.yi0!^\/l^f^

n

mi

1

lSt'^'SA\'^J

\LV

:gpEWyORKBOTANlCALGA0i

^^-

d.

FUNGAL FLORA

OF THE

LEHIGH VALLEY, PA.

BY

DR. WILLIAM HERBST,

Trexlertown, Pa.

NEW VORK
BOTANICAL

OARDEN

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.

Allentown, Pa.:

Berkemeyer, Keck & Co., Printers.

1899.

Dedicated to
C. 0. Lloyd, of Cincinnati, Ohio.

LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL

PREFACE. *''^''''^''

Since the year 1834, in which occurred the death of Rev.
Lewis David de Schweinitz, sixty-five years ago, nothing has
been done in the study of the fungal flora of this fruitful valley.
De Schweinitz published several works, and did a large amount
of work, naming many new species. In those days all scientific
works were published in Latin, and very few took any interest
in the study.

It was my intention at first merely to publish a list of my
collections, growing in the Lehigh Valley, but thinking it
would be of very little benefit to this branch of Botany, I
concluded to write out some of the principal characters of the
natural orders, etc., getting permission from my friend, Prof.
Charles H. Peck, State Botanist of New York, to use his
specific characters of new species, which he had the kindness
to determine for me. Professor Peck, through his annual
reports to the State Museum, and correspondence, was my
best teacher for the last twenty years. C. G. Lloyd, of
Cincinnati, had the kindness to visit me for a number of years,
giving me a fresh stimulus to this fascinating study by his
assistance in working out some interesting species. The
principal works consulted were : Rev. M J. Berkeley's Outlines
of British Fungology ; M. C. Cooky's British Fungi: British
Fungi by Rev. John Stephenson ; The Mycologic Flora of the
Miami Valley and North American Fu?igi, by A. P. Morgan ;
Ebi^rtaus and Dr. H, Lenz's Schivaemme des Deutschland in
GerM^n.

«

O

The most frequently consulted works were those of Prof.
Chas. H. Peck ; his Boleti of the United States is the best and
only good reference to go by for our Boletus family.

The spore measurements were from Professor Peck's works.
The illustrations were all taken by myself from fresh specimens
with a Hawkeye camera, I was not enough of an expert in
photography to accomplish the ratio of comparative sizes which
are given in the text.

No doubt this volume will be criticized by those who know
more of this branch of Botany than I do : but it is consoling
that it is not the only scientific work which has passed through
the same ordeal.

I am ever so thankful to the contributors to whom I had

referred above.

Wm. Herbst, M.D.
Trexlertown, August /, i8gg.

CORRIGENDA.

The reader will please make the following corrections with
a pencil on the pages and places indicated :

Page 17. — 2. Acomycetes should read : 2. Ascomycetes.

Pa^e 19. — 2. Uridineae should read : 2. Urediiiae.

Pa.«e 52. — Agaricus serotinoides, Pk., should read P. serotinoides, Pk.

Page 123. — Under B. subtomentosa. in the second line under Spores
read " yellow cracked Boletus " instead of *' red cracked Boletus."

Page 175. — IE. sanibuci should read M. sambuci.

Page 206. — Genus Ph\ tophora should read Phytophthora.

Plate facing page 38 : For Tricholoma terriferum read Tricholoma
personata, and for Tricholoma personata read Tricholoma terri-
ferum.

Plate facing page 56 : For Entoloma rhodopolius read Entoloma
clypeatus.

INTRODUCTION.

Fungi are crytogamic plants belonging, together with algae
and lichens, to the group of Thallophytes. Fungi, the plural,
is pronounced with the^ soft, as funji. Fungus, the singular,
with^ hard, as in gum.

Fungi are by far the most numerous of the group ; it is easier
to tell where they do not grow than where they do grow. To
say that fungi are to be found everj^where would not be
strictly true, but to say where they are not to be found would
be puzzling. Not only are they to be found in shady woods,
mossy dells, secluded lanes, fence corners, etc., but we meet
with them in all situations where vegetable life is possible.
They are both saprophytic and parasitic — saprophytic, growing
on dead vegetable and animal matter ; parasitic, growing on
living vegetable and animal matter. We need not travel far
from home to find specimens of our research. The unwelcome
dry rot beneath our kitchen floors ; the different species of
mould infesting our preserved fruits ; the yeast for raising
our bread and brewing our beer ; the mother of vinegar for
our vinegar, are all due to fungi. From cesspool and sewers
the minute dust- like spores rise into our dwellings unseen ; they
float into the air, producing disease and death. It is strongly
proved that diphtheria, consumption, typhoid fever, are nothing
more or less than the ravages of fungi spores.

Since fungi are so universal and play such an important part
in the economy of nature, it behooves not only the botanist,
but the physician, agriculturist or florist, to study them, get
acquainted with their structure, life history, name, and their
haunts, etc.

I know well that as a class those interesting objects of*

4 INTRODUCTION.

creation are despised ; the}^ are even called by unappropriate
names, such as " bad man's bread, woodwitch, devil's snuff-
box, toadstool," etc. And those who take an interest in them
are ridiculed as " non compos mentis," to spend time on such
foolishness.

I have made fungi a special study for at least twenty years,
and never was sorry for all the time spent. It afforded me
many an hour of happiness during my leisure hours. Often
when I would have a spell of " taedium vitse," I would seek
to the forests and green meadows for specimens, and before I
knew I could exclaim : "This life is worth living after all,"
or exclaim with Prof. Henry Willey, in his "Instruction to
the Study of Lichen":

" If I could put m}' woods in song,

And tell what's there enjoyed,
All men would to my garden throng,

And leave the cities void.
In my lot no tulips blow ;

Snow-loving pines and oaks instead ;
And rank the savage maple grow,

From Spring's first flush to Autumn red,
My garden is a forest ledge.

Which older forest bound."

It is a curious fact that ministers of the Gospel took such an
interest in the study. I have three works on my bookshelf
on fungi of which the authors are ministers of the Gospel :
Rev. John Stephenson, of Glanus, England ; Rev. M. J.
Berkley, of England ; Rev. Lewis Schweinitz, of Bethlehem.

It brings you in contact and correspondence with great and
good men — who are similarly inclined. It brings you back to
those good men who studied the subject years ago, as
Muhlenberg, Linneus, Fries, and Schweinitz — all good and
pious men.

It has often been alleged that the study of fungi has but
few attractions, and cannot compete in interest with the study

INTRODUCTION. 5

of algae or lichens, together with the difi&culty in preserving for
future reference. It may be true of the delicate and elegant
forms and beautiful tints of many seaweeds, as well as the
graceful outlines of a fern. But every one is not privileged to
dwell by the seashore ; and as for ferns, the few different
species of one locality are soon exhausted, and the collector
soon gets tired, it becoming monotonous in not finding any
more new material.

Fungi, on the contrary, as said before, abounds everywhere,
and the collector can never declare the resources of his locality
exhausted. Beautiful specimens are by no means rare, the
pocket lens and microscope are sure of constant employment.
The stud}'- of the different groups is indeed interesting and fas-
cinating. There is nothing more wonderful than to investigate
the manner and mode of reproduction through their spores —
analogous to seeds in the higher groups of plant life.

Spores are infinitely small seeds. The largest spore is micro-
scopic— requiring at least a one-fifth objective or 360 diameter.
They are developed from a preferred surface on the
fungi, called the hymenium. They are so profuse that some
mycologists attempted to estimate the number of spores, which
might be produced by one single plant of Lycoperdon or puff
ball, but the number so far exceeded to which the mind was
accustomed to contemplate, that it was scarcely possible to
realize their profusion. To prove the iramensit}^ of spore
formation, take a common mushroom fully developed, cut the
stem and place the gill surface on a sheet of paper and in a
few hours there will be millions of spore dropped on the paper.
Spores are of different shapes and color, do not vary in the
species, always constant in size, form, and color — an important
character for grouping some genera and species. It seems a
universal law of nature, the more delicate the seeds and the
more likely its destruction, there is provision made by the
abundance of its production. Spores are either free on special

6 INTRODUCTION.

cells called basidia or enclosed in elongated sacks or asci —
corresponding to exogens and endogens in the phaenogamia
plants.

Structure. — There is no class of plants where there is so
great a variety in structure as in the fungus class. It is true
they are all cellular, but differ in biological structure from
merely a mass of slimy myxogaster to a hard and ligneous
polyporus.

There is so great a variety in structure of the different
groups that it cannot be compressed within this introduction ;
even in the common mushroom family there is such a vast
difference in structure as to make it a part of the differential
character, such as the ephemeral Coprinus growing on manure
heaps to the fairy ring Marasmius, which, when dry and
shriveled, will revive again to its original structure. Beside
the general tissue of which fungi are composed there exists in
a genus of Agaric a class of distinct vessels which carry a milky
fluid. They exist in all parts of the plant, especially in the
softer parts ; the genus is called Lactarius — the fluid is differ-
ently colored, mild or acrid. In many fungi something
distinct from the cellular tissue seems to exist, in the form of
a viscid or glutinous fluid which clothes the surface of the cap
of agarics, more conspicuous during wet and damp weather.
This secretion forms a good specific character, since it is always
present in the same species. The structure of the different
parts of a fungi is not always homogeneous ; the cap of an
agaric is generally more spongy than the stem, so are the gills
or plates which may be waxy or watery in certain genus and
heterogenous in structure with the rest of the plant. The gills
of some species are deliquescent, forming a good generic
character.

Forms. — The forms which these singular plants assume are
extremely diversified. In some instances they are shaped like an

INTRODUCTION. 7

umbrella or parasol, in others the stem is absent ; some are
like a hedgehog, some are funnel shape.

Sometimes the form and color so nearly resemble that of an
ox tongue (Fistulina hepatica) or the lobe of a liver. "Dr.
Badhani says in the days of enchanted trees, you would not
have cut it off to pickle or eat it on any account, lest the
knight to whom it belonged should afterwards come to claim it
of yoU;"

In some species the form is that of coral (Clavaric), in some
like a small stag horn, a spinning top or a base-ball ; you will
meet with every imaginable form. Indeed, so protean are
they in shape, that description fails in giving an adequate idea
of their variety.

Color. — In color they are almost as variable as in shape.
We have all shades of red, from light pink to the deepest
crimson ; all the different shades of yellow, brown, from ochre
to the deepest umber ; and every gradation of black, from lead
to sooty black, violet and purple, from solferina to the most
beautiful amethyst. White or creamy tints are very common.

Odors. — Odors are as varied as form and color — from the
pleasant odor of a ripe apricot (chanterelle) to the most repug-
nant odor of a carrion. There are some which have the scent
of new-mown hay, of violets, of anise, of new meal, etc.,
while some have the scent of garlic and tainted fish.

Properties. — Some persons are very fond of tasting, and
with fungi they can have an opportunity to gratify that pro-
pensity ; for in fungi they will meet wnth a variety of flavors,
some of which will be calculated to please, and others to dis-
gust. In the raw state, probably, the sharp and unpleasant
taste prevails, but in the majority of species, which, when
properly cooked, are made sweet and eatable.

8 INTRODUCTION.

The number of poisonous species has, perhaps, been exag-
gerated ; but of these there are manj^, and the dangerous
properties of a few are extremely virulent. No golden rule
can be established by means of which any one may detect at a
glance the good from the bad, without that kind of knowledge
which is applied to the discrimination of species. Yet, after
all, the character of a half-dozen species or more of good
esculent fungi can be acquired as easily as it is to distinguish
between half a dozen birds, such as any schoolboy could dis-
criminate. There is no trouble with some species to identify ;
for instance, the morels no one can mistake, the puff balls are
also so plain that it is utterly impossible to be mistaken.
There is nothing more delicious than a morel or puff ball
when used before decomposition has set in, as safe as an egg
omelet.

Nearly all the accidental poisoning by toadstools occurs by
neglecting to identify the Amanita family. There are at least
four species of that family that contain large quantities of the
alkaloid amanitine, which is verj^ poisonous. And the external
appearance is so much like some of the common edible mush-
rooms that it may ver}' easily be mistaken.

One of the chief distinguishing characters of the Amanita
family is the universal wrapper surrounding the plant when
young, which, however, is ruptured when fully developed,
leaving traces on the cap and stem in the form of discrete
warts on the cap and a sheath around the base of the stem.
The gills are also free from the stem, which are snow-white.
The odor and taste is not in the least repugnant. The color
of the cap varies so much that it is not a reliable character to
go by. For further and more definite description of the char-
acter and diagnosis of the edible and poisonous, I would refer
you to the subsequent list. It is said that boiling with condi-
ments would modify the poisonous or toxic alkaloid.

Tanin or au}^ astringent medicine is supposed to modify the

INTRODUCTION. 9

poisonous effects of poisoned mushrooms. Some years ago I
read an account of a professor on therapeutics in a southern
medical college, examing a class in that branch. He put the
question, viz: " In what manner does tanin act as an antidote
to mushroom poisoning ? ' ' After a few minutes deliberation
one of the class pretended he knew, whereon the professor told
him to give it. " He at once commenced by saj-ing that he
believed that tanic acid united with the mush of the mushroom
and formed an insoluble tanate of mush, and there would be
less room for the poison to act." The best antidote for
counteracting the toxic effects of amanitine is undoubtedly
atropia sulph. in heroic doses, pushed to dilitation of the pupils
or the physiological effects. Doctor Shadle, of Shenandoah,
as reported by Capt. Charles Macllvaine, of Philadelphia, in
the Medical and Sin^gical Reporter^ December 12, 1885, gives
his treatment of a family treated with atropia.

The Italian use daturine, the alkaloid of the Datura stramo-
nium, similar in properties to the atropia.

The chemistry of fungi is as 3^et very meagre ; but there is
little doubt that not only does the composition vary greatly in
different species, as proved b}^ their toxic or innocent proper-
ties, containing more or less of the poisonous alkaloid. They
contain a relative proportion of proteid to the carboh3^drates.

As they are the creatures of darkness and do not require
sunlight, and instead of exhaling oxj^gen and appropriating
carbon of carbon dioxide like the higher plants do, that chem-
ical process is reversed, similar to that of the animal kingdom,
that is, exhaling carbon dioxide. The most wonderful vi to-
chemical action in fungi is displayed in the change of color of
the flesh : there is hardly a tint of color that is not produced by
breaking or bruising a fleshy fungi — golden j^ellow by different
species of Lactarius, vivid blue by some of the Boleti, with
some it is slow in changing or oxydizing, but in some it is

lO INTRODUCTION.

almost instantaneous — in one case the Boletus minio-olivaceous,
if you barely touch it, it turns to a vivid blue.

In some cases it assumes different colors. In the case of
Lactarius deliciosus the juice is at first, when it exudes, red
brick saffron, but soon, when exposed to the oxygen of the air,
turns to greenish yellow. The black Russula, when cut or
bruised, will soon turn to a brick red, a specific character.

Some species of Cortinarius turn to an azure blue on being
bruised. This change of color to blue is so universally confined
to dangerous species, that is given as a caution, that all species
which exhibit a blue color, when cut or bruised, should on no
account be eaten.

The chemical analysis of different species of fleshy fungi
shows different proportions of the chemical or earthy element.
Some also contain a large proportion of water, and very little
solid matter. All of the Coprinus group have over 90 per
cent, of water. The solid matter consists of phosphoric acid,
malic acid, oxalic, magnesia and lime. The organic matter,
besides water, are nitrogen in form of protein, starch, and
sugar. Nitrogen always predominate, which gives them such
nourishing properties, equal to beans or peas.

There is a peculiar attribute of the mycelium, in some of the
fleshy fungi, to produce luminosity or phosphorescens. Many
a superstitious way-faring man, being out late at night was
frightened out of his wits, by taking this innocent vegetative
phosphorescens for a fiery man or Satan himself. There are a
number of species, which cause that luminosity : but more
especially the mycelium of honey Agaric permeating an old
decayed stump.

Luminosity in fungi has been observed in various parts of
the world, and it was nearly always a species of Agaric which
has produced the phenomenon. One of the best-known species
is the Agaric olearius of the olive tree growing in the south of
EuroDe.

INTRODUCTION. 1 1

Spores. — As said before, spores are the representatives of
seeds in the higher plant-life. Through their medium the
continuity of the species are kept up, each after its own kind,
and as the tree is known by its fruit, so the spores are the
principal medium to identify to what species they belong. They
form a principal character of classification.

It is not such an easy matter to differentiate the different
parts of a spore as it is a seed, on account of its minuteness.
It must be done with the compound microscope, and under
inconveniences, which you do not find necessary for a casual
view of a seed. The outer covering of a spore is called the
epispore, and is rough or smooth. They are of different shapes,
oval, orbicular, angular, etc.

As for the germination of spores, nothing is very definite
about that secret process. To form a mycelium from spores,
there is not the least doubt it is not formed from a single spore,
but from a mass of spores. There is a wonderful provision
made for the dissemination of spores, equally as wonderful as
the seeds of higher plants. The spiral threads of the Trichise
are elastic and when ripe throw the spores to the four winds of
heaven. You will find that provision in many instances in the
fungi family. In case of the Sphaerobolus Stellata, a nidularian
fungi, which when touched or fully ripe the star-like limbs
open or are inverted and expel the sporangia with such force
to a considerable distance from its parents. I frequently
observed its peculiarity while sitting on a decayed log where
they grew. The puff-balls disseminate the spores by their
rotundity. When ripe they loosen from the earth, are wafted
over the rough surface of the earth, and by a small orifice or
rupture of the covering, the spores are scattered to new
territory. Insects are also great disseminators of spores, even
as they are useful in cross-fertilizing of the higher plants, so
even are they useful in keeping up the fungi world — " nothing
is created in vain."

12 INTRODUCTION.

In the tribe of Phalloidse the spores are immersed in a viscid
fluid, which would prevent their diffusing in such a manner.
This gelatinous substance has a peculiar attraction for insects,
and in feeding on this slimy substance they imbibe spores and
transfer them from place to place. The horse is even a beast
to keep up the continuity of a certain edible mushroom, the
Agaricus arvensisor horse mushroom. It is said that the spores
will not germinate unless it passes through the entrails of the
horse, which at the same time disseminate it. In England the
droppings of the horses at the riding schools and circuses is
highly prized for mushroom beds.

Spores are named according to their form and place in the
systemic arrangement. Stylospores are really Basidiospores in
the parasitic uridinae, and only a stage of Ascosporous fungi.
Conidiospores are also of the same nature, onh^ they are free,
that is, without a basidia or stalk. They are a stage of summer
spores for the telentospores, to carry the plant over winter.
They are also called the pseudospores, for they germinate and
form first a prothallus, like unto ferns and hepatica.

Spermatia are minute elevated bodies on the leaves of green
plants associated with the uridinae, and are supposed to belong
to the cycle of the life of Spheriacese fungi.

Sporangia are produced on the tips of branches of delicate
threads ; and when ripe they dehisce and shed the spores.
They are restricted to moulds, mildew, etc.

Zoospores are oval spores contained in a sack, which, when
ripe, opens and sheds the motile spores. Their movement
is caused by small thread-like appendages. Oogonia or female
fructification commences by a mj^celium swelling. Antheridia,
the counterpart of Oogonia, are the male part of the plant, and
are fertilized b}- conjugation, when oospores are formed. Zygo-
spores are limited to the Mucor family, and are fertilized by
conjugation.

INTRODUCTION. 1 3

There are a series of phenomena classed together under the
name of polymorphism, dualism, dimorphism, which form a
cycle of development of different kinds of spores. For instance,
the ^cidium berberidis, growing on the barberry bush, pro-
duces spores which will only germinate on the graminae vegeta-
tion, producing the well-known wheat rust (Trichobasis rubi-
vera), and yet that does not complete the cycle : it requires a
third kind of spores called puccinia spores, or brand spores,
which in turn will only germinate on the barberry bush leaves.

It requires three different kinds of spores to complete a
fully developed plant, i. ^cidium ; 2. Uredo, and 3. Puc-
cinia spores ; the latter are called teleuto or winter spores, for
they carry them through the winter in the form of brand.

You will meet with a number of instances of polymorphism,
or dualism, in the fungi group. Dualism is of frequent occur-
rence in the Coniomycetes or Hypodermea of the Germans.
It is quite certain that a large portion of the so-called species
of Phoma, Cytispora, Septoria, Diplodia, are mere cases of
dualism. All are interesting, so far as ascertained dualism is
concerned ; or as far as there may be a prospect of showing that
they are the spermagonia of the ascophorous pyrenomycetous
fungi.

There is no class of vegetation which shows so much wisdom
in the display of organs for the purpose of the perpetuity of its
kind as fungi do.

The minute dust-like spores, which are always in danger of
being destroyed even by the morning dew, has provisions
made almost as soon as born to form a fresh mycelium pene-
trating the stomata of a green leaf, there to perfect itself to
form a nidus for a more permanent progeny. We mycologist
can not help but exclaim with the Psalmist, " Marvelous and
wonderful are Thy works, O Lord of hosts : in wisdom hast
Thou made them all."

14 INTRODUCTION.

Preservation. — The preservation of fungi for future refer-
ence is a great obstacle to their study. The greatest difi&culty
rests with the large and fleshy species, such as the Boleti,
Agaricini. It is not only the drying which must be done
quickly and thoroughly, but part of your specimen will be in
constant danger of being devoured by vermin. As soon as
dry they require to be poisoned by some toxic fluid. Professor
Peck, State botanist, uses the bichloride of mercury and
alcohol. I would refer you to Peck's Report 24, page 43,
where the preparation is given. The latest and perhaps the
best article on the subject is that of Edwin A. Burt, of Middle-
t)ury College, Vermont, or the Botanical Gazette, Vol. XXV.

The bichloride mixture must be used freely before storing
awa}" for future reference.

C. G. Lloyd, of Cincinnati, Ohio, has great faith in pre-
serving them in alcohol. He has the largest collection in his
mycological museum of any in America.

The German collection is generally in the form of sections
of the different parts, and put under pressure the same as
flowering plants.

I have used tincture of quassia chips on some of the fleshy
agaric, and found it equally as potent to the ravages of vermin.
How I came to use quassia is that veterinary surgeons used it
on cattle to destroy lice or other vermin. Thought I would
try it on mushrooms, since if it would destroy vermin on cattle
it might be equally effective on mushrooms.

The woody polyporeii are easily kept in boxes, first heated
to 140 degrees, to destroy insects and eggs.

The leaf parasites are easily prepared, that is, the puccinia
pressed and dried with the host, like the flowering plant
herbarium.

Moulds are best preserved on microscopic slides, dry or with
some medium.

INTRODUCTION . I 5

111 giving a list of fungi of a locality, it can not be considered
complete without some systematic arrangement or classifica-
tion, which these plants received by botanists.

The first classification, that was truly systematic, was made
by Elias Fries, of Sweden, the same nativity of Carl von
Linne, the father of the flowering plants. It is a peculiar coin-
cidence that these two men, Fries and Linneus, both native of
the same country, should be instrumental in first arranging
these beautiful objects of creation into groups and families.
Linneus, the father of Phsenogamia botany, and Fries the father
of Crytogamia botany. Fries first announced his system of
classification in his " Systema Mycologicum," which formed
the basis to all subsequent arrangement into groups and fami-
lies. His system is still worth studying. But it has been
greatly improved to meet the requirements of the more recent
microscopical researches. Lindley Berkley, Cooke, DeBary,
and Sach, each had their fancies. Fries first noticed a com-
parison in the formation of the spores, that of having them
free resting on a basidio or stalk, and spores enclosed in a sack
or pouch. This character forms the basis for a comparison.
The former he classed under the name of sporifera, the latter
under sporidifera. The spores of the former he called spores,
the contents of the latter sporidia. This comparison is anom-
alous with exogens and endogens of the Phsenogam division.

The sporifera group branches into four different classes, viz:
Hymenomycetes, with the hymen exposed. Gastromycetes,
with the hymen enclosed in a covering called a peridium.
Coniomycetes, or dusty spores fungi, including rusty brands,
etc. Hyphomycetes, thread fungi, moulds, etc.

Sporidifera has two subdivisions, Ascomycetes and Physo-
mycetes.

This is really a very natural grouping with a few artificial
exceptions. It was the system in vogue for many years. All
authors on mycology made use of it. Cook, Berkeley called it

1 6 INTRODUCTION.

perfect. Through the advancement of the science by DeBary,
Ebighaus, and some German authors, they were not satisfied
with the system, and constructed an improvement on a more
natural basis, including even lichen, and discarding myxomy-
cetes, or slime mould, placing the latter under the animal
kingdom. Myogasters are proved to be fungi. Even DeBarj^
himself admitted that the best place for them was amongst
fungi. As for lichens, I do not see it possible to have them
classed with fungi any more than to have them classed with
algae, for they are just as much aerial algae as green fungi.

As late as 1868, Professor Schwendener first propounded that
all and every individual lichen was but a compound organ,
consisting of an algse base, with a fungal fructification (that is
to say, symbiotic). Rev. J. M. Crombie, in his researches on
the lichen gonidia question, came to the same conclusion that
a lichen was half algae and the other half fungal. But to
accept lichen with fungi would destroy the primary definition
of fungi in regard to the chlorophylle, which is present in
the lichens and not in fungi. This at once upsets the placing
of lichens in the rank of fungi.

Even Rev. J. M. Crombie has the sympathies of fungologists.
The remark, in which his summary closes the subject, in which
he characterizes as a " sensational romance of lichenology of
the unnatural union between a captive algal damsel and a
tyrant fungal master. ' ' The fructification of lichens is very
similar to the pyrenomycetous and discomycetous fungi.
Rev. M. J. Berkeley's definition for fungi is, viz: Cellular
flowerless plants, nourished through their mycelium or spawn,
living in the air, propagated by spores ; naked or enclosed,
destitute of green gonidia or chlorophylle, by which character
they are distinguished from lichens. I do not see any advan-
tage to adopt lichen as a group of fungi, since fungologists
have sufiicient material for many a life-work for ages to come.

INTRODUCTION. 1 7

And to destroy that science would be an insult to such men
as Tuckerman, Nylander, and other great lichenologists.

As there were many ways that lead to Rome, so there are
many systems to get the particular species. Each author has
his own peculiar fancy to get there.

The necessity of some kind of system is so apparent, that
many attempts for the methodical arrangement of fungi were
made even before Elias Fries ; but his system was so superior
to former ones, that no sooner had he published his Systema
Mycologium, than all other arrangements became obsolete.
Not man}- years elapsed before Lindly, of England, made
improvements on his S3'stem, followed by Berkley and DeBary.

The classification of fungi is still an unsettled matter, yet
the different systems have the same object in view, that is, of
getting the name of each individual species.

The classification of Underwood and Cook in their ' ' Cen-
tury of Illustrative Fungi," is convenient and includes
myxomycetes, which truly belong to fungi. They arranged
them under six groups, viz :

1. Basidiomycetks. — Spores free on pedicels, includes nearly

all the sporifera of the old classification.

2. AcoMYCKTES. — Spores enclosed in sacs or asci, includes

the sporidifera of the older classification. Morels,
pezizae, sphaeriacei, powdery mildew, etc.

3. Phycomycetes. — Spores are similar to some of the algce

tribes. Zoospores and conidia, and sexually as zygo-
spores or oospores. The potato rot and downy mildew
on grape vines belong to this family.

4. Myxomycetes. — Slime moulds.

5. Saccharomycetes. — Yeast fungi.

6. Schizomycetes. — Including unicellular bateria.

1 8 INTRODUCTION .

To place the thousands of the different species to the rank
of the fungi world, is a matter of no little difficulty. The only
true basis is the physiological. The tree is known by its fruit
so the fungi are really only known by the spores and texture.
The Germans, Sachs, DeBary, Ebighaus, have each their fancy.
If they can not make it suit by the natural physiological basis
they are sure to put in artificial, like the colonel of a regiment
who wanted his men all one size, so as to make a good appear-
ance on dress parade — but could not get them — so those that
lacked in size, made them wear high heels on the boots and
those that were too tall, he had the heel of the boot removed.
So it is with the classification of fungi — they do not always fit
nature, and to complete a family he will add character to make
it fit.

BASIDIOMYCETES.

This group includes the Hymenomycetes, mushrooms, toad-
stools, or all gill-bearing fungi, Polyporei, etc., which will be
given in order under the list.

Fungi of this class are divided into five natural groups :

1. Hymenomycetes.

2. Gastromycetes.

3. Uridineae.

4. Ustilagineae.

5. Tremellineae.

GROUP I.— HYMENOMYCBTBS.

Under this group are placed nearly all flesh 3^ fungi, such as
mushrooms, toadstools, shelves. They have a special open
surface called the hymenium. The group is divided into five
natural orders :

1. Agaricini. Hymenium with gills.

2. Polyporei. Hymenium with pores.

3. H5^dnei. Hymenium with spines.

4. Thelephorei. Hymenium even, flattened surface.

5. Clavariei. Hj^menium on an even club-shaped surface.

Order I. — Agaricini, or Agarics.

This natural order includes all gill bearing fungi, commonly
called mushrooms, toadstools, etc. Berkeley in his outline of
British fungi gives the following definition : ' ' Hymenium

20 AGARICINI.

inferior, spread over lamellae or gills, which radiate from a
common center, each of which may be separated into two
plates."

It includes the following genera, viz :

1. Agaricus — Gills, not melting, edge acute ; including all the sub-

genera which are elevated to the rank of a genus.

2. Coprinus — Gills deliquescent, spores black.

3. Bolbitius — Gills becoming moist ; spores colored.

4. Cortinarius — Gills persistent ; veil spider-web like, spores remain-

ing for a time on gills.

5. Paxillus — Gills persistent, distinct from hymenophore.

6. Gomphidius — Gills branched, pileus top shaped, spores fusiform.

7. Hygrophorus — H3"menophores continuous with stem.

8. Lactarius — Gills milky.

9. Russula — Gills rigid, not milky.

10. Cantharellus — Gills thick branched, obtuse edged.

11. Trogia — Gills venose, forked ; edges channelled.

12. Nyctalis — Gills fleshy, obtuse, often parasitic.

13. Marasmius — H^-menium dry, lamellse thick.

14. Lentinus — Pileus hard and tough, edge of gills serrated.

15. Panus — Pileus tough, edge acute entire.

16. Xerotus — Gills tough and forked, edge obtuse.

17. Schizophyllum — Gills split longitudinally.

18. Lenzites — Corky, gills anastomosing.

Genus. — Agaricus.

The name is said to be derived from Agaria, a region of
Sarmatia.

This is the largest family of the natural order and is charac-
terized by the following distinguishing features : Gills mem-
branaceous, scissile, acute at the edge, persistent, not deliques-
cing. Veil various, but never in the form of a spider-web, when
universal. Spores falling off from the gills, not getting pulver-
ulent on gills. Fleshy or membranaceous, not reviving when
once dried up.

The genus is divided into five series, which are determined
by the color of the spores, which are always constant in color,

AMANITA. 21

size, and shape. These are white (Leucospori), salmon or pink
(Hyporhodii), brown or argillaceous (Dermini), dark purple
(Pratellae), black (Coprinarii). Each spore color series is sub-
divided into subgenera according to certain characters of the
veil, gills, stem, etc. These subgenera are now elevated to
the rank of a genus, and Agaricus is only retained in place of
subgenus Psalliota which is dropped.

The following is a list of the Leucospori or white-spored
Agarics.

Amanita. Fr.

This subgenus, or now considered as a good genus, heads the
list of the white-spored Agaric, characterized by a universal
volva or wrapper and a partial veil forming in some species an
annulus. The volva enclosed the whole plant when young,
and the remains of it are seen after development on cap and
stipe.

C. G. Ivloyd, of Cincinnati, Ohio, a colaborer in the study of fungi
with me, has recently published a compilation of the Amanita family of
the United States, has made use of Worthington Smith's arrangement of
the groups of the genus Agaricus, viz :

Series I.

Pileus distmd from the fleshy stem.
Plant furnished with a volva = Volvae.
Plant without a volva, ring present, Annulse.
Plant without volva or ring, Exannulse.

Series II.

Pileiis confluent with the fleshy stem.
Plant with a ring, stipe central, Armillse.

Plant without a ring, gill attached to stem with a sinuate tooth, DenUe.
Plant without a ring, gills decurrent, stipe central, Clivoe.
Plant with stipe eccentric, Exccntrse.

Series III.

Stipe cartilagiiioiis.
Gills not decurrent, pileus explanate, margin at first involute, Explange.

22 AGARICINI.

Gills not decurrent, pileus campanulate, margin at first striate,
Campanulae.

Gills decurrent, pileus umbilicate, Umbilicse.

This is a very ingenious improvement on the old spore color arrange-
ment.

The gills are not adnate to the stipe except in one species,
which is an Amanita with adnate gills. The gills are white,
except one species.

This family is a very dangerous family on account of some
of the poisonous species it contains ; so it behooves us to get
well acquainted with the different species, for they are so
similar to the common edible mushroom that nearly all the
accidental poisoning occurs by the use of some species of
Amanita.

The principal characters, by which to determine an Amanita
is, viz:

First, the spores must be snow-white, to find which take a
fresh specimen, fully developed, cut the stem or remove it from
the socket, for it is distinct from the gills. Place the cap with
the gills downward on the surface of some dark glazed paper,
and you will soon have plenty of spores deposited in the form
of the radiate gills. Next make a section through cap and
stem, which will tell you the biological structure, whether
tough, brittle, or spongy ; also the character of the stem, fleshy
or cartilaginous, hollow or solid. The stem will give you the
best character, that is, the remains of the volva or universal
wrapper, which you will find at the base. Some parts of the
volva will also remain on the cap in the form of discrete warts.
In all Amanita look and study the volva carefully. By getting
acquainted with one good specimen for a type you will have
mastered the Amanita family.

AMANITA MUSCARIUvS.

AMANITA. 23

Order I. AGARICINI.

Series I. I^BUCOSPORI (white-spored),

Genus I. AMANITA.

The name of this family or genus is derived from Mount
Amanus. Galen first brought specimen of a fungus from that
localit3^ Gills free from the stem. The diagnostic character
is the universal veil, called a volva, enveloping the young
plant and distinct from the plant. All growing on the ground.
All are suspicious as to the esculent qualities.

Twelve species of this family are represented in this cata-
logue.

A. ttiuscaria. Linn.

Pileus, four inches or more broad, normally orange yellow
or red, fading to w^hite ; convex, then flattened, covered wath a
pellicle, which is at first thick then thin ; glutinous, sprinkled
with separating warts, fragments of the circumcissile volva ;
margin striated, flesh white, under the pellicle yellow.

Gills, free but reaching the stem, broader in front, white,
rarely becoming yellow.

Stem, four to six inches long, w^hite, at first stuffed, with
lax spiderweb fibres, some hollow ; the adnate base of the
volva forms an ovate bulb, which is emarginate with concentric
ridges.

Ring", soft, torn, inserted at the apex of the stem. In old
specimens the ring is generally destroyed.

This species is also called Fly Agaric by the English-speaking people.
It is the type of the genus Amanita. Our species are not as brightly
colored as the European are, but it is one of our grand species. Fig. i
represents a young plant, with a fully developed one along side of it.
Fig. 2 represents a full-grown one with top of pileus.

24 AGARICINI.

Diagnosis. The beautiful discrete warts of pileus and the concentric
rings of the bulbous stem. The volva, a character of the family, is
adnate to the stem and circumcissile.

Properties. Very poisonous, yet the Siberians use it as an intoxicant.
The fungi are collected in the proper season and dried. The juice of the
whortleberry, in which this fungi has been steeped, acquires the intoxi-
cating propert}' of strong wine. Some of the effects are similar to the
indulgence of the Eastern haschisch. The natural inclinations become
stimulated. The musician indulges in an incoherent song, the chatterer
divulges all his secrets. Erroneous impressions of size and distance are
a common occurrence, a straw in the way becomes a formidable object to
overcome which a leap is taken high enough to clear a big barrel, etc.

Dr. Harold Lentz, in his " Schwaemme des Deutschland," says: "In
the wild forest of Germany lived a man with his wife and child, who
made fleshy fungi their sole diet throughout the whole year, using them
fresh in their season, and dried during winter. He used all kinds indis-
criminately if they had a good and appetizing appearance, and that he
did not experience any harm from any of them. He being often warned
not to be too free vtnth the use of the different species, he accidentally
got a Fl}' Agaric, which nearly cost him his life.

Cattle or Mild animals very seldom eat it, except the reindeer in Siberia
and Kamchatka. The wild reindeer are said to be partial to the taste of
fleshy fungi, eat them without selection, and occasionally get a Fly
Agaric. After a certain time they are stupefied and unable to walk ; so
as to be easily captured by tying their legs together, and keeping them
as prisoners until the poison ( Amanitine) is eliminated. If the animal is
killed before the poison is eliminated, and used, it is said to have the
same effect as if the toadstool had been used.

Erman, a German traveler in Kamchatka, says: "That his guide
collected all the Fly Agarics, dried them and sold them to the Korans,
which they used as an intoxicant. He was traveling \vith him in that
country, always kept a few Fly Agarics with him, and whenever he had
a desire to get drunk, he would swallow a small piece with a drink of
water, which would put him in a debauch for several days." If all those
stories are true, the effect on those people must be quite different from
the modus operandi on our race. Ebighaus, a German mycologist,
doubts the truths of those people. He says they are a very deceitful race.
They got Czar Alexis to trj' it, which caused his life, together with some
French soldiers. I myself was rather skeptical at one time, but when I
had the authority of such a man as Col. Geo. Kennan, in his " Tent-life

AMANITA. 25

in Siberia," who describes the same exhiloratory effect on the inhabitants
of Siberia, it removed all doubts. There must be some peculiar idiosyn-
cracy, or what we might call toleration, of the Amanita poison similar to
opium on the Chinese and Turks. In medicine it is used by both schools,
homeopaths and allopaths. The allopaths use it as cardiac depressant,
night sweats, etc., but on account of care required in the administration,
it is seldom uses. The alkaloid is generally used (the sulphate of nuisca-
rine). The homeopaths use it more freely, for the provings show a
multitudinous application to some of the most critical diseases.

