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December 30, 1905.]

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

% IHcchhr lllusttatctr Journal

OF

HORTICULTURE AND ALLIED SUBJECTS.

(ESTABLISHED IX IS4J.)

VOL. XXXVIII.-THIRD SERIES.

JULY TO DECEMBER, 1905.

LONDON :

41, WELLINGTON STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C.

1905.

The Gardeners' Chronicle,]

[December 30, 1905.

o

Tar'

G- l&fc Jul,,- D*c

INDEX OF CONTENTS.

JUIY 10 DECEMBER, 1905.

(For Special Headings see under Books; Certificates; Law Notes; Nursery Notes; Obituary; Plant Portraits;
Plants New; Scientific Committee; Societies; and Illustrations.)

Acetylene light, use of, in forcing

plants, 31
Adiantum cuneatum, culture of,

374
Afforestation and the labour ques-
tion 313
Agapanthus caulescens, 439; A.

urabellatus globosus, 237, 459
Agave, the genus, 161
Agaves, some garden varieties of,

346
Agricultural College, Wye, 70, 313
Agricultural returns, 216
Agricultural (Royalj Society's exhi-
bition, 63
Agriculture at Cambridge, 392
Agriculture, the Board of, 415, 441
Ailanthus Vilrnonana, 276
Aldenham House gardens, 64
Aleyrodes vapcrariocum, a pest of

Ferns, 48
Allamandas at Kew, 107
Alpine garden, the, 125, 228
Alpines at Nithbank House, Dum-
fries, 125
Ai lanita phalloides, poisoning by,

175
Amelanchier canadensis in autumn,

3S2
American florists, a society of, 201
American Universities, grants to,

361
America, nursery imports of, 415
Ampelopsis, a new, 265, 309
Ancistrocheilus Thomsonianus var.

Gentilii, 324
Anemone blanda and its allies, 339
Annuals, what are? 186, 204, 251,

268
Ants in glasshouses, 20
Apiary, the, 9, 69, 109, 149, 183, 250
Apple, a large, 345 ; Lord Suffield,
hardiness of, when in flower, 457
Apples : Coronation, 200 ; Five
Crown Pippin, 154 ; Warner's
King, 429, 444 ; Yellow Ingestre,
260
Apple-trees, chemical manure for,

416 ; espalier trained, 97
Apples, bruised, 281 ; from British
, olumbia, 425 ; marketed in
shallow boxes, 331
Apricots St. Ambroise and Powell's

Late, 203
Arbor Day at Eynsford, 361, 378
Argemone grandiflora, 127
Arundinaria Simoni, the flowering

of, 380
Aspilia buphthalmiflora, 404
Asplenium septentrionale in North

Wales, 374, 396
Aster sub-cceruleus, 23, 52
Asters, some neglected, 6
Astilbe grandis, 426
Aucuba, grafting the, 229, 268
Avebury, Lord (The Life History of
British Flowering Plants), 409,
436
Azalea beds, suitable plants for,

432, 443, 456
Azaleas, " Carmichael," 268
Azara microphylla, fruit of, 71

Bamboos, the flowering of, 200, 229,
362 ; in California, 338

Bananas and mealy bug, 297, 362
Bananas from Jamaica, Barbados,

and Canary Islands, compared,

178
Battersea Park, 152; Chrysanthe-
mums in, 330
Beans, preserving runner, 204 ;

low prices for, 204
Bee Exhibition at the Crystal

Palace, 250
Belgian Forestry, 181, 182, 307, 426
Belsize Court, Hampstead, 389
Belvedere, Isle of Wight, the gar-
dens at, 41
Benevolent Institution, Gardeners'

Royal, 200, 280, 393
Bequest to horticulture, 170
Berberidopsis corallina flowering in

Lydhuist gardens, 1C6
Berger, Alwin (Florula mortolcnsis),

59
Bermuda Lily culture, the, 44
)'. tteshanger House, Kent, 171
Un mingham, a suburban garden in,

2-J3
Betting, evil resulting from, 426
Blackberry Lucretia, 71
Blakea gracilis flowering at Kew,

229
Board of Agriculture, the, 415, 441
Books, gardening, a classified cata-

li >gue of, 377 ; sale of, 345, 393,

405

Books, Notices or : — A Book
about Salads (Alfred Broadbeni),
131 ; Alpine Flora (Drs. Uegi and
Dunziger), 70 ; Amateur Garden,
ing, 409 ; Beautiful Bulbous
plants (John Weathers), 294;
British Moss-flora (Dr. Braith-
waite), 111 ; British Trees (R. V.
Cole), 150; Botanical Magazine,
50, 92, 151, 200, 264, 344, 409;
Bulletin de la Societe F'rancaise
d'Horticulture de Londres, 310 ;
Carnations, Picotees, and the
Wild Garden Pinks (E. T. Cook),
212 ; Carnations, Picotees, and
Pinks (//. W. Weguelin), 70;
Choice Ferns for Amateurs
(George Schneider), 7 ; Critical Re-
vision of the Genus Eucalyptus
{/. //. Maiden), 425 ; Dictionnaire
lconographique des Orchidees,
324 ; Economie forestiere (Huf-
fel), 337 ; English Idioms and
Colloquialisms (Arthur Bur-
venich), 437 ; Experiments with
Plants (W. J. Osterhout), 26;
Faraday House Journal, 92; Far
Eastern Maples (fumes H.
Veitck), 161 ; Flora and Sylva,
151 ; Flora Brasiliensis, 124 ;
Flora Capensis, 6, 170 ; of
Tropical Africa, 425 ; Flore de
France (Abbe Cosle), 151 ; Florula
Mortolensis (Alwin Berger), 59;
Fruit Preserving (/. H. Cook), 12 ;
F"ungus Flora of Yorkshire (Mas-
see and Crossland), 309; Future
Forest Trees (A. Harold Vnwin),
404 ; Garden Album and Review,
441; Gerarde's Herbal, 130;
Glossary of Botanic Terms (B. D.
Jackson), 403; Greenhouses, how
to make and manage them (W. F.
Rowles), 26; Guide-Books re-
ceived, 13 ; Handbook of Forest
B tany (//. Marshall Ward),
198; Handbuch der Pflanzen-
krankheiten (Prof. Dr. Paul

Sorauer), 46 ; Horticultural Direc-
tory, 111 ; How to know Wild
Fruits (Maud Gridley Peterson),
26 ; How to make and manage a
Garden (W . F. Rowles), 26; In-
dex Filicum, 441 ; Insect Life
(F V. Theobald), 26 ; Insects and
Fungi injurious to Plants (G. F.
Sirawson), 226 ; Journal of Eco-
nomic Biology, 31 ; Journal of
Economic Botany, 12 ; La Vie a
la campagne, 151; L' Hybridation
des Plantes (M. Raphael de Noter),
26; Life History of British
Flowering Plants (Lord Avebury),
409, 436; Poultry Farming,
ii26 ; Publications received, 13,
32, 48, 92, 112, 129, 160,
186, 201, 260, 281, 313, 437;
Monographie Horticole des
Plantes Bulbeuses (M. Raphael de
Noter), 27 ; Monograph of the
Genus Primulaceae (Pax and
A nuth), 393 ; My Garden in the
City of Gardens, 27 ; Rules for
Judging, 361, 426; Sowerby's
English Botany, 361 ; Stone Gar-
dens (Rose Haig Thomas), 310 ;
Summer Holidays (Percy find-
lev), 12 ; The Amateur Gardener's
Rose-Book (Dr. Julius Hoffman),
26 ; The Art of Conserving Were
Galway), 92; The .Book of Gar-
den Design (Charles Thonger),
275 ; The Book of the Scented
Garden (F. W. Burbidge), 51 ;
The Chrysanthemum (Arthur
Uerrington), 394 ; The Estate
Nursery (/. Simpson), 151 ; The
Four Gardens (Handasyde), 326;
The Garden that I Love (Alfred
Austin), 403; The Uses of British
Plants (Prof Hcnslow), 280;
The Vegetable Garden (Henry de
Vilmorin and W. Robinson), 70;
Varieties of Fruits, 426 ; Who's
Who, 441 ; Who's Who Year
Book, 441 ; The Italian Lakes,
Richard Bagot, 431
Books, sale of gardening, 345, 393,

405
Botanical Congress at Vienna, a, 10
Botanists, old-time Flemish, 249
Botany, experimental, 170
Brachystelma Barberae flowering at

Kew, 132
Bracken Fern, a crested form of

the, 188
Braithwaite, Dr. (The British Moss-
flora), 111
Bramble Lucretia, 32
British Columbia, apples from,

425 ; fruit growing in, 151
British Science Guild, the, 313, 328
Bruges, horticultural exhibition

at, 117
Brussels Botanic Garden, 50, 232
Brussels International Horticul-
tural Congress for 1910, 361.
Brussels, horticultural meetings at,

110, 393
Budding fruit trees, 144
Bulbophyllum Lobbii colosseum,

184
Burbank, Luther, banquet in

honour of, 293
Burbidge, F. W. (The Book of the

Scented Garden), 51
Bnrnham Beeches, 141 ; the pol-
larding of, 186
Burnham, remains of monastic
buildings at, 175

Burvenich, Arthur (English Idioms
and Colloquialisms), 437

Cabbages, transplanting, 252

Cactus, "scab" disease in, 125

Callipsyche kewensis X, 372

Calodendron capense, 52

Calycopteris floribunda, a water-
yielding plant, 170

Cambridge, Agriculture at, 392

Cambridge, Forestry at, 312 ; Bot-
anic Gardens, 46, 434

Campanula Michauxioides, 130 ; C.
punctata, 169; C. turbinata Isa-
bel, 72, 96 ; C. Zoysii, 228 ;

Campanulas of the carpatica group,
14j

Canning fruits, 126

Caoutchouc, a new source of, 441

Cape of Good Hope, note from the,
170

Cape Town, abnormal rainfall at,
105

Carberry Tower, Midlothian, 194

Carbonate of baryta, a poison for
rats, 32

Cardiff, the Roath Park at, 31

" Carmichael " Azaleas, 268

Carnations: Bob Acres, 72; Miss
Willmott, 72

Carnations, 61 ; staging, at flower
shows, 71, 96, 154 ; a winter ex-
hibition of, 380, 410, 443, 457 ; at
Tring Park, 33; some desirable
varieties of, 71 ; winter-flowering
varieties of, 331, 362, 429, 443;
origin of the name of, 449

Carpet-bedding at Maidenhead, 12

Carrots, storing, 272

Carya tomentosa, 276

Castanospermum australe, 244 ; in

California, 338; seeds of, 441
Cattle Show, the Smithfield, 408
Cattleya amethystoglossa, 105; C.
llarrisonise, culture of, 267; C.
Mossiee " Gloire de la France,"
123 ; C. Skinneri, 325
Cereus, a revision of the genus, 232

Certificated Fruits and Vege-
tables.— Apples : James Kirk,
412, 447 ; Star of Devon, 382 ;
Cauliflower Walcheren, 284 ; Kale
Drumhead, 382; Melon Confer-
ence, 284; Peas: Essex Wonder,
34; The Bell, 158; The Scots-
man, 158 ; Peach Violette Hative,
158 ; Plum September Prolific,
218 ; Potatos : British Hero, 382 ;
British Queen, 158; Cigarette,
382; Dalhousie Seedling, 317;
Denbigh Giant, 382 ; Duchess of
Cornwall, 317; Epiaire, 158;
Forbe's Sensation, 317; Harbin-
ger, 158 ; Hurst's Favourite, 382 ;
Ideal, 158; May Queen, 158;
Peacemaker, 412; Rouge Royal,
158; Southern Star, 382; The
Gardener, 317; Strawberry Bed-
ford Champion, 34 ; Tomatos :
Carter's Sunrise, 34 ; Fillbasket,
158 ; Holme's Supreme, 158 ; New
Dwarf Red, 158; Norfolk Hero, ,
158 ; Satisfaction, 158 ; Princess
of Wales, 158 ; Yellow Cherry, lu8

The Gardeners' Chronicle,]

INDEX.

[December 30, 1905 1 \ .

Certificated Plants. — Adian-
tum Mayii, 74 ; Antigonon lepto-
pus, 310; Astilbe grandis, 74;
Begonia Mrs. Arthur Paget, 55;
Begonia Water-Lily, 55; Berberis
vulgaris macrophylla foliis pur-
pureis, 115; Betonica spicata ro-
busta, 55 ; Brassavola cucullata,
218; Buddleia variabilis magni-
fies, 115, 157; Bulbophyllum
Lobbii Colosseum, 53 ; Caladium
Colonel John Hay, 55 ; Calanthe
japonica, 218; Campanula White
Star, 115 ; Canna nigra, 190 ; Car-
nations : Aurora, 446 ; Bob Acres,
34; Countess of Radnor, 34; Fair
Maid, 446; Liberty, 74; Miss
Willmott, 55 ; Pride of Westbury,
34 ; Roy Morris, 115 ; The Cardi-
nal, 316 ; Viscountess Ebrington,
74 ; Victory, 316 ; Xmas Eve, 381 ;
Cattleya x Germania magnifica,
115; C. x Iris "His Majesty,"
254; C. x Iris inversa, 218; C.
x Iris magnifica, 218 ; C. x
Kienastiana, Oakwood varietv,
218; C. labiata Hercules, 348; C.
x Lord Rothschild, var. Fairy
Queen, 316; C. x Marie Henri-
cite de Wavrin, 316; C. x Maro-
nii Westfield variety, 254 ; C.
Mossia? alba, Tracy's variety, 53 ;
C. M. Reineckiana excelsa, 53 ;
C. x Mr. Pitt var. magnifica,
382; C. x Petersii var. Mrs.
Francis Wellesley, 348 ; C. Wars-
cewiczii " Our Queen," 53 ; Cen-
taurea (strain), 115; Chrysanthe-
mums : Algernon Davis, 334 ;
Beatrice May, 335 ; British Em-
pire, 398 ; Dora Godfrey, 335 ;
Dr. Enguehard, 446; E. J.
Brookes, 335; F. G. Oliver,
335 ; Frank Greenfield, 335 ; Geo.
Bowness, 217; Goacher's Pink,
271 ; Godfrey's Eclipse, 334 ; Har-
rie, 217, 271 ; J. G. Shrimpton,
334; John Peed, 398; Kate Pal-
grave, 398 ; La Vestale, 253 ; Mad.
Marguerite de Mons, 335 ; Mad.
R. Oberthur, 398 ; Mary Richard-
son, 347 ; Maud Matthews, 398 ;
Maxim, 271 ; Miss Codrington,
335 ; Miss Irene Cragg, 347, 398 ;
Miss Miriam Hankey, 415 ; Money-
maker, 271 ; Mrs. A. T. Miller,
316 ; Mrs. D. Willis James, 335 ;
Mrs. Frank Penn, 316, 335 ; Mrs.
George Beech, 415 ; Mrs. R.
Hooper Pearson, 316, 335; Mrs.
Swinburne, 415 ; Mrs. Walter
Jinks, 334; Mrs. W. Knot, 335;
Norman Davis, 316, 335 ; Perle
Chatillonnaise, 271 ; Phyllis, 398;
Prickett's Octobre, 334 ; Reginald
Vallis, 334 ; Reine des Roses,
347; Rimmel, 316; Souvenir de
Lombraz, 398 ; Terra-cotta Soleil
d'Octobre, 316, 335 ; Triomphe de
Montburn, 411; Warrior, 335;
Well's Massee, 217 ; Codiaeum
Edmontonense, 55 ; Cycnoches
peruvianum, 218 ; Cymbidium
Huttoni, 34 ; Cymbidium x Mag-
gie Fowler, 316 ; Cypripedium x
Actaeus Chardwarense, 382 ; C. A.
F. H. Cann,411 ; C. Daisy Barclay,
34 ; C. x G. C. Whitelegge, 316 ;
C. Godefroyae citrrnum, "34 ; C.
Gcdefroyas leucocheilum, " Good-
son's variety," 190; C. insigne
Aberdeen, 447; C. Lawrence -
anum Hyear.um, " Bank House
variety," 34 ; C. x Lord Ossuls-
ton, 317; C. purpnratum,
" Tracy's variety," 254 ; C. x
Sanderas, 318; C. tessellatura
rubens, 447 ; C. X Thalia gigan-
teum, 382; C. x Thalia Mrs.
Francis Wellesley, 446 ; C x
The Baron, 382; C. X trium-
phans, 348; C. X villoso-Roth-
schildianum, 218 ; C. x Mary
Lee Drewett's variety, 447 ;
Cyrtanthus sanguineus glauco-
phyllus, 253; Dahlias: Alight,
253; Blush Gem, 190; Cynthia,

253; Daisy, 217; Daisy Easton,
190 ; Delicacy, 253 ; Edward
Drury, 220 ; Faunus, 253 ; Favour-
ite, 253 ; H. Shoesmith, 217, 220 ;
D. Iris, 220 ; Ivanhoe, 253 ; Kitty
Barrett, 220, 2j3 ; Little Fred,
253 ; Mariner, 220 ; Matador,
220; Mrs. G. Stevenson, 253;
Mrs. H. Shoesmith, 217 ; Lady
Fair, 220 ; Midget, 220 ; Mrs. F.
Grinsted, 220; Mrs. F. H. Cook,
217; Mrs. MacMUlan, 217, 253;
Nelson, 190, 220 ; Peacemaker,
253; Peach, 217; Pink Perfec-
tly 1, 220; Primrose, 217, 253;
Starlight, 217 ; Stromboli, 190,
253; T. A. Havemeyer, 157; The
Pilot, 217, 220 ; Thora, 217, 220 ;
Titus, 253; Tom-tit, 217, 253;
Veroniqufij 253; Victorian, 253;
White Lady, 220; William Mar-
shall, 157, 220; Delphinium
Snowflake, 34; Dendrobium
cihatum annamense, 115; D.
Phalaenopsis, Miss Louisa

Deane, 317 ; D. Thunders-
leyense, 348; D. striatum, 382;
Diervilla (Weigela) rosea var.
Saturne, 217 ; Disa pulchra, 382 ;
D. p., Tring Park variety, 382;
Epidendrirra tricolor, 317; Erica
cinerea " Skelwith Fold

variety," 34; Eschscholtzia Car-
mine King, 34; Gladiolus:
French Fleet, 157 ; Peace Envoy,
157; Lady Inchiquin, 115; Go-
detia Schamini fl. pi., 190 ;
Grobya galeata, 115 ; Hemero-
callis Dr. Kegel, 115; H. x
luteola, 34 ; Ixora Mars, 190 ;
Laelia-Cattleya x Berthe Four-
nier Westonbirt variety, 157 ;
L.-C X (hardwarensis, 74;
L.-C. X Clive Appleton's varietv,
317 ; L.-C. X Clive Westonbirt
variety, 446 ; L.-C. x crispo-
liar, h .ma, 251 ; L.-C. X Epicasta,
( ;,i|i .11 Park variety, 411; L.-C.
Issy var. cuprea, i90 ; L.-C. X
luminosa Rosita, 2,">4 ; L.-C. X
\l ' mgeana Harry Goodson,
34; I. ilium leucanthum, 190; L.
sutchuenense, 74 ; Lobelia

Kathleen Mallard, 190; Masde-
vallia cucullata, 317; Maxillaria
picta Warley variety, 74 ; Mil-
tonia Cngmauxiae, 190 ; M. Reg-
nelli Gatton Park variety, 254;
M. vexillaria radiata magnifica,
7! ; M. vex. "The Dell variety,"
190 ; Montbretia Prometheus,
115 ; Mormodes badium, 382 ;
Nephrolepis exaltata superba,
446 ; Xotylia multiflora, 74 ;
Nymphaaa zanzibarensis rosea,
190 ; Odontoglossum x Hallio-
crispum Theodora, 382 ; O. x
Phoebe, 382; O. X Smithii, 411;
O. X Vuylstekeas, 348; O. X
Wilckeanum Schroderianum, 446 ;
Oncidium corynephorum (Leo-
noldianum), 316; O. crispum
"Shrubbery variety," 34; O.
Harrisonianum, 218 ; Orange,
Long-fruited Japanese, 446 ;
Penstemons (strain), 190 ;

Phlox Doreen, 74; Promencea
(Zygopetalum) Rollissoni, 115;
Rosa sericea " a grandes
opines." 253; Roses: Betty, 38;
Mrs. F. W. Flight, 38 ; Mrs.
Mill s Kennedy, 38; The Dandy.
;H; Sagittaria macrophylla, 217;
Sambucus canadensis, 115;
Schomburgkia rhionodora, 446 ;
Pedum spectabile atropurpureus,
217 ; Senecio Lig"ularia var. speci-
osa, 74 ; Seraphyta multiflora,
317; Spiraea Aitchisoni. 115;
Stanhopea cennata, 218 ; Stenan-
thinm robustum, 190 ; Stenoglot-
tis fimbriata, 251 ; Sweet Peas :
Evelyn Byatt, 36 ; Helen Pierce,
36; Helen Lewis, 36; Mrs. Hard-
castle-Sykes, 36 ; Tom Bolton,
36; Thalictrum Delavayi, 55;
Vanda Sanderiana. 411 ; Violas :

Councillor Watters, 74 ; Isolde,
74; Mr. McFarlane, 71; St,irk"s
Royal Sovereign, 74

Chamaedorea species with pinnate
leaves, 42

Charities, gardening, concert in aid
of, 265

Chelsea Hospital, the flower show
at, 50, 53, 72

Chemistry, a lecture on garden
348

Chillingham Castle, Orchids at,
456

China, plant collecting in, 4, 24, 65,
94, J24, 146, 174, 202, 214, 266,
277, 323, 355, 388, 420, 459

Chinese plants, dried, distributi a
of, 330

Choisya ternata, 276

Christmas Chrysanthemums, 441 ;
Pears, 443 ; Roses, 414

Chrysanthemums : Dazzler, .'I. I'. ;
Glitter, 402 ; Maxim 1 Mis.
R. Hooper Pearson, 392; Mrs. \Y.
Knox, 356

Chrysanthemum League, a news-
paper, 297 ; literature, some re-
cent, 261 ; show in I'.n 1^, 151

Chrysanthemums, 356, 418; Ameri-
can varieties of, 402; at Mr. Bil-
linghurst's nursery, Selhurst, 419 ;
at Mr. I rseryj Enfield,

418; at Leigh Park, Havant, I
at Messrs. Frickett and Sons'
nursery. 118; at Mr. J. Weir's
nursery, Enfield, 418 ; at the
Edinburgh show, 419 ; Christ,
mas, 443 ; decorative varieties of,
402 ; early-flowering, a confer-
ence on, 249, 271 ; in Battersea
Park, 330; in France, 393; in
market nurseries, 418 ; in the
open, 330; si red, 330,

419 ; staging, 357 ; what is a spray
of? 394, 410, 428, 444

Colchicurn autumnale, poisonous
properties of, 20 I

Cole, R. V. {British Trees), 150
, 410

Colonial Fruit, exhibitions of, 116,
393

Colonial notes. 5. 23, 44, 66, 105,
127, 170, 236, 21 7

Colour in seeds, 331

Columnar Trees, Pyramidal and,
457

Conference on fruit growing, a. 284,
2! 6, 298, 312

Conifer disease, a, 11

Conifers, blue, 147. 204 ; ol I
mosa, 13 ; the growth of, 48 ;
variegated, 164, 179

Cook, Mr. T. H., 329

Cook, Mr. W. A., 92

Coombe House, Croydon, 66

Co-operative flower show at the
Crystal Palace, 130

Coreopsis with outer tubular florets,
91

Cordyline Bruanti, a variegated
form of, 280

Cornwall, North, the weather in,
204, 380

Cotoneaster bacillaris, 276, ii!»7

Country-in-town movement, the,
111

Covent Garden Market, 12, 151

Cowan, Mr. Bernard, 112

Clematis Armandi, 30 ; C. flammu-
la with scented and scentless
flowers, 282, 297; C. indivisa in
the Temperate-house, Kew, 135

Clerodendron trichotomum, 166

Clusia grandiflora, 389

Crassula coccinea in the open, 127

Cricket match, a gardeners', 13

Crinodendron Hookerianum, 204,
346

Crinum natans, 203 ; C. Rattrayii,

10
Crossland, C. (Fungus Flora of

Yorkshire), 309
Crystallisation of fruits and

flowers, 412
Cucumber " spot " disease cured by
sulphur vapour, 96

Currants, red, varieties of, 72, 96,
134

Cuthbert, Mr. George, accident to,
92

Cultural memoranda, 262, 292

Cyclamen, hardy, 2S2 ; at Gunners-
bury House, 252

Cyclobothra flava, 236; in Me:.
"374

Cymbidium erythrostylum, 427 ; I
X Gammieanum and C. X
Maggie Fowler, 370, 388, 4_:
C. Huttoni, 63

Cypripedium, an erratic, 450 ; glau-
cophyllum, 95; C. debile, 442:
C. Fairrieanum, 168, 233, 244 ; I
X Mrs. Fred Hardy, 325 ; ('. The
Baron, 405 ; C. x Enid, 324

Cyperus esculentus, edible tubers-
of, 457

Dahlia trials at Wislev, 237, 269
Dahlia Zoe, 248
Daphne, the species of, 152, 170
Darlington Public Park, flower

beds in, 292
Darwinism, the true, 401
Dasvlirion quadrangulatum flower-
ing, 308
Dean, Richard, the late, 70, 169.

185
Dendrological Society, a German.

Ill
Devonshire, frost in, 377
Dickson, Geo., presentation to, 455
Dimorphotheca aurantiaca, l'_7
Diplodia opuntiae, a disease oi

Cactus, 125
Disas at Kew, 5
Diseases, plant, 312 ; and need i< 1

legislation, 433, 458
Dracaenas, ornamental, 330
Drip in plant-houses, 314, 331
Druery, Mr. C. T., 455
Douglas Fir at Scone, the, 154, 22."
Dover House, Roehampton, 345
Downie, John, memorial window-
to the late, 356
Downie, John, presentation to, 361
Dust nuisance, combating the, 71
Dyer, Sir William T. Thiselton-, re-
tirement of, 408

ECHIUM Wildpretii, 5

Eckford. Mr. Henrv, testimonial

to, 185, 201. 216
Ellipse, sensitiveness of plants

during the, 280
Edinburgh International Exhibi-
tion, 70, 200, 216, 220, 265; nur-
series, 195 ; Royal Botanic Gar-
dens, 193
Eichhornia speciosa, the Water

Hyacinth, 127
Eleutherococcus Henryi, 403; E.

leucorhizus, 404
Elm limbs falling from trees, 134,

252, 268, 282, 331
Elvaston Castle, the gardens at,

177
Endowment of horticulture, 144
Eremurus, hybrid, 151
Erica multiflora, 276
Errera, Leo, the late, 184
Escallonia pulverulenta, 118
Eschscholtzia, the species of, 345
Espalier-trained Apple trees, 97;

and spring frosts, 1S4
Eucalyptus, hardy, 31 ; the Beau-
champ, 3
Eucharis at Danesbury Park, 396
Eucryphia pinnatifolia, 154
Eupatorium micranthum, 229
Ecology, plant, a paper on, 329
Evesham, Irish gardeners' visit to,.

185 ; market gardening at, 101
Ewart, Dr., appointment of, 441
Exacum macranthum, culture of,
5 ; E. zeylanicum at Tring Park,
38
Examinations in horticulture, 11,

169, 361, 426
Exhibiting fruit, 444 ; Sweet Peas,
51, 72, 135, 154

rimental botany, 170

SJJlf

IV. The Gardeners' Chronicle,]

INDEX.

[December 30, 1905.

Faielawn, Putney, Orchids at, 417

Faraday House Journal, 92

Farm and Garden produce by rail,

233
Fern, a rare British, 374, 396;

hunting in Scotland, 188; pest, a

new, 154
Fernery, the, 48, 188, 374
Ferns, a method of preserving,

i 14 ; wild sports of British, 116 ;

Grenada, 185 ; the white-fly pest

of, 48 ; varietal names of, 1

Figs, the culture of, in pots, 257
Fig-trees, assisting aged, 277 ; pro-
tecting, out-of-doors, 428, 457
Fitzroya patagonica, monoecious

form of, 361
Flora of North-east Kwantung, 6
Florida, notes from, 235; garden-
ing in, 298, 314
Florists' flowers, 6
Flower garden, the, 9, 28, 48, 69,
89, 109, 128, 148, 166, 183, 199,
215, 231, 246, 262, 279, 294, 311,
326, 342, 359, 375, 391, 407, 423,
439, 453
Flower-panicle without flowers, a,

329
Flower-shows, old-time provincial,

13 ; some important, 30
Flowers and insects, 31 ; arranging
cut, 442; in season, 31, 50, 200,
265, 281, 344, 409; pin and
thrum-eyed, 426 ; sweet-smelling,
130 ; summer, in the south-west
of England, 369, 429, 444; what
13 a spray of? 394, 410, 428
Foreign correspondence, 7, 128, 241,

282, 338, 374, 459
Forester, duties of an English, 100
Forest management, 337
Forestry, 24, 63, 105, 126, 155, 181,
225, 307, 390, 426 ; at Cambridge,
312 ; at Oxford, 344 ; in Belgium,
181, 182, 307, 380, 426, 442; on
small areas, 443
Formosa, the conifers of, 13
Forrest, Mr. J., presentation to, 12
French visitor's impression of Lon-
don, a, 9
Frosts, early, in Devon, 297, 377 ;
spring, and espalier-trained trees,
134
Fruit and Potato Federation, the

National, 170
Fruit, an improved box for the
transit of, 224 ; at Wrotham
Park, 268 ; buds formed as the
result of injury, 331, 395; com-
mittee, departmental, report of,
12, 90 ; crops in Kent, 11 ; crops,
report on the condition of the, 81,
82, 106, 134, 136, 155, 164, 188,
204 ; cultivation in South Devon,
122 ; culture, area devoted to, 91 ;
for profit, 314, 346; effects of
manure on, 111 ; farm, Woburn
experimental, 91 ; growing, a con-
ference on, 217, 284, 296, 298,
312 ; in British Columbia, 151 ;
the Departmental report on,
12, 90 ; imports of, 91 ; register,
64, 67, 203, 243, 260, 277, 422,
443
Fruit show, the great autumn, 280 ;
supp. Oct. 14, 283 ; classes for
market gardeners at, 444
Fruit trees, plant-food for, 131 ;

budding, 144 ; planting, 441
Fruit trees in pots, 140 ; trans-
planting, 386
Fruit walls, fined, 3
Fruits under glass, 8, 28, 49, 68,89,
108, 128, 149, 166, 182, 198, 214,
230, 247, 263, 278, 295, 310, 326,
343, 359, 375, 391, 406, 422, 438,
452 ; parthenocarpic, 441
Fumigating with hydrocyanic acid

vapour, 416
Fungi, nutritive value of, 344
Fungous pests, 184
Funkias, 94

Fusicladium dendriticum attack-
ing Apples and Pears, 240

Galanthus octobrensis, 325
Gales, autumn, 175
Galingale, the edible, 457
Garden, an undercliff, 41 ; cities,

92, 111; walks, 32
Gardeners and Colonisation, 410
Gardeners' outing, a, 112
Gardening in the 17th century, 436
Geaster fomicatus, abnormal

growth in, 326
Gerbera Elsae flowering at Kew, 5
German Dendrological Society, a,

111
Gesnera Reginae flowering at Kew,

132
Ghent railway station, changes at,

47 ; water-carnival at, 51
Ginkgo biloba in China, 5
Gladiolus Mackinderi, 203 ; G. tris-

tis var. concolor, 187
Glasgow public parks and gardens

in winter, 385, 419
Glebelands, Orchids at, 243
Gloeosporium Beyrodtii, a disease

of Orchids, 259
Gloriosa Carsoni flowering at Kew,

28; G. Rothschildiana citrina,

67, 211
Gooseberry disease, a new, 305
Grafting and its results, 248 ; the

Carnation upon Saponaria, 150
Grammangis Ellisii, 5
Grammatophyllum speciosum, 324
Grapes : Diamant traube, 175 ;

Prince of Wales, 277, 282, 297
Grapes at Longleat, 228; seedling

at Edinburgh, 243
Green, Mr. W. H., presentation

to, 281
Grenada Ferns, 185
Gunnersbury House, the gardens

at, 388
Gunton Park, 296

H

Hardy flower border, the, 118, 282,

323, 339, 404,
Hardy fruit garden, the, 9, 29, 49,
69, 89, 109, 129, 149, 167, 183,
199, 215, 231, 247, 263, 279, 295,
311, 327, 343, 359, 375, 391, 407,
423, 438, 453
Hartwell Park, Bucks, 233
Heathfield, Shirley, 96
Heating glass-houses by means of

gas, 66
Hedges, Pyrus japonica used for,

28
Heliopsis scabra superba, 118
Helleborus niger, the culture of,

444
Hemerocallis, three good varieties

of, 204
Hemileia americana, a disease of

Orchids, 153
Hemp, the flowers of the, 408
Henslow, Rev. Prof., on plant
ecology, 329; (The Uses of
British Plants), 280
Herbaria, two ancient, 12
Herbarium, the Cape Government,

6
Herbarium specimens, Mr. E. H.

Wilson's, distributed, 330
Herrington, Arthur (The Chrysan-
themum), 394
Hewell Grange, Redditch, 429
Hibiscus hvbrids, 425, 443
Hill Lodge, Enfield, 380
Hoffmann, Dr. Julius (The Amateur

Gardener's Rose Book), 26
Hogg, Thos., presentation to, 455
Hole, the late Dean, memorial win-
dow to, 251
Hollies, a lecture on, 382
Hong Kong Botanical and Affores-
tation Department, 5
Hopetoun House, Edinburgh, 196
Hops, the cultivation of, 217
Horticulture, bequest to, 170 ; in

Manitoba, 233 ; e laminations in,
169, 361 ; teaching, to the masses,
440

Horticultural instruc.ion in Kent,
426 ; in Staffordshire, 265

Horticultural meetings at Brussels,
110

Houlletia Brocklehurstiana, 275

Hydrangea Hortensia for cultiva-
tion in tubs, 252

Hypericum patulum var. Henryi,
179

I

Impatiens, Holstii, 14, 185

Im Thurn, Sir Everard, honour to,

Inscription, a curious, 52

Insects and flowers, 31

Inula Royleana, 265

Inventions, new, 224

Ionopsis testiculata, 259

Ipomcea rubro-ccerulea, 338

Irish gardeners visit Evesham,

185
Irises of Russo-Turkestan, 455
Ixiohrion montanum, 276
Ixora coccinea var. lutea, 132 ;

I. stricta alba, 372

Jackson, B. D. (.4 Glossary of

Botanic Terms), 403
Japan, nature-study in, 31
Jedburgh, Pentstemons at, 174
Jet, Whitby, composition of, 25
Jimson weed, the, 282
Jordan, Mr. F., 327
Judges at flower shows, boycotting,

204, 234, 268, 297, 396, 444
Judging by half-points, 356

K

Kent, horticultural instruction in,
426 ; the fruit crops in, 11

Kerria japonica, the double-
flowered, 28

Kew Bridge market, extension of,
216

Kew Gardens, appointments from,
409 ; plants in flower at, 146 ;
changes in the directorate at,
424, 425, 429, 440 ; literary output
of, 456 ; notes from, 5, 28, 52, 95,
107, 132, 146, 203, 229, 308, 325,
370

Kitchener, Lord, as a gardener, 329

Kitchen garden, the, 9, 29, 49, 68,
89, 108, 128, 148, 167, 183, 199,
214, 231, 247, 263, 279, 295, 310,
327, 343, 358, 375, 391, 407, 423,
439, 453

Kwantung, flora of north-east, 6

Lachenalia liliiflora, 259

La;lio-Cattleya X Hermione, West-
field variety, 275

Land, the fertility of, 47

Lapageria alba and L. a. rubra
superba, 166, 186

Larch-trees, giant, 70

Laurel-cherry, the Schipka, 326

Laurent Prize, the, 296

Laurent, M. (Congo flora), 377

Law Notes: — Insecticides, sale
of poisonous, 107 ; Kemsley
Rochford Assessment Committee
(Rating appeal), 314 ; Mallard v.
Clarke (sale of Lobelia), 410;
Plants, the rights of property in,
377; Turnip-seed sporting, 92

Leaves from my Chinese Note-
Book (E. H. Wilson), 4, 24, 65,
94, 124, 146, 174, 202, 244, 266,
277, 323, 355, 388, 420, 459

Leaves, the work of deciduous and
of evergreen, 32

Leeks, a bulbous race of, 394

Legacy for horticulture, a, 144

Legislation and the spread of plant
diseases, 433, 458

Leigh Park, Chrysanthemums at,
356

Liege Horticultural School, 377

Lihum Alexandra?, the sporting of,
33

Lilium giganteum, 296 ; L. myrio-
phyllum, 328; L. sutchuenense,
91

Lily culture in Bermuda, 44;
season of 1905, 225

Lindenia rivalis flowering at Kew,
28

Lissochilus Krebsii, 2; L. Milan-
jianus, 370

Literature, rome recent Chrysan-
themum, 264

Livistona Maria?, a coloured Palm,
251, 297, 374

Lockinge Park, Wantage, 312 ;
vase of ornamental grasses at,
361

Locust tree, the, as a timber pro-
ducing tree, 24, 105, 126, 155,
390, 442

Londesborough Park, Market
Weighton, 21

London markets, supplies for the,
451

Longleat, grapes at, 228

Loubet, President, gold medal pre-
sented to, 329

Lynch, R. J., degree conferred on,
441

M

Macludrania, a bi-generic hybrid,

140
Macowan, Dr., resignation of, 313
Macrosporium Cookei (Potato curl

fungus), 230
Magnolia glauca, the Swamp Lily,

325
Mandevilla suaveolens, the fruiting

of, 344, 395
Mango, the, in Burma, 409
Manure, for Apple-trees, 416 ; for

Roses, 232
Manuscript, a valuable garden, 377
Maples, Sir Chas. Wager's, 233 ;

Japanese, 457
Market gardening, 171, 252; at

Evesham, 101
Markets, London, and supplies, 451
Marvel of Peru as a bedding plant,

235
Massee, George (Fungus Flora of

Yorkshire), 309
McHardv, Mr. Peter, presentation

to, 296
Mealy bug imported with Bananas,

297
Meconopsis integrifolia, seeding

and germination of, 32
Megaclinium platyrhachis, 28
Melons, the culture of, 163
Mentone garden, scents in a, 96
Merton Hall, Norfolk, 294
Midland Reafforesting Association,

the, 345
Mild, Mr. T. E., accident to, 345
Mirabilis Jalapa, 235 .
Mistletos in New Zealand, 105
Monifieth nurseries, visit to, 92
Monstera deliciosa, 219
Motors and market gardening, 249
Mount Edgcumbe, rare shrubs and

trees at, 121
Musa Perrieri, 5
Mushrooms, the culture of, 120
Mussel-scale, the, 400
Mutants and hybrids, 110
Mvtilaspis pomorum (Apple-scale),

'400

The Gardeners' Chronicle,]

INDEX.

N

Narcissus inflorescence with four
flowers, 12 ; N. poeticus ornatus,
the forcing of, 384

Natal, great storm in, 23

Nature-study in Japan, 31

Nectarine, the Victoria, 51

Nelson Centenary flower beds, 292

Nelson's Monument decorated, 313

Nepenthes, new hybrid, 379 ; N. Sir
W. T. Thistelton-Dyer, 325

Nerines at Blenheim Palace gar-
dens, 337

Newstead, Robert, presentation to,
297

New Zealand International Exhibi-
tion, 131

New Zealand, Mistletos in, 10.3 ;
the flora of the southern islands
of, 6

Nicotiana Sanders, 112, 213, 262,
282, 313, 331, 338, 345

Nicotianas, hybrid, 151

Nile, the flooding of the river, 465

Nithbank House, Alpines at, 123

Norwich public gardens, 93

Nursery imports of America, the,
415

Nursery Notes : — Billinghurst,
H., Enfield, 418; Carter & Co.,
Mortlake, 22 ; Cunningham,
Fraser & Co., Edinburgh, 195 ;
Dobbie & Co., Marks Tey,
95 ; Downie, John, Murrayfield,
196 ; King's Acre Nurseries, Here-
ford, 341 ; Larsen, M., Enfield,
418; Methven, T., & Sons, Edin-
burgh, 196 ; Pearsons & Sons,
iLowdham, 67 ; Perry, Amos,
Winchmore Hill, 14; Prickett &
Sons, Enfield, 418; Reuthe, G.,
Keston, 78; Rivers, T., &
Sons, Sawbridgeworth, 404; San-
der & Sons, St. Albans, 62;
Stormonth, J., & Sons, Kirkbride,
261 ; Sutton & Sons, Reading,
81 ; Truffaut, M., Versailles, 7 ;
Vilmorin, Andrieux & Co., Paris,
7; Weir, J., Enfield, 418; Wil-
liams, B. S., & Sons, 163

Nymphaea-house at Kew, the, 52 ;
N. zanzibarensis var. rosea, 377

Nymphaeas, 377, 396

Oak and Yew forming one trunk,

179
Oak, the King's, at Tilford, 249
Oak trees at Stuttgart, 154
Obituary : — Armiston, George,
332 ; Bidgood, John, 287 ; Billing-
hurst, H., 400 ; Boston, Richard,
175; Burbidge, F. W., 460;
Burbidge, Mrs., 15; Croucher,
George, 38 ; Dean, Richard,
168, 185 ; Dewar, Mrs., 118 ; Dob-
bie, James, 297; D'Ombrain,
Rev. H. H., 319; Duval, Henri,
38 ; Eckford, Henry, 431 ; Errera,
Professor, 118, 184 ; Fearnley-
Sander, Mrs., 415; Ford,
George F., 384; Gillekens, M.,
298; Gollam, William, 298;
Hislop, Mrs., 448 ; Ilchester,
Lord, 408; Jaques, Mrs., 415;
Keith, Rev. W., 158; Laird,
David, 217; Leach, William
Charles, 298; Marslen, H., 400;
Meulenaere, M. de, 431 ; Milne,
William Lindsay, 15; Mitchell,
James, 335 ; Moon, Henry
George, 287; Mules, Dr. P. H.,
207; Orchard, H. H., 38; Per-
kins, Arthur, 15 ; Pettigrew,
Mrs., 448; Reydellet, M. de
367 ; Scalarandis, Alessandro,
367 ; Steele, Alexander, 201 ;
Tooley, A., 133; Tremayne, Col.
Arthur, 400; Phillips, William,
331; Pierre, M., 384
Odontoglossum crispum, a proli-
ferous flower of, 67 ; treatment

of, 80 ; O. grande, Lynwood
variety, 325 ; O. x Lambeauia-
num, 324; O. L. exquisitum,
434; O. Smithii, 427 ; O. x
venustulum, 2 ; O. x Vuylstekese
Odontonia x Lairesseas, 2
Oncidium Limminghei, 123
Onions, Albanian, 233 ; Ailsa Craig
and Excelsior, 329 ; preparing
grassland for, 140
Ootheca Wolleyana, 377
Opuntia, a spineless, 425
Orchid disease, a new, 153, 259
Orchid houses, the, 8, 28, 48, 68,
88, 109, 128, 148, 167, 182, 198,
215, 230, 246, 262, 278, 295, 310,
327, 342, 358, 374, 390, 406, 422,
439
Orchid notes and gleanings, 2, 22,
4.3, 62, 104, 123, 243, 259, 275,
324, 388, 417, 434, 456
Orchid seedlings, roots of, asso-
ciated with fungi, 22, 104
Orchids at Chillingham Castle,
457; at Fairlawn, Putney, 417;
at Glebelands, 243 ; at Messrs.
Sanders' nursery, 62; at Mr. H.
A. Tracy's nursery, 2 ; resting
period of, 393
Ornaments, garden sale of, 12
Orphan Fund, Royal Gardeners',

362, 409
Osterhout, W. J. [experiments with

plants], 26
Ote Hall, Sussex, 249, 265
Oversea supplies, 51 ,151, 233, 281
Oxenfoord Castle, Midlothian, 195
Oxford Botanic Gardens, trees at,

321
Oxford, forestry at, 344
Oxford University, 51

Palm, the purple-leaved, 251, 297,

374
Para rubber, a treatise on, 409
Paris, 151, 169
Pasture land, the vegetation of,

180, 201
Paths, grass garden, 32
Paul, Mr. George I.aing, marriage

of, 248
Paul's, the late William, library,

sale of, 40,3
Peach as a stock for the Plum, the,

112, 134, 236
Peach trees attacked by the shot-
hole fungus, 282
Peaches and Nectarines, some late

varieties of, 260
Peaches : Duke of York, 278 ; Gol-
den Eagle, 243 ; Late Devonian,
278; Walburton Admirable, 282
Pear, a seedless and coreless, 218
Pear midge, the, 113
Pears, a selection of varieties of,
380; Christmas, 443; large, for
Christmas, 368 ; variation in, 410
Pears: Catherine, 240, 252; Coun-
tess of Paris, 422 ; Durondeau
in France, 112 ; Roosevelt, 243
Pear, the best variety of, in France,

112
Pear tree with three hundred and

twenty-seven fruits, 372
Pea : Sutton's selected Gladstone,
283 ; culinary, in November, 395,
410 ; how to preserve, 100
Pelargonium Rosamund Wright,

395
Penang, a flower show at, 425
Pentstemons at Jedburgh, 174
Pergola at Swanmore, 27
Pests, fungous, 184
Peterson, Maude. Gridley {How to

Know Wild Fruits), 26
Petworth Park, Sussex, 137
Phalaenopsis Schilleriana, a large

leaf of, 409
Phenological observations for 1904,

111
Phlox, autumn or late-flower-
ing, 323
Phloxes at Cardiff Flower Show,
1.34

Physalis, a hybrid, 315

Physalis peruviana as a dessert

fruit, 214
Picea morinda, a bush-like form of,

395
Picture, a, of old-time gardening,

436
Pineapples, the culture of, 240
Pine Sawfly, the, in North Wales,

72
Pine trees in China, pollard, 6
Pinus radiata, a large specimen

of, 435 ; P. yunnanensis, 226, 248
Plane trees in towns, 276
Plant diseases, 312 ; and the need

for legislation, 433, 458
Plant ecology, 329
Plant-food, the formation of, in

soils, 241, 321
Plant notes, 5, 38, 67, 127, 166,

338
Plant pests and their parasites, 44

Plant Portraits: — Acacia
podalyriifolia, 151 ; Ampelopsis
serjaniaefolia, 441 ; Andromeda
speciosa, 151 ; Argyrolobium An-
drewsianum, 441 ; Asparagus
madagascarensis, 344 ; Brachy-
glottis repanda, 265 ; Cacalia
tuberosa, 50 ; Cassia corymbosa,
441 ; Cirrhopetalum brevis-
capum, 200; Clematis Buchani-
ana, 283; Colchicum hydro-
philum, 265 j C. Steveni, 50;
Coleus shirensis, 50 ; Cotyledon
insigne, 200; Cytisus Hille-
brandtii, 441 ; Daffodil, Lord
Kitchener, 151 ; Debregeasia
velutina, 63 ; Dianthus Warley,
151 ; Erica australis, 344 ; Euca-
lyptus occidentalis, 441 ; Euphor-
bia fulgens, 283; Felicia
echinata, 409 ; Flueckigera roseo-
aenea, 441 ; Forsythia europoea,
265 ; Gerbera Jamesoni, 441 ;
Hsemanthus Fascinator, 47 ; Heli-
anthus salicifolius, 265 ; Helio-
phila pilosa var. integrifolia,
441 ; Hydrangea vestita var.
pubescens, 265 ; Impatiens Hol-
stii, 151 ; Kalanchoe kewensis x,
441 ; Ladenbergia, Lemaire, 441 ;
Lambertia formosa, 441 ; Lisso-
chilus Mahoni, 409 ; L. Ugandoa,
344 ; Listrostachy's Monteirae, 50 ;
Meconopsis integrifolia, 151 ;
Mormodes buccinator, 265 ;
Odontoglossum ramulosum, 151 ;
Pernettya mucronata, 50 ; Per-
owskya atriplicifolia, 105 ; Peta-
sites japonicus, 200 ; Plagiosper-
mum sinense, 441 ; Plectranthus
crassus, 151 ; Primula tangutica,
44 ; P. Veitchii, 409 ; Prunus pen-
dula, 200; Pyras Nalus Niedz-
wetzkyana, 105 ; Renanthera
matutina, 441 ; Rhododendron
Nuttalli, 47; Rose Lilla Rauten-
strauch, 47 ; R. Mme. Jules Gro-
lez, 265; R. Soleil d'Or, 151;
Salix Cottetii, 265; Saxifraga
apiculata, 409 ; Schizanthus
Wisetonenis, 441 ; Sciadopitys
verticillata, 409 ; Scilla messeni-
aca, 200 ; Skimmia japonica,
265 ; Solanum Commersoni, 441 ;
Tetratheca thymifolia, 151 ; Til-
landsia dianthoides, 441 ; Town-
sendia Wilcoxiana, 441 : Vriesea
X Leopoldiana, 47 ; Zygonisia
Rolfaeana, 151
Plant used as a loyal emblem, 71
Plants, adaptation of to environ-
ment, 401 ; forcing of, by acety-
lene light, 31 ; for tubs and vases,
380 ; grown without carbon-
dioxide, 186
Planting fruit-trees, 441

Plants, New or Noteworthy: —

Aloe Chabaudii, 102; A. decora,
. 386; A. Orpenae, 385; Astilbe
grandis, 426; Buddleia nivea,
275 ; Crassula columnaris, 162 ; Cy-
ananthus, new species of, 434 ;
Cycas Micholitzii, 142 ; Cymbidi-

[December 30, 1905. V.

um erythrostylum, 142 ; Diervilla
rivularis, 339 ; Eulophia panicu-
lata, 198; E. undulata, 198;
Gentiana Lawrencei, 307 ; Iris
Junonia, 3; Ismeme festalis x,
322 ; Oncidium corynephorum,
340; Pinus Pinceana, 122; Pri-
mula pulverulenta, 258 ; Primula
tangutica, 42 ; Schizandra Hen-
ryi, 162; Senecio Veitchianus,
212; S. Wilsonianus, 212;
Spiraea pachystachys, 322 ; Stan,
hopea Devoniensis, 92 ; S. Wol-
teriana, 102 ; Tricuspidaria de-
pendens, 306 ; T. lanceolata, 306 ;
Wistaria involuta, 3; Zygopeta-
lum Binoti, 258; Eria globi-
fera, 449
Plants, the rights of property in.

377

Plants under glass, 8, 29, 49, 68, 88,

108, 128, 149, 166, 182, 198, 21 I,

231, 240, 263, 278, 294, 311, 327,

342, 359, 374, 3'JO, 400, 422, 439

Plum, the, grafted on Peai h, -•'!•''

Poisoning by Amanita phalloides,

175
Poisonous insecticides, sale of, 71,

107
Polyanthus, gold-laced varieties of,

6
Polygonum Baldschuanicum at

Kirkconnel, 13
Polystachya mystacoides, 324
Port Elizabeth, some plants at, 267
Portulacas as bedding plants, 234
Potatos, crop, the, 249 ; disease, the,
72 ; Duchess of Cornwall, 346 ;
flowers, orange-coloured, 214 ;
leaf-curl disease, 230 ; Peckover,
395 ; show, the National Society's,
392 ; some historical notes on
the, 376 ; trials, 150
Potatos, a census of varieties of,
870, 377, 387, 392, 410; lecture
on, 318 ; at Dunbar, 378 ; experi-
ments with, 233; in Mid-Lothian,
268 ; in 1904, 111 ; old varieties
of, 417 ; some historical notes on
the, 376; warty disease of, 308,
346
Primulaceae, a monograph of the

genus, 393
Primulas, pin and thrum-eyed, 426
Pruning, experiments on, 232 ; root,
429 ; Prunus Bureiana, 265 ; P.
Lauro-Cerasus var. Schipkaensis,
326
Puff-ball, an abnormal, 326
Purdie, Mr. D. G., presentation to,

31
Pvrus japonica as a hedge plant,
28

Q

Queensland Botanic Gardens, 150

Rain-water in Yorkshire, the
quality of, 396, 409, 457

Reading University College, horti-
culture at, 280

Reafforesting Association, the Mid-
land, 345

Red-currants, 96, 134, 154

Redditch, allotment gardening at,
345

Refreshments at flower shows, .'2

Reserve materials of leaves, 32

Rhododendron in flower in October,
268

Rhubarb, forcing, with the use of
ether, 393

Richardia Elliotiana with double
spathe, 13

Ringing plants, effect cf, 12

Roath Park, Cardiff, 31

Rockery, plants for a, 352

Rock garden, the, 276, 325

Romneya Coulteri an herbaceous
plant? 135

VI. The Gardeners' Chronicle,]

INDEX.

[December 30, 1905.

Root-pruning, 429

Kosa laevigata, 260 ; R. sericea var.

pteracantha, 260
Rosary, the, 67, 128, 145, 175, 236,

260, 338, 361 ; at l'Hay, France,

70
Rose Augusta Victoria, 146 ; R. Frau

Karl Druschki, nomenclature of,

145; R. Mrs. W. J. Grant, 146;

shows, 31, 58, 249; species, a

classification of, 128
Rose beds, the formation of, 361 ;

garden at Luscombe, the, 107
Rosehill, Falmouth, 103
Roses at Lowdham, 67 ; experiments

with, at l'Hay, France, 70;

hybrid-tea, the origin of, 175 ;

during 1905, 67 ; manures for,

232 ; notable, of the last decade,

338; Wichuraiana hybrid, 236
Rothamsted, experiments on grass

land at, 180, 201
Rowles, W. F. (How to Make and

Manage a Garden), 26
Royal Botanic Gardens, Regent's

Park, 340
Royal Botanic Society, proposed

alteration of the bye-laws, 361 ;

gilt of plants to, 296
Royal Caledonian Horticultural

Society, history of the, 209
Rubus innominatus, 290
Rubber producing plants, new, 440

S

Sagittarias, 214

Salad, winter, 236

Salads and salad-making, 104

Salicornia herbacea as a vegetable

food, 231
Salvia dichroa, 92
Sandringham, the flower gardens

at, 440
Saxifraga Guthrieana variegata, 229
Scents in a Mentone garden, 96
Schipka Laurel Cherry, the, 326
Schizanthus, the cultivation of, 155
Schneider, George (Choice Ferns for

Amateurs), 7
Science Guild, the British, 313, 328

Scientific Committee: — Abies
amabilis, diseased, 237; A.
Mariesii, cone of, 363 ; Antirr-
hinum, phyllody in, 363 ; Ants
imported with fruit, 298, 332;
Apple-trees, insects on, 138 ;
Apple spur, curious growth of an,
362 ; Ash, scale on, 57 ; Aspara-
gus plurriosus fasciated, 298 ;
Bananas and mealy-bug, 396 ;
Bean runner, poisonous roots of,
396, 430 ; Beech-trees attacked by
scale and fungi, 430 ; Biota at-
tacked by insects, 56, 97 ; Birch,
burrs on, 396 ; Botrytis cinerea,
237 ; Brachystelma Barberae, 269 ;
Cherry sawfly, the, 269 ; Chrysan-
themum indicum awarded a
botanical certificate, 430 ; Cla-
varia fragilis attacking Cycas,
459 Cockscomb, a variegated,
332 ; Cucurbita ficifolia, fruits
of, 332, 362; Currant-bud
mite, 17, 459 ; Cyperus ro-
tundus, a tropical pest, 430 ;
Cyrtanthus and other bulbous
plants, 298 ; Dahlia, a green-
coloured, 298, 332; Daisy, a
variegated, 269 ; Dye-producing
plants, British, 57 ; Electricity,
experiments with, in horticulture,
430 ; Eriocampa limacina (Cherry-
sawfty), 269; Eucalypti, hardy,
396 ; Field chafers, injury by, 17 ;
Fungus on roots of Peach trees,
138 ; Furze, mites on, 138 ;
Gloeosporium sanguinolentum, a
disease of Gourds, 298 ; Gourd
diseased, 298 ; Grapes diseased,
430 ; Harvest bugs, 138 ; Hazel
leaves, variegated, 430; Hen»ileia
americana, a fungus disease of
Orchids, 332 ; Hymenocallis sene-
gambica, 269 ; Juncus bufonius, a
proliferous specimen of 138 ;
Larch cone with elongated axis,

460 ; Lenticels, remarkable, num-
ber of, 269 ; Lenticels, large, in
Potato Evergood, 362 ; Lilium
giganteum, rotting, 138; Mag-
nolia shoot with fungus, 460 ;
Macrosporium Solani, a di-
sease of Potatos, 97 ; Matri-
caria discoidea, 138 ; Mealy
bug in Bananas, 396 ; Megacli-
nium, two interesting species of,
138 ; Melons attacked by eel-
worms, 17 ; Merulius lacrymans
in floor-boards, 97 ; Moths, eggs of,
on flowers, 138 ; Mulberry leaves,
diseased, 97, 138 ; Oranges,
West Indian, 430, 459; Or-
chid disease, Hemileia americana,
332 ; Orchids from South Africa,
237 ; some interesting, 56 ; Orni-
thogalum Ecklonis with striped
leaves, 138 ; Pear midge, the, 56 ;
Pears attacked with Fusicladium
pirinum, 138 ; Pears, variation in,
396 ; Pelargoniums, diseased,
459 ; Phyllocactus, origin of gar-
den forms of, 17 ; Poplar, white,
with two forms of leaves, 97 ;
Peach, a double fruit of, 269 ;
Pelargonium with streaked petals,
332 ; Pellionia Daveauana, 269 ;
Phylloxera on vines, 362 ; Pinus
Coulteri, a splendid specimen of,
298 ; Poisoning by Bean roots,
396, 430; Polarity of growth in
Seakale, 363 ; Polyporus fomen-
tarius, large specimens of, 363 ;
Potato flowers, yellow, 138 ; leaf
attacked by Macrosporium Solani,
97 ; tubers covered with a fungus,
332, 362; diseased, 237, 298;
Primulas, crossing, 362 ; P.
pycnoloba, 17; Pteris aquilina,
sports of, 138; Pyrus Niedwetz-
kyana, 237, 269; Quince leaves,
diseased, 332 ; Rhododendron
leaves, diseased, 269 ; Rose mil-
dew, Sphaerotheca pannosa, 396 ;
Seakale, polarity of growth in,
363 ; Scarlet-Runner roots poison-
ous, 396 ; Scilla hasmorrhoidalis,
269 ; Seeds, colour in, 430 ;
longevity of, 138; Silver-leaf
disease affecting Apples, 332 ;
Solanum tuberosum and S. Com-
mersoni, 396 ; Teasels, fasciated
and contorted, 57, 97 ; Timber-
trees diseased, 269 ; Tomatos in
winter, 460; Tree trunks,
excrescences on, 57 ; Tritonia,
new species of, 269 ; Tro-
paeolum pentaphyllum, 138 ;
Stocks dying, 269 ; Strawberries
attacked by Millipedes, 57 ;
Streptocarpus lagoasnsis, 302 ;
Umbellaria californica causing
irritation, 430; Vine leaves, dis-
eased, 17, 332 ; Vine roots, fun-
gus on, 430 ; Violet, cluster cup
disease, 57 ; Violets, cleisto-
gamy in, 237 ; Weed, a trouble-
some tropical, 430 ; Willow
leaves, galls on, 269

Scone, the Douglas Fir at, 154, 225

Scutellaria hirta, 338

Seeds, buried, the vitality of, 329 ;
colour in, 331 ; harvest, the, 141 ;
trade, prospects of the, 22 ; the
germination of, 71, 174, 186, 213,
234 ; from shy-bearing plants,
how to increase the quantity of,
377

Senecio Veitchianus (S. I.igularia
speciosa), 455

Shot-hole fungus, the, 282

Shrubberies, 457

Shrubs and trees, rare, at Mount
Edgcumbe, 121 ; hplf-hardy, 187

Silver-leaf disease, experiments
with, 111

Simpson (The Estate Nursery), 151

Sobralia violacea alba, 123

Societies: — Aberdeen Chrys.,
413; Aberdeen Roy. Hort., 206,
447 ; Barnsley Chrys., 413 ; Bath-
Gardeners' Self-Help and Debat-
ing, 335, 415; Bath Gardeners',
19, 112, 239, 303, 448; Battersea

Amateur Chrys., 414; Beckenham
Hort., 335, 367, 448; Birkenhead
and Dist. Gardeners', 448; Bir-
mingham and Midland Coun-
ties' Chrys., 351, 365 ; Birmingham
Gardeners', 270 ; Bishops Stort-
ford Hort., 176; Bolton Hort. and
Chrys., 413; Bournemouth and
District Gardeners', 319 ; Brad-
ford Chrys., 382 ; Brighton Hort.,
191 ; Bristol and Dist. Gardeners',
415; Bristol Chrys., 399; British
Gardeners' Assoc, 98, 206, 269,
286, 329, 344, 363, 392, 414 ; Brix-
ton, Streatham, and Clapham
Hort., 59, 239, 319, 335; Bruges
Hort. Exhib., 117; Cambridge
Hort., 77 ; Cardiff and County
Hort., 116; Cardiff and District
Chrys., 366; Cardiff Gardeners',
111; p. iv. Supp., Aug. 26, 287;
Chelmsford and District Gar-
deners', 218, 319, 367, 448 ; Chel-
tenham Chrys., 349; Chesterfield
Chrys., 366; Chester Paxton,
413; Chudleigh Chrys., 365;
Coventry Chrys., 413 ; Crawley
and Dist. Gardeners', 239 ; Croy-
don and Dist. Hort., 19, 57; p.
iv. Supp., Aug. 26, 287, 319;
Crystal Palace Rose Show, 58 ;
Dartmouth Chrys., 364 ; Devizes
Chrys., 382; Devon and Exeter
Hort., 58, 78, 367; Dublin Seed
and Nursery Employees' Assoc,
447; Dumfriesshire and Gallo-
way Hort., 366; Durham, North-
umberland, and Newcastle Bot.
and Hort., 98; Edinburgh
Market Gardeners, 448 ; Edin-
burgh Seed Trades Assistants,
409 ; Egham and Dist. Gar-
deners', 158, 239, 448 ; Gardeners'
Debating, 19, 59, 78, 158 ; p. iv.
Supp., Aug. 26, 239, 287, 303, 319,
335, 367, 415, 448 ; German Den-
drological, 111 ; Glasgow Seed
and Nursery Assistants, 287 ;
Gloucestershire Chrys., 367;
Guildford and Dist. Chrys., 366;
Hanley Chrys., 363; Hanley
Floral Fete, 58 ; Headley Gar-
deners', 303; Hereford Fruit and
Chrys., 363; Horticultural Club,
11, 17, 91, 265, 303, 329, 431;
Horticultural Trades' Associa-
tion, 206 ; Ipswich Gardeners',
78; Leeds Paxton Chrys., 414;
Linnean, 17, 312, 345, 364,
393, 425, 447; Liverpool Hor-
ticultural, 413 ; London Dahlia
Union, 201, 239; Lough-
borough and Dist. Gardeners',
319 ; Manchester and North of
England Orchid, 36, 287, 319,
363, 383, 412, 447 ; Manchester
Bot. and Hort., 384; Midland
Carnation and Picotee, 118, 441 ;
National Chrysanthemum, 185,
332, 414, 430; [Conference], 270,
319; [annual dinner], 398; Nat.
Carnation and Picotee, 74, 425 ;
Nat. Dahlia, 184, 207, 219, 425,
460; Nat. Fruit Growers' Fed.,
3G4, 415; Nat. Potato, 91, 150,
296, 329 ; [annual exhibition], 397 ;
[annual meeting], 430 ; Nat. Rose,
11, 37, 77, 254, 329, 393 ; [annual
meeting], 424; Nat. Sweet, Pea,
34, 51 ; [annual meeting], 431 ;
Newbury Hort., 158; Newport
Chrys., 413; North Lonsdale
Rose, 97 ; Paris Chrys. Con-
gress, 350, 364; Putney and
Wandsworth Chrys., 415 ; Ramsey
Hort., 158; Reading and Diet.
Gardeners', 158, 206, 319; Red-
hill, Reigate and Dist. Hort., 77,
319, 448; Richmond Hort., 18;
Royal Agricultural, 18; Royal
Botanic, 112, 117, 131, 319,
361, 383, 384, 425 ; Royal
Caledonian Hort., 200, 209,
238; Royal Horticultural, 11,
15, 30, 34, 50, 73, 97. 113, 130,
156, 189, 201, 217, 232, 252, 269,
298, 315, 347, 361, 362, 381, 426,

430, 459 ; [Fruit show], Supp., Oct.
14; [Chelsea Show], 53; Fruit
Conference, 284 ; Vegetable
Show, 317; Royal Hort. of
Ireland, 158 ; Royal Meteorolo-
gical, 111 ; Ruthin Hort., 220 ;.
Scottish Hort., 110, 383, 400 ; Shef-
field Chrys., 367 ; Shropshire Hort.
(Shrewsbury Show), 191 ; Supp.
Aug. 26 ; Societe Royale Lin-
neenne de Bruxelles, 191, 269,
414; Southampton Royal Hort.,
36, 78, 349; Southend-on-Sea.
Chrys., 365; Surveyors' Institu-
tion, 441; Torquay Chrys., 350;
United Hort. Ben. and Prov.,
77, 158, 232, 265; Annual
dinner, 287, 367; West of Eng-
land Chrys., 365 ; Weybridge and
Dist. Hort., 350; Wimbledon and
Dist. Hort., 97; Winchester
Chrys., 383 ; Wolverhampton
Floral Fete, 76 ; York Chrys., 399 ;

Society, a Carnation, 457

Soil, effect of plant growth and
manures on the, 455

Soil, sterilising, 361

Soils, the formation of plant-food
in, 241, 321

Sorauer, Prof. Dr. Paul (Handbu, h
der Pfianzenkrankheitcn), 46

South Africa, the weather in, 345

South-west of England, summer
flowers in the, 369, 429

Sparaxis in the open, 203

Spartina cynosuroides var. aureo-
marginata, 372

Sphaerotheca mors-uvae (fungus di-
sease of Gooseberries), 305, 320

Spiraea digitata var. nana, 325 ; S.
Thunbergii, 2 ; some herbaceous
species of, 325

Spraying of crops, 13, 33

Spray of flowers, what is a? 394,
410, 428, 444

Staffordshire, technical horticulture
in, 265

Stangeria paradoxa, 346

Sterbeck, Francois van, 237

Sterilising soil, 361

Stock, Beauty of Nice, 134

Stock for Plums, the Peach as a,.
112, 134, 236

Strawberries, autumn fruiting varie-
ties of, 232 ; Gloire du Marie and
Avant-Garde, 52 ; two new, 67

Strawberry Bedford Champion, 11,
67 ; Laxton's Latest, 1904, 67

Strawson, G. F. (Insects and Fungi-
injurious to Plants), 226

Stuttgart, Oak-trees at, 154

Sunburn affecting hardy trees and
shrubs, 2

Swanley Horticultural College, 201

Swanmore, a pergola at, 27

Sweet Pea, Henry Eckford, 444

Sweet Peas, a note on, 32 ; exhibit-
ing, 72, 112, 135, 154

Synandrospadix x vermitoxicus-
flowering at Kew, 95

Syringa villosa var. pubescens, 123

Tagetes patula and T. erecta, 204
Tamarix Pallasii var. rosea, 229
Tents, flower-show, need for venti-
lating, 13
Thalictrum Delavayi, 450
The Ballards, Shirley, 96 •
Theobald, F. V. (Insect Life), 26
Thomas, Rose Haig (Stone Gardens),

310

Thonger. Charles (The Book of Gar-
den Design), 275
Thunderstorm, damage by, 51
Timber trees, neglected, 45
Tobacco, Turkish, 330
Tobago, horticulture in, 23
Tomatos, bacterial disease of, 423 ;

the culture of field, 171
Townsend, Mr. A., elected as-

mayor, 361
Tracy's, Mr. H. A., Orchids, 2
Transplanting fruit-trees, 386, 4.3
Transplanting trees, 353, 373, 396,
428

The Gardeners' Chronicle,]

INDEX.

[December 30, 1905. VII.

Trees and shrubs, 2, 28, 118, 179,
229, 276, 325, 437, 458

Trees for towns, 190 ; in Kingsway,
London, 313 ; neglected timber,
45 ; the timber value of exotic, 64,
134

Trees, transplanting, 353, 373, 396,
428

Trentliam Hall a gift to Stafford-
shire, 425

Trent Park, New Barnet, 132

Trevince, a large specimen of Pinus
radiata at, 435

Trillium seeds, the germination of,
86, 112, 242

Trivandrum Museum, 182

Tubs and vases in gardens, 225, 252,
380

Tulips, florists', classification of,
304

Turkish tobacco, 330

Turnip seed sporting, law note con-
cerning, 92

Tyninghame, East Lothian, 211

U

Underley Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale,

203
Unemployed, Lord Carrington's

scheme for the relief of the, 425,
443
Unwin, A. H. {Future Forest Trees),
403

Vanda ccerulea, 388 ; V. Sander-

iana, 438 ; V. Sanderiana " Chil-

lingham variety," 455
Varieties of plants, multiplication

of, 361
Vegetable Show at Westminster, a,

317, 344
Vegetables, 268

\ egetation of pasture land, the, 180
Veitch, James H. (Far Eastti «

M,i/>les), 161
Veronica Hulkeana, 242
Vienna Botanical Congress, 10
Victoria Park, Stafford, 409
Vines, renovating, 292 ; the cleaning

of, 282
Violets in America, 377 ; the culture

of, 236
Vine moth, the, 40
Vitis (Ampelopsis) Henryana, 309;

V. Henryana, 265

W

Walls, flued, for fruit trees, 3
Warty disease of potatos, 308
Wasps attacking fruits, 175, 204,

214, 281
Water-Hvacinth in Queensland,

the, 127
Water-lilies, a monograph of, 345
Water, waste of, 33
Water-yielding plant, a, 170
Weather, severe, in October, 314
Weather, the, in Cornwall, 204
Weathers, John (Beautiful Bulbous

Plants), 294
Webb, P. B., memorial to the late,

13
Weed-killer administered as a poi-
son, 170
Weeds, spraying, 13
Weguelin, Mr. H. W. (Carnations,

Picotees, and Pinks), 70
West Dean Park, 273
Wilke, Mr. J. F., 71
Williamson, Rev. David R., 361
Winchfield Lodge, Winchfield, 25
Window, memorial, to the late

John Downie, 356
Wisley Gardens, 74, 248

Woburn experimental fruit farm,

91
Worm, a new garden, 434
Wrotham Park, fruit at, 268
Wye Agricultural College, 70, 217,

313

Xanthorrhcea quadrangulata
flowering, 308

Year, events of the, 454

Yew and Oak forming one trunk,

179
Yokohama, a note from, 128
Yorkshire, rain-water in, 396, 409,

457
Yucca filamentosa, 325

Zephyranthes, on certain form*
of, 235

SUPPLEMENTARY ILLUSTRATIONS.

Astilbe grandis (December 16)

Bulbophyllum Lobbii colosseum (September 2)

Campanula michauxioides (August 12)

Campanula punctata (August 26)

Clematis Armandi (July 8)

Chrysanthemum Mrs. R. Hooper Pearson (December 2)

Crinum Rattrayi (July 1)

Edinburgh Town Gardens, a view in (September 16)

Edinburgh Royal Botanic Gardens, views in the (September 9)

Inula Royleana (October 7)

Lilium giganteum growing in the open at the Clarkson Nurseries,

Wisbech (October 21)
Lilium myriophyllum (November 4)
Lilium Sutchuenense (July 29)
Lockinge Park, Berks, view in (October 29)
Map Showing the Route followed by Mr. E. H. Wilson in China

(August 26)
Nymph.*ea zanzibarensis var. rosea (November 25)
Ote Hall, Sussex, Views in the Gardens at (September 30)

Pond in the Gardi -. at Southvvood, Bicklby (August 5)

Portraits of Members of the Council of the Royal Caledonian

Horticultural Society (September 16)
Primula ovalifolia (July 22)

Senecio Veitchianus (Ligularia speciosa) (December 30)
Vase, containing Autumn Berries, Dried Foliage and Grasses

(November 18)
Victoria regia, growing in the State Botanic Gardens, Brussels

(July 15)
View of Irises growing by a River's Bank near Guildford (Decem-
ber 9)
View in the State Nursery at Cairns, Queensland (August 19)
Views in the Palm-house at Dover House, Roehampton (Novem-
ber 11)
View of the Front Flower Garden at Sandringham (December 23)
Vinery in the Gardens at Hartwell Park, Bucks (September 23)
'-Vest Dean, Sussek, View at (October 14)

(For List of General Illustrations set ntxt pags.)

Viil. The Gardeners' Chronicle,]

INDEX.

[December 30, 190;.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Agapanthus umbellatus globosus,

237
Aloe Chabaudii, 101 ; A. decora,

386 ; A. Orpense, 386
American blight or Woolly aphis,

299
Apple-blossom weevil, the, 298
Apple Coronation, 281; A. King's

Acre Bountiful, 341
Aster sub-cceruleus, 23

B

Balfour of Burleigh, Lord, por-
trait of, 'p. i., Supp., Sep. 16.

Bees, a simple method of transfer-
ring, 183

Betteshanger House, Kent, 172, 173

Black-currant buds affected with
the mite, 298

Buddleia nivea, 275

Bulbophyllum Lobbii colosseum, a
flower of, 184

Bullock, Mr. A., portrait of, 453

Burbidge, Mr. F. W., portrait of
the late, 460

Cactus scab, the, 125

Campanula carpatica " White

Star," 145 ; C. Zoysii, 288
Carberry Tower, views in the gar-
dens at, 1S4
Carnation Bob Acres, 65 ; C. Helen
Countess of Radnor, 113 ; C.
Pride of Westbury, 88; C. Miss
Willmott, 73
Carpocapsa pomonella (Codlin-

moth), 279
Castanospermum australe, 315
Cattleya amethystoglossa, 105 ; C.
Harrisoniae, 267; C. Mossiae
"White Lady," 7
Cells, diseased, from a Potato af-
fected with the warty disease, 308
Cheimatobia brumata (Winter-
moth), 279
Chrysanthemum Miss Irene Cragg,
363 ; C. Souvenir de petite airie,
419
Chrysanthemums, a house of,
grown for market, 418 ; a prize
collection of, 349
Chrysophlyctis endobiotica (fungus

disease of Potatos), 308
Citrus japonica, 445
Clarke, Mr. W. H., portrait of, 453
Clematis indivisa in the Temper-
ate-house, Kew, 135
Clock, a floral, 213
Clusia grandiflora, 389
Codlin-moth, the, 279
Cowan, C. W., portrait of, p. 11,

Supp., Sep. 16
Crassula columnaris, 162
Crate for the transit of honey, a,

149
Crinum Rattravi, showing habit of

plant, 11
Cycas Micholitzii, 142, 143
Cymbidium Gammieanum, 427 ; C.

Huttoni, 63
Cypripedium, an abnormal, 451
Cvpripedium debile, 442 ; C. Fair-
'rieanum, 168 ; C. The Baron, 405

Daphne Blagayana, 171 ; D. Mere-

reum album, 153
Dean, Richard, portrait of the late,

169
Diagrams illustrating experiments

with pasture land, 180, 181
Diervilla rivularis, 339
Dimorphotheca aurantiaca, 127
Diplodia opuntiae, the Cactus-scab,

125

D'Ombrain, Rev. H. H.

the late, 319
Dyer, Sir William T.

portrait of, 401

1 portrait of
Thiselton,

Echium Wildpretii, 5

Eckford, Henry, portrait of the

late, 432
Edinburgh Botanic Gardens, the

rockery, 202 ; view in the grounds

at, 210
Eleutherococcus Henryi, 403; E.

leucorhizus, 404
Eucalyptus, the Beauchamp, 3
Eupatorium micranthum, 229

Fig Bourjassotte Grise, 258

Flower beds in Darlington Public
Park, 292

Flower-sprays, forms of, 428

Flowers, cut, a pleasing arrange-
ment of, 442

Fraser, J. C, portrait of, p. ii.,
Supp., Sep. 16

Fruit, an exhibit of, at Shrewsbury
Show, 178 ; an exhibit of, at
Hereford Show, 364

Funkia Sieboldi in a Donegal gar-
den 94

Fyfe, Mr. W., portrait of, 453

Gardening in spring in the

17th century, 436
Geaster fornicatus with confluent

growth, 326
Gentiana Lawrencei, 307
Gladiolus tristis var. concolor, 187
Gloriosa Rothschildiana citrina,

211
Gooseberries, cordon-trained, 116
Grape Prince of Wales, 277
Grieve, James, portrait of, p. iii.,

Supp., Sep. 16

H

Harvey, Jas., portrait of, p. iii.,

Supp., Sep. 16
Hemileia americana, a fungus

disease of Orchids, 153
Honey, crate for the transit of, 149
Honey, uncapping a comb of

sealed, 69
Hopetoun House, 196, 197

Ilchester, Lord, portrait of the
late, 408

Impatiens Holstii, 14

Isosoma orchidearum, the Orchid-
grub, 176

Japanese Orange, the, 445
Jordan, Mr. F., portrait of, 451

Kidd, Daniel, portrait of, p. iii.
Supp., Sep. 16

Lachenalia liliiflora, 259

Laird, D. P., the late, portrait of,

p. iv., Supp., Sep. 16
Leek, with bulbs developed at the

base of the -tern, 394

Lemon, the Metford, in the tem-
perate-house, Kew, 95
Lilium Bakerianum (Lowii), 75
Luscombe, Devonshire, a Rose-gar-
den at, 107

M

Machine, transplanting, 373 ; home-
made, 428

Mackenzie, A. D., portrait of, p.
iii., Supp., Sep. 16

Massee, W. H., portrait of, p. i.,
Supp., Sep. 16

Methven, John, portrait of, p. ii.,
Supp., Sep. 16

McHattie, John W., portrait of, p.
ii., Supp., Sep. 16

Miller, Mr. W. A., portrait of, 453

Moon, H. G., portrait of the late,
287

Murray, R. W. E., portrait of, p.
ii., Supp., Sep. 16

Mussel-scale, the, 400

Mytilaspis pomorum, the mussel-
scale, 400

N

Nelson Centenary flower beds in
Darlington Public Park, 292

Nerines, a group of, in Blenheim
Palace, 357

Norwich Public Gardens, view in,
93

Odontoglossum, a floriferous
flower of, 67 ; O. x Lambeau-
ianum, 324; O. x Lambeau-
ianum exquisitum, 434; O.
Smithii, 427 ; O. venustulum, 2 ;
O. x Vuylstekeae, 379

Odontoma x Lairesseae

Oncidium corynephorum, 340; O.
robustissimum, 45

Orange, the Japanese, 445

Orchid disease (Hemileia ameri-
cana), 153 ; grub, the, 176 ; seed-
lings, 22

Ote Hall, 249

Oxenfoord Castle, 195

Pear attacked with Fusicladium
dendriticum, 240

Pear Louise Bonne of Jersey, 283

Pears Madame Treyve, p. ii.,
Supp., Oct. 14; Marie Louise,
285; Marie Louise d'Uccle, p.
iii., Supp., Oct. 14 ;• Roosevelt,
243

Pear-Midge, the, 299

Pear slug-worm, the, 208

Pear tree with three hundred and
twenty-seven fruits, 372

Pergola of Ivy, a, 27

Perkins, Arthur, portrait of the
late, 15

Phillips, William, portrait of the
late, 331

Physalis, a hybrid, 315

Picea morinda with bush-like habit
at Pencarrow, 395

Picture, an old Dutch, showing
spring gardening in the 17th cen-
tury, 436

Pine Sawfly, the, 71

Pinus Pinceana, foliage, cones,
leaf-section and seed of, 122 ; P.
yunnanensis, cones, leaves, and
cone-scales, 227 ; leaf sections of,
226 ; P. radiata, a large specimen
of, at Trevince Gardens, 435
Potato, a bi-coloured, 376
Potato tubers affected with the
warty disease, 308

Primula tangntica, 42

Pteris aquilina, a crested form of,

189
Puff-ball, an abnormal, 326

Richardson, A. D., portrait of, p.

in., Supp., Sep. 16
Rosa sericea var. pteracantha, 260,

281
Rose, a polyantha, in the gardens

at Trelissick, Truro, 33; Waltham

Bride, 32
Rose-garden at Luscombe, Devon,

107
Rosehill, Falmouth, view in the

gardens at, 103
Rubus innominatus, 291

Sawfly, the Pine, 71
Schizandra Henryi, 1('2
Schizanthus in Endcliffe Grange

Gardens, Sheffield, 155
Selandria atra, the Pear slug worm,

208
Sirex gigas, the wood wasp, 208
Smith, William, portrait of, p. iv.,

Supp., Sep. 16
Sophro-Cattleya Doris, 412
Southampton Chrysanthemum Ex-
hibition, views in the, 349
Sparaxis, a bed of, 203
Spiraea Aitchisoni, 114
Spiraea pachystachys, 322
Sprays of flowers, forms of, 42S
Stanhopea Wolteriana x , 102
Strawberry "Bedford Champion,"

43
Suburban garden at Edgbaston,

view in a, 293
Summer house exhibited at Chelsea

Flower Show, 72
Swanmore Park, a pergola at, 27
Sweet Peas Helen Lewis, 35 ; and

Henry Eckford, 47
Syringa villosa var. pubescens, 123

Thalictrum Delavayi, 450

Thistle, the Cotton, 219

Thomson, P. Murray, portrait of,
p. iv., Supp., Sep. 16

Tortrix angustiorana, the Vine
moth, 40

Transplanting machine, a home-
made, 428

Transplanting of trees, diagrams
illustrating, 354

Tree, transplanting a large, in Kew
Gardens, 373

Trentham Hall, the front flower
garden at, 421

Trent Park, Barnet, 133

Vanda Sanderiana, " Chillingham

variety," 438
Veronica Hulkeana, 242
Vine-moth, the, 40
Vitis Henryana, leaves of, 309

W

West Dean, view of flower borders
at, 273

White, J. Martin, portrait of, p. i.,
Supp., Sep. 16

Winchfield Lodge, view on the ter-
race at, 25

Window erected to the memory of
Dean Hole, 251 ; to the late John
Downie, 356

Winter-moth, the, 279

Young, Mr. W. II., portrait of, 452

July 1, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

THE

2Vo.9<i6.— SATURDAY, July 1, 1905.

CONTENTS.

Asters, some neglected
JHooks, notices of—

Choice Ferns for
Amateurs

Fruit Preserving

Guide books received

Journal of Economic
Biology

Publications received

Summer Holidays ...
Siotany, old-tune
China, plant-collecting

in

Colonial notes

Conifer disease, a
Conifers of Formosa,

the

Crinum Ruttrayii
Echium Wildprctii
Eucalyptus, a hardy ...
Exacum macrauthum .
Examinations in horti-
culture

Ferns, varietal names

of

Flower show tents
Flower showssixty years

ago

Foreign correspond-
ence—

M. Trutl'aut's nursery
at Versailles

ViUnorin, Aadrieux

et Cie, Yerricres ...

French gardeoer's, a.

impression of London
Fruit commitee, the

departmental

Fruit Crops in Kent ...
Fruit-tree walls, with

flues

•Garden ornaments, a

sale of old

Gardeners at cricket ...
ilmpatieus Holstii

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Cattleya Mossiic " White Lady "

Crinum Rattrayii. a new species irom I c;inda (Sup-
plementary Illustration).
Crinum Rattrayii, showing habit of plant

Echium Wildpretii

Eucalyptus, a hardy

Impatieus Holstii

odontoglossum vcnustulum

Odontouia x Lairesseie

Portrait of the late Arthur Perkins

6

Kew notes

5

Narcissus, a proliferous

12

Nursery notes-

7

Amos Perry, Winch-

1L<

more Hill

H

13

Obituary—

Burbidge, Mrs.

15

11'

Milne, W. Lindsay ...

IS

13

Perkins. Arthur

15

12

Orch id notesand glean-

12

ings

Plants, new or note-

2

4

worthy—

-i

Iris Junoni.'i

3

11

Derris involuta

3

Polyanthus, gold-laced

ts

1.3

Polygonum Baldschu-

11

auicura

Presentation to a gar-

13

3

dener

12

5

Kichardia Elliotiana ...
Kinging plants, effects

13

11

of

Societies —

12

1

Gardeners' Debating

19

13

H"i 't.u'uUural Club 11

17

l.iiineiiu

17

I.'!

Richmond Horticul-

tural

18

Ki'vul Agricultural ...

18

Royal Horticultural

15

7

Spraying to eradicate

needs

13

7

Strawberries, brge ...

11

Trees ainl e hrubs

2

\<

\"ieuna Botanical Con-

gress

10

1'.'

Week's work, the —

11

Apiary, the

9

Flower gardeD, the...

SI

3

Fruits under glass ...

8

Hardy fruit garden...

9

12

Kitchen garden, the

Si

13

Orchid houses, the...

8

11

Plants under glass ...

S

FERN - NAMES.

HH1IE question of the proper naming of new
-*- varieties of Ferns is one of such importance
that some consideration should be given to the
principles which should underlie it. Unfortu-
nately, in this particular direction, as with the
naming of plants generally, we are handicapped in
our endeavour to secure a consistent and correct
system of naming by the fact that we have in-
herited an immense number of names which, to
say the least of it, were never given on enlight-
ened lines. A large number of godfathers were
•engaged in the innumerable christenings, and
named the plants on independent lines. As
knowledge grew and the discoveries of genera,
species, and varieties became more numerous,
these names were found to be very confusing
whenever that linking up occurred, which is
bound sooner or later to come about owing to
the common origin of all plant life.

A large number of botanists have devoted
themselves to remedy this evil, but since they
usually try to do so on systems of their own, the
■result has been in too many cases confusion
worse confounded. In practice, therefore, we

accept many names simply because the plants
have become so thoroughly well known by them
that a correction, i.e. any alteration, would con-
stitute a worse evil than the error involved. In
British Ferns we have many instances of this
kind due to similar reasons. When the varieties
first began to attract notice, the finders some-
times named them themselves, and sometimes
referred them for that purpose to one of the
Fern authorities then existing. Those authorities
at first were mostly general botanists, and only
later did the experienced Fern specialist step in
as godfather, on the strength of his particular
acquaintance with the extant varieties. Hence,
no recognised system existed, and it was not
until a very large number of names had been
given on varied lines that it was recognised how
many of the plants concerned fell into distinct
classes, and how many of one and the same class
were named differently, whilst many distinct
classes were named similarly. Thus in the now
recognised plumose section we have Polypodium
cambricum, Scolopendrium vulgare cris2)uui and
Asplenium Trichomanes incisum, as examples el
varied names for one and the same condition,
while we have on the other hand the one term
" pulchcrrimum" (itself a defective name, since it
does not definitely describe at all), applied to
distinct forms of Polypodium vulgare, Athy-
rium f. foemina, Polystiehum aculeatum, and
P. angulare. In Mr. E. J. Lowe's book, British
/•'.whs, we have the most comprehensive attempt
to classify the varieties throughout. 1. ut it maybe
seen by a glance at the names under the several
heads that a very large number might have been
named far more appropriately iu the light of the
greater knowlodge subsequently acquired of the
general characters of variation.

Every Fern lover who studies the cult care-
fully knows the best forms by their baptismal
names, and would be simply puzzled by a re-
christening on up-to-date lines, which we there-
fore do not advocate. What, however, we do
suggest is that all new finds should be submitted
to a competent naming centre, especially as such
a one now exists in the British Pteridological
Society. In this way, at any rate, the evil of
hiu^ledy-piggledy namine- would be reduced to
a minimum, and appropriate names would be
given. In my own opinion little good is done
by giving an outlandish name to a variety for
the sake of distinguishing it from others which
it probably so closely resembles as to be only
distinguishable by side-by- side comparison.

Thus, to take the cristate forms of the Hart's-
tongue as an example. I should classify the
bulk of them under the heads of furcans (loba-
tum), when there are three or four terminal
divisions ; digitatuni, with five to ten pointed
divisions ; midtifurcatum, with a larger number ;
cristatum, with terminal divisions divided twice
or more on flat lines [planes] : corymbifenim,
ditto, on bunch lines ; and grandiceps, when
very heavy tassels are formed.

If branching of the rachis below such terminal
division takes place, let the prefix "ramo" be given,
and if the whole frond be divided and redivided so
that the frond proper disappears, let it be called
ramosum, ramulosum, or ramossissimum, according
to the extent and character of the branching.
These terms as applied to the character of the

tasselling or branching apply to other species as
well, and could be preceded by whatever other
dominant character the frond presented. They
would thus constitute a descriptive name, to
which we could attach the finder's or raiser's
name if accentuated by some other peculiarity
rendering it distinct.

One of the old rules prohibited the re-use of any
name previously given, and the consequence was
that very often an absolutely fitting name was re-
jected, and a far less suitable one adopted. In our
opinion itwould have been far better to use the best
name, despite its previous attachment to another
plant, and to distinguish by adding the finder's or
raiser's name thereto. Opinions differ as to the
propriety of attaching Latin or Greek descriptive
names to Fern varieties ; but we should be very
sorry to see this system abandoned in favour of
nondescriptive and nondescript names of popular
personages, &C, such as prevails with floral forms.
There is a distinct difference between the two
classes of plants. With flowers such as Chrys-
anthemums, Begonias, and the like, such naming
is practically unavoidable, owing to the multi-
plicity of differences in form and tints which
often defy clear description. With Ferns, on the
other hand, we have only to deal with difference
of frond form [and degree of branching], and
these lend themselves in the vast majority of
cases to a fairly descriptive naming, which is a
great assistance to the cultivator. A. f.-f. " Lady
Waggles " would convey nothing to the mind at
all ; but A. f.-f. curtum cristatum, or congestum
minus, instantly calls up an approximate picture
in the fernist's mental eye which it would be
folly to sacrifice. In the nomenclature of exotic
Ferns there has arisen a sort of compromise in
this direction, which, however, is very confusing,
and promises to become more so, since a number
of new varieties are being named as if they were
species, e.g., Polypodium Knightii and Phlebo-
dium May ii, which are simply plumose varieties of
known species. Polypodium Schneideri x , that
wonderful hybrid between P. glaucum and P.
vulgare elegantissimum, is another misnomer, and
should, to be consistent, have been called P. glaucum
elegantissimum Schneider. Polypodium v. ele-
gantissimum, by the way, affords an example of
old - fashioned naming, since it originally bore
(and still occasionally bears) three distinct names
— viz., P. v. elegantissimum, P. v. cornubiense,
and P. v. Whytei (the last, however, but rarely) ;
while we should certainly christen it to-
day " decompositum," which is a description
proper. Of the other three names, on the other
hand, one is merely laudatory, one indicated
locality only, and the third merely one of the
finders' names, the main points being thus
missed.

My contention is, therefore — 1, that the name
given should be as closely descriptive as possible ;
2, that it should be given without reference to
priority as implying monopoly of a good name,
adding the finder or raiser's name if distinction
justifies it ; and, 3, that the name should be sub-
mitted to the recognised expert opinion repre-
sented by the Committee of the British Pterido-
logical Society, either through the writer or the
Secretary, Mr. O. Whitwell, Serpentine Cottage,
Kendal ; and 4, and finally, that no name should
be given except to distinct and good varieties.
In this way, at any rate, we may prevent con-
fusion increasing, and confine it as far as possible
to the inherited mistakes of the past. Chas. T.
Druery, V.M.H., F.L.S., 11, Shaa Road, Acton, TT.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 1, 1905;

TREES AND SHRUBS.

SUNBURX.
The following notes are confined to sunburn as
it affects hardy deciduous trees and shrubs. There
are many highly ornamental subjects, more par-
ticularly those possessing golden and variegated
foliage, that lose much of their beauty and effect
owing to their leaves being scorched by the sun's
rays. The result is an ugly browning of the
affected foliage, and in the most serious cases
this is followed by premature fall of the leaf, as
in the Golden Sycamore (Acer pseudo-platanus
Worlei) and in one of the golden-leaved Elms
(Ulmus campestris variety Louis Van Houtte).

Planters are sometimes at a loss to know where
to place a subject so as to obtain for it a position
in which the plant will show to its greatest
advantage, and there are amongst those affected
by light of too great intensity many that we can
ill afford to do without in the garden, either for
massing or as specimen plants. Positions should
therefore be selected for them where they will be
shielded from the midday sun. Hence the
enumeration of those trees and shrubs that most
commonly suffer from sunburn may serve as a
guide to intending planters. In some few in-
stances— i.e., in the golden and variegated Oaks
— the second growth in July and early August
obliterates to a large extent the burnt and un-
sightly foliage on their first or spring growth.

Varieties of the same species exhibit widely
different degrees of resistance to the sun's rays,
and this is well illustrated in varieties of the
common Sycamore. The old variegated form
does not burn, or but slightly, whereas the
varieties A. pseudo-platanum Leopoldi and A.
p.-p. Worlei are often disfigured, especially is
this the case with the last-named variety.

The following is a list of deciduous trees and
shrubs most subject to sunburn, those previously
mentioned being omitted :— Platanus acerifolia
Siittneri, Sambucus canadensis aurea, S. race-
rnosa plumosa aurea, Corylu3 avellana aurea, C.
maxima atropurpurea, F^igus sylvatica albo-mar-
ginata, Fraxinus americana foliis variegatis,
Castanea sativa aureo-marginata, Acer pseudo-
platanus Nizati, Diervilla japonica Looymansi
aurea, Spiraea opulifolia aurea, Ulmus Dampieri
aurea, iEscutus hippocastanum foliis variegatis.
The above list is not intended as a complete one,
as many plants are purposely omitted beciuse
their liability to sunburn is but slight. F. H.
Matthews, Knap Hill, Woking. I

Spir^a Thunbergii. ,

Though Spiroei arguta is perhaps the more
showy plant of the two, S. Thunbergii is earlier in
flowering and also much hardier, the former being
liable to be cut by frost in the bud state, while the
latter is generally uninjured, except in the fully
open flowers. When fully grown this plant makes
a shrub about 3 ft. or so in height and about the
same in diameter, with thin, gracefully-arching
shoots clothed from end to end with the tiny,
star-like, pure white flowers in spring. The
leaves are narrow, linear in shape, of a light green
hue, and glabrous on both surfaces.

The plant will grow almost anywhere, and
provided it has an open, sunny situation, it is
practically indifferent as to soil. Young plants
of this potted- up in autumn and plunged out-
doors until they begin to move in spring, make
excellent subjects for indoor decoration if brought
on in gentle heat, but they will not stand hard
forcing. Cuttings of this variety root readily at
almost any time of the year, or old plants can be
pulled to pieces, each with a portion of root
attached, which soon form good plants. Shoots
cut and placed in water in gentle heat just as they
show bud will open their flowers and last good
for a fortnight or so. J. C, Bigshit.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

ODONTONIA x LAIRESSE^.

This plant (fig. 1) is, as indicated by its name,

a'lbigenerie hybrid, the resultant of crossing

Miltonia Warscewiczii with Odontoglossum cris-

pum. Of the two parents the hybrid more nearly

FlG. 1.— ODONTONIA X I.AIRESSE.li : FLOWERS WHITE,
TINTED AND BI.OTl 1IED WITH ROSE COLOUR.

approaches Miltonia Warscewiczii, but is larger
in all its parts. The flowers are white, with the
lower portions of the segments tinted and blotched
with rose colour, the same colour being also
present in the labellum ; the crest is yellow. The
hybrid was raised by M. A. de Lairesse, Liege,
Belgium, who showed the plant at a meeting of
the Royal Horticultural Society on June 20, when
it was given an Award of Merit.

Odontoglossum X ventjstultjm.

The original hybrids of Odontoglossum Harry-
anum, 0. X crispo-Harryanum, and 0. x

FlG.2.— ODONTOGLOSSI'M VENUSTULUM : FLOWERS LII.AC-
COLOURED BLOTCHED WITH DARK PURPLE.

Rolfeae, are themselves now being used as
parents, and some of the offspring have been
exhibited at the two last Temple shows by M. Ch.
Vuylsteke, of Loochristi, Ghent. One of these
was called O. x venustulum, and received an
Award of Merit in 1904. Its parents were

recorded as 0. x crispo-Harryanum x ardent-
issimum, and it was a very handsome flower,
heavily blotched with clear purple on a white
ground somewhat tinged with lilac (see 0rc7i.
Rev., 1904, pp. 201, 202, fig. 31). This year
another form of it has appeared, which is repre-
sented in the annexed illustration (fig. 2), re-
produced from a photograph taken by Mr. E. C.
Hart. It is an exceedingly handsome flower, of
very graceful shape, and the copious blotches are
of very dark purple on a lilac ground. The
flower has retained a large amount of the original
O. Harryanum influence, and the use of this
species by the hybridist is introducing quite a
new type of Odontoglossum, which promises to
play a very important part in Orchid collections
in the near future. E. A. R.

Lissochilxts Krebsii.

This pretty and free-growing South African
Orchid has flowered in several collections this
season. At the meeting of the Royal Horticul-
tural Society on May 23, the Rt. Hon. Lord
Auckland showed a fine inflorescence of the
typical species. The flowers, which were 2 inches
across, had greenish sepals freckled with purple.
The petals, nearly an inch across, form the showy
part of the flower, the lower side or face being
cream-white and the upper surface buttercup-
yellow; lip orange with greenish side lobes.

Sir Chas. W. Strickland, Bt., Hildenley, Malton,
Yorks, also sends flowers of the variety purpura-
tus, collected near Buluwayo. In this variety
the side lobes of the lips are purple. Now that
these handsome South African Lissochili are
grown as greenhouse plants they are giving good
results.

Lissochilus Graefei of Kranzlin, in Reichcnbach
Xenia Orchidacece, iii., t. 272, and in Gardeners''
Chronicle, June 11, 1892, p. 719, and June 10.,
1893, p. 084, is a very close ally of L. Kreb3ii.

Orchids at Mr. H. A. Tract's.

Odontoglossums, Cypripediums, Cattleyas and
Laelias, and other showy Orchids are always well
represented in Mr. Tracy's Orchid and Bulb
Nurseries in the Amyand Park Road, Twickenham.
This year the show of varieties of Odontoglossum
crispum has been unusually good and prolonged,
and even on June 20 there was a nice display of
them, together with forms of O. X Andersoni-
anum, O. luteo-purpureum, and other species.
Cattleya Mendeli and C. Mossiie are specially
good, among the former being the true C.
Mendeli formosa with white sepals and petals,
and fine labellum richly marked with orange-
colour in the throat, and a light marking of rose-
colour in front. The blush-white forms of C.
Mossise also are fine in shape and delicate in tint,
and C. Aclandiai, C. luteola, and others are in
bloom. Also good Ladia purpurata and L.
tenebrosa.

The collection now includes a fine set of hybrid
Cattleyas and Lrelio-Cattleyas. The showiest at
present are L.-C. Canhamiana and L.-C. X
Aphrodite, one plant of the latter flowering for-
the first time being very fine, the rich violet-
purple-coloured lip contrasting well with the-
clear white sepals and petals.

The newly- arranged front house has a good
show of Cypripediums, among which the great-
variation in the forms of C. Curtisii is noticeable.
Among the C. callosum also is a very distinct and
peculiar form, with flowers of a thicker texture
than usual, and with a yellowish ground colour,
the markings being much darker than in ordinary
varitties.

Also in flower were Renanthera Imschootiana,
Dendrobium MacCirthhu, Cochlioda Noezliana,
and a bright lot of Brazilian Oncidiums and
Colombian Masdevallias. A basket of TJtricularia
montana, which seems to thrive best in the
Orchid-house, has a profusion of large white,
flowers with yel o - cjntrss.

JOLY 1, 100."..

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

THE BEAUCHAMP EUCALYPTUS
(?=E. CINEREA, F. v. M.)
Some time since, Messrs. Treseder & Co., of
Truro, obligingly sent us specimens of a Euca-
lyptus called by them E. Beaucliampiana. Being
unable to verify this name after prolonged
search, we applied to Messrs. Treseder, who told
us that the name was of their own coinage. We
then set to work to try to ascertain what the
species really was ; but as we had only foliage,
and that of one kind, before us, it will
be easily guessed by those who have to deal
with the identification of the species of
this genus that the task was not an easy one, and
it is with some hesitation that we refer it to
E. cinerea. This species is not included in
Mailer's Eucali/ptographia, but finds a place in

the species is included in the rich collection of
the late Mr. Rashleigh at Menabilly, but as he
was in frequent correspondence with us on the
various species of this genus that he had in cul-
tivation, and did not mention it to us, we are
inclined to think that he did not possess this
particular variety, or that he had it under some
other name.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

IRIS JUNONIA, Schott and Kotschy.
I am indebted to Mr. Siehe, of Mersina, for
the large, handsome bearded Iris which he has
introduced into cultivation as I. Junonia ( Sehott
and Kotschy), Mr. Siehe having found it, if I
remember rightly, in the original habitat.

Fig. 3.— the beacchamp eucalyptus (e. cixerea ?}.

Bentham's Flora Australiensis, iii., 239. Mr.
Worthington Smith's drawing sufficiently indi-
cates the appearance of the specimen, so that we
need only add that the wiry branchlets are
purplish in colour ; the leaves, some alternate,
others opposite, are glaucous and studded with
glandslon both surfaces, and that the veins are
purplish in colour. E. cinerea is a native of
New^South Wales.

The^tree may be called in gardens the Beau-
champ Eucalyptus, but care should be taken not to
create confusion by using a Latin name until the
identity of the species is rendered certain. Messrs.
Treseder tell us that it is one out of many raised by
them. It is a stately tive with red bark. It alone
has proved itself hardy, " having withstood 20'
of frost. Even the young growths do not get
touched in the severest weather." We need
hardly say that this is an excellent character to
give to an Eucalyptus. We do not know whether

I have not had an opportunity of seeing the
plant in flower until this year ; but having now
done so I can say that while it answers so com-
pletely to the original description that there can,
I think, be no doubt as to its being I. Junonia, it
is at the same time identical in every way, except in
colour, with an Iris which I obtained from Cyprus
some years ago, and which I described ( Gardeners'
Chronicle, August IS, ISSN, p. 182) as I. cypriana.
In I. Junonia the blade of the fall is of a rich
red-purple, in I. cypriana of a blue-purple colour.
In I. Junonia the standard is of a light red-
purple, in I. cypriana of a light blue purple. In
I. Junonia the beard is orange, in I. cypriana
yellow. And the brownish veins on the creamy-
white ground of the claw of the fall are bolder
and coarser in I. Junonia than in I. cypriana.
Otherwise in every respect (though I have not
yet seen the ripe capsule and seeds of I. Junonia)
the two plants are quite the same.

I ought, of course, when I ventured to burden
the world with a new name, to have realized that
a Cilician plant might possibly be found in
Cyprus, and to have carefully compared my plant
from Cyprus with the description of I. Junonia;
but I did not, and the mischief is done. I can
now only offer an apology, and suggest that my
I. cypriana ought to be called I. Junonia var.
cypriana. The two plants are unlike enough,
through the difference in colour, to deserve, for
garden purposes, distinctive though not specific
names.

By the way, Siehe's plant should be called I.
Junonia, and not, as is sometimes done, I. Juno.
The latter name has long been used for a division
of the genus Iris. M. Foster, Shelford, June 5,1905.

Wistaria involuta = Dkrris involtjta.

In the note accompanying my description of
Wistaria involuta in these columns (August 27,
1904), the artificial nature of the limits between
certain tribes of Leguminosa1 was briefly com-
mented on, and it was remarked how closely
some genera of Dalbergien?, e.g., Lonchocarpus,
approached Millettia and AVistaria. This rela-
•tionship has been strikingly borne out. Since the
description appeared, the plant of Wistaria
involuta has fruited ; the pods are seen to be flat,
indehiscent, and one-seeded, with a narrow wing
along the upper suture. From their structure it
is now evident, as was kindly pointed out to me
by Lt.-Col. Prain, the authority on Indian
Leguminosa?, that W. involuta is a Derris of the
section Brachypterum, and must therefore be
known for the future as Derris involuta. It
appears that in the absence of fruit it is almost
impossible to distinguish Millettia and Wistaria
from Derris.

The species most nearly allied to D. involuta
seems to be the Indian Derris scandens (Dalbergia
scandens, Roxburgh), which differs principally in
the wings of the corolla, which are auricled and
dpnsely ciliate at the base, as is well shown by
Wight (/cones Plantai um Indian Orientalis, t. 275).

An interesting fact, hitherto unremarked, is
that the Australian specimens quoted by Bentham
(Flora Australiensis, ii., p. 272) under D. scandens
are certainly distinct from that species. They
resemble D. involuta in having the wings of the
corolla subtruncate and glabrous at the base, and
though they differ from the latter in their rather
smaller flowers and shorter and more appressed
hairs, their flower-structure is so similar that I
have little hesitation in referring them to D.
involuta. T. A. Sprague.

FLUED FRUIT WALLS.

Every gardener who has proved the utility of
fruit-tree walls that can be rendered warm by arti-
ficial means, so as to ward off frost when the trees
are in flower and for a few weeks later, and in
wet, cool seasons to hasten and complete the
maturation of the summer's shoots in Sep-
tember and October, would desire to possess
them. Usually it is the so-called south wall —
really the south side of the north wall of a
garden so surrounded — which is flued ; and this,
in an entirely walled-in garden, would also mean
the south side of the opposite wall if there is
cultivable land on the outside of the walled-in
space, as is usually the case in country gardens.

Owing to the cheapness of fuel, walls of this
description ai'e more common in north -country
gardens than in the southern or midland shires;
moreover, the necessity for their construction is
greater in the former owing to the severity of the
frosts iuthe spring months and the coolness of the
summers, although the extra length of the days
duriug the summer and early autumn, and the
consequent larger amount of sun-heat imparted,
if it be less ardent than in the south in the
generality of years, is a sufficient compensation.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 1, 1905.

It may be said that the gardener who has not the
advantage of a warmed Peaeh wall may in one
year in five obtain a fair crop of fruit on his trees,
whilst another who has a warmed wall is sure to
get a good crop every year.

The writer knew "a north-country gardener who
for thirty years never once failed to secure a
good crop of Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, and
Brown Turkey Figs from such a wall.

The usual practice is to light the fires as soon
as the flower-buds begin to show colour, and so
to manage the stoking as to produce a mild
warmth in the bricks forming the southern face
of the wall. In order to do this on nights likely
to be frosty, the various furnaces should be
started at dusk and the fuel kept gently burning
till 11 p.m., the brickwork once well warmed
retaining its warmth till sunrise in sufficient
degree to ward|off all danger from frost. Under
this sort of treatment the blossoms open kindly,
and the growth of the shoots proceeds without
check from cold weather. During cold days it
is even sometimes desirable to keep the fires
going the entire day in order that cold may not
check growth.

Peach and Nectarine^ trees on warmed walls
suffer much less from leaf -curl and blister than
those on unheated walls. Of ^ourse there are a few
disadvantages and evils attendant on the use of
flued walls, as is only to be expected ; but the
careful gardener can easily surmount these. There
is a notable and early increase of red-spider on
the foliage of the^Peach'and Nectarine-trees, and
the soil becomes, drier at the foot of the wall,
both of which difficulties can be overcome by
the use of clean water applied with the garden-
engine as soon as the fruits have reached the
size of Haricot Beans; and if the water finding
its way from the surface of the wall be not enough
to moisten_the_border,jthewatering-pot must be
called into use.- This syringing of the~foliageof
the trees should be carried out till the fruit
approaches the ripening period, which will vary
m the different varieties, and cannot therefore
be indicated here with accuracy.

As compared with blinds of canvas, "frigi-
domo," Spruce Fir coverings, or glass copings,
portable or otherwise, the advantages remain
with the flued wall, inasmuch as spring frosts
of any probable severity can be warded off, the
bad effects of showers of sleet and hail nullified,
and the growths matured in cool summers. The
flued-wall also affords a capital means of protecting
and forwarding Tomato plants. Where vacant
spaces occur between the trees, early Cauliflowers
and Lettuces may be planted within a foot of the
wall wherever the depth of soil allows of this
being carried out without injury to the roots of
the trees.

The period during which fires may be needed will
vary with the latitude, and in a general way it may
be said to continue from the last week in March
to May 20, therefore eight weeks. The number
of furnaces required for a wall 120 yards in
length would be six, each sending its smoke
10 yards to the right and left in a flue 3 to 4 feet
high, returning on itself twice before it emitted
the same to the open-air, by means of a low
chimney-pot made directly over the furnace.

As a readily accessible means of clearing the
flues of soot there should be openings closed with
iron doors, made about the middle of each limb
of the flue. A flue may go safely without
clearing the soot out of it for from four to six
years, according to the kind of fuel burned ; but
a longer period than six years is not advisable,
for should a large quantity of soot become
ignited much damage might accrue to the trees,
more especially if these were secured close to the
surface of the wall with wires, nails, or studs.

The quantity of coal required per furnaoe is
about half a ton per week, and if slack coal be
burned the cost per furnace would be about

2s. 6d!. per week. The total cost of fuel for the
period named would therefore come to .£6 for
ensuring a full crop of the various fruits named.

The flue as compared with hot-water heating is
the more economical, the serpentine course and
length of a flue extracting the whole caloric from
the fuel consumed, whereas in a boiler much of
the heat escapes up the chimney. Moreover, the
hot - water apparatus involves a great initial
outlay, and repairs are difficult to effect owing
to the confined space in which the pipes must be
laid.

In conclusion it may be stated that the north
side of a flued Peach-wall should be constructed
of stone, cyclopean or dressed, or of 9-inch brick-
work ; and the front or south side of 4J-inch
brickwork, and the bottoms of the flues of 9 inch
work ; and the wall should be furnished with a
stoDe coping overhanging on the south side
about 4 inches. The brickwork at the back of
the fireplace and for 1 feet on each side should be
made three bricks thick. The furnaces should
be provided with furnace and ashpit doors, so as
to have the draught under control. F. Moore.

LEAVES FROM MY CHINESE

NOTE-BOOK.

I CHANG TO KAITING.

(Continued from p. 384.)

April 29.— We started at 5 a.m. and reached the
foot of the Yeh-Tan at 8.30 a.m. ; here we moored
below ten junks. Some distance below the rapid
I counted thirty-six junks tied up waiting their
turn to move up to the foot of the rapid. As a
foreigner I was entitled to precedence. The Yeh-
Tan — Wild Rapid — well deserves its name. I
have never seen it so bad, yet next month, they
say, it will be much worse. A night I once spent
tied up at the foot of this rapid will long be
remembered. Although I saw the boat securely
lashed, its creakings and Dumpings and the roar
of the rapid prevented sleep. Many were the
times I sprang up from a fitful doze with a start,
thinking the boat had broken her lashings and
was being hurried to destruction. I vowed I
would never again sleep at the foot of a rapid,
but I have had to do so on many occasions since.

I watched the junks being hauled over until I
grew tired and dizzy. The roar of the rapid was
deafening, and was heightened by the yellings of
hundreds of trackers as they strained and tugged in
their endeavour to haul the boats over. Of the
ten junks in front of me three were wrecked.

Having seen these boats wrecked 1 had some
misgivings about my own, when at 3.30 p.m. our
turn came. My captain chin - chinned, joss
crackers were exploded, a little wine and rice
were thrown over the bow, joss-sticks were burnt,
together with candles and some paper cash— in
short, every rite necessary to appease the terrible
water-dragon was strictly observed. All went
well. With three lines out and a hundred men
tugging away, she was over safely in twenty
minutes. I watched from the shore, and breathed
freely when she was safely moored in still water
once more.

Immediately my boat was over a small boat
with five men in it attempted to cross. Some-
thing went wrong, and she capsized ; two men
disappeared immediately; the three remaining
chins to her as she was washed down-stream.
Several lifeboats put off immediately, and
succeeded in saving these three men.

The capsizing of this boat was taken little
notice of, and the people were busy hauling over
the next boat immediately afterwards. One can
but admire the skill and daring of the men who
navigate boats over such places as this. The
slightest mistake in any direction is fatal. Un-
deterred by wrecks in front they ply their calling,
laughing and jesting as if it were the simplest

of matters. They know that daily the dragon
demands his toll of human life, and fully expect
that the time will come when they themselves
will be called upon to pay it. Thus their fatalism
makes them indifferent to the dangers. After
getting safely over I was quite willing to accede
to the custom of giving the crew a feed of pork.
As I sat writing' they were gorging on the front
of the boat, and were mightily pleased with
themselves. Their merry laugh is much plea-
santer to my ear, though it disturbs one's
thoughts, than the sullen roar of the rapid a
mile below. In a short stroll after the boat was-
over the rapid, I noted a few plants of passing
interest, chief of which were Pteris palmata,
Berehemia hamosa, Trachelospermum jasmin-
oides, and Ehretia macrophylla. The latter is
rather a striking plant. It is a small tree, 15 tc-
'.'•0 feet in height, with large, broadly ovate,
hispid leaves. The flowers are white, with a
powerful odour, and are borne in corymbs. The
fragrance somewhat suggests that of the Orange.
The wood is light and tough, and used for making
carrying-poles. It is a warm temperate plant,
and I have not met with it above 2,000 feet alt.

April 30. — We started at 5 a.m., and, favoured
with a strong, fair wind, made rapid progress.
We crossed the Niu-kou rapid (ten miles on) at
10.35 a.m. A rock in the middle of the stream is
the principal danger at this rapid. H.M.S.
Woodlark got caught by the current and had her
bows stove in by this rock in the first ascent of
the British gunboats to Chung-king. About half-
way between the Yuh-Tan and this rapid a patch
of cliff on the left bank is covered with Opuntia
Dillenii ; Pinus, Plum, Peach, and Aleurites cor-
data are abundant. Around the Niu-kou rapid
much coal is worked ; outcroppings of coal occur
right on the foreshore, but the quality is poor.

At 1.30 p.m. Patung city was passed, and soon
afterwards we ascend with difficulty a nasty
rapid. At 4 o'clock we entered the " Wushan,"
the longest of all the gorges. We moored at 7 p.m.
some six miles from the Hupeh - Szechuan
boundary, having covered thirty-five miles in the
day.

The Wushan gorge is some twenty-five miles-
long. The entrance is narrow, and wears a
gloomy and forbidding aspect. The cliffs equal
and even surpass those of the other gorges in
height, and are for the most part vertical and
inaccessible, with scarcely a tracking path any-
where. The river is narrowed to about three
hundred yards. Sailing through this silent
gorge, walled in on all sides by such stupendous
cliffs, one feels oppressively small.

The flora continued most interesting. Near our
moorings, high up on the tops of the cliff, was a
nice patch of woodland, the most noticeable
tree being the Nanmu, Machilus nanmu. When
covered with forest, how much more magnificent
the scenery must have been ! Amongst the rock
on the foreshore I gathered Cynanchum verticil-
latuni. Its pretty white flowers are highly
charged with a viscous nectar. Captured in this
I noted many small flies and ants — unwelcome
guests and punished accordingly. The leaves on
this plant are not always verticillate. I gathered
one specimen with alternate, opposite, and verti-
cillate arrangements on the sarne shoot. Associated
with this species, but not in flower, was another
species with opposite leaves.

A very attractive shrub was a species of Pyrus
with linear-lanceolate leaves and cormybose in-
florescence. Bushes of our lovely friend, Chion-
anthus, were dotted all over the cliffs. Ficus-
infectoria, too, was abundant on the cliffs ; its
leaves, just falling, were of a lovely golden-
yellow colour. Amongst the rocks on the fore-
shore the pretty Rehmannia Piasetskii was
common. But the showiest plant of the day was
Reinwardtia (Linum) trigyna, familiar as a
pot plant in our greenhouses. It is a pity

JtllA- 1, 1905.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

it cannot be seen as it occurs here and in
the gorges generally. Amongst loose, rocky
debris it is peculiarly at home, the drier and
more stony the ground the happier it is. It
seldom exceeds a couple of feet in height. It
is a common sight to see hundreds of yards of the
river-bank one mass of its lovely yellow flowers.
March is the best month to see it in, however.
'This plant is strictly speaking a xerophyte,
and ought under cultivation to be treated as
such. The day's journey was full of interest,
and the variety of scenery charming. I had a
long spell in my lifeboat, and enjoyed it im-
mensely, the comparative absence of noise being
very refreshing. The wild chant of the coolies,
beeping time as they work the sculls, is not
unmusical when mellowed by distance, but after
a short period it becomes wearisome by close
contact. E. H. W.

(To be continual.)

PLANT NOTES.

ECHIUM WILDPRETII.
This striking Canary Island Echium has
recently made a fine show at Kew (see fig. 1),
and was also exhibited at the Temple Show. It
is a rather recent introduction to gardens, having
been sent to Kew by Mr. Wildpret, Curator of
the Botanic Gardens of Oratava, Teneriffe, under
the name of Echium candicans, but on its flower-
ing in 1897 it was seen to be quite different, and
it was afterwards illustrated in the Botanical

KEW NOTES.

GrammangisEllisii, Lindl. , Botanical Magazine,
t. 5179. — This magnificent Orchid is flowering in
the Orchid-house. Although introduced nearly
fifty years ago, it is but rarely met with at the
present time. It is a plant with large, square,
glaucous pseudo - bulbs, often measuring from
9 inches to a foot in length ; the leaves, which
are generally about five in number, arise from
near the top of the pseudo-bulbs ; they are about
18 inches in length by 2J inches in breadth.
The inflorescences are developed with the young
growths, sometimes only a single spike, but
generally there are two from the one growth, as
in the present instance. The largest spike is
2 feet in length, arching as in Odontoglossum
crispum, and has twenty -four flowers, each of
which measures 21 inches in diameter. The
sepals are broad and fleshy, having a yellow
ground, which is barred and blotched with
brown. The petals are much smaller than the
sepals, white at the base and rose-coloured and
brown towards the tips. The lip is rather
smaller than the petals, light red in colour, with
many white crests. It is a native of Madagascar,
and is one of the most beautiful Orchids in
cultivation.

