UC-NRLF

THE

Fruits of Ontario

PREPARED BY THE FRUIT BRANCH

(PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO)
if

PRINTED BY ORDER OF

THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO

TORONTO:

Printed by L. K. CAMERON. Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty

1914

0'

Printed by

WILLIAM BRIGGS,

29-37 Richmond Street West,

TORONTO.

To His Honour COL. SIR JOHN MOIUSON GIBSON, Knight Commander of the
Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George, a Colonel in
the Militia of Canada, etc., etc., etc.

Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario.
MAY IT PLEASE YOUR HONOUR :

The undersigned begs to present herewith for the consideration of Your Honour
the Report on the Fruits of Ontario.

Respectfully submitted,

JAMES S. DUFF,

Minister of Agriculture.
TORONTO, 1914.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

INTRODUCTION 5

TREE Fnuri s : Extent of Industry 7

Apple 7

Cherry 88

Peach 108

Pear 143

Plum 186

Quince 220

GRAPE 224

BUSH FRUITS : Extent of Industry 2f,3

Blackberry 253

Currant 262

Dewberry 279

Gooseberry 280

Raspberry 287

STRAWBERRY 299

INDEX TO VARIETIES . 317

FRUITS OF ONTARIO -

INTRODUCTION

When the first fruit trees were planted in Ontario, probably about 150 years ago,
the settlers had no reliable information to guide them in selecting varieties or in caring
for the trees after they were planted. But the experience of these early settlers was
taken advantage of by their descendants who, with the additional knowledge possessed,
were able to make some progress, although scattered as they were in those early times
without good means of intercourse. The dissemination of information from one to
another and to the new settlers who were coming in was slow until the railways were
built. Then fruit-growing became much more general, as trees could be easily trans-
ported from one part of the Province to another. In 1859 a few enthusiastic horti-
culturists organized the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association. Meetings were held in
different parts of the Province, and the people were urged to plant more fruit. This
organization has for the past 50 years by its meetings, annual reports, the Canadian
Horticulturist, and in many other ways, done very much to bring about the present
marvellous development in the fruit industry of Ontario. Realizing that more definite
information was needed to guide fruit-growers in the planting of varieties and the
culture of fruits, the Association in 1893 urged upon the Government the importance
of establishing Fruit Experiment Stations throughout the Province. The idea received
the approval of the Government, and in 1894 four stations were established, this num-
ber being increased to thirteen in the course of a few years. To these were sent many
varieties of fruits, which were tested and reported upon each year by those in charge of
the stations. As these experimenters were all practical fruit growers, and in most
cases had made a specialty of some kind of fruit, much valuable information regarding
varieties and their culture was accumulated by the Department of Agriculture. After
the stations were established, it was felt that in due time a hand-book should be pub-
lished that fruit growers generally might get the full benefit of the information so
obtained.

In 1913 it was deemed advisable to revise this hand-book in order to bring the con-
tents up to date and also to provide better illustrations where possible. This revision
was undertaken by the Fruit Branch of the Ontario Department of Agriculture, and
the present bulletin is a result of this work. In it, new varieties and new photographs
have been included, and the descriptions of varieties and cultural directions have been
brought up to date.

The descriptions have been verified by comparison with those given in the works
of the, world's greatest pomologists, such as the " Dictionnaire de Pomologie," by Andre
Leroy, of France; "The Fruit Manual," by Thomas Hogg, of England; "The Fruits and
Fruit Trees of America," by Charles Downing, of Newburgh-on-the-Hudson ; "The
American Fruit Culturist," by J. J. Thomas, of New York State; "Apples of New York,"
by S. A. Beach, of Geneva, N.Y. ; " The American Horticultural Manual," by Prof. J. L.
Budd, late of the Iowa State College of Agriculture; "Plum Culture," by Prof. F. A.
Waugh, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College; "Apple Culture" and " Plum Culture,"
by W. T. Macoun, of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa; "The Grape Manual," by
Bush, Son & Misener, of Missouri; the Reports of the Michigan Agricultural College, of
the American Pomological Society, of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, etc., and
many other works.

These have again been modified by the reports of the experimenters in charge of
the fruit stations, when it was proved that certain varieties, otherwise desirable, were
not adapted to the districts in which they were tested.

[5]

6 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. No. 33

In the case of some of the newer varieties of small fruits, especially strawberries
and some of the raspberries, also in the case of some of the larger fruits which are
somewhat rare, the descriptions have been in part made from the reports of the experi-
menters, or from the reports of reliable pomologists. From Professor H. L. Hutt, of
the Ontario Agricultural College, and others, descriptions of some varieties were obtained.

The nomenclature adopted in these descriptions is based on that of the American
Pomological Society, but where names which have been commonly adopted in Ontario
would not be easily recognized under this nomenclature the old names have been left
unchanged.

The fruits have been divided into four groups in this work, namely: (1) Tree fruits
comprising the. Apple, Cherry, Peach, Pear, Plum, and Quince: (2) Grape; (3) Bush
fruits, comprising the Blackberry, Currant, Dewberry, Gooseberry, and Raspberry;
(4) Strawberry. Within these groups the varieties have been arranged alphabetically,
as far as possible, for ease in reference.

As it is the object of the Fruit Branch to make this work of the Fruit Experiment
Stations as generally useful as possible to the fruit growers of Ontario, it was felt that
the " Fruits of Ontario " would be incomplete if published without cultural directions,
hence these are given. The lists of varieties recommended are taken from " Fruits
Recommended for Planting in Ontario," Bulletin 211, as prepared by the Fruit Branch.
The other matter has been specially prepared and revised for this work.

It is hoped that the objects for which " The Fruits of Ontario " was prepared will
be accomplished. These are to assist the fruit grower: —

1. In the selection of those varieties most desirable for planting in his particular
locality, either for home or for market.

2. By affording a convenient reference in the identification of varieties now grown
in the Province.

3. By furnishing a reliable description of the size, color, general appearance, and
real value of the varieties often incorrectly described in magazines and catalogues.

4. By giving sufficient cultural directions to enable "him to make fruit-growing a
success.

1. Tree Fruits

Among what are commonly classed as the tree fruits are the apple, cherry, peach,
pear, plum, and quince.

So confident are the Ontario fruit growers of the future of the industry and the
continued profits which will be obtained from the culture of these large fruits, that
many acres of trees are being set out annually.

The great importance of the fruit interests may be fairly judged by the following
figures for Ontario from the Dominion census of 1911: —

—

Not Bearing.

Bearing.

Total Trees.

Bushels.

Apple Trees

2,123,040

5,643,217

7,766,257

6,305,462

Peach Trees

878,436

803,417

1,681,853

503,075

228 208

511,512

739,720

417,397

356,195

767,827

1,124,022

331,278

jm

Cherry Trees

328,341

507,396

835,737

137,281

Total

3,914,220

8,233,369

12,147,589

7,694,493

THE APPLE

There is no part of the world where better apples are grown than in the Province
of Ontario, and owing to the hardiness of this fruit it can be successfully cultivated
over a very large part of the Province.

Prom the Ottawa River, which bounds the Province on the east, to the great lakes
on the west, a distance of about 500 miles, and from the St. Lawrence River and great
lakes on the south to latitude 45 degrees, and even 46 degrees, on the north, a distance
of about 280 miles, there are many flourishing commercial apple orchards. But apple-
growing is not confined even to this area, for scattered here and there over the newer
parts of Ontario almost up to the Manitoba boundary are trees which are bearing good
apples and supplying the settler with fruit for home consumption.

Owing to the material difference in climatic conditions between the extreme southern
and the northern parts of the Province, some varieties of apples are more adapted to
certain sections than others, not only on account of their varying degrees of hardiness,
but because some kinds produce better fruit in certain sections than in others. Further-
more, as apples grown in the southern parts of the Province do not keep as well as
those grown in the northern sections, the fruit matures earlier, and hence does not
come into keen competition with, perhaps, the same varieties from other sources. Each
part of the Province, therefore, where apples are grown can produce fruit which has
a fair chance of commanding the highest price on the market. As these climatic con-
ditions cannot be changed, it behoves fruit growers in the south-western peninsula to
make a specialty of growing fruit for the early markets, for there is no other section
which can compete so favorably in the production and sale of early apples, especially
for the rapidly growing market in the Northwest.

The fruit growers in the districts bordering on Lake Huron, Lake Ontario and the
St. Lawrence River, where the longest keeping apples of best quality are grown, should
make a specialty of winter fruit, and by so doing win for themselves a reputation for
this class of apples.

REPORT ON THE No. 33

In eastern Ontario, where the Mclntosh, Fameuse, and other high-class early winter
dessert apples are grown so successfully, the fruit grower, though at present handi-
capped in the growing of late keeping varieties, can obtain for his dessert apples the
best prices and thus make his orchard as profitable as those in any other part of Ontario.

For the north, there are a number of varieties, mostly of Russian origin, the hardy
survivors through many trying winters in the colder parts of Russia, and these, with
the hardy crab apples, are proving a nucleus from which it is believed will be developed,
by cross breeding with the best Canadian apples, good dessert varieties which will be
grown almost to the extreme northern limits of the Province of Ontario.

SELECTION OF VARIETIES.

One of the most important things to be considered in planting an orchard is the
selection of varieties. Some of the most serious mistakes in the past have been made
in this particular. In many cases worthless varieties have been planted, which is hardly
to be wondered at when planters had little more to rely upon regarding varieties than
the exaggerated descriptions given by travelling tree agents. But in these days, when
we have reliable information about all classes of fruits for all sections of the Province
published annually an<jl distributed free, there is no excuse for planting anything but
the very best varieties suited to each section.

One mistake to be avoided is that of planting too many varieties, particularly in
commercial orchards. A half dozen good winter sorts have been found to be sufficient.
For home use, however, the list might be doubled, or at least lengthened, to suit the
preferences of all members of the family. There should, in any case, be varieties enough
to cover the season and give a bountiful supply from earliest to the latest. One or two
summer varieties, three or four autumn, and half a dozen winter varieties would be
about the right proportion of each to plant.

Another precaution which has to be taken in planning a commercial orchard, is
that of planting too large a block of any one variety. For convenience in harvesting
it is no doubt best to plant trees of the same variety near together, but on the other hand
if these blocks of one variety are too large it may be the cause of poor crops, for there
are many varieties which are self-sterile, that is, the pollen which they produce will
not properly fertilize their own flowers, although it may be quite potent on the blossom
of some other variety. This question has not been sufficiently studied to warrant us in
saying definitely just which varieties are self-sterile and which are self-fertile, although
from experiments which have been made, the following varieties appear to be more or
less self-sterile: Yellow Bellflower, Chenango, Gravenstein, King, Northern Spy, Primate,
Rambo, Red Astrachan, Roxbury Russet, Golden Russet, Spitzenburg, and Tolman Sweet.
None of these should be planted in blocks of more than three or four rows, without
some other variety intervening which blooms about the same time. In orchards where
such a mistake has been made, it can be rectified most readily by grafting every third
or fourth row with some variety which will insure cross-fertilization.

Both tree and fruit must be considered in the selection of varieties. The tree must
have sufficient hardiness for the locality, and it is in this particular that the district
lists of recommendations give valuable information to intending planters. Productive-
ness is also an important characteristic. Unfortunately some of the varieties of most
excellent quality, such as the Blenheim and King, are lacking in this respect, and, while
it may be desirable to plant these for home use, still such a defect is a serious one in
a commercial orchard. The age of bearing is another characteristic which varies greatly
in different varieties. The Northern Spy, for instance, often requires ten or fifteen
years before it comes in bearing, while Ontario, Wealthy, and many of the Russian
varieties sometimes bear even in the nursery rows, or at least in a year or two after
they are transplanted into the orchard. This is a difference which may well be taken
advantage of in the arrangement of varieties in the orchard, for, as a rule, those which
are slow in coming into bearing make larger trees and are longer lived, while those
which begin early and bear heavily are more or less dwarfed in their growth and the

1914 FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

trees are shorter lived. For this reason trees of the precocious varieties are often
planted as fillers between rows of the later bearing and larger growing kinds.

The most desirable qualities in the fruit itself depend largely upon whether it is
for the market or for home use. For home use, good quality is the first consideration.
Usually those having a spicy or characteristic flavor, such as the Spy, King, or Mclntosh,
are most desirable. Apples with an acid or subacid flavor are most in demand on the
market; nevertheless a good sweet apple is often much appreciated for home use. For
the market, a good appearance is the first consideration. Good shipping qualities have
also to be considered in the selection of commercial varieties, although no doubt the
improvement in methods of packing and shipping may render this of less importance
in the future than it has been in the past. The Ben Davis apple has long been recog-
nized as one of the best shipping varieties, on account of its firmness and good keeping
qualities. On the other hand, the Mclntosh is not a long keeper, and is so easily bruised
that it cannot be shipped satisfactorily in barrels. But with improved methods of pack-
ing and shipping, it may be shipped to any of the European markets and even placed
on sale with the Ben Davis, and it is a question how long the Ben Davis, with its inferior
quality, will be able in such competition to hold its place in the market. Those who
champion the Ben Davis may take exception to the comparison just made because of
the relative difference in season of the two varieties. Nevertheless, we believe that it
will be safer in the future for growers to look more to the quality of the variety than
has been done in the past, for buyers are already becoming more discriminating, and
demand apples of the very best quality.

ORDERING AND OBTAINING TREES.

A complete list of the nurserymen of this Province is published each year by the
Department of Agriculture, and most of our leading nurserymen advertise in the agri-
cultural and horticultural papers. Upon application, any of these men are glad to quote
prices at which they can supply stock.

It is well, when ordering nursery stock, to order early. Too many leave such a
matter till planting time, when they might as well have had their order in several
months sooner. By ordering early they are more likely to obtain just what is wanted,
and if the nurseryman has not the desired varieties on hand, he can obtain them else-
where by the time they are needed.

When the trees arrive from the nursery, it is best to unpack them as soon as possi-
ble, and, if it is not convenient to plant them at once, the roots should be spread out
and buried in a deep trench till they can be permanently planted. The longer the trees
are to remain in this position the more carefully they should be heeled in.

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED.

GENERAL LISTS OF THE MOST VALUABLE VARIETIES FOR MARKET APPROVED BY THE

BOARD OF CONTROL.

Summer.
Astrachan, Duchess.

Fall.
Gravenstein, Wealthy, Alexander, Mclntosh, Fameuse, Blenheim.

Winter.
King, Hubbardston, Greening, Cranberry, Baldwin, Spy, Stark.

10 EEPOKT ON THE No. 33

VARIETIES ESPECIALLY ADAPTED TO HOME USE.

Summer.
Transparent, Primate, Sweet Bough, Duchess.

Fall.
Chenango, Gravenstein, Wealthy, Mclntosh, Fameuse, Blenheim.

Winter.
King, Wagener, Swayzie, Greening, Tolman, Spy.

HARDY APPLES RECOMMENDED FOR SECTIONS NORTH OF LATITUDE 46 DEGREES, OR
APPROXIMATELY IN A LINE WITH THE OTTAWA RIVER.

Summer.
Transparent, Lowland Raspberry, Charlamoff.

Fall and Winter.
Duchess, Wealthy, Hibernal, Longfield, Patten, Whitney, Hyslop, Milwaukee.

CRAB APPLES.

Whitney: A large crab of high quality, suitable for planting in the extreme north,
where other apples will not succeed. May be used for dessert or cooking.

Martha: An early crab of fair quality.

Transcendent: Yellowish crab, season early autumn.

Hyslop: Dark, rich, red crab, of late season, quality only fair.

DISTRICT LISTS.
NIAGARA DISTRICT.

(Including the Niagara Peninsula from the Niagara River to Hamilton and north

to the escarpment. )

Robert Thompson, St. Catharines.

Commercial: Astrachan, Duchess, Gravenstein, Blenheim, Wealthy, Wagener,
Mclntosh, Hubbardston, King, Greening, Baldwin, Spy.

FONTHILL DISTRICT.
(Including Townships of Pelham, Stamford and Thorold.)

G. C. Brown, Fonthill.
Astrachan, Duchess, Greening, Fameuse, King, Baldwin, Spy.

1914 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 11

BUKLINGTON-OAKVILLE DISTRICT.

(Including the southern part of the counties bordering on Lake Ontario between

Hamilton and Toronto.)

A. W. Peart, Burlington.
Duchess, Wealthy, Ribston, Greening, Blenheim, King, Baldwin, Spy.

W. F. W. Fisher, Burlington.
Duchess, Wealthy, Mclntosh, Fameuse, Ribston, King, Baldwin, Spy.

LAKE ERIE DISTRICT.

(Including approximately the Counties of Haldimand, Norfolk, Elgin, Welland, exclud-
ing Fonthill District.)

Jas. E. Johnson, Simcoe.
Wealthy, Fameuse, Mclntosh, Baldwin, Greening, King, Spy.

ESSEX PENINSULA.
(Including Essex, Kent and Pelee Island.)

J. L. Hilborn, Leamington.
Duchess, Blenheim, Baldwin, Stark, Hubbardston, Spy.

J. Atkin & Son, Leamington.
Red Astrachan, Duchess, Blenheim, King, Hubbardston, Baldwin.

BRANT DISTRICT.

(Including Counties of Brant, Oxford, Middlesex and south-western part of Perth.)

J. C. Harris, Ingersoll.

Duchess, Gravenstein, Blenheim, Ribston, Alexander, Greening, Baldwin, King (top
grafted), Spy.

C. W. Gurney, Paris.

Blenheim, King, Baldwin, Spy, Greening.

FOREST DISTRICT.

(Including the County of Lambton.)
D. Johnson, Forest.

Duchess, Greening, Baldwin, Hubbardston, Golden Russet, and (if grafted on Tol-
man) King and Spy.

12 REPORT ON THE No. 33

LAKE HURON DISTRICT.

(Including Counties of Huron and Bruce.)

D. P. Hamlink, Goderich.

Astrachan, Duchess, Greening, Blenheim, Mclntosh, Fameuse, King, Tolman, Bald-
win, Spy, Stark, North Star.

GEORGIAN BAY DISTRICT.

(Including northern portions of the Counties of Grey and Simcoe, bordering on the

Georgian Bay.)

J. G. Mitchell, Clarksburg.

Astrachan, Duchess, Gravenstein, St. Lawrence, Alexander, Wealthy, Twenty-Ounce,
Mclntosh, Greening, King, Baldwin, Spy.

LAKE SIMCOE DISTRICT.

(Including the northern and eastern sections of Simcoe and northern sections of
York and Ontario bordering on Lake Simcoe.)

G. C. Caston, Craighurst.

Duchess, Peerless, Alexander, Wolf, Blenheim, Pewaukee, Stark, Baxter, Fallawater,
Fameuse, Seek, and the following if top-worked on hardy stocks: Greening, King, Ontario,
Baldwin, Spy.

GUELPH DISTRICT.

(Including the high inland Counties of southwestern Ontario, i.e., Wellington, Waterloo,

northwestern section of Perth, south part of Grey, Dufferin, and northwest

section of Peel and Halton.)

Prof. J. W. Crow, O.A.C., Guelph.

Apples: Duchess, Alexander, Wealthy, Fameuse, Mclntosh.
Crab Apples: Whitney, Martha.

LAKE ONTARIO DISTRICT.

(Including the southern portions of the Counties bordering on the Lake Ontario
shore from Toronto to Trenton.)

Elmer Lick, Oshawa.

Gravenstein, Mclntosh, Fameuse, Blenheim, Greening, Baldwin, Spy.
(If further varieties are required add Golden Russet (for wet spots), Cranberry,
Fallawater, Stark (liable to be overplanted).

W. H. Dempsey, Trenton.

Duchess, Gravenstein, Alexander, Fameuse, Mclntosh, Greening, Baldwin, Spy, Ben
Davis, Stark.

ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY DISTRICT.

(Including the valley of the St. Lawrence River from Kingston to the eastern boundary

of the Province.)

Harold Jones, Maitland.

Duchess, St. Lawrence, Alexander, Wolf, Wealthy, Scarlet Pippin, Fameuse, Mc-
lntosh, Baxter, Tolman, Golden Russet.

1914 FBI! ITS OF ONTARIO. .13

OTTAWA DISTRICT.

(Including the Ottawa Valley and the eastern portion of the Province not elsewhere
enumerated, south of latitude 46 deg.).

W. T. Macoun, Horticulturist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

Apples: Transparent, Lowland Raspberry, Duchess, St. Lawrence, Wealthy, Alex-
ander, Mclntosh, Fameuse, Wolf, Milwaukee, Baxter, Scott.
Crab Apples: Whitney, Martha, Hyslop.

ALGOMA DISTRICT.

(Including the islands of Manitoulin and St. Joseph, and a limited portion of the
northern and eastern shore of the Georgian Bay.)

Chas. Young, Richard's Landing.

Apples: Transparent, Charlamoff, Astrachan, Duchess, Peach, St. Lawrence, Alex-
ander, North Star, Colvert, Gideon, Mclntosh, Winter St. Lawrence, Wolf, Baxter, Long-
field, Louise, Wealthy, Patten.

Crab Apples: Whitney, Hyslop, Isham.

SITE OF THE ORCHARD.

The large inland lakes surrounding the southern portion of this Province have a
wonderfully ameliorating effect upon the climate for some distance from their shores,
and as a rule our most extensive commercial orchards are in proximity to these large
bodies of water. There are, however, in the interior many localities quite as favorable
for fruit growing, but in such locations the question of site and exposure has to be more
carefully considered. The site usually selected for the orchard is one near the build-
ings, which may be all right if these are on the highest ground, for such grounds are
not only best drained but are least liable to untimely frosts. Good atmospheric drainage
is often quite as important as good water drainage, and cold air, like cold water, runs
down hill. Only a few feet of elevation above a wide adjoining area may be sufficient
to enable trees in full bloom to escape a frost which destroys the crop on the lower
level. On level lands there is practically no atmospheric drainage and the orchardist
must take his chances and make the best of it.

EXPOSURE.

Where the land is rolling, and there is a choice of exposure, the situation should
be carefully considered, for in many cases this may be the difference between success
and failure. As to which is the best exposure, depends largely upon the surroundings.
In proximity to large bodies of water the best exposure is toward the water. In locali-
ties subject to late spring frost the safest exposure is towards the north, as this helps
to retard the period of bloom till danger of frost is past. On a northern exposure trees
are less likely to suffer in times of severe drouth, and there is also not so much injury
from sun scald, a most serious trouble in northern localities. For the reasons given
a northern or eastern aspect is, as a rule, preferable to a southern or western one, and
also because there is less exposure to our strongest prevailing winds, which come from
the south-west.

WINDBREAKS.

Protection from the prevailing winds is another matter that requires due considera-
tion. The shelter accorded by a high hill or natural belt of timber is perhaps the ideal
one, but when these do not exist, the planting of a windbreak is often necessary. The
best trees for windbreaks are some of the evergreens, such as Norway and White Spruce,
the Austrian and Native White Pines. The Norway Spruce is most used because it is a

EEPOliT OX THE No. 33

rapid grower, and the young trees may be obtained 'very cheaply. The windbreak should
be planted at the same time as the orchard; it will then be effective by the time the trees
come into bearing. A single row may be sufficient, although in very exposed places,
a double row, with the trees set alternately, is preferable. The trees should be at least
six or eight feet apart, and even ten or twelve feet is better when the trees grow up.
The trees should not be planted nearer than forty feet from the first row of apple trees,
as if planted too near drifts of snow may cause injury in winter, and insects are more
troublesome in summer where there is not a good circulation of air. The trees in the
windbreak should be well cultivated, the same as the trees in the orchard, until they
become well established. Neglect of this is the main cause of failure in setting out
windbreaks.

THE SOIL AXD ITS PREPARATION.

The apple tree readily adapts itself to a great variety of soils, yet there are certain
kinds upon which it does much better than others. Light sandy soils are usually
deficient in plant food, and are not retentive of it when fertilizers are applied to them.
On the other hand, heavy clay soils may contain plenty of plant food, but they are
difficult to work, and unless very carefully managed bake so hard that the tree will
not thrive upon them. The ideal soil is a happy mean between these extremes, a friable
loam. It may be called a sandy or a clay loam, as either sand or clay predominates in
its composition, and is all the better if of a limestone formation upon an open subsoil.

One of the first requisites in any orchard soil is good drainage. Fruit trees will
not thrive upon undrained soil. If the land is not naturally well drained, it should be
thoroughly underdrained.

Good preparation of the soil previous to planting is very essential. Trees set on
unprepared soil are seriously handicapped at an important stage of their life and often
they never overcome it. Land which has been exhausted by grain production is in poor
condition for the growing of trees, although it may be greatly improved by growing
and plowing down two or three crops, such as rye, clover, or vetches, as a green manure.
Probably no other crop leaves the ground in better mechanical condition for the growth
of trees than clover. Its roots penetrate the soil deeply and leave it well filled with
vegetable matter or humus.

There has been much diversity of opinion regarding the value of subsoiling in
preparing the land for trees. But there is little room for doubt that it is of much benefit
on land where the subsoil is hard and impervious to water. The subsoiler should follow
in the furrow of the ordinary plow, loosening the subsoil as deeply as possible. Where
this is not done, clover roots are the next best thing as subsoilers.

The preparation of the ground for planting should begin by a good deep plowing
in the fall, and it would be all the better if it could be ribbed up as is now frequently
done in preparing ground in the fall for spring seeding. This insures good surface
drainage and quick drying of the ground in the spring. All that would then be required
in the spring would be to harrow down the ridges and loosen up the ground as deeply
as possible with a spring tooth cultivator.

PLANTING.

Great care should be taken and good judgment shown in laying out the orchard
and in planting the trees.

The proper distance apart for planting depends altogether upon the ultimate size
which the trees may attain, which in turn depends upon the variety, the soil, and the
locality. The varieties grown in our most northern orchards seldom spread more than
twenty or twenty-five feet, while the kinds grown in the more favored apple sections
of Southern Ontario often have a spread of forty feet. The best guide to intending
planters is to observe carefully the distances required for full grown apple trees in the
neighborhood. In southern Ontario this will be found to be from thirty-five to forty
feet, throughout central Ontario thirty to thirty-five feet, while in the northern sections,

1914 KIM ITS OF ONTARIO. 15

where only the hardiest kinds are grown, tweny-five feet will be found quite sufficient.
It is wise to allow plenty of space, so that there will be no crowding when the trees
have reached their full size. Planting too close is a far more frequent and serious mis-
take than planting too far apart.

A plan quite frequently adopted, particularly in some of the large American orchards,
is to use some of the small-growing early-bearing varieties as fillers between the large-
growing varieties. The Duchess, Ontario, and Wagener, for example, are planted alter-
nately with large growing kinds, such as Baldwin, Greening, and Spy.

In such cases, the large-growing kinds are set at the maximum distance apart, and
the smaller kinds between them. By the time the larger kinds begin crowding, the
smaller ones will have paid for their keep and that of the others, and can be cut out
to make room for the larger trees. The greatest objection to this plan is the danger
that the fillers may be left so long before they are removed that the value of the whole
orchard may be impaired.

There is a diversity of opinion as to the best time for planting, although it may
be done successfully any time when the tree is dormant, either in the spring or autumn.
In favorable localities and with hardy varieties it may be done quite as well one season
as another, but for general planting the spring is the safest time in our rigorous climate.

The trees should be planted in rows as straight as it is possible to make them.
Straight rows add not only to the appearance of the orchard, but to the convenience
of cultivation. One of the best means of getting the rows straight is to stake out the
position for each tree before beginning to plant.

Great care should be taken to prevent the roots of the trees drying while they are
out of the ground. If it happens to be hot and windy at the time of transplanting, it
is a good plan to puddle the roots in soft mud as soon as they are taken from the pack-
ing box or trench, and in carrying the trees about the orchard it is well to keep the
roots covered with a wet blanket or piece of old carpet.

The hole for the tree should be wide enough to hold the roots without cramping
or crowding, and should be deep enough to admit of a few inches of fine mellow sur-
face soil being filled in the bottom, and still have the roots an inch or two deeper than
they were in the nursery row. The roots should be spread out in their natural position
and should be covered with moist mellow surface soil. It is well, in digging the holes,
to have the surface soil placed at one side and the subsoil on the other, so that in re-
filling, the surface earth may be placed next the roots and the subsoil left for the top.
If the soil has been properly prepared it is seldom necessary to water the roots at the
time of transplanting, but care must be taken to ensure the soil moisture from below
coming up to the roots. This may be done by tramping the earth firmly as soon as the
roots are well covered, and leaving only the top soil untramped to act as a mulch and
retain the moisture below. The neglect of this firming of the soil around the roots is
one of the most common causes of failure in the transplanting of trees. If watering
is necessary, a small pailful poured in as soon as the roots are nearly covered, is of
more use than a half dozen on the surface after the planting is finished.

All torn, bruised, or injured roots should be cut back, with smooth cuts, to sound
wood. Smooth cuts callous over quickly and new roots are the more readily sent out.
Trees obtained from the nursery, no matter how carefully they may have been taken
up, have lost the greater part of their root system, and in order that they may make
a satisfactory growth when transplanted the top must also be cut back to a similar
extent to restore the balance. This cutting back, however, can be most satisfactorily
done after the trees are planted, when they are held firmly by the soil, and more care-
ful attention can be given to shaping the head of the young tree. Closely associated
with the heading back of the top at the initial pruning of the tree, is the question of
determining the height at which the head should be formed. On this, as in many other
points of orchard management, there is a variety of opinions. Some prefer high heads,
because of the greater convenience for cultivation and working underneath ; while others
prefer them low, because of the greater convenience in pruning, spraying, and harvest-

16 REPORT ON THE Xo. 33

ing. There are other reasons, however, why low-headed trees are preferable; in exposed
locations the trees and crop are less likely to suffer from violent winds, and in northern
localities the trees with short trunks and low-spreading branches are much less subject
to injury from sun scald, the most serious tree trouble of the north. It is better for
the planter to get two-year old rather than three or four-year old trees, so that he can
start the head at whatever height he wishes. In this connection it may be stated that
tree trunks do not lengthen, except by pruning off the lower branches, so that at what-
ever distance from the ground the lower branches are left, that will be the permanent
length of the trunk.

Three branches are enough to leave to form the main limbs or framework of the
tree top. These should be evenly spaced around the trunk to give a well-balanced and
symmetrical top, and they should also be placed on the trunk so as to distribute evenly
the weight of the top and avoid bad crotches which are liable to split down with the
weight of the crop. It is particularly important at this stage that great care should be
taken to train the young tree in the way it should go, and much can be done in training
and directing growth by heading back to buds pointing in the direction we wish the new
branch to take.

CAKE OF THE ORCHARD AFTER PLANTING.

In a newly-planted orchard the trees occupy but a small portion of the land, and
they cannot be expected to give any returns for at least five or six years. It is advis-
able, therefore, that some other crop be grown in the orchard which will pay for the
labor spent upon it till the apple trees come into bearing and require all the space. It
is by injudicious cropping, however, that young orchards are often most seriously in-
jured. It should not be forgotten that the apple trees are the first consideration, and
that whatever cropping is done in the orchard must not interfere with them in the least.
In some cases the spaces between the trees may be planted with small fruits, such
as raspberries, currants, or gooseberries, but these should not be planted within nine
or ten feet of the tree, nor should they occupy ground more than six or seven years.
If fillers are used in the orchard intercropping should be discontinued in four or five
years.

Hoe crops, such as corn, roots, potatoes, etc., have generally been recommended as
the best to grow in the orchard, because of the opportunity they afford for cultivation.
This may be all right as far as it goes, but these crops draw heavily upon the plant
food in the soil and return very little in the way of roots or plant residue. If such
crops are successively grown for several years, they are almost sure to seriously deplete
the soil fertility, unless extra care is taken to maintain it by the application of manure
or fertilizer. Probably on the whole the least objectionable cropping is a well arranged
rotation of crops, in which clover and hoed crops alternate frequently enough to keep
the ground in good condition. Some of these crops harbor mice, and whenever such
occur in the rotation precautions must be taken at the approach of winter to protect
the trees from their ravages.

During all this intercropping a strip in which the trees are growing must be left
for regular cultivation, and this strip should be widened each year as the trees increase
in size. No cropping should be attempted under the head of the trees, and intercropping
should be discontinued as soon as the trees require all the space.

CTJI/TIVATIOX.

Cultivation improves the physical condition of the soil by breaking up the soil
particles and presenting a greater feeding surface to the roots. By warming and
deepening the soil, it permits of a greater depth of feeding area. Every soil particle
is surrounded by a thin film of moisture, consequently the finer the soil particles the
greater the surface area to hold moisture. A dry earth mulch or dust blanket on top

1914 FUUITS OF ONTARIO.. 17

cheeks the evaporation of moisture from below. Cultivation renders plant food more
readily available by promoting nitrification and the decomposition of organic matter
in the soil.

Knowing this to be the case, many growers have given thorough cultivation a fair
trial, and have satisfied themselves that for most sections of Ontario clean cultivation
with cover crops is more profitable than sod. There are indeed few cases where sod
is more desirable than cultivation; these are where the soil is fertile and contains an
abundant supply of moisture.

As soon as possible after the trees are set, a strip on each side should be cultivated
to loosen up the soil which has been tramped down during planting. Each year this
strip should be widened, so that no crop intended for harvesting is grown beneath the
branches of the trees.

Cultivation should begin as early as the ground is dry enough in the spring. The
first tool to be used in most cases is the plow. It is well to plow the land about five
inches deep during the first few years after setting to encourage deep rooting. As the
trees get older the depth of plowing should be gradually ler»:ned, until by the time
the orchard is in full bearing, three to four inches is sufficient.

COVER CROPS.

The value of growing cover crops in the orchard is being more appreciated every
year by fruit growers who in times past viewed with alarm the injury which occurred
from root killing where the soil was bare in winter. A cover crop is a covering of
vegetation in the orchard during the latter part of summer and early winter, and is
useful in many ways, of which the following are some of the most important: (1) A
cover crop, by adding a large amount of fibre to the land, prevents hard soils from
cementing or puddling. (2) On bare and rolling land, where the rains quickly run off
and snows blow off the high portions, a growing crop tends to hold these until they
have time to soak into the soil. (3) Land covered by a growing crop dries out more
quickly in the spring, owing to the transpiration of moisture through the leaves, and
consequently may be plowed under earlier in the season than land which is bare.
This is a very important point, as it enables the orchardist to gain several days in the
busy season of spring. (4) Ground covered with vegetation will hold the snows in
winter and thus prevent deep freezing, thereby avoiding the liability of root killing.
(5) A cover crop affords the most economical means of furnishing a supply of humus
in the soil. (6) The roots of a cover crop assist the tree roots in rendering available
certain mineral plant food in the soil. (7) A large amount of plant food is liberated
in the soil after the tree growth has ceased. This is taken up by the growing crop
and held in a readily available form for the following season. (8) Leguminous crops,
such as clover, vetch, alfalfa, peas, and beans, by virtue of certain bacteria which form
nodules on the roots, are able to assimilate nitrogen from the air. As nitrogen is one
of the most expensive fertilizing elements, the value of this class of plants cannot be
too highly appreciated. (9) Last and of most importance in some districts it takes
the moisture from the soil in the fall and causes the trees to ripen up earlier.

Cover crops should be sown about the middle of July, so that they may make a
good growth the Fame season, and in the colder parts of the Province, the seed may
be sown during the first week of July, as the season is shorter than in the more
favored sections. It is also wise to check the growth of the trees about this time, so
that they may mature their wood before winter sets in. The thorough tillage which
should have been practised up to this season leaves the ground in the best possible
condition to give the young plants a start. The crop should be plowed under as early
in the spring as possible, and cultivation should begin at once. If the crop is large
and the soil rather dry, this is imperative, as the large amount of vegetable matter
turned under seriously interferes with capillary action and leaves the surface soil
unduly dry.
2 F.o.

18 BEPOKT OX THE Yo. 33

That a cover crop may be of the greatest value, it should be capable of withstand-
ing the winter and continuing its growth next spring. This, however, is not a neces-
sity, as many of the ordinary crops which will not live through the winter are valuable
for this purpose.

Different soils require different kinds of crops. This has led to a division of cover
crops under several classes. The most important are the nitrogen gatherers, which
through the agency of the nodules on the roots can make use of the nitrogen of the
air. Such plants as clover, vetches, alfalfa, peas, and beans, belong to this class, and
should be used where the soil is deficient in nitrogen. Another class is known as the
potash liberators, such as turnips and rape, which, although they do not add anything
to the soil, as do the leguminous plants, yet change the form of the mineral potash so
that it may be more readily acted upon by the roots of succeeding crops. Then there
is a third class, commonly grown, such as rye, oats, and buckwheat, which are valuable
chiefly on account of the humus formed by their development.

Hairy Vetch, sown at the rate of thirty-five pounds per acre, forms a very close
mat over the ground. This is a valuable crop owing to the fact that it collects nitrogen,
lies close to the ground so that it does not inconvenience the pickers when gathering
the fruit, and also withstands the cold winter and continues its growth early in the
spring.

Red Clover and Mammoth Clover, sown at the rate of twenty-five to thirty pounds
per acre, are about equal in value, make a fair growth, are low growing, and winter
well on drained soil.

Crimson Clover has not made quite as good growth as the red or the mammoth,
nor will it stand the winter in the colder sections, which is a serious disadvantage.
Best sown thirty to thirty-five pounds per acre.

Alfalfa, or lucerne, is one of the best leguminous crops for dry land. It makes a
good growth and winiors well. There is a mistaken impression that alfalfa will not
make sufficient top the first season. Thirty pounds of seed per acre, sown in July,
will give a good stand the same season.

Rape has given good results in the colder sections. It makes a heavy growth of
stiff stems, which, although nearly all killed in winter, stand up well enough to hold
the snows. Rape can scarcely be recommended for fruiting apple orchards, as it re-
mains wet the greater part of the day, making the work of harvesting very unpleasant.
It may be used to good advantage in the rotation, especially if few fruits are to be
harvested.

Rye, the favorite crop of many growers, gives a fair amount of top and winters
well. One advantage of rye is that it may often be grown on lands not in a physical
condition for the growth of clover. In this way humus may be added to the soil, and
conditions made more favorable for the growrth of clover.

MAINTAINING FERTILITY.

The maintenance of fertility is more frequently neglected in the orchard than
on any other part of the farm. Trees, even on poor land, will produce fruit, but it is
only on soils where fertility is maintained that paying crops are produced. Each year
that fruit is harvested some plant food is removed. If profitable crops are to be ex-
pected the supply of plant food in the soil must be maintained.

The most essential elements for the production of fruit are nitrogen, potash, phos-
phoric acid, and lime. Nitrogen encourages leaf and wood growth, which are essential
to the development of the tree and to the production of the best quality of fruit. Potash
is an essential constituent in the growth of fruits. It constitutes a large proportion
of the ash of the wood and more than 50 per cent, of the ash of the fruit, and is also
associated with the development of flavor in the fruit. Phosphoric acid is essential
to the development of the tree and the proper ripening of the fruit. Lime is not in
itself an essential element, but is necessary in liberating plant food.

1914 Fl JIT ITS OF ONTAHIO. 19

Barnyard manure supplies nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid, and improves
the physical condition of the soil. Cover crops may take the place of barnyard manure
to improve the physical condition of the soil, and the leguminous ones may add all the
nitrogen required. Concentrated fertilizers or commercial plant foods may be used
in conjunction with cover crops to supply all the plant food necessary for the growth
of trees. In the use of commercial fertilizers it is well to proceed cautiously, and, by
carefully conducted experiments, ascertain what elements of plant food the soil may be
deficient in, and what amounts it may be necessary to apply to get the best results.
Unleached wood ashes contain a small quantity of phosphoric acid, seldom exceeding
ll/2 per cent., a larger amount of potash, varying from 5 to 7 per cent., and also a cer-
tain amount of lime. Where pure wood ashes can be procured at a price not exceeding
ten cents per bushel, they afford an economical source of plant food. An application
once in two or three years will usually give excellent results, especially on light soils
which are most lacking in potash. Muriate of potash is another economical form in
which to obtain potash. Phosphoric acid may be purchased in the form of superphos-
phate. Nitrogen may be procured in the form of sodium nitrate, but leguminous cover
crops furnish a much cheaper source of this essential but costly element.

PRUNING.

The object of pruning is to form a vigorous and evenly balanced tree, which will
produce annually a paying crop of good-sized, well-colored fruit. Unpruned trees pro-
duce many small-sized unsalable apples. Pruning lessens the number of apples per
tree, but at the same time increases the size and improves the quality of those pro-
duced. A heavy crop of good-sized fruit is not so serious a drain on the vitality of the
tree, nor on the fertility of the soil, as the same weight of smaller apples would be, for
it is the production of the seed which makes the greatest drain on the tree and soil.

Pruning should be practised every year without fail from the time the tree is
planted. In this way the operation is never a severe one, and the removal of the large
limbs becomes unnecessary. Limbs growing too strongly in any particular direction,
which are liable to upset the balance of the tree, should be headed back. Where two
limbs cross, one of them should be removed. Branches growing across, from one side
to the other, should be cut out. Care should be taken to leave sufficient twigs in the
centre to protect from sun scald. Much may be done in directing growth by heading
back to a bud pointing in the desired direction. It is while the trees are young that
the greatest care in training is required.

A properly pruned apple tree should be open enough to admit sunlight and permit
of free circulation of air. Its lower branches should be trained high enough to admit
of easy cultivation, yet the top should not be so high that spraying and harvesting are
rendered difficult. Varieties differ more or less in their habit of growth, and, while
it may be advisable to modify this to some extent, it is not well to attempt to change
it unduly. Long bare branches should be avoided, and the formation of fruit spurs
should be encouraged on all parts of the tree.

The best time for pruning is just before growth begins. Wounds made at that
season soon heal over. It is not well to prune when there is frost on the wood. Prun-
ing while the tree is dormant tends to increase the growth of wood. Summer pruning
encourages the formation of fruit buds, but it is not advisable to do much of it, as the
removal of any considerable amount of the leaf area tends to check the vigor of the
tree. Pruning by the removal of buds may be practised at any season of the year.

The thumb and finger may be used for the removal of sprouts and buds during the
summer. A pair of small pruning shears will remove all twigs less than half an inch
in diameter. For larger limbs a sharp fine-tooth saw is needed. Make all cuts as
smooth as possible and close to the main stem. When a large limb has to be removed,
it may be advisable to cut twice, the first some inches out to avoid splitting, and the
second to shorten the stub. A common mistake is the leaving of long stubs which

20 REPORT ON THE No. 33

cannot heal over before rot begins. Where it is necessary to remove large limbs, the
wounds should be covered with grafting wax or thick lead paint to prevent the entrance
of spores which cause decay.

GEAFTING.

Grafting is the operation of inserting a scion into a stock, usually for the object
of changing the variety of fruit produced. Trees bearing undesirable fruit may be top-
grafted with some valuable variety. Many choice half-hardy varieties may be success-
fully grown by top-working on some hardy stock. Especially desirable characteristics
in any variety may be perpetuated by grafting. Individuality is quite as marked in
plants as in animals. A certain tree may possess some desirable quality, and this may
be preserved and perhaps improved upon by selection. It is advisable when cutting
scions to select from those trees which have the desirable characteristics most strongly
marked. Nurserymen, as a rule, do not pay sufficient attention to the source from
which they secure their scions. The individual orchardist may greatly improve his
plantation by top-grafting with scions from a tree having the desired qualities most
strongly marked.

Grafting is usually performed in the spring. It is essential that the cambium layer
of the scion and stock be in contact on at least one side. Prom this mucilaginous layer,
lying between the wood and the bark, the new cells are formed which in time unite
the parts and cover the wound. It is necessary to cover the wounds made in outdoor
grafting to prevent the entrance of rot-producing spores. For this purpose wax is
generally used.

A good grafting wax may be made by melting together four pounds resin, two
pounds beeswax, and one pound tallow. Cool by pouring into a tub of water. Then
work up into bars or balls which may be kept in any cool place until required. To
economize wax, cloth is sometimes dipped into the hot wax, making wax-cloth. This
is more difficult to use than pure wax. The wax may be melted and carried in a glue
pot and applied with a brush, or, as is more commonly done, it may be kept in water
warm enough to keep the wax pliable so it may be readily applied by hand. It is well
to keep the hands greased to prevent the wax from adhering to the fingers.

There are two common methods of top-grafting: (1) Whip or tongue grafting which
is practised upon small branches and young trees; (2) Cleft grafting, which is usually
performed on branches from one-half to two inches in diameter.

In whip grafting the stock is cut with a bevel about one inch long, and the scion
cut to fit that bevel. Both bevels are cut into slightly and the tongue of one fitted into
the notch of the other. The cambium layers must be in contact on at least one side.
After the scion is set the wound should be covered with wax or similar substance to
exclude the air.

Large trees should not be entirely changed over in one year. The first year select
the main branches; the second year part of the remainder, and finish the third year.
In this way much of the annoyance caused by the growth of water sprouts is avoided.

When cutting off large branches for cleft grafting it is wise to cut twice, making
the first cut a few inches above the position chosen for the scion. Then cut off the
stub at the desired point, and avoid the danger of tearing the bark. With a chisel or
grafting iron split the branch just far enough to admit the scions. Too deep a split
weakens the stock, and the scions will not be held sufficiently firm. It is well to avoid
grafting two horizontal limbs, one directly above the other. The tendency of new
growth is upward, and the growths from the lower one will interfere with the upper.
In branches, other than those growing perfectly upright, the split should be made
parallel to, rather than at right angles to the ground.

The scion should be made wedge-shaped, with bevel about one inch long, starting
at each side just at the base of a bud. Make the scion three buds long, cutting off
just above the third bud. It should be cut a little thicker on the side next to the bud,
so that the stock may pinch tightly on that side to insure a close contact of the cam-
bium layers.

1914 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 21

Open the cleft with the wedge end of the grafting chisel and insert one or two
scions, as may be thought necessary. Place the lower bud of the scion to the outside.
Do not force the scion down, but open the cleft by enough leverage on the chisel to
admit the scion freely. Setting the scion with the top pointing slightly outward insures
contact in at least one point. After setting the scions, cover, all wounds with wax.

It is sometimes necessary to remove part of the watersprouts, which usually start
during the summer, to give the scions room for proper development. By the following
spring the scions should have made sufficient growth to require all space in that part
of the tree, and all other growth should be removed.

SUN SCALD.

Sun scald is an injury to trees which occurs most frequently in the northern dis-
tricts. It is most serious on young trees, but may also affect the upper side of the large
branches in older trees. It is caused by the action of the hot sun on the trunk and
branches in the early spring. The first indication is an unhealthy appearance of the
bark on the south and south-west sides of trunk and upper side of large branches, the
affected parts soon turn brown, then black, and finally die.

In districts where sun scald is apt to occur, it is well to head the trees low and
incline the stem slightly to the south-west. In this way the branches afford some shade
to the trunk. Anything which will shade the trunk in early spring will prevent the
injury. For this purpose the most convenient of the following materials may be used:
cornstalks, birchbark, building paper, or a veneer of thin wood, such as is used in basket
making. The large branches of old trees should receive natural protection from the
small branches and twigs of the top. For this reason severe pruning of the top is not
advisable in northern districts.

When trees are badly affected they usually die, but where the injury is slight, and
is noticed soon after it occurs, treatment is practicable. Cut away the injured parts,
and cover the wound with grafting wax or some material which will keep the wood
from drying out. If the tree is healthy and vigorous, the annual growth spreading in
from the sound parts soon repairs the injury.

PROTECTION FROM MICE.

During the past two or three years, mice have become a serious menace to young
orchards. The rapid increase in numbers may be largely accounted for by the indis-
criminate destruction of the farmer's best friends, the hawks, that feed largely on mice
by day, and the owls, which take up the work by night. By carefully protecting the
hawks and owls for a few years, their numbers will again increase, so that the equi-
librium of nature may be restored. In the meantime something must be done to pro-
tect the trees against the rodents.

Mice seldom harbor in a green crop, and on clean fields they find no protection.
They are found chiefly along the fence lines and in old meadows. As there is usually
some shelter afforded the mice near orchards, it is advisable to guard against their
depredations. In localities where the snow falls early and remains on the ground
all winter, the simplest means of protecting the trees is to tramp the snow firmly about
the base of each tree early in the winter. Where the ground is not continuously covered
with snow during the winter, a mound of earth about the tree is sometimes all that
is required to divert the runways of the mice. Building paper cut into strips which
will reach about one foot high when tied about the trunk of the tree in autumn has
been found to be both a cheap and an effective preventive.

Badly girdled trees usually die. When the part girdled is small and is covered
before the wood dries out with grafting wax or other substance which will protect the
inner tissues, the tree may be saved. If the girdled part extends entirely around the
tree, it will be necessary to establish some connection between the cambium above and
below the injury. This may be done by bridge-grafting. For this purpose use long scions

22 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. Xo. 33

cut to a bevel on each end. Insert one end above and the other end below the girdle, mak-
ing sure that the cut surfaces are in contact with the cambium layer. A sufficient
number of these scions should be put in to convey the cambium from the top to the
roots and all cut surfaces exposed should be covered with wax.

PICKING.

Apples should be carefully picked by hand, without breaking the skin or bruising
the fruit in any way. Summer varieties for immediate home use or special local trade
should be allowed to ripen on the tree; but if intended for distant markets or storage
they should be picked when fully mature, but before they have commenced to mellow.
Winter varieties should hang on the tree until they have reached full size and have
taken on good color. Apples picked while still immature as a rule keep longer than
if allowed to fully ripen on the tree, but they do not develop the full color nor the best
quality. No sharp distinction can be made between green and mature, or between fully
mature and over-ripe fruit; one blends imperceptibly into the other. Experience teaches
at what stage to harvest the crop in order to secure the highest quality and best keep-
ing properties in the fruit. Sometimes, with summer varieties, it is necessary to go
over a tree twice, picking the most mature specimens first and leaving the remainder
for a week or two in order that they may more perfectly develop. Round bottom baskets
or pails should be used for picking, and it is better to have them lined with cloth to
prevent bruising the fruit. Fruit should not be piled on the ground, but should be
placed at once on the sorting table or be placed in boxes or barrels for removal to the
packing house. The apple should be picked with the stem on but without breaking
off the fruit spur, as is likely to occur if the fruit is picked too green. Spring waggons
should be used to convey the fruit to and from the packing house.

When the trees have been properly pruned, the fruit may all be harvested from
ladders. A short step-ladder is convenient for the underside and low branches of the
tree. For the upper branches light cedar ladders of suitable length will be found very
convenient. Extension ladders have been praised very highly in the past, but as they
are both awkward and cumbersome, practical growers are abandoning them. The prac-
tice of climbing through the tree to gather the fruit, and letting the baskets down to
the ground by means of a rope, is out of date, and is not practised in commercial
orchards. Inexperienced pickers often lose a great deal of time by not picking clean
as they go, making it necessary to carry the ladder back and forth. Each time the
ladder is moved all apples in reach should be picked.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES

ALEXANDER (Emperor Alexander).

FLESH: yel-
lowish white;
crisp, not very
fine, moder-
ately juicy;
flavor subacid.
pleasant.

QUALITY: des-
sert, fair;
cooking, good.

VALUE: home
market, first
class; can be
s u c c e s sfully
shipped to
Great Britain
in cold storage.

SEASON: Sep-
tember to Nov-
ember.

ADAPTATION :
quite general,
the tree being
hardy.

ALKXAXDER.

ORIGIN : in-
troduced into
England from
Russia in 1817.

TREE: hardy,
spreading, vig-
orous, produc-
tive; bears
early.

FRUIT: very
large size ;
form round,
ovate, conical;
skin greenish
yellow, russet
dots, streaked
or s p 1 a s hed
with red; stem
% inch long,
set in a deep
russeted
cavity; calyx
large, nearly
closed, set in
a deep, even
basin.

SECTION OF ALEXANDER.

[231

REPORT OiN[ THE

No. 33

ASTRACHAN (Red Astrachan),

ORIGIN: imported from
Sweden to England in 1816,
and widely planted in
Ontario for a summer mar-
ket apple. Scarce another
apple of its season equals it
in beauty of appearance, for
in addition to its rich
crimson color, it is often
covered with pale white
bloom. Selected fancy
grades of this apple are
usually in good demand in
our home markets.

ASTRACHAN.

TREE: upright; very vig-
orous; begins bearing early;
very productive.

FRUIT: medium to large;
round, narrowing towards
apex; skin, deep crimson
when exposed to sun, yellow-
ish-green in shade, often
covered with a thin, whitish
bloom; stem, stout, three-
quarter inch long, in a deep
cavity; calyx closed in a shal-
low, somewhat irregular
ftasin.

FLESH: white, crisp, juicy,
tender, becoming mealy when
over-ripe; acid, almost too
tart to be counted very good
for either dessert or cooking.

VALUE: first class as an
early summer apple.

SEASON: August.

SECTION OF ASTRACHAN.

ADAPTATION: In Niagara district perfectly hardy and productive,
profitable in Lake Simcoe district by some growers.

Not considered

1914

PKUITS OF ONTARIO.

BALDWIN.

ORIGIN: The Baldwin originated as a chance seedling in the State of Massachu-
setts and has been for many years the most popular winter apple for either home or
/^^^^^^^^ foreign markets. The

average yield from full
•jj^ grown trees each alter-

:. ' nate year is about eight

barrels per tree, and in
some instances much
larger. Large orchards
of this variety have
been planted in the
apple growing counties-
of middle and southern
Ontario.

TREE: not hardy out-
side the best fruit dis-
tricts; upright, spread-
ing, vigorous grower,
usually very productive..

FRUIT: large, round-
ish, ovate; skin yel-
low, shaded and
splashed with crimson

and red, spotted with
BALDWIN.

some russet dots ;
stem heavy, three-
quarters of an inch
long, in a broad often
russeted cavity; calyx
closed, in a deep plait-
ed basin.

FLESH: yellowish
white; tender, juicy;
flavor subacid, spright-
ly, aromatic.

QUALITY : dessert
fair; cooking good.

VALUE: market first
class, especially for
export.

SEASON : November
to March.

ADAPTATION: adapted
only to the best apple
districts where it is
one of the most profit-
able varieties.

SECTION OF BALDWIN.

REPORT OX THE

No. 33

BAXTER (Larue).

BAXTER

A fine large red
apple, which, how-
ever, is inferior in
quality to other
varieties of its
season, such as
Tompkins King, Mc-
Intosh and Hub-
bardston.

ORIGIX: with Mr.
Larue, near Brock-
ville, Leeds Co., On-
tario, but introduced
by Mr. Baxter.

TREE : healthy,
vigorous, hardy, mod-
erately productive.

FRUIT: size large
to very large; form
roundish, slightly
conical; color red
with obscure strip-
ings of dark red, and
numerous prominent
grey dots; stem half
an inch long, in a
narrow, funnel form
cavity, calyx nearly
closed, in a large
regular basin.

FLESH: yellowish
white, often streaked
with red ; texture
moderately firm, not
very juicy; flavor
slightly acid.

QUALITY :
medium;
good.

dessert
cooking

VALUE : home and
foreign market, first
class.

SEASON: October to
January.