This intoxicating property is imparted to all the secretions of the sub-
ject, especially the urine, which retains it for a long time. A man having
been intoxicated one day, slept himself sober by the next, will, by
drinking this liquor to some extent, become intoxicated again and again.
By this means, with a few fungi to commence with, a party may shut
themselves in their room and indulge in a week's debauch.
George Kennen says of a Korak marriage ceremony :
"After the conclusion of the marriage ceremony we removed to an
adjacent tent, and were surprised, as we came out into the open air, to see
three or four Koraks shouting and reeling about in an advanced stage of
intoxication — celebrating, I suppose, the happy event which had just
transpired. I knew that there was not a drop of alcoholic liquor in all
Northern Kamchatka, nor, so far as I knew, anything from which it
could be made, and it w^as a mystery to me how they had succeeded in
becoming so suddenly, thoroughly, hopelessly, undeniably drunk. Even
Ross Browne's beloved Washoe, with its ' howling wilderness ' saloons,
could not have turned out more creditable specimens of intoxicated
humanity than those before us. The exciting agent, whatever it might
be, was certainly as quick in its operation, and as effective in its results,
as any * tangle-foot ' or ' bottled lightning ' known to modern civilization.
Upon inquiry we learned to our astonishment that they had been eating
a species of the plant vulgarly known as toadstool. There is a peculiar
fungus of this class in Siberia, known to the native as ' muk-a-moor,'
and as it possesses active intoxicating properties, it is used as a stimulant
by nearly all the Siberian tribes. Taken in large quantities it is a violent
narcotic poison ; but in small doses it produces all the effects of alcoholic
liquor. Its habitual use, however, completely shatters the nervous
system, and its sale by Russian traders to the native has consequently
been made a penal offence by Russian law. In spite of all prohibitions,
the trade is still secretly carried on, and I have seen twenty dollars worth
of furs bought with a single fungus. The Koraks would gather it for
themselves, but it requires the shelter of timber for its growth, and is not*

26 AGARICINI.

to be found on the barren steppes over which they wander ; so tliat they
are obliged for the most part to buy it, at enormous prices, from the
Russian traders. It may sound strangely to American ears, but the invi-
tations which a convivial Korak extends to his passing friend is not,
' Come in and have a drink,' but, ' Won't you come in and take a toad-
stool ? ' Not a very alluring proposal perhaps to a ci\'ilized toper, but
one which has a magical effect upon a dissipated Korak. As the supply
of these toadstools is by no means equal to the demand, Korak ingenuity
has been greatly exercised in the endeavor to economize the precious
stimulant, and make it go as far as possible. Sometimes, in the course
of human events, it becomes imperatively necessar}- that a whole band
shall get drunk together, and they have only one toadstool to do it with.
For a description of the manner in which this band gets drunk collec-
tively and individually upon one fungus, and keeps drunk for a week,
the curious reader is referred to Goldsmiih's ' Citizen of the World,'
Letter 32. It is but just to say, however, that this horrible practice is
almost entirely confined to the settled Koraks of Penzhinsk Gulf — the
lowest, most degraded portion of the whole tribe. It may prevail to a
limited extent among the wandering natives, but I never heard of more
than one such instance outside of Penzhinsk Gulf settlement." — Tetit
Life in Siberia.

The active principle called amanitine or muscarine is used in medicine
for consumptive night sweats. The homeopathic provings cover quite a
number of s^-mptoms.

Locality, Trexlertown cemetery, under a hemlock tree, chaparral ridge-
wood, etc. Not very abundant. Fuller's woods, near Catasauqua,

A. Spreta. Pk. Despised Agaric.

Pileus, subovate, then convex or expanded, smooth or at
first adorned with a few fragments of the volva, slighth' striate
on the margin, whitish or pale-brown.

Gills, close, reaching the stem, white.

Stem, equal, smooth, slightly pruinose above the white
annulus, stuffed or hollow, whitish, finely striate at the top,
inserted at the base in the rather large persistent membraneous,
somewhat sheathing, volva ; spores elliptical, .0004 to .0005
inch long, .00025 to ,0003 inch broad, generally containing a
single large nucleus.

AMANITA. 27

Plant four to six inches high, pileus three to five inches
broad, stem four to six lines thick. August. — Peck' s Report.

A. Csesarea. Scop. Caesar's Mushroom.

Pileus, hemispherical, expanded, margin striated, of a
beautiful orange color, with a few remnants of the torn volva ;
flesh white except near the cuticle, yellow.

Gills, yellow, free, straight.

Stem, tapering upwards, yellow, ring lax and not very
persistent, volva sheathing the base of the stem ; hollow, with
cotton}' fibres.

Our species is not as robust as the European, and not so
bright in color.

Caesar's Agaric, or Orange Agaric. This is a large and showy Amanita,
The yellow gills are the diagnostic character. It is also called the
Fungorum princeps.

It is of a beautiful orange yellow color, no.t very abundant. All authors
agree in attributing esculent properties. It has also been termed Cibus
Deorum.

Specimens were found in woods northeast of Trexlertown, Pa., in
Stephen's woods, and also in every open woods in the Valley in their
season.

A. phalloides. Fr. The phallus-like toadstool.

Pileus, three to four inches broad, commonly shining white
or sometimes light fuscous, ovate, campanulate at first then
expanded, covered with a viscid pellicle ; rarely adorned with
the remains of the volva, which remains at the base of the stem
and is split at the top.

Gills, white, free, ventricose, broad.

Stem, solid, bulbous downwards, hollow and tapering
upwards, snow-white. Ring superior, white, reflexed. Volva
more or less buried in the soil, entire or split, white.

Variable in color. With us it is white, sometimes fuscous. The olive-
green is very scarce, which is the prevailing color of the European species.

28 AGARICINI.

Properties, very poisonous and dangerous. Often mistaken for the
edible species of naucinus and campestris.

Locality. Is found in nearh- every open woods in the Lehigh Valley
and the State from midsummer to fall.

The amanita vernus is supposed to be the same, or a variety. The
active principle is called phallin, and was isolated by Kopart, of Russia.
Its modus operandi consists not of depressing the heart's action as much
as muscarine, but of dissolving the red corpuscles of the blood and per-
mitting the serum to escape through the alimentary canal. Weir Mitchell
has proven that phallin is similar to the rattlesnake poison. It is an
albuminoid, and classed under toxalbumen.

It is similar to the homeophathic proving of Lachesis. The fatal dose
for cats and dogs is less than .01 of a milligram, .00007 of ^ grain of body
weight.

A good diagnosis between phallin poisoning and muscarine poisoning
is to find out the time that inters^enes between the eating and first toxic
symptoms showing themselves. If only a few hours, say from four to
five, you can expect phallin poisoning, together with the cholera symp-
toms, but when from eight to twelve horurs intervene you may expect a
case of muscarine poisoning and at once give a hypodermic of morphine
one-fourth, with atropia ihn gr.

Salt water is generally used in the preparation of mushrooms which in a
measure might remove or coagulate the toxalbumin. There is no known
antidote for phallin as there is of Amanita muscaria. Atropia and its
allies does not counteract the poison. The only resource is by transfusion
of the blood of some animal.

A. pantherina. D. C. Panther Toadstool.

Pileus, four to six inches broad, pale umber, convex,
expanded, depressed in the center, with a viscous pellicle,
margin striated, fragments of the volva in form of beautiful
white warts scattered over the surface of the pileus.

Gills, free, reaching the stem, broad, shining white.

Stem, stuffed, then hollow, spider-web fibres within, atten-
uated upwards.

Volva, has an entire and obtuse margin at the base of stem.

Ring", w^hite membraneous, medial.

AMANITA. 29

This beautiful specimen was found in a dense thicket south of Trex-
lertown.

Name derived from the spotted pileus — like a panther.

Properties, very poisonous, and is considered as such by all authors.

Scarce, only met with it at the above-mentioned locality, September,
1893, where it appears annually.

A. solitarius. Bull. Solitary Toadstool.

Pileus, convex, soon expanded, white, warty, even on the
margin, flesh thick and white.

Gills, broad, reaching the stem, white, turning tan.

Stem, bulbous, rooting deep, bulb below the surface of the
soil, or only even with the soil. Solid, white, mealy.

Volva, friable.

Ring^, large, lacerated, hanging to the margin of the pileus.

This species is named solitarius on account of its growing singly or
scattered in open woods. It is easily identified by the large bulb at the
base of the stipe, which is conical and below the surface of the ground.
The color is a dirty white, not as warty as the strobiliformis. Specimens
were found in different parts of the county. Specimens were found near
Wescoesville, between Trexlertown and Allentown, in an open woods,
August and September.

A. strobiliformis. Bull.

Pileus, white, convex, expanded, pilliculose, the margin,
which extends beyond the gills, even ; warts hard, angular,
white, closely adnate, flesh w^hite.

Gills, rounded, free, white, becoming ^^ellow.

Stem, six to seven inches high, thick, firm, solid, bulb thick
and tubaeform rooted, sometimes split. The greater part above
the ground.

Ring", large, part forming a ring, and part remaining around
the margin of the pileus.

This plant is named ffom the similarity of its undeveloped form to that
of strobile of the pine. It is one of the largest. I have seen them eight

30 AGARICINI.

inches in diameter. They flourished in dry as well as during wet
weather. The large above-ground bulb of the stipe is the most charac-
teristic. The figure represents a full-grown plant.

Abundant throughout the county of Lehigh.

Properties. Suspicious. Some authors pronounce it edible while
others doubt its esculent properties. Odor is not disagreeable, has a
musty flavor. Color, white.

A. rubescens. Per.

PiletlS, four to six inches, dingy reddish, becoming pale flesh
color, tan, fleshy, convex, then plane, obtuse, moist but never
viscous in rainy weather, and opague when dry, covered with
unequal, soft, meal}^ whitish, easily separating warts ; margin
^ven, when old slightly striated • only in wet weather; flesh
soft, white when fresh, reddening when broken.

Gills, nearly free, reaching the stem in an attenuated
manner, shining white.

Stem, four to five inches long, solid, though soft within,
attenuated from the thickened base, reddish squamules,
becoming reddish. Ring superior, large, white. There is
hardl}^ a trace of the friable volva.

The specific name is derived from the Latin rubesco, meaning red.
The flesh is rust}- red ; it also turns red on being bruised.

Diagnosis. All the general character of the genus Amanita. Specific
character is the reddish hue of whole plant. Volva friable, warts smaller
than in Muscarius.

Properties. Some consider it poisonous, while others say if properly
prepared it is edible. Berkeley considers it doubtful.

Locality, Spring Creek woods, near Trexlertown, where it grows
abundant. August and September.

A. volvata. Pk.

Pileus, fleshy, convex, expanded, striated on the margin,
sprinkled with floccose scales, whitish disk, pale brown.

AMANITA. 31

Gills, close, free, white.

Stem, equal, tapering upwards, stuffed, minutely floccose,
scaly, ringless, white.

Volva, large, firm, loose.

Plant two to three inches broad. One of Peck's Amanitopsis.

Volvate Amanita was found in the woods near the road leading from
East Texas to Allentown, near Hartzell's schoolhouse.

A. vaginata. Bull. Sheathed Amanita.

Pileus, two to three inches broad, campanulate, color vari-
ous from nearly white to fuscous or smoky ; margin striated or
sulcate, flesh white, thin.

Gills, free, shining white, ventricose.

Stem, liollow, with a spider-web fibrous living, attenuated
upwards. Ring obsolete.

Volva, free, lax, sheathing the base of the stem.

This is an exception to the typical Amanita since it is minus
a developed ring. Peck made another genus for this species
and the A. volvatus, and called it Amanitopsis. On account
of the different colors this species assumes, there are a number
of varieties. A. aurantiaca, A. fulva are the principals.

It is one of the most common of the exannulate amanita. It is one of
the earliest and keeps on till late in fall. The name vaginatus is from
the large membraneous sheath at the base of the stipe. All the other
characters are in common with the exception of the annulus, which
is wanting. The color of pileus is variable, from grayish-brown to
grayish-yellow.

A. farinosa. Schw. Mealy Agaric.

Pileus, nearly plane, thin, flocculent, pulverulent, widely
and deeply striate on the margin, grayish-brown or livid-brow^n.
Gills, free, whitish.
Stem, whitish or pallid, equal, stufied or hollow, mealy,

32 AGARICINI.

subbulbous, the volva flocculent-pulverulent, evanescent ;
spores variable, elliptical ovate or subglobose, .00025 to .0003
inch long.

Plant about two inches high, pileus one inch to fifteen lines
broad, stem one line to three lines thick. July to September. —
Peck' s Reports.

This is the smallest of the genus. The whole plant is covered with a
mealy covering, hence the specific name. It is exannulated, pileus
grayish-white, margin striate. Gills free, white. Stipe white, dilated at
the apex. A beautiful specimen.

Abundant in Kuhn's woods, where the specimen was found. August
and September.

A. adnata. Smith.

Pileus, two and a half to three inches broad, pale buff-
yellow, fleshy, very firm, not brittle, smooth, somewhat moist,
convex then expanded, buff beneath the cuticle, margin extend-
ing beyond the gills.

Stem, two to four inches high, stuffed, at length hollow,
pale buff, fibrillose. Ring none, Volva lax, adnate, or almost
obsolete, white, pubescent, remaining in woolly patches on the
pileus ; flesh white, firm, almost rigid.

Gills, truly adnate, crowded, white.

In woody places, among oak. Uncommon. — Stevenson' s
British Fungi.

Locality, Lehigh Valle}-.

Genus II. IvBPIOTA.

Nearh^ all species with adnate scales. Hymenophore distinct
from stem ; that is, the gills do not reach the stem. Scales
adherent to pileus. The large species are edible. The receptacle
or hymenophore distinct from the stem. Universal veil con-
crete with the epidermis of the pileus. Gills free, not sinuate
or decurrent. Growing on the ground.

I^EPIOTA PROCERUS.

LEPIOTA. 33

This family has about the same character as the Amanita
famih', with this difference : the scales, if any, are concrete
with the epidermis of the cap, and is without a universal wrapper
or volva, but has a veil forming an annulus.

A very interesting family. The parasol mushroom is the
type, a delicious and wholesome fungi.

T,. procerus. Scop. Tall Mushroom.

Pileus, four to eight inches broad, ovate or nearly cylin-
drical, campanulate, then flattened, with a prominent umbo
fuscous or fawn color ; cuticle is broken up into broad, thick,
adherent scales, white beneath the scales ; flesh white, soft,
cottony, margin entire.

Gills, free, with a collar, crowded ventricose, soft, white.

Stem, cylindrical, with the exception of the bulbous base.
Spotted with darker scales, deeply sunk into the pileus, hollow,
stuffed with a cottony fibre.

Ring", distinct from the stem, movable up and down the
stem, persistent. Easily recognized when once seen.

Parasol mushroom, from its shape, probably from the ring on the stipe
being movable like that of an umbrella stick.

This is one of the few esculent mushrooms ; it is perfectly safe and deli-
cious, and easil}' identified by the adherent warts and movable ring c n
the stem, texture soft and spongy.

Common in Spring Creek woods, near Trexlertown. It grows single,
never caespitose. Common along roadsides throughout the Valley.

ly. naucinus. Kr.

Pileus, white, one to two inches broad, fleshy, soft, gibbons,
or umbonate ; the thin cuticle breaks up into granules.

Gills, free, soft, white, ventricose.

Stem, stuffed, at length hollow, attenuated upwards from
the thickened base, fibrillose, pure white.

34 AGARICINI.

Ring^, superior, tender but persistent, adhering to the stem.

Prof. Peck in his Twenty-ninth Report of the State Museum,
N. Y. , makes a new species of the L. naucinus, on account of
the oval spores and the smoother pileus. He calls it the
Lepiota naucinoides, Pk. , but it generally goes by the original
name.

This is called the nut mushr<iom, named from nux. naucinus. The
whole plant is of a dirty white ; the ring on stem is a j^ood character ;
the white gills distinguishes it from cretacens and campestris.

It is sometimes mistaken for campestris, which would be no harm, as
both are edible and equally good.

Very abundant throughout the county ; same habitat as the Americana.
Edible.

Specimen found in our lawn, and other localities in the Valley.

T,. cristatella. Pk. I^ittle Crested Agaric.

Pileus, thin, convex, subombonate, minutely mealy, espe-
cialh" on the margin, white, the di.sk slightl}- tinged wnth pink.

Gills, close, rounded behind, free, white ; stem slender,
whitish, hollow ; spores subelliptical, .0002 inch long.

Mossy places in woods. October. — Peck's Reports.

The crested Lepiota. The plant is white with light-brown scales.
Quite common along the grassy roadside. Small in comparison to
percerus, etc. August.

I/, rubrotincta. Pk. Red-tinted Toadstool.

Pileus, fleshy, soft, campanulate, expanded, cuticle red,
scaly.

Gills, free, white.

Stem, hollow glabrous, somewhat bulbous, tapering
upwards. Ring persistent.

Amongst old leaves. It is a beautiful specimen, but rare with us. The
specimen is only partially developed. Found it growing on grassy lawns,
and Heintz's open woods.

I^EPIOTA AMERICANA.

SECTION OF I^EPIOTA AMERICANA.

LEPIOTA. 35

I/. Americana. Pk.

Pileus, four to six inches, convex, campannlate, expanded,
umbonate, margin striated, adorned with beautiful reddish
scales, dry ; flesh white, but dries, ferruginous.

Gills, free, white, ventricose.

Stem, glabrous, enlarged below into a subventricose or
spindle-shape bulb at the base. The ring is delicate in some
specimens, but I have seen specimens w^here it was quite
persistent.

This is truly an American species, not found in any other country.
This is the pride of the family. There is nothing more beautiful than a
cluster of this fungi. To look over the beautiful scaly pileus is a sight
equally as fascinating as a covey of quails. It is generally met with
along the roadside and on grassy lawns. It is known by the bulbous
stem. The plant on drying turns a beautiful ferruginous color.

Odor musty, not recommended as edible. Habitat, grassy lawns, etc.

I/, granulosa. Batsch.

Pileus, thin, convex or mealy plane, sometimes almost
umbonate, rough with numerous granular or branny scales,
often radiately wrinkled, rusty-yellow or reddish-yellow, often
growing paler with age, flesh white or reddish tinged.

Gills, close, rounded behind and usually slightly adnexed,
white.

Stem, equal or slightly thickened at the base, stuffed or
hollow, white above the annulus, colored and adorned like the
pileus below it, annulus slight, evanesent.

Spores, elliptical, .00016 to .0002 inch, long, .00012 to
.00014 inch broad.

Plant one to two and one- fifth inches high ; pileus one to
two and one-fifth inches broad ; stem one to three lines thick.

Woods, copses, and waste places. Common. August —
October.

36 AGARICINI.

This is a small species with a short stem and granular red-
dish-yellow pileus, and gills slightly attached to the stem.
The aunulus is very small and fugacious, being little more than
the abrupt termination to the coating of the stem. The species
was formerly made to include several varieties which are now
regarded as distinct. — Peck' s Reports.

I/, atnianthina. Scop.

Pileus, ochraceous, somewhat fleshy, convex then plane,
somewhat umbonate, furfuraceo-granulose ; flesh yellow.

Stem, equal, slender, squamulose. Ring fugacious.

Gills, adnate, crowded, white then light-yellowish.

Smaller and thinner than A. granulosus, etc., from which it
is distinguished by the adnate gills and yellow flesh, especially
of the stem.

In woods. Uncommon. August. — Stevenson'' s British
Fungi.

Lepiota Amianthinus, or flavofloccosus, of Batsch, on account of the
beautiful yellow scales on the pileus and later granulose. I prefer the
latter name, for the ring and veil are floccose granulose.

Abundant on mossy patches in open woods. Odor strong and acrid.

Genus III. ARMIlvI,ARIA.

The name of this family is derived from the latin Armilla, a
ring, for the partial veil is in the form of a ring on the stem.
The stem is fleshy and belongs to the fleshy stem group, with
the gills and the gill-bearing part continuous with the stem.
Only two species have been discovered growing in Lehigh
County.

A. mellea. Flora Danica.
This species, called the honey toadstool, is abundant in our

ARMII^LARIA MEIvI^EA.

TRICHOLOMA. 37

county, g^rovving in profusion not only in low and damp situa-
tions, but on dry and elevated localities. The color is that of
honey yellow, hence the name.

Pileus, fleshy, flesh white.

Gills, slightly decurrent and often tinged with yellow.
When old they are tinged with brownish spots.

Stem, stuffed, then hollow, externally rigid, light yellow,
woolly at the base, sometimes swollen at the base. Ring on
stem characteristic near the top. In a raw state the honey
toadstool is acrid and nauseous, but when boiled with salt it is
said to be palatable. Growls around stumps late in fall.

This is one of the most common of the Agaricini, generally appearing
in the fall and early winter. Almost every rotten stump has specimens
surrounding it. It is supposed that the myceleum has the property of
giving phosphorescent light on a dark night, frightening many a poor,
superstitious victim.

A. nardosmia. Ellis.

The spikenard smelling toadstool grows on the ground in
dense woods.

Pileus, thick and compact on the disk, brown spotted, flesh
white.

Gills, crowded, white emarginate.

Stem, solid, sheathed by the veil, forming an annulus.

Kuhn's woods. October.

Genus IV. TRICHOIyOMA.

This is the first fleshy stem lycucospori fungi without a
characteristic veil ; if present it is only in the form of an evan-
escent veil on the margin of the pileus.

Gills are continuous with the stipe and emarginate ; that is,

38 AGARICINI.

they are scooped at the attachment with the stem. The diag-
nostic characters are the fleshy stem, continuous with the flesh
of the pileus or cap, and the gills sinuate.

All growing on the ground except a few species growing on
rotten wood, reported by Prof. Peck.

This family is well represented in Lehigh County.

Fries divides the genus into difi"erent tribes, according to
their biological character, viz :

I. The slimy Tricholoma.

2

3

4

5
6

The true Tricholoma.
The rigid Tricholoma.
The silky Tricholoma.
The spongy Tricholoma.
The watery Tricholoma,

T. terriferum. Pk.

This is a beautiful, robust toadstool.

Pileus, convex, involute, wavy and involute on margin,
viscid, pale yellow or whitish, generally with a good deal of
dirt adhering to the top of cap on account of the sticky or
viscid secretion on it, hence the specific name — earth-bearing
Tricholoma.

Gills, are snow-white, rather close.

Stem, short and fleshy, slightly mealy.

Late in fall. Koch Island, near an abandoned ore bed.

T. resplendens. Fr.

Pileus, viscid, convex, expanded, pure white. This is the
only white viscid species of Tricholoma.
Gills, nearly free, white.
Stem, solid white, two to four inches in diameter.

TRICHOL,OMA TERRIFERUM,

TRICHOIvOMA PERSONATA.

TRICHOLOMA. 39

This is a pure white Tricholonia, very viscid. The habitat is in empty
water ponds during a dr}- spell. It has a bitter taste and is not suitable
for esculent purposes. In appearance it is not unlike a naucinus. Com-
mon in our woods.

On the ground in Kuhn's woods, near Chapman's station. September.

T. sejunctum. Low.

Pileus, flesh}^ convex then expanded, umbonate, slightly
viscid, streaked with innate brown or blackish fibrils, whitish
or yellowish, sometimes greeni.sh-yellow, flesh white, fragile.

Gills, broad, subdistant, rounded behind or emarginate,
white.

Stem, solid, stout, often irregular white.

Spores, subglobose, .00025 inch broad.

Pileus one to three inches broad ; stem one to three inches
long, four to eight lines thick. — Peck' s Report.

A dark brown species, gills broad and frequently cracked. It is a
robust-looking specimen. Common late in summer.

T. intermedium. Pk.

Pileus, thin, campanulate, obtuse, glabrous, slightly viscid
when moist, greenish-yellow, flesh white.

Gills, crowded, free or slightly adnexed, white.

Spores, broadly elliptical, .0002 inch long, .00016 broad.

Pileus two or three inches broad ; stem one to two inches
long, three to five lines thick. — Peck' s Reports.

This specimen is called intermedium because it is intermediate between
equestris and sejunctum.

T. terreum. Schaeff.
The earth-colored Tricholoma.

Pileus, flesh thin, convex, campanulate, floccose, scaly,
mouse-color.

40 AGARICINI.

Gills, adnexed, slightly emarginate, whitish at first then
ash gray.

Stem, equal, solid to stuffed, whitish.
Pileus one to three inches broad.

This is named from its appearing like the color of earth. The color of
pileus is a light fawn color with darker fibrils. It is a variable species in
size, cespitose. You will find all sizes in a cluster, from a nickel to a
silver dollar.

Woods and lawns ; found nice specimens under a magnolia tree in Jos.
Hertzog's lawn. Not poisonous.

T. personatum. Fr. Masked Tricholoma.

Pileus, compact, spongy, flesh thick, convex, with involute
margin, of a pale, violet color. The color peculiar, when once
seen can easily be identified.

Gills, emarginate, free, broad, close, white, with a peach-
blossom tinge.

Stem, same tint as the pileus and bulbous, villous, pruinose.

Pileus two to four inches, esculent, with an agreeable flavor.

This is the masked Tricholoma on account of its similarity to Tricho-
loma nudus.

On the ground, but late in the season, found them in December. Has
no particular locality.

It is of a dull violaceous tint, growing in woods, lawns, and roadsides ;
two to five inches broad. It has a musty flavor. Edible.

T. nobile. Pk. Noble Tricholoma.

Pileus, very fleshy, spongy, yellowish white ; flesh tinged
with yellow ; taste unplea'^ant.

Gills, broad, white, changing to yellow, rounded behind.
Stem, robust, floccose, pruinose.
Pileus two to four inches broad.
Kuhn's woods.

TRICHOLOMA. 41

T. imbricatum. Fr.

Pileus, fleshy, compact, dry, scales imbricated, from light-
brown to dark-brown.

Gills, white, becoming red or rusty-spotted.
Stem, white, with darker fibres.
Pileus two to four inches broad.
Odor mealy. Chaparral.

T. subacutum. Fr.

This derives its specific name from the acute umbo on the
pileus.

Pileus, ovate, convex, expanded with an acute umbo,
fibrillose with a silky lustre, white, turning to bluish-gray.

Gills, white, adnexed, slightly emarginate.

Stipe, stuffed or hollow, white.

Pileus, one to three inches.

Taste peppery ; but not poisonous. Kuhn's woods.

T. transmutans. Pk.

The changing Tricholoma is convex, smooth, sticky,
brownish, flesh white, odor farinaceous.

Gills, narrow, close, pale, yellow or white, changing to
reddish when old, hence the name.

Stem, smooth, fleshy, silky, fibrillose, white, marked with
reddish spots.

Size, two to four inches in diameter.

On the ground, Koch's Island. September to October.

T. equestris. Linn.

Pileus, fleshy, compact, convex, exrlanate, obtuse, squam-
ulose, viscid, yellow near the margin.

42 AGARICINI.

Gills, emarginate, free, somewhat crowded, whitish,
Stem, solid, dirty white or yellowish.
Pileus two to four inches broad.

Scarce. Found specimens in Bastian's open wood.

Genus V. CI^ITOCYBB.

From Clitos, a declivity, and Cibe, a. head.

This is the first genus wnth decurrent gills and a fleshy stem-
Fries has the following definition : Universal veil, when>
present, is only frost-like, generally obsolete. Stem w^ith a
spongy pith, somewhat elastic. Margin more or less involute.
The gill-bearing receptacle (hymenophore) quite continuous,
owing to the apex of the stem being dilated. Gills running down
the stem in an attenuated form, acute, never sinuate as in the
Tricholoma. All growing on the ground, plant depressed in
the center or (infundibuliform) funnel form. The thinner
species are late, and stand low temperature. Many are
remarkable for their fragrance. Few are edible.

The species are divided into two sections, the dry and
watery (hygrophanousj. To tell a hj^grophanous specimen
from a dry one is to make a section of the specimen. If it is
watery and assumes a different color when dry, it is hygro-
phanous.

C. infundibuliformis. Schaff. Funnel-form.

Pileus, pale, tan color, fleshy at disc, convex, depressed,,
involute, margin even, flesh soft, white.

Gills, very decurrent, thin, close, soft, white.

Stem, thin and long, smooth.

Var. membranaceous, which is more spreading.

CI^ITOCYBE IIvIvUDENS.

CLITOCYBE. 43

The funnel-shaped Clitocybe is a beautiful specimen growing almost in
every open woods throughout our county. Very common in Spring
Creek woods, etc.

It seems to be as common in Europe as with us.

C. tnulticepS. Pk. Manyhead Clitocybe.

This is a typical Clitocybe, having all the characters of the
genus.

PiletlS, fleshy, thin at the margin, convex, slightly moist in
rain}^ weather, white.

Gills, white, decurrent, on one side adnate.

Stem, elastic, fleshy, solid.

Pileus one to three inches, growing in dense tufts. Many
growing together, hence the specific name mtilticeps. It is
rare. Only recorded by Falow and Macadams, of Massachu-
setts, and miyself.

The Manyhead Clitocybe grows in clusters in yards and lawns. There
are generally two crops in one season, one in early spring and another
one late in fall. Of a dull white color. There are two localities in our
village where they grow : one in the front yard of Tinsmith Heist and
the other in the yard of Widow Gideon Yoder. Not poisonous.

C. illudens. Schw. Shining Clitocybe.

PiletlS, of a beautiful yellow, can be seen from a distance,
hence the specific name ; convex, umbonate, spreading, deform
from the csespitose character.

Gills, decurrent, yellow.

Stem, long, firm, solid, smooth, tapering toward the base.

Pileus four to six inches broad ; stem six to eight inches
high.

This is a showy and magnificent plant. Not edible on account of its
bitter taste.

The shining illudens is very common, growing all summer around
stumps. A very beautiful golden yellow Agaric. It grows in clusters
from fifteen to twentv in a cluster.

44 AGARICINI.

C. monodelphus. Morgan. One Brotherhood Clitocybe.

Morgan, of Ohio, gives the following description of the One
Brotherhood Clitocybe in ' ' Mycological Flora of the Miami
Valley, O." :

" Densely caespitose. Pileus fleshy, convex, then depressed,
at first glabrous, then scaly, honey color, varying to pallid-
brownish or reddish. Stipe elongated, solid, crooked, twisted,
fibrous, tapering at the base, pallid-brownish or flesh color.
Gills short, decurrent, not crowded, pallid flesh color. Spores
white, a little irregular .0076 X -0055 mm."

It may be easily mistaken for a ringless Armillaria mellea.

The One Brotherhood CHtocybe grows in clusters, from fifteen to twenty
individuals springing up from a common point. The pilei are honey
colored, with a few darker scales or disk, first described by A. P.
Morgan, Ohio. Externally it has the appearance of an Ag. melleus.
Appears about the same time as the melleu.s.

Grows in different localities in our county.

Specimens found in Albright's jungle, south of Trexlertown.

C. odora. Bull. Sweet-smelling Clitocybe.

This is easily recognized by its dull olive-green color of the
pileus, and the sweet aniseed odor ; convex at first, but soon
becomes depressed in the center, making it saucer-shaped.

Gills, adnate, decurrent ; a little paler than the pileus.

Stem, short, barely i}4, inches long, thickened at the base.

The sweet-scented Clitocybe is the only species of the genus of dull
green color, gills are whitish, has the odor of aniseed. Supposed to be
esculent. Not very abundant. Habitat, open woods, Haus's Hill.

C. laccatus. Fr. Shellac-colored Clitocybe.

Pileus, from one to two inches broad, almost membraneous,
convex, then plane, depressed in the center.

CLITOCYBE. 45

Gills, adnate, with a decurrent tooth, plane, flesh color to
violaceous, at length mealy from the white spores, which are
abundant.

Stem, tough, fibrous, stuffed, flexous, or crooked white
villous at the base.

Var. amethysticus, whole plant violet blue.

The name of species is derived from lac, a resinous substance from a
tree in the East Indies, which has a color similar to that of pileus.

This is a very perplexing species, since there are a number of varieties.
It varies in size from specimens of three inches to so small that you can
hardly believe it the same species. It also varies in color from the lac
brown to almost purple ; so the color of gills also varies. Abundant all
over the county. Wherever I traveled I met with specimens.

C. ochropurpurea. Berk. Clay-purple Clitocybe.

This species is named from the light clay-colored pileus and
the purple gills.

Pileus, convex, fleshy, compact, clay-colored, sometimes
tinged with light purple around the margin, which is involute.
There are some odd forms of the pileus of this species, so as to
be almost unrecognizable.

Gills, purple, but some white with the white spores, decur-
rent, broad, distant.

Stem, robust, white, tinged with violet, solid, fibrous.

This is purely an American species and nearly related to laccatus. The

pileus is of a light ochraceous color, and the gills are light purple, hence

the specific name. Some seasons it seems to be abundant, while in others

it is more rare. Old specimens have the gills whitened with the white
spores.

C. ditopus. Fr.

The Two-legged Clitocybe, or stems growing together.

Pileus, two inches or more broad, convex, expanded, moist,,
ash-grey.

46 AGARICINI.

Gills, adnate, crowded, at length turned up so as to make
gills decurrent.

Stem, many growing together, from two to half a dozen.
Minesite woods.

C. fragrans. Fr. The Fragrant Clitocybe.

Pileus, convex, involute, yellowish w^hite, kind of watery,
strong smell of aniseed or paragoric.

Gills, adnate, attenuated down the stem, crowded, white.
Stipe, hollow% villous at the base.
Found in Elias Lichtenwalner's woods, which has since been cut.

C. media. Pk. Between Clitocybe.

Pileus, grayish brown, convex, expanded, margin involute,
flesh mild.

Gills, broad, white, decurrent or adnate.

Stem, solid, elastic, paler than the pileus between nebularis
and clavipes.

Minesite woods.

C. nebularis. Batsch. The Smoky Clitocybe.

Pileus, cloudy, convex, involute, expanded, dry, covered
with a greyish prunosity, flesh compact, white.

Gills, decurrent, crowded, pale white.

Stem, sordid like the pileus, thick, stout, obclavate fibril-
lose striate.

C. cyathiformis. Fr. vSaucer-forra or Cup-shaped Clitocybe.

Pileus, dark umber, plane, depressed when young, when
old funnel-form.

Gills, deeply decurrent, crowded, cinereous, fuscous.
Stem, short, dark umber.
Not common. Haus's Hill.

COLLYBIA. 47

Genus VI. COI,I,YBIA. Fr. Syst. Myc.

Stem fistulous, cartilao^inous, or stuffed with a pith, and
coated with a cartilaginous cuticle, rooting. Pileus fleshy,
smooth, margin at first involute. Gills adnate or nearly free.

Epiphytal on wood and leaves ; not shriveling or drying,
but rotting.

Fries divided this family into two series, according to the
color of the gills: i. Gills white ; 2. Gills cinnereous. The
white-gilled Collybia were again divided according to the
condition of stem : i. Stem striated or ribbed ; 2. Stem clothed
with a downy coat ; 3. Stem naked or smooth.

C. velutipes. Curtis. Velvet-stem Collybia.

Pileus, one to four inches broad, tawny yellow, fleshy at
the center, thick on the margin, viscid or sticky when moist.

Gills, rounded behind, slightly adnexed, broad, tan or pale
yellow.

Stem, cartilaginous (which they must be under this genus),
hollow, umber, with a nice velvet coat.

This is a common intruder on old and young stumps, attacking both
decayed and green wood. It has a peculiar liking for the JBelanthus
glandulosus tree. You will frequently find clusters of it growing out of
a crack from a hardy tree. It is the hardiest of the tribe. It will grow
during the cold days of early winter.

C. platyphyllus. Fr. Broad-gilled Collybia.

Pileus, three to four inches broad, fuscous to gre3'ish,
streaked with darker fibrils, watery when moist, flesh white.

Gills, obliquely truncate behind, slightly adnexed, 12 mm.
(]/2 in.) and more broad, distant, soft, white.

Stem, short and thick, striated, root blunt, common in
chaparral woods.

48 AGARICINI.

This is a beautiful specimen, from dark-brown to a light fawn color,
generally of a good size. I have found specimen measuring six inches
in diameter. Stipe stout and cartilaginous, etc. Habitat, open woods.

C. radicatUS. Rehl. Rooting Collybia.

Pileus, three to four inches broad, fuscous, olivaceous to
light yellow, glutinous when wet, umbonate.

Gills, attenuated with a decurrent tooth, ventricose, shining
white.

Stem, four to six inches high, smooth, glossy, striated sul-
cate, rooting deep with a spindle-shaped root.

This is a common toadstool found nearly in every open wood in Penn-
sylvania, also in lawns.

The diagnostic character is the long tapering root. It is easily recog-
nized when once known.

C. confluens. Pers. Tuffed Collybia.

Pileus, barely over an inch broad, pale tan color, crowded,
convex, plane, flaccid, margin thin, slightly striated.

Gills, free at length, remote from the stem, very crowded,
narrow, linear, flesh color, then white.

Stem, clothed with a dense villous down, hollow.

Growing in woods on leaves. Common in Spring Creek woods.

C. dryophylus. Bull. Oak-loving Collybia.

Pileus, bay brown, one to two inches, convex, plane,
depressed.

Gills, free, with a decurrent tooth, crowded, narrow, white.
Stem, yellowish, cartilaginous, smooth, very fistulous.
Common on oak leaves.

Genus VII. MYCBNA. Fr. Syst. Myc.

Stem fistulous, cartilaginous. Pileus, small, membraneous,
at first conico-cylindrical by reason of the margin being

COI^I^YBIA RADICATA,

MYCENA. 49

Straight and pressed close to the stem. Gills not decurrent,
distinguished from the other cartilaginous by the margin of
the pileus, never involute, and from the pileus being umbonate.
I have only few determined species ; on account of their small
size they are as a general thing overlooked.

M. galericulata. Scop. The Peaked Mycena.

Pileus, campanulate, expanded, margin striated to the
peak or umbo, of a greyish color.

Gills, adnate with a tooth, connected by veins, whitish by
flesh color.

Stem, rigid, polished, even fusiform, strigose rooted, on
rotten stumps.

This is a common fungus during the warm summer season. It grows
in heavy cUisters on rotten stumps. Common from August to December.
The color of pileus a dirty white or greyish, Hghter towards margin.

M. rugosa. Fr.

Pileus, darker and smaller than the galericulata, conico-
campanulate, expanded, corrugated, always dry.

Gills, adnate, with a tooth, united behind with a collar,
distant, connected by veins.

Stem, -short, tough, rooted with a hairy base. Common on
stump^ late in the season.

This is one of the largest of Mycena, not as abundant as the galericu-
latus (Scop). Its habitat is near stumps and on deca3'ing parts of it.
Specimen found on chaparral ridge-woods.

M. corticola. Schw. Bark Mycena.

Pileus, thin, hemispherical, umbilicate, striate.
Gills, adnate, uncinate, broad, pallid.
Stem, short, curved, mealy.

Common on horse-chestnut bark.

50 AGARICINI.

Genus VIII. OMPHAIylA. Fr. An Umbilicus.

Stem cartilaginous, fistulous, but having the tube often
stuffed with flocci, thickened upwards like a trumpet into the
pileus. Gills truly decurrent. It is separated from Mycena
and Collybia by the decurrent gills. The pileus is generally
umbilicate, funnel-shaped. The species arcwell marked, are
small in size, none larger than one inch broad. I have but a
few species to record. No doubt on account of their small
size they are often overlooked.

O. umbellifera. Linn. Umbel Omphalia.

Pileus, one-half inch broad, whitish, convex, plane,
broadly obconic, slightly umbilicate, rayed with darker striae.
Gills, decurrent, triangular, very distant.
Stem, short, dilated towards the apex.
Commonly growing on stumps.

