information desired, orchards in all parts of the area were studied. Many of these orchards have been visited each season of the years during which this work was carried on and notes taken on the behavior of the varieties under the varying conditions that have prevailed in the different years. The effect of the soil and climatic conditions on the behavior of varieties was observed. Information was also obtained from the growers on other factors which help to determine the economic value of different varieties, such as the demands of particular markets for certain varieties and the securing of labor to harvest the fruit at the time of ripening. Summaries of such information are given later under each variety. POMOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AREA. HISTORY. The development of the fruit industry in this area has not been essentially different from that in other parts of the eastern United States. The early settlers from the Atlantic Coast States carried seeds and trees of the various fruits with them. Large seedling orchards were first established and later were followed by grafted and budded fruit. Many of the settlers in Tennessee and Kentucky came from North Carolina and secured their varieties from that State. In the northern part of the area varieties from States farther north were planted, for many of the settlers came from the Northern States. The development of the apple industry was encouraged in parts of this area by the manufacture of brandy, and by 1850 orchards of 50 acres of grafted apples were established as far south as the southern border of Tennessee. With the introduction and spread of various orchard diseases and insects and before spraying methods were known, the industry in the southern part of the area began to decline. Along the Ohio River, however, very extensive plantings of the Ben Davis, Rome Beauty, and other apple varieties were made as recently as 1890 to 1900. In recent years, except in rare instances, plantings have been con- servative even in the well-known fruit sections of the area. At pres- ent, in Kentucky and Tennessee but few people who have not studied the industry are planting orchards. In West Virginia the plant- ings also are being made for the most part by those who have had experience in fruit growing. When the development of an industry takes place under such conditions, there is the least danger of heavy loss. There are, of course, in each part of this area orchards which will never be profitable because of bad management, bad selection of varieties, poor location, or poor site. Generally, however, in an c- ’ oe TS ae ea ve FRUITS IN WEST VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND TENNESSEE. ~ 3 area that develops as slowly as this has, there is less danger from such sources than where planting is overstimulated for any reason. CENSUS STATISTICS. The census statistics in 1909 and 1919 on apples, peaches, and strawberries, which comprise the principal commercial fruits in Tennessee, Kentucky, and West Virginia, are presented in Table 1. TABLE 1.—Census statistics of apples, peaches, and strawberries in 1910 and 1920. West Virginia. Kentucky. Tennessee. Orchard fruits. 1920 1910 1920 1910.7. | 1920 1910 Apples: Trees of bearing age-..........- 5,554,731 | 4,570,948 | 3,742,936 | 5,538,267 | 3,181,659 | 4,838,922 Trees not of bearing age.....-.. 1, 735, 126 | 2,772,025 | 1,427,408 | 2,106,295 | 1,032,490 | 2,117,246 Yield in preceding season TEL t a ai eee bushels. .| 4,189,162 | 4,225,163 | 1,280,549 | 7,368,499 | 1,258,878 | 4,640,444 Peaches: Trees of bearing age.........-.. 2,049, 862 | 1,424,582 | 1,671,044 | 2,245,402 | 2,349,656 | 3,163,737 Trees not of bearing age........ 651, 742 | 1,441,188 | 690,483 | 1,110,744 690,359 | 1,190,727 Yield in preceding season ie Be ae bushels..| 706,411 328, 901 459,681 | 1,623,379 | 1,285,441 | 1,579,019 gota Vad Bee ea acres... 1, 006 709 | 3,112 1, 553 | 10, 876 10, 761 Yield in preceding season | eerie ee Pe quarts... 840,273 | 812,049 | 3,194,624 | 2,114,929 | 13,130,904 | 12,339,584 1 The census statistics in Table 1 show that the total production of apples and peaches was much greater in 1909 in Kentucky than in West Virginia, while in 1919 the production was reversed. In Ten- nessee the production of apples in 1919 was much less than that of West Virginia, but the production of peaches greatly exceeded that of West Virginia in 1909, and in 1919 still exceeded it, though to a less extent. In Tennessee and Kentucky, however, the apples and peaches are chiefly consumed in the immediate vicinity of the places in which they are grown, and large quantities are shipped in from other States. The relatively large production in Tennessee and Ken- tucky comes from a great number of small orchards widely dis- tributed, while in West Virginia it comes from relatively few orchards of large size. In the latter State a large part of both the apple and peach crops is shipped to the large city markets. SHIPMENTS OF PEACHES IN 1914, 1920, AND 1921. The shipments of peaches from each section of the United States for the year 1914 were compiled by the Office of Markets of the De- partment of Agriculture (now a part of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics) and maps were made giving the location of the sections (59). The location of the various shipping points in this area may be seen by referring to the map shown as Figure 3 in Department Bulletin 298 and the size of the shipments from each point by re- ferring to Table 2. In 1921 frosts in the late spring caused a crop failure in Kentucky and West Virginia, and no figures are given for that year. 4 BULLETIN 1189, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 2.—Shipments of peaches from stations in Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Virginia in 1914, 1920, and 1921. [Data for 1914 are from United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin 298; those for 1920 and 1921 were furnished by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Because of late spring frosts which killed the bloom, no crop was harvested in Kentucky and West Virginia in 1921.]} Carloads. Carloads. Shipping station. Shipping station. Din ao 1914 1920 | 1921 || 1914 1920 | 1921 Kentucky: | West Virginia—Continued. IBTOOKSS OSS. iar es 26.0 IDae see Vanderlip.c 22. ..o: see eee 203-57 |e s sae se eee Shepherdsville........... 96.04, % “Sie a | Springfield. 21222222227 177.0| +24 1aee Bowling Green. ..........| 2105 1 Ui Us [cea Pattersons Creek........- V4.0 es) shee ee Sulphur: ss See ee D0: Ober ee Wey eae Bréenche. ae eee 82.0 fit SP ae ShileSere = Ss ec eee Qu at cee ele wees Sleepy Creek -.:....2.22-% (MEU Beek ee WOWISVING 2 ae eke ae le aoe Siete CherrysRum= ==. 5... s.22 49.5 1935/3 ee == | Ridgedale; -j.2e.ss-2 20" 92/3) loses Seen Motallivoc ss 2 eene eee 102. 5 SA chee Globesstesn i 2a. Sees 30).6>pa-5 ele ae ———ai Petersburg. -....... Pye ics 18.0 teal epee Tennessee: | ointinetonme. sa: eee55-260 IW RS fal sessed eae = SaleiCreck= 2-25 aes. 2 hee 2515 83 87 || Wi] 0) Fe) Meer seeceeiegee he, ates ame 15.0 PUAN ed ee Cleveland <2- 2>. 255550: 23.0 24 25 || PawsPawss 25.2 epee: 14.0 P Aes Phe Dayton ae eso Pe st oe 13.0 339 haa bee Martinsburg. ssa) eo 13.0 Del ee ae © EISEPUM AME © jaa see obese 9.5 33 74 || PINtO 52 scr eee 12:05 |2 ease eee Wanleer: 2etiiss 2 = ere CiOS Cet eee | Ridgeway 2-22. se 7:0" ae Searing Clive: ce 4.5 1 2 || MoNoilons C6 See 6:0, 25a Trenton. 2 is... SDkt eee flee B= OKOnOK Ot. Asser 5 ese 6500 cae claeee ee Tennessee Ridge-.. SAT Ss. | ee | Buttalos ss 2s eee 9700. eee Cumberland Gap... = DBI bate vee | Moorefield: >) 8 5 ete | 4:0 26a ee neers Lone Oak => .--~- 2. zal LAOS eet | eter Little Cacapon..........- | 3.3 es eee aneing.. 222" AVR See Ee Be eee 2 | Wiappocomoss:- 2-22. 3.2) lena alae Rath bicn eee. oso eae eee 2a bea 1D big 20) 1 eS AE eee 3:0 |eacemeliach ace Bakew ells. 1 ee Sees eee oa | 2 8 || Stmmmit, Point=-+-5.-2-28 | 20) | oes oes ee WhbeSIGdese sts Sw ena eee 7 ae || InwO0d ss 8 ce esate eee |" 65 ees Graysvillexdae tent eS pen ee 1! 1 Green Spring -c 23 ea Se eee 6: Harriman Junction.......|....---- tones 2 || North Mountain ~~ =... -2|2 222-3 6): aes Graham: 35204 ee act oe [AS Socne Bellanca Total fe sstit es see: S10 | 9154") 2h Chester:<.8 bs ea rece eres Wee ache Dil eet te 2 || Ietant. 222 See ee ous ees 1 ee West Virginia: | \| —— Romney +c. seed. eae 617-0") 1704Es rl otal +. VesGked ets \1,977.9-| 428 f.... IRC VS Clem Jace ee ee | 411.0 coh Re ee | | SHIPMENTS OF APPLES IN 1920 AND 1921. Corresponding figures on the apple shipments are not available for 1914, but Table 3 shows the carload shipments for 1920 and 1921. The shipments are relatively small from Tennessee and Kentucky and large from West Virginia. It will be noted that the shipments and centers of production of peaches are confined chiefly to the northeastern part of West Virginia. The points at which apple shipments originate are more widely distributed, although the north- eastern part of West Virginia is also one of the most important apple- shipping sections in this area. Another important apple-shipping section lies along the Ohio River from Huntington north to East Liverpool. In other parts of West Virginia the apple sections are more limited, yet shipments originate at many scattered points. In neither Tennessee nor Kentucky are there large centers of apple production for the general market, though considerable shipments are made from Henderson, Ky., and Ewells, Tenn. FRUITS IN WEST VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND TENNESSEE. dD TABLE 3.—Apple shipments from stations in Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Virginia in 1920 and 1921. [Data furnished by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics.] | Carloads. | Carloads. | Shipping station. | Shipping station. | 1920 | 1921 | 1920 1921 | | = Kentucky: |, West Virginia—Continued. | Paeting =. 2.2586 S22 2 18 | 5 Bunker Hills So.2 2 es ees 2 119 10 Henderson hs! 2 2.25 2.5 -2-52- 9 | 40 | RAW Woe eee ere eee eas 102 |22225.25 Bowhne Green: —>. . =. =..-.--- 1d Pear gee aes Shepherdstown..........--.--| 85 29 Brenehise ..-.--- =o ra eee ee LOTS St eae = Ch Cees MippOwss <2 22202 -0-2 oS. 2] 42 | 59 PDGEE OS So ee 1S SNe Shenandoah Junction.......-.| 35 | 12 SJ See ee Ed be eee SLEESTE COLD i 9455) ee 30 | 9 DESIR TUL ee oS Se ee See AON Soe Bellevilles. <0. 6 es Sea eee 26 | 2 Reeser i 2 oe 5.9 Me oe Dutields so Se ee oe 1G*|3=2 2: S22 orapes Creeks oS. 22 5.5. -2=- = See ee Moorefields-% Se 3.25) 226 22 62 | 2 el See Jo ee ee eS POlGRrsDURTS. 282 202520 a5- Ee eee te Pleasant Grove... 5-22: =-..- 33) eee Seen Bedingtonm=

ee 22 BULLETIN 1189, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGKICULTURE. and on the lower parts of a hillside, while those on the higher elevations escape. The importance of the selection of an orchard site with good air drainage has been demonstrated in every part of this area. Figures 14 and 15 illustrate the effect of elevation in retarding the blossoming period. They also indicate how great an influence even a slight difference in elevation may have where atmos- pheric drainage is poor (65, 66). CONTOUR. Another important factor in the selection of an orchard site, which has been disregarded to a large extent, is the contour of the field. Many of the ridges in the East Tennessee Valley region and: in the Virginia Valley and Ridge region have hillsides where for several miles the slope, is in the same direction and comparatively smooth. Orchards situated on ridges with such uniform contours may be cultivated and sprayed and the fruit harvested with much less ex- Fic. 14.—An apple orchard of the Arkansas variety. In the hollow the blossoming has been delayed by the cooler air which settles there from the higher elevations. A slight difference in elevation has had a decided effect here on atmospheric drainage. Com- pare with Figure 15. Photographed at Gerrardstown, W. Va., April 6, 1910. pense than where the contour is very broken. Figures 7, 8, 15, and 16 illustrate this difference. SLOPE. The steepness of the hillside on which the orchard is situated is also important. A gradual slope is to be preferred to a very steep slope, especially where there is danger of the soil washing. In much of this area the soil washes badly, and great care is necessary in its management. A site should be chosen where there is as little oppor- tunity for washing as possible. Figure 17 shows an orchard on a steep hillside. Although the land has been terraced along the tree rows, gullies several feet deep have been made by heavy rains. SOIL. A good fruit soil should be fairly fertile and easy to work; it should contain large supplies of humus: it should have a fertile and FRUITS IN WEST VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND TENNESSEE. 23 friable subsoil and should be well drained. Soils for orchards need to be deeper and have a more friable subsoil than for strawberries. Soils for the strawberry, however, must have a good moisture supply. Soils for peaches, in general, should be lighter than for apples. The reason for this is that the peach is even more susceptible than the -apple to poor drainage, and the lighter types are usually better drained than the heavy soils. Furthermore, the varieties of fruit differ in their soil adaptation, some thriving better on the heavier types and others on the lighter types. For example, currants and gooseberries are best adapted to clay and other heavy soils. Peaches are grown mostly on the lighter soils. The Klondike strawberry suc- ceeds on a wide range of soil types, while the Aroma does best on a heavy silt and the Gandy on a clay soil. In these regions, then, a soil adapted to the particular variety of the fruit to be grown should be selected. Suitable soils for the desirable varieties of each fruit are found in nearly every section of these regions. In the Gulf Coastal Plains Fic. 15.—The same orchard shown in Figure 14, but photographed one week later. Note that the trees in the hollow are in full bloom, while those on the higher elevations are past full bloom. Photographed at Gerrardstown, W. Va., April 13, 1910. region the silt soils are the types of primary importance in fruit growing. In the Interior Low Plateau region the soils of limestone origin and in the Allegheny Plateau region the upland silt and clay soils and the soils of limestone origin are the most important types, while in the Virginia Valley and Ridge region in West Virginia, and in the Kast Tennessee Valley region, the limestone soils are best for fruits. In the East Tennessee Valley region and to some extent in other regions strawberries are grown on sandy soils, and certain varieties do well on such types. Peaches in the valley and ridge regions are grown also on soils derived from shales and do very well on red-shale (Penn sand loam) soil types. Under the descriptions of the physical features of each pomologi- cal region references have been made to the publications giving infor- mation on the soils of the region. These should be studied in order to learn the variations in the soil types in each region and the a? of handling the particular soil type in order to get the best results. 24 BULLETIN 1189, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DISEASE FACTORS. In the descriptions of varieties of apples which are given later, the. relative susceptibility of varieties to a number of diseases is often given a prominent place. This is done since the disease factor in a very large measure determines which varieties should be grown in this area. Certain diseases seem to be more virulent in the southern part of the area than in the northern part, and varieties affected by those diseases are much less desirable there than farther north. Thus, the Ben Davis and other varieties belonging to the same group, such as the Gano and Shackleford, have proved very suscep- tible to the apple-blotch fungus and to the bitter and black rots in Tennessee, Kentucky, and along the river valleys at the lower alti- tudes in West Virginia. As a result, very few trees of this group have been planted recently in the southern part of this area, and the older plantings are rapidly being killed by body cankers and the San Jose scale. In like manner the York Imperial, which is the Fic. 16.