Gerbera Els*.

Three years ago a small plant under this
name was received from Max Leichtlin, of Baden-
Baden. Since that time it has been planted in a
border in a cool-house, where it has grown into a
nice compact plant, and is now flowering for the
first time at Kew. It has simple leaves 9 inches
in length and 3 inches in the broadest part,
having coarsely crenate margins. They are sub-
coriaceous in texture, with a silvery tomentum
■on the reverse, and also on the margin. The
flower-scape is about IS inches in height in the
present instance. The ligulate flowers are of a
very bright blood-red colour, very broad, acute at
the apex, and closely arranged. The disc flowers
are light red with bright yellow anthers. The
composite inflorescence has a diameter of 2 J- inches.
It is by far the most handsome of all the Gerberas
grown at Kew.

Disas.
A good show of these terrestrial Orchids is now
to be seen in the Odontoglossum-house composed
of the following species and hybrids : — D. race-
mosa, II. tripetaloides, D. kewensis, D. langley-
•ensis, and D. Premier. D. grandiflora is promising
well for a good display later on. W. H.

MUSA PERRIERI.— This is a newly-discovered
species of Musa from Madagascar, described by
M. Claveril in the Comptes Rcndus, June 13.
The base of the stem is dilated into a thick bulb,
from which no suckers are given off. The leaves
are deciduous during the dry season. The natives
make use of the seeds as beads, and utilise the
borders of the leaves as tying material.

the handsomest elementsof the indigenous flora.
E. candicans is a magnificent plant growing in
grand masses on moist banks at some 2,000 feet
altitude and producing dense panicles some
20 to 30 inches long of bright-blue flowers
(Botanical Maga-Jne, t. 0808). E. fastuosum is one
of the most striking objects of the rock Echiums of
the Madeira littoral. It is a perennial, rising to
some 5 or 0 feet high, and has numerous inflores-
cences G to 12 inches long of pale-blue flowers,
which are highly attractive to bees and butter-
flies. E. simplex is a remarkable Teneriffe
species, producing a simple unbranched stem
from S to 12 feet long tipped by a great inflores-
cence of white flowers. It is a striking object on
the sea-cliffs and is also cultivated in gardens.
Here they require protection, except during the
summer, but are well adapted for pot- culture,
and form very striking objects under suitable
treatment, as the illustration shows. R. A. B.

EXACUM MACRANTHUM.

This plant is one of the most beautiful blue-
flowering subjects in cultivation. It is a native
of Ceylon, and will succeed in a warm greenhouse
or stove. It is compact in habit, grows to about
18 inches in height, and has neat and pleasing
foliage. It flowers freely and when in bloom
presents a lovely appearance. The flowers are
about 2 inches in diameter and of a rich indigo-
blue, with striking yellow-coloured anthers.
Cuttings of the young growths inserted around
the edge of small well-drained pots filled with
light sandy soil placed in heat, either in a
forcing house, propagating pit or frame, and
watered through a fine spray distributor to settle
the soil, will quickly form roots and soon be ready
for potting singly into small 60-sized pots. For
this shift the compost should be composed of
two parts fine peat and leaf-mould free from
worms, and one of fine sandy loam, with a liberal
addition of sharp sand, the whole being well
mixed together before being used. The soil
should be made moderately firm about the roots
of the young plants. Afford water carefully as
recommended above, and maintain the soil about
the roots in a uniformly moist state during the
whole period of active growth, damping over the
foliage with tepid water morning and afternoon
on bright days in order to promote a free healthy
growth. When the flowers are about to open
the application of overhead moisture should be
discontinued. H. IF. Ward.

FIB. 4.— ECHIOM WILDPRETII: KLOWEBS ROSE-PINK.

(Much reduced.)

Magazine (t. 7*47) under the name of Echium
Wildpretii, after its discoverer. It is a striking
plant, as the photograph by Mr. E. C. Hart shows,
and its numerous flowers are of a pleasing rose-
pink, which contrasts effectively with the silvery-
green foliage. It is a biennial, forming the
first year a dense rosette of long, narrow, silky
leaves, after which the stem rapidly lengthens,
ultimately forming a dense thyreoid panicle of
flowers as shown. In most respects the species is
allied to E. callitbyrsum. Webb, which however
forms a sturdy bush, and has bright blue flowers.
It is said to be of fairly easy culture, requiring
plenty of water during its growing season, from
February to August, but a very sparing supply
during the rest of the year.

Some twenty species of Echium are found in
the Canary Islands and Madeira, and are among

COLONIAL NOTES.

— • —

HONGKONG BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT.

Our Hongkong correspondent, Mr. S. T. Dunn,
has forwarded a copy of his very interesting
Report on the Hongkong Botanical and Afforesta-
tion Department for 1901, from which we have
taken the following extracts : —

Square Bamboos (Phyllostachys quadrangularis,
Rendle).— In March a box of this Bamboo was
received from Mr. Mortimore in good condition.
The clumps were at once planted in various
situations, and all are doing well. The Bamboo
grows on the island of Wenchow. This is a new
record of the species for the Province of Chekiang,
and connects the two previously-known habitats
in Kiangsu and Fokien.

Gingko biloba, L. — In the Index Floral Sinensis,
ii., 547, Dr. Masters quotes Mrs. Bishop as saying
that she had met with several fine specimens of
Gingko in the magnificent forests which sur-
round the sources of the Great Gold River and
the. smaller Min in Szechuen. It is probably
safer at present to omit the Gingko from the
Chinese indigenous flora. The fact probably is,
as Solms-Laubach has pointed out, that the
Gingkohas long outlived its natural age in the flora
of the earth, and has only been preserved from

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 1, 1905.

extinction ty the care of the Chinese priests.
The tree is without near relations in our extant
flora, and when Mr. Archibald Little described to
me in 1903 a most remarkable tree, like Gingko,
which he had seen near Chengtu, I begged him,
if again in that neighbourhood, to revisit the
spot and secure details for investigation. Accord-
ingly when Mr. and Mrs. Little were near
Chengtu in April of last year they most kindly
made a detour of 140 li, took several photographs
of the tree, and sent them to Hongkong with an
interesting description. The tree proved to be
not a variety, but a very old specimen of the true
Gingko covered with the peculiar outgrowths to
which the species is subject in old age. The out-
growths take the form of cylinders, varying from
a few inches to several feet in length, and about
4 inches thick, pendent from the trunk and lower
branches. Enquiry was made from Professor
Matsumara, of Tokyo, as to the occurrence of
similar tree3 in Japan, and he most courteously
sent me a copy of Fugu's paper on the subject,
in which the occurrence and origin of the out-
growths are described in detail. They are con-
sidered to be merely malformations, and are
commonly met with on old trees in Japan.

Flora of North-east Kwantung. — In September
and October three Chinese collectors were
despatched to Hoi Fung, about 100 miles up the
coast, with instructions to proceed inland to the
Lien Fa Mountains to explore these, and then,
crossing them, to make collections on the further
side round the sources of the Han. They
succeeded in carrying out this programme, and
brought back an interesting collection. Among
the most important discoveries was that of
Manglietia Fordiana, Hemsl., only previously
known as a single tree in Hongkong, and that in
a precarious state owing to its failure to pro-
pagate itself or to admit of artificial propagation.
The tree was found in fruit, and seeds were
brought back, some of which were sent to Kew.
The collection is not yet completely worked out,
but enough has been done to show that the flora
of these mountains is an extension of that of the
Lo Fou Mountains, well known from the labours
of Sampsom, Faber, and Ford. A large number
of the interesting species discovered there by
these collectors are repeated in Lien Fa Shan.
The numbers for this collection in the Colonial
Herbarium are from 1535 — 1684, and 1825 — 1894.
China New Tear Shrub (Enkianthus quinque-
florus). — This shrub, which is one of the most
beautiful of all our rich shrub-flora, has yearly
been becoming more and more scarce on the hills
in consequence of the amount that has been cut
by the Chinese at each new year to sell for
decorations. Attempts have been made to check
the destruction of the tree.

Pollard Pine-trees. — During the Forestry
Licence rounds a system of cultivating the local
Pine (Pinus Massoniana) was met with at Lung
Ko Tan, which is, so far as can be ascertained,
unique. In this method the same advantages are
aimed at as by the well-known European system
of pollarding. But the pollarding of coniferous
trees seems to be unknown in Europe. The
exact method employed with the Pines here is as
follows : At 10 years old, when the tree is about
12 feet high, the top half is cut off. After
5 years more the lower branches are cut off.
Shoots soon appear from the cut parts, and these
are cut every 5 years, together with the upper
remaining internode. This tree produces annual
whorls of branches, until after 20 to 25 years,
the whole is used up.

The Southern Islands of New Zealand.
Dr. Cockayne has published in the Transactions
of the New Zealand Institute an account of his
trip in midwinter (July) to the Auckland,
Campbell, Antipodes, and Bounty Islands, with
details relating to the geology, climate, and flora

of those islands. In the Auckland Isles there are
forests of Metrosideros lucida, and elsewhere of
Olearia Lyalli. The details of the flora of the
several islands are of great interest, and bear out
Sir Joseph Hooker's theory of the previous
existence of a much greater extent of land in the
Southern Hemisphere, whilst the occurrence of a
milder climate than now prevails has been attested
by the recent discoveries of fossil plants in the
antarctic regions. The identity of the flora of all
the antarctic islands, from Cape Horn to Kergue-
len's Land, is explained under this supposition.
One curious feature in many of these Southern
plants is the great diversity of foliage in the
same plant, which leads to the inference that the
plants are not in full harmony with their
surroundings. Discaria Toumatou, cultivated "in
moist air, no longer produces spines. Many
species of Eaoulia, Veronica, and Carmichaelia
will revert to the seedling form by cultivation
in moist air or feeble light, or, under the same
conditions, the seedlings in some cases will never
assume the adult form. The paper is accom-
panied by a complete list of the plants inhabiting
the Southern islands, by an extended bibliography,
and a series of illustrative plates.

"The West Indian Bulletin,"
vol. vi., No. 1, is occupied with further details of the
Proceedings of the Agricultural Conference, 1905.
These relate especially to the growth of Sugar-
cane and of Cacao, together with valuable notes
on the fungoid diseases and insect pests whioh
attack those crops.

Ontario Agricultural College.
The thirtieth Annual Report, among many
details of local importance, contains valuable
reports from the several Professors. The section
on the fungi and insects attacking fruit-trees is
particularly serviceable, hence we trust we may
before long see it in a form more generally
accessible.

Cape Government Herbarium, Cape Town.

" Professor MacOwan announces to the circle
of friends in correspondence with this Her-
barium that he retires from his office of
Government] Botanist at the end of June. The
Government does not at present intend to
appoint a successor, but the collection will remain
under the competent charge of Miss S. Tre-
leaven, who has had ten years' experience
therein, and to whom correspondence respecting
its contents may be addressed. For adminis-
trative purposes the Herbarium will not, as
heretofore, be under the Agricultural Depart-
meni, but will be affiliated to the South African
Museum. Professor MacOwan removes to
Orahamstown, and will unofficially assist in the
Herbariuufof the Albany Museum in that city,
under the charge of Dr. Selmar Schonland,
M.A." Botanists^will be grieved to hear of the
resignation of Professor MacOwan, and still
more at theMntimation that the office of Colonial
Botanist will not be filled up. The circum-
stances of the time would, we should have sup-
posed, have rendered the services of such an
officer specially important.

" Flora'Capensis."
We note the ^appearance of another instalment
of this publication, Vol. IV., Sect. 1, Part 1.
It includes a] portion of the order Ericacea?,
contributed by Messrs. H. Bolus, E. Guthrie,
and N. E. Brown. Though Heaths are not so
popular in cultivation as formerly, they are
still important numerically and otherwise. The
authors had a long and most difficult task in
the preparation of this volume, as, though
diffused over a comparatively small area, the
number of Cape Heaths of the genus Erica alone
amounts to 268 species. Their determination
presents great difficulties, and the preparation

of satisfactory analytical keys must have been
a cause of much perplexity. It is not unlikely
that some of the species hybridise freely,
and thus would increase the difficulty. It is
regretted that the death of Professor Guthrie
occurred before his share of the work on this
publication was completed.

FLORISTS' FLOWERS.

SOME NEGLECTED ASTERS.
The most popular of the annual Asters are un-
doubtedly those of the Victoria and the Cornet
types. They dominate in gardens and on the exhi-
bition table. Both types are of easy development.
If good strains are obtained, and they are culti-
vated in a soil of sufficient heart, with good
attention, fine flowers will result. In the West of
England exhibitions, as at Taunton, Trowbridge,
Bath, &c, stands of the before-mentioned varie-
ties, and the highly-refined quilled forms, cover
large spaces of tabling, though there is reason to
fear the quilled section is ceasing to be as much
grown as it formerly was. The explanation is that
in order to have the quilled Aster in the finest
character it needs high and careful cultivation,
and a sacrifice of time that many gardeners
are unable to give. Another fine and distinct
Aster appears to be going out of cultivation, in
this country at least, namely, Truffaut's Paxray-
flowered Perfection, the French Aster of seed
catalogues. This is a true incurved Aster, and
holds about the same relation to the flat-petalled
Comets and Victorias as the incurved Chrys-
anthemum does to the Japanese.

There was a time when schedules of prizes
contained a class for French Asters, meaning
Truffaut's type ; but, as it is an Aster that must
be given good cultivation before it will produce
flowers in perfection, it has unfortunately gone
down before the flat-petalled varieties, which are
grown more easily. Yet there are in Truffaut's
Asters colours scarcely to be met with in the
other types It is a stiff-growing plant, pro-
ducing its flowers on rigid stems, and well suited
for cutting. The once popular crown-flowered
variety, with its central disc of white and broad,
showy margin of some dark shade, has also fallen
out of cultivation to some extent, charming as
the blooms are. Good cultivation is required
also in the case of the Crown variety to secure full-
centred flowers. The Ostrich Plume Aster makes
an excellent decorative plant for the garden and
for cutting.

Gold-laced Polyanthus.
Several weeks ago I received a box containing
bright and effective gold-laced Polyanthus flowers
from Rothesay. For border decoration they were
excellent subjects. The strain was of vigorous
growth, the flower-stems being stout, and the
trusses large and bold. Judged by the stan-
dard of a variety like Cheshire Favourite, it
is at once seen that they are deficient in the
necessary florist's properties. Varieties with
clouded centres were prominent, the golden zone
round the eye being stained with deep orange,
and having the colour of the "lacing" quite
distinct from the tint of the centre, while in not
a few cases the lacing did not extend through
the segments to the centre of the flower. Silver
lacings shading to stained gold centres were
among them, imparting a confused appearance to
the flowers. There is so much misconception as
to what really constitutes quality in a gold-laced
Polyanthus that I have set down the foregoing
defects as showing what should be avoided by
those seeking to select a really fine strain. At
the same time I am well aware that seeds from a
good strain of gold-laced Polyanthus may be
sown, and not one in five hundred realise,
expectations. R. D.

July 1, 1905.1

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

BOOK NOTICE.

Choice Ferns for Amateurs. By George
Schneider (Upeott Gill).
We had imagined that the public taste for
Ferns had materially abated of late years.
Nevertheless the exhibits at the Eoyal Horticul-
tural Society give frequent evidence that for
certain kinds of Ferns the feeling of the public
is as keen as ever, and we have only to glance at
the shop-windows of the florists to obtain further
testimony to the like effect. Mr. Schneider's new
book, an abridgement of his former one, indicates
that these beautiful plants are attracting an
increased share of attention. If they lack the
brilliant colouration of the flowers of some plants
and of the foliage of others, they have yet a

FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE.

M. TRUFFAUT'S NURSERY AT
VERSAILLES.
M. Truffaut is a well-known cultivator of
stove and greenhouse flowering and decorative
foliage plants. The climate so near Paris is
sufficiently good to enable M. Truffaut and other
nurserymen to plant out some of the less tender
of these species towards the end of May, in order
that the plants may make the whole of the
summer growth out-of-doors. At that time many
thousands of young plants of Rhododendron
(Azalea) indicum were removed from the frames
and planted into beds composed entirely of
peat obtained some little distance away. The
plants were about 1 foot high, with "heads"

Fig. 5.— cattleya mossije "white lady

A variety exhibited at the Temple Show by Messrs. Sander & Sons, St. Alban

the throat, which

Flowers white except

pale lemou-yellow. The tlower-scgments. owing to the perspective,

( . ,, .. . ...... ......... u^&...uuu... u.-.u& .u .....

appear narrower than they are in reality. Photo l>y J. Gregory.

grace and elegance peculiarly their own and a
beauty of form not surpassed if equalled by that
of any other class of plants.

The present work then is sure of a welcome, for
it is written by a specialist whose opportunities
of studying Ferns and their ways have been
unrivalled, and whose experience in their culture
is second to that of no one else. After some
preliminary notes the author deals with the
methods of propagation, and then passes on to
the cultivation of Ferns, either in the open or
under glass. The directions are given in a clear,
lucid, and concise manner, betokening the expert
practitioner. The greater part of the book is
occupied with an alphabetical list of genera and
species, together with details as to their appear-
ance and the best method of cultivating them.
This list is very valuable, the more so that it is
freely illustrated with characteristic wood cuts.
We heartily commend it to the attention of all
Fern-lovers.

six inches or so across. By the end of the
season these will have made good plants, having
flower-buds on every shoot, just as they are
cultivated at Ghent and other places in Bel-
gium. When the plants were removed from
the frames these latter were planted again with
rooted cuttings from the propagating - houses,
and another batch of cuttings was put in to
make roots. M. Truffaut's nursery is not an
extensive one, but every yard of ground, indoors
and out-of-doors, is pressed into use. Excluding
the Azaleas, the remaining beds out-of-doors are
utilised during summer for the cultivation of
Ficus elastica. The beds are long and
narrow, with a path on either side, and,
like those containing the Azaleas, are
composed of peat, the edging to the beds
being of neatly-kept Box. To the English visitor
these Box-edged beds have an unfamiliar appear-
ance as part of a nursery garden, and remind him
rather of an old English flower-garden. The

Ficus plants are put out after the Azaleas have
been planted, or at about the beginning of June.
Whilst this work was going on outside, we saw in
the glass-houses a collection of plants of varying
degrees of interest to Englishmen. Take, for
instance, the batch of Bilbergia rhodocyanea, of
which there were hundreds in 5-inch pots. Every
plant was an illustration of good culture, and, as
the gardener in charge remarked, " tres bonne."
They will come into flower during the present
month. Where in England could a similar feature
be found in a nursery ? We are more accustomed
to see them in botanic gardens than as nursery
plants in such numbers as these.

Marantas, such as M. Kerchoveana and M.
Sanderiana, the latter having handsome green
leaves with rose-coloured stripes ; Hxmanthus
species and hybrids, Clivias in thousands, Aralias,
Rubus reflexuH, Musa rubra (exhibited at the
Temple Show by M. Truffaut in 19ol, and figured
in Gardeners' Chronicle May 25, 1901, p. 335), an
excellent specimen of Anthurium acaule, Heli-
conia illustris, fine plants of Adiantum tenerum
Farleyense, Ficus Parcelli, large quantities of
Palms, Codiseums (Crotons), Cordylines (Dra-
caenas), and Caladiums, were other interesting
plants in the houses. The newest varieties of
Caladiums included President Schneider, a variety
with silvery - coloured leaves veined with
rose colour and having a rose - coloured
centre. This was named in compliment to
Mr. George Schneider, who is President of
the Society of French Horticulturists in London.
Another new Caladium is named Rotomagno, the
leaves being coloured with rose, green and white.
We have mentioned the Coditeunis and Cordylines,
and it would be next to impossible to describe
the excellent specimens of these ornamental
plants that were seen in M. Truffaut's collection.
S-ikilful cultivation, assisted greatly by the clear
sunshine and pure air of Versailles, produce such
satisfactory results as are seldom attained. M.
Truffaut's nursery, as we have said, is not a large
one, but it is a common remark among Paris
nurserymen that it is made to produce a very
large quantity of first-rate plants. M. Georges
Truffaut, a son of the proprietor, has studied the
subject of chemical manures, and the results of
his experiments have been put to practical use.
On the occasion of the recent international show
at Paris he was given the distinction of Com-
mandeur du Mi-rite Agricole by the President o£
the Republic.

Messes. Vilmorin, Andrieux et Cie.

Visitors to the Paris International Show, and?
especially those who went from England, were
greatly impressed by the magnificent collection of
flowering annuals and of vegetables and salads
contributed by the firm of Messrs. Vilmorin,
Andrieux et Cie. In a report published in these
pages at the time, an attempt was made to give
the reader some idea of the comprehensiveness
and quality of those exhibits, and of the pleasing
and artistic manner in which the annuals were
displayed, as it were, in ordinary flower-beds.

Subsequent to the show we took an opportunity
that presented itself, and visited the well-appointed
seed shop and offices of the firm in the Quai
de la Megisserie, and from there we were con-
ducted by train to the trial grounds at Verrieres,
some miles out of the city. At such a season
there is not so much to see in a seed nursery as
there would be at the end of the summer, but we
could not help admiring the efficient and pains-
taking methods adopted in every branch of the
establishment, whilst the enormous area of land
employed for the testing of seeds astonished us.
We tramped over field after field, every one of
which was clean from weeds and in excellent
condition. Some crops were already planted, but
the bulk had only recently commenced to grow.
Amongst many flowering annuals there, we-
noticed Silene pendula variety ruberrima-

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[J0LY 1, 1905.

with double red flowers, and other varieties
of Silene which had previously attracted our
attention in the Pare Monceau and other gar-
dens in Paris. This little annual might with
advantage be grown in England for massing in
beds more frequently than it is. It is signifi-
cant that in Paris none of the English visitors
appeared to recognise the plant until attracted
•close to the beds by the fine display of colour.
In the glass-houses the principal displays were of
herbaceous Calceolarias, Gloxinias, and Primula
obconica. Of P. obconica there was a large
quantity, and it was evident that every care is
taken to cultivate as much variation in the colour
of the flowers as it is possible to obtain.
Some were nearly pure white, and others rich if
not brilliant red, whilst in most cases the
principal colours were grouped together and
separated in batches.

A peep into the laboratory was sufficient to
show us that the scientific principles underlying
horticultural practice are studied, and that
science is brought to bear upon the processes
employed in the development of the strains of
plants and in their propagation by seeds.

One of the most pleasant incidents of the visit
was an inspection of the splendid rock-garden in
M. de Vilmorin's private grounds adjoining the
nursery, wherein also may be seen the famous
hybrid Abies raised by the late Henry de Vilmorin
between A. Pinsapo and A. cephalonica (see
Gardeners' Chronicle, Feb. 9, 1901, p. 89, fig. 38).

The Week's Work.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F. Jordan, Gardener to Dr. Cohbet, Impney Hall
Gardens. Droitwich.
Early Vines. — When the earliest crops of
Grapes have been entirely removed, the Vines
should be syringed daily, preferably late in the
evening. Should red-spider be present, syringe
the foliage with water containing soft-soap and
sulphur, or some other suitable insecticide.
Examine the borders, which have probably been
allowed to become dry while the fruit has
been finishing, and restore them to a moist
condition. Should it be necessary, apply a
light mulching to the border; this will pre-
vent excessive evaporation. Waterings of clear
water will generally be sufficient for young and
vigorous Vines that are still freely making
lateral growth, but older and weaker plants
should be supplied with diluted liquid manure.
Unless rain falls in sufficient quantity, outside
borders should be watered copiously. Ventilate
the house to the fullest extent. Houses which
contain ripe Grapes should be kept in a cool and
well ventilated condition, allowing a little arti-
ficial heat in the pipes during dull or wet
weather in order to carry off excessive moisture.
Black varieties such as Black Hamburgh rapidly
lose their colour after hanging for an appreciable
time, and to prevent this a light shading should
be applied. On the other hand, white varieties of
Grapes not intended for present use are improved
.by being freely exposed to the sunlight, providing
they are properly ripened.

Succession Tines. — Allow plenty of ventilation
to houses in which the Grapes are approaching
ripeness, only permitting artificial heat during
the night time, or in damp or unsettled weather.
Houses which contain the varieties Madresfield
Court and Poster's Seedling should be carefully
watered, and as soon as the berries begin to
change colour, have the amount of atmospheric
moisture gradually reduced, and the border
covered with light litter. I do not advise
withholding water altogether from the borders to
obviate splitting in the fruits. The cracking
frequently seen in the berries of these varieties is
more often caused by too much atmospheric
moisture, and by careless ventilation during
unsettled weather, than by applying water to the
borders. A little heat should always be allowed
to radiate from the pipes ; this, with careful
attention to ventilation day and night, will allow
a constant circulation of warm air to pass con-
tinually through the houses, when very little if
any splitting of the berries will take place.
Muscats which are now ripe or approaching to
that stage should have some of the leaves drawn

aside from the bunches so that they may derive
benefit from the light, but the berries must not
be exposed to the full force of the sun.

Later Houses. — Continue to pinch the laterals
and supply the necessary moisture by damping
and syringing, taking care to close the houses
early in the afternoon with the presence of
sun-heat: but ventilation should be again applied
about 7 p.m., and allowed to continue during
the night. With liberal feeding and a more
favourable period for growth these later Vines
will mature a heavier crop than those which
are forced earlier. Keep a sharp look-out for
signs of scalding, especially on those varieties
which are subject to this disfigurement. The
house should be kept fairly warm at night-time
and be freely ventilated throughout the day
until the stoning period is passed. By allowing
a little warmth in the pipes and a small amount
of ventilation at night-time the berries of such
varieties as Lady Downes Seedling, which are
very liable to scalding, are kept dry and warm
towards morning, especially in dull and wet
weather, and thus the chances of injury from
scalding are greatly lessened. Sudden rises and
falls in the temperature of the house should be
avoided by ventilating early and allowing the
temperature to rise gradually. Thin freely those
varieties intended for cutting and bottling during
November and December.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bollock, Gardener to E. J. Withes, Esq.,
Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Hippeastrums (Amaryllis). — Flowering bulbs
that were started early in the year will by now
have completed their growth, and should be
gradually ripened off. Diminish the supply of
water to the roots, but do not withhold water
altogether until the foliage has withered. Full
exposure of the plants to tbe sun is necessary for
thorough ripening. Fumigate the plants on
several occasions to destroy thrips, a pest to
which they are very liable. Seedlings that have not
bloomed would derive groat benefit from an occa-
sional watering with diluted sheep manure, but
should be kept growing until they have flowered.

Nerine Fothergillii. — These should be examined
occasionally, and any that show flower-spikes
will require to have water afforded them.

Fine Foliage Plants. — Spring-propagated plants
are making much headway. If it is intended to
make specimen plants of any of them, they
should at no time be allowed to become pot-
bound. Maintain the atmosphere in a very
humid condition, and keep a sharp look-out for
insect pests, which must be checked at once. Use
soft water only for syringing the plants and for
applying to the roots. Hard water would soon
disfigure the foliage with a deposit of lime
that could only be removed by the use of
a sponge. Afford those plants that are
to be kept in small pots for table de-
coration, &c, frequent waterings at the root with
weak sheep manure-water and about once a week
apply a pinch of Clay's Fertiliser on the surface
of the soil. Allamandas, Clerodendron Balfourii,
Dipladenia boliviensis being very gross feeders
should receive frequent waterings with diluted
farmyard manure-water that the plants may
make good strong growth. Examine Ixoras,
Dipladenia Brearleyana, D. amabilis, and such-
like tender plants, so very subject to attacks of
mealy-bug, and remove this pest by the aid of
methylated spirit applied by means of a camel's-
hair brush. If this operation is performed with
care no damage will be done to the tender growth
by the use of pure spirit, but a soft camel's-hair
brush only should be employed for the purpose.

Flowering Plants. — Continue to insert cuttings
of Poinsettias, Euphorbia Jacquinireflora, Mos-
chosma riparium, Begonia Gloire de Lorraine, B.
Haageana. B. Gloire de Sceaux, &c, until a
sufficient stock of each has been acquired.
Rhododendron (Azalea) indicum may now with
safety be placed out-of-doors in a good position
to ripen their growth. The plants must not be
allowed to become dry at the roots at any time.
Those that have not been potted recently should
be afforded an occasional dusting on the surface
with Clay's Fertiliser. Syringe the foliage every
morning and evening.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H. Youno, Orchid Grower to Sir Frederick
Wigan, Bart., Clare Lawn, East Sheen, S.W.

Epidendrums. — The genus contains very few
plants having much horticultural value. Hy-
bridisation, however, has been the means of pro-
ducing a few forms of exceptional decorative
merit, notably E. x Boundii. As a reliable show
plant, E. prismatocarpum stands well in the front
rank, being very floriferous, durable, and attrac-
tive. Were the flower-spikes allowed to remain
uncut they would keep good for a couple of
months ; but for the sake of the plants they
should be cut before the end of that period.
When this has been done fresh surface material
may be applied, or the plants may be repotted, as
the case demands. When the latter is done,
retain only three or four pseudo-bulbs to each
piece, and make them up into suitably-sized
specimens, filling the receptacles to half their
depth with drainage material, and fixing the
jueces in position with good lumpy peat and a
small quantity of sphagnum-moss. A few leaves
may be introduced, but as the plants have to be
kept fairly dry during the winter months, it
becomes less safe to moisten the compost again
when required. Stage the plants with the
Cattleyas, and treat them similarly, that is,
afford a good supply of water when rooting, but
at other times small and infrequent doses.
E. macrocheilum, when it can be induced to
thrive, is a showy kind ; also E. Watsonianum,
an allied species. These need rather small, well-
drained pans, with peat and a little sphagnum-
moss as a rooting medium. Suspend them in a
light part of a Cattleya-house, and afford them
very dry treatment, except just when rooting
freely. E. bicornutum is a grand Orchid when
seen at its best, but is generally very short-lived.
Just nowit is producingnew growths, anderethese
emit roots, fresh materials should be given.
Plants of this grow best in baskets, with a few
pieces of crock laid at the bottom, and the
remainder filled with a mixture of equal parts of
peat and sphagnum-moss. They may be sus-
pended in an ordinary plant stove where there is
an abundance of heat, light, and moisture, and
where during the rooting period the plants may
be frequently syringed. A close, stagnant,
atmosphere will cause the young growths to damp
off, and if during the resting reason — which is a
long one — they are not kept very dry, the pseudo-
bulbs and roots become diseased. E. vitellinum,
especially the autumn-flowering type, is a very
showy, bright-flowering species with the additional
merit of being a decidedly " cool " Orchid.
Planted in small pots or pans, with ample
drainage, and supplied with a small portion of
peat and sphagnum-moss, this species should not
fail to thrive grown along with the Odonto-
glossums. The lightest position in the house
should be selected, and with care in watering,
supplying much only when the plants are rooting
freely, success should follow. Most Epidendrums
having pseudo-bulbs need a long dry rest after
growth has ceased, and even those with thin
stems suffer less harm under moderately dry
treatment than if kept saturated.

Miscellaneous. — At this season most Orchids,
being in a more or less active state, need
generous treatment. Let there be a buoyant
atmosphere maintained by admitting abundance
of air through the bottom ventilators whenever
genial conditions prevail outside. Ventilation
through the roof openings is seldom needed in the
warmest houses, and in no case should it be
employed when violent draughts would result.
During exceedingly dry weather damp the ground
immediately outside the houses, so that the air
admitted will not be of a parched nature. Damp-
ing inside should be done sufficiently often to
keep the air near to the saturation point, allowing
drier conditions during mid- day. Fire-heat may
not be required to maintain the temperatures
sufficiently high, but a little warmth in the pipes
is desirable at night in the warmest houses to
promote a circulation of air and dispel superfluous
moisture. The cool-houses should not need any
fire-heat during this and the following month.
Potting operations during this month should be
confined to such plants as really need attention,
especially in the cool-houses. Do not, however,
omit attending to a plant when in a fit state for
potting because it is not seasonable work.

July I, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

ETHE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. H. Clarke, Gardener to Sir William Plowden
Aston Rowant House, Oxon.

Raspberries. — The Canes for fruiting next season
are now growing rapidly, but no more must be
left than will be necessary or they will all fail to
become as strong and well-matured as it is desir-
able they should be. Ply the Dutch-hoe fre-
quently between the rows of plants, severing by
such means any suckers that are not wanted. In
order to conserve moisture in the soil a mulch of
half- rotted manure or litter is better even than fre-
quently hoeing the surface. Where the crop is
likely to be heavy, apply frequent waterings of
liquid-manure. In the case of Autumn-fruiting
varieties it may be necessary to remove a few of
the side growths at the thickest parts, so that
plenty of light and air may freely circulate about
the ripening fruits during the autumn months.

Gooseberries and Currants. — These have made
considerable growth and in the case of cordons
the lateral growths may be shortened and the
points of the leading shoots stopped. Bushes
may be treated likewise, shortening the side
growths and pinching out the points of the
main branches. This will have the result of
increasing the size and colour of the berries.
Aphis frequently congregate at this season on the
points of the shoots, therefore all " stoppings "
should be burned and the trees thoroughly
cleansed afterwards by soapy water applied with
the garden-engine. If this work is not done
before the berries commence to colour, the
Gooseberry fruits may be valueless for dessert
purposes.

Strawberries. — Where early runners are re-
quired for forming a new plantation to afford
early supplies of fruit, these should be secured
immediately they are ready, using large GO sized
pots for layering the runners in. Fill the pots
with a rich compost, and secure the runners in
position by placing a stone on them rather than
by xising a peg. Keep the soil in the pots in a
uniformly moist Condition by watering them
twice daily through a rosed can. Pinch out the
point of the runner just beyond the layered
plant. As soon as the layers have become well
rooted let them be immediately planted on a
well-prepared border facing to the south, from
which fruits may be gathered next season a week
in advance of the usual crop. Forced plants
that were planted-out some time ago should be
kept free from runners. If the weather con-
tinues hot, mulching will be necessary, with
waterings of liquid-manure. These plants will
then provide a crop of medium-sized fruits later
in the season.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. A. Miller, Gardener to Lord Henry C.
Bentinck, M.P., Underley Hall, Westmoreland.

Tender Plants, such as Abutilons, Celosias,
Humeas, Ricinus, may be placed in position.

Annuals. — Take advantage of dull, showery
weather to thin these. By thinning early they
escape the " weedy " and " short-lived" character
sometimes given them.

Rockery. — Half-hardy plants of distinct habit
may now be put on the rockery to add variety.
Such are Convolvulus mauritanicus, C. Cneorum,
Crinum Powelli, Eucomis punctata, Opuntia
Eafinesqui, Pratia begonia;folia, and Paraehetus
communis.

Grey-foliaged Plants make a welcome contrast
amongst the various colours in the mixed border.
The following are a few of those most useful : — ■
Agave, Artemisia, Centaurea babjlonica, Ono-
pordon" Robert Bruce," Salvia argentea.Santolina
incana, Senecio argentea, Teucrium fruticans.

Violas. — Dry weather is adverse to Violas, but
if generous treatment has previously been given
the soil and ample waterings are afforded the
plants, they will remain healthy until there is
rain. Do not allow sed-pods to form. Stir the
surface of the soil repeatedly.

Verbenas may be pegged down to cover the
ground evenly. Destroy thrips and any other
insect pest there may be present.

Roses. — Keep the plants free from pests.
Afford thorough soakings with water, and hoe the
surface of the soil frequently. Now that flower-
buds are appearing liquid-manure maybe applied,
or a slight dressing of artificial manure. If

specimen blooms are required, disbudding must
be given timely attention. Kub off all suckers as
they appear. Frequently tie-in the growths of
climbing Roses, especially growths near to the
ground, as established plants of such varieties as
Gloire de Dijon are apt to get " leggy." See that
standard Rose-trees are made secure to the
sticks.

Violets. — Afford copious waterings, and syringe
the plants in the evening in dry weather. If red-
spider is seen, apply a dressing of sulphur or
Spidacide. Cut off runners as they appear, and
keep a fine and loose surface to the soil of the
beds.

Gladioli. — Apply stakes to these as soon as the
flower-stems are seen. The plants may be staked
singly, or if they are grown in rows put in a few
sticks and stretch two or three strands of twine
tightly across. Tie each flower to these strings
with soft, broad material to avoid cutting the
stems. A mulch of partly decayed manure would
keep the soil moist, should the season be a dry
one. Apply liquid-nianure occasionally.

Primroses. Polyanthus, S(c., may be sown, and
seedlings of earlier sowings will be ready for
thinning and pricking out into heavy soil in a
shady position.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By W. Fyfe, Gardener to Lady Wantage, Lockinge
Park, Wantage.

Carrots. — Sow seeds of some of the stump-
rooted varieties of Carrots on ground that has
been cleared of early Potatos. Work the ground
well, and break it up as finely as possible before
drawing the drills. They should be made
8 or 9 inches apart, choosing an hour in the
morning for sowing such light seeds as those of
Carrots. Every year we prove the usefulness of
Carrots raised from seeds sown at about this
time. If another sowing be made a fortnight or
so later, in soil that is favourable to Carrots,
the plants may be allowed to remain in the
ground through the winter, and will then be very
useful in spring. The variety Model I have
found most suitable for this purpose.

Turnips. — In order to have Turnips in the best
condition they should be pulled from the ground
as they are required for use. It is therefore
necessary that frequent sowings be made. The
soil should be rich and moderately firm, as quality
is best secured by rapid growth. Sow about the
middle of July, and again in August and Sept-
ember. In the case of late sowings greater
distance should be allowed between the lines, so
that in the event of severe frosts the roots may
be covered with soil, which is better than having
to store the full supply. I have tried to bring
the yellow-rooted varieties into favour, but up to
the present have failed. Snowball is a variety of
excellent quality and form, and from this we
obtain our general supply.

Leeks. — Make a good plantation in drills drawn
18 inches apart, and afterwards afford water
to the plants freely. Earlier-planted Leeks if
intended for exhibition will now be making rapid
progress, and should be freely supplied with
liquid manure and soot. When brown-paper
collars are used for the purpose of blanching,
keep these collars gradually moved up until the
desired length is secured, which may range from
15 to IS inches, adding finely-sifted soil round the
stem as growth advances. When the proper
length is secured remove the collars. Fine soil
is the most perfect blanching material for this
purpose.

French Beans.— Seeds for producing a supply
of this vegetable in autumn should be sown in
sheltered positions, and where protection can be
given. Veitch's Perfection and Canadian Wonder
can be relied upon as suitable varieties. Earth-
up and mulch advancing crops, and keep them
well supplied with water.

THE APIARY.

By Chloris.
Sees and Clover. — People are accustomed to
taking bees to the Heather, but few think of
taking them to the Clover. The young bee-keeper
hesitates to do either. He is afraid of the
trouble of moving the stocks, to say nothing of
the danger of a tew stings. Most beemen who

have had no experience in the ways of these
insects do not exercise enough care in the
preparation, the consequence is that during the
removal a few bees escape, fly about the
amateur, settle on him, creep over his face,
and by the time his destination is reached
he has completely lost nerve. Nor do his troubles
cease at this point, for when he reaches home his
family discover that there are other bees on his
hat, in his coat — in fact everywhere.

How to remove Bees. — All the combs in hives
intended for removal should have the foundation
wired in. The frames should be tightly wedged
together, a piece of perforated zinc should take
the place of the quilts, then two laths should be
laid across the frames and screwed down, each
with three or four screws. The entrances should
be stopped with a piece of perforated zinc and
the whole hive made thoroughly secure with a
piece of rope. A great deal of preparation
seems to be necessary, but the results will amply
repay one. Place some straw in the bed of the
cart or wagon, so that there shall be no
unnecessary jar, and rerform the task in the
evening. Remember, no new combs, unless
wired, should be in use. Neglect the warning and
disaster is certain, and the colony thus situated
meets with certain death.

Some Results obtained by removing Bees to Clover.
— A gentleman some years ago lived near a town,
and was determined to get a good honey crop.
During the second or third week in June he set
off for a field of white Clover which was just
coming into bloom (the season was wet, and he
lived in the far north). He fed the bees well
until the Clover came out in all its glory, and to
his delight the weather became beautifully
fine. He put on a crate of shallow frames
containing drawn-out comb, and in six days
it was almost full ; underneath these he
placed another crate of similar frames, and
in a few days more these were full. The
weather broke during the third week in July,
but he had secured nearly 10O lb. of first-
class honey, which fetched a good price, and won
many first prizes at shows far and near. If I
remember rightly, what with a good sale and the
prizes, that hive's profit was equal to a ten
pound note.

A Hurried VISIT. — A French amateur, not
unknown in the columns of the Gardeners'
Chronicle, makes known in the columns of Le
Jardin his impressions of London, as gathered in
a stay of twenty-four hours. On landing at
Dover he was not fortunate enough to secure a
corridor carriage, and inveighs against our
" sordides wagons," our " maussade," rain-
dripping sky, the wretched workmen's dwellings,
the hurly-burly at Victoria, and the narrow bed
at the hotel. At 8 the next morning |he paid a
visit to Veitch's nursery, about which the writer
indulges in compliment ; then to the Temple Show
at 10, where he found the tents old, narrow, and
dark, but wherein the cultivation of the plants
exhibited excited the admiration of our visitor.
At 2 o'clock, a ride to Kew in a landau — entry by
one gate, exit by another. House after house was
inspected, and generally with satisfaction ; but
the Nepenthes-house was too hot. What the
" Aristolochia dicosea macronia " may be we
can only guess, and our visitor cannot have had
time to ascertain, for at half-past 6 he says he
was in Richmond Park, noting the deer ; then,
passing again through the unlovely suburbs, he
reached his hotel, snatched a hasty meal, left
Charing Cross at 9 p.m. in the " horribles wagons '"
(agam unfortunate) for Dover, passing the Crystal
Palace and its fireworks as he proceeded. At
Calais the bed in the sleeping-car was as wide as
that of the London hotel. At 6 in the morning
Paris was reached— Paris with its cheerful and
bright appearance, its brilliant skies. " Oh, how
beautiful Paris is ! " he exclaims. " There is
nothing like it in England "—and this after an
experience of twenty-four hours. Well, perhaps
he is righb; still the next time he visits us we
trust he'will stay a little longer. There is really
as much worth seeing in London as in Paris —
only let him take a corridor train, and not come
in November !

10

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 1, 1905.

APPOINTMENTS for JULY.

SATURDAY, July
MONDAY, July

TUESDAY, July 4

(Windsor, Eton and District
.) Horticultural Exhibition.
', Societe FraDcaise d'Hoiticul-
(. ture de Londres Meet.
3— Maidstone Rose Show.

Royal Horticultural Society's
! Committees Meet.
National Sweet Pea Society's
Show at Royal Horticultural
Hall, Vincent Square.
Royal Scottish Arboricultural
Society's Exhibition of Fores-
try and General Meeting at
Glasgow (4 days).
Croydon Horticultural Society's

Show.
Hanley Horticultural Fete (3

days)
Tunbridge Wells Flower Show.
Hereford i>nd West of England

Rose Show (2 days).
Bristol and Bath Rose Show
in aid of Royal Benevolent
» Institution.

i National Rose Society's Exliibl-
■' lion at Regent's Park.
I Flower Show at Belfast (2 days).
Royal Horticultural Society's
Summer Exhibition in the
Grounds of the Royal Hos-
pital. Chelsea (3 dayt).
Harrow Flower Show.
Wolverhampton Floral Fete

(.3 days).
.Cambridge Horticultural Show.
Reigate Flower Show.
Bath Rose and Begonia Show.
Nottingham Horticultural and
BotaDical Society's Exhibi-
tion (2 days).
Lee and District Flower Show

(2 days).
Beckenham Rose and Horticul-
tural Show.
Potters Bar and District Ama-
teur Rose Society's Show.
Chipping Norton and North
Oxon Rose Show,
t Kidderminster and District
< Summer Flower Show.
Royal Horticultural Society's
Committees Meet, with Na-
tional Carnation and Picotee
Society's Show.
National R.>se Society's Show at
Gloucester.
1 Northumberland and District
19-' Flower Show at Newcastle

( (3 days).
„0 ( Horticultural Club (annual
\ outing at Wisley).
(■Cardiff and County Horticul-
tural Society's Exhibition (2
WEDNESDAY, July 26- days)..

Southern Counties Carnation
V. Show at Southamptnu

WEDNESDAY.July 5

THURSDAY, July 6

TUESDAY, July 11-

WEDNE3DAY, July 121

THURSDAY, July
SATURDAY, July

13

TUESDAY, July 18

WEDNESDAY, July
THURSDAY, JULY

FRIDAY, July

("Royal Botanic Society Meet.
18 { HandswortliHorticulturalShow
I (2 days).

BALE FOR THE WEEK.

FRIDAY NEXT-

Odontoglossum Schroderianum, &c . by order of
Messrs. Sander it sons. Imported Orchids in
variety by order of Messrs. Stanley & Co. 80 Lots
choice Hybrids. Odoutoglossum crispum, &c, by
Protheroe & Morris, at 12.30.

(For further particulars see our Advertisement columns.)

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
-t31=.
Actual Temperatures :—

Lonion.— Wednesday, June 28 (6 p.m.): Max. 75°;
Min. 68".
Gardeners' Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, London.— Thursday. June 29
(10 a.m.): Bar., £9 8; Temp., 66°. Wealher—
Dull.
Provinces.— Wednesday, June 18 (6 p.m.): Max. 70',
Guildford ; Min. to', Barmouth.

The Vienna
Congress.

The main objects of the Con-
gress held at Vienna from
June 11 to 18, were two in
number. In common with congresses in
general it was a reunion ; botanists from all
parts of the world met together to renew old
friendships or make new ones. On the first
evening, when Professor Julius Wiesner,
the well-known plant physiologist and head
of the Vienna Plant Physiological Institute,
welcomed the members at a very informal
reception, 500 had already arrived, and
the final list contained more than 600
names. Naturally, the Austro - German

element predominated, but practically all
countries with a botanical interest were
represented, from China in the East to Cali-
fornia in the West, and quite a large number
of Americans took part in the proceedings.
We regretted to see so few Englishmen, but
the middle of June is a busy time with out-
professional botanists, but, at any rate, those
who were able to go were much in evidence.
Among those present were Lt.-Col. Prain, Dr.
Eendle, Dr. and Mrs. Scott, Prof. Marshall
Ward, S. Woodhead, and Dr. Stapf.

For many of the members the special object
of the Congress was the conference on no-
menclature which met to revise the Cede of
Laws promulgated at the Paris meeting by
Alphonse de Caneolle in 1807. It is to be
hoped that the results of the conference will
tend to solve the questions on which syste-
matic botanists have been divided, and on
which there has been so much discussion
during the last ten years. For four or five
hours on every afternoon during the week
about 150 representatives, with Professor
Flahault, of Montpellier, as president, and
the indefatigable Dr. Briquet as general
secretary, met and worked steadily through
the numerous amendments and modifica-
tions of the original laws. Dr. Otto Kuntze
came for a few minutes only on one
afternoon to protest against the Conference.
He met with a hearty reception, but the
proceedings showed that only a very small
minority were in sympathy with his
extreme views. The points at issue were
freely discussed, but there was a marked
absence of feeling and an evident desire to
find n working solution of the difficulties.

Prom a horticultural point of view the
chief result was the acceptance by a very
large majority of votes of what Dr. Kuntze
has called the " Codex inhonestans." This is
a long list of genera, the names of which are
to be retained under any circumstances,
though under the nile of priority they would
be replaced by others less well known. These
are names which have become established
by long usage. Thus it will not be in-
cumbent upon botanists or gardeners to
replace Cunninghamia of Robert Brown by
Belis of Salisbury, or Sequoia of Endlicher
by Steinhauera of Presl, though the second
names are in both cases the earlier; and
well-known names, such as Leersia, Zoysia
and Glyceria need not give place to Homa-
locenchrus, Osterdamia and Panicularia,
though the last three have the sanction of
antiquity. In this respect a convenient,
if arbitrary, result is reached.

The Conference also placed a ban upon the
use cf the too familiar "hort''— the floating of
new species without any, or with inadequate
descriptions in horticultural publications.
The members of the Conference perhaps
did not recognise the fact that these names
are given by nurserymen and dealers, and
that as the plants are exhibited and pre-
miated under these names, the "publications"
are bound to adopt them, at least provision-
ally. If the abbreviation "hort. " is affixed,
the botanist knows that from his point of
view the name has no significance. It is only
a short time since we wasted a whole morning
in the endeavour to verify a Latin name
which had no other authority than that of
the nurseryman who sent us the specimen.
If the abbreviation "hort." or an English
name had been given, or at least one not con-
structed according to botanical usage, we
should not have been misled. The suggestion

that a new species must be accompanied by a
description in Latin, English, French, Ger-
man or Italian, called forth considerable dis-
cussion, especially on the part of the Scandi-
navian and Eussian members, and the only
possible solution seemed to lie the insistence
on a Latin diagnosis, which we may add it
has bsen the practice of this Journal from the
first to give. The law, however, is not to take
effect before 1910, and will not necessarily
apply to works part of which has already
appeared. The members were also, though
very unequally, divided on the question of
the name to be used when a transference is
made from one genus to another, or from
varietal to specific rank. Ultimately a com-
promise was effected. In the former case
the earliest "trivial" epithet persists, but
not necessarily in the latter. Thus we shall
say Ipomcva Fes-caprte (originally Convol-
vulus Pes-capra> Linn.), not Ipomcea biloba,
though the latter binominal is the earliest
under Ipoma-a. On the other hand, if a
var. major is considered, as a result of more
careful examination or fuller knowledge, to
be really of specific rank, the species need
not bear the name major, which obviously
might be quite inappropriate. With one
dissentient, the Conference was unani-
mous against changing a name once given,
however inappropriate ; Asclepias syriaca,
for instance, is quite unknown from Syria,
but a name is a name and must stand.

The general programme of the Congress
included a number of papers on various
topics, such as the "Development of the
Flora of Europe since Tertiary Times," a
group of papers in one of which Professor
Webei: referred to the Vine as occurring in
the earliest known flora, an interesting fact
from its general existence in Central Europe
presumably only as an escape from cultivation
at the present day. This topic also called
forth the suggestion of the preservation of
such plant formations as throw a light on
the history of the flora. It was mantioned,
for instance, that the characteristic primi-
tive forests of Bosnia are in imminent
danger of destruction, and the Congress was
asked to help towards the conservation of a
portion. An interesting account was given
by Dr. Scott, of Kew, on the present
position of our knowledge of the seed-
bearing Fern - like fossils— the so-called
1'teridosperms.

The first day of the Congress was the
occasion of the opening of a botanical exhi-
bition in the orangery of the ancient palace
of Sehunbrunn. The Schonbrunn gardens
bring to our mind Jacquin and the mag-
nificent folios associated with his name,
and one of the features of the exhibition
was a display of some of his original
drawings and MSS. ; and an item of the
general programme was the unveiling of
a bust of Nicolas Joseph Jacquin in the
Festal Hall of the University. In his appre-
ciative oration Professor WlESNEE referred
to the important position which Jacquin
held in the general scientific, and especially
the natural scientific world in -the second
half of the eighteenth century. At the same
time a similar honour was paid to a contem-
porary of Jacqiin's, Jan Ingen - housz,
a court physician, but known to botanists
as one of the earliest workers on plant
physiology, especially nutrition — " qua
ratione plantx aluntur primus conspexiV

An interesting feature of the botanical
exhibition was the unique specimen of a

Supplement to the "Gardeners' Chronicle.'1

Crinum Rattrayi, a species from the Lake Albert District in Uganda ; Flowers white ; of real

size ; outline showing habit.

Pradburv, Agnevv & Co., Ld., Printers, London and Tonbridge.

July 1, 1905]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

11

carious Aselepiadaceous plant, Fockea ca-
pensis, brought originally from the Cape,
tout not found since. It develops annual
shoots from a hard persistent woody rhizome
as large as a child's head.

At the final meeting of the Congress, in
response to an invitation from the Belgian
members, voiced by Professor Erreea and
supported by the Belgian Government,
Brussels was selected as the meeting place
for the third International Congress, which
will meet in 1910.

Crinum Rattrayii. — Our Supplementary
Illustration shows a beautiful, pure white, fra-
grant Crinum, for which Sir Trevor Lawrence,
Bart., received a First-class Certificate at the
Royal Horticultural Society, March 28 last. The
plant was introduced by Major Rattray, then of
the King's African Rifles, at Entebbe, and now
of Rattray's Sikhs, in the Punjab, India. Major
Rattray sent the first bulbs from his garden at
Entebbe, and has kindly forwarded a photograph
of one of the plants growing there. The plant is
not indigenous in the Victoria Nyanza district,
the specimens at Entebbe being cultivated ones.
Later, Major Rattray sent to the neighbour-
hood of Lake Albert, where it is said to
be indigenous, and secured the bulbs which
are now in cultivation. Horticulturally this
is one of the finest and most distinct
of Crinums, the large pure white flowers and
ascending dark green leaves rendering it easily
distinguishable. Botanieally it appears to be the
most ornate of the C. giganteum section. We
may remark that even in its own country it
commanded admiration, for Major Rattray re-
ports that the natives assert that when Mtesa
was King of Uganda, this Crinum was dedicated
to his use and that of the highest chiefs, and
heavy penalties were inflicted on othtrs found in
possession of the plant.

Royal Horticultural Society.— Exami-
nation in Cottage and Allotment Gardening.
— After a careful perusal of the 139 papers re-
turned from the various centres, the examiners
■report a distinct advance in the answers per-
taining to the practical treatment of cottage
.and allotment gardens in general as compaied
with those of the previous examination in 1904.
A goodly number of those in the first-class,
notably such as form the upper half of it, have
.evidently gained considerable experience in the
working of such gardens themselves, whilst
some of the answers given afforded peculiar
pleasure to the examiners. The answers given to
question 1 showed in several instances that the
method cf trenching was clearly understood.
Several candidates greatly confused the teims
"pyramids," "bushes," "cordons,'' and 'espa-
liers," as applied to fruit-trees. The term '■ her-
baceous " as applied to flowering plants also
showed a deficient knowledge, whilst, singular to
say, only a very small number included Rcses
amongst woody plants suitable for cutting and
bunching for sale or otherwise. " Annuals,"
"biennials," and "perennials" were also much
confused with each other. In the making up of
hot-beds the replies were frequently vague and
lacking in detail. Guesswork characteiised some
replies— notably in advising that "early Feas
should be raised from roots saved over from the
previous year," that " Raspberries should be pro-
pagated from cuttings," and that "Apples in some
cases should be iaised from seed." The results of
these examinations show on the whole that it is
quite possible for the children in elementary
schools to be well instructed in cottage and allot-
ment gardening, and the knowledge theieby
imparted will, without doubt, bear good fruit in
years to come. The examiners were Alexander
Dean, V.M.H., and James Hudson, V.M.H.

Examination in Horticulture. — The

annual examination in the principles and practice
of horticulture was held on April 12, 1905, when
160 papers were sent in ; 300 marks were allotted
as a maximum, all candidates who obtained 250
marks and upwards being placed in the First
Class. The total number of these was 20, or
12 5 per cent, of the whole. Those who secured
200 marks and fewer than 250 were placed in the
Second Class. The number was 67, or nearly
42 per cent. Those who obtained 100 marks and
upwards were placed in the Third Class, the
number being 71, or nearly 44'4 per cent. Three
only were not placed. There has been a con-
tinuous decrease in the number of candidates
since the Council adopted a more advanced
syllabus, as there were 229 in 1902 ; 198 in 1903 ;
190 in 1901; and 160 in 1905. Comparing the
percentages of the number in each class with
those of 1901, they were: last year. First Class,
about 13-3; Second Class, about 492; Third
Class, about 324 ; so that the greatest reduction
is in the First Class, or about one-third. AVith
regard to the Elementary Principles, the syllabus
now requires a higher standard of knowledge ;
but many of the papers of the First Class were

■ :

{

Witf-M,

WW'MJHnk

* - . ■ ■ \

f

' rs#v-

•V', ' Vj' -

, > v* '^%^
|

* ■'■'- ■■■■. • rl

V • " r . ■ ,'-

Fig. ti.— CRiM'M rattrayi flowering iv major

RATTRAY'S LATE GARDEN AT ENTEBBE.

quite equal to it, especially perhaps in matters
which are presumably learnt from books. Com-
paratively few of the 160 attempted to give the
morphological characters of the two natural
orders required. We infer that this elementary
bianch of botany does not meet with the encou-
ragement it deserves. In Practical Horticulture,
the candidates confined their answers more
strictly to the letter of the questions than they
have done on previous occasions, and the know-
ledge imparted by the various lecturers through-
out tLe country has evidently not been in vain.
The examiners were Prof. George Henslow,
M.A., V.M.H., and James Douglas, V.M H.

The National Rose Show, — We would
remind our readers that the twenty- ninth
Metropolitan Show of the National Rose Society
will be held in the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Regent's Park, on Thursday next, July 6. It will
be remembered that the Society's shows were held
for many years at the Crystal Palace, and subse-
quently for several seasons in the grounds of the
Ianer Temple, Thames Embankment. This year
a fresh place has been chosen, owing to the
Temple Gardens being no longer available, and it
will be interesting to watch the result of the
innovation. The value of the money prizes,
pieces of plate, medals, &c.,' to be awarded is
£270. The three Champion Challenge Trophies
will also be again c :mpeted for.

The Fruit Crops in Kent.— The sales of
Cherries on the trees that have been recently
held in the Maidstone district show how variable
is the amount of the crop ; thus, on one farm
4 acres of Cherries yielded £48, whilst the crop
from 3 acres not many miles away, brought only
£2. The highest price, according to a Kentish
paper, was yielded by a crop from 13 acres.
The bidding began at £200 and ran up to £460 !
From exactly the same area elsewhere only
£72 was realised. Near Sittingbourne, 11 acres
of Cherries fetched £250. " Both from a grower's
as well as from a buyer's point of view, the sales
as a whole are stated to have been the most
depressing experienced for some years."

Horticultural Club. — The summer excur-
sion is fixed for Thursday, July 20, and it has
been decided to carry out the following pro-
gramme : — Saloon carriages will be attached to
the train leaving Waterloo Station at 10.5 for
Weybridge, where brakes will be in readiness to
convey the party to the new Garden of the Royal
Horticultural Society, Wisley. After luncheon
at the Hut Hotel, brakes will convey the party
to Chertsey, where a launch will be waiting to
convey the members and their friends to Kingston-
on-Thames, tea being served on board. Kingston
will be reached about 5.30, and Mr. James
Walker has kindly invited the party to visit
his garden on Ham Common. Brakes will be in
readiness at Kingston to convey the party to
Mr. Walker's, and later either to Richmond or
to Kingston railway stations.

Prodigious Strawberries!— Messrs. Lax-
ton BRe>THKRS, of Bedford, called at this office on
Tuesday last to show us some of the earliest fruits
of the new variety Bedford Champion, which we
remember to have seen last season in the Bed-
ford nurseries. The large size of these early
fruits may be imagined when we state that six
of them weighed 1 lb., and twenty-five fruits
weighed 4} lb. The variety is one ob-
tained from crossing a seedling from Noble
and Sir Joseph Paxton with another seedling
from Scarlet Queen and John Ruskin. Besides
being of such large size, the fruits develop very
high colour, and a flavour similar to those of
Royal Sovereign ; and the seeds being nearly
buried in the flesh, the fruit3 are smooth to the
palate. It should be added that the fruits men-
tioned were " king " fruits— a technical term for
fruits produced by the central flower in a truss,
which, as gardeners and botanists know well, are
always bigger than the rest.

A Conifer Disease.— The June number of
the Journal of the Board of Agriculture mentions
that a batch of diseased Spruce seedlings was
recently sent to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,
from upland Yorkshire, accompanied by a state-
ment that the disease was most prevalent at the
crowded end of the seed-bed ; the portion where
the plants were not so crowded appeared to be
fairly free from it. Examination showed the
disease to be caused by a fungus called Herpo-
trichia nigra by Hartig, who recorded it as an
injurious parasite in the Spruce woods of the
Bavarian forests. The leaves are attacked and
killed by the fungus, but instead of falling when
dead they are bound together by mycelium or
spawn, and remain as a compaci brown mass
clustered round the branch from which they
sprang. These dense clusters of dead leaves,
fixed = to the branches by dark - coloured,
cobweb-like mycelium, are very characteristic.
The fruit of the fungus and also minute lumps
or " sclerotia " are produced on the leaves.
The parasite is most prevalent in nurseries at
high elevations, and has been recorded as
attacking Spruce (Picea excelsa), Mountain Pine
(Pinus montana), and Juniper (Juniperus com-
munis). It occurs in Germany and Norway ; it
does not appear to have been previously recorded

12

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Jolt 1, 1905.

in Great Britain. The following observations
with a view to its prevention are made in Hartig
& Somerville's Text-Book of Diseases of Trees :—
" It is an interesting biological point that the
fungus grows especially when the temperature
is low, under the snow or during the time it
is melting, because in such circumstances the
air is completely saturated with moisture. The
frequency of the disease at high elevations has
led to the general adoption of the practice of
forming Spruce nurseries at low altitudes. It
has also been found a good plan to look over the
nurseries immediately after the melting of the
snow, and to raise up all prostrated plants in
order that they may be exposed to the wind. It
would also be a step in the right direction in
planting out trees to set them on hillocks and
similar elevations, and to avoid placing them in
hollows and other depressions." It is important
that diseased seedlings should be collected and
destroyed by burning, otherwise the numerous
fruits and sclerotia present on the leaves would
prove a source of danger in the future.

Effects of Ringing. — In the Comptes
Jiendus for June 5, we note a paper by M.
Leclerc du Sablon, on the effects of " ringing "
or annular decortication on the distribution of
hydro-carbonaceous reserves (starch, &c), in the
stems, roots, and leaves of trees. The experi-
menter concludes that the leaves contained more
reserve substances in the decorticated than in
the uninjured trees. The products of assimila-
tion, unable to reach the roots, accumulate in
the leaves and stems. Thus is explained the
considerable increase in the crop obtained by
ringing fruit-trees. Chlorophyll is less abun-
dant in the leaves of decorticated trees, the
leaves being usually noticeable for their
yellowish colour. There seems to be a sort of
regulation of the assimilating function; the
chlorophyllic products of assimilation have no
longer their normal outlet, and encumber the
leaves, causing a diminution in the production of
chlorophyll. The experiments, in fact, clearly
demonstrate the interchange of reserve substances
that takes place betn een the stem and the root—
an interchange discovered previously by direct
study of the distribution of the same substances
in a tree not decorticated. At the end of winter
and at the beginning of spring the reserves move
upwards from the root towards the stem, thus
causing in the liber an ascending current of
elaborated sap. From May to October the
movement is in the reverse direction from the
stem to the root. Comparative analyses show
further the quantitative importance of these
interchanges.

Narcissus with Four Blooms on a Spike.

—A correspondent sends us an illustration in the
People's Journal of a double form of Narcissus,
which, growing in a market garden near Dundee,
has developed four perfect flowers on a single
spike. Many instances of two flowers on a single
spike have come under our notice, but cases in
which there are four are less common.

Sale of Garden Ornaments— Messrs.
Robinson & Fisher's sales during last week
included some valuable garden ornaments, of
which the more important were as follows: — A
pair of large, old, carved stone vases in subjects
'■ Fire " and " Water," and covers, surmounted
by figures holding globes, with the pedestals—
.£51 ( Van Straaten) ; a pair of old lead statues
of a youth and girl dancing, 5J feet high, with
the carved stone pedestals— 54 guineas (Feet-
ham) ; a pair of lead figures of a shepherd and
shepherdess— .£160 (Van Straaten) ; six fine old
Vincenza figures, 66 inches high— 75 guineas ; a
square sundial, standing 71 feet high on finely-
carved stone-shaped pillar with sunk panels of Acan-
thus leaf, & c, and surmounted by an old lead figure
of "The Bird Catcher"— 41 guineas (Brown); a

pair of wrought-iron gates of Renaissance design,
Italian, sixteenth century, 10 feet by 6 feet Sinches
— 63 guineas ; a set of four statuary marble figures
representing Europe, Asia, Africa, and America,
each 63 inches high — 91 "guineas (Ferguson) ;
and a fine old English wrought-iron park gate in
three sections, the centre one opening 4 feet
3 inches, the panels at either side 4 feet each, the
whole decorated in fine scrolls, paterae, &c,
height lOi feet, removed in 1745 from Sir Robert
Dash wood's house, Northbrook, Oxon — 94 guineas.

The Report of the Departmental Com-
mittee on Fruit Culture just presented to
Parliament records the opinion that this industry
is the only form of agriculture which shows any
progress. The following, says the Daily
Chronicle, are among the most important recom-
mendations of the Committee : —

A special sub-department of the Board of Agriculture
and Fisheries should be established to deal with
matters connected with the fruit industry. The
suggestion is that there should be two branches of
such a sub-department : (ns) a bureau of information ;
(6) an experimental fruit farm.

Horticulture should he taught in elementary schools in
country districts, and such schools should have
school gardens attached wherever possible.

A large fruit farm should be established in proximity to
the experimental farm, where fruit-growers and
lecturers could receive a practical training.

Compensation should he paid on rules laid down by
experts to an outgoing tenant of a holding under the
Agricultural Holdings Acts on the basis of the value
to the incoming tenant.

A Kill should be passed in Parliament for facilitating
the purchase of small holdings by tenants with
assistance from public funds.

The State should be empowered to lendmoney to land-
owners who have fruit on their estates, for the
purpose of supplying the ready-money required for
the payment of compensation at the determination
of a tenancy.

A more simple and uniform system of rates for fruit
should be introduced by the railway companies.

Building bye-laws in country districts should be modified
so as to allow of the cheaper construction of cottages.

"Fruit Preserving." — A pamphlet with
this title, written by Mr. J. H. Cook, and pub-
lished by the " Pitman " Health Food Co., Bir-
mingham, appears appropriately at this season of
the year. It includes not merely directions for
preserving fruit, but a strong plea for a diet
consisting of cooked fruits eaten with nut-meal
and brown bread and butter. Not stopping to
analyse the statement that " what sunlight
applied outwardly is to the pores of the skin in
its purifying effects, so are fruit-juices to the
inside coatings of the body, having in this
respects effects exactly opposite to those of meat-
juices," we may say that the recipes for storing
a wealth of fruits until a season- of dearth will be
found useful.

Archaic Botany.— Dr. Penzig, of Genoa,
has recently published an account of two her-
baria formed in the sixteenth century (1529 —
1532) by Gherardo C'ibo, and preserved at Rome.
These herbaria date from some thirty years
before that of Cjesalpinus, nineteen years before
that of Aldrovanuus, and eight years before
those of the two English botanists, Turner and
Falconer. Dr. Penzig gives an enumeration of
the plants in these herbaria. Among them are
specimens of Cotton, of Maize, of Opuntia vul-
garis, and Sugar-cane, which are interesting in
view of the then recent discovery of the
American continent, In all some 1440 dif-
ferent species are preserved in these her-
baria, among them being many cultivated in
ornamental gardens or for utilitarian purposes.
An index of vernacular and scientific names adds
greatly to the value of this interesting publica-
tion.* In the same work Professor Penzig has a
note on a codex of Materia Medica of Dioscorides
preserved in Rome. The writer alludes to the
famous copies in Vienna and Oxford, but, so far

Oon'ribuzioni dell , delta Botanica. Milau, Ulrico

Hoepli. 1905.

as we have seen, does not allude to the Rinuccini
manuscript, which was sold in London for ,£59t I in
1857. Some reference was made of this in the
Phytologist for December, 1857, where also copies
of the figures of Papyrus, Nelumbiurn, and
Nymphaea Lotus were given.

Carpet-bedding at Maidenhead. — There-
is always a great deal of summer bedding to be
seen along the Thames banks in the boating
season. In one garden between Maidenhead and
Bray, the Japanese flag may be seen carried out
in dwarf plants of suitable colours, and on the
same lawn is the name "Togo" in large letters
worked out with little plants as a tribute to the
popular Japanese Admiral. Among the less
formal arrangements the arches and pillars
covered with Rambler and other Roses, and the
white Pinks, are very effective in the river-side
gardens just now. The decoration of the house-
boats is, as usual, satisfactory in proportion to
the simplicity of the schemes adopted ■ flowers
of one or at most two colours, and of course-
plenty of foliage, being more admirable than the
confusions of red, pink, blue, and yellow occa-
sionally displayed.

"Summer Holidays."— From the publishers,
at 30, Fleet Street, E.C., we have received a
pamphlet entitled Summer Holidays, by Percy
Lindlet. The publication is issued under the-
auspices of the Great Eastern Railway Company,
and includes tempting accounts of spots in East
Anglia and other districts traversed by the line.
There are some capital pen-and-ink illustrations,
and the coloured facsimiles of water-colour paint-
ings are charming. The booklet is brought up tc-
date, and should prove useful to many intending,
travellers.

Covent Garden Flower Market.— "We
hear so much of the necessity for " waking up,"
that it comes as an agreeable variation to be told
that in some matters we excel. That "mud-
salad " market should be picked out as an.
example of our superiority is still more sur-
prising. Nevertheless, the Florists' Exchange con-
trasts the arrangements of our flower market
with that in New York, and shows that the-
advantage is this time on our side of the
Atlantic.

"Journal of Economic Biology."— We

hear that it is proposed to issue in September the
first part of the Journal of Economic Biology.
This periodical is to be edited by Mr. Walter E.
Collinge, with the co-operation of Professors
A. H. R. Buller, of Manitoba; Geo. H. Cak-
penter, of Dublin, and Messrs. Robert New-
stead and A. E. Shipley, F.R.S. The Journal is
planned to meet the need for a recognised
medium for the publication of original investi-
gations in economic biology. The result of
researches will, it is hoped, be reported promptly-,
and a special feature will be made of the
necessary illustrations. A number of British
and foreign biologists have promised their
support, and it is hoped that the Journal will be
found in all university, scientific and public
libraries, as well as in the private libraries of
scientists. Communications should be addressed
to the Editor. The publishers are Messrs. Dulai
& Co., 37, Soho Square, W.

Presentation to Mr. Forrest, Haddo

HOUSE Gardens.— < >n Thursday, June 22, a
large number of the leading inhabitants in the
district, and the employe's, with their wives and
families, on his Aberdeen estate, were invited by
the Earl and Countess of Aberdeen to join with,
them in honouring their head gardener at Haddo
House, Mr. J. Forrest, who is retiring from
active duties after a service of forty years. A
very large number accepted the invitation. The
chief feature of the meeting was the presentation
to Mr. Forrest of many handsome and valuable.

July I, 1903/

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

13

presents from the Aberdeen family. Lord Aber-
deen spoke in terms of cordial appreciation
regarding the manner in which Mr. Forrest had
■devoted himself to the duties of his position, and
referred to his desirable personality and influence
in the district. The feelings of esteem with
which he was regarded had already been be-
tokened in a practical manner, one of these
expressions being in the shape of a handsome
gold watch, offered by the staff at Haddo House
and on the estate, and by some other friends and
acquaintances. The gifts from Lord and Lady
Aberdeen consisted of a gold watch-chain, gold,
pencil-case, and gold locket. Lady Aberdeen
presented Miss Forrest with a magnificent brooch
in the form of a cairngorm and amethyst beetle.

A Cricket MATCH.— On Thursday, June 22,
the annual match arranged between the firms of
Messrs. Protheroe A Morris, Cheapside
London, and Messrs. Sander At Sons, St. Albans,
'took place amidst the pleasant surroundings of
the Clarence Park enclosure at St. Albans. A
well-contested game, the result of which was
in doubt until the last few minutes of play,
ended in a long-hoped-for victory for the St.
Albans players by the narrow margin of twenty
runs. Previous to and after the match, the
players and other employes, with several of the
members of the two firms, were entertained to
lunch and tea in the large hall at the residence
of Mr. Sander, when opportunity was taken to
express the pleasure occasioned by these annual
gatherings.

Spraying Weeds.— The beneficial effect of
spraying with copper sulphate in solution in the
case of Charlock has led to enquiries being made
as to its use in the case of other weeds. In the
Report of the Ontario Agricultural College, 1905,
we find that experiments were made by Mr.
. Jarvis, the lecturer in biology, on the effect of
the spray on nearly thirty different kinds of
weeds, but that practically spraying was effectual
only in the case of Charlock. The strength of
the spray was 9 lb. of copper sulphate to 45 galls.
•of water.

Eucalyptus.— The following are the species
recorded as cultivated in the open-air in British
.gardens : —

coceifera

cordata

Globulus

Gunnii

leuco-rylon

urnigera

vimiDalis

vernicosa

calophylla

alpina

aiuygdalina

resiuifera

coriaeca

polyanthema

Staigeriana

Miluiiultiplinervis =

pauciflora
stellulata

For the hybrids see Revue Horticole, 1903, p. 325.
■See also Gardeners' Chronicle, May 7, 1881 j
February 2, 1881; November 26, 1886 ; June 30,
1888.

Memorial of the Late P. B. Webb.— Under
■the title " Webbia," we note the publication, in
Florence, of Raccolta di Scritti Rotanici pubblicati
■in occasione del 50th Anniversario della Morte di
Filippo Barker Webb. The souvenir includes a
brief account of the life and travels of the
botanist, with some of his last letters to Dr.
Montagne, which are of great interest, though
the proofs of those which were written in English
should have been revised by an English botanist.
Mr. Webb's benefactions to Florence are hand-
somely acknowledged, and some 300 pages of the
memoir are devoted to various botanical subjects,
•including one by Signor Beccari on the Palms
of the genus Trachyearpus. The editor of
" "Webbia " is Professor Martelli, of Pisa.

The Conifers of Formosa. — In the

number of the Tokyo Botanical Magazine, dated
April 29, 1905, is an article by Mr. B. Hayata on
-the " Conifers of the Island of Formosa and their
Distribution." Seventeen species are enumerated,
all Japanese or Chinese or both, except one
that is peculiar to the island and which is not

known to us, viz., Chamaecyparis formosensis of
Matsumara. The greatest affinity seems to be
witli the Japanese flora, which indicates a former
land connection between Japan and Formosa — a
connection traces of which are met with in the
Liukiu islands.

GUIDE-BOOKS RECEIVED.-The approach of the
travelling season is marked by the issue of various
books useful to the intending tourist. We note
Horsham and St. Leonard* Forest, in the well-known
series of "Homeland Handbooks." published from
22, Bride Lane, Fleet Street. The volume is written by
the Rev. W. A. Goodliffe. and contains a chapter upon
Christ's Hospital, an Ordnance map. and plenty of
pictures illustrative of a beautiful neighbourhood.—
Rhineland is an illustrated booklet by Mr. Percy
Lindley. and mentions some of the less familiar side-
valleys of the Rhine to be reached by the Great Eastern
Railway Company's routes rid Harwich and the Hook
of Holland. It is published at HO, Fleet Street. — Tours
in Galloway is issued under the auspices of the Port-
patrick and Wigtownshire Joint Railways, and is a
pleasantly written and abundantly illustrated guide to
a beautiful neighbourhood. It includes a list of hotels
and lodging-houses in the district.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. — The Journal of the
Board of Agriculture, lune. Principal contents:
Hedgerow Timber. A. C. Forbes; Experiments in the
Improvement of Wheat; Manuring of Forest Trees —
The Agricultural Qazettt ■■ Ken South Wales. May.
Among the contents are : Phytophthora infestaus
(Potato disease) in New Zealand, U. T. Musson ; Potatos
prohibited irom New Zealand: Useful Australian
Plants and Notes on Amsinckias, J. H. Maiden ; Wheat-
growing in New South Wales, and Paspalum dilatatum,
W. S. Campbell; Royal Botanic Gardens. Ceylon.—
Administration Reports, 1904.partiv. Education. Science,
and Art. by Dr. J. C. Willis, Director. Much extra
work was done in the opeuing of an Experimental
Station and the formation of an Agricultural S
and this and other progress is of much service to
planters and others. Much more space is required for
the Museum and Library, and it is hoped that this will
soon be gained —University of California : College of
Agricultural Experiment Station : Asparagus and As-
paragus Rust in California, by R. E. Smith.— From the
United States Department of Agriculture we have
received the following : Bureau of Plant Industry.
Bulletin No. 88— Aort/i American Species oj Agrostti by
A. s. Hitchcock; BulletinNo 7-'. Partiii. — Extermination
of Jo neon Grass (with no indication ol the name of the
species), by W. .1 Spillman ; Bulletin No. 12. Part iv.—
Inoculation o) SoU with Nitrogt n-Fixing BacU ria, by A. F.
Woods.— Farmer's Bulletin No. 218— The School G
by L. C. Corbett ; No. 2ie.— Tomatm. by L. C. Corbett.—
University of Illinois. Agricultural Experiment Station,
Bulletin No. 98— Tht Curcullo and the .-l/,;>(<-. by C. S.
Crandall. and No. 100 Direction* for Uie Breeding of
Corn, including Methods for the Prevention of In-Breeding,
byC. G. Hopkins. L. II. Smith, and E 11. East.— Trees.
vol. iii., by II. Marshall Ward (Cambridge University
Press).

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editor docs not hold himself responsible for the
opinions ex2>rcssed by his Correspondents. )
FLOWER-SHOW TENTS.— The complaint made
as to the great heat generated in the long tents
at the Temple Flower Show is no new one.
There the heat is intensified by the great length
of certain of the tents, their lowness and the
crowds of people who throng them making
the heat and close, stifling atmosphere almost
unbearable. But excepting the crowds, the com-
plaint is equally made at ail shows under canvas
in hot weather, and because of the structure of
the canvas little seems possible on the part of the
respective executives to remedy the evil other
than by having the side canvases well unlooped.
"When that is done it is too often only after the
heat in the tents has become excessive, and cut
flowers especially have greatly suffered. There
can be no doubt, because tent-roofs are so stupidly
constructed, that top ventilation of an efficient
kind is practically impossible, that the next best
remedy is found in unlooping the sides of the
tents. But that cannot be always done, as whilst
the internal temperature in a close tent may be
high, there may be outside a strong wind blowing,
which may be objectionable to plants or other
exhibits. Until tent roofs are made to have in
them large gores or sutures that can be uncovered
by drawing back canvas daps, or be re-covered if
rain comes, there seems no hope of getting top
ventilation in tents. Show managers would do
well to have thermometers in tents, and as soon
as the temperature rose to 70° have the sides
unlooped down on the leeward side, and all round
if the atmosphere was quiescent. Owing to the
staging arrangements in the long tents at the
Temple, the sides being banks of flowers, even
with looping down not uvuefh air would be
admitted. That difficulty would be best over-
come by having broader centre stages and
abolishing the side ones. A. B.

RICHARDIA ELLIOTIANA — Although the pro-
duction of double spathes in Richardia africana
is quite a common event, I am unaware of
any record of the occurrence of this phenomenon
in R. Elliottiana, unless the specimen shown by
Mr. Charrington before the Royal Horticultural
Society's Scientific Committee on April 25 (see
Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 28ij) may be taken as an
example. The enclosed photograph shows two
plants of this species which flowered in April
last, one plant bearing two leaves and a normal
spathe, while the other plant possesses but one
leaf, the other having evidently become specially
modified or developed into a large outer spathe
enclosing a smaller or normal spathe surrounding
the spadix. The outer spathe measured 9J- inches
in length and 6§ inches in diameter, and is
entirely coloured yellow. The inner spathe is
5 inches in length and 4J inches in width. Ernest
G.Creek, IVesterfield House Gardens, Ipsivich. [We
have seen several similar specimens. Ed.]

POLYGONUM BALDSCHUANICUM — There is a
very fine plant of this ornamental climbing Poly-
gonum in the garden of Colonel Maxwell Withan,
at Kirkconnel, Newabbey, Scotland. It has been
there for four years, and it is quite apparent that
the Eoil and situation suit it admirably. Planted
in a border, it has completely covered two old
Apple-trees, retained for covering with climbers,
and it rambles freely over these, veiling the
gnarled branches with its fresh green leaves, and
in summer decorated with a wealth of the small
white and blush flowers it yields in such pro-
fusion. The soil at Kirkconnel is of a peaty
nature, and here the Polygonum is quite at
home. The climate is mild, though as the situa-
tion is low and near the river Nith, spring frost3
are sometimes troublesome. P. Baldschuanicum
receives no special treatment here, however, and
proves a success year by year. 8. Arnotl, Sunny-
mead, Dumfries.

PROVINCIAL FLOWER SHOWS SIXTY YEARS
AGO. — I have been considerably interested in
perusing the " Fourteenth Annual Report of the
Royal Devon and Cornwall Horticultural Society "
for the year 1844, kindly lent me by a friend
resident in the neighbourhood of Plymouth. From
this it appears that the Society was formed in 1830,
and that it held three shows annually at Plymouth.
From inquiries that I have made I understand
that this Society continued its work for a period
of about twenty-fiye years, when it passed out of
existence. Between that date and the establish-
ment of the present highly-successful Chrysan-
themum Society a few years ago, several attempts
were made to inaugurate a series of similar shows ;
but these attempts were always attended by
failure. The only flower-shows now held at Ply-
mouth are those of the Chrysanthemum Society
alluded to, early in November, and of the newly-
formed Devon Daffodil Society, which held its
first exhibition in April, 1904. On referring
to the Report I find that, in the year 1844, the
Society was possessed of invested capital to the
amount of rather over .£400, and that its yearly
revenue from all sources was about £250. The
name of His Majesty the King, then Prince of
"Wales, appears as Grand Patron of the Society,
and in the lists of patrons, presidents, vice-presi-
dents, and subscribers are to be found the names
of most of the notabilities in Devon and Corn-
wall. That the giving of prizes to exhibits of
poor quality was strictly discountenanced sixty
years ago is proved by Regulation 2, which directs
that " no prize shall be awarded where the article
exhibited has not been considered by the judges
to possess a large share of positive merit," and
that there shall be no lack of critical judgment
in deciding on the merits of exhibits is provided
for by Regulation 16: "The judges shall be at
least twelve in number — viz., three for fruits,
three for flowers, three for vegetables, and three
for cottagers' prizes." With regard to cot-
tagers, it is universally held that, in comparison
with byegone years, the labourers' lot to-day
is vastly improved. That this contention holds
good in the case of wages is corne out by Regula-
tion 1 for Cottagers' Classes, which reads,
'* Cottagers shall consist solely and exclusively
of agricultural labourers whose wages do not
exceed 12s. a week." Iu the matter of flower-
shows, however, although I do not profess to have a

14

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 1, 1905>

knowledge of their conditions in various parts of
the country, I imagine that few in the present
day would be found where cottagers were more
liberally provided for than in the exhibitions
held under the auspices of the Devon and
Cornwall Horticultural Society sixty years ago,
in which, during the year, 140 prizes were given
in the cottagers' classes. These prizes were mostly
of small amount, but ten labourers won over ,£1
apiece, taking between them .£20 lis. in prizes,
the most successful cottager winning £A 9s. 6d.
One of the first things to strike the examiner of
the report referred to, indicating the changes
that occur in horticulture and fashion through
the introduction of new varieties which attract
popular favour, is that the prize-lists contains no
mention of either of the two families of plants
that are the only ones for which flower-shows are
now held at Plymouth, namely, Narcissi and
Chrysanthemums ; while the class provided in
1843 for the best collection of Ericas would
nowadays be a difficult one to fill from private
establishments. S. W. Fitzherbert. [Our corre-
spondent also furnishes a long list, for which we
have no space, of subjects for which prizes were
offered in the various classes for stove plants,
fruits, vegetables, &c. Ed.]

IMPATIENS HOLSTIL*

This species, which much resembles I. Sultani,
was shown by Messrs. H. Cannell A- Sons, Swanley,
at the last meeting of the Eoyal Horticultural
Society, when the species was recommended an
Award of Merit. The seeds were originally
introduced by Hoist from German East Africa to
the establishment of Messrs. Haage & Schmidt,
of Erfurt. The botanical details are given in the
works cited ; for the rest our illustration, taken
from the living plant, tells its own tale, except in
the matter of colour, the flowers being scarlet.
It is a native of Usambara and of Kilimanjaro,
where it grows on the banks of streams at
altitudes between 2,500 and 5,000 feet. It re-
quires the same cultural treatment as the nearly-
allied I. Sultani.

NURSERY NOTES.

HARDY PLANTS AT WINCHMORE HILL.

A visit at any season of the year to a
hardy plant nursery is interesting, for almost
always may some members of this popular class
of plants be found in bloom, but the present
may be regarded as one of the best times at which
to see the bulb of these flowers at their best. Mr.
Amos Perry's nursery at Winchmore Hill is
about eight acres in extent, and it contains a
choice selection of these floral beauties ; the
wonderful varieties of colour, form, and habit that
these plants offer can be well appreciated in such
circumstances. Here are to be found plants suit-
able for the border or the rockery, the water or the
bog garden, as well as climbers for almost any
phase of out-door gardening. The ease with which
the generality of the plants may be cultivated
renders them of additional value, while for
furnishing cut flowers they stand unrivalled.

Mr. Perry has found the limited area at
Winchmore Hill quite inadequate to grow his
ever-increasing stock of plants, and he has, there-
fore, recently taken a larger piece of ground at
Enfield, where sufficient space is available for
the accommodation of a large nursery. About
32 acres of land on Enfield Chase have been
acquired, on a good loamy soil, and this is now
in course of preparation for the reception of the
plants from the older nursery. This has occa-
sioned much dislocation of labour and some dis-
order in the older nursery, but there was never-
theless plenty of good things to be seen that well
repaid a visit that we made recently.

» Impatient Eolslii, Ergler ex Warburg, in Engler
Alilitui'il. Preuls. Akad. Wiss. (1894\ pp. 46, 53, et in
Earlier Pflansen. Ost. AJrlc. (1395), p. 254; Hull. Soe.
Tuscan. ifOrtie. (1904), pp. 33S, 34\ fig. 23 ; Her. Hert r„ In
(1905), p. a?, f. 4; 11,1. Mag., t. 8 29i"ei.

Some years since Mr. Perry commenced
hybridising species of Eremurus, and the results
are now to be seen in some grand varieties of
these lordly plants. The seedlings are at present
unnamed. Eremurus robustus crossed with
E. Bungeihas given some worthy novelties, quite
an advance on anything we have previously seen

Others we were shown were of a pale pink shade,
another was almost terra-cotta, while one was of
a beautiful bright yellow colour, and still another
of a bronzy-yellow. The pale yellow flowers of
one of the seedlings was admirably set off by a
distinct rose-coloured rib, and the ovaries of a
glistening buttercup-yellow. The true E. Bungei

Fig. 7.— impatiens holstii : a tropical African species with scarlet flowers.

Exhibited by Messrs. H. Canne'.l & Sons.

in this handsome Liliaceous genus. Some of the
hybrids possess as tall an inflorescence as the
flrst-named parent, others are intermediate
between the two. One of the inflorescences ap-
proximated to 6 feet in height, with blooms of a
creamy-yellow colour slightly suffused with rose-
colour, especially in the younger flowers. There
were several of this form, differing principally in
the shade of colour, and the parent E. robustus
may be said to have predominated in these types.

was shown us, and compared with a seedling that
was much stronger in habit with flower-spike
considerably larger and of an intense shade of
ye'.low, a most beautiful plant.

We have no space to name all the other choice
plints we observed in flower, but we may
mention a few. Crambe orientalis is an excellent
subject for a large bed, and develops a huge
inflorescence of many hundreds of white star-
shaped flowers, the whole forming a lax panicle;

July 1, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

15

as much as 4 feet in diameter. A grand plant
of Tntoma cauleseens, that may not inaptly be
likened to a Yucca, possessed eight strong
growths and several spikes of flowers that are
scarcely equal to those of T. uvaria. Campanula
collina makes a very effective border plant, the
habit is less than a foot in height, but the rich
violet-purple blooms are produced in abundance.
Mimula Tilingi, grown in a batch makes a
pleasing show. Dianthus Rose de Mai was
prominent in several quarters, and fully deserves
a place in any collection of hardy flowers.

Helenium cupreum is a dwarf-growing species,
and makes a good border plant, its flowers are
orange-red in colour, the height being about
1 foot. Phlox canadensis was noticed in several
improved forms ; there was the lately certificated
variety P. c. Perry's Blue, and another of rose
colour, most floriferous — in fact, the plant resem-
bled a bunch of flowers. Tropoeolum polypbyllum
has long decumbent growths studded with yellow
flowers, and foliage as beautiful as the flowers, an
excellent subject for trailing clown a bank or over
a rockery. Asphodeliae liburnica is a tall-growing
species with large yellow- coloured flowers. Heli-
anthella quinquenervis is still uncommon in gar-
dens, it resembles a dwarf-growing Helianthus.

Rudbeckia flava is another dwarf-growing com-
posite ; its flowers are superior to those of R.
Neumani, and in addition it blooms earlier than
that species. Perhaps the most notable of all the
improved forms of the many beautiful plants
seen was Anchusa italica Perry's variety. This
striking Boraginea was of the loveliest shade of
blue, such as is rare among plants and seen best
in the species of Gentian. The flowers measure
over -I -inch across, and are produced in profusion.
Heucheras were represented by many improved
varieties, ranging from almost white in colour to
rich scarlet ; one variety possessed a white throat
that was edged with rose colour, a desirable
combination.

We hesitate to touch upon the many bog and
water plants that were brought to our notice,
owing to considerations of space, but we will do so
briefly. And here we may mention that our own
flora furnishes as rich and varied an assortment
of these plants as can be found anywhere. The
yellow Water-Iris, I. pseudo-acorus, has scarcely a
peer, and what is more fragrant than the Sweet -
flag, Calamus acorus, or more graceful than the
flowering Rush, Butomus urubellatus ? No Orchid
is more beautiful than the Utricutaria, the
Bladderwort ; and what exotic can rival the
leaves and flowers of Ranunculus aquatilis ? The
translucent leaves of Potamogeton lucens are
every whit as beautiful as those of the rare
Ouvirandra fenestralis that requires a stove
temperature, while the Arrow-heads, the yellow
Nuphar, Frogbit, Lysimachias, Mare's-tail (Hip-
puris vulgaris), together with the bog Orchids
and a hundred-and-one other plants offer
material in plenty to those who find delight in
bog and water gardens. Of rarer forms we may
allude to Houttuynia eordata, Calla palustris,
Ranunculus lingua grandiflora, Zizania latifolius,
and Iris prismatica.

We may mention a supposed natural hybrid
between Meconopsis eambrica and Papaver
nudicaule, that was found by Mr. Perry growing
in one of the beds. The plant develops numerous
Tulip-like flowers of a beautiful yellow cjlour,
somewhat resembling the smaller flowers of
Meconopsis integrifolia, and is a rich prize.

ENQUIRY.

Plants in Fruit-houses. — What plants will
grow and flower under Peach-trees or Vines in a
glasshouse ? I have a lot of fruit-houses, and
would like to try to grow something under the
trees. Constant Beader. [As a general practics
this is not satisfactory. Ed.]

©bituarp.

Mrs. Burbidge. — Many of our readers will
sympathise with Mr. F. W. Burbidge, of the
Trinity College Botanic Gardens, Dublin, on the
loss of bis wife on the 23rd ult. An abdominal
tumour necessitated an operation, but unfortu-
nately the patient succumbed in a few hours.
Mrs. Burbidge was in her fifty-seventh year, and
was an ideal wife for a gardener, well versed in
the literature of gardening, and taking so much
interest in her husband's pursuits as to be a real
and true helpmeet to him.

Arthur Perkins. — The painfully sudden
death of Mr. Arthur Perkins, senior member of
the firm of Messrs. Perkins & Sons, Nurserymen
and Florists, Coventry, occurred on Sunday,
June 18, in Holy Trinity Church, Coventry,
during divine service. Mr. Perkins was a native
of Packington. He settled in Coventry many
years ago, and founded the firm of Perkins &

The Late ARTHUR PERKIN'3.

Sons, which has gained many notable successes
in floriculture, and has established a high repu-
tation all over the country for floral decorations.
Deceased was of a retiring disposition, and took
no part in public matters.

The funeral took place at the cemetery at noon
on the 21st ult., the remains of the deceased
gentleman being laid to rest in the presence of
a large number of his employe's and friends and
acquaintances. The coffin bore the following
inscription : — " Arthur Perkins. Died June IS,
19115, aged 72 years."

William Lindsay Milne.— The death of
this excellent gardener and market florist grower
in his fifty-ninth year has occurred at his resi-
dence, Lindsay Lodge, Hampton Hill. Rather
less than a year ago Mr. Milne had the misfortune
to lose his eldest son, who had gone to Australia
for the benefit of his health.

Mr. Milne commenced his gardening career in
Scotland, where he served in the gardens of the
Duchess of Atholl,the Marquis of Tweeddale, and
others. From Scotland he came to England, sub-
sequently becoming head gardener at Beau
Manor, Leicestershire. The early decease of his
employer brought Mr. Milne to the nurseries of
Messrs. Lee, of Hammersmith, and Messrs. Laing,
then Downie, Land & Laing, of Forest Hill. It

was during his stay at the last-named place
that he decided to engage in the market florist's
business.

Mr. Milne was one of the earliest market
florists to grow the now well - known Rose
General Jacqueminot for producing flowers for the
button-hole, the buds realising 30s. per dozen in
the wholesale market at that time. Mr. Milne
also commenced cultivating the tree Carnation,
the Gardenia, and other flowers. An excellent
and painstaking gardener, his productions were
ever of the highest excellence. It has often been
stated that it is impossible to maintain a market
nursery in good order, but Mr. Milne's nursery at
Hampton Hill was a pattern of neatness. In
local matters Mr. Milne took a keen interest.

The funeral took place on Monday last, at
St. James's Church, Hampton Hill, when a large
gathering of horticultural friends and others
assembled at the graveside. Much sympathy is
felt in the district for Mrs. Milne and her family
in this the second bereavement within a year.

SOCIETIES.

THE EOYAL HORTICULTURAL.

(Concluded from p. 398.)

Floral Committee.

June 20. — Some excellent varieties of Anchusa italica
were shown by J. B. Fortescue, Esq., Dropmore,
Maidenhead (gr., Mr. Page). They have large flowers,
and are freer in habit than the type, but as an.
award has already been made to a similar variety, A. i.
grandiflora, no further recognition was recommended.

Psoralea pinnata was shown in flower by the
Hon. JNO. Boscawen, Tregye, Cornwall. It is a
Leguminous shrub, with blue-coloured, Pea-like flowers
(illustrated in our columns on May 9, 1903, p. 30] )

The distinct Rhododendron, R. cinnabarinum, was
shown in the form of cut specimens by Mr. Gill,
Tremough, Cornwall.

Mr. Henry Eckford, Wem, Shropshire, brought a
collection of Sweet Peas, with which his name is so
intimately associated. Many of his newer novelties
were included. We noticed the varieties King Ed-
ward VII., Countess Spencer (one of the very finest
"pinks"), Romolo Piazzani (a new variety of exquisite
light-blue colour), Scarlet Gem, Lady Hatherton,
Gladys Cnwin, &c. (Silver-gilt Banksian Medal).

Some well-grown Gloxinias and herbaceous Calceola-
rias were shown by Mr. G. H. Street, gr. to J. A.
YOUSG, Esq., Stone House, Putney. The Gloxinias
represented a good strain of these showy flowers (Bronze
Banksian Medal).

A batch of Streptocarpus staged by Mr. E. Beckett,
gr. toLordALDENHAM.Elstree, was as meritorious as any
group in the Hall. This extensive collection contained
plants of almost every shade of colour, and the quality
of the plants was remarkable. Some of the specimens
carried dozens of spikes of flowers (Silver-gilt Banksian
Medal).

Messrs. Kelwat & SONS, Langport, Somerset, fur-
nished the concert platform with a large collection of
' Pasonies, Delphiniums, and Pyrethrums. The Del-
phiniums were arranged in the centre of the group and
at the back. Among the last-named were the varieties
Norman Hurst (an exquisite shade of electric-blue) and
Primrose (of pale cream-yellow colour), both worthy a
place in any collection of these plants (Silver Banksian
Medal).

Mr. R. H. Bath, Wisbejh, made a bold display of
Peonies and Spanish Irises. The Pasouies were a re-
markably fine lot, and included some new varieties, to
two of which were granted awards. We may select
the varieties Lady Anna, Jules Calot, Victor Hugo,
Her Grace and La Fiancee as being some of the best
examples shown (Silver-gilt Banksian Medal).

Mr. Ben. R. Cant & Sons, Old Rose Nurseries,
Colchester, staged a group of cut Roses. Pillar and
climbing varieties were numerous, and many single
kinds were included. The variety Mrs. W. J. Grant
was shown in good form. Several vases contained the
new seedling pillar Rose, Maharajah, a single variety
with deep purplish-red flowers (Silver Flora Medal).

Messrs. Geo: Cooling & Sons, Bath, displayed a
lan»e group of cut Roses, the whole of one of the
central tables being entirely filled with the flowers
(Silver-gilt Banksian Medal).

16

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 1, 190o.

Roses of all types from the open garden were shown
by Messrs. Paul & Son, The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt.
The flowers were arranged in vases, with a few speci-
men blooms shown in boxes. The varieties Carmine
Pillar and Pardon Job were both presented in good
form. The Dandy, H.T.. is of the richest purple,
comparable to velvet. R. polyantha grand! flora makes
a good plant for covering pillars, pergolas, &c. Messrs.
Faul aljo displayed a flowering branch of Fremontia
californica, and sprays of Abutilon vitifolium the latter
with pale lavender-coloured flowers (Silver Panksian
Medal).

Messrs. Frank Cant & Co., Colchester, contributed
a collection of Roses, having examples of many of the
types of these popular flowers in first-class condition.
The H.T. Papa Gontier was shown well ; Lady Pat-
tersea is a pleasing variety : R. macrantha is quite one
of the best varieties of the single type (Silver Panksian
Medal).

A nice display of Roses was set up by Mr. GEORGE
I'dince, Longworth, Perks ; the flowers were staged
with good taste. Paul's Single White was shown in
.fine condition. Oilier good varieties were Lady
Pattersea, the favourite Carmine Pillar, Tapillon, and
Austrian Copper, the colour of the last-named being
unique— a bronzy-orange or copper colour.

Messrs. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, Kent, staged
several good things. There were Aquilegias in number,
and in many shades of colour ; a batch of Kalauchoe
flammea and K. fulgens, also some well-grown plants
of Gloxinias, and specimens of Lonicera Hilde-
brandiana (Pronze Flora Medal).

Mr. Chan. Turner, Royal Nurseries, Slough, showed
a fine lot of Carnation flowers, also flowers of varieties
of P.'eonies, &c.

Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Push Hill Park Nurseries,
Enfield, had the well-known greenhouse plant, Diplacus
glutinosus, in very good condition : .also plants and
flowers of Souvenir de la Malmaison and other
Carnations and Ericas.

Messrs. T. S. Ware, Ltd., Feltham, arranged
capital flowers of Tree Carnations in elegant glasses.

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, King's Road, Chelsea,
showed excellent Souvenir de la Malmaison Carnations
in many varieties. They also had two new Primulas,
P. sikkimensis and P. pycnoloba. The first-named
has drooping flowers of a yellow colour, the other is
very curious, but of little value as a "garden plant.''

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons had also a group
arranged, on the ground-floor, in which some of the
choicer and rare-flowering trees and shrubs were shown,
such as Cistus florentinus, C. ladaniferus, Escallonia
Xexoniensis, E. x langleyensis, Carpenteria californica,
Senecio Greyii, Magnolia Watsoni, &c. One of the
features of the group comprised branches of Cornus
Kousa cut from trees 11! feet high at the Coombe Wood
Nursery. These were thickly studded with flowers,
their white bracts showing what an effective tree
this species is (Silver gilt Flora Medal).

Mr. H. P. May, Dysons Lane Nurseries, Upper
Edmonton, made a feature of Ixoras, using small Ferns
and Selaginellas freely as a groundwork to these
flowers. Ixora Fraseri is a very effective plant for
decorative purposes. We noticed a good specimen
of Allamanda grandiflora freelv flowering (Silver Flora
Medal).

Messrs. T. Cripps & Son, Tunbridge Wells, Kent,
contributed a group of Japanese Acers, and a few
species of Vita's.

The best exhibit of stove foliage plants was that
from Mr. L. R. Russell. Richmond Nurseries,
Surrey. The collection was a very representative
one, and the specie* and varieties were all shown as
thoroughly well cultivated plants. They. were arranged
in an effective group upon the ground-floor, and pre-
sented quite a study in variety of colour, tint, and
form of leaf. Such choice plants as Anthuriuni
crystallinum, Bertolonias, Marantas, Alocasias,
Aralias, Codiseums, Cordylines, Amasonia, &c, were
included ; also good specimens of Nepenthes san-
guinea and other species of the genus (Silver Flora
Medal).

Mess,:,. Wm. Bull & Soxs, King's Road, Chelsea,
put up a collection of stove and greenhouse foliage
plants. Dracaena Victoria occupied the centre of the
display. There were in addition good specimens of
D. John Luther, D. Trince Manouk Rev, Alalia
Veito Mi, small Caladiums, Crotons, &c. Adjoining the
foliage plants were a number of Spanish Irises in many
shades of colour.

Mr. Richard Anker, Napier Road, Kensington,
brought Nertera depressa in small terra-cotta pots, the
plants 1 ft their pleasing red berries.

Messrs. W. Cutiiush & Sons, Highgate, Middlesex,
were represented by batches of the popular varieties of
Verbena hybrida, Richardia Elliottiana, Marguerite
Queen Alexandra, and Erica Cavendishii.

Messrs. Geo. Punyard & Co., Maidstone, Kent,
staged a good exhibit of herbaceous flowers— Campa-
nulas, Heucheras, Irises, Pwonies, Delphiniums,
Gladioli, Veronicas, &c. A collection of well-grown
Spanish Irises occupied one end of the display, the
yellow I. Cajamus being remarkably fine. Sprays of
Andromeda pulverulenta and Gillenia trifoliata were
noticed.

From Mr. Amos Perry, Winchmore Hill Nurseries,
London, N, there was shown a fine bank of hardy
flowers, including most of the best of those now in
season, some of which are referred to in our note on
p. 14 (Silver Flora Medal).

Mr. M. Prichard, Christchurch, Hants, had a
meritorious lot of hardy flowers. A good display of
Delphiniums was prominent in the centre of the
group : we admired the beautiful Cambridge-blue of
D. Pelladonna. These plants were backed by an in-
florescence of Crambe cordifolia that spread for a
considerable distance. A nice array of Pajonies was
included, also flowering sprays of Pentstemon hetero-
phyllus with flowers of a Borage-blue colour (Silver
Panksian Medal).

Mr. R. C. NOTCUTT, Wood's Nursery, Woodbridge,
showed a good assortment of herbaceous flowers of
the usual kinds — Irises, Pseonies, Poppies, Foxgloves,
Delphiniums, &c. Polygonum Paldschuanicum is
quite one of the best species.

Messrs. Thos. S. Ware, Ltd., Feltham, Middlesex,
staged a group of hardy flowers, r.-eonies, Delphiniums,
Eremurus, Irises, &c. Spikes of Eremurus Pungei
major were shown in good condition ; E. robustus was
represented by several good inflorescences. An edging
of dwarfer-growing subjects, such as Campanula pulla,
Dianthus neglectus, &c, imparted a "finish" to the
group. A tall-growing Iris of the ochroleuca type
was shown named I. Warei.

Messrs. Parr & Sons, King Street, Covent Garden,
London, brought a large collection of miscellaneous
herbaceous flowers, Lupins, Irises, Campanulas,
Pieonies, Ixias, Poppies, &c. Arum Dracunculus was
included in the group, its powerful and very objec-
tionable odour being very noticeable.

Messrs. J. Cheal k Sons, Crawley, staged cut
flowers from the herbaceous border ; Olearia macro-
donta was observed, also the trailing growths of
Tropseolum polyphyllum. A rose-coloured Lupin
named Lupinus polyphyllus roseus was noticed.

Messrs. John Peed & Son, West Norwood, London,
S.E., staged a group of hardy and alpine plants.
Hardy succulent plants were plentifully represented
in the collection.

Messrs. R. Wallace & Co., Kilnfield Gardens,
Colchester, showed some excellent herbaceous flowers.
The arrangement was good, the plants being placed on
tiers of staging. Liliums were plentifully represented,
L. excelsum, L. Szovitzianum, L. monadelphum, L.
Hansoni, &c. The beautiful Calochortus was shown
in many choice varieties. Brodiseas, Ixias. Heucheras,
Campanulas, Irises, and a host of similar plants
contributed to the collection (Silver Panksian Medal).
Mr. Jas. Douglas, Edenside, Great Dookham,
brought a number of border Pinks and a choice collec-
tion of Iris flowers. Among the 1'inks we admired
Snowdrift, whose flowers are as large and handsome as
those of a Carnation. They are pure white, with the
exception of a suspicion of purple in the base of the
petals. Morna is another good variety ; the flowers are
heavily blotched with pink on a white ground. The
" Tree " Carnation Fairy has a well-formed flower of
deep salmon-pink colour. Among the Irises the best
varieties were Maori King, Putterfly, and Plack Prince.
Messrs. Paker, Lichfield Street, Wolverhampton,
showed a very good strain of Aquilegias. The colours
were exceptionally uood, and the form of the best. At
either end of the Aquilegias were groups of Zonal
Pelargoniums in most of the improved varieties (Silver
Banksian Medal).

Mr. P. LADHAMS, GO, High Street, Shirley, South-
ampton, staged a collection of border Pinks and a few
other herbaceous flowers. Dracocephalum japonicum
"Plue Gem" is a nil e form of this plant.

A collection of hybrid Irises and Hemerocallis was
shown by G. Yeld, Esq., Clifton Cottage, York.
Hemerocallis Tangierine is of a desirable shade of
colour, being of a licher yellow than the ordinary
type. "

Orchid Committee.

There was a very fine show of Orchids, the varied
collection shown by the President of the Society, Sir
Trevor Lawrence, Bart, (gr., Mr. W. H. White),
embracing the widest range, floral and botanical. The
group, which secured a Silver-gilt Flora Medal, had at
the back some fine specimens of Thunia Marshalliana
T. x Brymeriana, and T. x Veitchiana superba,
each with several heads of bloom, and strong
sprays of good forms of Odontoglossum crispum.
The pretty Masdevallias included good examples of
M. X Rushtoni, M. x Pocking hybrid, M. x Ferrieri-
ensis, M. x Acis, and others. Among the rare species,
some of which will be found mentioned in the list of
Awards, were Aeranthus carpophorus and A. dentiens,
with singular greenish flowers ; the singular little
Angrascum Smeeanum, a very light form of Aerides
Houlletianum, A. multiflorum Lobbii, Epidendrum
Linkianum, E. pterocarpum, E. umbellatum, E. ochra-
eeum, E.Watsonianuni, and other Epidendrums; a finely-
flowered bright crimson Renanthera Imschootiana, &c.

Messrs. Charles worth & Co., Heaton, Pradford,
were awarded a Silver-gilt Flora Medal for a fine
group, consisting principally of hybrids, among which
was a selection of Lrelio-Cattleva x Fascinator, L.-C.
x Canhamiana, L.-C. x Hippolyta varieties, L.-C. x
G. S. Pall, L.-C. x Lady Miller, L.-C. x Aphrodite,
Lajlia x Digbyanopurpurata, L.-C. X Digbyano-Wars-
cewiczii. Other showy kinds were also displayed,
with good Odontoglossum crispum, two very pretty
O. excellens (home raised), O Harryanor

crispum, and other Odontoglossums ; Oncidium ma-
cranthum, &c. An effective feature in the group was
made by massing orange-coloured hybrids of Lselia
cinnabarina.

Messrs. Sander & Sons, St. Albans, secured a
Silver-gilt Flora Medal for an effective arrangement of
rare anil showy Orchids, including good forms of L;elio-
Cattleya x Canhamiana, L.-C. x Martinetii, L.-C. X
bletchleyensis, &c. The forms of Cattleya Mossire in-
cluded C. M. kermesina, a large pure white flower with
fine yellow markings on the labellum ; and some well-
coloured varieties. A good selection of Odontoglossum
crispum, Miltonia vcxillaria, and other showy species
were noticed ; and among interesting and rare species
a form of Pifrenaria inodora with cream-coloured
flowers, Anguloa uniflora aurea with lemon - yellow
flowers, &c.

H. T. Pitt, Esq., Rosslyn, Stamford Hill (gr., Mr.
Thurgood), staged a good group that was rich in forms of
Cattleya Mossias and C. Mendeli. Among the former
were the white C. Mossiie "Elijah Ashworth," with a
light shading of lilac on the lip, and C. M. Thur-
goodiaua, a good flower with delicate pink sepals and
petals, and showy lip ; while among the latter the best
were C. Mendeli Pitti.-e, C. M. Alfred Smee, and C. M.
"Our Monarch." Platyclinis filiformis bore a pro-
fusion of its elegant sprays of yellow flowers ; L.-elio-
Cattleya x Martinetii ochracea and L.-C. Cornelia
were good ; so also the selection of Odontoglossum
crispum. Other plants noted were Trigonidium spatu-
latum, Oncidium triquetrum, O. leucocheilum, Cypri-
pedium callosum Sanderse, &c. (Silver Flora Medal).

Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Enfield, staged a good
group, in which were Cattleya Mossia; Bronze Queen
with a bronzy hue over the j-ellow of the disc of the
lip ; and a fine dark form of C. Mossia;. Tall plants
of Vanda teres were arranged at the back, with a very
dark-lipped Lpelia purpurata. Also noted were a fine
specimen of Co-logyne pandurata, two clear white
Cattleya intermedia alba, Cypripedium callosum San-
deras, C. x selligerum majus, C. x gigas Corudeani,
&c. (Silver Flora Medal).

Messrs. Stanley & Co., Southgate, staged an effec-
tive group of Cattleya Mossia;, C. Mendeli, and
Odontoglossum crispum, with plants of Lycaste
Deppei, Oncidium Gardneri, < >. leuchocheilum, Odonto-
glossum citrosmum, Miltonia vcxillaria, kc. (Silver
Flora Medal).

Mrs. Ernest Hills, Redleaf, Pens'mirst (gr., Mr.
Bingham), was awarded a Silver Panksian Medal for a
well-grown and profusely-flowered group of Miltonia
vcxillaria.

Francis Wei.leslky, Esq., Westficld (gr., Mr.
Hopkins), showed Lalio-Cattleya Mrs. Reginald
Brade (C. Schroder* x L.-C. x Aphrodite), a pretty
flower with white sepals and petals and violet-purple
front to the lip ; ( 'attleya Mossia; Miss Ethel Hal tin:-;.
a good white flower with pale lilac marking on the lip
in front of the yellow disc, and Cypripedium Sanderse,
yellow spotted with purple, and resembling the tint of
a large C. concolor, but with a broader labellum.

July 1, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

17

R. Briciis-Bury, Esq., Bank House, Accrington
feu, Mr. Wilkinson), showed a fine specimen with three
flowers of Cypripedium Lawrenceanum Hyeanum,
Bank House variety, a very large-flowered form, with
fine white dorsal sepal striped with emerald-green, the
rest of the flower being soft light-green colour tinged
with yellow. Also cut Odontoglossums.

R. Bbdomah-Whitb, Esq., Arddarroch, Garelock-
head, showed a good selection of cut spikes of
Odontoglossum crispum.

W. A. Bilney, Esq., Fir Grange, AVey bridge, sent
Dendrobium Dalhouseianum "Fir Grange variety," a
distinct form, of a pale sulphur-yellow colour, with a
large maroon blotch on each side of the lip.

F. W, MoOBS, Esq., Royal Botanic Gardens,
Glasnevin, Dublin, sent cut examples of two Bulbo-
phyllums and of Trichoglottis fasciata, which were
referred to the Scientific Committee. [The specimens
in question were submitted to the Scientific Committee
without any information whatever. En.]

Mrs. S. F. AViiitlaw, Amerden, Taplow, sent
Cattleya Mendeli "Amerden," a showy variety with
a fine mauve-crimson-coloured lip.

Scientific Committee.

June 20. — Present : Dr. M. T. Masters, F.R.S. (in
the chair) ; Revs. Professor Henslow anil W, AVilks ;
Dr. M. C. Cooke ; Messrs. Bowles, Shea, Gordon,
Massee, Worsley, AA'orsdell, Douglas, Veitch and
Chittenden (hon. sec).

Pear Midge, — Mr. Bowles showed specimens of
Pears attacked by the grubs of this fly, which also
contained the larva; of a small moth. These were
referred to Mr. Saunders.

Fieldaha.fi ■rn. — Mr. Gordon showed specimens of
these beetles (Phyllopertha horticola, L.), which are
something like small cockchafers, and are reported to
be very destructive to leaves and flowers. The larva-
feed on the roots of grasses, living for three years.
They are very similar to the larva! of the cockchafer,
but much smaller.

Black Currant Mite— Mr. SHEA called attention to
the fact that he had grown the variety of. Black
Currant, Boskoop Giant, for the past four years, and
had not found any sign of mite upon it, although
other varieties growing in close proximity were suffer-
ing from the attacks of the mite severely. Several
other members of the Committee had had a like exne-
rience. Mr. Shea attributed the immunity of this
variety to the fact that the buds were protected by
relatively hard and impenetrable scale leaves, through
which, in all probability, the mite could not pierce.

Diseasi of Cuctnmv.—Mr. Worsley showed speci-
mens of a scabby growth on the stems of Phyllo-
cactus, which Mr. Massee undertook to examine.

Melons dyinp. — Specimens of Melon suffering from
the attacks of eelworm at the roots came from Hat-
field, Herts. The method of dealing with this trouble-
some pest was detailed in the Journal of the Royal
Hortirult u ml Satiety, 38, p. xxiv. (1904).

1 met diseased. — Vine leaves showing large yellow
patches and somewhat papery in texture, from Vines
bearing fruit much smaller than the normal were sent
from Stafford. No fungi or insects were to be seen,
but it was considered that the Vines (four out of nine
in one house of Black Hamburgh) were suffering from
some condition in the border that affected the roots,
possibly choked drainage.

Primv/ii pi/enoloha (Bur. and F ranch).— This newly-
introduced species from AV. China was shown by
Messrs. Veitch. The plant bears an umbel of flowers
with large, inflated calyces and small, deep orange-
coloured corolla, scarcely exserted beyond the calyx-tube.
The Committee desired to see this at a future meeting.

Origin of Harden Forms of Phijllocactus.— Letters
on this subject were received from Messrs. Veitch, of
Chelsea, and from M. de Laet, of Contich. The
former stated that in the raising of their hybrids
Phyllocactus Ackermanni, P. crenatus, phyllan-
thoides, and P. "albus superbus" had been used, as
well as the best English and continental forms known
when the raising of the " Veitch's hybrids" was
commenced. M. de Laet, of Contich, wrote that the
following come true from seed : P. anguliger, P. Acker-
manni, p. grnndis, P. latifrons, P. phyllanthoides, P.
stnetus, P. crenatus, and P. Hookeri, and may be re-
garded as true species. Hybrids are: i., P. crenatus
X Cereus grandiflorus produced the Cooped class;
ii., P. crenatus x P. phyllanthoides (small flowers)

produced the rosa hybrids, such as Vogeli ; iii., P.
Ackermanni x Cereus sp.ciosus have given the most
beautifully coloured hybrids, such as x Feastii.
X Conway Giant, &c. ; and iv., all have been recrossed
and have given most interesting forms and colours.
I myself obtained unexp -ted results. For instance,
I obtained the Cooperi form, true in form, but of the
finest pure red colour, and just last week (seedlings
from 1900 and 1809) two forms of the red Cooperi, but
shaded with purple (cross Cooperi x Conway Giant).
Another interesting cross is Joseph de Laet of two
shades of blue. Usually all the Phyllocacti have
sepals and petals going into one another softly, but in
this the contrast is forced, the sepals being very dark
and the petals of the softest shades. The value of
this plant lies in the colour, not in the form ; there are
better forms (Niobe x Docteur Hernu).

Mr. Worsley made some remarks upon the fore-
going, but reserved a fuller account of these plants for
a future occasion.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

June 27. — A meeting of a selected deputation from
the Fruit and Vegetable Committee was held in the
Wisley Gardens on the above date, Mr. G. Bunvard.
V.M.H., presiding ; also present were Messrs. E.
Beckett, J. Cheal, S. Mortimer, G. Norman, V.M.H..
and A. Dean, V.M.H.

The object of the meeting was to enable the deputa-
tion to see Peas and Tomatos, anil to select such
varieties as might be thought worthy of presentation
to the Committee. The Peas selected were Sutton's
Given Gem, l."> inches in height, early, and a first-rate
podding Pea ; Little Marvel, the earliest podding
dwarf Pea in cultivation, sent by Messrs. Sutton ,v
Sons. Jab. Carter & Co., and Barr & Sons ; Laxton's
Dwarf QraduB, Essex Wonder (a taller Pea), and
Excelsior. Ameer, Duke of York, Edwin Beckett,
all early, and some yet to pod, were doing well. Many
varieties, however, had been severely injured bv frost.
and had not recovered. The ground is yet scarcely good
enough to do Peas justice, and it is evident that :i son-
siderable amount of manure will be needed and labour
expended to bring the upland soil intoa good crop-bearing
condition. Potatos are more promising. So far an effort
to secure a large trial of white Broccolis is greatlv
handicappod by the quantity of black wire-worm in
the soil. Probably a liberal application of gas-lime
and soot will be helpful to get rid of a legacy of bad
previous cultivation.

In the houses Tomatos are doing well. The earliest
plants, put out in rows in the house borders, are
fruiting finely, but tin- best at present undoubtedly is
Sunrise, sent by Messrs. James Carter & Co. This
may well be described as one of the heaviest cropping
Tomatos yet seen. Large clusters of some ten to
twelve good-sized, handsome dark red-coloured fruits
are abundant, and the sample is excellent in form, size
and colour. Also heavy cropping are Messrs. Sl'TTON
k Suns' Earlieat-of-All and Best-of-AU, and Messrs.
Jambs Veitch is Sons' Ham Green.