O. pyxidata. Bull. The Box Omphalia.

Pileus, as much as 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, very hygropha-
nous. ^ rick-rufescent or rufous-fuscous when moi.st, becoming
pale, opague when dry, membranaceous, peliucid, umbilicate
then infundibiliform, when moist smooth, sometimes at the
margin, sometimes wholly radiate, striate, when dry flocculose
or slightly silky.

Gills, decurrent, somev/hat distant, distinct, narrow, but
broader at the middle, flesh color, thin, pale yellowish.

Stem, thin, cartilaginous, fistulous.

A small brown toadstool, growing in grassy lawns, almost hidden by
the grass and weeds.

O. campanella. Batsch. Bell Omphalia.

Pileus, membraneous, convex, umbilicate, striate, hygro-
phanous.

Gills, decurrent, arcuate, j^ellowish.
Stem, fistulose, clothed with down.
A small species found in different localities in the Valley,

PlyEUROTUS vSAPIDUS.

PLEUROTUS. 51

Genus IX. PI^EUROTUS. Fr.

This genus is very easily determined by the excentric,
lateral, and without a stem, but must have the characters of
an Agaricini and white spores. We have* many fungi that are
excentric, lateral and without a stem, such as many Polyporei.

The Pleuroti are easily distinguished from the two preceding
genera by their mostly growing on wood. Our Pleuroti all
grow on wood, found indiginous thus far.

Fries divides the Pleuroti unto three sections : First, the
excentric, where the stem is surrounded by the gills, but one
side shorter than the other, that is, the stem is not central.
Second, where there is a stem, but the gills and pileus are all
on one side. Third, Resupinati, without a stem, or only a
trace, with gills turned toward the light.

P. sapidus. Kalch. Sapid Pleurotus.

This is the most common Pleurotus growing in our country.
You will meet with it on all kinds of decaying logs ; willow
and oak seem to be preferred.

Pileus, excentric, expanded, from white to smoky brown.

Gills, broad, decurrent, white.

Stem, firm, straight or curved, white or whitish.

This is a variable species ; it deviates from the type in having
the spores turn slightly pinkish after being shed on white
paper, but on dark paper they are white.

This is nearly alHed to the cosmopolitan Ostreatus, with which it is
confused. The color of spores is the principal diagnosis. The spores of
specimen are a light pink on white paper and white on dark paper,
whereas the Ostreatus is white on white and dark paper. There are a
variety of forms. Some have an entire margin white, others are beau-
tiful lobed.

Specimen was procured from an old ^lanthus glandulosus stump.

More abundant in the fall, but is also met early in June. Edible.

52 AGARICINI.

P. Serotinus. Fr. Late Agaric.

This late Agaric you can find on old logs in dense woods.
It rarely makes its appearance before late in September, and
good specimens can be found in December. It is a beautiful
species. The stem part is adorned with dark-brown spots on a
yellow base. Peck considered it a separate species and named
it P. serotinoides, Pk.

Agaricus serotinoides. Pk.

Pileus, fleshy, one to three inches broad, compact, convex
or nearly plane, viscid when 3'oung and moist, dimidiate reni-
form or suborbicular, solitary or caespitose and imbricated,
variously colored, dingy-yellow, reddish-brown, greenish-
brown or olivaceous, the margin at first involute.

Gills, close, determinate, whitish or yellowish.

Stem, very short, lateral, thick, yellowish beneath and
minutely toraentose or squamulose with blackish points.

Spores, minute, elliptical, .0002 inch long, .0001 inch
broad. — Peck' s Reports.

The late agaric is truly a late fungus, not appearing before frost sets in.
It is a beautiful specimen. The stipe is the beautiful part of it — of a
beautiful golden yellow, speckled with darker dots. You will meet with
it growing on old logs from September on to January. I have found
well-preserved specimens in the latter part of December.

Found in Albright's jungle, near mill race.

P. niger. Schw. The Black Agaric.

This is the smallest of the Pleurotus and is resupinate — that
is, with the gills facing the light. You will meet with it all
summer on decayed, moist limbs, like so many black shirt
buttons.

Jungle, Trexlertown.

PI^EUROTUS. 53

P. atrocoeruleus. Fr. Black-blue Agaric.

This specimen is rather rare.

Pileus, thin, one half to three-fourth inch, obovate, reni-
form, plane depressed, smooth, grayish-blue.
Gills, determined, distant, grey.
Stem, marginal, short, distinct.
Found species growing on mulberry trunk.

P. OStreatUS. Fr. The Oyster Mushroom.

Pileus, two to four inches broad, soft, convex or slightly
depressed behind, subordinate, often csespitosely imbricated,
moist, glabrous, whitish cinereous or brownish, flesh white.

Gills, broad, decurrent, subdistaut, anastomosing at the
base, white or whitish.

Stem, when present, very short, firm, lateral, sometimes
strigose, hairy at the base.

Spores, oblong, white, .0063 to .0004 inch long, .00016
broad. — Peck' s Report.

This species is frequently mistaken for the sapidus. They are so
similar in external appearance that the only character is the pinkish
spores on white paper. For many years I took the sapidus for this
species. It was only after getting at the spores on white paper that I
determined its proper place. It is scarce in Lehigh County. The only
locality is on an elm stump. Spring Creek woods.

Series II. HYPORHODII or RHODOSPORJ^.

Spores salmon or pink color.

The genera under the pink-spored Agaricini are arranged in
the same manner as the preceding white-spored series. They
are not near so abundant as the preceding species. The gills
are at first white, but soon turn to the pink color of the spores.

The term is derived from Hypo, diminutive, Rhodos, rose.

54 AGARICINI.

Genus X. VOIyVARIA. Fr. Volva, a wrapper.

Rosy-spored. Universal veil free, persistent, distinct from
the epidermis of the pileus (constituting a volva). Hymeno-
phore distinct from the stem. The Volvariae are, as it were,
Amanitae with rosy spores, but they are more nearly related to
the Plutei and the Psalliotse. Gills rounded behind and free,
ventricose.

Volvaria corresponds with Amanita. The species appear
early in the year. They grow" chiefly on rotton wood or in
rich mould or manured ground ; hence they are more frequent
in gardens, hothouses, etc., than in woods. Some are said to
be edible, but they soon acquire a disagreeable taste from the
rapidity with which they decay. — Stevenson' s British Fungi.

V. bombycinus. Schaff. Silky Volvaria.

Pileus, three to eight inches broad, wholly white, fleshy,
broadly campanulate, everywhere silk3^

Gills, free, broad, ventricose, crowded, light at first, but
soon flesh color.

Stem, three to six inches long, thickened toward the base,
with a large volva attached to the base.

The silky Volvaria, from bonibyx^ silk. Of a beautiful silky lustre.
It is the first of the Hyporhodii. It is at first entirely enclosed in a volva,
and is deceptive. Easily mistaken for an Amanita. It is to hyporhodii
or the salmon-colored spore tribe what Amanita is to leucospori or white-
spored tribe.

The silk agaric is one of the most interesting specimens of the family.
It is wonderful to watch the exist of the hymenial parts out of the volva
— like unto a chick out of the ^%%.

Found specimen on a hickory log (Carya), Spring Creek.

V. parvtilus. Wein. The Small Volvaria.

This is the smallest of the series, growing in grassy yards,
but very characteristic.

VOLVAKIA BOMBYCINUS.

PI^UTEUS CERVINUS.

PLUTKUS. 55

Genus XL PI^UTE^US. Fr.

Ros3'-spored, without a volva or ring. Gills free from the
stem, white at first, then flesh color. Pluteus would agree with
Lepiota, if we consider the prunosity as a universal veil.

P. cervinus. Schaeff. Fawn-colored Pluteus.

Pileus, three inches or more, campanulate, expanded,
viscid in wet weather, smooth, except a few dark fibrils when
young, margin entire, flesh soft and white.

Gills, free, separate from the stem, ventricose, crenulate,
white at first, then flesh color.

Stem, solid, firm, white, spread over with a few dark fibrils,
generally crooked.

Named from cervus, a deer. The top of pileus is colored like a young
deer.

This is quite common in our vicinity, growing on old stumps, fence
rails, etc. The flesh is pure white, gills also white at first, but soon
becoming salmon color from the shedding of spores. It can be found in
early summer until late in autumn.

P. granulans. Pk.

Pileus, convex, then expanded, subumbonate, rugose-
v/rinkled, sprinkled with minute blackish granules, varying in
color from yellow to brown.

Gills, rather broad, close, ventricose, free, whitish, then
flesh-colored.

Stem, equal, solid, pallid, or brown, usually paler at the
top, velvety with a shorter close plush.

Spores, subglobose, about .0002 inch in diameter.

Plant two to three inches high, pileus one to two inches
broad, stem one to two lines thick. — Peck' s Reports.

56 AGARICINI.

P. eximius. Smith.

Pileus, fleshy, campanulate when young, expanded, beau-
tiful fringed on the margin, larger than the cervinus.

Gills, broad, ventricose, free, white at first, then rose-color,
flesh white, firm.

Stem, thick, solid, fribrillose.
On sawdust and icehouses.

P. nanus. Fr. The Dwarf Pluteus.

Pileus, one inch, umber, darker at the disk.
Gills, free, flesh color.
Stem, solid, attenuated at the base.
On old logs. Jungle.

Genus XII. BNTOI^OMA. Fr.

Entos, within ; loma^ fringe.

Probably referring to the inner character of the veil of which
there is only a trace. Pink spored. No distinct veil. Pileus
flesh}', margin incurved. Gills emarginate, same as in Trich-
oloma in the white-spored series. Spores, so far as examined,
angular. Entoloma is analogous with Tricholoma. All grow
on the ground.

B. clypeatus. Linn.
Or nearer Entoloma strictior, Pk. From sh ictus, erect.
This is rather a perplexing species since the characters come

so near clypeatus as to be hardly necessary to make a new
species.

It is a beautiful plant, rosy-spored gills. The whole plant
is beautifully regular and symmetrical. The principal diagnosis
is the extensive white mycelium on base of the stipe. It is a
genuine Entoloma.

Found in woods near Ziegel's Church.

ENTOI^OMA RHODOPOI^IUS.

CLITOPILUS. 57

E. rhodopolius. Fr. Rose-grey Entoloma.

Pileus, two to five inches broad, water}-, fuscous when
young, becoming pale, expanded, somewhat umbonate, margin
undulate.

Gills, sinuate, becoming free.

Stem, hollow, white, fibrous, last red with spores.
Minesite woods.

E. sinuata. Fr. Sinuate Entoloma.

Pileus, five to six inches broad, becoming yellow, white,
convex, expanded, lasth- repand.

Gills, very broad, sinuate, crowded.
• Stem, shining white, compact.

Minesite woods.

E. CUSpidata. Pk. The Peaked Entoloma.

Pileus, conical, smooth, having a peak at the apex, margin
irregular, yellow.

Gills, broad, ascending, broad at the margin of pileus,

sinuate.

Stem, hollow, yellowish.
Jungle.

Genus XIII. ClylTOPII^US. Fr.

Ros3^-spored or salmon-color spores.

Stem fleshy, diffused upwards into the pileus, margin at first
involute. Hymenophore continuous with the stem. Gills
equally attenuated behind, decurreut, not sinuate. Growing
on the ground ; often strong smelling ; pileus more or less
depressed or umbilicate, with a similarly colored umbilicus.

Clitopilus corresponds with Clitocybe.

58 AGARICINI.

C. prunulus. Scop.

Pileus, two to four inches broad, white, fleshy, compact,
convex, flat and depressed in center, dry.
Gills, decurrent, white, then flesh color.
Stem, firm, sohd, villous at the base.

The plum Agaric, so called from the white bloom covering the plant.
It is at no season very common in our county, but met in open woods.

Pure white all over except the decurrent gills, which are of beautiful
flesh color. The odor is that of new meal fresh from the mill.

There is a small variety, growing in lawns and roadsides, about the
size of 25-cent piece, called the orcella.

Specimen found in Spring Creek woods, near Trexlertown,

C. abortivus. B. and C.

Perfect, imperfect, or altogether abortive.

Perfect form : PileuS, fleshy, convex, then expanded and
more or less irregular, gray or lilac in color.

Stem, solid, nearly equal or somewhat deformed, con-
colorous.

Gills, arcuate and long decurrent in some specimens, in
others nearly plane and adnate-decurrent, at first grayish, at
length bright flesh color. Spores angular.

The imperfect and abortive forms present all stages of
imperfection to a complete obliteration of all semblance of stipe
and pileus when the fungus consists of a rounded, more or less
lobed, mass. — Morgaii' s Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley^
Ohio.

The abortive clitopilus is so called from the many imperfect and abor-
tive plants. The imperfect and abortive forms present all stages of devel-
opment so as to puzzle the mycologist. The perfect is a beautiful fawn
color. The abortive form generally grows near the perfect, sometimes
surrounding the base of the stem, which makes it appear like so many
puff balls or Lycoperdons.

Locality, Yoder's open woods and jungle.

;1111^^^^^^>

CI,ITOPII,US PRUNUI^US.

^c<=<>>

CI,ITOPII^UvS ABORTlVUvS.

isrOLANEA. 59

Genus XIV. lyl^PTONIA. Fr. Slender.

Rosy-spored, stem cartilaginous, tubular, polished. Pileus
thin, umbilicate or with a darker disk. Margin at first in-
curved. Gills adnata, but readily separating.

I/, serrulata. Pers. Saw Leptonia.

Pileus, dark blue, flesh thin, umbilicate, depressed, without
striae, squamulose.

Gills, adnata, with a dark serrulate edge.
Stem, thin, cartilaginous, paler than the pileus.
Jungle.

Genus XV. NOIyANBA. Fr. A Little Bell.

Rosy-spored, stem fistulous. Pileus thin, campanulate,
papillate, margin straight, pressed close to the stem. Gills
free, not decurrent.

N. conica. Pk. Cone Nolanea.

Pileus, thin, membranaceous, conical, with a minute umbo
or papilla, cinnamon color, striatulate when moist.
Gills, light flesh color, nearly free.
Stem, slender, straight, hollow.
Jungle.

Series III. DBRMINI. Fr.

Skin or Membrane.

On account of the cuticle of the pileus being the principal
generic character. It is the Ochrospora, Sacc.

Spores, reddish brown, brown, or ochraceous. There are no
species with hymenophore free from the stem.

6o AGARICINI.

The following genera have species growing in the Lehigh
Valley :

Pholiota — with gills adnate and stem annulate.

Inocybe — with gills more or less sinuate and a scaly pileus.

Hebeloma — with gills more or less sinuate and a smooth

pileus.
Flammula — gills sharply adnate or decurrent.
Naucoria — stipe cartilaginous, gills adnate.
Galera — pileus campanulate, stipe cartilaginous.

Genus XVI. PHOI^IOTA.

Partial veil in the form of a ring, analogous to Armillaria in
the white-spored series. They grow mostly on dead trunks of
trees. Spores ferruginous or fuscous-ferruginous.

Stem confluent and homogeneous, with the hymenophore
furnished with an annulus.

P. precox. Pers. Early Pholiota.

Pileus, fleshy, convex, obtuse, margin even, pale buff,
watery near the gills, which is a character ; when dry it
assumes a dirty w^hite color.

Gills, adnate, slightly sinuate, moderately broad, not ven-
tricose ; edge lighter than the other part, w^hich gradually
becomes brownish.

Stem, solid, which becomes hollow^ with age, juicy, white.

Ring", near the top of stem, deflexed.

Spores, oval, .00031 X .0003.

The early PhoHota is one of our first fleshy fungi in early Spring. In
favorable weather it makes its appearance about the middle of May.
Grain fields and grassy lawns are full of them. Never met with them
in our woods.

PHOLIOTA. 6t

The name is derived from precox — early.

The species seems to be cosmopolitan, since it is recorded in nearly all
the records on fungi, viz : Persoon, of France ; Fries, of Sweden ; Berk-
ley, Cook, etc., England ; Lenz and Ebighaus, of Germany.

P. durus. Hard Pholiota.

PiletlS, more compact than the Precox. Convex, then
plane, cuticle cracked, margin even, color like the Precox, only
paler.

Gills, adnate, with a tooth, ventricose, livid, then brown
rust color.

Stem, hard, thickened upwards and mealy.

Ring", torn, more or less evanescent.

Not as common as the Precox. In manured gardens. June.

P. adiposa. Fr. Pineapple Pholiota.

PiletlS, fleshy, convex, obtuse, very glutinous ; the scales
are darker than the surface, which is of a ripe pineapple color.

Gills, broad, rounded behind, adnate, with a tooth, ferru-
ginous, edge white.

Stem, equal, curved, some slightly thickened at the base,
brown below, yellow above.

Ring", is generally attached to the margin of the pileus,
scarcely forming a ring.

The fat pholiota, so named from the thick and heavy pileus, is a beau-
tiful yellow color, with darker spots, viscid when moist ; grows out of
rotten spots on apple trees, or any other tree which has a favorable nidus.
The albocrenulatus of Peck is almost similar. Specimens were found on a
rotten spot on an apple tree in Trexlertown.

P. Spectabilis. Fr. The Showy Pholiota.

Pileus, compact, convex, then plane, cuticle torn into silky
scales, which disappear towards the margin, fleshy ; flesh
pale yellow.

62 AGARICINI.

Gills, adnexed, rounded near the stem, tawny.
Stem, four inches high, one inch or more thick ; solid,
tough, and spongy, thickened towards the base, even bulbous.
Ring, rather thick near the apex.

Thi« beautiful species is scarce, for I only met with it in a few localities.
Koch's island, near Trexlertown. Grows on rotten oak stumps.

P. squarrosoides. Pk.

Pileus, firm, convex, viscid when moist, at first densely
cov^ered by erect papillose or subspinose tawny scales, which
soon separate from each other, revealing the whitish color and
viscid character of the pileus.

Gills, close, emarginate, at first whitish, then pallid or dull
cinnamon color.

Stem, equal, firm, stuffed, rough, with thick squarrose
scales, white above the thick floccose annulus, pallid or tawny
below.

Spores, minute, elliptical, .0002 inch long, .00015 inch
broad.

Densely csespitose, three to six inches high, pileus two to
four inches broad, stem three to five lines thick.

Named from the dense squarrose scales covering the pileus and stipe.
It is a late customer ; does not appear until late in the season. Grows
in tufts inside of rotten stumps and logs It is viscid when moist,
shining when dry. Not edible.

Squarrosoides means like squarrosus, because it is almost similar to the
squarrosus, Muell., of Europe.

P. squarrosus. Miill. Scaly Pholiota.

Pileus, fleshy, campanulate, expanded, covered with squar-
rose scales, tawny yellow.

Gills, yellowish, changing to brown, adnate or rounded
near the stem.

PHOI^IOTA PRECOX.

PHOLIOTA. 63

Stem, three to six inches high, fibrillose, squarrose, with
reflexed scales, saffron yellow.

Ring, membraneous, rather heavy, with a slimy coat.
Frequent on rotten logs late in fall.

P. marginatus.

Pileus, fleshy, convex, smooth, hygrophanous, brown,
becoming pale, first around the margin, then the whole of the
pileus ; margin thin, striated.

Gills, adnate, crowded, watery, cinnamon colored.

Stem, fistulous, soft, not scaly, pruinose above the fuga-
cious ring.

The marginate Pholiota grows abundantly on damp, rotten logs ; it is
one of our visitors, and lasts till late in fall. Common in the damp
thickets.

P. aeruginosa. Pk.

Pileus, convex, glabrous greenish, spotted with brown,
slightly rinosa-areolate, flesh pale-green, one-half to two inches.

Gills, broad, rounded behind, adnate, ochraceous when
young, becoming bright ferruginous.

Stem, solid, fribrillose, sulphur yellow.

Spores, copious, bright ferruginous.

Found on a railroad tie on the Catasauqua & Fogelsville railroad, near
Trexlertown. Named by Prof. Peck.

P. curvipes. Fr.

Dead trunks of young trees. August. Our specimens have
the lamellae floccose-crenate on the edge. — Peck' s Reports.

The crooked-stem Pholiota is found growing on old logs late in
autumn. The description of the typical species has the crooked stipe
not as long. It generally prefers hemlock lumber to grow on, but is
found to take hold of even the hardest timber.

64 AGARICINI.

Genus XVII. INOCYBE^. Fr. Sys. Myc. Fibrehead.

Universal veil fibrillose, concrete with the cuticle of the
pileus, often free at the margin in form of a cortina. Gills
somewhat sinuate, sometimes adnate. Spores fuscous-ferru-
ginous, corresponds with Tricholoma. It is readily dis-
tinguished by the silky fibrillose covering of the pileus, which
never has a distinct pellicle by the veil. All grow on the
ground.

I. hirsutus.

Pileus, one- half inch high when campanulate, one inch
when expanded, fuscous, squarrose with pilose scales, margin
fringed.

Gills, adnexed, pallid, then fuscous, slightly toothed.

Stem, solid, slender, fibrillose, scaly at the apex, dark-green
at the base.

Trexlertown cemetery.

I. scaber. Rough Inocybe.
Pileus, convex, fleshy, obtusely gibbous, scaly, margin
entire, grayish-brown.

Gills, rounded near the stem, close.
Stem, solid, equal, fibrillose, veiled.
Common in damp woods. Grows on the ground.

I. lacerus. Fr. Torn Inocybe.

Pileus, convex, expanded, obtuse, umbonate, squamose,
fibrillose, dry.

Gills, adnexed, ventricose, tinged with flesh-color, then
cinereous.

Stem, slender, short, rufescent, one-half to one inch long.

This species grows under trees, where there is not much grass, on bare,
clayey soil. Abundant in groups. June to November. Throughout our
Valley.

HEBELOMA. 65

I. pyriodorus. Pk. Pear-scented Inocybe.

Pileus, conical, obtuse, margin revolute, at last fribro-

sqnamulose, fleshy, flesh whitish.

Gills, sinuate, dirty white, then light clay.

Stem, stuffed, firm, fibrillose, mealy, and pale above.

In open woods, on rich ground. Where this species wants rich soil
the lacerus wants poor soil. Spring Creek woods, near the Lehigh creek.

I. geophyllus. Sow. The Earth Inocybe.

Pileus, strongly conical, expanded, umbonate, white, silky,

flbrillose, dry.

Gills, adnexed, white at first, then earth-colored.

Stem, one to two inches high, subbulbosus, firm, mealy

above.

On the ground in open woods. Common throughout the Lehigh Valley.

Genus XVIII. HEBBI/OMA.

Partial veil, fibrillose clothed. Stem somewhat mealy at the
apex. Margin of pileus incurved. Gills sinuate, adnate, edge
more or less of a different color, whitish. Cuticle of pileus
continuous, smooth, viscid. Spores clay-colored. Growing on
the ground. Corresponds with Tricholoma in the white-spored
group.

H. glutinosa. Linn.

Pileus, one to three inches, yellow-white, disk darker, con-
vex, plane, viscous gluten, ia wet weather flesh white, becom-
ing yellow.

Gills, sinuate, adnate, somewhat decurrent, pallid, light
yellow, clay color.

Stem, stuff jd, somewhat bulbous.

Partial veil in form of a cortina. Yoder's open woods. Late.

66 AGARICINI.

H. longicauda. Pers.

Pileus, one and a half to two inches broad, clay color, the
disk sometimes becoming fuscous, fleshy, not compact, convex
then expanded, umbonate, at length repand, even smooth,
viscid ; flesh soft, watery, but not hygrophanous.

Stem, four inches long, three to four lines thick, hollow,
fragile, equal or thickened at the base, absolutely fibrillose,
white, mealy at the apex, at length becoming tawny at the
base. No cortina manifest.

Gills, arcuato-adnate, crowded, six lines broad, white clay,
at length cinnamon, serrulated and somewhat dotted at the
edge.

Odor weak, not unpleasant, in no wise that of the radish. —
Stevenson' s British Fungi.

This specimen was found in an open woods near Albright's mill, in a
marshy jungle. It does not quite agree with Sowerby's specimen. It
did not quite fill the characters given by him for geophyllus. Ccespitose.
It was growing in rings almost like marasmius oreades.

H. firmus. Pers.

Pileus, two to three inches broad, brick-red, fleshy, cara-
panulate then flattened, umbonate, the broad umbo darker,
thin at the circumference, even smooth, viscid.

Gills, rounded, crowded, two to three lines broad, thin,
arid, cla3^-color then ferruginous, unspotted, but white serru-
lated at the edge.

Stem, two to three inches long, one-half inch thick, solid,
firm, somewhat attenuated and commonly darker downwards,
clothed throughout with white floccose squamules. Cortina
evident, white.

The gills do not distil drops, hence they are unspotted.
Odor weak. — Stevenson' s British Fungi.

FLAMMULA. 67

The stout Hebeloma. At first I took this to be a variety of the fasti-
bilis of Fries, but ou further investigation I came to the conclusion that
it was a firmus.

It grows in clusters on clay banks along the roadside. It is an interest-
ing species. The stipe is beautifully checkered with snow-white
squamules. The odor is faint, not unlike a radish.

Specimen found on a bank on the road leading from Dorneysville to
Allentown, near the limekiln at the woods, September, 1893.

H. fastibilis.

Pileus, convex, expanded, repand on one side, obtuse,
smooth, margin involute, woolly, ochraceous, with a rusty
tinge, sometimes with a dull reddish hue, fleshy.

Gills, broad, with drops of water on the edge, ventricose,
emarginate, white at first, then ochraceous, edge serviate.

Stem, subbulbous, or nearly equal, somewhat rooting,
clothed with white scattered somewhat squarrose scales, upper
ones forming almost an annulus. Solid when j^oung then
hollow, frequently crooked at the base. Odor weak, radish-
like or bitter.

Dorney's woods, October.

H. versipellis. Changeable Hebeloma.

Pileus, fleshy, convex plane, viscid, with a tenacious gluten,
smooth, brown.

Gills, rounded, whitish, flesh-color, then clay-color with
spores.

Stem, flbrillose, brownish internal, dirty white external.

Under an oak tree, near Trexlertown.

Genus XIX. FI^AMMUIvA. Fr.

Spores ferruginous, approaching yellow ochre, always bright
in color ; veil filamentous, often obsolete ; pileus fleshy ; either
dry, squamulose, viscose, smooth, and silky.

68 AGARIClNt.

F. Highlandensis. Pk.

Pileus, fleshy, thin, convex, becoming nearly plane, gla-
brous, viscose, yellowish red, paler on the inflexed margin,
flesh white.

Gills, close, adnate, decurrent, with a tooth, pale, or
yellowish when young, becoming ferruginous.

Stem, equal, stuffed, or hollow, fibrillose and minutely

floccose, squamulose, yellow, spores elliptical .00024 to .0003

inch long, .00016 broad.

P'ound in a lawn near a burned or charred stump, and determined by
Prof. Peck.

F. rigida. Pk.

Pileus, thin, rather firm and rigid, convex, plane, gla-
brous, hygrophanous, rusty tawny when moist, buff or pale
tan when dry.

Gills, adnate, white, rusty, with spores.

Stem, rigid, slightly striated with a tomentose base — one to

one and a half inches broad.

Grows on chips. Found specimens in one locality from October to
April. It ought to be named frigida instead of rigida, for it can bear any
amount of cold.

F. flavida. Pers.

Pileus, fleshy, broadly convex, or nearly plane, glabrous,
moist, pale yellow ; flesh white or yellowish, taste bitter.

Gills, adnate, yellowish, becoming ferruginous.

Stem, equal, more or less curved, hollow, fibrillose, whitish
or pale yellow, with a w^hite mycelium at base.

Pileus one to two inches broad.

Found on decaying logs in open woods. Minesite woods. July and
August.

*t3"

F. sapinea. Fr. Bright-colored Flammula,
Pileus, convex, plane, finely flocco-squamulose.

kAUCORIA. 69

Gills, adnate, broad, golden yellow.

Stem, stuffed, silicate, yellow, without a ring.

Pine boards. Lumber yards.

F. anomala. Pk.

PiletlS, umbilicate, irregular, smooth, whitish.
Gills, decurrent, pale, ferruginous.
Stem, short, irregular, whitish.
Spores, brown, ferruginous.
Koch Island. First discovered, September, 1894.

F. rhodoxanthus.

Pileus, fleshy, obconic, slightly tomentose when young,
areolated when older, brown, with a yellow tinge, flesh yellow.

Gills, deeply decurrent, not very close, bright yellow.

Stem, even, solid, sometimes curved, slightly punctated.

This species is Berkley's Paxillus flavidus, named from a
dried specimen, which did not have the characters of a Pax-
illus, that is, the easily separating gills from the hymenophore,
and the anastomosing of gills near the stem. Schweinitz
named it Gomphidius rhodoxanthus, but it is no good Gom-
phidius, for it has not the typical gluten covering the plant.
Flammula is the best pigeonhole for it; hope it will stay there.
C. G. Lloyd first put me in mind to change it to the genus
Flammula.

Genus XX. NAUCORIA. Naucum, a nut.

Species of this family are small with a cartilaginous stipe.
Gills adnate, sometimes nearly free. Growing on wood on
ground. Spores different shades of brown, veil absent, or
attached to the edge of the pileus, stem cartilaginous, confluent
with but heterogeneous from the hymenophore.

yo AGARIClNi.

N. semiorbicularis.

Pileus, fleshy, hemispherical, then expanded, even, smooth,
viscid.

Gills, adnate, broad, crowded, pallid then ferruginous.

Stem, slender, tough, straight, pallid, ferruginous, shining,
with a separable pith.

This is one of our most common toadstools in the Lehigh Valley,
growing in their season in almost any location, grass lawns, roadsides,
edges of woods, but very seldom in dense woods.

N. pediades. Fr.

Pileus, one to two inches broad, yellow or pale yellowish
ochraceous then becoming pale, obtuse, even, dry, smooth, at
length rimoso-rivulose, but always without striae ; flesh white.

Stem, two to three inches long, one to two lines thick,
stuffed wdth a pith, somewhat flexuous, tough, equal, but with
a small bulb at the base, slightly silky becoming even yellowish.

Gills, adnexed, two lines broad, at first crowded, at length
somewhat distant, somewhat fuscous then dingy cinnamon.

Spores, fuscous ferruginous. The small bulb at the base
is formed by the m3'celium being rolled together. Stature
variable. — Stevenson' s British Fu7igi.

From its growing in fields, especially in grain fields. It grows in con-
junction with the semiorbicularis.

Common in our fields during June and July.

Genus XXI. GAI^ERA.

Spores ochraceo- ferruginous, veil often wanting. Pileus
more or less campanulate, margin straight, at first depressed to
the stem, stem cartilaginous, confluent wdth and heterogeneous
from the hymenophore.

CLAUDIPUS. 71

G. tener.

Pileus, submembranaceous, conica-campanulate, obtuse,
watery.

Stem, straight, fragile, rather shining.
Gills, crowded, adnate, broad.
Common in lawns.

G. Hypnonim. Batsch.

Pileus, membranaceous, conic, cinnamon, striated, watery

when moist, pale when dry.

Gills, ascending, cinnamon color, whitish at the edge.

Stipe, cinnamon color.

Very little difference in character to the above, only smaller, and
always found on a bed of moss. Common in our woods.

Genus XXII. CI^AUDIPUS. Fr. Lame Foot.

Pileus excentric, lateral or resupinate — that is, without a
stem. Spores rubiginous. A small group intermediate between
Hyporhodii and Dermini.

C. variabilis. Pers.

Pileus, white, thin, resupinate ; that is, gills turned
towards the light, tomentose, even, being fastened in the
center to a short villous stem.

Gills, at first white, then the color of the spores.

On rotten sticks. In nearly every open woods in the Valley.

Series IV. PRATBI/I/I or ME^I^ANOSPOR^.

Vxoin pratiim, a meadow.

Spores, purple brown or dark brown. There are four genera
under this group.

72 AGARICINI.

Psalliota is not used any more as a subgenus ; since the
other subgenera are elevated to the rank of genera, the genus
Agaricus being retained in its stead.

The following genera are included under the Pratelli.

Genus XXIII. AGARICUS. Linn. Sys. Nat. 1735.

Spores dark brown-purple, dead brown, pale slate. Veil
universal, concrete with the cuticle of the pileus and fixed to
the stem, forming a ring. Gills free, rounded behind, at first
white, then pink, and lastly purple brown. There are two
species found growing in the Lehigh Valley.

A. campestris. Linn. Common mushroom.

Pileus, fleshy, convex plane, dry, silky, fioccose-squamu-
lose.

Gills, free, ventricose, flesh- colored, then brown to almost
black.

Stem, stuffed, even, white.

Ring", thick, spongy, medial.

This species is sometimes called campester in place of campestris. It
is the common mushroom which from the most ancient times has been
used for food ; out of it the numerous varieties have been cultivated.
Campestris and A. rufescens are the onl}' Agaricini that allow of being
cultivated. The young and undeveloped plants, called the buttons, are
mostly relished. The spores and gills are dark purple when ripe and
finally black. The gills are at first pink. The top of pileus dirty white
with darker scales. Some years it is rather abundant in fields and copses.

This is the Pratiola of the Italians. " May he die of a pratiola," is the
worst wish of an Italian for his enemy. It is curious that this innoxious
fungi of England and America should be poisonous in Italy, but no doubt
it is owing to the climate.

Fig. I represents a full plant. Fig. 2 represents a section of a young
plant and a developed plant.

HYPHOI^OMA PERPI.EXUM,

HYPHOLOMA. 73

A. Sylvaticus. Schaeff. Wood Agaricus.

Pileus, flesh thin, campaiuilate, then expanded, gibbous,

fibrous.

Gills, free, crowded, dry, reddish, then brown purple.

Stem, hollow, white.

Ringf, distant, thin.

Scarce in the Valley. Found specimens in Spring Creek woods, and
near Allentown.

Genus XXIV. STROPHARIUS. Fr.

Stroplios^ a sword-belt.

Hymenophore continuous with the stem. Veil annular.
Gills adnate. Corresponds with Armillaria of the white-spored
series.

S. squamosus. Fr.

Pileus, three inches broad, squamose, ochraceous, convex,
flattened, viscid when moist.

Gills, adnate, crowded, cinereous, then dark fuscous.
Stem, tubular, hollow, ferruginous below.
Scarce. Haus's Hill and in woods near Catasauqua.

S. semiglobatus. Batsch.

Pileus, from one-fourth to one-half inch broad, yellowish,
hemisphtrical, obtuse, viscous.

Gills, adnate, clouded with black.

Stem, fistulose, straight, yellowish, glutinous veil with an
incomplete ring.

Spring Creek woods.

Ge\us XXV. HYPHOI^OMA.

Veil woven into a web around the margin. Gills emargi-
nate, spores dark purple. Hymenophore continuous with the

74 AGARICINI.

stem. Veil woven into a web, which adheres to the margin of
the pileus. Pileus fleshy, margin at first incurved. Gills
adnate or sinuate. Hypholoma correspond with Tricholoma,
Entoloma, and Hebeloma.

H. perplexutn. Pk.

Pileus, convex, fleshy, expanded, light, brown with a pale
yellow margin, disk reddish.

Gills, rounded, sinuate, easily separating from the stipe,
pale yellow, greenish cinereous, finally purple brown.

Stem, subequal, firm, fibrillose, hollow, yellow reddish at
the base, light brown.

The H. fascicularis and sublateritius are almost similar
species, with very little difference, and are nearly related
species.

This is called the troublesome agaric or toadstool owing to its nearly
related character to the European H. fascicularis. During the autumn
nearly every stump is surrounded by clusters of it, and even as late as
December you can find fully developed plants. It is easily recognized
by its olive greenish gills and brownish yellow top. The young plant
has a spider-web veil. It is no doubt poisonous. I have seen no record
of its properties, and I am slow in testing its qualities.

Common on oak stumps throughout the Lehigh Valley late in fall.

H. ornella. Pk.

Pileus, convex, pale yellow, with darker scales, with a
thin veil attached to margin ; margin thick entire.

Gills, emarginate, yellowish at first, then dark purple from
the spores.

Stem, crooked, smooth, solid.

Scarce in chaparral woods. Near Cedar Creek.

H. appendiculatus. Bull.
Pileus, thin ovate, expanded, watery, when dry covered

PSILOCYBE. 75

with dry atoms, margin thin and often split, with a white veil

hanging; the color when moist is dark brown, when dry nearly

white.

Gills, adnate, crowded, white, then rosy brown.

Stem, fistulose, equal, white, fibrous, mealy at the apex.

The veiled hypholoma is common in our lawns and yards. It is of a
dull white on top of pileus, very brittle, flesh thin, gills white at first,
then violet and lastly dark with the dark purple spores. The stem is
white and hollow. It is not poisonous. In young specimens the veil
hangs from the margin of the pileus ; hence the name.

H. candolleanus. Fr.

Pielus, thin, or somewhat fleshy, conical, expanded, watery,
color same as the H. appendiculatus.

Gills, rounded behind, crowded, purple or violet, then
brown cinnamon.

Stem, hollow, straight, subfibrillose.

This is almost similar to the preceding, excepting the gills are purple
from the first. It is named after De Candolle, the great French botanist.
Common in rich lawns.

Gknus XXVI. PSIlvOCYBB. Persoon. Naked Head.

No veil. Stem cartilaginous, rigid, tubular. Pileus more
or less fleshy, smooth, the margin more or less incurved.

Psilocybe corresponds to Collybia, lycptonia, and Naucoria.
All grow on the ground.

P. foenisecii. Persoon.
Pileus, pale fuscous or brownish, convex, campanulate at
first, dry, smooth.

Gills, adnate, ventricose, fuscous, then umber.

Stem, fistulous, straight, white, pulverulent, then fuscous.

Common in grassy lawns, in profusion after summer showers. June
and July.

76 AGARICINI.

Series V. COPRINARII.

Spores black, hence the gills, which are all separate from
each other, never become purple or fuscous. The genus
Coprinus is readily distinguished by the gills cohering at first
(not separate) and by their becoming fluid, etc. Intermediate
between Agaricus and Coprinus.

Genus XXVII. PAN^OI/US.

Veil all woven, often wanting. Pileus fleshy or membra-
neous without striae. Margin exceeding the gills. Gills
ascending to top of cone.

P. separatus. Linn. Distinct, alone.

Pileus, one inch high, cylindrical, whitish, obtuse, viscous,
smooth.

Gills, adnate, separating, ascending, black.

Stem, long, tense, straight, attenuated from the thickened
base, whitish, smooth.

Ring, distant, entire.

Common in open woods. Very partial to a heap of horse manure,
deposited in open woods.

P. campanulatus. Linn. Bell.
Pileus, one inch high, and broad, fuscous, slightly fleshy,
campanulate, convex, dry, shining.

Gills, ascending, crowded, var3dng grey and black.
Stem, fistulous, tense, straight, veil, fugacious.

The bell-shaped Panseolus grows in rich ground near a dung heap.
The stipe is thin and long. Belongs to the black-spored family without
the gills deliquescing, or Coprinarii. Not edible.

P. papilionaceus. Fr.
Pileus, slightly fleshy, hemispherical, rimoso-scaly when
dry .

COPRINUS GOMATUS.