—A Grimes Golden apple orchard on Apple Pie Ridge at Gerrardstown, W. Va., in the Virginia Valley and Ridge region. Orchard operations on such a site are car- ried on with comparative ease. Compare with Figures 6, 7, and 8. leading variety in the northeastern part of West Virginia, is of little value in Kentucky and Tennessee because of its susceptibility to “blight.” On the other hand, the Winesap and other varieties be- longing to its group, such as the Arkansas, Paragon, and Kinnard, ‘are especially adapted to the southern part of this area because they are more resistant to “blight,” apple blotch, and black-rot. Spraying, of course, will control the apple blotch and black-rot, but the added cost of production makes it much more desirable to plant those varieties which have proved to be the most resistant to them. More than that, the cost of production, with added sprayings to control these serious diseases, will be so high that the fruit from such sections can not successfully compete in the general market with fruit from sections where the cost of spraying is less. With the foregoing outline of the disease factor in mind, it will be seen readily that those parts of this area which are well adapted to general farming and where the land is relatively expensive will * 9 eo 7) . FRUITS IN WEST VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND TENNESSEE. 25 not be likely to become extensive apple-orchard’sections. On the other hand, in the hilly sections of the northern part of the area where the soil is fertile, the land is not usually adapted to a wide range of farm crops, and many sites especially adapted to orchard- ing may be found. Further, apple orcharding is a very specialized type of farming, and in a region where little fruit is grown it is often difficult to obtain trained help. In a developed orchard sec- tion trained help may be secured much more readily. The grow- ing of apples in the southern part of this area, then, is not likely to become important on land adapted to general farming. On land not so well adapted to general farming where suitable locations and sites are found, varieties especially adapted to southern climates and somewhat resistant to prevalent diseases should be selected. Fic. 17.—An apple orchard near the western boundary of the East Tennessee Valley region. Note the ridges along the tree rows made in an attempt to prevent the wash- ing of the soil and the forming of gullies. Orchards on such steep hillsides are often kept in sod or only each alternate tree row cultivated. THE VARIETY PROBLEM. The adaptation of fruit varieties to different conditions and the response of different varieties to those different conditions are well illustrated in these regions. Many northern varieties are of no value in southern regions, while many southern varieties are of no value in northern regions. Some northern varieties ripen at the wrong season in the South to be profitable, while others are susceptible to diseases not found in the North. Some southern varieties do not mature in the shorter season of northern sections, while the trees of others are too tender. The high elevations in West Virginia and eastern Tennessee off- set to some extent at least the influence of latitude. On the higher hill and mountain sides in these States varieties adapted to regions much farther north are grown successfully, while varieties succeed- ing best at lower elevations are not so desirable. 26 BULLETIN 1189, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. A knowledge of the behavior of fruit varieties under the condi- tions in this area will be valuable not only to those interested in | the fruit industry in this area but growers in other parts of the | country will have a better knowledge of varieties in their orchards | if they know how the same varieties act in other regions. Only through an accumulation of knowledge from a survey of many | pomological regions can we hope to be able to state at all accurately © the probable value of a variety in any particular section where it has not been tried. Already the accumulation of knowledge concerning the adapta- tion and merits of varieties has been sufficient so that comparatively | few of the varieties heretofore planted can now be advised for this area. Hundreds of fruit varieties not mentioned here have been tested by growers without the knowledge of what the results of former trials had shown. Such trials are expensive, and it is with the purpose of eliminating this useless duplication of effort that such surveys as this are made. By reference to Tables 6 to 9 a comparison of the number of varieties widely distributed in this area and those which can be recommended is readily made. It is to be expected that some listed for further testing will be discarded, while others may replace widely grown varieties. Year by year the knowledge of the adaptation of varieties must be accumulated and tabulated. This work will of necessity never be finished, for progress, in part at least, must be in the origination and introduction of new and better sorts. ORCHARD FRUITS. APPLE VARIETIES. The apple is the most important fruit in all the regions of this area, and recent extensive plantings indicate that it will remain so. The early plantings were made up of varieties that were brought in by the pioneer settlers from many sections of the United States. For this reason the list of varieties described in this bulletin is long, yet it consists of only a small proportion of the number studied. Many of the varieties described should not have a place in future plant- ings in any region of this area. Definite statements, therefore, re- garding the value of each variety are made as far as possible, and of the most important varieties both faults and merits are men- tioned. In Table 6, near the end of this bulletin, a summary is made of the more desirable varieties of apples for each region. IMPORTANT VARIETIES OF APPLES STUDIED IN THIS AREA. Akin. The Akin originated in Illinois from seed produced in Tennessee (63, 1908, p. 268-269). It is not grown extensively in any part of this area, though it is found in many orchards in West Virginia and in some in Kentucky and Ten- nessee. The tree is a vigorous, large, upright, open grower. Figure 18 shows a 10-year-old tree of this variety. It bears fairly early on chert soil, 6-year-old trees frequently producing a smali crop. The fruit is of medium size, glo- bose, and very smooth. The ground color is yellow, almost entirely covered with bright crimson as grown about Huntington, W. Va., but in the higher altitudes of that State it becomes striped and is less highly colored. The skin is tough and thick; the flesh is firm, very crisp, juicy, fine grained, and a FRUITS IN WEST VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND TENNESSEE. 27 good to very good in-dessert quality. Its season in West Virginia is Decem- ber to June. It is liked by all who grow it because of its attractive color, long-keeping char- acter, and high dessert quality. It may be of value for the fancy fruit trade. Its faults are that it tends to send out extremely long branches, and the fruit is not always uniform in size, though usually so. Because it is of only medium size the yield in barrels does not equal that of the larger varieties, and in some places it is said to be late in coming into bearing. It is a promising winter variety for home use but hardly so for the general market in the Virginia Valley and Ridge region and in the Allegheny Plateau region of West Vir- ginia. Anderson. Synonyms: Andersons Seedling, Paducah. The Anderson variety was originated by H. Anderson, of Kevil, Ky. Mr. Anderson planted seed of the Rome Beauty, Summer Pearmain, Ben Davis, Fic. 18.—Akin apple tree, 10 years old, at Gerrardstown, W. Va. and Winesap apples in his garden about 1890. Only two seeds of the Rome Beauty grew end one of these died later. Of the Summer Pearmain 1 seed- ling was saved, 2 of the Ben Davis, and 16 of the Winesap. Of the Winesap seedlings 7 bore sweet apples. None of the seedlings except the one of Rome Beauty proved to be worth saving, and this was named Anderson. It is grown by a few orchardists in the Gulf Coastal Plains region. The original tree of this variety has borne regularly every year since it was 6 years old. In 1910 it bore 294 bushels, in 1911 about 20 bushels, and in 1912 about 20 bushels. Figure 19 is from a photograph of this tree. Young trees of this variety on Mr. Anderson’s place when 6 years old have averaged more than 1 bushel each and have continued to bear heavily each year since. The tree is more vigorous and somewhat more upright than the Rome Beauty, but resembles it otherwise. Its foliage is slightly darker. The fruit is more oblate than the Rome Beauty and is handsomely striped with crimson 28 BULLETIN 1189, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. over a yellow ground color. In dessert quality it is good to very good, with a crisp, juicy, rather fine-grained flesh. Its season at Kevil, Ky., is the last of August and the first half of September. i The vigor and productiveness of the tree and the quality of its fruit make it a promising variety of its season for the Gulf Coastal Plains and the Interior Low Plateau regions of Kentucky. Archibald. The Archibald is an excellent sweet apple which originated at Alpha, Tenn.. about 1872 (70), and it has been propagated to a slight extent. The fruit is large, somewhat oblong, as dark crimson as the King David, and very attractive. The flesh is fine grained, juicy, and rich in flavor. Its season in northeastern Tennessee is July and August. For those who wish a sweet > a Fic. 19.—Original tree of the Anderson apple, at Kevil, Ky. Photographed August 30, 1913. apple, it seems deserving of wider recognition than it has received, because of its coloring and rich flavor. Arkansas. Synonym: Mammoth Black Twig. The Arkansas variety belongs to the Winesap group. It has been planted commercially in all regions of this area. The tree is healthy, very vigorous, spreading, and an open grower, with very strong branches. Figure 20 shows a 6-year-old tree of the Paragon variety which was indistinguishable from Arkansas. The foliage is thrifty, dark green in color, and rarely, if ever, affected by cedar rust. The fruit is large, some- times becomes very large, and is oblate in shape. It is usually well colored, sometimes almost entirely overspread with dull, deep crimson. The flesh is very firm and crisp. It is good in quality, and its season is late winter even when grown in southern Tennessee. Because of the uniformly vigorous, healthy tree, the excellent keeping quality of its fruit, and its good flavor, it is well liked. It would probably become one sate taal Raaer tate ada Macatee 1 ‘ | ; , > FRUITS IN WEST VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND TENNESSEE. 29 f the most extensively grown and profitable winter varieties in the area were it not for the fact that it is usually a shy bearer. When experience has shown this variety to be productive in a locality, it may be planted commercially; otherwise it should be tested first. Though it has been found bearing regularly and heavily on many types of soils in all regions of this area, it also has been found rarely bearing good crops in nearly every section of each region. Arkansas Black. The Arkansas Black variety, also of the WineSap group, is frequently grown in orchards with the Arkansas. The tree is moderately vigorous and spreading, though not as spreading as the Arkansas tree. The foliage is more susceptible to leaf-spot, and the fruit is more susceptible than the Arkansas to scab and blotch. The fruit is globose conic, large, but not so large as Arkansas, and is usually entirely covered with very dark purplish red. It keeps nearly as well as the Arkansas and is poorer in dessert quality. Fie. 20.—Paragon apple tree bearing a crop of fruit when 6 years old, at Kevil, Ky., in the Gulf Coastal Plains region. Photographed August 30, 1913. Babbitt. The Babbitt variety is planted only occasionally in orchards of this area. It is not liked because of its poor keeping quality and its intense acidity; it should be discarded. The tree is a vigorous upright grower. The fruit is of medium size, oblate in shape, and overspread with bright red. It resembles the Wagener both in shape and color. The flesh is crisp and juicy, but very acid. Its season in West Virginia is October and November. Like the Arkansas, it is a shy bearer, and in many other respects does not equal it. The tree is not so desirable as that of the Arkansas and is some- what less productive. In but one orchard visited, located near Parkersburg, W. Va., was it consid- ered a profitable variety. It can not be recommended for planting. Bailey. Synonym: Bailey Sweet. Only occasional trees of the Bailey variety have been observed scattered throughout the regions of'this area. The tree is a spreading, open grower, and subject to blight. The fruit is large, globose conic, and of a very attractive red color. Its dessert quality is very good for a sweet apple. Its season is the latter part of August in central Kentucky and mid-September in West Virginia. Because it is subject to blight and because of its season it is not widely planted and can not be recommended. 30 BULLETIN 1189, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Baldwin. The Baldwin variety, which is one of the leading commercial sorts in northern apple regions, is frequently found in commercial orchards of both regions of northern West Virginia and occasionally in all other parts of the area. The tree is a very vigorous, spreading, open grower, and bears in alternate years. The fruit is medium to large in size and usually well colored. It is frequently affected by the Baldwin spot. Its quality is good, and its season © is September in Kentucky and October to January in the northern part of West Virginia. Except in West Virginia, it matures too early to be of much value. In northern West Virginia and at altitudes above 1,500 feet in all regions of the State it is productive, and the high-colored fruit keeps until early winter in cold storage. In all regions of this area, however, it is being replaced by varieties that have proved to be more profitable. Banana.” Synonym: Winter Banana. During the past few years several plantings of the Banana variety have come into bearing in West Virginia and Kentucky. All plantings, however, have been recent. The tree is a vigorous, upright, open grower, and begins to bear when very young. About Henderson, Ky., it is an annual bearer, and in West Virginia it is one of the best bearers. Its foliage is very susceptible to cedar rust. The fruit is large in size, globose conic in shape, and the color is a clear yellow, frequently with a blush of bright red covering a considerable portion of the surface. The flesh is rather fine grained, crisp, and juicy. At its best it is highly aromatic and is very good in dessert quality, but ordinarily the period of maturity at which this highest quality is reached passes quickly, and it becomes poor to only good in quality. It is liked as a cooking apple. Its season in Kentucky is early September and in West Virginia October to December. Its chief faults are (1) its susceptibility to cedar rust, ranking with Jonathan in this respect, being more susceptible than the York Imperial and Rome Beauty to this disease; (2) it does not retain its best dessert quality long nor keep very well. In Kentucky the fruit is somewhat susceptible to blotch. For its season it is considered desirable in the northern part of the Alle- gheny Plateau region and in the Virginia Valley and Ridge region, as the tree bears when very young and the fruit is large, attractive in color, and very good in dessert quality. Unless one becomes skilled in marketing this variety it is not satisfactory, and it is doubtful whether it will long remain a prominent variety in this area. Beach. Synonym: Apple of Commerce. The Beach variety, which was formerly planted extensively in all parts of this area, is being planted but little at the present time. Many of the older trees are being grafted to more desirable sorts. The tree is not a large grower and is subject to blight, but is spreading, open, and usually productive. The foliage is subject to leaf-spot. The fruit is small, oblate, with attractive red coloring, covered with a heavy bloom, and is subject to bitter-rot. Its dessert quality is poor, and its season is — usually early winter, though sometimes it keeps well. It is not liked because of its poor quality and small size and because the tree is subject to disease. It should not be planted. Ben Davis. The Ben Davis variety is supposed to have originated either in Tennessee or Kentucky. In former times it was a leading variety in all regions of this area. Published reports frequently state that the Ben Davis is at its best and name it as the most successful, or one of the most successful, varieties in the States of this area. On the contrary, its behavior in recent years has been very unsatisfactory. It is now being little planted, and the older plant- ings are passing out of existence. Hundreds of acres of this variety have * been abandoned, and because of the poor dessert quality of the fruit many growers have been unable to market their crops. The tree does not grow to a large size and is not generally long lived. It usually bears well, though not so well as the Winesap in Kentucky and Tennessee and not better than the Rome Beauty in the Allegheny Plateau i EERE 10 for a complete history and description of this variety, see Taylor and Gould (64, FRUITS IN WEST VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND TENNESSEE. 