THE HOKTICTJLTURAL CLUB.

After the usual monthly dinner of this Club at the
Hotel Windsor on Tuesday the 20th ult., at which
Sir John Llewelyn presided, Mr. D. B. Crane read
a paper on the "Beauty of the latter developments
of the Pansy, " illustrated by an exhibition of up-to-date
examples. The most interesting feature of the paper
and of the exhibits consisted of representatives of the
Violetta or miniature section in the sliapc of extremely
compact tufted plants suitable for rockeries and
covered profusely with smaller rlowers of the Viola type
in many delicate colours. These are hybrids between
Pansies and Viola cornuta, the result being the
elimination of the lax spreading habit of the former,
and the introduction into the latter of the varied
Pansy tints. A further and very important result is
additional hardiness, the Violettas being true
perennials, while the Pansj often dies after flowering
and IB a* difficult plant to maintain in form, especially
under the drier conditions of southern Britain.

In the subsequent discussion considerable stress
was laid upon the fact that the improvement was
largely due to recourse having been had to
the normal species Viola cornuta as the seed-bearer,
instead of adhering to the practice common among
both British and foreign hybridisers of continually
crossing variety with vai iei .

'i'he result of this last-named practice is a greater
and greater lack of vigour and loss of the
natural habit of the species, so that although

splendid individual flowers are often obtained,
at the expense of the floriferous nature of the
plants, an.], as a rule, when the aunt them,

their quality speedily depreciates under ordinary con-
ditions and the promise of the first flowers is rarely
subsequently fulfilled. In the Violetta section the
easpitose habit of growth protects their roots from
drought, and also facilitates propagation by the
encouragement of rooting offsets. Mr. Crane justly
gave the credit of these new productions to the late Dr.
(ha-. Stuart, M.D., of Chirnside, Berwickshire. This
experimenter started by fertilising Ha- wild Pyrenean
form with the pollen of a garden Pan named Blue
Km;, obtaining twelve seeds therefrom in 1874. These
yielded seedlings which were a complete revelation,
though each retained the long dorsal spur or horn
which gives the wild species its name. These seedlings
were subsequently crossed with various coloured
Pansies, flowers of every tint but yellow resulting,
while the typical compact wild habit was retained and
perpetuated. To prevent too close an approach to the
known Pansy type, Dr. Stuart crossed some of the
seedlings with the original cornuta hybrids, and the
offspring produced Bowers thrice the size of those of
X. cornuta, much varied in colour and both proliferous
and floriferous. As the result "1 a trial of these
plants at Chiswick in competition with Violas, no
rower than six First class Certificates were awarded.
These flowers however all retained the central rays
which are reganle 1 by lloiiculturists as a disfigurement,
and it was not until 1.SS7 that a perfectly ray loss form
appeared, accompanied by a pronounced Aimond-likc
perfume, The pedigree of this plant is uncertain, as
Dr. Stuart referred to it as a "chance seedling." Tin's
was named "Violetta," ami from it originated the
dwarf strain since so much elaborated. All through the
paper the importance of making V. cornuta the seed-
bearer was emphasised, as the opposite cross was apt to
produce seedlings of the ordinary Pansy type. The
general advance was graphically described, and the
fresh varieties named, which have led up step by step
to the present acquisitions ; the paper was therefore
of great utility not only to the Pansy-fancier, but to
floriculturists generally on account of the principles of
hybridising involved.

LINNEAN.

.Tine 15. — Professor W. A. Hehujian, F.R:S.,
President, in the chair.

The Rev. John Gerahii, S.J., F.L.S., exhibited a
series of lantern-slides of Arum maculatum, in disproof
of the statements of Hermann .Mueller and others as
to the fertilisation of this plant by small flies, pointing
out that these flies were not imprisoned by the abortive
hair like organs above the stamens, but that these
visitants became stupefied by the nectar afforded by
the ovaries, and were digested by the plant.

Dr. R. N. YVoi.fkniien-, F.L.S., laid before the
Society a report on the Collid Radiolaria, being
Part VI. of the series on Biscayan Plankton collected
by Dt. G. Herbert Fowler during a cruise of H.M.S.
Research in 1900.

< >n behalf of Professor Faul Pelscneer, of Ghent,
Dr. <;. H. Fowler presented a report on the Mollusca
(excepting Cephalopoda), forming Tart VII. of the
same series on Biscayan Plankton.

Sir Dietrich Braniiis, K.C.I.E., F.R.S., F.L.S.,
illustrated his paper, " Remarks on the Longitudinal
Nerves and Transverse A'eins in the Leaves of Bam-
boos," by a series of lantern-slides, displaying the
longitudinal nerves of Bamboos, with the transverse
veins, the latter easily observed in some species, but in
the majorit}' only to bo detected by the microscope or
after special treatment. These were shown to afford
useful diagnostic characters in the case of genera
which flowered irregularly and at long intervals. He
also exhibited slides from transverse sections of Palm-
leaves to show the absence of the mid-rib in such
Palms a.s Phoenix.

A second paper by the same author dealt with
" Some Remarkable Indian Under-shrubs," whose
habit of life had apparently been modified by the
effect of annual jungle fires, Careya herbacea, Ery-
thrina resupinata, and Grewia sapida being specially
mentioned. Experiments were now in progress at
Dehra Dun, in the area protected from forest fires,
anil appearances now seemed to show that Careya anil
Grewia were changing their undershruhby habit and
retaining the above-ground stems from year to year,
possibly a reversion to original conditions of life.

The next paper, by Mr. W. P. Pychaft, A.L.S.,
"Notes on a Skeleten of the Musk-duck, Biziura
Lobata, with special Reference to Skeletal Characters
acquired by Adaptation," was briefly explained by the
author.

The last paper was one by Dr. M. T. Masters,
F.R.S. , FLS, "Notes on the genus Widdringtonia,"
treated as distinct from Tetraclinis, Oallitris, Actino-
strobus, with a revision of the genus, and the descrip-
tion of two new species.

18

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 1, 1905.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL.

JUNE 27.— If the show at Park Royal is not a success
this year the weather cannot be blamed. At any rate
on the opening day (Tuesday, and up to Thursday) the
conditions were all that could be desired. Up to 1 P M.
on the first day the number of those who had paid for
admission amounted to 1,673, as compared with 1,288 up
to the same hour last year. We trust these figures may
be taken as prophetico'f a successful meeting[though sub-
sequent reports are not encouraging]. The place is so
vast that a thousand or two of people do not make much
show in it. The exhibits for the most part interest
agriculturists only, but there are a few which concern
horticulturists also. First and foremost in this relation
are the departments for Forestry and Education.
These two are side by side, not far from the pigs !
The collection of Osiers and Willows for basket-making
and similar purposes made by Lord Egeeton OF Tatton
deserves notice, and the specimens and photographs
shown by the Earl of Yarborough from Brocklesby Park
appeal to the planter. The exhibit of Larch and other
timber subject to the creasoting process is very striking.
The photographs of woods and of single trees illustra-
tive of continental and British systems of sylviculture
attract attention, but on the whole this department is
not so good and so representative as that of last year.

A similar remark may be made as to the Agricultural
Education section. Here we have from Rothamsted,
from Reading, and various agricultural colleges and
stations experiments showing in concrete foim the
results of omitting or of applying certain manures. It
would be difficult to overrate the importance of these
experimental results. We are sorry our limitations
only permit us to mention them, but as these lines will
reach but few before the show closes, it would not be
of much value to dilate upon details. We may
however, suggest that on another occasion it would be
well for the exhibitors to prepare a short statement of
the nature of the exhibit, its aims, and the results
obtained, which could be given to those interested.
In so large a show, and amid such a multiplicity of
detail, it is impossible for any reporter in his neces-
sarily hurried survey to grasp the meaning of all that
he sees. The Rothamsted exhibit shows very clearly
the effect of lime and of its absence on the constitution
and nature of the herbage. The Cambridge University
agricultural department shows hybiid Wheats and the
results of investigation into the chemical composition of
Mangels. The Midland Agricultural Institute had
a particularly interesting exhibit showing the results of
experiments with Beans, Peas and other leguminous
crops with and without nitrogen, and with or without
the German and American bacterial inocculating
material. The Harper- Adams College, among other
things, has a series of model hedges live and dead.

The Meteorological Society and the Meteoro-
logical Office have an interesting set of instruments,
and some most instructive diagrams.

Placed, some near the forestry pavilion, others
scattered throughout the grounds, are collections of
living trees and shrubs. Thus Messrs. Fisher, Son &
Sibray have a beautiful group of ornamental trees
and shrubs ; Picea Omorika, one of the more newly
introduced Spruces, and one of great interest, is recom-
mended for planting in exposed places, as it bears
exposure to the wind better than many others. The
golden form of Taxus adpressa is very attractive, and
T. ericoides "The Lady " is so called from the grace of
its appearance. Ilex crenata, a Holly with tiny leaves,
is recommended for smoky localities ; Rubus nana
aurea is a prettily variegated Bramble, and Sorbus
himalaica is a fine Pyrus of the Aria section.

Messrs. Kent & Brydon, of Darlington, have a
similar group of ornamental deciduous trees and
Conifers.

Mr. L. R. Russell, of Richmond, has a group of
ornamental shrubs near the main entrance ; Aralia
manchurica is very beautiful in this group.

Hard by Messrs. CuTBl'SH show their cocks and hens
and other whimsicalities cut out of Box. In spite of
their artificial appearance the foliage is clean and
healthy.

Messrs. Little & Ballantyne have an exhibit of
shrubs, together with Verbenas and other flowers.

In the exhibit of Messrs. Dickson & Robinson, in
addition to Mangels and Potatos, are Irises and a
grand display of Verbena Miss Willmott, a variety
which has become so popular that it is to be seen in
almost all the stands.

The One-and-All SOCIETY, in addition to seeds of
various kinds, show Begonias, Tomatos, and other
things likely to attract the eye of the visitor.

Messrs. Dickson, Brown,' & Tait show seeds ; and
Messrs. DlcKSONS, of Chester, have, in addition to
agricultural seeds, grasses, &c, a small group of hardy
ornamental shrubs.

Messrs. Webb, besides the exhibits that we expect
to find, have a fine display of cut flowers of Sweet
Peas.

Messrs. Carter & Co. have Mangels (Mangels in
June '), and a fine variety of Clovers and Grasses in
growth, with Begonias, Gloxinias, Lilium lancifolium,
&c.

Messrs. Sutton have the usual exhibition of finely-
elected roots and seeds, together w\th a glass case of

their fine strain of Gloxinias. A brilliant scarlet
Sweet William, called Grenadin Scarlet, is noticeable
in this collection, as well as a double blue Nigella, to
which the name of Miss Jekyll is attached. In their
collection of living Clovers is one Trif olium pannonicum,
which is very bold in appearance, but what its value as
a forage plant may be we do not know. Garden seats,
summer-houses, and garden appliances are shown by
Messrs. Inman & Co., of Manchester ; J. P. White, of
Bedford ; Messrs. Merryweather, Strawson, and
others. The two last-named firms exhibit various
forms of spraying apparatus worthy the notice of fruit
growers, whilst, if the visitor should be in want of a
figure-head for his back-garden, Messrs. Castle will
supply colossal figureheads of Wellington and other
heroes.

RICHMOND HORTICULTURAL.

June 28. — The thirty-first annual show of the above
Society was held on the foregoing date in the Old Deer
Park. The weather was warm and summer-like. The
exhibition was an excellent one taken as a whole,
although some of the classes were perhaps not so fully
represented as in some former years. Roses and floral
decorations were exceptionally well shown, some of the
specimens in the classes for the former being of excel-
lent quality. Exhibits of plants and flowers in the group
classes were also excellent, and some good vegetables
were shown, the Cottage and Allotment Classes being
well contested with examples of good produce.

In addition to the competitive classes some notable
exhibits were staged by members of the trade, that of
Messrs. T. S. Wahf k Co. being not only extensive,
filling as it did a considerable area in one of the large
tents, but of a most meritorious quality, and indeed
the finest exhibit in the exhibition.

Mr. H. L. Russell, Richmond, also staged a good
non-competitive group, having stove and greenhouse
foliage plants in excellent condition. The exhibition
was accommodated in four large marquees.
Plants.
The groups of plants in one of the large central
tents made a very pleasing feature. The 1st prize for
a group of plants not to exceed H 10 square feet in area
was won by the Hon. Mr. Justice Swinfen Eady,
Oatlands Lodge, Weybridge (gr. Mr. J. Lock). The
group was arranged in a semicircular manner, and
was set up with exceptional taste. Handsome stove
and greenhouse foliage plants were interspersed with
such subjects as Liliums, Ixoras, Gloxinias, Cam-
panulas, Trachelium ccerulenm, Carnations, &c. The
2nd prize group was also a good exhibit : this was
shown by Mr. H. E. FORDHAM, Nurseryman, Twicken-
ham, old. Mr. W. Vause, Leamington.

Mr, Vause was 1st in the class for six Palms in not
fewer than three varieties, and also was 1st for six
foliage plants, distinct varieties.

In the class for a smaller group of plants measuring
60 square feet, Sir Frederick Wigan. Bart., was 1st
with a nicely ananged group comprising Codueums,
Dracaenas, Anthuriums, Carnations, Cattleyas,
Odontoglossums, Liliums, Gladioli, &c. The 2nd prize
group in this collection was almost solely composed of
foliage plants ; it was set up by Mr. Hicks, gr. to C.
Bartlett, Esq., East Sheen.

The best six Orchids were shown by Sir Frederick
Wigan, Bart., whose exhibit was far ahead of the only
other collection, staged by Mr. Wm. Vause, Leaming-
ton. A pair of Ladio-Cattleya Canhamiana var. in the
lst-prize group was grand. A good dark blotched
( idontoglossum (unnamed) was shown by Mr. Vause.

Mr. H. Hicks, gr. to C. Bartlett, Esq., was
successful in the eluss for nine Gloxinias, and was also
1st in the class for six plants, the prizes for which were
given by Messrs. Sutton & Sons. Mr. W. Hill, gr. to
G. Atkins, Esq., Manaton, East Sheen, was 2nd for
nine Gloxinias.

The premier piize for twelve tuberous - rooting
Begonias fell to Mr. H. Fleet, gr. to A. Elsee, Esq.,
Burlington House, Hampton Hill, 2nd going to
Dr. Scott, The Old Palace, Richmond (gr. Mr. li.
Johnson). Begonias on the whole were but of
mediocre quality.

The prizes ottered by Thomas Skewes-Cox, Esq.,
M.P., for the best collection of Sweet Peas in six
distinct varieties were awarded to the Rev. A. Welsh
Owen, Old Palace, Richmond (gr. Mr. J. Hurrell),
Sir. R. W. Bulkeley, Bart. (gr. Mr. T. H. Bolton),
and Mr. R. Rapei;, York Road, Richmond, who were
1st, 2nd and 3rd in the order named.
Roses.
These flowers as above mentioned were a feature of
the exhibition. The premier prize was in Class 10,
and this carried with it the Gunnersbury Park
Challenge Cup, presented by Leopold de Rothschild,
Esq., Gunnersbury Park, Acton, W. Mr. B. R. Cant,
The Old Rose Garden, Colchester, was the successful
exhibitor, and his collection was indeed good, but so
closely followed by the 2nd prize collection that they
were only separated l.yonepoint. If weseleetany flowers
from the 1st prize -roup as being specially notable we
must include Bessie Brown, Mrs. Ed. Mawley, Mrs.
John Laing, and Horace Vernet. Messrs. Piiioh &
Son, Colchester, were 2nd.

In the class for twenty-four distinct varieties of
Roses, Messrs. G. & W. H. Burch secured 1st place
with large flowers ; followed by Messrs. B. R. Cant &
SONS, Colchester, 2nd.

Messrs. Burch were 1st with twelve distinct varieties,
having excellent examples of Bessie Brown and Mildred
Grant. 2nd, Messrs. D. Prior & SON.

The best twelve Hybrid Tea Roses of one variety
were Messrs. Prior's dozen flowers of Mrs. John Laing.

The premier twelve Teas of one variety were t lose
staged by Messrs. Prior, the variety being Mrs. Ed.
Mawley.

Class 18, for twenty-four bunches of hardy herba-
ceous flowers was represented by three good exhibits
that must have required careful judging. The
victors were Messrs. Paul & Son, Cheshunt, 1st. who
showed Coreopsis grandiflora, Ligularia macrophylla,
Dracocephalum japonicum, &c. 2nd, the Earl of
Dysart, with a very bright display.

Table decorations made an excellent feature, the
whole of the exhibits being of a high order of merit.
Miss C. B. Cole, The Vineyard, Feltham, had the
best basket of cut flowers and foliage. The best
bride's bouquet was also shown by Miss C'OLE, who
also took 1st in Class 24 for the most tastefully-
arranged table decoration in the modern style.

Fruit and Vegetables.

Class 1!), for six dishes of fruit, distinct kinds, was
represented by two exhibits only, those from Mr.
Justice Swinfen Eady and from the Earl of Dysart
respectively, who were awarded 1st and 2nd prizes in the
order named. The 1st prize carried with it a valuable
cup presented by Lady Max Waechter, in addition to a
monetary prize of £3 10s. The dishes in the premier
group included Alexandre Noblesse Peach, Melon
Royal Jubilee, the Dryden Nectarine (excellent
examples), and Foster's Se'edling and Black Hamburgh
Grapes.

The best three bunches of Black Grapes came from
the Earl of Onslow's gardens (gr., Mr. H. W. Black).
The variety shown was Madresfield Court. They were
good, well-formed bunches, but too early in the season
for perfection of finish. Alfred Benson, Esq., Upper
Gatton Park, Merstham, Surrey, was 2nd with Black
Hamburgh. 3rd, W. Greenwell, Esq., Marden Park,
Surrey (gr., Mr. W. Lintott), with the same variety.

Three good bunches of Foster's Seedling secured for
Mr. Justice Swin fen Eady the 1st prize for white Grapes ;
W. Greenwell, Esq., coming a good 2nd with the
same variety, but having slightly inferior shaped
bunches, and the berries less ripened. The Earl of
Onslow was 3rd with Buckland Sweetwater. Six
exhibitors entered in the class for black, and five in
that for white Grapes, and the competition was keen.
The best Melon was staged by Mrs. Lewin Phillips,
East Sheen (gr., Mr. T. Cooper), who showed a white-
fleshed variety named Blenheim Orange.

One dish of Nectarines only was represented in
Class 33. These came from Justice Swinfen Eady's
gardens, and were awarded 1st prize, a position the
quality merited.

Mr. Justice Swinfen Eady also secured 1st
for Cherries with Black Bigarreau, in which class
he was again the only representative.

The Earl of Dysart was 1st for two dishes of
Strawberries with the varieties Leader and The
Laxton.

For a collection of vegetables of twelve distinct kinds
there were three entries, the Earl of Dysart being an
easy 1st, having Ellam's Early Cabbage, Magnum
Bonum Cauliflowers, Early Giant Pea, Telegraph
Cucumbers, &c. 2nd, Walter Sully, Esq., Edding-
ton Hall (gr., Mr. W. H. Clarke). Potatos and Teas
were shown well in this group.

In the class for a group of vegetables of nine distinct
varieties, the prizes were given by Messrs. Carter &
Co., Holborn. The collection shown by Mr. T. H.
Bolton, gr. to Sir R. W. Bulkeley. Bart., Beaumaris,
North Wales, was 1st, and equalled any in the show.
Cauliflowers, Carrots, Peas, Onions, &c, were all in
first-class condition. 2nd, Mr. W. Askew, 87. Manor
Grove, Richmond, but the quality was much below
that of the 1st prize group.

In the class for the allotment holders in the Society's
district were some good vegetables, Mr. RICHARD
Keene taking the 1st place with some excellent
produce, notably Onions, Peas, and Carrots.

Mr. Justice Swinfen Eady secured 1st place for
Tomatos, having a commendable dish of the variety
Sutton's Al. 2nd, Mrs. Lewin Phillips, with the
variety Duke of York. These two comprised the only
entries in this class.

Non-competitive Exhibits.
Messrs. T. S. Ware, Ltd., Feltham, Middlesex,
brought a huge display, almost filling the central
staging of one of the large tents. They had Roses,
herbaceous flowers, Begonias, Nymphseas, Carnations,
&c, set up in first-class style, quite a show in itself.
Mr. Russell, Richmond, staged a choice collection of
foliage plants, the members being well grown and
shown to advantage. It included some of the best

July 1, 1903 ]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

19

decorative species of Alocacias, Nepenthes, Dracaenas,
Anthuriums, Ananassa sativa, Araleas, Marantas. &c.

Mr. W. THOMPSON, Sheen Nurseries, Sheen,
arranged semi-circular groups of plants at either end of
the tent containing the plant groups. They were
chiefly foliage plants, but there were interspersed such
things as Astilbe (Spir.-ea), Hydrangeas, &c.

Sir Frederick Wigan, Bart., Clare Lawn, Upper
Sheen (gr., Mr. W. H. Young), set up a splendid
assortment of Orchids. We noticed a pan of Ccelogyne
Schilleriana, 1'hahenopsis grandifiora Rimestadtiana,
Cvpripedium Harrisianum superbum, tic.

"The Countess of Duplet (gr., Mr. H. Wright) had a
small stand of Roses, Delphiniums, &c.

Mr. A. Ll. Gwillim, New Eltham, Kent, con-
tributed some excellent tuberous-rooting Begonias,
also Gloxinias and Anemones. Messrs. \V. & J.
Brown, Stamford and Peterborough, showed Roses
and greenhouse flowers. Messrs. Geo. Jackman &
Son, Woking, Surrey, brought some nice vases of
Sweet Teas, Spanish Irises, Delphiniums, Pa'onies,
Roses, &c. Messrs. J. Peep & Sox. West Norwood,
London, showed a batch of Gloxinias, also vases con-
taining excellent Sweet Peas. Messrs. Jones & Suns,
Shrewsbury, also had a collection of Sweet Peas.
Messrs. Dobbie & Co., Rothesay, N.B., showed
meritorious Violas and Pansies, and some good Sweet
Peas.

GARDENERS' DEBATING SOCIETIES.

BATH AND DISTRICT GARDENERS'. -The members
of the above Association held their annual outing on
the 22nd ult., when upwards of fifty journeyed in
brakes to Clevedon. The party first visited Long
Ashton Court, the beautiful residence of Lady Smyth,
being eouducted over the spacious and well-kept
gardens and grounds by the head gardener, Mr. Noble.
From Ashton Court the party drove to Tynteslield, one
of the finest gardens in Somerset. In tins instance
also, the head gardener, Mr. Wilitinson, undertook the
task of showing the members the chief features of
interest. General regret was expressed that more time
was not available to examine more thoroughly the
gardens and grounds. Another drive through beauti-
ful scenery brought the party to Clevedon. where a
capital dinner was partaken of at the Towers Hotel.
The outing was generally regarded as the most
enjoyable spent by the Association.

CROYDON AND DISTRICT HORTICULTURAL.— An
interesting lecture on " The Distribution of Plants by
Adaptition," was delivered on Tuesday. 27th ult., by
the Rev. George Ileuslow. Professor of Botany to the
Royal Horticultural Society. Mr. J. .'. Re id (President
of the Society) occupied the chair. Professor Henslow
said protoplasm had the power of adapting itself to
whatever the conditions were, and set to work to build
up tissues, cells, orgms as they called them, adapted
to the new conditions. Plants changed generation
after generation until they reached those forms which
were best suited t" their conditions of life. Wherever
they went the planls were always adapted to their
localities, and they found precisely the same internal
structure corresponding to the external conditions. A
number of excellent lantern slides showed several
points relative to the adaptation of plants, which the
lecturer elucidated. A vote of thanks to the lecturer
was adopted with great cordiality, on the proposit on
of the Chairman.

SCHEDULES RECEIVED.

South Shields Horticultural Society.- The Com-
mittee of this Society are doing their best to make the
exhibitions meet with popular favour. This year's
schedule for the exhibition to be held on August 30
and 31 shows that the value of the piizes in nearly all
classes has been advanced, and the amount now offered
exceeds upwards of £120. In addition to this a Chal-
lenge Cup of the value of ten guineas is included in the
1st prize for stove and greenhouse plants. It is the
eanest desire of the Committee to get exhibitors from
the South to compete. Mr. Geo. ulgilvie, 3j, Thomas
Street, South Shields, is the Secretary, from whom
further particulars may be obtained.

SHEFFIELD FLORAL AND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S

Sixth Annual Exhibition, to he held on Saturday, August
19, 1905. in the grounds of Holly Court, Ecclesall,
Sheffield.

Bolton Horticultural and Chrysanthemum So-
ciety's Nineteenth Exhibition, to be held in the Albert
Hall, Bolton, on Friday and Saturday, November 17
and 18, 1905.

Hereford and West of England Rose Society's
Exhibition, to be held in the Shire Hall, Hereford, on
Wednesday. July 5, 1905.

Chipping Norton and North Oxon Rose Society's
Exhibition at Ivydene, Chipping Norton, on Thursday
July 13, 1:05.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. J. W. Harper, late Foreman at Apley Castle
Wellington. Shropshire, as Gardener to Basil \\ m
Valentin, Esq. , Cilfig, Llanelly. Carmarthenshire

Mr. F. Stanbridoe. for the past fifteen months with
Messrs. J. LaiDg & Sons, Forest Hill Nurseries,
previously four and a half years Foreman at Sels-
don Park. Croydon, as Gardener to Lord Ernest
Hamilton. Shantock Hall, Bovingdon, Heiuel
Hempstead.

Mr. Arthur Fry, for the last six years General Fore-
man at Gateacre Grange Gardens, Liverpool as
Gardener to E. J. Johnstone, Esq., Burrswood
Groombridge, Kent.

MARKETS.

Cut Flowers, &c. ; Average Wholesale Prices.

COVENT GARDEN, June 28.

[We cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day, but
only the general averages for the week preceding the
date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate, not only from day to day,
but often several times in one day. Ed.]

Plants In Pots, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices

t. d. 8. d.
4 0-60

, d. 8. d
AraliaSieboldi, p.

dozen

Araucaria excelsa,

per dozen ... 18 0-30 0
Aspidistras, green,

per doz. ... 24 0-36 0

— variegated
per doz.

Asparagus plu-
mosus nanus,
per doz.

— Sprengeri.pcr
dozen

— tenuissimus
per doz.

Bedding plants,

store boxes. each 10-16
Begonias, tuber-
ous, per doz. 5 0-80
Boronia clatior,

per dozen
Calceolarias, yel-
low, per dozen . 4 0-60

— herbaceous,
per dozen ...

Cannas. per doz.
Chrysanthemum

eoronar! u in,

double yellow,

per dozen
Coleus, per dozen
Crotons, per doz.
CocosWeddelliana,

per doz. ... 12 0-30 0
Cyperus alterni
folius, p. doz,
Dracsenas, p. doz
Ericas, per doz...
Eulalia japonica

variegata
Euonymus, per

dozen

Ferns, in thumbs,
per loo

— in 48's, p. doz.
Ferns, in 32's. doz. 10 0-18 0
Ficus elastica, p.

doz 9 0 12 0

— repens.p. doz. 5 0-80

Foliage : Average
Asparagus plu- s.d. 8.d.
mosus. long
trails, each ... 0 6-09

— — medium,

each

short sprays

per bunch...

— Sprengeri ...

— tenuissimus..
Adiantum cunea-

tum, per dozen

bunches

Cycas leaves,

each

Fern. English, p.

dozen bunches

4 0-90

30 0-42 0

12 0-ls 0
6 0-90

6 0-80

... 12 0-24 0

6 0-80
5 0-60

6 0-80
2 6-40
12 0-30 0

3 0-60
B 0-24 0

12 0-30 0

12 0-18 0

4 0-90

8 0-12 0
4 0-10 0

3 0-40
8 0-12 0

8 0-12 0
12 0-30 0

9 0-12 0
12 0-18 0

12 0-21 0
3 0-4 0

Fuchsias, p. doz.
Heliotropes, per

dozen

Hydrangea, Thos.
Hogg, p. doz.

— Horteusia, p.
dozen

— paniculata ...
Kalosanthes, per

dozen

Kentia Bel more-
ana, per doz...

— Fosteriana, p.
doz

Lobelia, per. doz.
Lataniaborbouica,

per doz. ... 12 0-18 0
L i 1 i u m 1 o n g i-

llorum.per doz. n 0-13 0
Marguerites.white,

per dozen ... 4 0-80

— yellow, dozen 12 0-18 0
Mignonette, doz. 4 0-60
Musk, Harrison's,

per dozen
Pelargoniums,
per doz.. Show .

— Ivy-leaved ...

— zonal

— scarlet do. ...
Petunias, double,

per dozen ...
Rhodanthe, per

dozen

Roses, HP. s, per

dozen

— Crimson Ram-
bler (large),
each

Saxifragapyrami-

dalis, per doz. 12 0-15 0
Selaginella, doz. 3 0-60
Spiraea japonica,

per doz.
Verbena. Miss

Willmott, per

dozen

— scarlet, per
dozen

4 0-50
9 0-18 0

2 6-7

4 0-90

6 0-90

6 C- 9 0

Wholesale Prices.

i.d. s.d.

0 4-06

10-26
0 9-16
9 0-12 0

4 0-60
16-20

2 0-30

Grasses, hardy, p.

dozen bunches

Ivy-leaves, bronze

— long trails,
per bundle ...

— short green,
doz. bunches

Moss, per gross...
Myrtle, per dozen

bunches

Sniilax, p. dozen

trails

Hardy foliage

(various). per

dozen bunches 3 0-40

2 0-40
16-20

10-16
5 0-60

4 0-60
4 0-60

Vegetables

Artichokes, Globe,

per dozen ...

Asparagus, bunch

— English giant

— ordinary, per
bunch

Beans, dwarf, per
lb

— Channel Is-

land

— English, p. lb.

— Broad, p. pad
Beetroot, bushel
cabbages, p. tally
Carrots, new, doz.

bunches

— Dutch, dozen
bunches

Cauliflowers, doz.
Celery. French,

per dozen
Cress, doz. pun.
Cucumbers, doz.
Endive, per doz.
Greens, bushel ...
Horseradish, per
dozen bundles
Mint, per dozen...
Leeks, per dozen

bundles

Lettuces, Cabbage,
per dozen ...

— English, Cos,
per dozen ...

: Average Wholesale Prices

i. d. s. d. 8

Mushrooms(house)

2 6-30 per lb 0

611-120 Onions, Egyptian,
4 0-12 0 per cwt. ... 5

— Spring, dozen
10-26 bunches ... 2

Parsley, per doz.
0 6-0 10 bunches 1

Peas, per bag ... I
0 4-09 — English, bu«. a

0 6 0 10 Potatos, old. cwt. 2

1 ii- 1 6 — Frame, lb. ... 0
16-26 — Tenerifle. cwt. 10

2 6-30 — Jersey, p. cwt 9

— St. Malo, per

2 0-30! Cwt 9

— Cherbourg, p.
13-26 Cwt 7

2 L- 3 6 ! Radishes, p. doz.

bunches ... 0

3 9-46 Rhubarb, York,
10-13 per dozen ...

1 9- 3 u — Natural, doz.
16-20 Spinach, bush. ..
0 9-10 Tomatos, English,

p. lb

8 0-10 0 — Jersey, p. lb.
10-20 — Valencia, per

package

2 6-36 Turnips.new, doz.

bun 2

0 6-0 10 VegetableMarrows u

Watercress, per
0 4-06 doz. bunches . 0

d. 8.d.

60 10

0-6 0

C- 4 6

0-16
0-6 0
0-2 6
6- 5 0
2-0 »i
6-11 6
611 6

0-11 0

C- 8 0

9-16

9-13
6-2 6
0-16

5 —

4 0 5j

5 6-20 0

6-4 0
3-0 4

3 0 i

Bouvardia, per
doz. bunches 6

Calla sethiopica,
p. doz. blooms 2

— Elliottiana ... 12
Carnations, per

doz. blooms,
best American
vars 2

— smaller do. ... 1

— Malmaisons... 8
Cattleya, per doz.

blooms 10

Eucharis grandi-
fiora, per dozen
blooms 1

Gardenias, perdz.
blooms 1

Gladiolus Colvillei.
per dz. bunches 2

Gypsophila, per
dozen bunches 2

Iris, Spanish, per
doz. bunches 2

— best English
grown, per
dozen 9

Lilium candidum 1

— lancifolium,
rubrum and
album 2

— longtflorum... 2
-- tigrinum ... 1

Lily of the Valley,
per dozen
bunches ... 12

Marguerites.white,
per dozen
bunches ... 3

— yellow, perdz.
bunches ... 2

d. s.d.
0-8 0

0-3 0
0-18 0

6-5 0
0-2 0
0-12 0

0-12 0

0-2 0
016
0-3 0
0-3 0
0-3 0

0-12 0
0- 1 6

n- 3 o

0- 3 0

6- 2 0

0-4 0
0-3 0

doz.
doz.

Mignonette, doz.

bunches
Odontoglossum

crispum, pr. dz.

blooms

Prconies, per doz.

bunches

Pe largo n iums,
p. doz. bnchs.

— Show

— Zonal, double
scarlet

— salmon & pink
Poppies, Iceland,

doz. bunches

— Oriental, doz.
bunches

Pyrethrum,

bunches
Rhodanthe,

bunches
Roses, 12 blooms,

Niphetos

— Bridesmaid...

— Kaiserin A.
Victoria

— General Jac-
queminot ...

— C.Mermet ...

— Caroline Test-
out

— Liberty

— Mad. Chatenay

— Mrs. J.Laing.

— Sunrise
Stephanotis, doz.

trusses
Sweet Peas, doz.

bunches
Tuberoses, per

dozen blooms

s.d. s.d.
3 0-50

2 0-26
2 0-40

4 0-80
4 0-60

10-20

4 0-60

2 0-40

2 0-30

10-30
2 0-30

0 6-10

211-30

2 0-40
2 0-40
2 0-f 0
2 0-6"
10-20

16-26

2 0-50
0 3- 0 »

3 0-40

9 0-12 0
6 0-80

3 0-50

4 0-50

5 0-60 —

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.
s.d. s.d

Apples. Victorian
andTasiiiaiii.nl.

per case

Apricots, French,
per box

per case ...
Bananas, bunch

— loose, per doz.

— Jamaica
Cherries, per half

bush

— per box
Figs, per dozen...
French Plums, p.

box

Gooseberries, per

half bushel ...
Grape-fruit, per

case

Grapes, Alicante,
per lb.

— Hambro, Ih.

— Muscats, p. lb.

1 0-
8 6-

1

4 n

*.d. s.d.
Lemons, per case 7 0-26 0
Mangos, per doz. 10 0-18 0
Melons, each ... 10-26
Nectarines, A., p.

dozen 10 0-18 0

B., per dozen 2 0-40

6 0-14 0 Oranges, per case 6 0-26 0

10-16

3 6-80

4 0-50

1 C- 3 0

2 0-60

2 0-26

16 0-20 0

16-19
0 9-26
10-60

Murcia. case 14 0-16 0

— Valencia, per

case 11 0-26 0

Peaches. A., doz. 9 0 18 0

— B , per doz. ... 16 6 0

— French, per

box 10-20

Pines, each ... 2 6- s 0
Raspberries, p. lb. 1 l- 1 6
Strawberries.

Southamptors.

per basket .. a fi 2 6

— Cornish, per

doz. punnets . 10-19

— Kentish, doz.
punnets ... 2 6-56

Remarks.— The supply of Southampton Strawberries
is abuudant, but a gre.it quantity shows signs of the
effects of wet weather. There are plenty arriving also
from Kent. Middlesex. Surrey, and Cornwall. Peaches
andNectarine^ were very plentiful in the first part of
this week, hut have risen in price owing to a sudden
short supply of best quality. Figs (green)again command a
very slow trade, owing to large quantities being on the
market. English Tomatos have again become cheaper
owing to the hot weather. Trade generally has improved
considerably.

Potatos.

Dunbars, 80s. to 90s. ; various, home-grown, 60s. to
90s. per ton ; seed in variety.

OOVENT GARDEN FLOWER MARKET.

The season seems to be closing fairly well. The
demand for good flowering-plants still continues, an I
large quantities have been disposed of ciu ing the pist
week. Some growers have sold all their spriog plants
and their stands are empty. Large supplies still come
in, but much that is now seen is inferior in quality, and
as many of the costers are now buying Strawberries and
other fruit instead of planls, there is not such a good
'• clear out " trade being done. On Saturday and again
on Tuesday there were few good plants left on the
market, and this morning trade has been moderalely
good. Crimson Rambler Rosea have sold well, the
best and largest plants realising 7s. 6d. each. The Dew
Rambler Roses will take a longtime tD displace the tut
favourite. I think that known as Lady Gay Is he most
likely to become populir. Dorothy Perkins, though
very pretty, is not quite a popular colour. There is
still a large trade done in Marguerites. Good plants of
the white and yellow varieties have s:dl well at fail-
prices. There are not so maDy plants of Chrysanthemum
segetum on the market now, and good prices are there-
fore maintained. Fuchsias are ilentiful. and most of
them of good quality. Hydrangea paaiculala varies in
quality ; somejplants are vaiygoot, while there are many
which have not finished their flowers off well, hi s des
being thin in growth. Some very good pianl 5 of Liliuni
longiflorum are seen, also L. spiciosum rubrum; but;
it is difficult to fix prices for these as some are ^old
very cheaply. Show Pelargoniums are still plentiful
and good. Zonal Pelargoniums are over-done, but
some varieties sell well. Ivy-leaved vari tics also sell

20

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 1, 1905.

well when in good condition, but there arc now many
rough-looking, straggling plants. Mignonette is not
over-plentiful. Good Cannas are still procurable.
Well-flowered plants of Tropseolum (dwarf) in both
yellow and crimson varieties are seen, but these have
come too late to be of much value. The Kalosanthcs
do not now sell so well, excepting the scarlet variety.
In Terns. Palms, and other foliage plants, trade is not

very brisk.

Cut Flowers.

Trade is vory uncertain, and supplies all round are
over-abundant. The fruit trade affects the casual trade
for flowers more than it does for plants. The shop
trade for flowers as well as that of the hawkers falls off
when Strawberries and Cherries become plentiful. Yet
there is still a moderate trade for some things. Thebest
Koses sell well, but we are now getting large quantities
of out-dour flowers, and most of these have the outer
petals damaged, and, independently of this, the demand
is not equal to the supplies. Carnations are in excess of
alldemands: even the bestbloomsdo notsell well. The
very best " Malmaisons" make high prices, but those
of second quality are not wanted. Lilium longiflorum
are over-plentiful, and there are still Callas obtainable
at moderate prices. Eueharis flowers will not sell even
at Is. per dozen, but a few days may make a consider-
able difference in the price. Stephanotis also moves
slowly. All short-stemmed flowers seem to depreciate
in value. At t lie close of the market this morning
there remained large quantities of cut flowers. All
round the market the dull time has set in before
growers have cleared their season's stock. A. H.,
Wednesday, June 28.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

The following are the latest wholesale prices to hand
from the underuoted markets :—

Liverpool. — Vegetables : Potatos, old, 2s. id. to
3s. 3d. per cwt. ; new. Jersey. 9s. to 9s iid. do. ; St. Malo,
9s. 6d to 10s. do. : 'Turnips, ltd. to 8(2. per dozen bunches ;
Carrots, 9d. to lOd. per dozen bunches; Cucumbers,
Is. 9d. to .'is. per dozen ; Onions, foreign. 2s. to
4s. per bag : Parsley, id. to 6d. per dozi-n bunches ;
Lettuces, id. to id. ler dozen : Cauliflowers, Is. M to
2s. lid. do. ; Cahhages, id. to Sd. do. — Fruit: Oranges.
Valencias. fs, 3d. to pis. 9d. per case ; Apples. Tas-
rnanian, 10s. iid to 13s. 6(J. per box: Lemons, Palermo,
6s. 3d. to Vs. per case: Bananas, is. to 7s. per crate;
Tomatos, Valencia, 8s. to 9s. 6d. per case.

Edinburgh.— Grapes, English, is. 9d. to 2s. per lb. ;
do. Belgian, Is. id. do. ; Lemons, Palermo, 7s. 6d. to
Kis. lid. per box ; Apples. Australian, 13s. to 15s. per
box: Bananas, 5s. lid. to 10s. per bunch ; Nuts, 18s. fid.
to 40s. per cwt.: do. Barcelonas. 358. to 38s. ed. per
bag: Figs, 9d. per dozen; Walnuts, Italian. 6s. 3d.
per stone ; Dates, Hallowil, 15s. Gd. rer cwt : Tomatos,
Guernsey, 5Sd. to lid. per box: Onions, Egyptian. 4s.
per cwt. : Carrots, Is. doz. : Gooseberries, English,
2',d. to 3d. per quart ; Potatos, Cauary, 108. (id. to 12s.
per cwt.

Dublin.— Vegetables : Cabbages. York. 3s. to 8s. «d.
per load; Cauliflowers, 9d. to Is 6d. per dozen; Parsley,
2s. 6d. to 3s. <':i pci- bag : Parsnips, 2s. :-:'/. to 2» iirf,. per
cwt.: Ouions. i!d. to sd. per bunch; Rhubarb. 2s. to
2s. 2d. per dozen : Turnios. 2d to 5d. per bunch ; Salad,
'd. to5d. per dozen; Carrots. Is. to Is. 2d. per dozen:
Potatos. New. sandy, 58.. ai d clay, 6s per cwt.; Old,
finishing at 2s. to 2s. ed. do. ; special lots at 3s. to
3s. 2d. do.

ANSWERS TO CORESPONDENTS.

— » —

Anthurium Prochaskianuh x : Berlin. Ac-
cording to Dr. Engler's Monograph of the
Pothoidea\ in Das Pflanzenreich, just received
(June 27), this was described by Makoy in the
Journal de la Societe a" Horticulture de France
in 188b', No. 94, p. 83.

Ants in Glasshouses : W. B. J. You appear to
have tried all the simple and safe remedies,
some of which in our own ease have proved
effectual In adopting stronger measures you
must bear in mind that the greatest care is
necessary, because they are themselves or they
contain virulent poison. Thus you might pour
small quantities of carbolic aeid about their
haunts, or apply what is known as the
Ballikinrain Ant Destroyer, the basis of which
is arsenic in large proportions, which you may
be able to obtain from a wholesale chemist.
Dampness in Greenhouse: W. N. M., Bristol.
Cover the floor with a layer of concrete. If
any trees are likely to shade the house let them
be cut back. Leave just a little ventilation
open at night whenever the conditions of the
weather outside will allow of this. Do not
throw water about or syringe the plants late in
the afternoon.
Delphinium : J. McC. Although white forms of
this flower are not common, there are such
varieties to be had, of which probably the best

is Beauty of Langport. You should compare
your flowers with this or some other good white
variety, and see if it is superior.

Gladiolus Failing : R. Mac. We find no trace
of either fungus or mite. Another season they
will probably develop normally.

Grapes : Sussex Mambro. A very bad case of
anthracnose, caused by Glceosporium ampelo-
phagum. The plants should be sprinkled
with flowers-of-sulphur mixed with one quarter
its weight of powdered quicklime.

Lettuces : H. J. S. You must first send us
specimens of the insect, which is probably an
aphis.

Madresfield Court [Grape : Zero. Read Mr.
Jordan's remarks in the weekly Calendar on
p. 8, column 1.

Nectarine Fruits : J. Q. D. We believe the
shrivelling to have been caused by the sun's
rays reaching the fruits when their skins were
in a more or less damp condition.

Names ok Fruits : In foricarding Peach or other
soft fruits to be named, it is imperative that two specimens
of each variety be sent, also a shoot with foliage, as
identification is sometimes established by the character oj
the glands. The fruits should lie aatheredjasl heron they
"n quite ripe. Wrap each fruit lit Hssue-papi r. and pack
them eery carefully In roil material and in a u-ooden box
thai ■trill not he likely '" yet crushed In the post. Hack
sutheit ntlu tightly in prevent th, fruits from shaking in the
box. In th, fire ,, Peaches it should be stated whether
ihr inc produces large or small flowers. I to not post id the
weekend, when delay may be reasonably expected.—
E. B. The two Peach fruits have arrived in a
crushed condition with the skins broken. This
was due to packing them too loosely in the
box, which allowed of their being shaken
during transit. The particulars you give
would otherwise have been very useful. — W. C.
Upon comparing your Peach with Stirling
Castle, we felt convinced you had it rightly
named, as the fruits were quite similar. Since
you have given us a description of the flowers,
we have now no hesitation in saying it is
Stirling Castle.

Names of Plants : Paddy. Olearia stellulata,
Polygonum complexum, Ozothamnus ros-
marinifolius. — R. F. Phytolacca decandra. —
E. S. Polypodium Dryopteris, Kalmialatifolia.
— W. 8., Reading. Carex stellulata. — A. J. A.,
Leeds. 1, Achillea macrophylla ; 4, Fuchsia
gracilis var. variegata. — E. R. F. Hyoscyanius
niger, common Henbane. — A. Brassica sinapis,
Charlock or Wild Mustard.— C. J. Phacelia
tanacetifolia. — W. F. Platystemon califor-
nicum, sometimes called Californian Poppy. —
L. L. Salvia Horminum.— E. V. B. Erigeron
philadelphicus. — W. T. Cornus suecica, no-
where common in Britain. — Enrjuiry, Enfield.
They seem to bo all Iris ochroleuca. — W. T.
Muscari comosum, a variety in which the
flower-stalks become deeply coloured while the
flowers are abortive. A very old inhabitant. —
No Name, Basingstoke. 1, Pyrethrum Par-
thenium ; 2, Dianthus caryophyllus ; 3, Saxi-
fraga Wallacei ; I, Erysimum Peroffskianum ;
5, Armeria maritima ; G, Papaver Rh*as. —
F. W. C. S. 1, Campanula Trachelium ; 2,
Sedum rupestre ; 3, S. Ewersii ; 4, Asperula
cynanchica ; 5, Sedum album ; 6, S. reflexum. —
J. K. B. 7, not found ; 8, Armeria maritima,
white ; 9, Saxifraga, one of the mossy-leaved
section ; 10, Lotus corniculatus ; 11, Achillea,
perhaps tomentosa ; 12, Saxifraga umbrosa.
Send better specimens next time. Our time is
precious. — J. M. K. Dendrobium Falconeri,
very good varieties. — A. B.- — 1, Oncidium prre-
textum ; 2, O. crispum ; 3, O. varicosum. — E. T.
Odontoglossum Schleiperianum. — Clarendon.
Epidendrum cochleatum. — W.J. W. Stanhopea
tigrina, very dark variety. — R. B. Dictamnus
albus.

Pond Weeds : E. W. and Gib. The following is
the method adopted with success by the
Michigan Agricultural College in destroying
noxious weeds on a lake in which Lilies, &c,
were cultivated. This lake is a -} of an acre in
extent, and the first method employed was that
of removing the scum from the surface with a
rake and carting it away. After careful expe-
riments it was found that the following formula
applied with a spraying-machine, had the desired

effect : — Copper sulphate, 4 lb. ; unslaked lime'
4 lb. ; water, 60 gallons. This effectively de-
stroyed the spores of the various organisms
comprising the scum, and in two days the
pond was practically clear, the decaying matter
having all sunk to the bottom. The entomo-
logist at this College reported that no harm re-
sulted to the fish and frogs by these sprayings,
but it would be prudent to confine aquatic birds
during the period of treatment. Water-snails
would not be of use in keeping the pond free from
weeds, though ducks and most aquatic birds
are valuable for this purpose.

Koeinia at Biarritz : C. B. Without seeing a
specimen we cannot tell you its name. There
are several varieties.

Rose Leaves : T. H. S. The eruptions on the
Rose leaves are caused by the fungus Phrag-
midium subcorticatum, and those on the
Orchid leaves by Uredo orchidis. The latter
can be destroyed by washing the leaves with
a solution of soft-soap.

The Parkinson Society : H. A. H. The Par-
kinson Society was started in 1884 by Mrs.
Ewing in consequence of the interest taken in
her story, Mary's Meadow. Aunt Judy's Maga-
zine, and afterwards Atalanta, published occa-
sional reports of the Society, and for a long
time the secretary was Miss Alice Sargant,
5G, Belsize Park Gardens, N.W. The aims of
the Parkinson Society were chiefly the protec-
tion of rare British plants, and the interchange
among the members of wild and garden speci-
mens and of folk-lore and local names connected
with them. Nothing having been lately heard
of the Society, we cannot say if it still exists.

Tomatos : J. D. and J. 8. The fruits are
attacked with the fungus causing " spot "
disease, Cladosporium lycopersici. .Remove
and burn any of the fruits that show sign of
the disease. The spores of the fungus are sup-
posed to gain entrance to the fruit through
minute cracks or punctures in the skin, there-
fore the use of green stable manure and of
anything likely to induce cracking in the fruits
should be avoided. Over-watering has this
effect. As a preventive, ventilate freely.
Exercise vigilance, and spray the plants with
potassium sulphide, prepared as follows: —
Dissolve 1 ounce of potassium sulphide in a
quart of hot water, then make up to 2 J gallons
with cold water, when it is ready for use. —
H. B. N., Waltham Cross. Wait patiently ;
there is no disease.

Wallflowers: A New Reader. Your letter is
not very clear. Sow the seeds in pans or boxes
at once, and plant the seedlings in their
permanent quarters in September, when you
say your ground will be available. As to
varieties, you can obtain double and single-
flowered forms : also varieties varying in colour
from buff to scarlet and crimson ; tall and
dwarf-growing varieties are obtainable, and, if
permissible, hybrid forms such as Cheiranthus
X kewensis. We do not recommend individual
firms. Scan our advertising columns. You do
not make it plain whether you have to exhibit
the Wallflowers as pot plants or as cut flowers.
If you have to exhibit them as pot plants we
should suppose that the judges will require
that the plants shall have been actually grown
in them.

York Gala : Correspondent. We are now informed
that in addition to the plants described in our
last issue as having received First-class Certi-
ficates at this show, a similar award was made
to a variety of Lobelia named " Dorothy Dixon,"
shown by Messrs. E. P. Dixon & Sons, Hull.
Mr. Jordan, Impney Hall Gardens, Droitwich,
won 1st prizes for a Pine and for Strawberries.

Communications Received.—.!. MeC— Paddy— R. F.—
W. M.— S. A.— R. P.— Prof. Bureau, Paris— E. H. W.—
M. A. R.-R. B.-F. W. B.-W. T.-T. M. L.-.l . Booth—
H. A. H.—T. T. Taylor— F. Kranzlin, Berlin— Lord K.
— F. H. Collins- F. H.. Germany- J. M.— A. D.—F. M.
— F. J .— E. H. W— W. H — W. M.— Reader— 0.;E. L.—
H. W — J. C Crawley— Lord Kesteven— Mrs. F.— P. T.
—A. P.-H. H.— T.R.— W. G. S— Novice.

ifor Weather see p. viii.)

July S, 1005

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

21

THE

No. 967.— SATURDAY, July 8, 1905.

CONTENTS.

Aster snbcoeruleus ...

23

Orchid notes and g lean-

Bramble, a new white-

lugs

22

flowered

32

Pergola of Ivy, a

•21

Books, notices of 26

,27

Presentation to a seeds-

•Carnations at Tring

man

31

Park

33

Roath Park, Cardiff ...

31

Chelsea Hospital, the

Seed-trade prospects ...

22

forthcoming show at
China, plant collecting

30

L'l
31)
23
31

31

l'l

Societies-
Manchester & North

Clematis Armandi

Colonial notes

Flowers and insects ...
Flowers in season
Forestry —
The Locust-tree

of England Orchid
National Rose
National Sweet Pea ..
Royal Horticultural .
Southampton Royal

Horticultural

36

:;;

31

34
36

Ira Thurn, sir Everard

31

Sweet Peas

:::;

Japan, Nature Study

Trees and shrubs

28

in

31

Walks, garden

83

Kew notes

28

Water, wasting

33

Lilium Alexandi: . ■>

Week's work, the —

sport oi

:;■>

Flower garden, the...

28

Londesborough Park,

Fruits under glass ...

■j.,

Market Weighton ...

L'l

Hardy fruit garden...

39

Nursery notes-

Kitchen garden, the

3D

Messrs. Carter & Co.

22

Orchid houses, the...

8fl

Obituary—

Plants under glass ...

29

Croucher, George ...

38

W inch li c 1 d Lodge,

Duval, Henri

38

Winchtield

35

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Aster subcicruleus 23

Clematis Armandi (Supplementary Illustration).

Orchid seedlings 22

-Pergola of Ivy, a 21

Rose, a Japanese polyantha variety, in Trelissick

gardens 33

Rose Waltham Bride 32

Sweet Pea " Helen Lewis " 35

View ou the terrace at Winchfield Lodge, Hants ... 25

Vine-moth, the 4»

LONDESBOROUGH PARK, MARKET

WEIGHTON.
rriO many of your readers the name of
-*- Londesborough will have a very de-
cided horticultural significance. During the
latter half of the nineteenth century it is
questionable whether any one of our leading
families was more keenly interested in hor-
ticulture and allied subjects than were the
members of this well-known house. From 1850
till his death in IStiO, the first Lord Londes-
borough planted very largely when extend-
ing the park boundaries at Grimstone, near
Tadcaster. His name is even yet mentioned
with much respect as that of a liberal em-
ployer of local labour in this work. The
general effect of his work has been seen
and admired by hundreds in recent years.
He was also keenly interested in gardening
under glass, and especially in the growth of
hardwooded plants, such as Heaths, Epacris,
<&c. A special house was erected about 1855
for this purpose, and it is still standing in
good condition.

Soon after coming into the title and
estates, the second peer began the forma-
tion of his well-known collection of Orchids.
Probably he was the first amateur who
erected houses for their especial culture
in Yorkshire. His widow, the present
Dowager Lady Londesborough, was also
much interested in the culture of plants and

flowers for indoor decoration many years
before the practice was so general as it now
is. With these thoughts in my mind, when
in the Londesborough district recently, I
took the opportunity of visiting the gardens
there.

I was not in the gardens many minutes
before finding out that while time had
brought about various changes, there was
still much interest shown by both Lord
and Lady Londesborough in their gardens
generally. The family only resides there
during the shooting seasoD, hence the main
object is to procure as much produce as is
possible in order to supply their require-
ments when in London or at Scarborough.

There is a large number of home-erected
glasshouses, all well adapted for the varying
purposes for which they are used. The
back range is one of eight vineries, nearly
all in full bearing. The first and second
ones contain very fine crops of Grapes,
mostly of Black Hamburgh, ripe and ripen-
ing. Two others are filled with Muscats,
and these, too, are fine in crop and bunch,
and promise to be excellent in size and
colour of berry. In the later houses there
is a promise of grand crops, mainly of Gros
Colmar, which colours well and is of a much
better flavour than is general. I think the
fine loam from the calcareous soil at the foot
of the Yorkshire wolds may have something
to do with this. One house of the variety
in question was mainly filled with Vines
worked on Black Hamburgh stocks, which
Mr. McPherson thought had something to
do with improving the flavour.

Peaches, too, are successfully cultivated.
The early houses are somewhat different in
shape to the general run— viz., three-quarter
span, and about 16 feet in width. The front
trees are trained on a trellis a little more than
quadrangular in shape, as compared with the
ones generally seen in old-fashioned Peach-
houses. The whole of the back wall from
the base upwards is covered with healthy
trees, as well as the front trellis. Personally
I have a strong liking for three-quarter span-
shaped houses for fruit culture, and especi-
ally where they are sheltered on the north
at a reasonable distance where the shelter
will not have the effect of shading the
houses. The Peaches in two early houses
were Stirling Castle, Royal George, Dy-
mond, Bellegarde, Goshawk, Early Grosse
Mignonne, and Yiolette Hative ; all of
them had full crops of fruit, fine in size
and colour, and the trees were very healthy.
Nectarines were equally good, and consisted
of Early Rivers, Lord Napier (very fine), and
the old Yiolette Hative, which for colour
and quality is hard to beat when seen at its
best. Under the ridges there were movable
shelves for Strawberry culture, on which
there were splendid crops of fruit ripe and
to ripen. Royal Sovereign is the favourite
variety, though some fine crops of Leader
were coming on.

On the south side of the outer kitchen-
garden wall there is a Peach case full of fine
trees in full bearing. It is nearly a hundred
yards in length, and contains twelve trees,
which are worth taking some trouble to see.
They are trained up a trellis which is about
18 inches from the steeply-pitched roof.
There is abundant ventilation both at the top
and in the back wall facing north, the air
in the latter being obtained from wooden
shutters built in the wall. This is a verv

important point in erecting narrow Peach
cases, otherwise it is difficult to get suffi-
cient ventilation to keep the fruit from
ripening prematurely in hot summers. It
may be of interest to some readers to men-
tion the varieties that are grown in this case:
— Peaches Grosse Mignonne, Royal George,
Alexandra Noblesse, Barrington, Nectarine
Peach, and Dymond — the harder yellow-
fleshed varieties are not cared for, otherwise
the season might be prolonged somewhat ;
Nectarines are represented by Lord Napier,
Elruge, Pine-apple, Milton, and Humboldt.

In a large span-roofed house built and
once used for plant-culture, I noted a fine
lot of healthy pot-trees of Cherries. Plums,
Apples, and Pears, all carrying good
crops. At the warm end of it were
some nice half-standard Orange-trees in full
flower. This was a very interesting house.
Melons are grown very largely and well. A
narrow, slightly sunken, span-roofed house
with a path down the centre and a narrow
bed on each side was full from end to end
with Melons in different stages from those
bearing ripe fruit to newly - planted seed-
lings. The writer considered himself for
nearly forty years to be a fairly good Melon-
grower, but his conceit has gone now. With
the exception of the Melons, grown by the
late Mr. Wildsmith at Heckfield no others I
have seen were equal to the Londesborough
ones. Amongst the varieties grown was a
seedling raised by Mr. McPherson, which I
think will make a name for itself should he
offer it to the public.

Like some of his confrere* Mr. McPherson
has found out that to have ripe Tomatos fit
for consumption they must be grown parallel
to the glass roof that covers them. Fine
crops, both ripe and unripe, were in a
long lean-to pit with a sunken path against
the back wall.

The Plant Houses.

There are numerous houses full of plants,
but, as hinted before, all have to be looked
at from the point of view of general utility.
Carnations of the Souvenir de la Malmaison
type and others for winter flowering were
there in abundance. One large span-roofed
house filled with fine, healthy plants of the
former type presented a grand sight. I was
told that as many as one thousand flowers
had been cut in one day last year, and could
quite see that it could be repeated if needed
Plenty of fresh air, careful watering, and
judicious avoidance of excessive feeding
supply the reasons why Mr. McPherson, so
far as I could discern, is not troubled with
Carnation disease in any form. Nearly all
the well-known varieties were grown, the old
Blush variety and that of Princess of Wales
being much liked.

In the large house devoted to Palm-
culture were some very nice specimen
plants of Musa Cavendishii, in 12 and
1 1-inch pots. I was told that Lady Londes-
borough made use of this and similar
plants for room decoration in the early
autumn months. When stood on suitable
pedestals in large rooms, no doubt the
effect would be very fine. On a large plot
covered with ashes, and well sheltered with
low hedges, I saw a very fine lot of Chrysan-
themums, most of them established in their
flowering pots. It was easy to see there
was rivalry hatching here for some com-
petitors on the future exhibition- tables of our
Northern shows. The collection include*

22

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 8, 1905.

all the up-to-date varieties, both for the
purpose named and for home decoration.
This work is mostly looked after by Mr.
McPherson's son in his spare time, he having
been foreman and general garden helpmeet
to his father for some years. Previously
he was at Frogmore, Trentham, Croxton
Park, &c.

The large kitchen - garden was full of
promise for a plentiful supply of vegetables
from now onwards to next spring. On
the south side of this garden there are
some two acres of ground filled with healthy,
well- shaped bush and pyramidal Apple,
Plum, and Pear-trees, which are a good
object-lesson to Northern horticulturists.
Notes on these must follow later.

Fortunately, Londesborough is well sup-
plied with water by gravitation, otherwise it
would be next to impossible for the very
excellent all-round results to be obtained
with the limited means at hand. The
whole place does great credit to Mr.
MePherson, who has been at Londesborough
for thirty years, and to his staff. Yorkshire
Gardener.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

NURSERY NOTES.

EXPERIMENTS WITH ORCHID SEEDLINGS.
M. Noel Bernard has been experimenting with
certain Orchids with a view of ascertaining the
part played in their germination by certain
fungoid growths which are discovered in the
seedlings. Hybrids of Bletia, Cattleya, Cypri-
pedium and other species made little or no
development when an attempt was made to grow
them in the laboratory where contact with the
fungus was rendered impossible, but upon start-
ing the seedlings in soil infested with fungus a
different result was obtained. Cattleyas, for
instance, in some cases started into growth with-
out the introduction of the fungus, but sooner or
later the latter was found to be necessary to their
existence. It has been ascertained that the
needful "endophytic" fungus is always plentiful
in the soil or other surroundings in large Orchid-
houses, and this explains why certain hybrids are
therein obtained.

further and still more careful trials would yield
results by which all growers would benefit.

A fuller account of M. Bernard's experiments
will be found in the number of he Jardin for
May 20, whence by permission we have extracted
the above summary.

THE SEED TRADE.

Vegetable Seed Crops. — The warmer and
drier weather of the past six weeks has certainly
operated to bring about some improvement in the
crops being grown for seed production, though
the high winds and tropical showers have beaten
down some of the more weakly plants.

Cabbages. — There was perceived early in the
year a certain weakness of development in some
of the plantations, then came a forcing in
time of spring, when the plants appeared to be
unable to answer the demand made upon them
by Nature ; when called upon they made growth

MESSRS. CARTERS TRIAL GROUNDS.
At the present time there are no fewer than 1,437
trials of Peas being conducted under equal condi-
tions atMortlake, and as it were under field culture,
farmyard manure being supplied at the rate of
25 tons per acre. The seed was sown on March 30.
The earliest variety is one called Carter's Eight-
weeks. It grows 1 foot in height, is very pro-
ductive, and possesses good flavour. Carter's
Early Marvel is yet another fine early Pea. This
is a seedling from English Wonder and William
Hurst. May Flower is only three days behind
American Wonder, and has a much better con-
stitution, larger pods, and better- flavoured Peas.
This is a seedling from Early Daisy and William
Hurst. Many of the individual plants were
carrying twenty-two pods of Peas, and there were
nine good-sized Peas in a pod. Another fine Pea
is Early Stratagem, which is ten days earlier than
the old variety, and has fine large pods, and pro-
duces a heavy crop. Daffodil is a second early
variety, has good pods, is very hardy, and crops
heavily. Springtide, a variety with pointed
pods, is still prized highly ; it quite supersedes
William I.

Carter's Superior is a fine Pea, and as early as
the variety Lightning. King Edward VII. is a
variety of the Early Morn type. It is a fine Pea,
of grand constitution and cropping qualities,
being one of the best market or garden Peas yet
sent out. Early Morn appeared really wonderful,
both in size of pod and in its cropping qualities.
Torpedo — a cross between Early Morn and
Telegraph, was bearing a fine crop of well-
finished pods. Time would not permit me to
examine closely all the varieties, but these were
amongst the most prominent of the seedlings
which have yet been named, and of the early-
fruiting varieties. Later sorts were not at
their best.

I was shown a fine new Turnip, a very early
white variety, the result of across between Milan
and Early Snowball, which is earlier than
Jersey Lily, and is quite distinct in foliage. It
will be a boon, as an early white Turnip was
much wanted. I noticed a very fine batch of
Canterbury Bells, and a collection of Sweet Peas
in 120 varieties.

A trial is being made of forty-six varieties of
Wheat. The grass trials for lawn and tennis and
golf grounds are also very interesting. W. A. Cook,
Shirley Pari Gardens, East Croydon.

Fig. 9.— experiments with seedling orchids.

83.— Plant of Cattleya after seven months' culture in a glass tube ;

t. embryo tuber ; it, root.
8i.— Bletia, aged 3) months; a, a. after culture without fungus;

i, after culture with the fungus ; i, ', parts infested.
85 — Plants of Bletia. aged 5J months; A. A. cultivated without

fungus: i, cultivated with fungus; b, b, browned portions;

I, i, infested portions ; R, root.

Hitherto certain species of Vanda and of
Phakenopsis have not y ielded the desired seedlings ;
at present either the special fungus necessary for
these subjects has not been discovered, or the
conditions under which they are cultivated
prevents that fungus from having access to them.
The desired result may be obtained by mixing
the new earth in which the seedlings are growing
with pieces of the root of an older and infested
plant, or even with some of the soil in which that
plant is growing. In this manner several seed-
lings had in five months developed one or two
leaves, and were ready to be transplanted, while
other seeds sown in the luual way had made no
growth. Much time was thus saved by intro-
ducing the fungus thus early to the Orchids.
In four tubes, three contained seeds of Cypripe-
dium, but in the one wherein no fungus had been
introduced in three months the seeds had not
germinated at all ; while in the tubes where the
endophyte was present growth was well advanced.
The fourth tube contained Ltelio-Cattleya seed-
lings growing with the fungus ; the latter is not
visible to the naked eye, though many growers
imagine that they can detect it.

M. Bernard has found considerable difficulty in
obtaining fruits of < iJontoglossum upon which to
experiment, and he regrets this, believing that

for a time, then wilted away. There was on tht>
whole less premature bolting to seed in spring-
sown Cabbages than is sometimes the case. This-
tendency is more prevalent on poor land than in
soil of good heart. Cabbages are sown for seed
purposes at any time between the middle of March
and the end of May. The plants which stood the
winter for seeding this summer, though much
attacked in places by troublesome insects, give-
promise of a good crop.

Onions. — The unprecedented demand for Onion
seeds during the seed season, and the general
shortage of the seed crop last year, made it very
difficult for orders to be executed. Then Onion-
bulbs realised prices very much in advance of
their usual average value, and some who had
bulbs being held over for planting for seed found
it more profitable to sell them on market, especi-
ally as there is always a risk in planting Onions
for seed. As no seed was carried over and the-
acreage planted for seed is very small, there is
every probability of prices ruling very high in
the future. But the foreigner, who has the
advantage of a more equable climate, is now
growing the finer varieties of English Onions for
seeds.

Sadishes. — A better time for sowing Radish-
seeds was scarcely before known. The seeds-

July 8, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

23

■were got into the ground under the most favour-
able conditions, and yet vermin attacked the
plants and practically ruined some of the planta-
tions. There has been, therefore, a great
•scarcity of salad Radishes in seme quarters.

nicely. We seem to be depending for garden
culture especially upon the second-early varieties
to a greater extent than usual, and a great deve-
lopment can be noticed in the dwarf, dark-green-
podded wrinkled Peas ; quality and flavour are

Fig. 10.— aster stjbcceruleus : ray florets of bright mauve colour, disc yellow.

Cases are known in which beds were sown, but
the plants were so decimated by insect attacks
that scarcely a Radish was to be found in a rod
of ground. The spell of north-westerly winds
which happened worked all the mischief.

Peas. — The early varieties are carrying fair and
in not a few cases good average crops, and under
the recent dry sunny weather are ripening off

generally excellent ; they are of vigorous growth
and great croppers. A raiser named Burbidge
has done much to increase the type. There are
the English Wonder, British Wonder, Witham
Wonder, Rivenhall Wonder, &c. The trade is
greatly indebted to Burbidge in this respect.
Omega may be said to have been the precursor
of the section ; Gradus, Thomas Laxton, Autocrat,

and The Gladstone, not to mention others, come
into this group. The Gladstone is a Pea of
medium growth, green - podded, and of the
finest quality, reminding us of what the
original Yeitch's Perfection was in its palmiest
days. It is asserted that this type of Pea
gives a quite 50 per cent, of increased yield.
Glory of Devon comes into this group ; it is a
Yeitch's Perfection greatly improved. The de-
mand for such Peas is always great, the supply
never being equal to the demand.

Beet. — The black aphis has been much in
evidence on the plants of Beet for seed ; they
find their way to them when the plants are in
bloom, and seem to suck out their life juices.
The outlook as to a probable seed crop is by no
means assuring. Pisum.

ASTER SUBCiERULEUS.*

This is the handsome blue-flowered Aster
shown by Mr. A. Perry at a recent meeting of the
Royal Horticultural Society. It has been con-
founded with A. diplostephioides, but is quite
distinct. The pilose leaves are oblong lanceolate,
tapering at the base into a short stalk, and the
flower-heads are borne at the ends of the stalk.
Each measures when fully expanded 3 inches in
diameter. The plant, which is an excellent
addition to our gardens, is a native of North-west
India, whence it was introduced to gardens by
Herr Max Leichtlin. For a botanical description
of the plant we may refer to Mr. S. le Marchant
Moore's account in our number for November 30,
1901.

COLONIAL NOTES.

TOBAGO.

The following note is extracted from the Agri-
cultural News, the review of the Imperial
Department of Agriculture for the W. Indies : —

" The site of a botanic station, to be carried on
under the auspices of the Imperial Department
of Agriculture, was selected in November, 1898.
The station is now fully equipped, is a popular
place of resort, with one of the most attractive
collections of ornamental plants in the West
Indies. In addition, there are maintained large
collections of economic plants available for dis-
tribution throughout the island. A travelling
Agricultural Instructor is employed to afford
practical information in regard to the cultivation
and the treatment of diseases of Cacao and other
crop 3.

Altogether the prospects of Tobago are
brighter than they have been at any time during
the last thirty years. It is estimated that there
are large stretches of fertile and accessible lands
still available for the cultivation of Cacao,
Rubber, Cocoa-nuts, fruit, Cotton, Limes, and
Tobacco. The absence of destructive hurricanes,
the fairly equable rainfall (averaging 65 inches
per annum), with the improved means of com-
munication by land and sea, as also the nearness
of a large and increasing market in Trinidad for
all kinds of produce, render Tobago a promising
field for intending settlers."

Great Storm in Natal.
The Natal Mercury for June 9 gives a long
account of the great storm which swept over a
vast area in Natal on the night of May 31,
causing great loss of life and damage to property,
whole districts being devastated. Before describing
the havoc, the article gives an interesting account
of some of the weather reports telegraphed from
other districts during the day before the storm.
" Pouring rain, with a bitterly cold wind," was
mentioned as prevailing at Kimberley ; " splen-

» Aster subca-rukiis, S. le Marchant Moore, in Gardeners'
Chronicle, November 30, 1901, p. 385.

24

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 8, 1905.

did rain " had begun to fall in parched Grahams-
town ; two waterspouts had been observed off the
coast at East London ; snow was falling in the
Orange River Colony ; and from several stations
in Natal came the news of "rain setting in."
Between eight and nine in the evening the storm
was raging with great violence, and continued to
increase until two hours after midnight, when it
gradually abated. " When daylight broke Durban
found itself isolated as well as battered by the
ravages of the dreadful night."

At South Coast Junction in the Umbilo River
valley, where a large proportion of the vegetables
sold in Durban are grown, the huts of the Indians
and natives, who mostly cultivate garden produce,
were swept away by the overflow of the Umhla-
tuzan and Umbilo rivers, and some 200 of the
people drowned, only a few who got caught in the
trees escaping. At Bellair Station Mr. Wool-
ridge, a fruit farmer, after anxiously watching
until he thought the storm had passed, found his
house being washed bodily into the river. With
difficulty he freed himself from the wreck, and
succeeded in saving his wife. Both were seriously
injured, but his two little children were killed.
Destruction and disaster are mentioned in many
quarters. In Durban in fifteen hours the rainfall
was 10J inches, and at Pinetown over 15 inches.
The illustrations show uprooted trees and un-
roofed houses in Botanic Garden Road, Durban,
and other remarkable effects of the storm ; also
six views of Dundee, Natal, under snow, present-
ing more the appearance of our British Dundee
in winter than views in Natal.

Many singular circumstances are recorded.
While Dundee, Glencoe, and the surrounding
district were under snow, and had experienced the
full violence of the storm, even the telegraph-
poles being blown down, Ladysmith and the
country around for some distance appeared as an
oasis in the desert, the storm not having visited
it. Durban was threatened with a stoppage of
the water supply, the mains having burst ; but
the damage was promptly repaired. In other
districts gardens and farms were turned into
lakes, and great ruin of crops and destruction of
cattle is recorded. On the Biggarsberg the snow
was 9 inches deep on the levels and 4 to 6 feet in
the drifts, and there was great loss of stock.

LEAVES FROM MY CHINESE

NOTE-BOOK.

ICHANG TO KAITING.

{Continued from p. 5.)

May 1. — As yesterday was fair, to-day has been
foul— one chapter of accidents the whole day
through ! We made our usual early start, and,
assisted by a superabundance of shouting, all
went well until we reached the foot of the
Lien-Shui-Che rapid at 7.30 a.m. In attempting
to tie up in order to carry out a line our tie-rope
broke, and we were washed down the river.
After a while we managed to get up to the foot of
the rapid again. This time we carried out our
line safely, and were all but over when a small
boat, which, in spite of our remonstrance, insisted
in attempting to get over inshore of us, through
the breaking of its rope, was washed across our
bows. One unfortunate man was dragged in and
drowned. We were washed down-stream at a
terrific rate, got into several strong whirlpools
and were nearly capsized. With the utmost
difficulty we got clear of these dangers and
managed to haul in our rope. Eventually
we managed to get up to the foot of the rapid
again, and this time got safely over. On in-
vestigating matters, I found two men badly cut
and bruised about the legs and shoulders, and
totally unfit for work. Several others were
suffering from minor cuts and bruises. The
tracking-path here being so steep and of sharp
rocks, a good foothold was impossible.

The owner of the junk to which the small boat
belonged, on seeing the accident, sailed away as
rapidly as he could, in spite of the fact that I
sent my lifeboat after him. However, the wind
was strong and my boat the faster, so we over-
took him in a couple of hours and went along-
side. I went on board and explained what had
happened through the carelessness of his men,
and asked what he intended doing in the matter.
Chinese-like, he evaded my question, and wanted
to chat about the weather. This was annoying,
so, cutting him short, I demanded to see his
Customs' papers. He was anxious to talk then,
but having secured his name and number, I
would have none of it, telling him I should report
the matter to the magistrate at Wushan city.
We had a brother of the deceased on board, and
I watched how he bore his grief. Beyond the
fact that he was silent and took little or no part
in the day's work afterwards, there was nothing
to indicate there was anything amiss. The fatal
accident upset matters generally, every possible
thing going wrong afterwards.

We reached the city of Wushan about 5 o'clock,
and I sent in immediately to the magistrate.
After stating the case, I requested that justice
should be done towards the relatives of the
deceased in accordance with Chinese law. The
magistrate was very polite and attentive. He
pointed out that, strictly speaking, the accident
happened outside his jurisdiction, but promised
to investigate and do what he could in the matter.
In the course of our conversation I gleaned that
a tracker's life was fixed at 0,400 cash (about
15s.) and a coffin should the corpse be recovered.
It may not be out of place here to relate how
the business was settled, though it only came to
my ears some months afterwards. The magis-
trate found the junk owner guilty of culpable
negligence, mulcted him to the tune of a hundred
thousand cash (about £ 12), gave the deceased's
brother 0,400 cash, and pocketed the balance !

Walking was impossible to-day, and I only
noted a couple of fresh plants — Pittosporum
pauciflorum on the cliiis and Delphinium anthrisci-
folium on the foreshore. On enteringthe Szechuan
part of the gorge, I observed a fine road on the
right bank excavated and blasted out of the cliff.
At the Lien-Shui-Che rapid, about a hundred
yards up the glen on the right bank of the river,
Abutilon sinense occurs. I found it there in
March, 1901, and intended looking for it again
had no accident prevented. The plant attains to
5 to 6 feet in height, and its large golden-yellow
flowers make it conspicuous. Dr. Henry first
discovered it in the Ichang gorge, but my efforts
to rediscover it there were futile.

May 2. — We waited till S o'clock this morning
to see if there were any fresh developments re our
drowned tracker, but nothing transpired. So
leaving the deceased's brother behind to collect
the " cash " we continued our journey. The river
rose considerably during the night, and the
current was very strong. We encountered many
rapids to-day, three of them (Sha-ma-Tan, Cho-
Tan, and Lung-po-Tan) being severe. The hill-
sides of to-day's country were allhighly cultivated.
The Pulse and Barley crops were ripening fast.
In some places the people were busy reaping
them. The absence of opium continued most
marked. I noted a small patch of Nicotiana
rustica. This is most unusual, this species being
relegated to higher altitudes.

From Ichang upwards I was struck with the
enormous quantity of Orange and Pomeloe trees
grown. They were everywhere, and I no longer
wondered where the quantity comes from which
passes through Ichang annually. They are par-
ticularly abundant on the more sloping precipices
of the gorge. Many of the trees were of large size,
and looked very healthy. So far I did not notice
the presence of the borer-insect in any of the
trees. The Oranges are mostly tight-skinned

and of excellent flavour, but the Pomeloes are
too bitter for European palates. Lemons of ex-
cellent quality also occur. I enjoyed a nice walk-
to-day, and gathered several fresh plants. These
included Hypericum sinense, Gleichenia dicho-
toma, Premna ligustroides, Platycarya strobilacea,.
and Buddleia asiatica. The last-named is a
most charming shrub, with white fragrant flowers.
Much to my surprise I came upon one large tree
of Keteleeria Davidiana. I fancy this solitary
specimen must have been planted among some-
old tombs. Hitherto I have not found it below
1,500 feet alt. On moist grassy banks Fra-
garia indica was plentiful, its tempting-looking
but insipid fruit contrasting well with the green
grass around. Curiously enough the Chinese
consider the fruit poisonous.

I also noticed several Cherry-trees with the
fruit colouring. Our old friends, Sophora vicii-
folia, Rosa laevigata, and R. moschata were still
with us, but past their best. We moored for the
night just above the Lung-Po-Tan. With but
a slight wind we made but little progress-
against the strong current, but we met with no
accident. E. H. W.

(To be continued.)

FORESTRY.

THE LOCUST-TREE.

It is not my intention to enter into a controversy
with Mr. Simpson on forestry. I only want to
give a precise answer to the question he puts in
the Gardeners' Chronicle of June 17, 1905, p. 370-.
At what size, for what purposes, and at what
price could Mr. Booth dispose of a thousand
acres of Locust-trees ? As I remarked on p. 246
of this journal, in Hungary they afforested with
great success the sandy plains with this species,
after trials with many different trees. A report
with all details regarding this enormous planta-
tion, made by a Royal Hungarian Forest In-
spector, appeared in a German forest journal in
April, 1899. They work this Locust -forest at
twenty years' rotation, and do a very large and
profitable timber trade. The timber is used for
many purposes. What are a thousand acres-
compared with as many square miles ?

I wish I had a thousand acres in Hungary, and
another thousand in Germany. In the number
for May, 1899, of the above-named journal,
reference is made to a report of a Royal Inspector
of Coal-mines in Germany. He states that the
wood of the Locust - tree is best fitted for
carpenters' work in a coal-mine, and also for pit-
props. It lasts longer than Oak. The same result
has been attained in France. The Inspector
closes his report by stating that Acacia-wood was
rather dear, owing to its scarcity in the market
Is it not a misfortune that the excellent wood of
a tree like the Locust-tree, imported more than.
200 years ago, growing on the poorest soils and
under almost any conditions, is not yet to be had
in any quantity ? I blame England as much as-
Germany for this neglect. Almost all the nations
display in this respect the same ignorance and
indolence, which cost us more, as an enlightened
Englishman said, than all the money spent on
our education.

A nobleman who has a large plantation on his
estate near Berlin, tells me that he sends off
waggon-loads of this wood, and sells it well,
although single trunks and small quantities dc-
not pay. Many careless calculations and un-
verified statements are printed, as I see, for
instance, on p. 145 of the latest part of the
Transactions of the Royal Scotch Arboricultural
Society, Vol. xviii., where it is stated that
" all over Germany there is no coal," whereas
we have in truth an enormous part of our
papulation working in coal-mines. So long as this

July 8, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

25

carelessness continues we shall never progress.
It is the^same with the school of forestry and the
introduction of foreign trees, a question which
manyj of our- official foresters consider to be
frivolous, $ So much for the Locust-tree.

Mr. Simpson tells us in the same article that
the main obstacle to selling Douglas Fir on the
market^is^that for timber merchants it is simply
" Spruce," worth 2d. or 3d. a foot. It is almost
twenty^ years ago that my old friend, the late
Mr. McCorquodale, head forester to Lord Mans-
field at Scone Palace, cut the first thinnings in a
Douglas) Fir plantation. This operation gave
rise at the time to a good many articles, which

WINCHFIELD LODGE.
Our illustration (fig. 11) gives a view of the
residence of Spencer Charrington, Esq. The
estate is pleasantly situated at a distance of
half-a-mile from Winchfield station on the
London and South Western Railway. The house
is reached by a short carriage-drive entered from
the Odihaui and Hartley Eow road. About
twenty years since the mansion was partly
rebuilt and enlarged by the present owner. The
grounds are not extensive ; they are well shel-
tered by numerous trees, of which the principal
is Oak, which luxuriates at Winchfield. The
soil is a heavy loam overlying a clay subsoil. The

Gabrielle Luizet, Sunset, Eugenie Resal, and
Magna Charta, besides many others. A specimen
of R. rugosa, 12 feet in height and 8 feet in
diameter, is noteworthy.

Pergolas are here a popular form of garden
decoration. Two of these structures run almost
parallel to each other, near to the front of the
mansion, and must have been made many yearsaco,
judging by the age of the plants with which they
are covered. Oak and Chestnut are the woods used
for supports. In one case Honeysuckles are al m os
wholly employed in furnishing the pergola.

Flowering shrubs and trees are freely repre-
sented in the grounds. One specimen of Spircea

photograph by F. Masjn Good.

Fig. 11.— winchfield lodge: view on the terrace.

appeared in the Gardeners' Chronicle, 18S7, and in
the Perthshire Constitutional. " The largest Larch
in this plantation measured 12 cubic feet ; the
largest Douglas Fir of the same age 27 cubic feet.
The sale of the thinnings of the Douglas planta-
tion at Taymouth took place on December 23,
and they sold at about the same rate as Larch —
about Is. per foot" (Perthshire Constitutional,
January 11, 1S88). I think the main obstacle to
the selling of Douglas Fir at the same price as
Spruce Fir lies in another direction than Mr.
Simpson will have us believe. John Booth, Cor-
responding Member of Royal Horticultural Society,
Berlin, June, 1905.

WHITBY Jet. — According to the researches of
Mr. Sewakd the structure of this substance shows
its affinity to wood of the Araucaria section.

house is clad with Virginian-Creepers and Roses,
of which the latter ramble away very freely
owing to the soil being suitable for their growth.
On the south-eastern side the varieties Lamarque,
Gioire de Dijon, and Reine Marie Henriette fill a
large space, and grow to fully 20 feet high.

Roses are greatly favoured by the owner, who
has planted them in all sorts of places and con-
ditions, not in any formal arrangement, but just
where they would be likely to succeed and pro-
duce a desirable effect, such as on pillars, on
chains in festoons so as to hide fences, cover
banks, as standards in the borders, or dwarf
plants in small beds j and indeed they appear to
luxuriate everywhere. The best use has been
made of such varieties as Feliclte-Perpetue, Crim-
son Rambler, Aimee Vibert, Leuchstern, Pen-
zance Briars, Splendens, Marie Hoste, Madame

confusa, 10 feet high and nearly as much
through, was at the time of my visit laden with
its pure white blossoms, presenting a remarkably
fine appearance. Many other varieties of this
genus are here growing.

Hardy plants are cultivated somewhat exten-
sively at Winchfield Lodge, and include popular
kinds of Narcissus. Spanish Iris are also exten-
sively grown for supplying flowers for cutting.
A remarkably fine bed of seedling Delphiniums
(Kelway's strain) is a grand sight ; these are
enhanced by plants of Crimson Rambler Rose in
the centre of the bed.

Mr. Whitworth, the gardener, appears able to
grow Hollyhock plants for several years in succes-
sion. A batch of these plants (Sutton's seedlings),
planted-out three years ago, have each year given
good spikes of flowers, and promise during the

26

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Julv 8, 1905.

present year to develop half-a-dozen inflorescences
from each plant. On the south-west side of the
mansion is a remarkably fine croquet lawn, an
acre in extent, possibly one of the best in the
country. The turf is very firm and the grass
close in growth, and reflects much credit on its
management.

The kitchen and fruit gardens are not extensive,
but they are well managed. A bed of Sutton's
April and Flower of Spring Cabbages proved the
value of these varieties for yielding an early
supply of these vegetables. Peach-trees on walls
were carrying good crops of fruit, Waterloo and
Rivers' Early York especially. Bush Apple-trees
are very promising. A Wanderer.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

The Amateur Gardeners Rose-Book, by
the late Dr. Julius Hoffmann. Translated
from the German by John Weathers.
(Longmans, Green & Co.)
This book comes as a surprise, first that British
amateurs should be thought to require any addi-
tion to the multitude of Rose-books written for
their learning, and next that it should be con-
sidered desirable for English Rose-growers to be
put in possession of a book on this subject made
in Germany. Hotter summers, more " brilliant
light, more evenly distributed rainfall, more
severe weather in winter, must all tend to make
the German gardener's practice different from our
own. But however much details may differ, the
general principles of cultivation remain the same
The author's statement that Roses dislike a
heavy soil or one that is tenacious or clayey
requires some modification, for in this country
such a soil, if drained and properly worked, is by
no means unpropitious to the growth of Roses.

We do not think our rosarians would care to
carry out the minimal details mentioned on
p. 18, details more suitable for Chinese than for
British gardeners ; but the directions for making a
compost-heap are very serviceable. The coloured
plates, though showing the flowers reduced in
size, are better representations of Roses than are
usually met with. An alphabetical list of select
Roses with short descriptive notes is a useful
addition to the book. Some names are not
familiar to us, whilst we miss others, such as
Felicite-Perpetue. The name Belle Siebrecht
should be cancelled as a useless synonym at
least in this country. A peculiarity about
William Allen Richardson, which we have seen
year after year, is not mentioned— viz., that the
earliest flowers to open are nearly white and all
but destitute of the orange-fawn colour which
afterwards becomes so conspicuous. There seems
to be a public for any work about Roses, so we
have no doubt that many will be glad to add this
useful book to their collection.

Insect Life.
Mr. F. V. Theobald has published through
Messrs. Methuen a second edition of his very
serviceable little hand-book bearing the above
title. The earlier chapters are devoted to an
account of the structure and classification of
insects in general. The succeeding ones include
a summary account of the several natural orders
with special references to those insects which are
of importance from a practical point of view
The gardener is thus provided with an easy
means of identifying his enemies, of learning
their ways, and of compassing their destruction".
A special appendix is devoted to the use of
insecticides, and the necessity of acting on the
motto " Prevention is better than cure" is duly
emphasised. Washes of soft-soap and quassia
are highly spoken of for green-fly : 4 to G lb
of quassia should be boiled and mixed with

6 to 10 lb. of soft-soap also boiled — the total
quantity of water being 100 gallons. This wash
should be used in the form of fine spray. The
proper method of employing the very poisonous
substance, Paris-green, is explained. Arsenate
of lead is said to have many advantages over
Paris-green, like which it is extremely poisonous.
It is made by dissolving separately in water
2| ounces of acetate of lead and 1 ounce of
arsenate of soda. These quantities are sufficient
for 10 gallons of water, and when the mixture
has been made add 1 lb. of treacle. For wire-
worm, applications of nitrate of soda and kainit
are recommended. It need hardly be said that
these substances are valuable fertilisers. Super-
phosphates are of little or no value for destroying
grubs in the soil.

Greenhouses, How to Make and Manage
Them.
Mr. W. F. Rowles gives us under this title a
sketch of the methods of constructing a greenhouse
and its accessories, and then goes on to the means
of stocking it by propagation or purchase. Pots
and potting next engage attention, then comes a
chapter on soils and manures, followed by others
on watering, ventilation, shading, tying, training,
pruning, forcing and other details of management.
All these diverse subjects are so concisely and
clearly treated that we can but heartily commend
the book to the notice of the amateur, whilst the
most expert gardener will find practical hints that
will be of use even to him. Messrs. C. Arthur
Pearson, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, are
the publishers of this useful little book, the cost
of which is only one shilling.

How to Make and Manage a Garden.
Mr. W. F. Rowles, whose little treatise on the
construction and management of greenhouses
we have just had occasion to commend, now
undertakes a wider flight, and in the little
volume above-named tells us how to choose the
site of a garden, how to make a vegetable-, a
flower-garden, or an orchard, how to deal with
paths, borders, rockeries, drains, and this done,
how to grow and propagate the plants whose cul-
ture may be desired. The book is not only sound
as regards practice, but in the sections relating
to the formation of flower-beds and bedding-out
generally, the author gives evidence of good taste
and of a recognition of the beauty of appropriate-
ness. A garden calendar, showing what is to be
done in each month, is full of useful practical
hints. As a thoroughly practical little book this
may confidently be recommended.

Experiments with Plants. By W. J.
Osterhout. (Macmillan & Co.)
The object of this little book is not to teach
vegetable physiology, but to induce the would-be
student to teach himself. The school-boys in
Dickens's Nicholas Nickleby had first to spell the
word " window," and, the task accomplished, they
were then directed to go and clean it. This is
the method of teaching in favour now, and
there can be no doubt that self-gained know-
ledge of this character is longer retained and
is of greater practical value than that which
is obtained from books or imparted by a
teacher. In the present book a part of the
plant is taken— say a seed, and then the questions
are asked, such as, What is it ? What does it
look like ? What parts does it consist of ? What
work does it do ; how does it do it? What
helps, and what hinders it ? The answers to such
questions as these are to be supplied, not by
the text-book nor by the lecturer, but are,
so far as circumstances permit, to be elicited by
the pupil himself by means of observation and
experiment. In theory this plan is excellent,
but in practice, as most teachers and examiners

know, the average beginner requires a little
assistance at the start, otherwise he becomes, as
it were, stupefied at the mass of detail before
him. He does not know what to look for or what
to do, and in his helplessness wastes valuable
time, or becomes so disheartened that he abandons
the task as beyond his powers. The Huxleyan
plan, which was only an amplification of the
methods of teaching anatomy in the medical
schools, was in so far better that the lecturer
explained first what was to be looked for, what
was to be found out, and what were the best
means of compassing these results. The ground
having been cleared, the next step was to put
the student in the way of confirming, or it
may be of refuting, what he had been told
by actual examination of the object or by well-
devised experiment. For these latter purposes the
book before us is excellently adapted. It contains-
chapters on the awakening of the seed, the work of
roots.leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits, the influence
of circumstances on the growth of plants, the
occurrence of fermentation and decay, and the
"making of new kinds of plants" by cross-
breeding as exemplified by Burbank's experi-
ments, and by " mutation " as propounded by
Professor de Vries and explained in our columns-
recently. A "mutation" is defined to be the
sudden appearance of a variation which comes
true from seed, whereas a variation, fostered
and protected by the "selection" exercised
by the seedsman, aided by the elimination
or "roguing" of undesirable competitors, soon
runs out or reverts when the protection is with-
drawn. Experiments and observations on this
subject are clearly of the utmost scientific and
practical value, and it is satisfactory to learn
that such investigations are in progress in various
experimental stations in the United States.
The book before us affords an admirable
preparation for such and similar experiments,
and it is much to be wished that our gardeners,
or the more advanced among them at any rate,
should be made not merely to read, but to work
through it. It is to be desired that some botanist
would prepare a companion volume on compara-
tive morphology and on the classification of
plants, subjects with which young gardeners of
the present day are less well acquainted than
were their predecessors.

LHybridation des Plantes.
Those gardeners interested in the practice of
cross-breeding, and to whom the French language
offers no impediment, will find in the little
volume published by M. Amat, 11, Rue Cassette,
Paris, a useful practical treatise. It is written
from a gardener's point of view by M. Raphael de
Noter, and those amateurs who desire to "try
their luck " in this fascinating pursuit will find
ample directions and suggestions, which will lead
them on to make research in departments of
practical science not entering into the scheme of
the present volume.

How to Know Wild Fruits. A Guide to
Plants when not in flower by means of Fruit
and Leaf, by Maude Gridley Peterson.
(Macmillan.)

This is a book which, as its title implies, is
designed to facilitate the identification of wild
plants when the flowers are not available. The
plants in question are those native of the North-
Eastern States of America. Descriptions of the
fruits are given, and analytical tables to help the
observer in his search. Unfortunately, by some
error in folding or cutting the sheets, the
use of this table becomes difficult ; but
this accident may be confined only to the
copy before us. The book is illustrated with
characteristic representations of several of the
plants mentioned. For practical purposes the
fruits are, in spite of the caution not to trust too

July 8, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

27

implicitly to colour, arranged according to their
colour. A glossary is appended, which is more
popular than scientific. A student who in an
examination should give the following description
of the pollen would, we fear, not satisfy the
examiner: "Pollen, the anther -borne grains
which fertilise the ovule." The definition of a
cell " as a structure enclosing a cavity " would
prove equally unsatisfactory. We must re-
member, however, that the purpose of the book
is not the instruction of the student, but to
prepare the way for those who wish to know the
names of certain trees and shrubs selected on
account of the attractive appearance of their
fruits or seed-vessels. From this point of view
the book will be useful as an introduction to more
pretentious treatises.

My Garden in the City of Gardens. (John
Lane : The Bodley Head, London, and New
York.)
This book, sent out without the author's name
or pseudonym, is "a memory," and it has illus-
trations. These pictures of Oudh houses and
gardens are a very pleasing feature of the book.
As to the letterpress, that furnishes another
instance of the manner in which ladies and others,
supposedly writing abort gardens, introduce
pages of digression upon irrelevant subjects.
The cultivation of plants is here quite a minor
matter, as room is chiefly filled by descriptions of
pig-sticking, cookery, the Indian Mutiny, stuffing
and mounting birds, gossip, flirtation, polo-
ponies, and other topics having no possible
connection with a garden.

Such gardening as is effected is, as may be
expected, superintended by the writer, not
undertaken by her. She admires the " wealth
of colour in tree, shrub and creeper. The
Hibiscus mutabilis, 20 feet high, covers itself
all over with large pink - and - white blooms,
exactly like paper flowers ! The Bauhinia
acuminata is graceful, with its pendulous
branches of pointed, divided leaves, with their
large, loose panicles of whitish and pale pink.
The Buddleias with their orange bells are
rampant. So are the Lantanas. About the stone
pillars of the verandah are clambering the bela
bel Jasmine, the white-flowered Bona Nox or
Evening Glory Ipomcei, the I. grandiflora and
the Passiflora coerulea (the handsome blue
Passion-flower), the scarlet Cypress Vine (Qua-
moclit), the Star Ipomcea (coccinea) (a blaze of
scarlet), the lilac Railway Creeper (pulchella),
and the blue-and-wbite limbata," whatever they
may be.

We have several such descriptions, appreciative
and popular though somewhat unscientific, of the
flowers found near the author's residence. As
an account of nine months in a plain station
the book should be acceptable, as it is pleasantly
if discursively written. It appears to have been
originally a diarv or series of letters, and to have
been re-arranged for the purposes of publication.

Bulbs.
M. Raphael de Noter has published a useful
little book entitled Monographic Horticole des
Plantes bulbeuses, &o. The word bulb is used in
a widely comprehensive sense to include most
of the Liliacea?, Amaryllidaceae, and Iridaceie
commonly cultivated in European gardens, as
well as Cyclamens, Oxalis, and various other
bulb or tuber-forming genera. Short descriptions,
accompanied in many cases by illustrations, are
given of the several species, together with useful
cultural notes. In a preliminary chapter the
author gives a concise statement as to the culture
of these plants in various European countries,
but, strangely enough, he omits all mention of
Ireland. Had he visited that country, or seen the
fine collections of Tulips and Narcissi annually
exhibited in London and other centres, he would,
we are sure, have avoided this injustice to the
neighbouring island. The book is published by
M. Charles Amat, 11, Rue Cassette, Paris.

PERGOLA AT SWANMORE.

The illustration at fig. 12 represents a portion
of a pergola in the gardens here, made some
six years ago. Ivies were used because they
afford a varied and pleasing effect, especially
during the winter months. This point of view is
too often lost sight of in planting these fashion-
able structures ; everybody seems to require a rich
summer effect only. This is quite right where
absence from home during the autumn aud winter
is enforced, but to those who see much of their
garden during early autumn and throughout the
winter, winter effects are valuable.

This was the first pergola formed in this
neighbourhood ; it was made with stout Larch-
poles grown on the estate, planted twenty-five
years ago, so that in this detail even this

furnishedwith Ivy," dentata," which is especially
suited for this purpose ; the leaves are large^and
pendent in habit, and give a bold appearance to the
entrance, between which this is formed. This
pergola is built on three sides of a square ; inside
the latter is a Rose garden on grass, sunken
2 feet from the base of the pergola. As previously
noted the entrance is between the pair of .
Ivy-clad pillars ; the pergola runs at right-angles
from the entrance so far, then branches off at the
two corners furnishing both sides of the Rose
garden. A variety of subjects is employed
for covering the structure, one of the most
effective being the old Virginian-creeper, the
trails of which hang gracefully down, and when
coloured in the autumn the foliage has a rich
effect. Quite in the foreground is a thickly clad
pillar of the common Hop, which for extra quick

Fig. 1:

LT-Yi m n photograph by F. Mason Gi
-PEKGOLA OF IVY AT SWANMORE PARK.

pergola is interesting. The space from one post
to the other, and the width of the path, which is
grass, is 8 feet. It is 8 feet high.

In various gardens I have since noted other
measurements, and have come to the conclusion
that for all practical purposes, such as viewing
the plants that adorn the structure, convenience
in attending to them, and the welfare of plants
growing underneath, 8 feet intervals and 8 feet in
height meet the general requirements. Of course,
in larger structures built for different objects,such
as hiding objectionable buildings in the distance,
greater height, width, and solidity are imperative.
Pergolas when carefully constructed fill most
effectively this object.

Lord Battersea, in his garden at Overstrand,
ha3 well illustrated the value of pergolas for
hiding objects in the distance. As far as I can
see, a plainly-built pergola, whether of wood,
brick, or stone, answers the same purpose as an
elaborate and expensive structure, because the
object is to cover the pergola as quickly as
passible by quick-growing plants.

The pair of pillars seen in the foreground are

growth is unsurpassed. Then there are such
subjects as Vitis Thunbergii, which is here much
superior to V. Coignetise ; Actinidia arguta,
with its rich golden coloured leaves in the
autumn, is a superior plant; Aristolochia Siphois
one of the best summer and autumn plants,
having bold foliage and making quick growth ;
Lonicera aureo-reticulata, with its golden , spray-
like growths hanging loosely down, is effective,
and most useful for covering the stems of
Rases on the pillars which have become bare
of growth. Clematis Kermesiana, having small
claret-coloured flowers, is especially effective>s'a
late and free flowering variety, and the effect is the
greater when planted close to Paul's single white
Rose. Roses, of course, predominate in furnish-
ing the arches, such free - flowering sorts as
Felicite-Perpetue, which is quite one of the best,
Euphrosyne, the earliest to open, and other
varieties include Dorothy Perkins, Wichuriana
varieties, Crimson Rambler, Queen Alexandra,
Thalia, Polyantha grandiflora, P. simplex, Psyche,
Claire Jacquier, Brunonis, Bouquet d'Or, &e.
E. Molyneux.

28

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 8, 1905

KEW NOTES.

Megaclinium platyrhachis, Iiolfe. — A species
that was sent to Kew from Zomba, British
Central Africa, in 1899, and flowered for the first
time under cultivation in July, 1903, is now
again in flower in the warm Orchid-house. Of
all the wonderful forms of inflorescence in the
Orchidacete, none is more extraordinary than that
produced by this plant, as is well shown by the
figure in the Botanical Magazine, t. 7940. The
pseudo-bulbs are much like those of a Bulbo-
phyllum, and are 2 to 3 inches in length, with two
•oblong, leathery leaves, varying in length from
4 to 6 inches. The inflorescence is produced from
the base of the pseudo-bulb ; it has a terete
peduncle 6 inches in length, from the end of which
the rhachis is very much flattened, resembling a
slender greenish-yellow strap, with the small
•flowers arranged in a row down either side and
facing the rhachis. This remarkable inflorescence
■continues to grow for nearly three months at
the apex, at which point the fresh flowers are
produced as the old ones fade away at the base.
The rhachis ultimately attains a length of from
a foot to 15 inches, and is about li inch in
•breadth. W. H.

jLindenia bivalis, Benth. (see illustration in Gar-
deners' Chronicle, August 6, 1881, p. 181).
This fine old species from Guatemala is now
flowering in the stove. It forms a compact bush
with woody growths and opposite, lanceolate
leaves from 4 to 0 inches in length. The flowers
•are terminal and usually solitary. Tbe corolla-
tube is (J inches in length, of a light red colour.
The limb of the corolla is pure white, and measures
3 inches across. It is easily propagated from
•cuttings inserted over considerable bottom-heat.
They should be grown-on under stove conditions
in a light, rich, loamy compost.

Gloriosa Carsoni, Baker.
This very beautiful species flowered in the
•stove at Kew in July of last year for the first
time under cultivation (see Gardeners Chronicle
for August 20, p. 127, 1904). It is now flowering
profusely in the same house again. It has a
strong growth some G feet in length, terminated
iby several flowering branches. The flowers have
a diameter of 4 inches, the colour of which is
brownish-red, each segment having a margin of
golden-yellow. It was collected three years ago
.about 50 miles south of Lake Tanganyika. W. H.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

PYRUS JAPONICA AS A HEDGE PLANT.
It cannot be said that the ordinary method of
(planting this Japanese Pyrus, which is that of put-
ting a plant here and there in the shrubberies, or
placing an odd one to grow against a wall, is the
best method of illustrating its beauty as a flower-
ing plant. Some years since I collected what
plants there were from the shrubberies, and
arranged them on each side of a path near an
•entrance to the kitchen garden here, intending to
treat them as a hedge on each side of the path.
The plants were topped occasionally during the
summer, and the side-shoots were repeatedly
pinched, until now the hedges are 8 feet high and
nearly a yard through. The growth on the top is
quite vigorous, and with that it is intended to form
an arch over the path connecting the two hedges
together. For the last two months the hedges
have been one mass of blossom, the deep scarlet
colour having a gorgeous effect. In no other
form of training can this plant display its beauty
better. It is quite optional how high such a
hedge shall grow ; anything between 4 feet and
8 feet will suffice. Stout plants put out 2 feet
apart in deeply - trenched, well - manured soil
quickly attain to a desirable height, and should be

topped occasionally to induce a thickly-grown
base. When the desired height is attained much
summer pruning of the young growth should be
done to induce the formation of spurs as thickly
as possible over the whole of the hedge, as from
these a yearly crop of blossom is assured. There
is no reason why other varieties of Pyrus, espe-
cially the white-flowered form, should not be
treated in a similar way.

The double-flowered Kerria japonica as a

Wall-plant.

Although this Japanese plant is usually seen
growing as a bush in the shrubberies, where
it flowers grandly in April, it is even better
when growing at the foot of a wall having a
northern aspect. There being so few flowering
plants that are suitable for that aspect, such
walls are usually covered with evergreens, of
which Ivy predominates. This Kerria covers
thickly the whole of the northern side of a
cottage here, and it is a sight worth going
some distance to see. As a rule plants grow-
ing in the shrubbery are untidy, the shoots
becoming all sorts of lengths and the leaves being
generally pale in colour. On the northern aspect
the foliage is quite green, which enhances the
appearance of the deep orange-coloured blossoms.
Now that the plants in question have filled their
allotted space they are closely pruned every year
after the flowering season with the garden shears.
The plant then makes fresh and vigorous growth,
which is made secure to the wall, and in the
following spring produces a full crop of handsome
flowers. Should this plant be growing in a dry
situation it will require an abundance of water
applied to the roots during the summer. E.
Molyneux, Swanmorc , Bishop's Waltham.

The Week's Work.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H. Young, Orchid Grower to Sir Frederick
Wigan, Bart., Clare Lawn, East Sheen, S.W.

Oncidiums of the Cool-growing Section, many of
which are now resting, need very careful treat-
ment at this period. O. eoncolor, O. crispum,
O. Gardnerianum, O. Marshallianum, O. Mantini
and others that have recently flowered need a
very cool, well-ventilated atmosphere during the
remainder of the summer. They should occupy
a position in the cool-house where the sprayer is
not used, and the rooting medium should remain
dry until slight shrivelling appears in the younger
pseudo-bulbs, when a good watering should be
given. Shrivelling caused through flower pro-
duction cannot be remedied immediately by
watering, and the attempt to do so should
be avoided, or worse results may follow. O.
Forbesii, now sending up its floral scapes,
should be kept moderately moist at the
base. O. varieosum is growing, and must be well
supplied with water when rooting freely, and as
the plants should be near the ventilators the free
circulation of airneeded induces rapid evaporation,
thus necessitatiug frequent waterings. 0. cheiro-
phorum also needs liberal applications of water
now it is growing freely. Plants of this species
should not be exposed to draughts, though fresh
air is essential. O. cucullatum and its varieties
are also growing, and should have water afforded
whenever the materials show signs of drying.
These may be placed in a lighter position than
is suitable for most of the others, associating well
in this respect with Odontoglossum Rossii. Onci-
dium incurvum grows well in a light position in the
Odontoglossum-house, and requires an abundance
of water during the growing season. The inflores-
cences are a long time developing, but as soon as
they have been removed a thorough rest should
be given the plant by withholding water for long
periods. Those of the O. macranthum group
require a plentiful supply of water throughout
the summer, regulating the quantity in each
case according to the condition of the individual.

It is not desirable to withhold water from these
plants for a lengthened period, but the supply
should be least during the winter, and at such
times as little or no growth is in progress.

Seasonable Work. — Soon after the Thunias have
passed the flowering stage, the plants should be
placed in full sunshine. A sunny sheltered spot
outside may be found for them, but before
placing them there they should undergo
a slight preparation, or the leaves may
get scorched. Afford the plants an abundance
of water until the leaves begin to fall away, and
to keep the latter clean syringe them well on all
favourable occasions. Do not allow the deciduous
C'alanthes to suffer from want of water at the
base, and should the soil be well filled with
roots, apply a light top-dressing of pure fibrous
loam. Chemical manures must not be used if
permanent good results are desired, but when the
pseudo-bulbs are filling up, a little weak liquid
farmyard-manure may be afforded advantageously.
Apply light fumigations if insect pests are
feared, remembering, however, that the less this
is performed the better it will be for the leaves,
providing thrips can be kept away by other means.
Fumigations in all the houses should be done rather
frequently, deferring the operation until late in the
evening, when the sun has lost its power, and
shading the plants earlier than usual on the follow-
ing morning that harm to the foliage may not
follow. It is also a good practice to spray the
plants once a week with a mild solution of the
XL-All, sold for the purpose, doing this early in
the afternoon so that most of the liquid will have
evaporated by nightfall. This is the only safe
and effectual method of ridding Cattleyas and
allied genera of the troublesome scale which
infests the rhizomatous portions of the plants.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. A. Miller, Gardener to Lord Henry C.
Bentinck, M.P., Underley Hall, Westmoreland.

Carnations. — Pay frequent attention to the
tying-up of flower-stems of the border varieties.
Take advantage of showery weather to apply a
dressing of soot to the beds, or if dry weather
occurs afford water abundantly.

Hollyhocks. — The present is the time to propa-
gate these if it is desired to increase the stock of
any choice varieties. Cut the small shoots found
at the base of the plants into short lengths, with
a bud to each. Insert them firmly in sandy soil
in a frame. Keep the atmosphere close, and
shade the plants from strong sunshine until they
have made roots, then gradually inure them to
normal conditions and pot them singly. They
will soon make sturdy plants.

Eryngiums are now developing their flower-
spikes, and should be afforded neat stakes to
prevent them suffering damage from winds, also
to improve their appearance by spreading-out the
growths to make the most of the beautiful steely-
blue involucres, and stems of such kinds as E.
Oliverianum, E. alpinum, &c, and the silvery-
white of E. giganteum. E. bromeliffifolium and
others of the Pandanus-leaved group are useful
for affording attractive foliage.

Rudbeckia " Qolden Glow " is an effective plant
for the back row in large borders, and associates
well with shrubs having purple leaves. The
plants will require stout stakes, as will also
Helenium grandicephalum aurantiacum.

Aquatic and Waterside Plants. — Do not allow
the slow-growing species to become smothered
by those of quicker growth. Amongst many
kinds the following are good : — Butoinus um-
bellate, Cyperus longus ; Glyceria aquatica
spectabilis variegata is a pretty variegated grass.
The green variety is a rapid grower, only fit for
the roughest places. Stimulus Brilliant is very
bright, and does well in the bog. Polygomvm
amplexicaule and P. a. oxyphyllum are useful
plants. P. amphibium is suitable for the margin
of streams. P. sphserostachyon has bright
crimson flowers 9 to 12 inches high, and is the
gem of this genus.

Shrubbery. — Spiram arioefolia is now at its best,
especially where the plant has plenty of moisture
and space to develop perfectly ; it is a very
graceful decorative plant. S. Douglasi is of a

July 8, 1903.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

29

more erect habit, and succeeds by the side of a
stream, where its dense red flowers are very
effective. S. callosa rubra is a fine variety. S.
japonica " Anthony Waterer " is a specially good
variety ; its deep rose-pink -corymbs keep their
colour in strong sunshine. Neillia (Spiraea) opu-
lifolia is conspicuous with its feathery clusters of
white flowers. N. opulifolia aurea makes a
bright display at the present time with its golden-
coloured foliage.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By W. Tyfe, Gardener to Lady Wantage, Lockinge
Park, Wantage.

Peas. — Every effort should be made to prolong
the season of this favourite vegetable. Make
still another sowing of Autocrat, the best of all
late Peas, as with favourable weather they may
yield some supplies in autumn. Sow also some
of the favourite early dwarf varieties, such as
Carter's Little Marvel, May Flower, and Daffodil,
all of which have done well here this summer.
For affording late supplies I have sometimes
been successful with Early Giant and Sutton's
Duchess of York, varieties growing from 3 to
4 feet high.

Cauliflowers. — Continue to plant out such
varieties as Autumn Giant and Self-Protecting
Broccoli as plants become fit for this purpose.
These varieties, if given proper attention, will
furnish a constant supply up to the end of the
year. At the same time it is well to keep up
successional batches of the smaller - growing
varieties, such as Extra Early First Crop, Early
London, and Walcheren, from which a succession
of milk-white, medium-sized heads will be assured.

Savoys. — Make successional batches of the
variety Dwarf Green Curled. It is medium in
size, excellent in quality and appearance. Plant
at distances of 18 inches each way.

Onions raised from seeds sown early in the
season are in a somewhat advanced condition.
Keep a sharp look-out for mildew, and upon its
first appearance use sulphur freely, in sufficient
quantities to cover each plant with the powder.
AVhen the bulbs are in process of forming apply
frequent applications of liquid-manure, occasional
dustings of soot, and some approved fertiliser,
keeping them well supplied with water. The
general Onion crop, which to all appearance
requires thinning, may with advantage be allowed
to remain in that condition, experience having
shown that the results may be expected to be
satisfactory.

Mushrooms. — This is not an ideal season for
the production of Mushrooms, yet beds carefully
made up with well-prepared material in a cool
position, preferably under an open shed behind a
wall with north aspect, should afford supplies
through September. In order to keep the spawn
moving as long as possible, the beds should be
made of good substance. Insert the spawn when
the temperature of the bed is 80°, and cover the
surface with about 1 inch deep of loam. In order
to retain the moisture in the bed as long as
possible, cover it with straw and mats, which
should occasionly be damped to lessen the need
for applying water to the beds.

General Work. — Shallots and Garlic may now
be pulled, and if the weather is fine be left on
the ground to dry ; otherwise put glass frames
over them. When the flowers of herbs begin to
show colour they should be cut, tied into
bunches, and dried in an open shed.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F. Jordan, Gardener to Dr. Corbet, Impney Hall
Gardens. Droitwich.

Figs. — Trees which are now swelling the second
crop of fruit should have been freely thinned, as
was advised in a previous Calendar. They will
now well repay the most liberal culture that can
be given them, including frequent applications
of diluted liquid-manure, and rich top-dressings
of loam and half-decayed manure. Do not allow
the third crop of fruits to remain on the trees,
but remove them as soon as they can be seen,
and so allow the trees to have a proper season of
rest before forcing again commences. Thoroughly
cleanse the trees of red- spider or other insects as

soon as they have been cleared of fruit. Syringe
them frequently and afford copious root-
waterings. Any trees that require to be shifted
into larger pots or tubs should be attended to as
soon as the second crop of fruit has been
gathered, as the roots then will be in an active
condition, and will soon enter the new soil.
Overpotting should be guarded against. Trees
that are of full size and are in a healthy
and fruitful condition need not be moved oftener
than once in two or three years. Good drainage
is essential. Pot the trees firmly, using good
turfy loam and lime-rubble, with a free sprinkling
of bone-meal.

Succession Figs. — Trees in houses which are now
supplying ripe fruits will need a slightly drier
atmosphere with liberal ventilation to prevent
the fruits cracking. Overhead syringing must
be discontinued, but a moist atmosphere should
be maintained by frequently damping the avail-
able surfaces in the house. No fire-heat will be
necessary through the day, but if a little be
employed at night, with ventilation, it will im-
prove the quality of the fruit. If intended for
home consumption each Fig should be allowed to
hang until quite ripe, but those intended for
packing need to be gathered when dry a
day or two before they would ripen perfectly.
Later trees, which only supply one crop of fruit
in the season, should have all weak growths
removed, but the shoots should not be pinched.
With frequent syringings and liberal treatment in
mulching and feeding, these trees will mature a
very heavy crop of fruit. In cool-houses it will
be necessary to guard against having too much
moisture during unsettled weather when the fruits
approach maturity.

Pot Vines. — Pinch out the points of the shoots
as soon as they attain to tbe required length, and
take great care to preserve the principal leaves in
order that the buds may develop perfectly. The
canes will soon show signs of ripening, but con-
tinue to use the syringe, and apply manures.
Gradually increase the ventilation, especially at
night. Unless the house can be fully ventilated,
or the top lights removed, the Vines should be
placed outside against a wall having a south or
west aspect to " ripen."

Planting Vines. — It is not yet too late to re-
plant an early vinery that has not produced so
good a crop of Grapes as could be desired. The
house should be thoroughly cleansed, and the
border made as recommended in the Calendar for
April 20. Choose Vines raised from eyes this
spring, and otherwise treat them as recommended
in the Calendar named above. Much better
canes will then be produced next year than
would be obtained from Vines planted next
spring.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bullock, Gardener to E. J. Wythes, Esq.,

Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Soueenir de la Malmaison Carnations. — Now that
the season of flowering in the case of most varie-
ties is past, those plants it is intended to grow on
for another season should be repotted without
loss of time. A careful selection of the best and
most vigorous plants should be made for this
purpose. A suitable compost is one consisting of
three parts fibrous loam, pulled to pieces by
hand, and one part leaf-mould or spent Mush-
room-bed soil, adding to this a liberal dash
of silver sand and a little broken charcoal.
Before using the soil let an examination be made
for wire-worms, any traces of which should be
exterminated, as this pest is particularly partial
to Carnations, and would quickly destroy them.
In potting make the soil reasonably firm by
using a suitable potting-stick, after which the
plants will require to be staked. This is an
operation that requires to be done thoroughly,
using' Bamboo-canes to support each shoot. Let
this work be pushed forward until completed.
Damp the stages and floors of the houses con-
taining the plants frequently during hot and dry
weather, and shade them from the sun for a week,
but admit a free circulation of air night and day.
The process of layering should be continued
until the desired number of the different varieties
are obtained.

Tree Carnations will require staking, but one
stake will be sufficient for each plant, to which the
growths may be slung. Continue to stop the
stronger growths for a week or two longer in order
to induce a bushy habit in plants intended for
flowering in late winter, but after this date
plants that will flower early in the autumn
should not be stopped. Diluted sheep manure
may be afforded those plants that are well rooted.
In the evening on very hot days syringe the
plants overhead with clear water. Upon the
appearance of aphis apply a dusting of Tobacco-
powder.

General Remarks. — Maintain a tidy appearance
in all plant-houses by removing dead leaves or
flowers. Attend to the tying of Chrysanthe-
mums, ic, daily. Keep a sharp look-out for any
appearance of mites on tender plants, particularly
on winter-flowering Begonias, Dcedalacanthus par-
vus, Browallia speciosa,ToreniaFournieri,ic.,and
destroy the insects by means of frequent immer-
sions in Quassia-extract. Assist batches of plants
coming into bloom by applying a light dusting of
Clay's Fertiliser over the surface of the soil about
once a week. Continue the repotting of plants
as they become ready for larger pots.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. H. Clarke, Gardener to Sir William Plowden,
Aston Kowant House, Oxon.

Apricots. — Examine the trees carefully, and
expose the fruits to the full sunlight by tying
the shoots aside or by the partial removal of
leaves which shade them. Insects such as wood-
lice and earwigs are capable of damaging the
fruits long before they are ripe ; therefore take
pieces of Bean-stalks, or small pots in which a
little moss is placed, and hide them amongst the
foliage of the tree. These means will serve to
catch many of the depredators. A good and
perhaps the most effectual system I have adopted
is to smear the wall just above the ground-level
with some sticky substance, such as paraffin
mixed with soft-soap, to stop the insects crawling
up the wall. At the same time a greased band
must be placed round the tree-stem. The trees
will now be making new growths from the points
of the shoots which were pinched back some time
ago. These secondary shoots should be pinched
back to the first leaf. Continue to apply
liquid-manure to the roots of the trees at fre-
quent intervals. If the ground is of a porous
nature, a top-dressing of half-rotten cow-manure
will prove beneficial. In districts where the
branches of Apricot-trees are prone to " gum,"
eventually dying, allow sufficient young shoots to
extend for filling up a blank space should it
occur ; such trees should be well nourished, and
only lightly cropped.

