SI re, ee EEG pregnanir Fe SI a eee ME Ne adap ore ca ne satire eae re arc see roe ae Rae or eee Ss ae ea eae a n ny rs oe ~. ok “4 Ce are Satara nee : nes Sahin semmacn eet So : fee: ee ee : : * Fie = te! Sea Pat FO oreo perenne eT Ee etree se Den aa etcbyeetcoe nee SE a es cee wrens Sema namomree newt! fot festa Acer isc) / Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy AT HARVARD COLLEGE. Vou. XXX. No. 4. THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. BY SAMUEL GARMAN. WITH FORTY-TWO PLATES. CAMBRIDGE, U. S. A.: Printed for the Mduseum. JANUARY, 1917. TABLE OF CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION TESTUDO TABULATA, PtatE 2 TESTUDO MACROPHYES, Puates 3-5 TESTUDO VICINA, PuateEs 6, 7 TESTUDO NIGRITA, Puiatss 8-10 TESTUDO MICROPHYES, Puares 11-20; Prats 38, Fic. 3 TESTUDO CLIVOSA, Prats 21 TESTUDO TYPICA, PuateEs 22, 34 TESTUDO NIGRA, PuiateEs 22-33, 35, 36 TESTUDO ELEPHANTOPUS, Puates 37, 38, Fic. 1, 2; Puatres 39-42 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. INTRODUCTION. A warm interest of the Museum authorities in the Giant land tortoises has led to the acquisition of so many notable specimens, through liberal exchanges and purchases, as to demand a revision of portions of the collection, especially of that portion directly pertaining to the Galapagos Archipelago. This forms the reason for the following article. It is based mainly on partial specimens, z. €., carapaces and sternums, but it is thus that these tortoises are most generally known, thus that they are most widely, and most commonly represented in descriptions, figures, and collections. A few attempts have been made at complete characterization of the species by including the anatomical features; these were founded on single specimens, and the individuals of the species are found to differ too much to admit of accurate distinctions unless confirmed by averages secured from repeated dissections, for which much of the material and the labor has yet to be supplied. The Galapagos Islands form an isolated group in the eastern Pacific on the equator about 6° west of Ecuador, or in other words, they are situated between 89° and 92° of west longitude and between 1° 30’ south and 2° north latitude. The largest of them is about eighty miles long and at its widest is about fifty miles wide; from this the sizes vary to some that are mere points of rock or shoals. They are separated from the mainland by more than four hundred miles of deep sea, a thousand fathoms or more in depth. The wide separation from the continent, their considerable distances from one another, with great differences in altitudes and consequent variations in climate and fertility give them exceptional attractions in the eyes of naturalists. Here if anywhere they might hope to find the species of the flora and fauna distinct from those of the world around them and here it might be possible to trace their development and derivation. Questions of origin go back to the advent of the islands themselves; neither in case of lands, plants, nor animals have the questions been answered with any great degrees of satisfaction. Some authorities have decided that the islands are oceanic, that they never were connected with the continent, but were pushed up from the sea-bottom by the numerous volcanoes they contain. 262 THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. This accounts for the islands alone. There are two methods of explaining the presence of the organisms: one by origin in place, another by accidental importa- tions. If originating in place similarities in climate and other conditions might be adduced to account for affinities, but accidental importations could hardly be relied on for the development of parallel harmonious series such as are now in place on the Galapagos. The accidents would be heterogeneous, and no reason appears for limiting them in time or numbers. Theodore Wolf, at one time Geologist of Ecuador, published an account of the Archipelago from actual study, adopted the oceanic theory and placed the appearance of the islands in the Tertiary and later, thereby enhancing the scientific interest because of the comparatively short period elapsing since the uplifts. He recognized affinities between the insular and the continental organisms, and found the rocks of the Galapagos basaltic and those of the highlands of Ecuador trachyte and andesite. A most able recent advocate of the continental theory of origin was George Baur, 1891. For months he made collections on a majority of the islands in preparation for a comparative account of the life and conditions. His conclusion was that the Archipelago included the tops of voleanic moun- tains of a greater area of land at one time part of the continent, later sunken below the sea-level. All the islands were formerly connected in a single large one which by continued subsidence divided into a number, the highlands that remained above the sea. Each of the latter in a long course of time developed peculiar races, eventually species, in its plants and animals, because the condi- tions were not identical. As proof especial stress is laid on the harmonious edistribution of the organisms. Nearly every island has its own races, and their affinities commonly turn toward the continent. In this the idea of communica- tion and transportation between the islands is not considered. Discovery of the Archipelago is said to have been made by Berlanga, 1535. The Giant land tortoises, then found in immense numbers suggested the name Galapagos, previously applied in Spain to fresh-water tortoises, a designation which does not appear to have been entered on the maps as a name for the islands till nearly fifty years later. The Spaniards paid little attention to the territory. For a couple of centuries it was merely a place of call for a supply of fresh meat. .Among the earliest visitors were the buccaneers, Dampier and Cowley, 1684— 97, who furnished accounts of portions of the group. Cowley published a map on which Spanish names were displaced by English, now perhaps the more widely known. Ecuador, the present owner, clings to the Spanish American DSI THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. 263 names and the prospect is that they will ultimately prevail. The Archipelago - was surveyed by Colnett, 1793. The chart, Plate 1, with the positions of the islands, directions of the currents, and the two series of names is sketched from that published under the direction of the Secretary of the Navy by the United States Hydrographic Office, 1915. From the directions of the currents it will be seen that affinities with South American organisms would be of the most natural imaginable, if dependence for origins of the flora and the fauna were placed upon the marine drift. The Spanish names of the islands with their English equivalents are as follows: — San Cristobal (Chatham). Espanola (Hood). Santa Maria (Floreana) (Charles). Santa Fé (Barrington). Santa Cruz (Chaves) (Indefatigable) (Porter’s). Tortuga (Brattle). Pinzon (Duncan). Isabela (Albemarle). Fernandina (Narborough). Rabida (Jervis). San Salvador (James). Marchena (Bindloe). Pinta (Abingdon). In what ever way the balance of the fauna reached the islands, immediate concern here is with the tortoises, and there is a possibility that they may have been introduced by men. No one would care to assert that they developed from birds or even from marine chelonians. There appears to be a sort of general agreement that they reached the Archipelago as tortoises not very different from what they now are. There is no evidence as yet, in the way of fossils, that they established themselves in the Tertiary or other formations earlier than the most recent. Their affinities are so close to living species on the mainland there is hardly room for doubt their ancestors were the same if indeed a species of the continent was not the direct progenitor brought, possibly, in the times of the Incas or still earlier by the aborigines. Because of the heavy and solid structure, one would not risk the suggestion that the Jaboty had drifted across the sea; but there is greater likelihood that island forms may have been drifted from one island to another after finding lodgment in the Archipelago. Whether it was 264 THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. cut off with the islands, from the mainland, or transported by other means it is very likely that the ancestral form is the widely distributed Jaboty, Testudo tabulata (Plate 2) of South America. This is supported by the numerous features possessed by the Galapagos in common with it, and by the comparatively slight divergence. Distribution from island to island was easier in the early days; as the lands sank the distances between the islands increased. Again there is no proof whatever of inability to swim on the part of the island tortoises. They are not so different from those of the Seychelles which were proved to be good swimmers as long ago as 1801, by Grandpré, Voyage dans |’Inde et au Bengal. If animals like those of the islands of the Indian Ocean were able to swim from shore to shore leagues apart there is positively no reason for denying similar ability to wander to those on the other side of the earth, equally strong and per- haps more buoyant. Porter’s testimony, concerning the tortoises thrown over- board by the crews of vessels preparing for action, in which he says ‘‘ A few days afterward at daylight in the morning we were so fortunate as to find ourselves surrounded by about fifty of them which were picked up and brought on board, as they had been lying in the same place where they had been thrown over, incapable of any exertion in that element except that of stretching out their long necks” is proof only of great buoyancy, a quiet sea and absence of land in sight to direct and stimulate exertions. It certainly is no proof of inability to swim or exert themselves in the water. What would have happened with favoring winds and currents and shores in view may be readily surmised. Being thrown into the sea is not the only way of going adrift for a creature, fond of soaking in the water and of wallowing in the mud like swine, known to fall from the cliffs and to roll down the declivities. Transportation by men has certainly played a large part in the history of these creatures. By different vessels they have been carried to the Juan Fer- nandez, Chile, Peru, the eastern and the western United States, Europe, the Hawaiian, Marquesas and Tonga Islands, Australia and China; though there is no evidence at hand of actual colonies being established. There is no very direct assertion of transportation of tortoises from one island to others, except such as were to be used for food, yet in the face of the evidence of mixed breeds or hybrids in collections made in comparatively recent times it is difficult to convince one that such transportations did not occur. The testimony of Wolf, 1879, concerning the cattle lessens the doubt of actual occurrence: — ‘‘ Das Rind lebt in grossen Heerden auf den Hochplateaus und Bergen von Floreana und Chatham und seit einigen Jahren traf man auch einige Stiicke auf dem THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. 265 Gebirge von Siid-Albemarle, ohne das man wiiszte wie sie dorthin gekommen sind” (Hin Besuch der Gal4pagos=Inseln, p. 31). Floreana was the name given by Villamiel to Santa Maria (Charles). Young tortoises of which one might carry a number in his pocket presented no such difficulties as cattle in way of distribution. Cattle like most tortoises are tolerably expert at swimming. Sailors are fond of pets and a young tortoise or even a giant is an unfailing attraction to them. Undoubtedly they have helped to bring about the puzzling mixtures now gathered in various museums. The islands were frequently visited before the year 1800, but no attempt was made at colonization. Watkins, a sailor, was said to have been marooned for nearly a year, 1808, on Santa Maria. Villamiel’s colony of 1832, on the same island, numbered several hundred people in 1835 and at this time they had continued the destruction of the multitudes of tortoises so effectively that the settlers were drawing supplies from other islands. The Bracin, 1835, got specimens from three of the islands, Santa Maria (Charles), San Cristobal (Chatham) San Salvador (James), mostly young, apparently of a single species or so very young experts were unable to distinguish the species. This colony on Santa Maria was a penal colony. Wolf, 1879, says it soon melted away until finally “‘der Rest der zuletzt tibriggeblie- benden Riéuberbande rieb sich zum Theil selbst auf, zum Theil entwich er auf den anlegenden Schiffen der Wallfischfinger’”’ (Ein Besuch, p. 4), and for a long time no traces of the colony had existed. Darwin, 1839, p. 457 says of Charles (Santa Maria), ‘‘the main article of animal food is derived from the tortoise. Their numbers in this island have of course been greatly reduced, but the people yet reckon on two days’ hunting supplying food for the rest of the week.”’ In the seventies Baldisan established a small colony on Santa Maria. He was killed by the colonists about eight years later; after his death this island was deserted. In 1865 Cobos landed a party on San Cristobal (Chatham) to gather Orchilla, a lichen used as a dyestuff; these remained till 1869, when they left the island. Ten years later Cobos returned to San Cristobal with more than a hundred men and founded a colony which appeared prosperous in 1891, and which may yet be in existence. The work of the colony was not limited to the island upon which it settled; it drew supplies from the other is- lands. The meat hunters, the oil collectors, and the orchilla pickers passed from island to island so frequently that it is not to be expected that any of the islands has its own unmixed race of tortoises, unaffected by mixtures from others. The older specimens, those secured before the exploitation of the islands, are perhaps the least likely to be suspected of being hybridized or mongrelized by 266 THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. importations, and a multitude of tortoises already established on an island might not be perceptibly influenced by the advent of a few new additions from elsewhere. The effect of the latter would be infinitesimal, but a species re- duced in number of individuals, near extinction, or not yet firmly established, on another island might lose its identity through the advent of one or a few new arrivals, as may have been the case on San Salvador (James) where the species no longer agrees with Porter’s description, or even on Santa Cruz (Indefatigable) in consequence of the rumored importation by Baur, himself one of the most earnest advocates of the opinion that each of the islands is inhabited by a distinct race. The few individuals that could produce an entirely distinct race in one locality might be unable to produce any effect in another. In specimens of T. vicina recently collected there is evidence of considerable mixtures, so also in those of T. nigrita and of T. elephantopus. The BraGLE may or may not have secured one species on three islands; four species are located on Isabela (Albemarle). The Hassimr, 1872, obtained four species on Santa Maria that may be supposed with some confidence to have originated in four different localities, on three distinct islands. Comparatively little definite observation by trustworthy observers has been made in regard to either length of life, rapidity of growth, or rates of in- crease. Waite, 1899, brought together some notes of importance in the Records of the Australian Museum, 3, p. 95-103, pl. 20-22, in regard to a male 7. nigrita taken by Porter to the Marquesas, thence to Tonga, thence to Sydney and thence to London where it died in 1898. This follows it nearly a century, without determining its age in 1813. In 1896 the length of the carapace was 4 ft. 27 inches, its width 2 ft. 11 inches and its weight 575 lbs. (p. 98). Roths- child gives the length of this specimen after its death as 483 inches. Waite also notices another of this species which weighed 56 lbs. when brought to Sydney in 1853. In 1893 it weighed 368 pounds. In 1896 according to Waite it was an egglaying female, had a length of 3 ft., a width of 2 ft. 5 inches and weighed 3202 pounds, having lost 472 pounds in three years. Quite recently very definite information concerning rate of growth appeared in Science, December 31, 1915, p. 933, in a note by Messrs. Daggett and Heller. The specimen of 7. vicina had been secured, by the latter, at Iguana Cove, Isabela, June, 1899, when it weighed 29 pounds and was supposed to be not much over a year old; it doubled its weight annually. Daggett says “‘At the time of its death [April 18, 1914] it weighed 450 lbs. and its carcass measured 41 inches long, 31 wide and 21 high.” In about sixteen years the individual had attained the bulk of speci- THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. 267 mens commonly said to be 400 years of age. Further observations are needed concerning rates of increase. Colnet is to be credited with the statement that the nests never contain more than three eggs. Porter says the females without exception were full of eggs of which generally from ten to fourteen were hard, ready for extrusion. Beck says from ten to twenty eggs are ready for extrusion together, while twenty or thirty more were from one half to two thirds the normal size. The number of eggs laid by a single female in a season of course depends on her size and age; at any rate the evidence indicates she might densely populate a given locality, if beyond interference from enemies, in a very few years. Neither rate of growth nor abundance of progeny favors the conclusion that the tortoises have been on the islands from the very earliest times. Yet in estimating the numbers of the tortoises Baur quoting from Reynolds says that between October 13, 1832 and August 30, 1833, thirty-one whaleships reported at Santa Maria; he adds that if each vessel carried away but 200 it would make 6,000 from this island alone in less than a year. In alater MS. he states there is little doubt that about 10,000,000 tortoises were taken from the islands since their discovery. The factors of the greatest importance in the differentiation of species and varieties are the differences in the altitudes, which in the various islands range to 4,000 feet more or less, with the consequent differences in temperature, moisture, dryness, food and feeding habits, soil, etc. The variations in rapid- ity of growth, sizes attained, increase in numbers and the like are readily traced to one or several of these agents. In some of the most superficial characters their efficiency is quite perceptible; thus for example in the epiderm, the slough, which grows in correspondence with the skin and the bones beneath it. Sloughing is a process undergone by reptiles in general. It is part of their method of renewing and enlarging the epidermal covering. The new epiderm grows under the old one, the slough, between it and the balance of the skin. In the majority the discarded epiderm is thrown off at particular seasons. On some forms it is retained in one way or another and made to serve useful purposes, as protecting the skin or bones, or as claws or spines, and in a few it is so greatly modified as to serve as rattles. There are differences among tor- toises in regard to the habit. Most of the marine forms slough early in life and subsequent sloughs are less noticeable. Soaking in the water aids in slough- ing, but on the other hand a dry skin appears to be a more effectual preventive of loss and welds the various sloughs together one after another, cementing then firmly so that instead of a single thin horny layer of epiderm, of a single 268 THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. season, there may be a thick and strong covering that is increased in thickness by successive growths in its duration. The earliest slough in some marine tortoises is well described in Fry’s remarks on Chelonia depressa in, 1913, Records of the Australian Museum, 10, p. 162, ‘‘Chelonia depressa then, emerges from the egg with each scute covered by a ‘larval shield’ which, as the animal grows, becomes an areola almost identical with that found in land tortoises; this is finally shed before the turtle reaches maturity, leaving the smooth scutes described by Garman and figured on Pl. XXI-X XII. As far as I can ascer- tain these areolae are unique amongst Marine turtles.” Giimther, 1877, dis- cussing the land tortoises of the Galapagos, says, p. 18, as long as the Tortoises are young, growth, as far as it is externally visible, proceeds along the margins of all the scutes; the sutures get broader, appearing as whitish seams, soft and very sensitive. After some time the young portion of the epidermis becomes horny, and is raised in a line (stria) running along each side of the suture. Ata later period this increment takes place only (at least only conspicuously) in certain portions of the carapace.’’ Marine and all land tortoises are hatched with the larval shield on each scute; it forms the areolar space on the scute which in the land species may or may not be shed, but which appears to be shed in marine forms at an early date. If not shed all the concentric striae remain, unless possibly affected by wear, each successive stria being the index to the amount of surface enlargement or growth, beyond the stria immediately preceding it. If there were no lateral growth, from starvation or disease, the scute, if there were no slough, might thicken by successive accretions beneath but possibly might not increase the number of concentric striae around its edges. Some specimens from dry localities, have retained the larval shield and have never sloughed; year after year they have increased by one or more the record of the striae on the scute. Other specimens appear to have kept the sloughs and striae for long periods then suddenly by a slough have lost the entire record of the series at once and from the striate and grooved condi- tion have become smooth and polished, to begin at the edges of each scute another striated record, see Plate 27. Testudo clivosa, Plate 21, a twenty-five inch specimen may have an entire record. On the youngest specimens, a year or more of age, of most if not all of the species in the collection, no slough has occurred. The larval shield and all of the striae are in place. Larger speci- mens of some of the same species show plainly that through a slough the larval shield and the striae have been carried away leaving the carapace smooth; still larger ones testify to more or less regularity in sloughing and to consequent THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. 269 smoothness: such species are 7’. nigra, T. microphyes, and T. macrophyes. Testudo wicina, T. nigrita, and T. elephantopus and its varieties T. abingdonii, T. becki, and T. duncanensis all slough when young and afterward retain the striae as if no sloughing took place. Evidence that may be adduced in regard to the shortness of time since separation from one another is seen in the affinities of the tortoises; likewise in this connection there is no lack of confirmation for the statement that the species of various islands have been modified by importations from others. The early specimens now in museums, nearly all of them without known localities, are very difficult to place even with the aid of the considerable numbers in recent collections from certain islands. Changes have occurred in the last century that make some of the descriptions quite contradictory. Porter, 1815, in his Journal describes the tortoises from James Island (San Salvador) as round, plump, and black as ebony, their shells ‘sometimes remarkably thin and easily broken but more particularly so as they become advanced in age; when, whether owing to the injuries they receive from their repeated falls in ascending and descending the mountain, or from injuries received otherwise, or from the course of nature, their shells become very rough, and peel off in large scales, which renders them very thin and easily broken.” Van Denburgh, 1914, in his mono- graph, p. 321, says ‘‘The James Island tortoise is a very large, heavy, thick- shelled species which resembles most closely the tortoise of Jervis Island [Ra- bida] and the T'estudo vicina of southern Albemarle. It is somewhat intermedi- ate between the saddle-backed and dome-shaped races. The front of the carapace is high, but the middle of the back rises still higher. There is but little narrowing of the front of the carapace.’”’ Porter’s description was made a century earlier than Van Denburgh’s. Porter’s description of the tortoises of Santa Maria (Charles) and Espanola (Hood) applies a little better to 7. elephantopus Harlan than to 7. nigra Dum. & Bib. now known to be the Charles Island species, of 1835. ‘‘The form of the shell of the latter is elongated, turn- ing up forward in the manner of a spanish saddle, of a brown color and con- siderable thickness.”’ How much the differences are is apparent on comparing with the descriptions and plates below. The disagreements may be accounted for by very rapid differentiation, or by modifications or replacements by im- portations. The following descriptions are made for most ready comparison with those in the majority of the literature. Percentages are not given as they do not lend themselves readily to visualization, an absolute necessity in descriptions 270 THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. and comparisons; they are too abstract and vary too much with age and sex to be really practicable. Excepting in the synonymy and the direct references the bibliography is not repeated; it has been worked out by Giinther, Baur, and Van Denburgh. TESTUDO TaBULATA Walbaum. Plate 2. Testudo tabulata WauBaum, 1782, Chelonographia, p. 122; ScHourrr, 1792, Hist. Test., p. 56, 62, pl. 12, fig. 2, pl. 13, 14; Daupin, 1805, Hist. rept., 2, p. 242; Wrimp., 1825, Beitr., 1, p. 51; Apsrzp., pl. —; Bex, 1835, Monogr. Test., pl. —; Dumérin er Brpron, 1835, Erpétol. génér., 2, p. 89; Gray, 1844, Cat. tort., p. 5; 1855, Cat. shield rept., p. 5; Srraucu, 1862, Chelon. stud., p. 80; 1865, Verth. schildkr., p. 25; Gray, 1870, Suppl. cat. shield rept., p. 4; Boutenerr, 1889, Cat. Chelon., p. 157; Srraucu, 1890, Bemerk. schildkr., p. 12; Gonupz, 1904, Chelonios do Brazil, p. 14. Testudo denticulata ScHoEPFrF, 1792, Hist. Test., p. 119, pl. 28, fig. 1. Testudo tessellata SCHNEWER, 1792, Schr. Berl. naturf. freunde, 10, p. 262. Chersine tessellata MerrEM, 1820, Tent., p. 31. Testudo hercules Sprx, 1824, Test. Bras., p. 20, pl. 14. Testudo sculpta Sprx, 1824, Test. Bras., p. 21, pl. 15. Testudo carbonaria Spix, 1824, Test. Bras., p. 22, pl. 16; Bex, 1835, Monog. Test., pl. —; Dumérin er Brsron, 1835, Erpétol. génér., 2, p. 99; StrAucH, 1862, Chelon. stud., p. 80; 1865, Verth. schildkr., p. 27. Testudo cagado Spix, 1824, Test. Bras., p. 23, pl. 17. Chersine tabulata GRaVENHORST, 1829, Del. Mus. Vrat. Rept., p. 19. Testudo boiet WacuEr, 1829, Icon. Amph., pl. 13. Chelonoides tabulata Gray, 1873, Proc. Zool. soc. London, p. 724, pl. 60, fig. 3. The conclusion reached in this study of the Galapagos tortoises is that they were derived in comparatively recent time, much later than the Tertiary, from species of the nearer lands of the continent of South America. How their transportation was effected may not be determined at present. In order that the closeness of the relationships with one of the most widely distributed con- tinental species may be made the more evident the following description and illustrations of a specimen of Testudo tabulata from Porto Rico are introduced here. They are taken from a fair representative of the species and will be useful in comparisons. The measurements in inches of the specimen are: — Direct Curved Sternal M.C.Z. length Width length Width Height length Width 12050 223 132 29 254 103 19% ii The shape of the carapace of this species is more elongate than that of 7. vicina; it has a circumference of forty-one inches and approaches the subcyclindrical in shape. The sides are steep; they are nearly parallel in an upper view; longitudinally the back makes a long, low arch, which does not rise in the middle as in 7. nigrita. The front declivity resembles that of the latter. A majority THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. 