ADAPTATION : has
proved hardy and
profitable in Eastern
Ontario and the Lake
Simcoe District.

SECTION OF BAXTER.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

' BEN DAVIS.

One of the most popular market apples in the southwestern and western states
because of its great productiveness, hardiness, good color and its keeping and shipping
qualities. Highly valued by some growers in Canada, but condemned by others on
account of its inferior quality. The tree blossoms late and therefore usually escapes
damage from late frosts.

BEX DAVIS.

SECTION OF BEN DAVIS.

ORIGIN: variously credited
to Tennessee, Kentucky and
Virginia. Scions taken from
Kentucky to Southern Il-
linois about 1820.

TREE: spreading, fairly
vigorous, very productive, and
early bearing.

FRUIT : medium to large;
roundish, truncated conical,
unequal; color yellow, striped
and splashed with red, hav-
ing scattered aureole dots:
stem slender, one to one and
a half inches long in a deep
cavity; calyx erect, partly
closed in a deep, wide basin.

FLESH: white, not very
crisp, mildly subacid.

QUALITY: dessert, poor;
cooking, fairly good.

VALUE: home market,
second class; foreign market,
first class.

SEASON: January to May or
June.

•28

EEPORT ON THE

No. 33

BLACK BEN DAVIS.

ORIGIN: Arkansas, on
farm of Rev. M. Black.

FRUIT: large, form much
like Ben Davis, the skin
also becoming unctuous
like that variety; color of
skin very handsome, a
dark solid crimson, almost
black crimson on sunny
side; on shaded side the
yellow ground color shows
through; no true stripes
or splashes, but shading
varies in depth of color-
ing; dots distinct, few,
minute, yellow; cavity ob-
tuse, medium deep, with
stellate russet; stem short;
basin deep, abrupt, sharp
rimmed, somewhat ribbed ;
calyx open.

BLACK BEN DAVIS.

FLESH: yellowish white,
moderately juicy, mild,
pleasant, subacid, good.

SEA so x: winter.

SECTION OF BLACK BEN DAVIS.

1914

FHUITS OF ONTARIO.

BENONl.

A summer apple little grown in Ontario, and not highly esteemed for commercial
purposes.

ORIGIN : Massachusetts.

TREE: spreading, fairly vigorous; hardy; fairly productive. A biennial bearer.

FRUIT: size scarcely medium; form oblate conical; skin rich yellow, blushed with red
in the sun with a few scattered bright dots; stem half an inch long in a deep cavity;
calyx erect, partly closed in a deep basin.

FLESH: color yellow; texture tender and juicy; flavor rich subacid.

QUALITY: dessert very good; cooking good.

VALUE: market second class.

SEASON: August and September.

BIETIGHEIMER.

A fall apple remarkable only for its great size and beauty. The fruit drops badly.

ORIGIN: Germany.

TREE: habit vigorous, spreading; an abundant biennial bearer; hardy.

FRUIT: size very large, sometimes immense; form round, oblate; skin whitish yellow
almost covered with pale red, and having a few obscure stripes and splashes, and
numerous whitish dots; stem very short, in a wide, regular shallow cavity; calyx closed
in a narrow slightly corrugated basin.

FLESH: white; texture firm, juicy; flavor brisk, subacid.

QUALITY: poor for dessert; fair for cooking.

VALUE: home and foreign market second class

SEASON: September and October.

BLENHEIM.

BLENHEIM. (Blenheim Orange, Blenheim Pippin.)

An apple that is
constantly gain-
ing in favor with
both grower and
consumer, because
of its size, its
beauty, its even-
ness of form and
general excellence
for cooking and
dessert purposes.
It is grown in the
counties of Prince
Edward, Victoria,
Lincoln and else-
where, and is
highly valued as a
commercial apple.
It certainly de-
serves to be more
generally planted.
ORIGIN : a gar-
den in Woodstock,
England, near the
residence of the
Duke of Marl-
boro'; shown at a
meeting of the
London Horticultural Society in 1819, and introduced into France in 1840.

TREE: very vigorous in habit and consequently a scant bearer while young, but a regular
and abundant bearer as it grows older; dwarfed on the Paradise stock, the tree becomes
an early bearer.

SECTION OF BLENHEIM.

30

REPORT ON THE

Xo. 33

FRUIT: large to very
large on favorable
soil ; form
roundish ob-
1 a t e, slightly
smaller at the
apex than at
the base, very
regular ; color
y e llowish, JB
splashed with jf
dull red on
sunny side and
streaked, and
with deep red
dots small and
distinct; stem
short, three-
quarters of an
inch long,
stout, in a
large russeted
cavity ; calyx
large and very
o IP e n, with
short segments
placed in a
large green basin.

FLESH: cream
white, fine, crisp, moder-
ately juicy, flavor sweet,
spicy, slightly acid.

QUALITY : dessert good ;
cooking very good.

VALUE: home and foreign markets, first class.

SEASON: November to January.

ADAPTATION: best apple districts only.

BLENHEIM.

BLUE PEARMAIN.

A variety found in many of the older orchards; not productive enough to be profit-
able.

TREE: strong, vigorous, healthy; a light bearer.

FRUIT: size, very large; roundish, regular, slightly conical; color, splashes and
stripes of dark purplish red over a dull yellow ground, solid red in sun, with heavy blue
bloom and distinct white, russet dots; stem three-quarters of an inch long, set in a wide,
deep, usually russeted cavity; calyx open in a smooth, shallow basin.

FLESH: color yellowish; texture firm, moderately juicy; flavor mild acid, rich,
aromatic.

QUALITY: first rate.

VALUE: not profitable on account of unproductiveness. It is also a poor market
apple.

SEASON: November to February.

BOGDANOFF.

A promising apple for the north; not recommended where Spy and Baldwin succeed.

ORIGIN: Imported from Russia for the Iowa Agricultural College by Professor J. L.
Budd.

TREE: moderately vigorous; habit upright.

FRUIT: size medium; form roundish, somewhat ribbed; color green or yellowish
green, often with faint bronze blush and numerous small white dots; stem short set in
a shallow cavity; calyx usually closed in a somewhat furrowed, wrinkled basin.

FLESH: color white; texture tender and juicy; flavor pleasant; subacid.

QUALITY: dessert fair; cooking good.

VALUE: market second class.

SEASON: November to February.

1914 FKUITS OF ONTAEIO. 31

BOIKEN.

Tested at our Simcoe station since 1896 and esteemed worthy as a commercial apple.

ORIGIN: tree imported from Prussia by Prof. Budd; named after Dike-Warden Boike,
of Germany.

TREE: a fair grower; habit willowy, like Golden Russet; an early and abundant
bearer.

FRUIT: size medium; form oblate conical; skin smooth, yellow with red cheek and
many minute white dots; stem long in a wide, deep cavity; calyx in a wide, wrinkled
basin of moderate depth.

FLESH: color white; texture firm, juicy, fine grained; flavor sprightly, refreshing,
subacid.

QUALITY: dessert fair; very good for cooking.

VALUE: thought well of at Lake Simcoe Station for market.

SEASON : November to February.

BOTTLE GREENING.

An apple grown in some parts of Ontario for home uses, for which its excellent
quality makes it very desirable; it is not recommended for the commercial orchard,
because the fruit is rather tender for shipment to distant markets.

ORIGIN: according to Chas. Downing, this variety was found near the border line
between Vermont and New York State, and takes its name from a hollow in the original
tree, where workmen were accustomed to keeping their bottle.

TREE: vigorous, productive.

FRUIT: medium to large; form oblate, slightly conical; color yellowish with bright
red on one side, a thin bloom and a few light dots; stem half an inch long in a deep,
funnel-form cavity; calyx nearly closed, in a moderately deep, often slightly furrowed
basin.

FLESH: greenish white; texture fine, tender, juicy, almost melting; flavor subacid.

QUALITY: dessert, good; very good for cooking.

VALUE: home market, first class; foreign market, second class.

SEASON: November to February.

BROCKVILLE (Brockville Beauty).

A seedling ot Fameuse, which is as yet grown only to a limited extent in the eastern
part of the Province. This fruit is inclined to run small as the trees overload.

ORIGIN: near Brockville, Ontario.

TREE: hardy, moderately vigorous; bears heavily every alternate year.

FRUIT: form conical; size medium to small; skin white, almost covered with bright
red.

FLESH: color white; texture crisp, tender, breaking; flavor brisk acid.

QUALITY: dessert and cooking good.

SEASON: late August to mid-September.

CABASHEA (Twenty Ounce Pippin).

Not worth planting in Ontario. Through confusing its name with that of Cayuga
Red Streak, often called Twenty Ounce, this apple has been widely planted in our Pro-
vince. The tree is unproductive and the fruit, although large and fine in appearance,
drops early and is poor in quality.

ORIGIN: unknown.

REPORT ON THE No. 3

TREE: vigorous, spreading, unproductive.

FRUIT: large, roundish oblate, slightly conical; skin yellowish green, shaded di
red on the sunny side; stem five-eighths of an inch long, stout, in a wide cavity
moderate depth; calyx open in a wide shallow basin; core medium.

FLESH: white, firm, coarse, subacid, only fair for cooking, useless for dessert.

VALUE: tested twenty years at Maplehurst, Grimsby, and found unprofitable (
account of unproductiveness.

SEASON: October to December.

CANADA RED.

ORIGIN: unknown; Beach says it was brought from the neighborhood of Toront
into Western New York State.

TREE: a strong grower, productive in some places, while a shy bearer in others, ar
Kence is not recommended.

FRUIT: medium to large; irregular oblate; skin yellow, well splashed and waslu
with deep, rather dull red; dots fairly numerous, large, yellow, prominent; cavity dee
narrow; stem short, slender; basin narrow, shallow, slightly wrinkled; calyx smal
closed.

FLESH: yellowish, tender, moderately juicy, mildly subacid with a pleasant but n<
nigh flavor; core of medium size.

QUALITY: good.

SEASON: mid to late winter.

COLVERT.

A fairly good fall market apple, being large in size and rather attractive in appea:
ance but of fair quality only. It has been widely planted in Ontario for market. Fo
kitchen use it is much inferior to the Gravenstein.

ORIGIN: uncertain.

TREE: vigorous and very productive.

FRUIT: large, form oblate, slightly conical; skin greenish yellow, with cheek an
faint stripes of dull red; stem stout, half an inch in length.

FLESH: color yellowish white; texture tender, moderately juicy; flavor subacic
ordinary.

QUALITY: dessert fair, cooking good.

VALUE: second class for market.

SEASON: October to December.

ADAPTATION: succeeds at Georgian Bay and Bay of Quinte stations, and is widel
grown in the older apple sections of Ontario.

CAYUGA (Cayuga Red Streak).

A large, fine-looking cooking apple for late autumn; a good market sort; grown ir
limited quantities in Ontario.

ORIGIN: Connecticut.

TREE: vigorous; compact; productive; an annual bearer; on large trees, growth is
straggling.

FRUIT: very large, roundish, uneven; skin greenish yellow to yellowish white, witl
marblings and stripes of red and crimson, and a few large grey dots; stem three-quarters
of an inch long, in a deep, slightly russeted cavity; calyx small, half open in a shallow
broadly furrowed basin.

FLESH: yellowish white, texture coarse grained, tender, moderately juicy; flavoi
brisk, subacid, pleasant.

QUALITY: dessert fair, cooking good.

VALUE: market first class.

SEASON: lato autumn to early winter.

SECTIOX OF CAYUGA.

3 P.O.

EKPOKT ON THE

Xo 33

CHENANGO (Strawberry).

ORIGIN: Lebanon, Madison County, N.Y.

TREE: medium size, vigorous, with short, stout curved branches; fruit medium to
large, elongated ovate, slightly ribbed, stem short to medium, calyx partly opened or
closed, skin tough, smooth, yellowish-white, often almost entirely overspread and mottled
with pinkish red conspicuously striped and splashed with bright carmine, flesh white,
firm, tender, juicy, mild subacid, good to very good.

SEASON: latter part of August and through September.

Not planted very much in Ontario.

CHENANGO.

SECTION OF CHENANGO.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTAHIO.

35

CHARLAMOFP (Pointed Pipka, Arabka).

One of the best hardy varieties
of its season which has been
successfully grown at the Algoma
station. It is classed by the
Minnesota State Horticultural
Society as one of four varieties
having the first degree of hardi-
ness.

OKIGIX: Russia; imported by
Budd.

TREE: very hardy; habit
spreading; growth vigorous;
very productive.

FRUIT: size about medium;
form oblong, truncated, angular,
ribbed; skin light yellow, covered

CHARLAMOFF (after 8. B. Green).

with dark crimson stripes
and splashes, with red cheek
and white, minute dots; stem
medium stout, in a deep,
acute, russeted cavity; calyx
open, sometimes closed, in a
wide, shallow, wrinkled basin.

FLESH: color white, stained
with red under the skin; tex-
ture somewhat coarse, juicy;
flavor subacid, pleasant.

QUALITY : dessert good.

VALUE : market second class,
being very perishable.

SEASON: August, just before
Duchess.

SECTION OF CHARLAMOFF

3G

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

CRANBERRY PIPPIN.

An apple worthy of
being planted in
southern Ontario as a
fancy variety for ex-
port; although the qual-
ity is ordinary and not
suitable for dessert its
extreme beauty when
opened in mid-winter,
its large and even size,
and the productiveness
of the tree every alter-
nate year, make it a de-
sirable variety.

Sometimes, however,
this variety is subject to
warts and knots which
mar its beauty.

ORIGIN: accidental, on
a farm, near Hudson,
N.Y.

TREE : very vigorous,
healthy, spreading, and
productive.

CRANBERRY PIPPIN.

FRUIT: medium to large,
roundish, oblate ; skin
smooth, yellow shaded and
striped with two shades of
red; stem slender, short,
in a deep cavity; calyx
closed, in a wide russeted
basin.

FLESH : color white ;
texture firm, crisp, coarse,
moderately juicy; flavor
subacid.

QUALITY: dessert poor;
cooking fair.

VALUE : market second
class.

SEASON : November to
February.

ADAPTATION : southern
portions of the Province,
especially along the shores
of the lakes.

SECTION OF CRANBERRY PIPPIN.

1914

FliTLTS OF OXTAKIO.

37

DUCHESS.

(Oldenburg of Downing, Borovitsky of Royal Horticultural Society, 1824.)
In cold storage, this apple may be profitably exported to Great Britain. It succeeds
in every part of Ontario where the apple can be grown, and its beauty always brings
for it the top price in the market.

ORIGIN: introduced to England from Russia about 1815.
TREE: very hardy, very vigorous and an early and abundant bearer.
FRUIT: medium to large; form regular, roundish oblate; skin greenish yellow, with
bright red stripes, splashes and numerous russety dots; stalk slender, three-quarters of

an inch long, set in
a deep funnel-shaped
cavity; calyx long,
closed, in a deep
broad basin.

FLESH : greenish,
turning yellowish
white at maturity;
texture fine, firm and
juicy; flavor brisk,
refreshing acid.

QUALITY: dessert
fair, cooking good.

VALUE: first class
of its season for
home market.

SEASON : August
and September.

ADAPTATION:
general. Succeeds
well wherever apples
are grown in the
Province, and does
exceptionally well on
the borders of Lakes
Ontario and Erie.

SECTION OF DUCHESS.

38

REPORT OX THE

No. 33

EARLY HARVEST.

The best apple of its season for dessert,
but of late years rendered worthless in
Ontario by scab, which not only spoils its
appearance, but lessens its size and injures
its flavor. The Early Harvest and Fall
Pippin are the two apples which seem to
be least able to resist this terrible fungus,
and which most favor its spread. Unless,
therefore, the fungus is checked by spray-
ing, this apple must be left out of the list
of desirable varieties.

ORIGIN: United States, in cultivation
since about 1700 A.D.

TREE: only medium in vigor, never
attaining a large size, old trees averaging from one-half to two-thirds the size of Green-
ing trees of the same age; upright and spreading; productive, considering the size of
the tree and the fruit.

i

FRUIT: medium round, oblate; skin smooth, bright straw color when ripe, with a few
faint dots; stem short, one-half to three-quarters of an inch, in a medium cavity, often
russeted; calyx closed in a shallow, slightly wrinkled basin.

FLESH: white, fine grained, juicy, crisp, tender; flavor rich, sprightly, pleasant sub-

acid.

SEASON: late July to early August.

QUALITY: dessert good; cooking good.

VALUE: home market first class.

ADAPTATION: Succeeds in the best apple districts, but is much subject to scab.

FILLBASKET (Kentish).

An old English variety of great beauty of appearance and enormous size, often ex-
ceeding four inches in diameter. It is not, however, much grown in the commercial
orchards of Ontario, being a fall apple, ill adapted to export, unless by cold storage, and
of very ordinary quality.

ORIGIN: England.

TREE: vigorous, fairly productive, semi-hardy.

FBUIT: very large, oblate or roundish, slightly ribbed; color smooth, shiny, light
green or pale yellow, sometimes almost white, and on sunny side splashed and striped
with bright red; stem stout, short, set in a large cavity; calyx closed, set in a large
often wrinkled basin.

FLESH: fine grained, tender and juicy; flavor mild, subacid.

QUALITY: poor for dessert, good for cooking.

VALUE: home market second class; foreign market third class.

SEASON: October to December.

ADAPTATION: North shore Lakes Ontario and Erie, east shore Lake Huron.

1914

FKUITS OF ONTARIO.

39

FALLAWATER.

FALLAWATER.

A large apple,
of even size and
fine appearance,
which is grown
for market quite
extensively in
P e n n sylvania,
Ohio, and in
some of the
Western States,
and to some ex-
tent in Ontario.
Were it more
uniformly pro-
ductive, we
could recom-
mend it as a
profitable com-
mercial variety.

ORIGIN: Penn-
sylvania.

TREE: a vigor-
ous grower;
fairly produc-
tive.

FRUIT: size
large to very
large; form
round, regular,
smooth; color

pea green, shaded
on sunny side with
brownish red cheek,
dots sparse, large
light green ; stem
half an inch long,
stout, set in a nar-
row, m o d e r a tely
deep cavity; calyx
small, nearly
closed, set in a
shallow wrinkled
basin.

FLESH : greenish
white; texture fine-
grained, firm,
moderately juicy;
flavor mild subacid,
fair.

QUALITY: fair for
cooking.

VALUE: home and
foreign market
only fair.

SEASON : Decem-
ber to March.

SECTION OF FALLAWATER.

ADAPTATION: successfully grown at the Bay of Quinte station and all parts of the
Province farther south; also in the Lake Huron district, but in some localities it
to be short-lived.

40

REPORT OX THE

No. 33

FALL PIPPIN.

A general favorite
as a fall cooking
apple and possessing
a fairly good flavor
as a dessert apple. It
was at one time
planted very freely,
but of late years it
has been discarded
because of its lia-
bility to the apple
scab.

ORIGIN : America,
probably from seed
of Holland Pippin.

TREE: habit stout,
vigorous, spreading;
head round; long
lived, some trees in
Niagara district are
now over 100 years
of age; fairly pro-
ductive.

FRUIT: large; form
roundish, sometimes
obscurely ribbed;
skin yellow, often
*• i.h red cheek and a
few small grey dots;
scalk hall to three
quarters of an inch

FALL PIPPIX.

long, set in a small,
moderately deep
russeted cavity ;
calyx small, open in
a small, moderately
deep basin.

FLESH: greenish
white; texture ten-
der, mellow, and
fairly juicy; flavor
brisk, pleasant,
aromatic.

QUALITY: dessert
fair; cooking good.

VALUE: home mar-
ket first class, foreign
market second class.

SEASON: October to
December.

ADAPTATION: hardy
in the best apple dis-
tricts, but very sub-
ject to scab.

SECTION OF FALL PIPPIN.

1914

i'KUTS OF ONTAli'lo.

II

FAMEUSE (Know. Pommr <l<- Xrii/r).

The most highly valued of all table apples, and but for one fault the Pameuse would
be the most profitable of all, especially in Eastern Ontario, where it attains Its highest
perfection. The fault is that it is quite subject to the apple scab, so that in some places
the fruit is entirely worthless. The scab, however, may be quite readily controlled by
proper preventive measures.

OKICIN: Province of Quebec,
probably from seeds brought
from France; it is often called
Snow, from the color of its flesh.

TUKK: moderately vigorous;
moderately productive; hardy.

FRUIT : medium size, roundish ;
skin, light green, striped and
shaded with two shades of red,
often nearly covered with deep
red; stem slender, half an inch
long, in a small deep cavity;
calyx small, segments often re-
curved, set in a shallow, slightly
furrowed or wrinkled basin.

FAMEUSE.

FLESH: snow white: texture
tender, very fine grained, break-
ing, juicy; flavor^ aromatic.

QUALITY: dessert first class;
cooking fair.

VALUE: first class for all mar
kets, when perfect in form and
free from spots.

SEASON: October to December.

ADAPTATION : general, but
specially adapted to eastern por-
tion of the Province.

SECTION OF FAMEUSE.

REPOilT ON THE

Xo. 33

FANNY

ORIGIN ATED near
Strasburg, Lancaster
Co., Pa., U.S.

TREE : vigorous,
spreading and produc-
tive.

FRUIT: above medium
size, roundish to oblate,
slightly conical; skin
yellow, heavily splash-
ed and washed with
deep red; dots, few,
yellow, and not promi-

FANNY.

nent; cavity deep,
moderately open; stem,
short, slender; basin of
medium depth, narrow,
almost smooth ; calyx
partly open.

FLESH: white, crisp,
tender, juicy, subacid ;
core small.

QUALITY: good.

SEASON : Sept ember
(Macoun).

SECTION OF FANNY.

1914

FHUiTS OP ONTARIO.

43

GIDEON.

A very pretty apple, but inclined to rot at the core: it is less highly colored than

Duchess. These faults will

i

prevent its being popular
^^^^^M^^L^^_ as an export apple.

ORIGIN: by Peter M.
Gideon, Excelsior, Minn.,
U.S. Prom crab seed prob-
ably crossed with Blue
Pearmain.

TREE: vigorous, hardy,
holds fruit well, produc-
tive.

FRUIT: large, round or
slightly conical; skin
white, with bright red
cheek shaded with deeper
red splashes; dots white,
obscure; cavity broad,
deep, regular or slightly
corrugated; stem one inch
long, slender; calyx half
closed, in a small, corru-
gated basin.

GIDEON.

FLESH: white, flaky,
crisp, juicy, subacid,
fair to good.

QUALITY : dessert fair ;
cooking fair.

VALUE: home market
second class ; foreign
third class.

SEASON : September
to November; October
at Ottawa.

ADAPTATION: only
valuable in the north.

SECTION OF GIDEON.

44

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

GOLDEN RUSSET.

This is the Golden Russet of
Western New York. (It is some-
times incorrectly called American
Golden Russet, which is a tender
fleshed apple, only keeping until
January). This apple is very
valuable in the colder sections of
the Ontario apple belt, the tree
being comparatively hardy, and
the fruit of high commercial
value; in the warmer sections it
is considerably grown in the
older orchards, but not much
planted of late years, because it
is only of medium size, tedious to
harvest, and inclined to drop
early.

GOLDEN RUSSET.

TREE: fairly vigorous, shoots
slender, or willowy, speckled;
habit irregular; fairly productive.

FRUIT : size medium; form
roundish, slightly oblong, slightly
flattened; skin covered with thick
russet, occasionally showing a
patch of greenish yellow; stem
slender, half an inch to one inch
long; not subject to scab.

FLESH: color yellowish, texture
fine grained, firm, crisp; flavor
aromatic, subacid.

SECTION OF GOLDEN RUSSET.

QUALITY: dessert good; cooking good.
VALUE: export first class.

SEASON: keeps till May in cold cellar, but is inclined to shrivel if the air is dry and
warm.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

45

GRAVENSTEIN.

SECTION OF GRAVEN STEIN.

pomologist, who in 1788 wrote the first description of the apple,
brought to Germany from Italy. The earliest trace of this apple
to about 1760. It is now widely grown in Western Europe, and is

TREE: very vigorous, hardy r.nd productive.

FRUIT : large to

very large; form ,^^SR

oblate conical,
somewhat one-sided
and more or less
pentagonal ; skin
greenish yellow to
orange, beautifully
striped and splash-
ed with two shades
of red; stem stout,
about half an inch
in length, set in a
deep, narrow cav-
ity; calyx partially
closed, wide, long
segments set in a
wide, irregular
slightly russet
basin.

FLESH: yellowish
white; texture,
crisp and very
juicy; flavor rich,
vinous and aro-
matic.

QUALITY: dessert,
very good ; cook-
ing, good.

VALUE: home
market, first class;
foreign market,
first class.

SEASON: Septem- GRAVENSTET*.

ber and October.

ADAPTATION: general in the best apple sections.

A favorite com-
mercial apple in
Nova Scotia, but
a 1 t o g e ther too
little cultivated
in Ontario, con-
sidering its many
excel lent char-
acteristics.

ORIGIN : accord-
ing to Hogg, the
original tree grew
in the garden of
the Duke of
Augustenberg, at
the Castle of
Graufenstein in
Schleswig - Hoi-
stein in Germany,
and was still
standing about
the year 1850.
Leroy inclines to
accept a state-
ment by Hirsch-
felt, a German
and stated that it was
we can find dates back
a favorite everywhere.

46

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

GREENING (Rhode Island Greening).

One of the staple varieties for profit in Ontario orchards. No one variety, except
the Baldwin, was more widely planted in our Province previous to 1875, but since that

time it has been liable to
scab some seasons, especially
in cases where proper spray-
ing is neglected. Its color is
against it in foreign markets,
and yet, as it becomes known,
the demand for it increases.
It has a tendency to drop
early, especially south of Lake
Ontario, and, therefore, needs
to be gathered in good season,
about the first of October, as
a rule. Remarkable instances
of productiveness have been
reported.

ORIGIN: Rhode Island.

TREE: very vigorous, spread-
ing, a crooked grower; fairly
hardy; very productive; suc-
ceeds well on a great variety
GREENING. of soils.

FRUIT: large, roundish, sometimes a little flattened, regular, unless overgrown; color
green, becoming lighter as it
ripens, often showing a blush
when well exposed to the
sun; dots light grey, aureole,
numerous toward the apex;
stem seven-eighths of an inch
long in a smooth, narrow
cavity; calyx partly closed in
a nearly smooth shallow
basin.

FLESH: white, with a green-
ish tint, yellowing a3 it
matures; texture fine grained,*
crisp, juicy; flavor rich,
slightly aromatic, pleasant, *
subacid.

QUALITY: dessert, medium;
cooking, very good.

VALUE: home and foreign
markets, first class.

SEASON: December to Feb-
ruary.

ADAPTATION : succeeds in
the best apple districts.

SECTION OF GREENING.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

OF THE
^ COLLEGE OF / 47

L* t*i

GRIMES (Grimes Golden).

An apple that has a good
reputation in some parts as
a winter dessert apple, .on
account of its excellent qual-
ity and its rich golden color;
not planted extensively in
the commercial orchards of
Ontario.

ORIGIN: Virginia; on the
farm of Thomas Grimes.

TREE: moderately vigorous,
branches with knobs at base;
not hardy very far beyond
north shore of Lake Ontario;
usually a biennial or some-
times an annual bearer and
a good cropper.

GRIMES.

FRUIT: size medium; form
roundish oblong; color rich
golden yellow with russet
dots; stem slender in a deep
cavity; calyx partly closed in
a deep, wrinkled, abrupt
basin.

FLESH : yellow; texture
firm, crisp, juicy; flavor rich,
aromatic, spicy, subacid.

QUALITY : dessert best ;
cooking poor.

VALUE: market, second class.

SEASON: November to Jan
uary.

/

SECTION OF GRIMES.

GRINDSTONE (American Pippin)

Valuable chiefly for its long keeping, and for cider.

ORIGIN: United States.

TREE: hardy, vigorous, productive

FRUIT: size medium; form regular, roundish oblate; skin dull green with patches
and stripes of dull red and numerous dots; stem short, stout in a deep, slightly russeted
cavity; calyx large, open, in a deep, medium sized, slightly wrinkled basin.

48

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

FLESH: color yellowish white; texture firm, crisp, not very juicy; flavor brisk acid.
QUALITY: second rate for cooking; third rate for dessert.
VALUE: second class for market purposes.
SEASON: March to June.

HAAS (Fall Queen)

An old variety which
was at one time popular
in the colder parts of
Ontario apple belt because
of the hardiness of the
tree, but which has now
given place to the
Wealthy.

ORIGIN: St. Louis, Mis-
souri.

TREE: vigorous; habit
upright, spreading; an
early and an annual
bearer, hardy.

FRUIT : size medium;
form oblate conical; skin
thin, tough; color yellow,
marbled, splashed and
striped with crimson, with
a few obscure white dots;

HAAS.

stem short set in a broad
cavity of moderate depth,
slightly russeted; calyx
half closed in an irregular,
wrinkled basin.

FLESH: white, often
stained with red next the
skin; texture peculiar,
quince like, juicy; flavor
subacid, slightly astring-
ent.

QUALITY: dessert poor;
cooking fair.

VALUE: market second
or third class.

SEASON: late autumn.

SECTION OF HAAS.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTAKIO.

HIBERNAL.

HIBERXAL (after S. B. Green).

An attractive looking
cooking apple, valuable
also for hardiness of tree;
one of the best of the
Russian apples for our
colder districts.

ORIGIN : Russia.

TREE: vigorous, of strong
spreading habit; healthy;
very productive.

FRUIT: size large; form
roundish oblate conical;
skin yellowish, striped and
splashed with red, with
small white dots; stem
medium length set in a
moderately deep regular
cavity with large patch of
russet; calyx half open in
a narrow shallow wrinkled
cavity.

FLESH: color yellow-
ish; texture, tender,
crisp, juicy; flavor acid.

QUALITY: dessert
poor; cooking good.

VALUE: home market
in the north, first class.

S E A s o x : September
to November.

4 F.O.

HEPOKT ON THE

No. 33

HUBBARDSTON (Hubbardston's Nonsuch),

HUBBARDSTON.

nearly covered with
stripes and splashes
of light rich red;
stem three-quarters
of an inch long, set
in a narrow deep
russeted cavity;
calyx open in ribbed
basin.

FLESH: texture
tender and juicy;
flavor subacid, rich,
sweet and excellent.

QUALITY: very
good.

VALUE: market
first class.

SEASON: October to
February.

ADAPTATION : suc-
ceeds in all the best
apple districts.

A first-class com-
mercial apple for
early winter. It suc-
ceeds well in the Pro-
vince of Ontario, and
deserves to be
planted much more
freely.

ORIGIN : Hubbard-
ston, Mass.

TREE : hardy, vig-
orous, but somewhat
subject to apple
canker and therefore
better top worked
on some h e a It h y
grower; very pro-
ductive; an early
bearer.

FRUIT: size,
medium to large;
form round ovate,
fairly regular; skin,
rich yellow ground

SECTION OF HUBBARDSTOX.

1814

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

51

HYSLOP.

A well known and widely cultivated variety of hybrid crab. Its dark, rich, red
color and its late season make it a valuable variety.

TREE: vigorous, of spreading habit.

FRUIT: size medium; form roundish ovate, obscurely angular; color a dark rich red,
covered with heavy blue bloom, and having many obscure yellowish dots; stem about
one inch and an eighth in length, set in an obtuse, regular cavity.

FLESH: yellowish, acid.

VALUE: very good for culinary uses.

SEASON: September and October.

HYSLOP.

JONATHAN.

A first class winter dessert apple, of the Spitzenburg type, valuable for the home
garden, but too small to be planted for market; succeeds well in some locations.

ORIGIN: Woodstock, New York State.

TREE: of moderate vigor; shoots slender, drooping; should be top worked on a
vigorous trunk; inclined to be self sterile, and needs to be planted with other varieties
for proper pollination.

FRUIT: size medium, in some localities small; form longish, truncated conical,
regular; skin colored dark brilliant red in sun, and striped, splashed with lighter red,
with numerous small whitish dots; stem long, slender, set in a deep acute cavity; calyx
small, closed, in a wide, deep, abrupt basin.

FLESH: color white; texture tender and juicy; flavor subacid, spicy, aromatic,
excellent.

QUALITY: dessert very good; cooking good.

VALUE: special markets first class; export second class.

SEASON: November to February.

EEPOET OX THE

Xo. 33

KING (King of Tompkins' County).

Said to have originated in New Jersey. On account of its excellent quality for cook-
ing, its peculiarly rich aromatic flavor, its beautiful appearance and large size, this apple

is taking the highest
place in the great
apple markets of the
world. Unfortunately
the tree is a shy
bearer, and conse-
quently unprofitable
as an orchard variety,
unless under excep-
tional circumstances.
Top-grafted on Tol-
man Sweet, it is said
to be more productive.
For home use it is ex-
celled by no apple.

TREE: a vigorous
grower, of spreading
habit, but not long-
lived.

FRUIT: large, round-
ish, uneven; skin yel-
lowish, shading off
from red to dark crim-
son; stem short and
stout, inserted in a
wide, deep, somewhat

irregular cavity; calyx
closed in a broad,
shallow, slightly cor-
rugated basin.

FLESH: yellowish
white, crisp and juicy,
moderately firm ;
flavor rich, agreeable,
aromatic.

QUALITY: dessert
and cooking, very
good.

VALUE : home mar-
ket first class; export
first class.

SEASON: October to
February in Southern
Ontario.

ADAPTATION: not
hardy at Simcoe sta-
tion unless top grafted
on Tolman Sweet, or SECTION OF KIM;.

some other hardy stock, and, therefore, it is not recommended for general planting in
northern sections.

1914 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 53

LADY.

A beautiful little apple for the amateur's collection, and very highly valued where
known for a dessert apple, having a pleasant flavor and great beauty. In Europe the
apple is known as Api, but in America it has become known as the Lady apple.

ORIGIN: France.

TREE: upright habit and bears fruit in clusters, vigorous, only fairly hardy and pro-
ductive.

FRUIT: very small, flat oblate. Color green, turning to yellow, half covered with
a rich red cheek, and many tiny dots which are more numerous towards the apex. Stem
slender, half an inch long, set in a deep regular cavity. Calyx closed in a small wrinkled
basin.

FLESH: greenish white; texture fine grained, crisp and juicy; flavor pleasant.

QUALITY: dessert, very good; cooking too* small to be of any value.

SEASON: December to May.

ADAPTATION: successfully grown as far north as the Bay of QUinte station.

LA VICTOIRE.

This variety has not, so far, proved very productive, but is a handsome apple, and
on account of its season and hardiness will probably prove useful in the north.

ORIGIN: near Grenville, Que. Probably a seedling of Fameuse.

TREE: hardy and a strong moderately spreading grower.

FRUIT: above medium size, oblate, regular; skin greenish yellow, almost covered with
crimson; dots fairly numerous, gray, distinct; cavity of medium depth and width,
slightly russeted; stem short and stout; basin of medium depth and width, almost
smooth; calyx open and medium in size.

FLESH: white, tinged with red, rather coarse, moderately juicy, mildly subacid, with
a pleasant flavor; core small.

QUALITY: good.

SEASON: Midwinter. (Macoun.)

LIVLAND RASPBERRY (Lowland Raspberry).

A handsome hardy summer apple of very good dessert quality, one of the best sum-
mer apples for home use, but drops rather badly and ripens unevenly.

ORIGIN: Russia.

TREE: moderately upright, vigorous, moderately productive.

FRUIT: medium to large, roundish to oblate, conic, angular, color pale yellow, more
or less marked, splashed and washed with bright red with a few pale yellow indistinct
dots ; stem short to medium, moderately stout in a narrow cavity of medium depth ; basin
shallow, narrow, slightly wrinkled.

FLESH: white tinged with red. crisp, tender, juicy, subacid with a good flavor.

QUALITY: dessert very good.

SEASON: middle to last of August.

ADAPTATION: quite hardy, having been fruited in Southern Manitoba. (Macoun.)

5J: KEPOHT ON THE No. 33

LOUISE (Princess Louise, Woolverton)

An apple of great value for the home garden as a choice dessert variety, but probably
not sufficiently productive to be profitable in the commercial orchard.

ORIGIN: at Maplehurst, near Grimsby; a chance seedling of the Snow and first known
as Woolverton. Samples were first exhibited by Mr. L. Woolverton at a meeting of the
Ontario Fruit Growers' Association at Hamilton, where it was given the name Princess
Louise, after Her Royal Highness, wife of the then Governor-General, His Excellency
the Marquis of Lome.

TREE: of slender habit; fairly vigorous; hardy; moderately productive.

FRUIT: roundish, size medium; skin greenish yellow, of bright waxy lustre, with
cheek of clear bright carmine; stem stout, three-quarters of an inch long, in a narrow,
moderately deep cavity; calyx half open, in a broad, shallow, slightly plaited basin.

FLESH: pure white; texture tender, fine, somewhat crisp, juicy with rich aromatic
flavor.

QUALITY: dessert very good; cooking fair.

VALUE: home market, first class.

SEASON: November to February.

LONGFIELD.

A late fall variety, valued chiefly for its hardiness; too small to ~e profitable where
better kinds will succeed.

ORIGIN: Russia.

TREE: a poor straggling grower; very hardy; very productive, inclined to overbear
and requires thinning; an early bearer.

FRUIT: size small; form roundish conical; skin yellow, with bright red cheek, and
a few large yellowish dots; smooth; tender, showing bruises quickly; stem short, set
in a deep regular usually slightly russeted cavity; calyx half open in an abrupt, wrinkled
basin.

LONGFIELD. SECTION OF LONGFIELD.

FLESH: white; texture very tender, juicy; flavor pleasant, subacid.
QUALITY: dessert fair; cooking good.
VALUE: market third class.
SEASON: October and November.

1914

riil'ITS OF ONTA1MO.

55

McINTOSH (Mclntosh Red),

A very fine dessert apple for
early winter use. At Ottawa and
along the St. Lawrence and other
places where conditions are favor-
able, it is counted one of the best
dessert apples of its season, adapted
and profitable for export.

ORIGIN: with John Mclntosh,
Dundela, Ont, on whose farm the
original tree was alive until quite
recently. In 1912 a monument
was erected at Dundela in honor
of this tree.

TREE: hardy, vigorous; fairly
upright; fairly productive; an
annual bearer; of Fameuse type.

MCINTOSH RED.

FRUIT: size medium to large; form roundish; color, deep crimson in sun, light crimson
on shady side, inclined to show broken stripes and- yellow dots, often with a heavy blue
bloom; stem one inch in length, stout, set in a wide, and often somewhat irregular
cavity, which is green at bottom; calyx closed in a smooth, regular, rather shallow basin.

FLESH: snow white; tex-
ture crisp, tender, very
juicy; flavor slightly sub-
acid, aromatic, perfumed
near the skin.

QUALITY: dessert first
class.

VALUE:

first class.

home market

SEASON : November to
January; quite ready for
eating by November first.

ADAPTATION : general;
attains to best develop-
ment in the northern apple
growing sections, such as
the St. Lawrence.

SECTION OF MC!NTOSH RED.

56

REPORT ON THE

No 33

MAIDEN BLUSH.

A valuable apple for
the amateur because of
its extreme beauty, but
not considered a very
profitable market
variety by Ontario fruit
growers.

ORIGIN: New Jersey.

TREE: moderately vig-
orous grower, and pro-
ductive.

FRUIT: size medium
to large; form oblate,
very regular, but
slightly one-sided; color
lemon yellow with
beautiful crimson
blush; stem three-
quarters of an inch
long, set in a moder-
ately deep, wide cavity;

SECTION OF MAIDEN'S BLUSH.

calyx closed, in a shal-
low, slightly wrinkled
basin.

FLESH: color white;
texture fine, tender;
flavor pleasant; sub-
acid.

QUALITY: dessert,
fair; cooking, good.

SEASON: September to
November.

MAIDEN'S BLUSH.

1914

FKUITS OF ONTARIO.

McMAHON (McMahon White).

A good sized and rather attractive fall apple, valuable especially for the hardiness
of the tree; succeeds well at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa; too tender in
flesh to ship well.

ORIGIN: from seed of Alexander, planted about 1860 by A. L. Hatch, Ithaca, Wiscon-
sin.

TKEE: very hardy; very strong grower; productive.

FBUIT: size large, uniform; form roundish oblate, slightly conical, obscurely ribbed;
skin light yellow, becoming white at full maturity, often with blush of red and white
dots; stem short, about half an inch long, stout, in an acute, deep, russeted cavity; calyx
half open in a narrow, moderately deep, slightly wrinkled basin.

FLESH: color white; texture nearly fine, tender, juicy; flavor subacid.

QUALITY: dessert fair; cooking very good,

VALUE: home market first class; export third class.

SEASON: October to January.

MARTHA.

A hybrid crab.

ORIGIN: by Peter M. Gideon, Excelsior, Minnesota.

TREE: medium size, moderately vigorous, spreading; very hardy; early bearing and
a reliable cropper.

FRUIT: large, oblate, very regular; surface smooth, yellow, almost entirely covered
with a beautiful bright red, with a bluish bloom, no stripes or splashes; dots white, con-
spicuous; cavity wide, regular; stem long; basin very wide, nearly flat; segments often
nearly obsolete, core closed.

MARTHA.

SECTION

MARTHA.

FLESH: yellowish white, acid.

QUALITY: one of the best of its class for culinary purposes.

SEASON: early to mid-September.

58

REPOKT OX THE

Xo. 33

MANN.

The Mann apple is not very highly recommended for extended orchard planting in
Ontario, because of its rather unattractive green color in shipping season. The tree
has the merit of being a productive variety and an early bearer, but the fruit is inclined
to drop early, and to be small when not thinned.

ORIGIN : New York
State, a chance
seedling introduced
by Dr. Mann, after
whom it was named
by the Western
New York Horticul-
tural Society.

TREE : hardy,
moderately vigor-
ous, spreading,
with slender
branches; a little
slow coming into
bearing and in-
clined to overbear.

FRUIT: of large
size when thinned
and well cultivated,
form roundish, ob-
late, regular; skin
dull green, yellow:
ing at maturity,
nearly covered with
light green dots;
MANN. stalk half an inch

long in a large,
slightly russeted
cavity; calyx closed
in a somewhat
abrupt, furrowed
and wrinkled basin.

FLESH: yellowish,
moderately firm,
juicy, agreeable,
subacid.

QUALITY : dessert
poor; cooking good.

VALUE: first class
for home or foreign
market, but the best
prices are not
always obtained for
the fruit, owing to
its u n a 1 1 r active
color.

SEASON : January
to April.

SECTION OF MANN.

1914

FKUITS OF ONTARIO.

55)

MILWAUKEE.

One of the best hardy winter apples for the commercial orchards in the northern

belt of apple culture
in Ontario ; tested
several years at the
St. Lawrence station,
and reported as one
of the most promis-
ing winter apples for
profit yet tested tor
that district; a fairly
good shipper, but its
lack of color is a
serious fault as a
market apple.

ORIGIN: a seedling
of Duchess of Olden-
burg, by Geo. Jeffrey,
Milwaukee, Wiscon-
sin.

MILWAUKEE.

TREE: growth moderately vigorous; habit spreading; very hardy; very productive;
an early bearer; foliage dark green, abundant; shows characteristics of the Duchess.

FRUIT: large, form oblate, flattened, slightly angular; skin yellowish green blushed
and streaked with bright red and crimson on the sunny side; stem slender, one-half inch
long in a large, deep, often russeted cavity; calyx half closed in a wide, deep wrinkled
basin.

FLESH : color yel-
lowish white ; tex-
ture tender, crisp,
juicy; flavor acid.

QUALITY : dessert
fair; cooking very
good.

VALUE : for near
markets first class.

SEASON : December
to March.

SECTION OF MILWAUKEE.

60 REPOET ON THE No. 33

NEWTOWN PIPPIN (Yellow Newton Pippin, Albermarle).

The highest priced apple that reaches the English market, but not much grown in
Ontario.

ORIGIN: Newtown, Long Island.

TREE: a slow grower and only moderately hardy; needs rich soil and good cultivation.

FRUIT: medium to large; form, roundish oblate, with broad obscure ribs terminating
in five crowns at the apex; color, dull green, becoming yellowish during the winter, with
reddish-brown tinge on the sunny side, and dotted with small grey russety dots; stem
three-quarters of an inch long, inserted all its length in a deep, wide, funnel-shaped
cavity; calyx small, closed in a small, moderately deep furrowed basin.

FLESH: greenish white; texture firm, crisp, juicy; flavor, rich and highly aromatic.
VALUE: home markets, first class; foreign market, first class.
QUALITY: cooking, first class; dessert, first class.
SEASON: January to May, at its best in March.
ADAPTATION: only to certain favored sections.

NORTH STAR (Dudley Winter).

Originated in Maine. Fruit roundish; size above medium to large; cavity, open,
deep, slightly russeted; stem medium length, slender; basin deep, medium width, slightly
wrinkled; calyx partly open; color pale yellow, streaked and splashed with deep, lively
red; dots few, small, pale yellow, indistinct; skin moderately thick, tender; flesh yellow,
rather coarse, tender, moderately juicy; core small; subacid, pleasant flavor; quality
above medium, almost good; season late September to early winter. Tree vigorous and
productive. A handsome apple, about the same season as Wealthy. This variety is suc-
ceeding well in some of the colder parts of the country. (Macoun.)

NORTHWESTERN GREENING.

One of the winter commercial apples, adapted especially for colder sections; attrac-
tive in appearance. It is inferior in flavor and quality to the Rhode Island Greening.

ORIGIN: Wisconsin; introduced in 1872 by E. W. Daniels.

TREE: productive, but long in coming into bearing; hardy, in Minnesota reckoned to
be of the second degree of hardiness, or in the same class as the Wealthy.

FRUIT: size large to very large; form roundish, slightly conical; color green, becom-
ing yellowish, with small white dots; stem about half an inch long in a regular funnel-
shaped cavity of moderate depth; calyx closed, in a regular, slightly wrinkled basin.

FLESH: color greenish white; texture fine grained, firm, juicy; flavor sprightly, sub-
acid, pleasant.

QUALITY: dessert, good; cooking, good.

VALUE: home market, first class.

SEASON: winter.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

61

ONTARIO.

ONTARIO.

This is a native of
Ontario, as its name in-
dicates. It was origin-
ated by the late Charles
Arnold, of Paris, On-
tario, by crossing Wage-
ner and Spy. Its early
and abundant bearing,
the good quality and
even size of the fruit,
are points in its favor
as an export variety. It
was tested in a com-
mercial way for some
years at the Bay of
Quinte station, where it
was counted profitable.

ORIGIN; Paris, On-
tario.

TREE: fairly hardy,
moderately vigorous,
somewhat spreading;
very productive; an
early bearer and short
lived.

FRUIT: large, ob-
late, slightly rib-
bed; sides unequal;
skin yellowish,
nearly covered with
bright red, with a
few scattered small
white dots with
bluish bloom; stem
seven-eighths of an
inch long, in a deep,
russeted uneven
cavity; calyx closed
in a moderately
deep, corrugated
basin.

FLESH: white
with green tint,
yellowing slightly
as it ripens; tex-
ture fine grained,
tender, juicy; flavor
mild, subacid,
sprightly, aromatic.

QUALITY: very good for all purposes.

SEASON: November to April.

ADAPTATION: Southern Ontario to north shore of Lake Ontario and other good apple
districts.

SECTION OF ONTARIO.

62 REPORT ON THE No. 33

ORANGE.

A fairly good dessert variety of hybrid crab.

ORIGIN: United States.

TREE: a slow grower; productive.

FRUIT: size medium; form round, slightly flattened at the ends; color light
orange, with minute white dots and russet veins; stem slender, one and a quarter
inches in length, set in a deep, open cavity; calyx closed, in a furrowed basin.

FLESH: color yellowish, yellow veinings; texture a little dry; flavor mild, pleasant,
acid.

SEASON: September to November.

PATTEN (Patten Greening).

ORIGIN: Iowa.

TREE: hardy; moderately vigorous; very productive.

FRUIT: large oblate; cavity deep, medium width, russeted; stem short; basin deep,
medium width; calyx open, large; skin pale yellow with traces of pale green, with a pink
blush; dots moderately numerous, pale green, distinct; bloom, slight; skin, moderately
thick.

FLESH: yellow, moderately juicy, tender, coarse; core, small; subacid; pleasant
flavor.

QUALITY: above medium.

SEASON: October to mid-November. Hardier than Wealthy and useful where that
variety will not succeed. (Macoun.)

PHOENIX.

A fairly profitable commercial apple in some parts. It is grown in Northumberland
County and in other apple sections in the Province, and by some growers is ranked equal
to the Baldwin for profit

ORIGIN: Illinois.

TREE: healthy and productive.

FRUIT: medium to large; roundish, sometimes quite one-sided; color greenish yellow
ground well covered with deep red, obscurely striped with a darker shade, and having
a few small grey dots; russeted about the cavity and green about the basin; stem one
half an inch long in a funnel-shaped cavity; calyx half closed.

FLESH: creamy white, coarse grained, somewhat juicy; flavor mild, acid, pleasant.

QUALITY: dessert, poor; cooking, good.

VALUE: first class for export, if shipped early.

SEASON: December to February.

PORTER.

"Fruit above medium, oblong ovate, conical, regular, often ribbed at apex; bright
yellow, sometimes a dull blush in the sun; stalk one inch long, slender, cavity rather
small; basin narrow; flesh tender, rich, rather acid, of fine flavor. Fair and productive.
Early autumn. (American Fruit Culturist.)

It is desirable for planting for home use or for some .local market, but generally it
is not regarded as a profitable commercial variety.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

PEERLESS.

A remarkably
a 1 1 r a c tive fall
market or ship-
ping apple; grows
bright and clean,
like Duchess,
without blem-
ishes; growing in
favor. C a s t o n
grows this apple
to perfection near
Lake Simcoe, On-
tario.

ORIGIN: seedling
of Duchess; Min-
nesota, 1865.

FRUIT described
by Hanson as fol-
lows : large,
roundish oblate,
regular; surface
greenish, striped
and splashed
rather thinly with
dull red, slightly

PEERLESS.

marbled on sunny
side; cavity wide
with radiating
green (a char-
acteristic) ; stem
short; basin wide,
usually abrupt
and wavy ; calyx
closed or naif
open.

FLESH: firm,
juicy, s u b a c i d,
good.

QUALITY: cook-
ing, first class.

C O M M E R C IAL

VALUE: first class.
SEASON: Sep-
tember to Novem-
ber. (Woolver
ton.)

m

SECTION OF PEERLESS.

EEPOET OX THE

Xo. 33

PEWAUKEE.

A good commercial apple for the northern limits of the Ontario apple belt where

Spy and Baldwin are
tender; but not as
hardy as was at first
supposed. It is not
gaining in popularity
because the fruit is de-
ficient in color and
quality and drops badly.
ORIGIN: seed of
Oldenburg crossed with
Northern Spy, raised
by G. P. Peffer, Pewau-
kee, Wisconsin.

TREE: hardy, but not
equal in this respect to
Wealthy; vigorous ;
habit: round topped
with upright centre; an
annual bearer.

FRUIT: size large;
form roundish oblate,
irregular, unequal ;
color yellow striped and
splashed with red; dots
PEWAUKEE.

whitish; bloom grayish;
stem short, half an inch,
sometimes fleshy at
point of insertion, set
in small shallow often
flat cavity, sometimes
lipped; calyx half open,
large, in a small shal-
low, corrugated basin.

FLESH: color yellow-
ish white with yellow
veinings; texture firm,
rather coarse, juicy;
flavor fair, subacid.

QUALITY: dessert fair;
cooking good.

VALUE: home or
foreign market first
class.

SEASON: December to
March.

SECTION OF PEWAUKEE

1914

FEUITS OF ONTARIO.

65

PRIMATE.

A fine dessert
apple for the home
garden ; too tender
for distant shipment.

ORIGIN: uncertain,
p r o b ably Western
New York.

TREE:
vigorous,
rical, very
tive.

hardy,

symmet-

produc-

SECTION OF PRIMATE.

FRUIT: medium to
above medium; form
oblate conical; skin
light yellow, with
crimson blush on
sunny side; stem
about one inch long
inserted in a large

deep furrowed cav-
ity; calyx closed in
an abrupt, moder-
ately deep, somewhat
corrugated basin.

FLESH: color
white; texture ten-
der, juicy, with a
very pleasant, sub-
acid flavor.

QUALITY :
very good ;
good.

dessert
cooking

VALUE: home
market first class;
foreign market
second class.

SEASON: August
and September.

ADAPTATION : suc-
ceeds in best apple
districts.

5 F.O.

PRIMATE.

66

REPORT ON THE

Xo. 33

RIBSTON (Ribston Pippin},

A highly esteemed
English apple, largely
planted in Ontario
previous to 1860, but
of late not so popular
in commercial
orchards.

ORIGIN: Ribston
Hall, near Knares-
borough, England.

TREE: moderately
vigorous; fairly
healthy; not hardy at
the north; productive;
an early bearer.

FRUIT: size medium
or above; form round-
ish, slightly conical ;
skin rough; color rus-
sety yellow with
stripes of red and
often a red shade on
sunny side; stem short,
set in a wide often
somewhat russeted

RIBSTON.

cavity ; calyx small,
closed in a narrow
angular, ribbed basin.

FLESH: yellow; tex-
ture crisp, firm, gran-
ular, juicy; flavor
rich, aromatic, sub-
acid.

QUALITY: dessert
good; cooking very
good.

VALUE: home mar-
ket first class.

SEASON: November
and December; keeps
till January in a cool
cellar.

ADAPTATION : suc-
ceeds in best apple
districts, although it
is somewhat hardier
than Baldwin or
Greening.

SECTION OF RIBSTON.

1914

FEUITS OF ONTARIO.

67

ROXBURY (Roxbury Russet).

One of the staple export varieties in many parts of Southern Ontario, because of its
long keeping qualities. It resists scab well, but is inclined to drop early from the trees,
resembling the Greening in this respect.

ORIGIN : Massachusetts.

TREE: fairly vigorous,
spreading like Greening, but
flatter in form of top.

FRUIT: medium to above
medium, roundish, oblate,
sides not equal; skin tough,
green, nearly covered with
russet, and having a brownish
red cheek when fully exposed
to the sun; stem half to
three-quarters of an inch long
in a medium sized, regular
cavity; calyx closed in a
round medium sized basin.

FLESH: yellowish white;
texture almost coarse grained,
moderately juicy; flavor mild,
subacid, pleasant.

ROXBUBY -RUSSET.

QUALITY:
cooking, good.

dessert, fair;

VALUE: home and foreign
markets, good.

SEASON: January to June.

ADAPTATION: long tested in
the Niagara district and
found to be well adapted to it.
As hardy as the Greening,
and succeeds in the best
apple districts.

\

\

SECTION OF ROXBURY RUSSET.

68

EEPORT ON THE

No. 33

ST. LAWRENCE.

The St. Lawrence apple is not now planted in the commercial orchards of Ontario,
bordering on Lakes Ontario, Erie or Huron, being inferior to other autumn varieties

of its season, but it is
valued in orchards
along the St. Lawrence
river, and in parts of
the province between
latitudes 45 and 46. It
is rather subject to scab.

ORIGIN:
Canada.