Peach-trees on Walls will now require further
attention ; the shoots should be secured to the
wires, or nailed as the case may be, stopping the
laterals to one leaf, and cutting out entirely
extra- vigorous shoots, stopping those which are
moderately so. Shoots having no fruit upon
them may be removed, laying-in the current
year's growth, thereby giving it an opportunity to
mature. Keep the trees free from aphis by an
application of Quassia-extract, syringing them
afterwards or next day with clear water.

Plums. — If heavy crops are swelling, the
clusters may be thinned, and where large fruits
are preferred to a greater number of small, un-
developed ones, the thinning must be done
liberally. Culinary varieties may be gradually
thinned as the fruits reach the size for cooking
purposes, finally leaving only such a crop to-
mature as will not overburden the tree.

Pears. — It can now be determined which fruits
are likely to remain on the trees, and where
several of a cluster are swelling evenly together,
remove some of the least exposed fruits. In
doing this take into consideration the natural
size of the fruits and the vigour of the individual
tree. If the crop is general throughout the tree-
one or two fruits of such varieties as Pitmaston
Duchess or Doyenne du Cornice will be sufficient
to leave on a spur ; smaller-fruiting varieties may
be cropped rather more numerously. In no case
permit such a crOp to remain as would seriously
lessen the vigour of the tree.

30

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 8, 1905.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens and plants
for naming, should be addressed to the EDITOR'
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London.

Communications should be written on one side only of
the papeb, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee 0/ good faith.

Special Notice to Correspondents.— The Editor does not
undertake to pay for any contributions or illustrations, or
to return unused communications or illustrations, unless by
special arrangement. The Editor does not hold himself re-
sponsible for any opinions expressed by his correspondents.

illustrations. — The Editor will be glad to receive and to select
photographs or drawings, suitable for reproduction, of
gardens, or of remarkable plants, flowers, trees, dec; but he
cannot be responsible for loss or injury.

Local News. — Correspondents Will greatly oblige by sending to
the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is desirable
to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSOING WEEK.

TUESDAY,

July 11

WEDNESDAY, J uly 12 \

THURSDAY, Jdly 13

SATURDAY,

Royal Horticultural Society's
Summer Exhibition in the
Grounds of the Royal Hos-
pital, Chelsea (3 days).

Harrow Flower Show.

Wolverhampton Floral Fete
(3 days).

Cambridge Horticultural Show.
/Reigate Flower Show.

Bath Rose and Begonia Show.

Nottingham Horticultural and
Botanical Society's Exhibi-
tion (2 days).

Lee and District Flower Show
(2 days).

Beckenham Rose and Horticul-
tural Show.

Potters Bar and District Ama-
teur Rose Society's Show.

Chipping Norton and North
Oxon Rose Show.
t.,.,. ,-( Kidderminster and District
Juulol Summer Flower Show.

8ALE FOR THE WEEK.

FRIDAY NEXT-

Cattleya Schrodera1, Dendrobium Findlayanum.&c
by order of Messrs. Sander & Son ; also Imported
and Established Orchids from various sources, by
Protheroe & Morris, at 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.
(For further particulars see our Advertisement columns.)

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
— 63'3\
Actual Temperatures :—

London.— Wednesday, Juhi 5 (6 P.M.): Max. 74";
Min. 58°.
Gardeners' Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington Street.
Covent Garden, London. — Thursday, July 6
(10 a.m.): Bar., 30-1: Temp.. 66'. Weather—
Dull, with occasional sunshine.
Provinces. — Wednesday. July 5 (6 p.m.) : Max. 69",
Guildford ; Min. 57°, N.E. Scotland.

The commodious Hall of the

the°wee°k. Royal Horticultural Society
was, on Tuesday last, filled by
Sweet Peas, to the almost complete exclu-
sion of other subjects, the exceptions being
such as were submitted for inspection by
the various Committees. Change is desir-
able, no doubt, and on ordinary Tuesdays
the long, straight benches become some-
what monotonous to the frequent visitor,
who has learnt to know within a little
what Messrs. So-and-Soare likely to exhibit,
and where the groups displayed by Messrs.
This-and-That will be found. There could
be no doubt as to the elegance, the varied
and delicate colouring and the fragrance of
the Sweet Peas, but they are deficient in
interest as compared with many other
flowers. They appeal to the eye rather than
to the intelligence, and great as has been
the progress in colour and refinement, there
is a monotony of form which is apt to
engender a sense of indifference, if not of
absolute weariness, when Sweet Peas are
shown in such vast quantities as they
were on Tuesday last. This, perhaps, is the

case, less or more, in all special exhibits
of whatever genus, but it was emphasised
in this case by the circumstance that all
these beautiful forms are derived from one
and the same species, and consequently
that the range of variation is limited by
comparison with that which occurs in most
other garden favourites. For purposes of
general decoration there is an appearance of
weediness which renders them ineffective,
although their grace and delicacy of colour-
ing fit them well for dinner-table adorn-
ment, as was well illustrated in the
numerous tables shown in competition
on Tuesday. The judges must have had no
little difficulty in coming to a decision as to
the relative merits of the exhibits, and
where so much depends on individual taste
we doubt not that a second set of arbiters
would frequently have come to a different
conclusion. As tables so decorated are
mostly intended to be seen by artificial
light, it would be well on another occasion
if some at least could be shown in a room
illuminated by the electric-light only. The
first prize in one class was given to a group
consisting of a tasteful arrangement of a
variety with pale lavender flowers inter-
mixed with Asparagus plumosus, and with
trails of the broader-leaved A. scandens laid
on the cloth.

There were endless differences in shades
of colour in the general collections, but not
much actual novelty, the variety attracting
most attention being " Helen Lewis," as
shown by a private exhibitor, Mr. Watson,
from the gardens at Orford House, Ham
Common. This is a beautiful vaiiety with
large flowers of a salmon-pink colour with a
suspicion of orange, fading off into pale
yellow, the colour of the standard being
distinct from that of the wings. Such a
combination of colours cannot be adequately
shown in black-and-white, but its form and
general appearance are illustrated in Mr.
Wouthington Smith's drawing in another
column (fig. 15, p. ■i'j).

As we have intimated, exhibits other than
Sweet Peas were rare, and some of greater
intrinsic interest, as many might think,
certainly of greater novelty, were we know
excluded. On another occasion this boy-
cotting policy might well be modified with-
out prejudice to the Sweet Peas. From
what we learn, however, there must have
been some misunderstanding, for although
"groups" were excluded, new plants and
plants for certificate were invited, and, as
our report shows, some were exhibited.

Another event of the week consisted in
the great display of Hoses made in the
grounds of the Royal Botanic Society,
Regent's Park, as these pages were passing
through the press. The National Rose
Society's Metropolitan exhibitions were
wont to be held at the Crystal Palace, and
for the last four years in the gardens of the
Inner Temple. Circumstances have pre-
vented the Society from availing itself this
year of either of these localities. The
beautiful gardens of the Royal Botanic are
well adapted for an exhibition of this kind,
and we doubt not that if the weather con-
tinues as fine as at the time of writing the
success of the show will be assured, and
that the Society will not suffer from its
enforced migration. In another column we
shall give as full a report as the time at our
disposal will permit.

Clematis Armandi* (see Supplementary
Illustration). — This is a new hardy evergreen,
species first discovered in 1809 by Pere David
in the principality of Mu-piu, Western China. It
was described and figured by Franchet in his
Plantce JJavidiana, ii., t. 2. Subsequently Dr.
Henry, and later Mr. E. H. Wilson, rediscovered
it in the mountains of Hupeh, Central China, the
latter of whom in 1900 sent seeds to Messrs. Jas.
Veitch & Sons. Plants raised from these seeds
flowered for the first time in Messrs. Veitch's
Coombe Wood Nursery in the spring of this year.
This species is of rapid growth, and is one of
the earliest of all to flower. So far it has proved
perfectly hardy, retaining its foliage all through
the winter and on into the late summer, its
evergreen character making the species unique
amongst hardy Clematis. The leaves are three-
foliolate (ternate), very coriaceous; leaflets oblong
or oval, G inches by 2\ inches, acuminate, some-
times slightly cordate at the base, prominently
three-nerved, reticulate, glabrous save when very
young. The flowers are borne on the old growths
in axillary cymose clusters. The individual
cymes are three to many-flowered. The flowers
are white, often rosy-pink on the back, 2i inches
in diameter, fragrant, pubescent on the under-
side, with six to eight or only four petals.
The bracts subtending the pedicels and cymes
are pubescent, and so also are the very
young shoots. Some botanists consider Clematis
Armandi to be a variety of the polymorphic
C. Meyeriana, Botanical Magazine, t. 7897; but
Messrs. Finet and Gagnepain, the latest mono-
graphers of the genus, agree with Franchet in
considering it a good species, and certainly Mr.
Wilson's specimens are very different in the in-
florescence. However, let its botanical affinity
be as it may, for horticultural purposes it is
abundantly distinct. Clematis Meyeriana has
smaller white flowers, and usually pinnately five-
foliolate leaves. It is relegated to the warmer
parts of the Yangtsze Valley and China generally,
where awarm temperature and sub-tropical climate
obtain. Clematis Armandi, on the contrary,
occurs only on the mountains from 2,000 to
1,000 feet. Its distribution extends from Hupeh,
Central China, to the far west of Szechuan
(Tibetan border). On scrub-clad mountains it is
very common, festooning bushes and rocks. When
in flower it presents a picture not easily forgotten.
Mr. Wilson tells us that he counted as many as
thirty flowers in one axillary cluster. The
Chinese name for it is Weiling-hsien.

The Royal Horticultural Society's
Show at Chelsea.— The Royal Horticultural
Society will hold their summer show, by the kind
permission of the Lords Commissioners, on
Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday next, July
11, 12 and 13, in the grounds of the Royal
Military Hospital, Chelsea. The ground is ten
minutes' walk from Victoria Station and about
five minutes from the Sloane Square District
Railway Station. The London County Council
steamboats are now running, and Chelsea Bridge
pier almost adjoins the main entrance. Omni-
buses from all parts run along King's Road,
Chelsea, which borders the estate on the north
side, and Pimlico Road, over the Albert suspen-
sion bridge, and to Sloane Square. These directly
connect the show with Liverpool Street, the
Bank, Fleet Street, Piccadilly, Westminster,
Victoria, Islington, Holloway, Shepherds Bush,
Clapham Junction, and most other parts of
London. The arrangements will be similar
to those made at the shows in the Temple
Gardens and to the summer shows hitherto held
at Holland House by the Society. The show will
be open at 12.30 on July 11 to Fellows of the

* Clematis Armandi, Franchet in Nouv. Archiv. du
Museum, ser. ii., viii. (1885), p. 181; O. Kuutze. Hon-
Ctemat., p. 153; Finet and Gagnepain, " Contrib. Flor.
Asiie Orientalis," Bull. Soc. Bol. France, Nov. 13. 1903.

Supplement to the "Gardeners* Chronicle.**

(CARDCHRON

Clematis Armandi, a Chinese species, with white or cream-coloured flowers.

Bradbury, Agnew & Co., Ld., Printers, London arid Tonbridge.

July S, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

31

'Society free, and to the general public on
payment of 7s. Od. ; on Wednesday, July 12, the
■charge for admission will be 2s. 6d., and on
Thursday, July 13, the price will be Is. Silver
Cups and Medals will be awarded according to
merit, and the classification will include Roses,
•Orchids, fruit, and vegetables, hardy herbaceous
and out-doors groups, alpines, and rock gardens,
foliage and flowering plants generally, and there
will be a special tent for horticultural sundries
and appliances. Lieut. Chas. Godfrey's band
will play each day, and ample arrangements for
•refreshments have been made.

Flowers in Season.— From Messrs. Gaunt-
lett, of Redruth, we have received a consignment
of noteworthy flowers in the shape of cut speci-
mens. They are not novelties, but many are of
special interest: —

Ozothammis thyrsoideus, which the Kew authori-
ties say should be called Helichrysum diosmi-
folium, is a Composite shrub with linear leaves,
on thick - set ascending branches bearing very
■numerous small white flower-heads. It is a most
showy shrub.

Buddleia variabilis is remarkable for its lanceo-
date leaves, hoary on the under surface, and with
long elegant spikes of bluish flowers. It is figured
in Gardeners' Chronicle, August 20, 1898, p. 139.

Phlomis fruticosa is a very old friend. Phor-
mium tenax var. viridis is sent in flower, the
blooms being of a deep red colour.

Escallonia langleyensis x has pretty rose-
coloured flowers. It is cross between E. macran-
•tha and E. Philippiana. An illustration was given
>in the Gardeners' Chronicle, July 10, 1897, p. 15.

Olearia macrodonta is remarkable for its boldly
toothed leaves and showy flower-heads. It was
illustrated in the Gardeners' Chronicle, Sept. 4,
1886, p. 305.

With these came also some fine varieties of
■Japanese Irises.

A Rose Show at the Crystal Palace —

For many years the shows of the National Rose
■Society were associated with the Crystal Palace,
and they were so popular that this year the
authorities at the Palace have determined to
hold one under their own management. At the
■exhibition, which takes place on Saturday, July 8,
a sum of .£225 is offered in prizes, and fourteen
■medals will be awarded for groups.

The Roath Park, Cardiff.— According to
-a " Guide," of which a copy is before us, this
comprises an area of over 100 acres, divided into
■six distinct portions intended for use as playing
.grounds for athletes and for children ; pleasure
grounds for those who take their pleasure less ener-
getically ; and a botanic garden for those who seek
interest as well as pleasure and recreation. The
catalogue of the plants, arranged in their several
natural orders, is very full and evidently very
carefully compiled. It gives one an idea of the
trouble involved in keeping such a collection
properly labelled. In these days, when the study
-of systematic botany is, we may say, systemati-
cally neglected, it is refreshing to see what is
■done in Cardiff towards remedying this defect.
The ordinary gardener has or ought to have
much better chances of familiarising himself with
the characteristics of the principal natural orders
than with the minutis of what we may call labora-
tory botany, to which too exclusive attention is
paid nowadays. Without wishing to derogate in
the slightest degree from the importance of the
study of microscopical anatomy and of the phy-
siology of plants, we yet think that for the
average practical gardener a knowledge of the
•conformation of the principal natural orders is of
.greater immediate value. We note incidentally
that a collection of Ferns derived originally from
^the gardens of the late Mr. E. J. Lowe is to be
jmet with here. Fern-lovers should take note of

this. Lakes, ponds, aquaria, and " wild-gardens "
add to the attractions of this park. Lists of the
birds and mammals, including the otter, are given,
whilst of the rabbit it is said that it is frequently
seen, but is not encouraged — a circumstance which
does not surprise us. Mr. W. W. Pettigrew is the
Superintendent of the Parks Department, and to
him the Cardiff people are under great obliga-
tions for the preparation of this useful guide.

AN OBJECT-LESSON. — When, thirty-three
years ago, Japan began her new career, there
were a few people like Ito clever enough to see
and say that the study of ancient classics alone,
to the neglect of the study of Nature, meant ruin
to the country ; but such ideas would never have
been adopted had not Japan been in deadly peril.
All the nations of Europe bullied and insulted
her, and it was only their mutual jealousies which
saved her from complete subjugation. In the
presence of that peril the pedants held their
peace, and everybody saw the necessity for an
immediate radical reform. In time Nature was
studied by every child in Japan, and in conse-
quence scientific methods of thinking and acting
have permeated the whole nation. All ancient
and modern European literature is open to the
Japanese who know English, and English is the
one language other than Japanese which every
cultured man must know. In the matter of self-
protection everyone can see the result. Because
the Japanese have studied Nature their scientific
officers and men have marched or sailed to victory
in every engagement ; their statesmen will do
exactly what is best for Japan in the negotiations
for peace ; their country will quietly take its
place as one of the first-class Powers of the
world, and every person who knows anything
about Japan is quite sure that ambitious, wrong-
headed schemes of conquest are altogether im-
possible to the scientific minds of the Japanese.
If Japan had not been in great danger we know
that she would not have taken to nature-study,
and some of us think that it may need a state of
danger in England to produce the necessary
desire for reform. The South African muddle
was worried through, and almost everybody seems
to think that all such muddles may also be
worried through, but some of us think that we
may not always be so lucky. Danger is close
enough even now, and we can only hope that if it
becomes great it may grow slowly enough to let
us learn something from the object-lesson which
is being given us day by day in the news from
Russia and the Far East. John Terry, in
" Nature."

Flowers and Insects. — Mile. Josephine
Wery concludes, from some experiments re-
corded in the Bulletin of the Royal Academy of
Sciences of Belgium, that the attraction exerted
on insects by the form and colouration of flowers
is much greater than that exercised by their
pollen, their perfume, and their nectar collec-
tively.

Henry Eckford Testimonial.— The con-
tributions to this Fund up to Saturday evening,
July 1, amounted to 83G shillings.

"The Journal of Economic Biology." —
Under this title a new periodical is announced to
be published, edited by Walter E. Collinge,
Lecturer in Zoology and Comparative Anatomy
in the University of Birmingham, with the co-
operation of Professor A. H. Reginald Buller,
the University of Manitoba ; Robert Newstead,
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine ; Professor
Geo. H. Carpenter, The Royal College of Science,
Dublin ; and A. E. Shipley, Christ's College,
Cambridge. The need of a recognised medium
for the publication of original investigations has
long been felt by workers in economic biology.
No such paper at present exists in this country,
and the difficulty of obtaining prompt publica-

tion, with the necessary illustrations of papers of
a high standard, is well known. A special feature
will be made of the illustrations, and every care
will be used to see that the papers are of an
equal standard. The Journal will be issued at a
prepaid annual subscription of lGs., four parts to
the volume, the first of which will appear on
September 29. A number of British and foreign
biologists have already promised their support,
and it is hoped that the Journal will be found in
the libraries of all universities, university colleges,
schools of agriculture, experiment stations, the
public libraries of all large cities, and in the
private libraries of zoologists, botanists, entomo-
logists, mycologists, &c. All business and literary
communications should be addressed to the
editor, and all subscriptions should be forwarded
to Messrs. Dclau & Co., 37, Soho Square
London, W.

Sir Everard imThurn.— Among the honours
published in celebration of the King's birthday
we learn that the rank of K.C.M.G. has been
conferred upon our correspondent Everard
Ferdinand im Thurn, Esq., C.M.G., Governor
and Commander-in-Chief of the Colony of Fiji,
and His Majesty's High Commissioner for the
Western Pacific. Previous to his appointment
to Fiji, Sir Everard held magisterial office in
British Guiana, and to him we are indebted for
much valuable information on the flora of that
Colony and of Roraima, whence he introduced
many remarkable Orchids and other plants. Sir
Everard's services were largely utilised by the
Government in the settlement of boundary ques-
tions relating to Venezuela and to British terri-
tory. Subsequently he was appointed to Ceylon,
so that he has well won the honour now bestowed
upon him.

Presentation to a Glasgow Seedsman.
—On the eve of the marriage of Mr. Daniel
Grant Purdie, manager of the firm of Messrs.
Smith & Simons, a very representative meeting
of the trade gathered in McC'ullouch's Res-
taurant, Maxwell Street, to wish him God-speed.
Under the presidency of the senior partner of
the firm, Mr. George Dagg Scott, who was
supported by the junior partner, Mr. Robert
Sadler, and Mr. Andrew Cunningham (
Messrs. Cunningham «i Wyllie), a very hi ■
monious meeting was held. The toast of th
guest of the evening was proposed from the Chair
in words of appreciation for services rendered
during the past fifteen years to the firm. The
presentation consisted of a solid silver tea and
coffee service, and in a few feeling remarks Mr.
Purdie acknowledged the fraternal feelings
which prompted such a handsome gift on the
occasion of his wedding. The toast of the seed
trade, proposed by Mr. Drummond Cairns, was
heartily responded to ; and Mr. Peter Drew, of
Edinburgh, replied, advocating the holding of a
social gathering frequently with a view to the
formation of a trade association for instructive
purposes, emulating the work already done by
kindred associations in Edinburgh and Dublin.
This suggestion, needless to say, was heartily sup-
ported, and in all probability will be acted upon
this year. The Chairman expressed himself in full
sympathy with the movement of an association
being formed for the improvement of the members.

Acetylene Light as an Agent for
Forcing Plants. — The Cornell University
Experiment Station has been interested during
the past winter in testing the influeuce of the
acetylene light in promoting plant growth. It is
a notorious fact that the months of November,
December and the fore part of January are trying
periods for the greenhouse man. It is at this
time that he struggles with the contradictory
problem of insufficient light and the necessity of
ventilation and watering. During the past

32

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July S, 1905.

■winter experiments have been conducted by M.
J. Iorns, a graduate student in the Department
of Horticulture at the forcing-houses of Cornell
University, having for their purpose a comparison
of the influence of acetylene and electric light on
plant growth under different temperatures. In a
recent number of the Acetylene Journal a con-
densed statement of the gross results obtained
are presented. It was found that acetylene light,
approximating closely to the quality of the sun's
spectrum, exerted an energetic influence on plant
growth. Plants grown under acetylene light
vegetated much more rapidly than others not
under its influence, and those grown for cut
flowers reached the blooming stage considerably
in advance of their competitors grown under
ordinary sunlight only. Easter Lilies grew twice
as high and bloomed ten days to two weeks in
advance of those outside of the acetylene lighted
area. The growth of Radish and Lettuce was
greatly hastened, and the yield in a given time
much increased. The branches of flowering
shrubs responded in a marked degree to the
influence of the light. Those under acetylene
light bloomed several days in advance of those in
the same temperature and influenced by daylight
only. It was also proved that the plants under
the influence of acetylene light only would form
chlorophyl as if grown in sun-light. The Xational
Nurseryman.

" Lucretia " Bramble.— We are indebted to
Messrs. Robert Veitch & Son, of Exeter, for a
specimen of this white-flowered Bramble. It is
attractive when in flower, the blossoms re-
sembling those of small Roses, and it ripens its
fruits earlier than the ordinary Blackberry.

Seeding and Germination of Meconopsis
INTEGRIFOLIA.— Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chel-
sea, inform us that they have gathered ripe seed of
this plant in their nurseries, Langley and Coombe
Wood. Plants have produced fine capsules, as have
those exhibited at the various horticultural meet-
ings. The first ripe seed was gathered on June 19,
and on June 22 test-sowings were made under
various conditions. The seed sown in a cold frame
grew best, and commenced germinating on July 4.

Carbonate of Baryta.— The Revue Horti-
cole has an article on the use of this substance as
a poison for rats, voles, &c. The baryta is used
in the proportion of twenty parts to eighty of
Wheat flour. Water and yeast are added to form
a paste, which is allowed to ferment and then
baked so as to form hard cakes. These cakes are
steeped in skim milk and then broken up into
pieces of the size of a Hazel nut and placed in
the " runs," care being taken so to place them as
to be out of the way of poultry. Spring and
autumn are the best periods at which to operate.
The poisonous character of the preparation must
always be borne in mind, and the workmen after
using it should wash their hands in water to
which a little vinegar has been added. This
removes all trace of the baryta. The results of
experiments in fields infested with rats and voles
showed that the poison is very efficacious, and its
application less costly than the Loffler virus,
which is however more suitable when the
number of animals is very large and their
distribution widely extended.

Reserve Substances : The Work of
Deciduous and of Evergreen Leaves.— The
differences in the process of nutrition, the forma-
tion and storage of starch and other hydrocarbons
in deciduous and evergreen shrubs respectively is
well illustrated by the researches of a French
botanist, M. Leclerc du Sablon, who in the
Comptes Rendus for June 13 gave a summary of
his experiments concerning the hydrocarbonaoeous
reserves, starch, sugar, &a., in evergreen and
deciduous - leaved plants respectively, and at
different seasons of the year. He arrives at the

conclusion that the amount of these substances,
which in trees with deciduous leaves is greatest
in autumn at the fall of the leaf, in trees with
evergreen leaves is greatest in the beginning of
spring when the buds are about to open. The
minimum amount which is observed in May in
trees that lose their leaves, is found in July or
August in the case of evergreens. These
differences are easily explained by the fact that
in evergreen leaves assimilation takes place all
the year round, but in relatively weak intensity ;
while in the deciduous leaves assimilation is only
carried on from May to October, but then more
energetically.

Fig. 13.— rose wat.tham bride.

A sum mer-flowering hybrid of the multiflora

type, with pure white flowers, exhibited by

Messrs. Win. Paul & Son.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.— Notices sur Us Plantcs
Utiles "" Interessantes cle La Flore du Conge. Emile de
Wfldeman, CoDservatcur au Jardin Botaniuue dc
l'Etat, Bruxelles, i t i . — .lahresbericht der Bayerisehen
Gartenbaugesellschaft (Year-Book of the Bavarian tijorti-
cultural Society), Iy04, MuDich. — Boletito da Sociedadt
Broteriana, J. A. Henriques, 1903, Coimbra. This
Bulletin is chiefly devoted to a description of the grasses
of Portugal (written in Portugese) by Senor J. A.
Henriques: Imperial Department of Agricultural for
the West Indies : Cultivation of Onnr/csin Dom/fyvtca. by
Mr. Hesketh Bell. Tweivtyjtith Annual Register oj the
Ofltcersand StudenU oj the' Cowradd State ColleaeoJ Agri
culture ami the Mechanical Xrte/an illustrated compen-
dium relatingtotheabove-mentioned Col lege. "Botany,
structural aDd systematic, is taught from text-books
aud by lectures. A great variety of plants is at hand.
In physioloeical botany the students use compound
microscopes and have laboratory practice two hours
daily. An herbarium of native and foreign plants and
the greenhouses furnish material for study. Instruc-
tion in horticulture is given principally by means of
lectures. Some of the subjects considered are vegetable
gardening, methods of plant propagation, forestry,
pomology, floriculture and landscape-gardening."—

Annual Aduliuixtral inn Repott of the Forest ]>rr, i rlnn ■, 01

ihi Madras Presidenci/, lo June 3i>, 1H04. "The year's
administration as a whole may be considered as one of
satisfactory progress."

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

( The Editor docs not hold himself responsible for the-
opinions expressed by his Correspondents. )

SWEET PEAS. — As in the case of thousands of
cultivators like myself, I cannot doubt the Sweet
Pea was the favourite flower of their boyhood ; in
the light of its development and intensified attrac-
tiveness, it can hardly fail, under such exquisite-
conditions, to remain the chief abiding flora!
fascination of their maturer years. Some of our
grandest Roses do not open with facility, are
wanting in fragrance or artistic formation ; the
Sweet Pea is almost infallible in those respects.
Xor is this queen of all annuals so susceptible
as many other flowers of greater splendour and
impressiveness, to atmospheric influences. One of
its most recently originated crosses, indeed, enti-
tled "The Scarlet Gem," seems (from its raiser's
indication of its one sole liability or serious
limitation) to be an exception to the prevail-
ing rule; it can be, like Hamlet, Prince of
Denmark, a remarkable cross introduced by
Shakespeare, '"too much in the sun." In other
words its sensitive nature demands congenial
shade, which it finds in my garden, where,
during last season, grown up venerable Apple-
trees in charming association with Sadie Burpee,
Dorothy Eckford (the grandest of all pure white
introductions), and Lady Nina Balfour, its effect
was very memorable. Another Sweet Pea of
recent origination which, while almost equally
brilliant, is in the direction of conservation of.
colour under exacting solar conditions greatly
more reliable, is the already far-famed King
Edward VII., the brightest and most effective of
all the finest existing crimson-coloured varieties.
It is a grand grower, and its luminous flowers
expand with splendid facility. Gladys Unwin is
another remarkable acquisition raised by Mr.
(nwin at Histon, Cambridge, generally charac-
terised by competent cultivators as a distinct
advance on Countess Spencer. This is a
variety which has achieved a very remarkable
popularity in virtue of attributes of growth,
formation and distinctive colour which it
will be difficult for future hybridists to-
transcend. Other recent creations or introduc-
tions of great merit and widely varying hues and
characteristics are Bolton's Pink (one of the
loveliest of its section), John Ingman and Mar-
chioness of Cholmondeley, Florence Molyneux
and Zenie Cuthbertson, in whose success, for
various reasons, I am interested. Henry Eck-
ford, Black Michael, and Romolo Piazzani I have
not yet seen j but in their merits and those of
my Eckfordian namesake I believe. David R.
Williamson.

GARDEN WALKS. — The formation of my

garden paths at this place co3t me very little,
either in labour or expense. The ground, to begin
with, was pasture land, intersected with several
hedgerows, which were cleared away. In breaking
up that portion of it which I intended for culti-
vation I simply marked out the spots where
paths were wanted, and left the grass which now-
forms the paths ; these vary from 4 to 5 and1
8 feet in width. Of course places where the turf-
was a little bit uneven were put straight; a..
mowing maohine run over these about once a
week or thereabouts keeps the grass smooth and'
tidy ; the edges are clipped at the same time, and
being done so often there is practically nothing
to pick up; the sun soon makes it disappear.
These walks are always smooth and soft, like a
Persian carpet ; they are very much admiredy
and especially by ladies, who can walk com-
fortably along and view the trees, shrubs, herba-
ceous plants, &c, on either side. From frequent
use the grass does not seem to wear off. The
only gravelled walks I have is one about 5 feet
■1 inches wide round my house, and the carriage
drive up to the house, which is a short one :.
these are kept free from weeds by an occasional
sprinkling of salt, well rubbed in at the same
time with a besom, and watered in if the weather-
happens to be dry at the time of application.
Finding these grass paths so comfortable to walk
upon, economical and advantageous in many
ways, I might be allowed to suggest that in/
many large places which are now under-manned"
on account of reductions of income owing to
agricultural depression, they might materially

July 8, 1005.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

33

■reduce their labour by allowing great breadths of
grass to run wild which are now kept mown,
■retaining only where advisable a few of those
grass paths of such widths as might be deemed
necessary. These grass spaces might be planted
with a host of things, such as Snowdrops, Crocus,
Daffodils, Liliums, Boses, and herbaceous plants,
which would afford a grand and continuous show
of flower from, say, February up until September
■or later. Such an arrangement would put the
■owner of those hitherto over-shaven and meaning-
less spaces into the possession, and that too with

brood, kingfishers nesting in holes in the bank,
goldfinches, grey linnets and green ones, besides
hosts of other and more common birds. During
the ensuing transplanting season, we hope to do
something more towards the completion of an-
other already partly begun grass walk, which
will be about 3l0 yards long or thereabouts.
When this is done, it may be said of me that I
left this place a little more beautiful than I
found it, and it may also be said of me, as it was
of Sbenstone and Scott, that in the formation
of their respective places according to their

FlG. 14. — A JAPANESE POLYANTHA ROSE IN THE GARDENS AT
TRELISSICK, TRURO: COLOUR OF FLOWERS PINK.

-almost magical quickness, of one of the most
lovable and enjoyable elysiums of a wild garden
'that any man could possibly imagine. Without
the experience few people can thoroughly
■appreciate the quiet and comfortable enjoyment
of those grass walks, and I would certainly
recommend their use where the walking traffic
is not very excessive. During last autumn,
winter, and spring, we completed a grass path
here 150 yards in length by 5 feet in width;
this path has a streamlet and border of
flowering trees and shrubs 25 feet wide on one
side of it, and a similar but wider border on
■the other. This is a very enjoyable walk, for
-although we have the London & Birmingham
Etailway adjoining, we have in the streamlet,
which is here dammed up, a waterhen with her

ideas, they displayed a great deal more taste
than they did of worldly wisdom. W. Miller,
Berkswell.

MALMAISON CARNATIONS AT TRING PARK. —
The " Malmaison " Carnation is a prime favourite
with Lord Rothschild, and several houses of
them at Tring Park (gr., Mr. A. Dye) form one
of the special attractions in summer. Probably
they have never been seen so good as they are
at the present time, when two houses are lite-
rally a mass of fine fragrant flowers borne on
vigorous specimens of this beautiful Carnation,
the plants averaging ten blooms. In each
house one side is filled with the old blush-white
farm, and the other with the pink-tinted variety
Princess of Wales. Large quantities of succession

plants are in the frames, and of hybrid Malmai-
sons, Duchess of Westminster (salmon-pink), and
Maggie Hodgson, of the same colour and fra-
grance as the old crimson Clove, are favourites.
A very fine collection of winter-flowering Carna-
tions promises well for bloom, and of showy flowers
at present open a quantity of the large canary-
yellow Carnation Cecilia is the finest, and it is
not possible to conceive a better when grown as
it is at Tring Park. J. O'B.

waste OF water.— Lord Rosebery did well
to call attention to this subject in a recent speech
at Bathgate. It is such an important subject,
and often directly connected with gardening, that
I venture, as one of the public who has dug
several wells and constructed many water-tanks,
to draw attention to the present necessity of
being thrifty with water supplies. It has often
seemed to me that directly people have the
luxury of a tap they lose their conscientiousness.
As long as they have to pump their water it is
tolerably safe from waste. It is but about two
years ago that we came to the end of a cycle of
abnormally dry years, five very dry ones and
about five more in which the rainfall was not up
to the average. The wells were very low all
over the country and the springs failed. Yet on
several occasion?, when chancing to talk about
the difficulties consequent on this state of things,
people said to me airily and unfeelingly, " Oh,
we have no bother; we are supplied by the water
company now, and it is so nice. We can draw
any amount ; we have even got nice little
fountains in the garden!" These people were
not always close to a large town, so that their
water company must have been at considerable
expense. They never seemed to consider by what
means the company obtain their supply, and
that this great and perennial serving out of water
must cause extra expense all round to be paid
for somehow. Surely it is wise to call attention
to the growing recklessness of using " company's "
water, and to point out that for social ends one
ought to be as careful as possible with the supply
of apparently so commonplace an article o£
necessity as water. A Consumer.

THE SPORTING OF LILIUM ALEXANDRA —
Last year I wrote that my L. Alexandras had
formed a bulb which produced a red flower.
This year I have two bulbs of the red variety,
and they both repeated the colour. My belief
is that the white L. Alexandra; is not a
hybrid. The red variety may or may not be a
hybrid, but the white variety is probably
only an albino variation of the red one, while
the latter is only a reversion to its original
colour. The L. Alexandra var. rosea is
very pretty ; its petals are of a soft pale car-
mine throughout, with a small number of carmine
spots towards their base. The midribs are of a
strongly-marked carmine ; the margins of the
petals are white and wavy. Barring the colour,
the white and red varieties are identical, whether
in height of plant, in foliage, and form of flower.
The white variety has a slight tinge of rose
colour on the outside of its petals, which might
mean that it is related to a red variety. E. Bonavia,
M.D., July 3, 1905.

Spraying. — When some years since we first
made known the results obtained by spraying in
the United States, and recommended the fruit-
growers to follow the example of the Kentish Hop-
growers, we were met by two obstacles. Our
correspondents had a difficulty in obtaining
" London-purple " and ' ' Paris- green," so that we had
actually to send to Canada for information as to
where to get " London-purple." That difficulty
has since been overcome. Then spraying appa-
ratus, though common enough in France and the
United States, was scarcely known here outside
Hop-gardens. Messrs. Strawson, of 71a, Queen
Victoria Street, and Messrs. Merrtweather &
Sons, 63, Long Acre, exhibited at the recent Park
Koyal Agricultural show various forms of appa-
ratus well adapted for the purpose in view, so that
our fruit-growers can no longer plead that spraying
material and spraying apparatus are not to be
had.

34

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Joly 9, 190f*

Of*

SOCIETIES,

THE BOYAL HOETICDLTUEAL.

July 4. — On the occasion of the usual fortnightly
meeting on Tuesday last, in "Vincent Square, the body
of the Hall was given up to an exhibition of Sweet
Peas, held under the auspices of the National Sweet
Pea Society. Owing to this circumstance there were
no groups of the usual type, and all exhibits other
than Sweet Peas were such as were submitted to the
various Committees for Certificate.

The Orchid Committee recommended awards in-
cluding three First-class Certificates and three Awards
of Merit.

The Floral Committee recommended nine Awards
of Merit to the plants enumerated below.

The Fruit and Vegetable Committee recom-
mended Awards of Merit to Strawberry Bedford Cham-
pion, Tomato Sunrise, and culinary Pea Essex "Wonder.

A paper by Professor Webber, of Washington, was to
have been read, but the mail having been delayed the
delivery of the lecture was postponed in consequence.

Floral Committee.

Present : W. Marshall, Esq., Chairman : and Messrs.
Geo. Nicholson, R. Dean, E. H. Jenkins, W. J. James,
W. P. Thomson, Chas. E. Pearson, Chas. Jeffries,
Chas. Dixon, G. Keuthe, J. T. Bennett-Poe, Geo.
Paul, H. J. Cutbush, Jno. Green, C. E. Shea, E. T.
Cook, R. W. Wallace, W. Cuthbertson, and R. Hooper
Pearson.

Awards,
Awards of Merit.

Carnation Pride of Westbwry. — This is a border
variety, with very large cherry-red-coloured flowers.
The petals are broad and very slightly fimbriated.
Strongly fragrant, but the flower is hardly so smooth
in appearance as to be considered of the best form.
Shown by Sir SAMUEL Scott, Westbury Manor, Bucks
(gr., Mr. Tapper).

Carnation "Bob Acres." — A border variety, with
scarlet flowers of excellent form, and measuring about
2 inches across, very slightly fragrant.

Carnation Countess of Radnor. — Another border
variety, but of a very different type to that of Bob
Acres. The flowers are 3.\ or 4 inches across, very full,
and having slightly fimbriated margins. The two
varieties above were exhibited by Mr. J.vs. Douglas,
Edenside Nurseries, Great Bookbam.

Delphinium "Snowfiake." — A pure white variety,
except for a small green spot at the tip of each petal.
Shown by J. Bradshaw, Esq., The Grange, Southgate
(gr., Mr. G. G. Whitelegge).

Eschscholizia " Carmine King." — An attractive
variety with carmine-coloured flowers. Shown by
Mr. W. H. Gardiner, St. Byth.

Erica cinerea " Skelwith Fold" variety. — A very
richly-coloured variety of this well - known hardy
Heath, beiDg a deep violet shade of purple. Shown
by Mrs. Marshall, Ambleside.

Hemcrocallis x lutcola. — This is a variety raised
from a cross between H. aurantiaca major and H.
Thunbergii. The flowers are orange-yellow-coloured, of
large size, and a considerable number of them are
produced on each cymose inflorescence. Shown by
Messrs. R. Wallace & Co., Colchester.

Pose The Dandy. — Described as a hybrid Tea Rose, of
exceedingly bright but rich crimson colour, similar to
that of Victor Verdier ; very fragrant, of small size,
but unusually floriferous. The foliage is of large size,
almost smooth, and the variety is recommended
specially for its value as a garden plant. Shown by
Messrs. Paul & Son, The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt.

Cultural Commendation.
*" PassiHora quadrangularis B&riapartii. — Magnificent
flowers of this interesting and showy Passion-flower
were shown by Percy AVaterer, Esq., Fawkham.
Kent, and a Cultural Commendation was deservedly
awarded.

Jaearanda mimosifolia. — A Cultural Commenda-
tion was recommended to this fine greenhouse plant,
magnificent panicles of flowers being shown by Ladv
Plowden, Aston Rowant House, "Wallingford, Oxon
(gr., Mr. W. H. Clarke). The genus belongs to the
Bignoniacere, and the flowers of this species are blue.
A supplementary illustration of its flowers was given
in the Gardeners' Chronicle for September 24~1'J04.

Orchid Committee.

Present: J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., in the chair ; and
Messrs. Jas. O'Brien (hon. sec), R. Brooman-White,
De B. Crawshay, H. A. Tracy, R. G. Thwaites, F. J.
Thome, H. J. Veitch. W. A. Bilney, G. F. Moore,
A. A. McBean, W. Boxall, H. Little, J. Douglas,
"W. H. Young, F. W. Ashton, and H. T. Pitt.

By arrangement there was but a small display of
Orchids, as the Hall was set apart for the Sweet Peas,
but the proportion of exceptionally good things staged
in the Committee-room was above the average, the
awards being as follows :

First-class Certificate.
Cvmbidium Huttoni, from Messrs. Charlesworth &
Co., Heaton, Bradford. — A very remarkable and
beautiful species, originally discovered by Hutton
when collecting for Messrs. Veitch in Java. The spe-
cies connects Cvmbidium and Grammatophyllum, the
large, grooved pseudo-bulbs, each furnished with two or
three bright green leaves, much resembling those of
G. multitlonim. The manner of producing the pen-
dulous racemes of thick-textured flowers is nearest to
Cymbidium Devonianum. Two varieties were shown,
one lighter in colour than the other, the longest raceme
bearing fifteen flowers. Flowers about 2 inches across,
yellowish-white, densely spotted with purple, the petals
being also tinged with purple on the outer halves.
Sepals obovate, acuminate, petals narrower and re-
flexed ; side lobes of the lip large and erect, middle
lobe oblong, acuminate. A very distinct and desirable
species.

Cypripedium x Daisy Barclay (Godefroy;e leuco-
cheilum x Rothschildianum), from J. Gurney Fowler,
Esq., Glebelands, South Woodford (gr., Mr. Davies). —
A very beautiful hybrid with flowers extended like
those of C. Rothschildianum, but dwarfer. The
flowers are cream-white, evenly marked with irregular
lines of claret-purple colour, the labellum being spotted
with rose-purple. A good feature in the flower is
given by the unusually large and beautifully marked
lower sepals displayed behind the labellum.

Cypripedium Lawrenccanum Hycanum Bank House
variety, from R. Briggs-Bury, Esq., Bank House,
Accrington (gr., Mr. "Wilkinson). Flowers larger than
the original form, and with the large dorsal sepals more
flatly displayed. Petals and lip light emerald-green ;
dorsal sepal pure white with emerald-green lines,
riant of free growth, bearing three flowers.

Awards of Merit.

Cypripedium Godefroya citrinv/m, from Francis
"Wellesley, Esq., Westfield, Woking (gr., Mr. Hop-
kins).— A very large flower, nearly equal in size and in
firm substance to that of C. bellatulum. Ground colour
pale yellow, the sepals and petals having on the inner
halves a beautiful irregular network of claret-purple
colour, a few small spots of the same tint being on the
face of the labellum.

L'i/i'i-Cattlei/a x Massangeani "Harry Goodson"
(L. tenebrosa x L.-C. Schilleriana), from H. S. Good-
son, Esq., Fairlawn, Tutney (gr., Mr. G. E. Day).— A
very bright hybrid with yellowish sepals and petals
tinged and veined with brownish-rose-colour. Lip
white at the base, side lobe and expanded front lobe
purplish-crimson.

Oncidium crispum "Shrubbery variety," from
F. Mf.xteith Ogilvie, The Shrubbery, Oxford (gr.,
Mr. Balmforth). — Flowers large and finely-formed, of
a dark chocolate-brown colour with chrome-yellow
crest with raised, reddish tubercles. A remarkably
dark -coloured flower with wavy edges to the segments.

Cultural Commendation
to Mr. Balmforth, gr. to F. Menteith Ogilvie,
Esq., Oxford, for Cypripedium niveuni, a small stand
with thirty-six fine, pure white flowers being shown.

Francis Wellesley, Esq., showed Lrelio-Cattleva
x Mrs. Freke-Gould (L. tenebrosa x C. x intertexta).
A pretty flower with silver-white sepals and petals
delicately veined with rosy -lilac on the outer halves ;
front of lip bright-purple.

De B. Crawshay, Esq., Rosefield, Sevenoaks (gr.
Mr. Stables), showed two plants of Odontoglossum x
crispodinei (crispum x Coradinei), a great improvement
on the best forms of O. X Coradinei and equal in size to O.
crispum. Both came from the same pod of seeds, but
one bad the white ground colour and form of lip of O.
crispum, the other more nearly approached O. Cora-
dinei, and had cream-coloured sepals and petals.with
one large irregular brown blotch on each sepal and

occasionally one on a petal. Lip whitish with large
brown blotches. The other variety had both sepals,
and petals uniformly blotched.

R. G. Thwaites, Esq., Streatham (gr. Mr..
Black), showed Odontoglossum Pescatorei albun*
Thwaites' variety, a model pure white flower with
orange crest.

Henry Little, Esq., Twickenham (gr., Mr. Howard),
showed a flower of Lsdio-Cattleya x Iveruia Little's
variety (L.-C. callistoglossa x L. tenebrosa), nrucbj
darker in colour than the original. Sepals and petals,
purplish-lilac, lip claret-purple.

H. T. PITT, Esq., Rosslyn, Stamford Hill (gr., Mr.
Thurgood). showed the very beautiful Odontoglossuir*
crispum " Fearnley Sander," a large and finely -shapeoV
flower, heavily marked with reddish - purple, the*
fringed margins and a few transverse lines only-
showing between the markings. Flower purple at the-
back.

Messrs. J. Bruce, Surrey Street, Strand, sent two
specimens of Epidendrum alatum.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

Present : J. Cheal, Esq. (in the Chair) ; and Messrs.
S. Mortimer, A. Dean, W. Pope, E. Beckett, J. !
Mclndoe, Geo. Keif, F. 0. Lane, H. Parr. T, Coomber,
J. Willard, Geo. Norman, and Owen Thomas.

The principal exhibit brought before this Committee-
was that of a dozen excellent British Queen Pines-
grown by Mr. Coomber, gardener to Lord Llan-
gattock, The Hendre, Monmouthshire. For the-
excellence of culture shown the Committee awarded a .
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

Messrs. Geo. Bunyard & Co., Maidstone, Kent,
showed sixteen varieties of Strawberries.

A box of fine Peaches, grown as near the metropolis-
as Regent's Park, was shown by Mr. Geo. Keif,
gardener to Miss Adamson, South Villa, Regent'e-
Park. The variety was Dr. Hogg (Silver Banksian
Medal).

Mr. G. Penwill, SO, High Street, Totnes, stage*
examples of Pen will's Champion Raspberry.

Awards of Merit.

Strawberry Bedford Champion. — A variety having,
large oval or roundish-shaped fruits with one or more-
deep sutures. Their great size is a pronounced charac-
teristic (see p. 11 in our last issue). It is of agreeable-
flavour, and develops very high colour. Its cropping,
qualities were demonstrated by several trusses with,
numerous flowers and fruits. Shown by Messrs^
Laxton Bros., Bedford.

Tomato Carter's Sunrise. — A variety with medium-
sized fruits of the Perfection type. The plant is a.
heavy cropper, the individual bunches averaging,
li lb. weight of about eight to ten fruits. A stem.
exhibited was carrying five heavy trusses of truits.
Reference was made to this variety on p. 17. Shown.
by Messrs. Carter & Co., Holborn, London.

Pea Esses Wonder. Apparently one of the taller-
growing varieties. A very prolific cropper, and well-
tilled pods were shown. Exhibited by Mr. Hobday,,
Romford, Essex.

NATIONAL SWEET PEA.

July 4. — The fifth annual show under the auspices-
of the National Sweet Pea Society was held on the-
above date in the Hall of the Royal Horticultural
Society, Vincent Square, Westminster. Previous-
exhibitions have been held at the Crystal Palace and.
Earl's Court, but none was more successful than tliis-
one. In many of the large classes there were from six.
to twelve exhibitors ; in the first one, for instance,
which called for nineteen bunches, distinct, there were
nine exhibitors. The classes for table decorations
occupied a large amount of space, and non-competitive
collections of Peas in bunches were unusually
numerous. The new Hall, therefore, was not in the
least too spacious, and. indeed, the Peas left very
little space available even for the few things that were
submitted for inspection by the Committees of th
Royal Horticultural Society. Six new .varieties were
granted awards.

Much confusion was caused by the non-observance
by some exhibitors of the stipulation printed in the
Schedule, that "in Classes 1 to 35 inclusive, twenty-
sprays shall form a bunch — more than this number will
disqualify" In Class 1 (Special Audit Class) it was
found thatso many exhibitors had exceeded this number -
that there were scarcely sufficient exhibits remaining
to which the prizes could be awarded, and most ot

July 8, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

35

he best flowers having thus been disqualified, we
have thought it better not to refer to this class in
our report below. It had not been decided at a late
hour on Tuesday afternoon what course should be
pursued in the matter of awarding the prizes, which
included the Silver Cup offered by Messrs. SUTTON &
Sons. At the same time the judges had, in our
opinion, no option in the matter. Disappointing
though it is, the failure to observe a definite stipula-
tion in a schedule, whether by accident or not, can
only be followed by disqualification. No other course

Gladys Unwin, Black Knight, Jeannie Gordon, Prince
of Wales, Gracie Greenwood, Duke of Westminster,
Duchess of Sutherland, Mrs. Walter Wright, Navy
Blue, Grey Friar, America. Hon. Mrs. E. Kenyon,
Coccinea, Lady Grizel Hamilton, George Gordon, and
Maid of Honour. The 2nd place was taken by Mr. W.
Firth, Wiston Hall, Leicester (gr., Mr. F. Clark).
Some of the more notable flowers in this group were
Countess Spencer, America, Miss Willmott, and Black
Knight. 3rd, Mrs. A. TlGWELL, Harrow View,
Greenford, Southall.

Fig. 15. — sweet pea " helen lewis'': the best novelty
at the show on tuesday last. (see v. 36.)

would be fair to those exhibitors who are careful to
observe the conditions. Much work had to be done
by Mr. Horace J. Wright and his Committee, whose
task was the more severe owing to the matter just
described.

Collections of Varieties.

In the class for n Collection of nineteen Varieties to
include one variety only of each colour given in the
Society's classification table there were six exhibits.
As in the preceding class some confusion obtained
with regard to conditions, the result being that two
competitors were disqualified. The premier prize was
secured by Messrs. Clark & Co., Maison Dieu Road,
Dover, who had a fine assortment of the best colours,
the individual flowers showing good culture. The
varieties staged were Dorothy Eckford, Miss Willmott,

For thirty-six Bunches, Distinct, there were five
competitors. The quality of the exhibits was generally
good, the 1st prize being- secured by A. S. Hayman,
Esq., Hapsford House, Frome (gr., Mr. F. Ackland),
who had a bright array of bold, well-developed flowers.
As a selection of the best flowers in this exhibit we
may include Countess Spencer, Countess of Radnor,
Navy Blue, Janet Scott, Emily Eckford, and Salopian.
Mr. C. W. Breadmore, 120, High Street, Frome, was
placed 2nd ; followed by Messrs. J. House & Son,
Westbury-on-Trym.

Twenty-four Distinct Varieties, in bunches of twenty
spravs each. — There were five exhibitors in this class,
and keen competition resulted. 1st honours fell to
Messrs. Saltmarsh & Son, Chelmsford, who had a
remarkably good collection displayed to advantage.

Some of the best shown by this firm were King
Edward VII., Gracie Greenwood (very refined flowers),
Miss Willmott, and Lady Grizel Hamilton. The 2nd
prize collection was shown by Messrs. Stark & Son,
Great Ryburgh, Norfolk, who had the varieties Jessie
Cuthbertson and Enchantress in excellent condition.
The 3rd place was taken by Mr. C. W. Breadmore,
Winchester.

Six groups were staged in the class for twelve
Iniwlics in elistinct varieties, that of Mr. A. Malcolm,
Town House, Duns, being easily 1st, although the 2nd
prize coLection, shown by a fellow-townsman of Mr.
Malcolm, contained some good vases of flowers. The
latter was put up by Mr. T. Duncan, Fogo School
House, Duns, who is to be congratulated on his success
as an amateur. The best examples in the premier
group of this class were the varieties Bolton Pink
(grand flowers), Edward VII., Dora Breadmore, Scarlet
Gem, and D. R. Williamson. 3rd, Mr. J. Watson,
The Gardens, Orford House, Ham Common.

Although the trade was excluded from Classes 6 to
In, there was no lack of other competitors. In the class
for twenty-four bunches in distinct varieties as many as
seven persons competed. This was a strongly-con-
tested class, and the quality throughout was remark-
ably good. The fortunate exhibitor was Mr. Jones,
Brvn, Penvlan, Ruabon, who secured the 1st prize for
a splendid' lot ; followed by Mr. A. Wootten, Croft
House, College Road, Epsom, 2nd ; and by W. H.
Rawnslev, Esq., Well Vale, Otford (gr., Mr. T.
Vickers).

Class 7. for eighteen bunches, was also strongly
contested, there being no fewer than eight entries, one
competitor being disqualified for intermixing grasses
among his flowers, this being contrary to the scheduled
rules. Mr. Stevenson, Woburn Tlace Gardens, Addle-
stone, was awarded the 1st prize, his premier bunches
being those of Gladys Unwin, Lovely, and Black Knight.
Mr. E. Bewley, Rathgar, ( !o. Dublin, was 2nd ; and
Mr. Brown, gr,to W. D. Winterbottom, Esq., Ashton
Hall, near Derby, 3rd.

Tici/e, Bunches, Distinct. — There were as many as
eleven exhibits in this class. The best display was
staged by W. A. BANKIER, Esq., Clock House, Epsom
(gr., Mr. H. Randall), whose flowers exhibited good
cultural skill, the individual blooms being of large sub-
stance and good form. The pick of the varieties were
Dorothy Eckford and Countess Spencer. 2nd, Mr.
W. F. Hutchins, Trewarrick, St. Austell. 3rd, Mr.
J. T. BLENCOWE, Eastcott Gardens, Kingston Hill.

For Nine Bunches, VistHncL—G. K. Wild, Esq.,
The Grange, New Eltham, Kent (gr., Mr. E. F.
Usher), was 1st. The variety King Edward VII. was
shown well by Mr. Wild. The 2nd place was taken by
Mr. M. Y. GREEN, The Lodge, Eynsford ; and the 3rd
by S. F. Jackson, Esq., Danehurst, Epsom (gr., Mr.

E. Boyd).

Decorative Classes.

The Decorative Classes were a feature of the
exhibition, and demonstrated the adaptability of the
Sweet Pea for this branch of the florist's art. The
table decorations ran down one side of the Hall, there
being no fewer than two dozen tables arranged in one
row, and even these did not accommodate the whole.
It must have been a heavy task to find the best among
the admirable displays. The 1st prize in the Amateur
class went to Mrs. E. J. Sell, Kempton Villa, Luton,
for a very neat arrangement. The colour of the varieties
Agnes Johnston and Lady Grizel Hamilton contrasted
well. The 2nd prize was awarded to Mrs. Beckett,
Aldinham House Gardens, Elstree. The 3rd prize
went to Miss L. E. King, Abbeydale, Coggeshall, Essex,
with a simple arrangement composed of the variety
Lady Grizel Hamilton intermixed with grasses, &c.

Class 39 was open to all exhibitors, and thirteen deco-
rated tables were staged, the best being arranged by
Mr. W. Marple, Penkridge, near Stafford, who utilised
the variety Jeanie Gordon with graceful foliage. 2nd,
Miss C. B. Cole, The Vineyard, Feltham. 3rd, Mrs.

F. Brewer, Suffield House, Richmond.

The best bowl was adjudged to be that staged by
Mr. C W. Breaiimore, 120, High Street, Winchester.
It was lightly arranged, the Sweet Peas being well
seen, and not hidden by foliage. 2nd, Mr. W. J. Not,
Clayponds Road, Brentford.

The best epergne was arranged by Miss Cole, The
Vineyard, Feltham, who utilised a Bruce flower-holder
for the purpose. 2nd, Mrs. Brewer, Suffield House,
Richmond.

Best Varieties in Each Colour.

Eighteen classes were devoted to an exhibition
designed to illustrate the best varieties of a particular

36

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 8, 1905.

colour. The colours arc those adopted in the Society's
classification list, which, on the whole, are satisfactory,
but the difficulty there is in drawing arbitrary distinc-
tions in the colours is apparent in several of the classes
where room is left for much difference of opinion, as
shown by the fact that several varieties were exhibited
with success in more than one class. As a guide to those
who require to cultivate a limited number of varieties,
and wish them to be as distinct as possible, the
residts of the competition have some value, and we
therefore append sufficient details for this purpose.
The classes were arranged for two bunches, distinct.

In that for blush -coloured flowers we could only find
the exhibit awarded the 3rd prize, the varieties being
Countess of Aberdeen and Duchess of Sutherland.

Crimson. — There were nearly one dozen exhibits,
and the comparatively new varieties Scarlet Gem,
and King Edward VII. were shown in almost all of
them.

Cerise. — Coccinea was the only variety exhibited in
this class.

Hose and 'Carmine. — The 1st prize was gained by the
varieties Prince of Wales and Mrs. Dugdale ; the
2nd prize by Prince of Wales and Royal Rose, and
the 3rd prize by the Prince of Wales and Lord
Rosebery.

Pink. — The varieties Mrs. K. Smith and Countess
Spencer won the 1st prize, Countess Spencer and Janet
Scott the 2nd prize, and Gladys Unwin and Prima
Donna the 3rd prize.

Orange Shades. — In the 1st and 2nd prize exhibits,
the varieties were Gorgeous and Miss Willmott ; and
the varieties Miss Willmott and Lady Mary Currie
won the 3rd prize.

Ye/low and Buff. — The Hon. Mrs. Kenyon was
exhibited in all the three 1st • prize exhibits, the
companions being Lady Ormsby Gore, Queen Victoria,
and Venus, in the order in which they are here given.

Lavender Colour.— In the three first exhibits the
beautiful variety Lady Grizel Hamilton was shown,
the companion varieties being those following in the
order named — Countess of Radnor and New Countess.

Blue. — The 1st prize for blue flowers was won by the
varieties Navy Blue and Captain of the Blues. The
2nd prize by Emily Eckford and Countess Cadogan ;
and the 3rd prize by the varieties Rev. D. R. Williamson
and Miss H. C. Philbrick.

Maimes. — The three best varieties in this class
were Dorothy Teunant, Mrs. Walter Wright, and
Admiration.

Violet and Purple.— The Duke of Westminster,
Mrs. Walter Wright, and the Duke of Clarence won
prizes.

Maroon and Bron e. — The varieties Black Knight
and Othello were successful for 1st, 2nd and 3rd
prizes.

Magenta.— In the 1st and 2nd prize exhibits the
varieties were George Gordon and Calypso.

Piootee - edged.— In the three best exhibits the
varieties were Lottie Eckford and Dainty.

Striped, and Flaked Bed and Bose Colour. — America,
Aurora, and Jennie Cuthbertson were successful in
this class.

Striped and Flaked Purple and Blue Colour.—
Princess of Wales and Senator.

Bicolor Peas. — 1st, Jeanie Gordon and Triumph ;
2nd, Triumph and Prince Edward of York.

Fancy Varieties. — 1st, Agnes Johnston and Gracie
Greenwood ; 2nd, Gracie Greenwood and Duchess of
Westminster ; 3rd, Gracie Greenwood and Agnes
Johnston.

Awards to New Varieties.
Helen Pierce. — Flowers bluish-purple and white,
curiously blended, the deeper-coloured veining being
very pretty ; standard erect. Those shown had three,
and in some cases two flowers onlv on a spike (Award
of Merit).

Evchm Byatt. Standard erect, of orange-red
colour ; wings of deeper red, of rose rather than orange
shade. Generally two but occasionally three flowers
on a spike (Award of Merit).

Both of these varieties were exhibited by Messrs.
WATKIKS k Simpson, 12, Tavistock Street, London.

Helen Lewis. — This is the handsomest of the novelties
exhibited for the first time, and was therefore awarded
a First-class Certificate and a Silver Medal, being the
best novelty for the year (see fig. 15, p. 35). The
specimens were shown by Mr. J. Watson, jnn., the

Gardens, Orford House, Ham Common, and were
splendidly cultivated flowers. Generally there were
four very large flowers, and occasionally three flowers
on a spike ; standard erect and very spreading, colour
bright salmon-red ; the wings are deeper in colour, of
rosy shading. The same variety was also shown In-
other exhibitors under the names of Mrs. Mark Firth
and the Hon. Mrs. C. R. Spencer.

Mrs. Hardcastlc - Siikcs. — This variety has large
pink flowers of a bright and attractive shade of colour.
Generally there arc three flowers on a spike. Shown
by Mr. Bolton, Carnforth (Award of Merit).

Tom Bolton. — A variety with mauve-coloured
flowers, approaching the shade of Lady Grizel
Hamilton. Shown by Mr. Bolton, Carnforth (Award
of Merit).

Trade Exhibits.

Mr. Robert Sydenham, Tenby Street, Birmingham,
staged a collection of many of the finest varieties
(Large Silver Medal).

Messrs. Webb & Sons, Wordsley, Staffordshire, put
up a very artistically-arranged collection. They used
yellow - coloured drapery and glass girandoles to
enhance the effect (Large Silver Medal).

Messrs. John Peed & Son, West Norwood, London,
contributed a commendable collection of the most
popular varieties (Silver Medal).

Adjoining the last-named group was a similar one
put up by Messrs. J. Cheal k Sons, Crawley (Large
Silver Medal).

Messrs. Barr k Sons, King Street, Covent Garden,
utilised a staging with a groundwork of " art " cloth
on which to display a collection that included many of
the best varieties (Large Silver Medal).

Messrs. W.M. ClITBUSB & Son, Highgate, London,
N., arranged an exhibit of excellent flowers in fancy
vases and in bamboo epergnes. The method of staging
was pleasing, and different to that adopted by the
majority of exhibitors (Large Silver Medal).

Messrs. C. Stark & Son, Great Ryburgh, Norfolk,
showed a bright collection of well-known varieties
(Large Silver Medal).

Messrs. Jones & Sons, Coton Hill Nurseries,
Shrewsbury, put up a collection of well-grown flowers,
amongst which we noticed some of the more recent
novelties (Silver-gilt Medal).

Mr. Henry Eckford, Wem, Shropshire, sent a
beautiful display of these lovely flowers. Included
were most of the best and newest varieties, the
majority of which have been raised by the exhibitor.
The whole collection showed perfect culture (Gold
Medal).

Messrs. GILBERT & Son, Bourne, Lincolnshire, were
represented by a collection in which blue-coloured
varieties were prominent. Gypsophila was utilised
freely with the Sweet Peas (Silver Medal).

Messrs. G. & A. Clark, Ltd., Dover, had a good
display in fifty varieties. The quality of the flowers
was commendable (Silver-gilt Medal).

Some excellent flowers were staged by Mr. Roet.
Bolton, Warton, Carnford. The quality was equally
meritorious throughout the collection (Gold Medal).

Messrs. E. AV. King & Co., Coggeshall, Essex,
used tall flower bowls and taller vases for displaying
their , group of these flowers. Ferns, small Palms,
Gypsophila, &c, were liberally used for greenery
(Large Silver Medal).

Mr. Chas. Breadmore, Winchester, contributed
a nice collection staged in vases and in epergnes, and
plentifully relieved with foliage plants. A vase
containing the variety Dora Breadmore was very
effective in appearance (Large Silver Medal).

A ver}- bright lot was displayed by Messrs. Bakers,
Wolverhampton ami Codsall. The flowers showed
exceptional culture, and the varieties were of the best.
Altogether an excellent group, and displayed with good
taste (Gold Medal).

Messrs. Carter, High Holborn, London, arranged
their group in three large glass epergnes and in fancy
glass vases beneath the taller receptacles. Red and
scarlet varieties were prominent in this group (large
Silver Medal).

Messrs. Dobbie k Co., Rothesay, showed some well-
grown flowers in most of the best known varieties.
The display was enhanced by yellow drapery and a
white table ground (Gold Medal).

Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, Kent,
arranged a collection on a high staging. The quality of
the flowers was commendable. The "haulm" was
freely used among the flowers, furnishing a natural
and pleasing foliage (Silver-gilt Medal).

Mr. W. J. Unwin, Histon, Cambridge, put up a
collection, among which were several seedlings of merit
(Large Silver Medal).

Messrs. Watkins & Simpson, Tavistock Street,
Covent Garden, London, staged a group of flowers,
among which the varieties Gladys Unwin and Evelyn
Myatt were conspicuous (Silver Medal).

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF
ENGLAND ORCHID.

June 22. — Meetings in the summer months are
always smaller, and on the date of the last meeting
there were only a few plants shown.

W. Thompson, Esq., Stone (gr.. Mr. Stevens), sent a
nice group of plants, prominent in which was a grand
specimen of Cochlioda Noezliana. A new hybrid
Odontoglossum, the parents of which were O. Halli X
O. Rolfea;, and named O. x lapidense, was voted an
Award of Merit (Bronze Medal for group).

Thilip Smith, Esq., Sale (gr. Mr. Kitchen), staged
a group of plants, among which were noticed L;elio-
Cattleya x Martinetti and Cypripedium x Annie
Measures, a good form of C. Chamberlainianum. A
Bronze Medal was awarded for the group.

Votes of Thanks were passed to Messrs. A. J.
Keeling & Son, Mr. John Robson, and Father
Crombleholme for contributions to the meeting.
P. W.

SOUTHAMPTON ROYAL

HORTICULTURAL.

JUNE 28, 2'.t. -The annual Rose and summer flower
show was held as usual on the Royal Pier, and was a
success from a horticultural point of view. Considering
the early date and the not too favourable weather, Roses
were good in quality if not very numerous. In the
amateur division Tea and Noisette varieties were of
high-class quality. The arrangements were, as usual,
satisfactory in the hands of Mr. C. Fuidge, who has
acted as secretary for thirty years.

Roses (Open Classes).

That for forty - eight distinct varieties was the
leading class. Messrs. D. Prior k Son, Colchester,
won the 1st prize easily with medium -sized, highly-
coloured examples of popular varieties. Messrs.
.1 AP.MAN& Co., Chard, were 2nd.

Trebles in eighteen varieties were splendidly shown
by the two firms already mentioned.

In the classes for twelve Tea or Noisette Roses, six
blooms of any one dark-coloured Rose, and six blooms
of any light-coloured lluse, Messrs. Prior followed up
their previous success by winning 1st prize in each class.
For eighteen varieties of garden or decorative varie-
ties, three trusses of each, Mr. G. Ellwood. gr. to
W. H. MYERS, Esq., M.P., Swanmore House, Bishop's
Waltham, won the 1st prize with popular varieties.

For six bunches of single-flowered varieties, Mr.
ELLWOOD won easily with such typical varieties as
The Lion, Leuchstern. Paul's White, Andersoni, and
Brunonis. Messrs. B. LADHAMS, The Nurseries,
Shirley, Southampton, were 2nd.

In the section for gardeners and amateurs, the class
for twenty-four distinct flowers was won by Mr.
Neville, gr. to F. W. FLIGHT, Esq., Gornstiles, Twy-
ford, Winchester, who was distinctly ahead with full-
sized bright blossoms.

Exceptionally keen was the competition for twelve
Tea or Noisette varieties. Mr. Neville again won
with superb blooms of the varieties Mrs. E. Mawley,
Innoceute Tirola, White Maman Cochet, Muriel
Grabame, Anna Ollivier, and Maman Cochet. Dr.
Seaton, Woodside Cottage, Lymington, was 2nd.

Nine exhibitors competed in the class tor twelve
blooms in not fewer than eight varieties ; the best, an
even set of good blooms, coming from Dr. C. Lamp-
lough, Kirkstall, Alverstoke.

For twelve bunches of garden Roses, Mr. Ellwood
won with huge bunches of Papa Gontier. Gardenia,
Claire Jaequier, Thalia, Carmine Pillar, and Madame
Plantier. Mr. W. Valentine, gr. to H. E. SuGDEN,
Esq., Ingersley, Chihvorth, was 2nd.

The premier bloom in the show was one of Mrs. E.
Mawley, belonging to Mr. Flight; and the premier
H.P. was a bloom of Gustave Piganneau belonging to
the same exhibitor.

Baskets of Roses were of noteworthy quality. Miss
Miller, St. Thomas, EastCowes, won witlrthe variety
Madame Abel Chatenay, arranged in a mass.

Mr. T. Hall, gr. to Sir S. MONTAGUE, Bart.. South
Stoneham House, had the best-arranged vase of Roses
amongst eleven competitors.

The best arranged group of miscellaneous plants
came from Mr. E. Wills, Winchester Road Nursery,
Southampton.

Of hardy cut flowers, those from Messrs. LADHAMS
shown in twelve bunches were the most noteworthy.

Sweet Peas made a great display. Messrs. ToOGOOD,
Breadmore, and Carter all offered prizes. Mr. F.
Cozens, Rownhams, with exceptionally fine blossoms,

July S, 1905.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

37

■won easily in one class; and Mr. J. Hughes, gr. to
A. T. Kalli, Esq., Twyford Lodge, "Winchester, won
Mr. Breadmore's leading prize.

Vegetables
were shown miineroiisly and well. Mr. EtLWOOD
exhibited grandly in the classes for six dishes,
the prizes were provided by Messrs. TpoGOOD, Messrs.
Sutton & Sons, and Messrs. Carter & Co.

There was little fruit shown. Mr. Ellwood was the
only exhibitor of two bunches of black Grapes, with a
commendable exhibit of Black Hamburgh.

For two dishes of Strawberries, Mr. J. Matthews
won with supeib examples of Royal Sovereign and Sir
Joseph Paxton. Mr. El. I. wool > was 2nd with the
varieties Leader and Itoyal Sovereign.

Trade exhibits were numerous and good. Gold
Medals were awarded to Mr. C. Breadmore for Sweet
Peas, and to Messrs. B. Ladhams k Son for a well-
planted rockery and cut herbaceous flowers. Silver-
gilt Medals were awarded to Messrs. Sutton & Sons for
Melons, Peas, Tomatos, and Cucumbers: to Messrs.
Toogood & Si .ns fur Sweet Peas ; to Messrs. Jarmau k
Co. for Sweet Peas, Roses, Zonal Pelargoniums, and
Sweet Sultan The Bride, and Bridegroom.

NATIONAL ROSE.

July 6. — The annual exhibition of the National Rose
Society on Thursday last was held this year for the
first time in the gardens of the Royal Botanic Society,
Regents Park. So far as the gardens themselves are
concerned, they offer an excellent site for such a
show, owing to the suitability of the surroundings.
The flowers were staged in three tents adjoining t lie
corridor, and together they covered it space exceeding
20,000 square feet. The exhibits, however, were not
sufficient to furnish them fully.

Comparing the entries with those of last year thev were
not unfavourable, but many who entered were after-
wards unable to exhibit. The Champion Trophy in the
nurserymen's competition was won by Messrs. B. 1'..
Cant & Sons, Colohester; and in that confined to
amateurs by E. B. LlNDSElL, Esq., Hitchin, who has
won the same award so many times previously. Of
new Roses there were several shown, and Gold Medals
were awarded to two varieties, and an Award of Merit
to a third variety.

The Hon. Secretary, Mr. EBWABD MAWLEY, was
busy, and tried to make the most of the advantage,
which was described in the Annual Report as follows
"For the first time in the Society's existence the
Committee will have an entirely free hand in all
the arrangements connected with their Metropolitan
Show."

Her MAJESTY The Queen visited the show shortly
afternoon, and Miss Willmott and other ladies and
gentlemen accompanied her through the tents. We
should mention that an electric fan was affixed to the
middle tent to afford ventilation.

NURSERYMEN.

MIXED CLASSES.
There were four exhibits staged in the class for
Seventy-two Blooms, Distinct Varieties, therefore the

flowers in this class alone numbered 2SS. The general
quality of the blooms was good, and there was less
evidence of injury by bad weather than might have
been expected. The best collection was that shown
by Messrs. B. R. Cant & Son, Old Rose Gai
dens, Colchester, and they were awarded 1st
prize, including the Challenge Trophy and
Gold Medal. We can only mention a few of
the best flowers, which were those following : —
Mrs. Cocker, Madame de Watteville, Helen Keller,
Ethel Brovvnlow (wonderfully pretty), Victor Hugo,
Marchioness of Downshire, Killarney, Catherine
Mermet, Tom Wood, Mrs. John Laing, A. K. Williams
(small, but very good in quality), Duchess of Portland
(a delightful lemon-coloured Tea), Mrs. Mawlev, and
Marie Baumann. The judges had much difficultv
in separating the 2nd from the 1st prize exhibit,
for the collection from Messrs. A. Dickson &
SONS, Newtownards, co. Down, was very little
inferior. Among the brightest blooms were Kil-
larney, Ulrich Brunner, Horace Vernet, Mildred
Grant, Captain Hay ward, Prince Arthur, Hugh Dick-
son, Chas. Darwin, C. J. Grahame, Fisher Holmes, &c.
3rd, Messrs. D. PRIOR & Son, Mvland Nursery, Col-
chester. 4th, Messrs. 1 rank Cant & Co., Braiswick
Nursery, Colchester.

Forty Distinct Varieties, three Blooms of tach. —
There were three exhibits in this class for forty trebles,
and the best of these was one from Messrs. Alex.
Dickson k Sons, Royal Irish Nurseries, Newtown-
waids, co. Down. Some of the most effective varieties
were those following :— Hugh Watson (very bright
reddish-cerise colour), Ulrich Brunner, Torn Wood,

Mrs. W. J. Grant, Bessie Brown, Earl of Dufferin,
Pharisaer, Margaret Dickson, Lady Ashtown and
Mildred Grant. In the 2nd prize exhibit there were
very pretty brightly-coloured flowers, smaller in size,
but less damaged by weather than those in the 1st
prize exhibit. Victor Hugo, Duke of Teck, White
Maman Cocliet, Comte de Raimbaud, and Mildred
Grant were especially nice. This collection was shown
by Messrs. B. R. Cant & Co., Colchester ; and the 3rd
prize was awarded to Messrs. D. PRIOR & SONS,
Mylands Nursery, Colchester. This class is very
exacting, each exhibitor in it having to stage 120
flowers.

Forty-eight Blooms, Distinct Varieties, — In this class
there w- ■ ibits, and the competition occasioned

the judges such an amount of work that they
were late in making the awards. Eventually the 1st
prize was awarded to Mr. HUGH DICKSON, Royal
Nursery, Belfast. The best varieties as shown wen-
Bob Davidson, Mrs. Ed. Mawley, Mrs. Jno. Laing,
Madame Hoste, Margaret Dickson, Her Majesty,
Horace Vernet, Fisher Holmes, Madame Delville,
Gustavo Piganneau, Earl Dufferin, and others.

The other exhibitors in the class were Missis.
Cooling & Sons. Bath ; Messrs. G. & W. H. Bl i:< n,
Peterborough: 'I'm: King's Acre Nursery Co.,
King's Acre, Hereford : Mr. Geo. Mount, Canterbury,
and Messrs. J. Bukiiell k Co., Cambridge.

Twenty-four Blooms, Distinct Varieties.— -In this

class there were four exhibits, and 1st pri
awarded to Mr. Ciias. Ti i:\tj;, Slough, who showed
the fallowing varieties :—Baok row : A. K. Williams,
Robert Scott, Dr. Andre, Maman Cochet, Marie
Baumann, Bessie Brown. Ulrich Brunner, Her
Majesty ; Centre row : Mrs. Jno. Laing, Comte
Raimbaud, Ulster, Horace Vernet, Ellen Drew,
Countess of Rosebery, White Maman Cochet,
Chas. Lefebvre ; Front row: Reynolds Hole,
Muriel Grahame, Fisher Holmes, Duchesse de Morny,
Duke of Edinburgh, Xavier i dibo, Alfred Colon b, and
Catherine Mermet. Mr. Jno. Mattock, The Rose
Nurseries, New Headington, Oxford, was 2nd J and
Mr. Geo. Prince, Longworth, 3rd. The weather has
evidently been unkind to Mr. Prince's Tea mid Noi-
sette Roses this year. The remaining exhibitors in
this class were Messrs, James Simpson ,v Sons,
Dundee.

TEA AND NOISETTE ROSES.

Twenty four Blooms, Distinct Varieties.- Four com-
peted in this class. Three collections ran each other
very close for supremacy, but the final award-resulted
in Messrs. Frank Cant & Co., Colchester, Wring
placed 1st. The quality was certainly not up to the
standard of last year, but some good flowers were
included, notably Maman Cochet, Mrs. Ed. Mawley,
Souvenir d'Elise Vardon, Ethel Brownlow, .Mine, de
Watteville, The Bride, Comtesse de Nadaillac. and
White Maman Cochet. The 2nd place was awarded to
Messrs. B. R. Cant k Sons, Colchester. Thiscollection
also contained some good individual flowers, notably Mrs.
Edwin Mawley, Catherine Mermet, Souvenir de I 'ierre
Netting, and Maman Cochet. 3rd, Messrs. D. PRIOR
k Son, Colchester.

For Twelve Blooms, Distinct Varieties. — Five com-
peted, the best dozen flowers being those of Mr. JOHN
Mattock, The Rose Nurseries, Headington, Oxford,
who had the varieties Maman Cochet, Bridesmaid,
Niphetos, Souvenir d'Elise Vardon, Muriel Grahame,
The Bride, Comtesse Nadaillac, Mrs. Ed. Mawlev.
Ernest Metz, Medea, Souvenir d'un Ami, and Souvensi
de Pierre Notting. The 2nd prize collection was not
far behind in quality, although neither was first-class ;
it was put up by Messrs. J. Burrell & Co., Howe
House Nurseries, Cambridge. The best flowers were
Maman Cochet, The Bride, and Comtesse de Nadaillac.
3rd, Mr. Chas. Turner, Royal Nurseries, Slough.

BLOOMS SHOWN IN VASES AND BAMBOO
TRIPODS.

Twenty Distinct Varieties, Three Blooms of Each, —
This was quite a novel class, for the flowers were
shown in twenty bamboo tripods, each exhibit being
arranged on a space not exceeding 7 feet by 3 feet.
These tripods were arranged with one stand about
15 inches high at the back and two in front about
1 foot high. The effect in this class was very gratify-
ing. Among five exhibitors the best was Mr.
Hugh Dickson, Royal Nurseries, Belfast, and he
was awarde 1 the 1st prize. The foliage of each variety
could be seen, and this increased the effect of the dis-
play. Those varieties shown best were Ulrich Brunner,
Hugh Dickson, Horace Vernet, Gustave Piganneau,
J. B. Clark (a red H.P. Rose shown last year),
Madame Delville, Duchess of Bedford, and
Perle von Godesberg. The 2nd prize was won by Mr.
Chas. Turner, Royal Nurseries, Slough ; and the 3rd
prize by Messrs. G. & W. H. Birch, Peterborough.

There were three entries in the class for fourteen
distinct varieties of Teas and Noisettes, the 1st
prize going to an excellent lot of flowers belonging to
Messrs. FRANK Cant k Co., Colchester. The schedule
stipulated that they should be shows in vases, which
gave better scope for display than the show boxes.

Among the best flowers we may select Mrs. Edward
Mawley, White Maman Cochet, Madame Cusin,
Maman Cochet, Muriel Grahame and Madame de
Watteville. The 2nd place was taken by
D. Prior k Son, Myland Nursery, Colchester.
Cochet, White Maman Cochet and Mrs. Edward
Mawley were prominent varieties in this group. 3rd,
Mr. Geo. Prince, Longworth.

In the Nurserymen's Class for Exhibition Roses
shown in Vases, to include half-a-dozen Tea and the
same number of Noisette Roses, seven blooms of each
variety, the whole to occupy a space not exceeding
6 feet by 3 feet, there were three competitors. The
1st prize was secured by Messrs. Dickson & SONS, New-
townards, Co. Down. Lighter-coloured varieties predo?
minated, the best examples being Ulrich Brunner, Frau
Karl Druschki, Mildred Giant, .Mrs. W. J. Grant, and
Dean Hole. The 2nd prize was awarded to Messrs.
Frank Cant k Co., Colchester, whose flowers were
smaller, but. possessed much refinement ; Maman Cochet,
Madame Cusin, Madame de Watteville, and Bessie
Brown wero some of the better examples, 3rd, Mr.
Geo. Mount, Canterbury.

In the similar class to the last-named for nine
varieties only there were four entries, but the 1st prize
group led easily. This was shown by Messrs. Frank
Cant k Co., Colohester, whose flowers were good all
through the exhibit. It included Maman Cochet
(grand flowers), Mrs. E. Mawley, White Maman Cochet
(shown well), Ernest Metz, Innocenti Pirola, Madame
de Watteville, Golden Gate. Madame Cusin, and
-Madame Hoste. The 2nd prize was taken by Mr. ( !ko.
Prince, nurseryman, Longworth. whose flowere were
arranged somewhat stiffly. 3rd, Mr. GEO. MOUNT,
Canterbury.

DECORATIVE OR GARDEN ROSES.

This section includes any variety that is not consi-
dered to lie sufficieni l\ good in quality when cut to be
classed as an exhibition Rose. Everyone should know-
that amongst the merely decorative Roses there are
many of the highest vaiue for garden decoration, the
single and semi- double flowers, the Polyantha, like
that shown in fig. 14, Multiflora (see fig. 13) and.
Rambler typos, are all so free in flowering that they
are essentially garden Roses. The exhibits in
this section were staged in order to show as
far as possible the foliage and habit of growth of each
variety. All Hybrid Perpetuals, other than single
flowers, were excluded, and all Teas, Hybrid Teas, and
Noisettes mentioned in the National Rose Society's
catalogue of exhibition Roses.

Thirty-six Distinct Varieties. — There were three
exhibits in this class, each staged on a separate table,
round which the visitor could walk and examine the
flowers from every point. The 1st prise was
awarded to Messrs. Frank Cant k Co., and
among the varieties shown some of the most
gorgeous were Irish Glory (large single red), Gustaxe
Regis (semi-double, lemon-yellow coloured), -Marquise
de Salisbury, Laurette Messimy, the brilliant Hose
Liberty, Helene (pink), Celine Forestier, Madame
Antoine Mari (rich pink), Gruss an Teplitz, &c. 2nd,
Mr. Jno. Mattock, of Oxford ; and 3rd, Messrs.
Paul & Sons, The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt.

Eighteen Distinct Varieties. — In this smaller class Mr.
Geo. Prince, The Oxford Nurseries, Longworth, won
1st prize, showing specially well the varieties Marquise
de Salisbury, Mme. Abel Chatenay, Blush Rambler,
Bellefleur, Rosa himalaica, &c. R. himalaica, with
its pure white, numerous flowers, and richly yellow
anthers, was perfectly delightful. 2nd, Mr. Chas.
Turner, Slough.

Eighteen Distinct Summer - Flowering Varieties- —
Mr. Chas. Turner won 1st prize in this class, and we
much admired such varieties as Alba rosea. Crimson
Damask, Red Damask, Meg Merrilies, &c. 2nd, Messrs.
Cooling & Sons, Bath.

Groups of Roses.

We have never seen such fine groups of Roses shown
at the national exhibition before. Class 15 was for a
representative group of Roses placed on the ground.
The varieties were to represent the different sections as
much as possible. Ferns, &c, could be used for relief
and blossoms were shown in all sorts of suitable re-
ceptacles. Whole plants, apparently with their feet in
buckets of water, were shown of the Rambler varieties
in the exhibit from Messrs. Paul & Son, The
Old Nurseries, Cheshunt, who were deservedly awarded
the 1st prize, which consisted of a Gold Medal and £h.
A large plant of the variety Hendersoni, some 0 feet
high and 4 feet across, was much admired, its large
richly pink single flowers were irresistibly attractive.
Indeed, the varieties in this group were so interesting
and 'good that we moved past with reluctance. The
limitations imposed by space and time are, however,
imperative. 2nd, Mr. Chas. Turner ; and 3rd, Mr.
Geo. Mount. That it was possible to place Mr. Geo.
Mount 3rd in such a competition will suffice to
emphasize the general good quality of these groups.

Representative Group of Cut Roses, arranged
spaa not exceeding 100 square feet. — The 1st pris

38

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 8, 1905.

offered in this class was equal in value to that in the
preceding class. Messrs. Geo. Jackman & Son,
Woking, were 1st ; Mr. Geo. Mount, 2nd ; and Messrs.
W. Spooner & Son, Arthur's Bridge Nursery,
AVoking, 3rd.

OPEN CLASSES.

For Twelve Blooms of Hybrid Ten Ros.es, to be of
varieties included in the Society's list, five exhibits
w^re entered. The best were shown by Messrs. Dick-
son & Sons, Newtownards, Co. Down, who had a
really excellent dozen flowers ; the variety Dean Hole
was beautiful, also Mildred Grant (large flower), Kil-
larney, and Liberty. The 2nd place was awarded to
Messrs. F. Cant k Co., Colchester, who had the
variety Exquisite in good condition.

The class for eighteen blooms of any white or yellow
variety made an excellent feature, and was much
admired. The dozen-and-a-half flowers set up by
Messrs. F. Cant & Co., Colchester, were admirable.
They were of the variety White Maman Cochet, and
every flower was a specimen. They were displayed in
a bamboo epergne, according to the conditions of the
schedule. These were followed by Messrs. Dickson &
Sons' epergne of Frau Karl Druschki, with large flowers,
but lacking substance.

In a similar class, but with white and yellow
varieties excluded, the stand of the variety A. K.
Williams, staged by Messrs. B. R. Cant & Sons,
Colchester, was exquisite and quite one of the finest
exhibits in the show. The rich colour of this variety
was admirably developed and every flower was of
perfect shape. The 2nd prize was awarded Messrs.
Dickson & Sons, Newtownards, Co. Down.

For twelve blooms of distinct varieties, in commerce
since 1902, half-a-dozen exhibitors competed, tbepremier
dozen flowers being those of Messrs. Dickson & Sons,
Newtownards, Co. Down, who had William Notting,
Pharisaer, Dean Hole, Florence Pemberton, Gustave
(Irunerwald, Countess Annesley, Mrs. David McKee,
Dr. J. Campbell Hall, Alice Lindsell, Lady Ashton
(fine flower), Countess of Derby, and Madame Paul
Olivier (excellent flower). 2nd, Messrs. Hucn Dick-
son, Royal Nurseries, Belfast — J. B. Clark (a large
scarlet-rose coloured variety, was admired by H.M.
the Queen), Hugh Dickson, Prince de Bulgarie, &c.
3rd, Messrs. B. R. Cant & Sons, Colchester.

The best arch decorated with not more than two
varieties of Climbing Roses was that arranged by Mr.
Ciias. Turner, Royal Nurseries, Slough. The
variety Crimson Rambler almost covered one half of
the Bamboo arch with trusses of flowers, while the
other was furnished with sprays of Thoresbyana, the
white flowers of which formed an excellent contrast to
the Crimson Rambler. Mr. Geo. Prince was the only-
other exhibitor, and he was awarded 2nd prize for
somewhat similar varieties.

Four groups of single varieties were staged in Class 26
to include twelve distinct varieties. A very charming
collection staged by Messrs. Cooling & Son, Bath,
was given 1st honours, followed by Messrs. Paul &
Son, Cheshunt, 2nd ; and by Messrs. Frank Cant &
Co., Colchester, 3rd. The premier group had R.
atropurputea, Irish Brightness (good examples), Rosa
Andersoni, R. himalaica (a charming white form),
Cooling's Crimson Bedder and others in first class
condition.

The best nine varieties of Buttonhole Roses was put
up by Mr. Geo. Prince, Longworth, Berks. Such
charming and miniature varieties as Beryl, Madame
Anna Chartron,\ Ma Capucine, Papa Gontier, &c,
were eminently suitable for the purpose required.
2ad prize was taken by Mr. John Mattock, New
Headington, Oxford, with a clean and well -formed
collection, the varieties Lady Roberts and Meta being
admirable for buttonhole purposes. 3rd, Messrs. F.
Cant & Co., Colchester.

AMATEURS.

The principal class in the Amateur's section was that
requiring thirty-six blooms distinct, and the 1st prize
included the Challenge Trophy. Mr. E. B. Lindsell,
Hitchir, again won this with a very fine lot of blooms,
being followed by the Rev. J. H. Pemberton, Haver-
ing atte-Bower, and W. Botes, Esq., Duffield Road,
Derby.

In the following class for twenty-four blooms, the
Rev. J. H. Pemberton was 1st ; Mr. Lindsell, 2nd ; and
Mr. A. Tate, Leatherhead, 3rd. | The Grabame Memorial
Prize offered to growers of fewer than 50(1 plants, for
exhibits of nine blooms distinct, was won by Mr. R. W.
Bowyer, Hertford Heath. Hertford. Mr. W. R.
Hammond, Grovelands, Burgess Hill, won the Ben
Cant Memorial Prize ; and Mr. C. F. H, Leslie, Hert-
ingfordbury, obtained the President's Cup for the
best collection of twelve blooms, limited to growers
entitled to exhibit in Divisions E, F, and G.

The Challenge Trophy offered for the best collection
of eighteen blooms of Tea and Noisette varieties was
won by the Rev. F. R. Burnside, Rochford, Essex ;
and he also won the following class for eighteen Teas
and Noisettes, winning in this class the Cocker Cup.

Mrs. O. G. Orpen, Colchester, who has previously
shown exceedingly tasteful dinner-table decorations

won 1st prize in Class (10, which was for a decoration of
cut Roses for the dinner-table, using in this instance the
beautiful variety Paul's Single White.

NEW SEEDLING ROSES.

Gold Medals were awarded to —

Tea Rose "Mrs, Miles Kewncdy," a white variety
with very little pink-coloured blush ; and to —

Hybrid Tea " Bt tty," a variety with very long shell-
like petals of salmon-pink colour, and vigorous, smooth-
looking leaves. Both varieties were shown by Messrs.
A. Dickson & Son-.

An Award of Merit was also given to a pink Polvantha
or Rambler variety named Mrs. F. W. Flight, shown
by Messrs. W. ri ti.i>h & Sons, Highgate.

Other seedlings were exhibited.

MEDAL ROSES.

Amateurs. — The best H.P. was the varietv Lister,
shown by E. B. Lindsell, Esq. The best H.T.,
was Bessie Brown, shown by A. Tate, Esq. : and the
best Tea was White Maman Cochet, shown by the
Rev. F. R. Bubnside.

Nurserymen. — The best H.P. was the variety A. K.
Williams, in the epergne staged bv Messrs. B. Cant
& SONS, Colchester. The best H.T. was J. B. Clark,
a bright crimson-coloured variety exhibited last year ;
it was shown on this occasion with leaves 4 inches or
more across, and 0 inches long, and the flower was
quite 5 inches in diameter. This bloom was the most
remarkable single item in the show. It belonged to Mr.
Hugh Dickson, Belfast. The best Tea was White
Maman Cochet, shown by Messrs. Frank Cant& Co.,
Colchester.

©bituarp.

M. Henri Duval. — We greatly rejret to
have to announce the death at Versailles, on
June 29, in his thirty-fifth year of this gentleman.
Deep sympathy will be felt with his father and
the members of his family, who are well known to
horticulturists in this country.

GEORGE Croucher— We regret to record
the death of this well-known gardener at Ochter-
tyre, near Crieff. Mr. Croucher had been in
failing health for many months past, and died
on Tuesday, June 27, in his seventy-second year.
Deceased was a native of Dunbar, and served his
apprenticeship as a gardener in Edinburgh-
After his apprenticeship, he entered the service
of the late Sir William Keith Murray, Bart., of
Ochtertyre (father of the present Baronet), in
the late fifties, and there he had remained for a
period of forty -eight years, having proved
himself a highly skilful gardener.

He was a man gifted with a large measure of
general intelligence, and devoted himself to a
thorough study of horticulture as well as arbori-
culture, and it always gave him the greatest
pleasure to diffuse his knowledge amongst
others, as his numerous contributions to these
pages testify. He was well versed in matters
pertaining to forestry. The collection of Coniferte
at Ochtertyre was one of the finest in the country,
and at the Forestry Exhibition held in Edinburgh
in 1884, he was awarded a special honour for a
collection of over 150 varieties exhibited from
that estate. Mr. Croucher is survived by a
widow and grown-up family.

H. H. Orchard. — The many gardening friends
of Mr. C. Orchard, of Bembridge, I.W., will
regret to learn of the death, by drowning in the
sea, on July 1, of his nephew, Herbert Henry
Orchard, who some three years ago was elected
to receive the benefits of the Royal Gardeners'
Orphan Fund.

PLANT NOTES.

EXACUH ZEYLANICUM.

This is one of the most beautiful blue flowers
for the warm greenhouse, but its culture has not
been successfully carried out in the greater part
of the cases where it has been attempted. Mr.
Arthur Dye, gr. to the Right Hon. Lord Roth-
schild, Tring Park, Tring, has succeeded in
growing a fine batch, which are now stout, bushy
plants a foot or so across, and densely set with
beautiful, star -shaped, violet-blue flowers. Mr.
Dye has grown some from cuttings taken and
struck when the old plants are in bloom for the
next year's flowering, but the greater proportion of

those now in bloom are from seeds part of them
saved from plants which flowered last season, and
part from seeds imported from Ceylon. The trouble
takes place while the plants are small. When
they are potted into the flowering-size pots, they
do not die, as they often do, without any visible
cause, when in the smaller stage. Few blue
flowers can surpass those of Exacum zeylanicum,
and to obtain a good show of them is well worth
the care required. There are two forms at Tring
Park, the one with the smaller flowers being
dwarfer than the other. It is generally named
E. macranthum in gardens. J. O'B.

MARKETS-

— i —

COVENT GARDEN, July 5.

[We cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day, but
only the general averages for the week preceding the
date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate, not only from day to day,
but often several times in one day. Ed.1
Plants in Pots, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

s. d. s. d.

s.d. s.d.

AraliaSieboldl, p.

Fuchsias, p. doz.

4 0-60

dozen

4 0-90

Heliotropes, per

Araucaria excelsa.

dozen

3 0-40

per dozen

18 0-30 0

Hydrangea, Thos.

Aspidistras, green

Hogg, p. doz.

8 0-12 0

perdoz.

24 0-36 0

— Hortensia, p.

— variegated,

dozen

8 0-12 0

per doz.

30 0-42 0

— paniculata ...

12 0-30 0

Asparagus plu-

Kalosantlies, per

mosus nanus,

dozen

9 0-12 0

perdoz.

12 0-18 0

Kentia Belmore-

— Sprengeri.per

ana, perdoz...

12 0-18 0

dozen

6 0-90

— Fosteriana, p.

— tenuissimus

doz

12 0-21 0

per doz.

6 0-80

Lobelia, per. doz.

3 0-40

Begonias, tuber-

Latania borbonica

ous, per doz.

5 0-80

per doz.

12 0-18 0

Boronia elatior,

Lilium longi-

per dozen ...

12 0-24 0

florum.per doz.

9 0-12 0

Calceolarias, yel-

Marguerites, white

low, per dozen .

4 0-60

per dozen ...

'4 0-8 0

— herbaceous,

— yellow, dozen

12 0-18 0

per dozen ...

6 0-80

Mignonette, doz.

4 0-60

Cannas, per doz.

6 0-60

Musk, Harrison's,

Chi-ysantheinuni

per dozen

3 0-40

coronari u m,

Pelargoniums,

double yellow,

perdoz,. Show.

9 0-12 0

per dozen

6 0-80

— Ivy-leaved ...

4 0-60

Coleus, per dozen

2 6-40

— zonal

3 0-50

Crotons, per doz.

12 0-30 0

— scarlet do. ...

4 0-50

CocosWeddelliana

Petunias, double,

per doz.

12 0-30 0

per dozen ...

5 0-60

Cyperus alterni-

Rhodanthe, per

folius, p. doz.

3 0-60

dozen

4 0-50

Dracaenas, p. doz.

9 0-24 0

Koses. H.P.'s, per

Ericas, per doz....

12 0-30 0

dozen

9 0-18 0

Eulalia japonica

— Crimson Ram-

variegata

12 0-18 0

bler (large),

Euonymus, per

each

2 6-76

dozen

4 0-90

Saxifraga pyrami-

Ferns, in thumbs,

dalis, per doz.

12 0-15 0

per loo

8 0-12 0

Selaginella, doz.

3 0-50

— in 48s, p. doz.

4 010 0

Spirasa japonica.

Ferns, in 32's, per

per doz.

4 0-90

dozen

10 0-18 0

Verbena, Miss

Ficus elastica, p.

Willmott, per

doz

9 012 0

dozen

6 0-90

— repens, per

— scarlet, per

aozen

4 0-60

dozen

6 0-90

Vegetables

: Averag

e Wholesale Prices.

s. d. s.d.

s.d. s.d.

Artichokes, Globe,

Lettuces, English,

•

per dozen ...

2 6-30

Cos, per score

0 9-10

Asparagus, bunch

6 0-12 0

Mushrooins(house)

— English giant

4 0-12 0

per lb

0 6-0 10

— ordinary, per

Onions, Egyptian,

bunch

10-26

per cwt.

5 0-60

Beans, dwarf, per

— Spring, dozen

lb.

0 3 —

buuehes

3 C- 4 0

— Channel Is-

Parsley, per doz.

land

0 6-08

bunches

2 0 —

— English, p. lb.

0 6-08

Peas, per bag ...

4 0-60

— Broad, p. pad

10-16

— English, per

Beetroot, bushel

2 0-26

bushel

2 0-40

Cabbages, p. tally

2 6-30

Potatos, old, cwt.

3 6-46

Carrots, new,doz.

— Jersey, p. cwt.

7 0-76

buuehes

16-20

— St. Malo, per

— Dutch, dozen

cwt

7 0- 7

bunches

0 10- 1 0

— Cherbourg, p.

Cauliflowers, doz.

19-20

cwt. ... ...

6 0-70

Celery, French,

Radishes, p. doz.

per dozen

3 9-46

bunches

0 9-10

Cress, doz. pun.

1 0 —

Spinach, bush. ...

2 0-26

Cucumbers, doz.

19-30

Tomatos, English,

Endive, per doz.

1 6 —

p. lb

0 3S-0 4|
0 3.? 0 4|

Greens, bushel ...

0 9-10

— Jersey, p. lb.

Horseradish, per

— Valencia, pel-

dozen bundles 10 0-13 0

package

10 6-13 6

Mint, per dozen...

2 0-26

Turnips, new, doz.

Leeks, per dozen

bun

2 6-40

bundles

2 6-36

Vegetable Marrows 0 3-04

Lettuces, Cabbage,

Watercress, per

per dozen ...

0 6-0 10

doz. bunches .

0 3-06

July 8, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Foliage Plants,
Asparagus phi- s.d. s.d.
mosus. long
trails, each ...

— — medium,

each

short sprays

per bunch...

— Sprengeri ...

— tenuissimus..
Adiantum cunea-

tum, per dozen

bunches 4 0-60

Cycas leaves,

each 16-20

Fern, English, p.

dozen bunches 2 0-30

&c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

0 6-09

0 4-06

10-26
0 9-16
9 0-12 0

Grasses, hardy, p.

dozen bunches

Ivy-leaves. bronze

— long trails,
per bundle ...

— short green,
doz. bunches

Moss, per gross...
Myrtle, per dozen

bunches

Smilax, p. dozen

trails

Hardy foliage

(various), per

dozen bunches

s.d. s.d.

2 0-40
16-20

10-16
5 0-60

4 C- 6 0
4 0-60

Cut Flowers, &o. ; Average Wholesale Prices.

Bouvardia, per
doz. bunches 6

Calla sethiopica,
p. doz. blooms 2

— Elliottiana ... 12
Carnations, per

doz. blooms,
best American
vars 2

— smaller do. ... 0

— Malmaisons... 8
Cattleya, per doz.

blooms 10

Eucharls grandl-

flora, per dozen

blooms 1

Gardenias, perdz'

blooms 1

Gladiolus Col-

villei, per doz.

bunches ... 2

— brenchleyensis
p. doz. spikes 3

Gypsophila, per

dozen bunches 2
Iris, Spanish, per
doz. bunches 2

— best English,
per dozen ... 9

[.ilium candidum 1

— lancifolium,
rubrum and
album 2

— longiBorum... 2
-- tigrinum ... 1

Lily of the Valley,
per dozen
bunches ... !t

Marguerites, white,

ge r dozen
unches ... 3

— yellow, perdz.
bunches ... 2

d. s.d.
0-8 0

0-3 0
0-18 0

6-5 0
6-10
0-12 0

0-12 0

0-2 0
016

0-3 0

0-4 0

0-3 0

0-3 0

0-12 0
0- 1 6

0-3 0
0- 3 0
6-2 0

0-4 0
0-3 0

Mignonette, doz.

bunches
Odontoglossum

crispum, pr. dz.

blooms

Pieonies, per doz.

bunches

Pe largon iums,
p. doz. bnchs.

— Show

— Zonal, double
scarlet

— salmon & pink
Poppies, Iceland,

doz. bunches

— Oriental, doz.
bunches

Pyrethrum, doz.

bunches
Ehodanthe, doz.

bunches
Roses, 12 blooms,

Niphetos

— Bridesmaid...

— Kaiserin A.
Victoria

— General Jac-
queminot ...

— C. Mermet ...

— Caroline Test-
out

— Liberty

— Mad. Cliatenay

— Mrs. J.Laing.

— Sunrise
Stephanotis, doz.

trusses
Sweet Peas, doz.

bunches
Sweet Sultan, per

dozen

Tuberoses, per

dozen blooms

s.d.
2 0-

a o-

2 0-

s.d.

4 0

2 6

4 0

4 0-
4 0-

1 0-
4 0-

2 0-

2 0-

1 0-
1 0-

0 6-
2 0-

2 0-
2 0-
2 0-
2 O-

1 0-

1 6-

2 0-

3 C-
0 3-

8 0

6 0

2 0
6 0
4 0

3 0

3 0

i 0

1 0

3 0

4 0

4 0

4 0

4 n

2 0
2 6

5 0
4 0
0 •

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.
s.d. s.d.

Apples, lis

maniau. case 9 0-12 0
Apricots, French,

per half bush.
Bananas, bunch

— loose, per doz.

— Jamaica
Cherries, per half

bush

Currants, Black,
p. half bushel

— Red, per half
bushel

Figs, per dozen...
French Plums, p.

box

Gooseberries, per

half bushel ...
Grape-fruit, per

case

Grapes, Alicante,
per lb

s.d. s.d.

4 6-56
6 0-14 0
10-16

3 6-80

4 0-1", 0

8 0 —

6 0 —

2 0-60

1 6 —

3 0-40

9 0-12 0

1

3-

3

0

7

0-

26

0

4

0-

8

0

1

3-

3

H

3

0-

8

0

2

0-18

0

3

0-

8

0

6 0-26 0

... 15 0

Crapes. Muscats,

p. lb

Lemons, per case
Mangos, per doz.
Melons, each

— French, Rock
Nectarines, A., p.

dozen

— B., per dozen
Oranges, per case

— Jamaica, per
case ...

— Murcia. case 14 0-16 0

— Valencia, per
case 11 0-26 0

Peaches. A., doz. 8 0-12 0

— B., per doz. ... 2 0-60

— French, per
box

Pines, each
Raspberries, p.lb.
Strawberries,
Hambro, lb. 0 10-2 0 , Kentish, peek 16-30

Remarks.— Cherries are still arriving from France in
considerable quantities, the prices do not fluctuate
much. Supplies of Southampton Strawberries are
almost at an end, and fruit arriving from this district
is now of inferior quality, there being no best grade
fruits obtainable. Large quantities of Raspberries
arrivmg have caused a corresponding drop in prices.
The majority of these fruits are of inferior quality,
there being only a small supply of really first-class
fruit in the market. A few bunches of the ••Claret"
Banana have arrived from Barbados, West Indies.
These have claret-coloured skins, and are about the
same size as the common form, but are much sweeter
and of enhanced flavour. There is no special demand
for them. Trade generally is moderately good.

10-16
0 10-2 0

0 9-16
2 6-50
0 4-05

COVENT GARDEN FLOWER MARKET.

Up to the end of last week trade was fairly good, but
it has fallen off considerably, and this morning much
good material remained unsold. It is difficult to give
definite prices, Large quantities are sold at prices
but little beyond the value of the pots. Many growers
have finished marketing flowering plants for the
season ; others still have large quantities on hand.
Lilium longi riorum are over plentiful ; some with several
bulbs in 8-inch pots are good, but have very little demand.
Crimson Rambler Roses do not sell readily. Good plants
of Hydrangea paniculata and Hortensiaare plentiful,
but the variety Thos. Hogg is now almost over. Mar-
guerites are sold for lower prices ; this morning many

plants of the yellow variety remained unsold. Fuchsias
are over-abundant ; some are of inferior quality. The
same remark applies to most subjects at the end of the
sea s,,n, at which time some care must be exercised ivheu
buying in the market. Mignonette is still fairly good.
Supplies of show Pelargoniums hold out well ; zonalsare
over-abundant. There are also many of the Ivy leaved
type in various sorts. Double varieties of Zinnia
elegans are pretty : Heliotropes also. Verbenas
Miss Willmott and Kiug of Scarlets arc good. There
are also good examples of Verbena The King. For
market purposes this is certainly an advance on the
variety Miss Willmott, but the flowers do not open out
quite so flat. Kalosanthes coccinea is now very good,
but the hybrid varieties are of pale colour and do not
sell readily. Now that the season for flowering plants
is almost over, Ferns are plentifully arriving, but
trade in them this morning was very dull.

Cut Flowehs.

Most things continue over abundant. Extra good
Roses are scarce, but medium and smaller sized blooms
are over plentiful. There is a moderate trade for Sowers
which arrivefreshly cut and marketed the same morning.
Among Carnations, the very best Americans and best
Malmaisou varieties sell well, but there are large
quantities of second quality flowers, especially of the
latter type, which do not find purchasers. Ordinary
border sorts are also plentiful, and in addition very
large quantities of small fringed flowers from seedlings
are seen. Lilium lancifolium album on long stems are
very tine: L. longitlorum continues over plentiful.
Sweet Peas are abundaut. Hawkers who usually clear
the stocks at the close of the market will uot buy
these flowers, as they wither so quickly when ex-
posed to the sun. Large quantities of hardy
flowers continue to arrive. Some pretty Mallows
are 6een in various colours, also Alstrumerias.
Delphinium formosum In some of the best shades of
blue are good. Centaurea suaveolens (Sweet Sultan is
now plentiful. If it was better known that these
flowers can be kept dry, and that they la=t well when
fully exposed to the sun without water, they would
become more general favourites. The white variety is
also good. The flower trade is very uncertain, and
there is much waste. -1. 11., Wednesday, July 5.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

Liverpool.— Vegetables : Potatos, 3«. to 9s. ed. per
cwt. ; new, 2s. 9rt. to 3s. per 21 lb. ; Turnips. Bd. to Id. per
dozen bunches ; Carrots, ijd. to 8d. do. ; Cucumbers,
Is. 9rf. to 3s. per dozen ; Onions, foreign, 2s. to
38. ed. per bag ; Parsley, ed. to 8<j. per dozen bunches ;
Lettuces, id. to 8d. j.er dozen ; Cauliflowers, Is. ed. to
2s. do. : Cabbages, id. to Srf. do. ; Peas, es. to 7s. per
hamper.— Fruit: Oranges, Valcncias, Z«. to Vs. per
case ; Apples, Lisbon, 12s. to 13s. 9d per box : Lemons,
Palermo. 12s. C\d. to 17s. itd. per case ; for sound lots and
others, 4s. 6d. to I0f. 6d. ; Bananas, 4s. 6rf. to »s. ed. per
crate ; Tomatos, Valencia, 8s. to 14s. per case.

Edinburgh.— Grapes, English, is. 9d. to 2«. per lb.;
do. Belgian, Is. Ad. do. ; Lemons, Palermo, 10s. to
18s. 6d. per case ; Apples, Australian, 13s. 6<J. to 15s. 6d.
per case ; Bananas, 5s. ei. to 10s. per bunch ; Oranges,
Valencia, 15s. per box ; Nuts, 18s. ed. to 20s. per cwt. ;
do. Barcelonas. 35s. to Sis. ed. per bag ; Figs, 9». per
dozen; Walnuts, Italian, es. 3d. per sieve; Dates,
Hallowil, 15s. 6(2. per cwt. ; Tomatos, Guernsey, h\d. to
6d. per lb. ; Onions, Egyptian, 4s. per cwt. ; do.,
Valencia. 7s. 6rf. to 8s. do. ; Carrots, Is. doz. ; Potatos,
Canary, sj. to 8s. (id. per cwt. ; do., Malta, Is. 6d. do.

Dublin.— Vegetables ; Cabbages, York, 5s. to lis. 3d.
per load; Cauliflowers, Is. (id. to Is. lid. per basket;
Parsley, 9d. to Is. per bag ; Parsnips, 2s. 3d. to 2s. ed. per
cwt.: Carrots, lorf. to Is. 2d. per dozen: Salad, 5d. to td.
per dozen ; Spring Onions (Scallions) id. to 5d. per
bunch; Turnips, Id. to 2d„ do : Thyme, 2!,d., do.;
Rhubarb, 2s. 3d. to 2s. ed. per dozen ; Peas, 4s. 9d. to
a. per bag. — Potatos, New, sandy stuff, 5s. 6(2. ; clay,
do., 6s. per cwt.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

FOREIGN.

T. M. Wood & Sons, Richmond. Virginia, U.S. A.— Seeds.

J. M.Thokisurn & Co , 3?. Cortlandt Street. New York,
U.S A— Tree and Shrub Seeds, Bulbs, etc.

Tonnar. Guillaume it Sons, Heisdorf, Luxemburg-
Roses.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. H. Temple, Gardener lo the late F. F. Ramsden,
Hexthorpc Hall, as Gardener to the Right Kev.
Lord Bishop of Wakefield, Bishopgarth, Wakefield.

Mr. David Siiith, from Messrs. Methuen & Sons,
Warri6t0D Nurseries, Edinburgh, and lately Fore-
man. Mauderston, Duns. Berwickshire, as Gardener
to John Strovan, Esq., M.P., Lanrick Castle,
Doune, Perthshire, N.B.

Mr. F. J. Toms, for the past nine years Gardener to
Henry Grant, Esq., Sodbury House, Great Clacton,
Essex, as Gardener to Alfred Moseley. Esq ,
C.M.G., West Lodge. Hartley1 Wood. Barnet.
Appointed through Richard Smith & Co., St.
Johu's Nurseries, Worcester.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS taken in the
Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens at Wisley,
Surrey. Height above sea - level 150 feet. The
following are the "mean" readings for the week
ending July 1, 1905.

Tempera-

Temperature

o

TUREOFTHE

1905.

of the Air.

a

X

o

H

S01Lat9A.M.

E-

•a

ij

■

At9A.M.

X
"1

«

(i

d

-4

S

a

A

V,

<u

a>

7,

in

43

o

*0

43

<

D

m ^

uj O -

J5

si

»

o

<u

o>

«HJ

3

W

o

^

<N

o
to

6

43

<

43

<

a

ts

a

i-l

M

bt>

t»

bo

<o

9)

«

u

o

©

«

o

a

•a

•a

■o

■o

"3

TJ

T3

•a

Tot,

Means

62

59

72

55

51

64

62

58

0"92

e 6

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

The Following Summary Record of the weather
throughout the British Islands, for the week ending
July l, is furnished from the Meteorological Office:—

"The weather.— The couditions were rather unsettled1
over the country generally, but liner and drier in the
north and north-west than elsewhere. Thunder was
experienced in a few south-western localities early in
the week, and after Tuesday thunderstorms were very-
prevalent over England, and also occurred, though less
frequently, at some Scottish stations.

"The temperature was above the mean, the excess
ranging from 2° in England, N.E., to 3° or 4° in most
other districts, and to 5° in Scotland, \V. The highest
of the maxima were recorded during the beginning or
at the middle of the week, and varied from 88° in
Scotland, E., to 77° in England, N.E., and to 73° in the
Channel Islands. The lowest of the minima, which were
registered on rather irregular dates, ranged from 42° in
Scotland, N. and E., and 44c in England. S.W., and
Ireland, S.. 49° in England. E. and S.t and to
53° in the Channel Islands. Towards the end of the
period the minima were no lower than about 6U° at
several stations in the south and south-east of
England.

"The rainfall was less than the mean in Scotland,
Ireland, and the north-west of England, and just equal
to it in England, N.E.; elsewhere there was an excess.
The individual falls were of a thundery nature, and
were heavy locally ; at Cullompton on Monday o"9 inch
Jell in about an hour, and during the twenty-four
hours ending 8 a.m. on Friday as much as 195 inch was
measured at Dungeness.

"The bright sunshine exceeded the mean over Ireland.
Scotland, and the North of England, as well as in the
Channel Islands, but over England generally it was
deficient. The percentage of the possible duration
ranged from 56 in the Channel Islands, 54 in Ireland, N.,
and 51 in Scotland, W,, to 32 in England, E."

THE WEATHER IN WEST HERTS.
Warm, Dull, Calm and Damp.— The first two days of
the week proved cool for the time of year, otherwise
the temperatures remained high both during the day-
time and at night. The ground is at the present time
about !»* warmer than is seasonable, both at 1 and 2 feet
deep. Rain fell on each of the first four days of the
week to the total depth of three-quarters of an inch, but
the last three days have been quite dry. The sun shone
on an average for 4$ hours a day, or for about
l£ hour a day less than is usual at the beginning
of July. One day proved altogether sunless, and on
one other day the record only amounted to five
minutes. Calms and light airs have again prevailed,
and on the last day of the week the mean velocity at
30 feet above the ground was less than a mile an hour.
The average amount of moisture in the air at 3 o'clock
in the afternoon exceeded a seasonable quantity for
that hour by as much as nine per cent. E. J/.,
Berkhamsted, July 5, 1905.

[For actual temperature and condition of barometer at
time of going to Press, seep. 30.]

40

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 8, 1905.

brmpon&nfojl

to

%* Editor and Publisher. — Our Correspon-
dents would obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their communications, and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all communications
relating to financial matters and to advertisements
should be addressed to the Publisher ; and that all
communications intended for publication, or refer-
ring to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editor. The two
departments, Publishing and Editorial, are quite
distinct, and much unnecessary delay and confusion
arise when letters are misdirected.

Calceolaria : J. E. P. The flowers are very
pretty, but we believe there are as good
varieties already in commerce. Send examples
to a trade grower for comparison.

Canterbury Bell on Foxglove : H. E. B. The
flowers you describe as being Canterbury
Bells are merely Foxglove flowers in a state of
Peloria, that is, they have become " regular "
in development, whereas, generally, the Fox-
glove develops irregularly and forms an
irregular flower. It is not uncommon.

Caterpillars : Bog Myrtle. In the absence of
the perfect insect we can at present only say
that the caterpillars in question are those of a
species of Tortrix-moth ; but we will endeavour
to rear the insect, and if successful will give
you the name in a later issue.

Cucumber: F. I!'. P. A very bad case of eelworm
at the roots. Turn out the soil, get fresh soil,
and bake it or otherwise sterilise it before use.

Cucumber-leaves : A. A. W. There is no "spot
fungus" on your leaves. The appearances
point to excessive or too rapid feeding, and
consequent indigestion. Very likely fungus may
appear eventually. Watch your plants, and
send us further specimens later on. — S. B.
Your plants are affected with spot-disease.
Try damping the paths with a weak solution
of carbolic acid before shutting up at night.

Flowers for Winter and Spring: Reader.
To answer your questions would necessitate
more time than is at our disposal. You will
find what you require in the Calendar of
Garden Operations, price 7Vcl. post free from
our Publishing department." There is a note on
Sweet Peas in the same work, with an illustra-
tion of these flowers growing under glass.

Fruit : Kentia. Fritillaria imperialis.

Fumigating with Potassium cyanide: Fumigant.
You will find detailed accounts in our issues for
April 23, and May 21, 1904. The proportions
recommended for killing fly and other insects
on growing plants per 1,000 feet unit is :—
1J ounce sodium cyanide, 3 -J- fluid ounces
sulphuric acid, 10J- fluid ounces water. The
foliage of the plants should be dry and the
temperature of the house not above 55°. The
exposure should be for forty minutes. Caution.
The vapours are highly poisonous, and extreme
caution on the part of the operator is necessary.

Grapes : A. J. M. Your leaves show' numerous
young mealy-bug, thrips, red-spider, and other
abominations, and the berries show signs of the
spot-disease. Try again another year, and be
more watchful. Clear out the house as you
suggest.

Iceland Poppies : //. W. Double flowers are
not uncommon, but yours are unusually good.

Ivy : C. E. L. Generally speaking a tree is the
better for having been cleared of Ivy, and
rarely suffers injury in consequence. If you
think, however, that the trunk of the tree has
be covered so thickly and for so long a time
that injury might follow the total removal of
Ivy therefrom, you should take away a little
only at one time, commencing at the top, and
thus gradually remove it all.

Madresfield Court Grape : M. B., Dunstable.
See Mr. Jordan's remarks in the weekly
Calendar in last issue, p. 8, column 1.

Melons and Vines : P. T. "i'our plants seem in
a bad way. There are eelworms in the roots of
the Melons, and mites on the Vines. More
cleanly and more careful cultivation is desir-
able.

Names of Plants : W. G. S. Iris ochroleuca. —
T. F. F. Campanula glomerata. — Perennial.
Asphodelus ramosus. — T. R. 1, Sedum rupes-
tre ; 2, Geranium sanguineum ; 3, Melittis
melissophyllum ; 4, Campanula Portenschlag-
iana ; 5, Sedum glaucum ; G, Acantholimon
glumaceum. — A. P. 1, Calycanthus floridus ;
2, Euellia Portella? ; 3, Ornithogalum. —
Lord K. Owing to the heat the flowers of the
Pose had perished, but on comparing the wood,
foliage, and habit of flowering with living
plants, we believe the variety to be that known
as Queen of the Belgians. — J. S. 4" Co. Cedrus
atlantica glauca, probably. — A. T. 1, Galega
officinalis ; 2, Lychnis chalcedonica ; 3, Pole
monium eceruleum ; 4, Asplenium bulbiferum
5,Adiantum ; 6, Mesembryanthemum falcatum
7, 8, labels detached — one is Pteris cretica, the

FIG. 16.— tortisix angcstiorana, the vine moth.

other is au Adiantum. — P. l( S. 1, Syringa
Emodi; 2, Polygonum cuspidatum. — V. I. R. 1,
Miltonia Russelliana ; 2, Pleurothallis ornata ;

3, Stelis micrantha ; 4, Gongora atropurpurea.
Novice. 1, Lselia tenebrosa ; 2, Miltonia vexil-
laria; 3, Dendrobium fimbriatum oculatum. —
F. B. Sprekelia formosissima ( Jacobfea Lily), an
Amaryllid. — Trifolium. Alsike Clover, a hybrid
form much cultivated, and not true T. pratense.
— A. G. 8. 1, Mesembryanthemum Browni ; 2,
Saxifraga Aizoon ; 3, S. muscoides var. pygmtca ;

4, S. aizoides ; 5, Arabis carduchorum ; 6,
Alyssum argenteum. — M. W. 1, Hedera cana-
riensis, arborescent form ; 2, Centranthus
ruber ; 3, Sidalcea Candida ; 4, Agrostemma
coronaria alba ; 5, Hemerocallis f ulva ; 6,
Juniperus virginiana variegata. — A Reader.
Hieracium aurantiacum. — Vitis. Deutzia
scabra.

