ru TURE FOREST | a TREES a —_— —_ ——— ———= ——EE = 7+ ———— —__ ———— —_— a —— — === 0 — a _— es ——— —— —— 3 1761 01539205 3 1S) oe ae Pans XN We ON A? Wy a : , 330 led? aaeiht 2ebOg aac 27,689 Wood Manufactures— Door, sashes, blinds ... aieak CAS ore tpuaute a lee | Bar TO Matches & match splints... —... 600 Be tail — 45,987 Wood pulp (Not detailed). sas nes — .. 818,580 The Canadian statistics show rather different figures, but still they go to prove that Germany will, no doubt, take more from Canada, but still very little compared to Great Britain. Only the same kinds have been mentioned as are sent to Germany, as naturally Great Britain imports many others besides these. As it is impossible to draw comparisons between the German imports of American timber and the American exports of timber to Germany, only a single year’s figures are given, as showing that the quantities are much larger than the German statistics would indicate. It will be observed in the accompanying Table that the Americans do not classify the various timbers at all, so that one can only surmise roughly only what is even soft and hard wood, much less say which is spruce or pine. * Tables of the Trade and Navigation of the Dominion of Canada, 1900, IgOI, 1902. 30 G. UNITED STATES.: July 1, 1903—June 1, 1904. EXPORTS OF TIMBER TO GERMANY. Timber and Unmanufactured. Logs and Sawed. Hewn. other. M. ft. Dollars. Cubic ft. Dollars. Dollars. 22,335 339,000 139,247 23,973 1,230,703 TIMBER. Boards, Deals, and Planks. Joist and Scantling. Box Shooks. M. ft. Dollars. M. ft. Dollars. Dollars. 77,086 1,785,832 250 3,785 413 LUMBER. Staves. Value. Heading. All other. No. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 4,317,059 303,392 19,439 113,872 MANUFACTURES OF Hogsheads and Trimming, Wooden Furniture. Barrels Empty. Moulding. Ware. N.E.S. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 159,497 7514 6,794 759533 Wood Pulp. All other. Pounds. Dollars. Dollars. 2,991,161 58,688 364,871 * From “The Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States.” Department of Commerce and Labour, Wash- ington, D.C. PART II General Results of the Plantation Experiments with American Trees in Germany, Austria, Great Britain, and Switzerland. A. East AMERICAN BROAD-LEAVED TREES. 1. Acer dasycarpum, Ehrh., White Maple, Soft Maple, Silver Maple. Introduced into Europe in 1721, this tree has not attained importance in the forest, but is liked as an ornamental tree in parks. Its rapidly- grown wood is coarse-grained, soft, and of small value. 2. Acer negundo, Linné, Boxelder, Ash-leaved Maple, Manitoba Maple. The forestal value of this tree species is no ereater than the former. A variety of the tree with one or two-year-old shoots, covered with white bloom, Acer negundo violaceum, also called Acer californicum, has been used for planting 31 32 experiments a good deal in Germany ! and also in Austria,2 owing to its rapid growth. For what purpose the soft, low-valued wood is to be used is unknown. The ornamental value of the tree is great, though it is very liable to be broken by wind and snow in the late autumn. 3. Acer sacharinum, Wanghm., Zuckerahorn, Hard Maple, Sugar Maple. According to Booth,3 this tree was introduced into Germany in 1735. This tree was brought into the planting ex- periments chiefly because of the quality of its wood, which was exceedingly exaggerated through the imports and value of bird’s-eye maple wood. Dr. Mayr4 first mentioned im- portant reasons for planting and the advantages of this tree species in comparison to the indigenous great maple or sycamore; namely, the sugar contents of the sap and the greater shade- bearing capacity of the same tree. « “Die Arbeitsplane fiir Anbauversuche und fiir die Unter- suchung des waldbaulichen Verhaltens auslandischer Hol- zarten.” Danckelmann und Mundt, ‘‘ Jahrbuch der preuszischen Forst- und Jagdgesetzgebung,” 14 Bd., 1882, pp. 13, 27. * The planting of this tree has been practically given up.— EDITOR. 3 “Feststellung der Anbauwiirdigkeit auslindischer Wald- baume,” Berlin, 1880. 4 “Die Waldungen von Nord-Amerika,” Miinchen, 1890. 33 The experiments in Germany are not of a very extended nature. Prussia had, according to Schwappach,' in the year 1901 only o-2 hectares, or 0°49 acres, planted with this tree. In Bavaria the planting trials are limited to a few places with a few trees. It thrives everywhere where the indigenous great maple grows, similar methods of raising and testing being suitable. Its enemies are (1) mice (peeling of the cortex at the foot of the stem), (2) deer, (3) the fungus Nectria cinnabarina, (4) frost to a lesser extent. Nowhere in Europe has the sugar maple pro- duced the especially expected bird’s-eye maple wood. The reason for the occurrence of this valuable misgrowth, which the great and Norway maple also produce, is still unknown. Whether this abnormity can be made by the continual pruning of the branches on the stem similar to pollarding, as practised in France, must be seen by experimenting. 4. Betula lenta, L., Red Birch, Black Birch, Cherry Birch. With this tree species, according to Schwap- pach,? 20°20 acres had been planted up to 1901 ; * ‘Ergebnisse der Anbauversuche mit fremdlandischen Holzarten in Preuszen.” ‘‘ Zeitschrift fiir Forst- und Jagd- wesen,” I9gol. 4D .615 BOOL, PL ESE: C 34 in Bavaria there are only a few single specimens. Dr. Fernow,! of the United States, says that this birch is only a small tree which scarcely deserves planting, whereas 5. Betula lutea, Michx., Yellow Birch, is the tree which yields the valuable wood of the yellow to reddish colour. Experiments with this have not been made in Europe. 6. Betula papyrifera, Marsh, Canoe Birch, White Birch. Only in Austria, according to Cieslar,? have experiments with this birch been made in order to prove the usefulness of this species in high mountains. 7. Carya alba, Nutt, White Hickory, Shellbark Hickory. With this, the most important of the Carya species, 167°70 acres had been planted, according to Schwappach3 (Z¢.), in 1884, and in 1go1 only 101°67 acres left; an unsatisfactory result, taking into account the new plantations, which were doubtless made during this period. x “ Zeitschrift fur Forst- und Jagdwesen,” 1go1, p. 616. 2 «Zentralblatt fur das gesamte Forstwesen,” 1901. 3 Das holz der empf. exot. Laubholzarten, ‘‘ Forstwissen- schaftliches Zentralblatt,” 1884. a Raising and transplanting are very much hin- dered by the very deep and very tender tap- root. During the first ten years it is of slow growth, and is usually overgrown by other indi- genous species planted with it. The wood of trees grown in Germany has proved just as valuable as that in America. Peecorains: to) Prof. Dr. ..Fio Mayr? it has) 2 specific gravity of 75, and, from a note from Nuremberg, excellent qualities as waggon wood. The trees at present growing in Germany have produced seeds which showed poor or no germinative power at all. 8. Carya porcina, Nutt, Hickory, Pignut Hickory. Of this tree species, which is inferior to the alba in the value of the wood, there were in 1890 in Prussia 19°62 acres, and in 1890 only 7°54 acres left, hence also a considerable reduction of the trial plantation areas. Whether this species was planted with the adda under natural conditions, namely, in groups about one- tenth of an acre in extent, is not to be seen from the monograph. Wood from trees grown in Germany shows, * Sargent, ‘“‘ Report on the Forests of North America,” Washington, 1884. 36 according to Mayr (4c.), a specific gravity of 3, and so it is equal to any in America, which, according to Sargent, has a specific gravity of 83 to 86. 9. Carya amara, Nutt, Bitternut. Of this, which is less valuable in every direc- tion than the former, there were in 1890 in Prussia 45 acres, and in 1900 only 29°89 acres left. Although easy to raise, the valueless wood produced excludes it from further trial planta- tions. 10. Carya tomentosa, Nutt, Hickory, Mocker Nut. Of this tree species there were in 1901 in Prussia still 19°35 acres planted up. It has been as successful as was expected. 11. Carya sulcata, Nutt, Big Shellbark Hickory. In 1890, in Prussia, 24 acres were planted, and of these only o-98 acres were left in 1901. Further planting was given up. 12. Castanea americana, Raf., American Chestnut. Taking into account the smaller amount of warmth required, compared to the indigenous variety, this tree was tried recently in South a7 Germany (see Professor Mayr).! The planta- tions are too young to show very much at present. 13. Catalpa speciosa, Warder, Western Catalpa, Hardy Catalpa. The planting trials are of small extent, and have only been really successful in situations with long, warm summers. 14. Fraxinus americana, L., American White Ash. Introduced in the middle of the eighteenth century, extended plantations (Dessau?) of grown trees of this species exist. Also recently the American ash is often planted instead of the indigenous ash in Germany. Schwappach mentions a plantation area in the aggregate of 67°62 acres in the year 1901. With the excep- tion of one unimportant advantage, that of a little greater frosthardiness (in the late spring), this ash does not possess either in the wood or in rate of growth any quality that would justify planting it in preference to the indigenous ash. It is stated at Dessau3 that the wood of the 1 “Ergebnisse der Anbauversuche mit amerikanischen etc. Holzarten.” ‘Fw. Zentralbl.,” 18098. 2 Danckelmann, “Fraxinus americana,” “Z. f. F. u. J.,” 1881, p. 118. 3 Schwappach, Z¢., 1896, p. 337. 38 white ash attains a higher price than that of home-grown trees. 15. J/uglans nigra, L., Black Walnut. The planting of this tree, according to the data of Schwappach, has been reduced considerably in Prussia from 84°03 acres in 1890 to 31°85 acres in the aggregate in t900. This reduction in the trial planting areas seems in the first place due to unsuitable sowing, which caused a late germina- tion of the seed. A limitation of the planting areas of this tree to the climatic warmest situa- tions in Germany is not necessary, as it has been planted with care (naturally not in the open) at an elevation of 1,700 feet in Southern Germany. It is sufficient if it has good soil and warm situation where the oak still thrives. From the numerous failures the conclusion must not be drawn that it is difficult to raise the tree, or that unfavourable results with timber produced in Germany are to be made. On the contrary, timber from trees grown in Germany has the same specific gravity, according to Nordlinger ! and Mayr,? and the same beautifully coloured heartwood, as that in America. Only the very * “Das Vorkommen auslandischer Holzarten in Wirttem- berg,” A. Ea. J." 1882, pr 074: 2 “Tas Holz der empfohlenen exot. Laubholzarten,” “F, Zentralblatt,” 1884, p. 136. a7 best American timber—that of Indiana, Ken- tucky, and Tennessee—is superior. 16. /uglans cinerea, L., Butter Nut. In consequence of the small value of the timber of this tree, it has scarcely been planted in Germany. Only Austria’ and Livonia? mention this tree as a plantable and plantworthy one, as the tree will still grow in climatic situations where the black walnut already gives out. 17. Lirviodendron tuliprferum, Tulip Tree, Yellow Poplar. Although this species is to be found as a grown tree all over Germany in the warmer situations, and although the wood is well known as being soft, easily worked, and durable (according to Mayr especially suitable for water-pipes), it has not received any attention forestally there ; only in France3 has the tree found a place in sylvan plantations. Vonhausen4 had in 1881, * Cieslar, Zc, pp. 101, 150, 196. 2 “¥orstliche ausstellung zu Riga, 1899,” and Mayr, “ Naturwiss. u. forstl. Studien im nordw. Ruszland,” 1900. 3 “Le Tulipier,” by P. Mouillefert. ‘ Revue des Eaux et Foréts,” 1897. 4 “ Kinbiirgerung fremder Holzarten,” “A. F. u. J. Z.,” FOOL, ‘p:..297. 40 and Cieslar! in the year 1901, drawn attention to this species as a forest tree. The clear-cutting system, for the most part at present predominating, gives naturally no possi- bility for this tree, and also many other exotics, of growing up. 18. Platanus occidentalis, L., Western Plane, Buttonwood, Sycamore, Plane Tree. Although this tree is very extensively used both in Germany and Austria for ornamental purposes, it is not cultivated anywhere on strict forestal lines, notwithstanding the fact that the wood possesses a pre-eminently beautiful structure with its medullary rays. 19. Populus canadensis, Monch., syn. Populus monilifera, Ait., Canadian Poplar Cotton- wood, Canadian Poplar, and Populus bal- samifera, L., Balsam Poplar, Balm of Gilead, Balsam Poplar. In cultivating these various species of poplars the chief idea in Germany seems recently to have been the production of the greatest possible quantity of wood. The wood itself is very soft, and of no use except as backing for furniture and * Cieslar, “ Uber Anbauversuche mit fremdlindischer Hol- zarten in Osterreich,” ‘Zentralblatt f. d. gesamte Forstwesen,” IQ9OI, p. 208. AI the manufacture of paper. The young growing trees are peculiarly liable to injury and, indeed, destruction by the larve of the Cossus Aigniperda. It is only in the Rhine Valley! that we find a large area of poplar coppice. The growth of these poplars, more particularly isolated trees in avenues, is really astonishing and, according to Kisling,? nineteen trees of this species fifty-two years old and raised at Koslin, averaged some 33 f.m.3 of timber each. In the lowlands of the Rhine and Main, Walther found the price to be 22 marks per f.m., and I found one could get 30 marks per f.m. at Forchheim. 20. Prunus serotina, Ehrh., Late-blossoming Cherry, Black Cherry. This tree, also, has been known a long time in Europe, and has enjoyed great favour for deco- rative purposes. The wood produced from it shows the same red heart as that of the American cherry-tree. Generally speaking, it does not yield any valuable timber planted in parks, so that no comparison can be made as to the respective usefulness of the German and American serotina * Walther, “Die kanadische Pappel in der Main-Rhein- Reeve Aw bs ul 2695. px67. 2 “ Anbau der kanadischen Pappel,” “A. F. u. J.,” 1898, p. 297: 3 = 39'1—a cubic foot, literally one festmetre, one solid cubic metre. A2 wood. It is some twenty years since attempts at growing it under forest conditions were com- menced. According to Schwappach’s calculations, only 1°7 hectares? have been planted. The following, at any rate, proves its rapidity in growth, for, as Booth? says, it attained in the course of twenty-two years a height of 14 metres with a diameter of 60 centimetres just above the ground. 21. Quercus alba, L., White Oak. This tree which, from the botanical, sylvi- cultural, and timber-producing points of view, is a very near relation of both the indigenous oaks has, nevertheless, not been planted anywhere on a large forestal scale, although as an ornamental tree for autumn time it far excels any other kind of oak. 22. Quercus macrocarpa, Michx., Large Fruited Oak, Bur Oak, Overcup Oak. Here again, as regards this oak, which so far has given no proof of superiority over the native species, nothing in the way of trial planting has been attempted in Germany outside the park t q hectare = 2.47 acres. 2 “Tie weitere Behandlung der Versuche mit auslandischen Holzarten,” ‘Zeitschrift fiir Forst- und Jagdwesen,” 1892, P- 339: 43 palings, and it is only in Austria! that we hear of such experiments. 23. Quercus palustris, du Roi, Bog Oak, Needle Oak. Pin-Oals This rapid-growing oak with its beautiful trunk has been grown as a forest tree in certain small areas in the Rhine province, Wiirttemberg, and Hungary, and it is on record that the pin oak has attained, in 48 years a height of 21°3 metres and 44 centimetres in diameter, compared to the pedunculate oak with a height of 169 metres and diameter of 36 centimetres. The trunk and contents of the pin oak was 1°04 f.m., and of the pedunculate oak only 0°49 f.m. As regards the technical qualities of the wood, it was found to be inferior to the pedunculate oak, but the tanning properties of its bark are quite equal to it. 24. Quercus rubra, L., Red Oak. No American oak has acquired such importance or been so widely distributed as the red oak both in park and forest, where it is planted both in high and copse forest.2, In Prussia, in the year 1900, there were some 41°56 hectares. The rapid Cieslar, Zc, pp. 101, 150, 196. 2 Weise, ‘‘Das Vorkommen fremdlandischer Holzarten in Deutschland,” “Z. f E..u. Jw:,” 1882; pp. 81; 145. 44 growth of this oak is really very astonishing Danckelmann ! tell us that some full-grown trees reached in the course of 50 to 55 years quite, and occasionally more than, 24 metres in height and 50 centimetres in diameter. Eberts? tells us the same thing about the Government District of Aachen, and Lorey3 from Wiirttemberg. Dr. Eichhorn4 makes out that up to its fiftieth year the red oak produces a greater quantity of wood than the home oak but from that period decreases, and Hartig 5 gives us the same information about trees one hundred years old. The investigations made by Mayr® show that wood grown in Germany possesses a specific gravity in the sap- wood of 64, heart 67. German oak, given the same breadth of rings, has a specific gravity of 67 or 70. NG6rdlinger7 estimates a special gravity of only 60 for timber having rings of one milli- metre in breadth. The contents of tannin in ™ “ Anbauversuche mit auslindischen Holzarten in den preuszischen Staatsforsten,” ‘Z. f. F. u. Jw.,” 1884, p. 370. 2 “ Verhalten einiger fremdlindischer Holzarten im Regier- ungsbezirke/ Aachen,” “ 7. 'f,F'. a. Jw:,” '692,)9.'207: 3 Lorey, Zc. see previous pages. + “ Untersuchungen tiber das Holz der Roteiche,” “ Forstl.- naturw. Z.,” 1895. 5 “Ergebnisse der Anbauversuche in Bayern,” ‘“ Forstl.- naturw. Z.,” 1892. G\2.c. /TBO4, p. £29: 7 Literarischer Bericht tiber ‘‘Les chénes de lAmerique septentrionale en Belgique,” “A. F. u. Jz.,” 1888, p. 95. 45 the bark is only 1°07 per cent. As regards the commercial value of the wood, American opinion is unfavourable to the red, and favourable to the white oak, and we have only Macoun! to refer to, who talks about using red-oak wood for staves. The same reports come from Austria. 2 25. Robinia pseudoacacia, L., Acacia, Locust, False Acacia, Robinia. No broad-leaved tree coming from America has been so widely distributed as the one known as Robinia. The extent of all these Robinia plantations is not known. Alsace 3 reports more than 30 hectares of copse forest (Niederwald), Hungary4 70,000 hectares of high and copse forest. We find everywhere that in warm climates the wood matures with wonderful rapidity. If Illes 5 is to be believed, the quantity of 50 years’ old wood amounted, in Hungary, to 250 f.m. per * “Forest Wealth of Canada,” 1900, p. 27. 2 “Os, F. u. Jz.,” 1899, p. 291. Die Anbauwiirdigkeit der Roteiche von Oberforster Spanily. 3 Halbbauer, Edelkastanie und Akazie als Waldbaume im Oberelsass, ‘* A. F. u. J.,” 1896, p. 249. 4 Lorey, ‘‘ Die Waldungen Ungarns,” “A. F. u. J.,” 18809, p. 104 und v. Alten, ‘‘ Das Forstliche auf der Pariser Weltaus- stellung,” “Z. f, F. und Jw.,” 1901, p. 68. 5 Die Akazie in Ungarn, “ Ost. Fz.,” 1891, p. 321. 46 joch (yoke),! which means an increase of 15 f.m. per year and hectare; the average height of the trees being 27 metres, average diameter 26 centi- metres. Here we have the culmination of the increment at 20 years, and if we go on the basis of the poorest quality, the full increment came to 3°6 f.m. per year and hectare. From) what Eberts? says the robinia yielded 760 f.m. under 50 years’ rotation. Under coppice the rotation is fixed at from 15 to 20 years, and in high forest at from 50 to 60 years. Acacia wood enjoys the best reputation every- where, and in point of durability, hardness and resistance is not far short of oak itself. It is liable to be broken by the wind and it suffers from early frost. Hares, Coccus cactz,3 Lecanium vobiniarum also diminish its growth. 26. Ulmus americana, L., American Elm, White Elm. This is known all over the world as a tree for parks, but has only just been taken up for forest culture. It is, however, strongly recom- mended on account of its rapid growth. t Joch = about one acre. 2 Der Akazienniederwald, “A. F. u. J.,” 1899, p. 168. 3 Prof. Sajo, ‘Die Akazienschildlaus,” “ Forstl.-naturw. Z.,” 1896, p. 81. 47 B. East AMERICAN CONIFERS. 27. Abies balsamea, Miller, Balsam Fir. This fir, which shows itself everywhere as an ornamental tree, never comes up to the height standard required for forestal purposes in Germany, namely, 20 metres and more. For this reason no attempts have been made to cultivate it, especially as in point of the quality of wood and adaptability for forest planting it is in no way superior to the indigenous species. In Austria it is tested with a view to its growth in cold, mountainous altitudes. 28. Funiperus virginiana, L., Virginian Juniper, Pencil Wood, Red Juniper, Red Cedar. A warm climate (such as that required for the sweet chestnut) is a first necessity to the proper growth of this tree. Under these circum- stances the attempts at cultivation which have been made in Germany would appear to be of no value. The oldest Faber plantations at Stein, near Nuremberg, are merely a proof of this. The remunerative cultivation of pencil wood can only be thought of in climates warmer than the warmest in German territory, such as Hungary, Dalmatia, the South of France, &c. 48 29. Chamecyparis spheroidea, Spach., Spherical Cypress, Swamp Cypress, White Cypress. This tree is to, be found in parks. Its im- munity to frost made Mayr consider this species to be well worth trying in the forest at a height of 540 metres above sea-level. Experiments in growing it are so far, however, of a very iso- lated character. 30. Prcea alba, Link, White Pine, White Spruce. This spruce, which is in great favour as an ornamental tree, is in no way superior to the indigenous spruce as a forest tree. Experiments are only being made with it in the Austrian Alps. 31. Pinus banksiana, Lamb, Banks Pine, Jack Pine, Scrub Pine. It was Mayr! who first called attention to the super -excellent sylvicultural qualities of this species of timber tree, the result being that its cultivation was begun on a large scale all over Germany, Russia, Austria, and even in America itself. In Prussia alone in the year 1900, that is, 10 years after Mayr’s book appeared, 12 hectares were under cultivation, and the area is not less outside Prussia. One single firm (Hein, of Halstenbeck) sold in quite a few years some 5,000,000 Banksia plants. As a preparatory tree * “Die Waldungen von Nord-Amerika,” Munchen, 1890. 