381 region or the York Imperial in the Virginia Valley and Ridge region. Figure 21 shows an orchard of this variety at the time of blossoming. It is some- what subject to twig and blossom blight, and its foliage is subject to leaf-spot. ~The fruit is usually well colored at maturity in all parts of this area, becoming highly colored at the higher altitudes on poor soils in West Virginia. It is always poor to fair in dessert quality, but is among the best cooking apples when well grown. It is sometimes picked in August in the Gulf Coastal Plains and the Interior Low Plateau regions of Tennessee and Kentucky to be shipped as a cooking apple, in order to prevent the loss of the crop from apple blotch and the black and bitter rots, to which it is very subject. Because the Ben Davis tree is especially subject to San Jose scale, to the Illinois or blister canker, and its foliage to leaf-spot, while the fruit is among the most susceptible to the apple-blotch fungus, sooty fungus, and to black and bitter rots, it should not be planted in any region of Tennessee or Ken- tucky. ae Virginia it is less subject to the diseases enumerated above, though at the lower altitudes in river valleys it is frequently subject to severe attacks Cx MCA, re > per eda Willowtwig. The Willowtwig is chiefly grown in the northern Panhandle of West Vir- ginia. Outside of this section only oecasional trees and small blocks of it have been observed. In the northern Panhandle section of West Virginia, however, it has been the leading variety for more than a generation. The tree is long lived and is an early and regular bearer. The fruit is uniform, of good size, but of only fair color. The fruit, in large part, is placed in cold and common storage houses and kept till spring. Though not of good dessert quality, it holds its flavor better than most varieties. The section in which it is grown most lies close to the Ohio River, and the smoke from factories along that stream affects most varieties severely, dwarfing the fruit. Though Willowtwig is not immune to injury and it is necessary to clean the fruit be- fore sending it to market, it is affected much less than other varieties. Its culture is not being extended outside of this section bécause of its poor color and poor dessert quality. In this section, however, it has proved to be a profit- able variety on account of its good keeping qualities and its productiveness. Winesap. In these States no other variety has yet proved so uniformly profitable and so well adapted to such a wide range of conditions as the Winesap. While known as a “rich-land” variety, it nevertheless develops well in these States on soils of moderate fertility. The Stayman Winesap, a seedling of the Wine- sap, and the Kinnard, which belongs to the Winesap group, are proving valu- able varieties, maturing earlier than the Winesap. The Arkansas (Mammoth Black Twig) is another variety of the Winesap group which matures with the Winesap. However, Arkansas must prove to be more productive before it can take the place of- the Winesap, which is an annual bearer in all regions of Tennessee and Kentucky. Certain orchards of the Winesap managed in the most approved manner have produced large crops each year for many years. (Fig. 26.) The Winesap tree is one of the most resistant to blight, and only occasionally is blossom blight serious. In neglected orchards the black-rot canker is sometimes serious, and when efforts are made to renovate such orchards this - canker may continue to be troublesome. In well-managed orchards no such a2, BULLETIN 1189, U. ‘S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. difficulty has been found. The foliage of the Winesap is resistant to cedar rust and not especially susceptible to other diseases. The fruit is usually left on the tree until it begins to drop. Fruit from northern Alabama has kept in excellent condition in cold storage until the last of March. It is somewhat subject to apple scab, although this disease is worse in northern Kentucky and other northern sections than farther south. It is less susceptible to this disease than is the Kinnard. The Winesap is found profitable in all parts of Kentucky and Tennessee. In the extreme northern part of Kentucky and in a few places in the eastern portion near the Big Sandy River the fruit is rather small, being nearer in size to that of the variety grown in West Virginia. In the latter State the tree is productive and healthy, but the fruit is almost always small. Under such conditions growers have planted other larger fruited varieties that pay bet- ter. In the Virginia Valley and Ridge region of West Virginia on very fertile soil it sometimes becomes large enough to be quite profitable and is found in several orchards. It is, however, not largely planted in this region in West Virginia. The color of the Winesap in the orchards of the Virginia Valley and Ridge region is particularly attractive. Fic. 26.—An orchard of Winesap apples at Henderson, Ky., in the Interior Low Plateau region, which has borne large crops for 10 successive years. Winter Paradise. Synonym: Paradise Sweet. Yhe principal winter sweet apple of this area is the Winter Paradise. The trees are productive, the fruit of good size, smooth, green in color, with a bronze blush, of good dessert quality, and fruit from the Allegheny Plateau re- gion of West Virginia keeps until late winter in cold storage. It seems to merit its place at the head of the list of sweet apples for its season for both home and commercial orchards. Yates. The Yates is commonly found in the home orchards in the southern part of this area. Its chief merits are its productiveness and long-keeping quality throughout the winter in common storage at the southern limit of apple growing. Where\er the Winesap can be grown and will keep well in the southern part of this area, that variety is preferred. Furthermore in all of this area except the southernmost part of Tennessee the Yates is not gen- erally productive, and the tree is subject to blight. In southern Tennessee the tree is productive and is an early and annual bearer. The fruit is attractively colored and attains large size for the variety, but is very small for market purposes. It is picked during the last of October and is the best keeping variety grown there. It ranks above good in dessert FRUITS IN WEST VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND TENNESSEE. 038 quality and is desirable for the home orchard. Terry, which resembles Yates in many ways, has larger fruit and is replacing it in Georgia. Figure 27 shows a row of trees of Yates. Yellow Bellflower. Though distributed in nearly all parts of this area, the Yellow Bellflower is not being planted at present. Occasionally a tree of. it bears a full crop of fruit in this area, but only in the northern Panhandle section of West Vir- ginia has it proved profitable, and even there it is surpassed by other varie- ties. Further, it has comparatively little of the peculiar flavor which makes it so highly prized in more northern regions; it ranks only good in dessert quality. Yellow Transparent. The Yellow Transparent variety is well known in all the apple-growing re- gions of this country as the earliest ripening sort in commercial orchards, and it holds this same position throughout this area. The Yellow Transparent tree is very upright when young, becoming some- what spreading with age, vigorous, and bearing at a comparatively early age. The tree rarely becomes very large and is often used as a filler in com- Fie. 27.—An orchard of Yates apple trees at Cleveland, Tenn., in the East Tennessee Valley region. For home orchards along the southern limit of apple growing this is considered one of the most desirable of all winter varieties. mercial orchards. The trees may therefore be planted in the orchard closer than many varieties. It is one of the most susceptible to blight and is not long lived. When attacked by blight, this disease frequently spreads to the main limbs and the trunk of the tree. In such cases, if it encircles the trunk the tree dies. This variety generally shows a larger proportion of loss than any other from the effects of blight. Because of the damage by this disease many growers have discarded this variety, while others have decided that the profits, when a crop was secured, are large enough to make it pay. The fruit is medium in size, of a bright yellow color, and of good dessert quality. It is rather tender and in shipping must be handled earefully. In this area it would become one of the most profitable early apples if the tree were not so very susceptible to blight. When a crop of Yellow Transparent is harvested in the early apple orchards of Tennessee and Kentucky high prices are usually obtained. However, the average yield of the tree is small. In regions in northern West Virginia the blight is not so serious as in other parts of the area, and the Yellow Transparent there forms a desirable early-ripening variety. York Imperial. Synonym: Johnson’s Fine Winter. The chief faults of this variety are that the tree is usually late in bearing, and when it comes into bearing it tends to produce large crops on alternate ee hf co Ee ee or ne ee coo ee ee Te, 54 BULLETIN 1189, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. years; the foliage is also subject to cedar rust and frog-eye, and the fruit scalds badly in storage. Some of the merits of the variety are the vigor and productiveness of the tree and the large size of the fruit. Figure 28 shows an early-bearing tree and Figure 29 a part of an orchard of this variety in the Virginia Valley and Ridge region. Except at Dayton and Tazewell in the East Tennessee Valley region this variety has not proved profitable in Tennessee or Kentucky. The tree in these States is very subject to blight, is not very productive, and the fruit matures too early for the general market for which the variety is adapted. In regions of northern West Virginia the blight is not often very serious in York Imperial orchards, and the tree is productive and the fruit highly colored. Fic. 28.—A York Imperial apple tree, 6 years old, at Gerrardstown, W. Va. Only rarely does the York Imperial bear so large a crop at so early an age. It is the leading variety in the orchards of the Virginia Valley and Ridge region in West Virginia and is one of the leading varieties in all sections of that State. The relative popularity of the variety is suggested by the fact that in 1914 in the orchards of nonbearing age in Jefferson County, W. Va., there were 878.2 acres of the York Imperial, 370.7 acres of Stayman Winesap, 298.2 acres of Arkansas, and 250.3 acres of Grimes Golden (26). CHERRY VARIETIES. In this area comparatively few cherries are grown. Many farmers have a few trees in home orchards, and around some of the larger - FRUITS IN WEST VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND TENNESSEE. 55 cities small orchards for supplying local trade are planted. No large orchards have been observed. Small orchards are more numer- ous in the northern part of this area than in the southern part. Sweet cherries have been grown with a moderate degree of success for local market and home use in northern Kentucky and in West Virginia, but their culture is attended with great difficulties. Far- ther south they are unproductive, besides being attacked by an undetermined disease. Many varieties of sweet cherries are grown, but they have not been observed sufficiently to determine their rela- tive value. The Tartarian, Wood, Windsor, and Schmidt sweet cherries have succeeded best. The sour cherries are grown to some extent in all parts of the area and even on the higher altitudes in northern Alabama with a fair degree of success. They are not as productive as in more northern areas, however, and are recommended for home orchards and local markets only. Two varieties are considered desirable by growers, the Richmond and Montmorency. ‘These varieties may be grown on Fig. 29.—A York Imperial orchard on Apple Pie Ridge, at Gerrardstown, W. Va. This orchard is 24 years old and has rarely missed a crop. any fertile soil in the area. The Richmond begins to bear at an earlier age than the Montmorency. On fertile clay soil near Knox- ville in the East Tennessee Valley region at 3 years of age Rich- mond was observed to be producing a small crop, while trees of the Montmorency in the same orchard had not begun to bear. The fruit of the Richmond begins to ripen about 10 days before that of the Montmorency. It is not as large, is more juicy, and is not considered as good for canning as the Montmorency. Both varieties are bright red. They are usually found together in the same orchard in order to extend the cherry season over as long a period as possible. PEACH VARIETIES. The peach ranks second among the three important fruit crops of this area. While important in many sections of the area, the largest center of its culture is in the upper Potomac Valley of West Vir- ginia. This section is hilly and mountainous, and orchards located on the higher points secure good air drainage. 56 BULLETIN 1189, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. In Kentucky local centers are found near Bedford, Shepardsville, Louisville, Bowling Green, and Covington. In Tennessee commercial peach centers are found near Cleveland, Sale Creek, and Harriman. Many other points in these States have commercial peach orchards from which fruit is shipped. Table 2, on page 4, gives the stations shipping carloads of peaches in 1914, 1920, and 1921 and the number of cars shipped from each station. It is probable that the points at which large orchard developments have taken place already are among the most advantageously located for peach growing. Nevertheless, small commercial orchards have demonstrated that peaches can be grown successfully throughout the area, provided suitable sites are selected. The one exception seems to be the Cumberland Plateau region, and yet even in this region varieties are being developed that do fairly well. The large orchard developments have occurred where the transpor- tation facilities are good and where the climatic conditions make it possible to market certain well-selected varieties at particular times. Thus, the upper Potomac Valley section can supply markets with peaches immediately after the Georgia crop is harvested, and because of its geographical location and railroad facilities the fruit can be shipped to markets in all directions. The list of varieties found in the orchards of this area is very large, covering almost the entire range of those widely grown in the peach sections east of the Rocky Mountains. It includes also varieties grown very little in any other regions, as well as several originating within the area. Because of the extent of this list, the names of only the well-known varieties with notes on some of their important characteristics will be given here. Many varieties other than those listed are, of course, grown in the commercial orchards, but they do not stand out in the experience of a large number of growers as being particularly valuable in this area. Some of these may become leading varieties under different conditions or after more extended testing. Growers in this area report that the market calls for yellow- fleshed varieties and that white-fleshed peaches are not desirable except for the early varieties. In addition to having yellow flesh, a variety to be suitable for commercial orchards in this area should be adapted to a wide range of soil types.. If a variety of real merit is extensively grown in different sections, the market will learn to recognize it and will demand that variety. Thus, the Elberta is adapted to a wide range of conditions, and its firmness and shipping qualities are well known. Growers, buyers, and consumers all understand how to handle this variety, and it has become a standard peach of this area as well as of the country. Other desirable charac- teristics of an ideal variety for this area are hardiness of the tree and fruit buds and vigor and productiveness of the tree. Further, the fruit should be medium to large in size, highly colored, firm fleshed, high in dessert quality, and a freestone. If the skin is rather thick, the peach will ship better than a thin-skinned variety. The picking season of a standard peach should be short, as each extra picking adds to the cost of harvesting. A peach ripening uni- formly over its entire’ surface is more desirable than one which softens on its suture ridge before being ready to pick. e FRUITS IN WEST VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY. AND TENNESSEE. 