COPRINUS. 77

Gills, broad, adnate, very broad, varying tints of black.
Stem, equal, whitish, white pulverulent at apex.
Common in grassy lawns.

P. fimicola. Fr.

Pileus, campanulate, convex, obtuse, smooth, marked near

the margin with a narrow brown zone.

Gills, adnate, variegated with brown and greyish.

Stem, pale, fragile.

This is the dung agaric, growing only on dung. Common during the
summer.

Genus XXVIII. PSATHYRE)I,I,A.

Pileus membraneous, small and fragile, striated, margin not
exceeding the gills. Gills dark but not deliquescing.

P. disseminatus. Pers.

Pileus, ovate, campanulate, furfuraceous, sulcate, striated,
ochraceous at first, then white.

Gills, pinkish, adnate, cinereous, black when old.
Stem, tender, white, fistulose, pubescent at the base.

The scattered psathyrellus is a tiny little toadstool growing around trees
and stumps. It grows in clusters two to three feet in extent ; ver}^ deli-
cate. They seem to melt away as soon as picked.

In lawns near or surrounding stumps of trees.

Genus XXIX. COPRINUS. Persoon.

Hymenophore confluent with or free from the stem.
Gills membranaceous, at first closely pressed together and
cohering, at length melting away into a black fluid. Spores

78 AGARlCINt.

oval, black. Called ink mushroom. An easilj^ recognized
genus. The biological difference of gills, as compared with
the preceding genera, is very remarkable, in deliquescing to
an inky fluid.

C. comatus. Fr. From cojr.a^ hair. Shaggy maned.

Pileus, cylindrical, white, shaggy, with hair-like scales,
the darker disk remaining adherent. Margin striated.

Gills, free, ascending, broad, white, or pinkish at first,
then deliquescent into a black fluid.

Stem, hollow, with spider-web fibres within, radiate, bul-
bous when 3^oung, lilac white.

The shaggy-maned mushroom is the type of the family. It is a very
handsome plant, and easily identified by its beautiful cylindrical form
and pure white color. It never expands fulh', only as far as campanu-
late. The margin of gills are at first a beautiful pink, but finally
deliquesce into an inky fluid. Edible, delicious, and tender.

Dr. Henry B. Bashore writes to the Medical Record 2.^ follows: "Its
nutritive value is high, for it contains 25 per cent, of protoids," and calls
it a valuable addition to our food supply.

Not as common as some of our smaller coprini, such as atramentarius,
micaceus, Fr., etc.

C. atramentarius. Fr.

Pileus, fuliginous or smoky, slightly frosty, ovate, obtuse,
deeply sulcate, soft to the touch, expanded.

Gills, ascending, free, ventricose at first, cohering, whitish,
ink}^ black.

Stem, ventricose, fusiform, tapering upward, rudiment of a

ring at the base.

This species is named from the gills dissolving into an inky fluid (from
atrainentum, ink). This is one of the most common of our Corprini. It
is easily identified by the peculiar base of the stem, which has a beveled
ring where it enters the ground, dirt5'-white with darker scales. The
flesh is thin, the pileus is nearly all gills. Gills at first light, then grad-
ually becoming black. Edible.

COPRINUS. 79

C. micaceus. Fr. Mica.

Pileus, yellow, ferruginous, at length date brown ; flesh
thin, margin lobed, striated, covered with mica-like scales.

Gills, adnexed, broad, deliquescent.

Stem, hollow and soft, fibrillose, whitish, with specimens
with a strigose base.

Named from the glittering scales covering the young gills and pileus.
It generally grows in clusters in grassy lawns and on rotten stumps, has
a preference for willow stumps. It is an interesting specimen from its
peculiar manner of growth. The scales are like so many beads made of
diamonds. It sometimes grows in such thick clusters as to deform the
center specimen. It grows all summer, from early spring until late in
fall, and is recorded in every country where a record is had of fungi.

Edible ; suitable for catsup.

C. tomentosus. Fr.
Pileus, membranaceous, cylindrical, conical, striated, flocco-
tomentose, longitudinal cracked.
Gills, free, brownish black.
Stem, hollow, velvety, equal.

This is a beautiful Coprinus found in a cave cellar in our village. I
was in doubt at first about the identity of the species. The affinities
corresponded to those described by Fries as flocculosus, but after com-
paring character, it agreed sufficiently to place it with tomentosus."

The beautiful tomentose scales rub off easily and are not persistent.

In a cave cellar on the Weaver's hotel property, Trexlertown, Pa.

C. ephemerus. Fr.

Pileus, very thin, oval, subfurfuraceous, disk elevated,
even.

Gills, adnexed, distant, whitish, brown, then black, melting.

Stem, pellucid, smooth.

This is named from its transient existence, lasting only a few hours.
It may spring up in the early morning and as soon as the rays of the sun
touch it, it deliquesces into an inky fluid. When fully developed it is a
nice specimen, beautifully striated from margin to center. Grows in
well-manured grass plots.

So AGARICINI.

C. I^loydii. N. Sp.

Pileus, very thin, ovate at first, then campanulate, ex-
panded, sulcate pHcate.

Gills, Hght at first, at length dark.
Stem, fistulous, tender.

C. G. L/loyd discovered this new species south of Trexlertown, Pa.,
1898. It comes near C. ephemerus, but with characters sufi5ciently
different to make it a good species.

Genus XXX. CORTINARIUS.

This genus received the name from cortina^ a spider-web
veil, which is the principal character of the genus. It requires
a young specimen for its detection, for the veil is ver}'- delicate.
Parts of it are thickened, which are attached to the margin of
pileus and stem. The hymenophore and the gills are continu-
ous with the stem. Gills persistent, dry, changing color, last
pulverulent, with rusty spores, which drop slowly. Trama
fibrillose. Spores rusty or cla}'- color. Growing on the ground.

The veil and gills are the principal marks of distinction.
They are very different in appearance in the different stages of
growths, moist or dry. It is necessary to examine them in the
different stages.

The genus is divided into six tribes or subgenera, which
might be elevated to the rank of genus, the same as the sub-
genera of the genus Agaricus. They are :

Tribe i. Phlegmacium or Schleimkopf, which has the
pileus viscous, stem dry, veil spider-web.

Tribe 2. Myxacium (mucus). Whole plant is viscous,
pileus and stem. The stem is thickly coated with gluten, but
only when it is wet or moist ; when dry it is glossy. The
Germans call it the Schleimfuss pilze.

CORTINARIUS. 8 1

Tribe 3. Inoloma (a fibrous fringe). Pileus fleshy, dry,
silky with scales fibrous, flesh not watery. Veil simple, vStem
dry and fleshy, somewhat bulbous. Germans call it Dickfuss.

Tribe 4. Dermocybe (Skinhead, Ger. Haiitkopf). Pileus
thin and equally fleshy, at first silky with a villous down,
getting smooth w^heu older, not watery. Stem equal, elastic,
sometimes hollow. Veil single, fibrillose. Gills generally
of a bright color.

Tribe 5. Telamonia (lint). (Ger. Guertelfuss.) Pileus
moist, watery at first, smooth or sprinkled with whitish fibres,
flesh thin or becoming so abruptly at the margin. Stem annu-
late below, from the universal veil or peronate with scales,
somewhat corticate at the apex, with a partial veil.

Tribe 6. Hygrocybe (Moisthead, Ger. Wasserkopf). Pileus
smooth or only covered with white fibrils, not viscous, but
moist when fresh, changing color when dry, flesh thin, rarely
more compact at the disk. Stem rigid, not sheathed. Veil
thin, fibrillose. Gills thin.

Tribe I. Phlegmacium.

Pelicle of pileus viscid when moist or wet. Veil dry, simple,
that is, a spider-web veil from the stem to margin of pileus.

This tribe is divided into three subtribes. Two have the stem
thickened at the base and the third has an even, elastic stem.

C. (Phlegmacium) porphyropus. Fr.

Pileus, thin, flattened, first lead color, later brownish, flesh
turning to light purple when cut.

Gills, sinuate, adnexed, light purple, then cinnamon color,
with spores.

82 AGARICINI.

Stem, light brown, turns to a light purple or lilac on being
bruised, solid.
This plant was found in a thicket south of Trexlertown.

C. (Phlegmacium) caperatus. Fr.

Pileus, fleshy, ovate, expanded, obtuse, moist, incrusted
with superficial w^hite flocci, yellowish.

Gills, fixed, serrate, crowded, clay colored.

Stem, stout, even, white, squamulose at the apex from the
stout, membraneous ring.

From capero, to wrinkle, from the wrinkled condition of the pileus.
This is placed by some authors under Pholiota, but Fries had the priority
for Cortinarius. The pileus is of a pale yellow and rugose, spotted with
film like white spots.

This beautiful Cortinarius is quite common in its season, in oak groves,
growing singly on the ground.

C. (Phlegmacium) communis. Pk.

Pileus, fleshy, convex, whitish or gray, disk deeper color.
Gills, broad, emarginate, white, then ochraceous cinnamon.
Stem, straight, sometimes inclined, even, white.

This is a very common species in our Lehigh County woods. Some of
the species grow to a large size, while others are ordinary, depending on
the soil favorable for development. It belongs to the tribe Phlegmacium,
Schleimkopf of the Germans.

Found near Trexlertown. August.

C. (Phlegmacium; selaginellus. N. Sp.

Pileus, viscid, orbicular, fleshy, flesh turning purple when
cut ; epidermis brownish purple, covered with soil, margin
deflexed, never expanded, except the outside specimens.

Gills, purple from the first, broad, sinuate, rusty at last,
from the spores.

Stem, curt, emarginate, bulbous, purplish, solid, veiled
with the remainder of the purple spider-web veil,

CORTINARIUS. 83

This is rather a small species, pileus never more than two

inches broad ; stem never more than an inch high. They

grow caespitose, from ten to fifteen in a cluster, the center ones

much deformed from side pressure.

Found on Koch's Island, late in fall, along the banks of a stagnant
water pond, covered with selaginella, hence the proposed name.

C. (Phlegmacium) luteofuscus. Pk.

Pileus, fleshy, broadly convex, even, smooth, brown.

Gills, rather close, yellow, then cinnamon, deeply emargi-
nate.

Stem, equal, nearly straight, solid, silky, striate, whitish,
bulbous.

Height about four inches, breadth of pileus two inches, stem

three to four lines thick. — Peck' s Reports.

Luteofuscus {fuscus, or light brown of pileus, yellow gills). This
species is not common. I only found a few specimens. Belongs to the
series scauri, a subtribe of Phlegmacium.

C. (Phlegmacium) purpurascens. Fr.

Pileus, four to five inches broad, bay brown, viscid, spotted
when old, often depressed around the margin, which is at first
inflexed then repand, flesh wholly azure blue.

Stem, solid, thick, marginate, bulbous, blue, darker when
touched.

Gills, emarginate, crowded, blue at first then cinnamon,
violaceous blue when bruised.

In open woods throughout Pennsylvania.

C. (Phlegmacium) subpurpurascens. Fr.

Pileus, tawny-fuliginous, becoming pale, not compact,
obtuse, at length very much dilated and undulato-flexuous,
viscous, obsoletely streaked with fibrils, somewhat spotted ;
flesh soft, whitish (verv faint azure blue), unchangeable.

84 AGARICINl.

Gills, sometimes emarginate, almost free, sometimes decur-
rent, pallid, then cinnamon, becoming purple when bruised.

Stem, 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) long, 12 mm. (^ in.) thick,
at length hollow, somewhat cylindrical, marginato-bulbous at
the base, fibrillose below, naked above, smooth, slightly
striate, pale azure-blue or whitish. — Stevenson' s British Fungi.

Common in open woods.

C. (Phlegfmacium) glaucopus. Fr.
Pileus, compact, expanded, viscid, floccose squamose, flesh
yellowish.

Gills, emarginate, blue then pale, then rusty.

Stem, solid, thick, bulbous, which disappears, pale blue.

The pale blue stemmed Cortinarius. The flesh is also pale blue. It
belongs to the subtribe Scaurii, or clubfoot. Chaparral ridgewood.

C. (Phlegmacium) csenilescens. Fr.

Pileus, convex, expanded, even, viscid ; flesh soft, azure
blue ; flesh firm, not changing color when bruised.

Gills, adnate; distant, subdecurrent, violet, at length rusty,
with spores.

Stem, bulbous, solid, flbrillose from veil.

This is one of the most robust of the family. The pileus is brownish
convex. The base of stipe turbanate bulbous. The veil is pale blue.
The gills intensely blue.

Laros's schoolhouse.

Tribe II. Myxacium. Ger. Schleimfuss.
Slimy-stem Cortinarius. Pileus and stem glutinous, polished
when dry.

C. (Myxacium) collinitus. Fr.
Pileus, convex, expanded, obtuse, glutinous, purplish when
young, later brownish.

CORTINARIUS. 85

Gills, adnate, clay colored, then cinnamon.

Stem, straight, besmeared with a glutinous veil.

Common in Kuhn's woods, near Chapman's Station on the Catasauqua
& Fogelsville Railroad.

C. (Myxacium) stillatitius. Fr.
Pileus, thin, convex, subumbonate, even, viscid, yellow.
Gills, emarginate, distant, ferruginous.
Stem, hollow, soft, attenuated, covered with a blue gluten.
Bastian's woods, near Wescoesville.

Tribe III. Inoloma.

Pileus equally fleshy, dry, at first silky, with innate scales
or fibrils, flesh continuous, not hygrophanous. Veil single.
Stem, fleshy, somewhat bulbous. Species very distinct. There
are Telamonise which resemble Inolomata, but they differ from
them by having the pileus smooth, moist, then torn (whereas
the Inolomata become smooth), or by being sprinkled over
with white superficial fibrils, and by possessing a double veil. —
Stevenso7i' s British Fungi.

C. (Inoloma) violaceus. Linn.

Pileus, fleshy, obtuse, villoso-squamulose, of a deep violet
color.

Gills, broad, thick, distant, of a deep violet, becoming rusty.
Stem, bulbous, spongy, villous, internally cinereous violet.

This is an old described species. It was named by Linneus over one
hundred years ago. It is a beautiful species. The whole plant is of a
light blue or violet color. Not very abundant, grows single in open
woods.

Bastian's woods. It is recorded in all works on fungi.

86 AGARICINI.

C. (Inoloma) alboviolaceus.

Pileus, flesh}^ rather thin, convex, then expanded, some-
times broadly subumbonate, smooth, silky, whitish, tinged
with lilac or pale violet.

Gills, generally serrulate, whitish-violet, then cinnamon
color.

Stem, equal or a little tapering upward, solid, silky, white,
stained with violet, especially at the top, slightly bulbous, the
bulb gradually tapering into the stem.

Height, three to four inches, breadth of pileus two to three

inches, stem three to six lines thick. — Peck' s Reports.

The whole plant is of a light violet hue. You will often meet with it
during the Cortinarii season. It springs up not only in dry and arid
localities, but also in wet and swampy places.

C. (Inoloma) autumnalis. Pk.

Pileus, fleshy, convex or expanded, dull rusty yellow,
varigated or streaked with innate ferruginous fibrils.

Gills, rather broad, with a wide, shallow emargination.

Stem, equal, solid, firm, bulbous, u little paler than the
pileus.

Height three to four inches, breadth of pileus two to four

inches, stem six lines thick. — Peck' s Reports.

This is an American species, named by Prof. Peck autumnalis on
account of its occurring late in the season. I have found it nevertheless
early in September in a wet jungle. It is very deceiving on account of
the gills remaining pallid so long.

C. (Inoloma) iodes. B. & C.

Pileus, convex, dry, fleshy, bright violet, spotted with
alutaceus spots, which is a good character.

Gills, adnate, violet from the first, becoming rusty.

Stem, bulbous, violet, solid, streaked with fibres of the
veil.

Common in open woods. It is one of the earliest of the family.

CORTINARIUS. 87

C. (Inoloma) pulchrifolius. Pk.

Pileus, convex, expanded, silky fibrillos, whitish or red-
dish gray, the margin often white by the veil.

Gills, emarginate, distant, bright purple, and last rusty
from the spores.

Stem, solid, bulbous, fibrillose, white, often tinged with
violet, violet within.

Found specimens on Koch's Island. Not common in the Valley.

Tribe IV. Dermocybe.

Pileus thinly and equally fleshy, at first silky with somewhat
innate villous down, but becoming smooth when old, dry and
not hygrophanous. Flesh watery when moist or colored.
Stem equal or attenuated, externally more rigid, elastic or
brittle, internally stuffed or hollow. Veil single, fibrillose,
forming a zone in C. caninus. A natural group easily distin-
guished from Inolomata by the thinness and substance of the
pileus and by the stem ; and from the following tribes by
the pileus not being moist or hygrophanous, and by its short
floccose or atomate covering, its brighter color.

The species of this tribe are very changeable, and not
easily defined on account of the changeable color of the gills.
It comprehends two primary types ; first of C. anomalus with
the flesh of the pileus white, and secondly that of C. cinna--
momeus with the flesh scissle and colored. — Stevenson' s British
Fungi.

C. (Dermocybe) cinnamomeus. Fr.
Pileus, thin, obtuse, umbonate, cinnamon brown, silky
with innate yellowish fibres.

Gills, adnate, cinnamon brown.
Stem, hollow, thin, equal, veiled.

88 AGARICINI.

Named from the color of pileus, which is a cinnamon yellow, belongs
to the tribe of Dermocybe, Hautkopf of the Germans. The pileus i.s
thin in the flesh. Common in Minesite woods.

C. (Dermocybe) sanguineus. Fr.

Pileus, rather thin, convex or expanded, with decurved
margin, silky or minutel}^ squamulose, bright red.

Gills, rather close and broad, emarginate, a little darker
red than the pileus.

Stem, equal, stuffed or solid, nearly smooth, concolorous.

Height about two inches, breadth of pileus six to twelve

lines, stem one to two lines. — Peck' s Reports.

Prof. Peck determined this species as merely a variety of the C. cinna-
momeus.

Found in chaparral ridgewood, the only locality in the Lehigh Valley.

Tribe V. Telamonia.
Pileus moist, hygrophanous, at the first smooth or sprinkled
with superficial whitish fibres of the veil. Flesh thin through-
out or becoming so abruptly at the margin (not equally atten-
uated), scissile. Stem annulate below from the universal veil
or peronate with scales, somewhat cortinate at the apex, hence
the veil is somewhat double. To this tribe are referred
some species, intermediate between this and the preceding one,
on account of their double veil, the universal one forming a
slight ring, and their pileus not being silky. — Stevenson's
British Fungi.

C. (Telamonia) distans. Pk.

Pileus, thin except the disk, convex, squamulose, bay-
brown when moist, tawny when dry.

Gills, broad, distant, thick, dark cinnamon color.

Stem, subequal, often a little tapering upward, solid,
slightly fibrillose- scaly, concolorous.

HYGROPHORUS. 89

Height two to three inches, breadth of pileus one to two
inches, stem four to six Hnes thick.— Pec A-' s Report.

This is one of our earUest Cortinarii. P'ouiid in a dense underbrush
south of Trexlertown.

Tribk VI. Hygrocybe. Wasserkopf.
Pileus thin, carapanulate, convex, even, color of chestnuts.

C. (Hygrocybe) castaneus. Fr.

Chestnut Cortinarius.

Pileus, thin, campanulate, convex, even, color of chestnuts.
Gills, crowded, ventricose, violet, brown when older.
Stem, cartilaginous, hollow, even, smooth, violaceus, white,
wnth veil.

Common in moist places.

Genus XXXI. HYGROPHORUS.

The hymenium waxy or watery. This genus is known by
the watery condition of the gills. The species are not numer-
ous in our county. The eburneus, erubescens, and coccineus
are the more common.

H. pratensis. Fr.

Field or Meadow Hygrophorus.

Pileus, one to two inches broad, pale yellowish, compactly
fleshy, with an umbo, thin towards the margin, convex, almost
turbinate, from the stem being expanded upwards, even,
smooth, moist, flesh firm, white.

Gills, deeply decurrent, arcuate, distant, thick, separating
from the stem.

Stem, stuff'ed, attenuated downwards, whitish.

Common in pastures after a rainy spell.

90 AGARICINI.

H. conicus. Fr.
Pileus, fragile, flesh thin, conical, carmine when young,
smooth, viscid.

Gills, free, ventricose, 3'ellowish, waxy.
Stem, hollow, fibrillose, striated.

This is an interesting species, and easily identified by its turning black.
This is generally the first Hygrophorus to appear in spring, and crops
appear all summer.

Abundant in Albright's woods, near Trexlertown.

H. eburneus. Fr. Shining White.

Pileus, fleshy, compact, convex, plane, even, glutinous,

margin soon naked.

Gills, decurrent, distant, veined at the base, entire.

Stem, stuffed, then hollow, glutinous like the pileus, rough

at the apex, with dots in the form of scales. .
Common late in the fall. Open woods in Pennsylvania.

H. erubescens. Reddish.

Pileus, two to four inches broad, whitish, becoming red,
viscid, adpressed with squamules or becoming smooth, com-
pact, flesh white.

Gills, white, decurrent, soft, with red spots.

Stem, short, robust, equal or attenuate at the base, solid,
with red fibrils, dotted with red upwards.

Common late in fall all through the Valley.

H. coccineus. Fr.

Pileus, fragile, thin, convex, obtuse, viscid, scarlet, grow-
ing pale yellow.

Gills, adnate, with a decurrent tooth, connected by veins,
yellow.

Stem, hollow, flattened, smooth, yellow.

This species is of bright scarlet color at first, but soon turns to a light
yellow. Very fragile. Cosmopolitan,

GOMPHIDIUS. 91

H. virgineus. Fr.

Pileus, fleshy, convex, obtuse, flat on top, moist, satin
white.

Gills, decurrent, wax}^, distant, venose connected.

Stem, stuffed, attenuated towards the base, white, dilated
upwards.

Common in cemeteries and grassy fields.

H. chlorophanus.

Pileus, thin, convex, margin striated, yellow.
Gills, adnexed, waxy, ventricose, distant, whitish.
Stem, viscid when moist, yellow whitish.
Scarce in the Valley.

Genus XXXII. GOMPHIDIUS.

Hymenophore decurrent on the stem. Gills composed of a
mucilaginous membrane, scissile, continuous at the acute edge,
pruinate with the blackish fusiform spores. Veil viscoso-
floccose. Growing on the ground, fleshy, putrescent, pileus
at length turbinate ; gills decurrent, distant, soft. A small
genus, with great differences among the species, intermediate
by its habit between Cortinarius and Hygrophorus. — Steven-
son's British Fungi,

G. vinicolor. Pk.

Pileus, thick, convex, and nearly plane, viscid, dark red,
becoming black on drying.

Gills, distant, decurrent, olive brown or blackish when
mature.

Stem, subequal, smooth, solid, vinous color, paler within.

92 AGARICINI.

Spores, fusiform, .0007 to .0008 inch long and .00024 to
.0003 inch broad,

Pileus one and one-half to two inches broad.
Trexlertown cemetery, under a white pine tree, the only locality in the
Lehigh Valley.

Genus XXXIII. PAXII,I,US.

H3^menophore continuous with the stem, decurrent. Gills
membranaceous, scissile, somewhat branched and here and
there anastomosing behind, distinct from the hymenophore
and readily separating from it. Spores dingy w^hitish or ferru-
ginous. Fleshy, putresent, pileus at first with the margin
involute then continuously and gradually unfolded and dilated,
indeterminate. — Stevenson" s British Fungi.

P. involutus. Fr.

Pileus, compact, convex, plane, then depressed, moist,
becoming plane, margin involute and tomentose, brown,
becoming darker.

Gills, branched and anastomosing behind, near the stem,
easily separating from the hymenophore.

Stem, fleshy, solid, firm, thickened upwards, brown,

spotted.

This genus is named from Paxillus, small stake. This specimen was
found along the side of a mossy bank on the mountain near Macungie.

P. atrotomentoSUS. Fr. Dark Downy Paxillus.

Pileus, fleshy, convex, plane, then depressed or infundi-
buliform, granulose, margin thin, involute.

Gills, crowded, straight, branched behind, brownish.

Stem, solid, elastic, curved, ascending, clad with a dense
black velvet covering.

Scarce in the I^ehigh Valley.

RUSSUIvA A1,UTACEA.

RUSSUIvA. 93

Genus XXXIV. RUSSUlyA.

From russulus, reddish.

This genus is one of easy recognition ; but the individual
species are quite different, on account of the similarit}^ of color
and stature, which it is often difficult to properly identify. It
is an interesting genus, because it contains specimens with
beautiful coloring.

The genus contains some of the best edible fungi, while some
are very poisonous, so as to require good judgment and a
knowledge of the characters between the good and bad. The
best and safest method is first to be sure you have a Russula,
which is easy, then break a piece off the stem and taste it. If
it is acrid, that is, a burning sensation on your tongue, discard
it at once, for all poisonous Russula are acrid and all non-
poisonous ones have a mild taste.

The Pennsylvania flora of Russula is quite numerous. No
open grassy woods is without some specimens. Russula is
related to lyactarius in figure and stature, but lack the milky
juice.

There are two species peculiar to Pennsylvania recorded in
no other State — R. subdepallens, Pk., and a beautiful variety
of R. foetens, var. rubescentipies, Pk. The family has some
of the most palatable species, such as the virescens, alutacea,
integra, etc.

For the purpose of more easily identifying species, the genus
is divided into different groups. Masse divided the genus into
two groups, the acrid and the mild, or the poisonous and the
edible.

Fries made five groups, viz :

Compactae, with a compact texture and brittle.

Furcatse, with a compact texture and tough.

Rigida, pileus dry, without striae.

Heterophyllae, from a typical species.

94 AGARICINI.

Fragiles, texture soft and brittle, margin striated, with a
viscid pellicle.

R. nigricans. Bull. Dark Russula.

Pileus, two to four inches broad, dark fuscous, at length
nearly black, fleshy, flesh turning red when cut or bruised,
convex, flattened, umbilicato, depressed, margin entire.

Gills, rounded behind, slightly adnexed, thick, distant,
reddening when touched.

Stem, solid, equal, pallid when young, at length black.

Taste disagreeable, not edible. Easily identified by the black color.
Common in August and September throughout the Valley. Very
abundant in Dorney's woods near Allentown, Pa.

R. adustus. Pers. Smoky Russula.

Pileus, fuliginous, cinereous, flesh compact, margin even
and inflexed ; center depressed.

Gills, adnate, decurrent, thin, crowded, unequal, white, not
reddening when bruised.

Stem, solid, obese, of the same color as the pileus.

In appearance it is similar to R. nigricans, but differs from
it in not having the red color on being bruised.

Common in Dorney's woods near Allentown.

R. delica. Fr. Weaned Russula.

Pileus, three to four inches or more broad, fleshy through-
out, firm, umbilicate, regular, margin entire, smooth, white,
flesh firm, juiceless.

Gills, decurrent, distant, unequal, white, exuding drops of
water in wet weather.

Stem, solid, thick, short, white.

In appearance it is like unto Lactarius vellereus.

Common in open woods all through the Valley. July and August.

RUSvSULA. 95

R. sordida. Pk.

Pileus, three to five inches broad, firm, convex, then de-
pressed in center, dry. sordid white.

Gills, close, white, some few forked.

Stem, thick, equal, solid, concolor, when wounded becom-
ing at first rusty, then bluish black.

Common in open woods throughout the Valley. It has a disgusting
odor in drying.

R. furcata. Pers.

Pileus, greenish, entire, fleshy, compact, margin even,
convex, plane depressed, margin thin, at first inflexed, pellicle
separable in spots.

Gills, adnate, decurrent, rather thick, attenuated at both
ends, frequently forked, shining white.

Stem, solid, white, attenuated downwards.

Taste bitter, considered poisonous. May easily be mistaken
for R. virescens (which are edible) owing to the green color ;
but the gills are decurrent and the pellicle of the pileus is even,
not arcolated like in R. virescens.

In open woods. Frequent. July and August.

R. depallens. Pers.

Pileus, pale red, inclining to darker red, fleshy, firm, gen-
erally irregular shaped and undulated, even, the thin adnate
pellicle changing color, the spreading margin even, slightly
striated when older, flesh white.

Gills, adnexed, forked at base, often with shorter ones
mixed, white.

Stem, solid, attenuated downwards, white, becoming
cinereous when older.

Connnon in woods. July and August.

96 AGARICINI.

R. subdepallens. Pk.

Pileus, fleshy, convex, then expanded or centrally de-
pressed, margin entire at first, then tuberculate striated, blood
red, or purplish red, mottled with yellowish spots, becoming
paler, or almost white with age, often irregular, fleshy, fragile,
white, becoming cinereus wnth age, taste mild.

Gills, broad, subdistant, adnate, white, the interspaces
venose.

Stem, stout, solid, spongy.

Spores, white, globose, rough, size .0003 inch broad.

Closely related to R. depallens, from which it differs in

having the margin striated, and pileus being spotted at first,

the gills more distant.

This species was discovered by myself some years ago, near Trexler-
town, under a hickory tree. It has returned every season from June to
November. Peck's new species, copied from Torrey Botanical Club, 1896.

R. lactea. Fr. Milky Russula.

Pileus, convex, campanulate, often excentric, dry, without
a viscid pellicle, cracked when old, margin straight, even,
obtuse, milk white at first, then tan white, throughout com-
pactly fleshy, flesh white.

Gills, free, very broad, thick, distant, forked white.

Stem, solid, compact at first, then spongy, always pure
white.

Chaparral wood.

R. virescens. Fr. The Green Russula.

Pileus, orbicular, from three to four inches broad, innate
flocculose. The prominent color is greenish, w^ith a faint tinge
of yellow towards the margin ; umbilicate when full grown ;
margin not always entire, as the European description gives it.
But more frequently slightly striated.

RUSSULA. 97

Gills, pure white, free from the stipe, unequal.

Stem, white, spongy, thick, erect.

This a common Russula in the Lehigh Valley woods in the proper and
favorable seasons. Taste mild and nutty ; so much so that squirrels are
very fond of them. You can often meet with specimens where they were
gnawed by those little hungry animals, interfering largely with gathering
specimens. These animals are good testers to tell the difference between
the acrid and poisonous and the mild species of Russula.

R. lepida. Fr. Neat Russula.

Pileus, blood red, becoming pale whitish on the disk, con-
vex, expanded, scarcely depressed, margin even, obtuse, dry.

Gills, rounded behind, rather thick, crowded, connected by
veins, often red at the edge.

Stem, thick, even, white or rose color.

This is one of our handsomest species of the group. Common in all
open woods in the Valley.

R. rubra. Fr. Red Russula.

Pileus, unicolor, cinnabar red, becoming pale when old,
dry, without a movable pellicle, compact, convex, then flat-
tened, here and there depressed, often rivuloso-rimose, margin
obtuse, even, flesh white, reddish under the cuticle.

Gills, adnate, crowded, whitish, then yellowish.

Stem, solid, even varying white and red.

Very acrid ; poisonous. Not very common ; now and then you will
meet with scattered specimens.

R. fiavida. Pk. Yellow Russula.

Pileus, broad, fleshy, convex, yellow, becoming pale with
age, flesh white, margin even, then tuberculate striate.

Gills, white, simple, broad in front, adnately interveined.

Stem, yellow, smooth, thick, short, equal, tapering up-
wards, solid.

Taste mild. In grassy open w^oods. Chaparral woods.

98 AGARICINI.

R. heterophylla. Fr. Unequal-gilled Russula.

Pileus, variable in color, but never reddish or purple,
fleshy, firm, convex plane, with a thin pellicle, which disap-
pears, margin thin, even, or slightly striated.

Gills, reaching the stem in an attenuated form, very narrow,
crowded, forked and dimidiate, white.

Stem, firm, solid, even, shining white.

Taste mild. In woods, especially on clayey slopes. Lehigh Valley.
Edible ; mild to the taste.

R. cyanoxanthus. SchafT. Bluish Yellow Russula.

Pileus, lilac or purplish, then greenish, disk yellowish,
margin blue or purple, convex, then plane, depressed in center,
pellicle viscid, margin deflexed, remotely striated, flesh firm.

Gills, rounded behind, connected by veins, forked, white.

Stem, solid, spongy, stuffed, often cavernous, equal, white.

Mild. Common in woods near Cedar Fountain Creek.

R. foetens.

Pileus, dirty white or yellowish, flesh thin, bullate, ball-
like, then expanded, covered with a pellicle which is adnate,
viscid in wet weather, margin with ribs, which are at length
tuberculate.

Gills, adnexed, connected by veins, with many dimidiate,
whitish.

Stem, stout, stuffed, then hollow, concolor.

Acrid, poisonous. Odor fetid, sickening. Not very common in the
Valley. Common in chaparral woods.

Var. rubescentipes. Pk.

This is a beautiful variety found in an open woods under
oak trees. It is of a beautiful red tint, especially the stem.
Prof. Peck determined it and named it as above.

RUSSULA. 99

R. emetica. Fr. Emetic Russula.

Pileus, fleshy, expanded, polished, shining ; margin
obtuse, at length sulcate ; flesh white beneath the reddish
viscid cuticle ; rose red, yellow red, or even purple.

Gills, free, equal, broad, somewhat distant, white, and
remaining white.

Stem, rugulose, firm, solid, white, or tinged with red.

Acrid ; very poisonous. Rare in Lehigh County.

This is a beautiful Russula — " a wolf in sheep's clothing." Of a beau-
tiful red at first on top with a movable pellicle. Gills a pure white and
of one length. Stipe pure white.

The whole plant has an innocent appearance, and yet is very poisonous.
It has a different physiological modus operandi than the poisonous
Amanita. The alkaloid is quicker and is more of a local irritant.

A good account of the properties of this poisonous Russula can be found
in Lenz's "Schaenmie," 6te Auflage von Dr. O. Wuensche, Gotha.

" Im August, 1760, fuegte es sich, das meine Koechin zu Triest rothe
Taeub inge (Russula) nach Hause brachte, welche sie auf Anrathen als
gute und schmackhafte Schwaemme gekauft hatte. Sie wurdenmit Oel,
Salz und Pfeffer zubereited. Eine Viertelstunde darauf ueberfiel mich
ploetzlich eine grosse Schwaeche und Beschwerlichkeit, Beaengstigung
des Magens, die immer staerker wurde ; zwang mich vom Tische aufzu-
stehen, am offenen Fenster frische Luft zu Schoepfen und mich durch
selbe zu erholen. Bald wurde ich mit einem starken Schwindel einge-
nommen — bald mit heftigem erbrechen ohne unterlass."

R. fragilis. Fr. Tender Russula.
Pileus, thin, fragile, plane, depressed, cuticle thin, becom-
ing pale, viscid, margin tuberculate, striate.
Gills, thin, ventricose, white.
Stem, stuffed, hollow, shinning.

Acrid. Poisonous. Abundant in some of our woods. Sometimes it is
mistaken for a small R. emetica.

R. Integra. Entire Russula.
Pileus, fleshy, expanded, with a viscid cuticle ; growing
pale ; margin thin, at length sulcate and tuberculate.

lOO AGARICINI.

Gills, nearly free, broad, equal, distant, white, then pallid,

powdered with the yellow spores.

Stem, spongy, even, ventricose, white.

Taste mild, edible.

This is a very confusing Russula, on account of it assuming so many
different colors. I was often deceived with it at first.

R. nitida. Fr. Shining Russula.

Pileus, somewhat fleshy, becoming rigid, convex plane,
margin tuberculate striate ; flesh white.

Gills, adnexed, crowded, white, then yellow.
Stem, stuffed, soft, white, growing pallid.
Acrid, nauseous, poisonous.
Common along roadsides throughout the Valley.

R. atropurpurea. Pk.

Pileus, at first convex, then centrally depressed, glabrous,
dark purple, blackish in the center, the margin even or slightly
striate, flesh white, grajdsh or grayish-purple under the
separable pellicle, taste mild, odor of the drying plant fetid,
very unpleasant.

Gills, nearly equal, subdistant, sometimes forked near the
stem, at first white, then yellowish, becoming brownish where
bruised.

Stem, equal, glabrous, spongy within, white, brownish
where bruised.

Spores, subglobose, minutely rough, pale ochraceous with
a salmon tint, .0003 to .0004 inch long.

Pileus three to four inches broad ; stem two to three inches
long, five to eight lines thick.

Found a number of specimens in Dorney's woods near Allentown.
Determined by Prof. C. H. Peck. Mild.

iACTARIUS. lOI

R. alutacea. Fr. Tan colored Russula.

Pileus, fleshy, expanded, with a viscid cuticle, growing
pale; margin thin, tuberculate-striate ; flesh white, pileus
flesh color to tan color.

Gills, ventricose, free, connected with veins, equal, yellow,
ochraceous.

Stem, blunt, surface longitudinal wrinkled, spongy within,
white, sometimes yellow.

Taste mild, edible.

Common in open woods. You can get specimens almost in every
woods after a rainy spell. June and July.

R. pectinata. Fr.

Pileus, convex, fragile, with a viscid pellicle, dirty white
or ochraceous, margin spreading, with fine striation or sulcate
striate, lastly tuberculous striate.

Gills, equal, light yellow, adnate.

Stem, straight, spongy, then more or less hollow, even,
smooth.

The specific name is iroxn. peden, a comb, from the strite at the margin
being like the tooth of a comb. This species is generally found along
the roadside in fence corners. It is not a gay species ; the color is a
dirty yellow or brownish.

Genus XXXV. I^ACTARIUS.

Hymenophore continuous with the stem. Veil none,
except in some species the margin of pileus is bearded, Pileus
fleshy, of a vesiculose nature, generally depressed in the center.
Margin at first involute. Stem fleshy, often hollow when old,
gills milky, in nearly all the species the milk is at first white,
changing to sulphur yellow, red or violet on exposure to the
air, decurrent, with an acute edge ; trama subversiculose.

I02 AGARICINI.

Spores white or yellowish, globose or elliptical. The milk
agarics are an easily recognized family from the milky juice
they contain, their shape and texture. The Russula is the
only famil}^ that might be mistaken for a milk agaric, but the
juice at once proves its place.

The pileus in some species is beautifully zoned, a good mark
for a specific distinction. The stem is short and thick, smooth
and even. Several species are edible, while others are acrid
and more or less poisonous, but I never heard of a case of
poisoning from this family. The reason is that the poisonous
species are too peppery to be eaten, and 3'et one of the most
acrid is now said to be edible.

I/, uvidus. Fr. Moist Lactarius.

Pileus, at first convex, two to three inches broad, fleshy,
depressed, somewhat zoned, viscid when wet, pale, rusty,
cinereous, with a shade of lilac, speckled with small watery
spots.

Gills, paler than pileus, decurrent, the short ones very
obtuse, and truncate behind, connected by veins.

Stem, two inches high, one-fourth to one-half inch thick,
spongy, at length hollow, strigose at the base, the whole plant
white when cut, turning to a beautiful lilac.

Scarce throughout the Valley. Growing in moist localities.

ly. SCrobiculatUS. Fr. Spotted-stem Lactarius.