49 for the afforestation of all waste lands in damp, swampy places, as well as in arid, poor, sandy, and gravelly soil it is the best yet discovered, but as timber, although it is equal to the native pines as regards alburnum and heart wood, this has no decisive influence, in point of value, on the ques- tion of cultivation. It is a great mistake to form without any reason a comparative estimate between the timber of the Banksian and Wey- mouth pines on the basis of the relation of the Banksian pine wood to ordinary pine. 32. Pinus rigida, Mill, Pitch Pine. A great deal of attention has been paid to this species of pine, especially in Prussia. According to Schwappach some 146'5 hectares had been planted there up to 1900. A very poor opinion was formed of the results of the majority of these experiments made both in and out of Prussia. On poor, sandy soil this pine is just as good as the native species, but in marshy places where it succeeds better, it succumbs far sooner than the common pine to other dangers such as damage from wild animals, snow fall, &c. The timber, to judge from American experi- ence, does not differ from the Banksian pine ; this rigida pine is, on the other hand, very suitable for producing resin, and this fact alone is sufficient to justify its continued forest cultivation. The D 50 capacity of this pine to produce stool shoots, which has been so much exaggerated (especially in magazine articles), would seem to have but slight forestal importance for Germany, and then only under the warmest climatic conditions. 33. Pinus strobus, L., Weymouth Pine, White Pine. This pine is the only conifer which one hundred years ago became naturalised in the forests of Germany and the surrounding states. Its rapidity of growth, immunity from frost, and other sylvi- cultural qualities which distinguish it from the common pine have assured it a place in the forest, especially as the extraordinarily favour- able opinions from America as to its wood had directed the attention of foresters previously to this tree. This very Weymouth pine shows what a mistake it is to apply the opinion of a foreign country respecting its forest products straight away to the valuation of the same timber in one’s own land in competition with other kinds of timber. In the United States of East America this pine was practically the one and only conifer existing amidst an ocean of broad-leaved trees which was capable of pro- viding a strong, soft wood suitable for building purposes, and hence the opinion of the Americans as to its being an excellent first-class wood for 5I commercial objects ; but when it was transplanted to Germany it came into conflict with three soft and strong coniferous timbers of the highest class, namely, pine, fir, and spruce. The opinion as to its wood here is, of course, quite different. As regards size and growing capacity it excels the indigenous pine, and, as a matter of fact, is better at first than both spruce and fir, but as time advances it is surpassed by the two kinds of wood just mentioned. The shape of the trunk is more favourable than in the case of the common pine, but according to Pro- fessor Endres,! is less favourable than that of spruce and fir. As regards the timber-pro- ducing quality of the wood, it must be said that this pine wood is much lighter as regards weight than all the rest of European conifers, and is easier for working up. The heart of this tree is as hard as that of the pine, and far harder than that of the fir and spruce, because the heart or core, like all trees, only develops even in the case of these firs after a number of years, so that a comparison of the wood of young Weymouth pines to that of older pines and firs is not admissible. The resinous contents are far in excess of all native firs, spruce, and pines. This is the collective judgment about Weymouth pine, taken from the very comprehensive mass of * Wachstum und Ertrag der Weymouthskiefer. “A. F. u, J; 22o00, p. 200. 52 literature published on the subject, and if a com- parison be made with the above in the shape of the few statements from the Americans (Fernow, Spalding, Graves, Macoun, Dawson, Gifford, Sargent), the result will be that the Weymouth pine is not one whit behind as regards the show it makes in Europe than what the Americans tell us in regard to the output and sylvicultural qualities of the wood. In all this it must not be forgotten that Weymouth pines a hundred years old are not met with every day. These have, as a rule, sprung up here and there, and cannot, therefore, possess the same fine grain as is shown in the American trees which boast of more than a hundred years grown in a thick forest. 34. Laxodium distichum, Rich., Bald Cypress, Bog Cypress, Deciduous Cypress. This beautiful ornamental tree flourishes only in places where mild winters prevail, such as Southern and North-western Europe, Holland, Belgium, and neighbouring territories, not for- getting Great Britain. 35. Thuja occidentahs, L., Arbor Vitae, White Cedar. We have no account of any forestal experi- ments with this species, but it may be said that it is to be found all over outside woods, and the tree itself is known to be very hardy. 36. Lsuga canadensis, Carr., Hemlock. Experimental raising of this tree has only been carried out on a small scale in Bavaria. One would think that the rapid growth, durability of the wood, and the tanning properties of the bark would have brought this tree into greater promi- nence. Even in America this species of wood was altogether neglected (while Weymouth pine was to be got), except for the bark torn from the trunk for tanning purposes. C. West AMERICAN BROAD-LEAVED TREES. 37. Fraxinus oregana, Nutt (Fraxinus ovegona, Mayr), Oregon Ash. The experiments with this are quite isolated, and it has only been cultivated with success by Mayr. D. West AMERICAN CONIFERS. 38. Abtes amabatis, Forb., Purple Fir Amabalis Fir. 39. Adbzes concolor, Gord., American Silver Fir, White Fir. 40. Abies grandis, Lindl., Great Coast Fir, Great Silver Fir. 41. Adzes nobilis, Lindl., Pacific, Noble, Fir, Red Fir. Experiments with these four firs have been 54 carried out chiefly in North Germany, and there only on a very small scale, say, according to Schwappach, hardly 23 hectares in all. 42. Chamecyparis lawsoniana, Parl., Lawson’s Cypress, Port Oxford Cedar. The ornamental planting of parks first drew attention some fifty years since to this particular kind of wood. It belonged to those West Ameri- can species which came pretty well through the exceptionally cold winter which prevailed in Mid- Europe in 1879-1880, and it was only at a later period that Sargent and Mayr called attention to the splendid qualities of the timber (light, very durable, and scented). If we may judge from an experience of twenty years, the wood grown in Germany is quite equal in excellence to the American variety. Forma- tion of heart wood appears in the tenth year, and the wood possesses the same strong, pungent odour as the American kind. Strong poles which had fallen victim to the worst enemy of this cypress, namely, the root fungus, Agaricus melleus, were utilised for palings without re- moving the bark, as is often done in America. Another fungoid disease has proved fatal to many different plantations in Germany, that is, the one which attacks branches and terminal shoots, known as the bark fungus, Pestalozzza oem a oi Junerea, the characteristics of which are a white resinous drop, a decaying belt of bark with an intumescence node overlaying it. The official statistics putting the experiments in Prussia at 12°7 hectares by no means represent all the attempts at cultivation in Prussia, much less Germany. 43. Chamecyparis nutkensis, Spach., Nutka Cypress, Yellow Cypress, Yellow Cedar. This cypress, which constitutes the best wood in the north of West America as far as Alaska, has not been officially recommended for planting in Germany, because of the unfavourable results of a few garden specimens. The majority of the experiments which were carried out by Mayr show that this tree is almost on a par with the Lawson cypress as regards its excellent proper- ties and the dangers to which it is liable. In exposed areas, however, it is much more sensitive than the Lawson cypress. 44. Picea engelmanni, Engelmann’s Spruce. 45. Picea pungens, Engelm., Blue Spruce. 46. Picea sitkensts, Mayr (Sichensis Trautw. et Mayr), Sitka Spruce, Tideland Spruce, Menzies Spruce. As there is no prospect that these three spruces will produce a better wood than the native article 56 other reasons were put forward for its cultivation as, for instance, in the case of Pumngens and Sztkensts, its needle-like equipment which serves as a protection against damage by the denizens of the forest. Then, again, along with these motives for cultivation, which are quite incontestable from the sylvicultural economic point of view, its ad- vantages as regards rapid growth, resistance to frost, &c., have been dwelt upon, and, in fact, there was an idea that in these spruces a class of timber had been obtained which could be raised in mountainous regions beyond the limits of our own spruce. In Prussia about 63 hectares of Sitka spruce have been planted with very success- ful results, it having been introduced into most localities of the warmer forest zone. Pungens is considered very hardy against frost, and _ is, moreover, much appreciated as an ornamental tree. 47. Pinus jeffreyt, Engelm., Jeffrey’s Pine, Black Pine. 48. Pinus ponderosa, Lawson, Yellow Pine, Bull Pine. 49. Pinus scopulorum, Lemon. These three species, which in their botanical characteristics are closely related but yet suffi- ciently distinct from each other to be such, are 57 cultivated only on a small scale in Germany. The Pinus jeffreyt with white bloom covered yearling shoots, buds without resin and light, reddish brown scales with dark tips. Leaves of a whitish green shade, in robust specimens turned somewhat towards the shoot, and about 23 centimetres in length. The Pixus ponderosa, with cylindrical buds terminating abruptly in a short tip, close joining scales rather brown with whitish tips, young shoots of a brilliant browny green, andno bloom. The needles stand at right angles from the shoot, colour dark green and of the same length as the preceding species, Pzxus scopulorum. Shoots slightly bloom covered, needles shorter than in 47 and 48. Buds brown with whitish scale edges. Experiments are much fewer than formerly chiefly because of the susceptibility of the seed- lings to the Lophodermium pinastri (Leaf- shedding fungus). Schwappach, in his report, says, besides, that the plants which at first de- veloped pretty well, for some inexplicable reason gradually withered and died later on. The timber is equal to that of the indigenous product (the name “ponderosa” is merely to show that the wood is heavier than the Weymouth pine), so that its production is unnecessary, even if it does attain (after several hundred years) gigantic sizes in West America. 58 50. Pseudotsuga douglasi, Carr, Coast Doug- lasia, Douglas Spruce, Douglas Fir, Red" Fir, Oregon \Fir. 51. Pseudotsuga glauca, Mayr, Colorado Doug- lasia, Colorado Douglas Fir. 52. Pseudotsuga macrocarpa, Mayr, Big Cone Douglas Fir, Big Cone’ Red Fir Of these three species of Pseudotsugas, the douglasit and glauca are the most extensively cultivated. The Pseudotsuga macrocarpa has so far proved useless on account of its great suscepti- bility to frost (Mayr). Of the two first mentioned the Coast Douglasia has been more generally adopted and it is to this species alone that all statistics apply which are published in Great Britain and Germany about its growing properties and excellent timber. All particulars on this subject confirm the dictum expressed by Mayr, that the maritime districts of the North Sea and the Atlantic from Mid-Europe must be considered as the stronghold of the Douglas fir. The nearest approach to this is found in the moist atmospheric conditions prevailing on the Northern and Eastern slopes of certain localities of secon- dary mountain chains (Bavarian Forest, Fichtel Mountains). Schwappach gives, Zc., page 264, the following 59 particulars about the height which the Douglas fe eiiains, viz. -— Average height in Extreme height in Age (years) metres. metres. 5 O'5 1 ie) 10 35 770 15 8°5 12°0 20 13°5 15'0 25 16°0 18'0 It is very unfortunate that for the purpose of verifying all statements about soil, climate, and locality we have no statistics to go upon. Dr. Nisbet ! speaks of an area in Scotland widely planted on good soil (at intervals of 6 ft.), which, in the course of forty years reached an average height of 23 metres and an average diameter of, at a man’s height, 70 centimetres. This would come to 340 f.m. per hectare which is not more than what our native spruce and fir could produce on the most fertile soil. We have no statistics as to results from Germany. The particulars which Schwappach gives us as to the increased growth in certain districts gives us no idea of the general output. All the same it would appear as if the Douglas fir, grown in the most favourable localities in Europe, would do just as well as in its own home. In its home Mayr (see Zc.) gave 4,100 fm. as the solid output of timber for * “Our Forests and Woodlands,” 1go0, p. 208. 60 a period of eighty years on the best sandy loam soil, in the climatic stronghold of the Douglas fir (that is, the coast of the State of Washington). Macoun ! (4¢. p. 134) mentions several places which have turned out 3,000 f.m. per hectare in which trunks of less than 0°6 metres and over 1'°6 metres diameter were not used, which means that the trees were undoubtedly, several hundred years old. The earliest comparative investiga- tions with reference to the wood grown in Germany were undertaken by Mayr, who, in 1884, compared the oldest example (at that time) in Germany, raised on the estate of John Booth, Kleinflottbeck, to the American wood. The German wood had the same reddish heart as the American, and displayed, with the increasing annual width of ring, an increasing specific gravity which was confirmed fifteen years later by other investigators (Cieslar, Hartig). Mayr occupied himself simply about the weight which he, as a disciple of Hartig, assumed at that time to be the very alpha and omega in point of quality of the wood. After his investigations Mayr came to the conclusion that the timber of the Douglas fir, even from the poorest quality (that is, weight) is better than fir and pine timber and as regards its best qualities (weight) is quite equal to larch. ™ “Report of the Canadian Forestry Association in 1901,” pro. 61 The information that we get from England ! confirms the fact of the red colour of the heart of the timber grown there. In that country it is worth 35 M. per f.m. and that only for young and rather knotty timber. In the course of twenty years it has been shown that thorough forest culti- vation has resulted in about 200 cubic metres per hectare being produced. The bark is, moreover, according to Semler ? noticable for its tanning properties (13 per cent.). The experiments made in Prussia in 1900, according to the official statistics, comprised an area of 146 hectares, and the area not officially mentioned cannot be much less, as in most cases the Douglas fir was not planted by itself, but as a mixture with other kinds. Amongst its most inveterate enemies in may be mentioned weevils and roebuck. 53. Sequora gigantea, Decaisne, syn. Welling- tonia, Giant Sequoia, Bigtree. Attempts at raising this genus of tree have been made not only in France,3 Austria, and England,4 but also in Germany. In Wiirttemberg t Simpson, ‘‘ The New Forestry,” 1900, p. ror. 2 Tropische und nordamerikanische Waldwirtschaft und Holzkunde, 1888. 3 “Les Sequoias von Bourotte.” “ Revue des Eaux et Foréts, 1887,” p. 489. 4 Simpson, 4¢., 104. 62 in the year 1863 seedlings were planted in various parts of the country and the report on the subject says that in the temperate lowlands these plants were frost-bitten in the very severe winter of 1879— 80, but escaped the danger in the higher altitudes. The plains or lowlands are not on clear, still, and frosty nights, any warmer than higher sites, and, as a matter of fact, are colder than the more exposed positions, as naturally the coldest air finds its way to the lowest point. The Sequoie grown under home conditions are now about 27°7 metres in height with a diameter of 95 centimetres one metre above the ground. A high degree of moisture coupled with mild winters such as we get on the North Sea Coast and in the higher parts of the West German Central mountain districts are the primary conditions of success in the cultivation of this timber. 54. Thuja gigantea, Nutt, Giant Arbor vite, Red Cedar. Experiments on a pretty extensive scale were made with this species of timber throughout Germany and Austria, and for some fifteen years they were very well maintained. Hindrances to their development occurred in the shape of unusually severe late frosts in March and April (see Mayr in his sessional report to the German Dendrological Society in 1901), and also the 63 fungoid disease already alluded to in connection with the Chamecyparis lawsonsiana caused by Pestalozzia funerea. \n many localities trees of twenty years’ growth were entirely destroyed. 55. Zsuga mertensiana, Carr, Western Tsuga, Western Hemlock, Fir, Western Hemlock. This Zsuga, first recommended by Mayr on account of the better (more cylindrical and fuller length) shape of its trunk and quicker develop- ment as compared with the Canadensis variety, has only been tried in a small way. The chief risk it runs is from early frost until the plant reaches a height of 2 metres, after which it is hardy. PART III Sylvicultural Characteristics and Treatment of the Various American Species of Trees. Tue solution of the question as to how foreign trees stand in regard to heat and light, the different chemical and physical composition of the soil, technical treatment of seed, planting and raising, is just as important for the cultivation of the foreigner in Europe as for its cultivation in its own home in America. For the proper utilisation of European experiences in America it should be noted that: 1. In the European reports concerning the attempts at raising them, unfortunately very little information (and that only superficial) is given on the subject of the causes of non-growth or total disappearance. It must be admitted that it is sometimes a very difficult matter to get such information, and in many cases it is even now quite impossible. 64 65 Then, too, it is not everybody’s business to ac- knowledge openly to faults committed and recog- nised in the treatment of some particular species, and the consequence is that statements as to failure find speedier and more permament pub- licity than those referring to successful achieve- ments. The cause of poor growth is, for instance, very often attributed to frost without any reference as to late frost, early frost, winter frost, needle shedding due to frost, or unfavourable temperature during the period of vegetation being in fault, so that other experimenters have not got the chance of adopting suitable sylvicultural measures, or to give an opinion as to the adap- tability of the timber being grown. 2. The knowledge of the sylvicultural qualities was acquired in Germany chiefly in exposed areas, consequently under the most unfavourable conditions as regards growth. In areas of this kind there is a combination of dangers acting against the plant (such as heat, cold, drought, animals, weeds, and men), so that it is impossible to spot the particular cause or combination of plants or animals to which the exotic tree is exposed. 3. In most cases the exotics were given un- favourable soil, on the assumption that their pretensions must be more modest in order to possess a justification for their cultivation. For E 66 instance, in this country they are very often planted in highly cultivated gardens, where they enjoy the benefit of enclosures already pro- vided. 4. In cases where these were not grown pure planting of the foreign specie singly amongst the native trees already there was often adopted for promoting their growth, the result of which was that the exotics were overgrown and _for- gotten. 