57 _ The season of ripening is another important factor in the choice _ of a variety. Most orchardists in this area prefer to start with _ yarieties coming into season after the Elberta crop of Georgia has _ been disposed of. Neither the white-fleshed nor the yellow-fleshed _ sorts ripening as early as the Elberta in Georgia sell readily. Thus, _ the season usually commences with the Elberta in the southern part of the area, with the Carman and Champion a little farther north, and with the Carman in northern West Virginia. Following the Car- man most orchardists grow a succession of varieties in order to furnish steady work for a definite number of men. In the Potomac Valley section of West Virginia this list covers the period until cold weather. In the other sections the Elberta usually ends the season. Excepting certain important varieties earlier than the Elberta, or varieties grown for some particular reason, white-fleshed peaches have been omitted from the following list of those characterized. _ Brief mention, however, is made of a few varieties that are grown to a limited extent which may be adapted to the local market or to home use. COMMERCIAL VARIETIES OF PEACHES. Beers Smock. The Beers Smock is a yellow-flieshed freestone variety of poor dessert quality very similar to the Smock, but which matures slightly earlier and is larger. It ripens just before the Salwey, is slightly later than McCollister, Edge- mont, Stevens, and Fox, and is considered the standard variety of its season in the upper Potomac Valley section. Formerly more Smock trees were found than Beers Smock, but in new orchards the latter variety is being set almost exclusively. é Belle. Synonym: Belle of Georgia. The Belle is a white-fieshed, firm, freestone peach which is becoming the standard variety in all regions of this area for the period immediately before the Elberta and just after the Champion, usually overlapping the season of both. It is grown a little in the East Tennessee Valley region and is found in several commercial orchards of the eastern Panhandle of West Virginia. The fruit is medium sized on shale soils. It is usually highly colored and is considered a good shipping variety. It is one of the best varieties for home canning, ranking next to Champion. Bilyeu. Although it is a white-fleshed freestone peach, the Bilyeu is extensively planted in the Potomac Valley section in West Virginia, where it is regarded as the only profitable very late peach. It ripens there after the yellow-fleshed varieties have all been picked and is about the last peach from any section to reach the market. It seems to be adapted to both chert and shale soils in this section, but is especially desirable at high altitudes. The fruit is medium to large in size, usually nearly covered with a dull red color, and a good shipping peach. It is sometimes held in cold storage for a month after pick- ing until market conditions are more favorable than at picking time. In this section of West Virginia it is picked usually from October 1 to 15. Carman. In the commercial orchards of the Potomac Valley section and in many indi- vidual orchards of this area the Carman is the first variety to ripen which is extensively planted. It is a medium-sized handsome white-fleshed variety classed as freestone, but it is a semicling under some conditions. It is in- clined to soften on its suture ridge before being ready to pick. Occasionally on the chert soils of the higher altitudes of West Virginia growers prefer the St. John (Yellow St. John), which ripens at the same time, or slightly _ earlier. Generally, however, the Carman gives satisfaction even on chert soils, for the tree is more productive than the St. John and the fruit is a good shipper. It is considered the standard variety of its season in all parts of this area. 58 BULLETIN 1189, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Chairs. Synonym: Chairs Choice. The Chairs is a large, attractive, yellow-fleshed freestone variety, ripening with the Late Crawford immediately following the Elberta and too dlose to the season of that popular variety. It does not seem to be as generally grown in the Potomac Valley section of West Virginia as the Late Crawford, although it is considered better on chert soils by some orchardists. It is grown to a small extent and liked in the northern Panhandle of West Virginia. It was not observed elsewhere. Its chief fault is its unproductiveness. The Late Crawford and Chairs are the standard varieties of their season, although the Edgemont, which ripens during the latter part of the season of these varie- ties, is liked on the shale soils, is somewhat more productive, and is taking their place to some extent. In the Potomac Valley sections the Chairs is re- ported to be much better adapted to heavy soils of the lower altitudes than to the mountains and higher elevations. Champion. The Champion is a white-fleshed freestone variety which immediately follows the Hiley and is the standard variety of its season for this area. At a few points on shale soil in the Potomac Valley section of West Virginia the Hiley is planted in its place, but usually ripens enough earlier to make Carman, Hiley, Champion, and Belle a desirable succession in this section. The fruit of the Champion is large, with high color, and of very good dessert quality. It is not a very good shipper, but carries well enough to be an important com- mercial sort. Its color and quality are better than Carman, and it is considered ~ one of the surest bearers. It is the best of all freestone varieties for home canning. In the Potomac Valley section, as well as in many other sections of this area, it is reported to be much superior to the Mountain Rose, which ripens at the same time. Early Crawford. The Early Crawford is a widely known yellow-fleshed freestone variety of highest quality which ripens with the Champion. It is being discarded in this area in favor of the Champion, as it has proved to be too uncertain in bearing. Early Wheeler. Synonym: Red Bird. In the Gulf Coastal Plains region in Tennessee the Harly Wheeler, a white- tieshed clingstone peach, has proved profitable, as it ripens very early, before many peaches come into the markets supplied from that region. The fruit is highly colored and ripens about 10 days before-the Greensboro. In other regions it was not seen. Edgemont. Synonym: Hdgemont Beauty. The Edgemont variety originated in western Maryland and is proving to be desirable for the season just after Elberta and late Crawford in the Potomac Valley section. In that section it is reported to be adapted to both the chert and the shale soils. In southwestern Virginia at an altitude of 3,000 feet it is regarded as too variable in size, but on further testing may prove to be more uniform. The fruit is large to very large, yellow fleshed, a good shipper, highly colored, a freestone, and of high dessert quality. It is reported as averaging larger in size and more highly colored than the Late Crawford, but is so similar that it can hardly be told from that variety after picking. Others ripening at the same period, or nearly the same, and which are extensively grown are McCollister, Chairs (Chairs Choice), Fox (Fox Seedling), and Stevens (Stevens Rareripe). Both the Fox and Stevens are white fleshed, while the yellow-fleshed McCollister is not always a sure bearer. ‘Thus the Edgemont has good prospects of becoming a leading variety for its season. Elberta. Although the freestone Elberta peach is the leading variety in this area, it does not form such a large percentage of the entire peach crop as it does in many other sections. It seems to succeed on nearly every type of soil in the area where peaches of any variety are grown. In the Hast Tennessee Valley region it is by far the most important variety. In the Gulf Coastal Plains region of Tennessee it is grown for the local markets, while earlier varieties are grown for the general market. In Kentucky and West Virginia, although planted more than any other single variety, it is, nevertheless, considered more as the standard peach of its season to meet a definite sequence in ripening than as the predominating variety. Its popularity with growers is increasing in these States, and it is generally considered one of the most profitable of all varieties. . FRUITS IN WEST VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND TENNESSEE. 59 Ford. Bilyeu has been thought partly sterile to its own pollen, and the Ford has been planted in commercial orchards in the Potomac Valley section of West Virginia as a pollinizer for the Bilyeu. However, in many orchards the Bilyeu is productive when planted in blocks by itself, and it is doubtful whether another variety is needed to pollinate it. Ford is a white-fleshed freestone peach of medium size which ripens at about the same time as the Smock. It is liked for canning, but is not liked as well for commercial orchards as other varieties of its season. Geary. The Geary ripens with the Smock, but is larger and somewhat poorer colored on chert soils in the Potomac Valley section of West Virginia. It is not likely to become an important variety, although at some places on chert soils it is liked better than the Smock. It is a yellow freestone variety. Greensboro. The Greensboro peach is a white-fleshed freestone, highly colored, and of good dessert quality for an early sort. It is inclined to soften on the suture ridge before it is ready to pick. It is considered the best very early peach for all regions of this area when an early sort, ripening nearly three weeks before the Carmen, is desired. The buds of the Greensboro are very hardy, and it blooms later than most varieties. For this reason it is one of the most reliable bearers. ; Orchards in which the Greensboro is grown are found in various places in this area. Most of these supply local markets. It ripens too early to be of value for commercial orchards which supply the general market, because the Elberta crop in Georgia and other Southern States furnishes the more popular yellow-fleshed peaches at its ripening season. In the Gulf Coastal Plains region in Tennessee it is occasionally found in commercial orchards. Heath. Synonyms: Heath Cling, White Heath, White Heath Cling. The Heath is probably the most widely grown of all clingstone varieties in this area. In the markets of Baltimore, Washington, and Richmond, as well as to some extent in other markets, a clingstone peach is wanted for home use in pickling and canning, and small blocks of the Heath are grown in northern West Virginia and in the other parts of this area to supply this trade. The fruit varies greatly in size and quality with the different seasons, soils, and other conditions under which it is grown. The higher altitudes seem better suited to it than the lower levels. Under ideal conditions it is very large, highly colored, considered very good in dessert quality by those who like a clingstone, and one of the best for use in home canning. It is white fleshed and ripens after the Salwey. Hiley. The Hiley is grown in a few orchards in the Potomac Valley section of West Virginia, where it ripens between Carmen and the Champion. The fruit is somewhat similar to the Belle, but it is firmer and more highly colored and the suture ridge is very prominent, projecting above the opposite side. It is a white-fleshed freestone, very highly colored, and is the firmest of the early varieties. Its future in this area is doubtful, as it is not always a good bearer. It has a good record in Georgia and at some places in the tidewater section of Maryland and should be thoroughly tested in this area. Late Crawford. The Late Crawford is a yellow-fleshed handsome freestone variety ripening just after the Elberta and is considered one of the best varieties of its season in this area. The Chairs is the other standard variety for this season, but is not so widely grown as the Late Crawford. The fruit is large, has a highly colored cheek, is good in dessert quality, and is regarded as a good shipping variety. ‘The trees, however, are not very productive. Like other late varieties in this area it is grown very little except in West Virginia. Lemon Free. In the northern Panhandle of West Virginia the Lemon Free is considered the best variety of its season for home use and local markets. It is of excellent dessert quality and has a yellow flesh which separates from the pit and skin better than most varieties. For this reason it is especially desirable for can- ning. It is not often grown in large commercial orchards, as the fruit is un- attractive and does not ship well, but for the season just after Late Crawford may be profitable when grown for canning. 60 BULLETIN 1189, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Levy. The yellow clingstone Levy peach is not so popular as the white-fleshed Heath, which ripens at the same time. The reason seems to be that the fruit sometimes is very small, and it is very susceptible to brown-rot. It was found only in orchards of the Potomac Valley section of West Virginia and is there considered better adapted to the mountain soils than to the lower altitudes. McCollister. The McCollister is a large yellow-fleshed freestone peach and is considered a good shipping variety. It ripens with the Edgemont and about the same Season as the Stevens and Fox. In some orchards it is the standard variety for the period between Late Crawford and Smock. In one orchard on chert soil it had not borne well, but usually it is considered productive. One desirable feature of the McCollister is its habit of holding its fruit on the tree after ripening better than most varieties. Minnie. Synonym: Alton. The Minnie is a very large, white-fleshed, semifreestone soft peach of high Gessert quality, ripening with the Carman. It blossoms early, and the trees are not very productive. Near Louisville, Ky., it is considered desirable for home use or local market only and is grown very little elsewhere in this area. Salwey. The Salwey is the standard variety of its season in all this area. It usually is ready to harvest immediately after the Smock and is all picked several days before Bilyeu ripens. The fruit is medium sized, well colored, yellow fleshed, freestone, and only fair in dessert quality. It is, however, the best freestone dessert and canning variety of its season. In the Potomac Valley section it is planted on both chert and shale soils and is considered desirable on both. It is considered especially adapted to the higher altitudes having good atmospheric drainage, but spraying enables this and other varieties to be grown on low elevations or where air drainage is poor. Smock. The Smock is being replaced throughout the area by the Beers Smock, which matures slightly earlier and is larger. In other characteristics the two varieties are very Similar. Stevens. Synonym: Stevens Rareripe. The Stevens is a white-fleshed, handsome freestone peach which is still grown widely by orchardists in the Potomac Valley section because of its high dessert quality. Some growers prefer it to the Late Crawford, which overlaps it in sea- son, although slightly earlier. Other varieties ripening with it are McCollister and Edgemont among the yellow-fleshed varieties and Fox, a white-fleshed sort. Its future in this area will depend largely on whether yellow varieties are to be grown for the general markets to the exclusion of the white-fleshed ones. VARIETIES OTHER THAN COMMERCIAL. Many other varieties which have been grown in this area and found undesirable for general planting may be adapted to the local markets or to home use. Some of these varieties are here listed and the reasons given why they are not considered profitable for the general market. Three of these varieties, however, Illinois, Krummel, and Motlow, are considered worthy of trial. Alexander. White-fieshed, semicling, small, rather unproductive, and too early in this area for general markets the Alexander peach is considered desirable for home use, as it is an early variety with a vigorous hardy tree, ripening about 30 days before Elberta, just after the Sneed. Connett. Synonyms: Southern, Southern Early. The Connett is a large white-fleshed freestone variety, but a rather shy bearer, ripening about the season of the more popular Carman, by which it has been replaced. Crosby. The Crosby is a yellow-fleshed freestone, ripening with the McCollister, and not adapted to poor soils. ‘Trees of this variety were destroyed by a commercial grower at Knoxville, Tenn., because they were unprofitable, as the fruit is small and unattractive. FRUITS IN WEST VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND TENNESSEE. 