Montreal,

TREE: hardy, vigorous
and productive.

FRUIT: large; form,
roundish oblate; color
of skin yellowish, with
distinct stripes and
splashes of carmine;
dots obscure; stem five-
eighths of an inch long,
inserted in a large, deep,
regular cavity; calyx
closed in a small, deep
basin.

ST. LAWRENCE.

FLESH: color white,
slightly stained ; tex-
ture crisp, tender, juicy;
flavor vinous, slightly
acid.

QUALITY : dessert
good; cooking good.

VALUE: home market,
first class ; foreign mar-
ket, second class.

SEASON : September
and October.

ADAPTATION : hardy
generally over the pro-
vince, except the ex-
treme north.

SECTION OF ST. LAWRENCE.

1914

FEU ITS OK OXTAK10.

SCARLET PIPPIN.

SCARLET PIPPIX.

FLESH: pure white, texture
tender, fine, crisp, breaking
juicy, with a subacid flavor.

QUALITY: dessert, best; cook-
ing, good.

VALUE: special market, first
class.

SEASON: October to February;
at its best in October and Novem-
ber.

A fancy dessert apple
which is esteemed profit-
able to grow for market
along the River St. Law-
rence and Ottawa Valley.

ORIGIN: near Brockville
in Leeds County. A chance
seedling.

TREE: upright in habit;
hardy; vigorous and very
productive ; inclined to
overbear.

FRUIT: medium size
roundish oblate ; skin,
waxy white, streaked;
splashed or almost entirely
covered with bright scarlet
covering; stem stout, one-
half to three-quarters of an
inch long in a narrow,
moderately deep cavity ;
calyx closed in a narrow,
very shallow basin.

SECTION OF SCARLET PIPPIX.

SALOME.

A Western apple which promises to be of some value in the Province of Ontario.
The hardiness of the tree, the clean bright color of the fruit and its long keeping quality
seem to combine in its favor as a commercial variety, especially in the colder sections.

ORIGIN: Ottawa, Illinois; propagated by E. C. Hathaway.

TREE: hardy, productive, a slow grower, an early and an annual bearer.

FRUIT: size medium; form roundish, conical, somewhat angular or lopsided; color
bright red with stripes of darker red and numerous small grey dots on a yellowish

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

ground; when harvested the skin is green, but during the winter it takes on the color-
ing above described, making it very attractive; stem stout, three-quarters of an inch
long, set in a deep, uneven cavity; calyx half closed, segments erect, in a moderately
deep, slightly plaited basin, having five distinct prominences; core large, open, sessile.

FLESH: color yellowish; texture tender, firm, becoming toward spring moderately
juicy; flavor pleasant, subacid.

QUALITY: dessert, fair; cooking, good.

VALUE: promising for export.

SEASON: November to March.

ADAPTATION: succeeds remarkably well in the County of Simcoe and at other favored
points in the north.

SCOTT WINTER.

SCOTT WINTER.

In the Province of Quebec this is
considered the best late winter
cooking apple, the tree being very
hardy and the fruit a long keeper;
useful for the northerly limits of
apple culture.

ORIGIN: On the Scott farm New-
port Vermont. Introduced by Dr.
Hoskins, of Newport.

TREE: vigorous; habit upright;
productive, an early bearer.

FRUIT: size small to medium;
form roundish oblate, slightly coni-
cal; skin yellow, washed, striped
and splashed with red; stem short
set in a regular, deep, russeted
cavity; calyx closed in a narrow,
abrupt, wavy basin.

FLESH: color yellow; texture
fine grained, crisp, juicy; flavor
pleasant, sprightly acid.

QUALITY: dessert, fair; cooking,
good.

VALUE: fruit rather small for
market except under high cultiva-
tion.

SEASON: late winter.

SECTION OF SCOTT WINTER.

1914

FUUITS OF OXTAKIO.

71

SEEK-NO-FURTHER.

An old commercial
variety, at one time con-
siderably planted in
some parts of Ontario,
and still highly valued
by some apple growers.
Not much planted in
the newer orchards.

ORIGIN : near West-
field, Connecticut,
U.S.A., about 1796.

TREE: vigorous, hardy;
habit spreading; pro-
ductive. Succeeds best
on rich sandy loam.

FRUIT : size medium
to above; form roundish
conical ; skin greenish
yellow shaded with dull
red, striped with bright
red, with russet vein-
ings and a few large
prominent yellow dots;

SEEK-NO-FURTIIEK.

stem short iii a deep,
slightly russeted cav-
ity; calyx usually
open in a narrow,
shallow leather
cracked basin ; not
subject to scab.

FLESH : yellowish
white; fine grained,
tender; flavor spicy,
pleasant, subacid.

QUALITY: dessert,
very good; cooking,
fair.

VALUE: market,
first class.

SEASON: October to
February.

SECTION OF SEEK-XO-FURTHER.

REPORT OX THE

Xo. 33

SHIAWASSEE (Shiawassee Beauty).

A fine variety of
the Fameuse type ;
much less subject to
scab than Pameuse
itself. A fancy
variety for dessert
purposes.

ORIGIN : in Shia-
wassee C o u n t y,
Michigan, supposed
to be a seedling of
Fameuse.

TREE: hardy, vigor-
ous; upright; pro-
ductive alternate
years.

FRUIT: size medium
to large; form de-
cidedly oblate; color
yellowish ground,
almost entirely
covered with stripes,
splashings and mott-
lings of dark crim-
son, and a few large prominent yellowish dots; stem slender, three-quarters of an inch
long, set in a broad, deep cavity; calyx usually closed, in a large deep basin.

SHIAWASSEE BEAUTY.

FLESH: color very
white; texture firm,
very crisp, juicy,
fine grained ; flavor
excellent.

QUALITY : cooking,
fair ; dessert very
good.

VALUE: home or
foreign market
promising.

SEASON: October to
January.

ADAPTATION : Can
be grown wherever
Fameuse succeeds.

SECTION OF SHIAWASSEE BEAUTY.

1914

FEUITS OF ONTARIO.

73

SPITZENBURG (Esopus).

One of the finest dessert apples for late winter use, and widely planted by early
settlers throughout Southern Ontario. It has proved to be unprofitable as a commercial

apple in Ontario because
the tree is a weak grower,
and yields small crops.

ORIGIN: Esopus, on the
Hudson river, previous to
1798.

TREE: lacking in vigor,
often showing dead or
feeble wood ; upright,
spreading, with drooping
limbs when in bearing;
fairly hardy.

FRUIT: size medium to
large, oblong, slightly coni-
cal; skin straw color in
shade, but usually nearly
covered with bright red,
and dark red in sun, with
a few stripes, and many
obscure gray dots; stalk
seven-eighths of an inch

SPITZENBURG.

long in a narrow, deep
cavity; calyx nearly closed,
set in a narrow basin of
medium depth, slightly
corrugated.

FLESH: yellowish white;
texture crisp, juicy, break-
ing; flavor brisk, rich, de-
licious.

QUALITY: first class for
all purposes.

SEASON: November to
February.

ADAPTATION: succeeds
well on sandy loam in
Southern Ontario.

SECTION OF SPITZENBURG.

REPORT ON THE

Xo. 33

SPY (Northern Spy}.

The Spy stands in the very first rank of Canadian apples whether for home or foreign
markets. Originating in New York State on the line with the southern portion of the

Province of Ontario it
succeeds here to perfec-
tion. Its beauty of color-
ing half shaded by its
delicate bloom and its
great excellence of qual-
ity for all purposes,
justly claim for it its
wide popularity. In
Chicago, Canadian Spys
are more sought for
than any other variety,
but owing to tenderness
of skin, which shows
the slightest bruise, it
is less popular for ex-
port to Great Britain
than some other varie-
ties. The tree is late in
coming into bearing,
often being fifteen years
planted before yielding
a crop, and this renders
the variety somewhat
unpopular with planters.
Probably for fancy pack-
ages, selected Spy&
would be among the
best.

ORIGIN: near Roches-
ter, N.Y., introduced
about 1850.

TREE: upright and

SpY- spreading in habit; fruit

spurs on interior

boughs; very vigorous, late in coming into bearing, but afterwards productive in

alternate years; blossoms late in spring and holds its fruit late in the autumn; requires

high cultivation and

good fertility.
FRUIT: large to very

large ; form roundish,

slightly conical ; skin

thin, light green, or

pale yellow, sprinkled

with light pink, striped

and shaded with pink-
ish red, and covered

with thin whitish

bloom; stalk slender

three - quarters of ar

inch long, in a wide

deep, sometimes rus

seted cavity; caly>

small, closed, in a nar-
row, moderately deep, V

abrupt, irregular basin. \
FLESH: yellowish

white ; texture fine

grained, crisp, tender,

juicy ; flavor rich,

sprightly, subacid,

fragrant.

QUALITY: dessert and

cooking, best.
VALUE: home market

and export, first class.

SECTION OF SPY.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTABIO,

75

SEASON: January to May.

ADAPTATION: sandy or clay loams in Southern and Middle Ontario; found tender at
the St. Lawrence Experiment station, and also at the Lake Simcoe station, except where
top grafted to hardy stock.

STUMP.

An attractive looking fall apple.

ORIGIN: United States; probably in Monroe County, N.Y.

TREE: spreading, productive.

FRUIT: size medium; form oblate conical; color yellowish, splashed and blotched
with bright red; stem stout, three-eighths of an inch long, in a narrow, moderately deep,
funnel-shaped cavity; calyx half open, set in a shallow, narrow, abrupt basin.

FLESH: color white; texture crisp, juicy, firm; flavor subacid.

QUALITY: fair for dessert; good for cooking.

VALUE: home market, first class; foreign market, second class.

SEASON: September and October.

SWAYZIE (Swazie Pomme Orise).

There is no choicer winter dessert apple for the months of December and January
than the Swazie Pomme Grise, especially when kept in a cool, dark cellar, so that its
crisp texture and excellent flavor may be preserved. Unfortunately, it is not very pro-
ductive, and consequently not profitable. One large tree at Maplehurst, seventy-five
years planted, yielded only an average of four barrels each alternate year. It is well
worthy of a place in the amateur collection.

ORIGIN: probably with Col. Swayzie, near Niagara.

TREE: upright, fairy vigorous and not very productive.

FBTJIT: small, round, oblate, conical; color deep yellow, well colored with cinnamon

SWAYZIE.

SECTION OF SWAYZIE.

russet and many whitish dots; stem three-quarters of an inch long, set in a deep cavity;
calyx closed in a moderately deep, slightly corrugated basin.

FLESH: white, texture fine grained, tender, crisp, juicy; flavor aromatic, mild sub-
acid, pleasant.

QUALITY: dessert, first class; cooking, third class.

VALUE: for home market, second class; for foreign market, second class.

SEASON: December to March.

ADAPTATION: succeeds in best apple districts.

76

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

STARK.

The Stark has been
tested in a commercial
way in Ontario by many
growers in the Bay of
Quinte District, and is
considered a good win-
ter apple for export,
being about as profit-
able as Ben Davis, and
somewhat better in
quality; its dull red
color is a serious fault.

ORIGIN: Ohio.

TREE: a stout vigor-
ous grower, very pro-
ductive each alternate
year; foliage large, dark
green, somewhat sub-
ject to fungus.

FRUIT: large form;
roundish, slightly one-
sided, somewhat oblong
conical; skin covered
with shades and

STARK.

splashes of light and
dark red on a greenish
yellow ground, thickly
sprinkled with brown
dots ; stalk one - half
inch long, stout, in a
small cavity of medium
depth ; calyx large, half-
closed, in a large shal-
low, plaited basin; flesh
yellowish white ; tex-
ture a little coarse, firm
and moderately juicy;
flavor mild, subacid,
good.

QUALITY: dessert,
poor; cooking, good.

VALUE: second class.

SEASON : January to
May.

SECTION OF STARK.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

77

SWEET BOUGH (Large Yellow Bough of Downing).

An excellent dessert
apple, ripening about the
same season as the Early
Harvest; not subject to
scab, and a favorite with
those who prefer a sweet
to a sour apple. Not
profitable to grow for. mar-
ket, but it deserves a place
in every collection for
home use. Baked whole it
is delicious eaten with
cream.

ORIGIN: United States.

TREE: of medium vigor,
never attaining a large
size, and, therefore, even
with a full crop, not very
productive. Bears full
every alternate year; head
compact.

SWEET BOUGH.

FRUIT: large, ovate, coni-
cal; skin smooth, greenish
yellow; stem one inch
long, in a narrow, deep,
regular cavity; calyx open,
in a shallow, irregular
basin.

FLESH : white, fine
grained, tender and juicy;
flavor moderately sweet,
rich and agreeable.

QUALITY : dessert very
good; cooking good.

VALUE : home market,
second class; foreign mar-
ket, useless.

SEASON: late July and
August.

ADAPTATION: succeeds in
best apple districts.

SECTION OF SWEET BOUGH.

78

EEPORT ON THE

No. 33

TOLMAN.

(Tollman Sweet.)

The best winter sweet
apple; valuable for bak-
ing and by some people
esteemed a good dessert
apple; useful also as
stock feed, in place of
roots; not of much
value for export.

ORIGIN: a native of
Rhode Island.

TREE: a vigorous
grower, very productive
and very hardy; valu-
able as a stock upon
which to top graft other
and more tender varie-
ties, as, for example, the
King, which is more
productive, and the Spy,
which may be grown
farther north when top
grafted upon the Tol-
man than when upon
common stock.

TOLMAN.

FRUIT: size medium;
form roundish; color
light yellow, sometimes
with reddish cheek, and
a line from stem to
calyx; stem half an inch
long, often inclined, in-
serted in a wide shallow
cavity; calyx closed in
a small shallow basin.

FLESH : color white ;
texture firm, fine grain- \
ed; flavor sweet, rich.

QUALITY: dessert,
good ; cooking, good.

VALUE: second class,
except in special mar-
kets and in limited
quantities.

SEASON: November to
April.

SECTION OF TOLMAN.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

79

TRENTON.

\

ORIGIN: seed of Gol-
den Russet by Spy,
raised by Mr. P. Demp-
sey, A 1 b u r y, Prince
Edward County.

TREE : vigorous;
spreading.

FRUIT: size medium;
color red on yellow
ground with numerous
splashes and stripes of
dark red and 'many
white dots; form round
oblate; stem five-eighths
of an inch long in a
deep cavity; calyx
partly open in a deep
basin.

TRENTON.

FLESH: color yellow;
texture tender, crisp,
juicy; flavor pleasant,
subacid.

QUALITY: dessert,
good.

VALUE: second class.

SEASON: September
and October.

SECTION OP TRENTON.

80

REPORT OX THE

No. 33

TITOVKA (Titus Apple).

A variety as yet little known or tested in Canada. In season it follows the Duchess.
It is a favorite market apple in middle Russia and is found to endure the severest
winters. At Grimsby, grown as a top graft it is inclined to drop its fruit about the
middle of August, and almost before fully colored.

ORIGIN : Russia.

TEEE: very hardy and productive.

FRUIT: large, oblong to roundish, often flattened at base and apex, somewhat
irregular on sides; color yellowish green, almost covered with stripes and shadings of
bright red, and light green dots; cavity narrow, deep and irregular; stem about three-
quarters of an inch long, stout; basin large, plaited at bottom; calyx nearly closed,
segments recurved.

FLESH: white; texture firm, moderately juicy; flavor brisk, tart.

QUALITY: dessert, poor; cooking, good.

VALUE: home market first class.

SEASON: August and September.

ADAPTATION: worthy of trial where Wealthy or Duchess succeed.

TRANSCENDENT.

An excellent early autumn variety of the hybrid crabs.

ORIGIN: United States.

TREE: of moderate slender growth, hardy, somewhat subject to twig blight.

FRUIT: medium for its class; form roundish oblong, flattened at ends, ribbed; color
of skin golden yellow, with crimson cheek and thin whitish bloom; stem one and a
quarter inches long, set in an open deep cavity; calyx closed, segments large, set in a
hollow slightly corrugated basin; somewhat subject to scab.

FLESH: color yellowish; texture crisp and moderately firm; flavor acid, slightly
astringent, becoming pleasant when fully ripe.

VALUE: good.

SEASON: August and September.

TRANSCENDENT.

1914

FEUITS OF ONTAEIO.

81

WAGENER.

A fine dessert apple when grown and highly colored, but samples grown in the shade
are inferior both in appearance and in flavor. The texture. of the fruit is too tender

to be planted in the
commercial orchard.

OBIGIN: AbramWage-
ner, Penn Yan, N.Y., in
1796.

TEEE: a slow grower
and an early bearer;
not long-lived. An ex-
cellent variety to be
used as a filler.

FRUIT : medium to
large, form oblate ;
color yellow, nearly
covered with crimson,
obscurely striped, with
a few light dots; stem
about seven-eighths of
an inch long, inserted
in a broad, deep, irregu-
lar cavity; calyx closed,
set in a funnel form,

WAGENER.

FLESH: yellowish,
texture fine grained,
very tender, juicy;
flavor subacid, very
agreeable.

QUALITY : dessert, very
good; cooking, good.

VALUE: home market,
first class; foreign mar-
ket, second class.

SEASON: November to
February.

ADAPTATION: succeeds
in best apple sections.

somewhat
basin.

corrugated

SECTION OF WAGENER.

6 F.O.

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

WEALTHY.

This beautiful apple was distributed among the members of the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association in 1882 for trial, and has won for itself a good reputation in every

part of the Province as
a dessert apple of excel-
lent quality, while in
the northern portions it
is especially desirable
on account of its hardi-
ness.

ORIGIX: St. Paul, Min-
nesota, by Peter Gideon.

TREE: vigorous, very
hardy, over productive.

FRUIT: medium,
roundish, oblate, regu-
lar; skin, smooth, green-
ish ground, changing to
pale yellow, rich, red
cheek, with stripes and
splashes of red in the
sun, sometimes nearly
covered with crimson;
stem one-half to three-
WEALTHY.

quarters of an inch long
in a deep, regular
cavity ; calyx nearly
closed in a deep, abrupt
basin.

FLESH : white, tex-
ture fine grained, ten-
der, juicy, sprightly,
pleasant, subacid.

QUALITY: dessert
good; cooking, good.

VALUE: for home mar- If
ket, first class; for tc
foreign market, first
class.

SEASON: September to
November.

ADAPTATION: succeeds
throughout the Province
generally.

SECTION OF WEALTHY

1914 FRUITS OF ONTAJLUO.

VANDEVERE.

An old variety originated at Wilmington, Delaware.

FRUIT: medium oblate; surface waxen yellow, striped with red; dots numerous,
green; cavity deep; stem about one inch long; basin round, moderate; calyx small, closed.

FLESH: yellowish, compact, but tender, with a fine rich subacid flavor; good; valu-
able for culinary use. October to January. (Budd.)

WALBRIDGE (Edgar Redstreak).

A good winter variety for northern sections, on account of the hardiness of the tree,
but not commended for the apple orchards of the more favored districts.

ORIGIN: Edgar Co., Illinois, and first known as Edgar Redstreak.
TREE: vigorous; habit spreading; a tardy and often a shy bearer.

FRUIT: size small; form round conic; skin pale yellow, shaded with pale red and
having stripes and splashes of bright red on the sunny side, and a few obscure whitish
dots; stem short in an acute regular cavity; calyx closed in a narrow flat basin.

FLESH: color white; texture tender, juicy; flavor mild subacid.
QUALITY: dessert, fair; cooking, good, but rather small.
VALUE: market, second class.
SEASON: December to March.

WOLF RIVER.

The Wolf River is an apple that might be included in a list for export. It is a little
later in season than Alexander, and is supplanting that variety in some sections.

ORIGIN: a seedling of the Alexander, and originated in Wisconsin on the bank of
Wolf River.

TREE: very hardy, vigorous and fairly productive; an early bearer.

FRUIT: very large, oblate, or roundish oblate, usually regular in size; skin light
yellow, shaded with dark red or crimson in sun, with a few yellowish dots; stem three-
quarters of an inch long, set in a narrow deep basin, of a green or russet color; calyx
open, in a narrow, deep, green, wrinkled basin.

FLESH: yellowish white, moderately firm in texture, not fine grained, juicy, with a
pleasant subacid flavor.

SEASON: October and November.

ADAPTATION: general throughout the Province, but specially successful in the north.

SECTION OF WOLF RIVER.
[84]

1914

JbltUlTS OF ONTARIO.

85

WHITNEY (Whitney No. 20).

A hybrid crab, which originated in Illinois and has proved itself valuable in
Northern Illinois, in Minnesota, and in some parts of our Canadian Northwest. As
long ago as 1894, this apple was in bearing at Prince Albert in Alberta.

The apple is large for its class; it is a good cooking apple and a fair dessert apple.

TREE: productive; very hardy.

WHITNEY.

SECTION OF WHITNEY.

FRUIT: medium size; form roundish conical, slightly angular; color dark red,
splashed with dark crimson on a yellow ground, with obscure small white dots; stem
one inch long set in a flat wrinkled basin; calyx closed in a regular slightly russeted
basin.

FLESH: color yellowish; texture tender, juicy; flavor subacid.

QUALITY: cooking, very good; dessert, good.

VALUE: special market, first class.

SEASON: August to September.

YORK IMPERIAL.

A fine export market apple, highly valued in some of the American States, but not
yet much grown in Ontario.

ORIGIN: York County, Pa.

TREE: a moderate grower, productive.

FRUIT: medium in size: angular, oblique; color of skin, bright red in shades, stripes
and splashes on a yellowish ground; stem half an inch long in a deep funnel-shaped
cavity; calyx nearly closed in an irregular deep, slightly plaited basin.

FLESH: yellowish; texture firm and juicy; flavor subacid, good.

QUALITY: dessert, fair; cooking, good.

VALUE: first class for market.

SEASON: January to March.

86

REPORT ON THE

Xo. 33

YELLOW BELLFLOWER (Bishop's Pippin of Nova Scotia).

At one time the
Bellflower was plant-
ed to some extent in
Ontario orchards but
the tree has proved
itself irregular in its
bearing habits, some-
times producing
magnificent samples,
and at other times
small and poorly
colored fruit, and
the fruit is tender
and shows v0e r y
slight bruises, so
that we cannot re-
commend it as
worthy of a place
among the most
profitable varieties.

ing towards calyx,
some what angular
and ribbed ; color
pale yellow, often
with a beautiful
blush on the sunny
side and numerous
obscure whitish dots;
stem slender, one
inch long, in a nar-
row deep cavity;
caly* closed in a
small corrugated
basin.

FLESH: color yel-
low; texture tender,
juicy and crisp;
flavor sprightly sub-
acid agreeable when
eaten in season.

QUALITY : dessert,
good; cooking, good.

VALUE : home
market, first class.

SEASON: December
to February.

A D APTATION:
general, except in
extreme northern
sections.

YELLOW BELLFLOWER.

ORIGIN :
ton, N.J.

Burling-

TREE: vigorous,
forming a roundish,
spreading and some-
what drooping head;
productive alternate
years.

FRUIT: size large,
form apparently ob-

lonc;. because taper-

SECTION OF YELLOW BELLFLOYVEK

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

87

YELLOW TRANSPARENT.

This variety seems to be
proof against fusicladium,
both in leaf and fruit.

ORIGIN: St. Petersburg,
Russia. Imported by the
U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture in 1870.

TREE: hardy, vigorous, up-
right, an early and an annual
bearer, productive.

FRUIT: medium, roundish,
oblate, inclined to be conical;
skin clear white, yellowish
white when very mature;
dots light green, obscure;
stalk medium, in large cavity;
calyx closed in medium,
slightly corrugated basin ;
fruit hangs well on the tree.

YELLOW TRANSPARENT.

FLESH: white; texture firm
till very ripe, then tender.

QUALITY: second class.

VALUE: good early apple
for local market.

SEASON: early August.

ADAPTATION : succeeds al-
most everywhere over the
Province.

\

SECTION OF YELLOW TRANSPARENT.

THE CHERRY.

The cherry, which for a time was a comparatively neglected fruit in Ontario, is
now being largely planted and better culture is being given it. As a result, this
delicious fruit is now being produced in fairly large quantities in certain sections, and
as the crop is more uncertain than that of any other large fruits, the prices obtained
for cherries are good.

There are three well recognized groups into which the cultivated cherries are
divided, the Morello, or Sour cherries; the Bigarreau, Heart, or Sweet cherries, and
the Duke cherries, which are intermediate between the other two groups, the fruit
being usually subacid. The hardiest varieties are found in the Morello group, and for
this reason these Sour cherries have succeeded over a much larger part of Ontario
than the others. The eastern limit of the commercial culture of the Sour cherries is
about the city of Kingston, but northeast of that district along the St. Lawrence
River, especially within twenty or thirty miles of the water, they succeed admirably.
They are not grown to any extent north of latitude 45 degrees, as it has been found
that the dry cold winters kill the fruit buds, and it is only rarely that a crop is
produced. Near the northern limit of the successful culture of Sour cherries, it has
been found that large bodies of water have a beneficial influence in lessening the winter
injury.

The Sweet and Duke cherries have a much narrower range than the Sour cherries.
While they will succeed along Lake Ontario east of Toronto, where the influence of the
water moderates the climate, the crops are too uncertain for their commercial culture,
hence this is confined mainly to the south-western parts of the Province.

More care is required in 'Choosing a site for cherries than for apples. A warm
sandy loam or gravelly well-drained soil is to be preferred, and while the tree may
succeed for a time on poorly drained soil, they will not reach a great age, and are not
likely to prove profitable. A site should, if possible, be chosen where there is the least
danger from spring and summer frosts, as cherry blossoms are tender.

The preparation of the land for apple trees and directions for planting of the same
may be followed for the cherry, but even more care should be taken in planting, as
cherries are much harder to transplant than apples. For this reason, one or two year
old trees should be used, as the loss fromii planting older trees is liable to be great.

As the trees of the Morello cherries do not reach a great size, they may be planted
closer than the others; from eighteen to twenty feet apart being sufficient; while for
the Sweet cherries, twenty-five feet is not too much. The Duke cherries, which do not
grow quite so large as the Sweet, may be planted about twenty feet apart.

The pruning to shape the cherry tree is much the same as for the apple, but after
the tree becomes well shaped, the less pruning done the better. Often serious injury
occurs when cherry trees are severely pruned. Gum oozing from the tree is an indica-
tion of such injury.

Thorough cultivation is as necessary for cherries as for apples, and cover crops are,
if anything, more necessary.

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED.

GENERAL LIST APPROVED BY THE BOARD or CONTROL.

Hardy varieties suitable for any portion of the Province bounded by Lakes Ontario^
Erie, Huron and the Georgian Bay: Orel, Richmond, Montmorency, Russian 207. For
southern sections, see district lists.

[88]

1914 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 89

DISTRICT LISTS.
NIAGARA DISTRICT.

(Including the Niagara Peninsula from the Niagara River to Hamilton and north to

the escarpment.)

E. D. SMITH, WINONA,

Sour: Richmond, Montmorency, English Morello.

Sweet: White — Gov. Wood, Napoleon. Black — Knight, Tartarian, Mezel, Windsor,
Schmidt Bigarreau (for clay only).

P. G. S'TEWART, HOMER.

Sour: Richmond, Montmorency. (The English Morello, Ostheim and Wragg ripen
late here, and are apt to be stung before they are harvested.)

Sweet: White — Gov. Wood, Elton, Napoleon, Spanish. Black — Tartarian, Elkhorn,
Windsor.

FONTHILL DISTRICT.

(Including Townships of Pelham, Stamford and Thorold.)
G. C. BROWN, FONTHILL.

Sour: Richmond, Montmorency.

Sweet: Tartarian, Knighit, Napoleon, Gov. Wood, Windsor.

BURLINGTON-OAKVILLE DISTRICT.

(Including the southern part of the counties bordering on Lake Ontario between

Hamilton and Toronto.

A. W. PEART, BURLINGTON.

Dyehouse, Richmond, Windsor, Montmorency, English Morello.
• LAKE S'IMCOE DISTRICT.

(Including the northern and eastern section of Simcoe and northern sections of
York and Ontario bordering on Lake Simcoe.)

G. C. CASTON, CBAIGHUBST.
Orel 25, Ostheim, Montmorency, Dyehouse, English Morello.

OTTAWA DISTRICT.

(Including the Ottawa Valley and the eastern portion of the Province not elsewhere
enumerated, south of latitude 46 deg.)

W. T. MACOUN, HORTICULTURIST, CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM, OTTAWA.
Orel 25, Vladimir, Minnesota, Ostheim, Cerise d'Ostheim.

ALGOMA DISTRICT.

(Including the islands of Manitoulin and St. Joseph, and a limited portion of the
northern and eastern shore of the Georgian Bay.)

CHAS. YOUNG, RICHARD'S LANDING.

If near the influence of the water, Richmond, Montmorency, English Morello, Orel
25 and Ostheim.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

CH'OISY. (Belle de Choisy, Ambree grosse of LeRoy.)

The most delicious of all dessert cherries, and one that should be planted in every
amateur's garden; but of no value in the commercial cherry orchard, because not pro-
ductive, and the tree is often short lived.

ORIGIN: Choisy, near Paris, 1760.

TREE: Upright; foliage dark; hardy; not very
productive; group. Duke.

FRUIT: Medium to large, % x %» obtuse
heart-shaped; skin transparent, showing the struc-
ture of the flesh and the cells of juice within;
color bright cornelian red in sun, pale red to
amber in shade; stem slender, two inches long;
suture marked by a delicate line.

FLESH: Very pale red; texture soft, juicy;
flavor sweet, very delicious.

QUALITY: Dessert very good.

VALUE: Market second class.
SEASON: Late June.

CHOISY. ADAPTATION: Southern Ontario

CLEVELAND.

One of the finest Bigarreau cherries for dessert purposes, being of high quality
and not too firm in texture. A good variety for commercial orchards, because of its
high color and earliness of season, but not yet fully tested in this Province.

ORIGIN: By Prof. Kirtland,
Cleveland, Ohio.

TREE: Vigorous; of stout spread-
ing habit; productive, fruited after
three years planting at Maplehurst;
group, Heart.

FRUIT: Large, | x 15-16 of an
inch; form heart-shaped, sides un-
equal; color bright red maroon,
on yellowish ground, dark rich red
in the sun; stem s*out, 1% inches
long in a broad, uneven cavity;
suture broad, half way round.

FLESH: Light cream in color;
texture almost tender, juicy; flavor
sweet, rich and delicious.

QUALITY: First-class for table.

VALUE: Home market good;
distant market good.

SEASON: Late Juno. CLEVELAND.

[901

1914

EEPOET ON THE FRUITS OP ONTARIO.

91

COE. (Coe's Transparent.)

A good variety for the home garden, but altogether too tender to be popular for
the commercial orchard.

ORIGIN: In Connecticut, with
Curtis Coe, of Middleton.

TREE: Healthy, fairly vigorous,
with round spreading head, third rate
in productiveness; group, Heart.

FRUIT: Medium to large; round
and regular in form; skin thin, bright
shiny amber, nearly covered with rich
cornelian, marked with peculiar mottled
blotches; stalk one and a half to two
inches long, set in a medium wide
cavity; suture obscure.

FLESH: Very pale yellowish tint;
texture very soft and tender, juicy;
flavor very good, if not left hanging
too long.

QUALITY: Good for dessert.

VALUE: Second class for home
market; fourth class for distant
market.

SEASON: Early July.

ADAPTATION: South of Lake On-
COE. tario.

DYEHOUSE.

An early Morello cherry, ripening just in advance of Early Richmond, to which it
is quite similar.

ORIGIN: Central Kentucky; an accidental seedling in the orchard of Mr. Dyehouse.

TREE: An early and abundant bearer; habit round, spreading head, slender; fairly
vigorous; not as hardy as Richmond; class, Kentish.

FRUIT: Medium size, 946 x H-16 -of an inch; roundish oblate; apex depressed;
stem, half an inch long, rather stout, set in a large cavity; color, light red.

FLESH: Pale yellow; fairly firm; flavor acid.

QUALITY: Dessert, poor; cooking, first class.

SEASON: Early July.

DYEHOUSE.

92

HEPORT OX THE

No. 33

DOWNER. (Downer's Late.)

A delicious dessert cherry.
ORIGIN: Massachusetts.

TREE: A vigorous, upright grower; fairly productive; group, Heart.
FRUIT: Size, large, I X §5 form, heart-shaped; stem, 1£ to 1* inches long; apex
slight depression; color, bright shiny red, marbled.

FLESH: Creamy white; texture tender, melting; flavor rich and sweet.
QUALITY: Very good for dessert; fair for cooking.
VALUE: Market, second class.
SEASON: Mid July.

EAGLE. (Black Eagle.)

A very excellent dessert cherry, well deserving a place in the home garden, but not
sufficiently productive to be recommended for the commercial orchard. The average
annual yield of large trees at Maplehurst is from twenty-five to thirty quarts. The
fruit is usually in scattered clusters, and often borne singly, making the gathering ex-
pensive. In England, this variety is more
productive than in Canada.

OKIGTX: England, 1810, by Miss 10.
Knight, of Downton Castle, from Biggareau
and May Duke.

TREE: Second rate in vigor, of a round
spreading habit; third rate in productive-
ness; group, Bigarreau.

FRUIT: Medium to large, averaging
about 13-16 long by 15-16 of an inch wide;
form, obtuse heartjshaped, almost roundish
oblate; skin dark red, becoming almost
black; stalk slender, 1% to 1% inches long
in a medium cavity; stone, small.

FLESH: Dark purple; texture tender
and juicy; flavor very sweet, rich and
delicious.

QUALITY: Very good for dessert.

VALUE: First class for near markets;
second rate for distant markets, because it
soon decays.

SEASON: Mid Julv. BLACK EAGLE (Reduced).

EARLY PURPLE. (Early Purple Q-uigne.)

The earliest cherry is the Early Purple, a foreign variety known in France as the
Early Purple Guigne. The tree is a vigorous, upright grower, and becomes quite pro-
ductive as it acquires age. Frequently the birds destroy the fruit before it matures,
and if gathered as soon as colored red, it is little more than " skin and bones." The
last few days of growth, the fruit fills out wonderfully, and then becomes almost a
so-called " black cherry." Not usually profitable.

TREE: Upright, vigorous, healthy; productive when full grown.

FRUIT: Medium size; roundish heart-shaped; skin, dark red to purple; stem, two
inches long in a shallow cavity; suture obscure.

FLESH: Red to purple; texture, tender, juicy; flavor, sweet and pleasant.

QUALITY: Dessert, good.

VALUE: Market, second class.

SEASON: Mid June.

ADAPTATION: Grown at Maplehurst for thirty years and quite hardy; recommended
for trial north of Lake Ontario.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

93

ELKHORN.

ORIGIN: Unknown.

TREE: Upright, long-
jointed; growth, vigor-
ous.

FRUIT : Heart-shaped,
very large, black, solid,
firm, productive; very
good for dessert and
market.

SEASON: Late July,
before Windsor.

ELKHORN.

ELTON.

An excellent dessert cherry for the
garden, but too soft and too much in-
clined to rot, to be worthy of a place in
the commercial orchard.

ORIGIN : England.

TREE: A vigorous grower; upright in
habit; quite productive.

FRUIT: Medium' to large; color, pale
yellow, with red blush; stem, two inches
long, set in a deep cavity.

FLESH: Light yellow; texture deli-
cate, tender, moderately juicy; flavor, ^
sweet, vinous, delicious. ^j

QUALITY: Dessert, good; cooking,
fair.

VALUE: Fair, but like most white
cherries, not popular in the market, be-
cause inclined to show the slightest
bruises.

SEASON: Early July.

ELTON.

94 REPORT ON THE No, 33

GRENNER GLAS.
TEEE: Upright; fruit in clusters; vigorous; moderately productive.

FEUIT: Large in size, f X i» form, oblate, one-sided; color, bright red; cavity,
broad, shallow; stem, 1J inches in length; apex is a small depression; suture, traceable
on one side.

FLESH: Color, yellowish, with colorless juice; texture, tender; very juicy; flavor,
tart.

QUALITY: Dessert, poor; cooking, very good.
VALUE: Market, first class.
SEASON: Mid July.

HORTEMSE. (Reine Hortense.)

One of the finest . flavored of cooking cherries, and one which deserves the first
place in the home garden. It is not as productive as the May Duke, but from its habit
of fruiting singly is less subject
to rot than that excellent
variety.

ORIGIN: France, in 1832, by
M. Larose, Neuiliy; first fruited
in 1838.

TEEE: Of somewhat spread-
ing habit, a vigorous and hand-
some grower and fairly produc-
tive; group, Duke.

FRUIT: Very large; roundish
elongated; side slightly com-
pressed; skin, thin, light shin-
ing red mottled with darker red,
becoming richer in color the
longer it hangs; stalk, slender,
about two inches long.

FLESH: Creamy yellow; tex-
ture netted, very tender, juicy;
flavor, slightly subacid, excellent.

QUALITY : Very good for cook-
ing; very good for dessert,

VALUE: First to second class
for market.

SEASON: Mid July. HORTENSE.

1914

FKUITS OF ONTARIO.

95

KNIGHT. (Knight's Early Black.)

A delicious early, black cherry, ripening about a week in advance of Black Tar-
tarian. It is a regular and even bearer. The fruit is borne singly, or, occasionally, in
pairs, and, therefore, is not gathered as rapidly as those varieties which grow in clus-
ters. It is one of the most valuable dessert cherries, but not so productive as the
•Tartarian.

ORIGIN: England, by T. A. Knight,
in 1810, from Bigarreau, crossed with
May Duke.

TREE: Healthy, fairly vigorous,
with spreading head; second rate in
> productiveness; group, Heart.

FRTJIT: Medium to large; iform,
obtuse, heart-shaped, uneven; skin,
dark red or purple, becoming almost
black, if allowed to hang; stalk, two
inches long in a rather large cavity.

FLESH: Dark red to purple; tex
ture, tender and juicy, but firmer than
Tartarian; flavor, sweet, rich and de-
licious; stone, small.

QUALITY: Very good for all pur-
poses.

VALUE: For market, first class.
SEASON: Late June.

KNIGHT.

KOSLOV. (Koslov Morello.)

A valuable dwarf growing cherry of the Morello class, which is extremely hardy,
and promises to be of the greatest value in the cold sections of Ontario.

ORIGIN: Fifty trees of this variety were imported from Jaroslav Niemetz, of Win-
nitza Podolie, Russia, in 1889, by Mr. Linus Woolverton, then Secretary of the Ontario
Fruit Growers' Association, and by him distributed among the directors, and a few
sent to Dr. Wm. S'aunders, of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

TREE: Habit, bush form, very slow of growth, might be planted six feet apart in a
field and cultivated two ways; very hardy, Niemetz says it has endured a temperature
of 46 degrees below zero in Russia; very productive.

FRUIT: Fairly large; form, roundish; color, dark red, turning black at maturity;
stalk, one and a half inches long, set in a slight depression; suture, traceable.

FLESH: Red, turning dark red at maturity; texture, tender, juicy; flavor, mild acid.
QUALITY: Cooking, good.
VALUE: Almost first class.

SEASON: Early August.

96

REPORT OX THE

Xo 33

LATE DUKE. (Anglaise Tardive.)

A most desirable cooking cherry, because of its
mild agreeable acid; and one of the most profitable
of the Dukes, because (1) of its productiveness, and
(2) of its season, which is between the Early Rich-
mond and Montmorency. This and May Duke, which
precedes it about two weeks, cover the early part ot
the season for cooking purposes ; while Montmorency
(Kentish) and English Morello extend the season of
cooking cherries to the 1st of August.

TREE: habit, upright; very vigorous and very
productive; group, Duke.

FEUIT: large of its class, fxl of an inch' form'
roundish, slightly flattened; color, partly covered
with bright red, but rich, dark red when
fully ripe; stalk, U in. long, inserted
in a shallow cavity; suture, traceable;
flesh, creamy white, tender and juicy*
flavor, very mild, agreeable acid.

QUALITY : good
for dessert; best
for cooking.

SEASON: mid
July.

LATE DUKE.

MAGNIF1QUE. (Belle Magnifique.)

Chiefly valuable for its lateness of
ripening.

ORIGIN : France.

TREE: upright, round habit; vigor
moderate; not very productive; Duke.

FRUIT: about f of an inch long by
i broad; form, heart shape, flattened,
obtuse; color, bright red; stem, about
two inches long, set in a large, broad
cavity; suture, traceable.

FLESH: color, light yellow; juice,
uncolored; texture, slender, juicy;
flavor, subacid.

QUALITY: dessert, poor; cooking,
good.

VALUE: market, second class.
SEASON: late July.

MAGXIFIQUE.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

1)7

MAY DUKE. (Early Duke, Royal Hative.)

A fine cooking cherry. The great productiveness, health and vigor of the tree, the
mild acid of the fruit ripening over a considerable season, all tend to make this a
favorite variety. The
fruit is rather ten-
der for distant ship-
ments, and inclined
to rot in wet seasons.
These Duke cherries
have green and ripe
fruit at the same
time, which makes
them undesirable for
commercial orchard-
ing, as it necessi-
tates several pick-
ings instead of one,
increasing the cost
of harvest beyond
the margin of profit.
ORIGIN : Medoc, a
Province in France,
from whence the
name is said to be
a corruption.

TREE: upright, a
habit especially
noticeable in young
trees ; vigorous,
hardy and produc-
tive; group, Duke.

FRUIT: size, small to medium; form, roundish, obtuse, heart-shaped, with traceable
suture and distinct indentation to apex; grows in clusters; skin, bright red, turning
darker at full maturity; stalk, 1£ to 2 inches long; stone, small.

FLESH: red; texture, tender, very juicy; flavor, subacid, and very good.

QUALITY: good for dessert, first class for cooking.

SEASON: late June.

MAY DUKE.

MEZEL. (Monstreuse de Mezel, Bigarreau of Mezel.)

One of the finest of the late black cherries, of large size and great productiveness.
Though a Bigarreau, it has not the fault of its class of being especially subject to rot;

it is not so black in color as the Elkhorn, but dark
enough a red to be classed with the black
cherries.

ORIGIN: Mezel, France; first introduced in
1846.

TREE: upright, spreading, a very vigorous
grower; one tree at Maplehurst, forty years
planted, was thirty feet in height in 1897, and
covered an area about the same number of feet in
diameter; first rate in hardiness and in produc-
tiveness; group, Bigarreau.

FRUIT: very large, fifteen-sixteenths of an
inch long by one inch in width; form, obtuse,
heart shaped, slightly flattened, with a clearly-
defined suture on one side, ending in a slight
nipple; skin, dark red at first, changing to dark
purple at maturity; stalk, two inches long,
slender, set in good-sized cavity.

FLESH: firm, Juicy, breaking; flavor, sweet,
good.

QUALITY: for dessert, very good.
^^^ VALUE: for market, first class.

MEZEL. SEASON: mid July.

F.O.

98

EEPORT ON THE

Xo. 33

MORELLO. (English Morello.)

An old reliable variety for cooking
purposes, known in England for nearly
three hundred years, and deserving of
wider cultivation in Ontario. Downing
thinks the name Morello is from Morus,
the Mulberry, from the dark purple
color of its juice, which resembles that
of the mulberry; a profitable market
variety.

TREE: habit, spreading, slender,
hardy and very productive; vigor,
medium; group, Morello.

FRUIT: fairly large, roundish, nearly
heart shaped, somewhat flattened on
one side, with a slightly traceable
suture.

SKIN: red, turning dark red or
purple towards maturity; stalk, about
15 inches long, inserted in a shallow
cavity; stone, small, slightly cling.

FLESH: very dark red; texture, ten-
der, juicy; flavor, acid, becoming more
siub-acid and agreeable the more it
matures.

QUALITY: dessert, very poor, cook-
ing, first-class.

VALUE: home market, first class.
SEASON: early August.

MORELLO.

NAPOLEON. (Napoleon Bigarreau, Royal Anne of California.)

A valuable variety of foreign origin. Perhaps the most productive variety known,
yielding fruit of the very largest size which is in good demand, and, therefore, one of
the most desirable for the commercial orchard. It has one serious fault, namely, it is
very subject to the riot, especially in wet seasons, and sometimes the whole crop of this
variety is ruined by it.

TREE: upright, spreading, vigorous, hardy on the south shore of Lake Ontario; very
productive.

FRUIT: very large, oblong heart shaped; skin, yellow ground, light In shade, rich
red cheek in the sun, sometimes mottled; stem, H inches long; suture plainly
traceable.

FLESH: yellowish white, very firm, meaty, fairly juicy; flavor, good; texture much
esteemed for canning because it looks well in the jars and bears cooking well.

QUALITY: dessert, medium.
VALUE: market first class.
SEASON: early July.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

99

NAPOLEON.

MONTMORBNCY.

Of all the Morello cherries, this seems to us the most profitable. The tree is one
of the most vigorous in its class, the fruit being large and abundant. This and the
Early Richmond cover the season very well, and are the two leading Kentish varieties
for market. In France, this cherry has many synonyms, as, for example, Montmorency,
a longue queue, Petit-Gobet, etc.

ORIGIN: Montmorency valley, in France, in middle of 17th century.

TREE: hardy, healthy, fairly vigorous, very productive and an early bearer.

FBUJT: attached in ones and twos; size, f long by i inch broad; form, roundish,
almost flattened at apex; skin, bright, shiny red, becoming darker at maturity, easily
detached from the flesh; stem, 14 inches long, in a rather large cavity.

MONTMORENCY.

100

REPORT ON THE

Xo. 33

FLESH: pinkish yellow, tender, very juicy, sprightly acid.

QUALITY: very good for cooking.

VALUE: for market, first class.

SEASON: mid July.

ADAPTATION: general over the Province.

OREL 25.

One of the hardiest of the Morello
cherries; reported upon favorably by the
northern stations, and considered by Mr.
Jones, of the St. Lawrence station, the
best all round cherry yet tested for cold
sections.

ORIGIN: Russia; imported by Prof.
Budd in 1883.

TREE: rather a slow grower; an early
and abundant bearer ; habit, round spread-
ing head.

FRUIT: medium size, f X i of an in«h;
form, roundish; color, carmine; stem,
1J to 1* inches, in a round cavity; apex,
a distinct depression; suture, partly
traceable.

FLESH: color, yellowish; texture, ten-
der, juicy; juice, uncolored; flavor, mild
subacid.

QUALITY: dessert, poor; cooking, good.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: mid July.

ADAPTATION: one of the hardiest
varieties.

OREL.

OSTHEIM. (Griotte d'Osthcim.)

This Morello cherry was distributed throughout the Province by the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association. The fruit is of fair size, productive enough to be profitable, and
good for all purposes. Its hardiness should make it a special favorite in the colder
sections to succeed the Montmorency.

OSTHEIM.

1914 FKUITS OF ONTARIO. , , ;, /;101

ORIGIN : South of Spain, brought to Germany early in the 18th Century, and culti-
vated near Ostheim, Saxe-Weimar, whence its name.

TREE: third rate in vigor, almost a dwarf; first in hardiness, and second rate in
productiveness; group, Morello.

FRUIT: medium, about 9-10 X 13-16 in. in length and breadth. The variety must
vary, since Dr. Hogg describes it as large, and LeRoy describes the stalk 2 inches long,
set in a pronounced cavity; form, round, slightly depressed at the side; color, very
dark purple, almost black when ripe; stalk, Ig inches; suture, not traceable; pit, small,
cling.

FLESH: color, very dark purple; texture, tender, juicy, almost sweet when ripe,
agreeable.

QUALITY: poor for dessert, fair for cooking.

VALUE: for market, third class.

SEASON: late July.

ADAPTATION: quite general; found fruiting freely on St. Joseph's Island, Algoma.

OLIVET.

Prom tests in the experimental orchard, we judge the Olivet to be a valuable
variety for the home garden. The tree is a fine grower, and the fruit large and attrac-
tive, with a mild acid flavor, while in season it immediately succeeds the Reine
Hortense.

TREE: of French origin, usually classed with the Dukes, fairly vigorous; hardy;
productiveness, second rate.

FBUIT: large, £ by 1, obtuse, heart shaped, almost round; color, dark rich car-
mine; stem, 1 to 11 inches long in a broad cavity, often in pairs.

FLESH: reddish; texture, soft, melting, very juicy; juice, stains red; flavor, very
mild, pleasant acid.

QUALITY: dessert, fair; cooking, very good to first class.

VALUE: not yet determined in Ontario.

SEASON: early July.

OHIO. (Ohio Beauty.)

A sweet cherry, succeeding Wood; not subject to rot.

ORIGIN : Ohio.

TREE: habit, upright; vigorous producer; class, Heart.

FRUIT: size, large, 12-16 by 13-16; form, heartshaped; stalk, one and a half inches
long, slender, in a moderately deep, somewhat irregular cavity; color, light yellow,
nearly overspread with light and dark shades of bright red.

FLESH: color, yellowish white; texture, tender, meaty, somewhat juicy; flavor,
sweet, very pleasant.

QUALITY: dessert, very good; cooking, fair.

VALUE: market, second class, compared with black oxhearts.

SEASON: early to mid July.

PURITY.

A remarkably fine Morello cherry, ripening slightly in advance of the Early Rich-
mond, and very productive. It closely resembles Dyehouse.

TREE: fairly vigorous, healthy and productive; an early bearer.

FRUIT: size, fair, f x £ of an inch; form, roundish; color, very dark red; stem
long, 1* to 2 inches, set in a deep cavity; apex, much depressed; pit, small.

FLESH: color, yellowish; texture, tender; very juicy; flavor, subacid, pleasant.

QUALITY: dessert, fair; cooking, very good to best.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: late June to early July.

102; C -cBBPORT ON THE Xo. 33

PLYMOUTH. (Plymouth Rock.}

A valuable white Bigarreau, because not subject to rot, and a fine shipper.

ORIGIN: Connecticut.

TREE: vigorous; very productive; an early bearer.

FRUIT: medium* f x % of an inch; heart shaped; color, bright red in sun on yellowish
ground; stem, 1§ inches long in a one-sided cavity.

FLESH: yellow; texture, tender, meaty, moderately juicy; flavor, sweet, rich, ex-
cellent.

QUALITY: very good for dessert.

VALUE: market, second class.

SEASON: mid July.

RICHMOND. (Early Richmond.)
(Virginian May; Kentish Pie of Hogg; Hative of LeRoy.)

This Morello cherry appears to be of French origin, and George Lindley supposed
that it had been brought into England from Flanders in the reign of Henry III.

TREE: slow grower, slender in branch; very hardy; very productive in proportion
to its size. FRUIT: Below medium,

free from rot and not very
subject to curculio; form,
a" 1 m o s t round, though
slightly flattened ; skin,
uniformly of a bright red,
becoming darker as it ma-
tures; stem slender, about
one inch in length, often
carrying the calyx, in-
serted in a good-sized
cavity; apex, set in a small
indentation.

__ ^_ FLESH: very tender in

texture ; yellowish with
abundant uncolored juice:
RICHMOND. flavor quite acid; pit small.

QUALITY: poor for dessert, but first class for all culinary purposes.

VALUE: very good for market.

SEASON: early to mid July.

ADAPTATION: succeeds wherever cherries are grown in the Province.

ROCKPORT.

A Bigarreau originated by Prof. Kirtland, of Cleveland, Ohio. Its season of ripen-
ing is about the same as Governor Wood, but it is a heavier bearer of fruit, about the
same size and less highly colored. It would be profitable were it not so subject to rot,
but nearly every year we have lost a large portion of the crop of this variety at Maple-
hurst from this cause. Like the other Bigarreaus, it is too firm a cherry to be a
favorite with the birds.

TREE: upright, spreading; fairly vigorous; very productive.

FRUIT: large, roundish, obtuse, heart-shaped; skin, amber, nearly covered with
bright red.

FLESH: pale yellow; texture, firm, juicy; flavor, sweet and good.

QUALITY: dessert or cooking good.

VALUE: market, second class.

SEASON: late June

1914 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 103

ROYAL DUKE.

A fine pie cherry, but it ripens unevenly, and is inferior to the Late Duke, both
in quality and productiveness.

ORIGIN: France.

TREE: very upright; vigorous; fairly productive; Duke.

PBUIT: medium size, half by three-quarters of an inch in diameter; form, roundish,
heart shape: color, lighjt red, crimson on sunny side; stem one and a hall' inches long,
set in a round, regular cavity; apex, a dimple.

ROYAL DUKE.

FLESH: flesh color; texture, moderately firm, juicy; flavor, subacid.
QUALITY: cooking, good.
VALUE: market, first class.
SEASON: early July.

RUSSIAN MORELLO. (Russian 207.)

A good cooking cherry.

ORIGIN: Russia.

TREE: vigorous; productive.

FRUIT: small, \ inch long by § wide; roundish in form; color, dark red; stem, 2
inches long, in a shallow cavity.

FLESH: color, red, with colored juice; texture, tender, moderately juicy, semi-cling;
flavor, ordinary.

QUALITY: dessert, useless; cooking, good.

VALUE: market, second class.

SEASON: mid July.

SCHMIDTZ. (Schmidtz' Bigarreau.)

A magnificent cherry, but so far not sufficiently productive.
TREE: upright; very vigorous; not very productive; group, Bigarreau.
FRUIT: very large; form, obtuse, heart shaped; color, dull red, mottled with rich
red; stem, 1J inches long in a large cavity; suture, slight.

FLESH: color, reddish; texture, firm, moderately juicy, flavor, sweet and rich.
QUALITY: first class for dessert.
VALUE: market, first class.
SEASON: late July.

104

REPORT ON THE

Xo. 33

RUSSIAN MOBELLO.

SCHMIDTZ.

1914 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 105

SPANISH. (Yellow Spanish.)

Of the Bigarreau cherries, this is one of the finest, both on account of its great size
and its delicious flavor. The tree grows to a very large size, surpassing in this respect
any other cultivated variety with which we are acquainted. It does not average very
productive, because the fruit often blasts and drops, or is destroyed by Monilia. When,
however, it does mature a good crop, the yield is enormous.

The variety is of European origin, and was introduced into the United States
in 1800.

TREE: very vigorous, of large growth; habit, spreading, fairly productive.

FRUIT: very large and of a beautiful waxy lustre; form, round, obtuse, heart-
shaped; skin, clear amber, nearly covered with red when exposed to the sun; stem,
stout, 1^ inches long, in a wide cavity; suture, traceable.

FLESH: pale yellow; texture, firm, juicy, breaking; flavor, sweet, delicious when well
ripened.

QUALITY: dessert, very good; cooking or canning, very good.

SEASON: early July.

VALUE: market, first class.

SPANISH.

SUDA. (Suda Hardy.)

A fine Morello cherry, but of about the same season as the Montmorency and hardly
as productive.

ORIGIN : Missouri.

TREE: habits, round head, Kentish; fairly vigorous, very hardy; productive.

FRUIT: size I of an inch in diameter; form, roundish, slightly flattened; color, red;
stem, 1£ to If inches long, set in a regular cavity; apex, very slight; suture, barely
traceable.

FLESH: yellowish white; texture, soft, tender, juicy; flavor, tart.

QUALITY: dessert useless; cooking very good.

VALUE: market almost first-class.

SEASON: mid July.