5. It is not very clearly discernible from the reports that any number of failures in Germany must be traced not to the climate, soil, or method of treating the wood, but simply and solely to the depredations of wild animals in German forests. On the other hand, it appears very plainly from the experiments that American spruces, firs, larches, oaks, elms, maples, and ashes were subject to the same physiological sylvicultural laws as their corresponding European arboreal kindred; that all these American timbers can be grown in Europe under identical precautionary measures as those adopted for the home-grown species, that they can be subjected to the same methods of treatment as the indigenous trees, and that their output is equal to that of the corresponding native kinds of timber in point of durability, shape, and excellent quality. It follows naturally from all this that also the 67 American representatives of the said species of trees in America can be treated sylviculturally in precisely the same way as their European relatives have been handled and mishandled for more than one hundred years past. Only such differences will arise according as different people may make different demands on the wood. For this reason a comparison of the sylvicultural characteristics of the same species of trees existing simultaneously in Europe and America has been as far as possible avoided. If the American readers of these pages should con- sider this a fault, I can only refer them to the Statistics contained in the forestry publications, especially German, on the subject in which they will find all necessary information as to the treatment of spruce, firs, pines, larches, oaks, &c. Let it not be objected that other conditions prevail in America. Both soil and climate which are the basis for the best development of fir pine and larch are absolutely identical over all the Northern Hemisphere. The only difference is the position occupied by the timber in the internal economics of the inhabitants of Europe, America, and Asia. Pines do not, however, follow this general rule, as they do not constitute a uniform species of tree, but are simply a collection of various kinds. The following survey of the sylvicultural peculiarities of the different kinds of 68 American timber trees cultivated in Europe is drawn principally from two sources: 1. From observation of the trees in their own home. 2. From observation of the trees in their new home, chiefly Germany. As regards the first point, the studies made in the home of the American varieties of timber, are all of the most recent date, previous investiga- tions being principally of a systematic botanical and geographical character, with but little refe- rence to the physiological peculiarities. The first complete work dealing principally with the sylvi- cultural peculiarities of the trees is the production of a German forester, Professor Dr. H. Mayr, who visited America on behalf of the Bavarian Government, and subsequently proceeded on his own account to Japan and India on a search for various kinds of profitable timber.trees, and to establish natural laws for growing the same. The Americans themselves, on the occasion of an in- quiry into their supply of timber and the com- mercial value of the different species, brought a considerable amount of uselful forest data to light, among the number being Professor Charles Sargent, Professor F. Fernow, Charles Mohr, Dr. John Gifford, Henry Graves, Pinchot, and a Canadian,, Macoun. Secondly, a great many observations were 69 made during the five years which I spent in this work in Germany, Austria, and France, and data also gathered from the scientific papers of Prof. Dr. Mayr; and, finally, from the very comprehensive reports on the results of planting experiments in the State forests of Germany and Austria and the private woods of Great Britain. In order to spare as much detail as possible on the subject as to the amount of warmth which must be allowed to a given species of timber during its period of vegetation in order to enable it to begin and complete its growth in proper time, the following way, which was originated by Mayr, has been chosen. As all classes of timber trees are connected with a certain climatic zone, such trees may, inversely, be used for fixing the climate, and the territorial distribution of a particular species may be looked upon as a climatic zone. Within this zone not only can the typical species be grown, but also all other kinds of trees found with it. Now, as the classes of trees such as Abies, Picea, Larix, Quercus, Fagus, Betula, &c., belong to the same climatic zone all over the Northern Hemi- sphere, it is quite enough, for delimitating the climatic zone of any kind of timber, to mention the typical species within whose territory it is being or can be grown. The fact that some particular kind of timber can be raised outside 70 the boundaries of its territorial distribution has been used as an argument against the correct- ness and adaptability of Mayr’s zone forma- tion, the fact being altogether forgotten that every species of wood can also be grown some little distance beyond its territorial home : 1. [f it is kept at a distance from the’ other species of timber which would otherwise naturally outgrow it. 2. If the fructification and maturity of seed is not required. English Elm (UJ¢mus campestris) is an example of this. 3. If the same climatic conditions are afforded it beyond its territorial distribution which it enjoys within such limits, to which must be added that by our ability to choose sites, soil, and the method and degree of protection, &c., we are in a position to modify the conditions of temperature in a positive or negative direction. The best data, therefore, as regards the climatic demands of any particular species, and the start- ing-point for the further study of its sylvicultural management, are to be found in the zone of vegetation in which it grows and can be raised. It is only in localities where seed and plants cost almost nothing and where trained foresters are absent that the dictum of ignorant growers may be followed, which, to speak the truth, re often possesses a very practical value, namely, that you may sow and plant all kinds of seeds and plants wherever you like and chance with what results. As regards statistics on the subject of resis- tance to frost, all these may be averaged, because, for instance, hardiness against a late frost not only depends on the beginning of growing period of the tree, but also on the occurrence of a frosty night. In a given year, for example, in which frost appeared early in May the same species of trees are liable to and suffer from frost, which develop their buds at the beginning of May, while in another year the late frost only appears in June, and those species are liable to and suffer from frost whose vegetation begins early in June, whereas those which began growing a month earlier have proved less susceptible. Much the same applies to the effect of the lowest temperatures on trees, as the localities in which these occur are liable to variations so that the idea of estab- lishing a zone of cultivation on the basis of the lowest temperature of winter, as has been sug- gested quite recently, is not sound. 1. Acer dasycarpum. This very rapid growing tree which is said ia to attain a height of 30 metres! possesses no interest from a forestal point of view. 2. Acer negundo. The same may be said of this tree. 3. Acer saccharinum. This species can be successfully raised in all places where other maples grow. With the ex- ception of tolerating a little more shade the sugar maple is so closely allied to the European great and Norway maple that all that is known sylvi- culturally about the latter may be equally applied | to the sugar maple. 4. Betula lenta. 5. Letula lutea. Of these two varieties, the former, Letzzla fenta, is really only a small growing tree, as distinguished from the latter, a forest tree. Betula lutea, too, is like all other birches as regards its resistance to frost, but in colder forest regions it is substituted by Letula papyrifera. In other respects it is very much like the European birches, with the exception of its timber which is of greater value, and it stands more shade, * From ‘Rod and Gun in Canada.” Out of the forestry section of the magazine, Nov., rgo1, p. 18. 73 and it does not possess the latter’s whiplike branch formation. 6. Betula papyrifera resembles in all respects the European birches. 7. Carya alba. This, the most important of all hickorys, requires the climate of the silver fir, and wherever the latter can be grown, even if without the seeds maturing, the cultivation of this Carya is feasible. In such localities it is quite proof against frost, but in its youth and up to its tenth year is very slow in growth, so that, on this account, it is only suitable for cultivation in clumps among rapid growing broad-leaved trees. Sowing is recommended, as planting the long-rooted hickory is a difficult matter. The great reproductive power from the stool which it displays, according to Mayr, renders it particularly suitable for coppice cul- tivation in which connection it will supply most valuable small wood. On the best soil it is suitable too for growing as high forest, 100-foot trees being found in various parts of Germany. 8. Carya porcina resembles the preceding, except that it can be srown on pine soil of second quality as well. 74 9. Carya amara. Apart from its advantage as a rapid growing tree, this hickory possesses no other valuable quality. The same may be said of 10. Carya tomentosa. 11. Carya sulcata can only be grown on the best soil, where the sweet chestnut also reaches maturity. 12. Castanea americana. Treatment is the same as in the case of the European chestnut. Attempts that have been made to grow it outside its territorial and climatic zone have not shown better results than with its European relative. 13. Catalpa speciosa. This valuable species of wood seems only to thrive where the nuts of the sweet chestnut come to maturity. The chief risks it runs are late and winter frost. It should be raised in clumps under a light screen of tall timber among broad- leaved trees. 14. Fraxinus americana. Climate, soil, and treatment just the same as with European ash. 15. J/uglans nigra. Wherever the sweet chestnut thrives this tree also flourishes, preferably on the best soils. Even within the domain of the oak, black walnut can be raised on good soil in warm situations. Smaller clumps in partial clearings or groups of trees are recommended, but plant- ing it pure has not proved to be of any good. On the other hand, in the special zone of the sweet chestnut mixed planting among the other broad-leaved timber trees is quite admis- sible on account of the speedy growth of the walnut. It is advisable to keep the nuts during the winter, so that when they germinate in the spring they can be planted in the same place. This is also done with the Carya nuts. The transplanting of seedlings of two or more years’ growth is much easier in the case of Walnut than Hickory. With a view to giving it plenty of light it is necessary that the crown be entirely exposed, but the stem enclosed by Ashes, Oaks, Maples, Beeches, and so on, for the purpose of growing a trunk free from branches. It is only high forest with a rotation 76 of eighty to one hundred years that is now being considered. 16. J/uglans cinerea. This displays a similar attitude to the fore- going species, but shows a power of standing a somewhat colder climate. The poor value of its timber prohibits its cultivation in places where the black walnut can be raised. 17. Liriodendron tulipifera. This tree can be grown very easily within the limit assigned to the sweet chestnut and on the warmer sites in the Oak zone—that is, under the lateral protection of other broad-leaved trees and on soils varying from good to best. This tree loves the light and rapidly builds up a straight stem and produces a considerable quantity of timber in a short period of time. The seed usually germinates very well. Transplantation is easy, and this tree may be recommended for planting small areas or in clumps in the broad-leaved woods. 18. Platanus occidentalhs. The plane is recommended for planting river banks liable now and again to inundation in the warmer regions of the broad-leaved woodland, 77 where it may be utilised in copse or as a standard. 19. Populus canadensis and balsamifera. These free, rapid-growing kinds of deciduous trees will do in moderately good, but fresh soil. It is cultivated by means of cuttings or raised from seeds, in which case it is important to note that the seed loses its germinating power a few days after maturity. Even root shoots can be used as planting material. Recommended to be planted pure on river banks. 20. Prunus serotina. Wherever the sweet chestnut or oaks grow this cherry-tree also thrives. It is a_ rapid- growing, deciduous tree which can be grown on medium and good soils (from pine soils third quality upwards). Cultivation in groups amongst broad-leaved trees, and it is useful for underplanting of light-loving species, filling up of holes due to snow, &c., in young pine plan- tations. 21. Quercus alba. The white oak can apparently be raised wherever the indigenous oak grows, with which it also shares precisely the same method of treatment. 78 22. Quercus macrocarpa. This, which, next to the Quercus alba, is the most important American oak, shows also no dif- ference in its sylvicultural qualities. In Germany it is of as little importance as the adba. 23. Quercus palustris. This oak is more modest in its demands upon the soil than indigenous oaks, grows more rapidly than the latter, but is inferior, as already men- tioned, in the quality of its timber. The treat- ment is the same as that of European oaks, but whether it possesses the same advantages as the red oak has yet to be proved. 24. Quercus rubra. Thrives wherever oaks are to be found, is very quick in growth, easily transplanted, and can be utilised on indifferent soils (pine soils of No. 3 quality). Its slight shade-bearing quality makes it suitable for underplanting pines, and its rapidity of growth allows it to be em- ployed later on for filling up any gaps in all broad-leaved, also pine, cypress, and thuja plantations, and it is equally suitable in copse, where, however, its reproductive capacity is smaller than in the case of the white oak. 79 25. Robinia pseudoacacia. The sylvicultural qualities of this tree, together with its adaptability, have been so thoroughly described in journals dealing with forestry that there is hardly anything now to be said. This species of timber tree can be grown both as high forest and in coppice, and even on the poorest soils, given the same climate as the sweet chestnut and warm oak localities. It is espe- cially useful for the afforestation of waste lands. The Rodzxza may be recommended for mixing with the pines on the fourth quality soil and upwards, and it is also useful for underplanting pines. In copse forest, where it suffers at times from storms, new growth is made by root shoots, which appear in great abundance where its roots are cut by making trenches. The property which its roots possess of assimilating nitrogen from the air gives it the character of a valuable soil-improving species of tree, which should be more widely distributed in high forest than appears to be the case at present. 26. Ulmus americana. Apart from its greater rapidity of growth, this elm shows no difference in its sylvicultural peculiarities from the European mountain, Scotch or witch elm, U/mus montana. 80 27. Abzes balsamea. Sylvicultural development and treatment are pretty much the same as in the case of the European fir. It seems to be more suitable for Northern Europe than the Central European species, and more closely resembles the Siberian fir, both in its botanical and forestal aspects. 28. Chamecyparis spherordea. A fairly rapid-growing half-shade bearing kind of tree, which is worth growing in the domain of the sweet chestnut on moist and on fresh soil in the oak region—that is, on fairly good land in groups among the broad-leaved timber tree. The few experiments made with it have demonstrated its frost-hardiness. Where oak disappears and spruce and beech predominate, of course it can only be planted on an area with a south aspect. 29. Juniperus virginiana. Although this fairly rapid growing tree makes littlhe demand either on soil or climate, it nevertheless requires a considerable amount of warmth to enable it to attain technically useful dimensions. All experiments made so far prove that useful sizes can only be produced in the natural distributive region of the sweet chestnut where the tree may be raised in groups or in 81 pine plantations on really good soils. Its culti- vation is simple and easy. The thinning should be light, removing all crooked or poor material at the right time. In Germany this juniper can- not be classed as a commercial tree. 30. Picea alba. Displays the same attitude towards the European spruce as the balsam fir does to the Central European variety. In America it may be cultivated and raised on the same prin- ciples which govern European foresters in regard to their spruces. It has no forestal value in Germany. 31. Pinus banksiana. The attempts at growing this tree, to which Mayr’s investigations made in its native localities gave rise, have fully answered all expectations. This very rapidly growing species of timber is absolutely frost hardy, so that it will exist under the extremest conditions of temperatures (ex- posed areas, waste lands, &c.). It is superior to all other kinds of trees (even to the rest of the pines) on the poorest, driest, sandy, and gravelly soils, and in swampy districts is more useful than the European marsh pine. Its high value for the afforestation of waste lands, the formation of protective or “fore” forest, for fixing the soil F 82 of sand dunes, the growing of wind and fire screens, in planting with and under indigenous pines on the worst class of land, becomes every day more and more apparent and ex- plains the enormous sale of plants in Europe, notwithstanding the incredible dearness of the seed (at present 59s. 34d. per pound). A change will come about in a very short time as the Banksian pine begins to yield seed from its sixth year, and thenceforward almost every year, fully-formed seeds which, from my investiga- tions, possess sufficient powers of germination. Boden! also has published his researches on this subject. From the observations I made which related to examples planted more than 15 years in the forest, consequently the oldest in Ger- many (the seeds of this pine having been collected by Professor Dr. H. Mayr during his first visit to North America in 1885), the follow- ing results were obtained :— 1 litre of the largest cones weighed, fresh, 552°15 grammes. 1 litre of the smallest cones weighed, fresh, 570°70 grammes. The average was therefore 561°42. * Samen von Pinus rigida und P. Banksiana. “Z, fur F. u, Jw;’ 1898, p. 17: 83 The largest cones weighed, air dried, 407°10 grammes. The smallest cones weighed, air dried, 441°72 grammes. Showing an average of 424°41 grammes. When the cones were opened their bulk increased from 1 litre to 24 litres. 1 litre of the largest open cones weighed 127°60 grammes. 1 litre of the smallest open cones weighed 123°55 grammes. Average, 125°57 grammes. The number of the largest closed cones was 55 per litre, and 140 of the smallest; of the largest opened cones 17, and the smallest open ones 38, thus averaging 97 for the closed and 27 for the open. As regards the largest cones all, barring two, opened at an average tempera- ture of over 25 degrees Celsius, and of the smallest 35 remained shut. As this temperature is very common in the open air, and even with great care the cones can be heated to as much as 45 degrees, it may be assumed that ordinary atmospherical conditions will suffice to bring all the dankszana cones to their opening point to at any rate within 5 per cent., as happens in the case of the Grafrath trees, partly first of all in October, and partly in March and April. As the 84 empty cones remain to a great extent on the tree and close up again in damp weather, this is the reason of the quite unnatural representation that the cones of the Prxus banksiana only first open when fire spreads through the forests (‘‘Rod and Gun in Canada,” Forestal Section, 1902, page 17, relating to Pzuus banksiana). 10 of the largest cones weighed, fresh, 94°80 grammes. 10 of the smallest cones weighed, fresh, 35°22 grammes. Consequently one medium cone weighed 6°5 grammes. The specific gravity of the largest cones, fresh, was 106°5 grammes. The specific gravity of the smallest cones, fresh, was 190°1 grammes. Average, 107°8 grammes. If water equal to 100 grammes. In length the largest cone was 6 centimetres, the medium size 4 centimetres, and the smallest 2\ centimetres. 2 litre’ of the’ largest’. eones yielded 809 grains, weighing, after cleaning, 245 grammes. 1 litre of \the smallest cones yielded 600 grains, which weighed 1'o1 grammes. Consequently for 1 kilogramme of seed an average of 71,320 cones is required, which occupy a space of 735°26 litres. 1 kilogramme of seed contains between 300,000 and 500,000 85 grains. The seed of the largest cones gave a germinating capacity of 43 per cent., the smallest 39 per cent. thus constituting an average of 41 per cent. The young dankszana plants are not affected by the needle-shedding fungus ; damage from forest animals heals easily, and they grow with upward tending branches after the manner of spruce, so that they do not encroach on other underplanted timber trees, and costly branch prunings can be dispensed with. The oldest plants in Grafrath show that the Banksian pines, by reason of their shorter needles (which from the fifteenth year is even shorter than in the case of the native pines) is quite insensitive to snowfall. In view of these extraordinary sylvicultural qualities its value as a timber takes only second place. It would appear that, as the result of imperfectly understood American publications, errors have crept in which may remain a long time unrecognised. Mayr has, on the other hand, demonstrated that the timber of the Prxus banksiana is quite equal to that of European pines. It was found that 22 metres was the greatest height development in the United States, and, accord- ing to the latest reports from Canada,! the banksiana attains the same height in that country as the American red pine, Pinus * From “Rod and Gun in Canada,” 1902, p. 17, Pinus banksiana, 86 vesinosa, namely, of 35 metres and more. As the climatic conditions of the greater part of Germany resemble each other more closely than those of the United States where the danksiana is found outside its natural home, that is, in warmer latitudes, the prospects for the height development of this species of pine in Germany are far more favourable than have been hitherto imagined. 32. Pinus rigida. This three-needle sheathed pine is, generally speaking, a rapid-growing, light-loving variety of tree which, however, requires a warmer climate (coast districts and the inland climate for oak and sweet chestnut). Although, as a rule, its demands with regard to quality of soil are quite modest, it does not come up to indigenous pines, not tospeak of the daxkstana, on the very poorest lands. Its long stiff needles expose it to being weighed down by snow, and in its younger stages of growth it suffers very severely from injury by snow. It is so liable to damage from forest animals that it is hardly possible to raise it without some kind of protection. The damaged parts heal up rapidly, as it possesses the peculiarity of being able to develop its dormant buds, hence its reputed reproductive capacity from the stool after being cut down —— 87 at an early age. This peculiarity has been the source of quite a mass of literature,! and has been far too greatly exaggerated as regards its sylvicultural value. It would seem that the reproductive power diminishes rapidly farz passu with the lessening of warmth during the growing season. A favourable subject for this particular kind of investigation was found in the experi- mental forest gardens of Professor Mayr, at Grafrath, near Munich. In those gardens there were numerous instances of Pzuus rigida being partly broken and partly bent by snow, so that it was deemed better to cut all flush with the ground, and the investigations carried out three years afterwards proved that only 3°8 per cent. of the trees produced shoots from the stem stumps, and one half of these had at the time of investi- gation a great number of shoots already dying, so that, speaking of the whole number of trees for the three years, barely 2 per cent. of them yielded shoots possessing any vitality. No doubt the cold situation, 570 metres above sea- level, on a forest area in which the vzgzda had been used as a nurse, was something to blame for the unfavourable result with these pines. t Sprengel, ‘‘ Widerstandsfahigkeit der Pinus rigida gegen Feuer,” “A. F. u. J.,” 1896, p.175. Ditmar, “‘ Ausschlagsfahig- keit der P. rigida,” 1889, p. 75, “A. F. u. J.,” Dr. Laspeyres, “ Ausschlagsfahigkeit der P. rigida,” 1889, p. 65, “Z.f. F. u. Jw.” 88 For all these reasons the value of this timber is of small account, at any rate in Germany, even if, indeed,..at spossesses ‘any at’ all) its cultivation inland can only be justified by the expectation that the tree may, later on, be grown for resin-tapping. 