61 Fitzgerald. The Fitzgerald is a yellow-fleshed freestone, very similar to Early Crawford, but slightly earlier. Its fruit buds are not sufficiently hardy, and it is regarded as undesirable in the Potomac Valley section of West Virginia. Fox. The Fox peach is a white-fleshed freestone, ripening with the yellow- fleshed McCollister and slightly later than Edgemont. It is still grown in West Virginia to a considerable extent, though yellow-fleshed sorts are con- sidered more profitable. Globe. The Globe peach is a yellow-fleshed freestone, ripening just after Elberta, but not considered so desirable as Late Crawford; is not very productive, and the tree is tender; succeeds best on heavy soil at lower altitudes. Gold Drop. The Gold Drop peach is a yellow-fleshed freestone, very handsome though not highly colored, and small in size, having excellent flavor and fine-grained flesh. The trees are very productive and hardy, resistant to brown-rot and leaf-curl, and desirable in home orchards. Illinois. The Illinois is a white-fleshed freestone peach of nearly the same season as the Champion. It is liked near Keyser, W. Va., on chert soils and near Louisville, Ky. The trees bear at a younger age than the Elberta. Sometimes the foliage is affected by mildew. The fruit is very large, globose, and one of the most highly colored peaches known. It may prove a desirable shipping variety. Krummel. Synonym: Krummel’s October. The Krummel is a yellow-fleshed freestone variety, reported by orchardists as resembling the Salwey very closely, but ripening a little later and hav- ing more productive and hardier trees. It may prove of value to those who wish a later variety of the Salwey type. Motlow. ¥ The Motlow originated in the yard of a Mrs. Motlow, of Winchester, Tenn., in 1898. It came from the stock of a peach tree which was frozen to the ground at that time. There it is considered a desirable yellow-fleshed free- stone variety, ripening about a week later than the Elberta. Mountain Rose. The Mountain Rose peach is a white-fleshed globose freestone, ripening be- tween Hiley and Champion, but much smaller than Champion. It is not a good shipper, and the trees are unproductive. Has high dessert quality and is desirable for home use. Oldmixon Free. ‘The Oldmixon Free peach is a white-fleshed freestone, ripening too near the season of Elberta for the general market. But there is a limited demand for it on account of its high dessert quality and its desirability for home use. Piecquet.' | The Picquet peach is a yellow-fleshed freestone, ripening with McCollister, which is reported more productive. Picquet is also reported as subject to brown-rot. It blossoms very late and is not as likely to be caught by frost as many other sorts. Reeves. The Reeves peach is a yellow-fleshed handsome freestone, ripening with Belle, but it is not so reliably productive as that variety. It has high dessert quality and is a good home-garden sort. St. John. Synonym: Yellow St. John. The St. John peach is a yellow-fleshed, rather small, early freestone variety which has not proved to be productive and is not considered as desirable as the Carman of slightly later season. It is one of the highest in dessert quality of early varieties. Sneed. The Sneed is a very early white-fleshed freestone variety, which is small and very poor in dessert quality. Its buds are considered very hardy. Stump. The Stump peach is a white-fleshed, rather unattractive freestone, soft variety, very similar to Oldmixon Free, which ripens slightly later than the 62 BULLETIN 1189, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Elberta, but too near the season of that variety to become valuable for the general market. It has high dessert quality and is desirable for home orchards. Success. The Success peach is a freestone and the latest variety of all to ripen, coming in season after the Bilyeu. In the Potomac Valley section of West Virginia it is caught by freezes too frequently to be profitable. Triumph. The Triumph peach is an extra-early, unattractive, yellow-fleshed, semicling variety. It ripens too early in this area for the general market, for it com- petes with Elberta from more southern regions, ripening before the Carman and just after Sneed, and is too poor in dessert quality for home use. It is very subject to brown-rot. Wheeler. The Wheeler peach is a yellow-fleshed, late, freestone variety which has not proved as popular as the Salwey of the same season. Wonderful. The Wonderful is a yellow-fleshed, rather small, late freestone variety, very similar to Smock, but it has not proved as profitable as the larger Smock, with which it ripens. PEAR VARIETIES. Pear orchards are located at many places throughout this area. In no part, however, does pear growing form an important orchard industry or is it regularly profitable. Occasionally large crops are harvested which are sold at good prices. The general experience has been, however, that all varieties are too subject to attacks of pear- blight to be profitable. Young orchards are not often badly dam- aged, but when the trees begin to bloom the blight becomes severe. As the orchards grow older the trees surviving the earlier attacks of this disease continually decrease in number until the orchards become unprofitable. Pear-blight on apple trees is much worse when pear trees are grown in the same vicinity. Because of these conditions pear growing is being abandoned in this area. Throughout Tennessee and Kentucky, except in the extreme north- ern part of the latter State, very few varieties are found, as the blight is more destructive in these regions than farther north. The Kieffer, which is somewhat resistant to the blight, is the principal variety. Two other varieties of the Sand pear hybrid group, the Garber and LeConte, are also grown to some extent. A few trees of the Golden Russet, a pure oriental variety, are found in some orchards. In northern Kentucky and in West Virginia the blight becomes somewhat less severe, and certain varieties in addition to those mentioned above are grown to some extent. The Seckel is perhaps the most important of these. IMPORTANT VARIETIES OF PEARS. Garber. The tree of the Garber variety is affected slightly more than the Kieffer by pear-blight. The fruit is as large as the Kiefier but is rather more juicy and ripens a little earlier. It is frequently planted with the Kieffer as a pollinizer for that variety and ranks second in importance in this area. Kieffer. The Kieffer is the most widely distributed variety in this area and is the most resistant to pear-blight of all the commercial pears except the Pineapple pear, which is grown in southern Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. In the Gulf Coastal Plain region in Tennessee, however, orchards were seen which had been entirely destroyed by that disease, while in all parts of the area it has repeatedly caused severe damage. When uninjured by this disease the tree is very productive. The fruit is large, often very large, and is very firm. The flesh is rather coarse and gritty, but when picked at the right season and FRUITS IN WEST VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND TENNESSEE. 63 properly ripened off the tree it becomes a fair dessert pear. Very little of the gritty character of the flesh remains when it is well handled, and it is juicy and desirable for canning and other culinary uses. It is a fall variety in northern Alabama, Tennessee, and southern and western Kentucky, but in cold storage is a winter variety in other parts of the area. In some sections the Kieffer has proved unproductive unless planted with some other variety for cross-pollination. The Garber has been commonly used for this purpose in this area, but is not always as satisfactory as LeConte. To insure cross- pollination one of these sorts should always be used. SeckeL The Seckel variety is one of the most blight resistant of the dessert pears. For this reason it is highly prized in the northern part of this area, where the other favorite dessert pears of the North have proved too susceptible to blight. The tree is an early bearer and productive. The fruit is always small, very juicy, and of the best dessert quality. In West Virginia and northern Ken- tucky it matures in September. Three W. About 20 years ago W. W. Wallace, of Roane County, Tenn., planted seeds of pears which were purchased at a local store during the winter. From these seeds he originated the Three W variety, which has remained uninjured in Fic. 30.—A young pear orchard of the Three W variety at a low elevation in the East Tennessee Valley and Ridge region. Photographed in 1913. an orchard containing Kieffer pear trees that were killed to the ground by blight. Mr. Wallace has planted this variety commercially. If the trees prove productive and continue to show the same degree of blight resistance as heretofore, the variety would have considerable promise for southern con- ditions and should be widely tested in the South. The tree is upright and similar in shape to that of the Kieffer. The foliage is somewhat susceptible to leaf-spot. The fruit is medium in size, somewhat smaller than that of Kieffer. It resembles the Kieffer in shape and color and is considered some- what better in dessert quality. Its season is about the same as that of the Kieffer. Figure 30 shows parts of an orchard of this variety. VARIETIES OF LESSER IMPORTANCE, Among other varieties of pears occasionally found in this area are the Bell, which resembles the Kieffer superficially; Bartlett, which is too subject to blight; Cincincis and Dewey, which are both too poor in dessert quality; Golden Russet, which is too small, poor in dessert quality, and subject to blight ; Koonce and LeConte, which are too subject to blight and hence not produc- talaga’ of these varieties seems to possess sufficient merit to warrant plant- ing them. 64 BULLETIN 1189, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. PLUMS. No large orchards of plums are found in this area. Several small ones supplying local markets have been studied; also one orchard near Chattanooga, Tenn., in which the Abundance has proved to be ~ a profitable variety to ship to the general markets, because it ripens — before the plums from California come in. With the exception of the Shropshire (damson) and occasionally some variety of the Jap- anese type, the plums which are succeeding in Kentucky and Tennessee are horticultural varieties of native American species. The Wildgoose, a variety originating in Tennessee, is grown more than any other. Various seedlings of the Wildgoose have proved desirable in some parts of this area. In a collection of nearly 50 varieties near Louisville, Ky., the Wildgoose, Milton (a seedling of the Wildgoose), Newman (belonging to the same species), Golden (supposed to be a hybrid between a variety of the same species and the Abundance), and De Soto (a variety belonging to another Amer- ican species) are among the most desirable varieties. In northern West Virginia varieties of European origin seem to be better adapted than they do farther south but are grown in home orchards or for local markets only. Commercial orchards of plums which have been planted in this part of the area have not proveda J suCCESS. In this area plums should be planted at present for home use and local markets only. For these purposes in West Virginia at the higher altitudes the European varieties, including the Bradshaw, Moore, Shropshire, Imperial Gage, and Lombard, may be planted. Some native American varieties also succeed. In Kentucky and Tennessee the Golden, Shropshire, and the native varieties succeed | best and should be planted in preference to others. SMALL FRUITS. The principal small fruit in this area is the strawberry. It is widely grown and forms an important commercial industry. Black- berries and raspberries are also raised to some extent throughout most of the area. The blackberry, however, seems better adapted to all regions in this area than the raspberry, as might be expected, ~ since 1ts wild forms are found in abundance in all sections, while the wild black raspberry is less common and the red raspberry is found only in the higher mountains and in the northern part. Wild forms of the gooseberry and currants are rarely found, and their cultivated forms are likewise grown but very little. BLACKBERRIES. The wild forms of the blackberry seem especially adapted to the southern part of the Appalachian Mountain Range. Many of the hillsides from which the timber has been cut and which later may be covered with second-growth trees are first covered with black- berry bushes. Under such conditions the berries grow large and sweet, as the ground is covered with decaying organic matter which retains an abundant moisture supply for the plant and the fruit. At many points in the hills and mountains canneries have been estab- FRUITS IN WEST VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND TENNESSEE. 