TARTARIAN. (Black Tartarian.)

Of black cherries this is one of the choicest, whether for market or for dessert on
the home table. Of large size and delicious flavor, it is relished by all cherry lovers,
and being somewhat soft-fleshed, it is very subject to fhe ravages of birds; it is also

106

EEPOET ON THE

Xo 33

subject to not in wet seasons. On this account it is often necessary to harvest and ship
it a little on the green side. It is not so productive as some others, but it makes up for
this by bringing a higher price.

TARTARIAN.

ORIGIN: Russia and Western Asia, introduced into England in 1796, and thence to
America.

TREE: erect, vigorous, attaining large size; fairly productive; group, Heart.

FRUIT: very large, I X 1 inch, heart-shaped, of somewhat irregular outline; stem,
If inches long; skin, bright purplish black.

FLESH: dark purple, tender and juicy; flavor, rich and delicious.

QUALITY: dessert, very giood.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: early July.

ADAPTATION: south of Lake Ontario, and in sheltered places a little further north.

WINDSOR.

A valuable late cherry for either home use or market, its firm flesh making it a
better shipper than most dark-colored cherries. Indeed, from the middle to the end of
July, when this cherry is at its best, there is no other to compete with it, the Elkhorn
being just over. The tree is not an early bearer, and the fruit is very subject to the
rot in some locations and needs thorough spraying with Bordeaux to prevent this fungus.

ORIGIN: by James Dougall Windsor, Ontario.

TREE: a vigorous, upright, symmetrical grower, healthy, very hardy and productive.

FRUIT: large, 15-16 inch long by 1 inch wide; form, round, obtuse, heart shaped;
color, dark red, turning darker as it hangs; stem, 14 inches long, set in a moderately
deep cavity; in twos and threes; suture, obscure.

FLESH: yellowish, with reddish tint; texture, firm, moderately juicy; flavor, rich
and sweet.

QUALITY: dessert, very good; cooking, poor.

VALUE: first class.

SEASON: late July.

ADAPTATION: ifarther north than most Bigarreau cherries.

1914

FEU1TS OF ONTARIO.

107

WINDSOR.

WOOD. (Governor Wood.)

This variety has proved itself a most satisfactory cherry for both dessert and
market purposes. It is a very productive variety, and, though somewhat tender in
flesh, is not nearly so subject to
ravages by birds as Early Purple
or Tartarian. Originated by Prof.
Kirtland, of Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.

TREE: upright, spreading, healthy,
vigorous and hardy wherever the
peach succeeds.

FRUTT: medium to large, f to I
of an inch in length and breadth
respectively; form, roundish-heart-
shaped; skin, light yellow, shaded
with light to deep red; stem, 1* to
1-J inches long in a broad, deep
cavity; suture, distinct on one side.

FLESH: yellowish; texture, ten-
der, juicy; flavor, sweet, aromatic
and delicious.

QUALITY: dessert, very good.

VALUE: market, first and second
class.

SEASON: late June.

Gov. WOOD.

THE PEACH

The peach is the tenderest of the large fruits grown in Ontario, and the fact that
it can be grown so successfully in some parts of the Province has done much to dissipate
the idea which at one time prevailed in the United ^States and abroad, that the climate
of Ontario was too severe for anything but the hardiest fruits.

The district in Ontario where the peach succeeds best is the Niagara Peninsula,
where Lake Ontario and Lake Erie do much to amlieorate the climate and prevent in
a large measure the extremes in temperature which are fatal to peach culture. In the
Essex Peninsula, or the extreme southwestern part of the Province, the peach also suc-
ceeds well, but has in the past been more subject to root-killing in winter. This may
probably be guarded against in the future by the more general use of cover crops.

The peach also does fairly well where the soil is suitable all along the Lake Erie-
Huron shores, the most favorable locations, however, being within four or five miles of
the water. During recent years it has been found that the peach will thrive along the
shore of Nottawasaga Bay, which is known as the Georgian Bay district, but up to the
present time only a limited number of trees have been planted.

Peaches are raised for home use all over the western part of the Province with
varying degrees of success, depending on the protection afforded and the soil, but where
the temperature falls much more than 10 degrees Pahr. below zero success is very un-
certain. Probably the extreme northern limit where peaches have been produced in
the open is at Orillia, though the trees lived but a few years. They have been grown
as far east as the city of Belleville, and perhaps further.

The market for the best peaches is good, and the peach where it can be grown suc-
cessfully is one of the most profitable fruits.

As the peach is a tender fruit and the trees suffer when there are extremes of tem-
perature, and at certain seasons when there are light frosts, great judgment should be
shown in choosing a site for the orchard. Where possible, a site should be chosen with
an exiposure facing the water. If a northern exposure is available and the site is suit-
able in other ways it should be utilized, as often great injury is done by spring frosts
when the buds are swelling, and buds will not expand as rapidly on a northern slope as
on a southern. A site where local frosts are known to occur should be avoided.

While the situation for the peach orchard is important, a site will avail little if the
soil is not suitable. The soil should be as near as possible a rich warm sandy loam
with an open gravelly subsoil affording perfect drainage. Orchards are occasionally
found thriving on heavier soils, but success is less certain on the heavier lands.. The
soil should be thoroughly prepared as recommended for the apple, and no fruit will
respond better to thorough tillage than the peach.

Trees one year from the bud are the best kind to plant. They should be thrifty
and free from insects and disease. The best time to plant is early in the spring, although
fall planting is sometimes successful. Peach trees are planted twenty feet apart. When
planting, some of the best growers remove all of the side branches, leaving a mere whip,
while others cut the side branches back to within one or two buds of the main stem.
The advantage gained by the latter method is that the tree is stronger at the crotches and
not quite so liable to split down with weight of crop. Whatever plan is adopted, the
tree should be pruned back severely when set. Peaches are usually headed lower than
other large fruits, .from 12 to 18 inches from the ground being the usual distance at
which the head is started. For the first two or three years pruning should be carefully
done in order to get a well-balanced top with four or five strong branches, avoiding bad
crotches. In order to keep the tree within bounds, severe heading back is necessary
until the trees come into full bearing, the usual practice being to head back from one-
half to two-thirds of the previous year's growth every spring, at the same time removing
altogether branches which will make the top too crowded. The object is to have a tree
which will bear fruit all through the head instead of merely on the outside or at the
top of the tree.

[108]

1914 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 109

The cultivation of peach orchards should be very thorough to produce vigorous
growth, as the proportion of strong new growth which is made, regulates to a large
extent the size of the crop, for peaches, unlike most other large fruits, are borne on
the wood made the previous year.

Cover crops are very desirable in peach orchards, as the peach soils are usually
deficient in humus which cover crops supply, and the latter protect the roots of the
trees in winter, thus lessening the danger from root killing. As peach trees when in
full bearing draw heavily on the potash in the soil, a good application of unleached
ashes every two or three years is beneficial, and muriate of potash and bone meal applied
at the rate of about 200 pounds per acre each, annually, should do much good, especially
when barnyard manure cannot be obtained.

Where it can be managed, it usually pays well to thin peaches on the tree. This is
done when they are about the size of small hickory nuts, the peaches being left from
four to six and even eight inches apart on the branches.

It requires judgment to know just when to pick a peach, as much will depend upon
the distance it is to be shipped. When intended for immediate consumption, no one is
likely to pick a peach until it is ready to eat, but for a distant market it must be still
firm, though well colored. Fruit which is picked on the green side never attains its
full flavor, and, unfortunately, much fruit of this class reaches the market, and it un-
doubtedly lessens the consumption of this fine fruit. Bruising of peaches should be
avoided, hence great care should be taken in handling them.

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED.

General List, approved by the Board o/ Control.
General List for Niagara District only.

St. John, Early Crawford, Greensboro, Champion, *Brigdon or Garfield, Fitzgerald,
*Reeves, *Niagara, Elberta, Carmen, Beers Smock.

*Very similar, and any of these varieties may be set, but all are not needed to cover
the season.

DISTRICT LISTS.

.'

NIAGARA DISTRICT

(Including the Niagara Peninsula from the Niagara River to Hamilton and n<

to the escarpment).

S. H. Rittenhouse, Jordan Harbour,
j

St. John, Early Crawford, Fitzgerald, Elberta, Lemon Free, Beers Smock.

J. W. Smith & Sons, Winona.

Triumph (5); Leamington (5); St. John (15); Early Crawford (10); New Prolific
(10); Champion (5); Rareripe (10); Elberta (20); Late Crawford (5); Lemon Free
(10) ; Beers Smock (5).

The figures refer to the percentage of each variety that this firm recommends for
planting.

C. E. Fisher & Sons, Queenston.

Commercial: Sneed (White), Triumph, Carman (White), St. John, Fitzgerald,
Jacques, Reeves, Niagara, Elberta, Late Crawford, Beers Smock.

NOTE. — The Triumph requires a rich, sandy loam, well fertilized every year with
well-rotted compost manure, applied during early winter, and in spring just before plow-
ing a heavy application of muriate of potash and pure bone. Proper pruning of tree
and thinning of fruit are essential.

110

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

ESSEX PENINSULA

(Including Essex, Kent and Pelee Island).
J. L. Hilborn, Leamington.

Dewey, St. John, New Prolific, Engle, Kalamazoo, Elberta, Banner, Golden Drop,
Lemon Free.

J. Atkin & Son, Leamington.

Dewey, St. Johns, New Prolific, Champion, Kalamazoo, Engle, Banner, Late Craw-
ford, Lemon Free, Smock, Salway.

FOREST DISTRICT

(Including the County of Lambton).
D. Johnson, Forest.

For those parts of the county influenced by the lake: St. John, Fitzgerald, Late
Crawford, Engle, Kalamazoo, Elberta, Smock.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES

ALEXANDER.

An early variety, grown in the Niagara district and in Essex County. It is a cling-
stone of poor quality for dessert purposes and poor also for cooking, so that, in compe-
tition with better varieties coming in at the same time from southern orchards, it sells
at a low price in our markets.

ALEXANDER.

ORIGIN: chance seedling, Mount Pulaski, 111., on farm of A. O. Alexander.

TREE: vigorous; hardy; productive.

FRUIT: medium; globular, sides unequal; color greenish, suffused with dark and
light red; suture broad; apex slightly sunken.

FLESH: color, greenish white; texture, firm, juicy, half melting, clings to stone;
flavor, sweet and fairly good.

QUALITY: dessert, poor; cooking, poor.

VALUE: market, second class.

SEASON: early August.

1914

FBUITS OF ONTARIO.

Ill

BANNER.

A popular late market peach among the Essex fruit growers.

ORIGIN: Essex County, Ontario; first fruited on a large scale in 1903.

TREE: hardy and productive.

FRUIT: medium to large; round; color, yellow with red cheek; attractive.

FLESH: yellow; texture, fine grained, moderately juicy; flavor rich.

QUALITY: good.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: early October.

BEERS SMOCK.

The best late peach for commercial planting.
ORIGIN: New Jersey.

TREE: vigorous, productive, hardy, spreading and somewhat droopy in habit of
growth.

FRUIT: medium to large; dull yellowish colored with reddish blush; free stone.

FLESH: yellow, very firm.

QUALITY: the best late canning peach.

VALUE: first class for canning.

SEASON: mid-October, winds up season.

BEERS SMOCK.

HE PORT ON THE

No. 33

BELLE OF GEORGIA.

BELLE OF GEORGIA.

ORIGIN: Georgia.

TREE: hardy and produc-
tive; white fleshed; roundish,
oblate; medium to large;
color, creamy white, with red
blush; free stone.

QUALITY: very good.
SEASON: with Elberta.

SECTION OF BELLE OF GEORGIA.

1914

FEUITS OF ONTABIO.

113

BRIGDON (Gar field).

A good commercial variety, of
the Early Crawford class.

ORIGIN: New York State.
TREE: vigorous; productive.

FRUIT: size, medium to large;
form, roundish oval; color, yel-
low with red cheek; suture
traceable.

BRTGDOTT.

FLESH: free; color, yellow;
texture, tender, very juicy;
flavor rich, vinous.

QUALITY: first-rate for all
purposes.

VALUE: first class for
market.

SEASON: late August to
early September.

SECTION OF BRIGDON.

8 F.O.

114:

REPORT OX THE

No. 33

BOWSLAUGH.

Esteemed for canning, but inferior in size to the Longhurst, which it closely re-
sembles.

ORIGIN: Grimsby, Ontario, with Mr. Bowslaugh.

TREE: productive.

FRUIT: size small to medium; color of skin, yellow with a dull red cheek; suture
traceable more than half way around; cavity deep, irregular, apex prominent.

FLESH: free from pit; yellow, pink at pit; texture, tender, not very juicy, lacking in
flavor, neither sweet nor acid.

QUALITY: dessert, poor; cooking, fair to good.

VALUE: market, second class.

SEASON: first half of October.

CARMEN.

CARMEN.

FLESH: white, tender and of
fine flavor, juicy.

QUALITY: good.

VALUE: fir'st class; highly com- '
mended in parts of New York
State, and is doing well in
Niagara Peninsula.

A very productive, handsome,
white-flesh peach.

ORIGIN: Texas.

TREE: hardy, vigorous and
productive.

FRUIT : large, resembling
Elberta, creamy white, with deep
red blush; skin very tough.

SECTION OF CARMEN.

1914

FKU1TS OF ONTARIO.

115

CHAIRS CHOICE.

OBIGIN: Maryland.

TREE: vigorous, productive, somewhat upright in growth.

FRUIT: very large, yellowish with red cheek, showy.

FLESH: yellow, juicy, tender, very agreeable.

QUALITY: excellent for dessert and shipping.

VALUE: a valuable variety on suitable location.

SEASON: just before Smock.

CHAMPION.

A beautiful white-fleshed peach with
a red cheek, and free stone. The flavor
is delicious, and it may be classed as
the best dessert peach of its season,
but a little tender for distant ship-
ment.

ORIGIN: Illinois.

TREE: vigorous, moderately produc-
tive.

FRUIT: large; form roundish, fairly
regular; color of skin, creamy white,
with red cheek in the sun; suture
visible two-thirds of the circumfer-
ence; apex small in a slight depres-
sion; cavity deep; stone free.

CHAMPION.

FLESH: white, pinkish at the pit;
texture, fine, tender, juicy; flavor, rich,
sweet and agreeable.

QUALITY: dessert, among the best.

VALUE: first class for home markets,
but rather tender for distant ship-
ments.

SEASON: early September, coming in
with last Yellow St. John and the first
Early Crawfords.

SECTION OF CHAMPION.

116

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

CROSBY (Excelsior, Hales Hardy).

A peach of good quality,
but scarcely large enough for
the commercial orchard.

ORIGIN: Massachusetts, 1876,
by Mr. Crosby, nurseryman;
named Excelsior by the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College;
Male's Hardy, because Mr. J.
H. Hale was the first grower
to plant it extensively, and
finally Crosby by the United
states Division of Pomology.

TREE: vigorous; healthy;
fairly hardy; very productive.

FRUIT: medium size; form
almost round, slightly one-
sided; color, yellow, with
bright red cheeks; very
pretty; cavity, deep, abrupt;
apex small in a slight depres-
sion; suture, traceable.

CROSBY.

FLESH: color, bright yellow,
red at the stone; texture, fine,
moderately juicy, tender;
flavor, sweet and very agree-
able.

QUALITY: very good for
dessert and good for cooking.

VALUE: first class for home
market.

SEASON: late September to
early October. .» *

SECTION OF CROSBY

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

117

CHILI (Hill's Chili).

Recommended for drying; a good shipper.

ORIGIN: New York State.

TREE: fairly vigorous; productive.

FRUIT: medium to large; form roundish ovate; color, pale yellow, with red cheek;
down, thick, whitish; cavity, narrow, deep; suture, marked; apex, a point.

FLESH: light yellow, tinted red at the pit; texture, tender, moderately juicy; flavor,
subacid; free.

QUALITY: dessert, poor; cooking, good; drying, good.

VALUE: home market, second class.

SEASON: mid-September.

DBWEY (Admiral Dewey).

QUALITY: fair to good.

VALUE: some growers favor this
variety, but the majority prefer St
John.

SEASON: just before and with St.
John.

An early, yellow-flesh, free stone.

ORIGIN: Georgia.

TREE: vigorous and productive.

FRUIT : medium, yellow-flesh,
free stone, meaty.

FLESH: yellow, firm.

SECTION OF DEWEY.

118

REPOET OX THE

No. 33

EARLY CRAWFORD.

Early Crawford has long held its place at the head of the list of peaches bath for
home use and for market. Its beautiful golden color, its large size, its free stone and
rich flavor all unite in giving it a just claim to this position. Its buds are a little more
tender than those of some other varieties, and, consequently, many growers hesitate to
plant it, but where high cultivation and plenty of fertilizer is given, fine crops of luscious
fruit have resulted.

ORIGIN: Middleton, N.J., by
Wm. Crawford.

TREE: vigorous; productive
under favorable conditions;
bloom not conspicuous.

FRUIT: large to very large,
oblong; suture, shallow; apex,
prominent, swollen; color,
golden yellow, with rich red
cheek.

EARLY CRAUTOTD.

FLESH : color, yellow ;
flavor, sweet, rich; free from
stone, which often parts in
middle when nearly ripe.

QUALITY: dessert and can-
ning, very good.

VALUE: first class for mar-
ket.

SEASON: early September.

SECTION OF EARLY CRAWFORD.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

119

EARLY MICHIGAN.

A very good dessert peach.
ORIGIN : Georgia.

TREE: healthy, vigorous and pro-
ductive.

FRUIT: medium size, wide, form
round; color, cream or greenish white
ground, nearly covered with crimson;
cavity, large and deep; suture, very
distinct from cavity to apex and
beyond; pit, a clingstone.

EARLY MICHIGAN.

FLESH: greenish white, red at pit;
texture, tender and juicy; flavor, sub-
acid, very pleasant.

QUALITY: dessert, very good.
VALUE: market, second class.
SEASON: middle of August.

SECTION OF EARLY MICHIGAN.

EARLY PURPLE.

For home use, as a dessert peach, this is one of the best of its season. Between I860
and 1870 this variety was grown as the earliest market peach in Southern Ontario, but
its extreme tenderness of flesh and rapid softening after maturity led to its giving place
to other varieties.

TREE: thrifty; vigorous; hardy; fairly productive.

FRUIT: form, irregular, ovate, one-sided; skin, bright red, downy; basin, deep; stone
almost free.

FLESH: greenish white in color; texture, very tender, very juicy melting; flavor,
sweet, rich, agreeable.

QUALITY: dessert, very good; cooking, poor.

VALUE: near market, third class; distant market, poor.

SEASON: late August to early September.

120

KEPOHT ON THE

No. 33

ELBERTA.

The best peach of its season for all markets and canning factories, and a variety
especially suited for export by reason of its shipping qualities.

ORIGIN: Georgia; a cross
between Chinese Cling and
Early Crawford.

TREE: vigorous, hardy and
moderately productive. The
leaves are much subject to
leaf curl, but this may be
largely controlled by spray-
ing.

FRUIT: large, roundish oval,
one side somewhat larger
than the other; suture, dis-
tinct; skin, lemon yellow,
with a fine red cheek; stone
free, deeply corrugated,
pointed.

ELBERTA.

FLESH : yellow; texture,

moderately juicy.

, ~~~_^ j

QUALITY: dessert, fair; can-
ning, best.

VALUE: home market, first
class; foreign market, first
class.

SEASON: late September,
about a week later than Early
Crawford.

SECTION OF ELBERTA.

1914

FBTJITS OF ONTAEIO.

121

ENGOL (Mammoth).

A valuable variety for either
home use or market.

TREE: strong upright grower;
quite productive.

FRUIT: medium to large; form
roundish; cavity, medium; apex,
slight; suture, a little over half
around; color, yellow, with reddish
cheek.

FLESH: color yellow, with tinge
of red at pit; texture; tender, juicy;
flavor pleasant, nearly sweet; free.

EXGOL.

QUALITY: dessert or canning, very
good.

VALUE : market, first class.
Planted extensively in Essex
County.

SEASON: first half of September.

SECTION OF ENGOL.

122

REPORT OX THE

No. 33

FITZGERALD.

Since the Early Crawford has
been such a popular peach both
for home use and market, every
new introduction of a variety
which is of the same class, has
been welcomed by the public,
especially where it may be used
to extend the season. The Fitz-
gerald is not so large as the Early
Crawford, but to many the flavor
is finer for dessert, and its season
is a trifle later. Like the latter,
it is too tender for very long ship-
ments,

ORIGIN: in the garden of Mr.
Fitzgerald, Oakville, Ontario,
about 1895.

TREE: hardy, healthy and pro-
ductive.

FITZGERALD.

FRUIT: size medium to Large;
form roundish ovate; color, bright
yellow, covered with deep red;
down, moderate in quality; cavity
broad and deep; apex, a small
point in a slightly depressed
basin; suture, distinct; stone free.

FLESH: yellow, with red at pit;
texture, tender and juicy; flavor,
excellent.

QUALITY: dessert, good.

VALUE: home market, first class.

SEASON: early to mid-September
in Niagara district.

ADAPTATION: one of the hardiest
varieties and successfully grown
in Georgian Bay district.

SECTION OF FITZGERALD.

FOSTER.

A large yellow peach of the Early Crawford class, considered a little better in quality,
but not so productive.

ORIGIN: J. T. Foster, Medford, Massachusetts.

TREE: vigorous; tender in fruit bud; not very productive.

FRUIT: size, large; form, roundish, slightly flattened; with a slight suture; color,
bright yellow, shaded with orange red.

1914

FKU1TS OF ONTARIO.

FLESH: free; color, bright yellow, tinged with red at pit; texture, tender, juicy;
flavor, rich, vinous, pleasant, subacid.

QUALITY: dessert, good; cooking, good.
VALUE: near market, first class.
SEASON: early to mid-September.

GREENSBORO.

The best white-flesh dessert peach
of its season for local market.

ORIGIN: North Carolina.

TREE: vigorous; very productive;
an early bearer.

FRUIT: large; form flattened;
color, a deep cream with bright red
cheek; cavity, narrow, deep; suture,
slight; apex sunken; not subject to
rot.

GREEXSBORO.

FLESH: color, cream; texture, tender,
melting, very juicy; flavor, sweet and
agreeable; free stone.

QUALITY: dessert, very good.
VALUE: first class for home market
SEASON: mid- August.

SECTION OF GREENSBORO.

GOLDEN DROP.

"Medium, roundish ovate; color rich yellow, or, as it grows in the South, 'a sort of
transparent golden yellow,' often with a blushed cheek; cavity broad, shallow; suture,
obscure except near apex. Flesh yellow, vinous, almost sweet, good; pit, free. Season,
late September. Attractive in market." (Budd.)

REPORT ON THE

Xo. 33

HALE (Bale's Early).

An early peach of very beautiful appearance, but inclined to rot before it ripens.
The flesh remains firm, even after the outside presents the appearance of being ripe, so
that it is not a favorite variety. Its comparative earliness at one time made it a very
popular market variety, but its season is now preceded by that of Sneed, Greensboro,
Early Rivers, Alexander and Triumph.

ORIGIN : Ohio.

TREE: vigorous, healthy and
productive.

FRUIT: medium to large, form
roundish; color of skin, dark
red on sunny side, green with
splash of red on shady side;
apex, small, slightly pointed in
dimpled depression ; cavity,
deep; suture extends to apex;
pit, half r'ree.

HALE.

FLESH: greenish yellow to
white; texture, firm until very
ripe, then melting aid juicy;
flavor sweet and agreeable.

QUALITY: dessert and cook-
ing, fair. ,

VALUE: home market, second
class.

SEASON: late August.

SECTION OF HALE.

1914

FKIJ1TS OF OXTA1MO.

125

JACQUES RARERIPE.

A fine yellow peach, succeeding the Early Crawford, but too tender in flesh for distant
shipment.

ORIGIN: Massachusetts.

TREE: vigorous, healthy and produc-
tive.

FRUIT: size, large; form roundish
oblate; color, dark yellow, shaded with
red, especially on the sunny side;
down, heavy; cavity, large and deep;
apex in a depression; suture, distinct;
stone, free.

FLESH: color, deep yellow, red at the
pit; texture, tender, juicy; flavor, good,
not very sweet.

JACQUES RARERIPE.

QUALITY: dessert, very good; can-
ning, very good.

VALUE: near market, first class; dis-
tant market, second class.

SEASON: mid-September.

SECTION OF JACQUES RARERIPE.

126

KKPOHT OX THE

No. 33

HYNES (Hynes' Surprise).
A very good early dessert peach, but the fruit is inclined to rot in wet seasons.

HYNES.

ORIGIN: introduced in 1895, by Mr. S. D. Willard, of Geneva, N.Y.

TREE: vigorous; productive.

FRUIT: form roundish, slightly one-sided; size, small; color, greenish white with
bright red cheek, sometimes deep red in the sun; cavity, narrow and deep; suture, dis-
tinct; dots, numerous; skin, thin and tenacious; stone, semi-cling.

FLESH: color, yellowish white; texture, juicy; flavor, sweet and agreeable.

QUALITY: dessert, good to very good.

VALUE: home market, first class; distant market, third class.

SEASON: mid to late August.

KALAMAZOO.

A popular market peach in Michigan; inferior to Elberta.

ORIGIN: Michigan.

TREE: vigorous and very productive.

FRUIT: medium in size, form roundish oval, sides unequal; color, yellow, with red
cheek; cavity, deep, narrow, irregular; apex, a small point in a slight depression; suture,
traceable beyond the apex; free stone.

KALAMAZOO.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

FLESH: color, yellow, red at pit; texture, moderately tender and juicy; flavor, fairly
sweet

QUALITY: dessert, poor; canning, good.

VALUE: near market, good; rather too small to sell with Elberta, or even to follow
that large, showy variety.

SEASON: mid to late September.

LATE CRAWFORD.

A fine, large yellow peach, equal to Early Crawford in flavor. It has not been very
profitable because the tree is not very productive.

ORIGIN: New Jersey.

TREE: vigorous; only fairly productive.

FRUIT: large to very large; color, dull yellow or olive green, with dark red cheek;
cavity, large and deep; suture, traceable; free stone.

FLESH: deep yellow, red at the stone; texture, juicy and melting; flavor, rich, vinous.

QUALITY: dessert, good; cooking, very good.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: late September.

LONGHURST.

A very productive late variety, highly esteemed for canning. It is considered a
profitable variety by many peach growers, but unless given the best culture, the fruit
is small and unattractive in appearance.

TREE: hardy; fairly vigorous; very productive. Budd says the fruit buds of this
variety have proven exceptionally hardy in Michigan.

FRUIT: medium in size; form, oval, larger on side of suture, which is clearly trace-
able, ending in a pointed apex; color, dull yellow, with dark red cheek in sun; down,
thick; cavity, deep, abrupt, shouldered; pit, small, free.

LONGHURST.

FLESH: color, yellow, red at pit, texture, tender, almost buttery, moderately juicy;
flavor vinous, sweet, agreeable.

QUALITY: dessert, fair; canning, very good.

VALUE: valuable for canning, our owing to its productiveness this variety must be
thinned rigorously and heavily fertilized or else absolutely abandoned.

SEASON: late September to early October.

128 REPORT OX THE X0. 33

LEAMINGTON.

Medium to large, white with red
cheek; quality, excellent; juicy, sweet
white flesh. Ripens about a week to
ten days before Early Crawford, and
is a free stone. Very productive.

LEAMINGTON.

LEMON CLING.

A large and showy peach, at one time planted freely in Ontario orchards, but of late
discarded because of its cling stone.

ORIGIN: South Carolina.

TREE: vigorous, hardy and productive.

FRUIT: large, form roundish, narrowed towards apex, which is large and prominent,
somewhat like that of the lemon; skin, deep yellow, with a dark brownish-red cheek.

FLESH: color, yellow, tinged with red at the pit; texture, firm, not very* juicy; flavor,
pleasant, sprightly, subacid.

QUALITY: dessert, fair; cooking, fair.

VALUE: third class. It is not advisable to have any cling stones at this time of
season.

SEASON: late September.

LEWIS.

A fine market peach to succeed St. John and to precede Early Crawford.
ORIGIN: Michigan.

TREE: healthy, vigorous, very productive.

FRUIT: medium to large; form round; color, yellowish white, largely overspread
with red; suture, depressed.

FLESH: yellowish white, red next to pit; texture, tender, juicy; flavor, very pleasant.

QUALITY: dessert, good; cooking, good.

VALUE: home market, first class; distant market, second class.

SEASON: mid-September.

McCONNELL.

A very attractive-looking, late, white-flesh peach.

ORIGIN: a seedling raised by Mr. McConnell, Essex County.

TREE: a good, thrifty grower; productive.

FRUIT: above medium; color, white with beautiful crimson blush; form, round.

FLESH: cling; color, pure white; texture, firm, juicy; flavor, pleasant.

QUALITY: dessert, poor; cooking, poor; good pickler.

VALUE: not tested.

SEASON : mid-October.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

MATTHEW (Matthew's Beauty).

A fine attractive appearing yellow peach, with beautiful cheek, resembling Elberta
in exterior, but nearly a week later, and of much better quality. Prom its appearance
it might be called "late Elberta."

FRUIT: form, roundish ovate, slightly flattened; size, about 2*4 inches; color, yellow
with dark red cheek; suture, half round; apex, depressed; cavity, narrow, deep.

FLESH: free; color, yellow; texture, moderately firm; flavor, sweet, good.

QUALITY: dessert or cooking, very good.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: late September to early October.

MOUNTAIN ROSE.
Desirable in the home garden as a dessert peach only.

ORIGIN: New Jersey.

TREE: vigorous; productive.

FRUIT: size, medium to large;
form, roundish; suture, traceable;
apex, a point; color of skin white,
with bright red cheek.

!

FLESH: creamy white, with red
tint at the pit; texture, tender, melt-
ing, very juicy; flavor, sweet, de-
licious; free.

QUALITY: first class for dessert.
SEASON: early to mid-September.
VALUE: market, second class.

MOUNTAIN ROSE.

SECTION OF MOUNTAIN ROSE.

9 F.o.

130

REPORT ON THE

Xo. 33

NEW PROLIFIC.

A peach of the Crawford type, a few days later, which is highly esteemed by many
peach growers. Like the Crawford, it is too tender in flesh.

TREE: healthy; vigorous; very productive.

FRUIT: size, medium to large; form, round; color, yellow, with bright red cheek;
cavity, narrow and deep; suture, distinct, extending beyond the apex.

NEW PROLIFIC.

FLESH: yellow; slightly tinted with red at the pit; texture, tender; flavor, sweet;
delicate; very pleasant; free from pit.

QUALITY: dessert, first class; canning, first class.

VALUE: first class.

SEASON : mid to late September.

OCEANA.

A cross between Early Crawford and Hill's Chili.
TREE: hardy and productive; vigorous.

FRUIT: medium to large, very attractive, yellowish with red blush.
FLESH: yellow, free stone, firm.
FLAVOR: good.

VALUE: very promising in Niagara district; said to be a good shipper.
SEASON: before Late Crawford.

1914

FUU1TS OF ONTA1UO.

NIAGARA.

ORIGIN: Niagara County, New York.
TREE: hardy, productive.

FRUIT: large, round, yellow with pink cheek; free stone; flesh yellow; flavor rich.
QUALITY: good.
VALUE: first class.
SEASON: after Early Crawford.

SECTION OF NIAGARA.

132

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

RIVERS (Early Rivers).

When first introduced, this peach was widely planted for market because of its fine
size and early season, coming in between Alexander and Hale. Its great fault is its
delicate skin and tender flesh which show the slightest bruise, so that the most careful
handling is necessary. The fruit needs thinning for size and color, and then it can be
sent only to the nearest markets.

RIVERS.

SECTION OF RIVERS.

ORIGIN: by Thos. Rivers, of Saw-
bridgeworth, England.

TREE : very vigorous; fairly
hardy; very productive.

FRUIT: medium to large, roundish,
often somewhat oblong and flat-
tened on the sides, and more or less
one-sided; skin smooth, light green,
almost white, delicately shaded with
red; cavity, small and 'deep; apex,
small, in a narrow, deep depression;
Vature, deep and distinct; stone,
half cling, inclined to split.

FLESH : color, creamy white ; tex-
ture, melting, juicy.

QUALITY: fair for dessert; fair
for cooking.

VALUE: second class for near
market.

SEASON: mid-August.

^ .

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

133

OLDMIXON FREE.

An old standard variety considerably planted in the older commercial peach orchards
of the Niagara Peninsula; a white flesh peach with a red cheek, presenting a good
appearance in the basket; its fault as a market variety is its dropping almost before it
has attained full color and its tender flesh; valuable for dessert purposes.

ORIGIN: a seedling of Oldmixon Cling which was brought to America by Sir John
Oldmixon.

TREE: vigorous; spreading; moderately productive.

PBUIT: medium to large; form roundish oval, one-sided; suture, distinct toward
the apex, which is not marked; cavity, narrow; color, creamy white, marbled with red
and with a deep red cheek; bloom, thin.

FLESH: free stone; color, creamy white, red at pit; texture, tender; flavor, sweet,
rich, vinous.

OLDMIXON FREE.

QUALITY: dessert, very good; cooking or canning whole, very good.
VALUE: market, hardly first class compared with larger yellow varieties of the same
season.

SEASON: early September.

SECTION OF OLDMIXON FREE.

134

REPORT ON THE

No 33

REEVES FAVORITE.

A profitable peach because of
its large size and excellent color,
but lacking in productiveness.

ORIGIN: in New Jersey, by
Samuel Reeves.

TREE: thrifty; upright; moder-
ately productive.

FRUIT: large, form roundish;
color, yellow with red cheek;
cavity, deep and broad; suture,
traceable; apex, pointed, distinct.

FLESH: color, yellow, with red
tint at the pit; texture, tender,
juicy; flavor, sweet, vinous, very
pleasant; free.

REEVES FAVORITE.

QUALITY: dessert, good; can-
ning, good.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: mid-September, a fev;
days later than Early Crawford.

SECTION OF REEVES FAVORITE.

1914

FKU1TS OF ONTARIO.

135

REID.

A round yellow-flesh peach, closely succeeding Elberta.

TREE: healthy, vigorous, productive.

FRUIT: medium to large in size; form, roundish ovate; color, yellow nearly covered
with red; suture, distinct; apex, depressed, prominent.

FLESH: free; color, yellow marked with red at pit; texture, tender, juicy; flavor,
moderately sweet.

QUALITY: cooking, good; dessert, fair.

VALUE: market, second class.

SEASON: late September.

SALWAY.

A popular late market variety, which usually ripens in the peach sections of Ontario
before frost. Hilborn says that in Essex it reaches maturity four years out of five.

ORIGIN: England.

TREE: vigorous; productive; fairly hardy.

FRUIT: large; roundish, somewhat one-sided; skin, yellow with red cheeks on sunny
side; suture, broad.

FLESH: free; color, yellow, red at the pit; texture, tender, juicy; flavor, sweet, good.

QUALITY: good.

VALUE: market, first class if well ripened.

SEASON: mid-October.

SMOCK.

A first-class late market peach.

ORIGIN: New Jersey.

TBEE: moderately vigorous; wood brittle; leaves not subject to curl; productive.

FRUIT: large; oval; color, yellow with orange-red cheek; bloom, heavy; cavity, nar-
now and deep; suture, obscure; apex, slightly extended.

FLESH: free; color, yellow, with red at pit; texture, dry, tender; flavor, agreeable,
not sweet, distinctive.

QUALITY: cooking or drying, good.

VALUE: market, first class for its season.

SEASON: early October.

SMOCK.

136

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

ST. JOHN (Yellow St. John)

The earliest really good peach
for either home use or market.
Its season is the end of August,
just before the Early Crawford;
and its fair size, its yellow flesh,
attractive skin and good quality,
make it one of the most satis-
factory peaches for all purposes.

ORIGIN: North America.
TREE: vigorous and productive.

FRUIT: form, round; size,
large; skin, yellow, with dark
red cheek; suture, traceable on
one side, sometimes by a red
line; apex, a tiny point in a
rather deep depression; free
stone.

ST. JOHN.

FLESH: color, yellow, tinted
red at the stone; texture, tender
and juicy; flavor, sweet, rich and
agreeable.

QUALITY: dessert, very good
and canning very good.

VALUE: the first good yellow-
flesh peach of the season.

SEASON: late August.

SECTION OF ST. JOHN.

SNEED.
A promising early variety for home use and near markets.

ORIGIN: Tennessee, by Judge Sneed, of Memphis, about 1880, from a pit of the Chinese
Cling.

1914

FBUITS OF ONTARIO.

137

TREE: vigorous, but slender in young growth; productive; an early bearer.

FRUIT: medium; form, roundish oval, slightly one-sided; skin light greenish white,
with red cheek, and a short thick down; cavity, narrow and deep, with distinct suture,
and a small pointed apex, in a slight depression.

SNEED.

FLESH: semi-cling; color, yellowish white at maturity; texture, tender, fine, very
juicy; flavor, mild, vinous, pleasant.

QUALITY: dessert, good.

VALUE: home market, second class.

•

SEASON: late July to early August.

STEVENS (Stephens Rareripe).
A popular late white-flesh peach, and a good shipper.

STEVENS.

138 REPORT ON THE No. 33

ORIGIN: New Jersey.

TBEE: vigorous and productive.

FRUIT: size, above medium; form, roundish ovate; color, whitish ground with dark
red cheek; cavity, narrow and deep; suture, traceable.

FLESH: whitish with red at pit; free; texture, tender, juicy; flavor, sprightly and
agreeable.

QUALITY: dessert, good; cooking, good.
VALUE: market, first class.
SEASON: mid-October.

THURBER.

A magnificent white-flesh peach to fill in between Early Crawford and Elberta.
ORIGIN: seedling of Lee, raised by Dr. L. E. Berckmans, of Augusta, Georgia,

TREE: very vigorous; productive.

i

FRUIT: size, large; form, roundish, enlarged at centre along suture; color, creamy
white, bright red cheek; cavity, large, deep; suture, marked; apex, small, pointed; bloom,
white; skin thin.

FLESH: white, red at pit, free; texture, tender, juicy; flavor, sweet, vinous, excellent.
QUALITY: dessert, very good to best; cooking or canning, very good.
VALUE: home market, first class.
SEASON: mid-September.

TYHURST.

A very attractive golden-yellow peach; considered a profitable variety for the com-
mercial orchard. After fruiting it several years at our Maplehurst station, we think its
value has been somewhat over-estimated. It is not planted in Niagara Peninsula.

ORIGIN: a seedling raised by Mr. Tyhurst, of Leamington, Essex County. This
gentleman was so pleased with the peach that he planted nearly his whole farm with
trees grown from its pits, and made considerable money out of his venture.

TREE: moderately vigorous; quite productive; fruit is inclined to drop as soon as
ripe.

FRUIT: size, medium; form, ovate; suture, distinct on one side, terminating in a
small, black, sharp point; color, deep yellow, with tinge of red in the sun; skin separates
easily from the flesh.

i

FLESH: free; color, pale yellow; texture, very tender, fine grained, melting, juicy;
flavor, excellent.

QUALITY: dessert, very good to best; canning, very good.

VALUE: home market, first class; distant market, second class, because too tender.

SEASON : mid-^September.

1914

FHU1TS OF ONTAKIO.

139

TRIUMPH.

A valuable commercial variety, to follow the Alexander, but not very popular on
account of its heavy coat of down, its dull color, and its susceptibility to rot, and should
only be planted in earliest section.

ORIGIN: Georgia, seed of Alexander.

TREE: vigorous, hardy, very productive, subject to twig blight and leaf curl.

TRIUMPH.

FRUIT: medium size; form, roundish, somewhat shouldered and flattened; color,
yellow ground nearly covered with red and markings of very dark red; cavity, deep;
apex, small, in a decided depression; suture, distinct; pit, semi-cling.

FLESH: yellow; texture, fine, juicy; flavor, sweet, rich and excellent.

QUALITY: good.

VALUE: home market, second class except under special conditions.

SEASON: mid-August.

SECTION OF TRIUMPH.

140 REPORT ON THE No. 33

WHEATLAND.

A large and beautiful yellow-flesh peach to follow Early Crawford; a valuable variety
for home use or market; not a long keeper.

ORIGIN: New York State.
TREE: vigorous.

FRUIT: size, large; form, roundish, slightly enlarged along the line of suture; color,
yellow, well overspread with red, usually prettily dappled with red about the small
pointed apex; cavity, broad and deep.

WHEATLAND.

FLESH: free; color, pale yellow tinted with red at the pit; texture, melting, tender,
juicy; flavor, rich, sweet, delicious.

QUALITY: very good for dessert or cooking.
VALUE: market, first class.
SEASON: mid to late September

WILLETT.

An attractive and profitable late market peach, to come in between Elberta and
Smock; later than Matthews' Beauty.

TREE: vigorous; spreading; productive.

FRUIT: medium to large in size; form, nearly round, and enlarged along one side
of the suture; cavity, abrupt, medium; apex, distinct; color, yellow with mottling of
deep red in the sun.

1914

FEITITS OF ONTARIO.

141

WlLLETT.

SECTION OF WILLETT.

FLESH: free; greenish yellow with red tint at the pit; texture, rather firm, moder-
ately juicy; flavor, moderately sweet, good.

QUALITY: dessert, good; cooking, very good.
VALUE: market, first class.
SEASON: early October.

142

BEPOHT GIST THE FKUITS OF OXTAHIO.

No. 33

WONDERFUL.

A new variety of great size and beauty.
ORIGIN: United States.

TREE: a vigorous grower, but lacking in productiveness.

FRUIT: large; form, roundish; cavity, narrow and deep; suture, traceable; apex a
small point, sometimes depressed; color, yellow with bright red on sunny side.

WONDERFUL.

FLESH: light creamy yellow, red at pit; texture, tender, melting, juicy; flavor, sweet,
vinous, pleasant; free.

QUALITY: dessert, good; canning, good.
VALUE: market, first class.
SEASON: mid-September.

SECTION OF WONDERFUL.

THE PEAR.

The pear succeeds over all the best apple districts of Ontario, but few good hardy
varieties have yet been found, hence the commercial culture of the pear does not ex-
tend as far north as the apple. The principal pear orchards are found in southern
Ontario. There are many good orchards, however, along Lake Ontario as far east as
the Bay of Quinte and north to the Georgian Bay.

In eastern Ontario, only a few kinds succeed, and these are not planted on a com-
mercial scale. These hardy varieties are grown to a limited extent for home use as
far north as latitude 45 degrees and some of the Russian pears, though inferior in
quality and very subject to blight, may be grown still further north.

The pear stands distant shipment well, if picked at the right time, and properly
packed and handled in transit, and hence larger quantities are being sent to distant
markets every year, and, as a rule, good prices are obtained for the fruit.

The general directions for the preparation of the land, soil and planting, as given
for the apple, apply to the pear, with but slight alterations. While pears succeed in the
same kind of soils as the apple, clay loams, if well drained, suit them best. Pear
trees two years old are better than those three years old, as they are easier to trans-
plant, since pear trees have not so good a root system as the apple. Standard trees
should be set at least twenty feet apart each way. Pear trees are shaped and pruned
much like the apple, although trees with a central leader are more easily obtained and are
preferred. They may be headed nearer the ground than the apple, as they are of more
upright habit. Many pears are now being grown on dwarf or quince stock. These
have the advantage of being earlier than standard trees, and may be planted closer
together, fourteen feet apart being a good distance. They do not live as long as
standard trees. The dwarf trees in Ontario are almost always grown without a central
leader, and branching near the ground. They require more careful pruning than
standards. The fruit of some varieties is improved by growing on dwarf stocks,
among those succeeding particularly well on ithis stock being Duchess, Louise, Diel,
and Easter Beurre.

Pear trees are very much subject to blight, which, as yet, cannot be controlled
by any practical means. It has been observed, however, that trees usually blight most
when making strong, succulent growth, hence it is best not to encourage a strong
growth. Some varieties are more subject to blight than others, and when planting,
this should be taken into consideration. In planting a pear orchard, it is also desir-
able to mix the varieties, avoiding large blocks of any one kind, as better crops will
thus be obtained, some varieties being almost sterile, when planted by themselves.

The picking of pears requires good judgment. If they are picked too early, the
fruit will not get its best flavor, but, if picked too ripe, it will spoil before reaching
the market. Pears, unlike most fruits, ripen well and develop a good flavor when
picked while still green and hard, but, to obtain this flavor, the fruit should have
reached its full size.

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED.
GENERAL LIST, APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF CONTROL.

Giffard, Clapp, Bartlett, Boussock, Flemish (hardy, subject to spot), Howell, Louise,
Duchess, Bosc, Clairgeau, Anjou, Kieffer.

DISTRICT LISTS.
NIAGARA DISTRICT.

(Including the Niagara Peninsula from the Niagara River to Hamilton and north to

the escarpment.)
1143]

144 REPOBT ON THE No. 33

ROBERT THOMPSON, St. Catharines.

Giffard, Clapp, Bartlett, Bosc, Duchess (dwarf), Anjou, Kieffer.

EGBERT M. SMITH.
Giffard, Bartlett, Howell, Louise, Flemish, Duchess (dwarf), Anjou, Kieffer.

BURLINGTON-OAKVILLE DISTRICT.

(Including the southern part of the counties bordering on Lake Ontario between

Hamilton and Toronto.)

A. W. PEART, Burlington.

Wilder, Clapp, Bartlett, Boussock, Louise, Duchess (dwarf), Arijou, Kieffer,
Lawrence, Nelis.

W. F. W. FISHER, Burlington.
Lawson, Clapp, Bartlett, Duchess, Anjou, Nelis.

ESSEX PENINSULA.
(Including Essex, Kent, and Pelee Island.)

J. L. HILBORN, Leamington.
Bartlett, Anjou, Duchess.

J. ATKIN & SON, Leamington.
Bartlett, Kieffer, Duchess.

LAKE HURON DISTRICT.
(Including Counties of Huron and Bruce.)

D. F. HAMLINK, Goderich.
Clapp, Bartlett, Louise, Clairgeau, Anjou.

GEORGIAN BAY DISTRICT.

(Including northern portions of the Counties of Grey and Simcoe, bordering on the

Georgian Bay.)

J. G. MITCHELL, Clarksburg.
Clapp, Bartlett, Flemish, Duchess, Anjou, Clairgeau.

LAKE SIMCOE DISTRICT.

(Including the northern and eastern section of Simcoe and northern sections of York
and Ontario, bordering on Lake S'imcoe.)

G. C CASTON, Craighurst.
Clapp and Bartlett.

1914 FKU1TS OF ONTAK10.

145

GUELPH DISTRICT.

(Including the high inland Counties of south-western Ontario, i.e., Wellington,
Waterloo, north-western section of Perth, south part of Grey, Dufferin, and north-
west section of Peel and Halton.)

Prof. J. W. >CBOW, O.A.C., Guelph.
Clapp, Flemish, Seckel, Sheldon, Anjou.

LAKE ONTARIO DISTRICT.

(Including the southern portions of the Counties bordering on the Lake Ontario shore

from Toronto to Trenton.)

W. H. DEMPSEY, Trenton.
Giffard, Clapp, Boussock, Hardy, Bosc, Clairgeau, Lawrence.

ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY DISTRICT.

(Including the Valley of the St. Lawrence River from Kingston to the eastern
boundary of the Province.)

HAROLD JONES, Maitland.
Flemish (if grown in sod), Ritson (not so hardy in fruit bud as Flemish).

OTTAWA DISTRICT.

(Including the Ottawa Valley and the eastern portion of the Province, not elsewhere
enumerated, south of latitude 46 deg.)

W. T. MACOUN, Horticulturist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.
Flemish in most favored parts.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

ANSAULT.

Claimed to be a good general-purpose pear for home uses, but not as yet widely
tested.

OEIGIN: France.

TREE: An early and abundant bearer.

FRUIT: size, medium; roundish oblate pyriform; skin, green, yellowing at maturity,
mostly covered with russet; stem, % inch to 1 inch long, in a small irregular, often
oblique, cavity; calyx, small, open in an abrupt, deep basin.

FLESH, color, creamy white; texture, tender, fine grained, buttery, juicy; flavor,
agreeable, aromatic, very pleasant.

QUALITY: fair for all purposes.

VALUE: home market, second class; not grown to any extent.

SEASON: September.
10 P.O.

146

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

1914 FKU1TS OF ONTA1UO. 14?

ANJOU. (Beurre d'Anjou.)

A fine market pear, succeeding admirably on quince roots, but on pear roots the
tree is not so productive, nor the fruit so large. Its fine size, and melting, buttery
texture, make it a favorite market pear for the month of December, and past experience
proves it a desirable variety to export to Great Britain.

ORIGIN: Louvain, Belgium, about 1823; named Ne Plus Meuris, after Father Meuris.

TREE: a vigorous, strong grower; productiveness, scarcely first rate, even on the
quince, third rate on the pear.

FRUIT: large; form, obovate, blunt pyriform; skin, thick, yellow at maturity, with
greenish patches and brown dots, brownish red on sunny side; stem, scarcely half an
inch long, stout and fleshy; calyx, open, set in a shallow basin; core, small; seeds,
few, if any.

FLESH: white; texture, fine grained, buttery, melting; flavor, pleasant, perfumed,
not very sweet.

QUALITY: table or cooking, good.

VALUE: home market, first class; foreign market, first class.

SEASON: November.

ADAPTATION: fairly general in Ontario.

BAUDRY.

A promising new winter pear, which has been fruiting at our Maplehurst station
as a dwarf.

FRUIT: size, large; form, oblong, pyriform; color, yellowish green, with russet
patches.

FLESH: color, yellow; texture, tender, but gritty at the core; flavor, very good.
QUALITY: very good for dessert and cooking.
VALUE: second class for market.
SEASON: late winter.

148

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

BARTLETT.

ORIGIN: Berkshire, Eng-
land, 1770, propagated by Mr.
Williams, near London. In-
troduced into America and
disseminated by Enoch Bart-
lett, of Boston.

TREE: healthy, vigorous,
half-hardy, overcomes blight
better than most varieties,
very productive.

FRUIT: large, oblong, ob-
tuse, pyriform; color, yellow,
with very numerous minute
brown dots, often russetted
at the apex; stem, !!/£ inches
long, in a small, irregular
cavity; calyx, open in an ir-
regular basin.

FLESH: creamy white, fine
grained, very buttery and
juicy; flavor, sweet, per-
fumed, vinous.

QUALITY: dessert, the most
profitable variety.

SEASON: early to mid Sep-
tember.

ADAPTATION: succeeds ad-
mirably in southern Ontario,
and as far north as the Bay
of Quinte.

BARTLETT. (Williams.)

No pear of the same season
equals in popularity the Bart-
lett, for either dessert or can-
ning. Indeed, while it is in the
market, no other pear compares
with it in price or brings as
much profit to the grower. Of
late, large orchards of this one
variety have been planted in
Canada, and there is a growing
demand for it in the North-west
Provinces. With trustworthy
cold storage, it may be exported
to Great Britain with profit.

SECTION OF BAKTLETT.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

149

BOSC. (Bcurre Bosc, Downing.)

The Bosc pear is not as widely
known among cultivators in Canada as
its merits deserve. Though a russet,
it yellows as it ripens; the pear is
large in size, and uniform on the tree,
as if thinned purposely; and the tex-
ture is such that it can be exported
in fine condition. In quality, a well-
grown Bosc is first class. On the
whole, we would place this pear
among the valuable kinds for plant-
ing for export to the foreign markets.

ORIGIN: a chance seedling, found in
France, and dedicated to M. Bosc, the
eminent director of the Jardin des
Plantes at Paris, about the year 1835.

TREE: a vigorous grower, and a
regular bearer, carrying its fruit singly

SECTION OF Bosc.

and not in clusters, as is the
habit of some varieties.

FRUIT: large, elongated acute
pyriform, covered with slight
indentations; color, greenish,
yellow ground, nearly covered
with cinnamon russett; stalk, 1%
to 2 inches long, stout and
usually curved, inserted without
a cavity; calyx, open in a shallow
basin.

FLESH: white; texture, fine,
breaking, juicy; flavor, sweet,
rich, delicious.

QUALITY : first class for dessert.

VALUE: first class for either
home or foreign markets.

SEASON: October.

ADAPTATION: southern Ontario
and as far north as Bay of
Quinte.

Bosc.

150

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

BOUSSOCK. (Doyenne Boussock.)

BOUSSOCK.

FRUIT: large; form,
roundish, obovate; skin,
yellow, with dull red cheek,
and numerous rough dots;
stalk, fleshy, stout, 1 to 1]
inches in length, in a
round cavity; calyx, open,
in a shallow russeted de-
pression.

FLESH : white ; texture,
tender, juicy, if gathered
at the right season; flavor,
sweet and agreeable.

QUALITY : dessert, very
good.

VALUE: near markets,
first class.

SEASON: September.

Described by Downing as a
profitable market sort, but our
experience in Canada would
lead Us to give it a second
place, when compared with
the Bartlett or the Anjou.
The tree is a good grower
and productive, and the fruit
is uniformly large, but it is
second class in quality, unless
eaten just at the proper
stage of ripeness, and the
tree is inclined to drop its
fruit too soon.

ORIGIN: Belgium.

TREE: succeeds best as a
standard; vigorous, hardy
end very productive.

SECTION OF BOUSSOCK.

1914 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 151

BRANDYWINE.

A good general dessert pear, but not much grown for market in Ontario, being so
nearly of the same season as Bartlett.

ORIGIN: chance seedling found on the banks of the Brandywine River, Delaware
County, Pennsylvania. The original tree fruited for the first time in 1820.

TREE: vigorous; upright; fairly productive; succeeds best on the quince.

FRUIT: size, medium; form, conic pyriform; color of skin, greenish-yellow, with
blush on the sunny side, arid dotted and sprinkled with russet; stem, % to ll/2 inches
long, fleshy at insertion which is surrounded by folds; calyx, open in a smooth, shallow
basin.

FLESH: color, white; texture, tender, melting, very juicy; flavor, sweet, vinous,
aromatic.

QUALITY: dessert, very good.

VALUE: market, second class.

SEASON: early September.

BUFFUM.

Formerly this pear was much in favor as a profitable orchard variety, because of
its productiveness and the wonderful hardiness and vitality of the tree, but of late
years it is much less in favor with pear growers on account of its small size and or-
dinary quality. Some trees of this variety at Maplehurst, forty years planted, have
never shown the slightest tendency to blight, and have attained a great height, more
resembling Lombardy poplars than pear trees.

ORIGIN: Rhode Island.

TREE: remarkable for its vigorous, symmetrical, erect habit of growth; it is regu-
larly and fairly productive, but, unless gathered early, the fruit drops badly; not subject
to blight.

FRUIT: medium size, obovate, slight oblong; skin, rough, yellow at maturity, with
bright or dull red or russet on sunny side; dots, small, brown; stalk, % inch long in a
small cavity; segments of calyx small, in a small plaited basin.

FLESH: color, yellowish-white; texture^ crisp, not fine, not juicy; flavor, sweet and
pleasant.

QUALITY: dessert, fair; cooking, fair.

VALUE: home and distant markets, second class.