Pileus, convex, centrally depressed, viscid when moist,
reddish yellow, the margin at first involute, spreading tomen-
tose.

Gills, adnate or slightly decurrent, whitish.

Stem, equal, hollow, adorned by pits of a darker color.

Spores, white, juice white, then yellowish.

LACTARIUS. 103

From scrobis, a trench, from the pitted stem. This is a beautiful plant
with a yellowish hue. Not very abundant. Found on the Lehigh
Mountain near Macungie.

]v. piperatus. Fr. Peppery.

Pileus, compact, convex, umbilicate, then expanded and
infundibnliforni, even, glabrous, white.

Gills, narrow, close, like a fine-tooth comb, adnate, decur-
rent, white or cream color.

Stem, white, solid, compact, glabrous, milk white.

This species can be found in its season, almost in any open woods in
the Valley. Easily identified by the peppery taste and narrow gills.

ly. vellereus.

Pileus, white, compact, umbilicate or convex, tomentose,
zoneless ; margin at first inflexed, then reflexed tomentose.
Gills, distant, white, arcuate.
Stem, blunt, solid, pubescent, milk white.
Spores, .00019 x .00034 inch.

From velliis, fleece, on account of the wooly margin.

The color is nearly white. The margin involute at first, then expanded
and depressed in the center. Too acrid for esculent purposes.
Cosmopolitan.

I/, indigo. Schw.
Pileus, convex, plane, depressed in the center, margin
straight, flesh blue and compact.

Gills, decurrent, intensely blue, distant.

Stem., solid, curt, tapering downwards, blue when cut, even.

This beautiful species is rare in our Valley. Found it only in Dorney's
woods near AUentown, Pa.

I/. Gerardii. Pk.
Pileus, fleshy, flat, dry, buff brown ; flesh white, not
changing color when cut.

I04 AGARICINI.

Gills, decurrent, white, acute, very distinct, interveined,
veins conspicuous.

Stem, solid, concolor, with the pileus often crooked, taper-
ing downward.

Common in chaparral woods.

I/, atroviride. Pk.

The Dark-green Lactarius.

Pileus, convex, plane depressed in center, with an adherent
pellicle, greenish, with darker scales, margin involute.
Gills, slightl}^ decurrent, broad, distant.
Stem, short, dark, scaly.
Milk, white.
This species is not common, growing in open woods near Allentown.

I/, serifluus. Watery Milk Lactarius.

Pileus, fleshy, depressed in center, dry, smooth, brown,
margin thin.

Gills, crowded, light brown, turning yellowish.

Stem, solid, equal, paler than the pileus.

Common in open woods near chaparral. Alvin Bastian's woods.

I/, fulig-inosus. Fr. Dingy Lactarius.

Pileus, fleshy, soft, depressed, obtuse, dry, zoneless, at
first clouded, with a dingy bloom, then naked, cinereous, tan
colored, flesh when cut changing to salmon color.

Gills, tan colored, crowded, rather distant.

Stem, spongy, concolor, with pileus.

Milk white at first, then yellowish. Pileus from two to three
inches broad.

Common in open woods. Chaparral woods.

LACTARIUS. 105

I^. volemus. Fr.

Pileus, compact, rigid, plane depressed, obtuse, dry,
golden tawny, at length riraoso-rivulose.

Gills, crowded, white, then yellow.

Stem, solid, hard, blunt, pruinose, generally curved like a
pear stem.

From volema pira, a kind of a pear, from shape of stem. This is a
very common species, of a beautiful rich brown. Milk white. Very
abundant and mild. Edible.

I/, corrugis. Pk.

Pileus, convex, plane, expanded, corrugated, dry, bay

brown ; margin at first involute.

Gills, adnexed, broad, yellowish.

Stem, curt, concolor with the pileus.

The corrugated Lactarius. In appearance it is ahnost similar to L.
volemus but differs by the wrinkled pileus ; lighter in color and larger
in size.

ly. subdulcis. Fr.

Pileus, thin, papillate, convex, then depressed and polished,
even, zoneless, rufous- cinnamon.

Gills, fragile, rufous, crowded adnate.

Stem, stuffed, then hollow, equal, slightly contracted at

the apex, pruinose, rufous.

The subsweet lactarius is one of our common fungi. It makes its
appearance early in the season and lasts until late in fall. It is not of a
large size, of dull brown color, with a contracted stipe at apex. The
milk is not abundant. Edible. Cosmopolitan.

I/, camphoratus. Fr.

Pileus, fleshy, rather thin, depressed, dry, lightly zoned in
color, smooth, brownish-red.

Gills, crowded, yellowish, red, adnate.

I06 AGARICINI.

Stem, stuffed, subundulate, of same color, mild, white.

This has a wrong name, for the odor is not like camphor ; more like
melilot. Scarce in woods near Allentown.

I/, mitissimus. Fr.

Pileus, small, tawny, one to three inches broad, zoneless,
flesh thin, convex, papillate, depressed around the papillae,
even, smooth ; flesh pallid, dry.

Gills, adnate, decurrent by the depressed pileus.

Stem, elongated, stuffed then hollow, even, smooth, same

color as pileus.

This small L/actarius grows abundantly in open woods, late in fall. I
at first took it to be a small L,. subdulcis.

Genus XXXVI. CANTHAR^I/I/US. Adans.

Hymenophore continuous with the stem, descending
unchanged into the trama. Gills thick, fleshy-waxy, fold-like,
somewhat branched, obtuse at the edge. Spores white. Fleshy,
membranaceous, putrescent fungi, without a veil.

The distinguishing character of the genus consists in the
fold-like gills. The Mesopodes commonly grow on the
ground ; the rest commonly on mosses, ver}' rarely on wood.
Intermediate between Agaricus and Craterellus. Some are
edible, others reckoned poisonous. — Stevenson's British Fungi.

C. cibarius. Fr.

Pileus, fleshy, flesh white, smooth, at first repand then
turbinate or top-shaped.

Gills, thick, distant, of the same color.

Stem, attenuated downwards, smooth, tough, yellow,
diffused into the pileus.

CANTHAREI.I.US CIBARIUS.

CANTHARELLUS. 107

From cibaria, food. Egg yellow, from which the Germans call it
Eierpilz. The smell is like that of ripe apricots. It is one of the most
delicious dishes.

Cook says of it : " The cantharelle has a most charming and enticing
appearance and odor. It is universally eaten in all countries where it is
found. In England it is served at the Free Mason Tavern on State occa-
sions." Trattennick says: " Not only this same fungus never did any
one harrfl, but might even restore the dead."

It is common in our woods, growing in groups, during the rainy season
of August and September. Cosmopolitan.

C. aurantiacus. Fr.

Pileus, fleshy, soft, depressed, tomentose, orange color,
margin thin, involute.

Gills, dichotomous, crowded, dark orange.

Stem, solid at first, then hollow, crooked, unequal, lighter

in color than the pileus.

From aiirantiactis , orange yellow. This is often mistaken for the
cibarius. The distinguishing mark is the odor and the gills or folds.
Also this plant is more slender. This is poisonous and ought to be
distinguished. Cosmopolitan.

C. infundibuliformis. Fr. Funnel-shaped Cantharelle.

Pileus, thin, umbilicate, then funnel-shaped, flocco ochra-
ceous.

Gills, thick, distant, dichotomous, yellowish.

Stem, dilated upwards, thin in the middle, and thickened

at the base.

The funnel-shaped cantharelle is not common. Found specimens in
woods near AUentown.

C. umbonatus. Fr.
Pileus, fleshy, thin, umbonate, then depressed, flocculose,
dark cinereous.

Gills, straight, crowded, light color.

Stem, stuffed, elastic, villous at the base, cinereous.

Io8 AGARICINI.

This is Prof. Peck's C. dichotomus in his Twenty-third Report ; he
was not sTtisfied at that time of the identity, but he now considers it the
same as Fries's umbonatus on account of the prominent boss on the
pileus. The pileus is of a steel blue, the folds of the hymenium are
branched, from which character Peck had named it dichotomus.

It lives along mossy banks. The specimens were found in Stephen's
woods, near Hartzell schoolhouse.

C. minor. Pk. Small Cantharelle.

Pileus, fleshy, thin, convex, then expanded, often umbili-
cate or centrally depressed, glabrous, yellow, flesh pale yellow.

Gills, narrow, distant, sparingly branched, yellow.

Stem, slender, subflexous, subequal, smooth, stuffed or
hollow, yellow, with a whitish mycelium at base.

Spores, subelliptical, .00025 to .0003 inch long, .00016 to
.0002 inch broad.

Plant gregarious or subcaespitose, one to one and one-fifth

inches high, pileus six to twelve lines broad, stem one to two

lines thick. — Peck' s Reports.

Common on clay bank in open woods in the Valley. On Koch's Island
and Dorney's woods near AUentown.

Gknus XXXVII. NYCTAI^IS. Kr.

Veil universal, floccoso-pruinose, subgelatinous.

N. asterophora. Fr. Star-bearing Nyctalis.

Pileus, small, barely a half-inch in diameter, convex,
conical, flocco-pruinose.

Gills, often wanting ; if present, adnate, distant, white,
forked.

Stem, stuffed, pruinose, brownish.

The only specimen of this species was found near Cedar Creek. Para-
sitic on Russula nigricans.

MARASMIUS. 109

Genus XXXVIII. MARASMIUS. Fr.

Spores white, subelliptical ; pileus tough, fleshy, or membra-
naceous ; stem central and confluent with the hymenophore,
but of a different texture ; gills thick, tough, generally dis-
tant. Growing on decayed leaves, or root of grapes. This is
the first genus of the nonputrescent fleshy Agarics. The prin-
cipal diagnostic character is the reviving of shrivelled and dry
specimens on the application of moisture. They are in form
nearly related to the genus Collybia. The Lehigh Valley con-
tains a number of good species,

M. oreades. Fr. Fairy Ring Champignon.

Pileus, fleshy, umbonate, convex, smooth, alutaceous, pale.

Gills, free, broad, distant, cream color.

Stem, solid, equal, naked, with a villous coating, pallid,

base naked.

This is not as common as many other species of the fleshy
fungi.

The name Fairy Ring is derived from its manner of growing in circles,
or part of circles. The}' seldom form a complete circle in our Lehigh
Valley, The first appearance is as early as the beginning of June, when
only a few are found. And new ones appear and the old ones revive,
until quite a circle is formed again in September. The rings are formed
from the excessive growth of the grass, from the fertilizing effect of the
decay of the previous year's growth.

M. C. Cooke, in his "British Fungi," says: "That these fairy-rings
were the nightly haunts, dancing-grounds, of fairy folks was a general
belief before the existence of these little people came to be doubted,"
One old author writes : " They had always fine music among themselves,
and danced in a moonshiny night around or in a ring, as one may see
at this day upon every common in England where mushrooms grow,"

The Rev, Gerard Smith thus describes the general character of those

rings on the grass :

" The nimble elves

That do by moonshine green sour ringlets make,

Whereof the ewe bites not ; whose pastime 'tis

To make these midnight mushrooms."

no AGARICINI.

Rev. M. J. Berkeley says of the Fairy Ring Champignon : "When of
good size, and quickly grown, they are the best of all fungi for the table."

M. semihirtipes. Pk.

Pileus, thin, tough, nearly plane or depressed, smooth,
sometimes striate on the margin, hygrophanous, reddish-brown
when moist, alutaceous when dry, the disk sometimes darker.

Gills, subdistant, reaching the stem, slightly venose-con-
nected, subcrenulate on the edge, white.

Stem, equal, even or finely striate, hollow, smooth above,
velvety-tomentose toward the base, reddish-brown.

Plant gregarious, inodorous, one to two inches high, pileus
six to nine lines broad, stem one-fifth line thick. — Peck' s Reports,

Common on nut shells under hickory trees.

M. longipes. Pk.

Pileus, thin, convex, smooth, finely striate on the margin,
tawny red.

Gills, not crowded, attached, white.

Stem, tall, straight, equal, hollow, pruinose-tomentose,
radicating, brown or fawn color, white at the top.

Plant two to five inches high, pileus four to six lines broad,
stem one-fifth line thick.

Common on leaves in open woods.

M. nigripes. Schw.

Pileus, membranaceous, campanulate, umbonate, striate,
somewhat pellucid, pure white.

Gills, adnate, arcuate, rather broad, pure white, growing
pale.

Stem, somewhat bulbous, black, white farinose. — Mor-
gan's Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio.

Common in an underbrush south of Trexlertown, Lehigh County, Pa.

MARASMIUS. 1 1 1

M. impudicus. Fr.

Pileus, sligbtl}' fleshy, tough, convex plane, then depressed;
margin at length striate, plicate brownish, growing pale.
Gills, free, ventricose, flesh color, then whitish.
Stem, fistulose, purplish, velvety everywhere, base naked,

rooting.

Scarce in the Valley. Odor very offensive.

M. campanulatus.

Pileus, membranaceous or campanulate, dry, smooth, radi-
ate-sulcate, ochraceous-red, the disk a little darker.

Gills, few, distant, broad, narrowed toward the stem, free
or slightly attached, whitish.

Stem, tough, smooth, shining, blackish-brown, hollow.

Height one to two inches, breadth of pileus three to six lines.

Common in open woods and grass plots. Pink form growing in a
number of localities in the Lehigh Valley.

M. rotula. Fr.

Pileus, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) broad, whitish, unicolorous, or
with the umbilicus becoming fuscous, arid, membranaceous,
slightly convex, umbilicate, plicate, undulato-crenulated at the
margin.

Gills, adiiate behind to a collar encircling the stem but
removed from it, broad, few (often equal), very distant, white.

Common in lawns.

M. saccharinus. Fr.

Pileus, wholly white, membranaceous, convex, somewhat
papillate, smooth, sulcate and plicate.

Gills, broadly adnate, narrow, thick, very distant, reticu-
lato-united, whitish.

Stem, very thin, filiform or attenuated upwards, flocculose,

then becoming smooth, inserted obliquely, reddish, pale at the
apex.

On dry twigs of oak throughout the Valley.

112 AGARICINI.

Genus XXXIX. I^ENTINUS. Fr.

Lentus, tough or pliant.

This genus is characterized by the fleshy and leathery
structure, and the edge of gills serrated or torn in a toothed
manner. Spores white, orbicular. Nearly all grow on wood.
A very natural genus, 3'et very polymorphic.

If. tigrinus. Tiger-spotted Lentinus.

Pileus, fleshy coriaceous, orbicular, umbilicate, whitish,
clothed with innate scales.

Gills, attenuated, narrow, decurrent, toothed, white, then
yellowish.

Stem, thin in proportion to the cap, squamulose, with a
decided veil.

Not very abundant. Specimens were found on rotten logs at East
Penn Junction, near Allentown.

ly. lepidius. Fr.

Pileus, fleshy, compact, convex, then depressed, unequal,
broken up into darker scales.

Gills, sinuate, decurrent, broad, torn, transversely striated,
whitish.

Stem, stout, tomentose scaly, often crooked.

Common on railroad ties on the Catasauqua & Fogelsville Railroad.

The pileus is beautifully scaled, ochraceous, brown, irregular, excentric.
Stem is tomentose scaly. Some grow to an immense size. Fries men-
tions a specimen found which was more than two feet in height, growing
from a dense leathery stratum which covered yards of wood, from which
grew here and there an infundibuliform pileii.

I/, umbilicatus. Pk.
Pileus, umbilicate, dry, tough, bay brown.
Gills, arctuate, broad, strongly serrate, distant.
Stem, even, bent according to the attachment to the wood.
The umbilicate Lentinus is common on rotten oak limbs throughout
the Valley. It appears late in fall.

PANUS. 113

If, strigosus.

Pileus, bay brown, strigose, depressed in the center ;
margin involute, and strongly strigose, tough, leathery.
Gills, decurrent, edge torn, white at first, then brown.
Stem, curt, strigose, excentric, concolor.
Not very common ; found it on oak stumps throughout the Valley.

Genus XL. PANUS.
A name given to an arboreal fungus by Pliny. Fleshy and
pliant, same as lycntinus, onl}' the edge of gills are entire.

P. Strig-OSUS. B. & C. Hairy Panus.

Pileus, eight inches broad, excentric, covered with coarse

strigose hair, margin thin, white.

Gills, broad, distant, decurrent, straw color.

Stem, stout, two to four inches long, strigose like the pileus.

It is recorded as growing on oak stumps, but I have always found it on
decayed spots on apple trees.

P. Isevis. B. & C. Light Panus.

Pileus, three inches, orbicular, depressed, white, covered
with a dense mat of hair, margin infiexed and marked by
triangular ridges.

Gills, broad, entire, decurrent.

Stem, attenuated upwards, excentric, lateral, solid, strigose
below, spores white.

Scarce ; found specimens on locust trees.

P. salicinus. Pk.
Pileus, one-fourth to one-half inch broad, firm, thin,
deflexed, hygrophanous, minutely farinaceo-tomentose, pinkish
^rey,

114 AGARICINI.

Gills, moderately close, converging to an excentric point,
dark ferruginous.

Stem, very short or obsolete, obliquely attached to the

vertex of pileus.

An interesting specimen growing on willow limbs. When dry and
shriveled it will revive on the application of moisture. In a jungle near
Trexlertown.

P. stipticus. Fr.

Pileus, coriaceous, reniform, cinnamon, growing pale;
cuticle breaking up into mealy scales.

Gills, determinate, thin, crowded, connected by veins, cin-
namon.

Stem, lateral, short.

Common on old logs and stumps all through the Valley. Scarcely one
inch broad.

The name stipticus is from the taste, astringent. Poisonous.

Genus XLI. I^BN^ITBS.
Spores white, pileus coriaceous, dimidiate, sessile. Gills
coriaceous, firm, unequal, branclied, edge obtuse.

3y. betulina. Fr.

Pileus, corky and coriaceous, firm, zoned, tomentose, pallid,

margin of same color as the different shades of the pileus.

Gills, straight, somewhat branched, pallid.

Stem, none.

There is no hard fungi as common on stumps as this one. It is a
beautiful sight to see a stump ornamented with it.

If. vialis. Pk.
Pileus, corky, almost woody, firm, zoned.
Gills, thick, firm, serpentine.
Stem, none.
Common on hemlock timber.

schizophyllum. 1 1 5

Genus XLII. SCHI^OPHY3vI,UM.

Pileus fleshless, arid. Gills coriaceous, fan-wise branched,
united above by the tomentose pellicle, bifid, split longi-
tudinally at the edge. Spores somewhat round, white.

The two lips of the split edge of the gills are commonly
revolute. The farthest removed of all the Agaricini from the
type. Growing on wood. — Stevenson' s British Fungi.

S. commune. Fr.

Pileus, adnate behind, somewhat extended, simple, and
lobed.

Gills, grey, then brownish purple.
Stem, none, or merely a trace of it.

From C07nniu7iis ^ common. This deserves well the name, since there
is no more common species to be found. Almost on any decayed piece
of wood specimens can be found growing. It has a peculiar liking for
ailanthus.

Easily known by the gills being double and split by coiling revolute.
It can be found all the year round, summer and winter. Cosmopolitan.

Order II. POI^YPORBI.

Hymenium spread on the inside of tubes or pores, which are
sometimes broken up into teeth or concentric plates. At first
the tubes are merely circular ridges, but finally extend into
tubes.

The following genera are included under this natural
order, viz:
B01.ETINUS. — Tubes not easily separable from hymenophore,

and with a radiating structure.
Strobilomyces. — Tubes not easily separable from hymeno-
phore, and without a radiating structure.
Boletus. — Tubes easily separable from the hymenophore and

from each other.
PoLYPORUS. — Trama (tube partition) dissimilar in substance

from the hymenophore.
TrameTES. — Trama similar in substance and color with

hymenophore.
D^DALEA. — Tubes labyrinthiform, ligneous.
Merulius. — Tubes incomplete, shallow sinuous folds, plant

waxy.
PoROTHELiUM. — Hymenium papillose and submembranaceous.

No specimens discovered in the Lehigh Valley.
FisTULiNA. — Hymenium at first papillose, papillae at length

elongated and forming tubes ; plant fleshy.

Genus XLIH. BOI^BTINUS. Kalch.
This genus was founded by Kalchbrenner on the characters
of Boletus cavipes as a type, viz : Hymenium not even, but
extended into the tubes. Tubes not easily separable from the
hymenophore and from each other and with a radiating
structure. 116

STROBII^OMYCES STROBIL,ACEUS.

STROBILOMYCES. II7

It is a question whether we have any species of the Boletinus
growing in our Lehigh Valley in Pennsylvania. Some years
ago I found a specimen which I considered Boletinus poroso,
but after comparing it with exchange specimens I found that I
had been mistaken — so I have none to record for the present.
The identification of the different species of Boleti is trouble-
some. Fries himself admitted that no genus gave him as much
trouble as the genus Boletus.

Gknus XLIV. STROBII^OMYCES. Berk.

Hymenophore even, tubes not easily separable from it ;
large, equal. Pileus and stem distinctly squarrose, squamose,
flesh tough.

S. strobilaceus. Berk.

Pileus, convex, rough with dark umber scales, two to
three inches broad, margin veiled, flesh white, changing to red.

Tubes, adnate, white, angular, changing to red when
bruised.

Stem, tapering upwards, sulcate at the apex, floccose-

tomentose.

Spores, dark brown, .0004 to .0005 inch.
Common in all our open woods.

S. floccopUS. Vahl.

Pileus, convex, pulvinate, covered with an sereolate fascicu-
late-squarrose, squamose tomentum, cinereous, at length
blackish, margin veiled.

Tubes, large, grayish, depressed around the stem.

Stem, stout, lacunose above, umber-tomentose below, four
to five inches long.

Spores, globose, brown, .00036 inch broad.

Il8 POLYPOREI.

According to Prof. Peck, the New York species differ only
in the depressed tubes in the latter.

Equally conimon in our Lehigh Valley. Supposed to be edible ; it has
quite an agreeable nutty flavor when fresh.

Genus XLV. BOIyBTUS. Dill.

Hymenium composed of easily separating tubes, distinct and
easily separable from the hymenophore. Terrestrial, fleshy,
putrescent, centrally stipitate fungi.

Species of the Lehigh Valley Boleti are included under the
following heads or groups :

1. Luridi. — Tubes yellowish, with reddish brown mouth.

2. Viscipelles. — Pileus viscid, tubes adnate to the stipe.

3. Subtomentosi. — Tubes adnate, pileus dry and tomentose.

4. Subpruinosi. — Pileus glabrous, tubes adnate.

5. Edules. — Tubes free, stuffed when young.

6. Calopodes. — Tubes adnate, stem beautifully veined.

7. Hyporhodii. — Tubes becoming flesh colored from the
spore.

8. Versipelles. — Tubes free, whitish at first, veiled.

9. Cariosa. — Tubes white at first, then yellowish. Stem
excavated, and not reticulated.

Group I. Viscipelles.

Pileus viscid, stem solid, tubes adnate, of one color.

B. Spectabilis. Pk. Showy Boletus.

Pileus, convex, at first covered with a red tomentum, then
squamose, viscid when moist, red, flesh pale yellow.

Tubes, at first yellow and concealed b}' the veil, orifices
angular, adnate.

BOI^ETUS SPECTABILIS.

BOLETUS. 119

Stem, equal, annulate, yellow above the annulus, red or

red with ^^ellow stains below.

Pileus two to five inches broad.

There are several locaHties in the Valley where it is quite common in
its season, during August and September. Minesite woods is the best
place to look for it.

B. subluteus. Pk. The Yellow Boletus.

Pileus, convex plane, viscid when moist, often obscurely
virgate spotted, dingy yellow, inclining to ferruginous brown,
flesh whitish to yellow.

Tubes, plane or convex, adnate, small, subrotund, yellow,
becoming ochraceous.

Stem, slender, pallid or yellowish, dotted above and below

the annulus with reddish glandules, annulus membranaceous,

glutinous, collapsing, forming a narrow band around the
stem.

Spores, subfusiform, ochraceo-ferruginous, .0003 to .0004

inch long, .00016 to .0002 broad.

Pileus one and one-fifth to three inches broad.

The yellow Boletus is not common with us, but occasionally it is found
in mixed woods of pines and chestnuts.

B. Americanus. Pk.

Pileus, thin, convex, plane, very seldom umbonate, vivScid
when moist, slightly tomentose when young, soon glabrous,
sometimes vaguely dotted or streaked with bright red, flesh
pale yellow, pinkish gray on exposure to the air.

Tubes, plane or convex, adnate, large, angular, pale yellow,
becoming sordid ochraceous.

Stem, slender, never more than four lines thick, not at all
annulate, yellow, brownish toward the base, marked with
numerous brownish dots.

Spores, fusiform .00035 to .00045 inch long by .00016 to
.0002 inch broad.

I20 POLYPORKI.

This is quite common in our Valley. Wherever there are white pine
trees you will almost be sure to find the B. Americanus in their proper
season.

B. inflexus. Pk.

PiletlS, convex, compact, covered with a viscid pellicle,
yellow, flesh pale yellow, margin inflected beyond the tubes,
covering them, veil-like for about four lines or more.

Tubes, adnate, small, both tubes and orifices of one color.

Stem, elongated, same color as pileus or a little more pallid.

The plant stains yellow in handling.

This new species I found in Kuhn's woods, near a dried-up water
pond, near Chapman's Station on the C. «S: F. R. R.
Named by Prof. Peck, State Botanist of New York.

B. granulatus. Linn.

Pileus, two to three inches broad, hemispherical, at first
covered with a brownish gluten, then turning yellowish, flesh
thick, yellowish, does not turn blue, margin involute at first.

Tubes, at first white, then light yellow, compound, the
margin distilling a pale watery fluid, which when dry gives
the granulated appearance, adnate.

Stem, one inch or more high, one-half inch thick, pale
yellow above, white below, granulated.

Spores, spindle shape, yellowish-ferruginous, .0003 to
.00013 inch.

Abundant in mixed woods of pine and chestnut. Minesite woods is
the best locality in the Lehigh Valle3^ In its proper season I have seen
the ground literally covered with them in all the different stages.

Some authors praise it very highly as esculent.

B. piperita. Bull. Peppery Boletus.
Pileus, convex, then plane, smooth, slightly viscid, yellow,
inclining to reddish, flesh yellow, not changing color,

BOI.ETUS. 121

Tubes, large, subdecurrent, angular, yellow, with a reddish
tint.

Stem, one to two inches high, thin, more or less yellow.

Spores, oval, brown, .0003 to .00015 inch.

Found in an open woods of scrub oak, near Koch's abandoned orebed.

B. dichrous. Ellis. The Two-colored Boletus.

Pileus, convex, viscose, dull red, flesh soft, dull yellowish-
white, changing to greenish blue when wounded, finally yellow.

Tubes, subdepressed around the stem, large, unequal,
vStraw- colored, changing color like the flesh when bruised.

Stem, thickened below, solid, covered with a red squamu-
lose coat, except .at the 3'ellow apex, yellow within.

Spores, elliptical, .0007 inch long.

Found specimens in Kuhn's woods. Prof. Peck determined it as the
above-mentioned species.

Group II. Subpruinosi.

Pileus glabrous, but more often pruinose, tubes adnate
yellowish, stem equal, even, neither bulbous nor reticulated.

B. miniato-olivaceus. Frost. Olive-red Boletus.

Pileus, at first pruinose-tomentose, red, becoming glabrous
and ochraceous red with age ; flesh yellow, but instantly
tundng to a livid indigo blue, convex plane.

Tubes, bright yellow, adnate, or subdecurrent. Sensitive
to change to blue.

Stem, glabrous, enlarged at the base, pale yellow, brighter
yellow within, sometimes lurid at the base.

Spores, .0005 inch long, .00025 broad,

122 POLYPOREI.

Var. sensibilis. Pk.
I think our plant growing in the Valley is Prof. Peck's
variety, for they are all very sensitive and turn to a livid blue
when bruised.

Common in many of our open woods. Found some beautiful specimens
in woods east of AUentown.

B. innixUS. Frost. Leaning Boletus.

Pileus, convex, plane, glabrous, yellowish brown, slightly
areolated when old, yellow in the interstices, flesh white.

Tubes, adnate, yellow, unchangeable.

Stem, slender, short, thickened at the base in large speci-
mens, yellowish, streaked with brown, often bent.

Spores, .0004 to .0002 inch broad.

Found it growing on clay banks along the edge of woods near Allen-
town. It generally leans to one side, with a slightly crooked stem.

B. pallidus. Frost. Pale Boletus.

Pileus, convex, becoming plane or centrally depressed, soft,
smooth, pallid or brownish white, flesh white.

Tubes, plane or slightly depressed around the stem, or
nearly adnate, pale, whitish yellow, changing to blue when
wounded, mouth small.

Stem, equal, slightly thickened at base, long, smooth,
whitish, often tinged with red within.

Spores, yellow-brown.

Common in our woods.

Group III. Subtomentosi.

The species under this group are nearly the same except by
the more evidentl}^ tomentose young pileus. Thus far I have
only two species to record indigenous in our Valley ; but those
two species are quite common.

BOLETUS. 123

B. subtomentosa. Fr.

Pileus, convex, plane, soft, dry, villose-tomentose, sub-
olivaceous, concolor beneath the cuticle, often rimose areolate,
flesh white.

Tubes, adnate or somewhat depressed around the stem,
yellow, mouths large, angular.

Stem, stout, somewhat ribbed, sulcate, smooth or scurfy
with dots.

Spores, .0004 to .0005 inch long, .00016 to .0002 broad.

This is the so-called red cracked Boletus, for when cracked

the interstices are yellow. The flesh does not change to blue

in our species.

Scarce in our woods. Found specimens in Dorney's woods near
Allentown.

B. chysenteron. Fr. Red Cracked Boletus.

Pileus, convex or plane, soft, fioccose, squamulose, often
rimoso-areolate, brown or brick red, flesh yellow, changing to
blue when exposed, red beneath the cuticle.

Tubes, adnate, greenish yellow, changing to blue when
bruised, mouths large, angular, unequal.

Stem, subequal, fibrous striated, red or pale yellow.

Spores, fusiform, pale browm, .0004 to .0005 inch long to
.00016 to .0002 inch broad. Pileus two to three inches broad.

Prof. Peck says in his Fifty-first Report : The variability of
this species is quite perplexing. Two forms occur. In one
form the pileus is red but fades to grayish buff. It has a
persistently red, minutely scurfy stem. In the other the pileus
is dark brown or olivaceous and the stem is pale red or yellow
and red. In both the flesh may be either yellow or whitish,
and the cracks in the pileus may be either red or pallid.

Common in open woods throughout the Valley.

124 POLYPOREI.

Group IV. Calopodes.
Stem stout, at first bulbous, typically venose, reticulated.
Tubes adnate, their mouths not reddish.

B. ornatipes. Pk. The Beautiful Boletus.

Pileus, convex, firm, dry, glabrous, or very minutel}'
tomentose, grayish brown or yellowish brown, flesh yellow.

Tubes, adnate, plane or concave, mouths small, clear
yellow.

Stem, firm, beautifully reticulated, yellow without and
within.

Spores, ochraceous brown, .00045 ^^ -00055 inch long,
.00016 to .0002 inch broad.

This beautiful Boletus is found in several locahties in our Valley. Koch
Island.

B. griseus. Frost.

Pileus, broadly convex, firm, dry, subglabrous, gray or
grayish black, flesh whitish or gray.

Tubes, adnate or slightly depressed around the stem, nearly
plane, their mouths small, subrotund, white or whitish.

Stem, equal or slightly tapering upwards, distinctly reticu-
lated, whitish or yellowish. Sometimes reddish towards the
base.

Spores, almost the same in color and size as the B.
ornatipes.

This species is quite common in our Valley. You will meet with them
in quite a number of woods. It is difficult to get a specimen that is not
worm-eaten. Edible.

Group V. Bdules,

Tubes subfree, rounded, depressed around the stem, their
mouths not at first reddish, commonly white stuffed. Stem

BOLETUS. 125

stout, bulbous, not reticulated except in a few species. Flesh
scarcely changea])le. This group is taken from B. edules as a
type.

B. separans. Pk. Separating Boletus.

Pileus, convex, thick, smooth, often pitted or lacunose,
brownish red or dull lilac, sometimes fading to yellowish on
the margin ; flesh white, unchangeable.

Tubes, adnate, white and stuffed, then convex and
depressed around the stem, ochraceous yellow, and sometimes
separating from the stem by expansion of the pileus.

Stem, equal or slightly tapering upwards, reticulated either
wholly or in the upper part only ; colored like the pileus or a
little paler.

Spores, subfusiform, ochraceous.

This is one of the most common Boletus in the Valley, I at first took
it for the B. edules, var. currugatus.

B, edules. Edible Boletus.

Pileus, convex, nearly plane, smooth, moist, at first com-
pact, then soft, variable in color, grayivSh-red or tawny brown;
flesh white, reddish beneath the cuticle.

Tubes, convex, nearly free, long, minute, white, stuffed at
first, then yellow greenish.

Stem, various in length and thickness, with a coarse, fine
or hardly any reticulation, white or brownish.

Spores, oblong, fusiform, .0005 to .oco6 inch long.

This species is scarce in our Lehigh Valley. You seldom meet with it
in our woods. Found specimens in Minesite woods and in mixed woods
near Bmaus. Have not met with Prof. Peck's var. clavipes.

B. eximius. Pk. Select Boletus.
Pileus, at first compact, convex, subpruinose, purplish
brown, or chocolate color, sometimes with a faint tint of lilac,
becoming smoky red, flesh grayish or reddish.

126 POLYPOREI.

Tubes, at first concave, stuffed, colored like the pileus,
becoming paler, depressed around the stem.

Stem, stout, short, tapering upwards, abruptlj' narrowed at
the base, minutely furfuraceous, covered like the pileus,
purplish gray within.

Spores, subferruginous, .00045 to .0006 inch long, .0002

to .00025 inch broad.

This species was first found some years ago in an open oak woods near
Cedar Creek in our Valley. I had it determined by Prof. C. H. Peck.

Group VI. I^URIDI.

In this tribe the tubes and their mouths are differently
colored, the latter being red or some shade 6i red (lurid). By
this character the species are easily distinguished from those of
other tribes.

B. alveolatus. B. & C. Alveolate Boletus.

Pileus, convex, shining, bright crimson or maroon color,
sometimes paler, with patches of yellow ; flesh firm, white,
quickly changing to blue where wounded.

Tubes, adnate, yellow, with maroon- colored mouths,'
hymenial surface secreting a glary fluid in drops.

Stem, rough, with deep reticular depressions or alveolate ;
with a bright red or yellow margin.

Pileus two to three inches broad.

Spores, yellow brown, .0005 to .0006 inch long, .00016 to

.0002 inch broad.

This species is quite common, and on account of the bright red pileus
it is not easily overlooked. Chaparral woods.

B. luridus. Lurid Boletus.

Pileus, pulvinate, tomentose, umber, then subviscid, dingy,
flesh yellow, turning quickly to blue where wounded.

BOLETUS. 127

Tubes, free, yellow, becoming greenish, mouths round,
vermilion, becoming orange.

Stem, stout, vermilion, somewhat orange at the top ;
reticulate or punctate.

Pileus two to four inches broad.

Spores, .0006 inch long, .00035 inch broad.

The lurid Boletus is found not only in our lowlands, but also on the
mountainside woo^s. Considered very poisonous.

Group VII. Versipelles.
Tubes at first white or whitish, minute, round, equal, form-
ing a convex stratum free from the stem.

B. sordidus. Frost.
Pileus, convex, subtomentose, brown ; flesh white, turning
greenish.

Tubes, free, long, at first white, changing to bluish green.
Stem, brown, smaller at the top, and greenish at the apex.
Pileus about two inches.

Spores, .0004 to .0005 inch long, .0002 inch broad.
Scarce. Found in Spring Creek woods.

B. versipelles. Orange Cap Boletus.

Pileus, convex, dry, at first compact, minutely tomentose,
then squamose or smooth, reddish, or orange red, the margin
appendiculate with the inflexed remains of the membrana-
ceous veil ; flesh white or grayish.

Tubes, concave or nearly plane, free, minute, sordid white,
their mouths gray.

Stem, equal or tapering upwards, solid, rugose-squamose,
whitish or pallid.

128 POLYPOREI.

Spores, .00055 to .0007 inch long, .00016 to .00025 inch

broad.

Pileus two to six inches broad.

This beautiful robust Boletus is not very common in the Lehigh Valley.
I found it in several localities. Dearolf s crossing, Salisbury Township ;
Bastian's woods, near the Auburn & Allentown Railroad.

B. scaber. Fr.

Pileus, convex, glabrous, viscid when moist, at length
rugulose or rivulose.

Tubes, free, convex, white, then sordid, their mouths
minute, rotund.

Stem, solid, attenuated above, roughened with fibrous
scales.

Spores, same as in B. versipelles.

Pileus one to four inches broad.

Common in open woods. You will meet with the different varieties in
the same localities. Var. fuli2:inous is often met with.

*&'

B. chromapes. Frost. Chrome-footed Boletus.

Pileus, convex, plane, slightly and sometimes fasciculately
tomentose, pale red or pinkish ; flesh white, unchangeable.

Tubes, subadnate, more or less depressed around the stem,
white or whitish, becoming brown.

Stem, equal, tapering upw^ards, scabrous-punctate, whitish
or pallid, chrome yellow at the base both without and within,
sometimes reddish above.

Spores, oblong, .00045 to .00055 in<^^ loiig> .00016 to .0002
inch broad.

Pileus tw^o to four inches broad.
Common in the Valley.

Group VIII. Hyporhodii.

Tubes adnate to the stem, whitish, then white incarnate
from the rosy spores.

CARIOSI. 129

B. felleus. Bull.

Pileus, convex or nearly plane, firm, becoming soft,
glabrous, even, variable in color, pale yellowish, grayish brown,
reddish brown, or chestnut ; flesh white, often changing to
flesh color where wounded, taste bitter.

Tubes, adnate, long, convex, depressed around the stem,
mouths angular, white, becoming tinged with flesh color.

Stem, variable, equal, tapering upwards, short or long,
sometimes bulbous at the base, subglabrous, reticulated up-
wards. Colored like or a little paler than the pileus.

Spores, .0005 to .0007 inch long, .00016 to .0002 inch
broad, flesh colored.

Common in woods and pastures throughout the Valley.

B. gracilis. Pk.

Pileus, convex, glabrous or minutely tomentose, rarely
squamulose, ochraceous brown, tawny brown, or reddish
brown ; flesh white.

Tubes, plane or convex, depressed around the stem, nearly
free, whitish, becomish pale flesh colored, mouths subrotund.

Stem, long, slender, equal or slightly tapering upwards,
pruinose or minutel}' furfuraceous, even or marked by slender
elevated anastomosing lines which form long narrow reticu-
tions.

Spores, .0005 to .0007 inch long, .0002 to .00025 inch
broad.

Pileus one to two inches broad.