Peach Stone Splitting : C. B. A small cater-
pillar of the Plum Tortrix, similar to that
figured in the case of the Vine (fig. 1G), was
present in your fruit, but we doubt if this was
the original cause of the stone splitting.
Kindly send another specimen (not over-ripe),
and we will investigate further.

Peach-tree : E. H., Tooting. A minute fungus,
Glceosporium, is the cause of the mischief. In-
fection took place during the flowering stage,

and was probably brought about by insects
depositing spores on the stigma when fertilising
the flowers. There is no danger of the disease
spreading to fruit that has set. Diseased fruit
should be collected and burned.

Peaches : H. B. Your fruits are attacked with
mildew. Burn the affected fruits, and dust the
remaining with flowers-of-sulphur. The cater-
pillar attacking the Grapes is that of a moth,
Tortrix angustiorana (see fig. 1G). — Vitis.
The appearances suggest a check from some
cause, probably fungus.

Peas Diseased : C. C. We find traces of fungus,
which will probably prove to be the Pea-
mildew. Cold, wet weather such as we have
recently experienced tends to favour the de-
velopment of this disease. Overcrowding the
rows is a common cause of the fungus obtaining
a footing.

Poem : A. II'. S. We cannot undertake to trans-
late this into modern English.

Pteris : W. B. This form of Pteris, both in the
plain and the crested forms, are specially
liable to become brown in patches like the
specimen you send. Condensed moisture
often causes similar damage, The plant
received is Campanula rotundifolia Hostii.

Rhododendrons : A. M. P. The young growth
has either been frosted, or scorched by the sun
shining on the leaves when wet. We have seen
the same mischief elsewhere.

Roses ■. A. S. and H. M. Send to some nurseryman
who grows Roses. We do not undertake to name
Roses, or florists' flowers of any description.

Scale Insects on Peach-tree and Rose-bush :
A. S. The species is the common Peach-scale,
Lecanium persicse. It occurs on various kinds
of plants, but it is most destructive to the
Peach when grown under glass. It is, however,
by no means scarce on the Peach in the open-
air. The paraffin and soap emulsion is the best
remedy for this pest. It should be applied in
the late autumn or early spring, and the trees
should be unnailed.

Seaforthia : R. P. We have seen this in flower
at Kew, and do not think it is very rare. If
the flowers are properly set you might get ripe
fruits.

Silver Fir: Vitis. The bark is covered with a
coccus allied to the mealy-bug. Scrub with
soft-soap to which petroleum has been added
in the proportion of a wineglassful to a gallon.

Sweet Maize : E. G. C. The cobs are as good
as could be expected out-of-doors in this
climate, unless in exceptional situations. You
did quite right in removing the male blossoms.

Sweet Peas : S. D. l( Son. The trouble appears
to begin in the roots, as if the soil were not
suitable; but [without further particulars we
can form no idea of the reason the plants go off.

Tomatos : M. N. R. The plants will not be
injured by mild fumigation, which we suppose
you find necessary to destroy the white-fly, a
common pest on Tomatos. We would point
out, however, that it will be better to fumigate
very mildly, and repeat the process rather
than make a severe application. If the plants
are growing in pots or in a border composed of
very porous soil, they will need frequent
saturations with water, and occasionally with
manure- water, after the fruits have commenced
to swell.

Vines : A. B. The leaves are attacked with
thrip. As you cannot syringe the Vines,
fumigate them with XL-All.

Wallflowers: Plena. Pots measuring
6 inches in diameter should be ample.

or

Communication Received. — G. R. S., Boston — A.
Cogniaux, Nivelles— M. de Lairesse, Sclessin— R. P.—
11. J. V.— H. L. B.— Sander et Fils, Bruges— W. J. W.-
Crystal Palace Co.— T. R. P.— L. J. G— Brighton—
F. H. S.— W. H.— \V. \V. P.— J. Roehrs Company,
U.S.A.— E. C— J. O'B.—F.M.— Secretary, Southampton
ilort. Soc— F. J— N. S— J. W.— Merryweather & Sons
— Hemploe— J. Wallis— Alwin Berger, La Mortola.

July in, 190:..]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

41

-*£?%

THE

(Sarikncrs' (Jpmmitfe

■

No. 9m.— SATURDAY, July 15, 1905.

CONTENTS.

A,ter sub-coiTuleus ... 52 |
Belvedere.Isleof Wight,

the gardens at ... 41
Hooks, notices of—
Botanical Magazine... 50
Florula Mortolensis 59
Handbuch der Pflan-

zenkrankheiten ... 46

Index Kewensis ... i>0

Publications received is

The Book of the

Scented Garden ... 51

Brussels Botanic Garden 50

Calodendron capeuse... 52

Cambridge Botanic

Garden 4t>

Chama'dorca with piu-

uate leaves 42

Chelsea, the Royal Hor-
ticultural Societyat 50,53

Colonial notes 44

Conifers, Growth of ... 18
Eckford, Mr. Henry ... 60
Fernery, the—

The white fly pest ... 48
Flowers in season ... 50
•Ghent water carnival... SI
Kew notes—

The Nymphaa. house 52
Land, the natural fer-
tility of 47

Lily culture in Ber-
muda 44

National Sweet Pea So-
ciety's recent exhibi-
tion, tjie ... 51, 52

Nectarine Victoria ... 51

Orchid notes audglcan-

ings 45

Over-sea supplies ... 51

Plants, new or note-
worthy—

Primula tangutica ... 42
Refreshments at (lower

shows 52

Societies—
Croydon Horticul-
tural 57

Crystal Palace Rose

show 58

Devou and Exeter

Horticultural ... 58
Gardeners' Debating. 59
Hanley Floral Fete... 53
Royal Horticultural . 53
(Seientaflc com-
mittee) 56

Strawberries Gloria du
Maris and Avaut-
Gardc 52

Thunderstorm, damage
caused by

Timber-trees, neglected

Week's work, the—
Flower garden, the...
Fruits under glass ...
Hardy fruit garden...
Kitchen garden, the
Orchid houses, the...
Plants under glass ...

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Oncidium robttstissimum 45

Primula tangutica 12

Strawberry "Bedford Champion" 4a

Sweet Pea Henry Eckford i;

View in the Victoria House in the State Botanical
Gardeus, Brussels (Supplementary Illustration).

AN UNDERCLIFF GARDEN.
\ T midsummer I had the opportunity of
-L~*- visiting the extremely interesting
gardens at Belvedere, St. Lawrence, Isle of
Wight, the property of Mrs. M. Gwytherne-
Williams. Being well acquainted with the
gardens of the south-west counties, I found
many plants that do well in the open in
South Devon and Cornwall, but several
others I had never met with before without
glass protection.

The garden is especially rich in Cactaceous
plants, the crannies and fissures in the out-
crops of rock, that here and there rise above
the ground level to a height of some feet,
affording ideal sites for plants of this
nature. All appeared in the best of health,
and amongst them I noticed Agave Victoria
Regina, which had been out for five years ;
OpuntiaSalmiana, O. Rafinesquii, O. humilis,
O. arborescens, O. xanthostema rosea, and
O. glauca, with leaves 15 inches across ;
Cereus peruvianus, making strong growth ;
C. fiagelliformis, Mammillaria centricirrha,
bearing coral- red flower-heads; M. missour-
iensis, Echinopsis Zuccariniana in flower ;
E. Eyriesii in bud; Gasteria verrucosa ;n
flower, and numerous other plants of the
same class. Kniphofia Northise was bearing
a flower-spike over 5 feet in height.

The Mesembryanthemums were a glorious
sight, painting the rocks with sheets of

vivid colour. Of flowering shrubs, those in
bloom included Audibertia grandiflora,
Boronia heterophylla, several nice bushes
of Bouvardia triphylla, masses of scarlet,
and B. Alfred Neuner, 4 feet in height,
coming into flower (these had been out
for five years); Buddleia Colvilei, 12 feet in
height, past its best ; Callistemon salignus,
Coronilla varia, with pink flowers; Clian-
thus puniceus, as a bush, still blooming ;
Diosma gracilis, Elteocarpus reticulatus,
Eriostemon buxifolium, Habrothamnus (Oes-
trum) elegans, Illicium religiosum, Lavatera
assurgentifolia, Leptospermum scoparium,
Ozothamnus rosmarinifolius, Polygala oppo-
sitifolia, Solanum aviculare, Sophora vicii-
folia, Sparmanniaafricana, and Sutherlandia
frutescens just going out of bloom. Among
other shrubs and trees were Acacia armata,
A. l'rummondi, A. retinoides. A. verticillata,
Abelia lobata, Bowkeria triphylla from South
Africa, 10 feet in height, covered with bud :
the New Zealand Brachyglottis repanda,
Buddleia insignis, P.. variabilis 16 feet high,
the South American Caesalpinia (Poinciana)
Gilliesei, a fine shrub of Cantua dependens
from Peru, (J feet in height, planted in front
of a 3-foot wall (this had (lowered well and
was bearing seed-pods) ; Capparis montana
from the Algerian mountains, bearing flowers
like a small single lVony : Cassia corym-
bosa from Buenos Ayres (in bush form), C.
floribunda, Citharcxylum bartti nerve, Ce-
phalanthus occidentalis (the American
Button-wood), Datura sanguinea from Peru,
which flowers until Christmas ; Desfon-
tainea spinosa, a Chilian, Holly-like shrub;
Desmodium penduliflorum, Oiosma eri-
ca pides, Distylium racemesum, Dodonea
multijuga, Edwardsia (Sophora) micro-
phylla. Kmbothrium < occineum, a most
brilliantly-flowered tree often met with in
the south-west ; Escallonia suspensa, the
Mexican Fendlera rupicola, which flowered
freely at the end of May ; Fei joa Sellowiana
from Brazil, Freylinia cestroides from South
Africa, Fuchsia syringh-folia, Gardenia glo-
bosa, which had passed through one winter;
the New Zealand Hakea suaveolens, the
Cape Bush -Honeysuckle, Halleria lucida,
Halesiahispida,Hedysarummultijugum.Ho-
venia dulcis. the Australian Hypocalymma
robustum bearing pink flowers. Kunzea
peduneularis, ti feet in height ; Lagerstrumia
indica, a healthy bush 4 feet in height and
5 feet through ; Lagunaria Patersoni, 6 feet
high, from Norfolk Island ; the Cape Silver
Tree, Leucadendron argenteum, the well-
known Brazilian greenhouse plant, Li-
bonia floribunda, 4 feet across ; Medi-
eago arborea, Melaleuca densa, Myrsine
semiserrata, Nerium Oleander, the New
Zealand pink Broom, Notospartium Carmi-
chaelias, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, from
the Pacific Islands ; Ostryopsis Davidiana,
•"> feet in height, which bore yellow flowers
as large as florins earlier in the year; Perow-
skia atriplicifolia, Philesia buxifolia, Ptero-
carya sorbifolia, Rhaphithamnus Solandri,
Shepherdia argentea, Solanum crispum, an
immense bush by a trellis ; Strophanthus
capensis, the Chilian Tricuspidaria depen-
dens, better known as Crinodendron Hookeri,
and Veronica Hendersoni variegata. Of
climbers, Clematis Nellie Moser was bloom-
ing superbly on the house, where Actinidia
arguta and Swainsonia galegifolia alba were
also in flower; Mandevilla suaveolens was
showing bud, and Tacsonia exoniensis was
growing strongly. In the garden Mutisia

decurrens had several healthy buds ; Mane-
tia bicolor was in flower, and among other
climbers were Oxera pulchella, Rhodochiton
volubile, here a perennial; Lonicera Hilde-
branti, L. tatarica, Pioclea glycinoides,
Plumbago capensis, Lasiandra (Pleroma)
macrantha, Pueraria Thunbergiana, Brachy-
sema acuminata, Ipomo?a(Exogonium)purga,
I. rubro-cuTulea, Hydrangea scandens, and
Lapagerias. A very pretty effect was pro-
duced by Polygonum Baldscbuanieum and
Rose Euphrosyne, both in full bloom, cover-
ing a trellis and archway, while immediately
behind a great plant of Crimson Rambler
towered some feet higher. A small stream,
that runs through its entire length, adds
greatly to the attractions of the garden.
Close by a little fall in a shady spot is
growing the Elk's-horn Fern, Platycerium
alcicorne, which has been out three winters ;
and not far distant is a fine plant of the
greenhouse Cypripedium insigne that flowers
finely, and in another portion of the garden
a utoup of the lovely Iiletia hyacinthina was
in full bloom.

Among other noteworthy plants were
Amphererepis albescens in flower. Aquilegia
ecalcarata (a very old Columbine with spur-
less blossoms), Astilbe Davidi (fine), As-
clepias Douglasi, Asparagus Sprengeri (which
had been out seven years, in robust health),
the rarely-seen Campanula punctata, many
fine, large plants of Cineraria stellata in full
(lower, which had been out all the winter
without protection ; Olivia miniata, numbers
of Cyclamen persicum on a sloping bank in
the best of health, one corm having per-
fected 200 flowers during the past spring ;
Digitalis obscurus, from Granada ; Erythrsea
Massoni, bearing its pink flowers; Erythrina
crista-galli "Marie Bellanger,*' an improve-
ment on the type: Ferula gigantea, the
brilliant-flowered Gerbera Jamesoni, Incar-
villea Olgte, Kitaibelia vitifolia, 6 feet in
height : Leonotis Leonurus, over. 3 feet high ;
Ligularia macrophylla, Lilium giganteum,
with many tall spikes, in a sheltered nook;
Limoniasttum Guyonianum, a native of the
Sahara about Biskra, bearing rosy-mauve
flowers, which has been out two winters ;
Lobelia laxiflora syn. Siphocampylus bi-
color; L. Tupa. from Chili: Megacaryon
orientate, Micromeria grnca, a little sub-
shrub, whose leaves, when bruised, emit an
ammoDia-like aroma : Mulgedium (Lactuca)
Bourgrci, 6 feet in height: Myrosma cannn -
folia, Ostrowskia magnifica, Pentstemon
glaber, P. cordifolium, P. tubiflorum, a
pretty species 2J- feet high, bearing white
flowers ; Putoria calabrica on the rocks ;
Romneya Coulteri, 6 feet by 6 feet ; Salvia
dichroa, from the Atlas Mountains, in full
bloom, with hundreds of long blue-and-
white dower-spikes, one of the sights of the
garden, a single plant being 8 feet in height
and nearly as much through ; Tricyrtis
hirta, Tulhaghia violaeea, bearing its
lavender-pink flower-heads; Veratrum ni-
grum in bud, Witsenia corymbosa, from the
Himalayas, bearing blue flowers ; and a
small plant of Yucca elephantinis, put out
this spring.

Of bulbous plants, Brodisea laxa was in
full bloom, as was Trichonema speciosum.
Freesias, Ixias, Sparaxis, Babianas and
Tritoma were present in quantity, Bruns-
vigia gigantea and B. Josephine were in the
best of health, as were many hybrid Hippe-
astrums ; and numbers of self-sown seed-
lings were springing up around a colony of

42

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 15, 1905.

Pancratium illyricum. Other bulbs in-
cluded Cyrtanthus McKenni, C. sanguinea,
Cumtningia campanulafca, from Chili, the
Californian Chlorogalum Pomeridianum,
Ismene Macleayana from Lima, Eucomis
pallidiflora, Calla Elliotiana and C.
Pentlandi.

In a small ornamental pool in front of
the house some of the best Water-Lilies
were in full bloom, the yellow Nymphrea
Marliacea sulphurea being very fine and
large, far surpassing N. M. chromatella
close by. That the gardens at Belvedere
are eminently adapted for the cultivation of
rare and tender plants is proved by the
grand collection of these that is to be found
there in the best of health, but with the sea
at the base of its southern slope and the
sudden rise of perpendicular cliffs effectually
protecting it on the north, it is little wonder
that the climatic conditions are favourable.
S. W. Fitzherbert.

ments. Only one o? them is distinguished from
the others by its segments being strongly reflexed
in the leaves of adult specimen;, C. scandens,

C. scandens bimbusoides, Wendland, which is re-
markable for vigorous lateral shoots issuing from
the stem several feet above the ground.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS,

PRIMULA TANGUTICA, Ddthie.*
This very remarkable - looking Primula was
originally discovered in 1880 by Przewalski in
the Kansu province of Western China. It was
regarded by Maximowicz as a variety of Kegel's
P. Maximowiczii, and was named by him " var.
tangutica," but this name does not appear to
have been published. It has recently been
found by Mr. E. H. Wilson on the mountains of
Szechuan, growing abundantly in open grassy
places at elevations between 11,000 and 13,000 feet
above the sea. In Przewalski's specimens the
flowers seem to vary in colour from pale yellow
to the very dark tint as seen in the plants raised
by Messrs. Veitch & Sous from the seeds collected
by Wilson. It differs from P. Maximowiczii by
its longer calyx-lobes, and by the very narrow
ligulate lobes of the corolla. The flowers have a
strong scent, resembling that of Jasminum
Sambac. J. F. Duthic, Kew.

SPECIES OF CHA1VLED0REA WITH

PINNATE LEAVES.
There are two distinct groups of species of
Chamajdorea with pinnatisect leaves — viz., a
small one with aggregated segments, and a larger
one whose segments are not aggregated. The
former group contains the species C. glaucifolia,
C. elegantissima, and C. Klotzschiana. These
three species may be easily distinguished without
seeing their flowers and fruits. C. glaucifolia and
C. elegantissima have very small segments, not
more than six lines broad, whilst the segments of
C. Klotzschiana are 2 to 4 inches in breadth. C.
glaucifolia, one of the most graceful of all species,
has leaves with 75 to 80 glaucous segments ; C.
elegantissima, on the contrary, has 30 to 36
bright green segments in each leaf. All the other
species of Chamsedorea have non-aggregate seg-

* Primula tangutica, Duthic— Rootstock short, stout.
Leaves all radical, fleshy, glabrous, 2—4* in. long and
5—1 in. broad, narrowly oblanceolate" rounded or
abruptly acuminate at the apex, tapering downwards
into the wiuged petiole, iinely denticulate along the
margins of the upper half, midrib stout, lateral veins
obscure. Scape 1—3 Jt. high, stout, glabrous except
just below the flowers. Flowers whorled, drooping,
5—9 in a whorl. Bracts narrowly subulate, shorter
than the pedicels, deeply channelled above, pubescent.
Pedicels £-j in. long, puberulous. Calyx shorter than
the corolla-tube, glabrous outside, puberulous within,
divided j-i-wayj;down into narrowly subulate some-
what unequal segments, the margins minutely denti-
culate. Corolla f in. across, varying from yellow to
dark chocolate or almost black ; tube \ in. long in the
long-styled form, and j in. in the short-styled form,
tinged with crimson, the mouth surrounded by a
5 gonal ridge ; lobes reflexed, narrowly ligulate, obtuse.

Fig. 17. — primula tangutica: flowers deep purple.

Section of flower twice magnified ; pollen-grains magnified 40J diam.

Wendl. ; of this Wendland distinguished five
varieties. The best known of these is C. scandens
var. desmoncoides, Wendl., well known in gardens
as C. desmoncoides, which grows up to about 00 ft.
in height. Another newly-introduced variety is

Amongst the species with spreading or erect
segments only two have linear segments — C.
graminifolia with thick stems, and C. Klotzschiana
with thin stems, and with segments half the size
of those of the former, viz., 2 to 3 lines broad.

July 15, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

43

The segments of the other species are lanceolate,
oblong-lanceolate, or elliptical. A few of these,
viz. C. costaricana, C. elatior, C. elongata, and C.
inaequilateralis, have leaves the segments of which
are almost imbricate, so closely are they set. Of
these four species C. costaricana has only 18 to 20
segments on each side of the rachis, whilst the
others have more than 20 segments on each side.
Of these three C. elatior has segments not longer
than a foot ; the segments of the two others are
longer than this ; they are distinguished by the

the large mass of other species is not so readily
denned. I have had much trouble in making a
classification that might enable the gardener to
determine a given species without seeing its
flowers and fruits. Of course, the scheme
adopted must be quite an artificial one ; closely
allied species are separated, and remotedly
affiliated ones are brought near together. But
I thought it better to give a scheme that would
be practically useful to everyone rather than a
scientific one, which can be employed only when

-

Fig. 18. — Messrs. laxton's new strawberry " Bedford champion.

From a cross between a seedling from Noble x Sir Joseph Paxton, and a seedling from Scarlet Queen
and John Ruskin. iSee description on pp. 11 and 34.)

breadth of their segments ; those of C. elongata
are 1 to 1} inch broad, those of C. inaequi-
lateralis are If to \\ inch.

Of the species with remote segments three
are easily recognisable by their decurrent seg-
ments— C. cataractarum, C. Martiana, and C.
brachyclada. The differences between these three
species are the following : — C. cataractarum has
very small segments, only 08 to 1'3 cm. broad
{about \ to \ inch) ; those of the two others are
2 to 26 cm. broad (nearly an inch) ; but in C.
Martiana are 3-nerved ; but in C. brachyclada
5-nerved.

Whilst the foregoing twelve species, according
±o the grouping giveD, are easily distinguishable,

the plants are in flower. There are two character-
istics of great constancy peculiar to the species :
the number of segments on each side of the rachis,
and the number of veins in each segment. Well-
marked characteristics are also the relations
between the length and breadth of the segments
and the height of the segments. In all cases, of
course, the characteristics mentioned are taken
from, leaves of full-grown specimens. We make
thus two groups : one including all those species
whose leaves have 3 to 10 segments on each side of
the rachis, and another whose leaves have 10 to 30
segments on each side of the rachis. These two
groups are nearly equal in number ; the former
includes twenty, the other fifteen species. We

will consider first those with 3 to 10 segments.
Of these about half have the segments only 2 to
4 times as long as they are broad, whilst the
segments of the other half are more than 4 times
as long as broad. Of those 2 to 4 times longer
than broad, C. concolor and C. brevifrons have
segments 15 to 23 cm. (6 to 9 inches) long;
C. concolor has 5 to C segments on each side of
the rachis, C. brevifrons 6 to 8 segments. The
segments of the other species of the broad-
segmented group are 25 to 50 cm. (1 0 to 20 inches)
long. Of these C. bracteata has on each side of
the rachis 4 to G segments ; C. oblongata,
C. lunata, and C. homomalla have 5 to 7 segments
on each side of the rachis ; and C. flavovirens and
C. alternans have G to 8 segments on each side.
The three former species are distinguished by
the number of the veins of each segment, the
two first plants having only 3-nerved segments,
C. homomalla 7 to 9-nerved segments. I cannot
find any difference between the leaves of C.
oblongata and lunata, but they are distinguished
by their male inflorescences, C. oblongata having
thicker, C. lunata thinner rami of the male in-
florescence. The two species, C. flavovirens and
C. alternans are easily distinguished; C.
flavovirens having segments 7 to 9 cm. (about

3 to 4 inches) broad, whilst the segments of C.
alternans are 11 to 14 cm. broad (4} to 5| inches).

In the group with segments more than four
times longer than broad, five species have seg-
ments not longer than 18 cm. (71 inches), whilst
seven species have longer segments. Of the
short segmented ones, two species, C. pygma^a
and C. Donnell-Smithii, have segments which are
not broader than 15 cm. ($ inch); C. pygmsea
having 6 to 8 segments on each side of the rachis ;
C, Donnell-Smithii, the most dwarf Palm hitherto
known, being only a few inches high, has only 2 to

4 segments on each side of the rachis. The three
other species of this group with segments not
longer than 7 [ inches are distinguished by the
number of veins in the segments: C. bifurcata
having 3-nerved, C. variabilis 5 -nerved, C.
microphylla 9-nerved segments.

Of the group with segments longer than
7 ; inches we may distinguish three species— viz.,
C. Pacaya, C. Bartlingiana.and C. pinnatifrons—
from the other four by their having segments not
longer than a foot, whilst the segments of the
four latter are longer. C. Pacaya has segments
not broader than 4 cm. (nearly 2 inches), whilst
those of the two others are at least that width.
C. Bartlingiana has 5 to G segments on each side
of the rachis ; C. pinnatifrons 8 to 10 segments
on each side of the rachis. The species with
segments longer than 30 cm. (a foot) are C.
paradoxa, C. lanceolata, C. Sartori, and C.
Casperiana. Of these, C. paradoxa and C. lanceo-
lata have 3-nerved segments, C. Sartori has
5-nerved segments, and C. Casperiana 9 to
10-nerved segments. The two 3-nerved species
are easily distinguishable, C. paradoxa having
segments 4 to 5 cm. (If to 2 inches) broad, whilst
those of C. lanceolata are 6 to 7 cm. broad (2^ to
2J inches).

We have still to consider those species of
Chamsdorea with non-aggregate, spreading, or
erect-spreading lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or
elliptical remote, not decurrent segments, which
have 10 to 30 segments on each side of the rachis.
Of these we may distinguish two groups : one large
one comprising all those with 10 to 22 segments
on each side of the rachis, and another smaller one
with Palms having more than 22 segments on
each side of the rachis. Of the former group (10
to 22 segments) we distinguish those with seg-
ments not broader than 5 cm. (2 inches), from
those whose segments are broader. Of those
whose segments are not broader than 5 cm.,
five species have not more than 15 segments on
each side of the rachis, whilst four have from
15 to 22 segments. The five first may be classed

44

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 15, 1905.

with those with segments not broader than 3 cm.
(H inch) and those with segments 4 to 5 cm.
broad (IV- to 2 inches). The species with narrow
segments are C. Galeottiana, C. radicalis, both
with segments not longer than 25 cm. (10 inches),
and C. oreophila with segments tip to 33 cm. long
(13' inches). C. Galeottiana has 1-nerved, C.
radicalis 3 to C-nerved segments. Of the two
species with wider segments, C. Schiedeana has
segments 20 to 35 cm. long (8 to 14 inches),
whilst C. macrospadix has segments 40 to 45 cm.
long (1G to 18 inches).

The second group, with segments not broader
than 5 cm. (2 inches) but with more than 15
segments on each side of the rachis, contains
C. brachyclada, C. elegans, C. Liebmanni, and
C. corallina. Of these, C. brachyclada has seg-
ments 2 to 3 cm. broad (f to 11 inch), C. elegans
and C. Liebmanni segments 3 to 4'5 cm. broad
(Jl to nearly 2 inches), and C. corallina segments
5 cm. (2 inches) broad. C. elegans is distin-
guished from C. Liebmanni by having a full
leafy crown, whose fronds have about 20 seg-
ments on each side of the rachis, whilst C. Lieb-
manni has a crown of only 4 to 6 leaves, which
have only some 15 segments on each side of the
rachis.

The species with In to 22 segments on each
side of the leaf -rachis, whose segments are
broader than 5 cm. (2 inches), are C. Wendland-
iana with 5-nerved segments, C. Tepejilote with
7-nerved segments, and C. exorrhiza with 9-nerved
segments.

Now we have only those three species to
consider which have more than 22 segments on
each side of the rachis. Of these, C. montana has
segments only up to 3 cm. (1), inch) broad, whilst
those of C. Poeppigiana and C. fragrans are
broader. C. Poeppigiana has dark-green leaves
with segments 4 to 5 cm. If to 2 inches) broad,
whilst C. fragrans has bright-green leaves with
segments 5 to G cm. (2 to 2? inches) broad.

It will be easy for the gardener to make for him-
self a key from the above short notes, which will
enable him to determine at once the species of
Chamsedorea he has in cultivation, even when
they are not in flower. There are amongst the
above-named species a good many not yet de-
scribed, though they have been for some long
time in cultivation. Full descriptions of them
will be found in my monograph of the genus
Chamsedorea, which will be published shortly.
For the new species where no authority is
mentioned Hermann Wendland is always the
authority.

I have still a few words to say about the
limitations of the genus. The species here
named are reckoned by some authors as
belonging in part to the genus Morenia and
Kunthia. But as there are no differentiating
characteristics in these genera I include them
with Chamredorea, contrary to Wendland and to
the principles of priority. Wendland found that
Kunthia is by no means the only monoecious species,
and that the somewhat mysterious K. montana is
the same asC. Lindeniana or Morenia Lindeniana.
Both these latter names must be given up and
the plant named Chamrcdorea montana. The
genus Morenia has this chief characteristic,
that the male inflorescences stand in groups on
each ring of the stem. But Wendland showed
that this characteristic is also to be sometimes
met with in species of Chanuedorea. Now
Morenia is the older name, and therefore, says
Wendland, all species of Chanuedorea must be
re-named Morenia. But if you wish to separate
Morenia from Chamjedorea the name Chamiedorea
must not be adopted according to the principles
of priority, as there are still two other names
that have precedence in Nunnezia and Nunnez-
haria. Even Martinezia is a name which
may come into consideration. But I think it is
better from a practical standpoint to preserve the

well-known name Chamsedorea and to reject all
the other names. It would cause too much trouble
in practice if the name Charnajdorea disappeared
and one of the above-mentioned names took its
place. In his manuscript Wendland wrote
Morenia, but he always spoke of Chaimedorea.
And so it may rest. Dr. Udo Dammer, Dahlem,
Berlin.

THE BERMUDA LILY CULTURE.

The chief industry in Bermuda is Lily farming
(Lilium longiflorum and the variety Harrisi),
although the Lily disease has been so prevalent
of late years that many farmers have been com-
pelled to give up growing these plants. This
disease has given the British Government endless
trouble, and nothing has been discovered up to
the present that will effectually exterminate the
disease, although its ravages have been stopped
to a great extent by spraying with Bordeaux-
mixture. The ground is cultivated for planting
the bulbs in August, after having been allowed to
lie fallow during the summer months, although
in some cases it is utilised for growing Melons in
order to keep the ground free from grass. A few
years since the experiment of growing Tobacco
for a summer crop was tried, but was soon aban-
doned, as the growers asserted that the crop took
more nourishment from the soil than the Tobacco
was worth, and that they had to spend all the
money derived from the sale of the Tobacco to
purchase manure for the Lilies. In the experi-
mental station nothing but farmyard manure was
used when the ground was prepared for Lily
culture, and this consisted of as large a propor-
tion of cow manure as possible, as the soil in
Bermuda is sandy and porous. The Lilies are
propagated by separating the scales from the
bulb, and placing these in drills at a depth of
3 inches, allowing 4 inches between the individual
scales. This operation is generally carried out
during the first week in September, and by the
following June these scales form small bulbs
1 to 1 \ inch in circumference, when they are dug
up, dried, and stored away in sand until the fol-
lowing September, when they are again planted
in the ground in rows drawn 3 inches apart,
allowing 2 inches between the bulbs in the rows.
After a season's growth they are dug up about
June, by which time they are from 3 to 4 inches
in circumference. The following season they
attain a size of from 5 to 7 inches in circumfer-
ence, which is the smallest marketable size ; and
they increase their growth until they reach a sise
of from 11 to 13 inches in circumference, after
which they do not increase in size, but deteriorate
and split into bulbils. It is when the bulb starts
into growth that the disease puts in its appear-
ance, and it is at this time that spraying operations
are conducted. The method of preparing the
fungicide is as follows : three fifty-gallon barrels
are obtained, one for holding the mixture, and
the other two for mixing purposes. In each of the
two latter barrels 25 gallons of water are placed ;
in the one case 4 lb. of copper - sulphate is
added, and in the other G lb. of quicklime. When
the sulphate of copper and the lime have dissolved,
the contents of the two barrels are poured at
the same time into the stock-barrel, which pro-
cess insures proper mixing. The mixture is then
ready for spraying. It is always better to spray
the plants the first thing in the morning and the
last thing in the evening. The Lilies are sprayed
before there is any appearance of the disease, and
also at intervals throughout the growing season.

The farmer, as a rule, sells his bulbs in advance,
before he puts them in the ground, there being
such a demand for good, true bulbs. When these
large growers notice a diseased bulb in their batch,
they dig it out and burn it. The experimental
station advises, alter digging the diseased bulb
out, that the vacant place be sprinkled with
crushed sulphate of iron, this kills any remaining

spores that may be left in the soil. The small
growers, and several of these are Portuguese, mix
diseased bulbs with the good ones, and sell to the
commission man, who buys his bulbs ready dug up
on the ground, and employs men to pack them.
These men also mix their bulbs, putting the true
variety Harrisii and the longiflorum together, and
selling the mixture as true Harrisii. This is a great
disadvantage when forcing the bulbs with the in-
tention of obtaining flowers for Christmas, as the
Harrisii variety will flower by Christmas, but the
longiflorums are a week or two later in flowering.
Another great mistake on the farmers' part is tc-
dig up the Lilies before the bidbs are ripe, as unripe
bulbs are not fit for forcing. For instance, only
last January I went to see some private gardens
in Newport, R.I., U.S.A., where they annually
force large quantities for Christmas. One Scotch
gardener told me that a batch he had just started
was diseased, and that his Christmas batch also
turned out diseased. I informed him they were
not diseased, but unripe, and that they would not
stand forcing. I know of several similar cases-
where unripe bulbs have been pronounced
diseased. To conclude, I would advise any who
force bulbs to dip them before they are potted into
a solution of weak permanganate of potash(Condy 's
Fluid), this kills the spores of the disease in the
bulb. Again, when the Lilies have commenced
growing in the pots, spray at intervals with Bor-
deaux-mixture ; the spray leaves a bluish sediment
on the foliage. This can be easily removed by
syringing with clear water ; but allow it to remain
on as long as possible. Geo. Chisholm, Llanrwst.

COLONIAL NOTES.

PESTS AND THEIR PARASITES.

According to a recent return issued by the
United States Agricultural Department, the
direct and indirect yearly losses caused by insects
in that country alone amount in the aggregate tc-
the enormous total of over 700 million dollars
(£140,000,000). If to this be" added the loss in
other lands, the amount must be great indeed.
Any wise and energetic effort, therefore, which
seeks to reduce the number of these destructive
agents and to check their ravages is worthy of
the keenest attention on the part especially of
men who gain their living from the soil.

It is consequently with some interest that we
have heard of the work of Mr. George Compere,
the travelling entomologist, whose unique and
able services have for some time past been requi-
sitioned by the Governments of Western Australia
and California.

Mr. Compere gained his knowledge of fruit-
pests and parasites under Mr. Arthur Kobele, who
at one time was in the service of the Californian
Government, and is now the entomological
expert of Hawaii. These insect investigators
affirm that every pest has its parasite, as,
according to the moralist, every evil has its
remedy. So that it is only necessary to follow
the pest to its original habitat to find the check
which Nature herself has provided for it.

This, then, is Mr. Geo. Compere's work.
According to Mr. Despeissis, the head of the
Western Australian Horticultural and Viticul-
tural Department, he has to direct his attention
almost exclusively towards fighting Nature's
pests by Nature's own means. To do this he has
to follow the pest to its home in many lands, with
the view of discovering the parasite that feeds
upon it.

His labours appear to have been crowned al-
ready with a very fair measure of success, as he
has successfully introduced into Western
Australia, from Queensland, parasites of the black
scale, the soft brown scale, the Cabbage moth,
and the Cabbage aphis, with a ladybird, which

J.ULY 15, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

4-3

has a strong attachment to the mealy-bug. From
Spain and the South of France he has obtained
parasites of the Grain moth and the Grape Vine
3cale, with several useful kinds of ladybirds. In
Spain, too, he found the parasite of the Codlin
moth, a discovery the value of which to the
Oalifomian and Australian fruit-growers, should
it prove what is expected of it, cannot be over-
estimated.

India, we are told, has much to answer for in
breeding insect pests, so that it is satisfactory to
note that Mr. Compere has been provided with
several efficient parasites from that country.
Some of the most efficacious of these prey on the
■eggs and others attack the fruit fly maggot itself.
To India, therefore, Mr. Compere looks as a
happy hunting-ground in his search for effective
allies in the war with his insect enemies.

But South America also has well repaid the
investigations of this explorer. In April of last
year he visited Rio de Janeiro, " where," he says,
1 notwithstanding the large amount of fruit
exposed for sale, not a single fruit infested with
maggot was noticed, and no trace of fruit fly
could be detected." In San Paolo he found a
few scattered half-decayed Oranges, some of
which showed signs of having once been punctured
by fruit flies, but the closest scrutiny failed to
ireveal any maggots in the decayed fruit. Follow-
ing up this quest, he interviewed the owner of a
local orchard, who stated that during eighteen
years in which he had had possession of the
orchard he had never noticed any damage to
fruits caused by fruit flies ; in fact he never
knew that there were such insects ! However,
Mr. Compere eventually found a few small
Ichneumon flies on some Oranges, apparently in
search of infested fruits. Upon these he kept a
close watch for some time, and at length dis-
covered one in the act of ovipositing in an Orange.
This Orange, as soon as the parasite had finished
laying her eggs, he took from the tree, placing
it in a jar which he kept in his room. Two
days later the fruit fly maggots had completed
their growth, and pupated in the bottom of
the jar. In due course five parasites and
two fruit-flies made their appearance. Further
examination in this district led to the discovery
of the Staphylinida? beetles, whose capabilities in
the destruction of maggots of all kinds appear
phenomenal. " Beyond question," he affirms,
"these beetles destroy the major part of the
fruit-fly maggot in Brazil, and also destroy a
large number of the parasites as well, eating
every maggot with which they come in contact,
not discriminating between those parasited and
those that are not."

This year Mr. Compere paid another visit to
Brazil, that he might become better acquainted
with these beetles, and that he might get a fuller
supply than he was able to secure on his first
discovery of them. Returning from this journey
he passed through London, having with him a
number of the beetles, which he was found dili-
gently feeding with blow-flies, for which they
have a special avidity. It would seem, according
to Mr. Compere, that it is no small matter to find
sufficient food to satisfy the rapacious appetites
of the Staphylinida\ as in default of other nutri-
ment they develop cannibalistic instincts and
feed on each other.

If but a fraction of the claims which Mr.
Compere advances on behalf of his various
parasites prove well-founded, there is no doubt
that they will be of the greatest value to
"Western Australia and California. The beetles
in particular will find a wild field for their opera-
tions in the former country not only among the
fruit pests, especially those which attack the
Orange groves, but among the troops of common
and blow-flies which have made their home in
that favoured land. The Agent-General for
Western Australia.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

ONCIDITJM ROBUSTISSIMUM.

A photograph of a plant in flower, of a single
flower, and living examples of the blooms, sent
by H. Emmons, Esq., The Copse, Hamble, South-
ampton, seems to represent the plant described by
the late Professor Reichenbach under the above
name in the Gardeners' Chronicle, September 2!*,
1888, p. 332. It is closely allied to O. pulvina-
tum, the characters relied on in the description
however being present.

The description states : " This is an un-
commonly intricate, critical species. It belongs to
the Pulvinata section, including O. divaricatum,
pulvinatum, and sphegiferum. It is, however,
quite distinot at first sight in its strong, straight
rachis, the side branches of which are not zigzag
at all, but straight, too. The flowers are larger.

Fli;. 10.— ONCIDIUM ROBUSTISSIMCM.

and the lip has the anterior part of the blade
broad as the lateral ones. The sepals and petals
are yellow at the top, brown at the inferior part.
The lip has the rounded serrate lateral lacinia>,
as well as the anterior emarginate one, with
broad cinnamon-coloured stripes," &c.

Mr. Emmons describes his plant : " Leaves
from 1 foot to 1 foot 4 inches long, olive- green in
colour and very thick. Length of spike 6 feet
6 inches, with twenty-five branches ranging from
2 feet 2 inches to a few inches long. The largest
branch carried one hundred flowers, and the
whole spike seven liundred and sixty blooms,
each flower an inch in diameter.

Orchid Arrangements.
The useful side of Orchid culture is generally
to be seen in the pretty gardens of Ludwig
Mond, Esq., The Poplars, Avenue Road,
Regent's Park, London, where effective use
is made of the Orchids in bloom at all
seasons in the floral arrangements in the tem-
perate conservatory. A fine piece of statuary,
beside which are ornamental seats, occupy one
end, and around is a permanent arrangement of
rockery and cork - faced staging. Palms and
Ferns, among which are some good examples of
the African Lomaria Boryana with tall stout
crowns are the permanent plants, and among
them various subjects in flower are arranged. At

the highest point there were recently several
finely-flowered specimens of Cypripedium Lowi-
anum, their long sprays arching gracefully among
the other plants. Beneath them are good s eeimens
of Odontoglossum crispum, pink Milton vexil-
laria, La4ia purpurata, CattleyaMossia?,C. Mendeli,
Oncidium sarcodes, O. papilio and other Orchids.

But the Orchids are not allowed to take undue
prominence, and herein lies the great attraction
of the arrangement. Effectively displayed among
the Orchids are good specimens of the white
Francoa, scarlet Anthuriums, large - flowered
scarlet and yellow Cannas, Mignonette, and a few
other flowers, while diversity of foliage is given
by variously-tinted Japanese Maples, variegated
Vitis heterophylla, &c.

Many Orchids last a long time in flower, and
by this method of arranging them with other
plants in bloom as they are available it is easy
to get a greater diversity of effect than by
arranging the Orchids by themselves. Mr. J. O
Clarke has charge of the garden. J. O'B.

NEGLECTED TIMBER TREES.

The note by Mr. Simpson, in a recent issue of
the Gardeners' Chronicle, on the Loousttree, served
to call to mind several others which, though
passed over by planters, are yet deserving of
extensive planting in this country, more especially
in those parts where the water level is but a few
feet below the surface, therefore in boggy land,
in the vicinity of lakes, and sluggish streams,
reclaimed fen land, and the like. I will place
first, on account of its rapidity of vertical stem
growth, i.e., 2 to 3 feet in a season, the Juglans
nigra, usually called Black Walnut from the
dark tint of the heartwood (and in aged trees it is
nearly all heartwood). Planters should obtain
the nuts from the trade, and preferably from
Continental houses dealing in tree seeds, making
their purchases early in the winter, and either
plant the nuts 1 to 6 inches deep in land suit-
ably prepared, and where they will stand to grow
to timber size, or stratify them in cold pits or
in frames sunk in the soil where some protection
from frost may be afforded them in hard weather,
and plant them out where they are to stand in
the spring, at which season germination will have
begun. Much care must be exercised in the
planting, so as not to injure either the root or the
cotyledon. As older seedlings do not transplant
readily and the plants take several years to
recover from injuries caused by removal,
sowing the seeds once and for all is to be
preferred. Afforded a growing space of
from two to three yards apart, the young
trees make quick growth, and in a few years
shade the soil with their ample foliage, shooting
up to a great height with straight, cylindrical
smooth stems, which do not usually form branches
low down, or if they should do so these soon
perish owing to lack of light and air. This
species of Juglans grows as fast as a common
Spruce, a Silver Fir, or a Larch, and in forty
years becomes of commercial value.

Another exceUent and useful tree is the
common Alder, Alnus glutinosa, sometimes
called the Water Oak from its resemblance in
habit when growing with a single stem to an
Oak. As the Alders throw out suckers freely,
they usually assume the appearance of stooled
coppice trees, and seldom reach to any large size.
This tendency can only be overcome by rigidly
grubbing up the suckers whilst these are still
small, and confining the tree to one stem.
Needless to say, that, like the Willows and
Poplars, the tree does best in moist land, on the
banks of rivers and lakes, in which situations
growth is rapid ; and when the locality is very
moist and of any great extent, the plants may be
set out at 5 or 6 feet apart, no thinning in after
years being then required. Matured timber of

46

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 16, 1905s-

the common Alder, when it can be obtained of
sufficiently large dimensions, is much valued for
piling and underwater constructions, as sluices,
flooring in mill-races, lo3k-gates, and sills, in which
situations it is more durable than Oak.

The common Hornbeam (Carpinus Betulus) is
another much-neglected timber-tree. A form of
this C. B. incisa is frequently met with as a
garden tree. Planted so as to form close cover,
its natural tendency to form a spreading, round-
headed tree with much useless lop and top is
obviated, and tall, straight, smooth stems are
obtained instead. The timber has many uses,
and makes the best of firewood for burning on
the open hearth or in close stoves, being very
close grained, and easily split with the axe. F. M.

CAMBRIDGE BOTANIC GAEDEN.

The Botanic Garden Syndicate reports to the
Senate that two new boilers have been procured
(Reporter, May 9, p. 843 ; June 13, 1905, p. 1073).

The Botanic Garden was made use of in providing
employment for men in need of work.

During the year 1904, 1,658 plants, 2,359 bulbs, and
4,185 packets of seeds were received, while 1,431 plants
and 3,140 packets of seeds were distributed. Contri-
butions were received from nearly sixty botanic
gardens.

Among the more interesting plants received are
Allium Ellisii (Botanical Magazine, t. _7875), a
fine species from Khorasan of a group wholly
Oriental; the wild original of the garden Cyclamen;
Ccelogyne pandurata, "one of the most remarkable
of Orchids," with large green flowers marked with
black ; Gloriosa Rothschildiana (see Garden, June 25,
1904, p. 451), a magnificent new specie" with crim-
son flowers from near Lake Victoria Nyanza ; So-
lanum Commersoni, a species of Potato from the
Argentine Republic, formerly recommended only for
forage, but now regarded as suitable for culti-
vation in wet soils that are ill-adapted for ordinary
varieties, said to bear tubers of good flavour rich in
nutriment ; Davidia involucrata, a fine new Chinese
Cornaceous plant, originally discovered by the Abbe
David in the mountains of Mu-Piu west of Szechuan ;
Jasminum primulinum {Botanical Magazine, t. 7981),
a new species from Yunnan similar to the winter-
flowering J. nudiflorum, but finer; Meconopsis integri-
folia, an exceedingly fine Papaveraceous plant, with
yellow flowers from Western China (see Gardeners'
Chronicle, October 1, 1904, p. 240); M. nculeata, a
rare blue -flowered species : Impatiens Oliveri (Botanical
Magazine, t. 7900), a new species raised at Kew from
seeds obtained by Sir John Kirk along the Uganda
railway ; Lysimachia Henryi (Botanical Magazine,
t. 7901), originally collected by Dr. Henry near Icliang
in the Province of Hupeh in Western China ; Clero-
dendron myrmecophilum(Z?otom'ca/./l/rt</a-tne, t. 7887),
a new species witli handsome flowers, of special interest
on account of the swollen internodes inhabited by ants ;
Pyrus Niedzwetzkyana (Botanical Magazine, t. 7975),
a new ornamental ally of the Apple with exceptional
redness throughout the plant ; Lonicera etrusca var.
superba (Botanical Magazine, t. 7977), recently re-
corded from the Mediterranean region ; Bryonia alba,
a plant used in medicine, obtained from the Continent,
hitherto unrepresented in British gardens ; Iris obtusi-
folia (Botanical Magazine, t. 7701), a new species from
the Province of Mazanderan on the south of the
Caspian Sea ; Styrax officinale, the tree which yields
the balsamic resinous substance known as Storax ;
Angrsecum Eichlerianum, an interesting species lately
introduced from Calabar ; Rhizophora Mangle, the
Mangrove of tropical shores ; Cyathodes empetrifolia,
a rare New Zealand Epacrid ; Tanakasa radicans
(Botanical Magazine, t. 7943), the only species of the
genus, a native of Japan, peculiar among Saxifrages in
having unisexual flowers ; Trichosanthes japonica, an
addition to the few hardy perennial Cucurbitacea- ;
Abies Vilmorini (A. Pinsapo x A. cephalonica), one of
the few hybrid Conifers (illustrated in the Gardeners'
Chronicle, 1901, February 9, p. 89).

Among the more interesting of British plants
received are Koeleria valesiaca, found in the Her-
barium of Dillenius at Oxford and recently re-
discovered in the original locality at Brent Down in
Somersetshire ; Malaxis paludosa, an interesting
Orchid, having its leaves fringed with bulbils capable
of producing new plants ; Crocus biflorus, naturalised
in Barton Park, Bury St. Edmunds, where it lias
maintained its ground for more than a century ; Viola
calcarea (see Journal of Botany, March, 1904, p. 07),
sent from Cheddar by Mrs. Gregory (formerly
regarded as exclusively a Cambridgeshire plant), and
recently obtained from the Gogmagogs by the Curator
and Mr. Hosking ; Fumaria occidentalis, sp nov., of
more robust habit than any other British fumitory,
found in West Cornwall, and described by Mr. H. W.
Pugsley in the Journal of Botany (August, 1904,

p. 217) ; Erica Tetralix 0 Watsoni, found near Truro ;
E. Mackaii, long known in co. Galway ; and E. Stuarti,
found in Connemara and probably a hybrid, described
in the Annals of Scottish Natural History (July, 1902,
p. 177). Eriocaulon septangulare, collected by Mrs.
Babington, lias flowered freely, and appears to be
permanently established.

Sauromatum brevipes has been figured and described
in the Botanical Magazine from Cambridge material
(t. 7940). The examination of the living plant has
resulted in its reference to the genus Sauromatum
instead of to Typhonium, in which it was formerly
placed in the absence of satisfactory evidence as to the
nature of the spathe. In the Gardeners' Chronicle
(June 18, p. 387) Hasmaria Dawsoniana, an Orchid
with copper-veined leaves and white flowers, was
illustrated from a photograph by the indoor foreman,
Mr. E. Allard.

Among the plants of special interest that flowered
were Gnidia polystachya, figured in the Botanical
Magazine, 1905, t. 8001 ; Urginea Wightiana, an
Indian species of Squill used in medicine ; Iris Ascher-
soni, a new species allied to I. Grant-Duffi ; Bartholina
pectinata, a remarkable Cape Orchid with finely
divided labellum ; Acacia sphserocephala, the species
described by Belt in his Flora of Nicaragua, which
bears "food bodies," and is characterised by hollow
spines inhabited by ants; Richardia cautabrigiensis, a
hybrid raised by the Curator (R. Rehmanni x melano-
leuca), described in the Gardeners' Chronicle, April 9,
1904, p. 220, to be figured in Flora and Sylra :
Stapelia sp. nov. ; Listrostachys Sedeni, an Orchid
from Britisli West Africa, contributed by Mr. Cyril
Crossland ; and hybrid Gerberas, raised by the Curator,
to whom a Silver Cup was awarded for an exhibit at
the Temple Show. The exhibit was illustrated in The
Garden, 1904, vol. lxv., p. 405.

Samples of various fibre plants have been supplied
to Messrs. Death & Ellwood, of Leicester, for the
purpose of experiments in the development of a fibre-
extracting machine.

The number of specimens supplied for botanical
purposes during the year amounted to 99,355.

BOOK NOTICE.

Handbuch der Pflanzenkpankheiten, von
Prof. Dr. Paul Sorauer. Dritte vollst;indig
neubearbeitete Auflage in Gemeinscbaft mit
Prof. Dr. G. Lindau und Dr. L. Reh, heraus-
gegebenvon Prof. Dr. Paul Sorauer. (Berlin,
Paul Parey, 1905.)

The third edition of this handbook of plant
diseases differs from the last, as Prof. Sorauer
has not undertaken to issue the whole of the book
himself, but has secured the services of two
specialists for cooperation. The reason for this
alteration is to avoid getting out of touch with
the abundant material collected since the pub-
lication of the second edition, and also in order
to make the new edition as perfect as possible.
The new work has been divided into three
volumes, each of which is being prepared by a
specialist in the particular branches. The inju-
ries caused by insects are treated by Dr. L. Reh,
the zoologist of the Natural History Museum in
Hamburg ; diseases caused by plant parasites,
fungi, 4c, are dealt with by Prof. Dr. G. Lindau,
specialist on plant-diseases of the Berlin Uni-
versity ; whilst Prof. Sorauer himself prepares
the volume dealing with injuries caused by
atmospheric conditions, exposure, condition and
mechanical properties of soil.

The arrangement of the book according to
the causes of diseases is the same as in the
second edition, and although it would be un-
doubtedly easier to ascertain the nature of a
malady if the matter were arranged according to
host-plants, as for instance in Kirchner's work, a
repetition of the nature of the disease would be ne-
cessary with each host-plant. But Prof. Sorauer
lays thegreatest stress upon the scientific explana-
tion, the relation of disease to certain conditions
in the life of plants, making them susceptible, and
on the true origin of disease. The careful study
of these items will enable the reader to form an
opinion and to rationally deal with such attacks.

From this point of view every one of the three
scientists has based his special subject upon
conditions under which disease develops, and
points out such circumstances which induceaplant

to take disease, i.e., make a plant susceptible, as-
conditions of weather, culture, &c. Professor
Sorauer, as is probably known, was the first
defender of the view that there is a predisposition
of plants for disease, and though he stood alone in
this theory on the publication of the first edition
of his work, it has been recently taken up by
eminent investigators. In consequence of this
theory, the parasites themselves do not receive-
exclusive attention, but such important factors
as may be responsible for the attack of parasites,
are also treated on.

Guided by this idea, the third edition of the*
handbook deals largely with the predisposing or
disease-favouring factors, and calls attention to-
the fact of a relationship of plants to their places
of growth and their surroundings, and to the>
individual development of plants, the conditions
of nutrition of which deviate from their natural
mode of growth. In consequence, the secret o£
combating epidemics lies more in the study and
prevention of the unnatural conditions than in-
the method of combating the disease itself,
as is the case at present by our methods o£
spraying, &c.

First Volume. — These observations are explained!
in the introduction to the first volume. It is
pointed out what should be considered a disease,
and the conditions of plants changed by culti-
vation for the purpose of utility, though they
cannot actually be called diseased conditions, are-
referred to.

This necessitates a study of the dependence of
an organism on its surrounding, and answers the-
question of the primary cause of disease, mode of
parasitism, heredity of diseases, and degenera-
tion. The special text treats in the first instance-
of such unsuitable conditions of soil, as may be>
due to exposure or mechanical influence. In
the same part the chemistry of the soil, super-
abundance or deficiency of water or nutritious
matter, is discussed. In the second portion the
author deals with atmospheric conditions, in par-
ticular injuries by frost and the evil effects due-
to superabundance or deficiency of warmth and
light, or lightning, storm, and hail. In the con-
clusion of the first volume, the damages by
noxious gases are described. Of great practica>
value will be found the advice how to treat
wounds on trees, &c, the chapters on manipu-
lating hide-bound trees, on grafting and pruning,
which have been richly illustrated with drawings
based upon scientific investigations.

In the second volume, Professor Lindau begins
with the explanation and description of diseases
caused by plant- parasites ; in the second part he-
intends dealing with parasitic Algae, and in the-
last with phanerogamic parasites. In the first
chapters we are glad to say bacterial diseases of
plants have been treated with great care, and the
great gap noticed in other handbooks of plant-
diseases is herewith filled. Later on, mycelial
fungi (Eumycetes), in the following orders of
Pbycomycetes, Oomycetes, Zygomycetes, Asco-
mycetes, Basidiomycetes, and fungi imperfecti,
will be dealt with.

Dr. L. Reh is responsible for the third volume-.
His speciality is the investigation of the morbid
conditions caused by injurious insects, and the-
methods of treating such attacks. Starting with
the systematic arrangement of worms and noxious
Crustacea;, other chapters deal with centipedes,
scolopendria, spiders, mites and other insects, and
finally with vertebrates. In connection with the
description of the parasites of the animal kingdom,
the author considers their natural enemies, both
from the animal and the plant world (insect-
killing fungi, 4c), and the mechanical means of
combating such pests. The last section treats of
the predisposing conditions of plants for attacks
of parasitic insects.

Each special author has endeavoured to give-
scientific information, but in a simple manner, so

July 15, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

47

as to enable every reader, even one without pre-
vious knowledge of the subject, to make ready
and efficient use of the material. The handbook
is plentifully illustrated, printed in large type of
Roman characters on a good quality of paper. It
will be issued in sixteen to eighteen parts, at the
price of three shillings each, and is intended to
be concluded by the end of next year. H. Q.

THE FERTILITY OF LAND.

A very interesting article appears in'the second
number of the new Journal of Agricultural Science,
by Mr. A. D. Hall, M.A., the Director] of the
Rothamsted Experimental Station, "On] the
Accumulation of Fertility by Land allowed to
Run Wild."

Fig. 20.— sweet tea henry eckford : colour salmon-scarlet.

An excellent variety seen in general collections this year lor the tirst time.

PLANT PORTRAITS.

Vrieska x Leopoldiana.— A cross between V.
splendens and V. Malzinei. Wittmack in Garten
Flora, t. 1539, June.

Hjemanthos "Fascinator, "a form of H. Lindeni.

Wiener Illustricrtc Gartenzcitung, June.

Rose Lilla Rautenstrauch, H.T. Lambert, flesh-
coloured. Rosenzeitung, May.

Rhododendron Nuttalli, Revue de I' Horticulture
Beige, July.

It is well known that the fertility of " virgin "
soils is due to the accumulation of the debris of a
natural vegetation which has been in occupation
of the soil for a long epoch previously. Only
when the climate and rainfall are suitable to the
growth of the plants and the partial preservation
of their residues does a virgin soil of any richness
arise. On the one hand, virgin soil may be as
poverty-stricken as the most worn-out European
field, because it has never carried any vegetation ;
on the other hand, as in the tropics, the debris of

an extensive vegetation may decay with such
rapidity that no reserve of fertility accumulates.
In temperate climates, and with a particular dis-
tribution of the annual rainfall, occur the grassy,
treeless prairies and steppes which provide the
ideal conditions for the accumulation of fertility.
But that fertility does increase when land is in
the state of permanent grass has long been an.
axiom in agriculture, and the results brought
forward by the author from the researches of
Rothamsted show at what rate the increase takes
place under prairie conditions in this country —
namely, when the land is left absolutely to itself
and not even grazed by stock.

In 1882 about an acre of land, which had
carried Wheat for forty years in succession in.
the famous experimental Wheat-field at Rotham-
fcted, was not harvested, the crop was allowed to
stand and shed its seed without cultivation of
any kind. In the following season a fair quantity
of Wheat came up on this part of the field, but
gradually got weaker as the season advanced,
and the weeds increased their hold on the land.
The Wheat was left to struggle on without
cultivation, and by the fourth season only a few
stunted plants of Wheat could be found, each
carrying but one or two grains in the ear. With
these the Wheat disappeared, and has never
been seen again in that part of the field. This
illustrates the fact that our farm - crops have
become so specialised that they are unable to
exist in competition with weeds and other natural
vegetation, and are entirely dependent on culti-
vation to relieve them from that competition.

The piece of land in question has been left
untouched since that time, and has covered itself
with a coarse, grassy herbage interspersed with
Thorn-bushes and Briars, young Oaks, and other
shrubs of the district. This piece of land now
represents the results of something more than
twenty years of prairie conditions in England,
and as samples of soil had been taken at starting,
it affords an opportunity of gauging the rate at
which fertility is accumulating. A very similar
experiment was also made with a portion of
another field which had carried Beans from 1847
to 1878, and Clover from 1883 to 1885. After the
Clover the field was fenced off, and has been left
untouched ever since.

. Both of these fields show a marked gain of
carbon and nitrogen down to the depth of
27 inches, the increase in the lower depths being
due to the roots which have decayed in that
stratum. The total gain of nitrogen per acre is
estimated at about 2,200 lb., which is at the rate
of more than 100 lb. per acre per annum. So-
great an accumulation of nitrogen is manifestly
impossible to account for in the present state of
our knowledge, and is left unexplained by the
author. A point of considerable interest is that
at the present time (1905) the vegetation on the
Wheat-field waste contains a fair proportion of
leguminous plants, while this class of plants is,
and has been for many years, since the dying out
of the Clover, absent from the field which had
previously carried Beans. It is therefore im-
possible to refrain from correlating the absence of
leguminous herbage on these old Bean and Clover
plots with the well-known fact that land becomes
" sick " of the leguminous crops in a way that
never happens with other farm crops. J. J.
Willis, Harpenden.

The Ghent Railway Station.— Many of
our readers are familiar with the railway-station
at Ghent, and will be interested to hear that a
large square space in it, left unoccupied in con-
sequence of some recent alterations, has been
utilised as a garden. Australian Palms, Mexican
Agaves, Brazilian Musas — in fact, plants from all
quarters of the world flourish side by side*
foliage-plants being mixed with Pelargoniums,
Begonias, and other summer flowers. The whole
is a charming oasis in a desert of platforms and
locomotives, and it gives pleasure to every
traveller who passes it.

48

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 15, 1005.

THE FERNERY.

THE WHITE FLY, ALEYRODES
VAPORARIORUM.
In my cool fernery this pest is one which is
constantly attempting to invade it from the
beginning of May onwards, and if allowed to
obtain a footing it does more than any other pest to
disfigure the plants. It appears not only to suck
the pieces of the fronds, but also to gnaw their
■epidermis, since wherever they congregate or
where one has settled for a short time, a sinuous
white marking appears, not unlike that produced
by the operations of mining grubs. During the
winter, under the quite cold conditions to which
my Ferns are subjected, they disappear entirely,
and since the flies do not start with a maggot
form, they do not hibernate as grubs in the soil.
Eggs alone enable them to reappear the following
season, and these are plentifully laid upon the
discoloured fronds. The result is that deciduous
Ferns are quite free from attack until the flitting
or perfect stage is reached, while evergreen ones
are the sole. source of the succeeding generations,
and show signs of their presence by minute
markings as described as soon as the eggs are
hatched.

Early in April the hatching begins, sometimes
earlier in mild seasons, and the larva1 are then
visible on the frond backs only as tiny .whitish, slow-
creeping insects, which appear to travel but little,
feeding exclusively on the old fronds on which
they originate. It is quite a month or six weeks
before they arrive at full growth, when they are
light-brown in colour, and then after a short
period of dormancy in a chrysaloid state they
turn into the white or greenish-yellow flying
form, and may then be found still on the
undersides of the fronds in a more or less quies-
cent state for some days afterwards, especially if
the weather be dull and cool. A warm day,
however, stimulates them to activity, and their
jerky snipe-like flight begins conjointly with a
general attack upon all the Ferns, and very
quickly with a general distribution of eggs,
which now speedily hatch, the whole place
becoming pervaded with fresh generations
of life unchecked. With a knowledge of their
genesis in the spring, however, as indicated
above, it is fairly easy to nip the invasion in the
bud by means of XL -All vapour in the propor-
tions prescribed by the makers. I prefer the
liquid form to the cake after trial of the latter.
This remedy should be used in April as soon as
the young are perceived on the old frond backs,
and if applied then it will destroy the entire gene-
ration at one operation. If left until the white
flying form is seen, two vaporisings are advisable
at intervals of a week or ten days, since it is
fairly sure that a certain percentage of the insects
will be in their temporary dormant transition
stage, during which they appear to be indifferent
to the effects of the fumes, and consequently
survive. The second fumigation destroys these,
and none is left. Under warm winter conditions
I cannot speak from experience as to their
hatching-time, but it is clear that that is the
point to study, as there is ample subsequent
time to take measures to eliminate the pest.
This fly is supposed to be an exotic introduction,
but if so it has certainly naturalised itself
thoroughly, for it is by no means confined to
glasshouses, being plentiful all over the country
where Ferns and probably other plants are
weakened by over-shady conditions. In my own
garden the Roses are a prey to it as well as the
outdoor Ferns, and it makes its appearance in the
flying state out-of-doors simultaneously with its
fellows under glass. I have alluded to its
erratic flight, and in this it reveals an instinctive
cunning, since it may be seen darting in zigzag
fashion to an adjacent frond, as we imagine, but

slipping behind it, it will settle on another, and
thus elude our search unless we know the trick.
The best way is to note where their fresh markings
appear, or where the insects seem to alight, and
then to glance upwards, when despite their colour
they may be discerned as dark markings, and be
caught by a rapid pinch of finger and thumb, as
they are a trifle sluggish in starting, and in
chilly or dull weather especially fly but little.
Chas. T. Druery, Y.M.H., F.L.S.

THE GROWTH OF CONIFERS.

The following details relating to the trees at
Murthly in Perthshire are taken from the last
number of the Proceedings of the Royal Scottish
Arboricultural Society. It is interesting to com-
pare these figures with those given in the
" Conifer Conference Report," relating presumably
to the same trees, in the Journal of the Royal
Horticultural Society (1892), vol. xiv., p. 533.

Name of Tree.

When Girth, Girth, Girth,
Planted 1892. 1900. 1904.

Abies aniabilis

Year.

1885

t. in. it. in.
...

t. in.
1 11

,, brachyphylla ..

1885

1 2

,, grandis

1852

1 6

6 10

7 6

,, magnifica

1867

2 7

3 B

4 2

,, nobilis

1847

6 1

6 6

7 8

., Nordmanniana

1854

4 0 4 9

.'. 4

„ Pinsapo

1817

6 6

7 10

„ Veitchii

1885

1 4

1 9

Araucaria imbricata

1817

4 0

4 8

4 10

Cedrus Deodara

1842

6 8

7 4

7 9

,, libani

11 8

12 5

12 8

Cupressus Lawsouiana

1859

4 2

4 7

,, L. var. erecta viridis

...

2 8

2 11

Libocedrus decurrens

?

3 6

4 5

4 11

Picea ajanensis

1885

1 7

2 3

,, sitchensis (Menziesii) .

1815

9 7

11 3

12 4

Pinus nrontieola

1850

5 6

6 2

6 6

Pseudotsuga Douglasii

1817

8 10

9 10

10 2

Sequoia gigantea

1857

9 3

10 7

11 9

Taxus baccate

p

10 8

10 10

Tliuya gigantea

1862

3 7

4 3

Tsuga Mertensiana (Alberti-
ana)

1860

5 5

6 4

6 9

Castanea vesca (Spanisb
Cbestnut)

?

19 2

19 4

Note. — The measurements are

taken

it 5 feet from the

ground.

In the Forestry Section at the recent Royal
Agricultural Society's Show at Park Royal,
photographs of a few of the largest Conifers at
Linton Park, Kent, were exhibited. The measure-
ments taken in 1903 were as follows: —

Name of Tree.

Years

of aye.

Height.

Girth
5ft. up.

ft.

ft. ins.

Abies coucolor

44

87

11 7

„ nobilis

59

83

7 8

Tsuga Mertensiana

41

72

5 8

Pinus austriaca

04

83

9 0

Sequoia sempervireDs

61

68

12 0

Sequoia gigantea (Wellingtonia)

44

81

12 4

Pinus excelsa

61

64

9 0

Abies cepbalouica

59

73

11 0

The Week's Work.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. A. Miller, Gardener to Lord Henry C.
Bentinck, M.P., Underley Hall, Westmoreland.

The Wild Garden. — The following are a few of
the stronger - growing plants in flower at the
present time:— Crambe cordifolia, a Cruciferous
plant, developing large panicles of white flowers ;
Ligularia macrophylla, with oval glaucous leaves
and dense heads of yellow flowers ; Phlomis fruti-
cosa, a hardy shrub, with greyish - coloured
foliage and yellow flowers, a useful subject for
furnishing steep banks ; Carduus heterophyllus,
the flowers of this plant present a bright patch
of purple colour, which, in company with the
white-coloured variety of the Melancholy Thistle,
forms a good contrast in colour; Epilobium
angustifolium, the well-known Willow-herb.

The Rock Garden. — Romneya Coulteri should be
furnished with liberal supplies of water to en-
courage strong growth. Edraianthus dalmaticus
and E. serpyllifolius are both comparatively easy
of culture. If the roots of these plants have been
washed bare of the soil by heavy rains give them
a top - dressing of sandy leaf-mould. Bellis
rotundifolius coerulescens should be planted in
a sheltered corner of the rockery. Lathyrus
rotundifolius, Wood's variety, develops a
salmon-scarlet-coloured flower of very pleasing
appearance. Colutea bullata is a "pigmy"
amongst the Bladder Sennas, its crowded habit
of growth is a noticeable character of the species.-
Keep a sharp look-out for snails.

Shrubberies. — See that freshly transplanted
trees are well supplied with water, especially
during a period of drought. Kalmia latifolia is
a very choice shrub. It should receive the same
treatment as is given to Rhododendrons, and forms
a good subject for planting in the front row of
the border, as it is rather slow in growing. It is
a favourite plant for furnishing cut flowers, which
last for a long time when placed in water. K.
angustifolia is smaller than K. latifolia. Zenobia
speciosa forms a good companion plant to the
above. This plant requires shelter, and thrives
well in a compost of loam and sandy peat. Dier-
villas are conspicuous shrubs when in flower, and
succeed in any ordinary garden soil. The varieties
Van Houtte and Eva Rathke are of the best forms.

Dahlias. — Place strong stakes to support these
plants, and frequently apply waterings of weak
liquid-manure. If earwigs are destroying the
growing points, trap them in small flower-pots
half-filled with hay, and inverted on the top of
the stakes. Rarer varieties can be propagated
from small cuttingsplaced in a shaded propagating
case.

Tulips. — Bulbs planted especially for supplying
cut flowers should be lifted every two or three
years after the foliage has become yellow and
limp. Sort the bulbs, and store them till
planting - time arrives. Late - flowering self-
coloured varieties and the Parrot Tulips are
excellent subjects for indoor decoration.

Anemone coronaria should also be lifted and
divided when the foliage has matured. This
plant can also be propagated from seed. Beds of
the various kinds of Narcissus that have become
too crowded should have the bulbs lifted and
transplanted when the foliage has died down.

Details concerning these trees were also given
in the " Conifer Conference Report," p. 491.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED— Bulletin of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Kingston, Jamaica, June. Contents :
Report on Diploma Examination, Bud-rot of the Cocoa-
nut Palm. " The disease is the result of a bacterial rot
of the terminal bud and its wrappings, including the
flower-buds. Diseased trees should be felled, and the
terminal bud burned or properly disinferted with
sulphate of copper. Onlv the most energetic action is
likely to avail."-A'i"/"' Botanic Gardens, Kew, SuUetin oj
Mi cellaneous Information. Appendix III., 1905. Con-
tents : New Garden Plants of the Year 1904, a valuable
list for horticulturists and botanists.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H. Yocno, Orchid Grower to Sir Frederick
Wigan, Bart., Clare Lawn, East Sheen. S.W.

Lcelia Jongheana often fails to flower, the cause
being in most instances that the plants are grown
in too warm an atmosphere and shaded. The
best results are obtained by growing the plants
in baskets or perforated pans, suspended near the
roof -glass of a cool intermediate- house, and kept
there throughout the year. Should any of the
plants need fresh rooting material, it may be
afforded now whilst they are making new growth
and roots. They must never be given large or
frequent supplies of water, though naturally
most will be needed when root-action is greatest.
During the long resting period the plants will
only require water after long intervals of time,

July 15, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

49

but it should be supplied before much shrivelling
is evident in the pseudo-bulbs.

Lcdia pumila and its variety prastans differ
from the above in that these require more dense
shading and ample supplies of water, though as
regards temperature, &c, their requirements are
nearly the same. These may be grown in small
pans with perforations in the sides, good drainage,
and a small portion of equal parts of peat and
sphagnum-moss to root in. New growths are
now starting, and repotting or renovation of the
surface materials should be proceeded with ere
long. The variety L. p. Dayana requires a cool,
moist atmosphere at this season ; it should be
well shaded, and never be allowed to suffer a long
period of drought at the base. Cultivate the
plants in pans or baskets, affording plenty of
drainage material, and a small portion of peat and
sphagnum-moss, which may be renewed as soon
as new growths appear.

Lcelia cinnabarina, which has proved such a
valuable agent for hybridisation purposes, is a
somewhat difficult species to keep in good condi-
tion. A fair measure of success may be obtained
by growing it at the cool end of a Cattleya-house
in well-drained pots, and treating it somewhat
similarly to the Cattleyas, though, if anything,
it must be kept dry for a longer period, and only
be given a very moderate supply of water when
growing. During healthy root - action liberal
applications may be administered if the plants are
in peat and sphagnum-moss, but should leaves be
introduced a more restricted supply must be given.

Loelia harpophylla should be grown under
cooler conditions than L. cinnabarina, a mode-
rately light position in the cool intermediate-
house suiting it best. Having more slender
pseudo-bulbs, the plants must not be subjected to
protracted periods of drought, though when in a
dormant state infrequent waterings will be all
that is needed. This species succeeds when grown
in a leaf mixture, which, however, should be kept
very porous by adding some small crocks.

Laiia monophylla also thrives when leaves are
added to the rooting medium. It may be
planted in a pan half filled with drainage material,
then adding a layer of the mixture and a surfacing
of chopped sphagnum-moss. Suspend the plants
at the warm end of an Odontoglossum-house, and
whilst growing and developing their tiny floral
scapes, keep the materials in a moist condition,
but throughout the rather long resting period
only apply water when shrivelling is anticipated.

Lailia fiara, L. longipes, and allied kinds grow
best in shallow baskets with very little material
about their roots, and their cultural require-
ments are usually obtainable in a cool position in
a Cattleya house. Much water is only required
when the plants are rooting freely. L. rubescens,
also known as peduneularis, should be grown in a
basket placed near to the glass at the warmer
and lighter part of this house, and be kept well
on the dry side, excepting in the most active
season.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By W. Fyfe, Gardener to Lady Wantage, Lockinge
Park, Wantage.
Cabbage Seeds. — The early spring Cabbage is a
vegetable of considerable importance, and the
best variety that I know for this purpose is
Ellatn's Early, which has proved more satisfactory
than all others grown side by side here. Sow
the seeds on rather poor, well-worked, and clean
ground. Throw plenty of lime into the soil
during its preparation, and apply water if the
soil is in a dry condition. Give a good dusting
with soot previous to sowing the seeds. Sow
thinly in order that the plants may have every
chance from the commencement to grow sturdily
and make many roots. The third week in the
present month will be sufficiently early for
the first sowing to be made, and a fortnight
later the main crop may be sown ; also
seeds of the Red or pickling Cabbage, which
in some establishments is much valued for cook-
ing purposes. By about the third week in
September these plants will be sufficiently ad-
vanced for planting out. Such varieties as
Ellam's Early need not be given more than
15 inches between the rows, and a foot from
plant to plant in the row. Larger-growing
varieties will need a distance of 2 feet each way.

Peas. — Late crops are of considerable import-
ance. When late plants are well above the ground,
thin them out freely if they are too thickly
placed. Then apply a mulch of stable-yard
manure, and if the weather is dry "afford plenty
of water to the plants. When staking late crops
of Peas, bear in mind that they may have to
withstand rough weather and high autumn
winds.

Globe Artichokes. — Heads of fine quality can
only be obtained from a good variety, and after
liberal cultivation, otherwise this vegetable
may be considered little better than an over-
grown weed. During the summer months the
plants require much moisture at the roots in the
form of liquid-manure, and also liberal mulches
of farmyard manure. If they are given these
conditions, and the heads are kept regularly
cut before' the stem becomes firm, the
fleshy scales, for which they are cultivated,
will be in the best possible condition, and may be
kept so for at least a week after being cut, pro-
vided the end of the stem is placed in watt-r in
a cool place.

Early Potatos. — When the ground is required
for another crop the Potatos may be lifted and
stored, but until the skins are well set the work
will have to be done with the greatest care, and
the tubers removed to a dark, cool site. Exposure
to the light at this season would soon depreciate
the appearance of the tubers for table use.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. H. Clarke, Gardener to Sir William Plowdek,
Aston Rowant House, Oxon.

Layering of Strawberry Plants. — Immediate
attention should be given to this work. Those
cultivators will obtain the strongest layers who
possess young plants put out late last summer
for this purpose, and which have had all their
flower-trusses removed. Such plants will produce
very strong runners, equally valuable for layering
for forcing, or for raising plants to be grown in
beds. The variety St. Antoine de Padoue, if
required for fruiting in pots during the coming
autumn and winter months, should be layered at
once into the pots in which they will fruit.
Afford them close attention in regard to the
application of water to the roots and syringing
of the plants. Expose them to full sunshine.
For forming permanent beds »r for planting-out
on the short cropping system, the layers should
be placed in 3 or 4-inch pots, filling the same up
to within 1 inch of the rim with a good rich
compost, in which the plants will root very freely,
placing a stone on each layer to secure it in posi-
tion, and to conserve moisture about the plant.
Only the strongest layer should be selected and
the others be pinched off. After a month has
elapsed the layers will be sufficiently rooted to
be severed from the parent plant. Keep the
pots moist during dry weather by plunging
them to half their depth in the soil. Upon re-
moving the rooted layers place them in a shady
position for a few days. In some districts a few
plants amongst some varieties become unfruitful,
and care should be taken not to propagate from
these. The Royal Hautbois may be grown on a
partially shaded border or under the partial shade
of trees. To secure fruitfulness, runners of this
class must be obtained from a plantation having
male and female plants.

Loganberries, Blackberries, Sec. — As the new
growths increase in length they should be kept
free from the fruiting canes by securing them to
separate poles. When the fruit has been
gathered the plants should be treated as Rasp-
berry-canes. In districts where birds are very
numerous, all ripening fruits will need to be
protected with fish netting.

The Fig. — Attend to the growths of these, and
secure for every shoot ample space for its
development. Retain short-jointed shoots in
preference to long and sappy ones. Trees
carrying heavy crops and growing on porous soils
should be afforded liquid-manure frequently, as
advised in previous calendars.

The Codlin Moth. — This pest may be reduced by
timely attention to the removal of all Apples
which are infested with maggot borings. These
should be carefully collected with all fallen
fruits, and if not given to the pigs, should be
destroyed by burning.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bullock, Gardener to E. J. Wvthes, Eeq.,
Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Amasonia, punicea. — Propagation of this useful
decorative plant by cuttings may still be done
if it is desirable to increase the stock. Loam,
peat, and silver - sand in equal parts should
be the compost employed from the time the
cutting is inserted until the plant blooms. Like
most of the tender stove flowering plants,
Amasonias are liable to attacks of mites and
thrips, and precautions should be taken to
guard against these pests by dipping the
plants periodically in a solution of Quassia-
extract. Pots containing the cuttings should be
plunged to the rims in Cocoa-nut fibre upon
considerable bottom-heat. Great care will be
necessary to successfully cultivate the plants.
Excessive supplies of water would prove fatal to
them. During the period of growth let the
plants be placed upon a shelf near to the glass in a
warm and moist atmosphere, shading them from
hot sunshine.

Thyrsacanthus rutilans may be easily propa-
gated, and it is an effective plant for grouping in
batches, &c. Cuttings inserted now and treated
precisely as for Amasonias will furnish a good
display of bloom during the winter months.

Jasminum Sambac, Jl.pl. — The fragrance of this
plant when in bloom is alone sufficient to render
it indispensable, but it is also of easy culture.
One plant will produce a number of growths
suitable for making into cuttings. They should
be detached with a good *' heel " and placed in
pans of silver-sand, pegging them down with a
piece of wire or stick to keep them from shifting.
Frequent waterings should be afforded them, and
when the cuttings are nicely rooted they should
be potted carefully into small pots and placed in
a propagating frame for a few days. They will
grow strongly, and when about o' inches in length
pinch the points out to ensure a bushy habit.
The plants should be grown and flowered in an
intermediate temperature, and where they will
receive shade from the sun.

Hydrangeas. — Cuttings should be inserted
singly in small pots for flowering in early spring.

Mignonette. — Make a sowing in pots. Use a
compost of sifted lime-rubble, loam, and leaf-soil,
and make this very firm in the pots. A few
slates placed over the pots will shade the seeds
from the sun, and also keep them cool, but must
be moved directly there are signs of germination.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F. Joedan, Gardener to Dr. Cohbet, Impney Hall
Gardens. Droitwich.

Strawberries. — An endeavour should be made
to have all these plants in the pots in which they
will bear fruit by the end of the present month.
Use clean pots and provide good drainage, apply-
ing a dusting of soot over the crocks to keep out
earth-worms. Good fibrous loam, manure from
an old Mushroom-bed, with a sprinkling of bone-
meal and of wood-ashes or lime-rubble, varying
in quantity according to the nature of the loam
used, will form a good compost. Pot very firmly
and do not disturb the roots during the operation
more than is actually necessary. As soon as the
plants have begun to make fresh growth, place
them on a good ash bottom on an exposed site
where the sun's rays will reach them. Bear in
mind that Strawberry plants should never be
allowed to want for water at the roots. Pinch
out the runners as they appear, and keep the soil
in the pots free from weeds.

Peach and Nectarine-trees growing in pots in an
orchard-house require very careful treatment.
During the latter stages of growth the fruits
swell rapidly, and rich stimulants should be
given until the fruits approach ripeness. Over-
cropping of weakly-growing trees should be par-
ticularly guarded against. Continue to pinch
out the laterals until the end of the present
month, and prevent any overcrowding of the
shoots by removing such as will not be required
for bearing fruits next year or for the proper
furnishing of the trees.

50

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 15, 1905.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Letters for Publication, 05 well as specimens and plants
for naming, should be addressed to the EDITOR,
41, Wellington 8treet, Covent Garden, London.

Communications should be written on one side only of
THE paper, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not bi
printed, but kept as a guarantee 0/ good faith.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUIN6 WEEK.

TUESDAY,

i Royal Horticultural Society's
Committees Meet, and Na-
tional Carnation and Picotee
Society's Show.
National Rose Society's Show at
Gloucester.

/"Northumberland and District
Flower Show at Newcastle
WEDNESDAY, July 19-] (3 days).

Wimbledon and District Flower
I Show.

THiTR<5r>AV 7nrv „n ( Horticultural Club (annual
THURSDAY, July 20 ^ outlng. visit to Wisley).

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick;
—63 r.
Actual Temperatures :—

London.— Wednesday, July 12 (6 P.M.): Max. 79';
Min. ti4°.
Gardeners' Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington Street.
Covent Garden, London.— Thursday, July 13
(10 A.M.): Bar.. 30.3; Temp., 72°. Weather—
Bright sunshine.
Provinces.— Wednesday, Juhi 12 (6 p.m.): Max. 74°,
Guildford ; Min. 67°, N.E. Scotland.

Favoured with brilliant

The Chelsea weather anil in an ldea,

Show of the situati0Di the ghow o{ the

Royal R0yai Horticultural Society

Horticultural ,. ■, „ ~, ,

_ • in the grounds of Chelsea

Society. TT . =

Hospital was in so far
•a great success. The site was all that
could be desired, with fine trees, shady
avenues, and ample space for tents and
visitors. Close by are the Ranelagh Gardens,
under the charge of an old Chiswick
man, and themselves good examples
of the landscape gardener's art, with their
picturesque undulations, the well - kept
sward, and the trees, many of which are of
great interest and beauty. The gardens,
tended by the Chelsea pensioners them-
selves, often decorated with the flag they
served so well, and filled with Carnations
and other flowers, together with succulent
Lettuces, are pathetic, and call for sympathy
and gratitude to the veterans who are
passing the evening of their lives in this
pleasant retreat. Very pleasant also was it
to hear Sir George White's crisp speech at
the luncheon given by the Council to the Com-
mittees. Sir George White— he of Lady-
smith— is now Governor of Chelsea Hospital,
and it was largely to him that the Society
was able to hold its show in so admirable a
site. An acknowledgment was therefore
•due to him, and his impromptu speech in
reply, though brief, was quite one of the best
we ever heard on a similar occasion, and
■served, had such been necessary, to deepen
the gratitude and respect felt for the
distinguished soldier.

As to the Show itself it was large,
and the space available was large also, so
that the crowding experienced at the Temple
was not felt here. As an exhibition it was
exceedingly pretty, and the quality of the
•exhibits good throughout, though, so far as
we saw, there was no very striking novelty or
plant of special interest. But the site and
the other circumstances we have mentioned
rendered the Show one of the most pleasant

and satisfactory within our recollection.
Occasion was taken, as we have already men-
tioned, by the President and Council to call
the Committees together at the luncheon and
to express, through the President, an acknow-
ledgment of the services so disinterestedly
rendered by the members. It is not often
that the Council and the Committees can
meet together, but such meetings are most
advantageous and agreeable, tending as
they do to facilitate the work of the Society,
and to promote goodwill and earnest co-
operation all round. We must not forget
the heavy labour thrown on the Secretary,
the Superintendent, and the members of the
staff on these occasions, nor can we fail to
acknowledge their courtesy and assistance
to the Press. For the details of the Show
we must refer our readers to another
column.

Some of the visitors to the Eoyal Horti-
cultural Society's show took the opportunity
to look in at the old Physic Gardens, which is
not more than five minutes' walk from the
site where the show took place. The altera-
tions which have been made in the Physic
Gardens during the short time that has
elapsed since its reorganisation are very
marked indeed. We have never seen the
Garden in such generally good condition as
it is now. Mr. Wm. Hales has not only
shown that he could remake the walks,
restore the verges to neatness and make and
keep the Garden tidy, but that he is also a
fiist-rate cultivator of plants.

There is now a very nice selection of
species in the houses, a selection that is
especially useful to students, and the species
are happily represented by well - grown
examples. There is no reason why a
collection of botanical plants should appear
" weedy," if the same pains be taken to grow
them well as are bestowed on the culture of
decorative plants in any good garden. In
the beds out-of-doors the same care is
evident, and the examples of this and that
"Order" are very much better than they
might be expected to be in such an un-
favourable situation. We will only mention
one instance of this, though there are many
that could be enumerated. Romneya Coul-
teri has grown to a bush of about five feet
high, and as much through. At the present
time this fine specimen is furnished freely
with flower-buds, that in the course of a
few days will afford quite a delightful show.

Brussels Botanic Garden.— Our Supple-
mentary Illustration shows a view in the Victoria-
house at the Brussels Botanic Garden. It tells
its own tale, but it also gives us an opportunity
of alluding to the changes that have been made
in the arrangement and disposition of the plants.
In times not far remote, a botanic garden, especi-
ally a continental one, was too often a miserable
spectacle. The cultivation of the plants was bad,
the houses ill-constructed, the means at the dis-
posal of the authorities wretchedly inadequate,
and the arrangement of the species, such as
it was, strictly according to the natural orders
to which the plants belonged. Nowadays, a
different plan is carried out. Classification is
not neglected, but in addition physiology,
variations and adaptations to circumstances
are illustrated by the living plants. At Brus-
sels, and to some extent at Zurich and at
Basle, it would almost seem as if the direc-
tors had taken Darwin's Animals and Plants
under Domestication, De Vries' lectures or
similar works, and had set to work to illustrate

them (so far as the plants are concerned), so that
the books in question form to a certain extent
a detailed catalogue of the contents of the
garden. Some pamphlets explanatory of the
arrangements made at Brussels may, from their
completeness, be taken as an index of the various
adaptations to circumstances manifested by
plants, of their manifold variations, their
response to stimuli, their hereditary charac-
teristics, and so forth. In the Cactus-house at
Brussels the plants are even so arranged that
they show the presumed relationship and deriva-
tion of each group. A genealogical tree is thus
constructed, the study of which cannot fail to
impart to the observer new ideas as to the mean-
ing of the conformation of the several plants, and
to enable the student to appreciate the significance
of much which before was meaningless. A
botanic garden so arranged is thus made the
means of conveying much more varied informa-
tion than was formerly the case.

Flowers in Season. — From Messrs. Bobert
Veitch & Son, of Exeter, we have received a
collection of interesting and attractive plants,
such as Coriaria terminalis with long spikes of
yellow berries (see Gardeners' Chronicle, October 24,
1903, p. 282), Lonicera Hildebrandtiana, the
remarkable Honeysuckle with very long yellow
flowers (see Gardeners' Chronicle, September 17,
1898, p. 219).

Spircea Aruncus Kneifii. — A variety with the
elegant spray-like inflorescence of the common
form, with remarkably deeply laciniate foliage.

Ceanothus "Indigo." — A form whose name is
indicative of its colouration.

Dianthus Emile Pari is one of the mule pinks,
of free-flowering habit, and small flesh-coloured
double flowers.

Genista wtnensis. — A leafless or nearly leafless
species, with numerous slender, cylindrical, green
branches (virgate), bearing dense masses of
yellow, pea-shaped flowers.

Mr. E. Lindsay, of Murrayfield, Mid-
lothian, sends us a specimen of a shrubby Senecio,
S. Buchanani, from New Zealand. It has ovate,
leathery, rugose leaves covered with rust-coloured
down on the under surface. The flower-heads are
numerous in terminal panicles, without any ray-
florets. Mr. Lindsay tells us it forms a compact
bush about 2 feet in height.

"Botanical Magazine." — In the June
number coloured figures and descriptions are
given of the following plants : —

Cacalia tuherosa, Nuttall, t. 8022. — An extra-
ordinary plant with great, broad, many-ribbed,
succulent leaves like those of a Funkia, but with
a loosely -branched corymbose cyme bearing what
look like the fruits of some Umbellifer, but
which examination shows to be Composite flower-
heads. It is a native of North-east America, but
the specimen figured was communicated by Mr.
W. E. Gumbleton.

Pemeltya mucronata, Gaudichaud, t. 8023. — A
plate showing varieties with differently coloured
berries. The rarity of colour-variation in fruits,
at least so far as decorative purposes are
concerned, is commented on.

Coleus shirensis, Giirke, t. 8021. — A species from
British Central Africa closely allied to C. thyr-
soideus, but differing in the foliage. It flowered
at Kew during the winter and early spring.

Colchicum Steveni, Kunth., t. 8025. — A Levantine
species which produces its small lilac-coloured
flowers simultaneously with the leaves. The
flowers are destitute of the checkered markings so
conspicuous in other species.

Listrostacliys Slonteirae, Echb. f., t. 8026. — An
Orchid from West Tropical Africa with the habit
of an Angra-cum, bearing long, pendulous racemes
of buff-coloured, long-tailed flowers from the
axils of broad, oblong, retuse leaves. Kew.

JrtJLT 15, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

51

The Victoria Nectarine. — This is a
"variety whose fruits are of rich flavour, of
rather more than moderate size, and which are
generally more or less green in appearance. It
is essentially a Nectarine that requires to be
grown under good conditions in a glass-house.
We have recently received half-a-dozen fruits
from Mr. W. Honess, Cobham Park Gardens,
Cobham, that were so highly coloured that they
might easily have been mistaken for another
variety. It is only in favourable southern
districts that Victoria can be grown so well, but
when this has been done the variety is superb.

Damage by Thunderstorm.— Much damage
was caused to garden crops in Middlesex, Surrey,
and Essex on Sunday, July 9, when a violent
thunderstorm, accompanied by a deluge of rain,
visited London and the neighbourhood. Our
•correspondent, Mr. Maekham, Wrotham Park
Gardens, Herts, states that the rain-gauge there
measured 3 inches of rain during the day, and
that the fruit and vegetable crops were almost
decimated by the large hailstones that fell.
Mr. Stephen Castle writes, stating that in Mr.
J. Sweet's market nursery at Whetstone the
damage to glass in the vineries and plant-houses
was very great, but it is practically covered by
insurance. Far greater damage was, however,
done to the 100,000 plants in the standing beds out-
side. Ericas were badly cut, and damage is feared
also from the fact that the pots were flooded.
Marguerites were entirely ruined. Hydrangeas
were riddled, and rendered almost leafless.

WAKE up, Oxford [—According to a state-
ment published in the current number of Nature,
no less than a sum of .£564,000 as capital and an
annual income of .£93,000 is required in order to
bring the University up to its proper level as a
means of advancing learning in various branches,
-not omitting the classical and modern lan-
guages, mathematics and theology, but including
also many subjects now imperfectly provided
for. We have slipped so far behind American
rand German, and to some extent even Japanese
•educational establishments and methods that
the sums above mentioned, though apparently
large, are doubtless no more than adequate.
In the same journal we read that Mr. Rocke-
feller has presented to the General Educational
Board, for the extension of higher education in
"the United States, the sum of .£2,000,000, as
well as a gift of .£200,000 to Yale University.
After that the half-million asked for Oxford seems
paltry.

Water-Carnival in Ghent.— On the occa-
sion of the seventy-fifth Anniversary of Belgian
■Independence, the Communal Administration
of Ghent organised a most successful water-party.
This took the form of a procession of boats,
■some fifty-three in all, prettily and artistically
decorated with flowers and other ornamental
Accessories. Knowing well the natural advantages
•of the town for such a water carnival and the
excellent taste of our Belgian friends, we can well
understand that the scene was very beautiful.
Enormous quantities of flowers were employed ;
we read, for instance, of more than one thousand
blue-flowered Hydrangeas being seen in one
rarrangement, charmingly blended with pink
varieties of the same plant. The whole affair
reflected much credit on both organisers and
participators.

Over-Sea Supplies: June.— The Trade and
^Navigation Returns for the past month continue
to bear an inspiriting aspect, both imports and
•exports exhibiting an increase as compared with
June, 1904 — the latter being very marked. The
Imports reached .£43,557,407, as compared with
£42,196,784 for the same period last year. The
Exports are recorded at .£25,985,397, as compared
with .£24,069,770 for June last— an increase of

£1,915,627. Appended is our usual list of fruit
and vegetable imports: —

Imports— June.

1904.

1905.

Difference.

Fruits, raw —

£

£

£

Apples

113,679

53,177

—60,502

Apricots and Peaches

4,619

6,911

+2,302

Cherries

170,623

146,723

—23,900

Gooseberries

13,402

7,183

—6,219

Pears

974

98

—876

Plums

1,353

219

—1,131

Strawberries

39,360

28,326

—11,034

Vegetables. raw-

Onions bush.

46,689

50,251

+6,562

Potatos cwt.

681,083

644,232

—36,851

Tomatos ... „

135,927

126,869

-9,058

Gross total, includiDg'l
varieties of fruits 1
and vegetables not >
enumerated in this
Table J

1,698,334

1,481,781

—213,553

Compared with the above totals, those for June,
1885, only twenty years since, are of interest to
all: Apples, 389 bushels ; miscellaneous (the only
other record), 191,009 bushels; total value.
.£170,807. The reader is doubtless aware that
there has long existed in Rotterdam an Onion
and Potato Exchange, doing business during part
of the year. Fruit and vegetables generally are
now to be added to the business, and the Exchange
will be open all the year round. Imports of cut
flowers for the past month were valued at
£13,115, as against £12,475 for June, 1904— a
gain of £640.

Medal for Strawberries. — We omitted
to state on p. 34 that Messrs. Geo. Bdntard &
Co., Maidstone, were awarded a Silver Knightian
Medal for the collection of sixteen varieties of
Strawberries exhibited at the Royal Horticultural
show on the 4th inst.

"The Book of the Scented Garden."—
By F. W. BuRBinoE. (John Lane, The Bodley
Head, London and New York.) This book is
an expansion of a paper on " Fragrant Leaves
v. Sweet-scented Flowers," read before the Royal
Horticultural Society in 1898. It makes pleasant
reading, for it includes legends and poetical
quotations as well as more serious discourse con-
cerning the sense of smell and its use or neglect.
The essential oils and their uses are mentioned,
and ^so are chemical perfumes. There is no
attempt to compile an absolutely complete refer-
ence work upon vegetable perfumes. At the
same time, most of those best known are mentioned.
A chapter on the scent of fruits would have proved
interesting. Mr.BuRBiDGE claimsthatfloral odours
are evanescent and leaf-odours permanent, or, as
he expresses it : " Flower perfumes are positive,
being mostly given off whether we like it or not ;
and some people are eo extremely sensitive to
perfumes that those of Hyacinths, Narcissus,
some Lilies (especially L. auratum), and even
Roses, prove disagreeable, and at times actually
injurious. To those who suffer from strong floral
perfumes I can strongly recommend the more
negative qualities of fragrant leaves." A list of
books relating to the subject, from Exodus to
Bdlwer Lytton and Mrs. Ewing, is given, as
well as an alphabetical list of plants yielding
perfumes, and a general index. We should
have liked to see some further allusion to
the purpose and significance of these varied
perfumes. Some mention might also have been
made of the atrocious odours of some Arums,
Stapelias, Phallus impudicus, &c, because, how-
ever objectionable to us, they are evidently
appreciated by other members of the cosmos, and
have their place in the vast system of the
universe. Altogether this is a welcome addition
to the Handbooks of Practical Gardening — a
series to which we have frequently before had
occasion to refer favourably.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editor docs not hold himself responsible for the
opinions expressed by his Correspondents.)

THE NATIONAL SWEET PEA SOCIETY.— My
primary object in writing this letter is to appeal
to schedule-framers and committees of societies to
request that in framing their schedules and regu-
lations to exhibitors they will adopt clear and
unmistakable terms, and will refrain from impos-
ing conditions that exhibitors cannot comply with
accurately unless they possess the precision of
an automatic machine. In Class 1 for nineteen
bunches of Sweet Peas, in which was offered the
Sutton Challenge Cup, a Gold Medal and £3 in
cash as the 1st prize, some half-dozen (I believe
the correct number was eight) of the collec-
tions were disqualified owing to the inclu-
sion of one or two flowers too many through-
out the whole collection of nineteen varie-
ties. Amongst these unfortunate exhibitors
were several members who have supported the
Society from its start, and have become annual
exhibitors, and the collections were brought and
staged, after being grown specially for the class,
from a distance of over 300, 200, and 100 miles
respectively. Is it fair to these exhibitors, who
did their best to comply with the conditions of
the competition, that it should be possible for
them to be disqualified simply because in a
collection of Sweet Peas, in which they were
required to set up 380 flower - stems, they
happened to have 381 or 379 ? Strangely
enough the judges passed over those exhibits
which contained fewer than the required number,
and awarded prizes to two of these collections,
some of the vases containing only fifteen and
eighteen flowers. Now the schedule reads thus : —

"Class I. Special Audit Class.— Nineteen bunches
<>f Sweet Peas." (The varieties to be shown are
specified.) At the top of this page of the schedule is a
head-note— "In Classes 1 to 35 inclusive twenty sprays
shall form a bunch, more than this will disqualify."

Now I maintain that fifteen or eighteen sprays
do not constitute a bunch according to the terms
of the schedule, therefore those exhibits which
contained fewer than twenty sprays in a vase
were equally " not according to schedule." I do
not pretend to say that the judges were wrong in
disqualifying those exhibits in which they found
in one or two vases twenty-one flowers ; but I do
complain of the stipulation that makes such an
error difficult to avoid. I will also show that
the judges in their endeavours to follow the
stipulations of the schedule on this one point,
passed over far graver grounds for disqualifica-
tion which were found to exist in two of the
collections to which they awarded prizes. As
there were but three of the collections in this
class which the judges had not disqualified,
several of the unfortunate exhibitors asked to be
allowed to scrutinise these more fortunate exhibits.
Permission to do this was granted by the Secre-
tary and Chairman of the Committee, and
in the presence of a member of the Committee
and an outsider appointed by the Secretary,
a thorough investigation of these exhibits was
made, with the result that in the collection which
had been awarded the 1st prize was found a vase
containing twenty-one flowers ; in that which was
awarded the 2nd prize was a vase containing two
varieties, viz., Lovely and Jeanie Gordon ; while
the vase which was supposed to represent
Jeanie Gordon contained a variety that was
not allowed in the competition at all. The re-
maining collection (awarded the 3rd prize), which
averaged sixteen or seventeen flowers in a vase,
also included a vase containing two varieties.
These facts were proved conclusively, and
admitted both by the Secretary and the Chairman
of Committee. In my opinion, after this had
been proved, one of two alternatives should have
been adopted. Either the whole of the exhibits
should have been disqualified and the competition
have been rendered void, or the collections should
have been judged on their merits by independent
judges. For my own part I can easily under-
stand how such a mistake might be made (twenty-
one flowers were found in two of my vases). I
have always made a practice when staging
flowers at the National Sweet Pea Society's
show to count out twenty of the best flowers

52

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 15, 1905.

from a variety, and then proceed to arrange a
vase. Placing them in one by one, I possibly
come across a flower that is not quite up to
colour, or which has some other defect. It is
put aside and another flower is substituted to
make up the exact number. Perhaps one's
attention is diverted for the moment by some
inquirer, or by some unavoidable jostling
of passers - by in the busy room, and two
flowers have been added instead of one, or the
offending flower has not been abstracted. Such
a mistake is almost excusable when one has to
put up say some sixty or seventy bunches in a
given time, and the exhibitor wishes to stage
them to the best advantage. If a slight margin
were allowed a poor flower might be discarded
without having to include another. It is very
disappointing when exhibitors have spent some
hours in staging their flowers to the best of their
ability to see them so grievously disarranged as they
were at this show in order to ascertain whether
there was one flower [spray] too many in a vase.
I am convinced that had the whole of the classes
throughout the show been scrutinised in the same
way the majority of the exhibits would have been
found to contain similar mistakes. In class 2,
for nineteen varieties also, the same judges acted,
and two of these collections were disqualified for
the same reason, but that which was awarded the
1st prize held a vase containing eleven flowers
only. Should not that have been disqualified
when " twenty flowers [sprays] shall form a
bunch " ? F. J. Clarlc, TVistow Gardens, Leicester.

■ It is doubtful if there was ever such a

scene in an exhibition-room as that which occurred
in the Hall in Vincent Square on the occasion
of this annual exhibition. Those who were not
present, but have since read the reports, will
know that ten of the twelve competitors in
Class 1, for nineteen bunches, were disqualified,
nine of them for having more sprays than
the stipulated number (twenty) in a bunch.
In addition to the six cash prizes in this
class, the Sutton Silver Challenge Cup and
a Gold Medal were offered to the winner,
which handsome prizes render the disap-
pointment all the greater to the exhibitor who
had the best exhibit, but who through an inad-
vertence was ruled out of competition. As
one of the judges who has enjoyed the honour
of acting in that capacity in the two leading
classes since the inception of the Society, I must
say that it was the most disagreeable task that
has ever fallen to my lot. If any of the exhibi-
tors felt more miserable than I did I pity them !
When I and my colleagues (Mr. C. Foster,
Beading, and Mr. Burpee, New York) received
our instructions as to the classes, we were en-
trusted with, we were told to be very particular
as to the number of "sprays" contained in each
bunch. In closely scanning the first exhibit we
quickly found more than the orthodox number.
I reported the matter to the Secretary, who was
emphatic in his adherence to the rule — or special
clause. In a short time we found many had
committed the same error. I once more consulted
him, pointing out what must eventually happen,
that the whole class would be spoilt and broken
up, giving much annoyance and possibly
damaging the otherwise splendid display. Like a
true soldier, Mr. H. Wright said, " You must carry
out the regulation at any cost." We then made
what I call a wholesale disqualification. The
exhibitors as a body took the disappointment
very well, and I think were satisfied with the ex-
planation we gave them afterwards. Now the
next point to consider is, what is likely to be the
result of such wholesale disqualification, and
what is the remedy ? In the first place nothing
but harm must follow to the Society. Although
exhibitors know they were to blame, they will be
chary again of going to such trouble and cost,
to find all their labour lost by the inadvertence
of including just one more spray than the
regulation number. Now, in my opinion, the
remedy is a simple one. Stipulate for so
many bunches to be staged in the Society's
vases which are of a uniform size and
cannot hold more than a reasonable number with
credit, allowing exhibitors to place whatever
number they choose, in the same way that
garden Roses are now exhibited. The judges
would then have a more pleasant task, as they

would then consider quality of bloom, and would
know how to deal with over-crowding. As long as
the vases were of a uniform size, all competitors
would be placed on an equality. The adjudication
would then simply hinge upon correct nomen-
clature, quality of bloom, and taste in arrange-
ment. If the Executive Committee think well to
adopt a suggestion of this character, I believe they
would act wisely in the interest of exhibitors and
the Society. K. Molyneux.

" CROCUS ROTULORUM."— A writer in a
Dunstable newspaper comments on this rare plant.
The name occurs on a tablet a hundred years old
in Millbrook church, Beds, erected to the memory
of one Thomas Allen, a groom, by John, Earl of
Upper Ossory, Ampthill. The Earl himself
caused the memorial to be erected, and he gives
his own title as " Lord Lieutenant and Crocus
Rotulorum." The manner of the groom's death
is also mentioned, as well as the very great age of
a horse and its burial in Millbrook churchyard,
for the inscription states that the groom died " in
consequence of a blow from a horse" (whether
from the mouth or not is not stated) "his Lord
had just dismounted him, aged 81 and is buried
in this churchyard, 1805." Custos Em.

LARGE STRAWBERRIES.— This season I have
grown two continental varieties of Strawberry,
which I imported from France. They are Gloire
du Maris and Avant-Garde. The first, to my
thinking, is by far the finest both in colour
and size that I have ever seen. The bed where
they are planted is small, yet nevertheless from
a morning's gathering one weighed over 2 ounces,
two turned the scale at 2 ounces, and several
were 1 \ ounce, and of a somewhat conical shape,
while the general growth was large. The colour
is a bright orange-vermilion, even, and extremely
beautiful. When fully ripe the flavour is
delicate and sweet. The seeds are a buff-yellow,
and slightly imbedded. The inflorescence is
large and plentiful, and the plant growth is
healthy and strong. It is early and may be said
to be prolific. It is the best fruit of the kind
that I have hitherto had. Avant-Garde is small
in berry ; its flowers are pink, which is a
new colour. It is not worth growing, the fruit
being anything but pleasant to the palate. I
still find the piquant Sir Charles Napier not only
pleasing to the eye, but with crushed white cane
sugar and cream it is delicious for the dessert.
Waterloo is as usual excellent, but not very
prolific. Harrison Weir, Poplar Hall, Appledore,
Kent, July 9.

CALODENDRON CAPEN8E.— It may interest
readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle to know that
my specimen in Italy of this beautiful tree has
been covered for weeks with a profusion of beau-
tiful flowers, resembling those of the Horse-
Chestnut. It was planted at La Mortola about
thirty-five years since, and has attained a height
of 30 feet. T. Hanbury. [This species was figured
in our issue for May 13, 1905, p. 292, and Supple-
mentary Illustration. Ed.]

REFRESHMENTS AT THE ROSE SHOW.— The
" tea under the shade of the trees " at the late
Rose Show at the Regent's Park was for the few
only, both accommodation and attendance being
quite inadequate for the needs of the visitors.
Those who ventured to wait upon themselves and
carry away chairs and ices to some little distance
from the refreshment-room were unfortunate in
finding the ices uneatably salt and otherwise un-
desirable. The scarcity of waitresses, of tables
and of chairs, and of tempting refreshments, was
the subject of much comment. [Many similar
complaints have reached us with reference to the
refreshments at the Temple, and even at Chelsea,
and as these complaints are repeated annually it
would be well if the organisers of these shows
would make some effort to improve matters. Ed.]

ASTER SUB-CCERULEUS.— With reference to
your illustration of Aster sub-coeruleus in a
recent issue, we should like to say that we
showed this plant in fine condition before the
Royal Botanic Society on June 7 last, when it
received a First-class Certificate. H. Wallace <% Co.,
Colchester.

KEW NOTES.

The NtsiphjEA-house. — This is always a~ great
attraction to the numerous visitors throughout
the summer months, and the many curious and
beautiful plants grown therein are a source of
much wonder, more especially so the curiously
shaped Gourds, there being many enquiries as to
their utility for culinary purposes.

Although the house was quite empty and in the
hands of the painters until the middle of March,
it is now well furnished with a great variety of
plants, some of the climbers having made 30 to
50 feet of growth, and the numerous aquatic
plants have been in their full beauty for some
time. Nelumbium speciosum is now a mass of
foliage, with a good crop of flowers developing ;
some of the leaf-stalks are 7 feet in height, sur-
mounted with large handsome peltate blades.
Other tall-growing aquatics are jEscbynomene
indica, with pithy stems 10 feet in height ;
Hydrolea spinosa, with tall spiny stems and
masses of small bright blue flowers. Thalia
Schumanniana is a new Maranta-like plant which
promises to make a fine specimen. Lasia
heterophylla is an interesting Aroid, with a
slender red-black spathe, which succeeds well
under aquatic conditions. Amongst the smaller
plants in the tanks, Hydrocleis Commer-
soni is very beautiful with its floating leaves
and large bright yellow (Enothera-like flowers ;
and also Heteranthera reniformis, with small .
white stellate flowers. Amongst the other aquatics
grown are Pistia stratiotes, Cabomba caro-
liniana, Neptunia oleracea, Vallisneria (male and-
female), and Limnobium bogotensis.

The Nympha'a-tank is in very good condition
just now, the flatness of the Nymphreas being
relieved by Sagittarias, Pontederias, the giant
Papyrus, and also by the large pans of Hedy-
chiums grown near the edge, many of which
make growths S feet in height. H. spicatum, H.
elatum, and H. coronarium are amongst the
kinds that are grown. Nymphaja gigantea
occupies the centre of the water, its large blue
flowers being the finest of all blue Nymphosas.
Other species, hybrids, and varieties now
flowering are N. Omarana, N. Deaniana, N. pul-
cherrima, N. Rudgeana, N. flava, N. Lotus, N. L.
rubra, N. L. dentata, N. L. devoniensis, N. L.
thermalis, N. stellata, N. s. ccerulea, N. s. coerulea
" Berlin variety," N. s. zanzibarensis, and also
N. s. zanzibarensis var. rosea. The plants growing
in the border round the house are too numerous
to mention ; the most conspicuous are probably
the groups of bright-coloured Acalyphas. Others
worth special notice are Dyschoriste Hilde-
braudtii, Eranthemum tuberculatum, E. varie-
gatum, Oxalis Ortgiesii, Sanchezia nobilis, and-
AstrochUena ugandensis, which is a new species
from Uganda.

Perhaps the most striking of the Cucurbits are
Lagenaria enormia, the Bottle-Gourd ; Tricho-
santhes anguina, the Snake-Gourd ; Luffa tegyp-
tica, and Benincasa eerifera, which has a large
fruit the shape of a Vegetable-Marrow, with a
white, mealy surface covered with stiff hairs ;
Dioscorea prehensilis is a rapid climber with a
.■urtain of growth 50 feet in length. The root-
stock is the most extraordinary part of the
plant ; it has large tubers at the base enclosed in
a network of strong roots, which are covered with
very stiff spines, apparently Nature's protection
of the tubers from burrowing animals. Solanum
pensile is one of the most showy amongst the
climbers with its large, pendent panicles of dark
blue flowers. S. Wendlandi and S. Seaforthi-
anum are also grown on the roof, Vitis ptero-
phora is a very beautiful species with stems
10 feet in length and red, aerial roots growing
down to the ground. In the porch may be seen a
border of the fine Impatiens Holstii [figured in
our issue for July 1], bushy plants 1J foot in
diameter, and flowering very freely. It should'
become one of the most popular of greenhouse-
plants when more widely known. W, H.

Jtoy IB, 1905. J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

53

SOCIETIES.

THE EOYAL HORTICULTURAL.

SUMMER SHOW AT CHELSEA.

July 11, 12, 13. — The second summer Exhibition of the
Royal Horticultural Society has this season been held
in the grounds attached to the Royal Military Hospital,
Chelsea. Until three years ago, exclusive of the
ordinary fortnightly meetings, the Society held
but one great show in the Temple Gardens, but
since that time, from the courtesy of the owner,
there have also been displays in Lord Ilchester's
park at Holland House, Kensington. Suitable and
delightful as Holland Park is for the holding of such a
show, it has been evident during the present week that
the Chelsea Hospital grounds are equally so. It was a
pleasant revelation to many of the visitors to learn
that there are so many acres of grass, large trees, and
shrubs in the heart of Chelsea as are contained in
these grounds and in the adjoining Ranelagh Gardens.

In order to give an idea of the extent of the exhibi-
tion, we may say that, according to Mr. Wright, who
had the management of the show, the area covered by
the five tents was 2,400 square feet more than is avail-
able for the purpose in the Temple Gardens. The
exhibition at Chelsea was a decided success, apart
from financial considerations, of which we know
nothing, although it can hardly lie said that there were
any novelties of outstanding importance.

The ORCHID Committee recommended Awards.
including two First-class Certificates and two Awards
of Merit, and the Floral Committee seven Awards of
Merit.

At the luncheon offered to the Committees and
Judges speeches were made by Sir Trevor Lawrence
(who said the Society had now '.1,200 Fellows), Sir
•George White, Mr. T. Challis and Mr. George Paul.

We are indebted to the Secretaries, also to Mr.
Frank Reader and the rest of the Society's officials, for
-the courtesy shown us on this and similar occasions.

Orchid Committee.

Present: Norman C. Cookson, Esq., in the Chair;
and Messrs. Jas. O'Brien (Hon. Secretary), De B.
Crawshay, J. Gurney Fowler, F. Sander, J. Colman,
H. J. Chapman, H. T. Pitt, W. Cobb, I. W. Ashton,
W. H. Young, W. H. White, A. A. McBean, H. A.
Tracy, G. F. Moore, W. Bo\all, W. Thompson, R. G.
Thwaites, H. Little, T. W. Bond, R. Brooman-White,
W. Bolton, and H. J. Veitch.

' The Orchids occupied one side of the central staging
in the large tent.

Jeremiah Colman, Esq., Gatton Park, Reigate (gr.,
Mr. W. P. Bound), staged the first group, a very fine
display, and excellently well arranged. From the
back the long twining spikes of large yellow flowers
of Oncidium inacranthum were arching forward
among sprays of Asparagus scandens, some hundred feet
of this graceful festooning being used. In the middle
was a neat and attractive arrangement of white
•Cypripedium niveum, together with bright tufts of
British Orchids, a novel feature. Among them were
■Orchis pyramidalis, O. maculata and Ophrys apifera.
Behind them and beneath the sprays of Oncidiums,
was a good selection of Pitcher plants, including
■Nepenthes Mastersiana x , N. Curtisii, N. Hookeriana x ,
&c. At one end was a good selection of Odontoglossums,
the best being O. crispum Mary Coleman, a fine white
flower with a large purple blotch on each seg-
ment. Others noted were O. x Wilckeanum
Rothschildianum, good Epidendrurn prismatocarpum,
rhahenopsis Riinestadtiaua. Miltonia vexillaria alba,
bright Masdevallias, Ladio-Cattleya X Canhamiana
alba, L.-C. x Wilsoni, L.-C. x Sunrise, Cattleya
Mendeli, C. Warscewiczii, Miltonia Warscewiczii,
Dendrobium X Cassiope, Bulbophyllum barbigerum,
&c. At each end were arrangements of the orange-
scarlet-coloured Epidendrurn x Boundii, which is almost
perpetual-flowering.

Messrs. Charlesworth & Co., Heaton, Bradford,
had a very fine group of considerable variety, but
chiefly hybrids. Two of the finest were a grand dark-
coloured form of Ladio-Cattleya x Dominiana and an
equally fine Cattleya F. W. Wigan. The centre of
the group was made up of a fine selection of Lalio-
Cattleya x Aphrodite, L.-C. x callistoglossa, L.-C. x
Canhamiana and other L;elio - Cattleyas. Cattleya
Mossias Reineckiana and C. M. variabilis were

very fine ; C. Eldorado alba and other Cat-
tleyas good and well bloomed. The best of
the Cypripediums was C. X Daisy Barclay
(Godefroyas leucocheilum x Rothschildianum), a fine
white flower with claret-purple lines. Other good
things were Brasso-Cattleya x Helen, Phalasuopsis
violacea, Odontoglossum X Othello, O. x Rolfere, and
other hybrid Odontoglossums ; Ornithocephalusgrandi-
florus, Oncidium macranthum, Brassia Gireoudiana,
Zygo'ietalum xanthinum, Ladio-Cattleva x Lucilla
var. dulcis, a pretty yellow flower ; and a very remark-
able generic hybrid named Schom-Cattleya X spiralis
(Schomburgkia tibicinis x C. Mossi.e). The growths
much resembled a stout Ladio-Cattleya x Schilleriana,
with two to three ovate, hard leaves at the top. In-
florescence produced like that of Schomburgkia, with
a cluster of flowers at the top of a stem
IS inches long. Sepals and petals narrow, twisted,
rose-coloured. Lip three-lobed, the side-lobes folded
over the column, middle lobe ovate, rolled back on the
basal part. Base of lip white, front rose-purple.

Messrs. Sander & Sons, St. Albans, had a very fine
group, in which their superb strain of Lielio- Cattle v a
x Martinetii formed the salient feature. A great many
varieties were staged, some with rose-coloured sepals and
petals and purple labellums, after the manner of the
original form, but the greater part having bronzy -
3"ellow and reddish-rose sepals and petals and purple
labellums veined with claret colour. Some of the
best were L.-C. x Martinetii Flambeau, of the
orange-tinted class, and for which a First-class Cer-
tificate was awarded to Messrs. Sander, June 25, 1902,
L.-C. x Martinetii tesellatum had chrome-yellow
sepals and petals, and purple lip edged with lilac, and
resembled the L.-C. x ochracea, for which an Award
of Merit had been given previously to Messrs. Sandku.
L.-C. X Martinetii splendens was the largest of the
bronze-tinted section. Among the forms of L.-C. X
Canhamiana, L.-C. x C. Vulcan was a very large
mauve-coloured Mower with intensely dark purple lip.
Cattleya Warscewiczii "Our Queen" and C. Mosm
Reineckiana (see Awards) were distinct varieties ;
C. M. Reineckiana vestalis, a pretty white variety with
a violet tint on its white-edged labellum : and Miltonia
vexillaiia Empress Augusta, M. x Bleuana ; a noble
plant of Vanda coerulea, with three spikes ; Cattleya
Warscewiczii Sander:e, a richly coloured form of C. W.
saturata, and without the light colour seen on the lip
of other forms ; and other good Orchids were included,
the whole being well arranged with Maidenhair Ferns.
Sir Frederick Wiuan, Bart., Clare Lawn, East
Sheen (gr., Mr. W. H. Young), followed with a neat
group of good things, among which were the very
beautiful Zygopetalum x Roeblingianum, now grown
into a very fine specimen ; two examples of Phahenopsis
violacea Schroderiana, with flowers almost entirely of
a rich carmine-rose, and seemingly very distinct from
the typical P. violacea : Miltonia vexillaria rubella,
M. v. superba, Cypripedium superbiens, C. Curtisii,
C. callosum Sandene, C. x Gowerianum magnificum,
C. concolor Sandene, C. x Cymatodes, and other
Cypripediums ; Ladio-Cattleya x Hippolyta langley-
ensis, L.-C. xH. Plnebe, fine Cattleya Mendeli, Sophro-
Cattleya x Chamberlainiana, various Oncidiums, &c.

Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Enfield, completed the
side by arranging at the end a very effective group in
which were excellent forms of Cattleya Mossise, C.
Gaskelliana, and C. Mendeli, one fine specimen of C.
Mendeli bearing twenty -one flowers ; C. bicolor Grossi,
C. Leopoldi, and other Cattleyas. At one end was a
selection of the orange-coloured Epidendrurn vitrlli-
num, in the middle several good specimens of the
fringed-lipped Brassavola Digbyana, and at the other
end a selection of pretty Masdevallias, including M.
muscosa, M. Schroderiana, M. ochthodes ; also
Calanthe veratrifolia, Bulbophyllum Dearei, Epiden-
drurn prismatocarpum, Lycaste tricolor, the fine
Cypripedium x I'Ansoni with three flowers, C. Stonei.
C. niveum, Oncidium carthaginense, Phalsenopsis
Sanderiana, Lielio-Cattleya x C. G. Roebling and
other showy kinds.

Awards,

First-class Certificate.
Cattleya Mossice <t/l«i Tracy's variety, from Norman
C. Cookson, Esq., Oakwood, Wylam, Northumberland
(gr. Air. H. J. Chapman). — A very finely-formed pure
white flower with chrome-3'ellow disc to the lip. The
plant was given an Award of Merit, June 28, last year,
ami a discussion then took place as to its being a form
of C. Gaskelliana. The "question arose again, but a
large majority of the Committee supported the con-
tinuation of the name originally given. It is one of

the finest of white Cattleyas, and much freer-
growing than C. Mossi* usually is.

Cattleya Mossia Beineokiana excelsa, from Messrs.
Sander & Sons, St. Albans. — Flowers large and
finely shaped, the petals being broad, and both sepals
and petals pure white. The front lobe of the lip was
beautifully marked with ruby-crimson with a clear
violet shade over the surface, the crimped margin
white. A very handsome flower.

Awards of Merit.

Cattle;/' Warscewiczii "Oar <>v<<»," from Messrs.
Sander & Sons. St. Albans. — A " white gigas'' of the
Same class as that figured in IAncU wia, vol. x., as
C. Leopold II., though the plant was not vigorous
enough to show at its best. Sepals and petals pure
white ; lip purplish-rose with the usual light patches,
one each side at the opening of the tube.

Bulhophyllum Lohbii colossum, from Walter Cobb,
Esq. — A very large form of the fine old species. It
was first shown by F. W. Moore, Esq., Curator of the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin, July 23,
1895, and now again by Mr. Cobb in an enormous
specimen with some fort}' flowers, the noble plant also
securing a Cultural Commendation. Scape one-
flowered. Flowers over 4 inches across, buff-yellow,
faintly marked with purple. Lip hinged. Dr. Lindley
mentions the original form as Bulbophyllum Lobbii in
the Gardeners' Chronicle, 1847, p. -123. " How fine a
plant of its kind this is may be surmised by its having
been taken for a Ccelogyne." Native of Java.

Floral Committee.

Present . W. Marshall, Esq., Chairman ; and Messrs.
('. R. Fielder, W. Bain, G. Reuthe, R. C. Notcutt,
W. P. Thomson, H. J. Cutbush, J. W. Barr, C. J.
Salter, Jno. Green, Jno. Jennings, H. B. May, Chas.
Dixon, M. J. James, Jas. Walker, Chas. Jeffries; Geo.
Paul, R. Hooper Pearson, W. G. Baker, J. F. McLeod,
and Arthur Chapman.

ROSES.
Messrs. Pail & SON, the Old Nurseries, Cheshunt,
contributed a pleasing display to the Rose section,
having a well-ananged group in one of the corners of
the large tent. The whole of the flowers were cut
specimens, some in vases, others in epergnes, while
tall sprays of the pillar varieties were accommodated in
pails of water. The new H.T. The Dandy was
included ; there were also such grand varieties as A. K.
Williams, Ulrich Brunner, Mrs. W. J. Grant, Duke of
Edinburgh, General Jacqueminot, Cherry Ripe, Papa
Gontier, &c, forming altogether an admirable display.

Messrs. Wm. Paul & Son, Waltham Cross, Herts,
staged a beautiful collection of Roses, all cut flowers.
There were baskets of such handsome varieties as Le
Progres, of apricot-yellow colour ; Celia, a pleasing
rose-pink shade, and of very free-flowering habit ;
Earl ot Warwick, H.T. Frince de Bulgarie, Countess
Cairns (new), Louis van Houtte, one of the best dark-
coloured Roses ; A. K. Williams, of most perfect
form ; Frau Karl Druschki, &c. The whole was
arranged with great skill and taste.

Messrs. Hobbies, Ltd., had a nice lot of cut Carna-
tions, arranged in vases ; also a very showy exhibit of
cut Roses, in a number of varieties. A new bedding
( 'ulcus exhibited by this firm, and named Ruby Gem,
lias long, narrow, fimbriated leaves of purple colour
with a little red colour in the centre.

Messrs. GEO. Jackman & Son, Woking Nursery,
Surrey, made a magnificent display with cut Roses,
showing single blooms of exhibition varieties, and
gorgeous bunches of decorative sorts.

Messrs. WOOD & SON, Woking, and Tongham,
Surrey, showed flowers of a Rose named Mrs. Neate, a
pink-coloured H.T. that may prove to be of merit.

Mr. G. H. F. Nye, Grosvenor Floral Depot, 39,
Chapel Street, Belgrave Square, exhibited bunches of
Roses. Liliums, Sweet Peas, &c, designated as flowers
for table and decorative purposes.

Messrs. W. Cutbush & SONS, Barnet Nurseries, and
Highgate, London, N., exhibited a grand lot of cut
specimens of the new pink-flowered Rambler Rose,
named Mrs. F. W. Flight, a variety that has been
already eulogised in these columns.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS.
Messrs. Wm. Bull & Sons, King's Road, Chelsea,
contributed a collection of ornamental stove and
greenhouse foliage plants. Several good specimens of
Dracsena Victoria were prominent, alternating with
plants of Pandanus Veitchii. Plenty of colour was
furnished by such subjects as Dracaenas, Caladiums,

54

THE GA R DENER S' CUR ON I CLE.

[July 15, 1905.

Codiseums (Crotons), Phyllanthus nirosus, &c Nidu-
larium Innocenti striatum was staged^well. Palisota
Barteri was shown in fruit, the bunch of red capsules
being conspicuous. Tillandsia Zahnii was in flower.
Tree-Ferns found a place in the collection at the
background.

Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Bush Hill Park Nurseries,
Enfield, exhibited a collection of highly - coloured
Codiaeums, representing selected varieties, also plants
of Medeola asparagoides var. myrtifolia[; a group of
well-flowered Bouvardias, and plants and flowers of
Tree and Souvenir de la Malmaison Carnations.

Messrs. John Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, London,
N., put up a batch of Caladiums. The plants were
very finely coloured, although perhaps not so large as
they are shown at the Temple Flower Show. The
following were notable varieties in the "collection : —
Colonel John Hay (see Awards), Mrs. Laing, Madame
Schmidt, Alexander III., l'lnsolite, Silver Cloud, Rio
de Janeiro, Joseph Cremazy and Marquis d'Albertas.

Messrs. J. Peed 4 Sons, West Norwood, London,
brought a collection of Caladiums in most of the
handsomer varieties. The foliage was not of large
size, but the colours were well developed. Some of the
finer specimens were Oriflamme, C. E. Dahle, Marquis
d'Albertas, Icaris, Diamantina, Emil Neubert, &c.
The same firm also made a good display of Gloxinias
and Streptocarpus, which side by side with [decorative
plants interspersed amongst them produced a very
good effect.

Messrs. W. & J. Brown, Stamford and Peter-
borough, exhibited a group of plants of Trachelium
coeruleum in flower, also cut Roses, a group of Pelar-
goniums representing their '* Cactus " strain, Verbenas
Miss Willmott and a variety named Heliotrope, and
other plants.

FERNS.
■ Although only two exhibitors staged Ferns, they con-
stituted an interesting feature of the show, and we have
never seen them shown better. Mr. H. B. Mat, Upper
Edmonton, filled one side of the centre stage in the
large tent with a superb collection. There were
upwards of 300 species and varieties, all the choicest
sorts being represented in clean, healthy plants. A
large number of choice things might be enumerated.
The Adiantums included fine specimens of Farlcyense,
macrophyllum, peruvianum, rubellum, and other
tinted varieties ; Aspleniums of the Pterioides type ;
cicutarium, Polypodium Mayi, Schneideri, and many
of the small-growing sorts on stems. The choice
Davallias and the American varieties of Nephrolepis
were features.

Messrs. Hill 4 Son, Lower Edmonton, made a
grand show with a group which occupied over
830 square feet on the ground in the large tent. The
background was made up of grand specimens of the
larger-gTowing Ferns, and round the front were manv
beautiful and choice sorts. The tinted varieties are
always a feature with this firm, and many of the
Adiantums were beautifully coloured ; also Lomarias,
the Platyceriums, especially angolense and Veitchii,
were grand. Davallias of the fijiensis varieties were
very fine, also Nephrolepis Fosteri. This variety varies
considerably, but as shown by Messrs. Hill it is one of
the prettiest we have.

CARNATIONS AND SWEET TEAS.
Messrs. Peed & Sons, West Norwood, London, S.E.,
exhibited a collection of Malmaison and Tree Carna-
tions. A row of the yellow variety Cecilia at the back
contrasted well with the Asparagus, 4c, used. Lady
Rose is a good rose-coloured "Malmaison," Lord
Milner is a good scarlet variety. There was a batch of
the white border variety Hildegarde, which is one of
the best white varieties. Agnes Sorel is of rich dark
crimson colour. The border variety Ik C. Higgs
resembles a "Malmaison" variety both in colour and
in size.

Mr. Phillips, gardener to E. Wagg, Esq., The Islet,
Maidenhead, staged an excellent group of Carnations
all of the "Malmaison" type. The yellow variety
Cecilia was prominent. There were in addition good
specimens of Sir C. Freemantle (scarlet-pink), Mrs.
Martin Smith, Nautilus, Calypso, Princess of
Wales, &c.

Messrs. B. S. Williams & Son, Upper Holloway,
London, N., exhibited a group of Carnations in pots,
chiefly of Souvenir de la Malmaison and "tree"
Varieties.

Mr. J. DOUGLAS, Edenside Nurseries, Great Book-
ham, staged a collection of very choice border Car-
nations, one variety being given an Award of Merit ;

Lady Dartmouth (of salmon-yellow colour), and
Carabas (pink) were also very fine.

Mr. J. R. Box, West Wickham, Kent, put up a
mixed group, comprising Carnations, excellent tuberous-
rooting Begonias, Hydrangeas, Trachelium coeruleum,
with foliage plants, Caladiums, Begonia Rex, Palms,
4c Several new Begonias were included, among them
we admired the rich scarlet colour of the variety Miss
Stuart.

Messrs. Wm. Cutbush & Son, Higbgate, London, N.,
staged a charming group of flowering plants in one
corner of the large marquee. The general design con-
sisted of banks of flowers, Roses, Hydrangeas, Carna-
tions, Verbenas, Lan tanas, 4c, toward the back, with
a groundwork of dwarf-gTowing Roses, Verbenas,
Ericas, &c, interrupted with clumps of Carnations and
standard plants of Lantanas. Maidenhair Ferns were
freely used, while tall Palms gave suitable relief at
the background. The display was much admired.

A group of "Malmaison" Carnations in large pots
was staged by Mr. Goatley, gr. to Lady Harmsworth,
Sutton Place, Guildford. The varieties Princess of
Wales and Churchwarden were represented in about
equal numbers. The plants were well grown, but the
manner of staging was too formal and flat to produce
the best effect.

Messrs. Jones 4 Sons, Shrewsbury, staged Sweet
Peas and Carnations. The Sweet Peas represented
about seventy varieties. Some good Carnations were
shown by Messrs. -Jones.

Mr. Chas. W. Breadmore, Winchester, staged a
display of Sweet Peas in aboutsixty of the best varieties
in cultivation, having the flowers in first-class form.

Mr. A. F. DUTTON, Iver, Bucks, showed Carnations
in his usual superb style, using for the purpose hand-
some glass receptacles. A vase contained five most
perfect flowers of the Malmaison variety Sault. When
we mention that such varieties as Harlowarden, Mrs,
Thos. Lawson, Enchantress, Harry Fenn, Floriana, and
Fair Maid were included, each shown to perfection,
Some idea may be gained of the beauty of this exhibit.
Adjoining were specimens of the " Shasta " or "Moon"
Daisy, also shown by Mr. DUTTON.

Messrs. J. King 4 Sons, Coggeshall, brought a
small display of Sweet Peas, some of which were
arranged in the Bruce flower-holders.

Messrs. H. C'annell 4 Sons, Swanley, Kent,
exhibited a collection of Sweet Peas arranged prettily
in vases, with plenty of Pea foliage amongst them,
also a collection of Cactaceous plants, remarkable for
the very healthy condition in which the different plants
were shown. Pilocerus senilis (Old Man's Cactus) was
represented by half-a-dozen specimens ; Euphorbia
grandicormis was a most vigorous plant : Cereus
flagelliformis cristata (the Rat's-tail Cactus), grafted on
the night-flowering Cereus, was evidently growing well ;
Euphorbia caput-Medusa was very fine, also Echino-
cactus Emoryi (the Fish-hook Cactus), E. Grasoni,
E. saglionis (in flower), Cereus peruvianus monstrosus,
minor, 4c, all the plants being in excellent and
vigorous condition showing good cultivation. A small
group of selected varieties of Carinas was shown by
the same firm, and those flowers were as rich in colour
and brilliant as ever.

Messrs. R. H. Bath, Ltd., The Floral Farms,
Wisbech, exhibited Sweet Peas well, also blooms of
Carnations and bunches of Roses.

Messrs. Jas. Carter & Co., High Holborn, London,
showed Sweet Peas arranged in large glass stands, as
well as in smaller glasses. They were of good quality
and very effective.

Messrs. G. Stark 4 SON, Great Ryburgh, Norfolk,
exhibited a collection of Sweet Peas, including some
novelties.

Messrs. Gilbert 4 Son, Anemone Nurseries, Dyke,
Bourne, Lincolnshire, showed bunches of Sweet Peas
neatly and attractively disposed in glasses, the Pea
flowers themselves being of considerable merit.

Mr. W. J. Unwin, Histon, Cambridge, exhibited
varieties of Sweet Peas, disposed very tastefully in
vases, with no grasses or Gypsiphila, or aii3'thing else
but the natural foliage of the plant — and this is gene-
rally all that is necessary to relieve the colour of the
flowers.

Mr. H. J. Jones, Ryecroft Nursery, Hither Green,
Lewisham, staged collections of Sweet Teas, zonal
Pelargoniums, tuberous-rooting Begonias, Nicotiana
Sanderi, and forms of Chrysanthemum maximum — the
Moon or Shasta Daisy. The Sweet Peas made a bold
show ; we noted such newer varieties as Gladys Unwin,
King Edward VII., Bolton's Pink, Lady Aberdare,
Remolo Piazzani, Dora Breadmore, 4c

TUBEROUS-ROOTED IBEGONIAS. ■■■•■'?—

Messrs. Thos. S.~Ware, Ltd., Feltham, Middlesex,
had a group in which two varieties were selected^for
awards. The following plants were also of ; much
merit :— Lord Rosebery (bright crimson double), In-
victa (salmon-pink), W. G. Valentine (scarlet), Duchess
of PortlandJ(haviiig shades of salmon, yellow, and rose
colours), and Lady (Coventry (pink with white margin-
to the petals). The same firm exhibited a collection of
cut Roses.

Messrs. Blackmore 4 Langdon, Twerton-on-Avon,
Bath, made a magnificent exhibit, in which the general
quality was very high, especially from the point of
view of colour. That named J. Hooper, for instance,
was of the most brilliant scarlet ; it possessed fine,
broad petals, a little fimbriated, and only open to?
criticism at all from the point of view of form, as form'
is understood by the florists. Mrs. W. J, Neal (double
white), Mrs. J. B. Blackmore (double pink, very fine),
Amy (of rosy-salmon colour), Dr. Crook (of deepest
crimson colour), J. Crooks (of apricot-yellow colour),
and Hilda Langdon (pale pink), were amongst the very,
best of an unusually fine collection.

Messrs. Jno. Laing 4 Sons, Forest Hill Nurseries,
London, S.E., arranged a pretty exhibit of tuberous-
rooted Begonias in which single and double-flowered
varieties were about equally represented. In the
centre of the exhibit was a group of plants of a good,
new white double - flowered variety named Miss
Willmott. A single flower named Fringed Beauty was-
also worthy of remark. In colour it is pink, and the-
petals are much fimbriated. The same firm exhibited
a group of well-grown crimson-flowered Gloxinias.

Mr. A. Ll. Gwillim, Eltham, Kent, also exhibited
Begonias and cut flowers of Gloxinias,

HARDY PLANTS.

Hardy plants were as usual a great and attractive
feature, many firms bringing displays of the bests
flowers in season.

Messrs. Wallace & Co., Colchester, had a very fine
display of these flowers set out in an excellent manner.
One side of the exhibit was in the nature of a water-
garden forming an adjunct to a rock-garden. Ii
contained many of the best hybrid Water-Lilies,
apparently quite at home. The margin of the pond
was delightfully set off with Iris laevigata, Spireea.
palmata, and other plants of a moisture-loving nature.

Messrs. Wallace also contributed Calochortus,
Lilies in great quantities, and other such good things
as Romneya Coulteri, Funkias, Day Lilies, Eryngiums,
4c One item of excellence was a brilliant lot oS
C'alochortus clavatus having rich golden-yellow flowers,
each measuring 4 inches in diameter.

Similar in many respects to the above was the group
of hardy plants arranged by Messrs. Wm. Cutbush 4
SONS, Higbgate. This group was richer in Water-
Lilies, and included many fine groups of hardy Sarra-
cenias, S. flava. S. Drummondi, and others. The
margin was planted with Iris laevigata, Adiantum.
pedatum, groups of Spinea palmata, and Astilbes in
variety. There were in addition excellent masses
of Lilium Henry i, L. excelsum, Funkias, Hemero-
callis citrina, H. Thunbergi, together with Campanulas,
Fhloxes, and other things. Some very fine examples
of Lilium auratum virginale were in this group.

Messrs. Paul 4 Son, Old Nurseries, Cheshunt,
showed hardy cut flowers, in which Phloxes in variety,
Fotentillas, Gaillardias, Campanulas, and a host o£
other showy subjects were displa3'ed to advantage.

Mr. Geo. Reithe, Keston, Kent, staged a mixed
group of plants, in which such semi-hardy shrubs as-
Embothrium coccineum, Rhododendron cinnabarinum.
and others appeared. Masses of Alstrcemerias, a large
assortment of Ixias, Andromeda (Zenobia) speciosa,
Primula capitata, iEnothera Arendi (a rose-coloured*
flower, not unlike O. speciosa rosea in colour), Cam-
panula Hendersoni, C. G. F. Wilson, and others.

Messrs. B. S. Williams 4 Son, Holloway, N., con-
tributed a varied assortment of cut flowers, including.
Iris, Achillea, Gaillardias, Campanulas and a smalL
collection of early Gladiolus.

Messrs. G. 4 A. Clark, Dover, had a fresh-looking
group of these flowers, in which Iris aurea, J. Monnieri,
Alstromerias in variety, Eremurus Bungei, Centaure*.
mthenica, Campanulas, some of the earlier Sun-
flowers, Poppies, Heucheras and the like were
prominent.

The Craven Nursery, Clapham, Yorks, had mnclb
that was interesting in a very compact group. The-
dwarfer Campanulas, as G. F. Wilsoni, pulloides and
pulla, were in plenty. We also noticed C. Van.

July 15, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

55

Houttei. Wulfenia carinthiaca was also noted ; its
blue flowers are ever welcome.

A very extensive exhibit of hardy things was
arranged by Messrs. Bark & Sons, Covent Garden.
Here we noted many fine spikes of Acanthus mollis
and A. spinosus. Galega officinalis compacta, the white
perennial Pea, early Phloxes, Helenium cupreum, a
large array of Delphiniums, masses of white and
nankeen Lilies ; also Lilium Brownii in fine condition.
The Maryland Worm-grass, Spigelia marilandica, de-
velops more or less tubular flowers, the tube being of a
crimson colour. Early Gladiolus were abundant and
good.

Mr. Amos Perry, Winchmore Hill, had a display of
hardy flowers, in which Lilies were a strong feature.
"We noted L. Browni, L. colchicum, L. excelsum, L.
Martagon dalmaticum, L. canadense, L. pardalinum,
L. auratum, L. Hansoni, and L. speciosum among
others. Early Gladiolus, Pinks in variety, Platycodon
Mariesi and P. autumnale, Heleniums, notably H.
cuprpeum, were all conspicuous. Varieties of Water-
Lilies in trays were good.

St. Brigid Anemones and others, such as King of
Scarlets, King of Salmons, and Sir J. Paxton, of
rosy-mauve colour, formed the chief subjects in an
exhibit staged by Messrs. Eeamsbottom k Co.,
Gleashill, King's County, Ireland. The blossoms were
of excellent form, rich and telling in their variety.

Early Gladiolus in a large number of varieties came
from Mr. Wm. Bull, Chelsea.

Messrs. Geo. Bunyard & Co., Maidstone, brought
an extensive exhibit of cut hardy flowers in great
variety, including such good things as Centaurea
ruthenica, Helenium pumilum magnificum, the white
perennial Pea, the pale-blue Scabiosa caucasica, Mo-
narda didyma, Galega Hartlandi, Iris aurea, I.
Monnieri, Lilium candidum and others. The examples
in the majority of instances being cut with nearly full-
length stems, gave an excellent idea of their rr.erit and
decorative worth in the garden.

Mr. N. Lewis, Bridgwater, staged a small collection
of hardy flowers, chiefly in the cut state.

Mr. B. Ladhams', Shirley, Southampton, group was
strong in rinks and Gaillardias, Heucheras, Galega
Hartlandi, Day-Lilies, Campanula celtidifolia alba
(very fine), (Enothera macrocarpa, CE. speciosa (a
profuse flowering plant, the pure white blossoms being
of large size).

Mr. M. Prichard, Christchurch, Hants, brought a
meritorious group of cut flowers. Phloxes were very-
fine, the intensely-coloured variety Coquelicot being
especially prominent ; Iris Kasmpferi, Spinea palmata
(unusually brilliant in colour), "Gaillardias, Acanthus,
Pyrethrums, Eryngiums, Campanulas, were all note-
worthy and good.

Quite one of the best exhibits of cut flowers was
constituted by the eighteen varieties of newer Water-
Lilies from the gardens of L. Cl'RRIE, Esq., Minley
Manor, Farnborough, Hants. The handsome blossoms
were arranged in shallow pans amid their own foliage,
and included such varieties as gigantea (the most
shapely of all white-flowered kinds), Marliacea albida,
M. carnea, together with such richly -coloured forms as
ignea, Froebeli, &c.

Mr. John Forbes, Hawick, Scotland, brought an
exhibit of herbaceous Phloxes, Pentstemons, and
Delphiniums. The Pentstemons were of a high-class
strain, and chiefly of the lighter-coloured varieties.

The Misses Hopkins, Mere, Cheshire, arranged a
small group of hardy plants, in which Dianthus
Napoleon III., dwarf Campanulas, and Primula
capitata were noted.

Messrs. Geo. Jackman & Son, Woking, staged an
admirable array of hardy cut flowers, having
Pyrethrums, seedling Iris Kaempferi, many Potentillas,
Campanula x Ferguson! (new), Phloxes, Water-Lilies,
the dainty little Fuchsia pumila, and others.

Messrs. T. S. Ware & Co., Ltd., Feltham, staged a
number of the best hardy flowers in season. Water-
Lilies, dwarf and tall-growing Campanulas, Heucheras,
Gaillardias, and a host of other showy and seasonable
things were seen to advantage.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Mr. R. Anker, Addison Nursery, Napier Boad,
Kensington, W., exhibited berried plants of Nertera
depressa in ornamental "bijou"' pans, also tiny
Cactus plants in pots, and several larger specimens of
Cactaceous species.

Mr. Vincent Slade, Staplegrove Nurseries,
Taunton, Somerset, showed cut flowers of zonal Pelar-
goniums. They represented about seventy distinct

varieties. We noticed Lady Warwick, Duke of Bed
ford (Scarlet), Lord Strathcona, Hall Caine, Prince of
Orange, &c.

Messrs. Barr & Sons, King Street, Covent Garden,
and Messrs. J. Carter & Co., High Holborn, brought
a number of their interesting pigmy trees.

Mr. H. B. May also staged a batch of zonal Pelargo-
niums, among which were noticed several of the
" Cactus " type ; a collection of cleanly - grown
Codia?ums (Crotons) in most of the improved varieties,
including C. edmontoniense (see Awards) ; C. Prince
of Wales, C. Hawkeri, &c. ; and some excellently-
flowered plants of Ixoras in varieties.

Awards.

Awards of Merit.

Betonica spicata robusta. — This is the name under
which a very old and well-known perennial- flowering
plant was exhibited. The flowers are produced in a
close pyramidal spike of some 3 inches in length, and
of a rosy-pink colour. The plant is of compact
habit, and attains to some 18 inches in height.
Betonicas are now included in the genus Stachys. From
Mr. Amos Perry, Winchmore Hill.

t'aladium Colonel John Hay. — A variety with
moderate-sized leaves of bright rosy-pink colour and
white blotching. Shown by Messrs. J. Laing & Sons.

Carnation "Miss WiUmott." — This new seedling
border variety is of most pleasing colour, which may
be described as cherry-red. The flower is about
3£ inches across, of excellent form, and the petals
have a smooth, unbroken outline. Shown by Mr. Jas.
Douglas.

Codia um(Croton) Edttwntonense. — This is an exceed-
ingly good Codiajum of the narrow-leaved type, being
not more than 2 inches across at the widest point.
The young leaves are coloured rich red, yellow, and
green, and the older leaves red and green only. They
twist prettily towards the end or for half their length.
There being but few new Coditeums nowadays of
superior quality, this variety will be likely to meet
with much appreciation. Shown by Mr. H. B. May.

Tlialiitrum Delavayi. — A very interesting species of
recent introduction, growing from 2 to 3 feet high.
The drooping flowers are campanulate, and produced
in considerable profusion. The roundly ovate sepals
are of mauve-blue colour, and in this respect quite
distinct from other members of this genus. The pale
glaucous foliage is somewhat sparsely produced, and in
other ways it is similar to that of other species of the
Meadow-Rue genus. From Messrs. Wallace & Co.,
Colchester.

Tuberous Begonia Mrs. Arthur Paget. — This is a
delightful flower, double, about (> inches across, of
salmon-rose colour, becoming paler towards the centre
of the flower, which is pure white. The form is very
good.

Tuberous Begonia "Water-Lily." — This variety has
very broad petals, which are white with shading of
green colour. The form is not of the best florist's
type, but the disposition of the petals and their great
breadth give to the flower an appearance somewhat
suggestive of that of a Water-Lily. Both of these
varieties were shown by Messrs. T. S. Ware, Ltd.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

Present : Geo. Bunyard, Esq., chairman ; and
Messrs. F. Q. Lane, Jos. Cheal, I. Jaques, Geo. Wood-
ward, W. Fyfe, H. Markham, H. Somers Rivers,
G. Keif, C. Foster, J. Willard, and Geo. Reynolds.

Collectively the exhibits, although but few in
number, were in some instances remarkable for their
excellence, and this most noticeable in the Cherries and
riums sent by Mr. Hudson, gr. at Gunnersbury
House, Acton ; the collections of Melons from Mr.
Mortimore, of Rowledge, and the Horticultural
College, Swanley ; the Strawberries shown by Messrs.
G. Bunyard & Co., Maidstone ; and those shown by
Mr. Peters from the gardens of H. P. STURGIS, Esq.,
Givons Grove, Leatherhead.

Mr. S. Mortimer, The Nurseries, Rowledge,
Farnham, Surrey, showed a dozen fruits of a slightly
ribbed, dark green Cucumber, li foot in length, having
a short neck, and regular width from end to end, and
spineless. The variety was named Aristocrat. This
exhibitor showed sixty Melons in variety, as well
gTown as possible, and in a perfectly ripe condition.
Two dozen consisted of Sutton's Best-of-All, a large,
finely netted rind ; and one dozen of Sutton's Hero of
Lockinge, a yellow-skinned fruit of medium size, also

finely netted ; and two dozen Sutton's Superlative, a
large fruited variety of a greenish-yellow colour, and
much netted.

Mr. GEO. Penwill, fruit-grower and nurseryman,
Totnes, staged two boxfuls of his new Raspberry
Champion, an oval fruit of a red colour and moderate
size. Some cut canes shown of this variety were
loaded with fruits in every stage of development. It
seems to be a great acquisition. It does not turn dark
in colour, and is therefore excellent for jam-making.
The plant is stated to continue in bearing for two
months

Leopold de Rothschild, Esq., Gunnersbury
House, Acton (gr., Mr. J. Hudson!, exhibited nine
boxes of Cherries gathered from the open wall, some,
as, for example. Black Tartarian and Bigarreau
Napoleon, were taken from trees planted in 1850. The
other varieties shown were very fine of their kind, and
consisted of the mottled red-and-yellow Em|>eror
Francis, Governor Wood, Lite Duke, Bigarreau de
Schrecken, Old Bigarreau, Tradescant's Late Heart,
Elton, &c. The Plums, the produce of pot trees,
mostly many years old, were as good as possible, and
comprised Reine Claude Du Oomte Atthems, Early
Transparent, Kirke's, Jefferson, and Transparent.
The stand contained fruits of River's ( )range Nectarine,
Early Silver, and Downton Improved, likewise
gathered from pot-trees.

Messrs. Geo. Bunyard & Co., Maidstone, showed
pot trees of Peaches, Cherries, Pears, Plums, Apples,
Figs, Raspberry -canes in fruit, Cherries as gathered
fruit, Red and White Currants, a few dishes of last
year's Apples in an apparently well-preserved condi-
tion. Among the pot - Cherries there were noted
Bigarreau Napoleon, Black Tartarian, Noire de
Schmidt, and Emperor Francis. The Peaches
included Early Alexander, Amsden June, and
Waterloo. None of them were full-grown. Last
year's Apples consisted of Mirfitt's Seedling, Calville
Rouge, Winter Peach, Tibbet's Pearmain, Belle du
Bois, and Alfriston. Fay's Red Currant, as shown, is
of a dark red colour, the fruits large, and the
bunches 3 to 4 inches in length. Among the Cherries
shown in plates there were Napoleon, Monstrueuse de
Metzel (a handsome fruit), Geant de Hedelfingen,
Bedford Prolific (a fine dark crimson), Boiemian
Black, Black Tartarian, and Frogmore Bigarreau.
A tray of Strawberries numbering sixteen dishes was
the most interesting exhibit, all of the fruits being fine
of their kind. A cockscomb-shaped fruit, Givon's
Prolific, dark crimson, with embedded seeds, was
Highly Commended; Louis Gautier, a white suffused
pink fruit, of cockscomb shape, is said to be a fine
prolific variety. Others consisted of President, Sir
Joseph Paxton, Dr. Hogg (still one of the best),
Eleanor, Kitley's Goliath and Latest-of-All. Imperial
White Raspberry is a good, large, prolific variety ;
even still more prolific are Loganberry, a crimson-
fruited hybrid. Blanche Four Seasons is 1 small, free-
fruiting, yellow variety, and Brooke's Seedling, a large-
fruited red fruit. Of Peas in pod there were sixteen
dishes and varieties, mostly long-podded and well filled
with seeds.

H. P. Sturgis, Esq., Leatherhead, Surrey (gr., Mr.
W. Peters), showed four plants of Givon's Grove Late
Prolific Strawberry, the plants very vigorous and fruits
of an enormous size. The plants had been lifted from
a north border. The variety was raised in Mr.
Sturgis's garden, and took an Award of Merit in 1901
and a First class Certificate in 1902. A boxful of
extremely large fruits was also shown of this variety.

The Horticultural College, Swanley, exhibited
a collection of Melons, seedlings raised at the College.
With few exceptions they seemed to consist of one
strain, and in appearance they were of large size and
nicely netted.

Messsrs. J. Carter & Co., Seedsmen, 237 and 238,
High Holborn, London, showed an unique collection of
culinary Peas, every one good of its kind. The
produce was taken from plants the seeds of which
were sown on March 30 for the purpose of showing the
various stages of maturity. Many of the varieties
were nearly ripe, as in the case of Exonian, Carter's
Superior, American Wonder, Wm. Hurst, Carter's
Eight Weeks, Carter's First Crop, The Dawn, Carter's
Edward VII., The Pilot, First Early, May Queen,
and Alpha. Quite Content is a variety with pods some
6 inches long and proportionately broad. Anumber
of Cabbage Lettuces were shown, including their Per-
petual, Holborn Standard, Green-fringed, and Endive-
leaved, a variety with deeply laciniated leaves, and

56

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 15, 1905.

good close heart. The table of exhibits was set off by
small Palms embedded in blue Lobelia, and a few
dishes of Sunrise Tomato were distributed about.

awards made by the council.

Gold Medals.

J. Colman, Esq.. for Orchids ; H. B. May for
Ferns ; Wallace & Co. for Herbaceous Flowers and
Lilies; Wm. Paul k Son for Roses; Charlesworth &
Co. for Orchids; Cuthush & Sons for Herbaceous
Flowers.

Silver Cups.

Leopold Rothschild, Esq., for a Collection of Fruits ;
Lady Harmsworth for Carnations : L. Currie, Esq., for
Water-Lilies ; Carter k Co. for Flowers and Vegetables ;
Geo. Bunyard & Co. for Fruit-trees and Herbaceous
Flowers ; Barr & Sims for Herbaceous Flowers ; Ware
& Co. for Begonias : Taul & Son for Roses ; Sander
k Co. for Orchids; T. Cripps & Son for Trees and
Shrubs ; G. Jackman for Roses and Herbaceous
FUiwers ; Amos. Perry for Herbaceous Flowers ; W.
Bull & Son for Ornamental Foliage Plants ; J. Hill for
Ferns ; Blackmore & Langdon for Begonias ; David
Russell for Trees and Shrubs.

Silver-cilt Flora Medals.
Sir F. Wigan, Bart., for Orchids ; Rev. Farrer
for Alpine Plants ; H. J. Jones for Sweet Peas, &c. ;
M. Prichard for Herbaceous Flowers ; L. R. Russell
for Trees and Shrubs ; Mr. Box for Begonias ; Hugh
Low & Co. for Carnations, &c. ; Pulham & Son for
Rockwork and Alpines ; Mr. Riley for Summer-houses.

Silver-gif.t Kniuhtian Medal.
• Mr. Mortimer for Melons.

SlLVER-OILT BANKSIAN MEDALS.

.Jones & Sons for Sweet Peas and Carnations ; G. &
A. Clark for Herbaceous Flowers ; J. Peed & Sons for
Herbaceous Flowers ; J. Cheal & Sons for Herbaceous
Flowers and Shrubs ; A. F. Dutton for Carnations :
W. Wood k Sons for Horticultural Sundries ; Mani-
fattura di Signa for Terra-cotta Garden Vases ; Merry-
weather & Co. for Spraying and other Machines ;
Mr. Castle for Garden Furniture and Seats ;
Champion & Co. for Tubs for Shrubs.

Silver Flora Medal.

E, Wagg, Esq., for Carnations ; J. Laing & Sons for
Caladiums ; H. Cannell & Sons for Cacti, &c. ; T.
Bceadmore for Sweet Peas; G. Reuthe for Alpines;
Hobbies, Ltd., for Roses, &c. ; Messrs. Ladhams for
Herbaceous Flowers ; R. H. Bath, Ltd., for Sweet
Peas and Roses ; V. Slade for Pelargoniums ; Reams-
bottom k Co. for Anemones ; Fromow k Sons for
Shrubs ; Liberty & Co. for terra-cotta vases.

Silver Knii;htian Medal.
Swanley College for Melons.

Silver Banksian Medal.
Miss Hopkins for Herbaceous flowers ; H. P. Stur-
gis, Esq., for Strawberries ; B. S. Williams & Son for
Herbaceous Flowers ; J. Forbes for Phlox and Pentste-
mons ; Mr. Penwill for Raspberries ; Messrs. Stark for
Sweet Peas ; Jas. Douglas for Carnations ; F. Unwin
for Sweet Peas ; Gilbert & Son for Herbaceous Flowers ;
G. Gwillim for Begonias ; .1. Bentley for Horticultural
Sundries ; Corry k Co. for Horticultural Sundries ;
Dollond for Instruments : Messrs. Shanks for Lawn
Mowers ; Mr. Dowell for Orchid Pots ; Anglo-Conti-
nental for Fertilisers ; Doulton & Co. for Terra-cotta
Pots, &c. ; J. K. King for Sweet Peas ; Jas. George
for Horticultural Sundries ; T. Green & Son, Ltd., for
Lawn Mowers ; W. Herbert for Horticultural Sun-
dries ; T. Syer for Ladders and Tools ; J. Williams for
Table Decoration ; Mr. de Luzy for Sprayers ; Mr.
Pinches for Plant Labels ; Economic Fencing Co. for
fencing ; Mr. Sage for Horticultural Sundries.

TENT CONTAINING SUNDRIES.

One large tent was entirely occupied by various
articles for garden use.

Messrs. T. GllBEN & SON, Ltd., Soutbwark Street,
S.K., showed lawn mowers including examples driven
by motor power; Messrs. Mebryweather k Sons,
Long Acre, had various spraying machines, hosing!
ladders, &c. ; Messrs. JOSEPH Bentlet, Ltd., Barrow-
on-Humber, Hull, in addition to weed-killers and

insecticides, displayed b s and other manures;

Messrs. Tabob I ' Dun di., House, Basinghal]

Avenue, London, showed manures and fertilisers;
Mr. J. William., Ealing, displayed stands for rural
table decoration ; Mr. Geo. H. Sage, 71, Manor Road,

Richmond, in addition to horticultural sundries, made
a feature of the Bruce flower - holders ; Mr. H.
PATTTSON, 1, Farm Avenue, Streatham, brought
examples of his horse-boots for lawns ; Mr. Richard
Pinches, 3, Crown Buildings, Crown Court, S E., had
an assortment of tree and plant labels of most durable
make ; Messrs. Wood k Son, Wood Green, London, N.,
had a large display of watering-cans, syringes, spraying-
machines, manures, and a host of other horticultural
sundries : some handsome terra-cotta vases and flower-
pots were shown by Manifattura di Siuna, Italy ;
Messrs. Doulton, Lambeth, also showed garden
ornaments in terra - cotta and other ware ; The
LrmiosE Paint Co., Moorgate Station Chambers,
E.C., displayed samples of their specialities in paints.

OUT-OF-DOOR EXHIBITS.

Mr. David Russell, The Essex Nurseries, Brent-
wood, arranged a large, irregular group of shrubs
and small trees, mostly those having variegated foliage.
There were Acer palmatum in variety, Thuyas, Ivies,
Euonymus latifolia alba, Eleagnus variegata, Buxus,
Aralia pentaphylla with white-aud-green leaves, Yews,
and Retinospora pissifera aurea,

Messrs. Thos. Cripps k Son, Nurseries, Tunbridge
Wells, arranged a large and imposing group of Golden
Elms, Quercus Concordia, Alnus glutinosa aurea,
Vitis purpurea, and other species ; Bamboos and
Japanese Acers, many of them fine specimens,

Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond Nurseries, Richmond,
Surrey, showed a group consisting of similar plants
differently disposed, and generally of a larger size ;
and the group enlivened by Clematis plants in bloom.

Messrs. J. Cheal k Sons, Crawley, showed a group
consisting of variegated and green Conifers, Maples,
New Zealand Veronicas, Spiraeas, Funkias in variety,
Ivies, purple Beech, and other hardy things.

Messrs. Barr & Sons, King Street, Covent Garden,
London, and Ditton Hill. Surrey, showed a healthy lot
of pigmy trees, mostly consisting of Conifers, in ages
ranging from eighteen years to sixty years old ; speci-
mens of Zelkova Keaki, Quercus, and Acers, likewise
formed a part of the group.

Messrs. W. Fromow & SONS, Sutton Court Nur-
series, Chiswick, W., showed a group of hardy trees
and shrubs, mostly Japanese Maples, and set off by a
few Lilium japonicum.

Liberty k Co., Regent Street, London, W., showed
rustic pottery of very vigorous, not to say rough
designs, modelled after early Mexican or Peruvian
styles. The exhibitors call it quasi-Celtic. We noted
bordering for flower-beds, vases, pans for holding
plants, sundials, &c, in terra-cotta.

Messrs. Dollond & Co., London, showed amongst
other objects in terra-cotta various sundials, many of
them of great age. One was mounted on a baluster
from old Kew Bridge.

A clever thermograph was shown, extremely sensi-
tive, which indicates and registers the temperature at
any moment of the day or night— a good instrument
for the gardener to put into his forcing-house, simple
in structure, and not liable to get out of order. A
registering rain-gauge, which does not store the rain-
water, but empties it when the catch trough has caught
one-tenth of an inch. There were anemometer or air-
measurers for use in mines, passages, &c, sunshine
recorders, and other instruments of utility.

Messrs. Pulham k Son, 71, Newman Street,
London, W., exhibited a quantity of vases and
pedestals, edgings, sundials, fountains, balustrades,
finials in artificial stone. This firm showed specimens
of their work in rockery building, furnishing the
rockeries with appropriate plants.

Messrs. D. J. Syeh k Co., 45. Wilson Street, Fins-
bury, London, and at Birmingham, showed a handy
barrow containing in separate compartments tools for
carpentry, smithing and glazing, fitted with a work-
bench on the top. It is provided with movable
handles and two wheels. There were exhibits of a
useful nature for gardeners, such as a tool grinder
worked by a pedal ; step-ladders, hose-winders,
hammocks, ladders, trestles.

Messrs. Alex. Shanks & Son, Ltd., Arbroath, and
Bush Lane House. Cannon Street. E.C., exhibited two
petrol motor-mowing machines, having ball-bearings
for the cutter and roller-bearings on the main drum ;
<nie provided with a seat for the driver. A number of
hand-mowers were also shown, one hand-mower (The
Caledonia) with corrugated roller and adjustable
handles to suit the driver was observed. It is said to
be extremely easy in use.

Garden Firniture, Summer-houses, &q.

Mr. Castle, Baltic Wharf, Westminster, S.W.,
showed a collection of garden seats, benches, folding
chairs, tables made of teak wood (old ships' timber).
The various articles were of a plain, substantial
character, simple and withal not destitute of a certain
degree of elegance.

Messrs. Champion k Co., 115, City Road, London,
showed well-finished plant tubs, polished and varnished
and bound with copper or brass hoops, and furnished
with copper or wooden handles. These tubs are
well adapted for use in halls, conservatories and
apartments.

A water-butt nearly square in the cross-section and
tapering to the top was another exhibit.

Mr. C. W. Riley exhibited portable summer-houses
in rustic woodwork, tasteful in design, and capable of
containing from six to twenty persons. This exhibitor,
whose address is Villa Rustica, Norwood Road, Heme
Hill, S.E., showed wooden tubs and small garden-seats
and settles in rustic work.

Scientific Committee.

July 4.— Present : Dr. M. C. Cooke, V.M.H. (in the
chair) ; Professor Boulger, Messrs. Holmes, Saunders,
Gussow, Massee, and Chittenden (Hon. Secretary).

Biota Attacked bit Insects. — Mr. Woksley sent
specimens, which Mr. Saunders reported were
attacked by an aphis, Lachnus cupressus, and a species
of Diaspis (scale insect). A large number of varieties
of Chinese Conifers had been attacked and destroyed.

Pear Midge. — Mr. Saunders reported as follows
upon this peat : — " The Tear midge (Diplosis pyrivora)
seems to be spreading more and more every year in
this country, and unless some means can be found to
check it Pears will become a rare fruit. I think it is
very clear that if all fruit-growers in districts where
this insect abounds would agree together on some
common line of action as regards the destruction of
this pest its numbers would soon be very materially
lessened, and in the course of a few years it would be
stamped out. These remarks apply to a very
considerable number of injurious insects, which
at present run riot among our crops, and
which isolated attempts to check are of little
use, as a fresh supply is always forthcoming from
neighbours' gardens, &c. The Pear-midge lays its
eggs in the blossoms before and after they open ; if
before, the ovipositor of the insect pierces the petals,
and the eggs are laid on the anthers ; if the flowers are
already open, they are deposited in the ovary ; in
either case the young larva1 find their food close at
hand when they are hatched. In June they leave the
fruit, sometimes before it has fallen, sometimes after-
wards. They then bury themselves in the soil 1A inch,
or perhaps somewhat deeper, and become pup;e, from
which the flies emerge in the spring just before the
flower-buds open. The best means of destroying this
pest are — (1) by strewing kainit under the trees at the
rate of 4 oz. to the square yard early in June, so that
the grubs may fall on it ; or (2) in the course of the
winter remove the top soil to the depth of 2 inches,
and either burn it or bury it not less than
a foot below the surface, or trench the ground
under the trees in the winter, which will bury
the pupa? so deep that the flies cannot fiud their way
to the surface ; (3) in the spring, before the time that
the flies make their appearance, the ground under the
trees should be rolled, so that it will make the escape
of the flies more difficult through the hard soil. In
orchards where grass grows under the trees it is im-
possible to employ these methods. In that case the
grass should be thoroughly drenched with a strong
solution of paraffin emulsion early in April in order to
destroy the flies as they are leaving the soil, and again
in June, when the grubs are leaving the fruit. If it be
found that nearly the whole crop is infected, it should
be gathered and burnt while the grubs are still in the
fruit." [The insect was figured in our columns on
May 20, 1005, p. 315. Ed.]

Interesting Orchids. — M. F. W. Moore, V.M.H.,
sent the following interesting Orchids from the
Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin : —

No. 1. Stauropsis fasciata, a native of the Malaya,
and a rare species, belonging to the distichous-leaved
section. It is rarely found in collections, and is
remarkable for the curious shape of the lip and the
attachment of the lip.

No. 2. Bulbophyllum saurocephalum, also a rather
rare plant, native of the Philippines. It is remarkablo
for its swollen peduncle, and belongs to the elavate

July 15, 1905

THE GARDENER®' CHRONICLE.

57

group. The species in this group are closely allied,
and are all characterised by the swollen flower-stalk,
in which the Howers are generally sunk.

No. :!. Bulbophyllum quadrifarium (Rolfe). This is
a new species from Madagascar, recently named and
described. It is very rare, and is remarkable in having
a portion of the peduncle carrying the flowers quite
square, so that it has a four-sided appearance. There
are numerous scales concealing the flowers. The in-
conspicuous flowers seem to be highly self-fertile, as a
number of fruits were produced on each inflorescence.

No. 4. Bulbophyllum erythrorachis (Rolfe). Anew
species like the last two, with a long, ciub-shaped, red
rachis.

No. 5. Bulbophyllum inflatum (Rolfe). A new
species with a curiously inflated rachis about 21 inches
long and j inch in diameter, bearing numerous small
greenish-white flowers.

Faseiated awl Contorted Teasels. — Prof. Boulger,
on behalf of 1 »r. Masters, showed a walking-stick made
from a curiously contorted Teasel stem. Professor de
Vries has stated that this peculiarity can be perpetuated
by seed, but after growing the seed obtained from
Professor de Vries and following the directions given
for at least ten years, Dr. Mastkrs has failed to
obtain any contorted specimens, although by continued
pinching a large amount of variation may be observed
in the foliage, sometimes four leaves occurring in a
whorl, and so on.

Disease of Salsafy. — Mr. Saunders showed a speci-
men of Salsafy attacked by the fungus Cystopus trago-
pogonis, very commonly found upon Goat's-beard.

Damagt hy Hai/.—T)r. Plowright sent specimens
of Peas, Cabbage, and Apples illustrating the damage
done by a recent hailstorm to these crops.

Excrescences on Tree Trunks. — Mr. Benedict sent
an example of an excrescence on the trunk of a Poplar
about 8 inches in diameter, covered with small shoots
and adventitious buds, stating that similar excrescences
were developed on Laburnum, Elm, and Plane. It
was thought that the tree had made an effort to heal
a wound made in pruning or otherwise, and that from
the callus formed numerous adventitious buds had
arisen, and that neither a fungus nor an insect was the
cause of the trouble. The sender thought that probably
too deep planting had been a contributory cause.

British Dye Plants. — Dr. Plowright sent the
following notes with specimens of the dyes described : —

1. Hedera Helix.— The Ivy is a plant we always
regard as being one of the most sombre of our English
phanerogams. I was very much astonished a short
time ago to find that the ripe berries yielded, on
boiling with water and a small quantity of alum, a
rich reddish-purple fluid which had the property of
conveying to wool a reddish tint. There are very few
red colours yielded by our British dye plants. The
red dye of Ivy-berries is not mentioned by Linnaeus
nor by Withering, or any of the botanical writers of
that period which I have read. The roots of the plant
from which the berries were taken, it ma}' be observed,
show numerous stains of red. The colouration of the
roots is not soluble in boiling water or in alcohol. The
colour is mostly in the cortex, ;but extends to the
outer part of the wood, old roots and rootlets both
showing it,

2. Crataegus Oxycantha.— The Mayflower has many
poetical associations, few plants have not, but it will
come as a surprise to many people (but not to all) that
the blossom is capable of yielding a dye. One would
hardly have expected the beautiful white petals to
have yielded such a deep shade of yellow as they are
capable of imparting to wool when mordaunted with
alum.

3. Populus nigra.— The colouring matter contained
in the male catkins of the Black Poplar was not known
to the older botanists, or, at any rate, was not referred
to by Linnaeus. This is possibly accounted for by the
fact that it does not easily impart itself to wool, and
could not be used for that purpose by any of the rough-
and-ready processes then employed. My attention
was first drawn to it by noticing how the foot
pavements in towns were stained by the crushing
underfoot of the catkins which had fallen from the
tree when in bloom in spring. The stains are a bluish
or bluish-green colour, and remain visible for a con-
siderable time. The catkins, or rather the anthers,
are of a brilliant red, so that the contrast is very
marked. The colour yields itself freely to boiling
water to which alum is added, but the salt
is not sufficiently acid to produce the full deep red.
Unlike most colouring matters obtained from flowers,

this red is very permanent to light. The specimen
shown was made in 1902, as the label shows. It was
exposerl to direct sunlight in a north window until the
present time. As far as my remembrance goes, it has
lost little, if any, of the colour, but the ink with which
the label was written has faded to such a degree as to
be barely legible. The red colour is also soluble in
alcohol. Linnaeus noticed other colours which, al-
though yielding themselves to alcohol and water, were
not available for tinctorial purposes, such as the red
which the flowers of Hypericum perforatum yield to
alcohol, and the green which the flowers of Delphi-
nium Consolida give to solutions of alum in water. It
is curious that the Poplar catkins escaped him.

1. Lithospermum officinale.— The old writers from
Linnaeus were acquainted with the fact that the root of
this plant imparts to fats, oils, alcohol, and wax a red
colour. They also state that the roots were used by
the young women of Sweden to impart a pink colour
to their complexion. Mr. E. J. Tatum was kind
enough to send me some specimens of this plant in
April. The colour is confined to the cortical portions
of the main roots. It is distributed in patches, which,
when rubbed between the fingers, stain them red in
the same manner but to a less degree than the true
Alkanet-root does. The red colour imparts to solid
paraffin a red tint very similar to that from the root of
Echium vulgare. The red colouration is more abundant
in the roots of Lithospermum than in those of Echium.

Exotic Spider. — Dr. Plowright also sent a speci
men of a large spider (sp. '.') which had been imported
alive in a cold-storage chamber.

Strawberries Attacked by Millipedes.- Mr. Saunders
reported upon these as follows : — " The 'beast'
attacking the Strawberries is one of the ' snake milli-
pedes,' the spotted snake millipede (Julus gutta-
tus). This is a most destructive pest in gardens,
since it attacks the roots of various plants. While in
the soil it is almost impossible to kill them with any
insecticide ; but if a strong solution of common salt or
nitrate of soda can be brought to bear on them it will
kill them. They may be trapped by burying small
slices of Mangold, Turnip, Carrot, or Potato near the
plants they are feeding on, just below the surface of
ill' soil. These traps should be examined every
morning ; a small skewer stuck into the pieces wiil
show where they are buried. The millipedes appear,
however, to be so fond of ripe Strawberries that I
doubt if these baits would tempt them away from
them. Placing straw, &c, under the fruit, as is so
often done, I am sure encourages these pests.'1

Scale mi Ash. — Mr. Saunders reported :— " The
insects infesting the pieces of Ash-stem are scale
insects. The larger white woolly ones are female
specimens of Pseudo-coccus aceris (Signoret) ; the
iusect itself is at one end of the ovisac, almost hidden
by the wool-like matter with which the eggs are sur-
rounded. The other insects, which look like small
long white specks (only Ji mm. or l-40th of an inch in
length) are the males of Chionaspis salicis, an insect
which is very common on the Ash, various kinds of
Willow, and the Alder. The female scales are nearly
twice the length of the males, and are of a more or
less oval or rounded form. The best means of destroy-
ing the pseudo-coccus is by brushing off the white
ovisacs, and then spraying with a strong solution of
paraffin emulsion ; or in the course of the winter, after
the leaves have fallen and before the buds show any
signs of opening in the spring, with a caustic wasli.
The same methods will destroy the chionaspis."

Violets Attacked by .Iridium.— -Dr. Cooke reported
on these, received from Bournemouth : "The Violets
are attacked by A'iolet cluster cups {Journal of the
Royal Horticultural Society, xxvii., 1902, p. 25, pi. i.,
fig. 21 ). Plants once attacked seldom recover. As a
precaution, all the infected plants should be rooted up
and burnt. The residue should be sprayed with
Bordeaux-mixture to preserve them from infection by
any spores left on the soil. It is an endophytic parasite,
and cannot be eradicated from a plant in which it lias
become established."

CROYDON HORTICULTURAL..

July 5. — This well-supported Society of gardeners,
amateurs, and cottagers held its thirty - eighth
summer show in the meadow adjoining Haling Park,
the residence of Miss Watney, on the above date. The
exhibits were numerous, and many of them good of
their kind, but not of a sort which tests the cultural
skill of the gardener ; and fruit was almost absent.

Roses.

Nwrscry men's Classes. — In the class for forty-eight
Roses, distinct, the National Rose Society's Silver-gilt
Medal went with the 1st prize. In this competition,

in which there was only one exhibit, the 1st prize was
worthily awarded to Messrs. D. Prior & Son, Col-
chester, for H.P.'s and Teas, and so good were the
blooms individually that it would serve no good purpose
to select varieties.

For twenty-four Roses, distinct, three blooms of each.
1st, Messrs. D. Prior & SONS, with one of the most
interesting exhibit of Roses in the show, all the blooms
being of perfect shape and well develo] ed.

For twenty-four Roses, distinct, shown by those who
did not compete in the two previous classes 1st,
Messrs. J. R. Box & Co., West Wickham, Croydon,
and Shirley.

Forthirty-six Roses, distinct (amateurs), 1st, A.Tate,
Esq., Downside, Leatherhead, with two boxes of superb
flowers, the finest being Bessie Brown, which was
awarded a Silver Medal. The 2nd prize fell to Mrs.
Haywood, Woodhatch Lodge, Reigate (gr., Mr. C. J.
Salter), for very even, nice blooms, with but few weak
ones amongst them, fresh looking, and only lacking a
little in size to have taken the 1st place. Incidentally
we heard that Reigate rosarians suffered greatly from
the hanl frost that occurred late in May

For twelve Roses of one variety (amateurs), J. Bra! >-
field, Esq., was 1st, with the variety Ulrich BrunneT,
all of which were excellent blooms, and almost equal
in size. 2nd, Mrs. Haywooj >, with Caroline Testotit,
in our opinion as good almost as the foregoing.

Local Rose Classes.
Ttoelw lios.r distinct.— 1st, E. M. Preston, Esq.,
Shirley Hurst, Shirley, with a good stand, the finest
blooms being Fran Karl Druschki (Silver Medal), Caroline
Testout, Marchioness of Londonderry, &c. 2nd, Lieut. -
Col. J. W. Jerome, l'44, South Norwood Hill.

Table Decorations.

A large portion of the middle marquee was assigned
to table decorations, and the most imposing of these
was set up by Mr. T. Butcher, The Nurseries. South
Norwood, whose exhibit consisted of Sweet Peas and
Shirley Poppies.

The best exhibit of Gloxinias and ornamental foliage
plants or Ferns on a table 8 feet by 4 feet. The 1st was
from Mr. T. Padley, gr. to W. G. Radford, Esq.
The varieties were seedlings from erect, spotted, edged.
and self-coloured flowers, the plants exhibiting great
vigour in leaf and flower, A varied and pleasing
collection. 2nd Mr. G. Barnes, gr. to S. A. Read,
Esq., Hurstleigh, South Park. This exhibit and that
which took the 3rd prize possessed too little variety of
colour.

Twentpjfow Btmcka of Sweet I'm.. 1st, Mr. W.
Lintott, gr. to W. Greenwell, Esq., Maiden Park, with
a collection of tine, well-developed blossoms in most of
the newer tints. We noted Countess Spencer, Robie
Sydenham, Orange Countess Mrs Walter AV right,
Janet Scott, and Scarlet Gem. The 2nd prize was
taken by Mr. I.. Davidson, Elm Lodge, Quadrant
Road, Croydon.

Groups of Plants rranged for Effect. — 1st, Mr.
Burdett, gr. to E. C. P. Hull, Esq., Earlswood Mount,
Redhill. with a lightly-disposed group, of which the
salient points were bright yellow Codkeums, Cordy-
lines, Kalanchoes, Gesnera coccinea, Palms, and Cala-
diums, with a groundwork of dwarf things thinly
spread about.

A small collection of Cacti and Melon Cacti was
shown by Mr. C. A. BlOGG, 46, Haling Road, Croy-
don, who was awarded 1st prize. The species shown
did not include any varieties or large specimens.

Amateurs and Gardeners.

Fifty Fruits of Strawbt >■/-,. •.. --"ist, Mr. W. Lintott,
gr., Maiden Park ; 2nd, Colonel Inglis, Craigendown,
Reigate, both showing Royal Sovereign.

Other fruit staged was not remarkable. Cucumbers
were plentiful, also Peas, Broad Beans, and Tomatos.

Not for Competition.

Mr. J. R. Box, Nurseryman, West Wickham and
Croydon, showed a group in which tuberous Bego-
nias formed the groundwork of small groups of
scarlet Carnations, Caladiums, Maidenhair Ferns,
Asparagus, &c.

Mr. T. BUTCHER, Nurseryman, Croydon and Shirley,
exhibited Palms healthy and well-developed, also
flowering decorative plants, Ferns, Lilies, Hydrangea
Hortensia, H. paniculata, &c.

Messrs. Thomas Ware & Co., Ltd., The Nurseries.
Feltham, Middlesex, contributed a number of
Nymplueas and a large assortment of hardy herbaceous
flowers, making a very gay displaj .

Mr. Eiienezee Potten, Camden Nurseries, Cran-
brook, showed Roses in single blooms and triplets, but
Aery few were good blooms. The best were Madame
Ravary, Killarney, and La France. This exhibitor set
up a table of hardy herbaceous cut flowers, and among
them, Eclair, a fine purple Phlox.

Messrs. J. Peed & Son, nurserymen, West Nor-
wood, S.E., showed a table set out with Sweet Teas in
great variety.

Mr. J. R. Box contribute I a sn all table set out with
hardy herbaceous cut flowers, Dianthus barbatirs,

58

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 15, 1905.

Delphinium nudicaule, Verbascum Chaixii, Lychnis
Haageana being uncommonly choice and good.

Messrs. G. Jackman & Son, Woking Nurseries,
Surrey, likewise made a pretty display with hardy
herbaceous plants, and amongst them some handsome
seedlings of Iris Ka?mpferi.

Messrs. John Laing & Sons, The Nurseries, Forest
Hill, London, staged six dozen Rose blooms, H.P.
and Tea varieties, of fine quality, hardy herbaceous
flowers in some quantity, and all of them showing
great vigour.

Messrs. Jones & Sons, Coton Hill, Shrewsbury,
showed forty-two varieties of Sweet Peas very strong
and good.

Messrs. Cheal & SONS, Nurseries, Crawley, fur-
nished a lot of tabling with capital cut flowers of hardy
plants.

HANLEY FLORAL FETE.

July 5, 6. — The ninth annual horticultural show and
fetes, under the auspices of the Corporation, was held
on these dates, and was again favoured with excellent
weather. Year by year this function grows in import-
ance and in attractiveness, and since the first show was
held in 1897 no less a profit has been made than
£3,200 17s. lOtZ. This year's show was equal to any
that have been held in Hanley Park. Never before
has a finer or more comprehensive display of flowers
been seen in the district, and this despite a season
which has not been by any means in favour of the
horticulturist. The fruits made in every sense a much
finer show than last year, and the wreaths and baskets
of flowers also made an excellent display.

In the class for a group of plants arranged for effect,
the 1st prize was awarded to Messrs. J. Cypher &
Sons, Cheltenham, who included several excellent
Orchids in their display. The group staged by Mr.
James Blacker, Selby, ran the 1st prize collection
very close for premier honours, but it was rather
heavily staged. Another good group was shown by
Messrs. Artindale & Sons, Sheffield.

Messrs. Cypher also secured 1st place in the class
for a group of Orchids in flower, with Ferns and other
suitable foliage plants. 2nd, Mr. Wm. Vausb.

The class for a group of Malmaison and other Car-
nations was keenly contested : it resulted in Mr. P.
Blair, Trentham Hall Gardens, Stoke-on-Trent,
winning the 1st place, followed by Mr. Jno. Scotney,
Tittensor Chase Gardens, Stoke on-Trent, and Mr.
Goodacre, Elvaston Castle Gardens, Derby.

The best stand of seventy-two distinct varieties of
Roses was those shown by Messrs. J. Townsend <t
Sons, Worcester ; and the same firm was also 1st in
almost all the other classes for Roses.

The best collection of hardy perennials, occupying a
space 10 feet by 4 feet, was that put up by Messrs. G.
Gibson & Co., Bedale.

The class for a dessert-table, to be decorated with
flowers and foliage, and containing not more than
fourteen dishes of fruits, made a pleasing feature. The
prizes were valuable, the 1st, totalling 15 guineas in
value, being won by Mr. J. H. Goodacre, Derby, who
was also 1st for a collection of twelve dishes of fruits,
in not fewer than eight distinct kinds.

The best four bunches of Grapes, including two
black and two white varieties, were shown by Mr. T.
Bannerman, Rugeley.

DEVON AND EXETER
HORTICULTURAL.

July 7. — The two-hundred-and-first Exhibition of
the Society was held, as usual, in the charming
grounds of Northernhay, Exeter's most popular
pleasure-ground. Some members of the Committee,
when the year's arrangements were being made,
strongly advocated a Rose show, while others preferred
the usual date, about the third week in August, when
outdoor fruits and vegetables are at their best. The
date fixed was a compromise, and the result was unsatis-
factory, for it was a week or ten days too late for
Roses at Exeter, and more than a month too early for
fruit and vegetables. The entries prove this. There
were in all 80 Classes, against 114 last year, while
the entries totalled 250 against 003 last year — less than
half ! But for the trade exhibits the show would have
been a comparative failure.

Open Classes.

Roses. — Cut Blooms, Thirtyiix Distinct H.P.'s —
There were but two entries, the 1st prize going to The
Devon Rosery Co., Torquay ; and the 2nd prize to
Messrs. Jarman & Co., Chard. The class for twelve
H.P.'s, three blooms of each, falling to the same firms
in the same relative positions.

For twelve distinct Teas, Hybrid Teas and Noisettes,
three blooms of each, Messrs. Jarman k Co. were 1st ;
and the Devon Rosery Co., 2nd.

For a table measuring 8 feet by 4 feet, arranged with
fruit and flowers for dessert, the 1st prize was awarded
to Mr. W. Brock, Exeter (gr., W. Rowland), the only
entry.

Classes confined to Subscribers.

For twelve blooms of Roses on long stems, all
distinct, the 1st prize went to Dr. Samways, Clyst St.
George (gr., A. Williams), who staged a meritorious
twelve ; and was closely followed by Sir Dudley
Duckworth-King, Weir House (gr., S. Baker), Col.
Hardinge, Exeter (gr., A. Evans), being 3rd.

The other classes for Roses were not well filled, and
do not call for particular comment.

Cut Flowers.

The competition in this section was more spirited,
and although nothing very new or rare was shown, the
specimens were well grown and of considerable merit.

For twelve bunches of hardy herbaceous flowers,
distinct (bulbous species admitted), Rev. E. Heath-
cote, Reive (gr., G. Wilton), was 1st ; Miss Farrant,
Huxham, 2nd ; an extra prize to Col. Sanford, Wel-
lington (gr., Mr. Kitley).

The best exhibit of nine bunches of Sweet Peas,
distinct, was shown by Mr. J. H. Ley, Trehill, 1st ;
Sir Dudley Duckworth - King, 2nd ; and an extra
prize to Mrs. S. P. Pope, Exmouth.

Plants.

The best exhibit of a group of miscellaneous plants
arranged in an oval space of 10 feet by 12 feet was one
from Mr. W. Brock ; Mr. T. Knapman being 2nd.

For nine Gloxinias (six distinct), Mr. C. M. Colling-
wood, of the Institution for the Blind, Exeter, was 1st
with plants of exceptional merit. Mr. J. H. Ley,
Trehill, was a good 2nd.

For six double tuberous-rooted Begonias, Mr. Col-
lingwood was 1st for well-grown plants hardly at
their best.

The best exhibit of six single tuberous-rooted Bego-
nias was shown by Mr. W. BROCK, Exeter; Mr. O.
Burton, Sowton, being 2nd.

Mr. O. Burton won the 1st prize for six Fuchsias ;
and Mr. W. Brock was 2nd, both exhibits being excel-
lent, and near in respective merit.

Fruit and Vegetables.

For White Grapes, Rev. A. H. Hamilton-Gell,
Winslade (gr., G. Barnes), was 1st, with Duke of
Buccleuch — the only entry ; while Mrs. F. Hearn,
Exeter, was 1st for six Peaches — also the only entry.

Vegetables generally were not of the usual high
quality staged at this show, for reasons assigned above.
The principal prizt-takers were Dr. Sam ways, Sir Dudley
DnCKWOETH-KlNG, Captain Ratcliffe, Mr. Vickery,
and Mrs. Hearn.

Trade Exhibits.

Messrs. Robert Veitch & Son, Exeter, bad a large
miscellaneous collection in which several of the new
Roses were staged, also Romneya Coulteri, in fine form ;
Coriaria terminalis, Lonicera Hildebrandti, Black-
currant Boskoop Giant, Gerbera Jamesoni, Spiraea
Aruncus Kneiffii. Polygonum Baldschuanicum, Genista
aetnensis, and a large collection of Sweet Peas.

Mr. W. J. Godfrey, Exmouth, showed Solanum
Wendlandi, Carnations Godfrey's Pride and Reginald
Godfrey ; Cannas, Pelargoniums, Sweet Peas, &c.

Mr. G. Kerswell, Bowhill, Exeter, bad a general
collection of conservatory plants, including fine double
Begonias.

Messrs. Curtis, Sanford & Co., Torquay (Devon
Rosery Co.), had Roses (H.T.) Princess Charles de
Ligny, Ligue Aremburg (H.P.), Hugh Watson,
Florence Temberton, &c.

Messrs. Jarman & Co., Chard, showed Roses, Sweet
Peas, new Sweet Sultans, and other subjects in good
form.

Messrs. W. B. Smale, Torquay ; James Walters,
Mount Radford ; Tuplin & Sons, Newton Abbot ; and
Saunders & Biss, Exeter, had special exhibits, all the
trade exhibitors being awarded Certificates of Merit.

The exhibition was honoured by a visit from H.R.H.
The Princess Frederica of Hanover, who was on a
visit to Mr. and Mr. Byrom, of Culver, near Exeter.
The Princess was accompanied by her husband, Baron
von Pawel-Rammingen.

Messrs. Robert Veitch & Son and Mr. W. J.
Godfrey, of Exmouth, on behalf of the nurserymen
exhibiting, presented Her Royal Highness with a
beautiful bouquet of pink and yellow Carnations.

ROSE SHOW AT THE CRYSTAL
PALACE.

July 8. — The Crystal Palace Company having lost
the exhibitions of the National Rose Society, have
this season held one under their own management.
They issued a schedule of prizes to the large amount
of £225, and in the various classes very liberal prizes
were offered. The schedule was an ambitious one, for
it included a class for seventy-two distinct varieties,
similar to the largest class in the National Rose
Society's schedule.

In this competition there were as many as seven
exhibitors, being more than the National Rose Society
have had for some years past. The 1st prize consisted
of the sum of £10, with 2nd, 3rd, and 4th prizes of
£8, £0, and £5. Most of the competitors were
members of the National Rose Society, and some of

them expressed pleasure at the luncheon at being
enabled once again to exhibit Roses in the familiar
Crystal Palace.

The Bhow was a very good one indeed for the present
indifferent season, and to the onlooker at least it
would appear that in the future there will still be a
Crystal Falace Rose Show.

The arrangements, &c, were in the capable bauds of
Mr. Geo. Caselton, Superintendent of the Crystal
Palace Gardens.

Nurserymen's Classes.

Messrs. Alex. Dickson & Sons, Newtownards,
co. Down, surpassed six other exhibitors in the very
exacting class for seventy-two blooms, distinct. Their
best blooms were Killarney, Chas. Darwin, Madame
Delville, Chas. Lefebvre, Mildred Grant, Chas. Grahame,
Gustave Piganneau, the very lovely White Maman
Cochet, Star of Waltham, Duke of Wellington, and
the pink-coloured Countess Annesley. 2nd, Messrs.
B. R. Cant & Sons, The Old Rose Gardens, Col-
chester, who won 1st prize in the similar class at the
National Rose Society's exhibition. There were some
very pretty flowers in this collection, among which may
be mentioned Mildred Grant (capital), Golden Gate,
Horace Vernet, Reynolds Hole, Mrs. Ed. Mawley,
A. K. Williams, and Duke of Wellington. 3rd,
Messrs. D. Prior & Sons, Mylands Nursery, Col-
chester.

Forty -ciiiht Blooms of H.P's., Distinct. — In this class
the winners of the 1st and 2nd prizes in the previous
classes changed places, Messrs. B. R. Cant & Sons
being 1st and Messrs. A. Dickson & Sons, 2nd. The
1st prize exhibit was remarkable for containing a very-
large proportion of richly-coloured varieties of the
A^ictor Hugo and Duke of Connaught types, the
colours being in many instances very highly developed.
The collection as a whole was composed of rather
small-sized flowers. The largest and fullest flower in
Messrs. Dickson's collection was the variety Francois
Courtin. Messrs. Frank Cant & Co. were 3rd, and
Messrs. D. Prior & Son, 4th.

Twenty-four Blooms, Distinct. — Just as at the Re-
gent's Park Show, Mr. Chas. Turner, Royal Nurseries,
Slough, won the premier award in this class, and
showed a collection like one previously noticed, which
was remarkable for rich colours. The only white Rose
in this stand was a bloom of Frau Karl Druschki,
which has this season been shown very indifferently.
Excluding five other blooms of various shades of pink
colour, all the others were of some shades of red or
crimson. The 2nd and 3rd prizes were won by Mr.
Jno, Mattock, New Headington, Oxford ; and Messrs.
Jno. Jefferies & Son, Cirencester, respectively.
There were two other exhibitors.

Teas and Noisettes.

Ticenty-fovr Blooms, Distinct. — There were five
exhibitors in the largest class for Teas and Noisettes,
the 1st prize being won by Messrs. Frank Cant & Co.,
who had amongst others very good blooms of Brides-
maid, Golden Gate (rather pale), Souvenir de Pierre
Notting, &c. 2nd, Messrs. D. Prior & Son, Col-
chester, whose best bloom was Maman Cochet ; and
3rd, Mr. Geo. Prince, Longworth. Teas and Noisettes
are very small in Bize generally this season.

Twelve Blooms distinct.— Mr. Henry Drew, Long-
worth, Berks, won the 1st prize for twelve blooms, and
generally they were very pretty specimens. The
varieties were Maman Cochet, White Maman Cochet,
Mrs. Ed. Mawley, Niphetos. Madame de Watteville,
Souvenir d'Un Ami, Medea, Muriel Grahame, Madame
Vermorel, Madame Hoste, and Madame Cusin. 2nd,
Messrs. G. & W. H. Burch, Peterborough. 3rd, Mr.
Jno. Mattock.

Roses in Vases.

Some of the exhibits in vases were uncommonly
attractive, a group of hybrid Teas being the best. The
1st prize for twelve varieties of Roses, five blooms of
each, was won by Messrs. Ben.t. R. Cant & Sons.
2nd, Mr. Geo. Prince ; 3rd, Messrs. Frank Cant
& ( 'o.

The collection of nine vases of hybrid Teas which
gained the 1st prize for Messrs. A. Dickson & Sons
was very fine, consisting as it did of good flowers, and
vigorous foliage of the varieties Marquise Litta, Mrs.
David McKee, the beautiful Killarney, Dean Hole,
Mildred Grant, Lady Ashtown, Chas. Grahame,
Florence Pemberton, and Mrs. W. J. Grant. 2nd,
Messrs. F. CANT & Co. ; and 3rd Messrs. JNO.
Jefferies & Co., Cirencester.

Garden or Decorative Roses.

Messrs. PAUL & Son, The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt,
had the best collection of garden Roses arranged on a
space of 10 feet by G feet ; Mr. Jno. Mattock being
2nd.

A class for a collection of single Roses was won by
Messrs. Frank Cant & Co. Rosa moschata alba,
R. himalaica, Irish Brightness (crimson), R. rugosa
alba, Irish Beauty (white), were some of the prettiest
shown ; but the intense heat of the afternoon caused
these flowers to droop very much.

July 15, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

59

Messrs. Frank Cant & Co. won 1st prize for bunches
of twelve varieties of buttonhole Roses. This was a
very good collection, but was remarkable for not con-
taining the well-known "buttonhole'1 variety W. A.
Richardson. "We will give the names. They were as
follows : — Gustave Regis, Liberty, Peace (pale yellow),
Madame Jean Dupuy, Sulphurea, Maria Christina,
Perle d'Or, Papa Gontier, Alberic Rarbier, Lady-
Roberts, Ma Capucine, and Souvenir de T. Levet. 2nd,
Mr. Jno. Mattock ; and 3rd, Mr. Geo. Prince.

Other classes for nurserymen included one for a
single vase of Roses, won by Messrs. Jno. Jefferies
& Son ; a basket of Roses, won by Mr. Jno. Mat-
tock ; and a dinner-table decoration of cut Roses,
won by Miss MATTOCK, who employed a single Rose,
white with faint blush, probably of the variety Una.

Amatedrs.
A similar number of classes was reserved for
amateurs. The class for thirty-six blooms, distinct,
was won by that indefatigable exhibitor the Rev. J. H .
Pemberton, Havering-atte-Bower, Essex ; Mr. Con-
way Jones being 2nd. The best eighteen blooms,
distinct, were shown by Mr. M. Bl'RDFIELD, Denne
Park Gardens, Horsham. The same number of Teas
and Noisettes were best from A. Hill Gray, Esq.,
Newbridge, Bath ; and the winning collection of
twelve Teas and Noisettes was shown by Mr. W.
Mease, gr. to A. Tate, Esq., Downside, Leatherhead.
Mr. Mease had also the 1st prize for garden or decorative
Roses. There were other classes, most of which were
reserved for growers of a certain number of plants only.

Non-competitive Exhibits
were numerous, the highest awards to these being two
Gold Medals, which were obtained by Messrs. W. Padl
& Son, Waltham Cross, who showed a collection of
Roses; and by Messrs. Geo. Bcnyard & Co., Maid-
atone, who had Roses, flowers of hardy herbaceous
plants, Strawberries, &c.

Other firms exhibiting were Messrs. J. Peed & Sons,
West Norwood (Silver Medal) ; Messrs. Jackman &
Sons, Woking (Silver-gilt Medal) ; H. Cannell k Sons,
Swanley (Silver-gilt Medal) ; J. Cheal & Sons, Crawley
(Silver Medal) ; G. Reuthe, Keston (Silver Medal)';
H. J. Jones, Lewisham (Silver Medal) ; J. Laing &
Sons, Forest Hill (Silver-gilt Medal) ; M. Prichard,
Christchurch (Silver-gilt Medal) ; T. S. Ware, Ltd.,
Feltham (Silver-gilt Medal) ; Williams, Ealing (Silver
Medal) ; and Mr. David Russell, Brentwood (Silver
Medal).

GARDENERS' DEBATING SOCIETIES.

BRIXTON, STREATHAM, AND CLAPHAM HORTI-
CULTURAL.—The above Society held its annual outing
on Thursday, July 6. visiting, through the kindness of
Mr. Leopold de Rothschild, the gardens and grounds
at Gunnersbury House. The outing was in every
way a success. The new annual garden was of great
interest, and the rough flagstones for pathways
with dwarf plants growing between were a novelty
Troparolum "Ball of Fire," and Salvia splendens
growiog in boxes on the roof of the house, presented
a gorgeous effect viewed from the lawn. The beds of
Roses, the Japanese garden, the unique collection of
Water-LUies, the imitation old wall, were all of
interest. In the Bamboo-garden Arundinaria nitidawas
specially noted for the perfect condition of its foliage.
The visitors were much impressed with their cordial
and hospitable reception, and they will long cherish
pleasant memories of the afternoon spent at Gunners-
bury. /. M. B.

MARKETS.

Cut Flowers, &c. ; Average Wholesale Prices.

• " Florula Mortolensis."— This is a cata-
logue of plants growing wild in the neighbour-
hood of La Mortola, and has been prepared by Mr.
Alwin Berger. It has been drawn up by order
of Sir Thomas Hanbdey for the benefit of the
numerous visitors who come to see his gardens,
many of whom are often not less interested in the
indigenous than in the luxuriant tropical and sub-
tropical plants under cultivation. The vegeta-
tion of this portion of the Italian Riviera in the
immediate neighbourhood of Mentone is both
rich and varied, as this useful catalogue abun-
dantly testifies. Its luxuriance is due to the
" great variety of locality that exists. There are
dry, steep rocks, deep and fertile soil, bare sunny
banks, shady and woody places, water-channels,
the bed of a torrent, and the sea shore. The
sub-soil is almost entirely limestone, in many
places rich in fossils. Sand occurs only in one
isolated spot close to the garden entrance, but it
contains chalk as well, and does not influence in
any way the wild vegetation." We should add
that Mr. Berger calls attention to the following
volume as containing good illustrations of the
Riviera plants -.—Contributions to the Flora of
Mentone, and to a Winter Flora of the Riviera, Src'.,
by J. Traherne Moggridge (1871), and Flowering
Plants and Ferns of the Riviera, S(c,, by C. Bickcell
(1&S5),

C07ENT GARDEN, July 12.

[We cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day, but
only the general averages for the week preceding the
date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate, not only from day to day,
but often several times in one day. Ed.]

Plants In Pots, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

». d. s. d.
Fuchsias, p. doz. 4 0-60
Heliotropes, per

dozen 3 0-40

Hydrangea, Thos.

Hogg, p. doz. 8 0-12 0

— Hortensia, p.
dozen 8 0-12 0

— paniculata ... 12 0-30 0
Kalosanthes, per

dozen 9 0-12 0

Kentia Belmore-

ana, per doz... 12 0-18 0

— Fosteriana, p.
doz 12 0-21 0

Lobelia, per. doz. 3 0-40
Lataniaborbonica,

per doz. ... 12 0-18 0
Lilium longi-

florum, per doz. (1 0-12 0
Marguerites, white,

per dozen ... 4 0-80
"— yellow ... 12 0-18 0

Mignonette, doz. 4 0-60
Musk, Harrison's,

per dozen ... 3 0-40
Pelargoniums,

per doz,, Show. 9 0-12 0

— Ivy-leaved ... 4 0-60

— zonal 3 0-50

— scarlet do. ... 4 0-50
Petunias, double,

per dozen ... 5 0-60
Rhodanthe, per

dozen 4 0-60

Roses, H. P. 's, per

dozen 9 0-18 0

— Crimson Ram-
bler (large),
each 2 6-76

Saxifragapyrami-

dalis, per doz. 12 0-15 0

Selaginella, doz. 3 0-50

Spiraea japonica,

per doz. ... 4 0-90

Verbena, Miss
Willmott, per
dozen 6 0-90

— scarlet, per
dozen 6 0-90

s.d. s. d.
AraliaSieboldi, p.

dozen 4 0-90

Araucaria excelsa,

per dozen ... 18 0-30 0
Aspidistras, green,

per doz. ... 24 0-36 0

— variegated,

per doz. ... 30 0-42 0
Asparagus plu-
mosus nanus,
per doz. ... 12 0-18 0

— Sprengeri.per

dozen 6 0-90

— tenuissimus

per doz. ... 6 0-80

Begonias, tuber-
ous, per doz. 4 0-60

Boronia elatior,

per dozen ... 12 0-24 0

Calceolarias, yel-
low, per dozen . 4 0-60

— herbaceous,

per dozen ... 6 0-80
Cannas, per doz. 5 0-60
Chrysanthemum

coronari u in,

double yellow,

per dozen ... 6 0-80
Coleus, per dozen 2 6-40
Crotons, per doz. 12 0-30 0
CocosWeddelliana,

per doz. ... 12 0-30 0
Cyperus alterni-

folius, p. doz. 3 0-50
Dracaenas, p. doz. 9 0-24 0
Ericas, per doz.... 12 0-30 0
Eulalia japonica

variegate, ... 12 0-18 0
Euonymus, per

dozen 4 0-90

Ferns, in thumbs,

per loo 8 0-12 0

— in 4S's, p. doz. 4 0-10 0

— in 32's, per

dozen 10 0-18 0

Ficus elastica, p.

doz 9 0 12 0

— repens, per

dozen 4 0-60

Vegetables :
s.
Artichokes, Globe,

per dozen ... 1
Asparagus, Eng-
lish giant ... 4

— ordinary, per
bunch ]

Beans, dwarf, per
pad 6

— Channel Is-

land, per lb.

— English, p. lb.

— Broad, bush.
per bag ...

Beetroot, bushel
Cabbages, p. tally
Carrots, new.doz.
bunches ... 1

— French, dozen 3
Cauliflowers, per

dozen 1

Cress, doz. pun. 1
Cucumbers, doz. 2
Endive, per doz. 1
Horseradish, per

dozen bundles 10
Mint, per dozen... 2
Leeks, per dozen

bundles 1

Lettuces, Cabbage,

per bushel ... 1

— English, Cos,
per score ... 0

Average Wholesale Prices.
d.s.d. t.d.i.d.

Mushrooms(house)
6-2 0 per lb 0 6-0 10

Onions, Egyptian,
0-12 0 per cwt. ... 4 6-50

— Spring, dozen

0-2 6 bunches ... 2 6-30

Parsley, per doz.
0 — bunches 16-20

Peas, per bag ... 3 0-60
5-0 6 — English, pel-
s' 0 6 bushel ... 2 0-40
3-16 Potatos, old, per

0-4 0 CWt 3 6-46

0-4 0 — Jersey, p. cwt. 8 6- 9_o
6-30] — St. Malo, per

cwt 7 6-86

6-2 0 — Cherbourg, p.

0 — cwt 6 0-70

Radishes, p. doz.
9-2 0 bunches ... 0 9-10
0 — Spinach, bush. ... 10-16
6- 4 0 Tomatos, English,
6-2 0 p. lb o 3^-0 4J

— Jersey, p. lb. 0 3j o i*
0-12 0 — Valencia, per

0-2 6 package ... 10 6-13 6

Turnips.new, doz.
6-2 0 bun 3 0-40

Vegetable Marrows,
0-16 per dozen ... 2 0 — "

Watercress, per
9- 1 0 i doz. bunches . 0 3-06

Foliage Plants,
ABparagus plu- s.d. s.d.
mosus. long
trails, each ... 0 4-06

— — medium,

bunch ... n a- l

short sprays

per bunch...

— Sprengeri ...

— tenuissimus..
Adiantum cunea-

tum, per dozen

bunches

Cycas leaves,

each

Fern, English, p.

dozen bunches

&c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.
Grasses, hardy, p.

dozen bunches 2 0-40
Ivy-leaves.bronze 16-20

— long trails,
per bundle ... 10-20

— short green,
doz. bunches 10-16

Moss, per gross... 5 0-60
Myrtle, per dozen

bunches 3 0-50

Smilax, p. dozen

trails ... ... 4 0-60

Hardy foliage

(various), per

dozen bunches 3 0-40

10-26
0 6-10
9 0-12 0

4 0-60

16-20

s.d. s.d.
Alstrcimeria, per

doz. bunches ... 3 0-40
Bouvardia, per

doz. bunches 6 0-80
Calla sethiopica,

p. doz. blooms 3 0-40
Carnations, per

doz. blooms,

best American

vars 2 6-50

— smaller do. ... 0 6-10

— Malmaisons... 8 0-12 0
Cattleya, per doz.

blooms in 0-12 0

Coreopsis, p. doz. 3 0-40
Eucharis grandi-

flora, per dozen

blooms 10-20

Gardenias, perdz'

blooms 10-16

Gladiolus Col-

villel, doz. bun. 2 0-30

— brcnchleyensis

p. doz. spikes 3 0-40
Gypsophila, per

dozen bunches 2 0-30
iris, Spanish, per

doz. bunches 2 0-30

— best English,

per dozen ... 9 0-12 0
Lilium candidum 0 6-10

— lancifolium,
rubrum and
album 2 0- a 0

— longlflorum... 2 0-30
-- tigrinum ... 16-20

Lily of the Valley,

p. doz. bnchs. 9 0-12 0

— extra quality 18 0 —
Marguerites, white,

p. doz. bnchs. 3 0-40

— yellow, perdz.
bunches ... 2 0-30

Mignonette, doz.

bunches
Odontoglossum

crispum, pr. dz.

blooms

Pasonies, per doz.

bunches

Pelargoniums,
p. doz. bnchs.

— Show

— Zonal, double
scarlet

— salmon & pink
Poppies, Iceland,

doz. bunches

— Oriental, doz.
bunches ...

Pyrethrum, doz.

bunches
Rhodanthe, doz.

bunches
Roses, 12 blooms,

Niphetos

— Bridesmaid...

— Kaiserin A.
Victoria

— General Jac-
queminot ...

— C. Mermet ...

— Caroline Test-
out

— Liberty

— Mad. Chatenay

— Mrs. J. Laing.

— Sunrise
Stephanotis, doz.

trusses
Sweet Peas, doz.

bunches
Sweet Sultan, per

dozen

Tuberoses, per

dozen blooms

s.d. s.d.
2 0-40

2 0-26
2 0-40

Fruit : Average

s.d. s.d.
Apples, T a s-

manian. case 8 0-12 0
Apricots, French,

per half bush. 4 6-56

Bananas, bunch 6 0-14 0

— Jamaica ... 3 6-80

— loose, per doz. 10-16
Cherries, per half

bush 6 0-12 0

Currants, Black,

p. half bushel 4 0-60

— Red, per half
bushel ... 4 0-60

""— White, per lb. 11 r, —

Figs, per dozen... 2 0-60
French Plums, p.

box 15-20

Gooseberries, per

half bushel ... 2 6-30

— ripe, per peck 2 0-26
Grape-fruit, case 13 0 —
Grapes, Alicante,

per lb. ... 10-13

Wholesale Prices.

Grape, Hambro,
per lb.

— Muscats, lb....
Lemons, per case
Melons, each

— French, Rock
Nectarines, A., p.

dozen

— B., per dozen
Oranges, per case

— Jamaica, per
case

— Murcia. case

— Valencia, per
case

Peaches, A., doz.

— B., per doz. ...

— French, per
box

Pines, each
Raspberries, p. lb.
S trawber rie s,
Kentish, peck

4 0-80
4 0-60

10-20

4 0-60

2 0-40

2 0-30

10-30
10-20

2 0-40

0 6-10
2 0-30

2 0-40
2 0-40
2 0-40
2 0-40
10-20

16-26

2 0-50

3 0-40
0 3-06

s.d. t.d.

0 10-2 0
10-26

7 0-26 0
16-40

4 0-50

12 0-18 0
3 0-60

13 0-26 0

13 0 —
13 0-15 0

11 0-24 0

8 0-12 0
2 0-60

0 9-16
2 6-50
0 3-04

Remarks.— Strawberries are still arriving in con-
siderable quantities, but owing to the wet weather they
come in |a soft -condition. There are but few English
Apricots obtainable in the market, although French
and Spanish fruits are plentiful ; those from the Con-
tinent arrive in boxesand in half-sieve baskets. Supplies
of ripe Gooseberries are limited ; those seen are of
good quality, and mostly the variety Golden Drop.
Large quantities of Tomatos are arriving, some from
the Canary Islands, but the majority are Channel
Island produce. Home-grown Tomatos are now appear-
ing plentifully in the market. Peaches and Nectarines
are very abundant. Trade on the whole is good.

OOVENT GARDEN FLOWER MARKET.

Thebe is a considerable fallingoffin supplies, and even
those growers who do send find a difficulty in selling
their produce. Some few things are still in demand, but
trade generally is very dull. Small plants of Rose
Dorothy Perkins in 48's and 32's are very pretty. Crim-
son Ramblers are also good. Growers with a local
trade are now sending their surplus produce to market.
Crotons, Dracaenas, Pandanus, and other foliage plants
are to be had in well-coloured specimens. Show Pelargo-
niums are still plentiful, and zonals are still of good
quality, as are also Ivy-leaved varieties : but although
the best of these sell readily, there is no de-
mand for plants of second quality. Bouvardias
are already seen, but they are not wanted. Supplies of
Verbenas hold out; they are still very good. Campa-
nula Mayi is marketed by several growers. Marguerites
are plentiful ; the yellow varieties do not find such a
ready sale as formerly. The variety Queen Alexandra is
very good. Eulalia japonica variegata is not often seen in
such good quality as now. Fuchsias are still very good.
Among Liliums there are Harrisi, longiflorum, lanci-
folium album and rubrum, also auratum. Good Mignon-
ette may still be had, but if the hot weather continues
supplies will soon be over. Some good Ericas are
noticed, but there are many of these plants that are not
well flowered. Tuberous-rooting Begonias may be had
in good plants both iu 4s's and 60s. The Kalosanthes
(Crassulas) are still plentiful. Ferns and Palms do not

GO

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 15, 1905.

command much attention, and to find purchasers they
must be offered at low prices.

Cut Flowers.
Supplies are not quite so abundant, although still equal
to all demands. Roses seem to sell for fairly good prices,
while the best quality Carnations al o sell well, but the
small blooms and second quality Malmaisons do not find
purchasers at any prices. Flowersof Azalea mollis from
retarded plauts are seen, but meet with no demand.
Liliums in all varieties especially L. candidum, are
plentiful and cheap. Poppies of various sorts are showy,
but it is only the best Iceland varieties that sell well.
Among other hardy flowers those of Alstrumerias are
very pretty. The Shasta Daisies arriveinlargequantities.
Gypsophila paniculata is now obtainable; this species
will displace G. elegans. which is still plentiful.
Chinese Asters are already coming into the market, but,
the blooms are somewhat entail: Coreopsis grandiflora
is a favourite flower, and Centaurea suaveolens (Sweet
Sultan) sells well. Eucharis, Stephanotis, Tuberoses,
and other flowers with short stems find few purchasers.
Large supplies of hardy Fern-fronds and hardy foliage
of various sorts, including Oak with bronze-tinted
tips, are to be had: also Maidenhair Fern, Smilax,
Asparagus, Ac. A. If., Co-vent Garden, Wt dnesday, July 12,

FKUITS AND VEGETABLES.

The following are the latest wholesale prices to hand
from the undernoted markets :—

Liverpool.— Vegetables : Potatos, 3s. 3d. to Ss. ed. per
cwt. ; new. Is. 9d. to 2s. per 21 lb. ; Turnips, ed. to 8<l. per
dozen bunches ; Carrots, <;(/. to Sd. do. ; Cucumbers.
Is. 9d. to 3.s. per dozen ; Onions, foreign, 2s. ed. to
4k. per bag : Parsley, id. to lid. per dozen bunches ;
Lettuces, id. to Bd. ter dozen ; Cauliflowers, Is. 3d. to
2s. ed. do. : Cabbages, id. to7d. do. ; Peas, 4s. to 6s. 6d.
per hamper: Beans, Is. do.— Fruit : Oranges, Valencia,
10s. to 21s. per case ; Lemons. Palermo, 9s. ed. to 20s.
do.; Apples. Lisbon, '.>■<. 3d. to lis. e<i. do.; Tomatos,
8s. lid. to 12s. do. ; Melons, Valencia, 36's, 10s. do. ;
Bananas, 4s. to 8* per crate..

Edinburgh.— Oranges, Valencia, 15ft per case ; Grapes*
English, Is. \id. to 2s. per lb.: do. Belgian, Is. id. do. •
Lemons, Palermo. 10s, to 18s. ed. per case; Apples,
Australian, 13s. lid. to 15s. 68. per case: do.. Lisbon,
15s. do.; Bananas, 5s. lid. to 10s. per bunch; Nuts,
Barcelonas. 35s. to 3*g. 6d. per bag ; Nuts, 18s. ed. to
20s. per cwt.: Figs, 9s. per dozen: Walnuts, Italian,
lis. 3d. per cwt. Vegetables : Tomatos, Guernsey, bid.
to 84. per lb.: Onions, Egyptian, 4s. per cwt.; do,
Valencia. 7s. ed. to 8s. do. ; Carrots, Is. per dozen ;
Potatos. Canary, 8s. to 8s. 6d. per cwt. : do., Maltese,
7s. ikL do.

Dublin. —Vegetables : Potato^, new, sandy, is. ed. to
5s. per cwt.; clays. 5s. to 5s. ed. do.: Cabbages, York,
5s. to its. ed. per load : Cauliflowers. 2s. to 2s. lid. per
basket; Parsley, 2s. per bag; Parsnips, 2s. 3d. to 2s. nd.
ner cwt.: Carrots, lOd. to is. per dozen; Onions,
Tripoli, if', ti, 5(f. por bunch ; Turnips, white, l^rf. to
2d., do.: Rhubarb, il<(. to Is. per bag; Salad, ed. to
lid. per dozen ; Peas, 4s. to 4s. td. per bag.

ENQUIRY.

Germination op Seeds. — Can any of your
readers give me an idea as to how long the fol-
lowing seeds take to germinate, if good ? — Clivia
nobilis, sown May 20, in temp. 85° (approx.) ; Aga-
panthus, Amaryllis, Begonia Rex, Phoenix dacty-
lifera, Latania borbonica, all sown on May 2b in
a cool-house : Arum, Camellia, Ardisia crenulata,
Hydrangea grandiflora, Nephrolepis exaltata,
Aloe (Waggon Hill), and Cactus, all of which
have been sown in a cool-house. T. R. P.

TRADE NOTE.

— • —
Mb. H. Elliott, of Courtbushes Nurseries,
Hurstpierpoint, has taken over the glass portion
of the Hassocks Nurseries, Hassocks, Sussex, so
long carried on by Messrs. W. Balchin & Son,
where he intends largely to extend the culture of
Tree- and Souvenir de la Malmaison Carnations.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. C. Corke, for some time employed by Messrs. John
Peed & Son at their Streatham Nurseries, as gar-
dener to Mrs. Arnold, Burton Joyce, Sidc.up, Kent.

Mr. RoiiFRT Weeks, for the past four years Foreman at
Curihells, Lyndhurst, as Gardener to J. M. Young,
Esq., Oak Bank, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

Mr, .1. K. IIoaki-:. for the past live years General Fore-
man in The Gardens Iwerne Minster House, as
Gardener to James Hawke Dennis, Esq., Grene-
hurst Park, Surrey.

MR. Eckford — We are glad to learn that
the Council of the Royal Horticultural Society
has selected this well-known raiser of Sweet Peas
to receive the Victoria Medal of Honour in
Horticulture.

" Index KewensiS."— The Oxford University
Press announces that the second part of the
second supplement to the Index Eewensis will be
ready immediately. This supplement covers the
period 1896 to 1900. In the original work the
genera and species of flowering plants from the
time of Linn^tjs to 1885 were enumerated ; and
the first supplement carried on the list to 1895.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

Brown, Tjbompson <t Co., 86, Patrick Street, Cork-
Flower & Vegetable Seeds.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

— * — '

Owing to pressure of matter tec arc compelled to
holdover a Report of the Wolverhampton Shoto
until our next issue.

Begonia ; T. 67. Sufficient Tobacco-juice to dis-
colour the water will be sufficient. Dip the
plants occasionally in a weak mixture rather
than incur a risk of injuring them by the use of
a stronger liquid. — W. H. Your leaves are
affected with the mite. Dip the leaves in
tobacco- water.

Cucumber Leaves : 07. B. Your leaves have one
of the forms of " spot " which is so destructive.
The shortest way is to destroy the whole crop,
turn out the soil, whitewash the walls, mixing
a little sulphur with the whitewash, and start
afresh.

Cucumber : G. B. M. R. The plants are affected
with a slime-fungus, of which we will endeavour
to give you the name in next week's issue
Try an application of powdered sulphur to the
healthy plants as a preventive.

Earwigs; Hemploe. Continue with the solution
of soft-soap and paraffin, keeping it mixed well
during its application. Be careful not to use
too strong a mixture.

Flower-displayers: C. M. They can be ob-
tained from Mr. J. Williams, Oxford Road,
Ealing.

Fungus on Hedge: J. Jlr. The fungus on your
hedge is what is generally called Roestelia
lacerata, but which is a form of a very different-
looking fungus growing on Junipers. Cut the
affected branches off and burn them, and if
there are any Junipers in the neighbourhood
destroy them also.

Lilium auratum Bulbs: J. P. Your bulbs are
attacked by bulb-mites and other insects.
Fungus probably comes to aid in the destruction.

Melon : Constant Reader. We cannot find any
insect, but the appearances suggest injury from
a mite or other biting insect, which has killed
the skin. We do not think it is scald from
syringing.

Names of Fruits : In forwarding Peach or other
soft fruits i<> be named, it is imperative that '"■<> specimens
oi' each variety be sent, also a shoot with foliage, as
identification is sometimes established by the character o)
the gutiids. The fruits should be gathered just before they
arc unite ripe. Wrap eachfruit in tissue -paper, ami pack
them very carefully m soft material and in " wooden box
i hat irili not be likely i" get crushed in the post Pack
sufflcii ntly tightly to prevent tin fruits from shaking in the
box-. In the ease of Peaches it-should tie slain I whether
the tree produces large or smuU flowers. Do not post at the
week-end, when delay man be reasonably expected. —
E. Bambridge. Peach Sulhamsted. — k. F. Grape
West St. Peter's.

Names of Plants : J. S. Listera ovata, the
Twayblade. — G. H., Torks. Oncidium Harri-
sonianum, of the Pulvinata section, so far as
we can judge by the small specimen sent.
There is little room for doubt, as the cushion-
like crest is peculiar to this small section. —
X J. A variety of the Japanese Iris, I.
Kaempferi. — W. F. B. A viviparous form of
grass, probably Poa alpina— Bids. Probably
Broughtonia sanguinea, but it is difficult to be
quite certain from the pressed flowers. Can
you send us a rough sketch of the plant as
growing ? — R. E. 1, Catananche ccerulea ; 2,
Veronica salicifolia ; 3, Agrostemma coronaria ;

1, Mimulus glutinosus; 5, Lysimachia vulgaris ;
0, Linaria reticulata. — 67. B. M. R. 1, Veronica
longifolia ; 2, V. longifolia var. subsessilis ;
3, Lonicera ; 4 and 5, varieties of Artemisia
abrotanifolia. — G.H. 1, Agrostemma coronaria ;

2, Galega officinalis; 3, Codiseum elegan-

tissimum ; 4, Epilobium angustifolium ; 5, Tha-
lictrummajus; G, Erigeron sp. — W.J.D. Trago-
pogon pratense. — A. T. See last week's issue ;
3, Adiantum Capillus- Veneris; 7, Pteris cretica ;
8, Adiantum excisum multifidum. — T. G.
Linaria hepatica;folia. — B. L. A Maple, pro-
bably Acer dasycarpum.

Oaks : J. C. Both leaves sent appear to be
Quercus rubra, but foliage alone is insufficient
to enable us to determine the species with cer-
tainty. The best Oak for affording colour in
autumn is Quercus coccinea var. splendens ; but
all the forms of Q. coccinea are good. A form
known as Q. Greyana colours well; Q. palustris
colours well in some positions ; Q. rubra is
variable in this respect. See an article in our
issue for April 1, 1905, p. 194.

Orphan Fund: \V. M. We are more than
surprised that any reader of this Journal
should be ignorant of the names of the Execu-
tive of this excellent Charity. The Secretary
is Mr. Brian Wynne, 30, Wellington Street,
Strand, London, W.C., and donations can be
sent to him, or to any of the members of the
Committee.

Peach with Ill-formed Stone: 67. B. It is
quite clear that the injury is not in the first
instance due either to fungi or insects. The
cause is due to some cultural defect that
can only be ascertained on the spot. We
advise you to keep plenty of lime in the soil ;
take care that the drainage of the border is
efficient, and that the roots are not allowed to
suffer from drought or from excessive wet.

Peaches : R. H. C. The cracking is due to
unequal growth, but what caused that irregu-
larity we cannot tell.

Peas : W. D. The pods are affected with thrip.
Try spraying the Peas with an infusion of
Quassia — a handful of Quassia-chips in a gallon
of boiling water, and allowed to cool before use.

Pink : Hemploe. It is quite likely that the
circumstances were as described by your
friends. We have known the variety Mrs.
Sinkins to behave in a similar manner, and
occasionally to revert to the single form.

Purchase of Bulbs : F. B. We cannot advise
you in this matter. Consult a solicitor.

Roses : A.J.F. Some boring insect. You can do
nothing but burn the affected shoots. Watch
the answers in this column for the next week
or two.

Sweet Pea : E. J. L. The unusual number of
flowers is due to fasciation or a fusion of two
or more flower-spikes — an abnormality of not
infrequent occurrence.

Tomato : G. B. Your Tomatos are affected with
fungus — Cladosporium fulvum. Try spraying
with Bordeaux-mixture. Be sure to burn the
affected plants.

Ztgopetalums : W. J. N. Your plants appear to
be affected with what is known among Orchid
growers as " spot," the cause of which has
never been definitely settled, but which in
many instances seems to be brought about by
cultivation in the same house, and perhaps in
one not quite suitable, for a number of years.
Once affected the plants are liable to it even on
the current year's growth, which up to a certain
point seemed healthy. It would be best to get
rid of these plants and procure fresh stock.
But if you elect to keep them, cut away all
the affected parts and give the plants a change
for five or six weeks under a shady wall in the
open garden.

Communications Received.— Basil Levet (your com-
munication has been forwarded)— J. C.&Co.— T. E. H.
— E. McF.. Sydney.— James Veitch & Sons.— H. C. L.—
H. R. H.-J. F. D.— J. S.— F. W. M.— W. S. (photo-
graph),-Mrs. O.— F. D. D.— J. C. & Co.— J. R. P. & S.—
J. O'B —J. S— F. J. -J. D.— A. D.— S. A.— Sir Chas. S.
— Essex— N. S.— F. G. B.— North - East— Amateur-
National Carnation and Picotee Society— Rufus—
Constant Reader— Nectarine— W. R. Smith -Ajax—
Swauley Horticultural College— C. C— A Reader—
E. C. C. D.-W. II. C— G. B.— Nil Dcsperamlum—
Anxious.

MARRIAGE.— On the 8th inst., at St. John's
Church, West Chelsea, Mr. Horace R. Elton, was
married to Miss Florence Outram, the only
daughter of the late Mr. Alfred Outram.

(for Weather see p. viii.)

July 22, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

61

THE

barters' dfftwmrfe

No. 969.— SATURDAY, July 22, 1905.

CONTENTS.

House,

Orchid notes and glean-
ings-
Orchids at Messrs.
Sander & Son's nur-
sery

Pine sawfly in North

Wales, the

Plants, new or note-
worthy—
Primula ovalifolia ...
Plant notes —
Gloriosa Rothschildi-

ana citrina

Poisons, the sale of ...
Potato disease, the
Roses at l'Hay. France
Roses at Lowdham
Roses, some varieties of
Seeds, the germination

of some

Societies-
Cambridge Horticul-
tural

National Carnation &

Picotee

National Rose at

Gloucester

Reigate Horticultural
Royal Horticultural .
Wolverhampton Floral

Fete

Strawberries and Red
Currants, some new .
Timber value of exotic

trees

Week's work, the —

Apiary, the

Flower garden, the...
Fruits under glass ...
Hardy fruit garden...
Kitchen garden, the
Orchid houses, the...
Plants under glass ...

6t»

68

6H

6S

68

68

66
73

63
69

61
71

Aldenham
Elstrce

.Books, notices of—

Alpine Flora

Carnations, Picotees,

and Pinks

Clay's Successful Gar-
dening

The Vegetable Garden

Campanula turbiuata
"Isabel"

Carnation, the

Carnations Bob Acres
and Miss Willmott ...

■Carnations, exhibiting

Carnations, some good
varieties of

China, plant collecting
in

Climbing plant used as
an emblem, a

Colonial notes

Coombc House, Croy-
don

Cymbidium Huttoni ...

Dust nuisance, the ...

.Edinburgh, the forth-
coming International
Show at 70

Flower show at Chelsea,
the recent 72

Forestry at Park Royal 63

Fruit register-
Two new Strawberries 67

^Larch-trees, giant ... 70

National Sweet Pea So-
ciety's recent exhibi-
tion, the 72

Nursery note—

Reuthe, G 78

Nurserymen's outing, t. 71
Odontoglossum crispum 67

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Carnation Bob Acres

Carnation Miss Willmott

Cymbidium Huttoni, inflorescence of

Honeycomb, uncapping a sealed frame of

liilium Bakerianuin (Lowii)

Odontoglossum, a proliferous flower of

Pine saw-fly, the

Primula ovalifolia (Supplementary Illustration),
dummer-house exhibited at the recent Chelsea
Flower Show

THE CARNATION.

THE National Carnation and Picotee
Society (Southern Section) was to the
fore in Vincent Square last Tuesday. It
is just thirty years since the formation
of the Society. I met the late Mr. E. S.
Dodwell at a Carnation exhibition at Man-
chester in 1875, and it was evident that
the Carnation, the Tulip, and the Auricula
as florists' flowers were in the hands of
enthusiastic cultivators there. Mr. Dodwell,
who had cultivated the Carnation for twenty-
live years previous to this, but had not grown
a plant for twenty years, thought that some-
thing ought to be done in the South. A
meeting was held during the following
autumn. Very few of the members of the
first committee remain to see the great work
that has been accomplished. I well re-
member the beautiful Carnation and Picotee
blooms that were exhibited at Manchester,
but flowers were not admitted unless they
were flakes and bizarres, or white-ground
Picotees, no self colours or yellow-ground
Picotees; none of what for exhibition pur-
poses are termed "fancies." When the
Southern growers began their work in earnest
it was felt that something should be done
outside the rather restricted groove in
which the florists had hitheito been content
to work. Prizes were offered for yellow-
ground Picotees, and although the varieties
exhibited were not of a high standard of
merit, it was not long before there was im-
provement, not only in these yellow-ground
varieties, but also in the flaked and b:zarre

varieties. Soon afterwards prizes were
offered for self-coloured flowers, and also for
the so-called fancy varieties. H we may
judge by the taste of the flower-loving
public, the flakes, bizarres, and white-ground
Picotees are not the most highly esteemed
nowadays. The self-coloured varieties stand
first, and for garden purposes deservedly so,
as they grow so freely, and flower-beds can
be formed of one colour — white, blush, pink,
rose, apricot, buff, amber, crimson, red,
scarlet, and many shades of each colour.

Yellow - ground Picotees have now so
much improved that they hold the second
place in popular esteem. The class for
" fancies " was introduced specially for all
Carnations that might be produced from
seed, but which could not be admitted into
the other classes, although there are many
very beautiful and remarkable flowers
amongst them, as might have been seen at
the exhibition which was held on Tuesday.
There are of course many Carnation fanciers
who do not care for any flower that is not
in accordance with the old types, and I for
one have intense admiration for the fine
form, the rich and varied markings of the
bizarre and flaked varieties, also for the
pure white of the Picotee, with no spots
or bars to dim its lustre, only the pretty
margin, broad or narrow, of red, rose, scarlet
or purple.

Many of the varieties now grown have
been cultivated to such a high standard
of excellence that they cannot be shown
better, but by continuing to raise seed-
lings there is still a chance of obtaining
improved varieties. Moreover, in the pro-
cess of raising seedlings from flaked varieties
and Picotees, many varieties are produced
of rich self colours and exquisite form.

The results obtained from the seeds of the
white-ground Picotee are very remarkable.
In some of the varieties that have the merest
line of colour on the edge of the petals, the
seedlings will produce self-coloured flowers
of this colour only, purple-rose, red or
scarlet, and in the case of the bizarre and
flaked varieties, many of quaint design and
varied colours, which in the old days wore
thrown over the garden fence, are now
treasured. In addition to the improvements
to be expected from the raising of seedlings,
there is the advantage that if the seed has
been saved from choice varieties and cross-
fertilised flowers, a more vigorous class of
plants may be obtained. In the course of
years old varieties become weaker in consti-
tution, and must be replaced by others of
more vigorous growth. The subject of
deterioration in varieties was treated upon
very fully in the Gardeners' Chronicle for
March 25, 1905, p. 184, and need not be
further enlarged upon now, except to state
that its effects may be greatly modified by
careful cultivation, and by the introduction
of new varieties.

Many amateurs do not plant the seedling
Carnations at the right time, and thus they
fail to obtain satisfactory results. The
young seedlings shauld be planted now, or
at least not later than September, so that
the plants may lie well established before
the winter, in gocd deep soil that has been
enriched with some decayed farmyard
manure. The best time to sow the seed is
in March or April; if sown too early some
of the plants will make an attempt to
throw up flower - stems too late in the
season properly to develop the blooms.

The single-flowered Carnation with its five
petals produces seed very freely indeed, with-
out anyattempton the partof the cultivator
to pollinate the flowers. Not so the garden
Carnation ; the anthers which contain the
pollen are hidden amongst the petals, and
must be sought for. When the pollen is in a
state of powder carefully remove it with a fine
brush and apply it to the stigma of the flower
it is intended to pollinate. This is found in
the centre of the flowers, in the form of two
horn-like processes more or less curled; the
pollen is gently applied with the aforesaid
brush. If the flower has been fertilised the
petals will soon collapse.

The propagation of the Carnation is not so
well understood as it ought to be. Layering
is the next best method to that of seed-
production, and the best time to do the work
is when the flowering period is over; some
of the surface soil is removed and replaced
with the fine, sandy soil in which the layers
are to be pegged down. A good compost to
make these layers in is one consisting of
one part sand, one part fine loam, and one
part leaf-mould.

I am frequently asked if Carnations can
be propagated by slips or cuttings. The pro-
<ess is not so certain a one as layering; for
although many varieties can be freely pro-
pagated by slips others are more diffi-
cult to raise. So long ago as the time
of 'Jueen Elizabeth the Carnation was
propagated by slips, and it is interesting
to read in The Winter's Tale the conver-
sation between " Polixenes ' and "Perdita,"
that the "Carnations and streaked Gilli-
flowers" are mentioned. " Perdita " was no
florist; she says, alluding to the "streaked

Gilliflowers": —

"Of that kind
Our rustic garden's barren ; and I care not
To get slips of them."

As companions of the Carnation they may
have some claim to be admitted as "the
fairest flowers of the[season,"and "Polixenes''
remonstrates with her : —

" Wherefore, gentle rraiden,
Do you neglect them ? '!

Her objection was that they were by some
called '■ Nature's bastards " i and her further
remarks show that the practice of cross-
breeding was not unknown in those days].
She adds—

"I'll not put
The dibble in earth to set one slip of them."

Some of us canj'emember that the former
editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle pro-
tested quite as strongly against the cross-
fertilisation of Orchids. The point to which
I would call attention is that in these early
days Carnations were propagated by slips.
Some varieties cannot easily be propagated
by slips, although most of them can, and
they root most freely in a very gentle bottom-
heat in a frame or handlight.

The seedliDgs which have been raised
during the present season, if planted early,
will produce a hundred blooms less or more
on each plant. These, if cut with long
stems, flowers and buds together, accom-
panied with Carnation foliage, form the
most charming of table decorations.

If there are any incipient examples of
Carnation-iust to be seen, the affected parts
must be carefully cut out and destroyed ;
for as the summer advances into autumn
this tiresome pest will rapidly develop, ai d
if the spores become scattered the labcur
of getting rid of the disease will be greatly
increased. /. Douglas.

G2

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 22, 1905.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

PRIMULA OVALIFOLIA, Franchet*
[See Supplementary Illustration.]

This very handsome species was discovered in
1869 by David on the borders of E. Tibet, in the
Province of Moupin. It has since been collected
by A. Henry and Wilson in Hupeh and Szechuan
and by Pratt near the Tibetan frontier in
TV. Szechuan. Its nearest ally is, according to
Franchet, P. Davidi, another most lovely plant,
found also by David in Moupin. It differs from,
the latter by its oval, crenate, and usually long-
petioled leaves, and by its longer and narrower
calyx-lobes. J. F. Luthie, Kew.

[Our illustration was taken from a living speci-
men furnished by Messrs. James Veitch & Sons,
who have the plant in cultivation. Ed.]

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

ORCHIDS AT MESSES. SANDER and SONS'.
Cypripedium Fairrieanum has arrived at St.
Albans at last. For many years Messrs. Sander
have persistently striven to secure an importation
of this gem among Cypripediums, and no fewer
than six collectors were successively sent out
for the purpose of procuring this plant as their
chief object. At last a small consignment of
healthy, compact tufts has been secured. About
the identity of the coveted species there can
be no doubt. The difference in the form and
length of the leaves, and the superior length of
the old flower-spikes on some of the imported
plants, seem to indicate that there will be some
variation in the flowers, although all are true
Fairrieanums. The leaves of some of the im
ported plants are broad and short, and resemble
those previously in cultivation, although they
are much larger, while the leaves of a few are
nearly a foot long, and narrow in proportion to
their length. Amateurs will rejoice at the oppor-
tunity to satisfy their cravings for this charming
plant. The difficulty, however, is that there will
not be enough to " go round,''' and it is said that
no more can be imported until some better
prospect of security for the collector is forth-
coming.

Although the re-introduction of this small
healthy batch of C. Fairrieanum was not directly
due to the agency of either of the travellers
specially sent by Messrs. Sander, their labours
were not altogether wasted, for through them
many other good plants were introduced, and
among the more recent importations now at
St. Albans are the stock of the handsome Cymbi-
dium Sanderi, the few specimens of the showy C.
Parishii Sandera?, and various other promising
species not yet proved.

* Primula ovrdi/olia, Franchet. — Root-stock short,
stout, giving off" many fibrous roots. Leaves all radical,
subcoriaceous, more or less bullate ; blade 2J— 4 inches
long, and 1^—2^ inches wide, broadly ovate to obovate-
lanceolate, rounded at the apex, abruptly or gradually
tapering into the petiole ; margins crenate ; midrib
stout; main lateral nerves 10— 12 pairs, often spreading
at a right angle to the midrib, the interspaces sharply
reticulate; upper surface glabrous, the lower paler,
densely puberulous along the nerves and midrib, the
latter clothed also with reddish, spreading hairs ;
petiole varying in length, often longer than the blade,
covered with reddish, woolly pubescence, like that of
the midril). Scape usually exceeding I he leaves, its
upper portion as well as the pedicels woolly-pubescent.
Bracts lanceolate, acuminate, about as long as the
pedicels at the time of flowering, reddish-brown, the
margins ciliate. Pedicels (in flower) shorter than the
calyx. Calyx .s— 6 lin. long, campamilate ; lowerportion
of tube pubescent ; lobes about as long as the tube,
lanceolate-acuminate or triangular, the margins ciliate.
Corolla violet-purple, about J inch across, tube equalling
or (in the short-styled form) exceeding the calyx ; limb
concave, spreading; lobes obovate. shortly two-lobed.
[See Franchet in Bull. Bot. Su,\ France, xxxiii., p. 67 ;
Fax. in Engler Jahrb., x., 176 : ex Hemsley in Journ. Linn.
Soc, xxvii. (1889), p. 41.]

Hybrid Orchids take up a great proportion of
this vast establishment, and house after house is
filled with seemingly endless quantities of them.
A range of warm-houses running side by side is
devoted to the raising of seedlings, and their
growth in the earlier stages, and with regard to
the seed-raising, Mr. J. Godseff, the talented
manager, states that the crosses which were
found difficult to raise when the house was newly
constructed come very freely and with greater
vigour now that the house has lost its newness.
Cypripediums occupy many houses, one house
having a large quantity of yellow forms of C.
insigne, the best of which much resembles a
yellow C. i. Harefield Hall ; another house has
batches of C. bellatulum, C. niveum, C. Gode-
froya?, C. concolor, and their hybrids, and with
them the now yellow C. Sanderoe, of the C.
concolor class, but larger and with a broad and
differently shaped lip.