SEASON: September.

ADAPTATION: stated to be hardy in Bruce and Huron Counties; slightly tender in
North Ontario County.

CHAMBERS.

The Chambers pear has been grown at
Maplehurst for about ten years on dwarf
stock, and commends itself as a fine market
variety the beginning of August, for it is of
a good quality, fairly large, and the tree is
productive.

ORIGIN: brought from Maryland to Ken-
tucky by Judge Wm. Chambers.

TREE: moderately vigorous, very hardy,
productive.

FRUIT: of medium size; form, obtuse,
obovate, pyriform; color, pea green, turning-
yellow, when fully mature, with numerous
brown and green dots, and reddish-brown
cheek on sunny side; stalk, stout, 1 inch
long, set on an angle in a flat cavity, oftei>
one shoulder prominent; calyx, small, half-
open; seeds, few.

FLESH: white; texture, tender, fairly
juicy; flavor, aromatic, sweet and plrasant.

QUALITY: good.

VALUE: for near market, first class.
CHAMBERS. SEASON: early August.

152 EEPORT ON THE No. 33

CLAIRGEAU.

As a commercial pear, especially for a distant market, we know of no variety of
the same season that is superior to this variety. Its large size, and the beautiful
cheek which it takes on during the month of October, its excellent shipping and keep-
ing qualities, all these combine to make it a profitable variety, and one that is easily
grown, either as dwarf or standard. The quality is variable, according to the condi-
tions of growth; in France, it is counted very good; in England, poor; with us, when
well ripened, it is only good.

ORIGIN: Nantes, in France, with a gardener named Clairgeau, about 1838.

TREE: first class in vigor, hardiness and productiveness; wood, stout and upright
in habit of growth; branches, numerous, grown as a dwarf can be trained to make a
fine pyramid, but succeeds best as a standard; an early bearer.

FRUIT: large, one-sided, pyriform; skin, green, turning pale yellow at maturity,
almost overspread with splashings and dots of russet, which completely cover it about
the stock and the calyx; orange red on sunny side; stalk, % inch long, stout, fleshy
at the base, usually set at an angle with the axis; calyx, small, open, in a shallow,
furrowed basin.

FLESH: white, coarse grained, juicy, with sweet, aromatic and vinous flavor.
VALUE: home or foreign market, first class.
QUALITY: cooking, good; dessert, good.
SEASON: October to November.

ADAPTATION: succeeds admirably as far north as Thornbury; and east as far as
Prescott.

CLAPP. (Clapp' s Favorite.)

The Clapp is a beautiful pear where well grown and well colored. It is also of
good quality, so that it is well fitted to be a profitable market pear; with one fault,
that it soon passes out of prime condition, and, if allowed to ripen on the trees, it
will rot at the core. On this account the fruit musit be gathered as soon as full grown
and well colored, and shipped while firm.

ORIGIN: raised by Thaddeus Clapp, of Dorchester, Mass., U.S.

TREE: upright, vigorous grower, somewhat spreading, forming a symmetrical top;
bears fruit of uniformly large size, pretty evenly distributed; productive; succeeds
well as a dwarf on rich soil; very susceptible to blight.

FRUIT: very large, pyriform, obovate, usually symmetrical, sometimes with unequal
sides; skin, pale green, changing to yellowish green, with dull red on sunny side,
which becomes bright crimson at maturity, somewhat resembling the coloring of the
well-known Louise; stalk, stout and fleshy, obliquely inserted without cavity; calyx,
large, half open, in shallow basin.

FLESH: creamy white; texture, fine, tender, juicy, with very agreeable flavor;
good to very good.

QUALITY: good for dessert and cooking.

VALUE: the most valuable of the early varieties of pears.

SEASON: August and September.

ADAPTATION: One of the hardiest pears.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

153

154

HKP011T ON THE

Xo. 33

1

1914 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 155

COM ICE. (Doyenne de Cornice.)

" Tree, large, upright. Fruit, large, roundish pyriform, or broad obtuse pyriform,
cavity, shallow, often russeted; stalk, short, stout, inclined; basin, large, deep, uneven;
calyx, small, open; color, greenish yellow, becoming clear yellow at maturity, often
lightly shaded with crimson and fawn in the sun, and with light nettings and patches
of russet and numerous russet dots; flesh, white, juicy, melting, a little buttery with a
fine texture, and sweet, rich, sprightly and aromatic flavor; quality, good; season,
October to November; quite productive." (Report, Mich. Exp. Sta.)

DEARBORN. (Dearborn's Seedling.)

Previous to the introduction of such choice early varieties as Chambers, Wilder,
Gifl'ard and Clapp, the Dearborn was highly commended. Downing calls it, " a very
admirable early pear of first quality, succeeding Bloodgood, and preceding Bartlett; "
but it is no longer to be commended for planting in the commercial orchard because
of its small size. It is now considered only valuable in the garden of the amateur.

ORIGIN: at Boston, Mass., in 1818, by the Hon. H. G. S. Dearborn.
TREE: of moderate vigour; not subject to blight; very productive.

FRUIT: size, small, roundish obovate; skin, clear yellow, with small grey dots,
smooth; stem, 1 to I1/! inches long, inserted with little or no cavity; calyx, open in a
shallow basin.

FLESH: creamy white; texture, tender, buttery, juicy; flavor, agreeable.

•
QUALITY: dessert, fair; cooking, good.

VALUE: market, third class.
SEASON: mid to end of Aueust.

DEMPSEY.

The Dempsey was originated near Trenton, in Prince Edward County, by Mr. P. C.
Dempsey, the late well-known Director of our Association for that district. It was pro-
duced from a seed of a Bartlett, fertilized with Duchess d'Angouleme. Thr> fruit is firm

TREE: vigorous and productive.

FRUIT: large, oblong, obovate, pyriform ; skin, smooth, yellowish-green, with brownish-
red cheek in sun; stem, about 1 inch long, set in a fleshy base, and with almost no
cavity; calyx, nearly closed in a moderately deep, uneven basin, core, small.

FLESH: white, fine grained, tender, almost melting, with sweet, delicious flavor.
SEASON: late October to November.

156

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

DIEL. (Beurre Diel.)

A pear of ordinary appearance as grown in Southern Ontario, but of such size and
excellent quality that it deserves a place in every collection, whether for home use or
market.

ORIGIN : a chance seedling near
Brussels, Belgium, named in
honor of Dr. Diel, a German
pomologist.

TEEE: very vigorous, hardy
and productive.

FRUIT: large to very large;
obovate; skin, pale green, turn-
ing yellow at maturity, with
numerous large brown dots and
patches of russet; stem, curved,
stout, from 1 to I1/! inches long,
set in an open, uneven cavity;
calyx, open, in a basin of moder-
ate depth and not very regular.

DIEL,

FLESH: cream color;
texture, moderately fine,
except at the core, juicy,
buttery ; flavor, aromatic,
sweet and when well
grown and well ripened,
very delicious.

QUALITY: dessert, very
good.

VALUE : home market,
second class, because lack-
ing in color; foreign mar-
ket, possibly first class,
because it carries well
and has fine flavor, but
not yet tested in this
respect.

SEASON: November, just
preceding the Lawrence.

SECTION OF DIEL.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

157

DROUARD. (President Drouard.)

"Large, roundish ovate, obtuse, rather irregular; color, yellow, with nettings and
washings of russet; stalk, quite stout, inserted in a deep, narrow, irregular cavity;
flesh, creamy white, tender, buttery, sweet, perfumed; good. An autumn variety much
liked in Michigan and east of the lakes. Europe." (American Horticultural Manual.)

DUCHESS. (Duchess d'Angouleme.)

SECTION OF DUCHESS.

For many years this pear has been counted among the best and most profitable
varieties in Ontario, especially when grown on quince stock, and, in consequence, has
been largely planted. Prime samples are excellent stock for export, carried in cold
storage. The fruit is often knotty from curculio stings.

ORIGIN: Angers, Prance, in 1812, a chance seedling. In 1820, Andusson, the pno-
uagator, s^nt a basket of the fruit to the Duchess d'Angouleme, who authorized him
to bestow her title upon the pear as its name.

TREE: a strong grower, succeeds best on the quince; variable in productiveness:
not subject to blight.

158

KEPORT ON THE

No. 33

FRUTT: exceedingly variable in size, sometimes weighing a pound and a quarter;
form, obovate, large at the base; surface, uneven, sometimes knobby; skin, light green,
patched with russet, and numerous grey dots; stalk, stout, curved, 1 inch long, often
swollen at point of attachment, deep set in an irregular cavity; calyx, small, closed,
in an uneven, often russeted basin.

FLESH: white; texture, fine, when well grown, but often coarse-grained, melting,
juicy and, when properly matured, of a sweet and very good flavor.

DUCHESS.

QUALITY: dessert, very good; cooking, good.

VALUE: first class for either home or foreign market. One of the best commercial
pears as a dwarf.

SEASON: October and November.

ADAPTATION: hardy in southern Ontario, but only half hardy in Grey, Bruce and
York.

1914 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 15!>

EASTER BEURRE.

Among the desirable pears to grow for export we must not overlook the Easter
Beurre, which, though green and unattractive in appearance at time of harvesting, keeps
well through the winter, is an excellent shipper, and is very good in quality. A warm
climate and favorable soil seem to be necessary to its best development, and, accord-
ingly, we find it planted for commercial purposes in the Californian pear orchards.
On deep, rich sandy loam, in the southern parts of our Province, it succeeds well, either
as a dwarf, or as a standard tree.

Although some writers have claimed that this pear originated in France, because
some old trees were found near Laval, yet the majority agree that the variety originated
in Belgium, at the old University town of Louvain. Van Mons, in his Album de Pomo-
logie, in 1847, says, " This variety was found in the ancient gardens of Capucins, at
Louvain, where the original tree still stood in the year 1825, under the name of Pas-
torale de Louvain."

In the old countries, much confusion has existed regarding the names of pears, and
subsequently much difficulty exists in the identification of varieties; this pear, for
example, is given no less than twenty-four different names in LeRoy's Dictionnaire de
Pomologie, as, for example, Doyenne de Printemps, Canning, Beurre d'Hiver, etc., the
last being adopted by LeRoy; while Hogg, of England, and Downing, of America, both
adopt the name so well known to us, Easter Beurre.

TREE: fairly vigorous, upright and productive, and may be grown either as a dwarf
or as a standard tree; if, as a standard, it needs good, rich soil and a warm climate
for the best success. In Great Britain, it does not seem to succeed so well as in
Canada, for Hogg says it frequently happens that this delicious pear is of an indiffer-
ent and insipid flavor, which is caused by the unfavorable soil; and Blackmore, of
Teddington, says, " It cracks in spots and is seldom very good." Our experience with
it, as grown on a dwarf tree, is favorable.

FEUIT: above medium size, irregular obovate; skin, pale green at harvesting
time, yellowing somewhat toward maturity, with numerous russet dots, russet patches
around the stem and calyx, and often a brownish cheek; stem, about 1 inch long,
stout, swollen at the base, set in a narrow, deep cavity; calyx, small, closed, set in a
much plaited basin of moderate depth.

FLESH: white, fine in texture, melting and juicy; flavor, sweet, rich and agreeable.
QUALITY: dessert, good.
VALUE: export, first class.
SEASON: mid to late winter.

160

REPORT OX THE

No. 33

!l

FEUITS OF ONTARIO.

FLEMISH BEAUTY.

(Feodant des Bois of LeRoy.)

A variety that has been a
great favorite in Europe ever
since the beginning of the
eighteenth century, as is evi-
denced by the thirty-five syno-
nyms which have been given
it, as shown in " Dictionnaire
de Pomologie," by Andre
LeRoy. This and the Bart-
lett were among the first im-
ported varieties of pears
planted in Ontario, and it has
been widely tested. In the
northern sections, where it
succeeds, it is a most popular
variety, but in southern On-
tario it has been of late so
subject to scab and cracking
of the fruit, that it has lost
favor with growers, notwith-
standing its excellent quality.

ORIGIN: discovered by Van
Mons about the year 1810 in
Eastern Flanders, and distri-
buted among his friends.

FLEMISH BEAUTY.

TREE: first class in hardi-
ness; almost first in productive-
ness; an early bearer.

FRUIT: large; form, obovate,
obtuse, pyriform; skin, light
yellow, when ripe, with frequent
patches of brownish red on
sunny side, with scattered
minute dots; stalk, 1 to 1%
inches long, set in a narrow,
deep cavity; calyx, open, seg-
ments short, in a small round
basin.

FLESH: creamy white, melt-
ing, buttery, juicy; flavor, rich,
sugary, delicious.

QUALITY: first class.

VALUE: first class where well
grown.

SEASON: mid to late Septem-
ber; should be gathered before
quite ripe or it will drop and
waste.

ADAPTATION : quite general :
probably the hardiest good pear.

11 F.o.

SECTION OF FLEMISH BEAUTY.

163

.REPORT ON THE

NTo. 33

GIFFARD. (Beurre GiffarcL)

A very desirable commercial pear for the home market.

ORIGIN: a chance seedling about 1840, in the garden of M. Giffard, Angers, France.
TREE: fairly vigorous; a straggling grower; healthy; fairly productive.

FRUIT: size, medium to large; form, pyriform conical; color, light green, with red
dots and marbling of red on the sunny side; stem, 1 inch long, stout, swollen at the
base, set obliquely; calyx, half closed, in a small, shallow basin.

•

GIFFARD.

SECTION or GIFFARD.

FLESH: color, white; texture, melting, juicy; flavor, vinous, perfumed.
QUALITY: dessert, very good; cooking, best.

VALUE: first class for home market. One of the most profitable of the early pears.
SEASON: early to mid August.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

163

GOODALE.

A very good late fall pear; promising as a market variety.
ORIGIN: seedling raised by F. Goodale, Saco, Maine.
TREE: very vigorous and hardy and uniformly productive.

FRUIT: large, obovate obtuse pyriform; color, green, yellowing at maturity, with
crimson choek, some russet patches, and some small brown dots; stem, about % of an
inch long, set in an inclined cavity; calyx, small, closed, in a small, rather deep, basin.

FLESH: color, white; texture, fine,
juicy, granular at core; flavor,
sweet, pleasant, perfumed.

QUALITY: dessert, fair.
VALUE: market, first class.
SEASON : October.

ADAPTATION: succeeds as far east
as Bay of Quinte District.

SECTION OF GOODALE.

164

REPORT ON THE

Xo. 33

HARDY. (Beurre Hardy.)
A good variety for the month of October, for both home use and market.

ORIGIN: Boulogne, France, dedicated to M. Hardy, director of the gardens at
Luxembourg.

TREE: fairly vigorous and productive, and forms a fine symmetrical tree, especially
when grown on the quince. The fruit is uniform in size and the skin is a bright,
clear russet.

HARDY.

FRUIT: medium size, form, obovate, obtuse pyriform, of smooth, regular outline;
skin, yellowish green, with numerous russet dots and covered with light brown russet,
especially at the ends; stem, about 1 inch in length, stout, with fold at the base, and
inserted obliquely in a small depression; calyx, large, open, in a shallow basin; flesh,
white, fine grained, buttery, juicy, with rich aromatic flavor.

QUALITY: dessert, very good; cooking, good.

VALUE: home market, first class. ^

*

SEASON: October.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

165

HOWELL.

A good export pear for southern Ontario. Its vigor of tree, regularity of bearing,
clear skin, and good size and quality make it a desirable variety for the commercial
orchard.

ORIGIN: New Haven, Conn.
Named after the originator, Thomas
Howell.

TREE: upright, healthy and
vigorous, an early bearer, pro-
ductive.

FRUIT: large, obovate pyriform;
skin, yellowish green, waxen red-
dish dots on sunny side, russet
dots in shade; stem, 1% inches
long, set on an acute base, with-
out cavity, sometimes lipped;
calyx, partly open in a deep rus-
seted basin; core, small; seeds,
few, small.

HOWET.L.

FLESH: creamy white
juicy, melting, granrlar
near the core; flavor,
agreeable, vinous; n
little tart.

VALUE: first class for
all markets.

SEASON: mid Sep-
tember to mid October.

SECTION OF HOWELL.

166

REPORT ON THE

Xo. 33

HOOSIC.

This promises to be an excellent commercial variety, with one fault, viz., its short
season.

ORIGIN: seedling from Hacon's Incomparable, by Asahel Foote, of Williamstown,
Mass.

TREE: on quince stock, healthy, vigorous and productive.

FRUIT: size, large to very large; form, obtuse pyriform, somewhat one-sided; skin,
yellow, with light red in sun, and with russet dots; stem, 1% inches long, stout, curved,
set in a small irregular cavity; calyx, small, open, set in a broad, uneven basin.

FLESH: white; texture, tender, fine and moderately juicy; flavor, rich, perfumed.

QUALITY: good for all purposes.

VAXUE: first class for near market.

Grown at Maplehurst, as a dwarf, this pear has given the greatest satisfaction;
and, only that its season is rather short, it would be commended as an export variety.

SEASON: late September.

JOSEPHINE. (Josephine de Malines.)

JgCexceilent winter pear.
ORIGIN: Belgium.

succeeds well on the quince stock; productive.

JOSEPHINE.

FRUJT: size, medium, oblate, -conical; color, yellowish, with small dots; stem, often
two inches long in a slight cavity; basin, large.

FLESH: color, yellowish white; texture, buttery; flavor, rich and peculiar.
QUALITY: dessert, very good.
VALUE: market, second class.
SEASON: mid winter.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

167

KIE'PFER.

There is perhaps no pear about
which a greater diversity of opinion
exists; some fruit men condemning
it because of its lack of quality, and
others insisting that its beauty of
appearance, its enormous produc-
tiveness, and its wonderful health
and vigor of tree make it a pro-
fitable market variety, and that
when properly grown and ripened
it is quite a desirable kind, es-
pecially for cooking. Certainly
the tree surpasses every variety in
our collection for productiveness
and vigor of growth; while the
fruit is always uniformly perfect
in form, free from blemishes, and,
when the tree is cultivated and
manured, large in size.

ORIGIN: by Peter Kieffer, Rox-
bury, Pa., a seedling of Chinese
Sand pear.

KIEFFEU.

TREE: wonderfully vigorous and
healthy; an early and extraordin-
ary bearer.

FRUIT: medium to large; form,
ovate, tapering at both ends, widest
at middle, and narrowest towards
stem; skin, light golden yellow^
with bright cheek, and very
numerous brown russet dots; stalk,
one inch long, fairly stout, in a
one-sided cavity; calyx, half open,
in a medium sized irregular basin.

FLESH: yellowish white; texture,
half tender, half melting, not very
fine, juicy; flavor, moderately
sweet, poor.

QUALITY: dessert, very poor; for
cooking, good; valuable for can-
ning.

VALUE: second class for all mar-
kets. This variety must be planted
on good soils and highly cultivated
and fertilized.

SEASON: October to January.

ADAPTATION: very general.

SECTION OF KIEFFER.

168 REPORT ON THE No. 33

KOONCE.

Ordinary in its appearance, and only medium in size, but on account of the pro-
ductiveness of the tree, it is considerably planted in Illinois for kitchen and market.

ORIGIN: Illinois.

TREE: hardy, healthy and productive.

FEUIT: medium in size; form, obovate pyriform; color of skin, greenish yellow,
with small russet dots; stem, stout, 1 inch long, inserted in a medium-sized, shallow
cavity.

FLESH: white; texture, granular; flavor, poor.
QUALITY: dessert, poor; cooking, fair.
VALUE: for market, second class.
SEASON: early October.

LAWSON. (Comet.}

The most beautiful pear of its season, which is about the middle of August, but in-
clined to rot at core and become mealy, if left hanging too long. Its flavor is disappoint-
ing, so that, in spite of its beauty, it is useless as a dessert pear. It has been widely
advertised and too highly praised. In some parts, it is grown as a cooking pear for
home markets. For distant markets, it is useless, because too tender in flesh.

ORIGIN: on the farm of Mr. Lawson, in New York State, about the year 1800, judging,
from the appearance of the original tree, which was still standing in the year 1900,
Quite recently, it was introduced to the public by Mr. Collins, under the name Comet, by
reason of its bright red color.

TREE: tender, vigorous; fairly productive; succeeds on the quince.

FRUIT: medium to large; obovate, almost pyriform; color, yellow, shaded and ob-
scurely streaked with bright red on the sunny sides, with a few small brown dots; stem,
iy2 inches long, with fleshy protuberance at point of insertion, inclined; calyx, half
open in a large irregular basin.

FLESH: color, creamy white, coarse grained, mealy when ripe, inclined to rot at
the core; flavor, sweet, fairly good.

QUALITY: dessert, good; cooking, good.

:

VALUE: market, second class.

•
SEASON: early to mid August.

1914

FUUITS OF ONTARIO.

169

LAWRENCE.

Probably the best dessert pear for use in early winter.

ORIGIN: Flushing, Long Island, according to Downing; New York State, accord-
ing to Catalogue, American Pom. Soc.

TREE: a moderate grower; an early bearer; moderately productive.

FRUIT: size, medium to large; form, obovate, obtuse pyriform; color, lemon yellow,

with numerous small dots;
small, five-humped basin.

stem, one inch long in a shallow cavity; calyx, open in a

LAWRENCE.

FLESH: color, yellowish white; texture, buttery and juicy; flavor, sweet, rich, aro-
matic, very excellent.

QUALITY: dessert, best; cooking, good.
VALUE: market, second rate.
SEASON: December.
ADAPTATION: one of the hardy pears.

LE CONTE.

An American pear grown for market in the Southern States. It is not considered
profitable in Ontario.

ORIGIN: a Chinese seedling.

TREE: vigorous; productive; apparently not subject to blight.

FRUIT: large; form, oblong, pyriform, turbinate; color, yellow, often with slight
touch of red on sunny side; skin, free from blemishes, and not subject to scab.

FLESH: white; texture, tender; flavor, sweet, perfumed, ordinary:

QUALITY: dessert, poor; cooking, fair.

VALUE: second class for market; very similar to Kieffer, but not as highly colored.

170

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

LOUISE. (Louise Bonne de Jersey.)

An excellent export pear, if well
grown. This and the Duchess have
long held the first place as market
varieties with growers of dwarf pears
in Ontario.

ORIGIN: at Avrancb.es, France, about
1780, by Mr. Longueval, and named
after Madam Louise de Longueval.
About 1827, grafts were secured by
Andre LeRoy, of Angers. The original
tree is said to be still standing.

TREE: hardy in southern Ontario,
succeeds better on quince than on pear
stock; a vigorous, upright grower;
very productive, if well cultivated
and set in deep, rich sandy loam.

FRUIT: large; form, pyriform, sides
usually unequal; skin, smooth, yellow-
ish green, with brownish red '-cheek,
with numerous red and brown dots;

LOUISE.

stem, 1 to IV2 inches long, usually
fleshy at insertion on one side, some-
what swollen at each extremity, set
in a very slight, if any, depression;
calyx, half closed, set in a wide, shal-
low, slightly plaited basin.

FLESH: white; texture, fine grained,
juicy, buttery, melting; flavor, pleas-
ant, aromatic.

QUALITY: very good for dessert pur-
poses.

VALUE: home market, fair; foreign
market, first class.

SEASON: September to October.

SECTION OF LOUISE.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

171

MANNING. (Manning's Elizabeth.)

A pretty little pear, desirable in the amateur's garden, but too small for the com-
mercial orchard.

ORIGIN: in Louvain, in 1819, by Van Mons, who sent scions to America in 1832, to
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Mr. Manning, having been asked by Van Mons
to give it a name, called it, in 1840, Elizabeth of Van Mons, but Downing, 1842, pro-
posed that it be called Manning's Elizabeth, to honor the zeal of this horticulturist in
importing new fruit trees.

TREE: healthy, of medium vigor, shoots dull red; very productive.

MANNING.

FRUIT: size, small; form, regular, obovate, swollen towards the base; color, bright
yellow, covered on the basal half with a deep brownish red, which often spreads over
the sunny side; stem, one inch in length, swollen at the top, often set in an oblique
depression; calyx, open, set in a shallow basin.

FLESH: color, creamy white; texture, fine, buttery, moderately juicy; flavor, sweet,
rich, aromatic.

QUALITY: very good for dessert or pickling.
VALUE: second class fior market purposes.
SEASON: August.

BEPOBT ON THE No. 33

MARGUERITE. (Petite Marguerite.}

Among the desirable varieties of dessert pears for the home garden, we would cer-
tainly include the Petite Marguerite, a pear of the highest quality for table use. At
Maplehurst, the tree has proved itself an abundant bearer and a good grower. The fruit
is not large, but, as size is not an object in a dessert pear, this is not a fault. Its season
is immediately after the Giffard and just before the Clapp and the Tyson. As a market
pear, it is hardly to be commended, because of its small size and color; and it will be
a long time before we can convince the average dealer that size and color are not the
chief considerations in a fruit.

ORIGIN: Angers, Prance, in nurseries of Andre LeRoy.

TREE: second rate in vigor, and first rate in productiveness; succeeds as either
standard or dwarf, but more vigorous as a standard.

FRUIT: small size to medium; form, oblate, obtuse pyriform; skin, light green, often
tinged and mottled with bright red on sunny side, yellowing somewhat at maturity;
stalk, 114 inches to 1% inches in length, set in a narrow cavity, of which one side is
often much higher than the other; calyx, partly open, in a shallow corrugated basin.

FLESH: white, yellowish at core; texture, fine, melting, juicy; flavor, sweet, vinous.
agreeable.

QUALITY: very good for dessert.

VALUE: second class, should only be planted for home use.

SEASON: August.

OSBAND. (Osband's Summer.)

Widely grown in North America. A good dessert pear for home garden, but the fruit
is fcinall and the tree is too scant a bearer to be profitable.

ORIGIN: Wayne County, New York 'State.

TREE: a moderately upright grower, healthy, fairly productive, an early bearer.

FRUIT: size, small; form, obovate, slightly pyriform, regular; color, yellowish green,
turning quite yellow at maturity, with a brownish red cheek and numerous small green
and brown dots; stem, % of an inch long, set in a small, abrupt cavity; calyx, half open,
in a broad, slightly depressed basin; core, small; seeds, small.

FLFSH: color, white; texture, fine grained, juicy; flavor, perfumed, sweet, rich and
pleasant.

QUALITY: dessert, very good; cooking, fair.

VALUE: home market, second class; distant market, fourth class.

SEASON: August.

1914

FKUITS OF ONTARIO.

173

PITMASTON. (Pitmaston Duchess d'Anffouleme.)

A very promising variety, succeeding well as a dwarf; its large size, good shipping
character, fine quality, and regular form, seem to make it very valuable for export. The
fruit is too large to be grown as a standard.

ORIGIN: raised by John William, of Pitmaston, England; a cross between Duchess
and Glout Morceau.

TREE: a very vigorous grower, and quite productive.

PITMASTON.

FEU IT: very large, oblong, obovate, obtuse, pyriform; skin, pale yellow, with light
russet in cavity; stem, stout, 1% to 1% inches long, set in a small cavity; calyx, promi-
nent, half open, set in a very shallow, shouldered basin.

FLESH: color, creamy white; texture, very fine, melting and juicy; flavor, very
pleasant, aromatic, sometimes slightly astringent.

QUALITY: good, not quite equal to that of Duchess.

VALUE: not grown in Ontario.

SEASON: September and October.

174

REPOBT ON THE

No. 33

PRESIDENT MAS.
A large, handsome winter pear.
ORIGIN: France.

TREE: a moderate grower; does best on quince stock.
FRUIT: size, large; form, obovate pyriform, irregular; skin, yellow at maturity.

SECTION OF PITMASTON.
FLESH: wliite; texture, melting, juicy; flavor, vinous, very good.

QUALITY: dessert, first rate.

"• ' . •' ' . • •''-• -,i ' .
VALUE: not grown in Ontario.

SEASON: December to January.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

175

RITSON.

A delicious dessert pear, which is worthy of
a place in every fruit garden; it is not sur-
passed for canning or for pickling, having an
aroma and peculiarly agreeable flavor.

ORIGIN: Oshawa, Ontario, with Mr. Welling-
ton. In response to our inquiry, Mr. W. E.
Wellington writes: — "It was my grandmother,
Mrs. John Ritson, who planted the seeds from
a pear which had been sent her from Boston.
The tree has always stood on my grandfather's
homestead as long as I can remember."

TREE: strong, healthy, upright grower. The
original tree is now of immense size, probably
over 30 feet high, and about one hundred years
old. An annual bearer of nice, evenly formed
fruit.

RITSOX.

FRUIT: size medium, form obovate, pyriform,
usually one-sided; color of skin yellow, heavily
shaded with golden russet, and numerous
minute dots of a darker russet; stem one-inch
long, often inserted in a fleshy protuberance,
and at a slight inclination; calyx open wide in
a very shallow, regular basin.

FLESH: creamy white; texture fine, tender,
buttery, juicy; flavor, sweet, delicately per-
fumed.

QUALITY: dessert very good to best; cooking
very good.

VALUE: market promising for a special trade.
SEASON: October.

SECTION OF RITSON.

176

REPORT ON THE

Xo. 33

ROSTIEZER.

A small unattractive looking pear, of very high quality. It is the best of its season
in quality for dessert purposes, and should have a place in the home garden. What the
Seckel is in October, this pear is in August. The pear sells far below its value on
account of its ordinary appearance.

ROSTIEZER.

SECTION OF ROSTIEZER.

TREE: healthy, vigorous, of sprawling habit; shoots few, and need shortening in.

FRUIT: small to medium, obovate, oblong pyriform; skin green, sometimes turning
yellowish, with reddish brown cheek; stem slender and nearly two inches in length;
calyx open; basin small.

FLESH: juicy, melting, sweet, very delicious, of very finest quality.
VALUE: market, third class.
SEASON: mid to late August.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

SECKEL.

The finest dessert pear in cultivation, and one that should never be omitted from
the garden, when planting pears for home use. Downing calls it " The richest and most
exquisitely flavored variety known." At Maplehurst it has been grown both as a dwarf
and as a standard; in the former case with the most satisfactory results, but in the
latter, smaller, less highly flavored and less attractive in appearance.

Its small size rules it out of the commercial orchard, unless one can cultivate a very
special demand among a certain class of consumers who will appreciate its high quality.

ORIGIN: on the farm of Mr. Seckel, of Philadelphia, near the Delaware river, where,
in 1884, the original tree was still standing, aged one hundred years, and having reached
the height of thirty feet. The Seckel was first introduced into England, into the garden
of the Royal Horticultural Society in 1819.

SECKEL.

TREE: healthy, hardy, and productive; forms a compact symmetrical head; wood
olive brown in color, stout and short jointed; succeeds best as a dwarf.

FRUIT: size small, form obovate, regular and even; color dull brownish green, yel-
lowing as it ripens with a deep brownish red cheek; stem half an inch in length, in a
very small cavity; calyx small, open, in a shallow basin.

FLESH: white; texture very fine grained, melting and juicy; flavor honey-sweet;
rich, spicy, with delicate aroma.

QUALITY: dessert best; cooking good.

VALUE: first class for a special market; but second class where not known, on
account of its small size.

SEASON: September to October.
12 F.o.

178

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

SHELDON.

One of the most delicious
of dessert pears, if eaten just
at the proper time.

ORIGIN: accidental on farm
of Norman Sheldon, of Huron,
Wayne Co., N.J.

TREE: vigorous, erect, not
very productive, late coming
into bearing.

FRUIT: above medium in
size, roundish, obtuse obo-
vate; skin yellowish-green,
covered with thin light rus-
set, brownish crimson in sun,
russet dots; stalk short, stout,
in a narrow cavity; calyx
nearly open, in a broad basin.

FLESH: color creamy; tex-
ture buttery, juicy; flavor
sweet, aromatic.

SEASON: October.

SECTION OF SHELDON.

1914 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 179

SAPIEGANKA.

A Russian pear of fine appearance, scions of which were sent out to Mr. L. Wool-
verton in 1892, by M. Jaroslav Nienietz, of Winnitza, Podolie, Russia. Its fine appear-
ance is in its favour, but its quality is inferior to other varieties of its season, and,
unless it should prove desirable on account of its hardiness, would not be worthy of
general cultivation. Mr. Niemetz says: "In its home in Lithuania, old and large trees
are met with which have endured many and severe winters in the Tamboff Government.
It is the most hardy of all pears there grown, and, therefore, is certainly a hardy variety.
The flavor of the flesh depends upon local conditions, for, though it is tasteful enough
in the warmer districts, it is sometimes harsh; when grown in the north is juicy and
buttery."

TREE: hardy, productive, but subject to blight.

FRUIT: size medium, oblate, often somewhat flattened; color brownish yellow, with
brownish red in sun, with numerous small dots; stem long in small cavity; calyx seg-
ments large, partly open in a broad, wrinkled basin.

FLESH: white; texture coarse, somewhat firm and juicy.
QUALITY: dessert poor; cooking poor.
VALUE: market third class.
SEA sox : August.

ADAPTATION: succeeds well at Grimsby. Tested by the Dominion Experimental
Farms and found tender in Manitoba and the Northwest, but perfectly hardy at Ottawa
and in Muskoka.

SOUVENIR (Souvenir du Congres).

A very large, showy pear, but coarse in flesh and of ordinary quality. Single trees
are found in many Ontario fruit gardens, but so far we know of no orchards of this
variety planted for profit. Hogg, the British pomologist, however, speaks of it more
highly, as follows: — "A very handsome and excellent pear; ripe in the end of August
and the beginning of September. It has a great resemblance to the Bartlett, but is
quite a distinct fruit."

ORIGIN: France, by M. Morel, of Lyon-Vaise, and dedicated to the Pomological Con-
gress at France.

TREE: vigorous and productive, pyramidal.

FRUIT: very large, form oblong obovate, undulating in outline; color clear yellow
when ripe, with a red cheek and many brown dots; stem % of an inch long, stout, much
inclined, inserted without a cavity; calyx large, open, set in a deep basin.

FLESH: color white; texture tender, but coarse, juicy, melting; flavor rich vinous,
aromatic, somewhat resembling that of Bartlett.

QUALITY: dessert fair; cooking not tested.
VALUE: home market first class.
SEASON: late September and early October.
ADAPTATION: not widely tested in Ontario.

180

REPOBT ON THE

Xo. 33

SUMMER DOYENNE (Doyenne d'Ete of Hogg; Doyenne de Juillet o/ Le Roy).

For the home garden this pear is most desirable not only for its good quality for
dessert purposes, but because it has no competitor in the last half of July. It should be
gathered before it is mellow to preserve its juciness, for, if ripened on the tree, it becomes
mealy and insipid. Its very small size makes it undesirable in the commercial orchard,
especially now that we must compete with larger varieties from California, which ripen
earlier in that climate than they do with us.

OBIQIN: Dr. Van Mons, Professor at Louvain, Belgium, about 1823, at which time
he had on his grounds about 2,000 seedlings of merit.

TBEE: vigorous young shoots, light yellowish brown, of upright slender habit; an
early and abundant bearer; succeeds as dwarf or standard.

SUMMER DOYENNE.

FRUIT: small; form roundish, obovate; color green to lemon yellow with brownish
red cheek on the sunny side, and numerous grey dots; stalk about an inch long, some-
times longer, stout, attached in a very slight depression; calyx small, half open, in a
shallow plaited basin.

FLESH: white; texture fine, tender, juicy; flavor sweet and pleasant with slight
aroma.

QUALITY: dessert very good; too small for cooking.

VALUE: too small for a market pear, except in limited quantities.

SEASON: July.

ADAPTATION: hardy in Southern Ontario; fairly hardy in Bruce and Huron.

1914

FRUITS OF OXTARIO.

1.81

A very fine, large, showy pear,
a trifle later than Bartlett,
larger in size, but not equal to
it in quality; promising as a
commercial variety.

ORIGIN: France.

TREE: a thrifty, upright
grower; productive.

FRUIT: large; form obovate,
pyriform, somewhat uneven and
irregular; skin greenish yellow,
with patches of russet; stem
one and a quarter inches long,
set in a shallow, uneven, often
one-sided cavity; calyx* open, in
a broad, irregular, russeted
basin.

TRIUMPH.

(Triomphe de Vienne.)

SECTION OF TRIUMPH.

FLESH: creamy white, very
juicy; flavor rich, sweet and ex-
cellent.

QUALITY: dessert very good;
cooking very good.

VALUE: market, home or
foreign, second class.

SEASON: September.

TRIUMPH.

182

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

TYSON.

A fine pear yielding enormous crops of medium sized fruit, very good for dessert
or cooking; but too near the season of the Bartlett to be profitable for market.

ORIGIN: a seedling found in a hedge on the farm of Jonathan Tyson, near Phila-
dephia.

TREE: vigorous; upright; very productive.

FRUIT: size medium; form acute pyriform; color green, turning yellow when fully
ripe, russet about basin, cheek crimson, dots brown, numerous; stem 1^4 inches long
more or less fleshy at base; calyx open.

TYSON.

FLESH: color white; texture tender, buttery, fine grained, juicy; flavor sweet,
aromatic, excellent.

QUALITY: dessert very good; cooking very good.

/
VALUE: home market second class.

SEASON: August.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

183

VICAR (Vicar of Winkfield of Hogg; Cure of Leroy).

A French pear considerably grown in Ontario as a winter pear, but it does not reach
its best perfection in our climate and does not deserve a place in our orchards. -

OKIGIN: found wild near Clion, France, by M. Leroy, curate of Villiers-en-Brenne, in
the year 1760; distributed in France under sixteen different names; introduced into
England by the Rev. W. L. Rham, vicar of Winkfield, in Berkshire, hence its English
name.

TREE: vigorous, but somewhat susceptible to blight; very productive.

FRUIT: large; form long pyriform, one-sided; skin green, seldom tinged with brown
on the sunny side, and marked with small brown dots; stem usually one and a half
inches long, fleshy at base, and inserted obliquely without a cavity; calyx open, with
large segments, set in a shallow basin.

FLESH: greenish white; texture firm, not very juicy as grown in Ontario; flavor
fair, if well ripened.

QUALITY: dessert very poor; cooking fair.

VALUE: home and foreign market second class.

SEASON: early winter.

WILDER.

A valuable early market pear, being beautiful in appearance, of fair size and very
good" flavor; probably the best of its season, but inclined to rot at the core if left hang-
ing on the tree.

WILDER.

ORIGIN: chance seedling on south shore of Lake Erie.

TREE: vigorous, very productive, and an early bearer when grafted on the quince.

FRUIT: fair to large in size; form ovate, obtuse pyriform, sometimes shouldered
at stem; color greenish-yellow, with deep red cheek and numerous gray dots; stem stout,
three-quarters to one inch in length; calyx open.

FLESH: white; texture tender, fine grained; flavor sweet, aromatic and very pleasant.

QUALITY: dessert very good.

VALUE: home market first class.

SEASON: August.

184

REPOBT ON THE

Xo. 33

WHITE DOYENNE (Virgalieu of New York State).

An old variety with many French
synonyms, of which the proper one
according to LeRoy is La Doyenne.
Downing speaks of it as " unquestion-
ably one of the most perfect of autumn
pears," and on account of its excellent
quality and the productiveness of the
tree, it was at one time widely planted
in the commercial orchards of Ontario
and the United States. Latterly, how-
ever, like the Flemish Beauty, it has
become subject to black spot, for
which reason it is losing favor.

ORIGIN : France.

TREE: healthy, not subject to blight;
a fairly vigorous grower, and an
abundant bearer; usually grown as a
standard.

FKUIT: size medium to large,
form obovate, variable in length;
skin green at first, changing to
yellow as it ripens, sometimes red
in the sun, sprinkled with numer-
ous russet dots; stem % of an inch
long, set in a shallow cavity; calyx
lialf closed in a shallow slightly
plaited basin.

FLESH: white, texture fine
grained, buttery, fairly juicy; flavor
sugary, aromatic, perfumed.

QUALITY : dessert
cooking very good.

very good ;

VALUE: market second class.

SEASOX: September and October.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

185

WINTER NELIS,

An old variety of excellent quality, which has long occupied a high place as a winter
dessert pear to succeed the Lawrence; scarcely large enough nor attractive enough to
be highly recommended for the commercial orchard.

ORIGIN: raised by Jean Charles Nelis, of Malines, in Belgium; introduced into Eng-
land in 1818.

TREE: a spreading, straggling, stocky grower; should be top worked; hardy; an
early bearer; very productive.

WINTER NELIS.

FRUIT: size small to medium; form roundish obovate, short pyriform; color of skin
dull green, becoming yellowish green with dots and patches of brown russet; stalk about
one and a quarter inches long, curved, set in a narrow cavity; calyx open, with erect
segments, in a shallow, somewhat plaited basin.

FLESH: color yellowish white; texture fine grained, buttery, juicy; flavor rich,
sugary, vinous, aromatic.

QUALITY: dessert very good to best; cooking good.
VALUE: market second class.

SEASON: early to mid-winter.

THE PLUM

The plum has a wider range over the Province of Ontario than the pear or peach,
this fruit being a native of the Province and found as far north as Manitoba.

There are three large groups into which the plums may be divided here, namely,
the European, Japanese, and American. In the European or domestic group are in-
cluded most of the varieties which are grown in Ontario commercially. These plums
are not as hardy as the natives, hence their profitable culture is limited to almost exactly
the same districts as the pear, the commercial orchards being mostly found in southern
Ontario, the Georgian Bay District, and along Lake Ontario west of the Bay of Quinte.
A few of the hardiest produce crops occasionally in eastern Ontaria and up to about
latitude 45 degrees in central Ontario, but they are too uncertain to be grown for profit.

The Japanese plums are grown over practically the same area as the European, but
the fruit buds average a little more tender.

In the American group are included the Americana and Nigra plums, the former
being derived from a hardy United States species and the latter from the native Canadian
plum. The varieties of this group are quite hardy and can be grown commercially
where the European and Japanese plums will not' succeed, and while not so good in
quailty as the others good prices are at present obtained for what are produced.

Plums are not being so extensively planted at present as other large fruits, since
during recent years the markets have several times been glutted, resulting in low
prices. The demand for plums is, however, always large, and the excellent market
which is opening up in the Northwest will probably in the future prevent, in a great
measure, this over supply.

The cultural directions for the apple, will apply in most particulars to the plum,
which will succeed on almost all kinds of \tell-drained soils, although it does best on
the heavier clay loams. .?%Trees onlNir two/yeaVs of age should be planted about eighteen
feet apart each way, the soil having been thoroughly prepared beforehand. The trees
should be severely headed back when planted, an-d tuture pruning will consist in form-
ing a well-shaped open head. As some varieties makfe exceptionally strong growth it is
a good practice when the trees are young to prune the young growth back about one-
half each spring to avoid splitting. When the trees begin to bear little pruning is
necessary, as they usually bear so heavily that the trees do not make much growth
annually.

Orchards should be kept thoroughly cultivated, and cover crops are recommended
as for the apple, cherry, peach and pear. The fruit should be picked when it is well
colored but still firm.

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED.

General Lists, approved ~by the Board of Control.

Americana: These are extremely hardy and desirable where the European and
Japanese varieties cannot be grown. Aitken, Cheney, Bixby, Mankato, Wolf, Hawkeye,
Stoddard.

European: Bradshaw, Imperial Gage, Gueii, Shippers' Pride, Lombard (liable to over-
bear, requires thinning), Quackenboss, Yellow Egg, Grand Duke, Golden Drop (Coe),
Reine Claude (one of the best for canning).

Japanese: These are apparently quite as hardy as the European varieties: Red June,
Abundance, Burbank, Climax.

DISTRICT LISTS.
NIAGARA DISTRICT

(Including Niagara Peninsula from the Niagara River to Hamilton and north to the

escarpment.)

Robt. Thompson St. Catharines.

Red June, Climax, Shiro, Burbank, Arctic, German Prune, Shropshire Damson, Grand
Duke, Monarch, Reine Claude.

[186]

1914 EEPOET ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 187

E. M. Smith, Winona.

Burbank, Bradshaw, Lombard, Grand Duke, Monarch, Reine Claude, Shropshire
Damson, German Prune, Fallenburg, Washington for deep, dry soil.

OAKVILLE DISTRICT

(Including the southern part of the counties on Lake Ontario between Hamilton and

Toronto).

A. W. Peart, Burlington.

European: Bradshaw, Niagara, Imperial Gage, Lombard, Prince of Wales, Yellow
Egg, Reine Claude, Staunton.

Japanese: Red June, Abundance, Burbank.

W. F. W. Fisher, Burlington.

European: Bradshaw, Imperial Gage, Lombard, Reine Claude, Grand Duke.
Japanese: Red June, Abundance, Burbank.

ESSEX PENINSULA
(Including Essex, Kent and Pelee Island).

J. L. Hilborn, Leamington.
Burbank, Lombard, Imperial Gage, Yellow Egg, Reine Claude.

J. Aitkin & Son, Leamington.
Burbank, Grand Duke, Lombard, Reine Claude.

FOREST DISTRICT
(Including County of Lambton).

D. Johnson, Forest.
Bradshaw, Imperial Gage, Reine Claude.

LAKE HURON DISTRICT

(Including Counties of Huron and Bruce).
D. F. Hamlink, Goderich.

Japanese: Burbank.

European: Bradshaw, Imperial Gage, Shippers' Pride, Lombard, Monarch, Grand
Duke.

GEORGIAN BAY DISTRICT

(Including northern portions of the Counties of Grey and Simcoe, bordering on the

Georgian Bay).

J. G. Mitchell, Clarksburg.
Red June, Lombard, Archduke, Yellow Egg, Golden Drop, Reine Claude.

188 REPORT ON THE No. 33*

LAKE SIMCOE DISTRICT

(Including the northern and eastern section of Simcoe and northern sections of York,
and Ontario bordering on Lake Simcoe).

G. C. Caston, Craighurst.
Burbank, Staunton.

GUELPH DISTRICT

(Including the high inland Counties of south-western Ontario, i.e., Wellington, Waterloo,

northwestern section of Perth, south part of Grey-Dufferin, and northwest

section of Peel and Halton).

Prof. J. W. Crow, O.A.C., Guelph.
Bradshaw, Imperial Gage, Shippers' Pride, Lombard, Reine Claude, Glass.

ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY DISTRICT

(Including the valley of the St. Lawrence River from Kingston to the eastern boundary

of the Province).

Harold Jones, Maitland.

American : Aitken, Bixby, Mankato, Cheney, Wolf, Schley, Bracket*, Hawkeye.
Stoddard.

European: Glass, Raynes, Mount Royal, Lunn.

OTTAWA DISTRICT

(Including the Ottawa Valley and the eastern portion of the Province not elsewhere
enumerated south of latitude 46 deg.).

W. T. Macoun, Horticulturist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

American and Nigra: Aikin, Bixby, Mankato, Cheney, Wolf, Schley, Brackett,
Hawkeye, Stoddard.

European: Early Red (Russian), Mount Royal, Glass, Montmorency, Raynes,
Perdrigon.

ALGOMA DISTRICT

(Including the islands of Manitoulin and St. Joseph and a limited portion of the
northern and eastern shore of the Georgian Bay).

Chas. Young, Richard's Landing.

European: Glass, Lombard, Pond, Trabesh (Russian), Goliath (Russian).
Americana: Cheney, Wolf, Hawkeye, Stoddard, City.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

189

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

ABUNDANCE.

One of the best of the Japan plums for the home garden. It is early in season,
being ripe about the middle of August, but matures unevenly. To get its best flavor it
should be picked while still firm, and ripened indoors like a Bartlett pear; it will color
beautifully, become very juicy, and the flavor will be sweet and rich.

ORIGIN: one of Luther Burbank's importations from Japan in 1884.

TREE: vigorous; productive, a six-year-old tree, at the Lake Huron fruit station,
bearing six 12-quart baskets of fruit in 1901; habit upright.

ABUNDANCE.

FEUIT: size medium to large; form roundish, narrowing toward the apex; color
bright red on a yellowish ground with numerous red dots; stalk strong three-quarters
of an inch long, inserted in a narrow, deep cavity; suture shallow, distinct; apex
pointed; pit oval; a partial cling.

FLESH: color yellow; texture tender, very juicy; flavor sweet and delicious.

VALUE: one of the best of the early plums.

SEASON : mid-August.

AITKEN.

"Fruit large, oval; cavity narrow, medium depth; suture obscure; apex pointed;
color uniformly deep red all over; dots none; bloom none; skin thin; flesh deep yellow,
juicy, moderately sweet, not rich or high flavored; stone large, flat, oval, semi-cling,

AlTKIN.

no astringency; quality medium to above; season last week of August. Tree only fairly
productive. Nigra group. The earliness of this plum is the principal point for recom-
mendation." (Macown.)

190 REPORT ON THE No. 33

AMERICA.

TREE: large, vigorous, spreading, hardy, very productive; fruit early; one and three-
quarters in diameter, roundish-oval, halves equal; cavity, shallow, flaring; suture shal-
low, a distinct line; apex roundish; color, clear, dark, currant-red over golden-yellow,
mottled, with thin bloom; dots numerous, small, whitish, inconspicuous; stem slender,
one-half inch long, adhering to the fruit; skin, thin, bitterish, separating readily from
the pulp; flesh yellow, juicy, fibrous, somewhat tender, sweet, not high in flavor; fair
in quality; stone clinging, seven-eighths inch by one-half inch in size.

AMERICA.
ARCH DUKE.

A good market variety.

ORIGIN: imported from England, by S. D. Willard, Seneca, N.Y.
TREE: Domestica.

FRUIT: size large; form oval, necked; stem medium, stout; cavity deep, medium;
color dark blue with many russet dots; bloom bluish, heavy; suture more than half

round.

FLESH: yellowish; cling; texture meaty, juicy; flavor subacid, pleasant.
QUALITY: cooking, very good.
VALUE: first class in some localities.
SEASON: late.

ARCTIC.

The tree is hardy and the fruit is of some value where the better varieties do not
succeed. It is very productive, but too small to bring the best prices in the market,
especially in view of its ordinary quality.

ORIGIN : Maine.

TREE: hardy; fairly vigorous; productive; trees at* the Lake Huron station, eight
years planted, yielded from six to eight baskets each.

FRUIT: size small, form oval; color very dark purple, with thin blue bloom; suture
traceable; stem slender, three-quarters of an inch long, set in a small cavity.

FLESH: color yellowish green; texture firm, moderately juicy; flavor moderately
sweet; free stone.

QUALITY: dessert, useless; cooking, good.

VALUE: market, second to third class.

SEASON: mid- August to early September in southern parts of the Province, and early
September in more northerly plum districts.

1914

FKUITS OF ONTARIO.

191

BIXBY.

"Fruit above medium to large, roundish; cavity narrow, medium depth; suture
rather indistinct, slightly depressed; apex rounded; color yellow, more or less covered
with bright red; dots numerous, small, yellow; bloom fairly heavy; skin moderately
thick, rather tender; flesh deeip yellow, juicy; stone medium size, oval in outline, con-
siderably flattened, cling; sweet but not rich in flavor, no astringency; quality good;
season late, August to early September. A very handsome early plum. Chief fault is
unevenness of ripening. Makes good preserves." (Macoun.)

BIXBY.

BRACKETT.

"Form roundish, flattened at ends; large to very large; cavity medium width, shal-
low, stem half inch, slender; suture a distinct line, no depression; apex flattened, in-
dented; color yellow, almost entirely overspread with deep purplish red; dots numerous,
yellow, distinct; bloom moderate, bluish; skin thick, tough; flesh deep yellow, meaty,
juicy; stone above medium, roundish, flattened, cling; sweet, rich, good flavor; quality
good." (Macoun.)'

BRACKETT.

192

EEPOET ON THE

X<>. 33

BRADSHAW (Niagara, Blue Imperial).

Considered by many one of our most valuable European varieties, whether for home
use or market, because of its fine quality, its large size and beautiful appearance.

TBEE: erect, vigorous, moderately productive with occasional heavy crops; late com-
ing into bearing; class, Domestica.

BRADSHAW.

FRUIT: size large; stalk one inch long, slightly curved; color reddish-purple, with
blue bloom; apex round, slightly depressed; suture on one side, broad and shallow.

FLESH: color yellowish; texture juicy, tender; flavor rich and sweet; pit long, thin
oval, partial cling.

QUALITY: dessert, very good; cooking, very good.

VALUE: home market, first class.

SEASOX: mid to late August.

BURBANK.

The Burbank is one of the best of the Japanese iplums for the commercial orchard,
on account of its beauty, its great productiveness, and its excellent shipping quality.

ORIGIN: It was in 1885 that Mr. Luther Burbank, of Santa Rosa, California, im-
ported some plum trees from Japan and, when they fruited, he selected this as one of
the best and most worthy of propagation. In 1891 he sent samples to the Department
of Agriculture at Washington and the Pomologist of the Department named it Burbank,
after the introducer.

This plum has been before us for over fifteen years, and notwithstanding the great
number of Japanese varieties now sold by nurserymen, still holds the highest place.

Compared with the Domestica class, the Japanese are inferior in quality, but when
fully ripened, are fairly good eating. Like the Kieffer pear, the Burbank plum is mak-
ing its reputation rather on quantity than on quality.

TBEE: hardy; a very vigorous, wayward grower; an early and most abundant
bearer; the fruit needs thinning to secure good size.

1914

FHU1TS OF ONTARIO.

193

FRUIT: medium to large; form, when properly thinned, nearly round, but slightly
conical; color orange yellow ground, shaded with red, and almost purple on the side
exposed to the sun; skin very smooth, with a slight bloom, peels easily when ripe; suture
traceable; apex a small point; stem half to five-eighths of an inch long, stout; cavity
deep, abrupt, with leather-crack marks.

BUBBANK.

FLESH: color amber; texture juicy and tender when fully ripe; flavor sweet, fairly
agreeable; stone medium, pointed, cling.

QUALITY: good for cooking; fair for dessert.

VALUE: first class for market.

SEA sox : late August.

ADAPTATION: general; succeeds fairly well on St. Joseph Island.

CLIMAX.
A very large, fine looking Japan plum; a fine market variety.

ORIGIX: Hybrid of P. Simoni and Botan, raised by Luther Burbank, of Santa Rosa,
California.

TREE: vigorous; productive.

FRUIT: size very large; form heart shaped, one sided; color vermilion, with numer-
ous white specks.

FLESH: cling; color yellow; texture firm, juicy; flavor rich, aromatic.
QUALITY: dessert, good.
VALUE: market, first class.

SEASOX: mid-August. - .

13 F.O.

194

REPORT ON THE

\o. 33

CARO.

A seedling of Wolf, which originated at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa,
Canada, in 1895. Fruit, large, roundish; suture distinct; bright red, showing yellow
in patches; dots numerous, yellow, distinct; bloom light; skin thick; flesh deep yellow,
juicy, sweet, rich; good; mid-season.

CARO

CHENEY.

"Fruit large, round to somewhat oval, uneven; cavity narrow, medium depth;
suture merely an indistinct line; apex rounded; color uniformly deep red all over,
sometimes paler on one side; dots none; bloom none; skin moderately thick, tough, not
astringent; flesh deep yellow, juicy; stone medium size, flat, oval, cling; sweet, moder-
ately rich flavor; quality good. Season late August to early September. One of the
best. It soon gets soft, however, after ripening. Tree a strong grower, moderately
productive. Nigra group." (Macoun.}

CHENEY.