33. Pinus strobus. It is quite impossible, in this place, to do justice to the enormously comprehensive litera- ture on this subject by mere quotations from the authors and reference to their observations. In the following lines the idea is simply to give a collective sketch of the sylvicultural peculiarities of this highly interesting and valuable species of timber tree. It is just the fundamental differ- ence it displays as against the indigenous two- needle sheathed pines that has assured it a position among the forest trees worth planting. Moreover, the other remaining species belong- ing to the s¢tvodus division share, according to Mayr’s reports, the same _ sylvicultural pecu- liarities. This is more especially the case as regards the European stvodus, the Greek Wey- mouth pine, Pzzus feuce, which possesses only one disadvantage as against the American variety, that it was discovered 200 years later. The Weymouth pine is a rapid-growing, half- shade bearing kind of tree, finding its home in 89 localities where the area of distribution of oak predominates. Starting from that point, it seeks the warmest localities with fresh to moist soil. In the colder zones it gives the preference to the ordinary forest soils for oak and beech, and even on the pine soils of Class I., II., and III. On pine soils under Class III. it is of no use whatever. Being absolutely frost-hardy, it is, consequently, suitable for the afforestation of damp localities on river banks and for prepara- tory cultivation in frost-visited localities, where it acts as a nurse for other tender pine species. It has proved its value in filling up spaces in conifer plantations, for underplanting among common: pines son ‘soils, of. Class J..to 11I..; for planting out in groups of small extent, for the underplanting of light-demanding broad- leaved trees and between ashes, among which it at first equals but afterwards surpasses in growth. Among the dangers which threaten this pine may be mentioned blister rust, to the investigation and suppression of which Prof. Dr. V. Tubeuf has devoted the greatest atten- tion. This fungus attacks young plants from about their fourth year of existence, up to which time the s¢vobus does not appear to have any fungoid enemies, as it does not fall a prey to the dangerous Lophodermium pinastri. On the other hand, the Weymouth pine is attacked up to gO the pole stage of growth by the Agaricus melleus, a root parasite which often perforates the plants to a most serious extent, and it is only by the planting of a rapid growing species of broad- leaved tree, such as alder, ash, and red oak with it that such danger can be averted. The cotton louse, Chermes strobt, has a special tendency to fall upon the Weymouth pine in its twentieth year, lessening its height growth and destroying weak plants. It is more particularly exposed to the ravages of forest animals, nibbling of the sprigs and gnawing the bark (especially by deer), so that a certain German forester to whom deer- stalking, &c., is everything, proposed in_ all seriousness to do away with the Weymouth pine on account of these ravages. As regards its timber, the Weymouth pine is, in its early years, much tougher than that of the common pines, and succumbs much less frequently to snow- pressure and breakage. Investigations on the subject of the sylvicultural peculiarities of the Weymouth pine, just alluded to, have been more especially carried out, apart from the other authors named, by Dr. Wappes,! Prof. Dr. Kunze,? Dr. Lorey, Burkmayer, Brill, Spalding,3 * Zur Kenntnis und Wiirdigung der Weymouthskiefer, ‘A. Poa; ).,”' 1897, pp: 8,5 £°305- 2 Beitrige zur Kenntnis des forstlichen Verhaltens der Weymouthskiefer. Tharandter Jahrbuch, 1900, p. 159. 3 “The White Pine,” 1895. ‘06 asvg Suv ‘qeunryeg ouryy Wprysddizy, jo oSuvy ysa10.y pedoy oy Ur aurg yours Ay ayy Jo uoTjONpordas [VNJUN “Ll “Oy gI Walther and Danckelmann. Plantations in Ger- many which can now be felled have shown (see Dr. Wappes) that the Weymouth pine can easily be reproduced from self-sown seed—that is under the light protection of the older trees. Most attention is being given everywhere to the artificial reproduction by the planting of from four- to six-year-old trees raised in seed- beds. It is used under the numerous and varied conditions already mentioned, but, in general, it may be here remarked that the Wey- mouth pine, during the first ten years of its life, does not always keep pace with the native timber trees, and is therefore liable to be over- grown, if mixed singly among broad-leaved trees, but less so among conifers. In such cases small groups are to be recommended, so that at any rate two or three individuals in the group may reach felling maturity. Under such circumstances the Weymouth pine appears at its best in cleanness of trunk, straightness and height. Pure plantings of Weymouth pines should not exceed an area of 1 hectare, so as to prevent the extension of its enemies, and also because in such pure plantations this pine has greater difficulty in shedding branches than when mixed with coniferous, and especially broad- leaved trees. Q2 34. LTaxodium distichum. In the localities already mentioned in the last section this species of timber tree may be culti- vated, at the same time it must be noted that the more moist the situation given to it, the warmer must be the climate in the vicinity of the plantation. In localities like this quite pure plantations may be laid out, but the colder the general climate in such a place is the more necessary it becomes to avoid moisture of soil. 35. Lhujza occedentalhs. Resistance to frost, toleration of shade, and splendid quality of timber recommend this hitherto quite neglected species of tree for planting singly in oak localities. between these or else Weymouth pines, for the underplanting of oaks, pines, larches, and particularly on the fresher kinds of soil; and as a protective timber in frost-exposed situations along with the Bank- sian pine. Even if under such conditions it may be only a small tree, its material is, nevertheless, more valuable than that of an indigenous species of the same dimensions. 360. Tsuga canadensis. A rapid growing, shade-bearing kind of tree, particularly adapted for planting in groups be- 93 tween broad-leaved trees and for mixing singly with the Weymouth pine. Between the home pines it may find a place in small groups on soils of Classes I., I]., and III]. Among firs and spruces only large groups or pure plantations are suggested. Sylvicultural characteristics, quality of timber, and tanning material justify a wide use of this tree. 37. Lraxinus oregona. Experimental cultivation with this species is advisable in localities similar to those in which the native ash is grown. 38. Adbzes amadbils. 39. Abzes concolor. 40. Abies grandis. Al. Adbzes nobths. Trials with these firs possess a natural justifica- tion only outside the natural territorial limits of the home fir, but in similar climatic locations, conditions of soil and raising are the same as the native species requires. 42. Chamecyparis lawsoniana. This, generally speaking, frost-hardy, fairly rapid growing tree, which may be _ reckoned among the shade-bearing species, yields useful 94 timber at quite an early age. Investigations made by me on some state property acquired in the forest district of Freising ! gave in three samples 68 per cent., 70 per cent., and 73 per cent.—that is, an average germinating capacity of 70'3 per cent. One litre of seed weighs 0°25 kilo and contains 500,000 grains, so that 1 kilo con- tains two millions. The warmer the climate the greater must be the increase of atmospheric moisture in the case of this tree, at least equal to that which characterises oak locations. In situations with humid air (such as on the sea- coast and the north and east slopes of medium mountain ranges, narrow valleys) a moderately fresh soil will suffice for it. Under all other conditions the demeanour of the Lawsoniana is unfavourable, and it succumbs to its enemies, to which, on so-called warm slopes, the branch disease (according to Mayr, killing of the chloro- phyl due to low winter temperatures) belongs. Natural reproduction always is carried on sub- ject to lateral or slight upper protection, so that it should be planted in groups between broad-leaved trees or common pines and Wey- mouth pines, but not between firs and spruces, in case it should be of equal age with its environ- * Near Munich. Begun some twenty years ago by Forstrat Bierdimpfel, they are being extended by Forstmeister Striegel. Fic. 2. Thirty-year Oaks underplanted with Chameacyparis lawsoniana for fifteen years in the Experimental Forest Gardens of Gratrath. Facing page 95- 95 ment. It would appear to be better to give the Weymouth and other pines and said species of timber, especially the oaks, a start in order to bring in the cypress when the oak is to be thinned for the first time (see Fig. 2). On pine soils of Class I. and II. it thrives with certainty, but on poorer soils its raising is doubtful. The longer time the seedling takes in growing the greater is the danger from snow pressure, as is the case with all cypresses, on account of the greater extension and density of the foliage. It is likely that the rapid growth of the Lawson cypress in Great Britain, which is its climatic home, accounts for the fact that it does not suffer in spite of the heavier load of snow. Where the sweet chestnut or oak can be grown the climate should correspond as regards warmth, but in colder situations there is a drawback to the planting of the cypress, &c., by the way in which the plant divides into several shafts just above the ground. A small planting distance — that is, a plant to 1 square yard—is always advis- able for cleaning the boles. The laying out of pure plantations is a doubtful procedure, as they will hardly escape if Agaricus melleus or Pestalozzia funerea once take root. The many risks, those from wild animals amongst others, have greatly diminished the disposition to grow this species in Germany. 96 43. Chamecyparis nutkensis. The foregoing remarks apply to this in every respect. As appears from the demeanour of the tree in the experimental gardens of Grafrath, the Nutka cypress suffers even more than the Lawson variety from Pestalozzia funerea, which causes the decay of the bark on the young shoots, so that the overlying shoot (top or side shoot) dies off, due to the swelling of its base through its thickening in size during the growing season following the destruction of the bark. 44. Picea engelmannt. 45. Picea pungens. Engelmann’s spruce does not appear to possess any advantage over the European variety, and where it is indigenous it can be treated in exactly the same way as the latter. The prickly spruce starts fresh growth some- what earlier than the European one, and suffers less than the latter under certain circumstances— as, for instance, if late frosts set in pretty early. Whether this circumstance, as well as its prickly needle-like leaf formation, suffice as a protection against animals to justify its cultivation at the expense of the European spruce may remain a moot point. 97 46. Prcea sitkensts. As regards this spruce, its prickly foliage is less of a guidance for its cultivation than what has already been said about West American firs in their useful application in connection with spruce. 47. Pinus jeffrey. 48. Pinus ponderosa. 49. Pinus scopulorune. These three moderately rapid growing, light- loving species require fairly good soil, somewhat fresh in the case of the Jeffreyi tree. One- and two-year-old trees are very much endangered by the needle-shedding fungus. The buds of the grown plants are gnawed by the squirrel and the bark by mice. From reports received from North Germany they have, for some inexplicable reason, gone largely to decay before reaching the age in which their greatest peril, snow pressure, threatens them. Nothing, therefore, can be said about the further employ- ment of these three species outside their native domain. 50. Pseudotsuga douglasit, Coast douglasia. 51. Pseudotsuga glauca, Colorado douglasia. 52. Pseudotsuga macrocarpa. This last kind of tree can be left out of G 98 further investigations. The Coast douglasia is a rapid-growing, shade-tolerating species which combines the peculiarities of both fir and spruce, while its root system adapts itself readily, accord- ing to Mayr, with the given conditions of the soil. On the other hand, it is not a kind of tree adaptable for poorer pine soils than Classes II. to III. Inits early years it is susceptible to early frosts on account of its late after-growth (Sep- tember), but as regards late frost it stands, in its demeanour, between fir and spruce. In the severe temperature of winter it suffers from browning of the needle, needle-shedding, and killing of chlorophyl. It is, consequently, suitable in moist atmospherical situations such as have been already mentioned in connection with the Chamecyparis lawsoniana, Warm, open plains, with their contrasts in temperature, should be avoided. Pure plantations can be made on cold areas, when these slope to the south-east or east, or north and north-west, up to an altitude in which the fir appears pure. In low-lying places some slight protection by copse or the stool shoots of broad-leaved and coniferous trees is desirable. The Coast douglasia develops best in groups amongst broad-leaved coniferous trees introduced before or after their reproduction. It is also adapted for filling up bare patches where it is planted singly. Close planting, that is one plant og per square yard, is suggested. With the excep- tion of the larch no other kind of timber has, more than this one, such special need for pro- tection against the rubbing action of the roebuck. As regards Agaricus melleus, it is less susceptible than the indigenous spruce. The Colorado douglasia displays a remarkable difference in demeanour which, perhaps, gives it a greater value as an ornamental tree, and, in many cases, even asaforest tree. It has, asarule, blueish white needles, and its long, regular, spheroidical development of stem and branches, raise it, in point of beauty, to the level of a silver spruce. Its absolute immunity to premature frosts and the severest temperatures of winter place it, in this respect, above the Coast douglasia, with which last, however, it displays the same suscepti- bility to late frosts. Then, again, there is the slow growth, in consequence of which it can barely keep pace with indigenous firs and spruce. It is, consequently, not adapted for the filling up of open plantations; but, on the other hand, it is more suitable than the Coast douglasia for making pure plantations in sloping localities, in which southern aspects may also be given to it (very instructive examples on this point are to be found in the Experimental Forest Gardens of Grafrath. See also illustration 3). It is advisable to provide such pure plantations with an admixture 100 of larch, because larch probably continues to lead throughout its whole life. If all the sylvicultural peculiarities of both species are examined, which, so far, cannot be kept separate and which explains the confusion that has arisen in the biological description of the Douglas fir, the rapid growth of the Coast douglasia may be contrasted with the greater safety and certainty of growth of the Colorado douglasia. 53. Seguowa gigantea. Less warmth and much more atmospherical moisture is the first vital condition for this rapid- growing, light-loving timber species, hence the reason why it thrives better in an island climate than on continents, better inside than outside the forest, better on the hill than the plain. In such situations the extreme temperatures of winter, which form generally the greatest menace to its existence, are not so intense, of which the admirable results with the sequoia in Great Britain, Switzerland, Wiirttemberg, and the ex- perimental gardens at Grafrath, 570 metres above sea-level, gives ample proof. It is quite worthy of further trials despite the failures, which may be partly traced to planting it in places unsuited to its development. Fic. 3. Douglas Fir, twenty years old and twelve metres high, in the Experimental Forest Gardens of Grafrath. Facing page 100, R, IO! 54. Thuja gigantea. This arbor vite shares the same sylvicultural peculiarities as the Lawson cypress, and may be cultivated under identical conditions, bearing, however, in mind that it suffers more than the Lawson cypress from the ravages of the Pesta- lozzt funerea. The suppression of this fungus by means of continually new forming shoots is more difficult it its case, and the future alone can show whether this fungus may not render the cultiva- tion of this species of timber tree altogether impossible. 55. Lsuga mertensiana. This very rapid growing somewhat shade- tolerating tree, with the slender drooping tips of its branches, is exposed to danger from early frosts up to the tenth year of its existence, and from that period onward it seems to be as hardy as the Canadian tsuga, to which it is superior in rapidity of growth. This variety of tree may, therefore, be employed in the same localities as have already been suggested for the Canadian plant. With these may be added two kinds of timber trees which, hitherto, have only been treated in the experimental gardens of Grafrath, namely, the 102 56. Pinus murrayana, Balfour, which has been recommended by Mayr for laying out pure plantations in the high-lying moors. A slight experiment carried out in a small cold position adjacent to a moor has shown. this species to be rapid in growth and immune against frost. As these pines, which are related to the Banksian variety, grow to a height of 30 metres on soil adjacent to moors in America, it is recom- mended that further trials with it might be made. 57. Pinus resinosa, Ait. This American red pine belongs to the regions of Eastern North America, and plays there a similar part to that of the red or common pine in Europe. There is no reason for Europeans to cultivate it, and no reason why Americans should seek for another method of treating the red pine than that which its sister in Europe enjoys. RETROSPECT. If we survey the collective sylvicultural pecu- liarities of American trees, the first thing to be noted is the immunity to frost of the East American varieties, with which may be ranked those from the Rockies, while those from the Pacific coast, with its moist atmosphere, appear 103 to be the most sensitive. It is, also, noteworthy that the West American trees are, on an average, more rapid in growth than their East American kindred, and attain higher and stouter dimensions than the latter. As regards the cultivation of the West American kinds in East America only the coast territories and wooded mountain valleys were taken into consideration, while in West America the East American species of trees thrive in the same way as the European. The planting of European varieties in East America is only likely to promise success in the British section—that is, in Canada—but this would be quite superfluous, as the closely related varieties in those parts already fulfil their purpose. For the afforestation of bare tracts of land it is only the East American species that can be considered. According to Professor Mayr’s estimate, the prairie should be suitable for forest cultivation as far as 90° W. lat., but afforestation with the usual far-reaching methods of planting on extensive areas, which is unnatural, is not, however, to be recommended. Let large areas be planted with groups of trees in order to con- tinue afforestation round each until the extended groups close up together. This is also the method which helps forward the natural distri- bution of any species of wood. 104 If we, then, glance over the American varieties of trees in relation to their value for the German and, incidentally, European forests the most valuable acquisitions, both as regards forest planting and value for sylvicultural purposes are, the Robinia, Weymouth pine, both the Doug- lasias and the Banks pine. With these come next hickory and walnut; cypresses are hardly likely to become of a greater general value. Such species as are closely related to European firs, pines, ashes, oaks, &c., may turn out useful for sylvicultural reasons in those parts of Europe in which these species of tree are not to be found, but in those localities where these kinds of timber already exist the kindred exotics appear to be superfluous. Out of all the general natural laws and methods of raising trees as partly published by Prof. Mayr, and partly given in his lectures on sylvi- culture, both with the cultivation of the native as well as the foreign varieties, the following data are selected with his sanction :— 1. The raising of different kinds of trees is best carried out in small gardens sheltered by the high forest. Where it is desired to sow on open land slight protection should be given. 2. Sowing with indigenous kinds can be done later than in the case of foreign trees, for which autumn or spring sowing in April is advisable, 105 As a rule one should avoid giving the exotics a special treatment; for instance, covering them in winter, as this usually turns out unfavourably. It is only in the case of very late sowing that a winter shelter becomes necessary, at least in the first year, and this must not be too thick, and should be gradually removed as spring approaches. 3. The quality of the seed must only be judged by its percentage of germinative power. Of two quantities of seeds quite equal in this respect, the cheaper one should be used, not those advertised by the dealer on account of their specially good origin (coming from unknown northern territories of distribution, straight-grow- ing trunks, &c.), as this recommendation simply results in making it more costly. In every grain of seed lies the type of the plant in its normal state, as regards frost-hardi- ness, power of growth, straightness of trunk, and so on, and it is only the new situation (soil and climate) plus the raising, which decide whether, and in what way, the tree grows. 4. The first attempts at growing an indigenous tree outside its natural stronghold (take, say, the larch all over Europe, north of the Alps) or even a foreign wood, must always be carried out under such conditions (climatic zone, protection, soil, &c.) as will give the greatest guarantee of their development. It is only after we become ac- 106 quainted with the results of all these experiments that others can take place, which in some par- ticular respects (say, different soil, climate, or method of raising) the experiment is different, so that in the case of some failure the exact cause of it can be given there and then. The mere accumulation of unfavourable conditions in one experiment, such as bad soil, cold situation, open location, depredations of forest animals, or the rivalry of weeds and copse wood does not yield in the case of failures any useful starting point for further experiments. 