65 lished. The berries are picked and sold to the canneries by persons living in the neighborhood. The extent of this industry may be realized from the fact that in 19138 in one county of eastern Ten- nessee a pack of over one million cans of wild blackberries was reported. As the berries are not as uniform in the degree of ripe- ness as those from cultivated fields which are picked regularly, the canned product is probably not the equal of that from the cultivated fields. Because of the abundance of wild berries not alone in the hills, but by roadsides, streams, along fences and in the pastures and waste land of all parts of this area, the cultivated forms are not often found in the gardens or in commercial plantings. In the neighbor- hood of the larger cities local supplies are grown, and at one piace only, Greenfield, Tenn., are large quantities shipped. The variety chiefly planted at Greenfield is the Early Harvest, which is grown because of its early-ripening season and its excellent shipping quali- ties. Near the larger cities of Tennessee, the Early Harvest, Eldo- rado, Missouri, and a variety called the Red Cane are grown. In Kentucky, the Eldorado and Early Harvest are the principal varie- ties, while the Blowers is regarded as a desirable variety, new to this region. In West Virginia the Early Harvest and Eldorado are the standard varieties, with the Blowers reported as promising. IMPORTANT VARIETIES OF BLACKBERRIES. Blowers. The Blowers variety has been tested slightly in Kentucky and West Virginia. Where grown it has proved vigorous and very productive. The fruit ripens in midseason somewhat after the Eldorado, but is susceptible to orange rust while Eldorado is very resistant. Early Harvest. The Early Harvest, which ripens its fruit nearly two weeks before any other blackberry grown in this area, is the most profitable variety where early berries are desired. The canes are very erect, very productive, and often show differences of two or three weeks in time of ripening their fruit. Partly for this reason and partly because the fruit on a single cane ripens through a long period, the picking season usually lasts from five to six weeks. The heaviest picking, however, usually occupies about three weeks. At Greenfield, Tenn., in 1913, the first pickings were made about June 5 and regular pickings were still being made on July 18. The greatest fault of this variety is its susceptibility to the orange rust. Because of this it has been supplanted in some places by more resistant varieties. The berries are small, very firm, and sometimes, though not always, good in dessert quality. In this area it is considered one of the best shippers. It is not grown as widely in Kentucky and West Virginia as in the Interior Low Plateau and Gulf Coastal Plains regions in Tennessee. It sometimes winterkills in those States. Eldorado. , The Eldorado is the leading variety about Knoxville, Tenn., also throughout Kentucky and West Virginia. The canes are vigorous and very productive. It is reported to be the most resistant of standard varieties to the orange rust in this area. The berry is large, firm, sweet, and very good in dessert quality. It begins to ripen about two weeks later than the Early Harvest. Near Louis- ville, Ky., it is grown for canning and is considered one of the best for this purpose. Missouri. Synonym: Missouri Mammoth. The Missouri variety is grown slightly about Nashville, Tenn., where it ripens during the last week in June and the first week in July. The canes are subject to orange rust. The berries are globose, large, sweet, and have large seeds. It is not as desirable as the Eldorado where that variety does well. h6753—23 5 66 BULLETIN 1189, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Red Cane. A variety known locally as the Red Cane is being grown in the section immediately surrounding Nashville, Tenn. It was reported to have been found growing wild in a field near Antioch, Tenn., by J. R. Savage. The name is derived from the color of its canes. These are tall, vigorous, and pro- ductive, and very little of the orange rust or double-blossom disease has been found on them. The berry ripens among the latest of any, beginning about the second week in July at Antioch. It is large, oblong, firm, and sweeter and better flavored than the fruit of the Missouri. Snyder. The Snyder variety, which is the standard berry of northern regions, is grown very little in any part of this area. In Tennessee and Kentucky, so far as observed, it is less productive and less desirable in other respects than Barly Harvest and Eldorado. In West Virginia it is grown very little and is prob- ably not as desirable as other varieties for growing in the different regions of that State. Wilson Junior. Though grown in the Gulf Coastal Plains region of Tennessee, the Wilson Junior is not as popular there as the Early Harvest, which ripens earlier and through a longer period. Its principal fault is its susceptibility to winter injury. The orange rust does not affect it seriously in this region, having been readily controlled by destroying affected plants which might spread the disease. The canes are vigorous and productive, and the fruit is large, fairly firm, sweet, and very good in dessert quality. CURRANTS. Very few currants are grown in this area. One reason for this seems to be that when the foliage is not sprayed a leaf-spot disease frequently causes all the leaves to fall during the summer. The bushes are not as vigorous and not as productive as in northern regions, where the foliage usually is retained until late fall. The London. Red Cross, Red Dutch, and Pomona varieties have been observed to hold their leaves better than many others and should be more satisfactory for this reason. No currants were seen in any region of Tennessee, though formerly near Chattanooga the North Star was grown. It was the only variety tested that proved suc- cessful there. In Kentucky several varieties were seen, the London and Red Cross being among the most desirable. At Morgantown, W.Va., the Fay, Victoria, and White Grape varieties were considered the best. At another point in northern West Virginia the Per- fection, Cherry, and Wilder were considered desirable. London and Red Cross are likely to prove valuable in West Virginia as well as in Kentucky. DEWBERRIES. The culture of dewberries in this area is very restricted. In the East Tennessee Valley region at Knoxville, Tenn., the Mayes (Austin Mayes) and the Lucretia are grown, while about Louisville and Cov- ington, Ky., the Lucretia only is grown. The latter variety seems to be the more desirable. Its berries are large, oblong, and firm enough for shipping, while the fruit of the Mayes is large, nearly globose, and too soft for distant markets. It is, however, sweeter and ripens earlier than the Lucretia, and the yields of fruit per acre are somewhat larger. Because the dewberry ripens before the wild blackberries it is likely to be profitable in this area when given proper treatment. FRUITS IN WEST VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND TENNESSEE. 67 | GOOSEBERRIES. The gooseberry in this area, as well as in the North, is not as popu- lar as the other small fruits, and very few plantations exist. In Hardin and Jefferson Counties in Kentucky, however, the Downing is grown to some extent. It is liked and is usually profitable in those counties. Near Chattanooga, Tenn., the Downing has also been grown successfully. In West Virginia very few gooseberry plants were seen, and these were of the Downing and Houghton varieties. The Downing seems to be the most desirable in all regions of this area where they are grown at the present time. RASPBERRIES. Occasionally in Tennessee and more frequently in Kentucky and West Virginia commercial plantations of raspberries have been ob- served, chiefly of the red and black varieties: Where proper care has been given the fields, varieties adapted to conditions have been selected, and the plants have been free from crown-gall and mosaic diseases, they have been profitable. In the East Tennessee Valley region the Cuthbert is one of the principal varieties; in the Interior Low Plateau region in Tennessee the Loudon; and in the Gulf Coast- al Plains region, the King red raspberry and the Cardinal purple raspberry are profitable. In the Interior Low Plateau region in Ken- tucky, the King and Cuthbert have proved to be the best red va- rieties, and the Cumberland, Kansas, Farmer, and Gregg are the leading black raspberries. VARIETIES OF RASPBERRIES STUDIED IN THIS AREA. Cardinal. The Cardinal is a purple-cane variety which has proved to be one of the hardiest under the changing winter temperatures of the Interior Low Plateau and Gulf Coastal Plains regions and is the most desirable purple raspberry grown at present in these regions. The canes are vigorous, hardy, very re- sistant to San Jose scale (which is sometimes serious on raspberries in this section), and very productive. The berry is large, purple in color, and rather soft. If the Royal, hardy in the Northern States, proves hardy under winter conditions and otherwise well adapted to this area it will probably supplant the Cardinal, as the fruit of the Royal is firm and therefore better for ship- ping. Cumberland. Although usually hardy in this area and one of the most desirable black va- rieties, the Cumberland winterkills in the Gulf Coastal Plains region of Ken- tucky. In some other sections of Kentucky it is reported as the best black rasp- berry. The canes are vigorous and productive, but subject to anthracnose, eurly-leaf, and blue-stem. The fruit is large and of good dessert quality. Its season is early. Cuthbert. About Knoxville, Tenn., the Cuthbert is the leading red raspberry. It is grown to some extent in other parts of this area, but the King seems generally better adapted to those sections. The Cuthbert has been grown slightly in Alabama, but it is not as produetive there as the purple sorts are. The canes are vigorous, long, and productive. Though usually hardy, they are less so than the canes of the Loudon. The berry is large, rather conical, dark red, and high in dessert quality. Its season is later than that of the King, with which it is frequently grown. Figure 31 shows a field of the Cuthbert raspberry near Knoxville, Tenn. Farmer. Synonym): Plum Farmer. The Farmer is un early black-cap variety which has proved valuable in northern regions where it and Cumberland hve largely replaced all other 68 BULLETIN 1189, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. black sorts. It has not been reported to equal the Cumberland where tried in this area and is grown but very little. Kansas. The Kansas is likewise an early black-cap variety grown but little in this area. Where grown it is liked, as the berries continue large in size to the end of the season. King. The King is generally reported in this area as one of the best red raspberries. In the Gulf Coastal Plains region near the Mississippi River it is grown for the earliest markets and is considered the most satisfactory of any variety for that purpose. In Kentucky and West Virginia it is also well liked and is the most popular red raspberry. The canes are vigorous, but do not grow very high, though they are hardy and productive. The berries ripen through a long season. Loudon. In the East Tennessee Valley region and in that part of the Interior Low Plateau region which is in Tennessee the Loudon is considered the hardiest red raspberry. In the same sections where Cuthbert and others have been badly winterkilled, it has not been injured. Its chief fault is that it is not as productive as many other sorts. The canes are tall, comparatively few in Fic. 31.—A field of Cuthbert raspberries near Knoxville, Tenn. Note that the rows run with the contour of the hill. number, very healthy, but break easily. The berry is dark red, firm, with the seeds somewhat conspicuous, and is of excellent dessert quality. The berries turn réd before being easy to separate from the receptacle, and because of this they have the reputation of being hard to pick. The berries ripen late. Marlboro. The Marlboro is being grown very little in this area. The King, which ripens at about the same season, is considered better and is grown instead. At one place in West Virginia it is reported as tender. . Miller. The Miller red variety has uniformly been so badly affected by crown-gall and so unproductive that it is being discarded. Ranere. Synonym: St. Regis. The Ranere, widely disseminated under the name St. Regis, is an early red variety extensively cultivated for many years on the sandy soils of central New Jersey, so far being the only commercial raspberry entirely free from mosaic diseases. In that State approximately five-sixths of the total crop is borne at the usual time on the older canes and one-sixth on the new canes during late summer and fall. On the clay soil of the Interior Low Plateau — region of Kentucky it has been unproductive in the fall. On somewhat lighter — soil near Louisville it has been more productive. In the East Tennessee Valley FRUITS IN WEST VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND TENNESSEE. 69 region it has also been productive and is considered desirable. If the young canes of the Ranere are to be productive in the fall they must have a good moisture supply throughout the summer. It is not recommended for this area except for trial. Syracuse. The Syracuse is a large-fruited red raspberry of the European type which has winterkilled to the ground near Knoxville, Tenn. It is not now being grown in this area. STRAWBERRIES. The strawberry crop is the leading commercial fruit crop of Ten- nessee and one of the most important commercial fruit crops of Ken- tucky. In West Virginia it is relatively unimportant, the apple and peach constituting the important fruit industries of that State. The more important sections of Tennessee for strawberry growing are in the Gulf Coastal Plains region and near the Tennessee River from Chattanooga to Knoxville in the East Tennessee Valley region. The shipping season in that State usually starts during the first week in May and continues with the later varieties until about June 1. In each of the years 1914 and 1921 the shipments from Tennessee ex- ceeded 1,500 cars of berries. The Klondike is the leading variety grown, and in the Gulf Coastal Plains region it is planted almost exclusively. The Aroma, Gandy, and Thompson are the other 1m- portant varieties. In the northern part of the Gulf Coastal Plains region in Tennessee the Excelsior and Gandy are raised, but the acreage of these is not large. About Nashville the Gandy is the principal variety. In the East Tennessee Valley region, the Aroma is the most important variety about Lancing, Knoxville, and Mary- ville, while the Klondike, Gandy, Thompson, and Aroma are grown farther south, toward Chattanooga. In Kentucky the berry sections are located in the vicinity of the cities of Bowling Green, Louisville, Pembroke, and Covington. About Bowling Green the Aroma is the leading variety, while the Klondike and Gandy are grown to a slight extent. The greater part of the berry crop near Louisville is used to supply the local markets, and berries grown in the vicinity of Covington go to the Cincinnati markets. The berries that supply these cities are, for the most part, hauled to the city markets by the growers. Because of this it is not necessary that berries grown near Louisville and Covington shall stand long-distance shipping, and many different varieties are planted to a greater or less extent. Near Louisville in recent years the supply has been larger than the city markets needed. In consequence, berries have been shipped from Middletown and other points about Louisville to more distant markets. With railroad shipments under way the conditions changed. Carload lots of a single firm variety can be sold to much better advantage than a mixed car of varieties that vary in ship- ping qualities, and it became essential that fewer varieties be raised for shipping. The Aroma has become the leading variety for ship- ping, while the Gandy, Bubach, Dunlap, Klondike, Haverland, Sam- ple, Chesapeake, Warfield, Climax, Ozark, St. Louis, Helen Davis, Champion, Ekey, and others are grown by those supplying the Louis- ville market. in West Virginia strawberries are raised to supply local mar- kets, and no distinct strawberry sections exist. The Gandy, Dun- 70 BULLETIN 1189, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. lap, Sample, Belt, Haverland, and Avoma are grown chiefly. At the higher altitudes in West Virginia the Sample or Belt is frequently grown, while the Aroma is rarely found. VARIETIES OF STRAWBERRIES STUDIED IN THIS AREA. Aroma. The Aroma is one of the leading varieties grown in the Ozark region of Missouri and Arkansas as well as in this area. It is best adapted to moder- ately heavy soil types such as the Clarksville silt loam which is found about Bowling Green, Ky. On such soils it is very productive, while on heavy clay soils the Gandy usually outyields it. The plants do not make much foliage, but when the soil contains plenty of humus the leaf growth is sufficient. In this area its foliage is one of the least susceptible of any variety to leaf-spot. The fruit is large, uniform in shape and Size, and is one of the firmest strawberries grown in the United States. It has an attractive red color and is high in dessert quality. Figure 32 shows a good field of this variety and Figure 33 a- erate of the fruit. Fig. 32.