1914 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 195

CHABOT (Yellow Japan, Bailey).

This is the best Japan plum of its season, which is about two weeks later than
Burbank.

ORIGIN: imported from Japan by Mr. Chabot, of Berkeley, Cal., and introduced to
the trade by Mr. Luther Burbank in the year 1896.

TREE: very vigorous, head fine, large, symmetrical; productive; an early bearer.

FRUIT: medium to large for a Japan plum; form oblong conical, almost heart
shaped; color red, with pinkish bloom and numerous minute yellowish specks; stem
three-quarters of an inch long, stout; apex a point in a narrow, deep depression; suture
traceable.

CHABOT.

FLESH: color yellowish; texture moderately firm and juicy; flavor sweet, perfumed,
very pleasant; clings to stone.

QUALITY: dessert, good; cooking and drying, very good.
SEASON: early to mid September.

COE (Coe's Golden Drop).

A popular canning plum for the home garden; scarcely productive enough to be
recommended for the commercial orchard.

ORIGIN: England.

TREE: vigorous; fairly productive; class Domestica.

FRUIT: large; form oval; suture distinct; neck short; sides unequal; color golden
yellow with dots of red next the sun; bloom yellow; stalk three-quarters of an inch long
stout, in a shallow cavity.

FLESH: cling; color yellowish; texture firm, not fine grained; flavor sweet and
pleasant.

196

REPORT OiST THE

Xo. 33

QUALITY: cooking, very good; dessert, fair.
VALUE: market, first class.
SEASON: mid-September.

' '%' m^&^amr'

COE.

COLUMBIA.

Variety somewhat like Reine Claude but not as good.

ORIGIN: New York.

TREE: large, slightly spreading, productive.

FRUIT: medium, roundish oval, dark, purplish red.

FLESH: yellow, firm and sweet.

SEASON : mid-season.

VALUE: not grown to any extent in Ontario, and not of highest quality.

COLUMBIA.

1914 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 197

DIAMOND (Black Diamond).

\
Considerably grown for cooking purposes.

ORIGIN: Kent, England.

TREE: vigorous; productive; class Domestica.

FRUIT: size large; form oval; suture distinct, shallow; stem three-quarters of an
inch long in a narrow, deep cavity; dots small; color dark purple with pale blue bloom.

FLESH: cling; color deep yellow; texture coarse grained, dry; flavor brisk acid.
QUALITY: dessert, poor; cooking, good.
VALUE: market, first class.
SEASON : September.

DUANE (Duane's Purple).

A good commercial plum, a profitable variety in the Western States.
ORIGIN: Duanesburgh, N.Y.
TREE: vigorous, productive.

DUANE.

FRUIT: very large; form oblong, oval longer on side; color reddish purple with lilac
bloom, turning dark blue; stalk slender, three-quarters of an inch long set in a narrow-
cavity.

FLESH: color yellow; texture tender, juicy; flavor moderately sweet and good;
partial cling stone.

SEASON: late August to early September.
QUALITY: cooking, good.
VALUE: market, first class.

198

EEPOET ON THE

No. 33

GERMAN PRUNE.

Highly valued for shipping to distant markets because it keeps and carries well;
valued also for drying and preserving.

ORIGIN: Germany; widely grown over Europe.

TREE: fairly vigorous; productive; may be propagated from seed without much
variation.

GERMAN PRUNE.

FRUIT: size medium, sometimes below; form long oval, sides unequal, elongated;
suture distinct; stem three-quarters of an inch long, curved, inserted without cavity;
color purple, with blue bloom.

FLESH: free from pit; color yellowish green; texture firm; flavor sweet, pleasant,
not rich.

QUALITY: dessert, poor; drying, good.

VALUE: near market, first class; distant market, first class.

SEASON: September and October.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

199

GLASS (Glass' Seedling).

A commercial variety resembling Quackenboss.

ORIGIN: with Alexander Glass, at Guelph, Ontario.

TREE: hardy; vigorous; habit upright; foliage peculiar dark green; productive;
class Domestica.

FRUIT: size large; form round oval, irregular at apex; suture distinct; apex de-
pressed; stem three-quarters to one inch long; color dark purple with thin blue bloom
and white dots; skin thick, firm.

GLASS.

able.

FLESH: free from pit; color greenish yellow; texture juicy; flavor sweet and agree-
i.

QUALITY: dessert, fair; canning, good.
VALUE: market, good.
SEASON: September.

GOLD.

A very attractive plum, because of its golden yellow color, but not recommended
for the commercial orchard.

ORIGIN: a hybrid of Chicasaw and Japan, originated by H. A. Terry, of Crescent,
Iowa.

TREE: -a poor grower, but an early and abundant bearer.

FRUIT: large roundish; color golden yellow, with a blush of light red about the
stem; stem three-quarters of an inch in length; skin tough.

FLESH: yellow; texture tender and juicy; flavor sweet, aromatic, and pleasant;
cling stone.

QUALITY: dessert, fair.

VALUE: market, second class.

SEASON: late August.

200

BEPOHT ON THE

Xo. 33

GRAND DUKE.

A valuable market plum, on account of its large size and handsome appearance.
ORIGIN: Europe.
TREE: healthy; moderately vigorous; quite productive.

FRUIT: size large; form obovate; color dark blue or black with dark blue bloom
stem about one inch long, in a small cavity; suture deep.

GRAND DUKE.

FLESH: color yellow; texture firm flavor agreeable; cling.
VALUE: one of the best late market plums.
SEASON: late September.

1914

.FIJI* ITS OF ONTARIO.

201

GUEII (Blue Magnum Bonum).

A valuable plum for the commercial orchard.

ORIGIN: with Mr. Hagaman, Lansingburgh, N.Y., about 1850. It was named after
John Goeway (pronounced Gueii), who was the first to cultivate the plum extensively,
and it has of late been spelled after the pronunciation.

TREE: an upright, vigorous grower, becoming more spreading with age; hardy; an
early and abundant bearer.

. GUEII.

FRUIT: size medium to large; form roundish ovate, narrowing slightly toward apex;
color very dark purple, with blue bloom; stem one and a half inches long, slender, set
in a large, deep cavity; suture very slight; apex a small point.

FLESH: color pale yellow; texture firm, juicy; flavor, moderately sweet, pleasant;
almost free of stone.

QUALITY: dessert, poor; canning, very good.

VALUE: home market first class.

SEASON: late August to early September.

HALE.

A yellow Japan plum coming in between Abundance and Burbank.

ORIGIN: Japan; imported by Luther Burbank in 1885; named after the introducer,
Mr. J. H. Hale.

TREE: very vigorous; habit spreading; very productive in 1905.

FRUIT: size rather above medium; form globular; suture traceable on one side; color
of skin orange, with thin whitish bloom; stem slender, three-quarters of an inch in
length; drops easily.

FLESH: color golden yellow; texture tender, juicy; flavor rich, pleasant; cling.

QUALITY: dessert, good; canning, very good.

VALUE: market, second class. Not grown in Ontario.

SEASON: mid to late August.

202

KEPORT OX THE

Xo. 33

HAND (General Hand) .

A very fine, large plum of the Gage group, which is worthy of a place in the
amateur's garden as a dessert or preserving plum, but not profitable as a market variety.

ORIGIN: on farm of General Hand, Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

TREE: a very vigorous grower, but a shy bearer until well aged; class Domestica.

FBUIT: round; size medium to large; skin deep golden yellow, marbled with greenish
yellow; stem slender, about an inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity; suture shallow.

HAND.

FLESH: color pale yellow; texture coarse, moderately juicy; flavor sweet and very
good; free from stone.

QUALITY: very good for dessert.
VALUE: market, first class.
SEASON: September.

HAMMER.

"Fruit round oval; size medium to large; cavity very shallow; suture a line; color
crimson; dots many, minute, and a few larger yellow; bloom blue; skin thick; flesh
yellow; stone small, round, slightly flattened, nearly free; quality very good; season
after Wolf and Weaver. Originated with H. A. Terry, Iowa, who says it is a seedling
of Miner, but thinks it has an admixture of Americana blood. A fine variety." (Waugh.)

1914

FKUITS OF ONTARIO.

203

HAWKEYE.

FRUIT: large, roundish; cavity shallow, narrow; suture merely a distinct line; apex
rounded; color yellow, more or less covered with purplish red dots, small, indistinct;
bloom medium; skin thick, moderately tough.

HAWKEYE.

FLESH: deep yellow, juicy; stone large, broad, much flattened, cling; sweet, good
flavor.

QUALITY: good.

SEASON: mid to late September. One of the best. (Macoun.)

204:

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

IMPERIAL GAGE.

An excellent preserving or canning plum, but not very popular for the commercial
orchards.

ORIGIN: Flushing, Long Island.

TREE: vigorous; productive; hardy; class Domestica.

FRUIT: size medium or below; form oval; color green tinged with yellow; dots
greenish; bloom whitish; stem three-quarters of an inch long; suture shallow; skin
tough.

IMPERIAL GAGE.

FLESH: mostly free; color greenish yellow; texture juicy, melting; flavor rich, ex-
cellent.

QUALITY: dessert, very good; canning, best.
VALUE: market, first class.
SEASOX: early September.

1914

KIM "ITS OF ONTARIO.

205

ITALIAN PRUNE (Fellenburg) .

An old variety from Europe; a fine late shipping plum, and widely grown for
market.

ORIGIN: Europe.

TREE: of spreading habit; productive; class Domestica.

FRUIT: size medium; form oval narrowing at the ends, one sided; stem one inch
long in small cavity; suture shallow; skin thin; color dark purple with blue bloom.

FLESH: free stone; color greenish yellow; texture fairly juicy; flavor sweet, good.

*

ITALIAN PRUNE.

QUALITY: dessert, fair; cooking, very good.
VALUE: market, first class.
SEASON: September.

KINGSTON.

A valuable market variety.
ORIGIN: Province of Ontario.
TREE: vigorous and productive.

FRUIT: size medium to large; form oval; color dark purple, with thin blue bloom;
stem slender, about five-eighths of an inch long, inserted in a small, deep cavity; suture
shallow; apex a small point.

FLESH: color yellowish green; flavor tart.
QUALITY: cooking, very good.
SEASON: early September.

206

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

LOMBARD.

One of the most prolific of the old varieties, and, until recently, considered the
most profitable. Of late, however, the price of Lombard plums has so far declined that
other varieties are being planted in its place.

ORIGIN: raised from seed by Judge Platt, Whitesboro, N.Y.; introduced to public
by M. Lombard, of Springfield, Mass., after whom it was named. Previously it was
called Bleeker's Scarlet.

TREE: very productive; very vigorous; very hardy; inclined to overload, and the
fruit needs thinning.

LOMBARD.

FRUIT: medium size; form roundish, oval, slightly flattened at the ends; color
purplish red, paler in shade; bloom heavy; suture traceable; stalk slender, about three-
quarters of an inch, set in a broad, funnel-shaped cavity; subject to rot when overloaded.

FLESH: deep yellow; texture firm, juicy; flavor pleasant; cling stone.

QUALITY: dessert, good; canning, very good.

VALUE: second class for market.

SEASON: late August to early September.

MCLAUGHLIN.

A fine plum for home uses; a little tender for distant shipment.

ORIGIN: with James McLaughlin, Bangor, Maine.

TREE: vigorous; fairly productive; an early and an annual bearer; class Domestica.

FRUIT: size medium to large; form roundish oval, flattened at the ends; stem five-
eighths of an inch long, in a small shallow cavity; apex, small point in a slight de-
pression; suture traceable; skin thin; color greenish yellow, mottled with red; bloom
delicate whitish.

FLESH: semi-cling; pit small; color clear yellow; texture tender, very juicy; flavor
rich, sweet and excellent.

QUALITY: dessert, very good to best; cooking, good.

VALUE: market, first class; rather tender for distant shipments.

SEASON: September.

1914 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 207

MANKATO.

"Fruit above medium to large, roundish; cavity narrow, medium depth; suture
a distinct line; apex rounded; color deep, dull red with a moderately heavy bloom;
dots numerous, small, yellow; bloom rather heavy; skin thick, tough; flesh deep yellow,
juicy, sweet, good flavor, not astringent; stone large, flat, semi-cling; quality good.
Season late August to early September. Better in quality than Bixby, but not as hand-
some. A good early plum. Promising." (Macoun.)

MANKATO.

MARU.

Productive and early, but too small and poor in quality to be recommended.
ORIGIN: imported by L. Burbank in 1885.
TREE: habit spreading; fairly vigorous; very productive.

FRUIT: size small; form roundish; cavity narrow, abrupt; stem short and stout;
suture scarcely traceable; bright red, turning dark red; bloom thin.

FLESH: cling; color yellow; texture tender, juicy; flavor pleasant.
QUALITY: dessert, fair; cooking, fair.
VALUE: market, second class.
SEASON : mid-August.

MILTON.

A seedling of Wild Goose; valuable for its hardiness.
ORIGIN: Iowa.

FRUIT: size medium; roundish oval or oblong; color dark red with numerous dots.
FLESH: texture melting, firm.
QUALITY: fair.

VALUE: market, second class.
SEASON: a week earlier than Wild Goose.

208

REPORT OX THE

Xo. 33

MONARCH.

A profitable commercial variety; a good shipper.
ORIGIN: England.

TREE: a vigorous grower; habit upright; an early, regular and abundant bearer;
class Domestica.

MONARCH.

FRUIT: large; roundish ovate; color dark purple with heavy bluish bloom; stalk
about seven-eighths of an inch long, stout, in a moderately deep cavity; suture broad,
shallow.

FLESH: color yellow; texture firm; flavor sweet, slightly acid.

QUALITY: very good for all purposes.

VALUE: market, first class; canning, first class.

SEASON: late September.

MAYNARD.

A Japanese variety highly advertised, but not much planted in Ontario.

TREE: large, vigorous, spreading, productive.

FRUIT: medium size, roundish, dark and changing to purplish black.

FLESH: reddish, tender, sweet and aromatic.

VALUE: good.

SEASON: early, follows Climax.

MAYNARD.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

209

OGON.

Somewhat irregular in size, but its earliness, just following Red June and Willard,
make it of value to the plum grower.

ORIGIN: imported from Japan by H. H. Berger & Co., California.

TREE: class, Japan; habit, spreading; fairly vigorous; fairly productive.

FRUIT: form roundish, irregular; size medium; color yellow; bloom slight, whitish;
stem half an inch long in a deep, narrow cavity; suture deep or shallow, half round;
apex blunt.

FLESH: free; color yellow; texture firm with a little juice; flavor flat.

QUALITY: poor for dessert; fair for cooking.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: mid-August.

POND (Pond's Seedling).

A beautiful and showy plum, but not much planted in the commercial orchard;
somewhat subject to rot.

ORIGIN: England.

TREE: vigorous; moderately productive.

FRUIT: size very large; form obovate tapering toward the base; skin thick, purple,
with purplish bloom and numerous brown dots.

FLESH: color yellow; texture juicy; flavor pleasant.

QUALITY: very good.

VALUE: market first class, only for its susceptibility to rot.

SEASON : mid-September.

POND'S SEEDLING

14 P.O.

210

HEP.ORT ON THE

No. 33

PRUNE D'AGEN.

"Medium in size obovate, somewhat necked; color reddish purple with heavy blue
bloom and numerous small dots; stalk one inch long, curved, in small cavity. Flesh
greenish yellow, rich, very good to best; nearly free from pit. Grown largely on the
west coast for drying, but in States to the east and south to a less extent. Domestica."
(Budd.)

PURPLE EGG (Hudson River Purple Egg).

A good commercial variety, especially for preserving.

ORIGIN: on the banks of the Hudson River, New York State, exact locality not known.
TREE: upright, vigorous grower, hardy and very productive.

PBUIT: size large; form ovate, often necked; color of skin, dark, rich red to purple;
stem long in a deep cavity; suture shallow; bloom thin; clings to stone.
FLESH: color, greenish yellow; texture firm; flavor brisk acid.
QUALITY: dessert, poor; cooking, very good.
SEASON: late September.

PRINCE OF WALES.

TREE: large, vigorous, slightly vasiform, open-topped, hardy, very productive.

FRUIT: late, season short; one and five-eighths inches by one and one-half inches
in size, roundish oval, halves equal; cavity narrow, abrupt; suture a line; apex round-
ish; color reddish purple, overspread with thick bloom; dots few, large, often tinged
red, conspicuous; stem thick, one-half inch long, pubescent, adhering well to the fruit;
skin tough, separating readily; flesh golden yellow, juicy, tender, sweet, mild; good;
stone semi-free or free, seven-eighths inch by five-eighths inch in size.

PRINCE OF WALES.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

QUACKENBOSS.

A good market plum; one of the best for distant shipment.

ORIGIN: at Albany N.Y.; introduced by Mr. Quackenboss, of Greenbush, N.Y.

TREE: very vigorous; habit upright; hardy; fairly productive.

QUACKENBOSS.

FRUIT: large; form roundish oval; color dark purple, with blue bloom; stem of
medium length, set in a very slight cavity; suture traceable.

FLESH: semi-cling; color greenish; texture rather firm; flavor sprightly.
QUALITY: dessert, fair; canning, good.
VALUE: market, first class.
SEASON: late September.

RED JUNE (Red Nagate of Thomas).

RED JUNE.

The earliest good plum grown.

ORIGIN: Japan; introduced to the public in 1893 by Stark Bros., Louisiana, Mo.,
who gave it the name of Red June. The Japanese name was " Shiro Smomo." ,

TREE: hardy and vigorous, forming a symmetrical top; an early and fairly abundant
bearer; should be planted with such varieties as Burbank, Abundance or Chabot, to
secure cross fertilization.

212

JiEPOBT OX THE

No. 33

FKUIT: form, roundish conical; apex pointed; size, medium; suture distinct; skin
thick, tenacious; color bright red, deepening to dark red when fully ripe, with light
bluish bloom; stem one-half an inch long; cling.

FLESH: color yellow; texture somewhat juicy, moderately firm; flavor agreeable.

QUALITY: dessert, good; cooking, very good; an excellent substitute for the Damson.

VALUE: market, first class. The earliest plum of value on early locations.

SEASON: late July to early August.

REINE CLAUDE (Reine Claude de Bavay. Green Gage).

The Reine Claude and several varieties of the Green Gage type are of especial value
for culinary purposes. For pies, sauce or canning purposes they seem to be growing in
demand year after year and no collection of plums for the home garden is, therefore,
complete without a tree or more of this or some other variety of this family. With
Ontario fruit growers, the most popular Gage is the Reine Claude de Bavay, commonly
known among them as Reine Claude, which name is also an old synonym of the Green
Gage. In the catalogue of the American Pomological Society it is called Bavay. The
fruit of this later variety is in good demand among canners, and brings a fair price
in our markets.

REINE CLAUDE.

ORIGIN: this type of plum was brought from Italy to France about the year 1500
by Queen Claudia, wife of Francis I., after wrhom it was named Reine Claudia. Later,
some trees were brought to England by a family named Gage, but the label on these
trees being lost, the gardener called them Green Gage. Hogg, the English pomologist,
however, tried to prove that this plum had been introduced into England before this
time under the name of Reine Claude, and hence arose considerable confusion of names.

TREE: productive; hardy, a slow grower.

1914 FBUITS OF ONTARIO. 213

FRUIT: roundish; size medium; skin greenish, yellowing towards maturity, with a
thin whitish bloom and a few red dots; stem three-quarters of an inch long, set in a
small, abrupt cavity; suture traceable.

FLESH: color pale green; texture melting and juicy; flavor rich, sweet and excel-
lent; pit mostly free.

QUALITY: cooking or canning, best; dessert, very good.

VALUE: home market, first class.

SEASON: mid to late August.

SATSUMA (Blood).

One of the most satisfactory of the Japan plums; commercially valuable in the
Niagara district. Highly esteemed for canning, and for jelly.

ORIGIN: imported by Luther Burbank from Japan to America in 1886; called "Blood"
from the blood-red color of the flesh.

TREE: habit spreading; fairly vigorous; ordinarily very productive; self sterile,
and should be planted with other varieties.

SATSUMA.

FRUIT: oblate, slightly conical; size large; stem about three-quarters of an inch in
length, stout, set in a deep cavity; suture traceable; skin thick; color dark red, with
whitish bloom and many dots.

FLESH: cling; color dark red; texture firm; flavor pleasant when well ripened; a
little acid.

QUALITY: cooking, very good.

VALUE: market first class.

SEASON: late September.

SHIPPERS' PRIDE (Pride).

An excellent market plum; a good shipper and fine for canning;

ORIGIN: New York State.

TREE: very vigorous; very hardy; very productive.

FRUIT: size large; form roundish oval; color dark purple.

FLESH: firm, juicy; flavor sweet.

QUALITY: dessert fair; cooking, good; excellent for canning

VALUE: market, first class, being a fine shipper.

SEASON: early to mid-September.

214:

REPOET ON THE

Xo. 33

SHIPPERS' PRIDE.

SCHLEY.,

FRUIT: of medium size, roundish oval; suture slight; cavity of medium depth; bright
red with numerous dots; skin tough; flesh yellow; poor; cling stone; mid-season.

SCHLEY.

1914 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 215

SHIRO.

FBUIT: very early, season short; one and one-half inches in diameter, roundish
conic, with halves equal; cavity intermediate in depth and width; suture an indistinct
line; apex roundish; color light yellow, becoming deeper yellow as the season advances,
occasionally with a blush of pink, with thin bloom; dots numerous, very minute, whitish,
inconspicuous; stem three-eighths inch long, adhering to the fruit; skin, thin, tough,

SHIRO.

sour, occasionally cracking, separating readily, although a thin coating of flesh is left
clinging to the skin; flesh light yellow, semi-transparent, the stone being faintly visible,
very juicy, fibrous, somewhat melting, sweet, mild, lacks character in flavor; good;
stone clinging, seven-eighths inch by five-eighths inch in size.

SHROPSHIRE DAMSON.

A small plum, very highly valued for jam and for preserves; much sought after by
those who know its value.

ORIGIN: Shropshire, England.

TREE: upright, fairly vigorous, quite productive.

FRUIT: small, oval; color dark purple, with blue bloom; stalk half an inch long,
no cavity; suture none.

FLESH: nearly free from stone; texture melting, juicy; flavor rich, acid.

QUALITY: dessert, fair; canning, very good to best.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: late.

SIMON (Primus Simoni, Simonsi of Thomas, Simon's Plum).

A distinct species of stone fruit, having characteristics of both the peach and the
plum. It has been tested in Ontario since 1888, and has not realized the expectations
of planters who were led to expect in this fruit a substitute for the peach where the
latter fruit was uncertain. It has proven itself worthless in the commercial orchard,
and valuable only as a curiosity.

ORIGIN: northeastern China, introduced to France by Eugene Simon and dissem-
inated by Simon Bros., of Metz, Alsace. Fruited at Cornell University in 1886, and at
St. Catharines, Ont, in 1887. It was placed in the plant distribution list by the Fruit
Growers' Association in 1890.

TREE: upright, slender, lacking in vigor, not productive.

FRUIT: large; form round transversely and flattened longitudinally; color dark
maroon, with a perceptible bloom; stalk half an inch long, stout, set in a deep cavity;
suture distinct; stone smooth, clings tightly to the flesh.

FLESH: orange color; texture, tough and juicy; flavor often bitter, sometimes fairly
agreeable.

QUALITY AND VALUE: very poor.

SEASON: early August.

ADAPTATION: to the peach sections.

216

EEPORT ON THE

NTo. 33

SMITH ORLEANS.

" Fruit large to very large, oval, rather widest toward the stalk, a little irregular,
with a strongly marked suture on the side; stalk quite small and slender, a little more
than half an inch long, inserted in a deep, narrow cavity; skin reddish purple; covered
with a deep blue bloom; flesh deep yellow, a little firm, very juicy, with a brisk rich
vinous flavor, and adheres to the stone; good to very good; late August, growth very
vigorous." (Downing.)

STODDARD.

"Fruit large to very large; roundish; cavity narrow, shallow; suture a distinct
line; apex rounded; color deep yellow, almost entirely covered with deep purplish red;
dots fairly numerous, small yellow; bloom light, skin thick, tough, slightly astringent;
flesh deep yellow, juicy; stone medium size, broad, flat, cling; sweet, good rich flavor;
quality very good. Season late September. One of the largest and best flavored Ameri-
cana plums." (Macoun.)

STODDARD.

VICTORIA (Sharp; Sharp's Emperor}.

A fine dessert plum for the amateur's garden. It has been long known as Victoria,
and indeed by no other name in Ontario.

ORIGIN: Sussex, England.

TREE: vigorous and productive.

FRUIT: size large, form oval; suture distinct; color of skin light reddish-purple;
stem nearly one inch long in a moderately deep, abrupt cavity; dots whitish and pinkish;
cling stone.

FLESH: yellow; flavor pleasant.

SEASON: early in September.

QUALITY: very good.

ADAPTATION: considered a success at the Lake Huron station, in Bruce County.

VICTORIA.

1914 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 21 7

WASHINGTON.

Not productive enough, nor good enough a shipper to be popular in the commer-
cial plum orchard; but, on account of its large size, beauty and excellence of quality,
a universal favorite for the dessert table.

ORIGIN: New York City, as a sucker from a grafted tree, which was purchased from
a market woman by a Mr. Balmer. He first fruited it in 1818, and the plum was at
first called Balmer, after him.

TREE: a strong, vigorous grower; fairly productive; foliage remarkably large, broad
and glossy.

FRUIT: size large; form -round oval; suture traceable, very distinct near the stem;
color dull yellow, changing to deep yellow, marked with crimson dots and covered with
pale bluish, grey bloom; stem three-quarters of an inch long, set in a wide, shallow
cavity.

WASHINGTON.

FLESH: yellow; texture firm; flavor rich, sweet and luscious.
QUALITY: dessert, very good; cooking, very good.
VALUE: homo market, first class.
SEASON: late August.

WHITAKER.

The best of its class fruited at the St. Lawrence station.

ORIGIN: a seedling of Wild Goose; raised by J. T. Whitaker, Texas; closely resem-
bling its parent.

TREE: vigorous; rapid grower; spreading habit; healthy; foliage bright green, free
from shot-hole fungus; late bloomer; class Chickasaw.

FRUIT: oval; size medium; cavity shallow; suture traceable; color bright red, with
many white dots and thin bluish bloom; skin thin.

FLESH: color yellow; texture moderately firm, juicy; flavor sweet and good.

QUALITY : good.

VALUE: market, second class.

SEASON : September.

WICKSON.

Among the largest and finest of the Japan plums, but not productive enough to be
profitable as a market variety. Introduced with a great flourish and largely planted,
but in most cases it has proven a disappointment.

ORIGIN: grown from seed of Kelsey, by Luther Burbank, of Santa Rosa, Cal.; from
its habit the tree appears to have some relation to Prunus Simoni.

TREE: habit very upright, bearing fruit mostly on fruit spurs; hardy; blooms early
and abundantly, but sets very little fruit; should be planted with such productive sorts
as Burbank for cross pollination; class Japanese.

218

REPORT ON THE

\o 33

FRUIT: form oblong conical, apex a point; size large to very large; skin thick; color
yellow, mostly covered with rich brownish red; bloom thin; stem stout; cavity large,
deep, abrupt; suture very decided from base to apex.

FLESH: semi-cling; color yellowish, translucent with yellow veins; texture firm for
shipment, but tender and juicy when fully ripe; flavor sweet, rich, aromatic.

QUALITY: very good for all purposes.

VALUE: market, first class. Not prolific enough in Ontario.

SEASON: mid-September.

WILD GOOSE.

"Fruit oval; size medium to large; cavity shallow; stem medium long; suture a
line; color bright, clear red; dots many, white, conspicuous; bloom thin, bright bluish;
skin thin, but rather tough; stone small to medium, oval, pointed, cling; flavor sweet;
quality fair to good; season early; origin Columbia, Tennessee." (WaugH.)

WILLARD.

A profitable market plum on account of the early season of ripening its fruit, but
too poor in quality to receive much commendation, and not very productive.

ORIGIN: Japan.

TREE: vigorous; rather spreading in habit; fairly productive.

FRUIT: size medium, sometimes above; form roundish oblong; color greenish, partly
overspread with dull red; suture clearly traceable; apex elevated, not pointed; bloom
thin, whitish.

FLESH: yellowish; moderately firm; not very juicy; semi-cling; flavor poor.

QUALITY: dessert poor; cooking fair.

VALUE: first class in its season for market.

SEASON: early August.

WOLF.

"Fruit large, roundish; cavity narrow, shallow; suture shallow, fairly distinct, not
depressed; apex rounded; color deep red; dots fairly numerous, small, yellow, distinct;

WOLF.

bloom moderate; skin thick, tough; flesh deep yellow, juicy, sweet, rich, good flavor;
stone above medium size, outline oval, considerably flattened, cling; quality good;
season early to mid-September. One of the best." (Macoun.)

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

WYANT.

"Fruit large, oblong, flattened; cavity narrow, deep; suture a distinct line; apex
almost pointed; color deep red; dots numerous, small, purple; bloom medium; skin
rather thick, somewhat tough, astringent; flesh deep yellow, moderately juicy; fairly
sweet; stone large, much flattened, oval, semi-cling, almost free; quality medium.
Season mid-September. Quality not good enough. This plum is highly recommended
in the Western States, but has not proven so good as some others here (Ottawa)."
(Macoun.)

YELLOW EGG (White Magnum Bonum).

A profitable commercial variety, on account of its large size and fine appearance,
but susceptible to the plum rot and inclined to drop before maturity. Good for canning
purposes.

ORIGIN: Europe.

TREE: vigorous, spreading, and very productive.

YELLOW Ecc.

FBUIT: size large to very large; form egg shaped with distinct suture on one side;
skin thick, adherent to flesh; color yellow with whitish bloom; stalk nearly an inch
long, inserted in a small cavity, with a fold about its base; pit long, pointed, cling.

FLESH: yellow; texture firm, juicy, coarse; flavor subacid, becoming sweet when
very ripe, but ordinary.

QUALITY: dessert, poor; cooking, good.
VALUE: home market, first class.
SEASON: late August.

THE QUINCE

As there is only a limited demand for quinces in Canada, this fruit is not largely
grown. It is somewhat tender, but can be grown commercially wherever the peach
succeeds. Some quinces are, however, produced for home consumption as far east as
the Bay of Quinte.

The culture of the quince is somewhat similar to that of dwarf pears. The soil
most suitable is a friable clay loam, well drained. Three year old trees are planted
from fourteen to fifteen feet apart each way. The trees are pruned with a somewhat
open top as the dwarf pear, the head starting from near the ground. If the trees make
rapid growth severe heading-in should be practised to get stockier trees and to have
the fruit better distributed. Good cultivation is necessary in the production of the
quince, as with other fruits.

The quince makes a handsome ornamental tree where it can be grown, the abundant
white bloom in the spring and the golden fruit in the autumn rendering it a striking
object wherever planted.

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED.

General List, approved- by the Board of Control.

Puller, Orange (the leading market variety in Ontario), Champion (for Southern
Ontario only, as it ripens too late for other sections).

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES

BENTLEY.

A variety grown largely for market in Maryland, and in Ontario it is gaining in
favor.

TREE: thrifty; productive.

FRUIT: large; form roundish; skin yellow with heavy down.

\
QUALITY: excellent.

VALUE: market, first class.
SEASON: early October.

CHAMPION.

An American quince of recent origin.

TREE: an upright grower, taller than the Orange.

FRUIT: large, distinctly pear-form, furrowed about the top, generally remaining
greenish yellow upon the tree; conspicuously covered with a floccose wool or fuzz.

SEASON: mid-winter.

ADAPTATION: ripens well in Southern Ontario, but would be too late farther north.

[220]

1914 HE PORT OX TIIK FRTLTS OF ONTARIO. 221

iBs^

222

JJEPOHT ON THE

NTo. 33

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

223

PULLER.

OBIGIN: named after Mr. A. S. Fuller, of Ridgewood, N.J., who noticed it fruiting
on a neighbor's grounds in about the year 1870, took some cuttings and introduced it
to public notice.

TREE: a good grower and showy both in fruit and flower.

FRUIT: large; distinctly pyriform in shape, sometimes with an elongated neck,
somewhat ribbed; color rich yellow; calyx set in a deep, wide basin.

FLESH: tender in texture; flavor good.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: late September.

ORANGE (Apple).

The leading market variety of quince in Canada. Previous to 1870, this and the
Angers were the only varieties of quinces known in Ontario, the former as a stock for
budding dwarf pears, and the latter as a standard market variety. The Orange quince
succeeds admirably in the Niagara peninsula, ripening well, taking on a beautiful rich
golden color, and reaching a fine, large size, either on clay or sandy loam. In old days
this variety brought $6 or $7 per barrel in Toronto market, but the prices are now much
lower.

ORANGE.

ORIGIN: Southern Europe.

TREE: a slow grower, bushy, seldom attaining a height of more than twelve or
fifteen feet; hardy, will endure neglect but responds well to good cultivation and
manure; delights in moist land, without standing water; fairly productive.

FRUIT: large and weighing from eight ounces to a pound; form somewhat like an
apple, but with protuberance about the stem instead of a depression; skin golden yellow
at maturity, with often a little greenish or russet color about the stem, which is set in
a narrow cavity; calyx large segment, which are leaf like, in a large, deep, corrugated
basin.

FLESH: tender in texture and good in flavor.

VALUE: limited demand in Canadian markets.

SEASON: late September to early October.

2. The Grape.

There is no more popular fruit than the grape, and, owing to the rapid increase
in population during recent years, the demand for grapes is constantly growing. For
this reason, the planting of grapes, which was, in a large measure, suspended for a
few years, is steadily increasing, many vineyards now being established annually.

The grape requires a comparatively dry hot season for the development of good
flavor and the perfect ripening of >the fruit, and as most of the cultivated varieties
will not stand very low temperatures, unless protected, the grape succeeds best in the
most southern parts of the Province, the commercial vineyards being confined almost
entirely to the Niagara Peninsula, and to the district bordering Lake Erie. The grape
can, however, be grown successfully over a much wider area than this, and where the
summer temperature is fairly liigh and spring and early autumn frosts are rare, large
quantities of grapes are grown for home consumption. Hence the early varieties of
this fruit may be ripened pretty generally over the Province as far north as latitude
45 degrees and probably further.

A southern or south-eastern slope, if it can be procured, is preferable for the grape,
as this fruit will ripen quicker with this exposure, but the site is not so important in
the best grape districts as it is further north. A site should, however, be chosen which
will not be subject to local frosts. In the north, a sandy loam is much to be preferred,
as, if well drained, it will be the warmest, and all the heat that can be obtained is
needed. In the warmer portions of the Province, grapes succeed admirably on the
clay loams, and, if well drained, these are considered the best. The soil should be
thoroughly prepared as for other fruits. The best vines for planting are two years
old, but some strong growing varieties make good plants in one year. Strong growing
varieties require more space in a vineyard than those less vigorous, but an average
distance of ten feet apart each way is perhaps the most satisfactory. The plants
should be set in a little deeper than they were in the nursery. With grapes, it is
better to err on the side of deep than shallow planting. The young vine should be
cut back to within one or two buds when set. To encourage strong growth, cultiva-
tion should be thorough in the vineyard until the vine begins to bear well. At the
close of the first season and before the growth begins the following spring, the vine
should be again pruned back to one or two strong buds. During the second seaso'n,
only two canes are permitted to grow, in order that these may become as strong as
possible. Before growth begins in the third year, it will be necessary to put down the
trellis. If the 'Kniffen system is adopted, two wires will be sufficient, but if other
methods are followed, three are usually necessary. The Kniffen system of training is
more general in the grape districts than any other, mainly for the reason that by this
method the least labor is involved. If two canes were left during the second season's
growth, the weaker is removed, the other is tied upright to the two wires, the lower
one being about 3 feet 6 inches from the ground, and the upper about 2 feet higher.
Shoots will be thrown out along this main trunk, all of which are allowed to grow
throughout the season.

Before growth begins in the spring of the fourth season, all the canes are cut away
except four. Two of these are extended, one on each side of the main trunk along the
upper wire and tied to it, an;d two on each side o,f the main trunk along the lower wire,
at the same time heading back the upper canes to eight or nine buds and the lower to
six or seven. No summer pruning is usually practised with this system, the growing
shoots falling over the wires and attaching themselves there, often making very ram-
pant growth, so much so that the tips are sometimes lopped off with a pruning hook.

The vine should bear a full crop this season, which is the fourth from planting.
Before growth starts in the fifth season, all canes are again removed, except four, and
as these could not very well be obtained in line with the wires, if taken from the main
trunk, the canes are utilized which spring from the base of the canes which were left
the year before. This same system is adopted year after year. In time, such a large
stub develops at the point where the new canes are taken each year that it becomes

[2-24]

1914 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 225

necessary to remove these and take new canes from the main trunk. A good supply
of new wood is required each year in grape growing, as fruit is produced only nea,r
the base of the previous season's growth. About forty strong buds or even less are
sufficient to give a profitable crop of most varieties.

For the north, quite a different system is necessary, as the vines have to be
covered with the soil in the winter to protect them. On this account, the arms have
to be trained low, so that they may be covered easily. The best system which has
been found where such conditions prevail in Ontario is a modification of the " High
Renewal." By the " High Renewal " system, new wood is obtained from near the
ground every year and several canes trained in a somewhat fan shape. This system
is adopted in some parts of New York State, where vines do not have to be covered.
By a modification of this system, two arms are left for two or three years. Three
wires are required, the lowest being about eighteen inches from the ground, and the
others about two feet apart. The two canes which have been made during the second
season's growth, as previously described, are both saved. They should start from the
main stem as near the ground as possible, and are tied to the wire in opposite direc-
tions. The shoots which are made the third season are tied upright to the wires and
spread as evenly as possible. Lateral shoots should be removed. Before winter, all the
canes that season should be headed back to within one or two buds of the two main arms,
and just before winter sets in, they should be bent down and covered with a few inches
of soil. In fact, the vine should be covered eacih winter from the time it is set. Vines
should be kept covered in the north as long as possible to prevent injury from spring
frosts. At Ottawa, the vines are not uncovered until the end of the first week or be-
ginning of the second week in May.

In the fourth season after planting, the shoots are again trained upright and tied
to the wires. Laterals are removed and any other shoots which make the vine so
crowded that the fruit will not obtain plenty of light and sunshine. The mistake is
often made of leaving too many shoots to grow, thus preventing the perfect ripening
of the fruit. Forty strong shoots are quite sufficient to produce a good crop of fruit,
although some varieties will stand a few more.

As arms get older, they become more difficult to lay down, hence it is found ad-
visable to remove the arms every two or three years, and replace them with new ones.
The arms may be renewed in alternate years, and this is often desirable, as the buds
on one arm are sometimes destroyed by winter, or by spring, frosts The only im-
portant difference between this system and the horizontal arm is that in this the arms
are not permanent. It resembles the " High Renewal " from the fact that new wood
is obtained frequently from the main stem near the ground.

Grapes require considerable potash, hence fertilizers containing a high percentage
of this should be used rather than nitrogenous manures. Cover crops will usually
supply all the nitrogen that is required.

Grapes should not be picked until they are quite ripe, as they do not ripen after
they leave the vine. It is believed that the consumption of grapes would be mudh
greater in the cities and towns if fruit growers would not pick and ship the fruit when
it is green.

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED.

GENERAL LIST, APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF CONTROL.
Black: Moore, Campbell, Worden, Concord, Wilder.
Red: Delaware, Lindley, Agawam, Vergennes.
White: Diamond, Niagara.
FOR NORTHERN SECTIONS:

Black: Champion, Moore, Campbell, Worden.
Red: Moyer, Brighton, Delaware, Lindley.
White: Winch ell, Diamond.

15 P.O.

226 KEPOKT ON THE No. 33

DISTRICT LISTS.
NIAGARA DISTRICT.

(Including the Niagara Peninsula from the Niagara River to Hamilton and north

to the escarpment.)

EGBERT M. SMITH, Winona.

Black: Champion, Worden, Wilder, Concord.
Red: Delaware, Lindley, Agawam, Vergennes.
White: Diamond, Niagara.

PONTHILL DISTRICT.
(Including Townships of Pelham, Stamford, and Thorold.)

G. C. BROWN, Fonthill.
Moore, Worden, Niagara, Delaware, Concord, Lindley.

BURLINGTON-OAKVILLE DISTRICT.

(Including the southern part of the counties bordering on Lake Ontario between

Hamilton and Toronto.)

A. W. PEART, Burlington.

Black: Moore, Worden, Concord.

Red: Moyer, Delaware, Lindley, Massasoit.

White: Diamond, Niagara.

W. G. HORNE, Clarkson.
Moore, Worden, Concord, Delaware.

ESSEX PENINSULA.

(Including Essex, Kent and Pelee Island.)
J. L. HILBORN, Leamington.

Black: Champion, Moore, Concord.
Re*: Brighton, Vergennes, Catawba.
White: Diamond, Niagara.

LAKE HURON DISTRICT.
(Including Counties of Huron and Bruce.)

D. P. HAMLINK, Goderich.
Champion, Moore, Worden, Niagara, Concord.

GEORGIAN BAY DISTRICT.

(Including northern portions of the 'Counties of Grey and Simcoe, bordering on the

Georgian Bay.)

J. G. MITCHELL, Clarksburg.

Black: Champion, Campbell, Worden.

Red: Delaware, Brighton, Vergennes, Salem.

White: Winchell, Diamond, Niagara.

1914 FKUITS OF ONTARIO.

LAKE SIMCOE DISTRICT.

(Including the northern and eastern section of Simcoe and northern sections of
York and Ontario bordering on Lake Simcoe.)

G. C. CASTON, Craighurst.
Campbell, Moyer, Moore, Diamond, Winchell.

GUELPH DISTRICT.

(Including the high inland counties of south-western Ontario, i.e., Wellington, Waterloo,
north-western section of Perth, south part of Grey, Dufferin, and north-west section
of Peel and Halton.)

PEOF. J. W. CROW, O.A.C., Guelph.

Black: Moore.
Red: Moyer.
White: Winchell.

LAKE ONTARIO DISTRICT.

(Including the southern portions of the Counties bordering on the Lake Ontario shore

from Toronto to Trenton.)

A. B. ARNOTT, Trenton.

Black: Moore, Worden, Concord.

Red: Brighton, Lindley, Agawam, Massasoit.

White: Niagara, Pocklington.

OTTAWA DISTRICT.

(Including the Ottawa Valley and the eastern portion of the Province, not elsewhere
enumerated, south of latitude 46 deg.)

W. T. MACOUN, Horticulturist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

Black: Early Daisy, Mamito, Worden, Merrimac, Wilder.
Red: Moyer, Brighton, Delaware, Lindley.
White: Winchell, Diamond.

ALGOMA DISTRICT.

(Including the Islands of Manitoulin and St. Joseph, and a limited portion of the
northern and eastern shore of the Georgian Bay.)

CHAS. YOUNG, Richard's Landing.
Campbell, Moore, Winchell, Janesville.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

AGAWAM. (Rogers' 15.)

One of the leading varieties for profit, but in some sections subject to mildew and
rot.

OBIGIN: by E. S. Rogers, Salem, Mass.

VINE: a strong grower; very productive; self fertile; wood, long jointed, stout,
should have long pruning.

BUNCH: large, compact, shouldered.

BEERY: large; skin, thick; color, brownish red.

FLESH: tender; flavor, sweet, sprightly, very good.

QUALITY: dessert, very good.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: soon after that of Concord.

ALICE.

A good grape, but a little late to be very popular for market purposes.

ORIGIN: New York State.

VINE: very vigorous; productive.

BUNCH: roundish; shouldered; compact.

BERRY: size, small to medium; round; color, dark wine, with light bloom.

FLESH: tender pulp, juicy; color, light green; flavor, vinous, aromatic, pleasant.

QUALITY: dessert, good.

VALUE: second class for market.

SEASON: early October.

BACCHUS.

A good wine grape.

ORIGIN : seedling of Clinton, raised by J. H. Ricketts, Newburgh, N.Y.

VINE: vigorous; free from mildew; productive.

BUNCH: size, medium; compact; shouldered.

BERRY: size, small; round; black, with blue bloom.

FLESH: texture, juicy; flavor, sprightly, superior to Clinton.

QUALITY: dessert, fair.

VALUE: second rate for market.

SEASON: late; cannot be depended upon to ripen north of lake Ontario,

BARRY. (Rogers' 43.)

An excellent exhibition grape; one of the most attractive of Rogers' hybrids; but
not equal to Wilder for the commercial vineyard.

ORIGIN: a hybrid from Black Hamburgh and Mammoth Sage, raised by E. S.
Rogers, of Salem, Massachusetts.

VINE: vigorous; healthy; productive; self sterile and needs mixed planting; some-
times drops its leaves before maturity of the fruit.

BUNCH: medium; form, short, compact, rather broad.

BERKY: large; roundish; color, black, with blue bloom.

FLESH: tender; flavor, sweet, pleasant.

QUALITY: dessert, good.

VALUE: market, first class; a good shipper.

SEASON: mid September to October.

1914 EEPOET ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

229

AGAWAM.

230

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

BRIGHTON.

The fine size of its bunches and the excellence of its flavor as a dessert grape gave
promise, in its first introduction, that the Brighton would be a popular commercial
grape in Ontario; but in this we have been disappointed, because of its susceptibility
to mildew, and its poor shipping quality. The latter point is of importance to our
Ontario fruit growers, who look forward to the great North-west as one of the best

markets for the product of their
vineyards. As a dessert grape,
the Brighton is worthy of a place
in every fruit garden which is
planted for home uses.

ORIGIN : raised by Jacob Moore,
Brighton, N.Y.; a cross between
Concord (Labr) and Diana Ham-
burg (Vinifera).

VINE: vigorous;
semi-hardy; pro-
ductive ; some-
what subject to
mildew; leaves,
large, thick, dark
green; pollen,
sometimes defec-
tive, and the vine
should have other
varieties which
are good pollen-
izers planted near
it.

BUNCH: large, shouldered, fairly
compact.

BERRY: medium in size; color, light
red, turning dark crimson or almost
black at maturity, with purple bloom;
tenacity to stem, good; skin, tender.

FLESH: texture, tender and juicy;
flavor, sprightly and very pleasant.

QUALITY: dessert, very good, at its
best when first ripe, but deteriorates
if allowed to hang on the vine.

VALUE: home market, very good;
distant market, poor.

SEASON: medium; not a long keeper.
BRIGHTON.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

231

CATAWBA.

One of the best of wine grapes, and highly esteemed for dessert.

ORIGIN: a native of North Carolina, and takes its name from the Catawba river.

VINE: vigorous; productive; succeeds well in sandy loam; canes, long, with few
laterals.

BUNCH: medium sized; moderately compact; shouldered.

CATAWBA.

BEBBY: large; round; deep red, with lilac bloom; skin, moderately thick.
FLESH: texture pulpy, juicy; flavor, sweet, aromatic, musky.
QUALITY: dessert, very good; wine, best.
VALUE: market, first class, when well ripened.

SEASON: late; does not always attain full maturity, even in the southern parts of
the Province.

232

REPORT GIST THE

No. 33

CAMPBELL.

(Gamp'belVs Early.}

This grape is claimed
to be an improved Con-
cord, and is very promis-
ing as an early market
variety.

ORIGIN: Ohio, by G. H.
Campbell; the product of
different crosses from
Hartford, Concord, and
Moore's Early, through
Muscat Hamburgh. Intro-
duced in 1896.

VINE: vigorous, healthy
and productive.

BUNCH :
dered.

large shoul-

BEBRY : large ; skin,
black, with thin blue
bloom, tough; flavor, rich
and sweet, without foxi-
ness; flesh, meaty, sweet,
tender; seeds, small, separ-
ate easily from the pulp;
hangs well to vine.

QUALITY: fine for des-
sert.

VALUE: first class for
market.

SEASON: about the same
as that of Moore.

CAMPBELL.

PERKINS.

An early market grape, healthy in vine and fruit, and a sure cropper.

ORIGIN : Massachusetts.

VINE: vigorous; hardy; productive and free from disease.

BUNCH: size, medium; shouldered; compact.

BERRY: size, medium; form, roundish oblong; color, amber, with whitish bloom.

FLESH: texture, pulpy, juicy, not melting; flavor, sweet.

QUALITY: dessert, poor; wine, good.

VALUE: market, second class; a poor keeper.

SEASON: early.

1914

PEUITS OF ONTARIO.

233

CHAMPION.

Widely planted for market because of its early coloring and apparent early ripen-
ing, but so sour and so poor in quality, as usually sold on the market, that it has
seriously lessened the demand for Concord grapes, which follow it in season.

ORIGIN: New York State, about 1873; first sold as Talman's S'eedling.

VINE: vigorous; healthy, not subject to mildew; very productive.

BUNCH: size, medium; shouldered.

BERKY: size, medium; form, round; color, bluish black; pulpy; acid until very
ripe; skin, thick.

CHAMPION.

QUALITY: dessert, very poor.

VALUE: market, fair, sells well on its outside appearance before better flavored
kinds are on the market.

SEASON: a week or ten days earlier than the Concord, but often well colored two
weeks earlier.

234

REPOKT ON THE

No. 33

CONCORD.

The principal out-door grape grown for market in the Province of Ontario. Probably
more than half the vines in the large commercial vineyards of the Niagara district, as
well as in Essex and other parts of southern Ontario are of this variety.

The reason of this is (1) its comparative freedom from mildew, (2) its vigor of
vine, (3) its productiveness. Four tons to the acre is not an uncommon yield, so that,
even when it sells as low as 1% cents per pound, there is yet a fair return for the
investment.

ORIGIN: Concord, Mass.,
by E. W. Bull; first ex-
hibited by him in 1853.

VINE : hardy, healthy,
strong, vigorous grower,
very productive, resists
both insects and fungi well.

BUNCH: large, shoul-
dered, fairly compact, five
to six inches in length.

BERRY : large, round,
black, covered with heavy
blue bloom; skin, medium
thickness, tender, some-
times cracks open; flesh,
pulpy, tender, moderately
juicy; flavor, sweet, when
fully mature, appetizing.

QUALITY: dessert, fair.

VALUE : near market,
first class; distant mar-
ket, second class.

SEASON: mid September
to October; not a good
keeper.

ADAPTATION : general in
grape districts.

Cox CORD.

1914

FEU1TS OF ONTABIO.

235

DELAWARE.

Universally acknowledged to stand at the head of all American grapes in point of
quality. For the home garden, a few vines of this variety are indispensable, for it is
the most excellent of dessert varieties. It is also one of the highest priced grapes in
our markets, often bringing more than double the price of the Concord. It is, however,
not very much grown in our commercial vineyards, because the foliage is badly subject
to thrip, and the yield is only moderate. On rich, deep soils, well drained, however,
with high cultivation, thinning and close pruning, it is productive and profitable. It
should be planted much closer than the Concord. Vines of the latter variety are usually
planted ten feet apart, while the Delaware may be set five or six feet apart.

OBIGIN: unknown. Name from
Delaware, Ohio, where in 1855 it
was first brought into notice,
though not disseminated until ten
years later. It was first found in
a garden in Frenchtown, N.J.
The Bushberg Catalogue thinks it
a natural cross between Labrusca
and Vinifera, a native American
and a European variety.

VINE: moderate grower; foli-
age, delicate, subject to thrip;
wood, slender, hardy; a regular,
sometimes an abundant, bearer.

BUNCH : small, compact, usually
shouldered.

BERRY: small; round; skin,
thin; color, a beautiful light red,
with whitish bloom, translucent;
pulp, sweet, sprightly, aromatic;
juice, abundant, sweet, vinous.

DELAWARE.

QUALITY: dessert, good.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: September.

ADAPTATION: general throughout the grape sections.

'236

EEPOET ON THE

Xo. 33

DIAMOND. (Moore's Diamond.)

A grape that is growing in popularity, and which succeeds in sections farther north
than the Niagara.

ORIGIN: Brighton, N.Y., in 1873, by Mr. Jacob Moore, from seed of Concord, fer-
tilized with lona; just one year after the Niagara was originated at Lockport.

VINE: vigorous and productive, though not equalling the Niagara; foliage much
like that of one of its parents, the Concord.

DIAMOND.

BUNCH: large, compact and shouldered.

BERRY: adheres firmly to the stem; color, greenish white, yellowing slightly at
maturity; pulp, tender; flavor, juicy, sweet and good.
QUALITY: dessert, very good.

SEASON: about one week in advance of the Concord.
ADAPTATION: worthy of trial generally.

1914 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 237

EARLY OHIO.

An early market grape.

ORIGIN: a chance seedling raised by R. A. Hunt, Euclid, Ohio.
VINE: healthy; vigorous; productive.
BUNCH: large, compact, often shouldered.

BERRY: medium size; color, black, with heavy bloom; tenacious of stem; flavor,
spicy, pleasant.

SEASON: a few days in advance of Moore.
ADAPTATION: not proven.

EARLY VICTOR.

The Early Victor grape colors very early, fully two weeks ahead of Concord, and
is fit to gather about ten days before, along with Hartford and Moore Early.

ORIGIN: by John Burr, of Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1870. A seedling of the
Delaware.

VINE: very vigorous, very productive and healthy.

BUNCH: shouldered and very compact.

BERRY: medium, round, black, with thick blue bloom, adheres well; pulp, tender,
juicy, sweet, and agreeable; seeds, two.

QUALITY: very good for dessert, also very good for making claret wine.

VALUE: first class for home market.

SEASON: early.

EMPIRE. (Empire State.)

A beautiful white grape, with well formed bunches, which was introduced with
great eclat, but has not become very popular in the commercial vineyards of Ontario.

ORIGIN: from seed of Hartford, fertilized with Clinton, raised by James H. Ricketts.

VINE: vigorous, healthy, and moderately productive.

BUNCH: size, large; shouldered; compact.

BERRY: medium; color, white, with thick bloom; pulp, tender, juicy, sweet, and"
agreeable.

QUALITY: dessert, very good.

VALUE: market, first class,

GAERTNER. (Rogers' 11,.}

An excellent grape which is gaining in favor.

ORIGIN: hybrid between White Chasselas and a wild Labrusca.

VINE: healthy; fairly vigorous and productive.

BUNCH: medium in size; shouldered.

BERRY: size, large; round; color, light reddish brown; skin, thin.

FLESH: texture moderately tender; flavor, sweet, rich, aromatic.

QUALITY: dessert, very good.

SEASON: about with Concord.

HARTFORD. (Hartford Prolific.)

An old variety ripening in advance of Concord, but not popular .9.8 a market grape,
because it drops its fruit so soon after maturity.

ORIGIN: raised at Hartford, Connecticut, from seed of Isabella, about 1850.

VINE: hardy; vigorous; very productive.

BUNCH: large; shouldered; rather compact.

BERRY: size, medium; round; color, black, with thin blue bloom; skin, thick.

FLESH: whitish; texture, pulpy, juicy; flavor, foxy.

QUALITY: dessert, poor.

VALUE: market, second class, because of the fruit dropping from the stems; soon
shrivels.