5. The farther any variety of tree, be it indi- genous or foreign, is transplanted away from its native home to a colder climate the better the soil and the more abundant the light that must be given to it. 6. The farther some variety of tree is trans- ferred away from its climatic home to a warmer region the greater claims has it on moister soils. It will stand longer and stronger effects of light, which, again, facilitates its being raised under slight shade. 7. On poorer soils all kinds of trees are in greater need of light, so that their raising under shade becomes more difficult. 8. Asa protective growth, broad-leaved, light- loving trees should be used wherever possible, such as birches, poplars, willows, alders, and 107 oaks. Shelter by conifers is always more un- favourable than that of the above trees, with the exception of the Strobus species ; with these may be ranked two- and three-needle-sheathed pines Spruces and firs, along with beeches, are the least suitable as protective plants. 9g. The notion that anywhere in the world, whether above, or north of, our vegetative boundaries, species of timber may grow or be planted may be dismissed as unnatural. 10. It is only in the case of trees which grow quicker, or at least as quickly, as their neighbours that individual mixing is admissible. In other cases planting in groups is preferable, so that perpetual supervision and continued felling in the experimental areas may not be required. 11. No foreign firs, spruce, oaks, ashes, &c., can furnish in the distributive domain of their closely related indigenous species any better product than the latter. The same conditions under which the native tree produces good or bad wood will also make its foreign kindred good or bad. 12. On the other hand, in the case of all climatically admissible ‘foreign trees,” the species of which (genus in the pine section) are not represented in the home forests, experimental plantations should be undertaken. 13. In order to arrive at climatic conditions of 108 a country and to fix its zone of vegetation, not only particular species of timber but also agri- cultural plants may be used. For instance, in this way the cultivation of the vine, rice, mulberry, almond, &c., corresponds climatically to the natural growing territory of the sweet chestnut ; the cultivation of tobacco and maize corresponds to the hottest territory of the oak in which the sweet chestnut grows partly wild and is partly raised. The cultivation of hops and wheat corresponds to the cold territory of the oaks and beeches. The cultivation of wheat and rye corresponds to the warmest spruce zone, that is, firs, spruce, or beech, whereas rye alone or pasture land areas characterise the colder domain of the spruce and larch. 14. The pine, Pzxus sylvestris, is no use for judging the climate of any particular species, and is to be found between the zone of evergreen, sub-tropical, broad-leaved trees as far as the con- fines of the Alpine or Polar forest regions. In conclusion, I may refer to a symptom I have met with all over Europe, and which is more convincing than any number of words, namely, that plants thrive best, both indigenous and foreign species of trees, where the planter devotes himself impartially, lovingly, and patiently to the raising of his charges. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF Mr. U. Fisher Unwin’s AUTUMN ANNOUNCEMENTS, 1905. HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, Gc. The Memoirs of Dr. Thomas W. Evans (Court Dentist), RECOLLECTIONS OF THE SECOND FRENCH EMPIRE Edited by Epwarp A. Crane, M.D. Illustrated. Demy 8vo, cloth. Dr. Evans, the most celebrated of Court Dentists, gives in this work his reminiscences of the chief persons and events of the Second Empire. His acquaintance with Louis Napoleon was intimate, and he gives here an impression of the Emperor that was the resultlof close personal observation extending over a series of years during which he had opportunities of seeing him in all manner of circumstances. When, after Sedan, the Empress Eugénie fled from the Tuileries, it was in Dr. Evans's house that she sought refuge, and five thrilling chapters are devoted to the description of the secret flight of the Empress to England in Dr. Evans’s charge. Dr. Evans’s view of the character of Louis Napoleon is very different from the conventional one, and may be regarded in the light of a revelation. These absorbing pages are crowded with vignettes, sketched at first hand, of persons most of whose names have become historical, and it may be surmised that the work will not merely make a sensation when published, but will eventually take high rank among volumes of memoirs. The Manors of Suffolk. Notes on their History and Devolution and their Several Lords. The Hundreds of Babergh and Blackbourn. By W. A. Copincer, LL.D., F.S.A.. F.R.S.A. Illustrated. Cloth. Folio. While collecting particulars respecting the MS. and other records relating to the County of Suffolk, with the object of preparing a Record History, the compiler came across much information of an interesting character relating to the Manors and their lords, and it has been thought that a work on these might not prove unacceptable. The history of each Manor will usually start with the Domesday entry, and:many of the Manors have been traced down, practicaily without a break, to-the present day. An endeavour has been made to render the book as popular as was possible consistently with historical accuracy and permanent value. Views will be given of several of the old Manor houses, and the volume will be one which, while supplying the needs of the historian, will at the same time satisfy the requirements of the book lover, the artist, and those of the general public who still happily ‘aes nteréSt» in local history, and are desirous of retaining and recording traditional detafls which in many cases are constantly passing beyond recall. NET. 2 aU NET. cr YS RE SEPT SE FEN EA So MR. ff. FISHER UNWIN:S History, Biography, Gc.—continued. Cobden as a Citizen. A Chapter in Manchester History. Being a facsimile of Cobden's pamphlet, ‘‘ Incorporate Your Borough!’’, with an Introduction and a complete Cobden Bibliography, by Wittiam E. A. Axon. Julian the Apostate. A Historical Study. By GarTano Near. Translated by the DucuEss LitTa-VisconTI-ARESE. With an Intro- duction by Professor PAsguaLE ViLLart. Illustrated. 2 vols. Demy 8vo, cloth. Lovers of fair play and seekers after truth should welcome with pleasure Gaetano Negri's historical Study of the Emperor Julian. The erudite Lombard thinker has, from an unprejudiced standpoint, and by a course of independent study, impartially weighed and ascertained from original sources the facts which render it possible to reconstruct the real personality of the Imperial Apostate. After an exhaustive study of Julian’s life and surroundings, he deals with the discords among the Christians, Neoplatonism, Julian's attitude and actions towards Christianity, his disillusions, the Emperor and the Man, and in concluding decides that notwithstanding the folly and futility of Julian's attempt, we cannot refuse our warmest sympathy and admiration to the last hero of Hellenism. Julian's character and career, and his passionate struggle for the old Greek polytheism against the Church, make him one of the most interesting figures not only of the fourth century, but of all history. Somerset House, Past and Present. By Raymonp NEEDHAM and ALEXANDER WEBSTER. With Photogravure Frontis- piece and many Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth. This book deals with the history of Somerset House from its foundation by the Lord Protector in 1547 to the present day. It is as far as possible a continuous record of the events which in times gone by gathered illustrious personages within the walls of the old palace and made it a centre of English social life. For two centuries Somerset House was the home of Queens and Princesses; it was associated with the stalwart Protestants of the Reformation and the intriguing Catholics of the Revolution; it has passed through greater vicissitudes than almost any other secular edifice in London. The modern building housed the early exhibitions of the Royal Academy of Arts, a Naval Museum, the Royal and other learned Societies, until, within the last fifty years, it was given over to its present occupants and the matter-of-fact romance of the Imperial Revenue. The history includes the story of King’s College, which since its inauguration has occupied a building erected on the eastern edge of the site, and designed to harmonise with the main structure. The volume will be illustrated by reproductions of rare old prints and a fine series of modern photographs. Society in the Country House, Anecdotal Records of Six Centuries. By T. H. S. Escort, Author of ''King Edward and His Court,’”’ etc. With Photogravure Frontispiece. Demy 8vo, cloth. The object of this book is, by personal instances and by illustrative anecdotes, to trace and set forth the country house life of English society in its connection with the national movements, social, political, philanthropic, artistic, scientific, and literary, from the country gentlemen who founded these hospitalities in the fifteenth century to the hostesses who have continued and elaborated them at the present day. AUTUMN ANNOUNCEMENTS. e) History, Biography, &c.—continued. s. d. The Story of a Devonshire House. By Loro] 15 0 CoLeripGE, K.C. Ilustrated. Demy 8vo, cloth. This book gives an account of the rise of one of the mosc variously distinguished of English families, and of the members of it who sprang from the parent nest at Ottery S. Mary, Devon. After some account of the ancestors of the family, a sketch is given of John Coleridge (father of the poet), who become Vicar of Ottery in 1760 and died in 178r. A chapter follows on the local colour of the Devonshire home. Then we hear of the military careers in India of John and Francis, brothers of Samuel Taylor. Of Samuel Taylor himself not much is said, as others have written of him at such length, but the book contains letters from him, as also from Southey and Wordsworth. Finally, after relating the careers of other members of the family, Lord Coleridge devotes several chapters to the life of Sir John Taylor Coleridge, the distinguished judge and the father of the Lord Chief Justice. Apart from its family interest, the book is remarkable for the glimpses it gives of English life a century and more ago. Here you may read of the life led by Indian Soldiers under John Company, of the campaign of Lord Cornwallis against Tippoo Sahib, and the siege of Seringapatam in 1792, of the experiences of a midshipman in the great blockade of Brest which contributed to Nelson's victory at Trafalgar, of manners and customs in Europe in 1814 while Bonaparte was in Elba, and particularly of the gather- ing of cultivated people in Geneva, including Madame de Stael, Sismondi, etc. Vignettes are given of the great lawyers of old times and life in London in the early part of the nineteenth century is depicted. The book is illustrated by an unique series of portraits. A Literary History of the English People. Vol. II.] 12 6 By J. J. Jusszranp. Demy 8vo, cloth. NET. The Athena@um, in a review of the French edition, says: ‘‘ One feels a certain difficulty in characterising this book adequately. It is not only a literary history—the work of a scholar—it is good literature..... But this book is more than literature; it is the prose epic of the Elizabethan age."’ History of Scottish Seals, from the Eleventh to] 12 6 the Seventeenth Century. By Warter pz Gray Bircu,{ N®? LL.D., F.S.A., of the British Museum. With many Illustrations derived from the finest and most interesting examples extant. Vol. I. The Royal Seals of Scotland. Crown 4to, buckram, gilt top. Also an Edition on large paper, 21s. net. The want of a general work on the important subject of Scottish Sigillography has long been felt, and the catalogues and scattered notices which are available to the student serve to accentuate the want. This work is therefore undertaken with the intention of supplying a copiously illustrated manual to collectors, a handbook to those who are employed in researches into the history of these attractive relics, and, for general readers, a practical review of the special branch of British archeology to which it refers. The numerous collections of impressions in public and private hands afford large and ample material for illustration, and every effort will be made to ensure the production of a monograph both useful and ornamental. The first volume embraces fifty illustrations of Royal Seals, including the rare one of Murdac Stuart, the Duke of Albany, Regent, 1423, and several of the unfortunate Queen Mary, and, perhaps more interesting still, from an antiquarian point of view, the seal of King Duncan (1040). | EE ER LE TO RET MET TS A RS NTF ST RENEE RE SN Ee 4 MR. T. FISHER UNWIN’S History, Biography, G&c.—continued. Robert Adam, Artist and Architect: His Works and his System. By Percy FitzGEraLp, M.A., F.S.A., Author of ‘' The Life of Garrick,’’ ‘‘ Lady Jean: the Romance of the Great Douglas Cause,’’ etc. With collotype plates, and many other illustrations. Crown 4to, cloth. This book is the outcome of many years of study of the famous eighteenth-century architect to whom London owes so much. Mr. Fitzgerald writes with enthusiastic admiration for Adam’s character and genius, his romantic spirit, and his animation and grace. History in Scott’s Novels. By the Hon. A. S. G. Cannine, Author of ‘‘ Shakespeare Studied in Eight Plays,’ etc. Demy 8vo, cloth. This work is mainly devoted to history during the times embraced in fifteen of the Waverley Novels. As Macaulay said in his Essay on History, ‘‘ Sir Walter Scott has used those fragments of truth which historians have scornfully thrown behind them, ina manner which may well excite their envy, and has constructed out of their gleanings, works which even considered as histories are scarcely less valuable than theirs.”’ The book will, it is hoped, lead some readers toa better understanding both of the novels and of the periods which they describe. Desiree, a Queen of the Revolution, and Her Friends at Napoleon’s Court. By CATHERINE BEARNE, Author of ‘*A Leader of Society at Napoleon’s Court,” ‘‘ Lives and Times of the Early Valois Queens,’’ etc. Fully Illustrated. Large Crown 8vo, cloth. This book will be especially interesting to English readers just now when one of the Princesses of our Royal House has been betrothed to the descendant and heir of the King and Queen whose lives, adventures, and surroundings are here described. Among all the extraordinary careers in the great days of the First Napoleon there were none more romantic, brilliant, and successful than those of Jean Bernadotte and Désirée Clary, who began their lives as the son of a Gascon lawyer and the daughter of a Marseilles merchant, and ended them as King and Queen of Sweden. Deésirée’s childhood was overshadowed by the gloom and terror of the Revolution; her youth was spent among the dissipations and splendours of Napoleon's Court, of which she was a prominent member; her later life and old age were passed in the peace and dignity of her northern kingdom. Her connection and friendship with the Buonaparte family, her engagement to Napoleon himself, and her intimate association with all the principal persons of his court give the book a peculiar interest. It throws much light on some little-known aspects of the First Empire. CHEAP REISSUE. Old Time Aldwych, Kingsway, and Neighbour- hood. By CHARLES Gorpon. Fully Illustrated and with Map. Medium 8vo, cloth. ““The author has been at great pains to make his work as complete as possible in NET. 10 6 NET 10 6 figpe< NET. gy AUTUMN ANNOUNCEMENTS. History, Biography, Gc.—continued. every detail, with the result that his is a production of the highest finish in every sense. Lovers of Dickens, admirers of Pepys and Evelyn, and all who are interested in what is, or has been, perhaps the most interesting part of the metropolis, will find a veritable mine of ent rtainment in this work—a work on the success of which Mr. Gordon is to be greatly congratulated.’’-—Graphic. The True Story of George Eliot in Relation to “ Adam Bede.”’ By Wittiam Mottram. Illustrated. Large Crown 8vo, cloth In ‘‘Adam Bede"’ George Eliot drew her principal characters from her nearest relatives: ‘““ Adam Bede”’ was her father; ‘‘ Dinah Morris"’ her aunt, the forgotten story of whose strange noble life written by herself is largely quoted from in the present book; ‘ Bartle Massey "’ her schoolmaster; ‘‘ Mrs. Poyser’' her mother, ‘‘Seth Bede"’ her uncle, and “* Hetty Sorrel’’ an unhappy girl in whose tragic fate George Eliot was deeply interested. The scenes of the story are those among which she spent the earliest and most im- pressionable years of her life. The true story of all these characters, and of how the romnance she wove round them grew up in the mind of the great novelist is here for the first time set forth by a man who, as a first cousin of hers, is peculiarly fitted to tell us the real facts of her life. CHEAP EDITION. Augustus: The Life and Times of the Founder of the Roman Empire. By E. S. SHuckBurGH, Litt D., late Fellow of Emanuel College, Cambridge. Fully Illustrated. Large Crown 8vo, cloth. ‘In the best sense a popular book, which any intelligent man or woman, whether he or she be a classical scholar or not, can read with profit and pleasure..... A really valuable contribution to the popular literature about a splendid moment in the history of the ancient world.’’—A theneum. STORY OF THE NATIONS SERIES. (NEW VOLUMES.) The Story of Greece from the Coming of the Hellenes to A.D. 14. By E. S. Suucksurcu, Litt.D., late Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, Author of ‘‘Augustus.” With 2 maps and about 70 Illustrations. Large crown 8vo, cloth. The object of this volume is to give a connected view of the origin and expansion of the Greeks as revealed by their literature and the monuments and works of art which have from time to time been preserved or recovered, to estimate their services to the world material as well as intellectual, and to present the story of their successful struggle for o = 7-6 NET. 570 NET. 6 MR. T. FISHER UNWIN'’S History, Biography, Gc.—continued. independence against the Persian kingdom, of their partial and temporary loss of that in- dependence to the King of Macedonia, of their final absorption in the Roman system and of the influence exercised by them upon their conquerors. The Roman Empire, B.C. 29—A.D. 476. By H Stuart Jones, MA., Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Oxford ; formerly Director of the British School at Rome; member of the German Imperial Archzological Institute. With a Map and many Illustrations. Large Crown 8vo, cloth. This volume tells the story of the Roman Empire as founded by Augustus, tracing its history as fully as space permits until the transference of the capital from Rome to Byzantium by Constantine, and treating the last century and a half of the Western Empire by way of epilogue. The author has endeavoured to popularise the results of recent research based on the evidence of monuments and inscriptions and to exhibit the gradual transformation of society culminating in the triumph of Christianity. Old ‘Tales from Rome. By Avice ZimMeErN, Author of ‘‘ Old Tales from Greece.’’ Crown 8vo, cloth. Fully Illustrated. This little book is intended as a companion volume to the author’s ‘‘ Old Tales from Greece,’’ which has won much popularity. Its object is to tell in simple language the legendary history of Rome—from the fall of Troy and the wanderings of Aineas to the time when legend is merged in history. Tales from Plutarch. By F. JAMEsSoN RowsoTHaM. Fully Illustrated. Crown 8vo, cloth. The manly virtues exemplified in Plutarch’s heroes have always been regarded as his chief recommendation to students of Greek and Roman history. There is one point, however, connected with Plutarch’s writings which hitherto has failed to receive an equal measure of attention, and that is the strengthening influence which they bring to bear upon the formation of character. ‘‘ His ambition,’’ says Mr. W. H. D. Rouse, ‘is not to prove that the great are after all idols with feet of clay, but that in spite of the clay they are great, and worthy models for imitating. It is here lies the chief value of the Lives. No one can read them and not be the better for it.’ Viewed in this light, Plutarch should be in the hands of young as well as old, and for the first time this has been rendered possible by the present volume, which gives adapta- tions of some of the most interesting of the Lives. The Progress of Hellenism in Alexander’s Empire. By JoHN PENTLAND ManarrFy, D.D., Mus. Doc., Dublin; Hon. D.C.L., Oxon ; some time Professor of Ancient History in the Uni- versity of Dublin. 2nd impression. This volume contains in revised form a course of lectures delivered last year at the University of Chicago. The subjects of the lectures are: Xenophon, the Precursor of Hellenism; Macedonia and Greece; Egypt; Syria; Egypt, Old and New; and Hellen- istic Influences on Christianity. AUTUMN ANNOUNCEMENTS. History, Biography, Gc.—continued. THE ADVENTURE SERIES. New Editions in New Red Cloth Binding. Illustrated. Large Crown 8vo. New VOLUME Adventures of a Younger Son. By Epwarp J. Tre- LAWNY. Introduction by EpwarD GARNETT. OTHER VOLUMES. The Buccaneers and Marooners of America. Edited and Illustrated by Howarp PYLgE. The Memoirs and Travels of Count de Benyowski in Siberia, Kamts- chatka, Japan, the Liukiu Islands and Formosa. Edited by Cap- tain S. P. OLIver, R.A. Adventures of a Blockade Runner. By Wititam Watson. _ Iillus- trated by ARTHUR BynG, R.N. Madagascar: Or, Robert Drury’s Journal during his Captivity on that Island. Preface and Notes by Captain S. P. Otiver, R.A, Memoirs of the Extraordinary Mili- tary Career of John Shipp. Ferdinand Mendez Pinto, the Portu- guese Adventurer, Annotated by Professor ARMINIUS VAMBERY. The Log of a Jack Tar, Being the Life of James Choyce, Master Mariner. Edited by Commander V. Lovett CAMERON. HALF-CROWN EDITIONS OF STANDARD WORKS OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY. Illustrated. Large Crown 8vo, Cloth. The Life of Richard Cobden. The Life of Girolamo Savonarola. The Life of Niccolo Machiavelli. The Lives of Robert and Mary Moffat. The History of Florence (for the first two centuries). PASQUALE VILLARI. English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages (XIVth Century). JUSSERAND. By the Rigut Hon. JoHn Morey. By Professor PASQUALE VILLARI. By Professor PASQUALE VILLARI. By JouN SmitH Morrat. By Professor By J. J. Lord Beaconsfield. By T. P. O'Connor. Rome and Pompeii: Archeological Rambles. By Gaston BolssIzEr. 