The next house has Cypripedium Sanderianum
and its hybrids, and C. Rothschildianum and
its hybrids. Indiscriminate crossing has been
abandoned here long ago, and only crosses of the
best forms effected. Of these there are in dif-
ferent stages of growth enormous quantities.

The present season is one of the least varied per-
haps in the matter of Orchids in bloom, but even
now there is a very fine show of Lajlio-Cattleyas
in three houses. The showiest batch in bloom is
Laslio-Cattleya Martineti, obtained between a
fine dark form of L. tenebrosa and a richly-
coloured C. Mossise. The plants of this batch
vary in an extraordinary manner, some being
white tinged with rose and with purple labellums,
others of various shades of rose and purple, this
class showing little trace of L. tenebrosa ; the
other set has the bronzy-orange sepals and petals
of L. tenebrosa, though broad and flat, and
intensely dark claret - purple labellums. The
same variation shows in the fine strain of L.-C.
X Canhamiana and the newer Cattleya x
Roehrsiana, one being pure white with dark
purple lip, the other having the crimped petals
tinted with lilac. Batches of Lrelio-Cattleya x
bletchleyensis, L.-C. x Aphrodite and other
showy hybrids are in bloom or bud, and most of
the other favourites are showing well for flower.

The arrangement of rockery-approaches, with
similar constructions in the ends of the houses on
which to arrange plants in flower, and the facing
of the staging with ornamental plants always form
an attractive feature in the St. Albans nurseries.
In one of these groups at the ends of the houses
stands the finest specimen of Vanda Lowii ever
grown. It now has over a dozen leading growths,
and is still producing more. Around it are Vanda
Kimballiana, Renanthera Imschootiana with
pretty crimson flowers, Aerides expansum Leonia?,
A. crassifolium, and another fine Aerides from
Annam ; also a distinct type of the true Vanda
Parishii, and some other species.

At the entrance of another house is a noble
specimen of Brassia verrucosa major with thirty
spikes, some fine Odontoglossum crispum, a large
specimen of Nanodes Medusa? with its singular
ruby-red flowers, and other fine species being
grouped with it.

The cool-houses, filled for the greater part with
fine Odontoglossum crispum, have but few in
flower, as usual at this season. Among those
noted were a remarkably fine 0. ramosissimum,
the singular little 0. stellatum, and a few hybrids.
The collection of Masdevallias had several
examples of M. muscosa, M. trichsete, M. calura,
and other species usually called " botanical," in
bloom ; and with regard to these singular species
the collection is being increased at St. Albans,
and quite an interesting show of Bulbophyllums,
Cirrhopetalums. curious Epidendrums, Ccelogynes,
Dendrobiums, <Sc, chiefly of recent importation,
is being established. Among those in bloom
were the pretty Dendrobium bellatulum, a dwarf

form of D. ciliatum, Sarcochilus divitiflorus,
Pachystoma Thompsonianum, Chondrorhyncha
Chestertoni, and several small species of ¥pi-
dendrum, Polystachya, and Pleurothallis. The
large range, nearly 300 feet in length, and in
five divisions, completely filled with hybrid!
Laelias, Cattleyas, and Ltelio-Cattleyas of flower-
ing size, present a fine sight of vigorous plants.
Few are in bloom, but a great number are showing;
for flower.

The next intermediate range has Cattleyas
and other Orchids, the great bulk of which,
however, are grown at Bruges. Among those-
remarked were a recent importation of Cattleya
elongata, a fine lot of Cattleya Schroderae,
C. Mendeli, and other large-flowered kinds. In
bloom were several La?lia majalis, a finely-
coloured Cattleya Loddigesii, the pure white

C. intermedia Parthenia, and a large form of the
white C. Mossia? AVageneri, Oncidium larnelli-
gerum, Epidendrum prismatocarpum, a large*
specimen of Oncidium phymatocheilum with many
elegant flower-spikes, and one of the noblest and!
most vigorous specimens of Vanda ccerulea ever
seen, with some fifty broad, fleshy leaves on a
single stem, and three fine spikes of sky-blue
flowers of fine size, each with about fifteen
blooms.

The range connecting another large block of
warm-houses is filled with Burmese Dendrobes,

D. Wardianum, D. crassinode, D. Brymerianum,
D. Bensona*, &c, among the last-named two
white varieties being in bloom.

In one of the side houses a good variety of
Pescatorea Klabochorum is in bloom intended for
crossing with another section of Zygopetalum ;
also Calanthe veratrifolia, a nice batch of which
has been imported, various Spathoglottis..
Ccelogynes, a sturdy lot of Vanda Sanderiana,
which promise a good show of flowers ; the true
Vanda insignis, still a rare plant ; a fine batch of
Stenoglottis longifolia, with tall sprays of pretty
lilac-and-white flowers ; a good lot of Phala?-
nopsis, several of the P. grandiflora being very
large specimens.

New and Rare Plants other than Orchids.

Nicotiana Sandera? :•; has been one of the most
satisfactory plants both to the vendors and)
purchasers, and endeavours are being made to
preserve the brightest crimson, magenta, rose,
and white types true, and to still further
improve the strain. It is noteworthy that the
flowers of this plant keep open and bright in
dull and sunny weather alike, while Nicotiana
affinis and others close the segments of the
flowers, giving them a drooping appearance,
according to the weather.

The foliage Begonias raised at St. Albans out of
the handsome B. Bowringiana have also developed
a new and extremely beautiful race, with wonder-
fully coloured leaves, the midribs having a glow-
ing cinnabar scarlet appearance. A fine set are
B. Mrs. H. G. Moon, B. Her Majesty, B. Fearnley
Sander, B. Non Plus Ultra, and B. Our Queen.
These are bright and charmingly coloured, whe-
ther used planted out in the rockeries, or arrange-
ments planted in the Orchid-houses, as well as
when grown in pots.

Gloriosa Rothschildiana, the most beautiful of
the genus, is established in a good batch which
by the variation in the foliage promises some
variety in this always beautiful flower.

Cycas Blicholitzii is a remarkable species of
elegant habit, and showing the new character in
a Cyead of having the lower leaflets pinnate -
Alpinia Sandera1 has Bamboo-like growth, the
leaves variegated white and green. It is said to
be a fine plant for indoor decoration. Anthu-
riums are much grown of two sections, viz., the
Schertzerianum and the Andreanum classes.
Both are very showy and varied, but the newer
forms of the Andreanum class, now least in

July 22, 1903.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

G3

evidence, are said to bloom well in autumn and
winter.

Polypodium Knighti* is an ideal basket plant
with long, drooping, feather-like fronds much
•divided. Many other freshly-imported promising
plants are being established, and of older favour-
ites Draca;na Sanderiana, D. Godseffiana, and
Asparagus myriocladus are as well worthy of their
place'as decorative plants as ever.

It! is interesting to note that while the vast
establishment at Bruges, with its many houses of

CYMBIDIUM HUTTONI.

Owing to the courtesy of Messrs. Charlesworth
& Co. we are now able to illustrate in figs. 21
and 22 this remarkable and beautiful species, for
which the firm obtained a First-class Certificate
at a meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society
on July 4. As was stated in our report of that
meeting, the species was originally discovered by
Hutton when collecting for Messrs. Veitch in
Java. The species connects Cymbidium and

Fig. 21.— cymbidium huttoni: flowers natural size,
yellow with puri'le spots.

Palms, Orchids, &c, and outdoor acres of Bay
trees and Azaleas, steadily becomes a wholesale-
market-supplying nursery, the parent establish-
ment at St. Albans still caters for plant-lovers of
all kinds, and especially for those who appreciate
new things. J. O'B.

PLANT PORTRAIT.

Debregeasia velutina.— A tree of the Nat. Ord.
Urticaceiv. Native of India. Leaves shortly stalk. id,
rugose, lanceolate, serrate. Fruits yellow in small
globular heads.

Grammatophyllum, the large grooved pseudo-
bulbs, each furnished with two or three
bright-green leaves, much resembling those of
Grammatophyllum multiftorum.

The manner of producing the pendulous racemes
of thick-textured flowers is nearest to that seen
in Cymbidium Devonianum. Two varieties were
shown, one lighter in colour than the other, the
longest raceme bearing fifteen flowers. The
flowers were each about 2 inches across, in colour
yellowish-white densely spotted with purple, the
petals being also tinged with purple on the outer

halves. The sepals are obovate, acuminate, petals
narrower and reflexed. The side-lobes of the lip
are large and erect, middle lobe oblong,
acuminate.

FORESTRY.

SOME NOTES AT PARK ROYAL.

Generally speaking, the exhibition alluded to
on p. 18 did not differ very much from that of
last year, the exhibits in most cases being the same,
the most interesting coming from private estates.
One of these, from the Duke of Northumberland's
woods, Alnwick Castle, was instructive, only it was
missed by many visitors owing to its position.
This consisted of two Scotch Fir stems, about
twenty years old perhaps, of the dimensions of
short pit props, " showing the effects of thick
planting in producing crops and good quality of

Fio. 22.-

■CYMBIDIUM HUTTONI,
HABIT OF PLANT.

timber." Both examples were about the same
girth, but the wide-planted one, owing to having
had too much room, had the objectionable strong,
rigid, side branohes and was tapering, and the
boards from trees grown on the same principle
were full of large knots and rough. The dense-
planting example was about as thick at the small
end as at the bottom, cylindrical, and the side
branches were small and dead approaching the
shedding stage. Boards of the same showed few
knots, and they were small. The rough and
inferior specimen came from a plantation planted
at the rate of 2,722 to the acre, and the good
specimen represented 4,840 to the acre. Con-
sidering, therefore, that the latter was of superior
quality in every way, and that the trees were of
the same age, the reader may draw his own con-
clusions as to the value of the crop per acre in
each case at their age.

From Earl Powis's estate came a section of
Douglas Fir, forty years of age, varnished,
showing the colour and annual rings, and indi-

64

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 22, 1905.

eating a stem about 24 inches in diameter ; and
beside this was a Larch section, about 100 years
old, as shown by the rings, of no greater bulk
than the Douglas. I laid the one on the other to
measure, and judging approximately, but pretty
nearly, I calculated that the conditions being
about equal, the Douglas Fir will produce about as
much timber in forty years as the Larch will do
in a hundred. The heart of the Douglas was as
red as Mahogany, and constituted about two-
thirds of the section, which exceeds that of any
other of our forest trees. The early formation of
heart-wood is of much importance in the value of
timber.

Another exhibit which attracted much atten-
tion among planters was a neatly-assorted col-
lection from the Country Gentleman's Associa-
tion of seeds of about forty varieties of our
principal forest trees, with pots of newly-sprung
live seedlings representing the different seeds.
This, I believe, is the first exhibition of the
kind, and interested many who perhaps never
saw some of the seeds exhibited before, nor
the seedlings either. Should the C.G.A. ex-
hibit the same again, I would suggest that
instead of sprouting seeds for the occasion, it
would be better to procure one, two, and three
years' seedlings and pot them for the purpose.
This would be easier and better. If the Associa-
tion on the next occasion could also set up a
clump of small scaffold-poles near their pavilion,
showing how thickly the actual crop of trees are
where they grow, it would give us the beginning
and end of the business. This was suggested at
the time of the Forestry Exhibition in Edinburgh
in 1884, but the idea was not acted upon.

The plots in the forestry section, correctly
described in the catalogue as " Collections of
choice hardy ornamental trees and shrubs," were
such as one sees at flower-shows, but could not
be regarded as forestry exhibits. There was one
solitary Japanese Larch, representing forestry ;
all the others were garden and park subjects.
The useful Firs and hardwoods were not there.
Perhaps it would be difficult, but more real,
living forestry is wanted at these forestry exhi-
bitions. There is too much of the museum about
them. In the agricultural division attached to
the forestry section, living plants, consisting of
cereals, grasses, roots, &c, and showing cultural
results and experiments, were more interesting,
and attracted the notice of the visitors.

Samples of creosoted trunks in variety were
exhibited, showing creosoting by pressure and
absorption. The latter is the slowest process, but
much the easier and least expensive. In other
respects this exhibit had little interest, timber-
creosoting h aving been long understood and
practised in railway material. The question now
is whether it is cheaper to buy creosoted timber
or to creosote one's own when there is much timber
on the estate. By the absorption process the wood
is Bimply put into the boiler and allowed to soak,
a slow fire being lit under the boiler. By the
pressure system a good deal of the engine-tenters'
duties are involved, and the plant is more
expensive at the outset.

Instructive exhibits from one of the Forestry
Schools, Cambridge, if I remember, were examples
of young trees showing the right and wrong root-
form in young forest trees, and some frightful
examples of the latter were exhibited of various
ages, showing how the wrong form, once estab-
lished, is retained by the tree. This exhibit has
only come to the fore within the last few years
since attention was drawn to it. All the examples
were described as from English nurseries except
one or two from a German nursery, probably one
which supplies English planters, as in the
Continental forests the wrong root form is practi-
cally unknown.

An interesting exhibit to forestry stu-
dents was that showing the damage done to

forest trees by diseases, insects, voles, and
squirrels. The two last were perhaps the only
ones that excited much interest among practical
foresters because they can be dealt with. Forest
tree diseases and insects are a heavy feature at
agricultural schools, but most of them are
either so little feared in practical foresty or so
hopelessly beyond the forester's control when
they do appear, as in the Larch disease and Larch
aphis for example, that the forester troubles little
about them. I think Dr. Somerville told one of
the examiners of the late Forestry Committee
that the insects to be feared in forestry were
about half-a-dozen or fewer, and were out of the
reach of preventive measures. If the forester
could get rid of the rabbit pest and the Larch
disease, it is doubtful if he would trouble
his head very much about any of the other
plagues. These two undoubtedly do far more
harm than the insects, diseases and plagues
put together. An extraordinary exhibit, ac-
cording to the catalogue description, was a door,
from Kyston Hall, Norfolk, made of Black Oak
dug out of Roxham Fen, and supposed to be
"70,000 years old." Some wondered if this was a
misprint for 7,000. J. Simpson.

The Timber Value of Exotic Trees.

I have had twenty-six years' experience here
with several members of the Pine family, as well
as with Larch, in all to the extent of 500,000
trees, and I have come to the conclusion that in
our case it has been to some extent a waste of
time and capital.

Every person who contemplates planting trees
in large numbers should study well the conditions
of the locality, his requirements, and whether he
is planting for obtaining immediate profit, or for
the benefit of his heirs. If he wishes for
immediate profit, then extra caution is needed in
selecting the varieties.

The Larch is the most serviceable tree to
plant for the purpose of yielding timber for use
on the estate in fencing and so on. At one time
it paid to plant Larch for producing Hop poles at
twelve to fifteen years' planting, but now that
wire is so much employed, Larch under eighteen
or twenty years from planting is of no value.

The point then to consider is of what value are
the small poles that must be taken away as
thinnings ? By leaving them too thickly the
whole of the plantation would be spoiled because
the trees would be drawn up too weakly to be of
real value. Then again the Larch disease is a
terrible scourge where it attacks a plantation
badly. In our particular case I have come to
the conclusion that one cause only is answerable
for our trouble in that direction, viz. — stagnation
about the roots, or in other words unhealthy
conditions. Spring frosts, damaged bark and
insect pests are all pegs to hang excuses upon.

The elevation here is 400 feet above sea-level.
The soil varies. In some fields there is from
1 foot to 2 feet of stiff, stony soil overlying a hard
pan of almost clay ; below this is a bed of chalk.
To look at the soil as moved for agricultural pur-
poses the stranger would say that Larch would revel
in such soil. And so they do for fifteen years or
so, making leading growths of from 2 to 4 feet in
a season. After that period canker appears, and
it is worse in the trees on some sites than those
on others. That is in my opinion the time when
the roots have got down to this hard pan,
or subsoil. The water from excessive rains cannot
percolate away quickly enough for the welfare of
the roots. I know this is the case, because where
the soil has been trenched for 2 to 3 feet
deep or more canker is unknown. Some may say,
Why not employ the remedy ? I say in reply, It
will not pay to do so. The cost of trenching such
soil would be ruinous. Acres and acres of Larch
that have arrived at that stage have been cleared
as useless, and the land returned to agriculture,
under which it is much more profitable.

If Hazel is planted, what are the results from,
a well-grown crop ? Ten years are required to
produce a growth suitable for local use, such as
sheep-hurdles, hoops for casks, thatching-spars,
&a. For this the handsome sum of £3 to JE5
per acre is realised, and for ten years' growth.

As an experiment my employer, Mr. W. H.
Myers, M.P., planted 2,000 Thuya gigantea
alternately with Larch. The trees have made
quite good progress, but of their value as
timber-trees, or even for use on the estate as
fencing, I think little of them. From other
sources on the estate I have cut trees of this
variety 30 feet high, but I find the wood is very
soft at that age, and when the trees are stocked
after being cut a time they become exceptionally
light, which is not an indication of durability.

Scotch, Corsican, and Austrian Pines have all
been tried, as well as Spruce. All grow fast ; but
of what value are they ? At the most 4d. per
f oot is the price obtained. For ornament or shelter
all are interesting and useful. As a wind-guard,
the Austrian Pine is unsurpassed ; but as a timber-
tree it is perhaps the worst — it produces too many
branches, and these are too near together for the
timber to be desirable.

I could continue my narrative of ill-success,
but suflicient has been said to warn would-be*
planters to think twice before they embark largely.
E. liolyneux, South Hants.

ALDENHAM.

It is doubtful whether there exists in the
kingdom a finer private school in which to study
arboriculture, so far as relates to that phase of it-
illustrated by choice trees and shrubs, than
that furnished by Lord Aldenham's beautiful
gardens and grounds at Elstree. Not only is the
owner a lover of trees and shrubs, but his son, the
Hon. Vicary Gibbs, is a great authority on them ;
and endless as seems to be the variety there
gathered from all parts of the world, yet Mr.
Gibbs knows them and can call them all by their
names. But a striking feature of the planting at
Aldenham is its complete association with deco-
rative aspects. Really, it would seem as if this-
feature had been the primary aim of the planters,
everything is so harmonious. Yet such a
suggestion would probably be disregarded,
as after all it would seem that in finding
the most fitting site or place for each tree or
shrub, the decorative effect had naturally
followed. To indicate the varieties planted at
Aldenham would need a big volume, and no one
however devoted to arboriculture can see them all
in a day. Really the collection becomes a school,
and it may be hoped may be preserved as such
for horticulture for all time.

The owner of Aldenham has been fortunate in
securing for a gardener one so thoroughly sympa-
thetic as is Mr. E. Beckett. Not only does he
too, seem to know everything, but he appears, like
his enthusiastic employers, to know no finality.

To the ordinary visitor, however, fond of trees-
and shrubs and of hardy plants of all descriptions
also there may seem to be enough of everything,
but that can hardly be j new forms still seem to-
be constantly cropping up, and room must be
found for them. Established things grow apace
and need more room, for crowding is not tolerated
here ; indeed, one of the special charms of the
planting is that each plant has room, and
thus can not only display its full character, but,
being thus individualised, each specimen com-
mands all the greater interest. The abundance
of water brought here and there in lakes large
and small, in moats, streams, or rivulets, with
here and there much effective rockwork, enables
myriads of aquatic or semi-aquatic plants to be
grown in great luxuriance. The extent of the
well-kept grounds thus utilised seem to be illimit-
able; rich verdure is everywhere, and with

July 22, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

65

beds, borders, or plantations, all is kept clean
and neat. It is a happy circumstance that,
allied to such devotion to arboriculture, there
should be such refined taste shown, for the most
captious cannot but be delighted with the
perfection of keep found on every hand.
„; In the hardy plant department and the kitchen
warden the borders are rich with perennials. A

One of the most effective of June-flowering
perennials is Inula glandulosa fimbriata,
20 inches in height, flowers large, charm-
ingly fimbriate, and of a rich orange colour.
Anchusa italica superba, plants 2 feet in
height, is here a very fine form, and
much superior to the tall, loose - growing
varieties often seen. Both the double-white and

•

Fig. 23. — border carnation bob acres : colour of flowers scarlet.

(see p. 72.)

grow vegetables, he drained, trenched, buried
down deep trimmings of all descriptions, and
added to the ground other material wherever
obtainable, also wood-ashes, old mortar rubbish,
leaf-soil, and manure, until now the level of the
garden quarters is 15 inches above its original
plane, and thus it is that vegetables of the very
finest quality are produced.

Eunner Beans planted quite thinly here grow
so tall that the rows are all staked with Hazel-
branches 12 feet in height. Peas also grow very
tall, for Mr. Beckett, giving the rows ample room
and tall supports, holds that one tall row is better
than two dwarf ones. His own raised Pea
Edwin Beckett is in full bearing 5 feet in height,
and Aldenham, G feet in height, is following suit ;
but a grand seedling from these two Peas, not
yet named, carries such superb pods with eleven
and twelve Peas in them that even Aldenham
is quite eclipsed. This Pea promises to be the
finest exhibition-variety in cultivation. Onions,
both autumn and winter sown, are in splendid
form, and of the best varieties. Vegetable-
Marrows are here from plants running loose
after being raised under frames, fruit very freely.
In every department the same high culture is seen,
and associated with successful exhibiting may be
found perfect culture everywhere, nothing being
neglected. A. D.

striking feature by-and-bye will be the long,
broad border specially devoted to Asters, of which
there is a collection of some hundred of the best
varieties obtainable. The plants are lifted,
•divided, and replanted each year, the growths
being not only thinned, but well tied out to
some four to six sticks per plant, and in that way
flowers of the finest quality are obtained. The
plants are 4 feet apart, and there are about 250
of them.

purple Pockets are plentiful here also, but these
are merely a few plants out of a great collection.
Mr. Beckett has won most fame in horticulture
as a vegetable grower. He began a successful
career many years ago in the great conservatory
at South Kensington, in contending with so accom-
plished an exhibitor as the late Mr. C. W. Miles, of
Wycombe Abbey, and at Aldenham he has reached
the apex in competitions. Faced with a stiff,
cold, ungenial soil, which in prior days would not

LEAVES FROM MY CHINESE
NOTE-BOOK.

(Continued from p. 2».)

May 3. — A lovely night succeeded a lovely day.
We left our last night's moorings at 5 a.m. and
arrived here at 11.30 a.m. Owing to a strong
head-wind we were obliged to remain here. The
river was rising, and the current in the gorge was
too strong to stem with the wind against us. Our
last night's moorings were very uncomfortable,
the wash and swirl of the river caused us to
bump against the shore in an unpleasant manner,
and once or twice I awoke with a start.

In the late afternoon I went for quite a long
walk along the fine broad road which runs
through this gorge on the left bank. It is a
well-paved road, cut out of the solid rock, a good
three paces broad, and high up above the high-
water level. It is in a splendid state of repair
It was built by a widow in memory of her
husband, and must have cost an enormous sum of
money. Much blasting and building up have had
to be done. This and the road through part of
the Wushan Gorge represent engineering feats of
which no country need feel ashamed.

During my walk I collected several fresh plants,
and noted the Pomegranate naturalised on the
cliff. It was very common. The fresh plants

included —

Solatium xanthocarpum, Embelia Ribes, Saponaria
Vaccaria, Citrus japonica, Ligustrum strongylopliyllum,
Wikstrcemia micrantna, and Cynanehum sp.
The last-named is the species noted before with
opposite leaves. Its flowers are small and yellow
in colour. Embelia Ribes is the commonest shrub
on the rock just above high-water mark. Citrus
japonica *' Kumquat " was common on the cliff,
and evidently spontaneous. The common trees
hereabouts were —

Plstacia chinensis, Gleditschia sinensis, Sapium sebi-
ferum Alcurites cordata, Cupressus funebns, Ficus
infectoiia, Loquat, Orange, Pomeloe, Plums, and
Peaches.

The fruits of the Loquat were just colouring,
and the leaves of the Tallow tree (Sapium
sebiferum) just unfolding. A kind of Wheat new
to me, having long and bluish-coloured ears, was
grown hereabouts.

j/,,,, t.— The wind died away during the night,
and it was dead calm when we started through
the gorge at 5 a.m. This gorge is to my mind
the grandest of all ; its cliffs are frightfully
steep and almost devoid of vegetation. One

66

THE GARD ENER S ' CIIR ONI CLE.

[July 22, 1905.

overhanging peak is fully 2,500 feet high. The
river has a very tortuous course through this
gorge, so much so indeed that a fair wind may
become a head wind ere the end of the gorge
is reached. There are many legends connected
with this valley dating back to the time of the
" Three Kingdoms," some doubtless with a dash
of truth in them.

Opposite the " Goose rock," or rather looking
down on it, is a hill some 500 feet high, crowned
with a grove of Pistacia and Banyan trees, in the
midst of which nestles a famous temple. This
temple is said to be 1,700 years old, and tradition
has it that it was here the famous hero Liu-Pei
died.

At 1 o'clock we were opposite the salt-wells.
These are situated right on the foreshore, and it
is only possible to work them in the low-water
season.

At 3.30 p.m. we reached the famous city of
Kui-Fu, which is now a mere fragment of what it
was in the days of the " Three Kingdoms." We
moored for the night here, and having complied
with the custom of giving the crew a small
gratuity, everybody was happy.

Although slightly north of Ichang, the seasons
are earlier here. This is partly due to its being
closed in by mountains, and partly to the nature of
the soil ; the latter is of a brick-red colour and very
porous. The Wheat and Pulse crops were being
harvested, and we purchased ripe Cherries, but
they had little or no flavour. The Irish Potato
was largely planted, but looked very weakly.
Maize was cultivated, but 1 saw no Opium, and
very little land prepared for Rice.

On the right bank were some magnificent
groves of Bamboos. I noted several large trees of
the " Litchi " cultivated ; and the trees of Orange
and Loquat are larger than I have met with
before. In a garden attached to a farm-house
I remember seeing some large trees of the double-
flowered Peach, the only large trees of this
kind I ever saw. The flowers were peach-
coloured or crimson, sometimes half-and-half, but
more frequently striped. Eosa Banksue was very
common here, and is the first of the Roses to
bloom.

The only new plant I gathered to-day was
Viburnum buddleifolia, a species apparently
intermediate between V. utile and V. rhytido-
phyllum.

Kiu-Fu is a famous mart for vegetables, and
our crew seemed intent on loading the boat down
with them. What they intended doing with all
the Cabbages purchased passed my compre-
hension.

May 5. — We had to get three fresh coolies at
Kiu-Pu, and this procedure, together with a
thunder - storm, delayed us till 9 a.m. The
officials in this province seem very careful with
foreigners. The magistrate here insisted on
sending a soldier with us to the next district
town — an unnecessary honour which has to be
paid for.

We experienced much difficulty from shallows
to-day, and passed a couple of junks badly ashore.
We moored for the night at the village of Anping-
just, below which is a nasty rapid called La- Pa-
Tan.

Anping is a wretched little village, situated on
the side of a steep hill well above high-water
mark. Iron is worked inland from here, and is
brought to this place and sent upwards and
downwards. This and Chinese macaroni are the
only articles of trade the place boasts.

During the forenoon I noted some men washing
for gold. The quantity obtained is very small,
the men being only able to earn a hundred
cash (about 3d.) per day each. In my walk I
noticed much land being prepared for Rice, and
also a nice lot of Opium. The latter was just
being cleared off the ground to make room for Rice.

I gathered several fresh plants to-day, includ-

ing Sterculia platanifolia, Vaccinium sp., and a
new species of Elreagnus. This latter was a bush
4 feet high, with pure white flowers, and leaves
smaller and thinner in texture than any other
species I am acquainted with. Small thickets of
Scrub Oak (Quercuschinensis) were common, and
Diospyros Kaki was commonly cultivated. Cu
pressus funebris continued practically the only
Conifer.

May 6. — A heavy thunderstorm, which began
about 4 a.m and lasted till S o'clock, delayed our
start till S.30 a.m. The rain fell m torrents, and
water was pouring into the Yang-tsze on every
side. This water was a bright copper-red, a sign we
are within the red-basin of Szechuan. The red-
basin extends a little west of Kui-Pu, and includes
within its limits more than half of the huge pro-
vince of Szechuan — in fact, it may be appro-
priately applied to almost the whole area of
eastern and central Szechuan. It owes its name
to the preponderance of red clayey sandstone and
sandy clays of enormous stratigraphical develop-
ment which impart their characteristic brick-red
colour to the surface when it is exposed. The
soil is remarkably rich, and it is to this that
Szechuan owes its enormous wealth as an agri-
cultural province.

A fair wind sprung up about 10.30 a.m., and
we made good progress until a heavy shower forced
us to tie up at 2 p.m. The wind then veered
round and blew down the river. Starting again
at 3.30 p.m., we got over Miao-ehe-tsze rapid
safely and moored two miles above it. This
Miao-che-tsze rapid is situated just above the
village of Kulin, and is one of the worst during
the low-water season. It annually becomes more
difficult from the debris brought down by a small
torrent.

On the south bank is a pretty temple nestling
inside a grove of Cypress and Melia Azedarach,
which crowns the rocky knoll. The "Pride of
India "was in full flower and made a startling
display. The trees were some 15 to 20 feet high,
and the size of the panicle of flowers enormous.
It does not appear to grow into large trees, at
least not in the Yang-tsze Valley. Aleuritesand
Pistacia trees were again common.

May 7. — It rained gently all night, and it was
just after six o'clock when we made a start. The
country is still very hilly, but the hills are not so
high and the slope more gradual. Every possible
place is cultivated. At 11.30 a.m. we passed the
town of Yung- Yang. This place is surrounded
by a good wall, though most of the people appear
to prefer to dwell outside it. Much of the land
inside the wall is devoted to various crops. This
city, in the time of the "Three Kingdoms," offered
a very stubborn resistance to Liu Pei. This
genius eventually took it, and marched on
Cheng-tu. On a high hill overlooking the town
is a fort, one of a large series which were built at
the time of the Taiping rebellion. The trade of
Yung- Yang consists of opium and salt. It boasts
several fine buildings, one of which has a very
ornate exterior. The Roman Catholic fathers are
busy building a large school here.

On the right bank and facing the town is a
very fine temple, dedicated to Chang Pei, a
famous general, and half-brother to Liu Pei.
One of the features since entering Szechuan has
been the abundance of the Irish Potato ; it is
grown everywhere, and is undoubtedly a valued
crop. The haulms are very weakly. They are
planted far too thickly, and seldom if ever is any
attempt made to earth them up.

On leaving Ichang 1 engaged a crew of twenty-
four hands — seventeen trackers and seven deck
hands. Only twice was I able to count this
number. The deficiency was always amongst the
trackers. The reason was always the same — "They
run away." This often was so, I know ; but the
real reason was that every man short meant that
man's wages in the pocket of the head tracker.

I poured vials of wrath on their heads, but all to
no purpose. To satisfy me they told some plausible
tale, and afterwards got the requisite number of
men for a time.

We reached the Hsin-Lnng-Tan (New Dragon
rapid) at 5 p.m., ascended it, and moored for the
night. This rapid was formed by a landslip in
1896, and at low-water ranks with the Hsin-Tan
as the worst rapid on the river. With the water
at its then existing height it was quite a small
affair, and I could scarcely persuade myself that
it was the same frightful rapid I first saw in
March, 1901.

The only new plants to-day were Onychium japonicum,
BoltoDia indica, Vitis sp., Adina globifera, Sedum
sp., Diospyros pp. nov., and Vitis inconstans. The last-
named with simple and trifolioiate leaves was common
on thecliffs. The ubiquitous funereal Cypress, Aleurites
and Banyan, together with Quercus chinensis and
Ehretia macrophylla were the principal trees.

E. B. W.
(To be continued.)

COLONIAL NOTES,

HEATING OF PLANT HOUSES.

The present system of heating plant house
boilers by means of coal seems to be unworthy of
the progressive age in which we live. In the
first place the smoke is a nuisance, especially in
a place of purity and sweetness, such as a garden
should be. The boiler-house and coal store are-
unsightly ; the labour of stoking and carting coal
is unnecessarily laborious ; the danger from
sparks is in this climate sometimes a real one,
while the fire cannot be shut off in time of
danger. It seems to me that there is abundant
scope here for the substitution of gas for coal as
a fuel, especially in towns where gas is readily
available. Can any of your readers inform me of
an effective gas-installation, on a fairly large
scale, of the kind to which I have referred ?
J. H. Maiden, Director Botanic Gardens, Sydney.

C00MBE HOUSE, CROYDON,

The pretty residence of Frank Lloyd, Esq., is-
less than a mile from the large town of Croydon.
On entering the grounds by the front lodge there-
is a bank thrown up several feet in height, on
which are good forms of Ivy and varieties of
Lord Penzance's Briars. These have plenty of
room to show their beauty in a perfectly natural
manner. Close by is a fine clump of the Thimble-
berry. In some beds on grass at the other side of
the bank are some fine examples of Roses, such
as R. Wichuraiana, R. polyantha, Royal Scarlet,
Persian Briars, Ramblers over arches, all in thie-
very best possible condition.

In a corner I notice a fine plant of Prunus
Pissardi, with a well-flowered Rose in the fore-
ground— a lovely picture. A good many beds
are filled with all the choicest varieties of Teas,
H.T.'s and H.P.'s. Near by is a magnificent
Acacia with a mass of white flowers and
surrounded by large trees of Abies, &c, which
add to its magnificence.

In the rock garden are some fine clumps of
rock Roses, of which H. Pelisse and Bridesmaid
are conspicuous. A cross from these two-
varieties, effected by Mr. Lloyd, has beautiful
bright salmon-coloured flowers. The beautiful
Onosma tauricum is very pretty, also a fine lot
of alpine Poppies. In an herbaceous border
adjacent are some fine Spineas, notably S.
Aruncus and S. aquilegifolia ; the former is a
mass 5 oc 6 feet in diameter. The beautiful
Iris Mrs. Neubronna (yellow), is conspicuous
amongst all the best sorts. An extraordinarily fine-
batch of choice Delphiniums decorates another
border, and a large eollection is also in evidence-
in another quarter.

In the kitchen garden (No. 1) is the most
gorgeous sight of all, consisting of a grand col-
lection of Peonies; there arc 150 plants which

I

July 22, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

67

have borne 4,000 blooms. The blooms are
perfect and the scent delightful.

In the glasshouses plants are largely grown for
house and conservatory decoration. In one house
is a fine batch of the Begonia Worthiana, of
which a group of plants was awarded a Silver
Cup at the recent Temple Show. These hand-
some flowers are being yearly improved upon in
form and colour.

In an adjoining house are some Codueums,
amongst which are several very good seedlings,
raised here by Mr. Mills the head gardener.
In another house is a very fine batch of
Calanthes and some Cypripediums. Good
and healthy plants are noticed of C. Roth-
schildianum, C. Veitchii, C. Lawrenceanum, Szc,
also some C'attleyas, Dendrobium nobile, and
others of the section are looking well, making
grand growths. Some specimen Codiseums
(Crotons) are in the centre of the house, and a
fine plant, some 10 feet high, of Drae;ena San-
deriana, some very good Cymbidiums, also a
lot of Pancratiums and Begonia Gloire de Lor-
raine (Coombe House var.). In another house
the cool-growing Orchids are looking very robust.
Fruit is not cultivated extensively indoors at
Coombe, but crops of Peaches, Figs, &c, are
grown on the walls out-of-doors.

Some thousand Chrysanthemums are grown,
and Mr. Mills does not propagate them until
March ; the plants are in very fine vigour, and he
seems justified by results, as he has gained many
medals, prizes, and cups. All his plants have
not been grown this way till this year.

On the lawn in front of the mansion are some
fine old Cedars, which are in a delightful state of
preservation. The low branches are pegged to
the ground, and the interstices planted with Ivy,
which has a charming effect.

Two beds are filled with fine plants of Rosa
polyantha Leuchstern, the flowers of which are of
bright rose colour. The long branches laden with
flowers and hanging loosely over the beds are
exquisite. Other handsome varieties are to be
planted in like manner. Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd are
extremely fond of many plants, but of none more
than Roses and Preonies. W. A. Cook, Shirley Park
Gardens.

PLANT NOTES.

'iLORIOSA ROTHSCHILDIANA CITKINA.

A beautiful novelty, widely distinguished from
any other Gloriosa in colour, is now in flower in
the Bight Hon. Lord Rothschild's gardens at
Tring Park (gr., Mr. A. Dye). In form it is
similar to the typical Gloriosa Rothschildiana,
illustrated in the Gardeners' Chronicle, May 23,
1902, p. 323, and its flowers develop in a similar
manner— that is to say, the segments are at first
reflexed, and as they approach maturity they
assume a horizontal position. On opening, the
blooms are of a clear citron-yellow with a feather-
like band of deep claret colour up the middle of
each segment. As the flower matures the claret
colour suffuses more of the yellow tint until when
the flower is fading the whole has beoome tinged
with claret colour. The bright citron-yellow is
quite different to the more or less buff-tinted
yellow of other Gloriosas.

Typical G. Rothschildiana, with its rich ruby-
crimson flowers, is also in great beauty, and some
forms of it out of a recent importation, but so far
jthe original is the best, although the more
recently imported are not yet strong enough to
appear to advantage.

At Tring Park the Gloriosas are used for
jdinner-table decoration, and few flowers are so
|well adapted for the purpose, If cut with their
J;|own foliage. J. O'B.

ODONTOGLOSSUM CEISPUM.

Messrs. Sander have sent us from Bruges a
malformation of this species, such as we have
never met with before, though " median prolifiea-
tion " is exceedingly common in other flowers.
The perianth segments, numbered in the diagram
(fig. 24) from 1 to U, present no special peculiarity
beyond the fact that the lip is represented by an
ordinary flat segment. The inferior ovary and
the column are wanting, the centre of the flower
being occupied by a tuft of adventitious flower
buds on short stalks, numbered i. to vi.

The illustration shows one of the flowers of the
natural size, with a diagram showing the arrange-
ment of the parts, and one of the adventitious
flower-buds slightly enlarged. The growth of

THE ROSARY.

C-Cx

Fig. 24.— proliferous flower of odontoolosscm.
(See Tent.)

the central axis of the flower, instead of stopping
short, has gone on and produced a tuft of buds
as in an ordinary spike.

FRUIT REGISTER.

TWO NEW STRAWBERRIES.

" Laxton's Latest 1904 " was kindly sent me
for trial in 1903 and fruited last year, when I
formed a very high opinion of its merits. This
opinion is amply confirmed this season. The
plants yield a heavy crop of large, wedge-shaped
fruits, of a dark crimson colour, which runs
right through the fruit. The flesh is very solid .
of excellent flavour, and ripens later than
Waterloo. Several fruits weighed 1} oz. each,
and measured 6J inches in circumference. It is
without doubt the finest late Strawberry known.

Bedford Champion yields a very heavy crop of
large, round, firm fruits of a bright red colour.
The plant is a vigorous grower, more compact in
habit than Royal Sovereign, which ripens about
the same time. Its general character is well
represented by fig. 18 on p. 43 in the Gardeners'
Chronicle for July 15. This variety will be a
good one for market growers. W. H. Divers,
Belvoir Castle Gardens.

ROSES AT LOWDHAM.

Clihbixi; Roses have grown in favour
immensely since the introduction of Crimson
Rambler, and many varieties have been added
to this section in order to meet the increasing
demand for them. The following varieties were
noted in flower during a recent visit to Messrs.
Pearson & Son's Nursery, Lowdham, Notts, where
an erection has been built in order to afford
means of conveying a correct idea of the value of
different varieties for covering pillars, pergolas,
&C

Gloire de Margottin. — Very bright red, a full
flower, and a good grower.

Rubin. — Bright purplish-red, very free, similar
to Fellenberg, but more purple in colour, effective
at a long distance.

Morgenrot. — A fine single red flower, better
than Carmine Pillar.

Una. — Single white, very free-flowering.

Conrad Meyer. — A very strong grower, flowers of
blush colour. It belongs to the R. rugosa section,,
but covers a pole well.

Leuchstern. — Rosy-pink with white eye, single,
flowering in clusters. One of the best.

Dorothy Perkins was not in flower, but is well
known, and ought to be in every garden.

Ards Rover. — Single red, fine large flower, and
possesses a good constitution.

Francois Crousse. — Of bright red colour, full
flower.

Climbing Captain Christy. — Similar to the
ordinary form in its flowers, but this is a good
climber if obtained true.

Meg Merrilies. — One of the Penzance Briars,
very fine as seen here on a pole. Of deep pink-
colour, single, it is also valuable for planting as a
single specimen in a " wild garden," and is
capable of forming a huge bush.

Anne of Gierstein. — Another Penzance hybrid,
very similar to the above, but deeper in colour.

Among dwarf varieties, hundreds of which
were in full flower, I noted the following: —
Madame Ravary, T., yellow, very good ; Florence
Pemberton, H.T., blush, very fine ; Lady Moyra-
Beauclerk, rose-coloured; Madame E. A. Nolet ■?
a very free bloomer ; Le Progres, yellow, full of
flowers ; Mrs. Jas. Hill, having a nice long bud of
blush colour and very promising ; J.Campbell Hay,
H.T., pink, a good variety, with large foliage;.
Lady Ashtown, of pink colour, a finely-shaped
bud ; Mamie, H.T., a fine full flower.

Many older varieties were looking extra well,
and all were very clean and healthy. A Rose
with a perfume of Violet is a novelty to many ;
it is called Eugenie Lamesch, and has small pink,
yellow, and white flowers in clusters ; this is a.
pretty variety, belonging to the dwarf polyantha
class.

In addition to the Roses, I could not
help admiring the fruit-trees which are distri-
buted in large batches over the 100 acres form-
ing the nursery, all clean and healthy ; and a
peep at the Vermorel spraying machines ex-
plained part of the reason why such a success has
t>een achieved. W. H. Divers, Belvoir Castle
Gardens.

Notes on Varieties.

The present Rose season, so far as my own
observations extend, has been distinguished by
the brilliancy of the Hybrid Perpetuals, and the
comparative failure of the more delicate Teas.
Here the most successful among the latter have
been Anna Olivier in the garden, and Devoniensis
at the study-window; both of these exquisite
varieties have been exceptionally fine. Of the
Noisettes the most conspicuous, by reason of its
floriferousness, has been Bouquet d'Or ; almost

68

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 22, 1905.

rivalled in productiveness, and quite eclipsed in
perfect purity and sweetness, by its aspiring
companion, Madame Alfred Carriere, one of the
loveliest of Hybrid Noisettes. William Allen
Richardson and LTdeal have not as yet florally
achieved very much, but they are full of promise
for the early autumn months. Just at the
crucial period when they were beginning to grow
they suffered very greatly from lack of rain,
without whose truly beneficent ministrations the
strongest and most vigorous varieties will not
adequately succeed. This season has been
generous in the direction of heat, but moisture
has been very conspicuous by its absence.

As previously indicated, the Eoses that have
grown and flowered most effectively under such
trying conditions have been the Hybrid Per-
petuals and Hybrid Teas. Of the former the
•grandest in their floral impressiveness have been
Frau Karl Druschki, some of whose satin-white
■flowers in my garden have been nearly 7 inches
across ; Margaret Dickson, perhaps the most
effective Eose for garden-culture that the
famous Newtownards Eosarians have produced ;
Clio, a very beautiful and grandly growing Eose,
a native of Waltham Cross ; A. K. Williams,
which is not invariably reliable at first, but
generally improves, and is always seen to best
advantage during the autumnal months ; Charles
Lefebvre, which was a special favourite of
the late Dean Hole, and when seen at its
finest is not easily surpassed ; Duke of
Edinburgh, Horace Vernet, and Lady Helen
Stewart, three of the loveliest of velvety crimson
Eoses, which have recently found a formidable
rival in a luminous Newtownards namesake of
my own. Very prominent among pink-coloured
varieties have been Mrs. Sharman Crawford and
Mrs. John. Laing. I have hitherto regarded
Mildred Grant as essentially an exhibition
variety ; in the garden its flowers are certainly
enormous, with rugged shell-petals, but they are
-comparatively few.

The finest in Scottish gardens of the Hybrid
Teas this season have been Caroline Testout, La
France, and Clara Watson, which combine the
richest fragrance with splendidly commanding
floral effect; Madame Pernet Ducher, whose deep
colour in bud-form does not suggest its subse-
quent pure white revelation ; Papa Gontier, an
invaluable rose, beautiful at all stages of its
exquisite evolution ; Viscountess Folkestone and
Gloire Lyonnaise. I should have given Captain
Hayward highly honourable mention among the
most distinguished of the Hybrid Perpetuals.
David R, Williamson, South-west Scotland.

The Week's Work.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H. Young, Orchid Grower to Sir Frederick
Wiqan, Bart., Clare Lawn, East Sheen, S.W.

Club-stemmed Dendrobiums, as D. thyrsiflorum,
D. densiflorum, D. Farmeri, and other similar
plants, are termed, comprise a number of excel-
lent species that are admired whenever they are
seen in flower. It is now their season of growth.
They need a good share of heat and moderate
light, but not a large amount of atmospheric
moisture, or water at the base, until root-action
occurs, which will be when the club-shaped
pseudo-bulbs are nearing completion. The
necessary potting operations should be given
attention soon after growth commences, or just
as the roots emerge from the bases. Let the
pots be drained to two-thirds of their depth,
and use a compost of good peat two parts and
sphagnum - moss one part. Being of rapid
development, the compartment they occupy mnst
be well ventilated, but free from draughts and
sudden fluctuations of temperature, or the young
tender foliage may become spotted. When the
pseudo-bulbs have reached their full size diminish
the supply of water, and remove the plants to
cooler and drier quarters, such as a Cattleya-

house affords. On the approach of winter a dry
and moderately airy position may be found for
them in a vinery or elsewhere, and throughout
the long resting period only give water when
signs of shrivelling appear in the younger pseudo-
bulbs.

Dendrobium moschatum, tyc. — The species named
is a strong-growing kind that delights in an
abundance of heat, light and atmospheric mois-
ture during its growing season, therefore let the
plants be placed in an ordinary plant stove. Once
established in a good-sized, well-drained pot, only
annual resurfacings of good peat and sphagnum-
moss will be necessary, applying this just as new
roots emerge from the young growths. At this
period a liberal supply of water at the base is
needed, but only limited applications at other
times. Provided the position suits the plants,
they may remain in the warm-house throughout
the year, if it can be kept very dry during the
winter and spring months. D. Dalhousianum
needs similar treatment in most essentials,
though perhaps dryness at the base should be
maintained for longer periods. D. chrysotoxum
and D. suavissimum are also heat-loving species,
and may be treated like those already noticed,
though if convenient somewhat cooler and drier
quarters may be given them during winter.

Resting Dendrobiums. — Such early-growing
species as D. Wardianum, D. crassinode, D.
primulinum, D. aureum, &c, will in many
instances have finished growing, and should be
given the treatment that will ensure a thorough
ripening of their pseudo-bulbs. The first two
species may be removed to a vinery where
more light and air are obtainable as soon
as the terminal leaf is seen. Continue to
afford an abundance of water, and syringe the _
foliage to keep it free from insects. As the
foliage loses colour and begins to fall away,
decrease the water supply until it is only
needed at long intervals. D. primulinum may
be suspended in a Cattleya-house, and be treated
similarly to D. crassinode and D. Wardianum.
D. aureum may remain where it has made its
growth, but as the pseudo-bulbs mature very
much less water will be needed, and when the
leaves turn yellow and fall away apply little or
none until the following season.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By W. Fyfe, Gardener to Lady Wantage, Locklnge
Park, Wantage.

Asparagus Seedlings. — If seeds were sown in
their permanent quarters, let the plants be
thinned to 12 inches apart that they may grow
sturdily. Destroy weeds by a frequent use of
the hoe.

Endive. — As many of the early-sown plants are
likely to bolt, make a liberal sowing now in good
rich soil. Let the early plants be well blanched
before they are used for salading, otherwise the
leaves will be very bitter. A simple and effectual
method of blanching them is that of placing a
broad board in such a position as to rest on the
plants.

Tomatos will still require attention at least once
a week in the removal of all lateral growths. The
single stem system is the best. By regular tapping
each plant-stem or the stake occasionally when
the plants are in bloom, or by means of a piece of
fur attached to the end of a stick, help to secure
the better distribution of the pollen. Do not
allow the soil to become too dry, but bear in mind
that much water at the roots or on the stems and
foliage is not favourable to Tomato culture.
The practice of trimming the leaves by the
wholesale removal of healthy foliage we do not
practise, and do not recommend. The removal
of a few leaves here and there to admit light is
permissible.

Cucumbers that are growing in frames need
somewhat different treatment to those grown
upon a trellis in a house. Space being more
limited, the main stems must be stopped more
frequently to cause the development of side
shoots, which will soon show flowers. When one
or two fruits have developed the shoots should be
stopped a joint beyond the fruit. Admit as much
light as possible to established plants, and afford
them considerable water when they are fruiting.
Syringe the foliage frequently, for a dry atmo-

sphere would favour the attacks of red-spider.
Avoid over-crowding by removing early all
matured vine and foliage, there may then be
expected a succession of young and vigorous
shoots that will bear fruits.

Ridge Cucumbers now growing freely in a warm
sheltered position should be afforded water freely.
Do not allow the shoots to become over-crowded,
nor let the fruit be too old before cutting, fresh
young fruits being much the best.

Broccolis and Kales. — The planting of several
kinds of Broccolis and Kales should now be
completed. Firm ground will afford the best
results.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bullock, Gardener to E. J. Wtthes, Esq.,
Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

The Conservatory. — Every opportunity should
be embraced for tying and for thinning overhead
creepers. Afford these plants copious applica-
tions of diluted liquid manure from the drainings
of the farmyard, and apply the same early in the
morning when a free circulation of air will soon
remove any disagreeable smell.

Specimen plants of Allamandas, Clerodendrons,
Bougainvilleas, <fcc, that have completed this
season's growth may be removed to cooler quar-
ters, and allowed full exposure to sunshine, the
better to ripen their growth. Specimens planted
in the borders and trained over the roof should
be well thinned out, in order to allow a free
circulation of air to pass between the growths.

Clerodendron fallax. — Seeds of this plant are
freely produced, and sufficient should be allowed
to ripen from plants now passing out of bloom
for next year's sowing. No advantage is gained
by retaining the old plants for flowering a second i
season, but sufficient should be saved to afford a
supply of cuttings for propagating purposes early
in the spring. Plants intended for flowering in I
the autumn will be benefitted by an occasional .
light dressing of Clay's fertilizer.

Gloxinias. — As these plants are removed from
the conservatory or flowering-house they should
be placed in a cool frame where they can ripen
They should also be fumigated to destroy thiips
or other insects present. Diluted liquid-
manure should be afforded them until the foliage
shows signs of decay.

Fuchsias. — Plants intended for furnishing
cuttings for autumn propagation will require tc
be thoroughly ripened, therefore they should be
stood out-of-doors in a position where they will be
fully exposed to the sun's rays for a week or two,
after which they should be shortened back and
started into growth. By this treatment suitable
cuttings will be available early in September.

Bouvardias, Salvias, Libonias, lee., that are
plunged in ashes or planted in the borders will
occasionally require pinching, they should also be
afforded copious supplies of liquid-manure.
Overhead syringings with clear water morning
and evening during very hot weather will be of
great benefit to these plants.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F. Jordan, Gardener to Dr. Corbet, Impney Hall
Gardens. Droitwich.

Pears and Apples. — These trees require an
abundance of water, and should be examined
several times daily, or they may be removed to
the open air and the pots partially plunged in the
soil. The fruits will ripen well in such con-
ditions. Continue to pinch the shoots, in order
to assist the formation of fruit-buds for bearing
next season.

Cherries. — The trees of all except late-fruiting
varieties will have been cleared of fruit, and may
be taken out of the house and the pots plunged
in the open ground. Syringe the trees daily, and
afford water to the roots as often as it is neces-
sary. Afford abundance of air to late varieties,
and do not permit too much atmospheric
moisture when the fruits show signs of ripening.

Plums. — Afford later varieties of Pluni-treeet
more room after early varieties have been
removed out of doors, and stage them bj
themselves, if possible. Keep the shoots closeljl
pinched ; apply diluted liquid manure and guancM

July 22, 1905.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

69

water to the roots alternately. Syringe the trees
with soft water only or the " bloom " on the fruits
will be damaged or destroyed.

Melons. — The present season has been a good
one for Melon culture, there having been plenty
of sunshine, therefore with careful attention to
watering and ventilation high flavour has been
obtained in the fruits. In dull and wet weather
greater care is necessary in damping and venti-
lating, or canker is liable to appear. In the
structure where fruits are commencing to ripen,
keep the atmosphere moderately dry, and maintain
a free circulation of warm air. Cease to apply
manure-water, but afford clear water in modera-
tion. Plants make more lateral growth at this
season, even if the rooting medium is a limited
one, and they should be examined at least once a
week that the laterals may be removed. Apply
liquid-manure or some other stimulant to plants
carrying heavylcrops of fruit, regulating the supply
in accordance with the amount of leaf-growth and
the quantity of soil the roots have for growing in.
Close the house early in the afternoon with plenty
of atmospheric moisture. Where Melon-fruits are
required late in the autumn, and good houses are
at command having means for providing plenty
of top and bottom heat, a sowing of seeds should
be made now, selecting a strong growing and
quick maturing variety. Good varieties of Melons
are numerous, but those who have not grown
Veitch's Late Perfection for ripening very late in
the season should try this excellent variety. The
late Melon-plants should be either planted out as
recommended in previous Calendars, or be grown
in pots. Encourage them to make sturdy growth
by affording freer ventilation on all favourable
occasions than is generally recommended for
Melons.

Melons in Frames. — Remove all surplus growths
as they appear, and avoid injuring the principal
leaves. Raise the fruits on inverted pots to give
them full exposure to the light. Any plants that
ire in flower should be kept in slightly drier
conditions until the fruits are set. Top-dress the
plants with loam if necessary, but this will
depend upon the depth of fermenting material,
and the quantity of compost given them in the
first instance. SyriDge the plants and close the
frames early on bright afternoons, and when the
roots need water apply liquid-manure or guano-
water, but be careful not to apply too much
water in dull or unsettled weather.

Tomatos. — Make a sowing of seed to raise
plants for fruiting in the winter. Two good
varieties for this purpose are Frogmore Selected
ind Sutton's "Winter Beauty. Raise theseedlings
n a cool pit, and afterwards keep the plants in a
lice light position near to the glass, endeavouring
:o encourage a firm but not a strong growth.
Repot the plants into G-inch pots as they become
■eady, and remove them out-of -doors to an open
wsition where lights can be placed over them in
wet weather. Subsequently repot the plants
nto 8-inch pots, using a moderately rich compost
>f loam, wood-ashes, lime-rubble, and a sprinkling
>f bone-meal. Afterwards they may again be
)laced out-of-doors for a time.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. A. Miller, Gardener to Lord Henby C.
Bentinck, M.P.. UnderleyHall, Westmoreland.

The Flower Beds and Borders. — Keep all plants
n a growing condition by affording them water
n dry weather. Remove the seed-pods from Violas,
ake away old blooms of Roses, and afford manure
md water to encourage the plants to make a
;ood autumnal show. Do not let Sweet Peas
brm pods, but cut all fully-grown flowers. Afford
vater to the plants.

Carnations.— Prepare compost in readiness for
ayering, by thoroughly mixing together two
tarrowloads of loam, one of leaf-mould, and one
f river-sand. Let this be sifted through a §- inch
iddle. Towards the end of the present month the
hoots will be ready for layering. In doing this
rork clear away the bottom foliage, loosen the soil
round the plant, and apply some fresh compost.
Vith a sharp knife make an upward cut through
he third or fourth joint in a shoot about half an
nch up the centre of the stem. Gently bend the
hoot so that the slit becomes well open, press it
ato the soil, and secure it firmly with pegs made

from twigs of Willow or common bracken. Add
a little more soil alterwards, and apply water
liberally in dry weather. If birds are trouble-
some place some stones amongst the layers.
These will also act as a mulch to prevent rapid
evaporation.

Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora can be propa-
gated by inserting young or partially-ripened
shoots into porous soil in a shady frame. Take
advantage of showery weather to apply a little
artificial manure to established plants.

Roses of the Rambler type. — The strong shoots
require tying at short intervals of time. Afford
ample waterings. The advantages following deep
cultivation are clearly shown when a period of
drought sets in. Queen Alexandra, Leuchstern,
Thalia, and Euphrosyne are good varieties of the
type. Madame Norbert Levavasseur is a dwarf
variety with purplish - crimson flowers. The
Wichuraianasmake graceful weepers on standard
Briar stocks. Amongst many good sorts the follow-
ing are distinct and beautiful : Adelaide Moule,
Edmond Proust, Elisa Robichon, Dorothy Perkins,
Francois Foucard, Rene Andry rubra; all are
robust growers and splendid for covering ground,
owing to their prostrate habit. Rugosa repens
alba has single white stellate flowers and pendent
growth.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. H. Clarke, Gardener to Sir William Plowden,
Aston Rowant House, Oxon.

Summer Pruning. — This operation may now be
undertaken, although little remains to be done if
early attention was given to the pinching and
thinning of shoots, as directed in previous
Calendars. Examine trees which have been so
treated and remove or closely cut back any cross
shoots that are not required. All spur growths
which were previously pinched and have made
considerable growth again should be stopped
back to two leaves beyond the previous stopping.
In such cases the main branches will be thinly
disposed so that the sun's ray can shine perfectly
through the tree. Extension shoots that are
making a moderate amount of growth only may
be left, their full length, but to balance the
growth of a tree an extra vigorous shoot should
be stopped, thus diverting the sap into the weaker
ones.

Wall Trees. — Secure the leading shoots whilst
they are still in a growing state, for after
the growth has stopped it becomes difficult to
train a bent or crooked shoot. Cordons, whether
of upright, oblique, or horizontal form, should be
treated similarly. Attention should also be
given to the fruits, and in cases where there are
heavy crops make a final thinning of the fruits.
Cleanse the trees of any insect pests at the same
time.

Neglected Trees. — Trees that have not received
the attention that was recommended in previous
Calendars will need much more pruning at this
date. In order not to inflict on the trees a severe
check by the removal of much growth at one
time the pruning should be performed at two
operations, commencing with the upper portions
of the tree first where the strongest growths are
found, then in ten days afterwards finishing with
the lower parts of the tree. The removal of a large
number of shoots from a tree that is in active
growth might cause temporary stagnation at the
roots, and a loss of vigour to the tree. Trees to
be pruned should have their side - branches
removed down to the fourth leaf from the base,
and this is best done by a sharp pressure of the
shoot against the pruning-knife. It is not wise
to prune closer than advised, in case these basal
eyes commence to grow with the advent of warm,
showery weather in August and September.

Syringing Wall-trees. — During hot, dry weather
wall-trees should be syringed once each day after

5 P.M.

THE APIARY.

By Chloris.
When to add Supers. — For the want of a little
knowledge on this topic much valuable time is
lost, and often through the crowded state of the
hive a swarm issues. When all the frames or
sections, save those on the outside, are filled and

sealed, then is the time to add another rack or
super.

How to add a Super. — This is a very important
point. On many occasions I have seen successful
beekeepers create quite an uproar when per-
forming what is to many of us a very simple
operation. Never choose a day which is cloudy
and the bees are having a slack time, for then
they seem more prone to sting. The correct
position for the new super is underneath those
that are already nearly completed. Place the
new super ready at hand, have the smoker well
filled and burning furiously, give the bees a
slight puff at the entrance and wait two or three
minutes ; then remove the roof, and as you turn
back the quilts, puff smoke across the frames or
sections. This done, lift the crates by giving
them a slight twisting movement, and lift them
gently without jar. Give another whiff of smoke
to drive the bees down from the excluder.
Having completed this, put on the new crate,
place the other or others on the top, cover up
snugly, and replace the roof. All this can be
performed in a very few moments and without
any unnecessary commotion.

How to Remove Crates when Full. — The amateur
imagines this to be an easy task, and being
anxious to harvest his first surplus, takes off the
rack to a little distance from the hives and there
leaves it, imagining that whilst he fetches others
the bees will be in process of removing. To his
horror he finds there is a perfect hubbub, for the
bees far and near seem to have scented it, and
are helping themselves. Many beautiful sections
have been spoiled in this manner, for the bees in
their desire to rob, perforate the cappings, and
afterwards these " weep," as it is called. Take a
board the size of the super, and in the middle
place a Porter Bee Escape. Put this under the
rack the previous evening and next morning the
super will be deserted. Remove it to a safe
distance and at the same time cover it. This
naturally makes us consider the next process.

Extracting. — Make the extractor clean by
rinsing well with boiling water and dry perfectly.

Fig. :».— uncapping a shallow frame of sealed
honey in order to extract the honey.

Oil it well, but not to overflowing, as many do.
To secure the best results all honey to be
extracted should be in sealed combs. Take a
good knife and lean the comb over and cut off the
cappings from the bottom upwards, as in the
sketch. Perform this operation in the evening
at dusk, or you will wish the honey and bees at the
bottom of the sea. After all the combs are
extracted return the crates with empty combs
to the hives to be cleaned out by the bees. If
they are left in the open robbing will be the
result.

Where to place the honey. — Much trouble has
been caused at different times by carelessness
after extracting. The honey is often left in the
open, so that bees come to help themselves, as
also do the wasps. Place the honey in closed
tins or jars, and keep it in a warm place.

70

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 22, 1905.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

WEDNESDAY, J CLY 26

/"Cardiff and County Horticul
tural Society's Exhibition (2

Sou
I Si

FRIDAY,

days).

mthern Counties Carnation

Show at Southampton.

("Royal Botanic Society Meet.
July 28^ HandsworthHoi'ticulturalShow
I (2 days).

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswicfc
— 63"4'.
Actual Temperatures :—

London.— Wednesday, July lv (6 p.m.): Max. 75°;
Min. 58°.
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, London. — Thursday. July 20
(10 A.M.): Bar.. 303; Temp., 73°. 'Weather-
Bright sunshine.
Provinces.— Wednesday, Juhi 19 (6 p.m.): Max. 71°,
Guildford ; Min. 57', N.E. coast of Scotland.

Roses, Roses,
Roses!

Before the season of Roses
is over it may be well to call
attention to many points
about Roses and Rose culture which still
require elucidation. There are many to
whom a Rose is a Rose, and who would
resent as profane sacrilege any attempt at
analysis or experiment. No one will ques-
tion their right to enjoy their Roses in their
own way. There are others eager to know
the how and the why, and their enjoyment
is as keen as that of their fellows, with the
addition of a greatly enhanced interest and
the ever-present anticipation of novelty and
perhaps improvement.

From this point of view an article in the
current number of the Revm HdrtAscde de-
serves the attention of rosarians. It gives a
brief account of the now famous Rosary
established at l'Hay, near Bourg la Reine,
by M. Gravereaux, which was visited by
some of the deputation from the Royal
Horticultural Society which visited Paris
this spring. No fewer than one thousand
five hundred varieties, or so-called varie-
ties, are cultivated, a herbarium has been
formed, and a library established. But
this was only the beginning. The project
expanded, and now a collection as com-
plete as possible of all the wild species
from every country is being made, a vast
correspondence is established, hybridisation
and cross-breeding are carried out, a labora-
tory is proposed, trials instituted, and every
means taken to study and to demonstrate
the subject in its scientific, artistic, cultural,
and even commercial aspects. In the ar-
rangement of his trial grounds M. Geave-
eeaux has had the advantage of the talent
and skill of M. Ed. Andke\ That gentleman
has lately revisited the " Roseraie de
l'Hay," and, in the journal to which we
have alluded, gives a brief account of some
of the trials and experiments now in pro-
gress. These trials are carried out in beds
set apart for the purpose, and their general
character can be gleaned from the following
brief note : —

Experiments showing the methods of
pruning most appropriate for particular va-
rieties.— Four specimens of the same variety
are placed side by side. Of these four, one
is hard-pruned, the second moderately, the
third still less, whilst the fourth is not
pruned at all.

Experiments to induce flowering at dif-
ferent periods, e.g., early-flowering, mid-
season (normal), late-flowering.

Investigations as to the best stocks. —
Fifteen different varieties are used as stocks,
the scion being the same in each case. The

Roses used as stocks are R. laxa, canina-
rubiginosa, arvensis, inermis, Manettii, indica
major, De la Grifferaie.

Enquiries as to the influence of different
soils. — Soil has been procured from various
Rose-growing centres, Angers, Orleans, Lyon,
Golfe Juan, Luxembourg, La Brie, Ivry,
Villejuif, &c, and the same variety has been
planted in each.

Experiments relating to the use of
manures. — Various commercial manures are
tested comparatively.

Trials with artificial manures of different
composition. — For this purpose the Roses of
the same variety have been planted (a) in
arable land, ('<) in pure sand. In each case
(a and h) the Roses are grown (1) without
any addition to the soil, (2) with a complete
manure, (3) with a manure without nitrogen,
(4) with one from which potash is excluded,
(■")) with one into the constitution of which
no phosphates enter.

Diseases of Roses. — In this case compara-
tive trials are made of various fungicides
and insecticides.

Production of new varieties by cross-
breeding.— A special quarter is reserved for
the examination of the numerous crosses
raised between Rosa rugosa and other
species and varieties.

Influence of grafting on the production of
varieties. — Fixation of sports.

Merits of new varieties. — All new varieties
are obtained and their relative merits tested.
If judged of sufficient value, they are drafted
off into the general collection.

Influence of light-rays of different colours
on the growth and colouration of Roses.

Production of perfumes.— Each variety
has its special odour.

Colours of Roses. — In a catalogue which
is in course of preparation the colours will
be described tersely and precisely, so as to
be easily comparable.

Classification of Roses according to their
perfume.

This is indeed a vast programme, and it
may be feared that its projector may be
overwhelmed by the amount of detail
he has accumulated. Concentrated effort
on one or two particular points might yield
more satisfactory results. In any case we
owe not a little to M. Gravereaux for making
plain to us what we do not know about
Roses, and what we may expect to know in
future as the result of his experiments.

International Show at Edinburgh. —

The Council of the Royal Caledonian Horti-
cultural Society met on the 12th inst., when
arrangements were further matured for this
forthcoming event on September 13 to 15.
Already a considerable number of applications
for space for non-competitive exhibits has been
received. The last date for receiving these is
July 27. On the representation of prospective
exhibitors the Council has modified the rule as to
staging exhibits by 11 p m., and has now resolved
that, with the exception of a few classes of ex-
hibits which are specially mentioned in the
schedule, all exhibits must be in the Waverley
Market by midnight on September 12, and all
staging must be completed by 3 a.m., Sept. 13.

Giant Larch-trees.— Some notable Larch-
trees were recently felled at Bedburn, near
Hamsterley. About 5 or G feet from the ground-
level the largest had a girth measurement of
S feet 9 inches, whilst near the base the measure-
ment exceeded 12 feet. The second largest tree
was felled first; its extreme height was 98 feet,

and it was calculated that the largest tree would
be a few feet higher. It is estimated that the
trees are over a century old.

Alpine Flora. — Many of our plant-loving
readers may be thinking of visiting the, Alps at
this season. A book small enough to go in the
pocket, and containing a large number of coloured
illustrations, has just been published by Dr.
Gustav Hegi and Dr. Dtjnziger, of Munich,
through J. F. Lehmann, of Munich (Williams
& Norgate) . It comprises the most conspicuous
plants of Switzerland, Bavaria, and Tyrol. The
text is in German, but the plates appeal to
wanderers of any nationality.

Mr. R. DEAN. — A number of the members of ■
the National Chrysanthemum Society presented
their Secretary with a substantial cheque at their .
meeting on Wednesday last. Great sympathy
was expressed with Mr. Dean in his illness.

South-eastern Agricultural College.—

The Archbishop of Canterbury visited, on
Wednesday, July 19, the South-eastern Agricul-
tural College at Wye, Kent. After service in the
parish church, His Grace was entertained at',
luncheon in the College refectory by the Principal
(Mr. M. J. R. Dunstan), and gave a short'
address to the students. A speech was also made
by Mr. Alfred Austin, the Poet Laureate.

The Vegetable Garden. — Mr. John
Murray has published a new edition of the.
English translation of the famous book, Les,
Plantes Potagires, issued by Messrs. Vilmorin,
Andrieux et Cie. It will be remembered that
the authorship of the original work was in
large measure due to the late Henry de Vilmorin.
He had special opportunities and special capa-
bilities for the task. Mr. Robinson rendered his
countrymen good service by bringing out an
English version, showing the principal types with
their French representatives. As to British
varieties the list is not so complete as it might
be. Those interested in Potatos, for instance,'
will look in vain for any mention of several of
the leading kinds. These were, of course, not
included in the original work, but their absence
from the newly published English edition is to
be regretted.

Carnations, Picotees and Pinks.— Mr.
H. W. Weguelin has opportunely brought out a:
second and revised edition of his book bearing
the above title. It is published by Messrs.
Collingridoe, 148, Aldersgate Street. The fact
that this work has arrived at a second edition is
a sufficient indication of its merits. All that we
need say is that it deals with the different sections
of the species Dianthus Caryophyllus, explains
their peculiarities, details the method of cultin
vation suitable for each, shows in what way they
may be propagated and reproduced, and in fact
conveys just the information which the beginner
needs. The change in public fashion is shown by
the popularity of the self-coloured forms and the
relegation to the florists of the old school, of
whom few are now left, of the flakes and bizarres,
which although interesting are not so effective
in the borders or so attractive as cut flowers
as are the self-coloured varieties. The Mal-
maison Carnations, in spite of their size, their
want of refinement, and the relative difficulty
of their cultivation are in high favour. The
source whence this section was derived is not
stated. We are glad to see the author expressing
his disapproval of the childish practice of " dress?
ing," and also of that " monstrosity " the paper
collar. The illustration of a scarlet flake on
p. S3 well shows the throttled appearance that
flowers provided with such an appendage have*
Difference of opinion upon such matters as these
may still be expected till the Carnation Society
discourages the practice, if not directly, at least by
encouraging more natural procedures. On ona

Supplement to the "Gardeners' Chronicle."

Primula ovalifolia— a Chinese species, showing section of flower and pollen-grains x 300 diam.

Bradbury, Agnew Sc Co., Ld., Printers, London and Tonbridge.

SVLY 22, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

71

■point all honest men will agree, and that is that
the practice which is said to exist among a certain
class of exhibitors, of showing flowers which have
not been grown by themselves, should meet with
stern reprobation. There may be exceptional
cases where, in order to make up a group or for
some special purpose, it may be allowable to ignore
the rule that the flowers exhibited should have
been grown by the exhibitor, but in such instances
the fact should be expressly stated, and no
competition allowed where the conditions are not
equal.

Flowers and Fruits in Season.— Flowers
of Azara microphylla are frequently seen,
but fruits are much less common. Messrs.
B.OBEKT Veitch & Son, of Exeter, sent us a
specimen bearing numerous orange - coloured
berries, each about the size of the head of a large
pin. Messrs. Eobert Veitch & Son also sent
us ripe fruits of Lucretia Blackberry on July 17.
They state that the fruits ripen quite three
weeks in advance of ordinary Blackberries. It
is very prolific, some of the sprays bearing
•eight to ten fruits.

"Clay's Successful Gardening." — A
third edition of this little handbook of practical
horticulture has been issued (Clay & Son,
Stratford). Although published in the interest
■of a firm of manure manufacturers, it is some-
thing more than a mere trade list, as it contains
.articles on various departments of gardening by
several experts of acknowledged position. It
seems to have been as difficult to exclude " Clay's
Fertiliser" from these articles as it was to keep
-Charles the Fiest's head out of Mr. Dicks'
memorial. At the end of the book is a statement
as to the nature and composition of the fertiliser,
which affords a proof that the good opinion held
as to the virtues of this manure are justified.

MR. J. F. Wilke, the Curator of the
gardens of the Zoological Society at Rotterdam
has just completed twenty-five years of service in
that establishment. We have had to refer to
his labours on various occasions and congratulate
him on having secured the approval of his em-
ployers and the respect and goodwill of his
associates. Mr. Wilke is an old Kewite, and is
well known to many in this country.

" The Scottish Gardener and Northern

HORTICULTURIST."— This is a newcomer, pub-
lished monthly at a cost, of 2d. It has only now
-come to our notice (the first number is dated
-June), or we should have welcomed it earlier. It
is intended alike for professionals and for
amateurs. We note among its contributors Mr.
Aenott, Mr. Lindsay, Mr. Woodrow, Mr.
Whitton, and others who do not hail "from
.Fleet Street," and who we are proud to number
among our own collaborators ; we are therefore
in a position to congratulate our Scottish friends
on the possession of a journal of their very own.
We trust that its contents may be as valuable as
rthose of its predecessor under a- similar name.
Doubtless we shall soon have to announce its
.publication as a woekly journal. The office of
the Scottish Gardener is at 34, Eobertson Street,
{xlasgow.

Henry Eckford Testimonial.— The con-
tributions to this fund up to the evening of
Saturday, July 15, amounted to 013 shillings.

The Sale of Poisons.— In the House of
•Commons, on the 13th inst, Mr. Alexander
•Cross, M.P., asked the President of the Board of
Agriculture when he proposes to introduce his
Bill dealing with the sale of substances used
extensively and in large quantity in horticulture
and agriculture, but which are technically in-
cluded as poisons under the schedules of the
Pharmacy Act, in view of the efforts made to
.monopolise the trade in such articles by retail

druggists, to the injury of these industries of
farming and gardening ; and in reply he received
the following answer : — " The Bill in question
falls within the province of the Privy Council
rather than my own, but I am in communication
with my noble friend the Lord President as to
the advisability of its introduction at no distant
date, and, further, that the Bill is in a state of
preparedness."

Dust Nuisance. — Messrs. Hope & Sons
write: — " After considerable experience with our
Asphalte Westrumite we now find that two
barrels of it mixed with an equal quantity of water
will cover 800 yards square, or a length of road
100 yards long by S yards wide, and would keep
down the dust for many weeks. As you well
know, the dust nuisance is an infliction to many
a country house that has its gardens, containing
either flowers or fruit, abutting on a road, and
worse still, as is often the case with country
houses, that front right on the highway."

North London Nurserymen held their
annual outing on Thursday, 13th inst., when a
visit was paid to Epping. Cricket was indulged
in by the members, the teams being selected by
Mr. Frank Eochford and by Mr. Alfred Ward.
One party drove round the Forest, another
enjoyed themselves at quoits, &c.

F!'. .'.—THE PISE SAWFLT.

(See p. 72.)

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editor docs not hold himself responsible for the
opinions expressed by his Correspondents. )

SOME GOOD carnations. — Among the many
pink forms of Souvenir de la Malmaison Carna-
tion there are few that surpass the variety
Duchess of Westminster, which is of dwarf,
robust habit, and produces handsome compact
flowers of a beautiful rose-pink colour, with a
delicious clove scent. It has in addition a most
perfectly formed calyx, one of its best points.
The new yellow Malmaison " Yaller Gal " is a
welcome addition among Carnations. The growth
is strong and vigorous, while the flower, borne on
a dwarf erect stem, is of large size and of true
Malmaison form. The colour of the flower is a
beautiful pale yellow. Absence of perfume some-
what detracts from its value. Cecilia forms an
excellent companion to Yaller Gal ; although not
a " Malmaison," produces splendid blooms that
are over 6 inches in diameter and of sulphur-
yellow colour. Miss Audrey Campbell is a yellow
border variety similar to Cecilia, except that the
flowers are of smaller size. The plant is well
adapted for pot culture, two-year-old plants
yielding a quantity of fine flowers. Trojan, a
pure white variety of the same type as the last-
named, is equally good. Nell Gwynne still holds
the lead as the best white Malmaison. Of the

crimson kinds, Maggie Hodgson is good. Prime
Minister is one of the best scarlet varieties,
and forms an excellent variety for growing as
large specimen plants. The same may be said of
Sault, the flowers of which are of a delicate
salmon colour. Another worthy of notice is
Calypso, a fine strong variety with flesh-coloured
flowers, the centre petals of which are splashed
with bright pink. Gemma and Baldwin are two
good bright rose-pink kinds worthy of notice.
J. Murray, Sopley, Christchurch.

EXHIBITING CARNATIONS.— Those who delight
in seeing flowers, florist's or otherwise, exhibited
in a natural manner, and who for years have
complained of the paper collar with which Car-
nations are defaced, have now just cause for a
fresh outcry against the unparalleled distortion of
the flower, caused by the abundant use of flexible
lead wire. This was all too evident on Tuesday
last in some of the competitive groups of Carna-
tions staged in pots in the Eoyal Horticultural
Hall, Vincent Square. I am not acquainted with
the rules of the National Carnation and Picotee
Society, but I should very much question if this
method of bending down, doubling back, and
eventually endeavouring to make three or four
flowers face in one direction at the top of a nearly
3 feet stake, could by any stretch of imagination
be regarded as an improvement. To the visitor
the contorted lead wire was far too prominent ;
it was abundant and all too visible on all
sides of several large groups, and, in the interests
of the flower it throttled to such perfection, the
wire should be seen no more. Happily, there were
many exhibits of Carnations in the same building
where the flowers could be seen in a more or less
natural manner : so that one turned away from
groups where little remained of the natural
gruce or beauty of a flower which has been long
prized in this country. Not all the competitive
groups of plants were thus treated, a fact we noted
with pleasure. E. H. Jenkins, Hampton Hill.

A LOYAL PLANT. — Some loyal colonists in the
Transvaal at the present time adorn the outside
of their abodes with a climbing species of Ipomoea
(probably rubro-ccerulea, see Botanical Magazine,
3297), as it displays the national colours of red,
white, and blue. From seeds sent home the
plant is now daily in flower under glass in this
city. Its solitary leaves are green, soft to the
touch, and heart-shaped, bearing stalks on their
axils carrying two or three flowers. By 3 a.m.
the elegantly-folded elongated buds are already
half-open. The flower resembles that of our
climbing Convolvulus. The corolla is not, how-
ever, of the familiar white or pink colour, but is
of a brilliant blue with five central bands of
dullish red, and a white centre forming the tube
of the corolla. Gradually the central bands
intermingle with the surrounding blue and
become more distinctly red, while the blue
changes to mauve, and incurving of the corolla
visible to the naked eye sets in. As the in-
curving proceeds, say from 12 to 2 p.m., complete
dispersion of the red-coloured bands takes place,
and a uniform pink colour is found in the outer
portion of the corolla. Thus by 4 p.m. the
corolla is seen to consist of its white tube with a
crown of pink. The corolla thus altered may
persist for more or less of the day following.
The incurving ceases when the pistil and upper
stamens are reached. Observer, St. Andrews,
July 5, 1905.

GERMINATION OF SEEDS. — In reply to
"T. E. P.'s" enquiry on p. 60, I may say that
some of the seeds enumerated may remain dor-
mant for a considerable time, but under favour-
able conditions they should have germinated
before now. Clivias usually start very soon
after they are sown. Begonia Eex should germi-
nate in a few days, and there will be no chance of
this growing now. Nephrolepis exaltata should
start within a week or so after being sown. Palm-
seeds vary considerably. I have known Kentia
seeds to begin to grow six months after being sown,
but I have always found Livistona chineusis to
start very soon, and seeds of Phoenix usually do
so. The seeds of Arum usually germinate within a
week. It would seem that there must be something
wrong in the treatment that has been afforded
the seeds. It may be that there is something. in

72

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 22; 1905.

the soil that has caused the seeds to damp-off, or
insects may have eaten them. It is remarkable
that such a variety of subjects should have all
failed. " T. E. P." does not say if he has raised
any seeds under the same conditions as those
which have failed. If the soil gets too dry after
the seeds have begun to swell, it will cause
failure. Over-watering, too, may cause them to
rot off before they get through the soil. The
Palm-seeds might be taken out of the soil,
washed, and resown. It may be that the seeds
have been buried too deeply. If.

THE RECENT CHELSEA HOSPITAL SHOW.— The
Gardening Press is, as a rule, very complimentary
towards the London flower shows, but sometimes
seems to be too much so. That was, I think, some-
what the case with the recent Chelsea Show.
Certainly it was a great show in the sense that it
was big [ " pretty " was our expression , but it was
terribly formal, and in a great number of exhibits
exceedingly commonplace. It was at the best a
third-rate copy of the Temple Show. It is a fair
question to ask, Is such a show needed ? The
attendance on the part of both Fellows and public
was so poor, relative to what is seen at the Temple,
that one wonders whether the lack of
attendance was not due to indifference to
the show ; certainly some members of the
trade, which do so much to make London
shows, were intensely disappointed at the
poor attendance and the lack of return for
all their outlay. Nevertheless the Chelsea
Gardens offer a far better site for a show
than the Temple Gardens, as there is ample
elbow-room for everyone. A Fellow.

LARGE STRAWBERRIES AND NEW RED

CURRANTS. — Kindly allow me to correct
a printer's error as given in my last letter.
The name of the Strawberry is Gloire du
Mans, not Maris. Also I forgot to mention
that this grand fruit is derived from a
cross between the varieties Sharpless and
Noble. As regards the somewhat new Ked
Currants " Comet " and " Star of the
North," both are excellent in their way.
The first is a strong grower, with dark-
green, leathery leaves, and bears long,
large bunches of fruit, very bright, and
deep-red in colour, of good flavour and
great size. No. 2 is a prolific bearer of
long racemes of berries, which are sweet
and luscious, but of moderate size. It is
not so worthy of attention as Comet, nor
of a like noble appearance, though it is
about one fortnight earlier in ripening.
Comet is an acquisition that not only
merits but will find favour. Harrison Weir,
Kent.

CAMPANULA TURBINATA " ISABEL." — This
excellent plant was exhibited in considerable
quantity by Mr. M. Prichard at the Eoyal Horti-
cultural Society's meeting on the 18th inst. The
primary characters of C. carpatica or its variety
turbinata are absent in the variety Isabel, which
partakes of the more widely opened, shallow,
saucer-like blossoms of C. c. pelviformis, and
indeed it would appear to be a deeply-coloured
and large-flowered form of this distinct variety.
The flowers are coloured deep violet, and in the
mass as a bedding plant, for which its profusion
of flowers admirably adapts it, the variety would
be most effective. The plant is about 1 foot in
height, the handsome blossoms If inch or more
across, so that its decorative value can be gauged
with some accuracy. The variety originated as a
seedling in Mr. Prichard's nursery from seed-
heads taken from Campanula carpatica Riverslea,
I believe. In any case, the plant is of un-
doubted merit, and quite worth the attention of
gardeners and amateurs. E. H. Jenkins.

THE PINE SAWFLY IN NORTH WALES (see fig.
26, p. 71).— It may serve a useful purpose to call
the attention of foresters and nurserymen to the
fact that this very destructive insect has put in an
appearance in South Carnarvonshire. As the larva?
are gregarious, the colonies sometimes numbering
upwards of a hundred individuals, and as they
usually consume practically the whole of the
leaves, they are readily detected. The following
description of the caterpillars, abridged from
Miss Ormerod's " Manual," will enable anjone to

identify them : — " They have a pair of claw-like
feet on each of the three segments immediately
behind the head, the next segment is footless ;
the succeeding seven segments have each a pair
of sucker- feet, and the tail is furnished with a
pair. . . . The colour varies much with age,
health, and weather. . . . When full-grown it
has a rusty-brown head, dark forehead, and black
jaws and eyes ; it has an interrupted black line
along each side, formed of a patch of black
dots on each segment ; the true feet are black ;
the sucker-feet are yellow, and a black line at the
base ; when full grown it is about an inch long."
As remedial measures, crushing with a gloved
hand is recommended, or they may be shaken
from the trees on to cloths spread on the ground.
A useful leaflet (No. 103) concerning the pest has
been issued by the Board of Agriculture ; copies
may be obtained, gratis and post free, on applica-
tion to the Board, 4, Whitehall Place, W.C.
C. W. Herbert Greaves, Pwllheli.

FLOWER-SHOW ENUMERATORS.— The unfor-
tunate disqualifications which occurred at the
recent Sweet Pea Show help to emphasise the

" twenty sprays shall form a bunch. The vase-
with only eleven sprays ought certainly to have
been disqualified, and the collection also which
your correspondent says averaged sixteen or
seventeen flowers in a vase. I fully sympathise-
with the judges and secretary. These occur-
rences are most unpleasant to all, but it is best to
set a correct standard and adhere rigorously to -
it. Justice and fair play always win in the end.
IV. H. Divers, Belvoir Castle Gardens.

THE POTATO DISEASE.— The first evidence of.
the presence of the too well-known Phytoptho-
phora infestans amongst our Potato crops this
year that has come under my notice, and so far
happily the only one, was seen in a small cottage
garden in Surrey recently. I refer to it specially
because it illustrates so forcibly all that the Editor
has from time to time urged as to the necessity for
the destruction of diseased haulm. Close behind
an Ivy-covered outhouse was a festering heap of
garden refuse, much of it evidently having lain
there from last year. Adjoining it was a patch
of Potatos, and it was evident the disease-spots,
had started from close to the refuse-heap. The-

Fig. 27. — the new

ALEXANDRA' TEA OR SUM MER-HODSE.

Exhibited by Messrs. W, Wood & Sod, Ltd , at the Royal Horticultural Show at Chelsea.
See last week's issue. (Photo by J. Gregory.)

need there is at so many shows for the appoint-
ment by committees of enumerators of exhibits in-
dependentlyof judges. Whatcouldbe more absurd
at the Sweet Pea Show than to bring men like
Messrs. Molyneux, Foster, and Burpee together
to judge of the merits of the various bunches of
Sweet Peas put before them, and then to compel
them to count the numbers in scores of the
bunches as a preliminary to making awards?
If the Committee choose to set up arbitrary con-
ditions as to numbers, let the Committee appoint
some from their own body to see that those condi-
tions are carried out. Judges, except in any case of
glaring impropriety, should consider that exhibits
staged under the eye and authority of the Com-
mittee are according to schedule, and proceed to
deal with them on their merits. A wise enume-
rator would rather see an error corrected than
hastily disqualify an exhibit. D.

JUDGING AT THE SWEET PEA SHOW.— In accord-
ance with the regulation as to numbers, quoted
from the schedule on p. 51, the judges were quite
right in disqualifying those exhibitors who
staged more than the stipulated number of
sprays. To say that any man of average intellect
cannot count correctly up to twenty is absurd.
The fault appears to have been that the judges did
not also disqualify those with fewer than twenty
sprays, as they were evidently " not according
to the schedule," which expressly states that

patch was as badly diseased, the leaves being'
blackened with fungoid spots, as may be usually
seen on plots a month later. Out of practically
thousands of Potato-patches, I had not seen ai
disease-spot elsewhere. Here were enough to.
infect the entire parish, and as the muck-heap was
left to fester instead of being burned it was the-
cause of the infection. A. D.

TWO NEW CAENATIONS.

In this issue we give illustrations at figs. 23
and 28, pp. 05 and 73, of two new varieties of
Carnation that have been shown by Mr. Jas,
Douglas, Edenside Nurseries, Great Bookham. The
first of these varieties, named Bob Acres (see fig-
23), was given an Award of Merit at the Eoyal Hor-
ticultural Show, in the Vincent Square Hall on
July 4. It is a border variety having rieh scarlet-
coloured flowers 2 inches or more across, of excel-
lent form, and possessing considerable fragrance.

" Miss Willmott " is shown at fig. 28, and was
greatly admired at the Eoyal Horticultural
Society's show at Chelsea. Like Bob Acres this
variety is suitable for cultivation in the border,
The flowers are of a shade of colour we may
describe as cherry-red, they are three inches and
a half in diameter, and of excellent form, witb
smooth petals of unbroken outline.

July 22, 1905.]

THE GARDENER®' CHRONICLE.

73

SOCIETIES.

G^rdchron

Fig. 28.— carnation miss willmott: colour cherry-red.
(see p. 72.)

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

Jl'LY 18.— On the occasion of the fortnightly meeting
of the Committees on Tuesday last, the annual show
of the National Carnation and Picotee Society was
held in the Hall, at Vincent Square, Westminster.
In consequence there were fewer groups of Orchids
and other plants for inspection by the Committees
than usual.

The Orchid Committee recommended four Awards
of Merit to novelties ; and the Floral Committeb
recommended eleven Awards of Merit.

No novelty was certificated by the Fruit and
Vegetable Committee at this meeting.

In the afternoon a lecture on '* The Wisley Gardens "
was given by Mr. S. T. Wright, and was illustrated
by lantern-slides.

Floral Committee.

Present: W. Marshall, Esq. (Chairman); and
Messrs. H. B. May, Geo. Nicholson, Jas. Walker, Jno.
Green, C. J. Salter, J. T. Bennett-Poe, Geo. Paul,
R. Hooper Pearson, Harry Turner, Chas. Dixon, H. J
Jones, W. Cuthbertson, W. P. Thomson, E. H.
Jenkins, M. J. James, H. J. Cutbush, E. T. Cook,
Geo. Gordon, R. M. Wallace, J. F. McLeod, and Jno.
Jennings.

A very praiseworthy group of flowers of hardy
herbaceous plants came from Lady Harmsworth's
garden at Guildford (gr., Mr. Goatley). There were
fine bunches of excellent Phloxes, such as Coquelicot
and Le Siecle ; Pentstemons of the large-flowered type ;
the old Monarda didyma, Lychnis chalcedonica, Li Hum
Henrvi, also a few shrubby plants such as Ceanothus
Gloirede Versailles, Roses, &c. (Silver-gilt Flora Medal).
La.lv Phillimore, Cam House, Campden Hill, W.
(.u'r., Mr. Becht), showed an extensive group of single-
flowered Hollyhocks, cut off at a point near to the
ground. There were named varieties having yellow,
rose, red, purple, and white-coloured flowers. The
plants having been grown within two miles of Charing
Cross, their qualities could hardly be expected to be
of the best (Silver Banksian Medal).

Messrs. R. Wallace & Co., Kilnfield Nurseries,
Colchester, showed a collection of hardy flowers,
having a selection of many of the best things now in
season.

Messrs. Barr & Sons, King Street, Covent Garden,
also showed some excellent examples of hardy flowers.
Messrs. J. Cheal k Sons, Lowfield Nurseries,
Crawley, exhibited a very showy group of hardy
flowers, in which the herbaceous Phloxes and other
species in season were represented.

The Misses Hopkins, Mere, Knutsford, Cheshire,
staged Gaillardias and other showy border flowers.

Mr. M. Prichard, Christchurch, Hants, exhibited a
collection of border flowers, in which the most beauti-
ful and striking feature was a group of the deeply-
purple-coloured variety of Campanula "Isabel" (see
note on p. 72). The Pyrethrums, Heleniums, Gaillar-
dias, Astilbes, Coreopsis, be., were all finely grown
specimens (Silver-gilt Banksian Medal).

Mr. J. F. McLeod, Dover House Gardens, Roehamp-
ton, exhibited some finely-coloured plants of a good
seedling variety of Codireum named Florence. It is a
narrow-leaved form, coloured yellow and green.

Mr. H. B. Mat, Dyson's Lane Nurseries, L'pper
Edmonton, staged a group of Codiajums (Crotons)
similar to that displayed by him at the recent flower
show at Chelsea (Silver Flora Medal).

Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Bush Hill Park Nurseries,
Enfield, exhibited cut Carnations, showing a large
number of varieties (sixty-one) of the "tree" and
"border " types (Silver Banksian Medal).

Messrs. Phillips & Taylor, Lily Hill Nurseries,
Bracknell, Berks, exhibited Carnations in pots, having
about thirty plants in as many varieties.

Messrs. Thos. Ware, Ltd., Feltham, Middlesex,
contributed a well-arranged exhibit of Carnations.
The flowers were shown in a light and graceful
manner. An epergne containing the white Everlasting
Pea, Lathyrus latifoliusalbus " White Pearl," occupied
the centre of the group (Silver Banksian Medal).

Mr. J. Douglas, Edenside Nurseries, Great Book-
ham, showed a collection of very choice Carnations.
Two of the best varieties that had not been previously
exhibited are described under "Awards" (Silver
Banksian Medal).

74

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 22, 1905.

Messrs. CuTBCSH & Sons, Highgate, London, N.,
showed some excellent Carnations, among which was
a fine assortment of " Malmaisons." Tree and border
varieties were also represented, and the whole was
staged with artistic effect (Silver Flora Medal).

Messrs. JOHN PEED & Sox, West Norwood, London,
S.E., staged a batch of "Tree " Carnations, with Acers,
Ferns, &c, for relief ; the white variety Hildegarde
was shown well.

Messrs. Blackmore & Langdon, Twertou Hill
Nurseries, Bath, showed some well-grown flowers of
Carnations, using Bamboo stands and vases for their
display.

Mr. A. F. Dctton*, Iver, Bucks, showed a splendid
batch of Carnations, chiefly of the American type of
flower (Silver-gilt Banksian Medal).

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Ltd., King's Road,
Chelsea, set up a most interesting group of plants,
among which were several new Chinese plants. The more
noteworthy was a white Astilbe (see Awards), Lilium
Sutchuenense, and Senecio Ligularia var. speciosa (see
Awards ). The collection also embraced such fine plants as
Buddleia variabilis Veitchiana, Astilbe Davidii, Lilium
Bakerianum (showing forms of this variable species, see
fig. 2!l, p. 75), Vitas Thomsoni, V. armata, and
Actinidia chinensis. Clethra canescens was shown well,
as was also Amorpha canescens. Cornus macrophylla
is a tree 20 feet or more in height : it forms a handsome
subject when covered with its numerous umbels of
white flowers. Messrs, Veitch also showed small pot
plants of Solanum AVendlandi, each carrying excellent
trusses of flowers ; a batch of the beautiful Exacum
macranthum, whose flowers are of the loveliest shade
of deep blue ; Allamanda grandiflora, and a repre-
sentative collection of tree and border Carnations
(Silver-gilt Flora Medal).

Messrs. H. C'ANNELL & SONS, Swanley, Kent, staged
an extensive group of Gloxinias, small plants in i.s's,
but well flowered, and representing most of the best
named varieties of these showy flowers. Plants of
Kochia scoparia were used as a background to the
Gloxinias. Messrs. Cannell also showed a selection
of very well grown Shirley Poppies, and a distinct
coloured Antirrhinum called Defiance. The colour
may be described as orange-scarlet (Silver Banksian
Medal).

G. Ferguson, Esq., The Hollies, AVeybridge (gr.,
Mr. Smith), staged a group of Campanula Fergusoni, a
hybrid form resembling Campanula turbinata. The
group was very prettily arranged, Ferns, Bamboos,
Asparagus, and such-like plants being freely intermixed
with the Campanulas (Silver Flora Medal).

Mr. H. Crane, Woodview Terrace, Highgate, showed
a number of small-flowering Violas arranged in the
form of sprays (Bronze Banksian Medal).

Messrs. AV. & J. Brown, Stamford and Peterborough,
exhibited flowers of the climbing Roses Lady Gay and
Dorothy Perkins : also cut Roses of other varieties,
and flowers of the " Cactus "-like Pelargoniums.

Linaria vulgaris Peloria. Flowers of this interest-
ing plant were shown by Mr. "William Marshall,
Chairman of the Floral Committee.

Awards.

Awards of Merit.
Adianlvm Mauri. — This is described as a seedling
from A. fragrantissimum. The plant is remarkable for
its long pinnules and the delicate tracery in the fronds.
It is a very elegant variety. Shown by Mr. H. B.
May.

A'stiBe grandis.— The plants of this Chinese species
were 7 feet or more high, and had compound ternately
pinnated leaves, and inflorescences some 4 feet long,
bearing white Spiraea-like flowers. From Messrs. Jas.
Veitch & Sons.

Carnation Libert;/.— This is a fancy border variety.
The flowers are of large size, and full in the centre.
In colour they have a yellow ground heavily striped
■with crimson. Shown by Mr. Jas. Douglas."

Carnation Viscoimtess BorinffJon.— This is a first-
class self-coloured variety, being of very pale buff.
The flowers are of satisfactory form and size. Shown
by Mr. Jas. Douglas.

lAlivm Sutchut ttense. — This Chinese species has very
narrow lanceolate leaves, from 3 to 3^ inches long, and
deep orange-red coloured flowers, like those of L.
tigrinum. The petals are very much recurved, and
thickly spotted with blackish-brown spots. Some of
the growths had six flowers on each, but others had
fewer. It is a comparatively small, elegant species of
considerable refinement, having a pretty effect as

grown in pots. Shown by Messrs. Jas. Veitch &
Sons.

Phlox " Dorecn." — A pink-coloured variety of her-
baceous Phlox, with a ring of reddish-rose colour round
the centre of each flower. The flowers are of regular
form, and individually measure 1| inch across. Shown
by J. Bradshaw, Esq. (gr., Mr. Whitelegge).

Senecio Liaularia var. speciosa. — This is one of the
largest-growing Groundsels from Central China. Its
great green leaves and immense spikes of yellow
flowers will make the species valuable for planting in
the "bog" or "wild" garden. Shown by Messrs.
Jas. Veitch & Sons.

Violas', Councillor AVatters (Dobbie & Co.), a purple-
coloured variety ; Mr. McFarlane (Dobbie & Co. ),
purple and blue-coloured, of the "Magpie" type;
Isolde (Dobbie & Co.), pale yellow, rayless ; and
Stark's Royal Sovereign (Stark), very deep, rich
yellow, rayless. All these varieties have been culti-
vated at Wisley, and were selected from a large
number growing there by a deputation from the Floral
Committee, which visited Wisley for this purpose on
Monday last.

Orchid Committee.

Present: Harry J. Veitch, Esq., in the Chair; and
Messis. Jas. O'Brien (Hon. Secretary), De B. Craw-
shay, W. A. Bilney, H. Little, W. Cobb, W. Boxall,
F. W. Ashton, G. F. Moore, H. T. Titt, W. H. Young,
and R. Brooman-White.

There were no groups staged, the exhibits being con-
fined to those intended to go before the Committee for
Awards.

Awards of Merit.

L<etio-Cattleiiei x rhardienrensis (L. cinnabarina x
C. dolosa), from G. F. MooBE, Esq., Chardwar, Bour-
ton-on-the- AVater (gr., Mr. Page). A very pretty and
delicately-tinted flower. The plant bore an inflores-
cence of eight flowers, arranged bouquet- like on a stem
'.► inches long. Flowers 3A inches across. Sepals anil
petals lanceolate, the petals broader than the sepals,
both blush-white with a rose tint in some stages of the
flower and a buff hue in others. Lip three-lobed, the
side-lobes turned back at the tip, middle lobe ovate ;
both pale yellow beautifully veined with rose-purple.

Miltonia vexillaria radiata magnificat ['.], from Mrs.
Haywood, Woodhatch, Reigate (gr., Mr. C. J. Salter).
— A very distinct variety, with large rosy-lilac flowers,
the labellum having a large white disc, on which were
numerous claret-purple lines radiating from the base
and some shorter dotted lines between (Botanical
Certificate).

MaxiUtoria picta Wavrlty variety, from Miss E.
Wili.mott, Warley Place, Great Warley, Essex (gr.,
Mr. Preece). — It differs from the type in its broader
segments and the character of the markings.

NotyUa muUiflora, from Messrs. Hugh Low & Co.,
Enfield. — A singular species with ovate leaves and long
pendulous racemes of small green-and-white flowers.

C. J. Lucas, Esq., Warnham Court, Horsham (gr.,
Mr. Duncan), sent Laslio-Cattleya • Geoffrey (L:elia
longipes Lucasiana X Cattleya Warscew'iczii), a very
pretty hybrid preserving the shape of the yellow-
lipped form of L. longipes, known as L. Lucasiana, but
with the segments nearly as broad as L. pumila.
Sepals and petals light rose coloured ; lip much crimped,
rose-coloured at the base and margin, the rest orange
coloured.

The Rt. Hon. Sir A. B. Crosslf.v, Bt., M.P..
Somerleyton Hall, Lowestoft (gr., Mr. Hanson), sent a
fine flower of Laelio-Cattleya X Clive (L. pumila
prajstans x C. Dowiana aurea).

J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., Glebelands, South
Woodford (gr., Mr. Davis), sent Lselio-Cattleya
Hy. Greenwood Glebelands variety), a dwarf, large-
flowered variety witli white sepals and petals delicately
tinged with lilac, and a fine purple front to the labellum.
Also Cypripedium x Penelope (Morganke x superbiens).

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, showed
Cattleya x Carmen (YVarscewiczii x Luddemanniana),
a fragrant flower of a light rose colour with ruby-
purple front to the lip.

Messrs. Hugh Low & Co. sent Phalanopsis violacea
Low's variety (a very fine form).

Fruit Committee.

Present: Geo. Bunyard, Esq., in the Chair; and
Messrs. Jos. Cheal, W. Bates, S. Mortimer, A. Dean,
H. J. Wright, Jno. Basham, Geo. Keif, J. Lyne, F. Q.
Lane, Geo. Reynolds. J. Willard, J. Jacques, C. Foster,
Owen Thomas, J. Mclndoe, and A, H. Pearson.

Messrs. Jas. CARTER k Co.. 237, High Holborn-,
London, showed a collection of 125 distinct varieties of
culinary Peas. All the varieties were sown on
March 30, and the exhibit was interesting in show-
ing the fruiting period of the various varieties
(Silver Banksian Medal).

Messrs. John K. King & Sons, Coggeshall, Essex,
showed a similar but somewhat smaller collection of
culinary Peas. They were selected from a trial of 180-
distinct varieties, and were all sown on the same day.

A box of Early Rivers' Nectarine was staged by Mrs.
Haywood, AVoodhatch Lodge, Reigate (gr., Mr.
Salter). The box contained about four dozen fruits,
all of high - class finish and of great size (Silver
Knightian Medal).

Mr. George Norman, Hatfield House Gardens-
Hatfield, Herts, showed a splendid box of Brown.
Turkey Figs, and was deservedly awarded a Silver
Banksian Medal.

Messrs. Robt. A'eitch & SON, Royal Nurseries,
Exeter, displayed a dish of bramble fruits named
Rubus Lucretia. The variety is remarkable for its
early period of fruiting. The fruit closely resembles
the common Blackberry in other respects, but it is<
deficient in flavour.

Messrs. Hobbies, Ltd., Norfolk Nurseries, Dereham,
showed a Red Currant labelled Chevalier's Sensation-
It is very similar to the variety known as Comet.

Mrs. Pullinger, Morrey Lodge, Campden Hill. AV
(gr. Mr. AVinfield), showed an enormous Cucumber
labelled Improved Telegraph.

Lecture on "Wisley."

The afternoon lecture was given by Mr. S. T.Wright,,
the Superintendent of the AVisiey Garden. AVith
the aid of an excellent series of photographic illustra-
tions, Mr. AV'right succeedeed in conveying a very good
idea of the beauty and interest of the Society's new-
garden. As we alluded to the subject quite recently
we need do no more than state that Mr. H. J. Veitch,
who was in the Chair, reiterated the promise given by
the Council, of eventually establishing a research sta
tion at AVisiey, ami stated that Mr. Massee had already
begun some experiments, the nature of which did not
transpire.

NATIONAL CARNATION ANB.
PICOTEE.

(SOUTHERN SECTION.)

July IS. — This Society held its annual exhibition'
on the above date in the Royal Horticultural Hall,
Vincent Square, AVestminstcr. So far as we could
judge, the exhibits were about equal in number to
those staged last year, the entries being 452; and in.
regard to the quality of the flowers, it may be said
that some of the specimens were excellent. The
President of the Society, Martin R. Smith, Esq., was
successful in many of the classes in the first division as
usual, and there were four of his varieties included in
the collection of nine seedlings that were awarded.
First-class Certificates of Merit.

The exhibition served to remind many who are not
Carnation specialists of the peculiar characteristics-
that separate the florist's, "bizarre," "flaked,"
"fancy," and "self" Carnations, and of the Picotees.
The self-coloured Carnations undoubtedly make the
best show, but some of the Picotees, of light edges and
heavy edges, are really beautiful in their markings
upon" close inspection. The flakes, bizarres, and
' ' fancies " also have their admirers.

Most of the flowers were unfortunately staged with
paper collars in boxes, and "dressed" to appear as.
perfect as possible from the florist's standpoint ; but in
a few instances there could be seen flowers disposed in
vases relieved by Carnation foliage, where in our opinion
they had a much better effect. In some of the groups
of plants shown in pots the leaden wires used to support
the flowers were too obtrusive.

Mr. T. E. Henwood, the Secretary, was kept busj
during the whole day.

Bizarres and Flakes.

The best twenty-tour bizarres and flakes in not fewei
than twelve dissimilar varieties were staged by Mr. F.
AV f.lleslf.y, AVestfield, Woking. Form was the prin-
cipal feature of this collection, every flower being,
shown in good condition : but the markings and
colours were also good. The vaiieties shown were
Master Fred, George Melville, Robert Lord, Meteor,
Guardsman, Gordon Lewis, Robt. Houlgrave, H.
Shoesmith, C. J. Keen, J. S. Hedderley, Sports-
man, AVm. Skirving, A. Curzon, and George. There
were two other competitors — Martin R. Smith,
Esq., Hayes. Kent ; and Mr. Chas. Turner, Slough,
who were" awarded 2nd and 3rd prizes respectively. Mr.
Smith put up some good flowers, notably Meg Merri-
lies, Hotspur, Lighthouse, R. Houlgrave, Challenger,,
and Autocrat.

July 22, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

75

In Division II., in a class for twelve "dressed" blooms
distinct, there were five collections, and the 1st prize
was won by Mr. R. C. G'ARTWRIGHT, Kings Norton,
Worcestershire, who showed the varieties Gordon
Lewis, W. Present, Admiral CuTZOn, Master Fred,
Robert Houlgrave, W. Skirving, Geo. Melville,
Guardsman. Sarah Payne, Merton, J. S. Heddcrlev,
and Calypso. 2nd, Mr. H. U. Tayi.ou (gr. Mr.
Gilbert). Oakleigh, Cheam. 3rd, Mr. PBMBERTON,
Bloxwich.

Self-Coloured Flowers.

Mr. Wellesley was also first in the class for
twenty-four " selfs '' having the same opponents who
followed in the same order as in the previous class.

He had very fine flowers indeed, showhij the varieties
Ensign (white), Bridegroom (rose - pink), Seagull
(salmon-pink), W. H. Parton (crimson), Iiorras (cherry-
red), Germain (yellow), Cassandra, Mrs. E. Hambro
(white), Mrs. Guy Seabright (pink), Her Grace (white),
Mrs. R. G'. G'artwright (salmon-red), and Lady Her-
mione (salmon-rose). The 2nd prize collection from
H. R. Taylor, Esq., Oakleigh, was also very good.
3rd, Mr. W. Spencer, jr., Windsor.

Fancy Flowers.
The Class for twenty-four " fancy " flowers was also
contested by the same three growers as in the pre-
ceding classes, but they had an additional rival in the
firm of Messrs. Blaokhore & LANGDON, Twerton Hill

Mr. Smith >tiged the best six flowers of a
yellow or buff-ground fancy Carnation, having King
Solomon; but he had worthy competitors in Mr.
Welleslet, with Westfield Seedling; and in Messrs.
BLACKMORE& LANGDON, with Richness.

In Division 2, the variety Argosy, shown by Mr.
F. II. A. Booth, won the 1st prise "in a similar class
for six blooms.

Messrs. Black more & Langdon easily carried off
the 1st prize for six blooms of any variety of "famv
< ii nation other than yellow or buff-coloured grounds.
The variety was Millie— excellent flowers in every
respect. Mr. WELLESLEY followed 2nd with the same
variety ; and Mr. Smith was placed 3rd with The
Nizam.

Hk

FlG. at).— LILIUM BAKERIANUM (LOVVIl),

Forms of which were shown by Messrs. James Yeitch & Sons on Tuesday last at the Royal Horticultural Society's Meeting.

Flowers greenish-yellow or white, purple-spotted. (See p. 74.)

The 1st and 2nd groups ran each other close for
supremacy, but Mr. Welleslev's flowers had more
substance and were of slightly better form. The
varieties in this group were Daffodil, Gloriosa, Sir
Eevys Benbow, Mrs. Guy Sebright, Bridegroom, Much
the Miller, H. J. Cutbush, Mrs. F. W. Flight, Pink-
Pearl, Mrs. Eric Hambro, Comet, Nubian and Mrs.
Gharrmgton The best flowers in the 2nd prize group
were Daffodil, Mary Hambro, H. J. Cutbush, Mrs. E.
Hambro and Etna.

The best six flowers of any variety of self-coloured
Carnation belonged to Martin Smith, Esq., who had
the beautiful white variety Mrs. Eric Hambro in fine
form. Scarcely less inferior were the half-dozen

Wellesle F" W' FUght StaSed by Wr- F-

In Division II. the variety Daffodil shown by Mr.

R. C. Cartwright also gained 1st prize. Messrs.

Ihillips & Taylor were 2nd with the variety .Mrs.

JM. \. Gharrmgton.
In Division II. in a class for twelve blooms,

■distinct, Mr. R. C. GARTWRIGHT had the 1st prize.

Nurseries, Bath. Mr. Martin Smith was the successful
exhibitor, and a well-grown lot of flowers were those
shown by him. The Skipper, Hesperus, Cavalier,
Juno, and Merlin occupied the back row, and were
all of first quality ; and there were in addition good
flowers of Mandarin, Hidalgo, Pasquin, Mrs. Leo
Hunter, Hecuba, Merlin, Molly Maguire (grand flower),
Sam Weller, Andromeda, Cheops, King Solomon,
Cavalier, Juno, and Kobin Hood. 2nd place was
awarded Mr. Wei.lesi.ey, who showed Perseus, Pro-
fessor Cooper, Monarch, Miss Leese, and Molly Maguire
in fine condition. 3rd, Messrs. BlaOKMDRE &
Langdon.

In Division II., for twelve blooms, distinct, F. H. A.
Booth, Esq., Hoe Place, Woking (gr., Mr. Nash), had
1st prize for twelve very pretty flowers, showing
Argosy, Monarch, Foeman, Hidago, Lady Bristol.
Brodrick, Oakley, Jno. Seabright, Eldorado, Professor
Ctooper, Amphion, and Gipsy Queen. Mr. W.
Si i M ER, jun., ran very closely for 2nd place ; and
Mr. R. C. Cartwright was 3rd.. There were six
exhibitors.

In Division II., Mr. R. C. Cartwrkiht obtained
1st prize with the variety Millie in a similar class for
six blooms.

PlCOTEES.

In the class for twenty-four Picotee flowers Messrs.
BLACKMOBE & Langdon dropped out, leaving the field
t.> th.' remaining three, Messrs. Smith, Wellesley,
and Turner, who were placed in the order named.
Mr. Smith had some perfectly - formed flowers,
possessing great refinement. The Mrs. H. Hoskier
shown in his group was the best heavy-edged white-
ground Picotee in the show, and the Pride of Leyton
the best light-edged white-ground Picotee shown.
Other beautiful examples were Brunette, Baliol,
Favourite, Winston Churchill, and Amy Robsart. Mr.
Wellesley showed a collection that ran the 1st prize
group close for supremacy, having Laviuia, Little Phil,
Sirs. Barron, Ganymede, Pride of Leyton, and others
in first class condition.

Mr. Wkli.esLey reversed the order of position with
Mr. Smith in the class for twenty-four yellow-ground
"Picotees," and certainly his collection was worthy

76

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 22, 1905;

the position. His flowers were a remarkably fine lot,
and contained the premier heavy-edged and the premier
light-edged yellow-ground "Picotees" in Gronow,
which secured the former distinction, and in Miss
Walter Heriot, which gained the latter. To do the
group justice each variety should be noted, but owing
to considerations of space we select Lady St. Oswald,
Gertrude, Daniel Defoe, Gronow, Lucy Glitters, and
Othello. Mr. Smith had Raphael, Ida, Maria,
Chryseis, &c.

Mr. Wellesley staged six exquisite flowers of Mrs.
W. Heriot in the class for the best six yellow-ground
Ficotees. Mr. Smith was 2nd with smaller but good
flowers of the same variety. 3rd, Mr C. Turner.

In a similar class in Division II., the variety Mrs. W.
Heriot was awarded 2nd and 3rd prizes.

In Division II., the best collection of twelve blooms
of white-ground Picotees was shown by F. H. A.
Booth, Esq., who had the varieties W, H. Johnson,
Lavinia, Pride of Leyton, Brunette, Beswick, Fanny
Tete, Favourite, Mrs. Barron, Mrs. Openshaw, Amy
Robsart, G Darling, and Nellie. 2nd, Mr. H. R.
Taylor ; and 3rd, Mr. Hayward Mathias, Hazel
Parton, Medstead. There were seven exhibits.

In Division II., in a class for twelve yellow-ground
varieties, there were seven collections, and of these one
from Mr. W. Spencer, Jr., won the 1st prize. The
varieties Gronow, Mrs. Walter Heriot, and Epsom,
were the prettiest flowers in this exhibit. 2nd, F. H
A. Booth, Esq. ; and 3rd, Messrs. Phillips & Taylor,
Lily Hill Nurseries, Bracknell.

Single Bloom Classes.

The best scarlet bizarre was Robt. Houlgrave, staged
by Messrs. Phillips & Taylor, Bracknell ; the best
crimson bizarre was Mr. Turner's Arline ; and the
premier pink bizarre, Wm. Skirving. shown by Mr. J.
Farlie, Acton. Among the "flakes "the best purple
was Gordon Lewis, shown by Mr. Wellesley ; the
best scarlet, Sportsman, belonging to Mr. H. R.
Taylor, Cheam, Surrey ; while the best rose flake was
shown by Mr. Wellesley in H. Shoesmith.

In the classes for single blooms of Self Carnations
the premier flowers were the following : — White or
blush-white, Mr. E. Charrington's example of Mrs.
Eric Hambro ; rose or pink, Gay Sebright, shown by
Mr. Cartwright ; scarlet, red, or crimson, Mrs. Best,
shown by Messrs. Phillips & Taylor ; maroon or
purple, W. H. Parton, shown by Mr. W. H. Parton,
yellow, Daffodil, also shown by Mr. Parton ; buff,
Mrs. Cartwright, shown by Mr. R. C. Cartwright.

Among the "fancies" the best yellow-ground variety
was Westfield Seedling, shown by Mr. Wellesley ;
Mr. Martin Smith taking 1st for any other fancy-
not of yellow ground, with the Mizam.

The best Picotees were as follows :— Reds :— The best
heavy-edged was Brunette, shown by Mr. Wellesley,
who also showed the best light-edged red in Mrs.
Gorton. Purples : the premier heavy-edged was Mrs.
Openshaw, belonging to Mr. H. R. Taylor ; and the
premier light-edged, Mrs. Farqubar, shown by Mr. W.
Spencer. Rose or Scarlet : Little Phil took 1st prize
among heavy-edged varieties ; while the same distinc-
tion was won by Fortrose for the best light-edged.
They were shown by Mr. W. H. Parton and Mr. Wel-
lesley respectively. Yellow-ground, the best heavy-
edged was Dalkeith, from Mr. Martin Smith.

Premier Blooms.
The best specimens in the show of the various types
of flowers were the following :— Bizarre R. Houlgrave,
shown by Mr. Wellesley ; flake H. Shoesmith, from
the same grower; self Ensign, belonging to Mr.
Martin Smith ; fancy Brodrick, shown by Mr. Booth,
Woking ; heavy-edged white-ground Picotee Mrs.
Hoskier, and light-edged white-ground Picotee Pride of
Leyton, both shown by Mr. Martin Smith. Mr.
Wellesley had both the best heavy-edged yellow-
ground Picotee and the best light-edged y ellow-ground
Picotee in Gronow and Mrs. Walter Heriot respectively.

The President's Cup.

The President of the Society, Martin R. Smith, Esq.,
as usual offered a cup to the winner of the highest
aggregate number of points gained by any one com-
petitor in the first division. Cups were also offered in
the remaining three divisions. Mr. Wellesley secured
the cup in the Division I., with the largest aggregate
number of points ; in Division II, Mr. Cartwright
was successfid ; in Division III. Mr. Fairlie, and in
Division IV. Mr. Parton.

Carnations in Vases.
An interesting class was that for twelve distinct
varieties of " self s," "fancies," and " yellow ground "
Carnations, three flowers of each variety. The
schedule stipulated that they be shown in vases with
Carnation foliage to each. One was thus the better
enabled to appreciate the beauty of these charming
flowers, although perhaps the method is not so well
suited for judging individual blooms. The best were
shown by Mr. Smith, who had Cecilia, Cavalier, Man-
darin, The Seer, Merlin, Sunshine, Hidalgo, Thais,
Molly Maguire, King Solomon, Gronow, and Juno. 2nd,
Mr. Wellesley. 3rd, Messrs. Blackmoke & Langdon.

In Division II. there was a similar class for six varie-
ties distinct. "Selfs," "fancies," and "yellowgrounds"
were permissible, and the flowers were arranged
in vases with Carnation foliage. The 1st prize collec-
tion contained the varieties Voltaire, Agnes Poiree,
Richness, Bridegroom, Mrs. W. Heriot. and Perseus.
All of these were very good flowers. 2nd, Messrs.
Phillips & Taylor, who had brightly - coloured
flowers of rather smaller size. 3rd, H. R. Taylor, Esq.
(gr., Mr. Gilbert).

Carnations for Decoration.
The chief exhibits in the decorative classes were the
single vases of Carnations, a superb arrangement of
the variety Richness, with grasses, &c, winning the
1st prize for Messrs. Blackmore & Langdon.

Groups op Carnations in Pots.
Three collections were staged in the class for a group
of plants to be arranged in an area of 50 square feet,
but the 1st prize exhibit was far ahead of the remain-
ing two. It was put up by Mr. Blick, gr., to Martin
Smith, Esq., and was excellent in every respect, the
group being arranged with great skill, and containing
flowers of the highest excellence, notably examples of
" Malmaison " Mrs. Martin Smith at the background.
Mr. H. Lakeman, Thornton Heath, Surrey, was 2nd.