SEASON: a week before Concord.

238 REPORT ON THE No. 33

JANESVILLB.

Valuable only in the colder sections.

ORIGIN: Hartford x Clinton.

VIXF:: hardy; vigorous; productive.

BUNCH: medium; short; compact; shouldered.

BERRY: size, medium; black; skin, thick; slight blue bloom.

FLESH: pulpy; color, greenish; flavor, vinous.

QUALITY: dessert, poor.

VALUE: market, second class.

.SEASON: early.

JESSICA.

An excellent dessert grape for the amateur's garden.

ORIGIN: Canada; a seedling raised by W. H. Read, of Port Dalhousie, introduced
l>y Mr. D. W. Beadle, of St. Catharines, and first described in the Canadian Horticul-
turist for 'February, 1884.

VINE: fairly vigorous, hardy and healthy.

BUNCH, shouldered, compact.

BERRY: medium; color, yellowish green to white; skin, thin; pulp, tender, juicy;
flavor, sprightly, aromatic, sweet and very agreeable, free from foxiness.

QUALITY: very good for dessert.

VALUE: market, too small; home uses very good.

SEASON: early.

ADAPTATION: general.

LADY.

A fine early sweet grape for the home garden; not desirable for the commercial
vineyard.

ORIGIN : a pure Concord seedling, introduced by G. W. Campbell, of Ohio, in 1874.

VINE: fairly vigorous; slender; healthy; fairly productive.

BUNCH: medium in size; oblong; slightly shouldered.

BERRY: medium to large; round; greenish yellow, with white thin bloom.

FLESH: pulp, tender, juicy; flavor, vinous, sweet, slightly aromatic.

QUALITY: dessert, good.

VALUE: market, second class.

SEASON: early to medium.

LINDLEY. (Rogers' 9.)

A favorite red grape for both domestic and commercial purposes. Of late, however,
the vine has been somewhat disappointing in productiveness.

ORIGIN: Massachusetts, by E. S. Rogers; hybrid, between Wild Mammoth grape of
United States and Golden Chasselas.

VINE: vigorous; healthy, fairly productive.

BUNCH: medium in size; rather long; shouldered; loose.

BERRY: medium to large; color, almost brick red.

FLESH: tender, separating freely from seeds; flavor, sweet, rich, aromatic.

QUALITY: very good for domestic or commercial purposes.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: a few days in advance of Concord. Keeps easily until January.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

LlNDLEY.

TRANSPARENT.

Valuable in Ontario only as a wine grape.
ORIGIN: seedling of Taylor, by Jacob Rommell, of Missouri.
VINE: -vigorous, productive, free from mildew and rot.
BUNCH: compact, shouldered.

BERRY: firm, round; color, pale greenish yellow, transparent, with thin grey bloom;
skin, thin; pulp, tender, juicy; flavor, fine and sweet.
SEASON: medium.
ADAPTATION: southern sections of the Province.

240

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

MASSASOIT. (Rogers' 3.)

Commended for the home garden as a fine red table grape. Needs careful spraying
with Bordeaux to prevent black rot.

ORIGIN: seedling raised by E. S. Rogers, Salem, Mass.

VINE: vigorous; susceptible to attacks of black rot; self sterile.

BUNCH: medium size; shouldered; loose, fruit does not always set.

MASSASOIT.

BERRY: size, medium; form, round; color, brownish red.
FLESH: texture, tender, juicy; flavor, sweet, vinous.
QUALITY: dessert, very good.
VALUE: not profitable for market.
SEASON: just in advance of Concord.

1914

FEU ITS OF ONTABIO.

241

MERRIMAC. (Rogers' 19.)

Considered by some the finest and most reliable black Rogers grape; in Ontario,
the Wilder is considered more profitable, having larger bunches.

OBIGIN: Mammoth Sage x Black Hamburg; raised by Mr. E. S. Rogers, of Salem,
Massachusetts.

VINE: vigorous; healthy; self sterile and needs mixed planting.

BUNCH: medium in size; fairly compact; roundish.

BERRY: size, large; color, black, with blue bloom.

FLESH: color, greenish; texture, half tender, juicy; flavor, sweet, vinous.

QUALITY: dessert, very good.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: early to medium.

MOYER.

For the amateur's garden, this is a grape that should not be overlooked, for, as a
dessert grape, it has now been fairly well tested, and seems to be growing in favor.

ORIGIN: Port Dalhousie, Ontario, by W. N. Read, from Delaware, fertilized with
Miller's Burgundy, about 1880.

VINE, fairly vigorous, healthy and not subject to mildew, hardy; not very pro-
ductive.

BUNCH: small, cylindrical in form, shouldered, not very compact, not uniform in size.

BERRY: small, round; color, amber, with grayish bloom; skin, thin, tough; pulp,
tender, juicy; flavor, rich, sweet and excellent.

QUALITY: dessert, very good, but inferior to Delaware.

VALUE: second class for market.

SEASON : early.

MOYER.

16 F.O.

K-KPU1IT ON THE

Xo. 33

MOORE. (Moore's Early.)

A favorite with vineyardists in Ontario, because of its earliness and its good
quality. As early as Champion and of very much better quality, it is superseding that
variety which has done so much to prejudice buyers against our black grapes.

OBIGIN: by John B. Moore, at Concord, Mass., from Concord seed, in the year 1872.

VINE: hardy, healthy, fairly vigorous, but only moderately productive, if compared
with the Ooncord; needs good cultivation.

MOORE'S EARLY.

BUNCH: smaller than Concord, and rarely shouldered.

BERRY: averaging a little larger than the Concord; round; black; thin bloom.

FLESH: vinous, juicy, with slight foxiness.

QUALITY: good.

VALUE: first class of its season.

SEASON: early.

1914

JTKUITS OF ONTARIO.

243

NIAGARA.

The Niagara is the leading white grape in Ontario for commercial purposes. In
health, vigor of vine and in productiveness, it has no superior, and it has been planted
more widely than any other variety, except the Concord. For dessert purposes, it is
good in quality when well ripened. We do not rerommend it for sections north of
Toronto, unless in favored locations.

ORIGIN: raised by C. L.
Hoag, of Lockport, from
seed of Concord, sown in
1868.

VINE: very vigorous;
foliage, thick and healthy,
like Concord, hardy, not
subject to mildew; very
productive.

BUNCH : very large;
often shouldered ; very
compact.

BERRY: round, about the
size of Concord; pale
green, turning to pale
yellow at maturity, and
covered with a thin whit-
ish bloom ; skin, tough and
not inclined to crack ; pulp,
soft, juicy and sweet, of
good flavor when fully ripe,
with a touch of muskiness.

NIAGARA.

QUALITY: dessert, good; canning, very good.
VALUE: home markets, first class.

244:

EEPOKT ON THE

Xo. 33

NORTHERN LIGHT.

A white grape, ripening late in September; not recommended for profit.

ORIGIN: Introduced by P. E. Bucke, Ottawa, Ontario.

VINE: vigorous; healthy; moderately productive.

BUNCH: compact; shouldered.

BERRY: size, medium; color, white; bloom, thin; flavor, sub-acid.

QUALITY: dessert, fair.

VALUE: market, hardly first class.

SEASON: late.

NORTHERN LIGHT.

1914

FKUITS OF ONTARIO.

245

POiOKLINGTON. (Golden Pocklington.)

This grape was first shown at the New York State Fair, Rochester, in 1877, and
was at that time considered the largest and finest white grape of purely native origin,
end was largely planted for commercial purposes. However, since the introduction of
the famous Niagara, the. Pocklington has been almost lost sight of, and is very little
planted.

ORIGIN: a seedling of Concord, raised by John Pocklington, Sandy Hill, N.Y.

VINE: of medium vigor; moderately productive; healthy, resisting mildew and rot;
of Labrusca (Concord) parentage.

BUNCH: fairly compact, with small shoulder.

BERRY: round; color, pale green, turning golden yellow; flesh, pulpy, but tender
and fairly juicy; flavor, sweet, somewhat foxy; drops from stem after gathering.

QUALITY: dessert, fair.

VALUE: home market, second class; distant market, third class.

SEASON: about a week later than Concord.

POCKLINGTOX.

246

REPOHT ON THE

Xo. 33

REQUA. (Rogers1 28.)

A fine table grape, supposed to be too late for Canada, but ripening well in the
Niagara district, a sample of the kind of grape which should be grown for export, but
the vine is scarcely productive enough to be profitable.

ORIGIN: B. S. Rogers, Salem, Mass.; a hybrid between the Wild Labrusca, or Mam-
moth Pox grape, of Massachusetts, and a European variety. Mr. Rogers produced his
seedlings in 1856, and at first introduced them by their numbers only.

REQUA.

VINF: fairly vigorous and moderately productive.
BUWCH: large, shouldered, moderately compact, but somewhat poor.
BERRY: large, round; skin, thin, wine color, with thick bluish bloom; pulp, tender,
juicy; flavor, sweet, sprightly; seeds, two or three, of medium size.
QUALITY: dessert, very good.
VALUE: first class for home or foreign market.
SEASON: very late.

1914

FHUJ.TS OF ONTAK10.

SALEM.

One of the finest flavored of Rogers' hybrids; worthy of a place in the home garden.

ORIGIN: a hybrid between a native, the Wild Mammoth, fertilized by the Black
Hamburg; raised by E. S. Rogers, Salem, Mass.

VINE: vigorous; productive; subject to black rot; foliage, large, strong.

BUNCH: medium size; compact; shouldered.

BEERY: size, large; form, round; color, chestnut red, with blue bloom; skin, thick;
seeds, two, large.

FLESH: texture, fairly tender, free from hard pulp, juicy; flavor, sweet, vinous,
sprightly, aromatic.

QUALITY: dessert, good.

VALUE: not profitable for Ontario fruit growers.

SEASON: about with the Delaware.

SALEM.

248

EEPOET ON THE

No. 33

VERGENNES.

The leading grape for winter use;
may be kept in a cool cellar until
spring.

ORIGIN: Vergennes, Vermont; in-
troduced about 1880.

VINE: vigorous; healthy; pro-
ductive.

BUNCH: medium; slightly shoul-
dered; rather compact.

BERRY: large; oval; persistent;
color, light amber to red, with
greyish bloom.

FLESH: color, greenish; pulp,
tender; fairly juicy; flavor, rich,
pleasant, vinous.

QUALITY: dessert, fair; wine,
good.

VALUE: market, second class in
autumn, but more valuable in win-
ter and spring.

SEASON: late, keeping all winter.

VERGENNES.

WOODRUFF. (Woodruff's Red.}

An attractive red grape, which promises to be valuable.

ORIGIN: C. H. Woodruff, Ann Arbor, Mich., in 1874; a chance seedling, thought to
be a cross between Catawba and Concord.

VINE: vigorous, hardy, productive; somewhat subject to black rot.

BUNCH: good size; shouldered; compact.

BERRY: large; Hound; red, with thin bloom; does not, crack.

QUALITY: dessert, good.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: about the same as 'Concord.

1914

FRUITS OP ONTARIO.

249

WILDER. (Rogers' 4.}

Considered in many parts of Ontario the best black grape; but it is not so pro-
ductive as Concord, nor as resistant of mildew.

ORIGIN: a seedling raised by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Massachusetts, and named in
honor of Marshall P. Wilder, the late president of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society.

VINE: vigorous; somewhat inclined to mildew in unfavorable seasons; but otherwise
healthy; canes, heavy and long, should have long pruning.

BUNCH: self sterile; medium
size; compact, with a small shoul-
der.

BEBBY: large; round; dark purple,
with slight bloom.

FLESH: texture, fairly tender,
juicy, somewhat pulpy; flavor,
rich, sweet, pleasant.

WILDER.

QUALITY: dessert, very good.
VALUE: market, first class.
SEASON: medium.

250

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

WINOHELL. (Green Mountain.)

The best white grape of its season for the dessert table. Not much planted for
market.

ORIGIN: Green Mountains of Vermont, by a Mr. Winchell, after whom it has been
very properly named; but, among fruit growers, the name Green Mountain has the
preference.

VINE: hardy, healthy, only fairly vigorous and fairly productive.

BUNCH: compact; well shouldered.

BERRY: color, greenish
white; size, medium; skin,
thin; pulp, tender; flavor,
sweet and excellent; seeds,
few and small.

QUALITY: dessert, good.

VALUE : market, second
class.

SEASON: early.

WINCHELL OR GREEN MOUNTAIN.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

251

***

WORDEN.

i*eniical in <*wacter and appearance with

its plreniTttfe

When first introduced, it was thought to be superior to that variety for the main
crop but it has proved to be so only in its earliness, ripening a few days in advance

ORIGIN: S. Worden, Minnettoo, N.Y., from Concord seed

VINE: strong, vigorous grower, with coarse, stout foliage, dark green above, rusty
underneath; very hardy, healthy and very productive.

WORDEN.

BUNCH: large, compact, shouldered.

BERRY: large, black; skin, tender, thin, with heavy bloom, cracks easily; flesh,
sweet, when well ripened; pulp, tender, and loses flavor soon after ripening; a poor
keeper.

QUALITY: fair for dessert purposes.

VALUE: near market, first class; berries too loose on stem for long shipments.

SEASON: early.

ADAPTATION: well suited to the northern sections, because of its early ripening.

252

REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

Xo. 33

WYOMING. (Wyoming Red.)

An attractive early market grape; ripens before Delaware.

ORIGIN: Wyoming Valley, in Pennsylvania.

VINE: healthy; vigorous; hardy and fairly productive.

BUNCH: small; compact; attractive.

BEERY: size, medium; color, very bright red.

FLESH: texture, tender, juicy; flavor, sweet.

QUALITY: dessert, fair.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: medium.

WYOMING.

3. Bush Fruits

In Bush Fruits are included the Blackberry, Currant, Dewberry, Gooseberry, and
Raspberry. These fruits, while not being of quite so much importance from a commer-
cial standpoint as the tree fruits, are grown and consumed in very large quantities in
Ontario, and as they are used in many ways by housekeepers there will always be a
demand for them. They can be grown between the tree fruits to advantage while the
latter are young and hence often augment the revenue of the fruit grower materially
before the tree fruits come into full bearing.

Some idea of the large quantities of bush fruits which are grown will be obtained
from the Dominion census statistics for 1911, where it is stated that there were at that
time 13,940 acres devoted to small fruits in Ontario, on which were produced about
27,000,000 quarts, valued at $1,383,000.00. The strawberry is included in the above esti-
mate. The present area devoted to small fruits is estimated at 15,000 acres.

THE BLACKBERRY

The blackberry is not grown so largely in Ontario as it might be. It is one of the
most profitable fruits to grow where it succeeds well, but as the crop is rather uncertain
except in southern Ontario and in localities farther north where it is protected by a
deep snowfall, its range of successful culture is somewhat limited. Where there is not
danger of winter killing, a well drained clay loam is probably the best for the black-
berry, as it is cooler and more retentive of moisture than lighter soils. The blackberry
must have plenty of soil moisture when the fruit is ripening, otherwise but little of the
crop will develop. Further north, where hardiness is of greater consideration than con-
servation of moisture, the poorer and warmer soils are preferred, as the blackberry on
these soils does not make as rampant a growth and hence ripens its wood better.

The blackberry may be planted in late fall or early in the spring. Tf planted too
early in the fall young growth may start which is likely to be winter killed. The soil
should be well prepared and the plants set a little deeper than they were in the nursery,
in rows about eight feet apart and three feet apart in the rows. Some growers prefer
planting them in hills seven or eight feet apart each way, thus finding them easier to
control. Larger fruit is so produced as they can be kept cultivated both ways. Summer
priming is important with the blackberry, as the lower the canes can be kept the better
they are likely to come through the winter, and the easier they are to handle. Summer
pruning consists in merely pinching back the young growth to within about eighteen
inches of the ground, after which side shoots will be thrown out. It is better to err
on the side of low pinching than to let the canes get too tall. This summer pruning
may, if delayed, cause late growth, which will not ripen; hence it should be done in
time or not at all. In the spring the laterals should be headed back to within eighteen
inches or two feet of the main canes. Old canes and the weakest of the new ones should
be cut out in the fall or early in the spring each year. There will be a light crop of
fruit the second year and a full crop the third year. Four or five full crops are about
as much as should be taken from one plantation.

Blackberries should not be picked until they are ripe. This fruit will never increase
in popularity if fruit growers persist in marketing green blackberries, as they are quite
unpalatable, whereas the ripe fruit has a fine flavor.

[253]

254: EEPOKT 0^T THE No. 33

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED.

General List, approved by the Board of Control.
Agawam, Snyder, and for southern sections, Kittatinny.

DISTRICT LISTS.

FONTHILL DISTRICT

(Including Townships of Pelham, Stamford, and Thorold).

G. C. Brown, Fonthill.
Eldorado, Snyder.

BURLING TON-OAK VILLE DISTRICT

(Including the southern part of the counties bordering on Lake Ontario between
Hamilton and Toronto).

A. W. Peart, Burlington.
Snyder, Western Triumph, Agawam.

ESSEX PENINSULA
(Including Essex, Kent, and Pelee Island).

J. L. Hilborn, Leamington.
Mersereau, Eldorado, Kittatinny.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES

AGAWAM.

A profitable variety, and a favorite for the table.

ORIGIN: found growing wild by John Perkins, Ipswich, Mass., about 1870.
PLANT: hardy, vigorous, and productive; resistive of drouth.
BBRRY: oblong, medium size, black, sweet, tender and of good flavor.
SEASON: early.

ADAPTATION: succeeds in nearly all fruit sections; one of the hardiest varieties, and
therefore planted in northern sections in preference to Kittatinny.

AGAWAM.

1914

FKUITS OF OSTA1UO.

255

BRITON (Ancient Briton).

Counted one of the best varieties where it succeeds; it is a special favorite with
fruit growers in Wisconsin, in which State it originated.

ORIGIN: a Wisconsin seedling found by A. H. Briton; first mentioned in the Report
of the Wisconsin Horticultural Society, 1869.

PLANT: hardy, vigorous and fairly productive. Budd, in his "Systematic Pomology,'*
speaks of it as one of the hardiest varieties yet tested.

BRITON.

BERRY: medium to large; form oblong, conical; texture, melting; flavor very pleasant.
SEASON: medium.

256

KEPOKT ON THE

No. 33

ELDORADO.

A hardy and productive variety.

ORIGIN: accidental seedling near Preble, Ohio, about 1882.

BUSH: a strong, vigorous grower; healthy; hardy; moderately productive.

ELDORADO.

BERRY: medium to large; oblong, conical, irregular; drupes large; seeds and core
small; flavor sprightly, pleasant.

QUALITY: table, very good.

VALUE: market, first class.

e

SEASON: early.

ERIE.

A variety much like the old Lawton; has not become popular in the commercial
plantations of Ontario.

ORIGIN: Ohio, on the farm of L. B. Pierce, who thinks it is a cross between Lawton
and Kittatinny; introduced by J. T. Lovett in 1886.

BUSH: fairly vigorous; fairly hardy; productive.

BERRY: form roundish, oblong; size medium; color black; flavor fairly good.

QUALITY: cooking, good.

VALUE: market, second class.

SEASON: medium.

1914

FEUITS OF ONTARIO.

25T

KITTATINNY.

This has been the favorite blackberry in Ontario for both home use and market.
Unfortunately, it is subject to Orange Rust, for which as yet there is no certain remedy,
and in some places fruit growers have given up this variety on account of it.

ORIGIN: Kittatinny Mountains, N.J.; found growing wild by a Mr. Woolverton in
1874, but not much disseminated until many years later.

PLANT: very vigorous, but tender outside of the peach belt; productive; propagated
by suckers and by root cuttings.

KITTATINNY.

BERRY: large, oblong, slightly conical; shiny black when ripe, becoming gradually
duller after gathering; flesh moderately firm, sweet, rich and excellent.
QUALITY: good for dessert; very good for cooking.
VALUE: first class for home market.
SEASON: medium to late.

LAWTON.

A variety that has done much to popularize the blackberry as a market fruit, but
now supplanted by other and better kinds. In some markets all varieties of black-
berries go under the name of Lawton.

ORIGIN: introduced by Wm. Lawton, of New Rochelle, N.Y., in 1848.

BUSH: vigorous; hardy; productive; canes very spiny.

BERRY: large; oblong; color jet black when fully ripe, but if gathered sooner it is
reddish; texture soft and juicy at full maturity, otherwise it has a hard core, and is
sour and insipid; flavor sweet and excellent when quite ripe, but in this condition rather
soft for shipment.

QUALITY: cooking, good.

VALUE: market, second class.

SEASON: medium

17 r.o.

EEPOET ON THE

No. 33

LAWTON.

MERSEREAU.

" Originated with J. M. Mersereau, Cayuga, N.Y. It resembles the Snyder, but is
larger, of better quality, and less likely to turn red after being picked. Very promising."
(Card.)

MERSEREAU.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

259

MINNEWASKI.

Introduced with great flourish, but it has proved disappointing, except in the place
of origin, because tender and unproductive.

ORIGIN: by A. J. Caywood, of Marlboro, N.Y.

PLANT: a stout, vigorous, upright grower, but unproductive and tender.

BEBBY: large, oblong, dull in color, and of fair quality.

SEASON: medium.

OHMER.

An excellent late blackberry, for home use and for market.

ORIGIN: a chance seedling, found by N. Ohmer, of Ohio.

BUSH: vigorous; spreading; very productive.

FRUIT: roundish; black; large; firm without core; juicy; flavor mild, pleasant^

QUALITY: second rate.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: medium.

SNYDER.

A popular variety in the commercial fruit garden, because of its productiveness;:
very reliable in the colder sections, but not desirable for the table because of its inferior
quality.

ORIGIN: on farm of Henry Snyder, near Laporte, Indiana, about the year 1851.

PLANT: a vigorous, stout, upright grower, hardy and very productive.

BERRY: medium size, roundish, firm and carries well.

SEASON: medium.

SNYUEK.

260

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

TAYLOR (Taylor's Prolific).

A valuable commercial berry for colder sections, its season being later than Snyder.
ORIGIN: introduced by Mr. Taylor, of Spiceland, Indiana, about the year 1867.
BUSH: hardy, vigorous, and productive.

TAYLOR.

BERRY: large; roundish oblong; texture soft, juicy; flavor rich, moderately sweet.
SEASON: medium to late.

TRIUMPH (Western Triumph).

A good market berry, if grown on favorable soil.

ORIGIN: a chance seedling, found in Illinois, on the prairie, in 1858.

BUSH: moderately vigorous; very productive, inclined to overbear; requires moist
Ttottom and close pruning for best results; semi-hardy.

BERRY: size medium; form roundish oblong; drupelets coarse; flavor sprightly, rich
and sweet, without core.

QUALITY : fair.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: medium to late.

1914

FRUITS OE ONTARIO.

261

WACHUSETT.

This blackberry was first introduced as Wachusett's Thornless, on account of its
comparative freedom from spines. This, however, is the chief point in its favor, as
the plant is not productive enough to be of value to the Ontario fruit grower.

ORIGIN: a wild plant on Monadnock Mountain, Massachusetts.

BUSH: a slow grower, at first upright, afterward drooping; healthy, not very pro-
ductive; spines few; fruit clusters few.

BERRY: size medium; form roundish, moderately firm, of good quality.

VALUE: market, second class.

SEASON: early to medium.

WILSON.

Has been a popular variety in New Jersey. It demands close pruning in order to
prevent overbearing, and must be covered for winter protection in most sections.

ORIGIN: John Wilson, of Burlington, N.J., about 1854.

PLANT: vigorous; productive; in form, partaking of both the low and the high bush
blackberries.

BERRY: large; firm; somewhat irregular, tapering towards the apex; grains mostly
large but with some smaller ones mixed in; flavor quite acid until ripe, when it is rich
and sprightly.

SEASON: medium.

WILSON.

THE CURRANT

The currant is a very hardy fruit, and for this reason can be grown with success
all over the Province of Ontario, and as fair results are obtained without high culture,
almost everyone who has a garden grows currants. Like all other fruits, however, the
currant becomes most profitable when given good care.

The currant is a moisture-loving fruit, hence for profit it should be planted in a
cool, moist, but well-drained soil. It also requires rich soil, hence as a rule the best
is a good clay loam which is retentive of moisture and cooler than sandy loam. The
soil should be thoroughly prepared for currants before planting. One year old plants
from cuttings, if strong, will give good satisfaction, although two year old plants are
not too old. They should be planted in rows about six feet apart, and from four to
five feet apart in the rows, the wide distance being more satisfactory for the strong
growing varieties and especially black currants. Fall planting is best for currants, as
the buds start very early in the spring and should these develop before they can be
planted, their future growth will be checked. They can, however, be planted in the
spring with success. The plants should be set a little deeper than they were in the
nursery, and the soil well pressed against the roots. Thorough cultivation should follow
to promote as much growth as possible, but it should be shallow, as the currant roots
are near the surface. The following spring the currants will need some pruning to give
them a shapely open head, the bush when well shaped having from five to seven main
branches well distributed to avoid crowding. The fruit of red currants is formed from
spurs on wood two years old, while the fruit of black currants Is borne on wood of the
previous year. Currants should be pruned annually to get the best results.

After the bushes are in full bearing, the pruning should be done with the object
of removing some of the young and some of the older wood from the ground each year.
There should be no wood more than three years old left on black currant bushes, as
the object is to keep up a strong growth of young wood. It is also not well to let the
wood of red currants get very old, as the finest fruit is produced on the two and three
year old wood.

The currant plantation will begin to give some fruit the third season, but a full
crop will not be obtained until the fourth.

As the currant is a gross feeder, drawing heavily on the fertility of the soil, the
plantation should receive an annual dressing of barnyard manure or some other fertilizer.
Rotten manure applied in the autumn and cultivated in the next spring gives very good
results. Applications of wood ashes or muriate of potash and ground bones are also
beneficial.

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED. .
General List, approved ~by the Board of Control.

Black: Black Victoria, Champion, Lee, Boskoop Giant, Saunders.
Red: Cherry, Pay, Red Cross, Victoria, Wilder.
White: Grape.

DISTRICT LISTS.

PONTHILL DISTRICT
(Including Townships of Pelham, Stamford and Thorold).

G. C. Brown, Ponthill.
Red: Cherry, Perfection, Prince Albert.

1914 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 263

BURLINGTON-OAKVILLE DISTRICT

(Including the southern part of the counties bordering on Lake Ontario between

Hamilton and Toronto.)

A. W. Peart, Burlington.

Black: Lee, Naples, Saunders, Champion, Victoria.
Red: Cherry, Fay, Pomona, Wilder, Victoria.
White: Grape, Imperial.

W. P. W. Fisher, Burlington.

Black: Champion, Victoria, Boskoop Giant.
Red: Cherry, Fay, Wilder.

ESSEX PENINSULA

(Including Essex, Kent and Pelee Island)
J. L. Hilborn, Leamington.

Black: Victoria, Champion.
Red: Cherry, Fay, Wilder.
White: Grape.

J. Atkin & Son, Leamington.

Red: Fay, Red Cross, Perfection, Loudon.
Black: Victoria, Saunders, Lee.

LAKE HURON DISTRICT

(Including Counties of Huron and Bruce),
D. F. Hamlink, Goderich.

Black: Champion, Naples, Saunders, Victoria.
Red: Fay, Cherry, Perfection, Albert.
White: Grape.

GEORGIAN BAY DISTRICT

(Including northern portions of the Counties of Grey and Simcoe, bordering on the

Georgian Bay).

J. G. Mitchell, Clarksburg.

Black: Lee, Champion.
Red: Cherry, Fay.
White: Grape.

LAKE SIMCOE DISTRICT

(Including the northern and eastern section of 'Simcoe and northern sections of
York and Ontario bordering on Lake Simcoe).

G. C. Caston, Craighurst.

Black: Naples, Victoria.
Red: Fay, Versailles, Cherry.
White: Grape.

GUELPH DISTRICT

(Including the high inland Counties of southwestern Ontario, i.e., Wellington,

Waterloo, northwestern section of Perth, south part of Grey, Dufferin,

and northwest section of Peel and Halton).

Prof. J. W. Crow, O.A.C., Guelph.

Black: Victoria, Champion, Saunders.
Red: Red Cross, Victoria, Fay.
White: Grape.

264

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

OTTAWA DISTRICT

(Including the Ottawa Valley and the eastern portion of the Province not elsewhere
enumerated, south of latitude 46 deg.).

W. T. Macoun, Horticulturist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

Black: Saunders, Collins Prolific, Black Victoria. Boskoop Giant is very promising.
Red: Pomona, Victoria, Dutch and Wilder in the most favored parts.
White: Grape.

ALGOMA DISTBICT

(Including the islands of Manitoulin and St. Joseph and a limited portion of the
northern and eastern shore of the Georgian Bay).

Chas. Young, Richard's Landing.

Black: Saunders, Champion, Victoria.
Red: Dutch, Versailles.
White: Grape.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES

BLACK VICTORIA.

BUSH: upright, of medium vigor, healthy, hardy and productive.
BERRY: large, black, firm, sweet.
QUALITY: fine.
SEASON: medium.

BLACK VICTORIA.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

265

BRAYLEY.

BUSH: upright, spreading, vigorous, healthy, hardy; not very productive
BUNCH: long, straggling, loose.

BERRY: dark red in color; size medium; flavor acid, sprightly.
SEASON: medium.

CHAMPION.
ORIGIN: England.

BERRY: black, round, very large; good to very good.
VALUE: good.

CHAMPION.

CHATAUQUA.
ORIGIN: New York State.
PLANT: vigorous; very producitve.
BUNCH: long; compact.

FRUIT: deep, bright red; about size of the Cherry currant; flavor acid.
QUALITY: good.
VALUE: market, first class.
SEASON: medium.

OHERRY (Red Imperial, Fertile <V Angers of LeRoy).

The principal red currant grown in Southern Ontario for commercial purposes. Its
large size, fine color and earliness, combine to make it the most satisfactory of all
varieties for market, and many acres have been set out for this purpose. When well
cultivated and well pruned back; a plantation of Cherry currants will continue very
productive for at least twelve or fifteen years.

ORIGIN: Italy; introduced into the United States in 1846.

266

REPOKT ON THE

No. 33

PLANT: vigorous, a stout, stocky grower; very productive; begins bearing the second
year after planting; foliage thick, dark green.

BUNCH: usually short, but sometimes long and tapering, compact.

BEERY: very large, globular; bright red in color; flavor subacid; texture firm.

QUALITY: fair.

VALUE: first class for market and for jellies.

SEASON: medium to late.

ADAPTATION: general, but succeeds better on clay loam than upon light sand.

CHERRY.

CLIPPER.

BUSH: a strong grower and productive.
BUNCHES: large.

FRUIT: medium to large; skin moderately thick, tender; briskly subacid and of good
flavor.

QUALITY: good; ripens somewhat unevenly.
SEASON: medium to late. Promising. (Macoun.)

CLIPPER.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

267

CRANDALL.

This interesting currant is of very doubtful value for the currant plantation, for
canning. It is of the Ribes aureum type, or flowering currant, and was produced from
seed of that variety by Mr. Crandall.

ORIGIN: Kansas.

BUSH: upright, spreading, hardy, healthy, vigorous, rampant and moderately pro-
ductive.

BUNCH: short, compact.

BEBEY: variable in size; bluish black; skin thick; flavor sprightly, subacid.

SEASON: medium to late; ripens unevenly, some of the later berries hanging until
frost.

ECLIPSE.

BUSH: a medium to strong grower and productive.
BUNCHES: large.

FBUIT: medium to large; skin moderately thick, fairly tender; subacid.
QUALITY: good; ripens evenly.
SEASON: early. Promising on account of productiveness, size and quality. (Macoun.)

ECLIPSE.

268

BBPOET ON THE

No. 33

FAY (Fay's Prolific).

A variety that has been much advertised as superior to the Cherry, but, as a matter
of fact, is very similar in fruit and in productiveness.

ORIGIN: New York State.

BUSH: vigorous, but sprawling, and somewhat subject to the borer where the shoots
are not frequently renewed; productive.

BUNCH: moderately close, loose toward the base.

BEBBY: very large, globular; bright red; firm; flavor subacid.

QUALITY: good.

VALUE: first class for market.

SEASON: medium to late.

FAY.

HOLLAND (White Holland, Long Bunched Holland)

The best bunched and the most showy of the white currants.
BUSH: vigorous, healthy and quite productive.
BUNCH: loose at base of racemes, close toward apex.
BEBBY: globular; skin thick, white; flavor mild acid.
SEASON: medium.

1914

FEU1TS OF ONTARIO.

269

KERRY.

BUSH: a strong grower and very productive. A

BUNCHES: medium to large.

FRUIT: above medium to large; skin thick but tender; briskly subacid.
QUALITY: above medium to good.

SEASON: medium to late. One of the most promising for commercial purposes on
account of its great productiveness and good size of fruit. (Macoun.)

: '

KEEBY.

LONDON (London Market).

One of the most promising of the new varieties for all purposes
ORIGIN: England.

BUSH: very vigorous, healthy; very productive.
BUNCH: comparatively compact.
BERRY: color red; quality fair.
VALUE: very good for both kitchen and market.
SEASON: medium.

270

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

LEE.

A good commercial variety.
ORIGIN: England.

BUSH: moderately vigorous, healthy, hardy and moderately productive.
BERRY: black, very large; flavor subacid; quality very good.
SEASON: medium.

.ar-

LEE.

MIDDLESEX (Saunders'
ORIGIN: with Dr. Saunders, Ottawa, Canada.
BUSH: very vigorous, healthy; very productive.
BUNCH: compact.

BERRY: round; skin jet black, thick; flavor good.
VALUE: first class for cooking and market.
REASON: medium.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

271

NAPLES.

One of the best market varieties of black currants
ORIGIN: Europe.

QUALITY: good.
SEASON: medium to late.

NAPLES.

NORTH STAR.

ORIGIN: Minnesota.

BUSH: vigorous, healthy, moderately productive.
BUNCH: compact.

BERRY: round; skin thin, bright red; subacid.
QUALITY: cooking, very good.

VALUE: second class on account of size, but, season and productiveness considered,
It might be rated first class.
SEASON: medium to late.

POMONA.

"An Indiana variety, introduced by Albertson & Hobbs, of Bridgeport, Indiana.
Claimed to be more prolific, with fewer seeds, and sweeter than any other currant; clear,
bright red, about the size of Victoria; easily picked, and hangs a long time on the
bushes." (Card.)

272

REPORT (m THE

Xo. 33

NORTH STAR.

POMONA.

1914

PBUITS OF ONTARIO.

273

PRINCE ALBERT.

PRINCE ALBERT.

RED CROSS.

Very much resembles Cherry, but
somewhat poorer in bunch.

ORIGIN: New York State, probably
a cross between the Cherry and the
White Grape.

BUSH: upright; vigorous; hardy;
fairly productive.

BUNCH: compact.

BERRY round; color bright red;
flavor fairly good, agreeably acid.

SEASON: medium.

One of the most profitable
red currants; excellent for
canning.

BUSH: a poor grower while
young, but as it grows older
quite vigorous and produc-
tive. Beach, of Geneva, N.Y.,
in a three years' test found
this the most productive cur-
rant in his collection, yield-
ing, during that period, an
average of about nine pounds
per bush; leaves large and
deeply cut.

BUNCH: short to medium
length.

BERRY: size medium; color
light red; flavor very acid.

QUALITY: first class for
cooking or jelly.

VALUE: market, first class.
SEASON: late.

RED CROSS.

18 F.O.

KEPOET ON THE

No. 33

ST. GILES (Belle de St. Giles).

This is a large berry of fine quality, but not productive enough for the commercial
plantation.

C;;IGIN: Europe.

BUSH: upright, spreading; vigor medium; hardy, not very productive.

BUNCH: large and compact.

BEERY: red, large, subacid.

QUALITY: excellent.

SEASON: medium.

ST. GILES.

RED DUTCH.

Too small for the commercial plantation; fine flavor for dessert.

ORIGIN : Europe.

BUSH: dwarfish, slender; hardy; very productive.

BUNCH: medium; loose.

BERRY: small, oblate, sprightly, subacid, pleasant.

VALUE: second class for market.

SEASON: medium.

1914

FEUITS OF ONTARIO.

275

SAUNDERS.

A very promising black currant.

ORIGIN: London, Ontario, by Dr. Wm. Saunders.

BUSH: vigorous; hardy; healthy; productive.

SAUNDERS.

BERRY: large; black; flavor sweetish or subacid.
QUALITY: very good.
VALUE: market, first class.
SEASON: medium.

VICTORIA.

A good commercial variety.

ORIGIN: England.

BUSH: very vigorous; hardy; very productive.

BUNCH: long, loose.

BERRY: medium; color red; firm; flavor acid.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: medium.

VERSAILLAISE.

This variety closely resembles Cherry.

ORIGIN: France.

BUSH: healthy, hardy, fairly vigorous and fairly productive.

BUNCH: medium and moderately compact.

BERRY: round; bright red; flavor milder than that of the Cherry.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: medium to late.

276

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

VICTORIA.

VERSAILLAISE.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

277

WHITE IMPERIAL.

27 S

REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

Xo. 33

WHITE GRAPE (White Antwerp; White Transparent).

This is esteemed the finest of all the white currants, when its many good points are
taken into consideration, viz., quality, beauty and productiveness. For market, its white
color is against it, but for the home garden it is one of the best.

ORIGIN: Europe.

BUSH: moderately vigorous; hardy; very productive.

BUNCH: somewhat straggling.

BERRY: skin white, transparent; flavor mild acid, sprightly, agreeable

QUALITY: best for dessert.

VALUE: first for market.

SEASON: medium.

WHITE IMPERIAL.

BUSH: vigorous, hardy, healthy and fairly productive.
BUNCH: loose, with half an inch of stem.
BERRY: white; flavor mild; quality fine.
QUALITY: dessert, very good.
SEASON: medium.

WILDER.

This is one of the best
of the red currants and
has given an excellent re-
cord at our Burlington
station. It is highly re-
commended in a recent
report of the American
Pomological Society.

ORIGIN : New York
State, named in honor of
the late Marshall P. Wil-
der.

BUSH: healthy, hardy
and very productive.

BUNCH: compact.

BERRY: dull red; form
uneven; mild in flavor;
of good quality.

VALUE: first class for
market.

SEASON: medium.

WILDER.

THE DEWBERRY

As a cultivated fruit the dewberry is of such recent introduction into American
horticulture that it can scarcely be said to have a history. As late as 1884 the dewberry
was not cultivated for sale by nurserymen. It was not until the introduction of the
Lucretia, which was brought into general notice about 1886, that the dewberry began
to occupy any prominent place in American horticulture.

The dewberries are distinguished from the blackberries chiefly by their trailing habit
of growth, their early ripening and the method of propagation. There are important
differences also in the flower cluster which need not be discussed here. The dewberries
propagate by means of tips, while the blackberries propagate by suckers, a point of much
practical importance in cultivation.

The market of the dewberry is limited by the short life of the berry in transit. It
cannot be shipped any great distance, but should be on the market within thirty-six
hours after picking. The value of the dewberry lies in its early ripening.

A cool climate and a high elevation seem to suit the dewberry best. Lower eleva-
tions are not so well adapted to the culture of this fruit on account of the extreme heat
of summer, the berries being short and seedy as compared with the long luscious berries
grown at higher altitudes. The fruit seems to develop best where the maximum tem-
perature is not above 90°, and probably maximum temperature is a better guide than
elevation. However, severe, drying winters may prove too trying for dewberries in
localities otherwise well adapted to their culture.

SOILS AND LOCATIONS: The dewberry will grow well on a variety of soils, but con-
sidered from the standpoint of both ease of culture and adaptability, light sandy soils,
free from rock or gravel, are best suited to its culture. As the dewberry seems to favor
a cool climate much may be gained by choosing a cool, northern exposure.

PLANTING: Spring setting is the usual method, but there seems no reason why the
plants should not be set in the fall if they are protected during the winter. Planting in
the fall should be done in September, and spring planting as soon as the ground can
be worked.

The question of the distance apart at which they are to be placed will be largely
determined by the method of training to be employed. If to be trained to single stakes,
four feet apart each way will be found satisfactory; if to wire trellises, six feet by
perhaps three feet in the row will be more convenient. If the plants are to be allowed
to grow practically prostrate, which is the natural method of growth, they will need to
be set five feet apart each way. The objection to this method is that more space is
demanded for training the plants than is needed for their maintenance.

CULTIVATION: The cultivation of the dewberry patch should not be unlike that for
any other bush fruit. Cultivation stops at the opening of the picking season and is
resumed again at its close, continuing until the end of the growing season. Since deep
cultivation, which disturbs or breaks the roots, tends to start objectionable plants in
the middles, the early cultivations and possibly the later ones should be shallow. If
the plants are allowed to run for the purpose of being trained on a trellis, cultivation
must be in one direction.

HAEDINESS: The inherent hardiness of the dewberry may not be equal to that of
many varieties of the blackberry, yet its prostrate habit of growth tends to afford it
protection, which enables it to withstand the cold of winter, in most cases, as well as
blackberries. The older canes will naturally be cut away before winter and the younger
canes, which lie directly on the ground, are in the most convenient position possible
for being covered with soil or mulch if such protection is necessary.

VARIETIES: The Lucretia is the best known of all the dewberries. As sent out, this
variety has been greatly mixed, but the true type is a large fruit, productive, of good
quality, and gives satisfaction wherever the dewberry succeeds.

Another variety, Mayes, seems to be one of the most promising varieties now grown.

Aughinbaugh is one of the best known varieties of the western dewberries, and is
especially noteworthy as being the parent of the Loganberry, which has attracted so
much attention in the west of late.

[2791

THE GOOSEBERRY

The gooseberry and the currant are the two hardiest bush fruits which are culti-
vated, and the gooseberry, like the currant, succeeds in all parts of the Province, although
the hardy gooseberries are confined to the varieties derived from the native species and
to crosses between the native and the European. The European varieties are only
.grown successfully in favored locations as in most places they are very subject to
mildew.

The gooseberry, like the currant, requires a cool, moist, though well-drained soil
to give the best results, and suffers more than almost any other fruit in a dry time.
These cool, moist conditions are best obtained as a rule by planting in a well-drained
friable clay loam. The soil should be thoroughly prepared, as although the gooseberry
will give a fine crop of fruit, even if not well cared for, the size will be small. Goose-
berries may be planted with success either in spring or fall, but the fall planting is
preferable, as growth begins early and plants usually receive a severe check if planted
in the spring.

A good distance for planting is six by four or five feet. As gooseberries and cur-
rants are usually planted together, it is best to give them both the same distance, so
that cultivation will be easier. The soil should be well cultivated every year to retain
moisture. As the gooseberry makes much more wood each year than is needed, annual
pruning is necessary.

The pruning should be begun before growth starts the second year, and with the
object of obtaining an open bush having four or five main fruiting branches well dis-
tributed. The annual pruning should consist of removing most of the young branches,
leaving a few of the best to take the place of some of the older ones later on and re-
moving enough of the laterals to open up the head.

The gooseberry produces its fruit on spurs on wood two or more years old, hence
there should always be a fair amount of this wood. Wood more than three years old
should be removed to give place to that which is younger and which will bear better
fruit.

The soil should be well fertilized and treated in this respect much like the currant.

The bushes will bear some fruit in the third season and should have a full crop in
the fourth.

Although in England and Europe ripe gooseberries are highly esteemed, few of
them are eaten raw in Ontario, hence this fruit is usually picked green and used for
sauce, canning and pies. Being firm, it ships well and is usually a profitable crop.

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED.
General List, approved by the Board of Control.

American Varieties: Pearl, Downing, Red Jacket.

English Varieties: Crown Bob, Whitesmith, Industry, Keepsake. Not recommended
on account of mildew, unless to be thoroughly sprayed with the lime sulphur mixture.

DISTRICT LISTS.
BURLINQTON-OAKVILLE DISTRICT

{Including the southern part of the counties bordering on Lake Ontario between

Hamilton and Toronto).
A. W. Peart, Burlington.

Pearl, Downing, Red Jacket.

W. F. W. Fisher, Burlington.
Downing, Josselyn or Red Jacket.

[280] |

1914 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 281

ESSEX PENINSULA
(Including Essex, Kent, and Pelee Island).

J. L. Hilborn, Leamington.
Pearl, Downing, Whitesmith.

LAKE HURON DISTRICT
(Including Counties of Huron and Bruce).

D. P. Hamlink, Goderich.
Pearl, Downing.

GEORGIAN BAY DISTRICT

(Including northern portions of the Counties of Grey and Simcoe, bordering on the

Georgian Bay).

J. G. Mitchell, Clarksburg.
Houghton, Pearl, Downing, Red Jacket, Industry.

LAKE SIMCOE DISTRICT

(Including the northern and eastern section of Simcoe and northern sections of York
and Ontario bordering on Lake Simcoe).

G. C. Caston, Craighurst.
Pearl, Downing.

GUELPH DISTRICT

(Including the high inland counties of southwestern Ontario, i.e., Wellington, Waterloo,

northwestern section of Perth, south part of Grey, Dufferin, and

northwest section of Peel and Halton).

Prof. J. W. Crow, O.A.C., Guelph.

American: Pearl, Downing.
English: Whitesmith, Industry.

ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY DISTRICT

(Including the valley of the St. Lawrence river from Kingston to the eastern boundary

of the Province).

Harold Jones, Maitland.
Golden Prolific, Downing.

OTTAWA DISTRICT

(Including the Ottawa Valley and the eastern portion of the Province not elsewhere
enumerated, south of latitude 46 deg.).

W. T. Macoun, Horticulturist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.
Pearl, Downing, and Red Jacket.

ALGOMA DISTRICT

(Including the islands of Manitoulin and St. Joseph and a limited portion of the
northern and eastern shore of the Georgian Bay).

Chas. Young, Richard's Landing.
Golden Prolific, Pearl, Downing, Red Jacket, Champion.

282

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES

CHAMPION;

A valuable variety for market in green condition.
ORIGIN: at Salem, Oregon.

PLANT: very vigorous; of easy cultivation; fairly productive.

BERRY: size about equal to that of Downing; form round oval; skin greenish yellow,
thin, tender; flavor fair.
QUALITY : fair.

VALUE: market, second class.
SEASON: early.

CROWN BOB.

A profitable gooseberry.

BUSH: inclined to overbear, and thus
exhaust its vitality; drooping in habit.

BERRY: oblong, very large, especially
if thinned before it is full grown; skin
thin, hairy; color red; of very good
flavor, but being an English variety is
subject to mildew.

SEASON : early.

CROWN BOB.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

283

DOWNING.

DOWNING (slightly reduced).

This has been the most popular gooseberry of American oiigin lor some years,
unless we except the Pearl, a variety of Canadian origin, very similar in size and
appearance. It is very widely known and planted all over the continent of North
America. It is not subject to mildew, and succeeds splendidly everywhere.

ORIGIN: by Chas. Downing, Newburgh, N.Y.; a seedling of Houghton.

PLANT: first rate in health and vigor and productiveness; an upright grower.

FRUIT: size medium; form round, often somewhat narrowed toward apex; skin
smooth, transparent green with distinct light green ribs, and a thin whitish bloom.

FLESH: light green; tender, sweet and good.

VALUE: for market, first class.

SEASON: medium.

KEEPSAKE.

KEEPSAKE.

A very good commercial gooseberry, which succeeds in many parts of Ontario.
ORIGIN : England.

BUSH: vigorous; productive; very little subject to mildew.

BERRY: medium to large; form nearly round; color greenish white; skin smooth;
flavor sweetish.

QUALITY: very good.
VALUE: market, first class.

284

EEPOET ON THE

33

PEARL.

The Pearl gooseberry has been widely planted in the commercial gardens of Canada-
and the United States. It is certainly a magnificent cropper, but it is very difficult
indeed to distinguish the berry from the Downing, except that it averages a trifle
larger.

ORIGIN: London,
Ontario, by Mr.
Saunders; across
between Hough-
ton and Red War-
rington.

PLANT: healthy,
not subject to mil-
dew ; upright,
spreading; first
rate in vigor and
in productiveness.

PBUIT: medium,
round, often nar-
rowing toward
apex; skin
smooth, transpar-
ent green, with
thin whitish
bloom and light
green ribs.

FLESH: light
green, tender,
sweet and good.

VALUE: market,
very much the
same as Downing.

SEASON :
dium.

me-

PEARL.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

285

RED JACKET (Josselyn).

One of the best gooseberries for the Ontario fruit grower, either for home use of
for market.

ORIGIN: at London, Ont., by Dr. Wm. Saunders.

PLANT: an excellent grower; free from mildew; almost equal to Pearl in productive-
ness.

BERRY: form round oval; color reddish green, shading into red; skin smooth and
transparent, rather tender; texture juicy; flavor rich.

QUALITY: cooking, very good.
VALUE: market, first class.
SEASON: medium.

RED JACKET.

WHITESMITH.

One of the best of the English varieties for cultivation in Ontario; succeeds on clay
land, with northern aspect. On the sandy soil of the Niagara district it is much affe
by mildew.

ORIGIN: England.

PLANT: upright, fairly productive, fairly vigorous.

FRUIT: large, oval, downy, with distinct regular veins; green, and when ripe sweet
and agreeable.

QUALITY: very good for home uses.
VALUE: first class for market.
SEASON: early.

286

REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. No. 33

INDUSTRY (Wyndhams).

BUSH: hardy, vigorous; one of the-
freest from mildew of all Englislk
varieties.

FRUIT: round to oval; medium to.
very large; quality good to very good;

MARKET : excellent.
SEASON: early.

INDUSTRY.

THE RASPBERRY

The raspberry is the most popular bush fruit grown in Ontario, and as it follows
the strawberry in season the consumer is well supplied with these two fruits most of
the summer. The raspberry being a native of Ontario, is hardy in almost all parts of
the Province, hence it is cultivated over a very wide area.

Like the other bush fruits, the raspberry does best when grown in a cool, moist, but
well-drained soil. While this soil should be of good quality, if it is very rich in nitrogen
the growth may be too rank and in some localities the canes on this account are more
liable to winter injury. The best success is usually obtained with a sandy loam or
loam, although the raspberry will do fairly well in most kinds of soil. The preparation
of the land should be the same as for other bush fruits. The plants may be set either
in fall or spring, although if young growing suckers are used they may be planted suc-
cessfully any time in the early part of the summer where the soil is moist.

Red raspberries are usually planted in rows seven and one-half feet apart with the
plants three feet apart in the rows, although they may be cultivated longer and better
if grown in hills about five feet each way, and for the amateur this is the best way to
grow them. The cultivation of the raspberry should be thorough to retain moisture,
as in the fruiting season a good supply of moisture is very important. Some growers
prefer pinching back the canes in summer when they are from eighteen inches to two
feet in height, believing that they get a better crop by so doing, but this system is not
recommended as it has been found by experiments that red raspberries succeed better
when the growth is not headed back in summer. Sometimes, also, the pinching is de-
layed and the laterals which are made do not ripen thoroughly and the canes are injured
by winter. It is best to let the canes make full growth in summer, and if they are very
tall they may be headed back to three or four feet in height before growth begins in
the spring.

Black raspberries are planted most successfully in the spring. They should be set
rather shallow, as if planted deep they will not grow. Stockier plants will be obtained
if the plants are set in a furrow and lightly covered with soil, applying more soil as
the plants grow until the field is level. Pinching back in summer is a good practice
with black raspberries, as it makes the plants stockier and better able to withstand
storms.

The thinning out of the canes may be done in fall or spring. Seven or eight of the
strong canes of red raspberries to a hill and three or four of black raspberries are suffi-
cient to leave. If the raspberries are grown in a hedge row the weakest canes should
be removed, leaving those which are to fruit about six inches apart. The raspberry
plantation should be kept well supplied with plant food, but a too liberal use of nitro-
genous fertilizers, as previously stated, should be avoided.

In the colder parts of the country it is a very good practice to bend the canes down
in the fall for better protection in winter, the canes being held in place by covering
the tips with soil. By adopting this plan serious winter injury rarely occurs.

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED.

General List, approved, by the Board o/ Control.
Black: Hilborn, Older, Gregg, Smith Giant.
Purple: Columbian, Shaffer.
Red: Marlboro, Herbert, Cuthbert.
White: Golden Queen.

DISTRICT LISTS.

NIAGARA DISTRICT

(Including the Niagara Peninsula from the Niagara River to Hamilton and north to

the escarpment).

S. H. Rittenhouse, Jordan Harbour.
Red: Marlboro, Cuthbert.
Black: Gregg.

[2871

288 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. No. 33

BUBLINGTON-OAKVILLE DISTRICT

(Including the southern part of the counties bordering on Lake Ontario between

Hamilton and Toronto).

A. W. Peart, Burlington.
Red: Marlboro, Herbert, Cuthbert.

ESSEX PENINSULA

(Including Essex, Kent, and Pelee Island).
J. L. Hilborn, Leamington.

Black: Kansas, Hilborn, Gregg.
Red: Marlboro, Cuthbert.
Yellow: Golden Queen.
Put pie: Columbian.

LAKE HURON DISTRICT

(Including Counties of Huron and Bruce).
D. F. Hamlink, Goderich.

Black: Conrath, Hilborn.

Red: Marlboro, Herbert, Cuthbert.

White: Golden Queen.

GEORGIAN BAY DISTRICT

(Including northern portions of the Counties of Grey and Simcoe, bordering on the

Georgian Bay).

J. G. Mitchell, Clarksburg.

Red: Marlboro, Herbert, Cuthbert.
Black: Hilborn, Older, Gregg.

GUELPH DISTRICT

(Including the high inland counties of southwestern Ontario, i.e., Wellington,

Waterloo, northwestern section of Perth, south part of Grey, Dufferin,

and northwest section of Peel and Hal ton).

Prof. J. W. Crow, O.A.C., Guelph.

Black: Older, Smith Giant.
Red: Marlboro, Herbert, Cuthbert.
Purple: Columbian.
White: Golden Queen.

OTTAWA DISTRICT

(Including the Ottawa Valley and the eastern portion of the Province not elsewhere
enumerated, south of latitude 46 deg.).

W. T. Macoun, Horticulturist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

Black: Hilborn, Older, Cumberland.
Red: Marltoro, Herbert.
Yellow: Golden Queen.

ALGOMA DISTRICT

(Including the islands of Manitoulin and St. Joseph, and a limited portion of the
northern and eastern shore of the Georgian Bay).

Chas. Young, Richard's Landing

Red: Marlboro, Louden.

White: Brinckle Orange (for quantity only).

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

289

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES

CAROLINE.

A very productive variety, but of little use for market because too soft for ship-
ping, and not in favor for home use because of its ordinary quality.

ORIGIN: at New Rochelle, N.Y., by S. P. Carpenter; supposed seedling of Brinckle's
Orange.

FRUIT: medium size; form round; color pinkish yellow; seeds small, close, easily
parted from each other and from stalk; flesh juicy, sweet, lacking in flavor.

QUALITY: only fair for all purposes.

VALUE: second class for market.

SEASON : early.

CONRATH.

One of the best blackcaps for profit.
ORIGIN: Michigan, in 1886; a chance
seedling near Ann Arbor; introduced by
Conrath Bros.