Found it growing in woods near Wescoesville.

Genus IX. CARIOSI.

Stem never reticulated, stuffed with a spongy pith, at length
commonly excavated, tubes at first white, then often yellowish,
mouths minute, round.

130 POYPORBI.

C. castaneus. Bull.

Pileus, convex, plane or depressed, firm, even, dry, min-
utely velvety tomentose, cinnamon or reddish-brown ; flesh
white, unchangeable.

Tubes, free, short, small, white, becoming yellowish.

Stem, equal or tapering upwards, even, stuffed or hollow,
clothed and colored like the pileus.

Spores, .0004 to .0005 inch long, .00025 to .0003 inch
broad.

Pileus one and one-fifth to three inches broad.

This species does not seem to be partial to woods, for you will find it
growing under isolated trees along the roadside. Along the road from
Trexlertown to Allentown, near a place called Crocksville.

Genus XLVII. POIvYPORUS. Fr. Hym.

Hymenophore descending into the trama of the pores, which
are not easily, if at all, separable, and changed with them into
a distinct substance.

The trama is different in substance from the hymenophore,
and often in color.

The better to identify the different species they are divided
into different sections.

Section i. Mesopus. Pileus entire, stem central.

P. flavovirens. B. & Rav.

Pileus, three to six inches broad, expanded, funnel-form,
fleshy ; flesh white, tomentose, yellow, green or olivaceous,
rimose when old.

Pores, medium, toothed, white, decurrent down the white,
tapering stem.

This is quite common in our woods, growing in groups of fifteen to
twenty plants under one tree. Dorney's woods near Allentown.

POL,YPORUS FI^AVOVIRENvS.

POIyYPORUS. 131

P. brumalis. Fr.

Pileus, slightly fleshy and tough, leathery, subiimbilicate,
zoneless, in the first season ding}^ villous, in the second squam-
ulose, becoming smooth, pallid.

Pores, oval, angular, slender, acute, denticulate, white.

Stem, thin, slightly bulbous at the base, hirsuto-squamu-

lose, pale.

. This species you will find throughout the Valley growing on half-
rotten sticks.

P. arcularius. Batsch.

Pileus, thin, plane, brownish, funnel-shape, margin covered
with stiff hair.

Pores, shallow, rotund, brown.

Stem, thin, scaly, attached to rotten logs.

Common in woods on decayed logs.

P. rufescens. Fr.
Pileus, spongy, flesh soft, unequal, wooly.
Pores, large, sinuose and lacerated, white or flesh colored.
Stem, short, irregular, tuberous at the base.
On the ground around stumps. Common near Trexlertown.

P. perennis. Fr.

Pileus, coriaceous, thin, plane, then infundibuliform,
velvety, becoming smooth, zoned.
■ Pores, minute, angular, acute, at first veiled, then naked
and torn.

Stem, firm, bulbous below, brown.

Spores, oval, white, .0001 to .100018 inch.

A nice species of Polyporus. Not common. Found specimens ir
Spring Creek woods and Glen Onoko.

132 POLYPOREI.

P. Schweinit^ii. Fr.

Pileus, thick, spongy, then corky, strigoso-tomentose,

rough, bright brown.

Pores, large, variable, and torn, sulphur greenish.

Stem, thick, very short or obsolete, ferruginous.

Very scarce in the Valley. Only met with it in one locality and that
was in the Minesite mixed woods of pine and chestnut.

Section 2. Pleuropus. Stem lateral.

P. picipes. Fr.

Pileus, fleshy, rigid, coriaceous, even, smooth, depressed
behind.

Pores, decurrent, rounded, small, tender, white, at length
reddish-gray.

Stem, excentric and lateral, equal, firm, at first velvety,
then pitch black below.

Common on old stumps throughout the Valley. Has a liking for
willow stumps.

P. lucidus. Fr. Shining Polyporus.

Pileus, corky or woody, flabelliform, sulcate, rugose,
yellow, then reddish chestnut, varnished and shining as well
as the lateral, equal stem.

Pores, long, minute, white, then cinnamon.

Stem, reddish, varnished, sometimes sessile.

Pileus two to six inches broad.

Common on oak stumps. There are many different forms, varying so
much so as to disguise the natural type. The pileus may be stipitate, it
may be sessile, or assume some other fantastic form. The most won-
derful specimen that I ever saw was found in Schuylkill County, by
a Mr. Horn, of Bethlehem, Pa., who may still be in possession of it.
There were at least fifteen fully developed pilei on different branches,
with odd forms. Some mimicked a profile of a man's face ; some were
in the form of a boot ; while others were elongated in the form of fingers.

POI.YPORUS. 133

P, eleg^ans. Fr. Elegant Polyporns.

PileUS, fleshy, soon becoming woody, expanded, even,
smooth, pallid.

Pores, plane, minute, subrotund, pallid, yellowish white.
Stem, excentric, even, smooth, pallid, base from the first

abruptly black.

Common on rotten branches lying on the ground all throughout the
Valley.

Section 3. Marisma. Divided into numerous pileoli.

P. anax. Berk.
Pileoli, very numerous, brittle, dimidiate expanded, at
length spathulate, even, alutaceous.

Pores, firm, obtuse, shallow, white, then brownish.
Stems, or branches united into a very short trunk.

This species is often confounded with the old P. intybaceous, which
has the spores oval, whereas our species has them round.
Common in chaparral ridgewoods.

P. giganteus. Fr.

Pileoli, imbricated, fleshy, tough, somewhat coriaceous,
flaccid, somewhat zoned, bright brown, then dark brown,
depressed behind, pileoli very numerous.

Pores, minute, shallow, round, pallid, at length torn.

Stem., branched, connate fi-om a common tuber.

This is perhaps the largest fungus growth to be found in our Valley.
I found specimens three feet or more in diameter growing on stumps.
The flesh turns fuscous when bruised.

Common in nea ly every wood in the Valley.

P. Berkley!. Fr.
Pileoli, fleshy, tough, becoming hard and corky, large,
many in a head, subzonate, alutaceous.

134 POIvYPOREI.

stem, short or none, arising from a long and thick caudex.

Pores, large, irregular, angular, pale.

On the ground, near superficial roots of trees. They grow to an im-
mense size, equal to the P. giganteus. Throughout the Valley.

P. umbellatus. Fr.

Pileoli, numerous, broad, fuliginous, rufous, entire,
umbilicate.

Pores, minute, white.

Stem, elongated, separate, united at the base, white.
Found on a rotten stump in woods near Cedar Creek woods.

P. sulfur eus. Fr.

Pileoli, broad, imbricated, undulated, nearl}^ smooth,
egg yellow, flesh cheesy.

Pores, minute, often formed of inflexed masses.
Stem, often connate into a yellow unrecognizable mass.
Common on decayed willow branches. Spores white.

Section 4. Apus. Without a stem.

This section is divided into four groups, viz:

1. Anodermei — without a separate cuticle on the pileus.

2. Placodermei — pileus indurated, covered with a more or
less hard crust.

3. Inodermei — pileus at first dry, covered with a thin, more
or less fibrous, cuticle.

4. Resupinate — without a pileus.

Group i. P. rutilans. Fr. Reddish Polyporus.

Pileus, fleshy, tough, thin, soft, at first villose, then
smooth, not zoned, tawny cinnamon, growing pale, of the same
color within.

POLYPORUS. 135

Pores, short, minute, equal, acute, cinnamon.
You can find it on decayed logs, lying on a wet place. Lehigh Valley.

P. adustus.

Pileus, more or less imbricated, fleshy, tough, firm, thin,
villous, cinereous, margin straight, blackish.

Pores, short, minute, round, obtuse, whitish, soon cinereous
brown.

P. gilvus. Schw.

Pileus, corky, woody, hard, effusco-reflexed, imbricate and
concrescent, subtomentose, then scabrous and uneven, reddish
yellow, then subferruginous, the margin acute.

Pores, minute, round, entire, brownish-ferruginous. — Mor-
gan s Mycologic Flora of the MiaTui Valley^ Ohio.

Common on all kinds of decayed logs throughout the Valley.

P. dichrous. Fr.

Pileus, fleshy, tough, thin, soft, effusco-reflexed, even,
silky, white.

Pores, short, minute, round, obtuse, brown-cinnamon. —

Morgan's Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio.

This is rather an unhappy species on account of its different synonyms:
Glseoporus conchoides, Fr., Mont., and Polyporus nigropurpurascens,

Schw. It was placed under another genus by Montgomery, Glyeoporus

conchoides, on account of the gelatinous hymenium.

Group 2. Placodermei.
Species under this group are also called Fomes.

P. applanatus. Fr. Flattened Polyporus.
Pileus, expanded, tuberculose, sulcate zoned, smooth, hard,
cinnamon, becoming white, crustaceotis, rigid, within soit,
floccose, margin tumid, white, then cinnamon.

136 POLYPOREI.

Pores, very small, subferruginous, orifice whitish, brownish
when bruised.

On Hving and dead trunks of different species of trees.

This is one of the most common species of hgneous fungi in the Valley.
They are called shelves by the common people. The hymenium or under
surface is white, as if whitewashed ; this w^hite plane surface is used to
delineate pictures of trees, houses, etc., which are permanent. I have a
specimen on which I delineated tents, copied from the cover of " George
Kennan's Life in Siberia " five 3'ears ago, and they are as plain as when
put on.

P. rimosus. The cracked Polyporus.

Pileus, pulviuate-ungiilate, much dilated, deeply concen-
trically sulcate, cinnamon, then brown or blackish and exceed-
ingly rimose ; context very hard, fibrous-radiating, tawny-
ferruginous ; the margin broad, pruinate-velvety, rather acute.

Pores, minute, indistinctly stratified, tawny-ferruginous,

the mouths rhubarb color. — Morgan' s Mycologic Flora of the

Miami Valley, Ohio.

This is only found on locust trees, on deca3^ed spots, and very scarce
in the Valle}-.

P. ribes. Currant-Bush Polyporus.
Pileus, corky, coriaceus, rather soft, plane, velvety, ferru-
ginous, then umber, margin acute, slightly zoned.
Pores, short, small, naked, tawny.

The currant-bush Polyporus grows at the neck of the root and stem.
Not common in the Lehigh Valley. Found specimens in Salisbury
Township, near Emaus, in John Reinhard's garden.

P. salicinus. Fr.

Pileus, woody, hard, undulate, smooth, in great part
resupinate, margin short, obtuse, cinnamon, then brown.

Pores, very small, round, ferruginous, cinnamon, hard
when dry.

Common on dead branches of swamp willows.

POLYPORUS. 137

P, albellus. Pk.

Pileus, thick, sessile, convex or subungulate, subsolitary,
two to four inches broad, one to one and a half thick, fleshy,
rather soft, the adnate cuticle very thin, smooth or sometimes
slightly roughened by a slight stigose tomentum, especially
toward the margin, whitish, tinged more or less with fuscous ;
flesh pure white, odor acidulous.

Pores, nearly plain, minute, subrotund, about two lines
long, white, inclining to yellowish, the dissepiments thin, acute.

Spores, minute, cylindrical, curved, white, .00016 to .0002
inch long. — Peck" s Reports.

Common on poplar logs throughout the Valley.

P. borealis. Fr.

White, then yellowish, 5 cent. (2 in.) and more broad and
thick.

Pileus, spongy, then corky, compact, somewhat pulvinate,
hairy, internally composed of parallel fibres, margin spreading.

Pores, adnate, unequal, sinuoso-flexuous and torn, white.

This plant is quite common on oak stumps in Minesite woods.

P. connatus. Fr.

Pileus, corky and woody, efi"used, more or less imbricated,
confluent, velvety, white within and without.
Pores, minute, roundish, white.
Common at the base of living trees where there is some moss growing.

Group 3. Inodermei. Pileus with a dry cuticle.

P. versicolor. Different-colored Polyporus.

Pileus, coriaceous, thin, rigid, plane, depressed behind,
velvety, even, and shining ; variegated with colored zones.
Pores, minute, acute, and torn, white, then pallid.

138 POI.YPOREI.

This is one of the most common dry Polypora fungi growing in the
Valley. There is barel}- a half-decayed stump that does not have a
beautiful rosette growing. It does not seem to be very particular for a
host, for it grows on any kind of wood.

P. pergamenus.

Pileus, coriaceous, thin, effuso-reflexed, villous, zoned,
cinereous-white, with colored zone.

Pores, unequal, torn, violaceous, then pallid.
Almost as common as the versicolor and has the same habit.

P. cinnabarina. vSchw. Cinnabar Polyporus.

Pileus, dry, more or less spongy, flesh light or yellowish

red, fibrous on top of pileus.

Pores, carmine, small, round, entire.

This species is easily identified by its beautiful carmine red color, of
both pileus and pores.

Common on decayed cherry logs.

P. hirsutus. Fr.

Pileus, corky, coriaceous, convex plane, hairy, with rigid
bristles, zoned or rather sulcate with concentric ridges, of one
color, which is white.

Pores, round, obtuse, white or grayish, then brown.

Common on different kinds of decayed wood.

P. cupulseformis. B. & C.

Pileus, cup-shaped, resupinate, attached to its host with a
thin pellicle.

Pores, small, brown, shallow.

Common on decayed chestnut branches. This is a peculiar species
inasmuch as it looks like a Peziza. When I first found it, I took it for a
dry Peziza, but could not detect any ascospores, so I was at a loss until
Prof. C. H. Peck helped me out of the dilemma.

MYRI ADOPORUS . 1 39

Group 4. Rersupinatus. No pileus.
The species under this head are also called Poria.

P. inermis. Ellis.

This is a common yellow-pored Polyporus growing on dry
poplar limbs, becoming black.

Circumference, marginate, adnate.

P. vulgaris. Fr.

Wholly composed of firm, dry, crowded, small, round, nearly
equal, pores.

Circumference, broadly effused, thin, closely adnate,
even, white.

Common on old moist boards.

P. Vaillantii. Vaillant's Polyporus.

Circumference, white, free, forming fibrous ribs which

unite into a membrane.

Pores, slightly rufescent.

On cordwood and stumps, to hasten the decay. A good friend of the
farmer to rid new land of stumps.

P. incarnatus.

Whole plant flesh color. Pores small flesh color. Generally
on dry hickory limbs.

Genus XLVIII. MYRIADOPORUS. Pk.

This new genus was found by Prof. Peck on the cellular
structure of several Polyporoid species. They are supposed
to be abnormal forms of some polyporus species.

140 poIvYpor:^!.

M. rubra. Pk.

This species is supposed to be a form of Polyporus salmoni-
color, Ellis.

There is a beautiful specimen growing near Trexlertown on a half-
decayed poplar log.

Genus XLIX. TRAMETBS.

Hymenophore descending into the trama of the pores without
any change.

T. suaveolens. Fr. Sweet-scented Trametes.
Pileus, corky, soft, villous, zoneless, white.
Pores, round, large, brownish white, odor like aniseed.
Common on willow throughout the Valley.

T. sepium.
Pileus, corky, becoming hard, slightly zoned, with a darker
zoned margin.

Pores, elongated, anastomosing.
Common on half -decayed fence-posts throughout the Valley.

Gknus L. D^DAI^BA. Fr.

Pores labyrinthiform, trama same in substance and color as
hymenophore.

D. quercinus. Pk. Oak Daedalea.
Pileus, corky, rugulose, uneven, zoneless, becoming smooth.
Pores, at first round, then broken into contorted or gill-like
labyrinthiform sinuses, edge obtuse.

FAVOLUS. 141

They grow to an immense size in the Valley. I have seen them to
measure from six to eight inches across.
Common on oak stumps.

D. confragosa. Pk. Willow Daedalea.

Pileus, corky, convex, coriaceous at first, then rigid, rough,
subzonate, reddish brown.

Pores, sometimes round like a Polyporus, sometimes

elongated into gill-like plates, like a Lenzites.

The typical labyrinthiform is very seldom met with in our Valley.
This same species has been taken for a different species, the D. Crataegus.
Common on v^^illows.

D. unicolor. Fr. One-color Daedalea.

Pileus, coriaceous, villous- strigose, cinereous, and zones of

the same color.

Pores, labyrinthiform, at length torn and toothed.

Common on dead branches of maple. It is called unicolor on account
of the similar color of the hymenium and the pileus.

Gknus LI. FAVOI^US. Fr.
Hymenium alveolate, radiating, formed of the densely anas-
tomosing gills, elongated. Spores white. Dimidiate, some-
what stipitate.

T. canadensis. Klotsch.

Pileus, fleshy, tough, thin, reniform, fibrillose, scaly, and
tawny, becoming pale and glabrous.

Pores, or alveoli angular, elongated, white at first, then
straw color.

Stem, excentric, lateral, very short or none.

Common on dead hickory branches throughout the Valley. Favolus
EuropecE and Favolus alveolarius, D.C., are considered the same, only
named in different periods of growth, young or mature specimens.

142 POLYPORKI.

Genus LII. MERUI^BUS. Fr.

Hymenium soft, waxy, forming shallow pores, reticulated,
forming folds.

M. tremellosus. Schrad.
Resupinate, reflexed, fleshy tremelloid, tomentose, white,
margin dentate-radiate, folds porose, variable, pinkish.
Common on logs and stumps.

M. corium. Fr.

Resupinate, effused, soft, papery, circumference free, white,
villous. Hymenium netted, porose, pallid, tan color.
On dead limbs, not very abuadant.

M. rubellus. Pk.

Pileus, sessile, confluent and imbricated, repand, thin,
convex, somewhat tenacious, subtomentose, glabrate, red,
becoming pale. Hymenium whitish or reddish ; the folds
much branched, porose-anastomosing.

Pores, white, elliptic, .004 to .005 mm. long. — Morgan's
Mycological Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio.

This species is very scarce in our Lehigh Valley. I only remember
finding it once on a soft wood log near Chapman's Station.

Genus LIH. FISTUI^INA. Fr.

Hymenophore fleshy. Hymenium inferior. There is only
one species recorded belonging to this family, viz:

F. hepatica. Liver Fungus.

PiletlS, dimidiate, red juicy, undivided, flesh mottled like
beet root, pileus covered with a more or less gelatinous cuticle.

FISTULINA. 143

which is furfuraceous tuffed. Hymenium papillose ; papilloe
at length elongated, forming distinct tubes, which are beau-
tifully tinted vermilion.

This is common on chestnut stumps, and on account of its size and red
color it is not easily overlooked. It is sometimes called beefsteak fungus
on account of its edible qualities. Edible.

Order III. HYDNBI. Fr.

Hymenium inferior or amphigenous, at first definitely pro-
tuberant, spread over persistent spines, bristles, teeth, tubercles,
or papillae. Fr. Kpicr.

The following genera are included :

Hydnum. — Spines discrete at the base.

Irpex. — With gill-like teeth, concrete with pileus.

Radulum. — Hymenium with irregular tubercles.

Phlebia. — With crowded folds and wrinkles.

Grandinia. — Covered with granules.

Genus LIV. HYDNUM.

Hymenium awl shape, spines at first papilliform, then
elongated, distinct at the base.

H. repandum. Linn.

Pileus, fleshy, compact, more or less repand, nearly smooth,
pale yellow, irregular in form, excentric ; flesh pallid, pileus
two to three inches broad.

Spines, unequal, conical, entire or sometimes bifid, or even
compressed, not changeable, whitish.

Stem, short, thick, solid, paler than the pileus.

Spores, white, round with a small papilla at one end.

This is not as common any more as years ago. I remember fifteen or
twenty years ago you could find specimens in nearly every woods in the
Valley, whereas you seldom meet with a specimen now. Edible.

H. imbricatum. Linn. Imbricated Hydnum.

Pileus, fleshy, plane, slightly umbilicate, tessulated scaly,

floccose, not zoned, umber ; two to three inches broad ; flesh

reddish, margin rounded.

144

HYDNUM. 145

Spines, entire, numerous, short, greyish white.

Stem, short, thick, firm, whitish.

Spores, brown, .00025 to .0002 inch.

On the ground in mixed wood of pine and chestnut. Common in
Minesite woods. Edible.

H. compactum. Fr.

Pileus, compact, tuberculate, undulated, cinereous, or

brownish, commonl}^ dowmj^ flesh with a bluish tint.

Spines, brown, white at the tips.

Stem, deformed, tuberculate, short.

Pileus from one to six inches broad.

This deformed species is common near Cedar Cieek, and other local-
ities in the Valley.

H. ^onatum. Batsch. Zoned Hydnum.

Pileus, thin, coriaceous, expanded, deeply umbilicate,

zoned rugose, margin pale, ferruginous.

Spines, slender, pale fuscous, nearly the color of the pileus.

Stem, nearly equal except the base which is tuberculate.

Not as common as the H. compactum. Chaparral woods. Not edible;
too tough.

H. graveolens. Del. Strong-scented Hydnum.

Pileus, soft, soon becoming hard, coriaceous, not zoned,
but beautifully marked with a white center in contrast with the
umber margin.

Spines, short, white, or light grey.

Stem, slender, tapering downwards.

Has a strong odor of sweet melilot. In woods near Emaus.

H. erinaceus. Bull. Hedgehog Hydnum.
Tuberculiform, growing in a mass, with the spines on top or
pendant.

146 HYDNKI.

Pileus, four to six inches broad, often consisting of smaller

pileoli, giving it the appearance of a hedgehog.

Spines, white, elongated, pendulous.

I am not certain about the identity of this species. It may be the
Hydnum caput-ursi, for in appearance they are so much alike. I
forwarded a specimen to Prof. Burt, of Middleburg, Vt., who made it H.
caput-ursi.

H. ochraceum. Per.

Pileus, effuso-reflexed, coriaceous, thin, zonate ochraceous,

minute, pinkish yellow, often for a long time resupinate.

This is common on decayed willow branches all throughout the Valley.
You seldom meet with a pileate form, and if you do it is merely a
narrow rim.

H. septentrionale. Fr.

Rare ; specimen found in Spring Creek woods and determined by Prof.
C. H. Peck.

Genus LV. IRPJ^X.

Lignatile, teeth connected at the base, otherwise like
Hydnum.

I. crassus. B. & C.

Effused, crustuso-adnate, white, circumference determinate.
Spines, compressed, springing from a porous base, con-
nected.

Common on oak fencerails throughout the Valley.

I. lacteus. Fr.

Pileus, membranaceous, clothed with stiff hair, more or
less sulcate, milk white.

Spines, compressed, radiate, margin porous.
You will find it more often on hickory stumps.

GRANDINIA. I47

Genus LVI. RADUIyUM. Fr.

Lignatile, hymenium with obtuse tubercles.

R. pallidum. B. & C.

At first orbicular, then confluent and effused, with a narrow
reflexed tomentose margin, pallid, Tubercles terete, short,
deformed, scattered or sometimes collected in lines or groups.
— Morgan' s Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley^ Ohio.

On alder branches.

Genus LVII. PHI^BBIA. Fr.

lyignatile, hymenium with crowded folds and wrinkles.

P. cinnabarina. Schw.

Effused, even, or encrusting on dalf-decayed logs, of a bright
cinnabar color.

Common on old, decayed logs.

Genus LVIII. GRANDINIA.

lyignatile, hymenium waxy when wet, granulated when dry,
granules obtuse, entire, permanent.

G. granulosa.

Waxy, effused, agglutinate, tan colored, circumference

determined.

You will find it as a dirty white crust, covering some soft wood. Jungle
near Trexlertown, Pa.

Order IV. THEI/BPHORBI.

Hymenium even, coriaceous or wax}^ costate, or papillose.
The following genera are included under this order :

Craterkllus.
Thelephora.

LACHNOCIvADIUM .

Stereum.

HYMENOCHyETE.

corticium.
Cyphella.
exobasidium.

Genus LIX. CRATBRBI<I<US. Fr.

Fleshy, hymenium even, smooth, at length rugose, putres-
cent when old.

C. lutescens. Fr.

Pileus, tubseform, soon pervious, undulated pruinose,
yellowiih.

Stem, hollow, yellow.
Hymenium, costate, folds far apart.

Scarce in chaparral ridgewoods.

C. cornucopoides. Fr.

Pileus, membranaceous, tubseform, squamulose, dingy
black.

Stem., tapering downwards, and expanded upwards, color
same as pileus.

Hymenium., rugulose, greyish.

This is quite common in our woods, growing in groups on the ground.
Was considered poisonous at one time. The Germans called it the
Todten Trunipete. It is now known to be edible.

148

Thklephora. 149

C. clavatus.

Pileus, 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, somewhat light yellowish,
fleshy, turbinate, truncate or depressed, flexuous, unpolished,
attenuated into the solid stem ; flesh thick, white.

Hymenium, even, then corrugated, purplish then changing
color. — Stevenson'' s British Fungi.

Found scattered specimens in woods near Cedar Creek.

Genus LX. THBI/BPHORA.

Hymenium costate or ribbed, of a tough, fleshy substance,
more or less piliate.

T. palmata. Fr.

Pileus, palmately branched from a common stalk, brown,

branches flat, even, tips fimbriated. When freshly gathered it

has a fetid odor.

Kuhn's woods, near Chapman's Station, on the Catasauqua & Fogels-
ville Railroad.

T. laciniata. Pers.

Coriaceous, soft, incrusted, brown, pilei imbricated, fibrous
squamose, margin fimbriated, at first white, hymenium inferior,
papillose.

Not very common. Jungle near Trexlertown.

T. Schweinit^ii.

Caespitose, white or pallid. Pilei soft-coriaceous, much
branched ; the branches flattened, furrowed and somewhat
dilated at the apex.

Stems, variable in length, often connate or fused together
into a solid base.

Hymenium, even, becoming darker colored. — Morgan's
Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio.

150 THKlvKPHOREI.

T. cristata. Fr.

Incrusting, tough, pallid, passing into branches, branches
cohering into a mass, with the apices fimbriated.
Hymenium, papillose, whitish grey.
On branches and stalks of weeds.

Genus LXI. I^ACHNOCIvADIUM.

Pileus coriaceous, tough, repeatedly branched ; the branches
slender or filiform, tomentose. Hymenium amphigenous.
Fungi slender and much branched, epixylous or terrestrial.

I/, semivestitum. B. & C.

Coriaceous, pale or sordid brown, tomentose.

Pileus, much branched from a slender stipe of variable
length, expanded at the angles ; the branches filiform, straight,
somewhat fasciculate, glabrous at the tips and paler in color. —
MorgayV s Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio.

Very common on the ground in swampy localities.

Genus LXII. ST:EREUM.

Hymenium even, separated from the pileus by an interme-
diate fibrous stratum. Not beset with bristles.

S. versicolor.

Pileus, effused, reflexed, zoned with different colors like
unto Polyporus versicolor.

Hymenium, even, smooth, brown.
Common on old trunks of different species of trees.

HYMKNOCH.^^^TK. 151

S. spadiceum. Fr.

Pilei, spreading, finally reflexed, villous ferruginous, margin
rather obtuse, white, even beneath, smooth and brownish,
bleeding when bruised.

Common on stumps.

S. hirsutum. Hairy Stereum.
Pileus, coriaceous, effused, strigose, somewhat zoned,
becoming pallid ; margin obtuse.

Hyttienium, pale yellow, even, smooth, naked, juiceless.
On stumps and hemlock lumber.

S. radians. Pk.

Coriaceous, rigid.

Pileus, effused and reflexed, radiate-virgate with innate
fibres, pallid with bay zones, glabrate, shining.

Hyttienium, even, glabrous pallid. — Morgan's Mycologic
Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio.

S. albobadiUtti. Schw. The White-brown Stereum.

At first resupinate, bright brown with a white border ; soon
confluent and effused with a narrow submembranaceous mar-
gin; the margin undulate or subpileate, thin, subzonate, brown.

Hyttienium, bay brown, somewhat velvety.

Common on dry shrubbery.

Genus LXIII. HYMENOCH^TE.

Hymenium same as stereum except that it is beset with stiff"
colored bristles.

152 THKLKPHOREI.

H. nibiginosa. Lev.

Pileus, rigid effuso-reflexed, velvety, dark rubiginous,
intermedium stratum tawny ferruginous.
Hymenium, ferruginous, velvety.
Common on old weeping willow stumps.

H. curtisii. Berk.
Pileus, coriaceous, effuso-reflexed, brown, slightly sulcate.
Hymenium, even, velvety with brown bristles.
Common on half-decayed oak branches.

H. agglutinans.

Common on living alder whips, about the only stereum growing on
living wood.

H. corrugata.

Effused, crustaceous, spread over different kinds of dead

wood, much cracked, and corrugated when dry, dark lead
color.

In woods near Fogelsville, Pa.

Genus LXIV. CORTICIUM. Fr.

Hymenium soft and fleshy when moist, collapsing when dry,
often rimose.

C. lacteum. Fr.

Membranaceous, milk white beneath.
Hymenium, waxy when moist, cracked when dry.
Common on hickory branches.

C. Iseve. Fr. Even Corticium.

Membranaceous, villoso-fl.brillose beneath, circumference
fibrous.

Hymenium, even, flesh color.

On different kinds of dry wood.

EXOBASIDIUM. 153

C. salicinum.

Effused, spreading over willow bark, dark purple at first,

then pruinose with the white spores swelling when moist,

becoming membranaceous when dr3\

Common on willow branches throughout the Valley. Received the
name from its growing on willow.

C. Sambucum.

Effused on elder bark, white, cracked when old and dry.
Common on dry elder bark.

C. ochraceum.

Effused, even, waxy, white at the circumference, ochraceous
towards the center.

On hemlock boards in lumber yards.

C. incarnatum. Flesh-colored Corticium.

Waxy when moist, rigid when dry, agglutinate.
Hymenium, red, flesh color.
Common on dead chestnut trees in our woods.

C. cinereum. Fr. Ash-grey Corticium.

Waxy when moist, rigid when dry, agglutinate.

Hymenium, cinereous, with a delicate bloom, which when
examined are papilloid elevations. Cooke has made a separate
genus on this character, and named it Peniophora cinerea.

Common on dead branches.

Genus LXV. EXOBASIDIUM. Pk.

Tuberculate, green, covered with a white bloom when shed-
ding spores. Parasitic on ericacese.

154 THKLKPHORBI.

B. a^alese. Pk.

Transforming the flowers of azalea nudiflora into an apple-
like excrescence. They are from one to two inches in
diameter, with an acid taste.

They are known by the common folks as honeysuckle apples, and
eagerly eaten by voracious schoolboys. At maturity they are covered
with white basidiospores. Hence the name Exobasidium, outside spores.

Gknus. LXVI. CYPHBI/I/A. Fr.

Cup-shaped, elongated behind, hymenium inferior.

C. fulva.

The only species found in the Valley. Common on dry poplar
branches near Allentown, Pa.

CO

>
>

M

m
a

XSi

^
W

Order V. ClyA VARIED. Corda.

Hymenium scarcely distinct from the hymenophore, vertical,
amphigenous, reaching to the apex, even, at length wrinkled.
The following genera are included, viz :

Sparassis. — Fleshy, frondose, laciniate.
Clavaria. — Stem branching, dry.
Calockra. — Gelatinous, then horny.
Typhula. — Stem flaccid, thread-like.
P1STILI.ARIA. — Waxy, then horny.

Genus LXVII. SPARASSIS. Fr.
Fleshy frondose, branches laciniate,

S. Herbstii. Pk.

Plant much branched, forming tufts four to five inches high
and five to six inches broad, whitish, inclining to creamy
yellow, tough, moist, the branches numerous, thin, flattened,
concrescent, dilated above and spathulate or fan-shaped, often
somewhat longitudinally curved or wavy, mostly uniformly
colored, rarely with a few indistinct, nearly concolorous, trans-
verse zones near the broad entire apices.

Spores, subglobose, or broadly elliptical, .0002 to .00025
inch long, .00016 to .0002 broad.

This species is evidently closely allied to S. spathulata, Schw.,

but differs especially in its paler color, with no rufescent hues,

in its much more branching habit, and in the absence of any

distinct zones.

Prof. Peck writes as follows in a letter dated Auguit 25, 1894 : " That
was a splendid fungus you sent me by express. I believe it to be an unde-
scribed species of Sparassis. It comes near Sparassis spathulata, Schw.,

155

156 CLAVARiA.

but that is described as * pallide rufescens,' pale reddish, zonate and
scarcely branched, ' vix ramosa ' characters not applicable to your plant.
I propose with your permission to name it Sparassis Herbstii, Pk."

Found it in an open oak woods under an oak tree near Cedar Fountain
Creek.

Genus LXVIII. CI/AVARIA.

Fleshy, branched, or simple, without any stem of a distinct
substance. Hymenium dry. — Berkeley Outlhies.

The Clavarei of the Lehigh Valley are quite common in a
number of localities.

They are divided first into two sections : branched and the
simple. The branched species are again divided into the
white-spored species and ochraceous species.

C. amethystina. Bull. Blue Clavaria.

Fragile, much branched, violet blue, branches round, even,
obtuse. Spores white. — Cook' s British Fungi.
Common in Minesite woods.

C. cristata.

Branches white, dilated above in laciniate apices. Spores
white.
Common on ground in woods.

C. pyxidata. Pers. The Cup Clavaria.
Fragile, waxy, much branched, with a thin main stem,
white, branches ending in a cup, spores white.
Common on damp, rotten logs in the jungle.

C. abietina. Pers. Firwood Clavaria.
Very much branched, ochraceous, trunk somewhat thick-
ened, clothed with white down, branches straight, crowded,
longitudinally wrinkled when dry. Spores ochraceous.

CALOCERA. 157

C. inequalis.

Yellow, gregarious, somewhat fasciculate, fragile, stuffed.
Clubs variable, simple or forked, continuous downwards, of
the same color. Spores white. — Stevenson'' s British Fuyigi.

Common in grassy lawns and cemeteries.

C. spinulosa. Pers.

Trunk short, rather thick (2.5 cent., 2 in.), pallid. Branches
elongated, crowded, tense and straight, attenuated, somewhat
cinnamon (fuliginous-date-brown : Pers.), of the same color at
the apex. — Stevenson' s British Fungi.

Common in woods on oak leaves. Kuhn's woods.

C. fragilis. Brittle Clavaria.

Fasciculate, fragile, clubs hollow, attenuated below, white.
Albright's pasture land.

C. mucida.

Club simple, light yellow, becoming rufescent when old.
Found on a moist maple log covered with green algae. Kuhn's woods.

Genus LXIX. CAIyOCERA. Fr.

Gelatinous ; tough when moist, horny when dry ; hymenium
viscid. — Cook' s British Fiuigi.

C. stricta.

Simple, elongated; base blunt, linear, yellow, even when dry.

Common on logs with a crack, from which the plant issues. Koch's
Island.

Group IL BASIDIO-GASTROMYCET^S.

The name Gastromycetes or Gasteromycetes is derived from
the Greek gaster^ a stomach, and mukes, a fungus. The
hymenium is enclosed in a cavity surrounded by a membrana-
ceous covering called a peridium (from peridio, I wrap around),
which sooner or later shed the enclosed spores, which are
formed inside on basidii and spicules. The peridium may be
simple or double. To shed the spores it may open by an orifice
or it may open by decay. The cavity consists of two parts :
the threaded part, which consists of threads called the capilli-
tium, and a cellular part, from which the capillitium arises, is
called the gleba. In some species the hymenium is deliques-
cent, such as the Phalloides.

Berkeley in his ' ' Outlines ' ' gives the following definition of
this family : " Hymenium more or less permanently concealed,
consisting in most cases of closely packed cells, of which the
fertile ones bear naked spores on distinct spicules, exposed only
by the rupture or decay of the investing coat or peridium."

The following natural orders are included under this group
or family :

Hypoge^. — Subterraneous. No specimen found.
Phali^oide^. — Terrestrial. Hymenium deliquescent.
NiDULARiACE/^. — Peridium enclosing sporangia.
LycopkrdacE/E. — Cellular at first. Hymenium drying up
into a mass of spores and threads.

Order I. PHAI,I,OIDB^. Fr.

Volva universal, the intermediate structure gelatinous.

Hymenium deliquescent. — Berkeley Outlines.

158

PHAI,I,US RAVENElvII.

PHAI,I,US. 159

The following genera are included under this head :
Phallus. — Pileus free around the stipe.
MuTiNUS. — Pileus adnate to the stipe.
Phallogastkr. — Enclosed in a peridium, gleba lobed.
Cyanophallus. — No species found in the Valley.
Clathrus. — :No species found in the Valley.

Genus I. PHAIvIyUS. Linn.
Pileus perforated at the apex, free all around, reticulated.

P. impudicus. Linn.
Pileus, conical, reticulated ; margin of the articulation
nearly entire.

Stem, white, naked. — Berkeley Outlines.

This species is not as common as the duplicatus. The volva first
issues out of the ground the size of a hen's ^^%, white, and consists of
two coats distended with jelly. Odor carrion-like.

P. duplicatus. Laced Stinkhorn.

Volva, globose or oval, thick, whitish, sometimes with a
pinkish tinge.

Stem, cylindrical, cellulose, tapering slightly upwards.

Veil, netted, surrounding the whole of the stipe from pileus
to volva, often torn.

Head or pileus pitted after deliquescence, apex acute, six to

eight inches high.

Odor very repugnant, like unto rotten Limburger cheese. As disgust-
ing as it is to the sense of smell, so beautiful it is to the sight. When
perfect there can't be seen finer lacework than on this plant. It grows
in lawns and open woods and is easily detected by its odor.

P. Ravenelii. B. & C.
Pileus, or head, conical, elongated, surface not reticulated
after deliquescens, the apex smooth and finally perforate.

1 60 PHALLOIDE.^.

Stem, cylindrical, tapering at each end.

Veil, small, concealed by the margin of pileus.

Volva, globose or ovoid, pinkish, divided into segments.

Size five to seven inches high ; not near so robust as the other

two species.

This is quite common in a locaUty called the jungle, near Trexlertown,
during August and September.

Genus II. MUTINUS. Fr.

Pileus continuous with the stipe, the gleba covering the
outside of the apex.

M. bovinus. Huds.

Pileus, acuminate, perforate at the apex.

Stem, cylindrical, tapering gradually to the apex, of a
pinkish hue throughout, four to five inches high or higher.

Volva, oblong-ovoid, pallid, divided into two to three
segments. Agrees well wnth M. caninus except the odor.

Found scattered specimens in different localities through the Valley.

M. brevis. B. & C.

Pileus, broadly clavate, conical, but always more or less
obtuse.

Stem, bright red, coarsely or pitted cribose, attenuated
below.

Volva, globose, segments two to three, parted.

This is scarce in our Valley, and being so small it is easily overlooked.
Found specimen in Laros's lawn, Breinigsville, Pa.

Genus III. PHAI,I,OGASTBR. Morgan.

Peridium pyriform, stipitate, consisting of a single layer,
covered by an evanescent cortex. Gleba lobed, irregularly

PHALLOGASTKR. l6r

lobed. The entire contents deliquescent at maturity, adhering
in distinct masses to the inner surface of the ruptured peridium.