271 of the scutes have little convexity; they are flattened, without prominent areolar spaces. The striae persist near the areolae, except in the older speci- mens. On the upper half of the fifth vertebral scute there is a rounded promi- nence or boss and backward from it a steep nearly vertical descent. The upper and the hinder edges of the third marginal meet in a sharp angle on the present individual. The outline of the eighth marginal bends abruptly outward behind the femoral notch and then continues in a regular curvature to the caudal. The caudal is large; its lower edge is strongly convex below the contiguous marginals and its surface is prominently convex. Faint scallops are formed by the outward edges of the marginals. A faint keel is between the humeral and the femoral notches on the fourth to the eighth marginal scutes. The front edge of the fourth vertebral is less than twice as wide as the hinder. The single axillary scute on each side has faint indications of having been formed by the fusion of two; the lower is the smaller and solidly united with the upper. The inguinal scales are single. On_this specimen the sternum extends farther forward than the carapace about one and one fourth inches; it is deeply concave behind the middle and has a rounded prominence along each side of the lower surface. The nuchals are moderate, rounded in front, and have no traces of the lateral angles so notice- able on young specimens. The bones included in the humeral extension in front of the bridge are thick, strong, and curved outward on their outward margins. Compared with the swollen gulars the anal plates are thin; the deep notch between them is crescent-shaped, concave; the outer angles are pro- duced and blunted. The scales on the exposed portions of the legs and feet are large, somewhat imbricate and pointed. Each arm has two larger scales in front. Behind the hand there is another, and a short distance from this a smaller one about half as large. Enlarged scales cover the tail, and the exposed portions behind the thighs, similar to those on large specimens of 7’. microphyes. Carapace black, with a small spot of yellow on the areola of the second vertebral scute. Lower surfaces and head yellow mottled with brown or black. Skin between scales brown on neck and legs. Of this species, in Brazil, Goeldi, 1904, says “‘Testudo tabulata, 0 nosso jaboty, 6 animal imponente, cuja casca dorsal por si s6 péde attingir de 55 até 70 cm. de comprimento.” The largest at hand is that described above, 57.15 cm. Among the small specimens, from numerous localities between Dominica, Trinidad, Surinam, and southern Brazil, there is the same dissimilarity in the 272 THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. young as compared with the old of this species, or with the Galapagos tortoises of whatever ages. For example, the majority of the young of 7’. tabulata have two axillary scales on each side. They are not as seen in 7’. argentina Sclater, T. chilensis Gray, shown by Siebenrock, 1912, fig. 1, where the lower is the larger. The lower is much the smaller; in cases it is absent, in others, it evi- dently has fused with the upper, thus bringing about the condition obtaining in the Porto Rican specimen, normal in the Galapagos. There is evidence that the single axillary is not excessively rare: it was figured by Schoepff, 1792, Pl. 13-14, as T. tabulata Walb., by Spix, 1824, under the synonym 7. sculpta, Pl. 15, and by Bell, 1835, Mon. Testud., Pl. —, Sowerby and Lear, 1872, Pl. 14, under 7’. carbonaria Spix, Pl. 16, another synonym. The young of 7. tabulata vary greatly in color, from yellow to black. On the back, whether light or dark the areolae are commonly yellow to orange, the color being more limited on the black individuals. On the majority the lower surfaces are yellowish, as to a considerable extent on the Galapagos. Specimens of less than six inches have marginal denticles on a thick swollen sternum, more or less produced, notched, and angled in front, etc., and they differ in some of the same features from the large or the aged of the species and from the Galapagos of whatever size, age, or species. The typical forms described as species of the latter have most often been chosen from the adult or the aged and these have provided the distinguishing characters from those induced by age. Among the old the greater difference exists and from them the more one approaches the newly hatched the more alike the specimens appear. This is what should be expected in cases of close genetic relationship. Comparing the tortoise of northern South America with those of the Galapagos it is found that the nearer approaches from the one to the others are the farther from the egg and mainly made by T. tabulata. Yet it is very doubtful if such close affinities would have obtained without the aid of a common ancestor. The results of all the comparisons made in this study tend to the conclusion that the origin of the Galapagos tortoises is directly connected with the species 7. tabulata of northern South America. THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. 273 TESTUDO MACROPHYES, sp. Nov. Plates 3-5. Testudo microphyes GUNTHER, 1877, Gigantic land-tortoises, p. 78, pl. 32-36, 38, 45, fig. A-C (part); Beck, 1903, 7th Ann. rept. N. Y. zodél. soc., p. 170; Srmpenrock, 1909, Zool. jahrb. Suppl., 10, p. 534; Van Densureu, 1914, Proc. Cal. acad. sci., ser. 4, 2, p. 329, pl. 70-83 (part); RorascHiLp, 1915, Nov. zool., 22, p. 406, 409 (part). Testudo macrophyes is the name here applied to a tortoise inhabiting the section of Santa Isabela Island (Albemarle) near Tagus Cove. The tortoise was first made known by Giinther, in 1877, who described and figured it from a number of the Cookson specimens but he did not recognize the species as dis- tinct. He made it identical with that he had characterized in 1875 under the name 7’. microphyes from a specimen of unknown origin, said at the time to be “‘a fully adult male” representing the ‘‘smallest of the Galapagos Tortoises”’ and supposed to have come from Espafiola Island (Hood’s). « Testudo macrophyes is one of the largest species. Compared with that of T. microphyes, Plate 11, the carapace appears more elongate, narrower across the humeral region, broader across the femoral plates, and somewhat higher in the arches across the middle of the back, over the third and the fourth verte- brals. Viewed from above the outlines in some degree resemble those of 7’. ephippium. The convergence toward the front and the incline of the flanks are greater than on J. microphyes and consequently the opening in front between the carapace and the plastron approaches an angular in the nuchal section. The notch at the eighth marginal on each side appears more decided because of a slightly greater spread of the marginals over the femoral arches and farther back. The striae of growth are present on the younger; on the old they are more effaced. The straight width is about three fourths of the straight length; the curved width is little greater than the curved length. The differences in the sternum are even more patent. The humeral extension from the front of the bridge is narrowed forward; the gular plates are reduced, somewhat pointed, and are partly separated by a notch, Plate 5, fig. 3. The femoral extension from the bridge backward is narrowed toward the anal plates, which appear small, though larger than the gulars, and are rounded to meet in front of the shallow notch. Plate 3 shows the outlines of the carapace of the half grown specimen figured in Ginther’s, 1877, Plate 38, Plate 5 those of the 27 inch female on his 274 THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. Plates 35, 36, and on Plate 4 are those of the thirty-three and a half inch male drawn on his Plate 34 and fig. A of Plate 35. The following measurements, - in inches, were given of the Cookson specimens, all supposed to be from Tagus Cove. Curved Curved Sternal Sternal Length Width length width length width 25 195 324 344 204 16% 333 244 Al 42 244 23 304 25 44 46 274 25 27 29 35 38 212 20 TrEstuDO vicina Gunther. Plates 6, 7. Testudo vicina GiintuER, 1875, Philos. trans. Royal soc. London, 165, p. 277, pl. 35 A, 40, fig. B, pl. 41, fig. A, C, pl. 45, fig, C, C’, D; 1877, Gigantic land-tortoises, p. 73, pl. 31, 46, fig. B, pl. 47, fig. A, C, pl. 54, fig. C, C’, D; Bounenemr, 1889, Cat. Chelon., p. 170; Rorascurip, 1902, Nov. zool., 9, p. 448; Heir, 1903, Proc. Wash. acad. sci., 5, p. 54; Brecx, 1903, 7th Ann. rept. N. Y. zodl: soc., p. 164; Smmpenrock, 1909, Zool. jahrb. Suppl., 10, p. 354; Van Denpurcu, 1914, Proc. Cal. acad. sci., ser. 4, 2, p. 344, pl. 93-110; Roruscuitp, 1915, Nov. zool., 22, p. 406. Testudo elephantopus Baur, 1889, Amer. nat., 23, p. 1044; Lucas, 1891, Smithsonian rept., pl. 104, fig. —; Gapow, 1901, Cambridge nat. hist., 8, p. 378. Testudo nigrita Corn, 1889, Proc. U.S. N. M., p. 147; Lucas, 1891, Smithsonian rept., pl. 104, fig. —. In the lot of young tortoises purchased by Prof. Louis Agassiz on Santa Maria Island (Charles) in 1871 there is a fourteen inch specimen of Testudo vicina. How it came to be on that island is not known. From the young it is very evident that this species is most closely allied to 7. nigrita, Plate 10. Testudo vicina differs from the latter in being longer, narrower, and higher, and there are other differences of which the measurements give no hint. The length over the curvature at this stage of growth about equals the width over the curvature in each species. The carapace of T. vicina is the more flattened, it is more depressed, that is, it has less of the dome shape on the middle of the back. The arches between the areolae of opposed costal plates are lower and broader. The curves from the nuchal notch to the areola of the fourth vertebral seale are broader and the descent from that point to the lower edge of the caudal scute is less steep. In the sternum, the two species are similar in the gular and the anal scales. The areolar spaces appear to be smaller on the back of T. vicina, but the striae are equally distinct. A photograph of the specimen is shown in Plate 6. The outlines of the type, as drawn by Ford for Giinther, THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. 275 1875, Plate 35A, from a thirty-three inch specimen, are included in Plate 7. Specimens at hand are more curved from the middle of the fourth vertebral scale to the anterior marginals than in this drawing. In the fourth vertebral and backward the curve is sharp, but the marginals are less declivous, which is also true of the forward marginals. On both front and back the marginals are somewhat reverted, concave on their upper surfaces, in the older specimens. A number of the specimens in the M. C. Z. were secured by Webster near Iguana Cove in the southern part of Santa Isabela (Albemarle); these are compared with the figures of those secured by Van Denburgh in the same locality. The declivity from the middle of the fourth vertebral backward is usually greater than that forward from the second. The caudal plate is directed downward, and slightly forward at the lower edge. A large shallow notch partly separates the marginals of the foremost pair. The indentation at the fourth, and that at the eighth marginal, on each side are shallow, as also the grooves, compres- sions, extending from them. Except perhaps on specimens of greater age, the concentric striae are present. The areolar spaces vary in convexity; in cases they are prominent. The carapace is broader posteriorly; it appears subtruncate, the caudal scale being indented between the marginals at each side of it. In front the margin is the more rounded, subacuminate. Above the humeral and the femoral arches the marginals form scallops. The sternum of the type is longer than broad; the humeral extension, in front of the bridge, is broad at the end and is somewhat concave on its lateral margins in the large specimens. The femoral extremity is shorter, broader, and is convex on the lateral margins of the abdominal plates. In both young and old the gulars thicken upward; on the aged they have a comparatively small amount of the downward swelling. The anal scutes are broader than the eulars and have an angular notch between them; they thicken and curve down- ward with age. The sternal concavity is deepest below the hinder portions of the abdominal scales; it is deeper on the old males. In recent collections of specimens of this species there are appearances of considerable mixtures by transportation from one island to another. The earlier captures appear more distinct than some of the later ones. Undoubt- edly the oil collectors, the orchilla pickers, the meat hunters and others were quite ready to contribute to a distribution that has left traces in various direc- tions, and latterly the young specimens from different islands have been on sale within reach of collectors at particular localities. 