BUSH: vigorous, healthy, productive,
resistant to drouth.

BERRY: large; firm; black.

QUALITY: good for either cooking or
dessert.

VALUE: for market, very good.
SEASON: early.

ADAPTATION: succeeds well at our Lake
Huron station. Highly recommended in
Catalogue of American Pomological
Society for Ontario, Michigan and New
York.

CONRATH (slightly reduced),
19 P.O.

290

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

COLUMBIAN.

Valuable for cooking, canning and table use; but not popular in color as a market
berry.

ORIGIN: a supposed seedling of Cuthbert, crossed with Gregg, at Oneida, N.Y.

PLANT: a strong, vigorous grower; very productive.

BERRY: size large; color purple; texture fairly firm, moderately juicy; flavor nearly
sweet.

QUALITY: very good for cooking; fair for dessert.

VALUE: market, second class.

SEASON: medium.

CUTHBERT (Queen of the Market).

Previous to the introduction of the Cuthbert, many varieties of raspberries were
grown for profit, such as Turner, Philadelphia, Highland Hardy, etc., but these have
given place entirely and are heard of no longer. So prolific has this variety proved itself
that acres have been planted by fruit growers throughout Ontario, and immense quanti-
ties of its fine fruit sent into our best markets. A favorite for canning factories.

ORIGIN: chance seedling in the garden of Thomas Cuthbert, Riverdale, N.Y.

PLANT: vigorous, canes strong, often six feet high or more on rich sandy loam, not
too dry; sometimes branching; very productive; spines short, stout, numerous, suckers
almost too freely and young growth needs to be kept within bounds.

FRUIT: large; color bright crimson; form conical, obtuse at apex; seeds small, com-
pact, part easily from stalk when very ripe; flesh firm, fairly juicy, sweet, agreeable.

SEASON: medium.

QUALITY: very good for cooking; good for dessert.

VALUE: first class for market.

CUMBERLAND.

A promising black cap.

ORIGIN: by David Miller,
Camp Hill, Pennsylvania,
in 1896.

PLANT : vigorous ; pro-
ductive.

BERRY:, size very large;
form oval; color black;
texture firm; flavor very
pleasant.

QUALITY : dessert or
cooking, very good.

VALUE : market, first
class.

SEASON: early.

CUMBERLAND.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

291

COLUMBIAN.

CUTHBERT.

292

EEPOET ON THE

Xo. 33

GOLDEN QUEEN.

A good yellow variety; not grown for market, the red colored varieties being more
in demand.

ORIGIN: New Jer-
sey; a sport of the
Cuthbert; 1883.

BUSH: vigorous;
very productive;
hardy.

BEBBY: medium
to large; roundish
conical; color rich
golden yellow;
similar to Cuthbert
except in color.

FLESH: tender;
juicy; sweet.

QUALITY : dessert
good; cooking
good.

VALUE: market,
second class.

SEASON: medium!

GOLDEN QUEEN.

KANSAS.

One of the newer black caps.

ORIGIN: chance seedling in Kansas, U.S., about 1884.

BUSH: vigorous; very thorny; propagation easy; tender in Lake Huron district.

BERRY: large; roundish; color shining black.

FLESH: firm; moderately juicy; flavor mild, pleasant.

QUALITY: very good for canning, pies, etc.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON : medium.

LOUDON.

A good market variety, the berries being a little larger than Cuthbert, but not quite
equal to it in quality.

ORIGIN: raised by F. W. London, of Wisconsin, from seed of Turner crossed with
Cuthbert.

PLANT: hardy; very productive, but not very vigorous; canes very slightly branched,
and have strong buds which produce the fruiting branches; pinching back the tips is,
therefore, not wise.

BERRY: size large; form conical; color red, attractive; grains large, inclined to
crumble; texture firm; flavor fair.

QUALITY: dessert or cooking fair.

VALUE: first for market.

SEASON: medium.

1914

FEUITS OP OXTARIO.

293

GREGG.

GREGG.

One of the best late black caps for
market purposes; an excellent shipper
Vid also much valued for evaporating.

ORIGIN: on the Gregg farm, Ohio
County, Indiana, in 1866.

PLANT: vigorous; fairly hardy;
canes upright, clean and smooth,
rather difficult of propagation; very
productive.

BERRY: size large; color black with
grey bloom; texture firm, moderately
juicy; flavor sweet.

SEASON: late.

; HERBERT.

A valuable red raspberry for the commercial plantation; combining the good quali-
ties, hardiness, productiveness and earliness.

ORIGIN: a chance seedling in the garden of Mr. R. B. Whyte, Ottawa, about the
year 1890; introduced by the Renfrew Nursery Company.

BUSH: hardy, enduring the cold winters at Ottawa witn a temperature of 30 below
zero; vigorous; about equal to Cuthbert; productive.

BERRY: large; color, bright red; form, somewhat oblong; texture, a little tender,,
juicy; flavor, sweet and excellent.

QUALITY: very good for all purposes.
VALUE: market, first class.
SEASON: earlier than Cuthbert.

294

EEPORT ON THE

Xo. 33

HERBERT.

HILBORN.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

295

HILBORN.

A favorite black cap for market in some localities.

ORIGIN: a chance seedling, introduced by W. W. Hilborn, of Leamington, Ontario,
in 1886.

BUSH: hardy; vigorous; productive.

FRUIT: medium to large, about the size of Gregg; color black; texture firm, juicy;
flavor rich and good.

QUALITY: first class for dessert or cooking.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: early.

MARLBORO.

This raspberry has
been coming gradually
to the front ever since
its introduction about
the year 1880. The old
Highland Hardy for a
while disputed its place
as an early market
berry, but the superior
size and beauty of the
former soon caused the
latter to give place
entirely, until Marlboro
and Cuthbert have been
for many years the two
leading varieties of red
raspberries to cover the
season. The Marlboro
thrives best on a
heavier soil than that
suited to the Cuthbert,
and a little drier and
heavier subsoil.

PLANT : fairly vigor-
ous; canes short, stout,
upright, without
branches ; propagated
by suckers; fairly pro-
ductive.

BERRY : round ; color
light red; seeds close
and firm; flavor mild,
pleasant; texture rather
seedy.

QUALITY: fairly good.

VALUE: market, first
class.

SEASON: early.

MARLBORO.

MILLER.

A promising berry for near markets.

ORIGIN: found near Wilmington, Delaware.

PLANT: strong; vigorous; hardy; productive.

BERRY: medium; color bright red; texture tender; flavor sweet, pleasant.

QUALITY: very good.

SEASON: early.

PHCENIX.

Considered a profitable market variety for some growers, but by others reported as
only moderate productive.
ORIGIN: United States.

BUSH: fairly vigorous; hardy; not very productive.
BERRY: large; red.
QUALITY: very good.
SEASON: medium.

296

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

OLDER.

A popular black cap in Iowa;
counted a failure in Michigan; re-
ported upon favorably at the Lake
Huron station.

ORIGIN: a chance seedling in the
garden of Mr. Older, of Independ-
ence, Iowa, in 1872.

PLANT: vigorous; hardy at Ot-
tawa, Guelph, and Walkerton; canes
of a trailing nature and need cut-
ting back; endures drouth well;
productive.

BEBEY: large; color jet black
without bloom; texture juicy and
moderately firm; flavor pleasant.

QUALITY: good.

SEASON: early to medium.

OLDER.

RELIANCE.

A fairly good early table berry; rather soft for shipment; resembles Turner.
ORIGIN: New Jersey; a seedling of the Philadelphia raspberry.
BUSH: healthy; canes strong and vigorous; very productive.

BERRY: size medium; color dark red; texture inclined to be soft and juicy; flavor
sweetish, ordinary.

QUALITY: dessert and cooking, fair.

VALUE: first class for near market; second class for shipping.

SEASON: early.

TURNER.

A fine table berry, and valuable for the home garden; a good market berry, but
rather soft for distant shipment.

ORIGIN: by J. B. Turner, Jacksonville, Illinois.

PLANT: very hardy; fairly vigorous, making a good strong cane; productive.

BERRY: form roundish conical; size medium; color dark red; texture soft; flavor
sweet, excellent.

QUALITY: dessert or cooking, very good.

VALUE: home market, first class; distant market, second class.

SEASON: medium.

1914

TS OF ONTARIO.

297

SHAFFER.

On its first introduction the Shaffer created much enthusiasm by reason of its thrift,
productiveness and good quality. It is still considerably grown for canning purposes,
but its color is not a favorite one in the market.

ORIGIN: on farm of Mr. Shaffer, Wheatland, N.Y., in 1869; introduced by Chas. Green,
Rochester, in 1881.

SHAFFER.

PLANT: very vigorous; canes grow six or seven feet high, if not pinched back; very
productive; propagates from tips.

FRUIT: large; color purple; form roundish; grains large, loose, easily separated
from stalk; flesh very juicy and tender; flavor sweet, rich and very agreeable.

QUALITY: very good for cooking; good for dessert.

VALUE: second class for market.

SEASON: medium.

298

REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

No. 33

SMITH GIANT.
A very promising black raspberry for the commercial plantation.

ORIGIN: with A. M.
Smith, St. Cathar-
ines, Ont.

PLANT: vigorous,
fairly hardy and
quite productive.

FRUIT: very large;
black, with heavy
bloom.

QUALITY: dessert
or cooking, very
good.

VALUE: market,
one of the best.

SEASON: late.

SMITH GIANT.

STRAWBERRY-RASPBERRY.

Considered somewhat valuable for canning, presenting an attractive appearance in
the jar; interesting as a curiosity, but of no commercial value; may become a trouble-
some weed.

PLANT: easily propagated by suckers and rootstocks; scantily productive; stalks
grow eighteen inches high and die down in the fall; fruits on growth of the current
season.

BERRY: large; color a beautiful bright red; quality poor, but somewhat improved by
cooking.

VALUE: market, third class.
SEASON: July to September.

4. The Strawberry

The strawberry is the most popular fruit cultivated in Ontario. This is doubtless
due in part to the intrinsic value of the strawberry itself, which is one of the most
delicious of fruits, but it is believed that the popularity of the strawberry comes largely
from the fact that it can be grown by almost every one, as, unlike most fruits, very
little land is required to produce sufficient for home consumption.

Strawberries can be grown in all parts of Ontario where the soil is suitable, hence
large quantities are produced and consumed annually, and owing to the difference in
the time of ripening between the southern and northern parts of the Province, the
season is lengthened very much, and furthermore, the strawberries of one district do
not come in such close competition with those from another as they would do if all
ripened at the same time.

Strawberries will succeed on almost any rich, well-drained soil, but the largest
crops are, it is believed, produced on a deep, warm sandy loam, which is retentive of
moisture. It is important, however, to avoid planting strawberries where water is
likely to lie at any time, as surface water is very injurious to the plant, and if water
freezes over strawberries in winter they are almost sure to be killed.

In preparing soil for this fruit, it should be made very rich. There are no records
known where land was made too rich for strawberries. There is nothing so good
as well-rotted manure for this purpose. Fresh manure is not so good, as it usually con-
tains many weed seeds which will germinate after the manure is applied. The manure
should be thoroughly worked into the surface soil early in the spring, for if this is not
well done the soil will dry out, the conservation of moisture being important in growing
strawberries. Strawberries also do well after clover, which in part takes the place of
manure. The best time to set out the plants is early in the spring. Fall planting is
not recommended, as although there is fair success in wet seasons, in a dry year the
plants usually suffer.

When the ground has been marked off into rows about ZV2 feet apart with cross
rows about 18 to 20 inches apart, the plants are set at the intersections of the rows.
The usual practice with large growers is for one person to open a hole with a spade, and
another, preferably a boy, to place the plant, the soil being then pressed against the
plant with the foot. In smaller plantations, planting with a trowel will be found very
satisfactory. The chief essentials in planting are first to have the crown of the plant
a little below the surface of the soil when it is pressed down. If the crown comes above
the surface of the soil the plant is almost sure to die from drying out, and set too
deep the plant is liable to rot. The second important point is to make the soil firm
about the plant, thus causing the moisture to rise to the roots. Strawberry plants are
almost sure to die, especially in a dry time, if this precaution is not taken. A third
essential, is to spread the roots in the cleft made by the spade, as although the plants
will live even if this is not done, they will start quicker and thrive better if the roots
are properly spread. After 'the plants are set cultivation should be thorough to conserve
moisture and encourage the production of young plants early in the season, as the
earlier these young plants are produced and become rooted, the larger crop they are
likely to bear the next season.

All flowers should be pinched off the first season, as they exhaust the strength of
the plant and delay the production of runners. The most common method of growing
strawberries is in the matted row. Grown in this way there should be a row of plants
about two feet in width by autumn. During the summer, as runners are made, they
should be placed about six inches apart and held with a little soil so as to give the
plants the best chance to develop. After a row of the required width has been formed,
later plants should, if possible, be cut out by hand and with the cultivator, so that the
rows will not become too crowded nor too wide. A full crop should be obtained the
second season. Hill culture and narrow rows are recommended in some quarters, but
while finer fruit is obtained than by the matted row system, more labor is involved.

[2991

300 REPOET OX THE No. 33

It is advisable to cover the strawberries lightly with straw after the ground freezes,
to prevent the alternate thawing and freezing of the ground in winter and early spring.
This covering should be removed in the spring before growth begins.

To get the best results only one crop should be taken from a strawberry plantation.
If the land is very clean and the varieties used do not run much, two crops can be re-
moved with profit. As a rule, however, the labor involved in destroying weeds, and
the deterioration in size of fruit, makes it more profitable to plough up the plantation
after the first crop.

It should be thoroughly understood by those intending to plant strawberries that
some varieties have imperfect flowers and will not produce fruit unless a perfect flower-
ing sort is planted near to pollenize the imperfect flowers. One row of the perfect
variety to three of an imperfect is usually sufficient. There are many new varieties
of strawberries introduced every year, but few of these are better or even as good as
those already on the market. However, the old kinds are constantly giving place to
the new, and it is wise for the fruit grower to learn which new varieties are giving
the best results. Many varieties are described in this report, but it will be found that
but few are recommended.

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED.
General List, approved by the Board of Control.

Commercial: Bederwood (P.), Splendid (P.), Warfield (Imp.), not suited to light
sandy soil, Greenville (Imp.), Williams (Imp.), Saunders (P.), Sample (Imp.), Irene
(Imp.), Buster (Imp.), Parsons Beauty (P.).

Note. — These varieties vary somewhat in order of their ripening season. In select-
ing varieties for planting, perfect-flowered varieties should be included to fertilize those
having imperfect flowers.

DISTRICT LISTS.
NIAGARA DISTRICT

< Including the Niagara Peninsula from the Niagara River to Hamilton and north

to the escarpment).

Robert Thompson, St. Catharines.
Williams and Brandywine for long distance shipment.

S. H. Rittenhouse, Jordan Harbor.
Dunlap, Ozark, Sample, Williams, Stevens.

FONTHILL DISTRICT
(Including Townships of Pelham, Stamford and Thorold).

G. C. Brown, Ponthill.
Tjovett, Williams, Sample, Parsons.

BURLINGTON-OAKVILLE DISTRICT

< Including the southern part of the counties bordering on Lake Ontario between

Hamilton and Toronto).

A. W. Peart, Burlington.
Bederwood, Dunlap, Williams, Gibson, Glen Mary, Leader.

W. P. W. Fisher, Burlington.
Dunlap, Gibson, Haverland, Bubach, Glen Mary, Williams.

1914 FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

BBANT DISTRICT
(Including Counties of Brant, Oxford, Middlesex and southwestern part of Perth).

J. C. Harris, Ingersoll.
Warfield, Dunlap, Bederwood, Haverland, Williams, Sample, Enhance.

LAKE ERIE DISTRICT

(Including approximately the Counties of Haldimand, Norfolk, Elgin, Welland,
excluding Fonthill District).

Jas. E. Johnson, Simcoe.
Warfield, Dunlap, Splendid, Sample, Enhance.

GUELPH DISTRICT

(Including the high inland counties of southwestern Ontario, i.e., Wellington,

Waterloo, northwestern section of Perth, south part of Grey, Dufferin,

and northwest section of Peel and Hal ton).

Prof. J. W. Crow, O.A.C., Guelph.
Bederwood (P.), Splendid (P.), Warfield (Imp.), Williams (P.), Parsons (P.).

ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY DISTRICT

(Including the valley of the St. Lawrence River from Kingston to the eastern boundary

of the Province).

Harold Jones, Maitland.

Belt, Williams, Wolverton, Climax, Saunders, Miller.

/ '
i

OTTAWA DISTRICT

(Including the Ottawa Valley and the eastern portion of the Province not elsewhere
enumerated, south of latitude 46 deg.).

W. T. Macoun, Horticulturist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

Bederwood (P.), Splendid (P.), Warfield (Imp.), not suited to light soil; Greenville
(Imp.), Parsons Beauty (P.), Pocomoke (P.), Sample (Imp.), Buster (Imp.).

ALGOMA DISTRICT

(Including the islands of Manitoulin and St. Joseph, and a limited portion of
the northern and eastern shore of the Georgian Bay).

Chas. Young, Richard's Landing.
Clyde, Haverland, Glen Mary, Brandywine.

302

EEPOET ON THE

No. 33

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES

ANNIE LAURIE.

This is a very late variety, also one of the best quality. It may be taken as a
standard for quality and flavor.

ORIGIN: a seedling grown by John F. Beaver, of Ohio, in 1889.

PLANT: very healthy and a good grower, making plenty of runners for a fruiting
row. No rust; perfect blossom; moderately productive.

FBUIT: berries are large and round, like the Jersey Queen, with gold seeds promi-
nent. A very bright glossy scarlet, making a fine appearance.

FLESH: pinkish white, of the very finest quality; a fine table variety.

SEASON: late.

BEDERWOOD.

One of the most productive of the early varieties.
OBIGIN: with Bederwood, of Illinois.

PLANT: vigorous; inclined to rust; very productive. Stevenson ranks it "as the
standard of productiveness for early varieties," blossom perfect, an excellent pollenizer.
BERRY: size small; form roundish; color light vermilion.
FLESH: texture soft; flavor sweet, ordinary.
QUALITY: dessert, poor; canning, fair.
VALUE: near market, first class; distant, second class.
SEASON: early.

BELT.

ORIGIN: this berry comes from Ohio, having been originated by Wm. Belt, of that
State. It is being grown largely as a fancy berry.

PLANT: large and strong, but rusts sometimes very badly; perfect blossom; quite
productive.

BELT.

FRUIT: large to very large, conical; bright scarlet in color; firm.
FLESH: pink slashed with white; nice mild flavor; best quality.
SEASON: medium to late.

1914

FBUITS OF ONTARIO.

303

BRANDYWINE.

Highly valued in some sections.

ORIGIN: seedling of Glendale x Cumberland, raised by E. Ingram, of Pennsylvania;
introduced in 1894.

PLANT: very vigorous; propagates almost too freely; perfect flowered; productive.

BERRY: large; form oblate conical; color crimson.

FLESH: texture firm; flavor aggreeable acid.

QUALITY: dessert, very good.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: medium to late.

BISMARCK.

A good mid-season market berry; in some respects an improvement on its parent.
ORIGIN: grown from seed of Bubach fertilized by Bubach, by I. C. Baure, of
Arkansas.

PLANT: vigorous; healthy; easily propagated; perfect flower; very productive.

BERRY: large; roundish conical; color crimson; seeds yellow.

FLESH: color pinkish; texture firm; flavor sweet.

QUALITY: dessert, very good.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: mid-season to late.

BOYNTON.

This variety so closely resembles the old Crescent in its best days that it has been
affirmed by some that it is the Crescent under a new name.

ORIGIN: said to be a cross between the Crescent and Sharpless; from Albany, N.Y.

PLANT: strong, vigorous, and healthy grower, making a wild, matted row; imperfect
blossom; very productive.

FRUIT: medium in size; light scarlet in color; medium in firmness.

FLESH: pink; acid, but fair quality.

SEASON: early, medium.

BUBACH.

A standard market berry, of the largest size.
ORIGIN: a seedling raised by J. G. Bubach, of Illinois.

PLANT: healthy; vigorous; does not make many
runners; imperfect blossom; only fairly productive.

BERRY: very large; conical; irregular; color scarlet;
showy.

FLESH: red, agreeable and acid.

QUALITY: dessert, good.

VALUE: near market, first class; one of the best.

SEASON: medium.

BUBACH.

304

EEPOKT ON THE

No. 33

BUSTER.

A valuable late variety, which seems to adapt itself well to varied conditions. In
the extensive variety tests both at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, and at the
Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, it has for years ranked among the most productive
sorts.

ORIGIN: supposed to be seedling of Bubach, raised by Mr. Stone, of Illinois.

PLANT: extra large, with very long, stout stalks and healthy foliage, remarkably
free of rust; propagates readily and usually makes a good wide row of plants. Blooms
late and flowers are imperfect, requiring a late blooming perfect flowered variety, such
as Williams, to insure fertilization. Very productive.

BUSTEB.

FRUIT: very large and well formed, quite regular in shape. Like Clyde, it is rather
pale in color for a first-class berry. This is its most objectionable feature. Seeds deeply
pitted. Moderately firm for so large a berry; fair quality, somewhat acid.

SEASON: among the latest.

ADAPTATION: seems to adapt itself well to varied conditions and is favorably re-
ported upon from many sources. (Hutt.)

CLYDE.

At one time a universal favorite as a commercial berry, but has not held up its
early records.

ORIGIN: seedling of Cyclone about 1890, by Dr. Stayman, of Kansas; the Cyclone
itself being a seedling of Crescent.

PLANT: very healthy, but wilts down under a hot sun; easy of propagation; perfect
flowered.

BERRY: very large; form roundish conical; color light scarlet.

FLESH: moderately firm; color pinkish white; flavor very pleasant.

QUALITY: dessert, very good; canning, poor.

VALUE: second class for near market.

SEASON: early to medium.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

305

CARRIE.

The Carrie would appear to have a bright future before it
sorts bidding for public favor.

It is one of the late*

CARRIE.

ORIGIN: seedling of Haverland, by Mr. Thompson, of Virginia.

PLANT: large, vigorous and healthy, making long and strong runners and plenty of
them; it somewhat resembles Haverland; not so productive; imperfect blossom.

FRUIT: the fruit is not so long as Haverland; very firm; color bright scarlet, with
gold seeds.

FLESH: white and solid; good flavor.

SEASON: medium.

DUNLAP (Senator Dunlap).

A fine mid-season market berry, said to be better in quality and a better shipper
than its parent.

ORIGIN: Ohio; a seedling of
Warfield.

PLANT: small; vigorous, re-
sistant of drouth; very pro-
ductive; blossoms perfect.

BERRY: size medium to
large; form long conical with
short neck; color dark crim-
son.

FLESH :
firm.

color red ; texture

QUALITY: very good.
VALUE: market, first class.

DUNLAP.

ELEANOR.

The Eleanor is one of the extra early kind; a good healthy vigorous grower: fruit
good size, fine shape; in wet seasons it has a kind of mildew like on the Michel's.

ORIGIN: New Jersey, a chance seedling found by Mr. Coombe.

PLANT: very healthy, vigorous grower, small and slender, dark in color, making
many runners; perfect blossom; quite productive.

FRUIT: color dark scarlet or crimson; medium in firmness.

FLESH: red, white centre; acid, but good flavor.

SEASON: one of the earliest.
20 F.O.

306 KEPOET ON THE No. 33

EMPEROR.

ORIGIN: by John Little, Granton, Ont.

PLANT: large, vigorous, healthy; quite productive; perfect flowered.

BERRY: very large; conical, sometimes ribbed; color dark red.

FLESH: reddish pink almost to the centre; texture firm.

QUALITY: good.

SEASON: medium to late.

EMPRESS.

Very like the Emperor and from the same source, originated by the late John
Little. The plant is very healthy, strong, productive and a vigorous grower. The fruit
is dark red and attractive, and of good quality; season, medium to late; blossoms
perfect.

EXCELSIOR.

Popular in some sections because very early.
ORIGIN: Arkansas.

PLANT: vigorous; propagates easily; sometimes inclined to leaf rust; fairly pro-
ductive; blossom perfect

BERRY: medium; form roundish, somewhat conical; color bright red.

FLESH: texture firm; flavor very pleasant.

QUALITY: very good.

VALUE: market, second class.

SEASON: very early.

GEISLER.

ORIGIN: a chance seedling found in Michigan, somewhat resembling the Seaford in
shape and size.

PLANT: a very strong plant, making plenty of runners; very healthy, no sign of
rust and quite productive; perfect blossom; a very early bloomer, one of the first.

FRUIT: large, bright dark scarlet, round to oblong in shape; solid. .

FLESH: light pink in color, medium in firmness and of good quality.

SEASON: early to medium.

GANDY.

One of the best very late varieties.

ORIGIN: New Jersey; seedling of Jersey Queen x Glendale.

PLANT: healthy; blossoms perfect; a shy bearer.

BERBY: large; form conical, regular; color glossy crimson.

FLESH: color pink; texture firm.

QUALITY: dessert, very good; canning, excellent.

VALUE: market near or distant, first class; an excellent shipping berry.

SEASON: very late.

GLEN MARY.

Considerably planted for market purposes on account of its size and productiveness.

ORIGIN: a chance seedling found by J. A. Ingram, of Pennsylvania.

PLANT: vigorous; healthy; foliage dark green; propagates readily; blossoms perfect;
fruit stem stout; productive.

BERRY: large to very large; form round conical, ribbed, with green tip; color dark
crimson.

FLESH: pink and white; texture firm; flavor slightly acid.

QUALITY: dessert, fair; canning, good.

VALUE: market, first class; a good shipper.

SEASON: medium to late.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

307

GREENVILLE.

A good commercial berry, which seems to succeed everywhere.

ORIGIN: a chance seedling of Bubach found in
Ohio.

PLANT: vigorous; healthy; propagation easy; blos-
soms imperfect; very productive.

BERRY: large but not quite as large as Bubach;
form obtuse conical, approaching heart shape; color
scarlet.

FLESH: pink to white; somewhat hollow; texture
moderately firm; flavor pleasant.

QUALITY: very good.

VALUE: first class, especially for near market.

SEASON: medium.

GREENVILLE.

HALES 11.59 P.M. (Midnight).

ORIGIN: seed from Haverland crossed with Parker-Earle ; introduced by J. H. Hale,
of Connecticut.

PLANT: strong and healthy, does not resemble either parent; makes plants only
sparingly, but makes a good fruiting row; the runners are strong, fairly productive, and
very late; blossom, perfect.

FRUIT: the berry is medium in size, flat and conical; color, light, almost white on
under side; texture firm; flavor fine.

FLESH: pinkish, meaty, good eating.

HAVERLAND.

A good market variety, which succeeds everywhere; widely grown; the berries are
a little soft for shipment.

ORIGIN: with a Mr. Haverland, of Ohio.

PLANT: very vigorous; very healthy; foliage light in color; fruit stalk long and not
always able to support the load of fruit; blossoms imperfect; very productive.

BERRY: size large; form long, conical; color bright scarlet.

FLESH: pinkish; texture soft; flavor sweet.

QUALITY: dessert, fair; canning, fair.

VALUE: near market, first class; distant market, second class.

SEASON: early.

HOWARD'S No. 4.

A seedling originated by Mr. A. B. Howard, of Massachusetts.

PLANT: a strong, healthy good grower, very productive.

BERRY: large, conical, very regular; bright dark scarlet; large, and of great beauty.

QUALITY: very good.

SEASON: medium to late.

308

BEPORT ON THE

No. 3S

IRENE.

A good late variety, well worthy of a place in any collection for home use or market.
Has been under test at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, for several years, and
ranks among the first half dozen for productiveness and general market value. An ex-
cellent canning variety because of its rich, dark color.

PLANT: not large, but very vigorous
and healthy; makes plenty of runners;
blooms late, and is imperfect flowered,,
requiring a late blooming pollenizer to-
insure good fertilization; very produc-
tive.

FRUIT: medium size; good shape; very
smooth and regular; rich, dark crimson,
in color, with bright yellow seeds and
varnished appearance; very attractive;
firm, and good shipper; brisk acid;
fairly good quality.

SEASON: medium to late, has a long
season of fruiting.

ADAPTATION: adapts itself well to-
varied soils, and has been reported upon
favorably by experimenters all over the
Province to whom it has been sent for
co-operative testing. Has not done so
well at Ottawa as at Guelph. (Hutt.)

IRENE.

KLONDIKE.

A good late variety.
ORIGIN: Massachusetts.

PLANT: vigorous; somewhat subject to rust; easily propagated; quite productive.
BERRY: size large; form roundish conical, somewhat irregular; color scarlet; large
low seeds.

FLESH: pink; moderately firm.
QUALITY : fair.

LOVETT.

A popular main crop strawberry; by some growers preferred to either Williams or
Saunders.

ORIGIN: Crescent x Wilson, by J. H. Norris, of Kentucky.

PLANT: vigorous; foliage somewhat subject to rust; fruit stalks short and droop-
ing; perfect flowered; productive.

BERRY: large; form round, conical; color dark red.

FLESH: color reddish; texture firm; flavor pleasant subacid.

QUALITY: dessert, good; canning, very good.

VALUE: near or distant market, first class.

SEASON: medium.

LUTHER (August Luther).

One of the extra early varieties; endures drouth well; succeeds generally.
PLANT: small; good grower; healthy; perfect in flower; fairly productive.
BERRY: medium; roundish conical, sometimes necked; color scarlet, with yellow
seeds; texture moderately firm.
QUALITY: good.

VALUE: first class for early market.
SEASON: early; ripens with Michel.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

300

LOVETT.

MARGARET.

ORIGIN: Ohio, from the seed of the Crawford, by Mr. Beaver.

PLANT: large and strong, sending out the largest runners of any sort; very heal thy;
perfect blossom; quite productive.

PBUIT: large, very regular, crimson in color; seeds golden, solid and firm.
FLESH: red; inclined to tartness, but of good quality.
SEASON: medium.

MASTODON.
This is very like Bubach, both in plant and fruit, and quite as good.

ORIGIN: introduced by James Lippincott, Jr., Mount
Holly, N.J.

PLANT: strong, large dark foliage; very healthy;
makes plants freely enough for a good fruiting row;
imperfect blossom; fruit stalk is short, thick and strong.

FRUIT: very large; bright crimson and very showy.
FLESH: pink; medium as to firmness and good quality.
SEASON: medium.

MASTODON.

310

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

MARSHALL.

This variety has, perhaps, received more favorable notice than most others of recent
introduction. It is vigorous in growth, leaves very large and produces very large, beauti-
ful, dark crimson berries of fine quality.

ORIGIN: a chance seedling found growing on a
stone heap by Mr. Ewell, of Massachusetts.

PLANT: a vigorous grower, large leaves, somewhat
tender both in foliage and blossom and subject to
rust; medium in color, first growth being yellow;
perfect blossom; fruit stem strong and able to bear
up the immense berries; medium in productiveness.

FRUIT: of the largest size; dark crimson, firm and
fine looking, quite regular in shape, i.e., each berry
is of same shape, but ribbed and tough; seed im-
bedded.

FLESH: red, with a dash of white in centre, solid,
fine quality; one of the best for dessert.

SEASON: early to medium.

ADAPTATION: does its best only on good soils and
under highest cultivation; a fine one for amateurs.

MARSHALL.

MICHEL.

A favorite very early berry with some growers; a comparative failure with others;
widely planted in Ontario.

ORIGIN: chance seedling of Crescent, found by J. S. Michel, Judsonia, Arkansas.

vigorous; ipropagation rapid; fairly productive on some soils, on others not
foliage light colored; perfect flowered.

BERRY: size small to medium; form round conical; color dull red, withered appear-
ance.

FLESH: pinkish; texture tough; carries well.

QUALITY: good.

SEASON: extra early.

PLANT:
productive;

MONITOR.

The Monitor originated from a chance seed in the orchard of L. T. Russell, Missouri,
on ground where formerly Crescent and Capt. Jack grew. It has some of the qualities
of both parents, the productiveness of the Crescent and the vigorous foliage of Capt. Jack.

PLANT: vigorous and healthy; foliage very dark green, glossy. The plant is small
and makes almost too many runners; stands dry weather well and is very productive,
blossom perfect.

FRUIT: the berry is large, roundish in form, and bright scarlet. The vigor of the
plant seems to be such that it is able to mature and ripen its immense crop, there being
no small berries.

FLESH: firm and good flavor; pinkish inside.

SEASON: early to late.

1914 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 311

NETTIE.

ORIGIN: one of Black's pedigree seedlings; it is a strong competitor of Hunn for
extreme lateness.

PLANT: of medium size; quite healthy and a good runner, making plants freely;
fairly productive; blossom imperfect.

FRUIT: large, ribbed, rough, of quite light color; seeds dark; flavor sour, but good;
texture fairly firm.

FLESH: light colored, almost white.

NICK OHMER.

A good medium to late variety, of excellent quality.

ORIGIN: seedling raised by John F. Beaver, of Ohio.

PLANT: vigorous, stocky; propagation easy; healthy; foliage dark; perfect flowered.

BERRY: large, with some small ones; form roundish conical, smooth and regular;
color glossy red with yellow seeds.

FLESH: pinkish toward outside and white at centre; texture very firm; flavor very
pleasant.

QUALITY: very good.

VALUE: first to second class.

SEASON: medium to late.

PARSON'S BEAUTY.

Introduced in 1899. Originated in Maryland about 1891.

PLANT: vigorous, large number of runners; foliage moderately good, rusts slightly
to considerably.

FRUIT: obtusely conical, above medium to large in size; bright red, glossy, prominent
seeds.

FLESH: bright red, juicy, tender, subacid, firm; above medium quality.

SEASON: medium late.

A handsome productive variety.

312

EEPOKT ON THE

No. 33

ROBBIE.

ORIGIN: one of J. H. Black's pedigree seedlings, from New Jersey.

PLANT: good grower, perhaps not as large as the Nettie or Joe, but healthy and free
from disease; fairly productive; blossom perfect.

FBTJIT: good size; conical in shape; light red; good flavor; quite pleasant, though
peculiar to the taste.

FLESH: salmon-colored.

SEASON: late.

RIDGEWAY.

The Ridgeway is a good medium to late berry. It somewhat resembles the old Cum-
berland, but is darker.

ORIGIN: a seedling of Jersey Queen and Parker Earle, by Mr. Ridgeway, of Indiana.

PLANT: strong and healthy, stools out, would be good one for hills or narrow rows;
foliage free from rust; blossom perfect and large; quite productive.

BERRY: medium to large; highest scarlet color; prominent golden seeds, fine look-
ing; medium in firmness.

FLESH: red, solid and very good quality; fine flavored.

SEASON: medium to late.

RUBY.

A good standard variety, which adapts itself well to various soils and localities.

ORIGIN: a chance seedling with Mr. Riehl, of Illinois.

PLANT: a strong, vigorous grower, makes plenty of runners; blooms about mid-
season; is perfect flowered and a good pollenizer; very productive.

BERRY: large, regular in shape; a good dark crimson color; firm and of good quality.

SEASON: mid-season.

ADAPTATION: does well at Guelph, and is favorably reported upon from other sec-
tions. (Hutt.)

RUBY.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

313

SAMPLE.

A profitable late market berry.
ORIGIN: Massachusetts.

PLANT: vigorous; healthy; productive; flowers imperfect.
BERRY: size large; form roundish conical; color crimson
FLESH: tinted; texture fairly firm, juicy.
QUALITY: fair.
VALUE: market, first class.
SEASON: very late.

SAUNDERS.

SAMPLE.

SAUNDERS.
A first-class sort for medium to late market.

ORIGIN: a seedling raised by John Little, Granton, Ont,
and named by him in honor of Dr. Wm. Saunders, of Ottawa.

PLANT: healthy, very little rust; very vigorous; very pro-
ductive; blossom perfect; blooms late and so escapes the
spring frosts; propagates easily.

BERRY: size large; form roundish conical; color glossy
crimson.

FLESH: red; texture firm; flavor very pleasant.
QUALITY: dessert or cooking, very good.
VALUE: near or distant market, first class.
SEASON: medium to late.

SEAFORD.

The Seaford is a good, medium season berry.

ORIGIN: a chance seedling, introduced by Claymaker & Son, of Dover, Del.

PLANT: a strong, vigorous grower and healthy, producing large clusters of fine
fruit; makes many plants; perfect blossom; very productive.

BERRY: large and fine looking; bright crimson with gold seeds imbedded; very solid
and firm.

FLESH: scarlet in color; very firm and of very good quality.

SEASON: early to medium.

314

REPORT ON THE

No. 33

SHARPLESS.

The Sharpless has been before the public for a long time. In some parts it is still
said to be one of the best, but in other places it is not productive enough to make it
profitable for market.

ORIGIN: Pennsylvania.

PLANT: a strong, vigorous grower; large and healthy; no rust; perfect blossom;
•quite productive on some soils.

FRUIT: very large; light scarlet in color; glossy, gold seeds prominent, does not
•color well.

FLESH: white to pink; firm and very best quality; fine for the table.

SEASON: medium.

SMITH.

Very popular for canning, having the agreeable acid and firm flesh of its parent.
ORIGIN: a seedling of that old favorite, the Wilson's Albany, raised by L. Smith, of
Wisconsin.

PLANT: healthy; most vigorous; blossom perfect; very productive.
BERRY: medium to large; roundish conical; irregular; color scarlet.
FLESH: texture firm; quite acid; agreeable.
QUALITY: canning or preserving, best.
VALUE: market, first class.
SEASON: early.

SPLENDID.

A first-class early to
mid - season market
berry.

ORIGIN: by C. H. Sum-
ner, Illinois.

PLANT: very healthy;
a good strong grower;
productive; blossom per-
fect, a good pollenizer.

BERRY: medium to
large; form roundish;
color dark crimson.

FLESH : firm ; flavor
good.

QUALITY: dessert, very
good.

VALUE : market first
class.

SEASON: early to
medium.

SPLENDID.

STAPLES.

I

ORIGIN: from seed of the Warfield, by the late Mr. Staples, of Ohio.

PLANT: quite healthy, making plenty of runners for a wide row, if needed; quite
vigorous in growth; perfect blossom; a good early bloomer to fertilize early pistillates
with.

BERRY: dark crimson in color, firm and good flavor; color very like Warfield; size
medium to large for so early a berry.

FLESH: pink and solid; good flavor, somewhat acid, yet spicy.

SEASON: extra early.

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

315

TENNESSEE (Tennessee Prolific).

A very fine market berry, which has become popular wherever grown.

ORIGIN: Crescent x Sharpless, raised by Captain Hodges, of East Tennessee.

PLANT: healthy; vigorous; very productive; easily propagated; blossom perfect;
blooms early.

BERRY: large; form round conical, sometimes double at the point; color bright
-crimson.

FLESH: color red; texture firm; flavor agreeable.

QUALITY: good.

VALUE: first class for near or distant market.

SEASON: medium.

TIMBRELU

A fairly good late variety.

ORIGIN: chance seedling found by H. S. Timbrell, of New York State.
PLANT: healthy; vigorous; blossoms perfect; not very productive.
BERRY: size medium to large; form roundish conical; color crimson, but does not
•color well.

FLESH: texture very firm; flavor agreeable.
QUALITY: dessert, best.
VALUE: market, second class.
SEASON: late.

VAN DEMAN.
One of the earliest; a favorite with some growers, but not a success everywhere.

ORIGIN: Crescent x Captain Jack; raised by J. C. Bauer,
of Judsonia, Arkansas.

PLANT: vigorous; productive; rusting slightly on some
soils; foliage dark; fruit stalk strong enough to support the
fruit; blossoms perfect.

BERRY: medium; form round conical; color dark crim-
son; seeds yellow, with a varnished appearance; ripens and
colors all over at the same time.

FLESH: color pink; texture firm, a good shipper; flavor
good.

QUALITY: dessert, very good.

VALUE: first class for market because of its season.

SEASON: very early.

VAN DEMAN.

WARFIELD.

With the housekeeper it is a favorite canning variety because of its dark rich color.
It is one of the most desirable varieties for general cultivation, where the soil is not
too light and dry for its growth.

ORIGIN: a chance seedling, supposed to be a cross between Crescent and Wilson,
found by B. C. Warfield, of Southern Illinois.

PLANT: small, but a rampant grower, and often makes too many runners, filling the
rows too thickly. Succeeds best on moist soils, and in showery seasons; often proves a
failure on very dry soils or in times of drouth. Blossoms early and requires an early
blooming bisexual variety, such as Splendid or Van Deman, to fertilize its blossoms;
very productive.

BERRY: medium size, very regular in shape, dark rich crimson color; firm, good
shipper, and excellent for canning; somewhat acid, but good quality.

SEASON: early to mid-season, holds out well if season is favorable.

ADAPTATION: does well wherever the soil is not too light and dry. (Hutt.)

316

REPORT ONT THE

No. 33

WABFIELD.

WILLIAMS.

Widely grown in Ontario in place of the old favorite Wilson; preferred by some
growers to all others.

ORIGIN: a seedling of Sharpless, raised by Mr. Williams, of Burford, Ontario.

PLANT: vigorous; somewhat inclined to rust, runners abundant, short; blossom per-
fect; very productive.

BERRY: large, form roundish conical; seeds sunken; color crimson, usually with a
white tip.

FLESH: red; often hollow; texture firm.

QUALITY: fair.

VALUE: market, first class.

SEASON: medium to late.

INDEX TO VARIETIES.

APPLE. PAGE

Albemarlc (>()

Alexander 23

American Pippin .... 47

Aral)ka 35

Astrachan 24

Baldwin 25

Baxter 26

Ben Davis 27

Black Ben Davis. ... 28

Benoni 29

Bietigheimer 29

Bishops Pippin 86

Blenheim 29

Blenheim Orange .... 29

Blenheim Pippin .... 29

Blue Pearmain 30

Bogdanoff 30

Boiken 31

Borovitsky 37

Bottle Greening 31

Brockville 31

Brockville Beauty ... 31

Cabashea 31

Canada Red 32

Cayuga 32

Gayuga Red Streak . . 32

Charlamoff 35

Cheniango 34

Colvert 32

Cranberry Pippin ... 36

Duchess 37

Dudley Winter . . 60

Early Harvest 38

Edgar RedstreaJc S3

Emporer Alexander . 23

Esopus Spitzenburg . . 73

Fallawater 39

Pall Pippin 40

Fall Queen 48

Fameuse 41

Fanny 42

Fillbasket 38

Gideon 43

Golden Russet 44

Gravenstein 45

Greening 46

Grimes 47

Grimes Golden Pippin 47

Grindstone 47

Haas 48

Hibernal 49

Hubbardston 50

Hubbardston's Non-
such r^

Hyslop 51

Johnathan 51

Kentish 38

King 52

King of Tompkins

County 52

Lady

Large Yellow Bough.

Larue

La Victoire

Livland Raspberry . .

Longfield

Louise

Loiolund Raspberry .

Mclntosh

Mclntosh Red

McMahon

McMahon White ....

Maiden Blush

Martha

Mann

Milwaukee

Newtown Pippin ....

Northern Spy

North Star

Northwestern Green-
ing

Oldenburg

Ontario

Orange

Patten

Patten Greening ....

Peerless

Pewaukee

Phrenix

Pointed Pipka

Pommc de Neige

Porter

Primate

Princess Louise

Red Astrachan

Rhode Island Green-
ing

Ribston

Ribston Pippin

Roxbury

Roxbury Russet

St. Lawrence

Salome

Scarlet Pippin

Scott Winter

S'eek-no-further

Shiawassee

Shiawassee Beauty . .

Snow

Spitzenburg

Spy

S'tark

Straivberry

Stump

Swayzie

Swayzie Pomme Gr\se

Sweet Bough

Tallman Siueet

Titovka

Titus Apple

[317]

PAGE [j PAGE

53 Tolman 78

77 Transcendent 80

26 Trenton 79

53 Twenty Ounce Pippin 31

53 Vandevere 83

54 Walbridge 83

54 Wagener 81

53 Wealthy 82

55 Wolf River 83.

55 Woolverton 54

57 Whitney 85

57 Whitney No. 20 85

56 Yellow Bellflower 86

57 Yellow Newton Pipp . 60

58 Yellow Transparent . 87

59 York Imperial 85

60

74 CHERRY.

60 Ambree grosse 90

Anglaise Tardive .... 96

60 Belle de Choisy • 90

37 Belle Magnifique .... 96

61 Bigarreau of Mezel . . 97

62 Black Eagle 92

62 Black Tartarian 105

62 Choisy 90

63 Cleveland 90

64 Coe 91

62 Coe's Transparent ... 91

35 Downer 92

41 Downer's Late 92

62 Dyehouse 91

65 Eagle 92

54 Early Duke 97

24 Early Purple 92

Early Purrle Guigne. 92

46 Eany nichmond .... 102

66 Elkhorn 93

66 Elton 93

67 English Morello 98

67' Governor Wood 107

68 Grenner Glas 94

69 Griolte d' Ostheim .. 100

69 Hative 102

70 Hortense 94

71 Kentish Pie 102

72 Knight 95

72 Knight's Early Black 95
41 Koslov 95

73 Koslov Morello 95

74 Late Duke 96

76 Magnifique 96

34 May Duke 97'

75 Mezel 97

75 Monstreuse de Mezel. 97

75 Montmorency 99

77 Morello 98

78 Napoleon 98

80 Napoleon Bigarreau.. 98

80 Ohio . . 101

318

REPOKT ON THE

No. 3S

CHEERY. — Continued. PAGE

Ohio Beauty 101

Olivet 101

Orel 25 100

Ostheim 100

Plymouth 102

Plymouth Rock 102

Purity 101

Reine Hortense 94

Richmond 102

Rockport 102

Royal Anne 98

Royal Duke 103

Royal Hative 97

Russian Morello 103

Russian 207 103 ,

Schmitdz 103

Schmitdz Bigarreau . 103

Spanish 105

Suda 105

Suda Hardy 105

Tartarian 105

Virginian May 102

Windsor 106

Wood 107

Yellow Spanish 105

MoConnell

Mammoth

Matthew

Matthew's Beauty
Mountain Rose . .

New Prolific

Niagara

Oceana

Oldmixon Free . .
Reeves Favorite .

Reid

Rivers

St. John

Salway

S'mock

Sneed

Stevens

Stephens Rareripe

Thurber

Triumph

Tyhurst

Wheatland

Willett

Wonderful

Yellow St. John . .

PEACH.

Admiral Dewey 117

Alexander 110

Banner 111

Beers Smock Ill

Belle of Georgia ..... 112

Bowslaugh 114

Brigdon 113

Carmen 114

Chairs choice 115

Champion • 115

Chili 117

Crosby 116

Dewey 117

Early Crawford 118

Early Michigan 119

Early Purple 119

Early Rivers 132

Elberta 120

Engol 121

Excelsior 116

Fitzgerald 122

Foster 122

aarfield 113

Golden Drop 123

Greensboro 123

Hale 124

Hales Early 124

Hales Hardy 116

HilVs Chili 117

Hynes 126

Hynes Surprise 126

Jacques Rareripe . . . 125

Kalamazoo 126

Late Crawford . . 127

Leamington 128

Lemon Cling 128

Lewis 128

Longhurst 127

PEAK.

Anjou

Ansault

Bartlett

Baudry

Bewrre d' Anjou . . .

Beurre Bosc

Beurre Diel

Beurre Gifford

Beurre Hardy

Bosc

Boussock

Brandywine

Buffum

Chambers

Clapp

Clapp's Favorite

Clairgeau

Comet

Cornice

Cure of Leroy

Dearborn

Dearoorn's Seedling..

Dempsey

Diel

Doynne Boussock . . .
Doynne de Cornice . .

Doynne d Ete . .-

Doynne de Juillet . . .

Drouard

Duchess

Duchess d' Angou-

leme

Easter Buerre

Feodant des Bois

Flemish Beauty

Giffard

Goodale

Hardy

PAGE PAGEL

128 Hoosic 166

121 Howell 165

129 Josephine 166

129 Josephine de Malines 166

129 iKieffer 167

130 Koonce 168

131 Lawrence 169

130 Lawson 168

133 LeConte 169

134 Louise 170

135 Louise Bonne de Jer-

132 sey 170

136 Manning 17L

135 Manning's Elizabeth . 171

135 Marguerite 172

136 Osband 172-

137 Osband' s Summer ... 172

137 Petite Marguerite . . . 172

138 Pitmaston 173

139 Pitmaston Duchess d'

138 Angouleme 173-

140 President Drouard . . 157

140 President Mas 174

142 Ritson 175

136 Rostiezer 176

S'apieganka 179

Seckel 177

147 Sheldon 17&

145 Souvenir 17&

148 Souvenir du Congres 179
147 Summer Doyenne . . . 180
147 Triumphe de Vienne. 181

149 Triumph 181

156 Tyson 182

162 Vicar 183

164 Vicar of Winkfleld . . 183

149 Virgalieu 184

150 White Doyenne 184

151 Wilder 183

151 Williams 148

151 Winter Nelis 185

152

152 PLUM.

152 Abundance 189

168 Aitken 189

155 America 190

183 Arch Duke 190

155 Arctic 190

155 Bailey 195

155 Bdxby 191

156 Black Diamond ...... 197'

150 Blood 213

155 Blue Imperial 192

1^0 Blue Magnum Bonum 201

180 Bracket* 191

157 Bradshaw 192

157 Burbank 192'

Caro 194

157 Chabot 195

159 Cheney 194

161 Climax 193:

161 Coe 195

162 Coe's Golden Drop .. 195

163 Columbia 196

• S4 Diamond 197

1914

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

PLUM. — Continued.

Duane

Duane's Purple ......

Fellenburg

General Hand

German Prune

Glass

Glass Seedling

Gold

Grand Duke

Green Gage

Gueii

Hale

Hammer

Hand

Hawkeye

Hudson River Purple
Egg

Imperial Gage

Italian Prune

Kingston

Lombard

McLaughlin

Mankato

Maru

Mayniard

Milton

Monarch

Niagara

Ogon

Pride

Pond

Pond's Seedling ....

Prince of Wales

Prune d' Agen

Prunus Simoni

Purple Egg

Quackenboss

Red June

Red Nagate

Reine Claude •

Reine Claude de
Bavay

Satsuma

fichley

Sharp

Sharp's Emperor ....

Shippers Pride

Shiro

Shropshire Damson .

Simon

Simonsi

Simon's Plum

S'mith Orleans

Stoddard

Victoria

Washington

White Magnum Bon-
urn

Whitaker

Wickson

Wild Goose

Willard

Wolf

Wyant

Yellow Egg

Yellow Japan

QUINCE. PAGE

197 Apple 223

197 Bentley 220

205 Champion 220

202 Fuller 223

198 Orange 223

199

199 GRAPE.

199 Agawam 228

200 Alice 228

212 Bacchus 228

201 Barry 228

202 Brighton 230

202 Campbell 232

202 Campbell's Early 232

203 Catawba 231

Champion 233

210 Concord 234

204 Delaware 235

205 Diamond 236

205 Early Ohio 237

206 Early Victor 237

206 Empire 237

207 Empire State ... 237

207 Gaertner 237

208 Golden Pocklington . 245

207 Green Mountain 250

208 Hartford 237

192 Hartford Prolific 237

209 Janesville 238

213 Jessica 238

209 Lady 238

209 Lindley 238

210 Massasoit 240

210 Merrimac 241

215 Moore 242

210 Moore's Early 242

211 Moore's Diamond 236

211 Moyer 241

211 Niagara 243

212. Northern Light 244

Perkins 232

212 Pocklington 245

213 Requa 246

214 Rogers 3 240

216 Rogers 4 249

216 Rogers i) 238

213 Rogers 14 237

215 Rogers ir> 228

215 Rogers 19 241

215 Rogers 28 246

215 Rogers J,3 228

215 Salem 247

216 Transparent 239

216 Vergennes 248

216 Wilder 249

217 Winchell 250

Woodruff 248

219 Woodruff's Red 248

217 Worden 25]

217 Wyoming 252

218 Wyoming Red 252

218

218 BLACKBERRY.

219 Agawam 254

219 Ancient Briton 255

195 Briton . . 255

Ll PAGE

Eldorado 256

Erie 256

Kittatinny 257

Lawton 257

Mersereau 258-

Minnewaski 25&

Ohmer 259

Snyder 259

Taylor 26ft

Taylor's Prolific 260-

Triumph 260

Wachusett 261

Western Triumph . . . 26fr

Wilson 261

CURRANT.

Belle de St. Giles ... 274

Black Victoria 264

Brayley 265-

Champion 265

Chatauqua 265

Cherry 265

Clipper 266

Crandall 267

Eclipse 267"

Fay 268-

Fay's Prolific 268

Fertile d' Angers ... 265

Holland 268-

Kerry 269

Lee 270

London 269-

London Market 269-

Long Bunched Hol-
land 268

Middlesex -. . 270

Naples 271

North Star : 271

Pomona 271

Prince Albert 273-

Red Cross 273

Red Dutch 274

Red Imperial • 265-

St. Giles 274

Saunders 275

Saunders No. 12 270-

Versaillalse 27'5

Victoria 275-

White Antwerp 278

White Grape 27'8-

White Holland 268

White Imperial 278

White Transparent . . 278

Wilder 278

DEWBERRY 279

GOOSEBERRY.

Champion 282

Crown Bob 282

Downing 28$

Industry 286

Josselyn 285

Keepsake 28?

Pearl 284

320

EBPOKT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

No. 33

GOOSEBERRY — Continued PAGE

Red Jacket 285

Whitesmith 285

Wyndhams 286

RASPBERRY.

Caroline 289

Columbian 290

Conrath 289

Cumberland 290

Cuthbert 290

Golden Queen 292

Gregg 293

Herbert 293

Hilborn 295

Kansas 292

London 292

Marlboro 295

Miller 295

Older ;.'. 296

Phoenix 295

Queen of the Market. 290

Reliance 296

Shaffer • 297

Smith Giant 298

Strawberry Raspberry 298

Turner . . 296

STRAWBERRY. PAGE

Annie Laurie 302

August Luther 308

Bederwood 302

Belt 302

Bismarck 303

Boynton 303

Brandywine 303

Bubach 303

Bu&ter 304

Carrie 305

Clyde 304

Dunlap 305

Eleanor 305

'Emperor 305

Empress 306

Excelsior 306

Gandy 306

Geisler 306

Glen Mary 306

Greenville 307

Hales 11.59 P. M. ... 307

Haverland -. . 307

Howard's No. 4 307

Irene 308

Klondike 308

Lovett . 308

PAGE

Luther 308

Margaret 309

Marshall 310

Mastodon 309

Michel 310

Midnight 307

Mionltor 310

Nettie 311

Nick Ohmor 311

Parson's Beauty .... 311

Ridgeway 312

Robbie 312

Ruby 312

Sample 313

Saunders 313

Seaford 313

Senator Dunlap 305

Sliarpless 314

Smith 314

Splendid 314

Staples 314

Tennessee 315

Tennessee Prolific . . . 315

Timbrell 315

Van Deman 315

Warfield 315

Williams 316

NOTE. — Names printed in Italics are synonyms of varieties otherwise named.

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