—A typical field of Aroma strawberries at Bowling Green, Ky., in the Interior Low Plateau region. Belt. Synonym: William Belt. The Belt is one of the leading varieties in the northern part of the United States. In northern West Virginia it is grown to some extent and is well liked. The berry is large, deep red in color. and ranks high in dessert qual- ity. Its season is late. Its foliage is too subject to leaf-spot to make it a leading variety. Bubach., The Bubach is grown to some extent about the larger cities of Kentucky and Tennessee for the local market. It is very productive on the heavier types of soil. The berry is large, of a good red color, of good dessert quality, but is too soft for shipping and not very uniform in shape. It is being supplanted by firmer varieties. The Dunlap is frequently used as a pollinizer for the Bubach, as the flowers of the latter are imperfect. Champ Clark. Synonym: Tibbs Hartly. In 1896 D. A. Tibbs, of Davidson County, Tenn., threw out of his packing shed decaying berries of the Bubach, Haverland, and Michel, which he was raising at that time. The following year, from the mass of seedlings that grew, he set out 200 plants. All but 30 of these were soon discarded. These 30 he grew for two years and then saved two varieties, one of which he first ealled Tibbs Early and later Champ Clark. This he began disseminating in 1910, chiefly in Davidson County, Tenn. —- wes be AS ae} ee NE wet Lele pe RAND R TF FRUITS {N WEST VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND TENNESSEE. 71 It is a good plant maker, and its foliage is abundant. The berries are long conic, without white tips, medium to large in size, attractive color, firm for shipping, good to very good in dessert quality. Its season is early, about the same as the Excelsior and Michel, beginning to ripen about May 1 at the place of origin. It seems to be of some value in Davidson County. Tenn. Chesapeake. The Chesapeake has not been observed at many places in this area. Near Louisville, Ky.. on heavy clay soil which is especially adapted to the Gandy. it has been fairly productive, and the berries have brought the highest prices of any on the local market. However. the Gandy brought nearly as high prices, and its yields under similar conditions were nearly twice those of the Chesa- peake. At other points no better reports were obtained. Its chief fault is that it does not make sufficient plants on most soils and it is not as profitable as other varieties. The berries are among the most uniform in form and size of any well-known variety. They are of excellent dessert quality, firm for shipping, and very attractive in appearance. It is one of the most desirable for the home garden and for use under the hill system of training on rich soils Fic. 53.—A crate of Aroma strawberries. When given proper cultivation the whole crop will be of the best grade in sections to which this variety is adapted. Photographed at Bowling Green, Ky. in the northern part of this area. In New Jersey it is considered a desirable variety under overhead irrigation. Dunlap. Synonym: Senator Dunlap. The Dunlap, which is the leading variety in most of the west North-Central States, is chiefly adapted to the local markets in this area. It is grown to some extent about Louisville, Ky., and in West Virginia, but it is too soft for shipping and in many places is small. Because of its productiveness and its healthy foliage, it will probably continue to be grown for the local markets. Ekey. The Ekey variety is grown to some extent about Louisville. Ky.. but is being replaced by better ones. It is usually productive, and the berries are large, long, somewhat irregular, and not firm enough for the general market. Excelsior. The Excelsior is grown to a slight extent throughout the entire eastern por- tion of the United States from Texas to New England. It is one of the most widely adapted varieties grown. In no place does it form a large part of the shipments from a section, but it is used as an early variety before the main crop ripens. In this area it is often used for local markets as a companion to the Klondike. for it ripens several days earlier than that variety. When the 72 BULLETIN 1189, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Klondike begins to ripen, growers usually stop picking the Excelsior, even though its season is not over, since its berries are so much smaller than those of the Klondike. The berries are globose, small except under very favorable conditions, dark-red color, and quite acid. Its foliage is subject to attacks of leaf-spot. It will probably be supplanted for local markets by the Howard 17, which ripens at about the same season, but holds up in size longer and is far more productive in places where it has been tested. Gandy. The Gandy is the standard late variety for much of this area. although its acreage is comparatively small. The reason for this is that in commercial fields only one variety is desirable, in order that carload lots of a Single variety may be shipped. As the Klondike and Aroma are more productive on most soils in Kentucky and Tennessee and as they fit into the season in which strawberries can be shipped to the best advantage, they are chiefly grown. In some sections when the Klondike berries begin to be small near the end of the picking season growers like to have a small field of the Gandy. The pickers will stay to the end of the season to pick the large berries of the Gandy and will thus pick the Klondike fields later than they otherwise would. They are able also to pick to a more uniform standard of size under such conditions. l'1G. 54.—A good field of Gandy strawberries near Parkersburg, W. Va., in the Allegheny Piateau region. Note the straw mulch between the rows. In the Gulf Coastal Plains region in Tennessee where cotton is raised the Gandy is not as popular as it otherwise might be, because pickers are often needed to work in the cotton fields before all the Gandy crop is harvested. Near Louisville, Ky., on heavy clay soil it has proved more productive than the Aroma. In all regions of West Virginia it is the leading late variety. Figure 34 shows a good field in this State. The plant is vigorous, productive, and seems especially adapted to clay soils. Its root system is reported as somewhat shallow. Its foliage is abundant, quite susceptible to leaf-spot, and sometimes mildews. The fruit is borne on erect, stiff stems which keep the fruit off the ground better than many varieties. The berries are large, rather irregular, deep red, subacid. and very good in dessert quality. Because of its acidity and color it is liked for canning. Hathaway. Synonym: Vegas. Though grown in both Tennessee and Kentucky the Hathaway variety has not been observed enough to make possible an estimate of its value. It is a good plant maker and is productive. The berry is attractively colored and its season is early. It was liked near Spring City, Tenn., and near Lexington, Ky., yet it is not generally grown. It is interesting to note that the Hathaway shows some fall-bearing tendencies. ‘ FRUITS IN WEST VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND TENNESSEE. fir Haverland. The old Haverland variety is grown to some extent about the larger cities of the area for the local markets. It is one of the most productive and is adapted to a wide range of soils. On clay soils it is especially productive. The berries are large, very long, light colored, and one of the softest. making it en- tirely unfit for shipping. In rainy seasons the berries may be too soft even for the local market. On nearly every soil type, and probably on every soil type, in this area at least, other varieties will be found which are as productive and which are firmer and of better color. As its flowers are imperfect the Dunlap is often used as a pollinizer. Klondike. In nearly all southern strawberry-growing regions of the United States the Klondike is the leading commercial berry, and in the southern part of this area also it is the principal variety. In the Gulf Coastal Plains region in Tennessee it forms about 95 per cent of the total acreage in strawberries. In the East Tennessee Valley region about Chattanooga it is the principal variety and is an important variety in the whole region. About Bowling Green it forms only about 4 per cent of the total acreage. Elsewhere in Kentucky it is grown very little and in West Virginia it is not raised. Its foliage starts into growth in the spring earlier than does that of the Aroma, and at the picking season the leaves are very much larger and more abundant. The foliage is more susceptible to leaf-spot than that of the Aroma. The average yield of the Klondike in the Gulf Coastal Plains region in Ten- nessee from fields receiving good treatment is about 100 crates of 24 quarts each for the first season after planting. The berries are large, globose, dark red when fully ripe, and rather acid. It is one of the best shipping berries grown at present. Its brisk acid flavor and attractive red color makes it very desirable for both dessert use and canning. When canned it holds its color better than most varieties. It is adapted to practically all types of soils which are fertile. In some sections it is grown on coarse sandy soils, in others on gravels, silts, and clays. Soils containing large quantities of nitrogen should be avoided. In the Gulf Coastal Plains region in Tennessee nearly all the soils on which the Klondike is grown are silt loams, while in the East Tennessee Valley region the berry fields are found on gravel, sandy, and clay loams. At present no other variety is supplanting the Klondike in any of the sections where it is grown. Michel. Synonyms: Jichel’s Early, Mitchel’s Early. The Michel variety is grown to a slight extent in Tennessee and still less in Kentucky. It ripens very early and is reported to yield less and not hold up as well when shipped as the Excelsior. which ripens at the same time. Miner. Synonym: JMiner’s Great Prolific. The Miner variety is reported to have originated on the place of a Mr. Southern at Shinnston, W. Va.. about 1892. It has been distributed in the section about Shinnston and is liked by the growers there. It is not grown elsewhere. 4 Missionary. The Missionary variety has been tested in Tennessee as well as in most other strawberry-growing sections where the Klondike succeeds. It ripens very nearly with the Klondike, but does not seem to be better than that variety in this area and sometimes runs smaller in size. Reports so far do not indicate that this is a desirable variety for this area. Ozark. Synonym: Early Ozark. Fhe Ozark has been tested in the hope that it might prove a desirable variety earlier than the Klondike. However, it has not always been a good | plant maker, and the berries have lacked uniformity in size. The plants are | productive and the foliage fairly healthy. The berries are medium in size, globose, darker in color than the Klondike. and similar to it in quality. It | ) needs further testing to determine its value. Ruth. The Ruth is one of the several varieties originated by J. W. Swinney, of Greenfield, Tenn. Seeds of the Klondike from a field near which the Thomp- son was growing were planted by Mr. Swinney in 1903 or 1904 in his garden. Only a few plants were raised, one of which was named Ruth. The Ruth is a good plant maker. Its foliage is vigorous and a lighter green than that of the Klondike. It is reported to be more productive than the hee 74 BULLETIN 1189, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Klondike the first year, but about the same the second year. The berry is Similar in shape and color to the Klondike, but is much less acid. Its quality is good, and it ripens about three days earlier than the Klondike, is said to be slightly less firm, but is shipped regularly. It has not been sufficiently tested as yet to determine its value. St. Louis. The St. Louis variety was found at various places in Tennessee and Ken- tuecky. Although the plants are productive, the berries large, of good color and flavor, and ripen with the Klondike, they are much softer than that variety. Because of this they are not as desirable for market purposes as the Klondike. Swinney. : The Swinney variety, earlier than Ruth, originated by J. W. Swinney, was called Swinney’s Choice. This is a seedling of the Louise (grown by the orig- inator about 1893 when he lived at Trezevant, Tenn.). The Swinney has been little disseminated. Tennessee. Synonym: Tennessee Prolific. Plants of the Tennessee variety were found near the home of Captain Hodge, of Morrisville, Tenn. It is not grown to any considerable extent in this area, but it is one of the principal varieties grown for the local market about Wash- ington, D. C. It is of the Klondike type, very productive, a good plant maker, and is considered a good pollinizer for other varieties. The berries are medium in size, somewhat pointed, deep attractive red in color, of good dessert quality, but rather soft. It is chiefly adapted to local market trade. Thompson. Synonym: Lady Thompson. The Thompson variety ripens at the same time as the Klondike and is being gradually replaced in this area, as in other parts of the South, by the Klondike and other better varieties. A considerable acreage of it is still found in the southern part of the East Tennessee Valley region where it is reported as more productive than the Klondike. The berries, however, are lighter colored and much less acid and because of this usually bring from 15 to 50 cents less per erate than the Klondike. Three W. In the spring of 1901 W. W. Wallace, of Harriman, Tenn., found a bed of 19 strawberry plants all of the same variety growing by the Northeastern railroad track inside the corporate limits of Harriman. These were noticeable because of the flowers and large healthy foliage. Mr. Wallace took the plants home, put them in a seed bed, and tried to obtain some fruit that year. After losing four plants, the fruit was pulled off the remainder. From the 15 plants 600 were - raised the first year. The variety seemed valuable and was propagated and dis- seminated throughout the United States, although in no place has it become a - prominent variety. The plants are very productive on the gravel loam soil on Mr. Wallace’s place. Many plants are produced the first year after a field is set. Thereafter but few are produced. Their strong root system enables them to withstand drought better than most varieties. The foliage is vigorous. The berries are very large, quite uniform, sometimes becoming cockscombed, and of attractive red color. The flavor and quality are good. Why it has not become more popular is un- certain, aS it appears to be very desirable where first grown. One point of in- terest, if not of value, is that under favorable conditions at Harriman it has produced a small second crop of berries about two months after the first crop. FRUIT VARIETY LISTS FOR EACH REGION. In order to summarize the information presented in the preceding pages, the lists that follow have been compiled. The reason why a certain variety is placed in any list may be determined by referring to the characterization of that variety, and growers should use these lists only in connection with the characterizations. When alternate varieties are listed for any particular season, the variety first listed is considered more desirable. For the Cumberland Plateau region the same lists that are given for the Interior Low Plateau region should be used. Se eee te ee > a ee a aes Bi oh ee At ba cate ct 9 4h eh att FRUITS IN WEST VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND TENNESSEE. 75 Two varieties of cherries, the Early Richmond and the Mont- morency, are recommended for planting for commercial orchards and home use in the regions of this area. No pear varieties for commercial orchards are recommended for the regions of this area. (See “ Pear varieties, p. 62.) < TABLE 6.