276 THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. M@EASUREMENTS. (In inches). Direct Direct Curved Curved M. C. Z. length width length width Height 4482 144 102 184 184 7 11076 27 21 344 3504 144 11077 30 24 36 404 15% 11078 282 223 344 37 142 11087 39 284 474 50 184 TESTUDO NIGRITA Duméril et Bibron. Plates 8-10. The Great Gallapago-Tortoise Mrrcuitu, 1815, Med. repos., ser. 2, 2, p. 309, 402. Testudo nigrita Dumérit ET Brsron, 1835, Erpétol. génér., 2, p. 80; Srraucn, 1865, Verth. schildkr., p. 25; Ginrumr, 1875, Philos. trans. Roy. soc. London, 165, p. 267, pl. 33, fig. B, pl. 35, fig. C, pl. 37, fig. B, pl. 38, fig. D, pl. 39, fig. D; 1877, Gigantic land-tortoises, p. 69, pl. 30, fig. B, pl. 31b, fig. C, pl. 42-44, figs. D; BouLEencrr, 1889, Cat. Chelon., p. 169; Srraucu, 1890, Bemerk. schildkr., p. 52; Warr, 1899, Records Austr. mus., 3, p. 95, pl. 20-22; Hrtimr, 1903, Proc. Wash. acad. sci., 5, p. 50; Srepenrock, 1909, Zool. jahrb. Suppl., 10, p. 531; Rorsscuip, 1915, Nov. zool., 22, p. 407. Testudo indica Gray, 1831, Syn. rept., p. 9 (part); 1844, Cat. tort., p. 5; 1855, Cat. shield rept., p. 6, -part; 1870, Suppl. cat. shield rept., p. 5; Sowprpy & Lear, 1872, Tort., pl. 6. Testudo planiceps Gray, 1855, Cat. shield rept., p. 6, pl. 34; 1870, Suppl. cat. shield rept., p. 5. Testudo elephantina StravcH, 1862, Chelon. stud., p. 83. Testudo elephantopus Gray, 1870, Proc. Zool. soc. London, p. 708, pl. 41 (part); 1872, Appendix cat. shield rept., p. 3. Testudo wallacei VAN DenBuRGH, 1914, Proc. Cal. acad. sci., ser. 4, 2, p. 351, pl. 111, 112. Testudo porteri Rotuscuitp, 1903, Nov. zool., 10, p. 119; SrmBEnRocK, 1909, Zool. jahrb. Suppl., 10, p. 5382; Van Densurau, 1914, Proc. Cal. acad. sci., ser. 4, 2, p. 354, pl. 113-121. Testudo darwini VAN DENBURGH, 1907, Proc. Cal. acad. sci., ser. 4, 1, p. 4; St@BENROcK, 1909, Zool. jahrb. Suppl., 10, p. 533; Van Densures, 1914, Proc. Cal. acad. sci., ser. 4, 2, p. 319, pl. 56-63; RoruscHILp, 1915, Nov. zool., 22, p. 405, pl. 36. Testudo sp. VAN DunBurGH, 1914, Proc. Cal. acad. sci., ser. 4, 2, p. 362, pl. 122. A young specimen of this species, measuring eleven and one half inches in direct length, Plate 10, does not differ greatly in its shapes from the smaller of the types originally described, which measured twenty-two inches, and of which the outlines are sketched on Plate 9 from the plate by Giinther, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 1875, 170, pl. 35, fig. C. The carapace is a short broad oval, rounded in front and over the femora, and subtruncate across the caudal section. Its height is about half of the length; the back is broadly arched. At the nuchal notch the height is about half of that in the middle of the body. The strongest vertebral declivities occur from the areolar space of the first vertebral scale forward and from that of the fourth vertebral backward. The flanks are nearly straight and bear a low keel below the areolar spaces of the THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. 277 costal scales from the fourth to the eighth marginals, continuous with the edges of the carapace in front and behind. This keel is not retained on old specimens to such an extent as on 7’. clivosa, Plate 21. There is a weak notch on each side at the fourth marginal and another at the eighth; the grooves from these notches extending toward the nuchal notch and toward the caudal scale are shallow but distinct. In front of the humeral notches, and behind the femoral, the marginals form scallops. Anteriorly the marginals have a slight incline downward. All of the scales are strongly marked by striae. The amount of prominence in the areolar spaces varies; on specimens of a length of two feet or thereabout the areolars are decidedly prominent on the first and on the fourth and the fifth vertebrals. The descent from the fifth is quite steep. The striae persist on some; on other species they are nearly or completely lost, Plate 36 (T. nigra). The bones are light. On the sternum the concavity is ‘absent or shallow on the young, of moderate depth on specimens more than half grown. The gular scutes are narrow and swollen above the ends which are slightly turned downward below the edge at each side of a shallow notch. The anal scutes are longer than wide and the pair are separated behind by a moderate notch; the angle on a scute is thin, sharp, and curled upward somewhat. The caudal notch persists on large specimens. Plate 8 contains the outlines of the larger of Bibron’s types, a forty-one inch specimen, taken from Giinther’s figure B of his Plate 33, apparently a @. Males of more than thirty inches have served as types for 7. wallacer, T. portert, and 7. darwini. This sex is commonly the more elongate and the flanks are less full and rounded. Occa- sionally the curved width is less than the curved length, as in case of the type of 7. darwini but in most cases the curved length and the curved width are nearly equal, while the direct width is two thirds to three fourths or more of the direct length. Specimens identified with this species have been collected on Santa Maria (Charles), Santa Cruz (Indefatigable), Rabida (Jervis), San Salvador (James), and on Middle and on South Isabela (Albemarle). The color is a uniform dark brown or black, commonly without yellow markings on the lower surfaces. In all likelihood a note by Mitchill, 1815, was the first mention of this species. The measurements he gives are impossible when applied to any known tortoise of the Galapagos, but they make their nearest approach to JT. nigrita. Since the article Description of the great GALLAPAGO-TortotsE. From Dr. Mitchill’s Lectures on Natural History, contains interesting matter, and has been ignored heretofore, it is reprinted from the Medical Repository, 2, p. 309 and 404. 278 THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. “ About the middle of July, 1814, the ship Essex Junior, Lieutenant Downes, of the U. S. Navy, arrived in New York. He had been on a cruise, by order of government, along the coast of Brazil, and round Terra del Fuego, and off the land of Chili and Peru, in quest of British traders and whale-men. He served under Commodore David Porter, of the frigate Essex, a vessel of war which had almost broken up the enemy’s navigation and commerce, in the tract of ocean lying between Cape Horn and the Gallapagos Islands. After visiting Valparaiso and Lima, in March, 1813, Capt. Porter proceeded to the neighborhood of this group, and cruised there between April and October, for English vessels, where he captured twelve, which were chiefly occupied in the chase of the spermaceti whale. He describes the Gallapagos Islands as “being perhaps the most barren and desolate of any known,” and so utterly destitute of fresh water, that he was obliged to touch on the coast of America, during the time, to procure a supply of that necessary article. They are chiefly volcanic piles, and the water that condenses on their summits is absorbed by tufa, slag, and ashes, before it can reach the sea. From the Gallapagos the crew took a number of the native tortoises for food. These creatures are very large, and frequent there. They inhabit the land, and seldom or never enter the water from choice. Two of them were brought alive to New York. They bore the voyage of between two and three months without taking any food. They have been carefully examined, and described. Both were females. The larger had the following characters. The colour of the buckler and skin was a deep and uniform black. The head was rather small in proportion to the body, and at pleasure could be drawn out of sight, and concealed behind the fore legs, approximated for its protection. The back was very convex. The sides prominent and capacious; but the gibbosity was without knobs, asperities, or processes; and merely marked by dividing lines, among the pannels. There were five of these pannels along the back, four on each side, and twenty- three in the circumference, making thirty-six in the whole. The length, measured over the elevation of the buckler, between head and tail, was about two feet and a half. The distance from side to side over the back was almost as great, or nearly twenty-nine inches. The height, as the animal rested on the belly or sternum, was about two feet. The weight, when she arrived, poor, lean and famished was eighty pounds. The fore part of the legs was covered with a thick and hard skin, that by deep indenta- tions resembled the scales of an alligator’s hide. Each of her fore feet had five claws; of the hinder, four, and the balls of her feet were promment and puffed, as if for walking over the ground, and not for creeping, or crawling. Such is the length of her legs, that her erect posture adds about a foot to her stature. This individual, weak and exhausted as it was, could move with the weight of a man on its back. The fore part of the crown of the head was rough, like the legs. It arrives in its native region, to the magnitude of three hundred pounds, and even more. When full grown and strong, it can travel away with the weight of three or four men. It is very prone to accumulate fat. In cooking the flesh there is no need of employing butter. It can live, as is said, a year, without food or drink. The sailors travelled two miles and more inland upon the Gallapagos Islands in search of these tortoises, or turpins as they called them. When they catch the animals, they carry them in their arms, or on their shoulders, to the boat. There were more than two hundred on board the Essex. The English whaling vessels that were captured, mostly had some of them. Navigators prize them highly for food, and esteem them as savoury and wholesome. One of the men told me he had seen the same sort of tortoises on the Isles Tristan d’Acunha THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. 219 and Bourbon. Like the camel, the turpins have a stomach or reservoir in which they pre- serve water to the amount of several quarts for a long time. Voyagers sometimes kill them for the purpose of procuring this water to drink, which they pronounce to be cool and sweet. Commodore Porter told me he had repeatedly tasted it, and could bear witness how good and potable it was. The water the stomach contains is sufficient for cooking the flesh. The Gallapagos are stated to abound in volcanoes, and subterranean fires. They are rocky, peaked and forbidding. There are few springs or brooks of water. With great difficulty and exertion the Essex collected about half a dozen casks; and then sailed for the continent to obtain a further supply. There are no settled or stationary human inhabitants. The seas abound in excellent fish and green turtle. Cocoa-nuts may be found in some places on shore. And the Guanos lizard may be catched for eating. But it must be remem- bered that this is the Sea-Guanos, a species of lacerta, entirely different from that of the West-Indies. The Sea-Guanos of the Gallapagos, swim and feed in the ocean, and go ashore to rest and breed.” The following occurs on p. 404 of the same volume: “On the 13th of February, 1815, I examined the body of the female Gallapagos tortoise. I found the alimentary canal to be exceedingly large and capacious. The whole length of this tube, from the throat to the anus, was about thirteen feet. Of this the gullet and stomach were twenty inches; the small guts five feet, and the large ones six feet and a half. The cecum had no appendages; the colon had faint and weak muscular bands; and the rectum communicated with the uterus and bladder a few inches before the posterior outlet. They are all united with one common cloaca. The bladder contained a considerable quantity of urine. It was remarkably large, and capable of holding four quarts of water, as we found by experiment. The creature, when alive, voided naturally great quantities of urine. The animal is said to hold within it, when in health, a plenty of potable water. I found none in this individual; though the stomach, colon, and bladder could each have contained a large supply. The reason probably was, that the creature had been for a long time under artificial restraint, and had been crammed to death, through kindness, by Indian meal (meal of maize). The uterus contained two eggs almost ready for exclusion, the weight of one alone was six ounces. These had beautiful calcarious shells, that were rough, white, round, and about the size of a one pound shot. It was divided into two parts, and the ova were very numerous, and of different sizes. Near the junction of the two cornua uteri with the strait intestine, were the two kidneys of a triangular figure, and of a convoluted structure. Their extreme length was four inches, and the breadth of the widest part two and a half. The trachea divided into two branches, one of which entered each lung. The cells of this organ were open, large, and distinct, as usual in these amphibious creatures. There were two large muscles parallel with the back, for retracting the neck. One of them arose from each side of the cervical vertebrae; they were of extraordinary length, and were inserted in the shell towards the rump. The outer coat ot the shell looked as if it was sufficiently beautiful for manufacture. The heart consisted of two auricles and one ventricle; the auricles were separated by a septum. The pulmonary veins emptied into one, and the vena cava into the other. There was but a single ventricle; and two fleshy valves, in shape somewhat like the epiglottis, opposed the return of the blood from the ventricle into the auricles. From the ventricle proceeded three arteries; two of which soon divided into two branches each, making five in the whole, soon after leaving the heart. ‘The heart was oblong and kidney shaped. These arteries had appropriate valves at their origin.” 280 ' THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. MEASUREMENTS. (In winches). Straight Straight Curved Curved Sternal length width length width Height length T. porteri * 363 31 503 55 223 312 T. darwini? 