8 MR. T. FISHER UNWIN’S History, Biography, &c.—continued. sd. THE WELSH LIBRARY. Cloth Edited by Owen M. Epwarps, Author of ‘‘ Wales.’’ Each volume Foolscap 8vo. Paper Se A Short History of Wales. By OwEen M. Epwarps. 1-3. The Mabinogion. 4. The Poems of John Dyer. TRAVEL @G DESCRIPTION. e Travels of a Naturalist in Northern Europe. By|/¢229 J. A. Harvie-Brown, F.R.S.E., F.Z.S., Joint Author of ‘‘ Fauna Gan N OUD- of the Moray Basin,’ ‘‘A Vertebrate Fauna of Orkney,” etc., etc. scviption. With 4 Maps, 2 Coloured Plates, and many Illustrations. 2 vols. Small Royal 8vo, cloth. £3 3,0 NET. LIMITED EDITION. On Pub- lication. Uniform with ‘‘ Fauna of the Moray Basin.” This work describes the author's travels in the lesser known parts of Norway, in the Archangel region, near the mouth of the Dvina, and in the district of the Pechora River (northern Russia). The object of each expedition was mainly ornithological, and valuable and extensive lists are given of birds and eggs observed in the various regions visited. There is also an interesting section devoted to the Samoyeds. There is much in these volumes to interest the sight-seeing tourist, and they will appeal not only to the naturalist, but to the shooter of game and wild fowl. The Land of the Horn. By W. S. Barcray. Fully Illus- 21220 ; NET. trated. Medium 8vo, cloth. This book treats of a part of the world which, though it has been discovered for more than four centuries, has until recent years been hidden under mists of misconception and ignorance almost as dark as those which veil its rugged shores. The latest geographical knowledge which prevails concerning the little-known interior of the great islands lying between the Straits of Magellan and Cape Horn is combined with a brief topographical sketch of the general conditions of the land. We are taken back to the days when the famous Straits were held to be the Western key to the sea empire of the Pacific, the only water gate by which the Spice Islands could be reached across the Americas ; days when at their narrow entrance the fleet of Portugal laid in wait for Spain, till England under Drake swept both away. The manners, folk-lore, and customs of the different Fuegan tribes—which Darwin placed, perhaps wrongly, at the bottom of the human scale—have the more interest for us as this remnant of the Stone Age seems destined within a few years to pass altogether from our sight. Tierra del Fuego has been opened up to civilisa- tion practically only within the last twenty years. The conflict between white and aborigine has followed, with results of peculiar ethnological interest. Until but an ES SE I SER EE EC AS SE A NE TL AT ET AUTUMN ANNOUNCEMENTS. Travel & Description— continued. incredibly short time back Tierra del Fuego was a No-Mans-Land, where sheep-farmers, gold-diggers, missionaries, naked Indians, seal-hunters, discredited traders, and officials rubbed shoulders with the flotsam of half a continent. Through all, the influence of its wild aborigines has been predominant in the history of Magellanes, which, it is to be hoped, now enters upon a new and happier, if less interesting, epoch. With these topics are interwoven the author's own recent experiences in the land of the Horn. Without claiming scientific status, this work gives us an accurate and up-to-date picture of a corner of the globe of which hitherto we have caught too fleeting glimpses in narratives of more extended exploration. Siberia: A Record of Travel, Climbing, and Exploration. By SAMUEL TuRNER, F.R.G.S. With more than roo Illustrations and 2 Maps. Demy 8vo, cloth. The materials for this book were gathered during a journey in Siberia in 1903. The illustrations are selected out of 400 negatives of photographs taken by the author. Helped by over one hundred merchants (Siberian, Russian, Danish, and English) who have lived in different parts of Siberia a few years, the writer was able to collect informa- tion about and observe present social and industrial conditions and future prospects of that vast country. The trade and country life of the mixed races of Siberiaare described, and valuable information is given about their chief industry—the dairy industry—which should change the idea most people have that Siberia is snow-bound into the knowledge that Siberia is now one of the leading agricultural countries in the world. The author describes his unaccompanied climbs in the mountains which he discovered in the ‘Kutunski Belki Range in the Altai Mountains, about 800 miles off the Great Siberian Railway line from a point about 2,500 miles beyond Moscow. He madea winter journey of 1,600 miles on sledge, drosky, and horseback, 250 miles of this journey being through country which has never been penetrated by any other European, even in summer. He also describes forty miles of probably the most difficult winter exploration that has ever been undertaken, proving that even a dreaded Siberian winter cannot keep a true mountaineer from scaling unknown peaks. The journey extended through frozen slopes of Alpine Jungles beyond even the nomad bark-hut settlements, to the source of the mighty Obi river, and minute descriptions are given of glacier and mountain, exploration and new discoveries. Such pioneer exploration should throw valuable light on this unknown and untrodden part, on which there is no literature in the English language, though the Altai Mountain district is ten times as large as Switzerland. Much geographical, botanical and zoological information is given which will be of great interest to scientific men. Rambles on the Riviera. By EDUARD STRASBURGER, F.R.S., D.C.L. Oxon., Professor of Botany at the University of Bonn. With 87 Coloured Illustrations by Louis—E Reuscu. Translated from the German by O. and B. Comerrorp-CasgEy. Demy 8vo, cloth. This volume is an account of the author's impressions of the Riviera during Spring trips made in the course of ten years. His journeys have extended over both the Rivieras di Ponente and di Levante, and he has visited all spots worthy of notice. These ‘“Rambles’’ make no pretensions to replacing the guide book. They are rather intended to claim some attention for nature’s treasures in that unique and beautiful region, to help to a better understanding of every object we may meet with, and thereby to enhance the delight of its peculiar charms. The book contains much botanical information, and there are digressions dealing with classical references to those plants which are a characteristic feature of the landscapes of Italy and Provence. MR. T. FISHER UNWIN'S Travel and Description—continued. Round About My Peking Garden. By Mrs. Arcuisatp Littve, Author of ‘‘ Li Hung Chang, His Life and Times,’’ ‘‘ The Land of the Blue Gown,’’ ‘Intimate China,” ‘‘A Marriage in China,” etc., etc Fully Illustrated. Demy 8vo, cloth. This volume, ‘‘a tribute to a time of dalliance in one of China’s many pleasant places ’’ as the author describes it, is the more enjoyable because the description of the many walks and excursions in and around Peking are not only full of local colour, but vividly recall the evident enjoyment the writer felt in making them. There are also several ex- quisite bits of word painting: in especial the description of the Western tombs in their forest setting,and the beautiful picture of a typical lady missionary in the chapter some- what curiously named An Interlude of Reflections. Those who know Mrs. Little’s style will be prepared for a wealth of pleasant anecdotes, and many curious odds and ends of Chinese lore, but in this volume she also gives many of her graver thoughts. Russia and Its Crisis. By Professor Paut Mityouxov. Cloth. An account of Russian national ideals, religion, and politics, showing the historical causes which have led up to the present condition of things. Russta Under the Great Shadow. By Lure: Vitrarr, Author of ‘‘Giovanni Segantini,’’ ‘' Italian Life in Town and Country,” etc. With 84 Illustrations. 2nd impression. Demy 8vo, cloth. More important, perhaps, in the long run than the actual strategic results of the military operations in the Far East, is the effect which the war is producing on the internal situation of the Russian Empire. The subjects of the Czar, who have slept so long under an Asiatic despotism, are being shaken from their torpor by the war with Japan ; its ill-success has destroyed their confidence in the overwhelming power of the Autocracy, and the economic disasters which it is producing are making the whole nation realise what the struggle is costing and what dangers it may bring about to its prosperity. These results, as yet only beginning to delineate themselves clearly, Mr. Villari, after spending many months in Russia and interviewing numbers of persons of all classes of society, and especially practical men of business, has attempted to describe. His volume will be illustrated with a large number of original photographs showing many sides of Russian life, in two capitals, in the provincial towns, and in the rural districts. John Chinaman at Home. By the Rev. E. J. Harpy, Author of ‘‘ How to be Happy though Married; ’’ lately Chaplain to H.M. Forces in Hong Kong. With 36 Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth. Hong Kong; Tientsin and Peking; Canton; On the West River; Swatow, Amoy, Foochow ; Up the Yangtze; Village Life; Topsy-turvy ; Some Chinese Characteristics ; Chinese Food ; Medicine and Surgery ; Chinese Clothes; Houses and Gardens; Chinese Servants; Betrothal and Marriage; Death and Burial; Mourning; Education in China; Boys in China; Girls and Women; Chinese Manners; Government in China; Punish- ments; Chinese Soldiers; The Religions of China; Outside and Inside a Temple; New Year’s Day; Monks and Priests; Spirits; Feng-shiu and other Superstitions; Mission- aries; As the Chinese See Us. The reader will not be bored with politics or the ‘‘ future of China,’’ for the book only reats of the common every-day things of the Chinese which seem so peculiar to us. These are described and, when possible, explained. Anecdotes are freely used to illustrate. [3.6 NET. 10 6 NET. 10 6 NET. AUTUMN ANNOUNCEMENTS. Travel and Description—continued. In Search of El Dorado: A Wanderer’s Experi- ences. By ALEXANDER MacponaLp, F.R.G.S. With Thirty-two Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth. Readers with a taste for adventure will find this book a storehouse of good things, for in the course of various mineralogical expeditions the author has roughed it in many remote quarters of the globe, and a large share of strange and thrilling experiences has fallen to his lot. At the same time he possesses a literary skill with which few travellers are gifted. The episodes in his career which the book relates fall under three heads. In Part I, “The Frozen North," he gives some vivid sketches of rough and tumble life in the Klondyke region; Part II, ‘‘ Under the Southern Cross,’’ describes his adventures while prospecting for gold in Western Australia; Part III, ‘‘ Promiscuous Wanderings,’’ tells of his experiences in the Queensland Back-Blocks, in the Opal Fields of New South Wales, in British New Guinea, in the Gum Land of Wangeri, New Zealand, and with the Pearlers of Western Australia. CLIMBERS’ GUIDES SERIES. Edited by Sir Martin Conway and the Rev. W. A. B. CooLipGE. SECOND EDITION. THOROUGHLY REVISED. The Central Alps of the Dauphiny. By w. A. B. CooLipGg, H. DuHAMEL, and F. Perrin. Small 8vo, cloth. Since the first English edition of this work (originally published in French in 1887) was issued in 1892, the group of mountains of which it treats has been more minutely explored. New routes have been effected up some peaks, several points have been climbed and named, and the topography of one or two districts has been cleared up. The present edition therefore (brought up to the end of 1904) marks a great advance in point of completeness on that of 1892, while its slightly altered arrangement, by which the groups north and south of the main group are distinguished from it, makes it easier to consult. Ethiopia in Exile: Jamaica Revisited. By B. PULLEN-Burry, Author of ‘ Jamaica As It Is.’ Crown 8vo, cloth. This work deals primarily with Jamaica. Descriptions of sufferers from the cyclone of August, 1903, are given, with information regarding the actual losses sustained. The growing tourist tratfic, the retrenchment policy of the Government, its over- officialism, the severe blow to the island revenues in the loss of Port Royal as a naval centre are topics discussed, also apparent signs of coming upheaval in agriculture, attention now being directed to the growing of cotton, cassava, and other products. The status of the peasantry is reviewed, and their immunity from crime compared with that of their kindred in the United States is pointed out. Several chapters are devoted to sociological and other studies of the negro, and the book concludes with a descr iption of the writer’s unique experiences during a visit, at the time of President Roosevelt's re-election to the Presidency, to the negro settlement established by Booker Washington, the ex-slave, at Tuskegee, Alabama. 1636 76 NET. 12 MRE: FISHER’, UNWINS Travel and Description—continued. SECOND EDITION. By Moor and Fell. Landscape and Lang-Settle Talk in West Yorkshire. By Hattiwett Sutciirre, Author of “Ricroft of Withens,’’ ‘‘ Through Sorrow’s Gates,’’ etc, etc. With many I}lustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth. ‘“What Blackmore has done for the Exmoor country in ‘Lorna Doone,’ Baring- Gould for the Essex marshlands in ‘Mehalah,’ Thomas Hardy for Wessex, Mr. Sutcliffe has done for the country which he loves so well. In ‘By Moor and Fell in West York- shire,’ we are taken pleasantly along the roads, as it were, by a cultured fellow-traveller saturated with the spirit of his native soil, with a keen eye for all the beauties and a iong memory for all the legends of the countryside. | He takes us to Haworth, and helps us to realise the influences under which the Brontés lived.’’—Westminster Gazette. SCIENCE AND NATURAL HISTORY. The Nature and Origin of Living Matter. By 4 Cuar_ton Bastian, M.A, M.D. (London), F.R.S., F.L.S., Emeritus Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine, and of Clinical Medicine at University College, London. With 76 Illustrations. Medium 8vo, cloth. In view of the general interest excited by the experiments of Mr. Burke at Cambridge in connection with Spontaneous Generation, this work is likely to attract considerable attention. It represents conclusions arrived at by the author after many years of research—conclusions which may be briefly summarised by saying that Dr. Bastian, so far from regarding Spontaneous Generation as a myth, holds that from the earliest stages of the earth’s history up to the present time new beginnings of simplest forms of life have been constantly taking place all over the earth. Supporting the Physical Doctrine of Life, Dr. Bastian considers the fundamental properties of living matter, its molecular constitution and innate tendency to variation. Dealing with the Factors of Evolution he criticises some of Weismann’s doctrines, and especially his view that ‘‘acquired characters ’’ are not inherited. He shows that the Law of Continuity, as well as observation, supports the view of the natural origin of living matter (Archebiosis) at the present day. He brings forward much strong evidence showing the widespread occurrence of Heterogenesis, and indicates generally how many facts concerning the present and past forms of life on our globe, which are otherwise irreconcilable with the general doctrine of Evolution, are explicable in accordance with his views as to the present occurrence of Archebiosis and Heterogenesis. The book is so lucidly written as to be intelligible to readers who have no special scientific knowledge. The Age of the Earth, and other Geological Studies. By W. J. Sotras, LL.D., D.Sc., F.R.S., Professor of Geology in the University of Oxford. Illustrated. Demy 8vo, cloth. This volume, while written by one of the foremost of English geologists, will be found interesting and attractive by the reader who has no special knowledge of the science 2e26 NET. 106 NET. AUTUMN ANNOUNCEMENTS. Science and Natural History—continued. The essay which gives the book its title sets forth the bearing of the doctrine of evolution on geological speculation, and particularly on the vexed question of our planet's antiquity. The subjects of the other studies include the following: The Figure of the Earth, and the Origin of the Ocean; Geologies d Deluges; the Volcanoes of the Lipari Isles; the History and Structure of a Coral Reef; the Origin and Formation of Flints; the Evolution of Freshwater Animals; and the Influence of Oxford on Geology. How to Know the Starry Heavens. An Invitation to the Study of Suns and Worlds. By Epwarp Irvinc. With Charts, Coloured Plates, Diagrams, and many Engravings of Photographs. Demy 8vo, cloth. This volume is not a dry text-book of mathematical astronomy, but a vivid account of the structure and history of the Universe. Though the book is intended primarily for beginners, every effort has been made to avoid oftending those who are further advanced, by sensationalism or a want of proportion and accuracy. The main object is not so much to describe individual worlds, as to enable the reader to realise, as far as possible, what the Universe itself is like. Great pains have been taken to simplify the explanations to the uttermost, and mathematics are entirelv confined to one chapter, and there made as simple as possible. The photographs (from the world’s greatest observatories) which are here reproduced are a remarkable feature of the book, and are admirably fitted to give the reader an idea of the wonder and complexity of the Cosmos. Future Forest Trees. The Importance of German Experiments in the Introduction of North American Trees. By A. Haroip Unwin, D. Oec. Publ. (Munich.) With 4 Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth. This work, the result of scientific study, contains an epitome of the latest results of experimental forest tree planting in Germany. Fifty-six different trees are introduced as being those which have the most commercial or scientific value. In the first part, the American Timber imports into Germany are considered, and the trees from which that timber is obtained are mentioned. The second and third parts deal with the results of experimental planting and with the sylvicultural and other qualities of the North Ameri- can trees. The book should be of value as suggesting how English forestry may be developed by the introduction of trees from North America. What I Have Seen While Fishing, and How I Have Caught My Fish. By Puitip GEEN, for twenty- seven years Psesident of the London Anglers’ Association. With 73 Illustrations Second Edition. Demy 8vo, cloth. “A narrative full of life and vigour, lightened by pleasant humour and inspired with a genuine love of country sights, country sounds, and country people. It is written in a style that is none the less polished for being simple, a style that in some ways recalls Blackmore's musical paragraphs.’’—Field. “Tf Izaak Walton could revisit the shades of the pools he would greet Mr. Philip Geen as a fisherman after his own heart... . . The book is the right sort of angling literature—natural in style, bright and informing, eminently readable, and, above all, full of the sunshine of a manly nature.’’—Daily Chronicle. 14 MR. T. FISHER UNWIN’S Science and Natural History—continued. The Mental Traits of Sex. AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGA- TION OF THE NORMAL MinD IN MEN AND WoMEN. By HELEN BRADFORD THompson, Ph.D., Director of the Psychological Labora- tory, Mount Holyoke College. Large Crown 8vo, cloth. This book represents the first attempt to obtain a complete and systematic statement of the psychological likenesses and differences of the sexes as shown by the experimental method. The main part of it consists of the report of a series of experiments on men and women carried on in the psychological laboratory of the University of Chicago during the years 1898-9) and 1899-1900. The results of these investigations are summarised, and the generalisations arrived at are compared with the conclusions of previous observers. Fishes I Have Known. By ArtHuR H. Beavan, Author of ‘‘ Birds I Have Known,” ‘‘ Animals I Have Known,’’ etc. With about 40 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth. This work, the third of a series on natural history, records the author’s wide experience of fishes, not only in Great Britain but in various parts of the world. As in his preceding works, Mr. Beavan avoids scientific terms and deals with his subject in a simple and popular style, which is certain to interest all lovers of natural history. This well-illustrated book abounds with information, much of which, especially tha relating to oceanic fishing, is novel, and there are many amusing anecdotes and tales of adventure. The Evolution of the World and of Man. By G. E. Boxart, Author of ‘The Anglo-Saxon: A Study in Evolution.'’ Crown 8vo, cloth. This work is an attempt to present in popular form the teaching of science as to the development of our planet, and of life, vegetable, animal and human, upon it. The author also seeks to suggest what the bearings of the new knowledge are upon religion and ethics. OTHER NATURAL HISTORY BOOKS. Illustrated. Crown 8vo, Cloth. British Bird Life. By W. Percitvat WesTELL, M.B.O.U., F.R.H.S. With an introduction by Sir HERBERT MAxwELL, Bart. The Camera in the Fields) A PracticaL GuipE TO NATURE PHOTO- GRAPHY. By F. C. SNELL. Birds I Have Known. By ArtHur H. Beavan. Animals I Have Known. By ArtHur H. BEAVAN. Nature’s Story of the Year. By CHarLes A. WITCHELL. NET. AUTUMN ANNOUNCEMENTS. Science and Natural History—continued. Our School Out-of-Doors. Leicu, Author of ‘‘ Simple Lessons from Nature,” etc. Illustrated. Crown 8vo, cloth. By the Hon. M. CorpDELIa This volume is designed for the assistance of teachers in Nature Study who are taking their scholars for out-door rambles. Two lessons are arranged for each month of the year, dealing in as simple a manner as possible with some of the natural objects common at the different seasons. The subjects chosen include animals, plants, rocks and stones, and also natural phenomena such as clouds, rain, ice, and snow. The book is fully illustrated, and has been revised by experts in Natural History, Botany, and Physiography. HE“. bBRIGHIWEN” SERIES. NEW VOLUME. Quiet Hours with Nature. By Mrs. Bricutwen. Fully Illustrated. Crown 8vo, cloth. 