P. saccatus. Morgan.
Peridium, spherical or pyriform, stipitate or nearly sessile,
surface smooth, whitish, stained with a dull flesh color.
Character same as in the genus.

Found under a spruce tree in Chas. K. Mosser's lawn, Breinigsville,
Pa. Forwarded specimen to A. P. Morgan.

Order II. I^YCOPBRDACB^.

Peridium composed of two distinct layers, globose, sessile,
sometimes more or less stipitate. Hymenium filling the inside
cavity, called the gleba ; at length, when the spores begin to
ripen, there is a copious effusion of water, of the color of the
future spores ; finally after maturity it is nothing but threads
and spores, which are immense.

The following genera are included, viz :

QuKLETiA. — Stipitate puff ball.

Geaster. — Earth stars.

BoviSTA. — The Bovista puff ball.

Clavatia. — The closed puff ball.

Lycoperdon. — The open (with a pore) puff ball.

Mitremyces. — The mitre puffball.

Scleroderma. — The hard puffball.

Genus IV. QUBlyBTIA.

Q. mirabilis. Fr.

Peridium, globular, dirty white, smooth, dehiscent by
decay. Inner peridium very thin, subgleba none.

Spores, Hght rusty.

Stem, free from the peridium, in a socket like the stem of

Agaricus campester ; elongated, lacerated, scaly, white, solid.

On a bed of spent oak tan, Mosser's tannery, 1893. This is a very rare
puffball. From a postal, in return from Prof. Peck after receiving a
specimen for identification, I quote as follows :

"State Hai.1., Ai^bany, N. Y., August, 26, 1893.
* ' My Dear Sir : Thanks for your kind offer to send me more speci-
mens of Queletia mirabilis. I would be glad to have a few more. So
far you are the only one in this country to find it.

" Very truly yours,

"Chas. H. Peck."

163

QUElvKTIA MIRABITJS.

GEASTKR MAMMOSUS.

GEASTER. 163

Genus V. GBASTBR. Midi. Earth Stars.

Peridium globose, consists of two coats ; outer coats splitting
at the apex downward, into several segments, which become
reflexed in a stellate form ; inner peridium thin, membrana-
ceous then papyraceous, sessile or with a short pedicel.

Capillitium takes its origin from the inner surface of the
peridium, also a distinct columella. Threads simple, slender ;
spores small, globose.

G. matnmosus. Chev.

Outer peridium, five to seven parted, sometimes more,
hygrometric, sessile, pale to brown, mouth fimbriated, seated
on a circle. Columella short, with a broad base.

Capillitium, thinner than the spores.

Found in different localities. Charles K. Mosser's lawn, under an
evergreen hedge-fence.

G. limbatus. Fr.

Outer peridium, many parted, into seven to ten segments,
stellate. Inner peridium globose, pale dark brown pedicellate,
mouth lacerated.

Colum.ella, large, convex, threads of capillitium thicker
than the spores.

Spores, minutely warted.

Found in Spring Creek woods.

G. minimus. Schw.

Outer peridium multifid, the segments seven to nine
parted. Inner peridium ovoid, pedicellate, white to pale
brown, mouth conic, ciliate-fimbriate, seated in a plane circular
disk. Columella slender, nearly obsolete ; threads of the
capillitium thinner than the spores, hyaline.

Spores, globose, warted.

Trexlertown cemetery.

164 LYCOPERDACE^.

Genus VI. MITRBMYCBS. Nees.

Mycelium composed of numerous cord-like glutinous fibres,
which branch and anastomose, forming a rooting base.

Peridium subglobose, composed of different layers, the outer
one torn into segments. Mouth a stellate fissure of half a
dozen rays. Capillitium threads long, slender, hyaline.

There is only one species of this genus.

M. lutescens. Schw.
Characters same as the genus.
Found specimens in Minesite woods, near Allentown, Pa.

Genus VII. BOVISTA. Dill.

Peridium membranaceous, persistent, bark distinct, at length
shelling off. Capillitium adnate to the inside of the peridium.
Spores pediculate or sessile.

B. pila. B. & C.

Peridium, globose, sessile, with a stout mycelium ; cortex
thin, white at first then brown.

Capillitium, firm, compact and persistent, at first clay
colored, at length purple brown.

Found specimens in Spring Creek woods. Identified by A. P. Morgan,
Ohio.

Genus VIII. ClyAVATIA. Fr.

Peridium large, sessile ; cortex thin, adherent. Inner per-
idium thin and fragile, breaking up into fragments from above
downward. Spores and capillitium in a dense mass.

■'vf:?S

CLAVATIA MAXIMA.

CLAVATIA. 165

C. maxima. Schaff. Giant PufFball.

Peridium, large, five to ten inches in diameter, globose,
white, cortex flocculose, or smooth and glossy. Inner peridium
thin, breaking into fragments, subgleba shallow, or hardly any.

Spores and capillitium, greenish yellow, threads very long.

This is the Lycoperdon gigantea of most authors ; it being separated
by Fries on account of its dehiscing without a mouth. Edible. Common
all through the Valley.

Nearly everybody, even the schoolboy, knows what a puffball or devil's
snuffbox is. They shun it as a dangerous thing to handle, for fear the
dust might come in their e3'es and make them blind. The dust is really
irritating, and is supposed to have narcotic properties, since the fumes
are used to stupefy bees, to get the honey. As irritating as this dust is,
so innocent the flesh is when eaten before it turns or is turning to dust.
It is then excellent eating. Unfortunately this fungus deteriorates very
speedily after gathering. If when cut or broken, yellow stains are seen,
it ought not to be used. Mrs. Hussey says each slice ought to be dipped
in the yolk of an egg and fried like an omelet.

The advantage of using puflfballs as a diet is in its large size. One
lyycoperdon giganteus is enough for a breakfast of two or three men.
Also, it cannot be mistaken for a poisonous fungus, for all puffballs are
safe, except the hard Sclerodermae, which are too hard and bitter to be
even tasted.

C. cyathiformis. Bosc.

Peridium, large, obovate, base thick, with a cord-like root ;
cortex smooth, easily peeling off, gray, taking on violet.

Inner peridium, thin, pale purple, breaking up into scaly
fragments.

Subgleba, large, taking up one-third of the cavity, con-
cave or cup-shaped, purple.

Spores and capiUitium, at first violet, then pale purple.
Spores globose, echinulate.

In external appearance it is very similar to the C. maxima; but the
purple spores and subgleba at once gives you the diagnosis.

Edible. Not as common as the C. maxima, and not quite as large.
Along the roadside and grassy lawns.

1 66 I^YCOPERDACK^.

Genus IX. I^YCOPE^RDON. Fr. Puffballs.

Mycelium fibrous, rooting at the base. Peridium small,
globose, obovate, with a thickened base ; cortex with more or
less spines, scales, warts, or granules. Inner peridium thin,
dehiscent by an apical mouth. Subgleba cellulose, continuous
with the capillitium. Capillitium and spores very abundant.
Threads of two kinds : one set arises from the peridial wall
and the other set from the subgleba.

This genus includes puffballs with an apical opening,
whereas the Clavatia has none.

They are divided into two series, a purple-spored series and
an olive-spored series.

Purple-spored Series.

I/, echinatutn. Pers.

Peridium, ovoid, with a narrow base, mycelium of slender
white fibres ; cortex covered with long brown spines, often
coherent at the apex.

Subgleba, taking up one-third of the cavity.

Spores and capillitium, olivaceous, then violet, to brownish
purple.

Growing on decayed leaves in open woods. Spring Creek woods.

I/, pulcherrinum. B. & C.

Peridium, obovoid, with a short base, mycelium a cord-like
root ; cortex covered with white spines, coherent at the base.

Subgleba, medium large.

Spores and capillitium, at first olivaceous, then brownish

purple, spores globose, minutely warted.

Scarce in well-manured fields and woods. Found specimens in different
localities.

I/, atropurpureum. Vitt.
Peridium, dingy rufous, opening by a minute obtuse mouth,
bark at first rough, with spines, sterile base, broad and shallow.

I^YCOPERDON. 167

Spores and capillitium, olivaceous, then purple, threads
branched, the main stem about as thick as the spores. Spores
echinulate.

Growing on the ground.

ly. glabellum. Pk.

Peridium, obovate, with a soft, delicate, velvety bark,
yellowish, inner peridium smooth and glossy.

Spores and capillitium, olivaceous, then purple. Spores
globular, warted.

Found specimens in chaparral ridgewoods.

Olive-spored Series.

I/, gemmatum. Fr.

Peridium, turbinate, depressed above, elongated into a
kind of thickened stem ; bark farinose, adnate, covered with
persistent warts or spines.

Spores and capillitium, olivaceous.

There is no species of puffball so common as this. You will meet with
it not only in meadows and grainfields, but in open woods.

ly. separans. Pk.

Peridium, broadly ovate, often much depressed, plicate
underneath, with a cord- like root ; cortex a dense white coat
of convergent spines, which at maturity peel off in flakes,
revealing a thin furfuraceous layer of minute yellowish scales
covering the inner peridium.

Subgleba, broad, occupying about one-third of the cavity.

Spores and capillitium, dark brown.

Found specimen in an open grassy place in chaparral ridgewoods.

ly. pedicellatum. Pk.
Peridium, obovate, with a slender mycelium; cortex
whitish, changing to dirty brown, covered with convergent

1 68 lycopkrdace:^.

spines at the apex ; these at length fall away, leaving a
wrinkled or obscurely pitted surface.

Subgleba, occupying about one-fourth of the cavity.

Spores and capillitium, olivaceous brown, the thread much
branched. Spores globose, with long persistent pedicels.
Scarce in the Valley. Found specimens in Albright's jungle.

I/, pyriforme. SchafF.

Peridium, obovate or pear-shaped, with a profusion of
mycelium threads ; cortex with a thin coat of minute brownish
scales or granules, which are quite persistent.

Subgleba, small, compact.

Spores and capillitium, brownish olivaceous, threads thicker
than the spores.

Growing in compact clusters ; so much so as to compress the inside
specimens out of shape. Equally common with the h. gemmatum all
through the Valley. This is about the only puff ball that grows on wood.

I,. Wrightii. B. & C.

Peridium, globose, sessile, white, minutely spinulose,
often converging at the apex.

Subgleba, obsolete.

spores and capillitium, greenish yellow, then brown oliva-
ceous. Spores minutely warted.

Common in gravelly paths. This is our smallest puff ball.

Genus X. SCIyE^RODERMA. Pk.

Peridium firm, with an innate bark, bursting irregularly,
flocci adhering on all sides to the peridium, and forming
distinct veins in the central mass. Spores large, granulated. —
Berkeley Outlines.

SCI^ERODERMA GEASTER.

SCLERODERMA. 169

S. vulgare. Common Scleroderma.

Peridiuttl, corky, hard, sessile, opening by fissures, inner

mass bluish black.

Spores, dingy.

Common all through the Valley. Can pick bushels of it in some
localities.

S. verrucosum. Pers. Warty Scleroderma.

Peridium, with a very short stem or almost sessile, warty,
thin, and fragile ; flocci and spores brown.
Common in open woods and roadsides.

S. geaster. Fr.

Mycelium a mass of fibres, larger than the plant itself.

Peridium, corky, hard, rough, dehiscing into irregular
stellate limbs, buried part of the sessile base in the ground.
Inner mass dark brown or black. The limbs, when extended,
measure from four to five inches.

This interesting plant is scarce in the Valley. Found it growing at the
side of the mountain road leading to a place called Stein's Spring, near
Macungie, Pa.

There is a disagreement among the different authorities as to the
priority of the different names of this plant. A. P. Morgan, of Preston,
Ohio, the best authority in America, may be consulted 011 this subject.

Order III. NIDUIyARIAC:^^. Tul.
Birdsnest Fungi.

Spores produced on sporophores, compacted into one or
more globose or disciform bodies, contained within a distinct
peridium. — Berkeley Oiitlines.

The genera included under this natural order are as follows :

Cyathus. — Peridium cup-shaped, of different membranes.

Crucibulum. — Peridium of one uniform membrane.

NiDULARiA. — Peridium globose, sporangia involved in
mucous.

SphcEroboIvUS. — Peridium double, sporangia ejected.

Genus XI. CYATHUS. Pers.

Peridium composed of three membranes, at length bursting
at the apex, and closed by a white membrane. Sporangia
attached to the walls by an elastic cord. — Berkeley Outlmes.

C. Striatus. Hoffm. Birdsnest.

Truncate, broadly open, externally ferruginous, hirsuto-
tomentose, internally lead color, smooth, striated.

Sporangia, whitish, broadly umbilicate ; covering of the
cup thin ; spores thick, oblong.

This is a common fungus, growing on old stumps all through the Valley.

Genus XII. CRUCIBUI^UM.

Peridium consisting of a uniform, spongy, fibrillose felt,
closed by a flat, furfuraceous cover. Sporangia plane, attached
by a long cord, springing from a little nipple-like tubercle. —

Berkeley Outlines,

170

SPH.^^ROBOIvUS. 171

C. vulgar e. Tul.

Peridium, tawny tan color, externally nearly even, inter-
nally quite even, smooth, shining, mouth quite entire, naked.
Sporangia pale ochre, whitish ; spores minute.

Common on hemlock boardwalks and logs.

Genus XIII. NIDUI^ARIA. Tul. Imbedded Birdsnest.

Peridium globose, sporangia numerous, small, enveloped in
mucous.

N. pisiformis. Tul.
Csespitose in a nest, globose, rootless, brown.
Sporangia, subrotund, dark brown, spores colorless,

elliptical.

On old logs throughout the Valley all summer.

Genus XIV. SPH^ROBOI^US. Tode.

Peridium double, an inner one which is elastic, and when
ripe ejects the sporangia for some distance.

S. stellatus. Tode.

Globose, pale yellow, outer peridium of two coats lined by
an inner elastic one. The outer peridia split in a stellate
manner, and the inner suddenly inverts itself and throws the
sporangia to a considerable distance.

Not common in the Valley. Found specimens in Spring Creek woods.

GROUP III. BASIDIO-URBDINB^.

The old name Coniomycetes of Fries denotes more fully the
nature of this group than the one in use at the present time.
Coniomycetes means dust fungi, for the species are distin-
guished for the vast predominance of dust-like spores. They
are divided into two series : those growing on dead or dying
plants (saprophytic), and those growing on living plants
(parasitic). The species of former series are no doubt dual-
isms of higher fungi ; the structure of the greater part of them
is very similar. All are interesting in so far as dualism is
concerned, and the beautiful varieties and fascinating forms of
the spores, by which they are determined, is interesting.
There is nothing more true in the old adage, " The tree is
known by its fruit," than in this group, for it is impossible to
get any characters from the vegetative organs, which are
nothing but small spots on old logs, dead leaves, etc.

There are three natural orders included under this series of
the Uredines or Coniomycetes :

Sphceronemei. — Perithecium distinct, free.
Melanconiei. — Perithecium wanting.
ToRLUivACEi. — Spores tomiparous.

The number of complete and autonomous species are very
few, if any. For the descriptive literature in conjunction with
the Pyrenomycetes, I would refer you to Ellis's great work on
this subject.

Series II. Parasitic Uredines,

The species of this series only grow on living plants ; the
mycelium threads are imbedded in the tissues of the host-plant.

The Germans call this series Hypodermei on account of their

172

^CIDIACE^. 173

forming under the epidermis of leaves, petioles, and even
flowers. They are of far greater importance than the first
series, since they are very destructive to the different kinds of
fruits and cereals. They are commonly called ruts and brands.
Dualism is frequently met with in this series in the form of
uredospores or rust, and teleutospores or brand ; the former
stage is also called the summer spores, and the latter the winter
spores. This class of fungi are frequently called microscopical
fungi, since their identity can not be accomplished unless you
bring to your aid a good compound microscope of a medium
power, with a one-fifth objective. To study this series of
Uredines a person ought to be well acquainted with our
phanerogamous plants, especially with the specific botanical
name, for the parasite is generally named after the specific
name of the plant.

The natural orders included under the parasitic Uredines are
as follows :

^CIDIACE^.

PUCCINIACE^.
Cooke, in his British Fungi, has a large natural order under
this group, Caeomacei, the genera of which are now included
under the above two natural orders.

Order I. ^CIDIACB^.

Peridium distinctly cellular, cup-shaped, margin free.

The following genera are included, viz :

RcESTELiA. — Peridium elongated.

Peridermium. — Peridium elongated, growing only on pine

needles.
-^CIDIUM. — Peridium cup-shaped, margin recurved.
C^OMA. — Spores in vertical chains, with spermogonium.

174 ^CIDIACK^.

Genus I. RCESTBI/IA. Reb.

Peridium elongated, at length opening by lateral fissure or
terminal mouth. Spermogones on the opposite surface of the
same on different leaves.

R. lacerata.

On the under surface of the green leaves of the common hawthorn.
Craetegus.

R. aurantiaca. Pk.

Peridium, elongated, at length opening by a crown.
Spores, orange yellow.

Genus II. PBRIDBRMIUM. Chew.

Peridermium elongated, at length bursting irregularly.
Spermogonia scattered, conspicuous.

P. pini.

Peridium, oblong, scattered, large, spores orange color.
On pine needles. Trexlertown cemetery.

Genus III. J^CIDIUM. Pers. Cluster Cups.

Peridium not elongated, cup-shaped, opening by a terminal
mouth, bordered by a fringe of re volute teeth. Spores disposed
in chains, spermogonia on the same or opposite side.

^. Berberidis. Pers.
Barberry Bush Cluster Cup.

Spermogone none. Spots roundish, bright red, peridia in

round, oval patches. Spores orange.

Said to be a part of the Puccinia graminis cycle. On the common
barberry bush.

^CIDIUM. 175

^, podophylli. Mandrake Cluster Cup.

Spots, round, scattered, bright yellow, hypophyllous.
Spores, abundant.

The spots change to teleutospore spots early in summer.
Common on the leaves of the mayapple. You can hardly find a leaf

that has not some of those parasitic spots.

J^, Oenothera. The Evening Primrose Cluster Cup.

Spores, of a beautiful pink color, coloring the leaf more or
less on both sides. Has the teleutospores following close on
the ripening of the uredospores.

Common on the evening primrose.

J^. caltha, Grev. Cowslip Cluster Cups.

Growing on the caltha palustris leaves in clusters ; some-
what campanulate.

Spores, bright orange, subglobose.

^. grossularise. D. C. Currant-bush Cluster Cup.

Peridia, in dense clusters ; spots yellow on the under side
of the leaf and petiole.
Spores, orange.
Common on the wild currant bushes all through the Valley.

^. sanibuci. Elder-bush Cluster Cup.

Peridia, in dense clusters, covering nearly the whole of the

under surface of the leaf ; of a beautiful yellow color. Cups

are beautifully visible with a common lens.

The petioles of the common sambucus Canadensis are often nearly
covered with this parasite.

M. violse. Schw. Violet Cluster Cup.
Peridium, small, yellow, becoming brown on the under
side of the leaf.

On viola rotundifolium.

176 ^CIDIACK^.

M. compo sit arum. Mart. Solidago Cluster Cup.

Spores, purplish, round, confluent. Peridia crowded, in
round patches. Spores round, patches.
On Solidago lanceolata.

M. geranii. D. C. Cranesbill Cluster Cup.

Peridia, in circular patches, with a bright red border.

Spores, yellow, on the under surface of leaves.

A beautiful object with a common lens. Common on our geranium
maculatum.

i^. ranunculi. Schw. Crowsfoot Cluster Cup.
Peridia, small, scattered, 3'ellow.
Spores, also yellow.

Common on ranunculus abortivus, which is quite numerous in our open
woods.

>E. convallarise. Schw. Solomon Seal Cluster Cup.

Peridia, in large patches, light yellow or nearly white.
Common on polygonatum.

Genus IV. C^OMA.

Spots becoming a powdery mass ; spores bright orange ;
spermogonia present.

C. nitans. Schw. Common Blackberry Rust.

Spores produced in vertical chains, spermogonia present.

Spots, bright orange, sometimes covering the whole leaf.

This parasite is so well known that it is barely necessary to give all the
microscopical characters. If you see a blackberry bush dusted over with
an orange dust during June and July it cannot be anything else but the
nitans, Schw. The vegetative part or mycelium permeates the cellular
portion of the leaf, sucking the life out of the plant. The spores are
very irritating ; so much so that I have had cases similar to hay fever
from inhalation. Common on our blackberry bushes.

Ordkr II. PUCCINIACB^.

Parasitic on living plants ; peridium none ; spores mostly of
two kincis, simple and septate, the latter producing on germi-
nation, secondary spores. — Berkeley Outlines, p. 328.

The genera included under this order are :

Uromyces. — Spores with a permanent pedicel.

Phragmidium. — Spores multiseptate.

Triphragmidium. — Spores biseptate.

PucciNiA. — Spores uniseptate.

Gymnosporangium. — Spores imbedded in a gelatinous mass.

Genus V PHRAGMIDIUM. Link.

Spores cylindrical, multiseptate, scarcely moliliform, borne
on long peduncles.

P. mucronatum. Link.

Uredospores, spots yellow, small, scattered, spores oval.
Teleutospores, scattered over the leaves in tufts ; spores
five to seven banded, terminal joint mucronate.
On our rose leaves.

P. clavellosum.

Teleutospores, with a dull yellow stain on the upper

surface.

Spores, four to five parted, peduncle clavate.
Coniinon on aralia nudicaulus.

Genus VI. PUCCINIA. Pers.

Uredospores subglobose, brand spores uniseptate, supported
on a distinct peduncle. — Berkeley Outlines.

\Tl

1 78 PUCCINIACE^.

Spores at maturity forming more or less of a powdery mass,
with permanent basidio, usually dark brown, two-celled,
septum transverse.

The species included under this genus are what are called in

common, brand (teleutospores). They are supposed to carry

the uredospores through the winter, which in early spring will

germinate and again form uredospores.

For a fuller description and good illustrations of this genus, I would
recommend Peck's Report, No. 25, p. no.

P. graminis.

Uredospores, spots yellow, scattered over upper surface of
the leaf, bursting lengthwise ; spores globose, generally called
rust.

Teleutospores, spots darker, sori linear spores black or
brown under the microscope.

On leaves and culm of grass or grain.

P. podophylli or aculeata. Schw.
Mayapple Brand.

^ciditim spore in the form of ^cidium podophyllum.
No true uredospores present. .

Teleutospores, following the disappearance of the cluster
cups. Spots brown, with the upper side yellowish.

Spores, peculiar, two-celled, with a broad band nearly in
the center, rough, with spines, giving it the appearance of a bug.

Common on the leaves of Podophyllum peltatum. All through Lehigh
County, Pa.

P. circese. Enchanters' Nightshade Puccinia.

Spots, white on the lower surface, making the upper surface

pale.

No uredospores found as yet.

Teleutospores, light colored short peduncle.
Found on circeae in woods.

PUCCINIA. 179

P. thalictri. Chevil.
No uredospore found.

Teleutospores, dark brown, rough with warts, a short
peduncle.

On thalictrum cornuti or meadow rue.

P. Hydrophylli. Pk.

No uredospores.

Teleutospores, nearly the shape of the thalictri.
Sea ce. On Virginian water leaf.

P. lobelise. Ger.

No uredospores.

Teleutospores, spots scattered on the under surface of the
leaf, small and hardly discernable on account of the hairy
surface of the leaf.

On Lobelia syphilitica.

P. Maydis.

This is the Puccinia sorghi. Schw. Indian Corn Brand.

Uredospores common before the brand spores appear. The
rust spots generally appear about the middle of July.

Teleutospores appear later ; best time to get specimens is
after the corn straw is stacked late in fall or early in spring.

Not abundant enough to do any harm to our crops of corn.

P. solidaginis. Pk.

No uredospores.

Teleutospores, spots dark, but very prominent on the
Solidago nemoralis or goldenrod.

Quite common on the leaves of Solidago nemoralis during August.

I So PUCCINI ACK^.

P. Xanthii. Schw.
No uredospores.

Teleutospores, in bright ^^ellow spots, very conspicuous.
Spores, with long peduncles, cells unequal, hyaline.
Common on the leaves of Xanthium strumarium.

P. coronati.

Uredo and teleutospores very common on our oats (avena
sativa), producing our oat rust, which is very injurious,
destroying sometimes whole fields of oats.

P. lychnidearum. Link,

Uredospores, in summer yellow, round, scattered on the

under surface of leaf.

Teleutospores, spots yellowish, becoming pale.

This is quite common on Sweet William, Lychnis chalcedonica. I found
specimen in December.

Genus VII. GYMNOSPORANGIUM. Link.

Peduncle extremely long, agglutinated by gelatine into a
tremeloid mass. Spores uniseptate. — Berkeley Outlines.

G. sabinse.

This is the cedar apple, hanging in gelatinous masses on our
cedar trees during a wet spell in the month of May.
Uredospores, none, except from some other source.
Trees look Ijeautiful when they are fresh. Common.

Genus VIII. UROMYCBS.
Spores unilocular, attached permanently to a decided
peduncle of greater length. — Berkeley Outlmes.

UROMYCES. l8l

U. terebinthi. D. C.

Uredospores and teleutospores on Rhus toxicodendron
(ivy poison). The leaves are covered with the parasite. This
parasite is no doubt a blessing to those who are subject to ivy
poisoning, since this parasite sucks the life out of the weed and
thus kills it.

XJ. Hedysari-paniculati. Schw.

Uredospores more abundant than the teleutospores. You
find them together on one spot, or aggregate spots.
Common on Desmodium paniculata.

U. caladii. Schw.

-^cidium, uredo, and finally teleutospores on one leaf.

Very common. After the middle of May it is very seldom that you
can find an Ariscema triphyllum (Indian turnip) that is clear from either
one of them. First comes the gecidium, then uredo, and one has barely
disappeared before the other follows. Common on Indian turnip.

U. trifolii. A. and S.

^cidium, uredo and teleutospores on our common clover.
The second crop of clover is the best to get specimens. The
Uromyces Lespedezae, Schw., is the same as the trifolii.

Common on Lespedeza capitata.

GROUP IV. BASIDIO-USTlIvAGINB^. Smuts.

Spores minute, sooty, developed either on delicate threads
(hyphse) or in compacted cells, arising first from a sort of
semigelatinous grumous stroma. Parasitic ; attacking flowers,
leaves, and stalks of herbaceous plants. The genera included,
indigenous in our Valley, are as follows :

Phacelotheca. — Developed in the ovary of the Phenero-

gamic genus or Polygonum.
Kntyloma. — Spots pale rusty brown, enclosed in a deformed

tissue host.
TiLLETiA. — Spots pulverulent at maturit}' , black.
UsTiLAGO. — Hymenium deeply seattd in the tissue of the
plant in the form of hyphae, ultimately breaking
in a powdery mass.

Genus I. PHACBI.OTHBCA.

Spores developed in a receptacle formed by the fungus in the
ovary ; columella present.

P. polygoni.

Produced in the ovary of the flowers of Polygonum
amphibium.

Easily identified by walking through a bed of the host, for
it is nothing but a mass of smut, the red spikes are nearly all
changed to a sooty mass.

Koch's Island.

Genus II. BNTYlvOMA.

Spots pustule-like, pale or rusty brown, parasitic on leaves

and stems.

182

USTILAGO. 183

B. ttienispermi. Farlow. Trelease.

On leaves of the yellow Parilla ; the only species, and that is
often overlooked.

Gknus III. TII,I,ETIA, Foetid Smut.
Spores enclosed in the deformed tissue of the host.

T. foetens. B. and C.

This is the old Ustilago foetens on our wheat heads. It is
easily identified by the pulverulent condition of the head of
wheat and the garlic-like odor.

Genus IV. USTII^AGO.

Spores smooth, verruculose, or muricate, maturing simul-
taneously.

U. Maydis. Corda. Indian Corn Smut.

Every farmer or schoolboy knows too well what the corn
smut is without a full microscopical description being giving of
it. It would nevertheless be to their interest to study the life
history, biological characters, the favorable or unfavorable
circumstances for its development or its destruction, for there
is no greater pest to the corn than this fungus. It not only
deteriorates the corn plant, destroying many bushels of the
seeds, but also poisons the leaves and stalks for fodder, turning
the sweet corn fodder into a bitter and disgusting feed. It is
supposed to have a very deleterious effect upon pregnant cows,
causing the premature dropping of the calf. An extract is
used in medicine for hemorrhages, and in obstetrics in place of
ergot of rye.

184 USTILAGINE.^.

There is an old superstition among farmers that the burning
of seed corn cobs produces smut, and you can find quite a
number who adhere to that foolish notion. If they would burn
the spores that would be wiser.

TJ. segetum. Pers.
Transforming the seed of oats (avena sativa) into a dusty
mass. This parasite, like the Maydis, is equally as destructive
to the grain. Some seasons whole fields are affected, making
the crop almost worthless. Oats with a good quantity of smut
makes it very unpleasant for farmers to handle ; the inhalation
and absorption of the spores is sickening, producing often a
high fever for a few days.

GROUP V — BASIDI0-TRE^M:^I,I,INE^^. Fr.

Whole plant gelatinous. This natural order deviates from
the typical Basidiomycetes in so far that the basidio are im-
bedded in the form of sporophores, with the spicules elongated
into threads. The following genera are included, viz :

TrkmelIvA.

KXIDIA.

HlRNKOLA.

GUKPINIA.

Gknus I. TREMBI/I/A. Fr.

Gelatinous, tremelous. Hymenium surrounding the whole
plant, not papillate.

T. lutescens. Fr. Yellowish Tremella.
Gelatinous, convoluted, gyrose, pallid, then a light yellow.
Common on decaying branches of trees all through the Valley.

T. mesenterica. Retz.
Orange, expanded over the subiculum, convoluted, gyrose,
various in extent.

Common on dry alder -^r willows along the Lehigh River.

T. vesicaria. Bull.
Firm, bladdery, waved and wrinkled, viscid within which
becomes hard when dry. Sporophores globose.

On the ground in woods near Fogelsville.

185

1 86 TREMELLINE^.

T. violacea. Morgan.
Effused in form of a beautiful violet gelatinous mass.
Common on recently cut maple stumps.

Genus II. BXIDIA. Fr.

Gelatinous, margined, fertile above, barren below.

:^. glaudulosa. Fr. Witches' Butter.

Blackish, flattened, undulated, soft at first and when moist,
becoming film-like when dry.

On dead oak branches all through the Valley.

Genus III. HIRNBOI^A. Fr.

Gelatinous, cup-shaped, horney when dry. Hymenium
wrinkled, without papillae, outer surface velvety.

H. Auricula- Judge. Jews' Ears.
Gelatinous, concave, lobed, thin, tomentose beneath,
brownish, when covered with the white spores cinereous.

Common on decayed logs. When growing from the side of a trunk
the lobes have the appearance of a human ear.

Genus IV. GUEPINIA.

Gelatinous, inclining to cartilaginous, free, different on the
two sides, variable in form, substipitate. Hymenium confined
to one side.

GUEPINIA. 187

G. spatularia.

Yellow, cartilaginous when dry, spatulate, expanded above,

hymenium slightly ribbed, contracted where it issues out of

the log.

Common through the Valley.

ASCOMYCETES.

Spores enclosed in a sac, or ascus. To distinguish them
from Basidiospores they are called sporidia.

The essential character of this important division consists in
the development of definite or indefinite sporidia, within certain
external cells of the hymenium called asci, frequently accom-
panied by inarticulate or septate, simple or branched, threads,
which are abortive asci, known under the name of paraphyses.
— Berkeley Outlines, p. 270.

The following natural orders are included under this group :

Onygenki. — Parasitic on insects, etc.
Pkrisporiacbi. — Powdery mildews.
Sph^riacei. )
Phacidiacei. I -Pyrenomycetes.

TuBERACEi. — Elaphomyces.

E1.VELLACE1. — Discomomycetes.
These natural orders are also divided into Discomomycetes.
The former includes Elvellacei and the latter consists of
Sphseriacei and Phacidiacei.

Order I. EI/VBI/I/ACBI.

Hymenium at length more or less exposed ; substance soft.
— Berkeley Outlines.

This is also Discomomycetes, for the hymenium in many
species is in the form of a disc.

The following genera are listed in our Valley:

Morchella. — Pileate, deeply folded and pitted.

HelvelIvA. — Pileate, concave below.

188

HEIyVELLA. 189

Leotia. — Pileate, margin revolute.
GeogIvOSSU m . — Clavate .
Peziza. — Cup-shaped, soon open.
Helotium. — Cup-shaped, disc always open.
Bulgaria. — Disc orbicular, glutinous within.

Genus I. MORCHBI<I/A. Dill.
Receptacle pileate, hymenium in folds and pits.

M. esculenta.

Pileus, round, obtuse, adnata at the base, two to three
inches high, one-half inch thick, yellowish.

Prof. Peck gives three or four species of Morchella, which he considers
as edible.

This is one of the best of fungi to use for food and is easily identified.
Our Pennsylvania farmers know them as merkel, and search for them
for a good meal in the form of a potpie.

Genus II. HElyVBI<IyA.

Receptacle pileate, hanging down over the stem ; concave
and barren below ; hymenium even. — Berkeley Outlines.

H. crispa.

Pileus, deflexed, lobed, free, crisped, yellowish.

Stem, costato-lacunose.

Asci, clavate, sporidia ovate.

This is scarce in the Valley. Found specimens near AUentown in an
open woods.

H. elastica.

Pileus, free, inflated, acutely lobed.
Stem, elongated.
Not very common.

190 ELVEl.I,ACKi.

Genus III. I^BOTIA.

Receptacle pileate, margin revolute.

I/, lubrica. Pers.

Tremelloid, swollen, greenish yellow.
Stem, hollow, yellow.
Asci, cylindrical, sporidia oblong.
More common than the rest of the family.

Genus IV. GBOGI/OSSUM. Earth Tongue.
Receptacle clavate, simple, hymenium surrounding the club.

G. nigritum. Pk.
Club, dark black, two to three inches high.
Common in the vicinity of Trexlertown.

G. luteum»

Club, yellowish, much smaller than the nigritum.
Found near Whitehall.

Genus V. PB^I^A,

Cup-shaped ; cup more or less concave, closed at first, but
soon open, disc naked. Asci fixed, that is, imbedded.

The species included are generally small; a few are of
considerable size. Every shade of color imaginable may be
seen. None are edible.

P. COCCinea. Carmine Peziza.

Stipitate, hemispherical, disc carmine, then orange. Asci
with eight sporidia enclosed.
Scarce in the Valley.

PKZIZA. 191

P. luteo-nitans. B. and Br.

Cup, bright yellow, concave, irregular, flexuose ; asci
linear ; sporidia elliptic, with two nuclea.
Common on grassy lawns.

P. floccosus. Schw. Wooly Peziza.
Cup, white, wooly externally, with a bright red disc,
funnel-shaped.

Found a few specimens near Allentown, Pa.

P. badia.

Cup, waved, brown, margin involute, external pruinose.
Sporidia, obovate, epispore rough.
Found specimens in different locaUties in the Valley.

P. occidentalis.

Cup, infundibuliform, disc carmine, external pruinose.
Sporidia, oblong.

This is a beautiful Peziza growing in different places in the Valley. It
appears early in June.

P. virginea. Virgin-white Peziza.

Stipitate, white, cup round, externally ])eset with crowded

patent hair, small, not much larger than a pin's head.

Common on herbaceous twigs, especially on the dry stalks of Eupato-
rium fistulosa, growing in the Albright jungle, Trexlertown, Pa.

VezizSi. Undetermined.

Sessile, concave, disc red, with margin beset with long black
bristles, external wall with shorter hairs, one-eighth inch in
diameter.

Common in moist places on rotten sticks.

192 ELVELLACEI.

P. (Dermatea) furfuracea.

Sessile, between fleshy and coriaceous, externally pallid,

mealy, margin rolled in ; disc dark brown.

Common on alder branches. You need not look for them before
October, when there is quite an abundance.

Genus VI. HBI/OTIUM. Fr.
Disc always open, dilated, convex or concave, naked.

H. seruginosum. Fr. Green Helotium.

Whole plant verdigris green, head small, turbinate, myce-
lium green.

This plant has different names ; Fries at one time took it for a Peziza and
called it Peziza aeruginosa. Tulane called it Chlorosplenium aeruginosum.
The mycelium stains the wood to a beautiful green. The fully developed
specimen is very rare. On oak. The mycelium stage is common in the
Valley.

H. lutescens. Fr. Yellowish Helotium.

Yellowish, small, sessile, or attached by a very short stipe.
Common on half-decayed branches lying in a damp place.

H. citrinum. Fr. Lemon-colored Helotium.

Head small, crowded, concave.

Sporidia oblong, elliptic.

Common on willow twigs lying in a moist place.

Genus VII. BUIvGARIA. Fr.

Receptacle orbicular, glutinous within, at first closed ;
hymenium even, persistent, smooth.

B. inquinans. Fr.

Cup-shaped, firm, rugulose, light umber, disc dark.

Asci long ; sporidia large, brown.

Common on rotten branches all through the Valley.

Order II. TUBBRACE^.

Subterranean, hymenium waved and sinuate.
There is only one genus represented, thus far, in the Valley
— and that is, viz :

Genus VIII BI.APHOMYCES.

Integuments thick, hard ; asci globose or ovate ; sporidia
consisting of several concentric utricles.

F. granulatus. Fr.

Cortex yellow when fresh, at length brownish, minutely

granulose or papillose.

Asci with eight sporidia.

Found a beautiful specimen some ten years ago in chaparral ridge-
woods. Sent a specimen to Prof. C. H. Peck for identification. The
specimens had Torrubia capitata growing on each tuber.

193

Order III. PHACIDIACB^.

Receptacle more or less coriaceous or carbonaceous ; disc at
length exposed by a fissure of the outer coat.

This natural order, together with the Sphseriacese, forms
what is called the Pyrenomycetes.

The best American literature on the subject is by J. B. Ellis,
of Newfield, N. J.: "Pyrenomycetes of North America." I
hav^e examined very few species of this natural order, but I
know that they are common in our Valley.

Genus IX. PHACIDIUM.

Perithecium bursting irregularly in the center by valvular
teeth.

P. carbonaceum. Fr.

Erumpent unequal, black, dehiscing into obtuse pits, disc

dry and black.

Common in spring on willow twigs.

P. dentatum. Fr.

Spot four parted, pallid, then black, disc ochraceous ; asci

linear, oblong ; sporidia thread-like.
Found in jungle on oak leaves.

Genus X. RHYTISMA. Fr.

Perithecia forming a confluent mass opening by fiexuous
fissures. — Berkeley Outlines.

R. Ilicis-Canadensis. Schw.

Innate, round, costa-rugose, shining, disc black.
Common on leaves of Prinos verticillata all through the Valley where
the black alder grows.

194

RHYTISMA. 195

R. salicinum. Fr.

Almost the same characters as the R. Ilicis-Canadensis, only

that it has a different host.

Common on willow leaves. Leaves look as though they were sprinkled
with pitch.

R. acerinutn. Maple Rhytisma.

Spermagonia present in form of orbicn^r pustular spots,
with a discolored zone.