—Apple varieties recommended for the several pomological regions, listed in the order of their seasons of ripening. RECOMMENDED FOR PLANTING IN COMMERCIAL ORCHARDS. Virginia Valley and | Allegheny Plateau East Tennessee Interior Low Gulf Coastal Plains idge region. region. Valley region. Plateau region. region. Yellow Transparent. | Yellow Transparent. Yellow Transparent. Early Ripe. Early Ripe. Early Ripe. Early Ripe. Early Ripe. | Oldenburg. Oldenburg. Oldenburg. Oldenburg. Oldenburg. Fanny. | Fanny. Wealthy. Wealthy Fanny or Williams. | Wealthy. Wealthy. Maiden Bishi, | Maiden Blush. Wealthy. | Maiden Blush. Maiden Blush. Jonathan. | Jonathan. Summer Rambo. Jonathan. Delicious. Delicious. | Delicious. Maiden Blush. Delicious. Kinnard. Grimes Golden. Grimes Golden. Jonathan. | Grimes Golden. Stayman Winesap. Stayman Winesap. | Stayman Winesap. Delicious or Vir- | Kinnard. | Winesap. York Imperial. Rome Beauty or _ ginia Beauty. Stayman Winesap. Arkansas. Arkansas. York Imperial. Kinnard. Arkansas. | Arkansas. Stayman Winesap. Winesap. Arkansas. RECOMMENDED FOR TESTING IN COMMERCIAL ORCHARDS. Marks of parenthesis are used to distinguish certain varieties which ripen at about the same time as those whose names immediately precede them, thus serving as a guide in this respect.] Livland Raspberry | Livland Raspberry. Coffman (Early | Coffman. Coffman. (Yellow ‘Trans- Fanny. Ripe). Mountain June | Mountain June. parent). — Summer Rambo. Summer Rambo. (Red June). C hra m pla vn Fanny (Williams). Mother Chicago. Champlain (hannah Summer Rambo. Lowry. Akin (Fanny). Williams. (Wealthy). Virginia Beauty. | sa Grom (Arka ne Williams. (Fanny). | Summer Rambo. Mother eelivioas), Ensee (Delicious). Summer Rambo. Eades. Lowry (Delicious). Chicago. Eades (Wealthy). | MeCrosky (Arkan- Virginia Beaut y Kinnard. McCrosky (Arkan- sas). (Delicious) Akin. sas). Springdale (Ar- Chicsen (Stayman Loy. kansas). Winesap). Cannon Pearmain. Kinnard (Stayman | Winesap). Akin (Stayman, Winesap.} Loy (Winesap). Cannon Pearmain (Arkansas). } | RECOMMENDED FOR HOME USE AND LOCAL MARKET. eens in italic are considered most desirable.) Yeliow Transpar- Yellow Transpar- Yellow Transpar- Yellow Transpar- | Yellow Transpar- ent. PR eib. ent. | ent ent. Early Harvest. Early Harvest. Early Harvest. Early Harvest. _Early Harvest. Early Ripe. Early Ripe. Early Ripe. Early Ripe. | Early Ripe. Liviand Raspberry. Livland Ras p- Livland Raspberry.!, Coffman. | Thompson June. Red Astrachan. | berry. Oldenburg. Oldenburg. Coffman. Oldenburg. | Red Astrachan. Chenango. Chenango. | Oldenburg. Chenango. Oldenburg Williams. | Williams. Chenango. Williams. | Chenango. Fanny. | Chamzlain. | Williams. Fanny. | Williams. Jefferis. Fanny. | Champlain. Jefferis. Fanny. Wealthy. | Jefferis. Fanny. ealthy. | Jefferis. Gravenstein. | Wealthy. Jefferis. Gravenstein. | Wealthy. Summer Rambo. | Gravenstcin. | Wealthy. Summer Rambo. | Gravensiein. Maiden Blush. | Summcr Rambo. | Gravenstein. Maiden Blush. | Summer Rambo. Claiborne. | Eades. | Eades. Benoni. | Maiden Blush. Benoni. Maiden Blush. Maiden Blush. Celestia. Benoni. Celestia. | Benoni. Benoni. Smokehouse. | Celestia. Fall Pippin. Celestia. | Fall Beauty. Fall Pippin. | Fall Wine. Virginia Beauty. | Fall Pippin. | Banana. ! Desirable only in the northeastern part of the East Tennessee Valley region. 760 BULLETIN 1189, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 6.—Apple varieties recommended, etc—Continued. RECOMMENDED FOR HOME USE AND LOCAL MARKET—Continued. eee Valley and idge region. Mother. Lowry. Virginia Beauty. Banana. Rambo. King David. Jonathan. Delicious. Chicago. Grimes Golden. Oliver. Baldwin. Stayman Winesap. Akin. Loy. Arkansas. SWEET VARIETIES. Sweet Bough. Bailey. Broadwell. Pumpkin Sweet. Winter Paradise. Allegheny Plateau | East Tennessee Interior Low Gulf Coastal Plains region. Valley region. Plateau region. region. Golden Gate. | Banana. Grosh. _ King David. Smokehouse. King David. Banana. Jonathan. Fall Pippin. | Jonathan. Rambo.! Delicious. Mother. Delicious. King David. Kinnard. Lowry. Chicago. Jonathan. Stayman Winesap. Virginia Beauty. Grimes Golden. Delicious. Winesap. Northern Spy. | Kinnard. Grimes Golden. Arkansas. Banana. | Stayman Winesap. | Kinnard. Springdaie. Rambo. Akin. Slayman Winesap. Mc Crosky. Wagener. | Winesap. Akin.! Yates. King David. | Arkansas. Winesap. Jonathan. | Mc Crosky. Arkansas. Delicious. Yates.” Mc Crosky.3 Chicago. Yates.3 Grimes Golden. Oliver. Baldwin.‘ Stayman Winesap. Akin. Arkansas. SWEET VARIETIES. Sweet Bough. Bailey. us Broadwell. Pumpkin Sweet. Winter Paradise. Traders. SWEET VARIETIES. Sweet Bough. Archibald. Broadwell. Pumpkin Sweet. Winter Paradise. | Shockley. SWEET VARIETIES. Sweet Bough. Bailey. Pumpkin Sweet. Winter Paradise. Shockley. | SWEET VARIETIES. Sweet Bough. | Pumpkin Sweet. Winter Paradise. _ Shockley. 3 Desirable only in the northern part of the Interior Low Plateau region. ? Desirable only in the southern part of the East Tennessee Valley region. ' Desirable only in the southern part of the Interior Low Plateau region. ‘ Desirable only in the northern part of the Allegheny Plateau region. VARIETIES GROWN IN CERTAIN REGIONS OF THIS AREA, BUT NOT RECOMMENDED FOR GENERAL PLANTING. Arkansas Black. Babbitt. Beach. Berry Red. Collins. Domine. Ewalt. Fallawater. Fameuse. Flora. Lawver. Limbertwig. Ralls. Red June. Salome. Shackleford. Tompkins King. Arkansas Black. Babbitt. Beach. Berry Red. Collins. | Domine. | Ewalt. | Fallawater. Fameuse. Flora. Ingram. | Lawver. Limbertwig. Mann. Missouri. Ontario. Pennock. Pryor. Ralls. Red June. Salome. Shackleford. Tompkins King. / Arkansas Black. | Babbitt. Baldwin. Beach. Ben Davis. Ewalt. Fallawater. Fameuse. Flora. Gano. Lawver. Red Astrachan. Red June. Rhode Island. Rome Beauty. Salome. Shackleford. Smith. Springdale. Stark. | Striped June. Tolman. Tompkins King. Arkansas Black. Babbitt. Baldwin. Beach. | Ben Davis. Gano | Half Berry. Lady Blush. Lawver. _ Limbertwig. | Arkansas Black. Livland Rasp- berry. Ww Mann. Milan. Missouri. Pennock. Red Astrachan. Red June. Rhode Island. Salome. Shackleford. Smith. Striped June. Tolman. Tompkins King. York Imperial. Babbitt. Baldwin. Beach. Ben Davis. Berry Red. Collins. Domine. Ewalt. Fallawater. Fameuse. Flora. Gano. Lawver. Limbertwig. Livland Rasp- Ralls. Red Astrachan. Red June. Rhode Island. Rome Beauty. Salome. Shackleford. Smith. Striped June. Tolman. Tompkins King. _ York Imperial. (18) (22) { 23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) (35) (36) ~ FRUITS IN WEST VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND TENNESSEE. 79 GOULD, H. P. 1908. Orchard fruits in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge regions of Virginia and the South Atlantic States. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bul. 135, 102 p.. 5 pl. 1911. Summer apples in the Middle Atlantic States. U.S. Dept. Agr., | Bur. Plant Indus. Bul. 194, 96 p., 7 fig., 4 pl. and FLETCHER, W. F. 1913. Apples and peaches in the Ozark region. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bul. 275, 95 p., 6 fig., 6 pl. GREEN, W. J., THAYER, PAUL, and KEIL, J. B. 1915. Varieties of apples in Ohio. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 290, p. 31- 184, 22 fig. : GRIFFEN, A. M., and Ayrs, ORLA L. 1907. Soil survey of Madison County, Ky. Jn U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1905 (7th Rpt.), p. 659-678, fig. 27. 1907. Soil survey of Upshur County, W. Va. In U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1905 (7th Rpt.), p. 175-190, fig. 5. Heprick, U. P. 1913. New or noteworthy fruits. N. Y. State Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 364, p. 179-195, 4 col. pl. 1914. New or noteworthy fruits. II. N.Y. State Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 385, p. 303-818, 4 col. pl. JEFFRIES, R. R. 1914. An orchard survey of Jefferson County. W. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bale 47, St p.,.5. fie., £ map: JONES, 8. C. 1912. The soils of Webster County. Ky. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 162, p. 133- 169, 1 col. map. 1915. Soils of Franklin County. Ky. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 195, p. 199— 235, 1 col. map. 1915. Soils of. Graves County. Ky. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 194, p. 167-197, 1 col. map. LATIMER, W. J. 1914. Soil survey of the Huntington area, W. Va. In U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1911 (13th Rpt.), p. 1287-1326, fig. 30, pl. 14-15. 1915. Soil survey of Preston County, W. Va. In U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1912 (14th Rpt.), p. 1205-1243, fig. 80-31. 1916. Soil survey of Boone County, W. Va. In U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1913 (15th Rpt.), p. 1295-1316, fig. 34. 1916. Soil survey of Logan and Mingo Counties, W. Va. In U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1913 (15th Rpt.), p. 1317- 1342, fig. 35. 1919. Soil survey of McDowell and Wyoming Counties, W. Va. Jn U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1914 (16th Rpt.), p. 1427-1454, fig. 32. 1919. Soil survey of Raleigh County, W. Va. In U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1914 (16th Rpt.), p. 1397-1426, fig. 31. and Breck, M. W. 1915. Soil survey of Kanawha County, W. Va. In U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1912 (14th Rpt.), p. 1179-1204, fig. 29, pl. 11-12. and MEEKER, F. N. 1912. Soil survey of the Spencer area, W. Va. Jn U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1909 (11th Rpt.). p. 1175-1202, fig. 38. 80 (38) (39) (40) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (48) (50) (51) (52) (53) (54) (55) (56) BULLETIN 1189, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF -AGRICULTURE. LATIMER, W. J., and Moonry, CHARLES N. 1912. Soil survey of the Point Pleasant area, W. Va. Jn U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1910 (12th Rpt.), p. 1077-1122, fig. 27. LyMAN, W. S., BENNETT, FRANK, and McLENDOoN, W. E. 1908. Soil survey of Madison County, Tenn. Jn U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1906 (Sth Rpt.), p. 687-700, fig. 23. McLenpon, W. E., and LyMAn, W. S. 1908. Soil survey of Grainger County, Tenn. Jn U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1906 (Sth Rpt.), p. 661-686, fig. 22. and ZAPPONE, C. R., jr. 1911. Soil survey of Coffee County, Tenn. Jn U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1908 (10th Rpt.), p. 989-1017, fig. 27. MAREAN, H. W. 1908. Soil survey of Union County, Ky. Jn U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1902 (4th Rpt.), p. 425-440, fig. 11. MEEKER, I". N., and LATIMER, W. J. 1911. Soil survey of the Parkersburg area, W. Va. Jn U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1908 (10th Rpt.), p. 1019-1050, fig. 28. Mooers, CHARLES A. 1906. The soils of Tennessee, their chemical composition and fertilizer requirements. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 78 (v. 19, no. 4), p. 47-90, 1 map. 1913. Liming for Tennessee soils. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 97, p. 1-35, illus. 1913. The rational improvement of Cumberland Plateau soils. Con- clusions from six years of field experiments with various farm crops. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 101, p. 99-138, illus. 1914. The rational improvement of Highland Rim soils. Conclusions from six years of field experiments with various farm crops. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 102, p. 1-44, illus. and RoseErt, S. A. 1914. Fertility and crop experiments at the West Tennessee station. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 109, p. 213-244. illus. MOooNnEY, CHARLES N., and Ayrs, O. L. 1905, Soil survey of Lawrence County, Tenn. Jn U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1904 (6th Rpt.), p. 475-492, fig. 19. 1905. Soil survey of the Greenville area, Tenn.-N. C. In U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1904 (6th Rpt.), p. 4938-525, fig. 20. and BurGEss. JAMES L. 1912. Soil survey of Sumner County, Tenn. Jn U. S. Dept. Agyr.. Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1909 (11th Rpt.), p. 1149-1178, fig. 37. and LATIMER, W. J. 1912. Soil survey of the Clarksburg area, W. Va. Jn U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1910 (12th Rpt.), p. 1049-1076, fig. 26. 1914. Soil survey of the Morgantown area, W. Va. Jn U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1911 (13th Rpt.). p. 1327-1364, fies S15 pls 16: Rick, THOMAS D. 1907. Soil survey of McCracken County, Ky. In U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, 1905 (7th Rpt.). p. 679-694, fig. 28. and GEIB, W. J. 1905. Soil survey of Warren County. Ky. In U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1904 (6th Rpt.). p. 527-541, fig. 21. RospeRts, GEORGE. 1913. Soil fertility’. Ky. Agr. Exp. Sta. Agr. Ext. [Cire. 11], 16 p. (57) (98) (59) (60) (61) (62) (63) (64) (65) (66) (67) (68) (69) (70) (71) FRUITS IN WEST VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND TENNESSEE. 81 Rocers, R..F., and DERDEN, J. H. 1916. Soil survey of Jackson County, Tenn. Jn U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1913 (15th Rpt.), p. 1269-1293, fig. 33. SHEDD, O. M. 1915. The sulphur content of some typical Kentucky soils. Ky. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 174, p. 267-306. References, p. 306. SHERMAN, WELLS A., WALKER, Houston F., and Martin, L. HERBERT. 1915. Peach supply and distribution in 1914. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 298, 15 p., 2 fig.,, 1 map. and SCHLEUSSNER, O. W. 1915. Strawberry supply and distribution in 1914. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 237. 10 p., 1 map. SmiTH, WILLIAM G., and BENNETT, HUGH H. 1904. Soil survey of Davidson County, Tenn. Jn U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1903 (5th Rpt.), p. 605-617, fig. 28. TayLor, WILLIAM A. 1902. Little-kKnown fruit varieties considered worthy of wider dis- semination. Jn U. S. Dept. Agr., Yearbook 1901, p. 381-392, pl. 46-52. 1903-1911. Promising new fruits. In U. S. Dept. Agr., Yearbook 1902-03, 1905-07, 1909-10. and Govuxp, H. P. 1914. Promising new fruits. Jn U. S. Dept. Agr., Yearbook 1913, p. 109-124, pl. 7-14. VoorRHEES, J. F. 1910. The relation of the weather service to the farmers of Tennessee. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 87, p. 1-22, 13 charts. 1911. Relation of temperature and rainfall to crop systems and pro- duction. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 91, p. 1-23, 16 charts. Waite, M. B. [1912]. Collar blight and other collar and root diseases of the apple. In Pree. [19th] Ann. Meeting W. Va. Hort. Soc., 1911, p. 66-738. Watprop. C. 8S 1915. Soil survey of Putnam County, Tenn. Jn U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1912 (14th Rpt.), p. 1099-1126, fig. 26. Watts, R. L. 1896. Apples of Tennessee origin. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. v. 9, : no. 1, 34 p. illus. 1897. Apples of Tennessee origin. (Second report) Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul, v. 10, no. 1, 18 p., illus. Wiper, Henry J., and Gers, W. J. 1904. Soil survey of the Pikeville area, Tenn. Jn U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Field Oper. 1903 (5th Rpt.), p. 577-608, fig. 27. 5675323 —6 ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. November 27, 1923. Secretary oF Agriculline..— =2 2 eee eae HENRY GCG. WALLACE. Assistant Secretary__-___- eed Aleta Sere Howarp M. Gore. Director of Scirenhinc Work i= 2s | i Spal ed BSN Fi oe Director of Regulatory Wort. = 2+ =. WALTER G. CAMPBELL. Derector ef Hxvtension Work... = 2 C. W. WARBURTON. Weather» BUreg@w es os ee Bere eee CHARLES F. Marvin, Chief. Bureau of Agricultural Economics_________. HENRY C.. Taytor, Chief. Bureau of Animat industry ote eee JOHN R. MoHtIER, Chief. Bureau of. Piantitndustty es ea eee WILLIAM A. Taytor, Chief. HMOTrEest “SERVICE 22. 2 bt cabs ft ~ ee gt ~W. B. GREELEY, Chief. anew Gf Chemistry. ee ee C. A. BRowne, Chief. TUT CONC IOF TOUTS See aa Tees UE MILtTon WHITNEY, Chief. BAareau. of. Lutomology_- 2 2 st ee L. O. Howarp, Chief. Buresu of Biological Survey__.—- 2 Kh. W. NEtson, Chief. Bureau of Public Roads = Oe — THomas. H. MacDonatp, Chief. Bureau of Home Economics_______________ _ Louise StTantey, Chief. Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory______ FE. G. CorrrELy., Director: Division of Accounts and Disbursements__. A. ZAPPONE, Chief. PA DPOT Gs. a ea Tala ee ib al eS CLARIBEL R. BARNETT, Librarian. Federal. Horticultural Board. 283 eS C. L. MAriattr, Chairman. Insecticide and Fungicide Board__________ ads AG: Haywoop, Chairman. Grain Future Trading Act at dA age nae Morri1t, Assistant to the Packers and Stockyards Administration__— Secretary. Oyice of the Selictior. =e" es oe R. W. WituiAms, Solicitor. This bulletin is a contribution from Bureau of Plant Industry______-_-__~--.. -WiILi1Am A. Taytor, Chief. Horticultural Investigations.—___--_~-. L. C. Corsett, Horticulturist in Charge. 82 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY PURCHASER AGREES NOT TO RESELL OR DISTRIBUTE THIS COPY FOR PROFIT.—PUB. RES. 57, APPROVED MAY 11, 1922 V . - . 7 - 2 - “