38 28 49 46 20% 324 T. darwini® 483 344 564 62 20.1 36 1, GOs 263 224 344 37 164 2235 M.C.Z. 11079 241 19% 30 32 123 11080 213 163 27 274 112 11088 273 211 37 384 11091 223 18 28 304 122 12049 113 9 15 15 52 102 TESTUDO MICROPHYES Giinther. Plates 11-20, 38, fig. 3. Testudo elephantopus GUNTHER, 1875, Philos. trans. Roy. soc. London, 165, p. 261, pl. 33, fig. A, pls. 37-89, fig. A, pl. 40, fig. A, C, D., pl. 41, fig. B, pl. 42, fig. A, pl. 48, pl. 44, fig. A-A”, C, D; 1877, Gigantic land-tortoises, p. 63, pl. 30, fig. A, pl. 42-44, fig. A, pl. 46, fig. A, C, D, pl. 47, fig. B, pl. 51, fig. A, pl. 52, pl. 53, fig. A-A”, C, D; Roruscuimp, 1902, Nov. zool., 9, p. 448, 618; Hetier, 1903, Proc. Wash. acad. sci., 5, p. 53; SteBpnrock, 1909, Zool. jahrb. Suppl., 10, p. 532. Testudo microphyes GUNTHER, 1875, Philos. trans. Roy. soc. London, 165, p. 275, pl. 36-39, fig. B; 1877, Gigantic land-tortoises, p. 78 (part), pl. 37, pl. 42-44, fig. B; Rotuscuitp, 1915, Nov. zool., 22, p. 406, 416. Testudo giintheri Baur, 1889, Amer. nat., 23, p. 1044; Van Drensureu, 1914, Proc. Cal. acad. sci., ser. 4, 2, p. 335, pl. 84-92; RoruscHiLp, 1915, Nov. zool., 22, p. 406, 410. Testudo galapagoensis RoTHSCHILD, 1915, Nov. zool., 22, p. 404 (part), pl. 27, 28. Testudo chathamensis VAN DENBURGH, 1907, Proc. Cal. acad. sci., ser. 4, 1, p. 4; 1914, 2, p. 323, pl. 64— 69; RotuscuiLp, 1915, Nov. zool., 22, p. 406, 409, 416, pl. 29, 30. The species Testudo microphyes was founded on a specimen twenty-two inches and a half in direct length, at the time in the possession of the Royal. Institution of Liverpool. It was said to be ‘‘a fully adult male,” “‘the smallest of the Galapagos Tortoises,’ and was supposed to have come from Espafola Island (Hood). Later this type was secured by the British Museum and in the publication on the Gigantic Land-Tortoises, 1877, after comparison with Cookson specimens it was said to be ‘“‘undoubtedly a female” from the north of Isabela Island (Albemarle). The conclusions here recorded after a detailed 1 Rothschild, Nov. zool., 1903, 10. 2 Van Denburgh, Proc. Cal. acad. sci., 1907, 1. 3 Rothschild, Nov. zool., 1915, 22. 4Van Denburgh, Proc. Cal. acad. sci., 1914, 4. THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. 281 study are that the type is abnormal, somewhat aged, probably a dwarf, and differs so much from the specimens obtained by Cookson as to prevent retention in the same species. The Tagus Cove species is considered a new one, and, being one of the largest found on the islands is named 7’. macrophyes (Plate 4, 5). The type of T. microphyes Ginther, 1875, was probably not an average individual of the species. The outlines of the original figures by Wesley, are sketched on Plate 11. As seen from above the shape is subelliptical, slightly irregular, and slightly narrower forward. The body is depressed and has a rather low arch on the back. The outline, from the side, is broadly curved from front to rear. Anteriorly in the first and the second vertebral plates there is some descent and posteriorly from the middle of the third vertebral the curve becomes steeper and sharper. The curved width is little if any greater than the curved length, certainly not so much greater as in the nearly allied species, 7’. nigra. Compared with that species the bones of the shell are thicker and heavier, the back is not so high posteriorly. The scales are smooth, the marginals appear to be much worn, the edges of the carapace are thickened and rounded at the edges. The sternum bears more resemblance to that of T. elephantopus than to that of T. macrophyes; it is broad and broadly rounded in front of the humeral extension, and behind the femoral extension, across the anal scutes, it becomes when old nearly or quite truncate. The skull differs from that of 7. macrophyes from Tagus Cove; it agrees with that of T. giintheri from Villamiel. Young individuals of about fifteen inches in direct length, Plates 17, 19, purchased on Santa Maria Island (Charles) appear rather smooth, though the striae are sharper in the younger stages. The gular plates are rounded and not separated by a sharp notch. In the specimen, Plate 19, the bone in the anal scutes is nearly truncate and the notch is shallow but the horny scales extend beyond and turn up in points behind it. Specimens of this size have the shallow early indications of the sternal concavity. Plates 12, 20 represent specimens of about two feet in length of cara- pace. In this size, with the exception of the blister-like pits, the scales are smooth, the gulars, the anals, and the scallops of the edges are much changed. The back is depressed to different degrees in different individuals and varies in curvature. The swollen flanks of the females indicate that they are fully adult. In cases the notch between the gulars, or that between the anals is obsolete; in others these scutes have suffered less. The gulars thicken up- ward; in some examples the anals have hardly changed. 282 THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. Specimens of from thirty-one to thirty-eight inches, Plates 14, 16, show the edges of the shells to be more modified and the backs to be more depressed, especially in the male, in which they have become subquadrate. The sternum is nearly truncate, is deeply concave and the slight constriction at the fourth and the eighth pairs of marginals is evident in both sexes. None of the speci- mens show decided bosses on the areolar spaces of the dorsal scutes. The specimen, Plate 12, was received in exchange from Van Denburgh, from Villamiel, southeastern Isabela (Albemarle); its affinities are evident on comparisons with his Plates 66, 68, 83, 84, 90, 92, and others. Plates 14, 16 of the present work are photographed from large specimens brought by Baur from the same locality. Plate 15 shows outlines of 7’. elephantopus Giinther, 1875 and 1877 (not of Harlan, 1827), from drawings by Ford of a specimen the history of which was unknown. Much dependence was placed on the skull of the same specimen for distinction from other species. The differences appear to be individual rather than specific. The occipital crest affords the greatest variance; that crest, however, figured in Giinther’s, 1875, Plate 38, fig. A, and 1877, Plate 43, fig. A, had been broken or mutilated and in its repair took on a peculiar shape not occurring on other specimens. Young to medium sized specimens favor 7. microphyes Giinther, 1875; the old ones agree better with T. elephantopus Giinther, 1875,= T. giintheri Baur, 1889. On Plates 17 and 18 are figures of No. 4479 M. C. Z. and on Plate 19 is a photograph of No. 4476. These are the smallest specimens of this species in the collection; they were purchased by Prof. Louis Agassiz on Santa Maria. A description of No. 4476 will answer about as well for No. 4479, they are so nearly of the same size and appearance. No. 4476 has a rather plump appear- ance, being well and smoothly rounded on the sides and back. The indentation or concavity on the first to the third marginals is shallow and these scutes are but little turned upward. The indentation of the eighth marginal is not very distinct. The bosses on the vertebrals are low, the most marked being that on the first of the series; there are no bosses on the second and third, and none on the costals. Instead of a sharp ridge along the flank as on 7. vicina this portion is rounded and smooth, the carina making its appearance far in front, in the fourth marginal, and far back, in the seventh. The declivity in the first vertebral scute, the descent to the neck, is a little steeper than on older speci- mens; the greatest height is attained in the third vertebral. There is a large area in the central portion of each scale on which the striae are effaced, either by sloughing or by scouring; nearer the edge there are seven or eight more THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. 283 distinct striae. From the fourth vertebral to the caudal there is a moderately sharp descent but the first of these scales has not a marked boss. The lines of junction between marginals and costals are moderately straight. The caudal does not extend as far backward as the marginal at either side of it, but curves downward somewhat lower. The sternum is broad; the abdominals make a long bend from their lowest portion to meet the marginals. The anals form a shallower notch than that of T. vicina; their hinder angles are more rounded off. The sternal concavity is shallow, not yet reaching the depth of half an inch in the hind parts of the abdominals. A deep groove near the edges of the scutes (stria of growth) shows that the abdominals have made a greater enlargement than the other scales (Plate 19, fig. 3). MEASUREMENTS. (In inches). Straight Straight Curved Curved Sternal Sternal length width length width length width Height T. elephantopus' 31 26 BYE 40 244 23 T. microphyes + 221 153 26 29 18 14 10 T. chathamensis ” 351 244 394 38 261 14 T. chathamensis* 224 17 281 26 181 113 M.C. Z. 11065 3732 302 434 50 284 274 173 11066 313 241 364 40 234 22, 14 11067 253 195 295 323 1G )Fr 163 11; 11071 233 We 283 31; 183 16% 113 11085 42 dl 503 303 28% 17 11086 Alt 325 ol 554 4476 153 127 193 15 123 ( 4479 153 113 197 193 123 103 73 TESTUDO CLIVOSA, Sp. nov. Plate 21. This tortoise (Type M. C. Z. 11075) is described from a bony carapace and plastron on which there are seven or eight entire scutes in place. Of its history nothing definite is known. It was supposed to have come from the Mascarenes. Possibly a name and date, “‘Narraga 1861,” may yet help to 1 Giinther, Philos. trans., 1875, 165. 2 Van Denburgh, Proc. Cal. acad. sci., 19C7, 1. 284 THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. determine the habitat. There is nothing in its structure that would preclude an eventual determination of an origin, either indirect or direct, among the Galapagos. It has close affinities to their species though in some respects its peculiarities do not permit identification with any of which descriptions or figures have been published. Its outlines are suggestive of the wider and shorter individuals of 7’. elephantina Duméril et Bibron. It has two gulars but no nuchal plate. Direct Direct Curved Curved Circum- length width length width Height ference 25% in. 20 in. 304 in. 322 in. 12+ in. 514 in. Height to nuchal notch 10, to middle of back 121, and to lower edge of caudal scale 14 inches. The bones are thin and light, the entire weight, with attached scales, being less than five pounds. All sutures are complete and firmly joined excepting those at the inner edge of the marginals from the first vertebral to the edges of the supracaudal. The bones of the back at the lower edges of the costals are separated from those under the marginals by a space and their only connections are made by the ribs, except at the nuchals and at the supracaudals where they are rigidly united by broad anchyloses. The conditions along the flanks are like those existing on the very young of other species. The scutes are thin and fragile, the areolar spaces are small; the concentric striae are numerous, narrow, and sharp. The carapace is short and broad and is broadly arched on the back. In front from the middle of the second vertebral, through the first, the descent is about as in 7’. vicina Giinther. Fourth vertebral nar- row behind, hind edge about 32 times in front edge. Seen from above the shape approaches the subquadrangular, owing to a considerable spread and recurvature of the humeral and the femoral marginals. The anterior marginals extend forward and upward, and the posterior extend farther back than the caudal, which is narrow, convex, and curves down and forward at the lower edge. The humeral indentation, on the third marginal, is shallow but the groove from it to the middle of the first vertebral is decided, because of the recurvation of the marginals behind it similar to 7’. elephantopus. The verte- bral shields are broader than the costals; each has a high convex boss on the middle, that on the fifth vertebral being especially prominent. Including the areolar space on each costal there is a similar boss. On the plastron the gulars are broad and subtruncate in front, swollen and rounded above the edge and rounded on the angles. The pectorals are short, broad and in contact. THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. 285 The concavity is rather deep, deepest in the hinder halves of the abdominals. The anals are shorter and broader than the gulars; they meet in a shallow notch behind, below which the edge is swollen, thickened and bent downward. TESTUDO TYPICA, sp. nov. Plate 22, 34. This species (Type M. C. Z. 11072) is one of the nearest allies of 7. nigra. Looking downward upon it the carapace appears subquadrangular and some- what narrower across the humeral section than across the mid length or farther back. In the middle of the first vertebral scute there is a prominence and from it a considerable declivity forward. Behind this vertebral the dorsal arch is low and regularly curved to the areolar space on the middle of the fourth verte- bral, which is prominent and from which the descent is steeper to the space on the fifth vertebral, which latter is yet more prominent, almost acuminate. From this boss the descent to the caudal is nearly vertical. The upper margin of the fifth vertebral is narrow, being less than one fourth of the width of the lower edge. The convexity of the other vertebrals and of the costals is low. The marginals are comparatively large; the anterior three pairs and the posterior four pairs are reverted and form scallops along the margins. Marked grooves occur from the humeral and the femoral notches along the inward edges of the marginals. Along the flanks the costals and the marginals are sufficiently convex to give a full and plump appearance to the body. The lower edge of the caudal is not bent forward; it inclines straight back and downward. Axil- lary and inguinal scales are single. In the femoral section the marginals are somewhat wide and pass back and upward; the lower edge of the caudal de- scends sharply below the marginals. This form is distinguished from all its nearest allies by the prominent subacuminate boss of the fifth vertebral. Sternum subtruncate in the gulars with the angles rounded off. On the lower surface the concavity is deepest at the junction of the femorals with abdominals; it shallows gradually forward and more rapidly outward and backward. The anal scales are hardly swollen at all; between them the notch is of moderate depth. In front the gulars are swollen upward. Solidity of bones and anchylosis of sutures are probably the effects of a considerable age. The color was nearly a uniform black. 