Ascophore spots irregular, confluent, rugose, bursting
irregular, di?c growing pale.

Scarce on our maple tree leaves.

Order IV. SPH^RIACB^.

Perithecia carbonaceous or membranaceous, sometimes con-
fluent with the stroma, pierced at the apex, and mostly papil-
late ; hymenium diffluent. — Berkeley Outlines.

This natural order consists mostly of the pyrenomycetes
fungi. The genera are divided into four tribes, viz :

Nectri^i.
Xyi^ari^ei.
Valsei.
Sph^riei.

Genus XI. NBCTRIA. Fr.

Perithecia free, clustered or scattered, colored, fleshy or
horny.

Asci, eight or many spored ; sporidia of two kinds.

N. cinnabarina. Fr. Vermilion Nectria.

Conidia spores are produced on Tubercularia vulgare.

Ascophore caespitose, perithecia globose, corrugated, ver-
milion, at length brownish, osteola papillaeform ; sporidia
uniseptate.

On currant bushes, frequently together with Tubercularia vulgare.

Genus XII. HYPOMYCES. Tul.
Parasitic on fungi ; mycelium byssoid ; perithecia small.
Asci eight-spored. Only one species is known to me.

196

TORRUBIA. 197

H. lactifluorum. Schw.

Parasitic on Russula delica, turning it into an orange red
mass, without much deformity. It is often mistaken for a new
species, which I did when I first discovered it.
Spring Creek woods. Quite common.

Genus XIII. HYPOCRl^A.

Perithecia variable, pallid or colored. Asci eight-spored ;
sporidia uniseriate, didymous, with two globules.

The Hypocrea are numerous in our Valley, but not having
paid special attention to the different species I would refer you
to Ellis and Everhart's synopsis of the North American Hypo-
creaceae in Journal of Mycology, Vol. II, 1886, and Vol. Ill,
1887.

H. Richardsonia.

Found it growing on dead twigs of Populus tremuloides.

Gknus XIV. EPICHI^OB. Fr.

Parasitic on grass, dark colored, perithecia fleshy, immersed
in a myceloid stroma, sporidia linear.

]^. Hypoxylon.

Parasitic on the nodes of Eriophorum viginicum or cotton
grass. Stroma surrounding the stem. Very destructive to
the host plant.

Found in a swampy meadow near Trexlertown, Pa.

Genus XV. TORRUBIA. Lev.

Stroma vertical, fleshy, clavate, capitate ; perithecia im-
mersed ; sporidia linear, raultiseptate.

198 SPH^RIACE^.

T. capitata. Fr.

Fleshy, capitate, head ovate, bay brown, stem yellow, then
blackish.

Parasitic on Elaphorayces granulatus.

Found several specimens, one of which was sent to Prof. Peck, Albany,
N. Y.

Found in chaparral ridgewoods.

Genus XVI. CI.AVICBPS. Tul.

Stroma sclerotoid, subcylindrical ; fructifying head distinct,
fleshy, subglobose, colored ; asci linear, thickened at the apex ;
sporidia filiform.

C, purpurea. Tul. Ergot.

Stroma, horn-shaped, cylindrical, external pruinose, purple
black, internal white or purplish.

Conidia spores are formed on the sclerotium.

Ascophore, fleshy, pale purple ; head globose, tuberculose;
stem short, flexuous ; sporidia filiform, colorless.

This wonderful fungus has a number of synonyms, no doubt owing to
the different stages it passes through to reach perfection. Secale cornuti
was one of the first names before the life history was known. It has been
used in medicine from time immemorial, and is still used to some extent.
The fungus is getting scarce. I remember some years ago when it was
quite common on rye, even to the detriment of the farmers and millers.

It converts the rye grains into a useless mass for flour.

C. microcephala. Tul.

Stroma, horn-shaped, cylindrical, black externally, whitish
internally.

199 HYPOXYI.ON.

Ascophore, minute, head globose, stem long, slender,

flexuous ; asci with a tuber at the apex ; sporidia colorless,

filiform.

Growing on a species of grass along Spring Creek, Ivehigli County, Pa.
The sclerotium is not near so large as that growing on rye.

Genus XVII. XYI^ARIA. Fr.

Stroma corky, perithecia immersed, stipitate, sporidia
uniseriate.

X. polymorpha. Grev.
Black, erect, hymenium bearing perithecia in every part.

Common in lawns under shrubbery throughout the Valley. Easily
identified by the black color.

X. digitata.

Between fleshy and corky, caespitose, heads cylindrical,
reddish brown, then black, tips sterile ; sporidia uniseriate,
dark brown, curved.

On maple logs, jungle, Trexlertown, Pa.

A synopsis of the North American species Xylaria are fuU}^ given in
Journal of Mycology, by Ellis and Everhard, Vol. Ill, 1SS7 ; also in Peck's
Reports.

Genus XVIII. HYPOXYI^ON.

Convex or plane, stroma corky or brittle. Perithecia im-
mersed ; sporidia ovate, or lanceolate, curved, dark colored,
simple. This genus contains quite a number of good species,
but, I am sorry to say, very few are fully identified. The most
common in our Valley is the H. multiforme and H. rubigi-
nosum. For further information see Journal of Mycology, by
Ellis and Everhard, Vol. X, 1889.

200 SPH.5i;RIACE^.

Genus VAI,SA.

Perithecia carbonaceous, perfect, circinating, elongated into
converging necks ; ostiola erurapent, jointed together or ending
in a common disk.

V. Americana.

This is a conimon fungus on cordwood with the Vjark on.

Genus X. SPHERIA. Hall.

Perithecia black, carbonaceous pierced at the apex, mostly
papillate, superficial or erumpent, without any stroma ; sporidia
simple or septate, hyaline, or colored, variable. — Cooke' s British
Fungi.

S. morbosa. Schw. Plum Knot.

This fungus, according to the new nomenclature, is named
Plowwrightea morbosa.

Perithecia, black, carbonaceous ; asci with eight sporidia,
paraphysis accompanies the asci. Spermogonia are also
present.

Conidia or summer spores are early and abundant. They appear as
soon as the warm rains of June arrive, when you can find them on the
different species of the plum and red sour cherry trees. The mycelium
enlargement on the bark soon ruptures, when at the same time the
hyphse, bearing conidia spores, appear, giving the surface an olive-
green velvety appearance.

It is by means of these conidia spores that this fungus is so contagious.
They ripen and are carried by insects and wind to new host trees, where
under favorable conditions they form new fungal growths, and the fungus
is spread indefinitely from tree to tree, from neighbor to neighbor.

The perithecia, with the asci, are found later after the conidia have
done their work. They are the winter spores and do not ripen until
February and March. It is wonderful how nicely these spore cases
(perithecia) are imbedded in a hard crust for their winter quarters.

This fungus is perennial, and having once gained a home in a twig
will soon spread by new knots forming continually.

GLCENOSPORIUM. 20I

This fungus is the greatest enemy to the fruit growers, since when a
tree is attacked it means death to that tree and all surrounding trees.

There is no preventive except to watch and destroy the first appear-
ance of the myceliutn swelling, removing the branch and burning it
immediately. It will not do merely to cut it and leave the branch on the
ground, for the conidia and sporidia will ripen the same as if left on the
tree. The watchword ought to be " remove and cremate."

Genus XI. MBI<OGRAMMA. Tul.

Stroma subglobose, depressed, cellular ; perithecia immersed,
adnate ; sporidia linear, lanceolate, or ovate, pleurilocular or
simple.

M. gyrosum. Tul.

Spermog^onia, very tninute.

Ascophore, round, confluent, orange, stroma yellowish ;
perithecia spiral, pulverulent.
Sporidia, linear.
Also called Eudothia gyrosa, Fr.
On bark of cornus florida.

Genus XII GI/G^NOSPORIUM.

Perithecia imbedded in black bands, surrounding the twig.
Sporidia oozing out of the stroma in the form of tendrils.

G. Curtisii.

Common on maple twigs, to the injury of young maple trees.

Order V. PBRISPORIACE^.

Perithecia subglobose, always closed except by decay, mostly
membranaceous, nucleus never difQuent. — Berkeley Outlines.

Many of the species are parasitic on living leaves. The
genera included and found in our Valley are as follows :

Uncinula.

Phyllactinia.

Sph.erotheca.

MlCROSPH^RIA.

Erysipb and Krotium.

Genus XIII. SPH^R.OTHBCA. Lev.

Mycelium spiderweb, conceptacles globular, containing a
single sporangium, appendages numerous, fioccose.

S. pannosa. Rose Blight.

Mycelium, thick, woolly ; conceptacles globose, white ;
sporangium many spored.

Common on our yellow rose bushes.

Genus XIV. PHYI,!, ACTINIA. Lev.

Perithecia round, seated on a granular receptacle ; appen-
dages straight, ascicular, at length bent back.

P. guttata.

Aniphigamous, mycelium web-like, conceptacles large,
round, appendages hyaline.

On different species of deciduous undershrubs. This is the same
species as the Phyllactinia suffulta, Reb.

202

ERVSIPHE. 203

(;enus XV. UNCINUlvA. Lev.

Mycelium floccose, appendages rigid, simple, bifid or simple,
uncinate, at length bent upwards.

U. salicis. Winters.
Perithecia, abundant on the upper surface of different
species of willow and poplar.

Asci, oval, containing from four to six sporidia.
Jungle near Trexlertown, Pa.

U. necator. Schw.

Perithecia, medium size, dark colored so as to be easily
distinguished.

Asci, ovate, acuminate, containing from four to six sporidia.

Appendages slender, the outer half hyaline, tips loosely
coiled.

Common on our Virginia creeper. This is supposed to be, and no
doubt is, the Uncinula spiralis, B. and C, or the powdery mildew on the
grapevine.

The law of priority favors Ellis and Everhart's decision in their North
American Pyrenomycetes, where they are taken as the Uncinula necator.

Genus XVI. BRYSIPHB. Hedw.

Mycelium spiderweb-like, appendages floccose, simple or
irregularly branched. This genus is the type of this natural
order, being also named Erysipheae.

B. graminis. Grass Blight.
Perithecia, epiphyllous, large, mycelium effu.sed, flocco.se ;
appendages simple or interwoven with the mycelium.

On leaves of grapes. The conidia spores are the Oidiuni moniloides.

204 PERISPORIACE^.

Genus XVII. BROTIUM. L. and C.

Perithecia reticulated, vesicular colored, attached to muci-
dine threads ; sporangia delicate. — Berkeley Outlines.

B. herbariorum.

Characters same as the genus. This is proved to be an ascig-

erous part of the Aspergillus glaucus, a mucidine.

On dried plants, and other decaying substances. The meatus of the
external ear is subject to a growth of this fungus, producing inflamma-
tion and dullness of hearing.

PHYCOMYCETES.

Algae fungi. The organs of fructification are so similar to
some of the algae tribes that it was considered a proper name
for this group. They include some of the Mucidines of Fries.
Many species are parasitic on cultivated plants, doing consid-
erable damage to crops.

Spores like algae spores are produced asexually as conidia
and zoospores and sexually as zygospores or oospores.

The principal systematic literature is Berlese et De Toni
Phycomyceteae in Seccardo, Sylloge Fungorum.

The genera which I am able to describe, and indigenous in
our Valley, are :

Cystopus.

Peronospora.

Phytophthora.

MUCOR.

Genus I. CYSTOPUS. DeBary.

Receptacle consisting of thick, branched threads ; conidia
concatinate, at length separating, oospores deeply seated on
the mycelium.

C. candidus. Ivcv. Crucifera White Rust.

Conidia equal, globose. Oospores subglobose ; epispore

yellowish brown with regular obtuse warts.

In this genus there are two kinds of reproductive organs, those pro-
duced on the surface of the plant, bursting through the skin in white
pustules, which DeBary called the conidia, and are generated in chains,

205

206 PHYCOMYCETES.

and certain globose swellings termed oogonia, which are developed on
the mycelium threads in the internal tissue of the foster plant. When
these conidia are placed in water they rapidly absorb water and swell,
and finally zoospores are generated, which soon begin to move, with their
cilia, and by means of these cilia they disengage themselves and become
isolated. The movement is exactly that of the zoospores of algae.
Common on Capsella Bursa-pastoris.

Genus II. PBRONOSPORA. DeBary.

Mycelium threads mostly inarticulate, spores of two kinds,
conidia on the tips of branchlets ; oospores large, globose on
the mycelium. — Berkeley Outlines.

P. gangliformis. Berk. Lettuce Blight.
Mycelium stout, torulose, threads branched, primary branches

slender, acrospores minute, vescicular.
On garden lettuce.

P. viticola. B. and C.

This is what causes the dry rot of grapes, or downy mildew^ Some
years it is very damaging to our different kinds of grapes.

Genus III. PHYTOPHORA. DeBary.

The same characters as the Peronospora, with this difference,
that the mycelium threads are septate.

P. infestans. Potato Rot.
Mycelium threads slender, destitute of suckers, fertile threads
thin, gradually attenuated upwards, with one to five branches,
with one or more spores at the tip.

This is the fungus which is responsible for the rotting of our potatoes.
As early as 1846 this fungus was carefully described by the Rev. J. M.

MUCOR. 207

Berkeley, and later DeBary has given this fungus attention. The rapid
decay of both foliage and tubers is a good character, accompanied by a
very- offensive odor, which is easily recognized by all who have once
experienced it. The condition most favorable for the growth of this
fungus is a moisl and sultry atmosphere of a temperature of 70° Fahren-
heit. The manner in which the germ tube of the conidia spores enter,
the leaf is interesting.

The name "downy mildew " has been given to this fungus, since
under favorable circumstances a downy or mould-like growth forms
itself on the under surface of the leaf. Thus far the upper surface does
not show any signs of the disease. This downy surface are the conidia
spores with the hymenium threads. These conidia spores are light and
may be carried long distances by the wind. It is largely owing to these
spores that it is so infectious. After a time the top part of the leaf
changes color, from a yellowish to dark brown or even black.

After these summer spores mature on the leaf, some fall on the ground
and are brought in contact with the tuber, where they germinate and
enter the substance of the potato, there to produce the same bad effect it
had on the leaf and stalk. It is through the mycelium remaining in the
potato that the fungus is carried through the winter.

As for a preventive, the best thing to do is to use some poisonous
spraying mixture. Since Paris green is used so freely to destroy the
potato bug, we have no trouble with this fungus. Paris green answers
the double purpose of killing the potato bug and the Phytophora infestans.

Genus IV. MUCOR. Moulds.

Threads free, sporangia at length bursting. Zygospores
present, developed on the mycelium.

M. phycomyces. Berk.
Mycelium obsolete, olivaceous, shining ; sporidia yellowish.

To get specimens of this species, the best place is on old greasy cellar
walls.

M. mucedo. L. Common Mould.
Byssoid, sporangia and sporidia globose, at length blackish.

208 PHYCOMYCETES.

This is the kitchen mould, and gives that mouldy odor in damp
weather. There is seldom to be found a preserved fruit jar that has not
some mould growing on the top.

M. caninus. P. Dog-dung Mould.

Fertile threads simple, sporangia yellow or ferruginous,
globose.

On dung of cats and dogs.

M. fugiser. Agaric Mould.

Fertile threads simple, sporangia globose, hyaline, at length
black, sporidia fusiform.
On decaying Agaric.

MYXOMYCETES.

Slime moulds. Whole plant at first gelatinous. Mycelium
often vein-like. Some authors do not consider those veins a
mycelium, merely a part of the plasmodium, which, when
mature, forms a mass of spores and threads, at length bursting.
The ripe plant is so similar to the group Gastromycetes that
M. C. Cooke, Rev. Berkeley, and other authors, had them
placed under that group. This is a wonderful group ;
wonderful not for size and beauty but for their peculiar mor-
phology, from a mass of slime in early morn to a beautiful
network of threads and spores in the evening.

Mycologists could not agree as to whether to place it under
the animal or vegetable kingdom. DeBary was of the opinion
at one time that it belonged to a low order of infusoria, but he
soon changed his mind and placed them in a fungal group
(Myxomycetes). Unfortunately these beautiful objects of
creation are unknown save to a privileged few who have, by
the aid of a microscope, become acquainted with them. As
said before, in their vegetative condition they consist of naked,
motile, undifferentiated masses of protoplasm called Plasmo-
dium. This motile power of the plasmodium has deceived
former naturalist to place them in the animal kingdom.

The fruit consists of an outside wall enclosing a mass of
spores. If irregular in form it is called a plasmodiocarpa ; if
regular, sporangia. A number of sporangia enclosed in an
outside covering or peridium forms an aethalium. Sporangia
may be sessile or furnished with a stipe, the stipe protruding
into the chamber of the sporangium, forming a columella ;

threads forming a network is called, same as in the Lycoper-

209

2IO MYXOMYCETES.

dons, a capillitium. Lime, another animal character, which is
present in the plasmodium, remains in the capillitium and
peridium as calcareous nodes.

The species of this group are all interesting. They are
nearly all small and easily overlooked. Most of the didymium
are not much larger than a pin's head.

There are quite a number of good genera included under this
group. My list represents only a few of the many, viz :

Craterium. — Opening with a lid.

Physarum. — Sporangium simple.

DiACH/EA. — Capillitium a network of violet threads.

FuLiGO. — ^thalium not clustered, yellow and brown.

Stemonitis. — Capillitium forming a network on the walls
of the sporangium.

DiCTYDiUM. — With parallel ribs.

Didymium. — Lime in crystal form on sporangium.

Lycogala. — ^thalium with a bark of colored cells.

Lachnobolus. — Capillitium grown to the walls of the
sporangium.

Arcyria. — Capillitium free from the walls of the sporan-
gium.

Trichia. — Threads of the capillitium simple.

Hemiarcyria. — Threads of the capillitium more or less
jointed into a net.

Genus L CRAT]^RIUM.

Sporangium simple, rigid, closed on top with an operculum,

C. leucocephalum. Pk.

Sporangium, more or less pyriform, stipitate, square sided,
operculum thin.

Found in a lawn near Trexlertown, Pa., on a blade of grass.

DICTYDIUM. 211

Genus II. PHYSARUM.

Capillitium present, sporangia covered with a crust of lime,
rupturing irregularly Knots of capillitium filled with lime.
Columella none.

P. alba. Fr.

Sporangium, dalicate, depressed, white, fiocci few, spores
dark.

In gardens on tan walks.

Genus III. DIACH^A. Fr.

Peridium of the sporangia very delicate, falling off in frag-
ments. Columella present.

D. leucopoda.

Sporangia, small, two lines high, one line thick.

Found by C. G. Lloyd, when on a visit to Trexlertown, in the jungle
on an Asplenium felix foemina-pinnse. This is a beautiful myxo.

Genus IV. FUI,IGO. Tanpit Slime.

^thalia without columellse, not clustered, yellowish, then
brown.

F. vaporarium. Fr.

Yellow, effused over spent tan bark, in irregular patches ;
spores at length black.

Common on old oak stumps, apple pomace, etc., all through the Valley.

Genus V. DICTYDIUM.

Sporangia simple, delicate, capillitium wanting, wall of the
sporangia with net-like thickening.

212 MYXOMYCETES.

D. umbilicatum. Schrod.

Sporangia, umbilicate, veins parallel, jointed by others
which are transverse ; spores purplish brown ; about the size
of a large pin's head, pendant, stipitate, stipe glossy.

Common on old stumps.

Genus VI DIDYMIUM.

Sporangium with a membranaceous inner peridium, bursting
irregularly ; externally clothed with a crust-like outer perid-
ium, which breaks into furfuraceous scales.

D. furfuraceum. Fr. Scurfy Didymium.

Sporangia, floccose, whitish, columella none, stem short,
whitish, even ; spores blackish.
Common on oak branches lying on the ground.

D. xanthopUS. Fr. Yellow-stem Didymium.

Sporangium, globose, brown, whitish ; stipe elongated,
even, yellow ; columella also stipitate into the sporangia.
On dead oak leaves.

D. cinereum. Fr. Ash-grey Didymium.

Sporangia, sessile, globose, whitish, covered with an
ashy grey scurf ; spores black. The size of a pin's head.
Common on fallen oak leaves.

Genus VII. I,YCOGAI,A. Mich.

a^thalium semiglobular, covered with a double membrane,
persistent, bursting irregularly at the apex, externally warty
or furfuraceous. Flocco adnate to the wall of the peridium.

STEMONITIS. 213

I/, epidendrum.

Subglobose, pinkish, then brown ; spores pale violet.

This is one of the most common Myxogaster to be found in the Lehigh
Valley. It is easily identified by its appearing like so many small puff-
balls on decayed logs.

Genus VIII. I^ACHNOBOIyUS.

Sporangia globular, simple, without a columella, capilli-
tium present, grown to the walls of the sporangium.

There is only one species belonging to this genus, as follows:

I/, globatus.

The characters are the same as the generic characters. They
grow only on last year's chestnut burrs. The spines are liter-
ally covered with them, like so many homeopathic sugar
globules.

July is the month to look for them under chestnut trees in woods.

Genus IX. STEMONITIS.

Sporangia elongated, cylindrical, peridium delicate, evan-
escent. Capillitium reticulate, springing from a dark pene-
trating stem, or columella.

S. fusca. Roth. Dark-brown Stemonitis.

Sporangia, cylindrical, pointed at the apex, peridia

fugacious, exposing the beautiful network of the capillitium.

Spores dark brown.

This is quite common on decayed branches of trees lying on the ground
all through the Valley.

214 MYXOMYCKTES.

S. ferruginea. Rusty Stemonitis.

Sporangia, cylindrical, peridium fugacious, exposing
the capillitium, of a rusty brown color.
Not as common as the S. fuscus.

Genus X. TRICHIA.

Sporangia without columella. Capillitium present, threads
simple, spiral, turning to the right.

There are quite a number of species included under this most
interesting genus, but there were only a few of which I was
able to determine the proper specific name.

T. clavata.

Sporangia, obovate, yellow, shining, even, stipitate, stem
yellow, peridium dehiscing irregularly. Spores ochraceous.
Capillitium consists of an intermingling of threads, so as to be
impossible to trace a single thread to its end.

Common on rotten stumps.

T. chrysosperma. D. C.

Sporangia, rounded, subsessile, yellowish. Capillitium
and spores ochraceous yellow. Threads of the capillitium of a
definite length, smooth, occasionally echinulate.

Common on washerwoman's tub-bench or logs.

T. rubiformis, Pk.

Sporangia, cyHndrical, externally, reddish, with a bluish
tint, fasciculate ; peridia shining, obtuse, somewhat circum-
scissile ; stem short, rubiginous, attenuated upwards.

This is called Hemiarcyria according to the new nomen-
clature, but I think it is still a good Trichia.

On rotten stumps, chaparral ridgewoods.

ARCYRIA. 215

Genus XV. ARCYRIA.

Capillitiura free from the walls of the peridium or only
connected at the base ; threads with spines, warts or rings.
Sporangia simple without a columella. Flocci not spiral.

A. punicea. Pk. Splendid Arcyria.

Sporangia, stipitate, subovate, crowded, spores bright
purple.

On rotten stumps in different locahties throughout the Valley.

A. cinerea. Grey Arcyria.
Sporang^ia, ovate, cyhndrical, cinereous. Capillitium,
glaucous, as well as the spores.

More common than the above-mentioned species , size about two lines
in height.

SACCH AROMYCETES.

Yeast Fungi. The yeast plants are a low order of fungi,
which reproduce by budding in place of spores, and are the
active agents of fermentation. The raising of bread dough,
the manufacture of beer, and even the acetic fermentation for
vinegar, is all owing to this fungus.

The mucidine fungus, Penicillium crustaceum, is supposed
to produce the myceloid condition called the mother of vinegar
(Mycodermo aceti). For the species of this group consult
Grove's synopsis of " Bacteria and Yeast-plant."

216

SCHIZOMYCETES.

Bacteria. German, Spaltpilze. The fungi under this group
are without a mycelium ; consisting mainly of very minute
organisms of different shapes and motile power. Their size is
different, but mainly below two micromillimeter thick. They
reproduce by segmentation or fission. From this mode of
reproduction the Germans name them Spaltpilze, meaning to
split or divide. Some species are beneficial in producing
decomposition, in introducing nitrate into the soil, and thus
fertilizing the farmers' fields ; while others are exceedingly
injurious in producing such diseases as tubercular consumption,
smallpox, diphtheria, etc.

In any kind of fluid that has organic matter in it forms a
culture fluid, and their multiplication is immense. A clear
fluid will soon be turned to a cloudy liquid, with a dirty scum
on top, called zoogloea. This is a wonderful group of minute
organisms. The motile property of these organisms is indeed
unique for vegetable life, and yet we have it in Myxomycetes,
Phycomycetes, and quite common in Algae.

It is an important fact that by appropriate cultures, modi-
fying the organism, so that by inoculation with the milder
germs, the disease is produced in a milder form, m passing
repeatedly through animals they become exempt from that
particular disease for some time to come.

Order. I. BACTBRIACE^.

Mycelium wanting, reproduces principally by segmentation,

can be cultured in a culture fluid The genera included under

this natural order are numerous. I shall only mention a few.

217

2 1 8 SCHIZOM YCETES .

Micrococcus. — Segments globular, single or separate.

Bacterium. — Segments globular, adherent to each other.

Bacillus. \

Leptothrix. V Rod-shaped, with vacuoles.

Beggiota. )

Cladothrix. — Rod branched.

Spirillum. — Rod spiral, like a gimlet.

Spiroch.^TE. — Rod waved, with active movement.

Vibrio. — Rod waved, with a slow movement.

The best literature on this group is, viz : Marshall H. Ward,
on the characters or marks employed for classifying the Schizo-
mycetes, Annals of Botany^ Vol. VI, London, 1892, pp. 103-
144. He gives a brief outline of the history of the classifica-
tion of bacteria, presenting in tabular form the various schemes
proposed, as, viz : Cohn in 1875, Winter in i83i. Van Teighem
in 1884, Flugge in 1886 ; in German, Hueppe in 1886 ; in
German, Zoft in 1885 ; De Toni in 1889, Woodhead in 1891,

For those that can read German I would recommend Hueppe
on Bacteria. For the biology, treating on this subject, DeBary
is perhaps the best work.

LOCALITIES EXPLAINED.

Localities mentioned in this list are no doubt strange to many of the
readers of this epitome. The places mentioned are circumscribed areas
on the west and north of the Lehigh river for a distance of ten to twelve
miles.

Koch'8 Island is an open woods, with oak trees, surrounded by
abandoned iron ore pits. This place is very rich in the growth of fungi.
Situated about a mile northeast of Trexlertown.

Jungle. Situated near Trexlertown, consisting of about twenty acres
of a variety of vegetation, from the common alder to large oaks and
maple. A fruitful place for fungi.

Dorney's Woods, within three miles west of Allentown, consists
principally of white oak 'timber. Very fruitful for the different species
of Boleti. I gathered at one time five different species of Boleti in a few
hours.

Griesemer's Hill extends from Griesemersville to Seventeenth
street, Allentown. It consists of an undershrub grove of spruce, black
haw, etc. Very few large trees. Found a number of fine species.
Panus Iseve was found growing on an apple tree at the foot of the hill
along the roadside.

Derolf Park, near Bethlehem, on the South Bethlehem electric road
from Allentown, is a splendid location for specimens.

Fuller's Woods, near Catasauqua, where I found Amanita muscarius
and the different species of Russulse.

Chaparral ridgewoods, or ** Krupsbuckel " of the Pennsylvania
Dutch. This is a continuous stretch of woods, at least three miles long
and two miles broad, situated about four miles west of Allentown, passing
a little west of the famous Cedar Creek. Such a variety of the different
species of timber as is here found, and surface elevations and depressions,
forms a fruitful section for the growth of fungi.

Minesite Woods is situated southeast of Allentown, between three
and four miles west of the Little Lehigh river. The territory is covered
with chestnut, pine, maple, and oak timbers. These woods are noted

219

2 20 LOCALITIES EXPLAINED.

for their variety of timbers. They consist of about loo acres in all. A
good place for the different species of fungi. It was here that I found
the rare species of Mitremyces lutescens, Schw., and in abundance the
Boletus granulatus.

Spring Creek Woods. Situated where the Spring Creek enters the
Little Lehigh, consisting entirely of white oak (Quercus alba) timber.
The area is not large, only about twenty acres, but very fruitful in fleshy
fungi, especially Russulse and Lactarii.

Haas's Hill Woods, two miles west of Trexlertown, consisting of
about two hundred acres of chestnut and oak timbers. It is here that
I found the rare species Peziza floccosa.

Kuhn's Woods have a territory of at least fifty acres, consisting
principally of white oak timber ; has a number of winter ponds which
become dry during the summer. Situated near Chapman's Station on
the Catasauqua & Fogelsville Railroad. These woods afforded quite a
number of good specimens. It was here that I first found the species of
Boletus inflexius, Pk.

Fogelsville Woods. Situated one mile west of Chapman's Station,
on the Catasauqua & Fogelsville Railroad. The woods north of this
place have a gravelly soil, and more hilly. The timber is more chestnut
than in the bottom district. These are good fungi districts, but on
account of the little humus in the soil, you find very few Boleti. The
different species of Clavaria are very abundant in this slaty region.

GLOSSARY.

Aberrant, deviating from the type.

Abortive, undeveloped.

AcEROSE, relating to pine leaves.

AcuivEATE, covered with prickles.

Acute, sharp pointed.

Adhesion, union of different organs or tissues.

AdnaTE, when two different organs are grown together.

^RUGiNOUS, color of virdigris.

Agamic, without sex.

AivLiACBOUS, odor of garlic.

Ai.vEOi,ATE, honeycombed.

Anastomosis, connecting gills or veins.

Annui<ar, ringed.

Annulus, a ring.

Antherozoid, male reproductive organs of fungi .

AppENDicuiyATE, furnished with an appendage.

Arachnoid, spider-web like.

Areoi^ate, pitted net-like.

Apical,, near the top.

B

Basidiospores, the spores of higher fungi produced on stalks or basidio.

Bifurcate, forked.

BuLiyATE, with a thickened top on the pileus.

c

C^SPITOSE, in tufts.

Canescent, with long pubescence.

CampanuIvATE, bell-shaped.

Capiixary, hair-like.

Caph,i,itium, a network of threads in Lycoperdons.

Cinereous, ash-colored.

CivAVATE, club-shaped.

221

222 GLOSSARY.

Coi.UMEi,I,A, the axil of the sporangia of mj^xomycetes.
Concentric, having a common center.
Coriaceous, leathery.
Crustaceous, crust-like.

D

Decurrent, gills running down the stem.

Dehiscence, the opening of a pericarp.

DeIvIOUESCEnT, dissolving into a fluid.

Dentate, margin toothed.

DiCHOTOMOUS, two branched.

Dimidiate, gills reaching half way to the stem.

Disciform, a flat surface.

B

Echinulate, covered with prickles of small size.

Emarginate, when gills are scooped out at the junction with the stem.

Ephemerai,, lasting but a short time.

Epidermis, the outer covering.

ExcENTRic, attached outside of the center.

Exosporium, outer coat of spores.

F

Farinaceous, mealy.

Fasciculate, clustered.

FiBRiLLOSE, clothed with fibres.

Filiform, thread-like.

Fimbriate, fringed.

Fistulous, hollow.

Flocci, covered with woolly locks.

Fugacious, remaining only a short time.

Fuliginous, sooty brown.

Fulvous, tawny yellow.

Furcate, forked.

Fuscous, grayish brown.

G

Gibbous, an excentric swelling on top of pileus.
Gills, plates on Agarics.
Glaucous, covered with a bloom.
Grumous, consisting of granular bundles.
Gyrose, in wavy folds.

GLOSSARY. 223

H

Habitat, the range of growth.

Heterogeneous, when structures differ when in juxtaposition.

Homogeneous, similar in structure.

Hygrophanous, watery in appearance.

Hymenium, fruit-bearing surface.

Hymenophore, the hymenium-bearing surface.

Hyai^ine, clear or transparent.

Hyph^, thread-like organs.

I

Imbricate, when scales overlap each other like the tiles on a roof.

Immarginate, without a distinct border.

Indigenous, native to the country.

Infundibuliform, funnel form.

Invoi^ute, rolled inwards.

ISABEivLiNE, yellow brownish color.

LaciniaTE, divided into flaps.
lyACUNOSE. marked with hollows.
lyANCEOivATE, tapering to a point.

M

Mammiform, breast form.

MarginaTE, with a distinct border.

Merismoid, a form of Polyporoid pilei.

Mitriform, mitre-like.

MYCEiyiUM, vegetative hyphse or spawn of fungi.

Mycoi^OGY, the botany of fungi.

o

Obconic, upside down conic.

Obovate, inversely egg-shaped.

Obtuse, blunt.

Ochroleucous, yellowish white.

OoGONiA, female reproductive organ of oophytes.

OpercuIvUM, a lid.

Ovate, egg-shaped.

224 GLOSSARY.

Paraphysis, filamentous organ accompanying the ascospores.

Papii,i<aTE, with one or more nipple-like elevations.

Pectinate, like the teeth of a comb.

PeniciIvI,aTE, shaped like a pencil of hair.

Perithethium, a flask-shaped organ producing ascospores.

PeronaTE, sheathed like a legged boot at the base of stem.

PiLEOLi, a divided pileus.

PlLEUS, cap of Agarics.

P11.OSE, covered with hair.

Porous, with pores.

Pruinose, with a frost-like bloom.

PUBESCENS, downy.

PUI.VINATE, cushion-shaped.

Pyriform, pear-shaped.

Pyxis, a pericarp with a lid or circumscissile.

R

Radical, belonging to the root.

Remote, gills that leave a space free from the stem.

RENiform, kidney-shaped.

Repand, bent backwards.

Resupinate, fungi with the hymenium on top.

Revolute, rolled backwards.

RiMOSE, cracked or chinked.

RivuLOSE, marked with fine lines like river marks on a map.

Rubiginous, rusty color.

Rufescent, reddish.

Rufous, brownish red.

Rugose, wrinkled.

s

Scabrous, rough on surface.
SCARious, applied to a rugose membrane.
SciSSiLE, when two plates easily separate.
ScivEROTOiD, a hardened mycelium.
SCROBICULATE, with small pits.
Septum, a partition.
Sericeous, with silky hair.
Serrate, margin cut saw-like.

GLOSSARY. 225

SessiIvE, without a stem.

Sinuate, same as emarginate of the gills.

SpatulaTE, like a druggist's spatula.

Spbrmogonium, fruit cells accompauying the Uredines.

Sporangia, spore cases.

Squamose, scaly.

SouAMUiyOSK, small scales.

Squarrose, rough with scales.

Stipitate, with a stem.

Striate, generally used for the channeled margin of the pileus.

Strigose, rough with hair.

SuivCATE, marked with furrows.

T

Terete, round.

Thai^i^us, applied to a plant body where there is no differentiation

between the different tissues.
ToMENTOSE, downy.

Trama, substance parting the membranes between the gill plates.
TREMEI.1.01D, jelly-like.
Truncate, abruptly cut off.

U

Umbii^icate, with a central depression.
Umbonate, with a central elevation.
Uncinate, with a hook.

V

VaginaTe, sheathed.

VeiI/, a covering of various texture; some like a spider web, others

membranaceous, partially covering the fungus.
VenTricose, swelling in the middle.
Verrucose, warty.
Vii,i,ous, downy with soft hair.
Voi,VA, a universal veil.

Zoned, with one or more concentric circles of color.

GENERA INDEX.

Page.

^5icidium 173

Agaricus 20

Amanita 21

Arcyria 215

Armillaria ' 36

Ascomycetes 188

Aspergillus 204

Bacillus 218

Bacteriacese 217

Bacterium 218

Beggiota 218

Boletinus Il6

Boletus 118

Bovista 164

Bulgaria 192

Cseoma 170

Calocera 157

Cantharellus 106

Cladothrix 218

Claudipus 71

Clavaria 156

Clavatia 164

Cla\dceps ... 198

Clitocybe 42

Clitopilus 57

Collybia 47

Coprinus 77

Corticium 152

Cortinarius 80

Craterellus 148

Craterium 210

Crucibulum . , 170

Cyathus 170

Cyphella 154

Cystopus 205

Dsedalia 140

Dermatea 192

226

GENKRA INDEX. 227

Diachsea 211

Dictydium ' . . 211

Didymium 212

Elaphomyces 193

Elvellacei 188

Entoloma 56

Entyloma 183

Epicloe 197

Erotium 204

Erysiphe 203

Exidia 186

Exobasidium 153

Favolus 141

Fistulina 142

Flammula 67

Fuligo 211

Galera 70

Gasteromycetes 158

Geaster 163

Geoglossum . , . 190

Gloeosporium 201

Gomphidium 91

Grandinia 147

Gymnosporangium ... 180

Guepinia 186

Hebeloma 65

Helotium 192

Helvella 189

Hirneola . 186

Hydnei 144

Hydnum . 144

Hygrophorus . 89

Hymenochsete , 151

Hypholoma 73

Hypocrea .... 196

Hypomyces 196

Hypoxylon 196

Inocybe ... 64

Irpex 146

Ivachnobolus 213

Lachnocladium 150

228 GENERA INDEX.

Ivactarius loi

Lentinus 113

Lenzites 114

Leotia 190

Lepiota 32

Leptonia 59

Leptothrix 218

Lycogala - 212

Lycoperdon 166

Marasmius 109

Melogramma 201

Meruleus 142

Micrococcus 218

Mitremyces 164

Morchella 189

Mucor 207

Mutinus 160

Mycena 48

Myriadoporus 139

Myxomycetes 209

Naucoria 69

Nectria 196

Nidularia 171

Nolanea 59

Nyctalis 108

Omphalia 50

Panseolus 76

Panus 103

Paxillus 92

Peridermium 174

Perisporiacei 202

Peronospora 205

Peziza 191

Phacelotheca 182

Phacidium 194

Phallogaster 160

Phallus 159

Phlebia 147

Pholiota 60

Phragmidium 177

Phyllactinia 202

GENERA INDEX. 229

Physarum 211

Phytophthora 206

Pleurotas 51

Pluteus 55

Polyporus 130

Psathyrella 77

Psilocybe 75

Puccinia 177

Queletia 162

Radulum 147

Rhytisma 194

Roestelia 174

Russula 93

Saccharomycetes 216

Schizomycetes 217

Schizophyllum 115

Scleroderma 168

Sparassis 155

Sphaeria 200

Sphaerobolus 171

Spirillum 218

Spirochsete 218

Stemonitis 213

Stereum 150

Strobilomyces 117

Stropharia 73

Tilletia 183

Thelephora 149

Torrubia 197

^/ Tramella 185

Trametes 140

Trichia 214

Tricholoma 36

Uncinula 203

Uromyces -. 181

Ustilago 183

Valsa 200

Vibrio 218

Volvaria . 54

Xylaria 199

Herbst, Wi

3 5

iam/Funga

flora of the Lehi

85 00115 7559