1. Wild Nature Won by Kindness. 4. Glimpses into Plant Life; An Illustrated. Twenty-Fourth Thou- Easy Guide to the Study of sand. Botany. Illustrated. Fifth Thou- sand. 5. In Birdland with Field-Glass and Cameras By OLiverR G. PIKE. With over 80 Photographs of 2. More About Wild Nature. With Portrait of Author, and many Illustrations. Seventh Thou- sand. 3. Inmates of my House and Gar- den. With 32 Illustrations by THEO. CarRERAS. Fifth Thou- sand. British Birds. 6. Bird Life in Wild Wales. By J. A. WALPoLE-BonpD. With 60 Illustrations from Photographs by OLIVER G. PIKE. FICTION. THE FIRST NOVEL LIBRARY. A Series containing the First Novels of New Authors. Each volume crown 8vo, cloth. Saints in Society. By MarGaret BAILLIE-SAUNDERS. This story deals with the results of sudden success on two characters—those of a man and a woman. The working out of the plot brings the hero (a young printer and Christian Socialist) and his wife from a Walworth back street to wealth, power, title, and social success: both are flattered, courted and made much of by the great world, and both in turn meet with a perilous ‘‘ kindred soul” in that world’s ranks. There are many 16 MR. T. FISHER UNWIN'S Fiction—con/inued. subsidiary characters in the book, but the ambitions, the rapid rise, and the respective triumphs of Mark Hading and his wife make a novel full of human interest and vivid character study. OTHER VOLUMES. 1. Wistons. By Mires AMBER. 6. A Drama of Sunshine. By Mrs. AUBREY RICHARDSON. 2. The Searchers. By MarGa- IR 4-H BERT RMGES TOES RETTA ByRDE. OSS IE ieee : 8. The Cardinal’s Pawn. By K. 7 staat 4: Honous.\.) By RASS L. MONTGOMERY. 9. Tussock Land. By ArTuur H. 4. From Behind the Arras. By ADAMS. Mrs. PHILIP CHAMPION DE CREs- 10. The Kingdom of Twilight. By PIGNY. ForrESstT REID. 5. The Flame and the Flood. By il. A Pagan’s Love. By ConsTancE ROSAMOND LANGBRIDGE. CLYDE. Stars of Destiny. By L. Parry Truscott, Author of *‘ Mother- hood,” ‘‘ As a Tree Falls,’’ ‘‘ The Poet and Penelope,” etc. Crown 8vo. [Rep CLoTH Liprary. | This is the story of a young man with a heritage of artistic tastes and lofty ideals, who has spent his time in pursuit of the higher aims and has given his sole love to a talented writer—the embodiment of all that is best and purest in womanhood. She is already married, but it is significant of the attitude in which the man and woman stand to each other that, although they are well known to be friends, not the faintest breath of scandal has ever been associated with their names. Just at the time of the husband’s death, how- ever, and when the man is at last free to claim the long delayed fulfilment of his love, he meets temptation in the form of an alluring but utterly commonplace girl, who lays bare for him an unsuspected sensual side to his nature and makes him discontented with the old aspirations. Swayed between the two Stars of Destiny which he sees, for a time the balance in the scale tends towards his lower desires, but in the end the old dreams of perfection claim him and the ideal love wins. The Dream and the Business. By Joun Ociver Hozses. Crown 8vo. [GREEN CLOTH LiprRary. ] Adventures of a Supercargo, By Louis Becke. Crown 8vo. [Rep CLoTH Lisrary. | In ‘‘ The Adventures of a Supercargo’’ Mr. Louis Becke gives us a picture of South Sea Island life and adventures that is at once instructive and exciting, for it teems with incident. Tom Denison, the supercargo, is, it is very easy to see, a real person, as indeed must be all the other characters who figure in the story. The Pall Mall Gazette has observed of a former work of Louis Becke that it contained some of his delightful ‘‘Denison’’ stories. Here, in this volume, we meet Tom Denison himself, and enter into his joys and sorrows as one of ‘‘the men who never were ‘listed "’ but who have helped to make in their unrecognised way “‘ Britain beyond the seas.”’ Captain Sheen. By CuHarLEs Owen. Crown 8vo, cloth. This is an adventure story of the R. L. Stevenson type, with an intrepid and merciless adventurer as the leading character. The incidents are mostly founded on facts gathered AUTUMN ANNOUNCEMENTS. Fiction — continued. from old New Zealand records, and the gloomy scenery of that part of the world in the dawn of the nineteenth century makes a romantic background. The hero, a lad of nineteen, ignorant of Captain Sheen's real character, goes with him in search of a buried treasure in New Zealand. The Maoris receive them in a sinister manner, and but for the bravado of Captain Sheen and a terrible alternative he suggested, their lives would have been sacrificed at the very outset of their enterprise. From this point the story goes rapidly on, full of adventures of an original and varied character. A Son of Arvon. A We tsH Novet. By GWENDOLEN Pryce, Author of ‘‘ John Jones, Curate.” Crown 8vo. [GREEN CLOTH Library. ] The scene is laid in Carnarvonshire, the writer’s native county. It is the county of tenor singers, and a tenor is the hero. But the story, though it is touched with the romance proper to the people of the wildest part of Wild Wales, is not the story of a grand musical success. The deep-rooted passion of the Welsh for a bit of land, for home and hearth, and wife and child, is the true subject of the book. Love in the Lists. By K. L. Montcomery, Author of ‘‘ The Cardinal's Pawn’’ and ‘‘ Major Weir.’’ Crown 8vo, cloth. This is a comedy of to-day. Jasper Stringer (who holds language given to reveal the feelings) and Neillina Hislop meet, for the first time since their broken engagement, in a diligence bound for Chateau d’Oex, Switzerland. Both, to testify indifference, persist in original plans, and share a mutual experience of pension humours while having it out with each other. How Mrs. McEnsor looked on, how Miss Stanley ‘‘ put it through,’’ and where the wisdom came in, are details of the evolution of a quarrel into a comedy, for which the high pastures of tae Canton de Vaud furnish a picturesque setting. A Dazzling Reprobate. By W.R. H. Trowsrice, Author of ‘‘ The Letters of Her Mother to Elizabeth,’’ etc., etc. Crown 8vo. [Rep CLotH Liprary ] This is another of the brilliant social satires which have made Mr. Trowbridge’s reputation. It relates the experiences in London of a young French nobleman, and many varied society types are hit off in caustic fashion. SECOND EDITION. Shameless Wayne. By HaALLiweLL SvutciirFre, Author ot ‘* Ricroft of Withens,’’ etc. Crown 8vo. [GREEN CLOTH LiBrRary. ] Tongues of Gossip. By A. Curtis SHERWOOD. Crown 8vo, cloth. The people in this book give varying expressions of the religious instinct. A mystic, indifferent to the material world, and profoundly conscious of the spiritual; a practical shrewd man, disliking theoretical subtleties, and desiring a simple creed; a lover of beauty, to whom religion appeals as a perception of spiritual loveliness ; a young man of keen, enquiring temperament, eager to know and to see clearly; a bigot with a warped mind, and an orthodox believer, upright and honourable: these and others are shown amid their surroundings in a provincial town, suffering, rejoicing, toiling, and influencing their fellow men for good or for evil. 18 MRA. FISHER) UNWIN'S Fiction— continued. A Supreme Moment. By Mrs. HamiLton SynacE, Author of ‘The Coming of Sonia.’’ Crown 8vo, cloth. ‘“4 Supreme Moment”’ is the story of a brother and sister. Agatha sacrifices herself entirely to her brother, encouraging his weaknesses and accepting his veiled though very real tyranny as her duty. Upon the neighbourhood, well-behaved and self-satisfied, descends a new personality, and it is on the working-out of its effect upon everybody that the motif of the story depends. There is a mystery about the new-comer. She has a disturbing effect upon several people, leading to the breaking of a long standing engagement, and other events. Inthe stress of an intense moment, a strange experience comes to Agatha, an experience of the spirit piercing through the material; the explanation of which, whether natural or supernatural, is left to the reader. Renunciation. By DoroTHy SumMERS. Crown 8vo, cloth. A love story of the present day. The hero, Dare Thorpe, around whom the chief interest of this story centres, loves the beautiful Lady Iris Ireton, who returns his affection. Lady Iris has always displayed a morbid sensitiveness to any physical defect or deformity, and the unfortunate hero when on the point of realising his dearest hopes, discovers that owing to injuries sustained in an accident, he will eventually become a hopeless cripple. The story leads through to the hero’s struggle to live up to his ideal of | honour in renouncing all he had hoped for to the unexpected climax with which the book closes. Counsels of the Night. By Lucas CLEEVE. Crown 8vo. | [Rep CLotH Lizrary | This is a story farremoved from the common run of fiction. It takes the reader into the realm of the mysterious, the occult. Laurence Merivale, a young man of about twenty, is persistently haunted by a vivid dream in which he sees a man thrown down a well by another man who bears a remarkable resemblance to his (Laurence’s) father. How by means ot thisdream a mystery is solved, though not in the way directly suggested by the vision, the reader must be left to find out for himself. The story is worked out with the vividness and the psychological insight which always mark Lucas Cleeve’s work. A Royal Rascal. By Major ARTHUR GRIFFITHS. Crown Svo. [Rep CLorH Lizrary. | This is a vivid tale of the Napoleonic era. We follow the hero from the day when, at the age of sixteen, he obtains his commission and has his first experience of an officers’ mess ; through a campaign in India where he becomes a prisoner of the redoubtable | Tippoo Sahib; to Egypt, where he fights against the invading French army; to Spain, | where he meets and is ruthlessly parted from the lady of his choice; through all the horrors and vicissitudes of a long imprisonment in French fortresses, among others, ‘‘ The Placeof Tears '’; to Spain again where he unexpectedly meets and rescues his long-lost love at Vittoria, and finaily to the field of Waterloo, on which takes place the culminating scene in the exciting military drama of his life. Driven By Marcaret Watson, Author of ‘‘ Under the Chilterns.”’ Crown 8vo. [GREEN CLorH LipRary.] This is a page of history as told by the old men and women at the cottage fireside and in the bare wards of the workhouse. It is their life history, and a tale of terror to their AUTUMN ANNOUNCEMENTS. Fiction— continued. grandchildren. Men try to explain the exodus from the villages by careful enquiry into present conditions: its explanation lies further back—in the fear of a possible recurrence of the times when hunger drove working men to steal turnips from the fields. The children of to-day listen, and look upon the landas a cruel step-mother, and flock to the towns rather than be dependent upon her. Here, too, may be read the reason why the labourers in the fields cannot be persuaded that a tax upon corn means a higher wage for labour, with peace and plenty everywhere. They know. Besides this, the book records some types only to be found among the agricultural poor of England : strong characters made stronger by the buffetings of fate ; weak men going to the wall; women, self-dependent, self-respecting, toiling from early morning till late night, and asking only in return that they may have bread enough. The Journeys of Antonia. By Curistian Dunpas. Crown 8vo. [Rep CLoTH Lisrary. ] This entertaining story is concerned with the adventures of Miss Antonia Bernard, a charming girl who, in the middle of the night, enters the private saloon carriage of a millionaire, having mistaken it for an ordinary first-class carriage, and gets carried off through France. They are both injured in a railway accident, and, while unable to give an account of themselves, are labelled by the authorities as husband and wife. The initial situation thus created is developed by the author in a very amusing manner, the scene shifting to Scotland and then to Italy, a number of types of society men and women being effectively and brilliantly sketched. The Romance of the Fountain. By Evcene Lre- Hamitton, Author of ‘‘ Sonnets of the Wingless Hours,’’ ‘‘ The Lord of the Dark Red Star,’’ etc. Crown 8vo, cloth. ““The Romance of the Fountain’’ treats in novel form what has justly been called ‘‘the most romantic episode of the world’s most romantic moment ’’—the pursuit of the Fount of Youth by the Spanish adventurer, Ponce de Leon, at the opening of the Sixteenth Century. It is written ina spirit as frankly fantastic as its subject, and abounds in the picturesque and the marvellous. The love plot is tragically influenced by the all-absorbing craze of the mystical and fanatical hero, who, though far from unlovable, sacrifices what he most dearly loves to the master-dream of his life The Interpreters. By MarGaretTtaA ByrpbE, Author of '' The Searchers.” Crown 8vo, [NEw Rep CLortH Liprary.] This book, like its predecessor, is an attempt to tell a story of love and life seen in a spiritual atmosphere—though there is no connection in character or locality between the two stories. While ‘‘ The Searchers’’ represented its dvamatis persone as seekers after the divine in life, ‘‘The Interpreters’’ has for its motif the corresponding idea that the divine finds in men and women, through the crossing desires, the experiences and actions of life, revelation and explanation. The scene of the story is laid alternately in a West Country town and a mining village in South Wales, and the tale deals with a complicated and difficult moral problem which confronted a man and his wife—a problem inevitable from the characters and convictions of the persons concerned, and only to be solved by a tragedy. The Progress of Priscilla, By Lucas Creeve, Author of ‘*Stolen Waters," ‘‘ The Children of Endurance,” etc., etc. Crown 8vo. [RED CLotH Liprary. ] The theme of this story bears a certain resemblance to that of the famous ‘‘ John 6 20 MR. T. FISHER UNWIN’S Fiction — continued. Chilcote, M.P.’’ But the central idea is entirely original, and the plot is worked out on quite differen: lines. The story opens in Philadelphia, where a young man, Herbert Hume, falls in love with Eleanor Van Heuster, a girl who moves in the best society of the city. Hume is rich—almost a millionaire—but he does not quite belong to Eleanor’s world, and has no distinction beyond his wealth. To attract Eleanor’s interest and attention he practically assumes another man’s personality. Naturally complications arise, and the consequences of the ruse on the heroine and the two heroes form a story which is probably the best thing that Lucas Cleeve has yet done. It grips the reader from the first page to the last. The Yarn of Old Harbour Town, A Sea Romance. By W. CLARK RUSSELL, author of ''‘ The Romance of a Midship- man,’’ etc., etc. Crown 8vo, cloth. Mr. Clark Russell is facile princeps among living writers of searomances. His new book is, like his other stories, fresh, healthy, and full of vivid descriptions and exciting incidents. The period is the early years of the nineteenth century. In Old Harbour Town lives, with his daughter Lucy, Captain Acton, a retired sea officer, who has two ships trading to the West Indies. Near by lives his old shipmate and intimate friend, Admiral Sir Charles Lawrence. The admiral has a son who is a brilliant sailor but a wild spendthrift, and who is passionately in love with Lucy Acton. Captain Acton gives the command of one of his ships to Lawrence, who conspires to kidnap Lucy and run away with the vessel. Lucy is carried off, but to save herself feigns madness, and her acting is so marvellously fine that she imposes upon her kidnapper. Her father and Admiral Lawrence follow in pursuit, and after many thrilling adventures the story ends with an unexpected but satisfactory denouement. The Siren’s Net. By FLoRENCE ROOSEVELT. Crown 8vo. {RED CLoTH LipRarY. | This novel of Bohemian’life in Paris tells of the adventures, failures, and achievements of girls studying for an operatic career. The difficulties and risks which they have to face, the charlatanry of teachers, and later the vicissitudes of professional life, are drawn in a very convincing way, many of the events being transcripts of actual fact. Ul ’ A Specimen Spinster. By KaTE WESTLAKE YEIGH. Crown 8vo. [RED CLoTH LiprRary. ] Shrewd, homely, kind-hearted and very human, Aunt Polly, the ‘‘ Specimen Spinster,”’ stands out a life-like figure in these pages, and we feel impelled to weep with her over her real troubles, and laugh with her over the humorous figure she is often forced to cut, The incidents of her wooing by an elderly admirer, the parochial tea-party and her own Christmas dinner, exhibit her in a quaintly comic light; and a further piquancy and charm is given to the tale by the lively niece who bursts upon her household quiet, and the faithful maid-servant who glories in being the worst girl in the neighbourhood New Eritions. Crown 8vo, cloth. Lady Mary of the Dark House. By mrs. C. N. WILLIAMSON. The Last Heir. By G. A. HEnTy. Haunts of Men. ByR. W. Cuamsers. AUTUMN ANNOUNCEMENTS. 21 Fiction —continued. SENSATIONAL FICTION. The Case of Miss Elliott, By the Baroness Orczy, Author of ‘The Scarlet Pimpernel,” etc. With 16 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth. Under this title The Man in the Corner gives a series of masterly elucidations of mysterious crimes whose authors’ origins and motives have baffled justice. For ingenuity of construction and simplicity of dénouement these ‘‘cases’”’ rank high among detective stories. The Threshing Floor. By J. S. Frercuer, Author of “ The Arcadians,”’ etc., etc. Crown 8vo, cloth. Mr. J. S. Fletcher’s new novel is considered by some competent critics who have read it in manuscript to be the most important contribution he has yet made to fiction. The scene is laid for the most part in one of the most romantic and picturesque of the York- shire Dales, and the folk-lore of the same district has been used with much imaginative effect. The story deals chiefly with the final history of a race of yeomen-farmers, the Challengers, who have lived on the soil for centuries, and of whom it is a matter of local tradition that there never was amongst them a sober man or a virtuous woman. Its great interest, however, lies in the character of Brigit Challenger, the last of her race, who, having lived up to the traditions of her family as a girl, is wholly redeemed by her suddenly aroused love for a strong man, and becomes a great and noble character. There is much tragedy in the book and many dark passages, with not a little realism of a sort unusual in English fiction, but the story ends happily and at the same time convincingly. The Motor Cracksman. By CHARLES CaREy. Crown 8vo, cloth. “How, during a week-end at Mrs. Hermann Van Suyden’s country place near Wheaton- on-the-Hudson, Miss Gwendolen Eustacia Bramblestone, one of the guests, while innocent of the theft, became implicated in a mysterious jewel robbery ; what desperate efforts were hers, for the few days following her return to town, to establish her innocence and assist in the recovery of the gems, and with what results, are circum- stances very entertainingly related inthis narrative. The plot is most ingenious, and the reader, who is kept delightfully mystified to the very end, will be quite clear as to the cleverness of the characters of Miss Bramblestone and her loyal Scotch lover, Captain McCracken, not to mention Harry Glenn, the ‘gentleman burglar,’ and Bender, the ex-jockey detective, perhaps the most original of them all.’’"—New York Outlook. The House by the River. By FLorENCE WARDEN, Author of ‘‘The House on the Marsh,” ‘‘ The Mis-Rule of Three,” etc. Crown 8vo, cloth. The heroine of this sensational romance is a typewriter girl, to whom various strange things happen: her husband deserts her on the wedding morning and disappears; she goes to a lonely house in the country, ‘‘ Riverscourt’’; here she is shot at; later she is thrust into a wing of the house which is on fire, and is only saved by a private detective living in the house disguised as a footman. Many other startling events occur ere the story reaches a satisfactory conclusion. Every chapter contains a thrilling situation, and the book is full of ingeniously devised surprises. With its skilfully constructed plot and wealth of exciting incidents the work must count among the best things Florence Warden has done, and it will undoubtedly hold her public from start to finish. 0 MR. T. FISHER UNWIN’S Fiction—continued. eS SHILLING REPRINTS OF STANDARD NOVELS. 1-0 Crown 8vo, cloth. NET. Three of Them. By Maxim Gorky. The Man who was Afraid (Foma Gordyeeff). By Maxim Gorky. The Outcasts, and other Stories. By Maxim Gorky. Trooper Peter Halket of Mashonaland. By one SCHREINER. Love and the Soul Hunters. By JOHN OLIvER HopsEs. Some Emotions and a Moral, and the Sinner’s| - Comedy. By JoHN OLIVER Hoppers. A Study in Temptations, and A Bundle of Life. By JOHN OLIVER HOBBES. The Stickit Minister. By S. R. Crockett. Dreams. By OLIvE SCHREINER. Madeinoiselle Ixe, The Hotel d’Angleterre, and other Stories. By LANnoz FALCONER. MARK RUTHERFORD’S WORKS. The Autobiography of Mark Rutherford. Mark Rutherford’s Deliverance. The Revolution in Tanner’s Lane. Miriam’s Schooling. Catharine Furze. AUTUMN ANNOUNCEMENTS. Fiction—continued. The Red Laugh. By Lgonipas ANDREIEFF. Translated by A. LINDEN. Crown 8vo. Paper cover. This is probably the most remarkable revelation of the psychology of war that has ever been written. The writer surpasses even Tolstoy in grim force. The story is made up of fragments from the diary of a young officer who is sent home from the front with his legs shot oft, and his mind affected by the horrors he has witnessed. He describes with terrible realism the sufferings and the ghastly sights of the campaign. One of the most horrible incidents is when he speaks to another officer and asks him if he is afraid; the other smiles with a terrible effort, and at that moment is struck in the face by a shell and the smile is seen through a red mist; hence the title of the story. The unhappy writer of the diary dies, and the journal is continued by his brother, who is also driven to madness, partly by his brother’s tragic fate, partly by the awful news which reaches him from the front. Often incoherent, as the work of a disordered brain, the story is one of the most terribly moving things in Russian fiction. THE CHILDREN’S LIBRARY. PopuLar Re-tssvuE. Illustrated. Feap. 8vo, Cloth Decorated Binding. Once Upon a Time. By Luiet Caruana. The Story of a Puppet; or, The Adventures of Pinocchio, By C. Cortop:. New Edition. Pax and Carlino. By ERNEST BECKMAN. IN PAPER BOARDS. 