286 THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. MEASUREMENTS. (In inches). Direct Curved Sternal M.C. Z. length Width length Width Height length Width Gulars Anals MOOI) FH WA 8 3) mea m im A 2 5260 29 221 34 364 132 23 20 The type, Plate 22, differs from specimens of 7’. nigra, equal in size, in being less convex on the back, the arch from the first to the fifth vertebral scale being lower, as also that across the back; the marginals above the legs are entire, not worn and thickened, and form greater arches, the eighth marginal is wider on its upper edge; the bones of the sternum above the gulars and the anals are not swollen downward; the anal notch is a little more than 90°; and the fifth vertebral scale is narrow on its upper edge and bears in its upper half a steep and sharp prominence. On similar comparison with 7’. microphyes it is seen that nearly all of these differences are pertinent. Specimen described is from the Boston Society of Natural History. Dr. C. F. Winslow collection (See Proc. Boston Society Natural History, 1861, 10 p. 59). TESTUDO NIGRA Quoy et Gaimard. Plates 23-33, 35, 36. Testudo nigra Quoy ET GarmarD, 1824, Voyage Uranie et Physicienne zool., p. 172, pl. 40; Cuvier, 1829, Regne anim., 2, p. 10; Vorat, 1832, Thierreich., 2, p.9; Dumérin et Brsron, 1835, Erpétol. génér., 2, p. 115; Wreamann, 1835, Nov. act. Leop.-Carol., 17, p. 118, pl. 13; Srraucu, 1862, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., ser. 7, 5, p. 85; 1865, Verth. schildkr., p. 29; BouLtEncsEr, Cat. Chelon., p. 170; Srraucs, 1890, Bemerk. schildkr., p. 53. Testudo californiana Quoy ET GAIMARD, 1824, Bull. sci. nat., 1, p. 90, pl. 11. Testudo elephantopus JAcKsoNn, Boston journ. nat. hist., 1, p. 448, pl. 10, 11; Van Denpuras, 1914, Proce. Cal. acad. sci., ser. 4, 2, p. 245, 316, pl. 55, fig. 2, pl. 56, fig. 1. Testudo galapagoensis Baur, 1889, Amer. nat., 23, p. 1044; Ginraer, 1902, Nov. zool., 9, p. 184, pl. 16-21; Heturr, 1903, Proc. Wash. Acad. sci., 5, p. 53; Stspenrock, 1909, Zool. jahrb. Suppl., 10, p. 553; Roruscuitp, 1915, Nov. zool., 22, p. 404, pl. 23-26. Testudo wallacei Rotuscuitp, 1902, Nov. zool., 9, p. 619; Hrtirr, 1903, Proc. Wash. acad. sci., 5, p. 54; Srepenrock, 1909, Zool. jahrb. Suppl., 10, p. 533; Rorsscuiip, 1915, Nov. zool., 22, p. 407, pl. 31, 32. The type described and figured by Quoy and Gaimard was said to be twelve inches long and eight inches wide. It was obtained by Freycinet at the Sand- wich Islands (Hawaiian) from the Captain of a vessel that had recently (about 1818) arrived from California. There is no mention of the original habitat. The figures published by the describers are sketched in outline on Plate 23, fig. 2, 38. Plate 23, fig. 1, is from a drawing published by Wiegmann of a THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. 287 specimen weighing a hundred and twenty-five pounds, after losing forty pounds of its weight in a year’s voyaging, before being bought by Meyen from a Galapagos Whaler at Honolulu. The more important items in the description are in the words of the au- thors: — ‘‘Testudo, toto corpore nigro; testa gibba, scutellis dorsalibus priori posteriorique altius in medio elevatis, cunctis loricae margine striatis, lateribus subearinatis. Les enveloppes de cette tortue ont douze pouces de longueur et huit de largeur. La carapace est trés bombée, arrondie, et le disque composé de treize ecailles; des cing qui forment la rangée du milieu, deux ont un diametre transversal plus considérable que les autres; plusieurs sont protubérantes 4 leur centre, mais surtout l’antérieur et la postérieur....Le plastron se compose de seize piéces, dont huit en avant, une paire beaucoup plus large au milieu, et six en arriére: les deux premiéres sont arrondies et courbées en bas; les postérieurs assez profondément echancrées. Toutes offrent des stries concen- triques et paralléles entre elles.” Duméril et Bibron, Erpétol. Génér., 1835, 2, p. 118, give the length of the type as 34’’, and those of a larger carapace as ‘‘ Long. (en dessus) 71’’; haut. 28’’; larg. (en dessus) 86’’.” In a description taken from a specimen of about eleven inches in length (Plate 24, probably an average individual), the form of the species is approxi- mately a short oval in which the ends do not converge enough to render them at all pointed. In fact the shape would not be badly described as subtruncate with the front a little the more rounded and the opposite extremity, across the caudal scale somewhat more truncate. The proportions of an individual of about this length have a width of nearly three fourths and a height of about one half of the straight length. A flattening on the back is usually most appar- ent across the third and the fourth of the vertebral plates. The descent from this portion is more gradual forward in the first and the second vertebrals and more rapid backward through the fourth and the fifth vertebrals and the caudal. The arch across the middle of the back is low and broad. The entire series of the marginal plates forms scallops the more prominent of which are the first to the fourth and the eighth to the hindmost, inclusive, at each side of the median line. The areolar spaces on the costal scales, and on the vertebrals . are a low convex, those of the first and the fifth vertebrals being most prominent. The general outline is rather smooth or even. The concentric striae are strongly marked on the scales of all the young. At the fourth and at the eighth of the marginals, on each side, the notches at the outer angles of the bridge are 288 THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. apparent, shallow, but distinct. The second, third, and the fourth marginals, toward their outward ends, are slightly curved upward; the first pair above the neck incline downward slightly; the hindmost one, the caudal, extends down abruptly and curves forward at the lower edge; and on the fourth to the eighth marginals, along the flanks, there is a low blunt keel. The width of the plastron is about nine elevenths of its length; the con- cavities on its lower surface are so shallow at this age they may be overlooked. The gular extremity is subtruncate, rounded, and a trifle swollen upward at the end in front. There is a weak notch between the gulars; they turn downward slightly at the front edge. The lateral outline of each humeral scale is convex in its hinder half and a very little concave anteriorly, forming a feeble sigmoid; and in the femoral section the lateral outline of each femoral scale is strongly convex. The anal scutes are separated by a deep notch, and each scale is longer than wide. In the young as in the old there is a considerable amount of individual variation, in outlines, prominence of areolar spaces, smoothness, and in measurements. The specimens in Plates 24, 25, 26 are a little larger than the type to which the name 7’. nigra was originally applied; they are part of the lot secured by the Hasster Expedition on Santa Maria Island (Charles). Plates 32 and 33 represent a group of medium sized specimens, about twice the length of the type. They exhibit considerable changes worthy of note in a specific description. There has been an increase in direct length as compared with the direct width and height, and an increase in the width across the curvature beyond that of the curved length as the width and bulging round- ness of the body increases, posteriorly there is a comparative increase in the height near the middle of the fourth vertebral scale and, in males especially a widening or flattening of the arches of the back without corresponding increase in height. The nuchal height has become greater, the humeral and the femoral arches have become higher and wider proportionally, and some of the marginal plates are curved and thicker at the free outer edges. The caudal plate has acquired a greater prominence as the marginals at its sides have worn away. The notches on the sides at the fourth and the eighth marginals, near the angles _ of the bridge, and the grooves above them are deepened; compression of the flanks anteriorly has steepened the sides and the saddle-shape, so called, has been increased thereby. From the scales the striae have disappeared in great measure, as also has the low ridges from the fourth to eighth marginals. In both sexes the plastron has become deeply concave; its ends are wider THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. 289 and more rounded. Between the anal plates the notch is more shallow; gulars and anals are widened, the former have thickened upward, the latter are swollen downwards. Along each side of the medial concavity there is a great rounded prominence. An extreme form of the female in medium size is that shown on Plate 33, a more common form on Plate 32. Specimens of about three times the length of the types are figured in Plates 29, 30, 31, 35. They emphasize the tendencies prominent on those of the medium sizes besides indicating others acquired on approach of maturity or depending on age, together with those dependent wholly or partly on sex. In the majority these features will be sufficiently evident from the illustrations. The large females on Plates 31, 35 as compared with those of the smaller group, Plate 32, have more fullness or roundness in the vertebral and in the costal plates and have much greater concavity in the sternum. They are even more concave than in the male, Plates 29, 30, fig. 3; the latter is more elongate and more depressed on the back and a trifle narrower across the humeral region. Being less deep in the sternal concavity may be a peculiarity of this specimen as the difference is not great. Plate 28, fig. 1 and Plate 31 pertain to the female described in Dr. Jackson’s article, The anatomical description of the Galapagos tortoise, Boston Journal of Natural History, 1837, 1, p. 443. Plate 29 is the male discussed in the same article; it is outlined on Plate 30, from Giinther’s figures in the Nov. Zool., 1902, 9, Pl. 16 and 17. These specimens were secured by the U. 8. 8. Potomac. Santa Maria (Charles) was the only island of the group visited. In the latter part of May, 1834, the vessel was at Boston, and in June the donation of “two gigantic Galapagos tortoises (living) weighing near three hundred and twenty pounds each, by Capt. John Downes (U.S. Navy) is recorded by the Boston Society of Natural History. The Potomac was at Santa Maria from August 31 to Sep- tember 10, according to Reynolds’s account, p. 547, ‘“‘a large number of the crew were daily on shore after terrapin, and frequently exposed throughout the day to a hot sun, with these immense animals on their backs, travelling over the broken lava.’”’ The male of the Downes and Jackson specimens was examined by Baur and became the type of his 7’. galapagoensis. Afterward it crossed the Atlantic and was described and figured by Ginther, 1902. The photograph, Plate 35, a fine specimen inscribed with the legend “Snip Apreain 1835 Bj. Cuark Master,” is probably from a native of the same island, Santa Maria. The ApicarL was a whaling vessel from New Bedford, Mass. The specimen is No. 11064 M. C. Z., received from the Boston Society of Natural History in exchange. 290 THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. MEASUREMENTS. (In inches). Straight Straight Curved Curved Length of | Width of M.C. Z. length width length width Height sternum sternum 4477 103 8 13} 13% 47 92 72 4480 127 103 163 174 64 11% Qt 4478 aye 1s 194 193 74 12% 104 11074 244 153 304 32 12% 193 18 11070 384 28 45 463 173 284 26 11069 42% 324 523 56 202 33 30 1905 28 213 324 363 13+ 214 19} 1904 273 213 35 38 142 214 20 11064 4lt 33 52 59 224 31s 29 4668 26 202 33 34 13 20 18 For the type of Testudo wallacei these measurements are given by Roths- child, 1915: Straight Straight Curved Curved Sternal length width length width Height length 31.25 23.50 39 37.50 15.65 24.25 The straight length in the original description was 32.25 inches. TESTUDO ELEPHANTOPUS Harlan. Plates 37, 38, fig. 1, 2, 39-42. Testudo elephantopus Haruan, 1827, Journ. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 5, p. 284, pl. 11. Testudo ephippium GUNTHER, 1875, Philos. Trans. Roy. soc. London, 165, p. 271, pl. 34, 35, fig. B, pl. 37, fig. C, pl. 38, fig. C, pl. 39, fig. C, pl. 42, fig. B, pl. 44, fig. B, pl. 45, fig. A, B; 1877, Gigantic land-tortoises, p. 81, pl. 31, 32, fig. B, pl. 39, 42-44, fig. C, pl. 51, 53, fig. B, pl. 54, fig. A, B; Baur, Amer. nat., 28, p. 1040; GiinrHER, 1896, Nov. zool., 3, p. 329, pl. 20-22; Liprx, 1898, Notes Leyden mus., 20, p. 126, pl. 3, 4; Gapow, 1901, Cambridge nat. hist., 8, p. 378; Hetupr, 1901, Proc. Wash. acad. sei., 5, p. 57; Brcx, 1903, 7th Ann. rept. N. Y. zodl. soc., p. 172; StpBENROCK 1909, Zool. jahrb. Suppl. 10, p. 534; Van DensBureu, 1914, Proce. Cal. acad. sci., ser. 4, 2, p. 306 pl. 39-52; Roruscuip, 1915, Nov. zool., 22, p. 404. Testudo abingdonii GiinTHER, 1877, Proc. Zool. soc. London, p. 66; Gigantic land-tortoises, p. 85, pl. 40, 41, 45, fig. D, F, pl. 48-50; Hrturr, 1903, Proc. Wash. acad. sci., 5, p. 57; Van DenBurex, 1914, Proc. Cal. Acad. sci., ser. 4, 2, p. 296, pl. 24-29; Roruscuixp, 1915, Nov. zool., 22, p. 403, pl. 21, 22. Testudo becki RoruscHitp, 1901, Nov. zool., 8, p. 372; Hrtimr, 1903, Proc. Wash. acad. sci., 5, p. 59: Srepenrock, 1909, Zool. jahrb. Suppl., 10, p. 580; Van Drenspuras, 1914, Proc. Cal. acad. sci., ser. 4, 2, p. 303, pl. 31-88; Roruscuiup, 1915, Nov. zool., 22, p. 404. Testudo bedsi HELLER, 1903, Proc. Wash. acad. sci., 5, p. 59. Testudo hoodensis VAN DENBURGH, 1907, Proc. Cat. acad. sci., ser. 4, 1, p. 3; 1914, ser. 4, 2, p. 313, pl. 52-55; Sirpenrock, 1909, Zool. jahrb. Suppl., 10, p. 535. Testudo phantastica VAN DENBURGH, 1907, Proc. Cal. acad. sci., ser. 4, 1, p. 4; StmpeNnRocK, 1909, Zool. jahrb. Suppl., 10, p. 585; Van Densuras, 1914, Proc. Cal. acad. sci., ser. 4, 2, p. 299, pl. 30. THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. 