1s. The Brown Owl. By Forp H. The China Cup. By FEtrx Vorx- HUEFFER. HOVSKY. Renee ale. By W.. B: An Enchanted Garden. By Mrs. Veen MoLESwortuH. 3 La Belle Nivernaise. By ALPHONSE Finn and His Companions. By Dauber. STANDISH O’GRADy. Stories from Fairyland. POLITICS. The Heart of the Empire. Discussions of Problems of Modern City Life in England. Popular Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth. BY C. F. G. MAstTERMAN. P. W. WILSsoNn. F. W. LawrENce. F. W. HEap. R. A. Bray. G. P. Goocu. A. C. Pieou. G. M. TREVELYAN. LO 2246 NET. 24 MR. T. FISHER UNWIN’S Se d. Paper Cover, Public Speaking and Debate. A Manvat ror Apvocates}| 1 0 AND AGITATORS. By GrorGE JacoB HotyoaKke. New Edition. Gla Politics —continued. The Hungry Forties, Lire Unper tae Breap Tax. De- O-=¢ scriptive Letters and other Testimonies from Living Witnesses. With an Introduction by Mrs. CoppEN Unwin. People’s Edition. Paper cover. The Atheneum says: ‘‘ These peepholes into the actual life of the labourer in the hungry forties—the records of food eaten, labour undertaken, the privation, the despair, the misery of it all—have something in them of the quality which is permanent in memory.”’ England’s Title in Ireland. A Letter Addressed to the 0 6 Lord Lieutenant. By R. Barry O’Brien, Author of ‘‘ The Life of Lord Russell of Killowen,” etc. Paper cover. An appeal to history in support of the Nationalist position. National Credit and the Sinking Fund: How to] 0 6 Make £500,000,000. By Francis W. Hirst. Paper covers. It is in the hope that a brief scientific and historical examination of the losses due to our recent fiscal policy may attract further attention and assist the advocates of sound finance in the House of Commons, in the Press, in the City, and in Chambers of Com- merce, that this essay has been prepared. The conclusions are startling; but several financial experts to whom the pamphlet has been submitted, concur in thinking that the calculation here niade of the benefits to be derived from the creation of a real and sub- stantial Sinking Fund for the reduction of the National Debt is neither improbable nor exaggerated. The Cause of Industrial Depression. A Lecture} g ¢ Delivered at the New Reform Club. By Arruur Kitson. Paper cover. MISCELLANEOUS. International Law as Interpreted During the Russo-| 25 0 Japanese War. By F. E. Situ, B.C.L., Formerly Fellow of NEX Merton College, Oxford, and Vinerian Scholar in the University of Oxford, and N. W. SispLtrty, LL.M., Trin. H. Cant., Barristers-at-Law. Royal 8vo, cloth. This is a work of the first importance at the present time. It deals with the Law of AUTUMN ANNOUNCEMENTS. Miscellaneous —continued. Belligerents, with special reference to the Russo-Japanese War and the North Sea Crisis. The subjects of mid-ocean mines, wireless telegraphy, international arbitration, and contraband are also fully treated, particularly in relation to Russian assumptions. The work embodies the latest information bearing upon its subject, and is so lucidly written as to be intelligible and interesting, not only to the trained lawyer, but also to the general reader. Aristotle’s Theory of Conduct. By Tiomas Marsnatt. Medium 8vo, cloth. This book is intended to bring Aristotle’s Ethics to the notice of English readers. It contains a general introduction, separate introductions to the several chapters, followed by explanatory remarks and a paraphrase of the greater part of the text. Asan adjunct to more elaborate commentaries, it will be useful to students of the Ethics, giving as it does within a reasonable compass a somewhat full conspectus of Aristotle’s theory. References, definitions, and important passages are given or transcribed in the Notes at the foot of each page. The exposition of the scope of the Ethics in the Introduction will enable the general reader to appreciate Aristotle’s celebrated treatise. The Religious Songs of Connacht. By Doveras Hype, LLD.,M.R.I.A. Author of ‘A Literary History of Ireland,”’ ‘‘Love Songs of Connacht,” etc. 2 vols., cloth. 10 0 the Set. This is a collection of poems, songs, ‘‘ranns,’’ charms, prayers, ‘‘ orthas,”’ satires, blessings, curses, etc., equally interesting to the theologian, the folk-lorist, and the poet. These are interspersed with many highly-curious prose stories of saints, miracles, healing- wells, young men rapt away from earth in visions, quarrelling women, stories of St. Martin, St. Peter, King Solomon, etc.; and the whole has been collected during the last 25 years from the Irish-speaking natives of the Province of Connaught. It is now printed in the original Irish on one side of the page and a literal and often also a poetical trans- lation on the other. Some of the contents, which recall the ‘‘ Carmina Gadelica’’ of Carmichael, are of immense antiquity, and many of the prayers and poems are of great beauty. This is a larger collection than the great Highland collection of Carmichael, with which it has less than a dozen pieces in common, and it is published, not at three guineas, but at a half-sovereign. The Mystics, Ascetics, and Saints of India. By Jou CAMPBELL Oman, LL.D, Author of ‘Indian Life, Religious and Social,”’ etc. Fully Illustrated. Demy 8vo, cloth. Cheaper Edition. ‘A work of the first importance .... In the work of analysis and description Mr. Campbell Oman has no superior in authority, at least as far as the races of the Punjab are concerned.’’—Daily Chronicl:. The Arts of Design. By RusseEtt Sturcis, M.A, Ph.D, Fellow of the American Institute of Architects, the National Sculpture Society, etc., Author of ‘‘ How to Judge Architecture,’ '‘ The Appreci- ation of Sculpture,’’ etc. With 107 Illustrations. Royal 8vo, cloth. Mr. Sturgis is well known as one of the foremost of American writers on art. His new book, which is illustrated by more than too fine reproductions of ancient and modern examples in all branches of art, deals with the following subjects: Modern Judged by Ancient Art—I. Representation and Sentiment. II. Decorative Effects; the Industrial Arts in which Form Predominates; the Industrial Arts in which Colour Predominates ; Sculpture as Used in Architecture; and Painting as Used in Architecture. 26 MAC) Gi LS EER CN WANS: Miscellaneous— continued. The Trend in Higher Education in America. By WILuiAM Rainy Harper, D.D., LL.D., President of the University of Chicago. Crown 8vo, cloth. Among the subjects discussed in this work are: The University and Democracy; The Dependence of the West upon the East; University training for a business career; Latin versus Science; Shall college athletics be endowed?; The University and religious education; and alleged luxury among college students. This account of American tendencies and conditions should prove interesting to those engaged in the work of higher education over here. Ludowick Carliell. By Cuartes A. Gray. Cloth. Ludowick Carliell is specially interesting as forming a link between the playwrights of the Elizabethan age and those of the Restoration. His identity has not hitherto been established, but Mr. Gray has now discovered that he was the ‘‘ Master of the Bowes”’ and a Keeper of the Deer Park at Richmond under Charles I. The chief period of his literary activity was between 1630 and 1640. Carliell’s dramas are distinguished by the excellence of their construction and plot. This volume contains, in addition toa bio- graphy of Carliell, alist and a discussion of his plays, the full text of one of them, ‘‘ The Deserving Favourite,’’ and several appendices. A Hundred Years Hence. The Vacticinations of an Optimist. By T. Baron RusseE tt, Author of '‘ A Guardian of the Poor,’’ ‘‘ The Mandate,” etc. Large crown 8vo, cloth. This is a popularly written essay in prophecy. Unlike recent efforts of the kind, it is distinguished by a militant optimism. Modern ‘‘ prophets ’’ take a gloomy view of the moral future. For Mr. Russell, who bases a closely reasoned confidence on certain educational reforms, nothing is too good to be expected of the coming man. He discusses the future of science, invention, and politics in a tone of overwhelming cheerfulness. Like Malvolio, he ‘‘thinks nobly of the soul,’’ and sees no prospect of literary or artistic decadence. Christian Belief Interpreted by Christian Experi- ence. By Cuarres CuTHBert Hatt, President of the Union Theological Seminary. With an Introductory Note by the Vice- Chancellor of the University of Bombay. Demy 8vo, cloth. The Motorist’s A. B. C, A Practicat HANDBOOK FOR TBE UsE OF OWNERS, OPERATORS, AND AUTOMOBILE MECHANICS. By L Evviott Brookes. With more than too Illustrations. This most valuable volume gives full and concise information on all questions relating to the construction, care, operation and repair of gasoline and electric automobiles. It contains numerous tables, useful rules and formulas, and remedies for all kinds of motor- ing troubles are suggested. NET. P26 NET 6 6 NET, NET. ANNOUNCEMENTS. AUTUMN Miscellaneous—continued. The Original Poem of Job. Translated from the Restored Text. By E. J. Ditton, Doc. Orient. Lang., Author of ‘‘ The Sceptics of the Old Testament,” ‘‘Maxim Gorky," etc. To which is appended ‘‘THE Book oF Jos AcCORDING TO THE AUTHORISED Version.’ Crown 8vo, cloth. Recent critical research has thrown much light on the scope and meaning of the wonderful poem of Job which has fascinated and baffled so many generations of men. The rediscovery by Professor Bickell, of Vienna, of the laws of Hebrew metre and of the text of the old Greek version has rendered plain many points hitherto obscure, and has shown that many unintelligible passages are later interpolations into the primitive text. It is this original text, critically reconstructed, which Dr. Dillon has translated, and his version should be of the greatest interest and value to students of the old Testament. THE MERMAID SERIES. The Best Plays of the Old Dramatists. New VOLUME. The Best Plays of George Farquhar. Edited, and with an Introduction, by WILLIAM ARCHER. On thin paper. With Frontis- piece. Small Crown 8vo. With the inclusion of the Best Plays of George Farquhar in the ‘‘ Mermaid Series,” all four of the leading ‘‘Comic Dramatists of the Restoration’’—to adopt Macaulay’s grouping—are now represented. The latest in point of time, Farquhar, was also the humanest in tone of the four playwrights. His works may be said to mark the transition between Congreve and Steele (whose comedies are also included in the series). His representative plays are unquestionably those here reprinted, viz., ‘‘The Constant Couple’’ with its sequel ‘‘ Sir Harry Wildair,’’ ‘‘ The Recruiting Officer’’ and ‘‘ The Beaux’ Stratagem.’’ His three remaining pieces, though they have passages of great merit, did not give such memorable figures to the stage as Sir Harry Wildair, Captain Plume, Sergeant Kite, Squire Sullen, Archer and Scrub. Leigh Hunt sums up the difference between Farquhar and his immediate predecessors and contemporaries in saying ‘‘ He makes us laugh from pleasure oftener than from malice.’ OTHER VOLUMES. 1. The Best Plays of Christopher 13 & 14. The Best Plays of Thomas Marlowe. Middleton. 2. ae ee Plays of Thomas 5, The Best Plays of James Shirley. 3. The Best Plays of John Ford. 16. Bae eet Plays of Thomas ekker. 4. &5. The Best Pl f Phili ite ees Pigaetts | «7,149,820. The Best Plays of Ben 6. The Best Plays of Thomas Jonson. Heywood. 18. The Complete Plays of Richard 7. The Complete Plays of William Steele. Wrycherley. 21. The Best Plays of George Chap- 8. Nero and other Plays. man. 9 & 10. The Best Plays of Beau- mont and Fletcher. ll. The Complete Plays of William ongreve. 12. The Best Plays of Webster and ‘Tourneur. 22. The Select Plays of Sir John Vanbrugh. 23. The Best Plays of Thomas Shadwell. 24 & 25. The Best Plays of John Dryden. Leather, } Sn 8 NET. Cloth, 28 MR. T. FISHER UNWIN’S Miscellaneous—continued. Youth. By CuarLes WAGNER, Author of ‘‘The Simple Life,” etc. Crown 8vo. This volume contains a series of addresses to young people by the author of that widely. read book ‘‘ The Simple Life.’’ Pastor Wagner’s pages are distinguished by a genuine eloquence, a true manliness, a healthy and optimistic outlook, and an entire freedom from cant of every kind. The book should act as a tonic to many who will read it. Cricket on the Brain. By™M.C.C. Ilustrated by “ Git.” Fcap 4to, paper covers. The nation probably is at present more interested in cricket than in either war, politics, or literature. Indeed it might be said that nowadays cricket is taken much too seriously. However Mr. Fisher Unwin intends to change all that by producing ‘Cricket on the Brain,’’ a humorous volume dealing in a flippant manner with all aspects of the great summer game. The price of the book is most appropriately elevenpence net. Cloth, 31116 Paper, EG NET. AUTUMN. ANNOUNCEMENTS. 29 BOOKS PUBLISHED IN THE SPRING, 1905. FICTION. The Flute of Pan. By JoHN OLiverR Hosses. 2nd impres- sion. Crown 8vo. [Rep CLotTH Lisrary.] The story of Mrs. Craigie’s new novel is above all things a love story. The scenes are laid in Venice, in Florence, and in the Princess Margaret's own kingdom of Siguria, which may be taken as one of those kingdoms in Europe that keep more of the old romantic Court life, with its intrigues, its dramatic surprises, its dangers and its pleasures, than is possible in any of the capitals of the greater European nations. By Beach and Bogland. By JANE Bartow, Author of ‘Trish Idylls,” etc. With Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. [GREEN CLoTH LIBRARY. The scene of these stories of Irish peasant-life is laid in the west of Ireland, mostly on the shores of the Atlantic, where sea-fishing and the farming of the bogland yield a living of the poorest and plainest. Lucie and I. By Henriette Corxran, Author of “ Celebrities and I,’’ ‘‘Oddities, Others, and I,” etc. Crown 8vo, cloth. The scenes in this story are laid chiefly in France, Italy and Switzerland, and the book contains many vivid descriptions of Continental ways and manners. It is cast in the form of an autobiography, the narrator being Gabrielle Amory, the only daughter of an English savant settled in Paris. The characterisation is exceptionally vivid; there is much brilliant dialogue, and many pages in the book read like actual reminiscences. Stolen Waters. By Lucas Creeve, Author of ‘ Blue Lilies,” “The Fool-Killer,”’ etc. 2nd Impression. Crown 8vo. [Rep CLoTH Lisrary. A story of clerical life, relating how, by a strange tangle of circumstances, an outcast becomes the spiritual guide of a priest. Grand Relations. By J. S. Fretcuer, Author of ‘* When Charles the First was King,’’ ‘‘The Arcadians,’’ etc. Crown 8vo, [Rep CrotH Lisrary. } Mr. J. S. Fletcher’s new novel ‘‘ Grand Relations’’ is of the same genre as the same author’s well-known story ‘‘ The Paths of the Prudent’’—a comedy of rustic life. The scenes are laid in a Yorkshire village, and the characters are all studies of real personalities. A Song of a Single Note. By AmeEciA E. Barr. Crown 8vyo. [Rep CLotH LiBrary. } Like most of Mrs. Barr’s books, this is a love story with a historical setting. The period is the American War of Indevendence, and the tale begins ‘‘in the fourth year of the captivity of New York,’’ when the town was held by the troops of King George under General Clinton. Some notable character sketches of historical figures, as, for instance, General Clinton, will be found in the book. d. 30 MR. T. FISHER .UNWIN’S Fiction— continued. Tom Gerrard. By Louis Becxe. Crown 8vo. [RED CLoTH LIBRARY. | Mr. Becke here gives a vivid portrayal of Australian life and adventure in the ‘«sixties.’’ The scene of the tale is in the torrid regions of North Queensland, and Tom Gerrard, the bachelor cattle squatter, and his little orphaned niece Mary, are the principal characters in a novel that depicts with the author's usual skill—derived from local knowledge and experience—a country that, although a part of the Empire, has been too little written about. The love story of Kate Fraser and her hard-riding, big-hearted wooer, Gerrard, is delightful to read. Three Dukes. By G. YstrippE. 2nd Impression. Crown 8vo. [RED CLotH Liprary. | As a description of every day life among the Russian upper classes this book is of particular interest at the present time. It is the story of a pretty English girl who goes as governess in the family of an eccentric and grim Russian noble. The Memoirs of Constantine Dix. By Barry Par, Author of ‘ Eliza,’’ ‘‘ Another Englishwoman’s Love-Letters,”’ etc. Crown 8vo, cloth. This is the story of a professional thief. Constantine Dix keeps three banking accounts, has a house in Bloomsbury and another in Brighton; he has also a motor car, and makes a comfortable £2,000 a year. He is moreover a philanthropist, and takes a great interest in the reclamation of the lower classes. At Scotland Yard Dix is known as a gentleman of independent means engaged in rescue work, who is believed to do a lot of good, though it is thought that he is often imposed upon. The book shows his real life, of which this outward respectability and philanthropy is the mask. Each charter contains an ingeniously contrived burgling adventure, and in the predicaments in which he places his hero, or rather villain, Mr. Barry Pain is at his happiest. Constantine Dix deserves, and will probably attain, a place on every bookshelf by the side of the immortal Sherlock Holmes. MISCELLANEOUS. Wlodel Factories and Villages. IpEAL CoNDITIONS OF Lapour AND Hovusinc. By BupGert Meakin, Lecturer on Industrial Betterment. Author of ‘‘ The Land of the Moors,’’ etc. With about 200 Illustrations. Large Crown 8vo, cloth. The subject of this work will appeal to a growing circle, as the intimate relation between the ideal conditions of labour and housing here described and ideal results in business, is at last becoming generally recognised. Facts, not fancies, are dealt with, and as the author has spent three years collecting material, chiefly by personally inspecting centres of employment in Europe and America, a comprehensive view is presented. The value of this is increased by the very numerous illustrations. AUTUMN ANNOUNCEMENTS. Miscellaneous—continued. American Commerce and Finance. Lectures delivered before the College of Commerce and Administration of the University of Chicago. Edited by HENrRy Ranp HaTFigvtp. First Series. 2nd Impression. Large crown 8vo, cloth. The accounts here given of American business methods and problems by lecturers eminent in various departments of trade and industry cannot fail to be of great value to English men of commerce. Among the subjects dealt with are the following :—Higher Commercial Education, Railway Management and Operations, the Steel Industry, the Commercial Value of Advertising, Wholesale Trade, the Credit Department of Modern Business, the Methods of Banking Investments, Foreign Exchange, and Fire Insurance. Religion and the Higher Life. By Wiiam Ray Harper, D.D., LL.D., President of the University of Chicago. Large crown 8vo, cloth. A collection of addresses, more or less informal, delivered by the author to com, panies of young men and women. The topics are the practical questions of the religious life which all young people are compelled to consider, whether they will or not- Some of the more important subjects are as follows :—Fellowship and Its Obligation— Service; Our Intellectual Difficulties; Religious Belief among College Students; Bible Study and the Religious Life. In Peril of Change. ESSAYS WRITTEN IN TIME OF TRAN- QuILLity. By C. F. G. MASTERMAN, Fellow of Christ's College, Cam- bridge, Author of ‘‘ From the Abyss,’’ etc. Large Crown 8vo, cloth. In this volume, through study of contemporary literature and religious and social change, the author endeavours to read the signs of the time. The attitude is that of expectancy, in a passing period of quietness, before the coming of a time of disturbance. The book includes notices of the men of the age which is passing, as they have gone from the scene—Gladstone, Spencer, Huxley, Sidgwick, Myers and others essays dealing with the men who are just serving on that stage; examinations of the newer ideas in thought ; studies of the tendencies of contemporary society ; and attempts to estimate the influence of religion on the life of to-day. Chats on Old Furniture. A PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR COLLECTORS. By ArTHUR Haypen, Author of ‘‘ Chats on English China.’’ Fully Illustrated. Large Crown 8vo, cloth. @ This volume has been written primarily with a view to enable collectors and those who are interested in old furniture to discriminate between the various styles of furniture and to distinguish the characteristic features of different periods. A connected account is given of the rise and progress of the manufacture of domestic furniture in England. As in the companion volume, ‘‘Chats on English China,’ typical examples have been selected as illustrations. The book commences with the Elizabethan period and the influence of the Renaissance on this country, and Jacobean, late seventeenth century, William and Mary, and Queen Anne styles, are then fully dealt with. The furniture of Chippendale, Hepplewhite and of Sheraton receives detailed treatment. In addition to those on English furniture separate chapters are given showing the contemporaneous influence of Italian, Dutch, and French furniture upon English makers. 32 AUTUMN ANNOUNCEMENTS. Miscellaneous—continued. Chats on Old Furniture—continued. A Bibliography of works of reference and a full Index will make the volume in- dispensable to the collector of old furniture. A useful feature will be the addition of Sale Prices at Public Auction, included in the volume from the records of the Connoisseur by the courteous permission of the proprietors. By the Same Author. Chats on Engfish China, With 3 Colour Frontispiece and many Illus- trations. Large Crown 8vo, cloth. Gardening for the Million. By Arreep Pink, Author of ‘Recipes for the Million.’’ Large crown &vo, cloth. In this work directions are given for the cultivation of nearly 1,000 different plants. To the young gardener, amateur as well as proféssional, this book is indispensable, and it will undoubtedly prove useful to those of wider experience. It is, however, as its title indicates, written for the masses, so that the mere novice on consulting its pages may be enabled to grow and cultivate any desired plant. The work is arranged alphabetically, and made additionally easy of consultation by cross-references to flowers known under more than one name. It is concise and clear in its directions, and the time of flowering and the general heights of the various plants are given. LONDON: IT. FISHER UNWIN il, PATERNOSTER BUILDINGS, E.C. 5xe 0) NET. 276 NET. LIBRARY FACULTY OF FORESTRY UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO SD Unwin, Arthur Harold 195 Future forest trees U6 Forestry PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY Pasay 2 # as