291 What vessel carried Harlan’s tortoises to Philadelphia may not be known. They may have been brought by the same expedition bringing those to New York, under Capt. David Porter, U.S. N., though no doubt there were numerous opportunities for transportation in the ten years or more elapsing after the visit of Porter and before Harlan’s date of publication. The references in the latter, mainly to Porter’s narrative, do not fix upon the donor, the time of arrival, or the island from which specimens were brought. Harlan’s descrip- tion applies to such forms as are compressed and narrowed above and in front of the shoulders, rather than to any of the others. The dimensions given correspond somewhat closely with those of the specimen figured below on Plates 37, 38. The yellow blotches on the ‘‘under jaw and upper part of the throat” do not distinguish from the form described as Testudo ephippiwm Ginther, 1875, and its closest allies. Harlan’s measurements in inches, are: Length of the back-plate, following the curvature 21.6 Breadth of the back-plate, following the curvature 22.6 Vertical diameter, or height of the animal 9 Lateral diameter 14 Circumference of the body 36 Evidently Dr. Harlan had specimens other than his type under examination. For he says, p. 287, ‘‘The animal which is the subject of the present observations, is no doubt young, although larger than a similar species which lately lived for several months in the Philadelphia Museum. If we are permitted to judge from the shortness of the tail, and still less certain sign, the planeness of the sternum, our specimen is a female. Its weight is forty pounds.”” On page 292 he remarks ‘‘The present specimen is living in the possession of Mr. Whitton Evans. For the drawings which accompany the description we are indebted to Dr. 8. G. Morton.” February 27, 1827, some months after the reading of his paper, September 5, 1826, the Museum recorded mention of the gift of a Testudo elephantopus from Richard Harlan, M. D., but did not state whether it was the type specimen, whether it was the one that had been in the possession of Mr. Evans, or whether it had been drawn by Dr. Morton. After the efforts of Giinther, Baur, Rothschild, Van Denburgh, and the authorities of the Phila- delphia Academy there are few grounds remaining for hope of tracing the type from recorded history. The only attempt in this article is made in comparisons of a specimen, probably of the same species, as nearly as may be of the size of the type with the description and the drawings. The specimen selected is 292 THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. No. 11063, M. C. Z., an exchange from the Boston Society of Natural His- tory of which nothing more of the history is now known. It is suggested that it may have served as Harlan’s type for description or Morton’s for drawing. The direct length of the type would be somewhat near seventeen inches. As for the drawings Dr. Morton drew them from a living individual which probably made accurate measurements difficult. The outlines on Plate 37, fig. 2, 3, are from the original illustration. The vertebral series of plates was about twice as wide as it should be; only half the width could be seen from the artist’s point of view. The scales nearest the feet also bore evidence of much uncertainty. On the same Plate 37, fig. 1, are the outlines of a carapace making the nearest approach of those in the collection to what Harlan’s type may have been. Plate 38, fig. 1, 2 show this carapace, with a sternum, fig. 3, that was fastened to it, by mistake no doubt as it belongs to a different species. In direct length this carapace is more than sixteen inches. Compared with 7’. vicina it lacks the dome-shape, is more elongate, is less broadly curved on the back and is narrower and higher in front. Placing this figure side by side with that of Plate 39, from a specimen of thirty-three inches, of the same species, brings out the close correspondence of the two. Seen from above the main difference in outline is due to wear of the reverted marginals on the older indi- viduals. On the smaller one the small areolar spaces are yet indicated and the striae are yet present, but have begun to show signs of wear. In connection with Harlan’s paper another series of measurements is given on page 292 of the Journal of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science, and on page 196 of the Med. Phys. Researches, in a note by DeKay: these are: Length 25 inches Breadth 19.5 inches Height 13 inches These dimensions may have been taken from specimens of either of several species; they were not taken from Harlan’s type and have no importance in the history of the species. Evidently the length and the width were taken directly instead of over the curvature. As seen from above, the carapace of a specimen of about two feet in length, Plate 41, has an outline that is oblong with rounded ends. It has a width of about three fourths of the length; in front of the mid length the shape is nar- rower, and more rounded; behind the middle it widens somewhat and above the tail it becomes subtruncate. The greatest height is nearly one half of the length and the outline curves with some regularity from the third vertebral THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. 293 scute back and downward to the lower edge of the supracaudal, which last extends back about as far as the marginal at each side of it. In the forward half of the body the back retains its height, even rises in males or some old females, or curves down toward the nuchal notch in most females and the young. Across the first pair of costal scutes the body is compressed into a blunt angle with its apex in the foremost vertebral; from this scale a groove descends along the hinder edges of the reverted marginals of the foremost three pairs and ends at or in the fourth marginal at each side. In front the opening into the carapace is nearly two thirds as high as it is wide, narrowing upward. The marginals form scallops along the edges. Similar to that at the fourth there is another indentation in the eighth marginal of each side, from which on the upper sides each of the posterior three pairs of marginals forms a groove to the caudal scale, by the recurvature of the scales. The concentric striae are present except on some old individuals; the areolar spaces are moderately larger and more or less convex and prominent; they are smooth except perhaps on scales of the very young. On the sternum the gulars are broad, about five sevenths of the width of the anals; they are rounded in front and have a slight notch between them. The outer edges of the humerals are concave, in large specimens; they are longer than the femoral scutes. The pectorals are short, but meet on the median line. The anal extremity of the sternum is short, broad and subtruncate behind. The anal scutes are broader than long, are thickened and swollen downward, and are partly separated by a notch below, much like that on specimens of T. vicina. The sternum is concave from the anals to the gulars; the concavity is greatest from the femorals through the hinder halves of the abdominals, farther forward it becomes shallow and disappears; it is less marked in females and is absent in young. The specimen to which particular reference is made, Plate 41, was secured by Dr. Baur on Pinzon (Duncan) Island. The lateral ridges on the marginals of the flank are low; they become weaker with age. Females of twenty-one inches from the same island are higher and more arched on the back, less broadened posteriorly, more declivous in the first vertebral shield and are less concave in the sternum. With age the length becomes greater as compared with the width; this with the worn and broken scales of the second and the third pairs of the anterior marginals induces indi- vidual differences which might lead to selection as types of new species. The color of 7. elephantopus in general is a black or blackish brown, marked with yellow in places on the lower surface. This species, including its varieties, is one of the most distinct of the Galapagos tortoises. The variations of indi- 294 THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. viduals at different ages, or in different sexes, are such that measurements taken of specimens and reduced to percentages of the direct length parallel those from the other localities to so great an extent that they are of no real assistance in determining varieties or species. Testudo elephantopus Harlan has under various names been reported from five of the islands: — Espafiola (Hood), Pinzon (Duncan), North Isabela (Albemarle), Fernandina (Narborough), and Pinta (Abingdon). As will be seen by reference to the chart, Plate 1, this distribution might have been effected entirely by the currents after the species had secured a location on Espafiola or it may in part have been brought about by the intervention of man. The agency of the currents, from the directions indicated by the arrows on the chart, is entitled to much favor. For it is sheer assumption that denies the possibility of drift and establishment by its agency on either of these localities to an animal of such buoyancy, as also that denying ability to swim or otherwise exert itself in the water to a creature possessed of so much muscular ability, endurance, and persistence in walking and climbing. While the buccaneers, the whalers, and the explorers have had something to do with distributing the tortoises since the discovery of the islands by the whites there is a possibility that earlier introductions perhaps including the earliest of all were due to aboriginal navi- gators of the times of the Incas or farther back. Considering the possible means of distribution, the amount of differentiation from such a species as 7’. tabulata, Plate 2, the rapidity of growth the variability of the individual it appears unnecessary to go back to the Tertiary or perhaps more than a few generations for the first appearance of the tortoises in the Archipelago. Among five so-called species placed under 7’. elephantopus there may be one or more entitled to varietal rank. All of them have been styled races, whatever that may have meant, but the individual descriptions given do not supply the details necessary for characterization. The original measurements in inches, of several so-called species are: — Straight Straight Curved Curved Sternal Sternal length width length width length width Height T. ephippium Gunther, 1875 = 33 234 40 40 24 Ze le A a Cre NG T. abingdonii Giinther, 1877 38 224 403 38 26 214 193 T. becki Rothschild, 1901 311 21% 402 36 251 1635 T. hoodensis van Denburgh, 1907 22 7s 27 248, 195 114 T. phantasticus van Denburgh, 1907 344-24 42 41 24 18 THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. 295 MEASUREMENTS. (In inches). Straight Straight Curved Curved M. C. Z. length width length width Height 11063 164 1b 193 192 ( 11068 25 184 29 30 123 11083 29 153 24 253 11084 16 112 183 182 11081 21 15 25 24% 103 11082 21 15 25 25% 11 11089 282 21 354 33 Number 110638, Plate 38, fig. 1, 2, was received in exchange from the Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Numbers 11081-11084, and 11089 were purchased of F. B. Webster. Plate 37, fig. 2, 3, are outlines from Harlan and fig. 1 is a lateral sketch from No. 11063. Plate 38, fig. 3, is a view of the sternum of 7’. microphyes. Plate 39 gives the outlines of Giinther’s figures of the type of his Testudo ephippium. Plate 40 the outlines of Giinther’s figures of Testudo abingdoni from Pinta (Abingdon), Plate 41 represents a 25 inch specimen (M. C. Z. 11068) brought by Baur from Pinzon (Duncan). Plate 42, fig. 2, 3, presents outlines of a cast by Webster of a specimen from Pinzon, and figure 1, a dorsal view of another cast by Webster from Isabela (Albemarle) said to be from 7’. beckz. The type of 7. ephipprwm Ginther, 1875, was a specimen in the Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh. Nothing was said to be known of its history, but Porter’s, 1822, description of the tortoises of Charles Island (Santa Maria) applied so well the author had no doubt the type came from that island. In 1877 in the Gigantic Tortoises this is repeated on p. 81, but on p. 11 and on Plate 39 it is ascribed without question to Indefatigable (Santa Cruz). It appears to have been the only tortoise from the Archipelago in the Edinburgh Museum; had there been another it would not have escaped mention. Baur, 1889, found that Captain Basil Hall had visited Abingdon (Pinta) (the only island of the group landed upon) in January, 1822, and remarked, in his Journal, concerning the tortoises ‘‘we took some on board, which lived for many months, but none of them survived the cold weather off Cape Horn. I preserved one in a cask of spirits, and it may now be seen in the Museum of the College at Edin- burgh: it is about medium size.” The measurements given are those of a specimen of about the same size as the type of 7. ephippium. Baur took the 296 THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. matter up with Dr. Traquair who replied ‘‘I have to say that I have had the records of the old College Museum searched for information as to the specimen of Testudo ephippium figured and described by Dr. Giinther, and the only entry which we can find which can possibly have any reference to that specimen is one in the year 1822-23 of a ‘Large Turtle from South Sea — Captain Basil Hall.’”’ From this Baur reached a most logical conclusion that the type of T. ephippium, 1875, and that of 7. abingdonii, 1877, were both from Abingdon island. By comparisons of other specimens with the descriptions and figures he decided that they belonged to a single species. Revision of the matter tends to confirm this, adding both names to the synonymy of 7’. elephantopus Harlan, 1827, and including as synonyms of the same species 7. becki, T. hoodensis, and JT. phantastica. The types of T. elephantopus, T. ephippwum, T. becki and T. hoodensis represent young to medium ages; 7’. abingdonii and T. phan- tastica the old and very old. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. The outlines are from drawings of Samuel Garman. The photographs are from the negatives of George Nelson. PLATE 1. PLATE 1. Tue GaALapacos ISLANDS. Reduced from chart 1798 U. S. Hydrographic Office, 1915. The arrows indicate the direction of the currents. MEM. MUS, COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 1 Cay tten a March as renena a S< CP Tower O ce) cS “ap o FERNANDINA Rabie 1, (NaRBoRoUGK) Ben? iy Pi @onean} SANTA CRUZ (INDEFATIGABLE ) Ne oe eas Paes SAN CRISTOBAL : Santa Fé (CHATHAM ) IS ABIE ILA | se Crossman (Berrington) (ALBEMARLE ) : ee, as . : ‘ee wETontAnn) He < ne, aie oe GALAPAGOS ISLANDS ViniecOrune. Arlee nara Q — Ee kp SS Dy Ve en ilroe _ PLATE 2. PLATE 2. TESTUDO TABULATA Walbaum, 1782. Page 270 1 ventral, 2 dorsal, 3 lateral. M. C. Z. 12050. Porto Rico. Length 22} inches. ' GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 2 MUS. COMP. ZOOL. MEM. BOSTON. HELIOTYPE CO. PLATE 3. PLATE 3. TESTUDO MACROPHYES Garman, 1917. Page 273 1 ventral, 2 dorsal, 3 lateral. From Giinther, 1877, Gigantic tortoises, Plate 38. (ZT. microphyes Giinther, 1877, nec 1875). British Museum, Cotyps. North Isabela (Albemarle). Length 25 inches. MEM. MUS, COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 3 PLATE 4, PLATE 4. TESTUDO MACROPHYES Garman, 1917. Page 273 1 ventral, 2 dorsal, 3 lateral. From Giinther, 1877, Gigantic tortoises, Plate 34, 35, fig. A. (7. microphyes Giinther, 1877, nec 1875). British Museum, Cotypr. North Isabela (Albemarle). Adult male. Length 334 inches. Weight 240 pounds. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 4 ae PLATE 5. PLATE 5. TrstupO MAcRopHYES Garman, 1917. Page 273 1 ventral, 2 dorsal, 3 lateral. From Giinther, 1877, Gigantic tortoises, Plate 36, 35, fig. B. (J. microphyes Giinther 1877, nec 1875). British Museum, Corypr. North Isabela (Albemarle). Adult female. Length 27 inches. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE5 PLATE 6. PLATE 6. Trstupo vicina Giinther, 1875. Page 274 1 lateral, 2 dorsal, 3 ventral. M. C. Z. 4482. Santa Maria (Charles) Hassler Exped. Length 143 inches. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOO GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 6 HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON. —c i af i a one Tae PLATE 7. ean We aie PLATE 7. Trstupo vicina Giinther, 1875. 1 ventral, 2 dorsal, 3 lateral. From Giinther, 1875, Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. London, 165, Plate 365, fig. A. British Museum. Typr. Male. Length 33 inches. Page 274 GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 7 MEM. MUS, COMP. ZOOL. ¥ i PLATE 8. Terstupo nicpita Duméril et Bibron, 1835. Page 276 1 ventral, 2 dorsal, 3 lateral. From Ginther, 1875, Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. London, 165, Plate 35, fig. C. Royal College of Surgeons, London. Length, 22 inches. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 8 i PLATE 9. Testupo nieRitaA Duméril et Bibron, 1835. Page 276 i 1 posterior, 2 lateral, 3 dorsal. ~ From Giinther, 1875, Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. London, 165, Plate 338, fig. B. oa Royal College of Surgeons, London. Length 41 inches. PLATE 10. PLATE 10. Testupo nieRita Duméril et Bibron, 1835. Page 276 1 dorsal, 2 lateral, 3 ventral. M.C. Z. 12049. Santa Maria (Charles). Hassler Exped. Length 11 inches. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 10 HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON. Se. PLATE 11. DUA: PLATE 11. TESTUDO MIcROPHYES Giinther, 1875. Page 280 1 ventral, 2 dorsal, 3 lateral. From Giinther, 1875, Philos, Trans. Royal Soc. London, 165, Plate 36. Royal Inst. Liverpool. Typr. Espafiola (Hood). Length, 22% inches. MEM. MUS, COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 11 HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON. PLATE 12. PLATE 12, TrEstTupo micropHysEs Giinther, 1875. Page 280 1 dorsal, 2 lateral, 3 ventral. M.C. Z. 11067. Villamiel, Southern Isabela (Albemarle). California Academy of Sciences. Length 25% inches. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 12 HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON. Be 2 PvAre as. PLATE 18. - TEsTuDO MICcROPHYES Giinther, 1875. Page 280 1 lateral, 2 ventral, 3 dorsal. \. M. GC. Z. 11085. Southern Isabela (Albemarle). F. B. Webster. Length 42 inches. —= GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 13 z oO i D ° a re) ° w a > ‘< 9 = a = ZOOL. MUS. COMP. MEM. if ih PLATE 14. TEsTupO mMicropHyEs Giinther, 1875. 1 dorsal, 2 lateral, 3 ventral. M. CG. Z. 11066. Villamiel, Southern Isabela (Albemarle). George Baur. Page 280 Length 31 inches. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 14 HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON. PLATE 15. PLATE 165. TEsTUDO micropHyES Giinther, 1875. Page 280 1 lateral, 2 dorsal, 3 ventral. From Giinther, 1875, Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. London, 166, Plate 33, fig. A (7. elephantopus Giimther nec Harlan). University Oxford Museum. Length 31 inches. MEM. MUS, COMP. CLONE, GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 15 HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON. Wu Metis ll vee PRC a bays bye Vp ow y fi 1 Hy F y \ , , “ i i “ P eee ‘er me < . é : f PLATE 16. Ppt ren: oe ay PLATE 16. TrEsTUDO MicROPHYES Giinther, 1875. — 1 dorsal, 2 lateral, 3 ventral. M. C. Z. 11065. Villamiel, Southern Isabela (Albemarle) George Baur. Length 373 inches. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 16 HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON. i . 1 i , ~ = 4 5 - PLATE 17. i in PLATE 17. 2 TESTUDO MICROPHYES Giinther, 1875. 1 dorsal, 2 lateral, 3 ventral. M. C. Z. 4479. Santa Maria (Charles). Hassler Exped. Length 15} inches. . MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 17 HELIOTYPE CO, BOSTON. i PLATE 18. PLATE 18. TESTUDO MICROPHYES Giinther, 1875. 1 ventral, 2 dorsal, 3 lateral. M. C. Z. 4479. Santa Maria (Charles). Hassler Exped. Length 15} inches. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATEI!I8 HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON. aC at 7 a ‘ * fa ‘ 4 y \ ~ - a asc bashing Waitt Re iy h aN PLATE 19. PLATE 19. TESTUDO MicRoPHYES Giinther, 1875. 1 dorsal, 2 lateral, 3 ventral. ' M.C. Z. 4476. Santa Maria (Charles). Louis Agassiz. Length 153 inches. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 19 HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON. ; i , PLATE 20. M. C. Z. 11071. PLATE 20. TESTUDO MICROPHYES Giinther, 1875. 1 dorsal, 2 lateral, 3 ventral. C. F. Winslow. Length 233 inches. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 20 HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON. PLATE 21. —) —— PLATE 21. TESTUDO cLIvosA Garman, 1916. Page 283 — 1 dorsal, 2 lateral, 3 ventral. M. GC. Z. 11075. Typrr. Boston Society of Natural History. Length 25% inches. Bar = MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON. PLATE 21 ty a PLATE 22. PLATE 22. TESTUDO TYPICA Garman, 1916. Page 285 1 dorsal, 2 lateral, 3 ventral. M.C. Z. 11072. Typr. Boston Society of Natural History. Length 24 inches. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON. 22 -) er 52) os av ju ar = wart a. Pee re oy oy Re ee Fee eh ge ne ; 7) fi ae) ah) Y PLATE 23. PLATE 23. TESTUDO NIGRA Quoy et Gaimard, 1824. Page 286 1 lateral, 2 ventral, 3 lateral. 1 from Wiegmann, 1835, Nov. Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol., 17, Plate 18. Weight125 pounds. 2, 3 from Quoy et Gaimard, 1824, Voyage Uranie et Physicienne. Zool., Plate 40. Length 12 inches. \ MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 23 HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON, PLATE 24. PLATE 24. TESTUDO NIGRA Quoy et Gaimard, 1824. 1 dorsal, 2 lateral, 3 ventral. M.C. Z. 4477. Santa Maria (Charles). Hassler Exped. Length 10$ inches. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 24 HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON. ~~ = ak PLATE 26. PLATE 26. TESTUDO NIGRA Quoy et Gaimard, 1824. Page 286 1 dorsal, 2 lateral, 3 ventral. M. C. Z. 4480. Santa Maria (Charles). Hassler Exped. Length 13 inches. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON. 25 PLATE 26. PLATE 26. TESTUDO NIGRA Quoy et Gaimard, 1824. Page 286 1 dorsal, 2 lateral, 3 ventral. M.C. Z. 4478. Santa Maria (Charles). Hassler Exped. Length 15 inches. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 26 HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON. OM aed rh ee SUCe 9) ae ee a H ’ Ye ee i ' 7 eae 7 rie 7 ; é 1 < j ~ ay 4 S f . int = ‘ PLATE 27. PLATE 27. TESTUDO NIGRA Quoy et Gaimard, 1824. Page 286 1 dorsal, 2 lateral, 3 ventral. M.C. Z. 11074. Boston Society of Natural History. Length 242 inches. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 27 HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON. = tes wy) eee PLATE 28. PLATE 28. TEstupo NIGRA Quoy et Gaimard, 1824. Page 286 1@ lateral, 2 ventral, 3 lateral. 1 from Jackson, 1837, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 1, Plate 10. (TZ. elephantopus Jackson nec Harlan). M.C. Z. 11069 @ Santa Maria (Charles). Boston Society of Natural History. Length 424 inches. 2, 3 from Jackson, 1837, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 1, Plate 11 (7. elephantopus Jackson nec Harlan). M. C. Z. 11070 #@. Santa Maria (Charles). Boston Society of Natural History. Length 38% inches. e MEM. MUS, COMP. ZOO GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 28 ‘ ‘ HELIOTYPE CO.) BOSTON. i” 3 x } S e x a) \ ae ~~ fi = me < . } z rf ~MOeTaoSs ; O53 2Aat TA) ta 7 AW By At ee, PLATE 29. TESTUDO NIGRA Quoy et Gaimard, 1824. Page 286 1 dorsal, 2 lateral, 3 ventral. M. C. Z. 11070 &. Santa Maria (Charles). Boston Society of Natural History. Length 38% inches. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 29 HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON. { ON x PLATE 30. PLATE 30. TESTUDO NIGRA Quoy et Gaimard, 1824. 1 dorsal, 2 ventral, 3 lateral. From Giinther, 1902, Nov. Zool., 9, Plate 16, 17 (7. galapagoensis Baur). M.C. Z. 11070 #. Santa Maria (Charles). Boston Society of Natural History. Page 286 Length 38% inches. 3 3) (| )) cou o “aaa , Pee ON ee Bee ee Pee PLATE 81. Why PLATE 31. TESTUDO NIGRA Quoy et Gaimard, 1824. 1 dorsal, 2 lateral, 3 ventral. M. C. Z. 11069 9. Santa Maria (Charles). Boston Society of Natural History. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 31 HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON. BAG eV i. " ee Soars rah 1 7 2 ‘ i ? 5 ; a \ t r i ale 1 * 5 = 2 X > H 4 aX . Youre t : | Cy ’ ; i . ‘ = i ' f\ . ete { bas ren ' ) ‘ \ . . \ st > ° S . ‘ i PLATE 32. PLATE 32. TESTUDO NIGRA Quoy et Gaimard, 1824. 1 dorsal, 2 lateral, 3 ventral. 1, M.C. Z. 1905 @. Santa Maria (Charles). Hassler Exped. Length 273 inches. 2, 3 from Giinther, 1902, Nov. Zool., 9, Plate 17, fig. B (7. galapagoensis Baur). , 1 , ¥ om A Nie ed . b i ee ase Bai oy } : rok Bi i ; . ‘ ' , a ~ 7 s ' n ie " : ~ : * ;, o | PLATE 33. ete PLATE 33. TESTUDO NIGRA Quoy et Gaimard, 1824. 1 dorsal, 2 lateral, 3 ventral. M.C. Z. 1904 9. Length 273 inches. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE33 HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON. PLATE 34. i Md bt we OU. aia PLATE 34. Trstupo Typica Garman, 1917. 1 ventral, 2 dorsal, 3 lateral. Mi, ©, 7%, GARD. EL Ay Wendl Call, ens 22" fades: MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 34 HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON. PLATE 365. PLATE 35. TESTUDO NIGRA Quoy et Gaimard, 1824. Page 286 1 dorsal, 2 lateral, 3 ventral. M. C. Z. 11064. Boston Society of Natural History. Length 41} inches. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 35 HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON. PLATE 36. PLATE 36. _ TEsTUDO icra Quoy et Gaimard, 1824. 1 dorsal, 2 lateral, 3 ventral. M.C. Z. 4668. Charles Island. Hassler Exped. Length 26 inches. Page 286 MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 36 HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON. i fl PLATE 837. PLATE 37. TESTUDO ELEPHANTOPUS Harlan, 1827. Page 290 1, 3 lateral, 2 ventral. 1M.C.Z. 11063. Boston Society of Natural History. Length 16} inches. 2, 3 from Harlan, 1827, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5, Plate 11. Med. and Phys. Researches, 1835, p. 190. MEM. MUS, COMP. ZOO GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 37 HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON. ‘oh p PLATE 38. PLATE 38. TESTUDO ELEPHANTOPUS Harlan 1827. Page 290 1 dorsal, 2 lateral, 3 ventral. 1,2 M.C. Z. 11063. Boston Society of Natural History. Length 163 inches. TESTUDO MICROPHYES Giinther, 1875. Page 280 3 M.C. Z. 11078. Boston Society of Natural History. Length 12 inches. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 38 HELIOTYPE CO, BOSTON, i PLATE 39. TESTUDO ELEPHANTOPUS Harlan, 1827. Page 290 1 ventral, 2 dorsal, 3 lateral. From Giinther, 1875, Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. London, 165, Plate 34, 35, fig. B (7. ephippium Giinther). _ Mus. Science and Arts Edinburgh. o& Typn (7. ephippium Gimther). Pinta (Abingdon)? Length 33 inches. : ANY hs ON PLATE 40. PLATE 40. TESTUDO ELEPHANTOPUS Harlan, 1827. Page 290 1 ventral, 2 dorsal, 3 lateral. From Ginther, 1877, Gigantic tortoises, Plate 40, 41 (7. abingdoni Giinther). : arr British Museum Typr. (7. abingdoni Giinther). Length 38 inches. PLATE 41. PLATE 41. TEstTUDO BLEPHANTOPUS Harlan, 1827. 1 dorsal, 2 lateral, 3 ventral. M. GC. Z. 11068. Pinzon (Duncan). George Baur. Length 25 inches. GALAPAGOS TORTOISES PLATE 41 z oO rp D fe) a fe) 3 w 2 > z Q 5 rr x COMP. ZOOL. MEM. MUS. PLATE 42. PLATE 42. TESTUDO BLEPHANTOPUS Harlan, 1827. — Page 290 & 1, 2-dorsal, 3 lateral. 1M.C. Z. 11084. Casr (7. beck Rothschild). F.B. Webster. Length, 16 inches. 2,3M.C.Z. 11083. Cast. F.B. Webster. Length 214 inches. tad Pra Ns f foie tai