Seedling Varieties which received Certificates.

Nine Certificates of Merit were awarded to the
following varieties : —

' 'limps (fancy), having a pale cream ground with an
edging of purple and stripes down the petals, which
were broad and well rounded.

Mrs. Hoskier (white-ground Picotee) — Pure white,
with broad petals having a well-defined pink margin.

Eoijer Bacon (white -ground Picotee). — Rather a
small flower of pure white ground, with a bright pink
margin to broad petals. These three varieties were
shown by MARTIN R. Smith, Esq,

W. E. Dickson (heavy red-edge). — A perfectly formed
flower of moderate size, having a deep crimson edge to
the broad, clear, white petals.

H. Shoesmith (rose-coloured flake). — A regular, well-
formed flower, evenly flaked with rosy-pink colour on
a clear white ground. These two varieties were
exhibited by F. Wellesley, Esq.

W. H. Parton (self). — Of deep maroon or crimson
colour with broad petals and pronounced perfume.
From Mr. W. H. Pakton.

Pasquin (fancy). — A well-filled flower, having a
yellow ground with heliotrope and pink markings.
Shown by Martin R. Smith, Esq.

if. A. Bowberry (fancy). — This variety has a buff-
coloured ground with bright rosy-pink markings shading
off down the petals ; a very good bloom. Shown by
W. SrENCER, jun.

Liberie. — See description on p. 75, col. A.

Divisions III. and IV.

These Divisions enabled the smaller growers to com-
pete among themselves, the larger exhibitors in the
preceding Divisions being excluded. The number of
flowers in the classes do not exceed six, while those
from thirty to thirty-four inclusive only call for three
blooms in each class. The principal prize-winners in
Division III. were Mr. Farlie, Mr. Phillisrick, Mr.
J. J. Keen, Mr. J. J. Sheldon, Mr. Walker, Mr.
Chahrington, and Hon. Mrs. Trelawney.

WOLVERHAMPTON FLORAL TETE.

July 11, 12, 13. — The seventeenth annual Floral
Fete was held in the West Park on the above dates in
delightful weather. Prizes amounting to something
like £800 attracted many well-known exhibitors, and
the display of flowers, fruit, and vegetables, accommo-
dated in six capacious marquees, must be chronicled as
one of the most successful of summer shows ever held
in Wolverhampton. Upwards of sixty entries were
received in excess of those of last year, the total number
being about 900 ; but in consequence of some of the ex-
hibitors failing to show in all the classes in which they
had entered, several table-fpaces were left unfilled.

Plants.

The 1st prize of £25 offered for a group of plants
not to exceed 350 square feet, was awarded to Messrs.
J. Cypher & Sons, Cheltenham, whose group, con-
sisting mainly of Orchids, Liliums, Ixoras, Codia?ums,
and Palms, was arranged in a most artistic manner.
Mr. W. Vause, Leamington, was 2nd with a group less
graceful, and in which the colour-blending was not
so finely executed. A special prize of a Gold Medal
was awarded to Messrs. T. Cripps & Son, Tunbridge
Wells, for a splendid collection of Japanese Acers.

Messrs, J. Cypher h Sons also received the premier
award of £15 for twelve stove and greenhouse plants,
amongst which were superb examples of Bougainvillea
Cypheri, Ixora Williamsi, Statice profusa, and Codianim
mortefontainense.

First prizes for six Orchids, six large Palms, twenty
flowering and foliage plants (in pots not exceeding
8 inches), and twelve flowering and foliage plants
(Orchids excluded), were also won by Messrs. J.
Cypher & Sons.

For six distinct varieties of exotic Ferns, J. A. Ken-
RICK, Esq., Edgbaston (gr., Mr. A. Cryer), was an easy
1st.

For a group of one class of plants in flower occupying
ground space of 9 feet by 5 feet, H. Lovatt. Esq.,
Bushbury (gr., Mr. R. Sharpe), was placed 1st with
Cannas. 2nd, C. H. Mander, Esq., Wolverhampton
(gr., Mr. C. Weaver), with a nice clean batch of Clero-
dendron fallax. 3rd, G. H. Kenrick, Esq. (gr., Mr.
J. V. Macdonald), with Hydrangeas. An extra prize
was awarded to Mr. John E. Knight, Wolverhampton,
for decorative Chrysanthemums.

Tuberous Begonias covering a table space of 10 feet
by 5 feet brought two entries, one exhibit being
exceedingly good and the other indifferent. The 1st
prize winner was Mr. F. Davies, Pershore, whose
flowers were unually large, finely proportioned and
variously coloured. In addition to the prize of £7, a
Gold Medal was also recommended by the judges.

In the class for a group of plants arranged on a space
of 300 feet (open to amateurs only), J. A. Kenriok,
Esq., Edgbaston (gr., Mr. A. Cryer), well deserved the
1st prize of £10. The plants were exceedingly well
grown, and many of them abundantly flowered. The
same exhibitor gained 1st prize for six stove and
greenhouse plants, while H. Lovatt, Esq. (gr.. Mr. R.
Sharpe), was 1st with six Caladiums and twelve
Begonias.

Roses (Open).

Roses were largely and well shown. For seventy-
two distinct varieties, Messrs. A. DICKSON & Sons,
Newtownards, won the 1st prize. Particularly good were
the varieties E. Mawley, Countess of Derby, C. J.
Grahame and Dr. Andry.

With three blooms each of twelve distinct varieties,
Messrs. A. Dickson & SONS scored again.

For twenty-four distinct varieties Messrs. A. Dick-
son & Sons were placed 1st, and Messrs. J. Townsend
& Son, 2nd.

The 1st prize for twelve Roses introduced in the
years 1902-3-4 was also won by Messrs. A. DICKSON &
Sons ; Messrs. B. R. Cant & Sons being 2nd.

For twelve blooms of any dark red Rose (one variety)
Mr. Hugh Dickson and Messrs. A. Dickson & Sons
were placed 1st and 2nd respectively ; and for twelve
light-coloured Roses (one variety), Messrs. B. R.
Cant k Sons, Messrs. J. Townsend & Son, and Mr.
Hugh Dickson were placed in the order named.

With twelve distinct Tea varieties Messrs. B. R.
Cant & Sons were 1st, and Mr. Hugh Dickson, 2nd.

The best collection of six vases of Sweet-Briar Roses,
in as many varieties, Messrs. Gunn & Son, Olton,
and C. H. Mander, Esq., won 1st and 2nd prizes
respectively.

Bouquets and Cut Flowers (Open).

The Leamington Nurserymen & Florists Co.,
Leamington, secured the 1st prize fora bouquet composed
entirely of Orchids, somewhat heavily arranged.

For a bridal bouquet the 1st prize went as mentioned
in the previous class : and for a bridesmaid's bouquet
Messrs. Jenkinson & Son were the only competitors.

The first award of £10 for an arrangement of hardy
border flowers, occupying a space of 15 by 5 feet, was
won by Messrs. Harkness & SONS, Bedale, whose
bold masses of Gaillardias, Liliums, Spanish Irises, and
Campanulas were most effective.

A five-guinea Silver Cup and £20, offered for a display
of plants, floral decorations. &c, to be staged in a
space not exceeding 200 square feet, went to Mr.
John E. Knight, Wolverhampton, with an exceedingly
light and tastefully arranged group, in which Carna-
tions, Liliums, Codianims, Cannas, and Bamboos, were
the leading features. G. H. Kenrick, Esq., Edgbaston
(gr., Mr. J. V. Macdonald), was 2nd with a very
creditable display.

Messrs. M. Jenkinson & Son received the 1st prize for
a daintily arranged dinner-table decoration, consisting
of small -flowered Orchids and Asparagus arranged in
rustic stands, &c.

A class for a dinner-table decoration confined to
Sweet Peas was keenly contested. Mrs. E. Winchester,
Northfield, was adjudged to be 1st.

The £5 prize for the most tasteful arrangement of
Pansies and Violas was gained by Messrs. W. Pember-
ton & Son, Bloxwich ; with Mr. Alderman Waters,
Acocks Green (gr., Mr. F. C. Brooks), 2nd.

Sweet Peas.

A class for eighteen varieties of Sweet' Teas, occupy-
ing a space of 8 feet by 4 feet, brought strong com-
petition. Mr. T. Jones, of Ruabon, had a choice
selection, with which he gained the 1st position.

For the special prizes offered by Mr. H. Eckford, of
Wem, Mr. T. Jones was again 1st.

By far the largest number of exhibitors entered for
the Sydenham prizes, and, as in the two last-named
classes, Mr. T. Jones carried off the principal honour.
Mrs. A. G. Holfohd was 2nd ; and Mr. A. Hughes,
3rd.

July 22, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

77

Fruit.

The best four bunches of Grapes, distinct varieties,
two black and two white, were shown by Lord Saville,
Rufford Abbey (gr., Mr. J. Doe), who had Black Ham-
burgh and Madresfield Court (very good), Buckland
Sweetwater (indifferently coloured), and Muscat of
Alexandria.

The best two bunches of white Grapes came from
W. A. H. Bass, Esq., Burton-on-Trent (gr., Mr. R.
Nisbet). 2nd, Lord Bagot, Rugeley (gr., Mr. T.
Bannerman). 3rd, Lord HARRINGTON, Elvaston Castle,
Derby (gr., Mr. J. H Goodacre). The last-named
exhibitor had the best green-fleshed Melon, and Lord
Bagot (gr., Mr. T. Bannerman), the best scarlet-
fleshed Melon.

The Earl of Lathom, Ormskirk (gr., Mr. B. Ashton),
was 1st with a dish of six Peaches ; and Lord Bagot
(gr., Mr. T. Bannerman), 2nd.

The Earl of Harrington was 1st with six Nectarines,
and three dishes of Strawberries.

Lord Saville, Rufford Abbey, was 1st with eight
dishes of fruit consisting of magnificent examples of
Madresfield Court and Buckland Sweetwater Grapes,
Stirling Castle and Dymond Teaches, Improved
Downton Nectarine, Royal Sovereign Strawberry,
Brown Turkey Figs, and Royal Jubilee Melon.

Vegetables.
Prizes offered by Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Reading,
for six distinct kinds of vegetables, went to Lord
Aldenham, Elstree (gr., Mr. E. Beckett), the Earl of
Lathom, Ormskirk, and the Earl of Carrington, in
the order named.

The Earl of Lathom was 1st for Messrs. Webb &
Son's prizes.

Miscellaneous Exhibits.
Messrs. Dicksons, Chester, sent about a hundred
kinds of hardy cut (lowers, among which were noted
good examples of double and single Delphiniums,
Romneya Conlteri, and Gladioli.

Messrs. Dobbie & Co., Rothesay, contributed fifty
varieties of Sweet Peas and a few choice hardy flowers.
Messrs. Clibran & Sons, Altrincham, Manchester,
sent hardy flowers.

Messrs. Bakers, Wolverhampton, occvipied prac-
tically the whole of one side of a large tent with a
superb collection of Sweet Peas, choice Roses, and a
rich assortment of hardy herbaceous and alpine flowers,
being awarded a Silver Cup in addition to the Gold
Medal.

Mr. John Forbes, Hawick, N.B., sent hardy flowers
and East Lothian Stocks.

Mr. W. Waters, Westleigh, Acocks Green, exhibited
Violas.

Messrs. Webb & Sons, Stourbridge, put up a nicely-
arranged group of small, well-flowered Gloxinias,
Lilies, Sweet Peas, and hardy flowers (Gold Medal).

Messrs. Jarman & Co., Chard, contributed about
sixty varieties of Sweet Peas, and some very good cut
Roses.

From Messrs. Hewitt & Co., Solihull, came a large
bank of hardy cut flowers.

Mr. C. W. Breadmore, Winchester, had Sweet Peas.
Rustic table decorations beautifully arranged with
Carnations and Smilax ; also forty varieties of
Sweet Peas, including grand vases of Countess
Spencer and Orange Countess, came from Mr.
Robert Sydenham, Birmingham.

Messrs. R. Smith & Co., Worcester, had a group of
foliage and flowering plants, and a large collection of
cut border flowers and sprays of shrubs.

Choice Melons and vegetables were sent by Messrs.
Sutton & Sons, Reading.

Mr. A. Webster, Head Gardener to the Wolver-
hampton Corporation, contributed an effective group
of plants, consisting of Gloxinias, Liliums, Cannas, and
foliage plants.

Mr. E. Ml'RREI.L, Shrewsbury, staged Roses.
Mr. J. H. White, Worcester, sent a representative
collection of hardy flowers and cut Roses.

Messrs. T. B. Dobbs & Co. had a display of
flowering plants in the open air.

Medals of different value were awarded for most of
the exhibits in this section.

2nd ; and Messrs. D. Prior & Sons, also of Col-
chester, 3rd prizes.

In the class for twelve Teas and Noisettes Messrs. J.
Burrell & Co. were a good 1st ; Messrs. B. Cant &
Co., 2nd.

Roses were also largely contributed by local growers.
In the same tent as the Roses were staged the col-
lections of hardy perennials. A very meritorious
display, and one that was admirably set up, was con-
tributed by the Master of Sidney Sussex College. This
exhibit embraced twelve distinct kinds.

Another collection containing eighteen bunches came
from Dr. J. H. Dalton ; Jas. Carting, Esq., coming
2nd in the same class.

The collections of Sweet Peas formed a striking
feature, although many exhibitors require to set up
their flowers with greater lightness to produce the best
effect. Mr. John Hall had the best twelve bunches
of these flowers, and also the best six bunches in the
respective classes, the quality, colour and bunching of
his flowers being alike excellent.

The best collection of stove and greenhouse flowers
belonged to E. B. Fostkk, Esq., who had also the best
six bunches of these flowers.

Zonal Pelargoniums were largely shown. M. J.
Fuller, Esq., had the best twenty-four bunches,
followed by Mr. G. Bri.L, 2nd ; but the latter grower
was 1st in the class for twelve bunches, while Mr. H.
E. (Jray had the best six bunches.

Plant groups were few in number, but those staged
were meritorious. R. L. Hudson, Esq., set up the
best gToup, which was arranged in a light and graceful
manner. The 2nd prize group came from Arthur
Matthew, Esq.

Begonias were a feature, the majority of the plants
being well grown and freely flowering. Mr. Matthew
had the best twelve plants, his specimens carrying
superb flowers.

Stove and greenhouse plants were not strongly
represented.

Some verv good fruit was present. Mr. A. BRISCOE
set up the best collection of six dishes. Mr. Foster
had the best black Grapes in well-finished fruit of Black
Hamburgh. Mr. BRISCOE took 1st place for Peaches,
and also for Cherries. Superb Black and White
Currants came from Mr. Foster; Mr. Dobbs having
equally fine Red Currants.

The various vegetables shown were excellent produce,
the basket of eight kinds set up by Mr. DlGGLE being
of first-rate quality. This received 1st prize: but Mr.
Briscoe followed closely with good samples.

CAMBRIDGE HORTICULTURAL.

July 11. — The annual flower show of the above
Society was held in the very beautiful grounds of
St. John's College, Cambridge", on the foregoing date,
and in brilliant weather. H. O. Fordham, Esq., is the
energetic secretary. The show contained more exhibits
than usual, the competition in many of the classes
being exceedingly keen. Roses occupied a large area
in one tent, and were of exceptionally good quality.

In the class for thirty-six distinct varieties of Roses
Messrs. F. Cant & Co., Colchester, were 1st ; with
Messrs. B. Cant & Co., Colchester, 2nd; and Messrs.
J. Burrell & Co., Cambridge, 3rd. That such well-
known growers competed is evidence that the flowers
were good and of the finest varieties.

In the class for twenty-four distinct varieties of
these flowers Mr. H. Drew, Longworth, was 1st with
excellent specimens ; Messrs. B. Cant & Co. taking

REIGATE HORTICULTURAL.

July 12. —The nineteenth Annual Exhibition was
held on the above date in the grounds of Stone House,
Reigate, by the kind permission of A. J. Waley, Esq.,
the President. The Society is in a most flourishing
condition, and is fortunate in having secured this
enthusiastic gentleman for its President. The beauti-
ful grounds were lighted up in the evening by thousands
of fairy lamps producing a very pretty effect upon the
steep hill-side.

The exhibition under notice was the most successful
ever held in the ancient town of Reigate, there being
1,000 entries. The manner in which the exhibits were
staged reflected great credit upon the Committee and
hard-working Secretary, Mr. F. Phillips.

The Gardeners' classes were well represented and
keen competition was noticeable, and there was a large
attendance of visitors.

Plants. — In the class for a group of plants arranged
for effect there were six competitors, the 1st prize
being secured by E. C. P. Hull, Esq. (gr., Mr. H.
Burdett), with a lightly disposed group, similar in
arrangement to those seen at larger provincial shows.

In the class for four Caladiums, Col. R. W. INGLIS
won 1st prize ; and for four flowering stove and green-
house plants, J. Welch, Esq. (gr., Mr. D. Bone), won
1st prize.

Table Decorations. — For six table plants, Col.
R. W. Inglis was again 1st. In the competition for a
table of Carnation flowers, J. Auerbach, Esq. (gr.,
Mr. W. Blackwood), proved a good exhibitor, staging
flowers of good quality. Mrs. Fearon received 1st
prize for a table decoration arranged as for six persons.

Fruit was decidedly good, and a severe competition
resulted, the 1st prize for a collection of six dishes
being awarded to Col. R. W. Inglis (gr., F. Phillips).
Grapes came from Cosmo Bonsor, Esq. (gr., C.
Blurton), who secured 1st prize.

Roses were not exhibited so well as usual, the May
frosts having done much injury in this neighbourhood.
Mr. C. J. Salter, Woodhatcb Lodge Gardens, secured
1st prizes in the classes for eighteen blooms, distinct,
and twelve blooms, distinct.

There were several non-competitive exhibits, in-
cluding one of Water-Lilies from Leopold de Roth-
schild, Esq., Gunnersbury House, Acton. Roses
from F. C. Pawle, Esq. Hardy flowers from Messrs.
J. Cheal & Sons, Lowfield Nurseries, Crawley ; also
from Messrs. Jno. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill ; and
Messrs. SrooNEE & Sons, Hounslow.

UNITED HORTICULTURAL
BENEFIT AND PROVIDENT.

At the recent monthly meeting eight new members
were elected. Sick pay distributed to members
since the last meeting amounted to £23 2s. William
Marshall, Esq., has consented to preside at the annual
dinner, which will be held in October next.

NATIONAL ROSE.

EXHIBITION AT GLOUCESTER.
July 18. — In beautiful summer weather the pro-
vincial show of the National Rose Society was held in
conjunction with the annual show of the Gloucester-
shire Rose Society in the Spa Cricket-field, Gloucester, on
the above date. It is ten years since the National
Society similarly favoured the city, and no doubt the
success achieved on that occasion, combined with the
efforts of local Rose-growers, was responsible for a
second visit. The total entries for the National and
the county sections numbered 304, which constituted
practically a record for a provincial show, and resulted
in an exceedingly fine exhibition. In welcoming the
Mayor of Gloucester, who formally opened the show, Mr.
C. E. Shea (President of the National Society) saiil in
reference to holding their provincial meeting in
Gloucester, that if ever a decision was justified
by results it was certainly the case in regard to that
show, which those who had an opportunity of walking
round would declare was a magnificent exhibition.

The show on the whole was thoroughly representa-
tive, not only in its variety but in the portions of the
Kingdom from which the exhibits came. The most
coveted among the nurserymen's awards was, of course,
the National Rose Society's Jubilee Trophy, which is
always competed for most strongly at their provincial
shows, and it affords us pleasure to record that our Irish
neighbours, Messrs. Alexander Dickson & Sons, New-
townards, Co. Down, and who have also a large rosary
at Ledbury. Gloucestershire, we will not say were well
to the front, but were in advance of all competitors
for the trophy. In their magnificent winning stand
of thirty-six blooms, distinct varieties, were the two
finest Roses in the show, Mildred Grant and Helen
Keller, which were awarded the National Society's
Silver Medal. Among other fine flowers we noticed
were Dean Hole, Duchess of Portland, Charles J.
Grahame (a beautiful crimson rose awarded the
National Society's certificate), Mrs. W. J. Grant,
Bessie Brown, Mrs. Sharman Crawford, Florence Pem-
berton, and Robert Scott— all Roses of their own
raising. The 2nd prize was awarded to Messrs. R.
Harkness & Co., Hitchin, who showed very well,
and were in the running with the Irish Roses. The
3rd prize went *o Mr. Hugh Dickson, of Belfast,
another Irish grower who has been exhibiting ex-
ceedingly' well this season. In his stand was a fine
specimen of the Rose for which he is responsible,
J. B Clark.

In the next class for seventy-two varieties, open to
nurserymen, the Irish Roses again " walked away,
hands down.''

In the class for twenty -four varieties of three blooms
of each Messrs. A. Dickson & Sons were placed 1st.
Here we noticed some delightful trebles of Killarney,
the beautiful pink Rose Mamie, and a fine truss of
a grand dark Rose ; " George Dickson," a large deep
crimson, with well-formed, leathery petals— a Rose
that might be described in constitution as an advance
on Horace Vernet. Messrs. Harkness k Co. came in
for the 2nd award. The King's Acre Nurseries, Here-
ford ; Messrs. Perkins & Sons, Coventry : G. Prince,
Berks ; S. Treseder & Son, Cardiff : J. Mattock,
Oxford ; H. Drew, Berks ; and J. Jefferies & Son,
Cirencester, also figured in the prize-list.

Amateurs.

Mr. Conway Jones, of Hucclecote, near Gloucester,
followed up his successes at recent Rose shows by
winning the Jubilee Trophy of the National Society for
amateurs— a circumstance which gave a great deal of
satisfaction locally. The trophy had been won for a
good many years by Mr. Lindsei.l, of Hitchin, Mr.
Couway Jones having been 2nd to him on three
occasions, but Mr. Lindsell had this year to be
content with the 3rd place.

In the citv amateur classes the piece of plate given
by the Mayor and Corporation for the best display of
Roses was won bv the Misses Pike ; and the 2nd (a
piece of plate) by Mr. John Stephens. The Sheriff's
prize (a piece of plate) for six varieties was secured by
Mr. T. A. Washbourn.

The local cottagers' exhibits were a distinct advance t
on anything previously shown, both in point of number 1
of entries and quality of the blooms. The city
member's prizes were won bv C. Meeham, 1st ; W. C.
Frith, 2nd ; and A. V. Wright, 3rd ; and those
offered bv Mr. Henry Terrell, K.C., weie awarded as

78

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 22, 1905.

follows: C. Meeham, 1st; A. V. Wright, 2nd; and
E. Bolton, 3rd.

It should be added that the Mayor of Gloucester,
Councillor W. Langley Smith, entertained a large party
of friends and officials to a luncheon on the exhibition
ground. In responding to the toast of the " National
Rose Society,." the President, speaking of the progress
the Society had made, pointed out that while ten years
ago, when Gloucester was last visited, the membership
was only 370. it now stood at nearly 1,600. In con-
gratulating Mr. Conway Jones upon winning the
Challenge Trophy he said the exhibition at Gloucester
this year was the best provincial show he had
ever attended. Referring to the change of locale
of the metropolitan show of the Society this year from
the Temple Gardens to the Royal Botanical Gardens,
he said that they took more money at the gate than
they ever did at the Temple, while they had also been
able to assure the world that the Eotanical Gardens
were not so far removed from the centre of civilisation
as most people thought.

From Another Correspoiulent.

July 18. — This meeting of rosarians was held at
The Spa, and resulted in a great gathering of most of
the leading growers, trade and amateurs. Amateurs
were represented by the Rev. J. H. Pemberton, E. B.
Lindsell, Conway Jones, R. Foley Hobbs, ~\V. Boyes,
W. Whittle, R. Hill-Gray, Rev. R. Powley, F. Denni-
son, J. Bateman, and others.

The Roses were staged in a spacious, well-ventilated
marquee, and maintained their freshness throughout
the day. The quality of the flowers was good. There
were many grand specimens. It was noticed that the
two most popular flowers in the exhibition were Bessie
i'iown and White Maman Cochet, which were to be
found in almost every stand, grand boxes of twelves
being staged. All the classes were filled, and in the
majority there was keen competition. The show was
well managed, and the executive are to be congratulated
on the excellence of the arrangements.

The Jubilee Challenge Trophy (nurserymen), for
thirty-six, distinct, was won by A. Dickson & Sons,
Newtownards, with an even and bright collection of
well-built flowers, containing verv fine examples of
Helen Keller, Mildred Grant, Her Majesty, Mrs.
W. J. Grant, and Duchess of Bedford, the first-named
two winning the Silver Medals for the best H.P.
and H.T. respectively ; R. HARKNESS, of Hitchin,
being a close 2nd with grand specimens of Florence
Pemberton, Clio, and Bessie Brown.

For seventy-two, distinct, Messrs. A. DICKSON was
again 1st.

The Jubilee Trophy (amateurs), for twenty-four
varieties, was won by Mr. Conway Jones, of Glou-
cester, with a stand of bright, fresh flowers, Her
Majesty and Horace Vernet being very fine. Mr. F.
Dennison, of Kenilworth, was an excellent 2nd with
well-built flowers of good substance, and with more
lasting qualities than that which at the time of
judging obtained the 1st place. To Helen Kellei and
Mildred Grant, in Mr. Dennison's stand, were
awarded Silver Medals.

For thirty-six varieties the Rev. J. H. Pembeuton
took the 1st prize.

Decorative Roses.

In the class for eighteen bunches J. Mattock exhi-
bited a magnificent collection, which, staged facing
the entrance to the tent, formed an attractive feature.
In this exhibit fine bunches were staged of Bardon Job
and Prince de Bulgarie. In Taul & Son's collection,
which came 2nd, were excellent examples of The Queen
and Prince de Bulgarie.

For twelve bunches, amateurs, the Rev. J. H. Pem-
berton was awarded the 1st prize for an elegant group,
grand bunches being staged of Dorothy Perkins, The
Garland, and Crimson Rambler, together with Sou-
venir de la Legion d'Honneur, Blush Rambler, Madame
Alfred Carriere, Laurette Messimy, and Gustave Regis.
The 1st prize for six bunches was awarded to Mr.
Conway Jones.

Roses in Vases.

For twelve distinct, five blooms of each, Mr. GfeBOBSE
Prince, of Oxford, was 1st for a fine lot. Mrs. J.
Laing (very fine). White Maman Cochet, Mildred
Grant, and Ulster (very good), being the best. The
effect of this collection was somewhat handicapped by
the height of the v-iises-. Messrs. A. Dickson and J.
Jeffries were 2nd and 3rd respectively.

New Seedling Roses (Gold Medal Class).
The undermentioned Roses were exhibited by. A
Dickson & Sons, but no Gold Medal awarded :
Souvenir de C. J. Grahame, an exceedingly bright-red,
pointed, globular hybrid-perpetual, of medium-sized
flowers, was awarded a Card of Commendation. The
other Rose was Mrs. John Bateri.an, a cerise hybrid
Tea, somewhat short and close in the petal, but very
full, globular.

GARDENERS' DEBATING SOCIETIES,

DEVON AND EXETER GARDENERS'. -This Asso"
ciation held their summer outing on the 12tb inst.'
when about sixty members and friends journeyed to
the lovely Devonshire sea-side resorts of Lyntou and
Lynmouth. The party <m arrival at Lynton proceded
to Hollerday, Sir George Newnes' marine residence,
which is perched on an eminence sou feet above sea-
level, that overlooks the Bristol Channel. From
Hollerday the party proceded to Lee Abbey, which is
situated on the coast, at the end of the Valley of Rocks.
This place figures in the romantic history of the
neighbourhood, and is familiar to readers of
"Lorna Doone." Glen Lyn, in LyDmouth, was next
visited, the beautiful ravine being found at its best.
Admirable arrangements for the party were made by
Mr. W. Charley (hon. sec), and Mr. W. Mackay (lion,
treasurer). A. 11.

IPSWICH GARDENERS' ASSOCIATION. - A party
numbering about fifty members of the Ipswich District
Amateur Gardeners' Association spent on Wednesday,
12th inst., by the kind invitation of Mr. Alan Turner
and Mr. J. G. Cran field, an enjoyable time in the
beautiful grounds adjoining the residences of these
gentlemen ;it Burstall. The party journeyed by brake
and by cycle, and at their destination were met by Mr.
Turner, who conducted them over the estate.

SOUTHAMPTON HORTICULTURAL. — The annual
garden fete in aid of the funds of the Southampton
Horticultural Society was held on Wednesday the H'lli
inst.. and was a great success. The beautiful grounds
attached to Sir Samuel Moutagu's residence at South
Stoneham were again kindly lent for t lie purpose. This
estate is always beautiful, and on the occasion
of the fete was in first-class order, the flower-beds
presenting a wealth of bloom.

SCHEDULES RECEIVED.

Mountain Ash Flower Show, to be held in the
Pavilion, Mountain Ash, on Thursday, August 24, 1906.

NURSERY NOTES.

♦

A HARDY PLANT NURSERY.

The popularity of hardy plants has no stronger
evidence than the number of nurseries which
have of recent years sprung into existence to
cater for this form of gardening. One of the
more recent of these is the Fox Hill Hardy
Plant Nursery, at Keston, in Kent, belonging
to Mr. Reuthe, who has been well known
as a specialist in these flowers for many years
past. As a commencement Mr. Reuthe has
acquired about 4 acres of land situated on the
southern slope of a rising ground, and has
planted this with many of the finest species
of hardy and alpine plants. Many of these
are quite new plants ; others are older, but
worthy of a place in the hardy flower garden.
We noted a few of the more striking plants in
flower at the time of our visit. Oenotheras were
at their best. (E. speoiosa, CE. missouriensis,
with large yellow flowers, a fine plant; <E.
riparia, growing extensively, made a bold show,
it is of slender habit, and produces tufts of
yellow-coloured flowers in abundance. Thalic-
trum Delavayi, that recently received an Award
of Merit, was doing well. Aquilegia chrysantha
hybrida is a good form of Columbine, the long-
spurred flowers are bright yellow. Coreopsis
grandiflora Eldorado represents one of the best
selections of this handsome border plant.
Ozothamnus rosmarinifolius, a curious Composite,
makes a splendid subject for the shrubbery or
border; it produces dense feathery panicles of
white flowers. Many improved varieties of
Pentstemon (Chelone) barbata were seen ; while
a bed of the beautiful Dianthus deltoides was
literally covered with flowers.

Another plant that was a mass of flowers was
Cistus salvifolius ; C. lusitanicus has an adpressed
habit, and develops numerous white flowers
pleasingly blushed with rose-colour at the base
of each petal, and set off by the deep yellow-
coloured stamens. Potentilla Friedrichsenii is
one of the shrubby forms of this handsome genus.
Linum flavum, as the name indicates, has flowers
of yellow colour ; it is very effective in the
border. The "heads" of Achillea Eupatorium
attract attention.

Other good garden plants that we can only
name are Buphthalmum salieifolium, Glaucium

Serpieri, Erodium Manescavi, Calandrinia um-
bellata, Robinia hispida, Iris Monnier, and Agro-
stemma atrosanguinea.

A water-garden is in course of formation, and
hardy aquatic and bog plants are already repre-
sented by many of the best varieties and species
of these plants. Shade -loving plants are accom-
modated in the cool retreat of an adjoining wood.

MARKETS.

COVENT GARDEN, July 19.
Plants in Pots, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

s. d. s. d.
Aralia Sieboldl, p.

dozen 4 0-90

Araucaria excelsa,

per dozen ... 18 0-30 0
Aspidistras, green,

per doz. ... 24 0-36 0

— variegated,

per doz. ... 30 0-42 0
Asparagus plu-
mosus nanus,
per doz. ... 12 0-1S 0

— Sprengerl.per
dozen

— tenuissimus
per doz.

Begonias, tuber-
ous, per doz.

Campanula iso-
phylla, p. doz.

— Mayi, per doz.
Cannas, per doz.
Chrysanthemum

coronarium,

double yellow,

per dozen

Coleus, per dozen _

Crotons, per doz. 12 0-30 0

CocosWeddelliana,

per doz. ... 12 0-30 0
Cyperus alterni-
folius, per

dozen 3 0-60

Dracaenas, per

dozen 8 0-24 0

Ericas, per doz.... 12 0-30 0
Eulalia japonica

variegata ... 12 0-18 0
Euonymus, per

dozen 4 0-90

Ferns, in thumbs,

per 100 8 0-12 0

— in 4S's, p. doz. 4 0-10 0

— in 32's, per

dozen 10 0-18 0

Ficus elastica, p.

doz 9 0-12 0

— repens, per

dozen 4 0- « o

Fuchsias, p. doz. 4 0-60

6 0-90
6 0-12 0
4 0-60

4 0-sn

6 0-80
6 0-60

6 0-80

2 6-40

Heliotropes, doz.
Hydrangea, Thos.
Hogg, p. doz.

— Hortensia, p.
dozen 8

— paniculata ... 12
Kalosanthes, per

dozen 9

Kentia Belmore-
ana, per doz... 12

— Fosteriana, p.
doz 12

Lobelia, per. doz. 3
Lataniaborbonica,

per doz. ... 12
Lilium longi-

ilorum, per doz. 9
Marguerites.white,

per dozen ... 4

— yellow ... 12
Mignonette, doz. 4
Musk, Harrison's*

per dozen ... 3
Pelargoniums,
per doz.. Show . 9

— Ivy-leaved ... 4

— zonal 3

— scarlet do. ... 4
Petunias, double,

per dozen ... 5
Rhodanthe, per

dozen 4

Roses, H.P.'s, per

dozen 9

— Crimson Ram-
bler (large),
each 2

— Dorothy Per-
kins, each ... 3

Saxif raga pyram i-
dalis, per doz. 12

Selaginella, doz. 3

Spiraea japonica,
per doz. ... 4

Verbena, Miss
Willmott, per
dozen 4

— scarlet, per
dozen 4

d. s.d.
0-4 0

8 0-12 0

0-12 0
0-30 0

0-12 0

0-18 0

0-21 0
0-4 0

0-18 0

0-12 0

0-8 0
0-18 0
0-6 0

0-12 0
0-6 0
0-5 0
0-6 0

0-6 0

0-6 0

0-18 0

6-7 6

0- 6 0

0-15 0
0-5 0

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

«. d. s. d.

Artlchokes.Globe,

per dozen ... 16-20

Asparagus, Eng-
lish giant ... 4 0-12 0

— ordinary, per

bunch 10-26

Beans, dwarf, per

pad 6 0 —

— Channel Is-

land, per lb. 0 5-06

— English, p. lb. 0 5-06

— Broad, bush. 13-16
per bag ... 3 0-40

Beetroot, bushel 3 0-40

Cabbages, p. tally 2 6-30
Carrots, new,doz.

bunches ... 16-20

— French, dozen 3 0 —
Cauliflowers, per

dozen 19-20

Cress, doz. pun. 10 —

Cucumbers, doz. 2 0-30

Endive, per doz. 16-20
Horseradish, per

dozen bundles 10 0-13 0

Mint, per dozen... 2 0-26
Leeks, per dozen

bundles 16-20

Lettuces, Cabbage,

per bushel ... 10-16

— English, Cos,

per score ... 0 9-10.

Foliage Plants,
Asparagus plu- s.d. s.d.
mosus. long
trails, each ... 0 4-08

— — medium,

bunch ... 0 9-10

short sprays

per bunch...

— Sprengeri ...

— tenuissimus..
Adiantum cunea-

tum, per dozeu

bunches

Cycas leaves,

each

Fern, English, p.

dozen bunches

Mushrooms(house)
per lb 1

Onions, Egyptian,
per cwt. ... 4

— Spring, dozen
bunches ... 2

Parsley, per doz.

bunches 1

Peas, per bag ... 3

— English, per
bushel ... 2

Potatos, old, per
cwt 3

— Jersey, p. cwt. 8

— St. Malo, per
cwt 7

— Cherbourg, p.
cwt 6

Radishes, p. doz.

bunches ... n
Spinach, bush. ... 1
Tomatos, English,
p. lb 0

— Jersey, p. lb. 0

— Valencia, per
package ... 10

Turnips,new,doz.

bun 3

Vegetable Marrows,

per dozen ... 1
Watercress, per
doz. bunches . 0

0-6 0
0-6 0

d. s.d.
9-2 0

6-5 0
6-3 0

6-2 0

0-6 0

0-4 0

6-4 6
6-9 0

6-8 6

C- 7 0

9-10
0-16

3-0 4

3 —

6-13 6
0-4 0
6 —
3-0 6

&c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.
Grasses, hardy, p.
dozen bunches
Ivy-leaves.bronze

— long trails,
per bundle ...

— short green,
doz. bunches

Moss, per gross...
Myrtie. per dozen

bunches

Smilax, p. dozen

trails 4 0-60

Hardy foliage

(various), per

dozen bunches 3 0-40

10-26
0 6-10
9 0-12 0

4 0-60

2 0-40
16-20

10-16

5 0-60

3 0-60

July 22, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

79

Cut Flowers, &c. ; Average Wholesale Prices.

d. s.d.

0-3 0
0-8 0
0-4 0

1"

6-5 0
6-10
0-1 0 0

0-12 0
0-3 0

Alstromeria, per

doz. bunches ...

Bouvardia, per

doz. bundles
Calla sethioplca,

p. doz. blooms
Carnations, per

doz. blooms,

best American

vars

— smaller do. ...

— Malmaisons...
Cattleya, per doz.

blooms

Coreopsis, p. doz. 2
Eucharis grandi-

flora, per dozen

blooms 1

Gardenias, perdz

blooms ... '... 1
Gladiolus Col-

villei, doz. bun. 1

— brenchleyensis
p. doz. spikes 3

Gypsophila, per

dozen bunches 2
Iris, Spanish, per
doz. bunches 2

— best English,
per dozen ... 9

Lilium candidum 0

— lancifolium,
rubrum and
album 1

— longlflorum... 2

— tigrinum ... 1
Lily of the Valley,

p. doz. bnchs. 6

— extra quality Is
Marguerites.white,

p. doz. bnchs. 3

— yellow, perdz.
bunches ... 2

Fruit : Average
s.d. s.d.
Apples, Tas-

manian. case 10 0-14 0
Apricots, French,
per half bush.
Bananas, bunch

— Jamaica

— loose.perdoz.
Cherries, per half

bush

Currants. Black,
p. half bushel

— Red, per half
bushel

— White, per lb.
Figs, per dozen...
French Plums, p.

box

Gooseberries, per
half bushel ...

— ripe, per peck
Grape-fruit, case
Grapes, Alicante,

per lb.

0-2 0
0-16

o- a o

0- 1 0

0-3 0

0-3 0

0-12 0
6-10

0-2 0
O-3 0
6-2 0

O- 9 0

0 —

0-4 0
0-3 0

4 6-56
6 0-14 0
3 6-80
10-16

6 0-12 0

4 0-60
0 6 —
10-50

10-16

2B-JO
2 0-26
13 0 —

doz.
doz.

10-13

Mignonnette,doz.

bunches
Odontoglossum

crispum, pr. dz.

blooms

Pelargoniums,

ger dozen
unches :

— Show

— Zonal, double
scarlet

— salmon and
pink

Poppies, Iceland,
doz. bunches

— Oriental, doz.
bunches

Pyrethrum,

bunches
Rhodanthe,

bunches
Roses, 12 blooms,

Niphetos

— Bridesmaid ...

— Kaiserin A.
Victoria

— General Jac-
queminot ...

— C. Mermet ...

— Caroline Test-
out

— Liberty

— Mad.Chatenay

— Mrs. J.Laing.

— Sunrise
Stephanotis, doz.

trusses
Sweet Peas, doz.

bunches
Sweet Sultan, per

dozen

Tuberoses, per

dozen blooms

Wholesale Prices.

Grapes, Hambro,
per lb.

— Muscats, lb....
Lemons, Naples,

per case

Melons, each ...

— French, Rock
Nectarines, A., p.

dozen

— B., per dozen
Oranges, Jamaica,

per case

Peaches, A., per
dozen..

— B., per doz. ...

— French, per
box

Pines, each

Raspberries, p.lb.

S tr awber rie s,
one pound flat
punnets. per
dozen

s.d. s.d.
2 0-40

4 0-60

4 0-80

4 0-60

0 6-16

4 0-60

2 0-40

2 0-30

0 6-20
10-20

0 6-10
2 0-30

16-30
2 0-40
2 0-40

2 0-40
10-20

16-26

10-30

3 0-40
0 3-08

s.d. s.d.

0 10-2 0
10-26

20 0-2.". 0

2 6-36

4 0-5 0

12 0-18 0

3 0-60

13 0-14 0

8 0-12 0
2 0-60

0 9-16

a 0- 4 ts
o 1- o s

13 0-1 5 0

Kemarks.— The Strawberry season is now almost
over ; good prices are obtainable for selected 1st quality
flat punnets, consignments realising 13«. to 15s. per doz.
Californian Plums have now made their appearance,
making 10s. tolas, per case of 18 lb. for selected varieties.
Cherries have not been so good fur several seasons
past ; some very fine examples realised Ss. to 10s. per
peck. Figs are very plentiful, consequently prices for
these fruits are low. Supplies of Oranges are over in
as much as Spain is concerned : those from Jamaica now
arriving are not ripe enough to meet with a ready sale.
The supply of Tasmanian Apples from cold storage is
now almost exhausted. Trade general ly is good.

COVENT GARDEN FLOWER MARKET.

The market all round is now very dull. Many
growers have now finished sending for the season.
Some good compact plants of Rose Dorothy Perkins i
are arriving, and these still realise as much as 6s. each
The Crimson Ramblers are almost over. Verbena The
King is very fine. I think there is no doubt that this
will supersede the variety Miss Willmott fi.rmarketpur-
poses. All the Verbenas have to be oflered at very low
prices to clear. Good Hydrangeas are still seen.
Some fine plants of Lantanas in various colours are
seen ; those in 48' s realise about 8s. to 10s. per dozen,
and large plants in 33's as much as 34s. per dozen.
Campanula isophylla alba and C. Mayi are now very
good. Lilium Harrisi iu nice dwarf plants are plen-
tiful. There are still many show Pelargoniums seen,
but theee do not sell readily. Zonals vary very much
in quality, some are good, but the majority are
inferior. Bouvardias are seen, but are not wanted.
Marguerites, both white and yellow varieties, are still of
good quality. Among Ferns and Palms there is
little variation. Some very good Crotons are seen.
Asparagus Spreugeri in fresh-looking plants in 48's and
in larger sizes, A. plumosus, and A. tenuissimus are
all well grown. Eulalia japonica variegata and
Cyperus alternifolius are plentiful. Some growers are
still marketing bedding plants. Asters, Antirrhinums,
and Zinnias are to be had.

Cut Flowees.
There is no improvement iu the trade for cut flowers,
and many remains unsold. Supplies of best Roses are

perhaps a little short, but there are very large quantities
of ordinary quality. Carnations are over plentiful.
Sweet Peas cannot be cleared at any price. Liliums
are also very cheap. Lily of the Valley does not sell well.
Large quantities of hardy llowers are now coming in
the market, of which the double white Stocks are of
splendid quality. Gladiolus The Bride is over-plentiful.
I noticed some of the choicer hybrid Gladiolii are also
to be had. Gypsophila paniculata is seen in large
heaps. Calliopsis grandiilora is good. There will be
no improvement in the cut (lower trade until late in
the autumn. While so much produce remains unsold
it can hardly pay for cutting and sending to market in
such large quantities. A. H., Co-vent Garden, July 19.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

The following are the latest wholesale prices to hand
from the undernoted markets :—

Liveepool.— Vegetables : Potatos,3s. tid. to Is. tid. per
cwt. ; new. Is. to la, 3d. per 21 lb. ; Turnips, tid. to 8d. per
dozen bunches ; Carrots, tid. to 8d. do. ; Cucumbers,
is. 9rf. to 3s. per dozen ; Onions, foreign, as. to
4s. per bag : Parsley, 4rf. to tid. per dozen bunches ;
Lettuces, tid. to Rd. per dozen ; Cauliflowers, Is. tid. to
as. 3d. do. : Peas, 4s. to 6«. per hamper: Beans, 3s. 9d.
to 4». do.— Fruit : Oranges. Ss. to 21s. per case ; Melons,
Valencia. 98, tid. to 10s. 9d. do. ; Apples, Lisbon,
to 10s. 3d. per box ; Bananas, is. titl. to 7s. tid. per crate ;
Tomatos, Valencia, 7s. to i's. 6d. per case.

Edinburgh.— Oranges, Valencia, 15s. per case ; Grapes,
English, Is. !)d. to is. per lb. ; do. Belgian, Is. id. do. ;
Lemons, Palermo. 10s. to 18s. tid. per box; Apples,
Australian, 13s. tid. to 15s. tid. per case; do.. Lisbon,
15s. do. ; Bananas, 5s. tid. to 10s. per bunch ; Nuts,
Brazilian, 35*. to 3«s. tid. per bag ; Nuts, 18s. Bd. to
40s. per cwt.; Figs, 9<f. per dozen; Walnuts, Italian,
6*. 3d. per stone; Dates. Hallowil, 15s. tid. per case
Tomatos, Guernsey, 5Jd. to tid. per lb. ; Onions,
Egyptian, 4s. per ewt. ; do, Valencia, 7s. 6d. to 8s. do. ;
Carrots, Is. per dozen.

Dublin. —Vegetables : Potatos, new, sandv, is. to
4s. tid. per cwt. ; clays. Is. 6d. to 5s. do. : for clay,
choice, up to 5s. tid. per cwt. ; Cabbages. 4s. tid. to 10s. tid.
per load ; Cauliflowers, Is. to Is. tid. per basket : Parsley,
4s. to 5s. per bag ; Carrots, sd. to 9d. per dozen ;
Turnips, white, 4d. to tid. per bunch ; Salad, 3d. to Bd.
per dozen ; Scallions (voung Onions). 3d. to 6rf. per
bunch ; Thyme, 3d. to id. do. ; Peas, as. 3d. to 2s. lid. per
small bag.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS taken in the
Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens at Wisley,
Surrey. Height above sea - level 150 feet. The
following are the "mean" readings for the week
ending July 15, 1905.

Tempera-

Tejiperatuee

o

tube of the

1905.

OF THE AIE.

a

at .

SOILatHA.M.

.J
<

At9A.M.

H

«

a

i

"1

2 Q-

e

ta

a

O

a

■a

ft

63

o "S

O

+3

p

Z°Z

£

3

/

*j

C*J

° B

«

«

©

a

5

IS
o

1-1

a

<

<

■<

hn

M

bo

bo

bo

bo

CJi

o

©

o>

©

©

<o

4>

a

■d

■o

T3

■a

•a

v

-3

■a

Tot,

Means

69

63

77

59

54

67

65

61

8 11

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

The Following Summary Record of the weather
throughout the British Islands, for the week ending
July 15, is furnished from the Meteorological Office:—

"The weather at the commencement of the week was
close and changeable, thunderstorms occurring on
Sunday over nearly the whole of Great Britain, as well as
in some neighbouring portions of Ireland. Later on the
weather over England improved very materially, but in
Ireland, Scotland and Wales it remained somewhat
unsettled, with frequent though not heavy falls of
rain. Intermittent fogs, often of great density, were
reported at many of our coast stations.

"The temperature was above the mean, the excess
ranging from only"0 iu Scotland, N., and the Channel
Islands to 7° in the Midland Counties, and to as many
as 8° in England, N.E. and E. At many places in the
west and north the highest readings were recorded on
Sunday, but over the kingdom generally they occurred
on Thursday or Friday, the thermometer on one or
other of tho-e occasions rising to 80° and upwards in

most districts, and to 86° in the Midland Counties (at
Bawtry). The lowest readings occurred as a rule some
time during the earlier half of the week, when the
thermometer fell below 50 iu many districts, and below
45° in Scotland, N. and E., and England, N.W. At a
number of the English stations the thermometer on
subsequent nights failed to sink below t>0°.

"The rainfall amounted to less than the mean in all
districts excepting Scotland, E., and England, N.W.,
where the normal quantity was just reached. In the
latter districts heavy local falls were experienced with
the thunderstorms of Sunday.

"The bright sunshine was in excess of the mean in
most of the Wheat-producing districts, as well as in
England, N.W., and Ireland. N. ; elsewhere the average
duration was not reached. The percentage of the
possible duration ranged from 5<» in England, E., and
51 in the Midland Counties, to 29 in Ireland, N.t 27 in
England, S.W., and 23 in Scotland, N."

THE WEATHER IN WEST HERTS.

A '■''■'/ uarmand sunny wrtf;,— During the eight days
endingon the 15th the weather continued very warm. On
all but one day during this warm period the tempera-
ture in the thermometer screen rose to or above 76a,
and on the two hottest days exceeded 80°. The nights
were also equally warm, the exposed thermometer
never falling lower than 45% and on the warmest night
61° was registered, which is, with one exception, the
highest minimum reading that I have yet recorded
here. Since then the days have been of only about
average warmth, but on one night the thermo-
meter exposed on the lawn fell to within 7" of
the freezing-point. The ground is now not so warm
as it has recently been, but is still V warmer
at 1 foot deep, and 2° warmer at 2 feet deep,
than is seasonable. The fall of rain during
the week amounted altogether to little more than a
tenth ot" an inch. Percolation through the bare soil
gauge lias now nearly ceased, no mcasureable quantity
of rain-water having come through the 2k feet of soil in
that gauge for several days. There was again a sphndid
record of sunshine, the me;m daily duration for the
week averaging 8} hours, or 2' hours a day more than
is usual at this season. As in the previous week, calms
and light airs prevailed. The mean amount of moisture
in the air at 3 o'clock in the afternoon was about three
per cent, less than the July average for that hour.
/-;. ../., BerXkamsted, July 19, 1905,

For actual temperature and condition of barometer at
time of going to Press, see p. 70.]

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

*t* Editor and Publisher. — Our Correspon-
dents would obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their communications, and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all communications
relating to financial matters and to advertisements
should be addressed to the Publishes ; and that all
communications intended for publication, or refer-
ring to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editoe. The two
departments, Publishing and Editorial, are quite
distinct, and much unnecessary delay and confusion
arise when letters are misdirected.

Acer obtcsatum -. Sir A. B. H. Fruits of
Maples with three carpels are not uncommon,
especially in the Sycamore, but we do not
remember to have seen as many in this par-
ticular species. The presumption is that the
ancestral Maple had five carpels, of which
three are now habitually abortive.

Ageratums: N. S. The bedding varieties of
Ageratum are not annual plants, and should
not be exhibited in a collection of annuals. An
annual is a plant that springs from seed and
produces flowers and dies within a given year.

"Alpine Flora." Tourist. You will find Dr. Hoff-
mann's book on this subject, called Alpine Flora,
translated by Mrs. A. Gepp, suitable for your
purpose. It contains numerous coloured plates
and is published by Longmans, Green & Co. A
similar work, but in German, is noticed at
p. 70. M. Correvon's Flore Colorize de Poehe
(Paris: Paul Kleinsieck) may also be com-
mended to your notice. If you want a more
complete book, apply to David Nutt, Long Acre,
for Paitson's Translation of Gremli's Flora of
Switzerland; but this has no illustrations.

Asplesium : A. B. P. You should send speci-
mens that we may see them.

Bean Rust : W. W. The rust is the work of a
fungus, TJromyces fabse. Spraying with dilute
Bordeaux-mixture arrests the spread of the
disease. In dealing with small breadths of
Beans in gardens spraying with potassium per-
manganate or potassium sulphide is as effective

80

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 22, 1905.

and is more readily obtainable. Infected plants
should be burned as soon as the Beans are
gathered, and not on any account be thrown on
the manure-heap or the disease will be per-
petuated. Wild Vetches are liable to become
infected with the same disease, and should not
be allowed to grow in hedges or waste places
near the garden.
Carnation : G. R. Your pure white Carnation
Queen Alexandra is very good in many respects,
but we doubt if it would find favour with the
Carnation specialists, who would reject it at
once as a show variety because of its fimbriated
petals. The non-splitting calyx is a good
feature. You should have submitted it to the
National Carnation Society on Tuesday last.
Correction. — On p. 43, col. 3, for Klotzschiana,

read Koschnyana.
Cucumber : G . B. M. R. The powdery mass con-
sists of the spores of a slime fungus called
flowers -of -tan — iEthalium septicum. Except
by smothering the plants it is not injurious,
and if in abundance it can be got rid of by
syringing.
Currants ■. C. P. A fasciated bunch due to the
union of several branches. Common in many
plants, but we never saw it in Red Currants
before.
Employment at Kew: Constant Reader. Candi-
dates for employment in the Royal Gardens,
Kew, should be over twenty but not more than
twenty-five years of age. They must have had
at least five years' experience in good private
gardens or nurseries. Apply to the Curator,
who will send you a form of application.
Exporting Orchids : E. C, Java. Vanda sua-
vis, Coelogyne speciosa, Bulbopbyllum Lobbii,
and most of the other species you mention are
plentiful enough in gardens here, and certainly
would not pay you to send as established
plants in Wardian cases. Phala-nopsis and
other plants likely to be profitable to the sender
have to be specially prepared and forwarded
by the quickest route, with an attendant to
look after each consignment on the journey.
It is expensive, but this is the only system that
will ensure a return for the outlay. To send
Orchids from Java with any degree of certainty
that they will arrive in good condition it
is necessary that they should be forwarded in
the resting season. Ordinary packing-cases
would not be satisfactory throughout, although
occasionally plants might get through in that
way. The question of freight and the deter-
mination who should take the risk is subject
to arrangement between sender and consignee,
but importers are very much averse from taking
risks in such cases. It would never pay to
buy Wardian cases in Europe to be sent out
empty for the purpose of exporting Orchids to
this country. If you elect to make the ven-
ture yon could get them much cheaper in
Java. We advise great caution in undertaking
such a business. We know of no work dealing
commercially with Java Orchids.
Grapes Sweated: A. B. C. We suppose you
mean what is termed scalding, an injury which
' is caused by a lack of ventilation early in the
morning when there is bright sunshine. All
you can do is to cut away the berries which are
affected most, and prevent a similar occurrence
in the manner indicated above.
Ground around Bungalow: Ajax. Consult a

solicitor.
Hardy Perennials : J. R. B. The compilers of
the schedule may have intended to include
only herbaceous hardy perennials, but as it was
not stated, the Roses and Clematis were per-
missible, both species being hardy perennials.
Insect on Potato ■. C. S. & Co. All we find is

a ladybird, which preys on the green-fly.
Marechal Niel Rose: Sir C. S. The injury
generally results from frost or some other cause
that ruptures the bark and sets up irrita-
tion in the cellular tissue. We have never been
able to discover that a fungus or insect had
anything to do with it.
Melon: F. E. 0. The small ornamental Melon
jousend is the sweet-3cented or Queen Anne's
Pocket Mebn. The perfume, which resembles

that of other Melons without being so strong, is
rather agreeable as the fruit ripens, but the
taste is not equally pleasant, and the plant is
consequently only grown as a curiosity or as an
ornamental climber.

Melon Canker : Anxious. The plant is badly
affected with canker. Try an application of
lime and wood-ashes on the wound, or turn out
the plant if the case demands it.

Names of Plants : W. T. Cornus suecica. —
A. K. A variety of Ivy (Hedera Helix), pro-
bably pedata. — Nil Despcrandum. Erigeron
speciosus. — E. C. C. D. Rubus phoenicolatius ;
Hieracium aurantiacum. — D. W. 1, Olearia
Haastii; 2, Hippophae rhamnoides (sea Buck-
thorn) ; 3, Ligustrum lucidum) ; 4, Spirsea
arisefolia ; 5, Lonicera Ledebourii ; G, Rhus
Cotinus. — H. R. If '. 1, Asplenium Ruta-mu-
raria ; 2, A. trichomanes ; 3, Ceterach offici-
narum. — J. A. B. R. 1, Dianthus plumarius
var. ; 2, Veronica (garden hybrid) ; 3, Calo-
chortus venustus ; 4, Mimulus cardinalis j 5,
(Enothera eximia (marginata) ; 6, Erigeron
mucronatum. — W.R, Liverpool. The plant is
Orobanche minor, a parasitical plant perhaps
introduced with seed. — J. M. Saponaria Vac-
caria, Asplenium trichomanes. — C. E. Sela-
ginella Poulteri var. aurea. — F. C. E. Sela-
ginella. — W. T , Derbyshire. The Orchid is
Odontoglossum crispum. The Begonia may
have been kept in too close an atmosphere, and
subjected to excess of moisture at the top.

Nectarines : Nectarine. These fruits are very
liable to split from the cause you describe.
Place the pots on some moisture - holding
material, so that the soil in the pots will
become dry more gradually. Do not apply any
more manure of any kind. The skin of certain
varieties of Nectarine is very apt to shrivel if
the sun's rays reach them at a time when the
skin is in a damp condition. — E. H. C. Irregular
growth, probably due to alternations of moisture
and drought.

Nursery: Rufus. The rent varies according to the
value of the land, labour, building, and materials
in a particular district. If the rent is sufficient
to pay about 7 per cent, on the capital value it
is reasonable.

Odontoglossum crispum : Selsdon. As soon as
your plants of Odontoglossum crispum pass
out of bloom, a period of rest should follow.
This will be induced by keeping the rooting
medium moderately dry, the house cool, well
shaded and ventilated, and the atmosphere
moist by frequently damping the stages, floors,
itc. The dry conditions at the roots should
not be permitted long enough to cause severe
shrivelling in the pseudo-bulbs. A good prac-
tice is to spray the plants overhead in the
morning, and again late in the afternoon, for
by this means frequent watering of the potting
materials is obviated. When the new growths
develop and have attained to a length of a
couple of inches, the necessary potting opera-
tions may be given attention. Plants having
ample pot-room, and being in satisfactory
health and condition, will only need a renewal
of the surface materials. Those selected for
shifting into other pots should be turned out
of the old ones, have all the leafless pseudo-
bulbs removed, and a large portion of the old
potting material. Ihen pot them up into
receptacles that will be large enough for two
years' growth, rilling the pot half full of drainage
material, and the remainder with good peat
and sphagnum-moss, used in equal proportions.
Make this compost moderately firm, but not
hard, and let it be level with the rim of the
pot, and well up to the base of the new growths.
If a small portion of decaying Oak-leaves be
introduced, try to keep it below the surface, or
use chopped sphagnum-moss alone to finish off
the potting operation. After this work has
been done continue to treat the plants as
described above until root -growth becomes
active, when more liberal supplies of water
should be given. If the house is in a dry and
exposed position, employ the top ventilators
only, leaving these open at night when the
weather is favourable.

Odontoglossum crispum: Old Subscriber. A
white unspotted flower with less yellow on the
lip than usual.

Pear Leaves : J. B. P. We have never known
the Pear midge to injure the leaves of the tree.
Indeed, it would be impossible for them to do
so seeing that they (the larvae) spend the
whole of their lives inside the embryo fruit.

Peas : C. C. The Pea-stems are badly attacked
by the fungus named last week. There is no
evidence that the maggots have injured the
roots. If the manure is sprinkled with kainit
when it is turned the maggots will be destroyed

Propagation of Plants : W. R. S. Most plants
are propagated both by buds or by tubers,
which are modified buds, and by seed. If the
development of tubers is in exces, the flowers
are likely to be deficient, and vice versa. There
is no special name to express what you have
described .

Purple Podded Pea: W. D. A. Of little value
for culinary purposes.

RosE-BRANcaES Injured : A. J. Fender. The
twig you sent contained a chain of eggs of the
Rose sawfly, Hylotoma rosa?, Lin. This the
female sawfly accomplishes by piercing a hole
with her ovipositor in the twig of the food-
plant, and as a result the growth of the tissues
of the twig is arrested, causing it to curve
downwards and inwards on the infected side.
As a remedy we would advise you to cut off the
diseased shoots and burn them.

Roses: Essex. Pharisaer, Prince deBulgarie and
Pauline Bersez are all excellent varieties for
growing in the open, being vigorous, free-flower-
ing and suitable for use as cut flowers. Helene
Welter is a new variety not in general cultiva-
tion. The variety Lamarque is a very free-
flowering Rose, but sensitive to cold, and would
require a favoured situation outside. J. B.
Clarke is a new variety, evidently an acquisi-
tion for exhibition purposes, but its behaviour
in the flower-garden has to be determined. —
W. H. C. We cannot undertake to name
varieties of Roses, or other florists' flowers.
Send to a trade grower who has means of
comparing them with flowers in his collection.
— Amateur. We cannot recommend French
nurserymen. Advertise in the horticultural
Press. In regard to the question of budding,
the present is a suitable time for the operation ;
but do not delay, as the proper season for this
work will soon be past. Do not cut the Briars
back before budding, but leave them until
next March.
Solanums : Constant Reader. There appears to
be no disease in the plants you have sent us,
but the flowers have failed to set from some
reason which we cannot determine here. Do
not apply stimulating manures to the plants
when they are flowering, nor keep them in too
high a temperature.
Strawberry Plants : North East. When the
crop has been gathered, if you determine to
keep the plants for another year, let all the old
foliage be cut away, and then spray the plants
with water in which flowers of sulphur has
been mixed. Do not obtain layers from these
plants.
Sweet Peas : T. C. The leaves have been eaten
by the larva1 of some insect, but what we
cannot tell.
Vine ■. A Reader. The black dots are the excreta
of some insect, readily removable with the
point of a knife, and will do no harm ; but
perhaps the insect may do harm, and a sharp
look-out should be kept for it.

COM5IUNICATIOKS RECEIVED.— S. W. F.-W. P. & Sons—

SultOD A: Sons— Dr. Si-ln'iulnml. Graliaiustown— C. B C.
-J. H. P.— R. S , Lusooiulie— T. H— W..H. Y — L. M.—
L. S. -Rev. J. H. P.-J H. W.-A. D. (slips will be sent
to you).-G. II. S.-H. R. G.-E. L.- J. S.-T. B. B.

DIED.— Mrs. H. Richardson. On July 7,
Mrs. H. Richardson, wife of Mr. H. Richardson,
horticultural sundriesman, of Camden Town,
London. Mr. Richardson desires to thank many
friends who have expressed sympathy.

July 29, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

81

THE

(gardeners' dfftnrmcfc

No. 97( i.— SATURDAY, July 29, 1905.

CONTENTS.

Apple - trees, espalier-

Nursery notes—

trained

:i7

A trial ground at

Books, notices of—

Reading

81

British trees

92

Sweet Peas at Marks

Campanula turbinata

Tey

94

Isabel

96

PlaDts. new or note

Carnations and Pico-

wormy—

tees, staging

96

stauhopea devon-

Chinese uoie - book.

iensis

!2

leaves from my

94

Scen's in a Mentone

Coreopsis with tubu-

garden

96

lar ray florets...

fl

Societies —

Cucumder "spot"

96

British Gardeners' ...

98

Currants, red

9d

Durham, Northum-

Cuthbert, Mr. George,

berland and New-

accident to

92

castle Botanical and

Forester, duties of an

Horticultural

9H

English

100

North Lonsdale Kose

97

Fruit crops, report on

Royal Horticultural

the condition of the

(Scientific Com-

out-door ... 8

-87

mittee)

97

Fruit-growing industry.

Wimbledon aud Dis-

the Government re-

trict Horticultural

9J

port upon the condi-

Trillium grandiilorum.

tions of the

90

raising seedlings of...

98

Fruit, imports of

91

Turnip seed case

92

Fuukias

94

Week's work, the —

Garden notes

9i)

Flower garden, the...

S9

Kew notes

95

Fruits under glass ...

C9

J. ilium sutehuenense...

91

Hardy fruit gardeu...

89

Norwich public gar-

Kitchen garden, the

89

dens

93

Orchid houses, the...

38

Peas, how to preserve

100

Plants under glass ...

SS.

ILLUSTR

ATIONS.

Carnation Pride of Westbur

y

89

Funkia Sicboldi from a

Don

egal garden

'.•I

Lemon, the Metford, in

the

Temperate-house, Kew.

9S

Lilium sutehuenense (Supp

ementary Illustration 1.

View in the Chapel Field Ga

rdens, Norwich

93

OUR FRUIT REPORT.

ONCE again we have to thank the
numerous correspondents who have
favoured us with information concerning
the fruit crops for the present year. As in
1903 we have a deplorable record to
chronicle, though not quite so unfavourable
a one as in that year. The full details are
given on succeeding pages, together with a
summary on p. 87, which will show the state
of affairs at a glance. By way of illustration
let us take the figures relating to the Apple-
crop in England as the one of most im-
portance commercially. The total number
of records from north and south and
east and west for England alone is 192.
Of these, an average crop is recorded in 28
cases only, while 1(J3 are reported as under
and only one as over average. This solitary
instance is so remarkable that it may be of
interest to record the precise locality — viz.,
Cranford, Middlesex. In the case of Apples
we may also note that some of our corre-
spondents have made no return other than
a dash (— ). We have taken that to mean a
failure of the crop, as it is not probable that
any of our reporters have no Apple trees
under their care.

With Pears the record is a trifle, but only
a trifle, more satisfactory, there being 18
averages against 141 under average. Here
again there is a solitary instance of the crop
being over average. This time the favoured
locality is in Derbyshire.

Plums are the most important crop next
to Apples from our present point of view,
but of 191 replies from England alone, 50
record an average crop, 10 are over, and no
fewer than 131 under average. Cherries are
reported on by 180 observers. The average
here is good— viz,, 104, 10 being over, and 66
under average. It is not obvious why
Cherries should have been so favoured.

For
from
over

Peaches, Apricots, and Nuts we may pass
over without special < omment, but "small
fruits" show a more favourable record than
Apples or Plums, thus of 192 replies received
from England, 97 show an average crop
73 are over average, and only 22 under.
Strawberries we received 191 reports
England, 92 being favourable, 44
average, and 55 under average.

The returns from Scotland, Wales, Ire-
land, and the Channel Islands tell their own
tale, and need not be specially referred to
here.

As to the causes which have induced this
poor show of fruit, we do not think we have
any need to inquire further. Spring frosts
and east winds occurring at or about the
flowering period are responsible for most of
the mischief. As these occur pretty regu-
larly, it would seem as if our hybridisers
and cross-breeders had been lacking in
enterprise, or they would have long ago given
us later-flowering or more hardy varieties.

A TRIAL GROUND.

Bands of colour, belts of colour, strips of
colour — colour everywhere — blue, crimson, red,
yellow, white, in beds, in borders, in lines, in
circles, in serpentine waves. And the colour
was, with one exception, pure of its kind,
without shade or blend This is what Messrs.
Sutton's trial - grounds at Beading showed
from the windows of the train one hot July
day. A closer inspection on the ground
showed, not self-colours, but an infinite variation,
gradation and blending of tints. So much for
looking at things at a distance and at close
quarters. The exception we have alluded to was a
marvellous mosaic, or rather several beds, of shades
of yellow, crimson, and purple, with scarcely a
green leaf to be seen. These mosaics appeared
as such both on a distant and on a near view ;
and the constituents were not of glass nor of
coloured stone, but of flowers — flowers of various
kinds of dwarf Tropa?olums, grown in admixture,
suggesting a huge flower-salad or a creamy
mayonnaise speckled with red and purple. Those
who love bright colours and striking effects
should take note of these beds of mixed Tropae-
olums.

But as to the details — where are we to begin ?
Still more important, where are we to leave off ?
How are we to arrange our materials ? Per-
haps, if we " cool our eyes " a little on the grass
plots first, we may find a way out of the maze of
detail. These grass plots are very interesting.
Each plot is devoted to one species ; one forms a
dense, smooth carpet ; one is patchy, one burns
in a dry season, whilst its neighbour keeps its
green colour. We will not burden the reader
with the names of these grasses ; we allude to
the matter to show how Messrs. Sutton acquire
their experience, which enables them to "pre-
scribe " for the formation of croquet - lawns,
putting-greens, cricket-grounds, and other re-
quirements on varied soils and under different
conditions. These plots are, of course, kept
mown and rolled ; but hard by are similar plots
in which each species is allowed to do its best,
and prove its right to the name it bears. To the
student of grasses it need hardly be said
that these plots are most instructive, but so
brilliant are the masses of many-hued flowers
that when the eyes have rested a little the
fascinations of colour exert their sway, and we
find ourselves saying, What's that P and that ?
and that ? and even admiring a ribbon border of
the old pattern so much in favour a quarter of a
century ago. This one must be 1 or 2 furlongs
in length, and it is formed of a row of dwarf pink
Godetia in front, one of Duchess of Albany (white)
in the middle, and at the back Scarlet Queen, a

little taller than the others. That the lines are
so true, so free from rogues, so uniform in stature
and flower, is a striking testimony to the careful
selection and excellence of cultivation bestowed
on the plants. Of course, the " ribbon " is made
in conformity with the particular requirements of
the case. We should not recommend its general
adoption in gardens. Elsewhere these Godetias
are grown in single beds, one variety to each bed.
One known as Crimson King was particularly
effective. Bridesmaid is another beautiful variety
with white and pink-flushed flowers. But if we
once begin to enumerate varieties, the prospect
of bringing this article to a close will be remote.
It must suffice to say that at this particular time
the Godetias contributed the most important
feature of the display so far as colour is concerned.
Next in order in this respect were the Tropa'olums,
to which we have already referred. They vary
greatly in habit ; some are loose and rampant,
others compact and tufted, of which King of Tom
Thumbs is specially noticeable ; some with
leaves of a greenish-purple hue. such as Empress
of India ; others, like Cloth of Gold, so yellow
that even when not in flower they are serviceable
as bedders ; and as to the flowers they are of all
shades, cream colour and yellow, passing to deep
red, and some, like '■ Chameleon," not knowing
which colour to adopt, make a compromise by form-
ing stripes of red on a yellow ground. Truly a
wonderful range of variation in one species, and as
they, like the Verbenas and many other plants
mostly come true from seed, it is clear the old,
notions of species must give place to conceptions
more in accordance with facts. Clarkias are near
allies to Godetias, but generally with smaller
flowers, some with flakes and marginal spots as in
a Picotee.

As to Stocks and Antirrhinums, Lobelias and
Candytufts, Seedling Carnations and Sweet Peas,
we can only mention them as contributing in no
small degree to the beauty of the trial-
grounds. But there are so many plants of
which a like remark might be made that we are
compelled to pass them by and confine our atten-
tion to a few specialities like the Eschscholzia.
In addition to the ordinary single and double
yellow varieties, there are masses of " Mandarin,"
in which the outer surface of the petals is of a
deep orange colour, and the very beautiful Kose
Queen, in which the petals are white, deeply
flushed with rose on the outer side. Miss Jekyll
is commemorated by a tall-growing Nigella with
azure-blue petals. The so-called Swan River
Daisy, Brachycome iberidifolia, has slender, wiry,
glabrous stems, very finely cut leaves and
long - stalked flower - heads, each about the
size of a sixpence, the ray florets of a blueish-
violet surrounding a blackish " disc." Seen
in the mass this is both novel and
beautiful. Chrysanthemum " Morning Star " is
very conspicuous. It is said to have been selected
from the wild, corn-field weed, C. segetum, and
has robust stems, succulent foliage and bold
flower-heads of a creamy-white or pale sulphur-
yellow colour. A " British Botanist " coming
across such a specimen would have " his mind
improved " as to the extent and limitations of the
process of variation.

Coreopsis grandiflora is well known, but worth
notice for the size and attractiveness of the
yellow flower-heads, which do well for purposes
of table decoration. Moreover, if autumn-sown
it is said to withstand our winters with impunity.

Xemesia strumosa was an introduction of
Messrs. Sutton, who have " improved " it in
variety of colour ; but further improvement is
needed as to habit. Lavatera " rosea splendens "
is a selected variety of L. trimestris, with larger,
more perfect, and deeper-coloured flowersthan
the type. Diascia Barbera; is a plant that will
interest the botanist, as the corolla has two
spurs, and thus approximates to the peloriate
variety of Linaria.

Our note-book is not half exhausted, but the
patience of the reader will surely give out if we
go on longer. We have said enough to show the
almost infinite diversity of colour and form, to
say nothing of interest, which is spread out
before the visitor in the Beading trial-grounds at
this season.

82

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 20, 1905.

REPORT ON THE CONDITION OF THE OUT-DOOR FRUIT CROPS.

[FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENTS.]

The words "Average," "Over," or "Under," as the case may be, indicate the amount of the crop;

and " Good," " Very Good," or " Bad," denote the quality.

*»* Fuller comments will be given in the following numbers. See also Leading Articles on pages EH 90.

COUNTY.

APPLES.

PEARS.

PLUMS. CHERRIES.

SCOTLAND

0, Scotland, N.

CAITHNESS

MORAYSHIRE

ORKNEYS

SUTHERLAND

1, Scotland, E.

ABERDEENSHIRE

BANFFSHIRE

BERWICKSHIRE.

CLACKMANNAN"
SHIRE

FIFESIIIRE

FORFARSHIRE

HADDINGTONSHIRE

KINCARDINESHIRE.

MIDLOTHIAN

PEEBLESSHIRE

PERTHSHIRE

G, Scotland, W.
ARGYLLSHIRE

AYRSHIRE..

BUTESHIRE

DUMBARTONSHIRE .

DUMFRIESSHIRE.

KIRKCUDBRIGHT-
SHIRE

Average

Under ; bad

Average :

good

Under

Under ; bad

Under ; bad

Average

Average :
good

Average

Under

Under

Under ; bad

Under

Under

Under

Under

Under

Under; good

Under ; good

Under ; bad

Average

Over

Under ; very

good
Under ; good

Under

Under

Under

Under ; good

Average

Under

Under ; bad

Under

Under ; bad

Average ;

good

Over ; good

Under

Under
Average

Under
Under ; good
Under; good
Under ; bad
Under ; good
Under: bad

Average

Average ;

good

Under ; good

Over ; good

Under ; bad
Average ;

null

PEACHES
AND NEC-
TARINES.

APRICOTS.

SMALL
FRUITS.

STRAW-
BERRIES.

Over ; good
gi .. id

Under ; good Under ; very
good

Average

Under ; bad

Under; bad

Under

Under

Under

Average

Under ; bad

Under

Average

Under

Under

Under

Under ; good

Under ; good

Average ;

guild

Under

Average

Under ; vorj
good

Under ; bad

Under
Under
Under

Under

Average ;
good

Under ; bad
Under
Under

Average ;
good

Average ;
good
Under

Average

Under

Average

Under ; bad

Average

Average

Average ;
good
Under

Under
Average
Average

Under

Average

Average

Average

Average

Over : very

good
Average :

gin id
Under; bad

Under

Under
Under ; good

Under ; good

Under

Under

Under

Average ;

good
Average

Over ; good

Average

Average ;
good

Average ;

gin ..I
Average ;

good
Average ;

g 1

Under

Average ;

very g 1

Over . gin nl

Average

Average

Average

Under

Average

Average ;
go. nl

Average
Under
Under

Under ; bad

Under ; good

Under ; good

Average ;

good

Under ; good

Average ;

good
Average

Average ;

good

Under ; good

Under

Under

Average

Average

Under

Under ; good

Average ;

gni ii I

Under ; good

Average ; •

good
Average ;

good

Under: bad

Average

Average

Average ;

g I

Average :

good

Over ; good

Average ;

good
Average

Average

Over ; very

good

Average

Average ;
good
Under

Under

Average ;

good

Over ; good

Over ; very

good

Average

Average ;
good
Under

Average ;

good
Average ;
very good
Average ;
very good
Over ; good

Average ;
good

Average

Average ;

gi tod
Average :

good

U udcr

Under ; good

Average

Average

Average

Average
Under; bad

Over ; good

Under ; bad Average ;
good
Average j Average

Under : very Average ;
good

good
Average

|Over

Average : Average ;
very good good
Average , Under

Average ;
good

Average ;

good
Average ;
very good
Average ;

gni nl

Under; good Average
good
Average Under

Average

Average

Under

Average

Average ;

good

Over : very

-in i.l

Under ; good

Average ;
good

Over ; very
good

Average ;
good

Under; good
Under

Under

Under ; bad

Average :
very good

Under

Under ; bad

Average ;
good
Over

Under

Average

Average

Under ; good

Over : very
good

Over ; good

Over : very

good

Average
Average ;

guild

Average :
good

l )\<T

Average ;

good
Over ; good

Average ;
goi nl
Over

Average ;
good

Over ; very

good
Average ;

good
Average

Average :
very good
Over ; good

Average

Average

Over ; very

g I

Average

Average ;
very good
Average ;
very good

Over ; veiy
good

Over ; very

good
Average :
very good

Over ; very

good

Over ; very

good

Average :

very good

Average :

good
Average

Average ;

bad
Average

Under

Average

Under

Average ;

good
Average ;

g I

Over ; good

Average :

gin .it

Average

Over
Over ; good
Under; bad

Over ; very

guild
Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Avei'age ;
very good

Over

Average ;

good

Over ; very

good
Over ; good

Under ; good

Average ;

good
Average

Average

Over ; good

Under ; good

Under

Average ;
very good
Average ;
very good
Over ; very

good

Over :
very good
Average :
very good

NUTS.

Average

Unde.-

Under

Under
Over; good

Under

Under

Under ; good

NAME AND ADDRESS.

W. F. Mackenzie, Tlie Gar-
dens, Thurso Castlc.Th nrso

D. Cunningham, Daruaway
Castle Gardens, Forres.

Thos. MeDonald, Balfour
Castle Gardens. Kirkwall,
Orkney.

D. Melville. Dunrobin Castle
Gardens, Golspie

James Grant. Rothieuorman

Gardens, Rotllie
John Brown, Delgaty Castle

Gardens. Turriff
Simon Campbell, Fvvic

Castle Gardens, Fvvic "
John M. Troup, Balmoral

Castle Gardens, Ballaler
J. Fiaser Smith, CuIIcd

House Gardens
lames Gemniell, Ladykirk

Gardens, Berwick-ou f weed
A. Kirk, Norwood Gardens

Alloa
A. Blackwood, Academy Gar-
dens, Dollar
William Henderson, Balbir-

nie Gdns., Markiueh. Fife
Peter McRobhic, Taint Gar-
dens. Cupar
Chas. Simpson, Wemyss

Castle Gardens
W. McDowall, Brechin CasMe

i. aniens. Brechin
rims. Wilson, Claims Castle

Gardens. Glamis
William Alison, The Gardens.

Seaview, Monifieth.
K. I'. Brotherstou, Tynning-

haine Gdns.. Hast Lothian
William Galloway, Gosford

Gardens, Longuiddry, Ease

Lothian
John M. Brown, Blackball

Castle Gardens, Banchory,

Aberdeen
William Knight. Fasquc

Gardens, Laurencekirk
James Whytock, Dalkeith

Gardens, Midlothian
Ii. Kidd, Carbcry Tower

Gardens, Musselburgh
M. Mclntyre, The Glen Gar-
dens, Innerleithen
William Youug, Stobo Castle

Gardens, Stobo
Wm. McDonald, Cardrona

Gardens, Innerleithen
J. Farquharsou, Kinfauns

Castle Gardens. Perth
John Robb, DruniinondCastle

Gardens, Crieff
JamesEwing.CastleMenzics,

Aberfeldy

D. S. Melville, Poltalloch
Gardens, Lochgilphead

Henry Scott, Torlnisk Gar-
dens, Aros, Isle of Mull

William Priest, Eglmtou Gar-
dens, Kilwinning

D. Buchanan, Bargauv Gar-
dens, Hailly

Thomas Gordon, Ewcnfield
Gardens, Ayr

M Heron, Mnurt Slewart.
I Gardens. Rothesay

George McKay, Balloch
Castle Gardens

D. . Stewart, Knockdervy
Castle. Cove

John Urquhart, Hod-lnni
Castle Gdns., E.cloliclrin

II. Wishart, B.iufoot Gar-
decs, I.angh ilm

John Maekiuuon, Terrcglcs

lames McDonald, Dryfcholm
Gardens, 1 ockcrbie

M. Maclaiyen, Glenlie Part
Gardens, Njw Galloway

Wm. Thomson, Cally Gar-
dens, Kirkcudbright

JULY 29, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

S3

CONDITION OF THE FRUIT CRO~PS-(contimied).

COUNTY.

APPLES.

PEARS. PLUMS.

CHERRIES.

PEACHES
AND NEC-
TARINES.

APRICOTS.

SMALL
FRUITS.

STRAW-
BERRIES.

NUTS.

NAME AND ADDRESS.

6, Scotland, W.

LANARKSHIRE

Under ; good Under ; good Average;

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Average ;

James Miller, Castleniilk

guild

good

Gardens, Kutherglen

RENFREWSHIRE

Under

Under Under

Average

Under

Unaer

Average

John Methven, Blythswood
Gardens, Renfrew

Under

Under Average

Average

Average ;

guud

Average ;
good

Thomas Lunt, Ardgowan

Gardens, Inverkip

STIRLINGSHIRE

Under ; good

Under : good Average ;

■JIMld

Under; good

Under

Under

Over ; good

Average ;
good

.Mi "... Crosbie, Buchanau
Castle Gardens, Drymen

WIGTOWNSHIRE

Under : good

Average ;
good
under

Average ;

guild

Average ;

Over : good

Average ;
good

John Bryden, Dunragit Gar-
dens, Dunragit

Under ; good

U uder

Unaer ; bad

Under

Average

Over ; good

Over ; good

Under

James Day. Galloway House

Gardens, Garliestown

ENGLAND

,

2, England, N.E.

DUR1I VM

Under

Under Under

Average

Uuder

Under

Robt. Draper, Seaham Hall

Gdns., Beaham Harbour

Under; good

Average ; ! Under

guild

Average ;
good

Under

Under; good

Average ;

■i as Noble, Woodburn

very good

Gardens, Darlington

Under ; bad

Under ; bad Under

Under

Under

Under

Average ;

guud

James Machar, Smelt House

Gardens, Ilowdeu-le-Wcar

NORTHUMBERLAND.

Under

Under

Uuder

Average

Under

Under

Over : Goose-
berries ex-
cepted

Under

Gcorge H. Ackroyd. Howick
Ga ulcus, Lesbury

YORKSHIRE

Under

Uuder

Under

Average

A verage

Average ;
good

Bailey Wadds, Birdeall Gar-

dens, York

Average

Average

Under

Under

Average

Over

J. Simpson, Studfield, near
Shttheld.

Under ; had

Uudir ; bad

Under; had

Under : good

Under

Under'; had

Average

Under ; good

John Snell, Newall Carr,

Otley, Yorks
J. s. Upex, Wiggantborpe

Under . bad

Average ;

Uuder ; bad

Averagi

Average .

g l

Over ; good

i nder; good

i nder : bad

Average ;
good
Under

baa

-

< rardens, York

Under ; bad

Under ; bad

Average

Average ;

e i

Under

Average

Average

Under

Under

J. Allsop, Dalton HallGdns.,

Dalton Holme, Br\ erley

Under ; good

Under ; bad

Uuder

Under

Under

Under

Over : good

Under

Henry J, Clayton, Grimston

Gardens, Tadcaster

Under ; bad

Average

i iver : guud

Average

Under

Ovei ; - i

Over

\\l .!■■,

guud

Average

A.E.Sutton, Castle Howard

Gaj dens, Welburu

Under; good

Average ;

Uuder; bad

Averaee :

Averaee :

Average ;

Average ;

Average :

John McClelland, Rihston

good

good

good

good

good

good

Hall Gardens, Wetherby

3, England, E.

CAMBRIDGESHIRE ...

Under : bad

Under ; bad

Under ; bad

Under; bad

Average ;

Under ; good Under ; good

Under: bad

Under ; bad

R. Alderman. Babranam Hall

g i

Gardens, < iambridge

ESSEX

Average ;

Under : good

Vverage ;

guild

Over ; very

\\ erage

guud

Over

Average .

vin

Under: bad

Average :

A. Bullock. Copped Hall

Gardens, Epping

Under

Average

Average

Average

Average

Average

Unaer

Average

Henry Lister, Easton Lodge

* ten ,i nn uv

Much under

Much under

Mu.-h under

Uuder

Average

Under

Average

Average

Average

II. \V. Ward, Lime House,

Rayleigh
\v R. Johnson, Stanway Hall

Under

Under

Uuder

Average

Uuder

Average ;

Average

Average

g 1

Gardens, Colchester

HUNTINGDONSHIRE

Average

Under; good

Average :

Average ;

Average

Over

Average :

g 1

Over; very

Average ;
good

F. W. Seabrook, Ramsey

very g 1

good

g 1

Abbey Gardens

LINCOLNSHIRE

Under

Under

Uuder

Average ;

guud

A \ i- rage

Average

Average ;

i ader

H. Vinden, Harlaxton Manor

Gardens, Grantham

Under ; bad

Under : bad

Average ;
good

Average :
good

Average :

Average ;

Average :

Average :

Under ; good

F. J. Fleming, Weilsby Old

very good

very good

very good

very good

Hall Gardens. Grimsby

NORFOLK

Under ; good

Under : very

I nder ; good

Morello

Average .

guud

Under : very

Over ; very

A\ erage ;

Tl as 11. Cook, The Royal

g 1

average

Sweet uuder

Average ;

g 1

1

very good

Gardens, Sandringham

Much undei

Much under

Much under

Average ;

Under; bad

Under; good

Under : g 1

Aven

g 1

Ernest C. Parslow. Shadwell

g 1

guud

Court Gardens, Thetford

Average i

Average ;
good

Under: good

Average

Uuder

Under

Over : very

Over : very

Average

J. Wynne, Sedgeford Hall

good

gin d

good

Gardens. King's Lynn

Under, bad

Under ; bad

( iver : very

g l

Average ;
good

Under

Under

Under; bad

Over : very

;i . d

A \ erage

J. W. Bradbrook, Kettering-
ham Park Gardens, Wy-
mondliam

Under : good

Under: good

Uuder : good

Average :

Under ; good

Average ;
good

Under ; good

Over : very

W. N.T., Witton Park Gar-

very good

gi . id

dens. North Walsham

SUFFOLK

Average ;

guild

Average ;

very guu.l

Under ; bad

Over ; vciy
good

Under ; bad

Average ;
good

Over ; very
good

Average ;
good

Average

\ Melville, Estate Office.

Moulton Paddocks, New-
market

Under ; bad

Average ;

Average ;

Uuder ; bad

Average ;

g 1

Under ; bad

Average ;
good

Average ;

Over ; good

Under

Thos. Simpson, The Gardens,

very good

guud

very good

Henham Hall. Wangtord

Under : bad

Average

Average ;

Under ; bad

Average ;
good

Average ;

good

Average ;

Average

A. llnkford, Darshani House

good

very good

Gardens, near Saxinuud-
ham

4, Midland Counties.

iEDFORDSHIRE

Under

Average

Under

Average

Average

Over

Over ; good

Over; good

Average

11. Nininio, Cranfield Court
Gardens, Woburn Sands,
Et.S.O

T. W. Birkinsbaw. Hatley

Under; very

Average

Average ;
good

Morellos

Average ;

Average

Average

Average :

poor

very good

very good

very guud

Park Gardens. Sandy

Under ; good

Under; bad

Uuder; bad

Average ;

Average

Average

Average ;

very g I

A i erage

Aveiage

Under

II. W. Nutt, Flitwick

Under

Average :

Average

guud

Average

Average ;

Average ;

Average

Average

George Mackinlay, Wrest

gl Mill

guud

good

Park Gardens. Ampthil]

Under

I' uder

Uuder

Average ;

guud

Uuder

Under

Average

Under ; bad

Under

Wm. F. Palmer. Iroxfield
Gardens, Woburn

Under ; good

Under; good

Average :

Average ;

Average ;

g 1

Uuder ; good

Average :

Under; good

Average ;
good

C. J. Ellett. Chieksands

very good

good

very good

Priory Gardens, ShefTorrt

Under ; good

Uuder; good

Under; good

Average ;

good
Average ;

guud

Average ;

good
Average :

Average ;

guud
Under; good

Average ;

Under ; good

I uder

Charles Stillwell. Putteridge

5UCKINGH AMSHIR E

Uuder ; bad

Under; bad

-

Average ;

Under ; bad

Average

Bury Gardens, Lulon
James Wood, Hedsor Park

very good

\ : r> good

Gardens, Bourne End

Average :

Uuder : very

Under; good

Average ;
good

Average :

Under; good

A\ erage :

Average ;

Under

John Fleming, Wexham Park

good

good

veiy good

very goi id

guud

Gardens, Siougb

Ludtr; good

U nder

Average

Uuder

Average

Under; good

Over . goi d

L nder

Uuder

Chas. Page, Dropmore Gar-
dens, Maidenhead

•

Under; good

Under; good

Under; good

Average ;

guud

Under: good

Under ; bad

W. Hedley Warren. Astou

Clinton Gardens. Tring

Uuder

Average;

Under

Average

Uuder

Under ; bad

Over; very

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

James MacGregor, Men t more

good

good

Gardens, Leigh ton Buzzard

CHESHIRE

Under ; bad

Under ; good

Under; bad

Morellos
average ;

good
Average

Under ; bad

Average ;

g 1

Aveiage ;
good

Average :
good

W. C. Breese, Moreton Hall

Gardens, Congleton

Under

Uuder

Under

Over ; good

Average;
good

Peter Wilkinson. Wralton Lea

Gardens, Warrington

Under ; good

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Over : good

Average ;
good

Over ; good

Over : good

Under ; bad

Over: good

Charles Flack, Cbolmondeley
Castle Gardens, Malpas

84

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 39, 1905.

CONDITION OF THE FRUIT CROV&— (continued).

COUNTY.

APPLES.

PEARS.

PLUMS.

CHERRIES.

PEACHES
and NEC-
TARINES.

APRICOTS.

SMALL
FRUITS.

STRAW-
BERRIES.

NUTS.

NAME AND ADDRESS.

4, Midland Counties.

CHESHIRE

Under ;good

Under ; bad

Under ; bad

Average ;
good

Under; bad

Average ;

Average ;

N. F. Barnes, Eaton Gardens,

good

very good

Chester

Under ; good'

Under ; good

Under ; bad

Average :

Average ;
good

Under; good

Over ; good

Over ; very

Geo. Cliffe, Tatton Park Gar-

very good

good

dens, Knutsford

Under

Under

Under

Average

Average

Average

Over

Average

Edward Slater.Norton Priory
Gardens. Runcorn

DERBYSHIRE

Under ; good

Under ; good

Under

Over ; very

Under ; bad

Average ;
good

Over ; good

J. C. Tallack, Shipley Hall

grind

Gardens, Derby

Under

Under

Under

Average

Uuder

Average

Average ;
very good

Average

T. Keetley, Darley Abbey
Gardens, Derby

Under

Under

Under

Under ; good

Uuder

Under ; good

W. Chester. Chatsworth Gar-
dens, near Chesterfield

Under

Under

Under

Average

Average

Under

F. G. Wills, Glossop Hal)
Gardens, Glossop

Under; good

Over ; veiy

Under ; good

Average ;
good

Under ; bad

Over ; very

Average ;
good

James Tully.OsmastonManor

good

good

Gardens

HERTFORDSHIRE

UDder

Under

Under

Under

Average ;

Average ;
good

Average

Thomas Hedley. Lane House

good

Gardens, Kings Walden,

Hitchin

Under : good

Under ; good

Under : good

Under; good

Under ; good

Average ;
good

Average ;

Under ; bad

C. R. Fielder, North Mvmnis

good

Park Gardens, Hatfield

Under ; bad

Average ;

Under; very

Average

Under

Average ;
good

Over ; very

Average

Under

C. E. Martin, The Hoo Gar-

good

good

good

dens, Welwyn

Under; good

Under ; good

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;
good

Titos. Rivers & Son, Saw-

very good

g 1

good

bridgeworth

Under

Average

Under

Average

Under

Average

Under

Over

G. Norman, The Gardens,
Hatfield House, Hatfield

Under

Under

Under

Average ;
good

Average

Over ; good

Average

Average

Ed. Beckett, Aldenham
House Gardens, Elstree

Under; bad

Average ;

Under ; good

Average ;

Uuder ; bad

Average ;
good

Average ;

Under ; good

Over ; good

A. Wulff, Frithsdeu Gar-

very good

good

good

dens, Great Berkbamsted

Under

Average

Under

Under

Average

Under

Average

Arthur Dye, Tring Park Gar-
dens, Tring

Under; bad

Average

Average

Under ; bad

Average

Average

Over ; very

gin id

Average

Average ;
good

Wm. Whitelaw, Batchwood
Gardens. St. Albans

Under

Average

Under

Average

Under

Average :

very good

Under

Average

Average

Average

Hy. Parr, Trent Park Gar-
dens, New Baruet

LEICESTERSHIRE ...

Under

Under

Good

Over ; very

G. Milford, Egerton Lodge

good
Under ; bad

Gardens, Melton Mowbray

Under; good

Under ; good

Under ; good

Under; good

Average ;

Under ; good

0. Roberts. Prestwold Hall

very good

Gardens, Loughborough

Under; good

Average :
veiy good

Average ;
very good

Average :
very good

Over : good

Over ; good

Over ; good
Under

Over, very

good

Average

Under

W. H. Divers, Belvoir Castle

Gardens, Grantham
W. Wadsworih. Barkly Lane,

Quecnsborough

NORTHAMPTON-

Under ; good

Average ;

Average ;
good

Average ;

Under; good

Average :

Average ;

Over ; good

Robert Johnston, Wakefield

SHIRE

good

good

very good

very good

Lodge Gardens, Stony

Stratford

Under : good

Average ;

good

Average ;

Average :

Under ; good

Under ; good

Over ; veiy

Uuder; bad

Average ;
good

J. Shenuau, Holdeuby House

good

good

good

Gardens, Northampton

Under ; good

Under : ■_ 1

Under ; good

Under ; good

Average ;
good

Over ; good

Average;
good

Under; small

Over ; good

H. Turner, Fineshade Abbey

Gardens, Stamford

Average ;
good

Under

Average ;

gnuil

Average ;

g 1

Average

Average ;

good

Average

Under

Average

J. B , Ouudle

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.

Under : bad

Under; good

Under ; good

Under ; good

Average ;
good

Average ;

average ;

Under ;

Under; bad

Amos Parr, Holme Pierre-

good

good

good

pout Hall Gardens, Not-

tingham

Under ; good

Under; very

Under

Average ;

Under

Over : very

Over ; very

Average ;
good

Under

James Gibson, Welbeck Gar-

good

good

good

good

dens, Worksop

(protected)

(except Black
Currants)

Under

Under

Much under

Average

Average

Average
very bad

J. R. Pearson & Sons, Chil-
well Nurseries, Lowdham

Under

Average

Under

Average ;
good

Average

Under

Average

Average

A. W. Culloeli, Newstcarl
Abbey Gardens, Notting-
ham

W. H. Clark, Aston Rowan!
Gardens, Wallingford

OXFORDSHIRE ...

Under ; good

Average ;

(on walls)
very good
Average ;

Under

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Over ; very

g 1

Under ; good

Average ;
good

Under ; good

Under : very

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Over ; very

Over ; very

Over; very

John A. Hall, Shiplake Court

very good

good

g 1

good

good

Gardens, Henley - on -
Thames
A. J. Long, Wyfold Court

Under

Under

Average

Average

Under

Average

Over ; good

Over ; good

Uuder

Gardens, Reading

Under , bad

Under ; bad

Under ; bad

Average ;

Average ;

■- 1

Under; good

Over : very

Over ; very

Over ; good

P. O. Knowles, Friar Pari.;

guild

good

good

Gdns., Henley-on-Thames

Under; good

Under ; bad

Uuder; good

Average

Average

Over ; good

Over ; very
good

Over ; very

g 1

Average

J.B.,Wheatley

SHROPSHIRE

Under; good

Under

Under

Average :
good

Average ;
good

Uuder

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Average

A. S. Kemp, Broadway,
Shifnal

Under; good

Under; good

Under ; good

Average ;

g 1

Average ;

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Average;

Uuder

James Louden, The Quinta

good

fair

Gardens, Rnabon

Under

Under

Under

Average

Average

Over

Over ; very
good

Over; very
good

Average

C. Robinson. Pitchford Hal)-
Gardens, Shrewsbury

Under

Under

Average

Average ;

guild

Average :
very good

Average

Under; bad

Over ; very
good

Average ;
very good

Thos. Canning, Aldenham
Park Gardens, Salop

STAFFORDSHIRE

Under ; good

Under; bad

Under ; good

Under: bad

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;
good

T. Bannerman, Blithficld

good

very good

good

Gardeus, Eugeley
G. H. Green, Enville, Stour-

Under; bad

Average

Under

Under

Average

Average

Average ;

Average

Average ;

g. Hill

gnu. 1

bridge

Under

Under

Under

Under

Under

Average :
gnod

Under ; bad

Under

C. A. Bayford, shugborough

Gardens, Stafford

Under

Under

Under

Average

Under

Under

Average

Under

G. Woodgate, Rolleston Hall
Gardens, Burton-on-Trent

Average :

Under ; good

Average ;

Over ; very

Under; good

Under ; bad

Over ; good

Average :

Under; good

Ed. Gilman. Iugestre Gar-

very good

good

good

very good

dens. Stafford

Average ;

Under : bad

Under ; bad

Average :

Average ;
good

Average ;

Over ; very

John Wallis, Woore, New-

good

good

good

gin id

castle

Under

Under

Under

Under

Under

Under

Average ;
good

W. Bennett, Rangemore Gar-
dens, Burtou-onTreut

WARWICKSHIRE

Under : bad

Under ; bad

Under ; bad

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Average ;

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

II. T. Martiu, Stouclcigh

g 1

Abbey Gardeus, Kenil-
worth

W. Miller, North Warwick-
shire

Thus. Masters, Estate Office,

Under

Under

Under

Under

Over

Over

Under

Under; bad

Under

Under

Under

Average

Average ;

Over ; very

Over ; good

fail-

guild

Shuckburgh, Daventry

5, Southern Counties.

BERKSHIRE

Under

Under

Average

Average

Under

Average

Average

Average

gin hi

Under

J, Howard, Bcnliam Park
Gardens. Newbury

Under

Under

Under

Under

Average

Average ;

Average

Average .

U nder

William Fyfe, Lockinge Gar-

good

guild

dens, Wantage

July 29, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

85

CONDITION OF THE FRUIT CROPS-( continued).

COUNTY.

5, Southern Counties.
BERKSHIRE

APPLES.

PEARS.

PLUMS.

DORSETSHIRE.

HAMPSHIRE.

KENT..

MIDDLESEX

SURREY

SUSSEX

Under ; good Under ; good
Under ; bad

Under
Under; good
Under; good
Under ; good
Under ; good
Under ; good

Average :
very good

Under

Under ; bad
Under : bad
Under: good

Under; good

Under

Under; good

Under

Under
Under ; good

Under
Under; good

Under

Average :

very good

Under

Under

Under

Under

Average ;

g I

Average

Average

Over : very

good
Average :

I

Under

Under

Under ; good

Under

Average ;
good
Under

Under

Under ; good
Under

Under

Under; good

Under

Under; bad

Under; good

Under ; bad

Under : very

good
Unaer ; bad

Under ; good

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
U nder

Average ;

lair

Average

Under

Under; bad

Average ;

g i

Ami age ;

g i

i nder

Average ;

e '

I inn X

Under

Under ; bad

Under

Under ; bad

Under

Under; good

Under

Under
Under

Much

under
Uuuer

Under ; bad

Average :

Under

Average

i nder . bad

Average

Under

Average

Under; bad

Under ; bad

Under

Average

Under

Average ;
good
U nder

Under ; good

Under

Average ;
good
Under

Very much
under

Under
Under ; good

Under

Average

Under ; good

Average ;

good

Average ;

very good

Under; bad

Average ;

very good

Average ;

good

Under ; good

Average

CHERRIES.

Over ; good

Average

Under

Average ;
good
Under

Average ;

bad
Under ; very

hart
Under; bad

Under

Average :

g t

Average
Over ; good
Under ; bad

Over ; good

Average

Under; good

Under

Under

Average

Over

Under; good

Coder

i Oder; good

Under

Under; bad

Under ; bad

Under

Under

Average

Average ;

under

Under; bad

Under

Under

Under

* Iver ; good

Average

Over ; very
good
Over

Under

Under ; good

Under

Under
Under; good

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Under

Average ;
very good
Average ;
very good
Average ;
good
Under ; bad

Under

Under

Average ;
good
Under

Average

Average ;

good
Average

Under; bad

Under ; very

bad

(Morello)

Average ;

good
Average ;

g I

\ v rrago
good

Average

Average ;

good

Average ;
good

Under

over ; very

■_ i

1 i, 'In-

Average

Under

Under

Under

Under

Average :
\ erj good

Under

Under

Under; good

Average ;

good
\\ ■ I ,: e :

verj -■ i

Under

A vera

good
Unaer ; ba<J

PEACHES

AND NEC-
TARINES.

Average ;
good

Average

Average
Under : good
Over ; good
Under ; good

Under

Average

Under; bad

Average ;
good

Under

Over; good

Average

Average ;
good
Under

Avorai e

Under

Average

APRICOTS.

Average :

good
Average

Under
Un del-
Average ;
good

SMALL
FRUITS.

STRAW-
BERRIES.

Over ; good Average ;
bad

Average :
g I

Unaer; bad

Under

Average ;

good
Average ;

g I

Over : very
good

Average ;
good

Morel los :
average
Average

Average ;
good
Under

Average

Average

good
Average :

good
Average ;

good
Over ; very

good

Average ;

very good

Under : bad

Under; good

Under

Under : g I

Under

Average ;

good

Under; bad

Average

■ ■. ii a
Under : good

Average

Under

Average

Average ;
good
Under

Average ;

good

Under

Average

Under

Average ;
good

Under; good

Werage

Under: very

good

Average

Under : bad

Under

Under

Under

Average ;

g I

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Over; bad

Average

very good
Over ; good

i kit : very

good

Average ;

good

Raspberries

under

Average

Over

Average;

£ I

I Ivor ; very
good

Average :

Average :
very goi d

\in age

NUTS.

NAME AND ADDRESS.

Average

Under ; bad

Average
Under ; good
Under; bad
Under : good
Over ; good
Under ; bad

Over ; veiy

e I

Under : bad

Under: bad

Average ;

good
Over : very

E I

Under ; good

Over: good

Average ;

good
Average

Under
Average
Under

Over; very

good
Over ; very

good

Average

Average ;
no Waiuuis

Under

Average

Average

Over : very

g I

Average ;

■- i

Over

Over

Average

L 1

Under ; good Average :
bad
Average Average

i Ivor : Under : g I

very good
Average Under

Under; good

Average

Average
Average
Average
Under

Under ; bad

Under
Average

goo I

Under

Under

Average

Average :
good

Av crage
good

Average :
good

Average .

Over

Average .

g I

Average :
good

\v i rage ;

very good
\\ ei age

Under

Aver ige

Average

■- i

Avers
■
Over : go.nl

Average

Under

Average:

g I

Under; good

Average

Under

Average .

good

age
od
Under

Average ;

good

Over : good Over ; very

g i

Average ; Average:
good very good

' un : very Under; good
g I

Average

Average ;

good

Under

Under; bad Over; good Under ; bad
Under

Average

Under

Average :
good

Average

good

Under : good

Average ;

good

Over ; good

Average ;

good

Under

Average ,

good
Average ;

good
Average

Under

Average :
veiy good

Average .

good
Average; Average

good

Under
Average

Under ; very
good

Average ;
good
Over

Under

Average ;

good
Over ; very

good
Over ; good

Average ;

good

Over ; good

1 1\ ei ; very

good

Average ;

good
i iver ; very

good
Over : very

good

Over; very

good

Average

Under

Average ;

very good

Under

Under; bad

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Under ; bad

Over : \ ery

good

Average :

good

Over ; very

good

Under

Under

Average

Under

Over
Under

Average ;

■j I

good
I nder

Average :
good

Average

Average :
g I

Under
Unc Bl-

under
Under

Average ;

good
Average ;

good

Average ;

good

Over ; good

Average ;

good

Over : g 1

Under : bad

Average :

good
Average

James Coombes, Englefleld

Hardens, Reading
Win. Poiie. Uiglicicre Gar-
dens, Newbury
T. Tiirion. Castle Gardens,

Sherborne
Tlios. Denny, Down House

Gardens. Blandford
Ben Campbell, Kingston

House Gardens. Dorchester
Alfred Coleman, Motcoaibe,

Shaftesbury
II. Keinpsliall, Abbotsbury

Castle Gdns.. Dorchester
Arthur Lee, PalaceHouseGar-

dens, Bcaulieu, Brocken-

hurst
Edwin Mnlvncux. Swan more

Park, Bishop's Walfhani
A. G. Nichols, Strathfield-

saye Gdns., Mort liner, R.S.O.

James Wasley, Sheffield
Manor Gdns.. Basingstoke

J. Bowermau, Ilnekvv (

Park Gardens, Hasingstoko

Noah Knellcr, Malsliaugcr
Park Gardens, Basing-
stoke

Ernett G. Gilmore. North-
bourne Abbey Gardens,
Eastry

Fredk. Marks. Walmer Plaee,
Walmer

H. J. Knight. Preston Hall
Gardens. Aylesford

George Woodward, Barham
Court Estate Gardens,
Keslon, Maidstone

Alfred O. Walker, Uleombe
Plaee. near Maidstone

Win. Lewis. Kasl Sutton

Park i. aniens. Maidstone
Geo. Fennel], Bowden, Had-
low Road. Tonbridgc

B. Champion, Merewortb,

George Lockyer, Merewortb,

Maidstone
w. E. Humphreys, Blendon

Hall Gardens, Bexley
W. Dixon, The Old House

Gai dens, Walmer
toll n Selway. Betteshangcr

Gardens, Eastney
Geo. Wytbes, Syon House

louden-. Brentford, w.
II. Markham, Wrotliam Park

Garden-. I'.aniet
.lames Hudson, Gunnersbury

House Garden-. Aetoll, W.

W. Watson, Harefield Place,

Gardens, Uxbridge
W. Bales. Cross Deep Gar-
dens, Twickenham
Robert 11 Cronk, Cranford

House Gardens, llounslovv
James Hawkes.Osterley Park

Gardens, Isleworth
William Bain, Burford

loudens. Dorking
s T. \\ right, R.H.8. Gardens,

\\ islev. Ripley
W. P. Bound. Gattoii Park

i. :n dens. Reigate.

C. W. Knowles, Bagshot Park
Garden-. Bagshot

G. J. Hunt, Ashtead Park

Gardens. Epsom
W. Wilks, (Rev.), Shirley

Vicarage. Croydon
W. lioness, Cobham Park

I. aniens. Col.lialii

C. J. Salter, Woodhateh
Lodge Gardens, Reigate

Alexander Dean, 62, Rich-
mond Road. Kingston-on-
Thames

Geo. Kent, Norbury Park
i. aniens, Dorking

Geo. Halsey, Riddings Court
Gardens, Caterham

W. C. Leach, Albury Park
Gardens, Guildford

A. Wilson. Eridge Castle
loudens. Tuubridge Wells

Al-x. Reid, Possingworth
l, aniens, Cross-in-J land

W. II. Smith, West Dean Park
i on dens. Chichester

Win. Brunsden, Brambletye
(.aniens. East Grinstead

Geo. Grigg, Ashburnham
Place ion dens. Battle

Jones, Ote Hall Gar-
dens, Burgess Hill

C. Allen, Worth Park Gar-
den-. Crawley

E. Burbury, Arundel Gar-
dens, Arundel

H. C. Prinsep. Buxted Park
Gardens, Uekfield

86

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 20, 1905.

CONDITION OF

THE FRUIT CROPS— (continued).

COUNTY.

APPLES.

PEARS.

PLUMS.

CHERRIES.

PEACHES
AND NEC-
TARINES.

APRICOTS.

SMALL
FRUITS.

STRAW-
BERRIES.

NUTS.

NAME AND ADDRESS.

5, Southern Counties.

WILTSHIRE

Under

Under

Average

Under

Under

Average ;

good
Average ;

Under

Henry Gandy, Longleat Gar-

UDder

Under ; good

Average

Under

Under

Average

Average ;

Unccr

dens. Warminster
Jolin Banrerman, Laekham

Under; good

Under : good

Under ; bad

Under; good

Average ;

Average ;
good

good
Over ; good

good
Over ; good

Over ; good

Gardens, Laeock
Thomas Challis, Wilton

■

very good

House Gardens, Salisbury

UDder ; good

Under ; good

Under ; good

Average ;
good

Average ;

Under ; good

Under ; good

Average ;
good

George Brown, Bowood Gar-

good

■ -

deus, Calue

Under

Under

Under

Under

Under

Under

Over ; good

Under ; good

W., Malmesbury

Under; good

Under; good

Over : very

Average ;

Average :

Average ;

Over : very

Under ; good

Over ; very

S. W. Tucker. LoDgford Castle

good

good

very good

good

good

good

Gardens, Salisbury

7, England, N.W.

CUMBERLAND

Under ; bad

Under ; bad

Under; good

Average ;

Average ;
good
Under

Over ; very

Avei'age ;

Average ;

*"

A. L. Statham, Eden Hall

LANCASHIRE ..:

Average ;
good

Under

Under

good

Average ;

good

good

very good

Average ;

good

very good
Average ;
very good

Gardens. LaDgwatbby
Wm. P. Roberts, Cuerden
Hall Gardens, Preston

Under; good

Under; good

Under

Average

Average :

Average ;
good

E. F. Hazelton, Knowsley

good

Gardens, Prescot

Average

Under

Under

Uoder

Avei'age

Over; good

Wm. Ashtou, Wrightington

WESTMORELAND

Under

Under

Under

Under

Under

Average

Average

Hall Gardens, Wigan
F. Clarke, Lowtber Castle
Gardens, Penrith

Under ; bad

Under ; bad

Under ; bad

Under

Average ;

Under; bad

W. A. Miller, Underley Gar-

Under; bad

Under; bad

UDder ; bad

Under ; bad

Average ;
good

good
Average :
very good

Avei'age ;
good

Under

dens, Kirkby Lonsdale
W. Gibson, Levens Hall Gar-
dens, Miluthorpc

8, England, S.W.

CORNWALL

Under

Average

Under

Morellos

Average

Over

Average:

A. Mitchell, Tehidy Park, f

UDder

veiy good

Camborne

Under ; good

Under; good

Under ; good

Average ;

L' 1

Under; good

Over ; very
good

Average ;

very good

lifted Read, Port Eliot, St.
Germans

Under; good

Under ; good

Under

Average ;

good

Under

Under

Over; very
good

Average :
very good

Avei'age

A. C. Bartlett, Penearrow
Gardens, Washaway

Under

Under

Under

Average

Over

Average

Wm. Sangwin. Trelissick,
Gardens, Truro

Under

Under

Under

Under

Avei'age ;
good

Average ;
good

Richd. Gill. Tremough Gar-

dens, Penryn

Average

Under

Average

Average :

good

Under ; good

Under; bad

Under ; bad

Over ; very

Over ; very

W. H. Bennett, Mcnabilly

DEVONSHIRE

Average ;
good

Much uodei"

Under ; bad

Under ; bad

Average ;
good

g i

Average ;
good

12 1

Over ;
very good

Average;
good

Par Station
Andrew Hope, 38, Prospect
Park. Exeter

fair

Under ; bad

Under ; bad

Under ; bad

Under

Under

Over ; very
good

Over; very
good

Under

Geo. Baker. Membland Gar-
dens, Newton Ferrers,
Plymouth

James Mayue, Bietou Gar- 1

Under

Under

Under

Average

Average :

Average ;

Average :

Average :

Average

very good

very g( od

very good

very ( ood

(lens. East Blldleigh

Average

Under

Under

Under

Average

Average

Over

Average ;

good
Over ; very

G. Foster. Teigumouth,DevoD

Under; good

Under; bid

Under; good

Average ;
good

Over ; very

Over ; good

Over; very

C. W. Bloye, Pinbay Gar-M

good

good

good

dons. I. vine Krgis

Under

Under

Average

Under

Under

Under

Average ;

Avei'age ;
good

Average

T. 11. Slade, Poltimorc Gar-

good

dens, Exeter

Under; good

Under ; good

Under ; good

Under : bad

Average ;

good

Under ; good

Average ;

good
Over : very

Average ;

good

Over ; good

Under

T. Seward, Saltram Gardens,

Under : good

Under ; poor

Under; good

Average ;
good
Under

Over ; good

Average ;

good

Average

Plympton
S„ Pynts

GLOUCESTERSHIRE..

Average

Under

Under

Average

ULder

good

Over : very

Under : bad

William Keen, Bowdcu Hall

good

Gardens, Gloucester

Under; good

Avcraee ;

Average ;

Average ;

Under ; good

Average ;

Over ; good

Average :
good

Over ; good

John Banting, Tortwortb

good

good

g 1

good

Gardens. Falneld

Under

Under

Under

Average

Average

Average

Over ; good

Average :

Over

W 11. Berry, Iligliuam Court

HEREFORDSHIRE ...

Under; good

Under; good

Average ;

Total failure

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Average ;

baa
Over : good

Average ;

Gardens. Gloucester
John Watkius, Pomona

good

good

good

Farm,Withinglon, Hereford

Under

Under

Under

Under

Under

A\erage ;

Average ;
good

Over

Thos. Speueer, Goodrich

good

Court Gardens, Ross

Under; good

Under; good

Average ;

Average ;

Under ; bad

Over ; veiy

Average ;

Over ; very

F. Clark, shobdou Court Gar-

good

good

good

good

good

dens, Shobdon

Under; good

Under ; good

Under ; good

Over ; good

Over; very

Average ;
good

Over ; very

Under; bad

Over; very

George MuUins. Eastnor

good

good

pood

Castle Gardens, Ledbury

Under

Under

Under

Average

Under

Uuder

Over ; very

Average ;
good
Over

Average

C. Smith, Barton Court Gar-

MONMOUTHSHIRE ...

Under

Under

Under

Under

Average

Under

good

Over ; good

Under

dens, Colwall, Malvern
John Lockyer, Park Gar-

deus.Pontypool

Under

Under; good

Average ;
good

Average

Average ;

Average

Over : very

Avei'age ;
good

Average

W. F. Wood, Llanfrechfa

very good

good

Grange Gardens. Caerleon

Under ; good

Under ; good

Under ; good

Under

Average ;
good

Under; good

Average ;
good

Average ;

Average

Thos. Coomber, The Hcndro

very good

Gardens, Monmouth

Under

Under

Average

Average

Under

Under

Average ;
good

Avei'age ;

Over

Henry Townsend, MaindifV

>>ni ail

Court Gdns.. Abergavenny,

Under, good

Under; good

Under: good

Under

Under

Average ;

Average ;
good

.1 .Ba sham, Fair Oak Nurseries

good

Bassaleg, near Newport

SOMERSETSHIRE

Average ;

Under; bad

Average ;

go. M 1

Under ; bad

Under; bad

Average

Over ; very

Over : very

Average ;

William Hallett, Cossiugton,

good

good

good

good

Bridgwater

Under ; bad

UndPi" very
bud

Under; good

Average; bad

Over ; very
good

Over ; good

Avei'age ;

good

Unuer ;.bad

Johu Crook, Fordo Abbey
Gardens, Chard

Average

Under

U nder

Under

Under

Under

Over; very

Over

Over

Samuel Ridley, Chipley Park

WORCESTERSHIRE ...

Average

Under

Average

Average

Under

Average

good
Over

Over

Over

Gardens, Wellington
A. Young, Witley Court Gar-
dens. Stourport
Wulm. Crump, Madresfleld

Under; good

Under; good

Average ;

Average ;

Average' ;

Over : very

Over ; good

Average ;

Over ; good

good

small

goon

good

good

Court Gardens, Malvern

Under; good

Under ; good

Under; bad

Under; good

Average :
very good

Average :
very good

Over ; very
good

Over ; very
good

Under

F. Jordan. Impuey Gardens,
Droitwich

WALES-

ANGLESEA

Average ;
good

Under ; good

Under ; bad

Average ;
good

Avei'age :
very good

Avei'age ;
very goud

Thos. Marsh, Pcnrhos Gar-
dens. Holyhead

Under ; very
good

Under; bad

Under; bad

Under ; very
good

Under; good

Under; good

Over ; good

Over ; very

good

Albert Ballard. Glanusk Park.
Gardens. Criekliowell

CARMARTHENSHIRE

Under ; bad

U nder ; bad

Under : bad

Average ,

Under; bad

Average ;

Over ; very

Under

William Parker. Neuaddfawr

CARNARVONSHIRE...

Under

Under

Under

good

Average

Average

very gi >od
Over ; good

good

Average ;

good

Gardens. Llandovery
11. Weaver. Vayuol Park.
Gardens, Bangor

Under

Under

Under

Under

Over ;
very good

Over ; very
good

Average

T. Evans, Gwydyr Castle
Gardens, Llanrwst.

Under ; bad

Under ; bad

Under; bad

Under , bad

Under ; bad

Average ;

g 1

Over : very

Under

WalurS], , ,1. IVurliyuCastle

Under

Under

Under

Average ;

Average ;

good

Over ; very

Over; extra

Average

Gardens, Bangor
W. Weir, Rhosnessncy, Wrex-

good

good

good

good

ham

July 29, 1905 ]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

87

CONDITION OP THE FRUIT CKOPS-(coniinucd).

COUNTY.

APPLES.

PEARS. PLUMS.

CHERRIES.

PEACHES

AND NEC-
TARINES.

APRICOTS.

SMALL
FRUITS.

STRAW-
BERRIES.

NUTS.

NAME AND ADDRESS.

WALES-
FLINTSHIRE

Under

Under; good

Under; good

Under; good

Average

Under; good

Under

Average ;
good
Under

Under; bad

Under Under

Average; Under; good

good
Under ; very Under ; good

good
Under; bad Under; bad

Under ; bad Average

Under; bad Under; good

Average ; Under ; good

good
Average Average

Under; good Under; good

Average; Under
good

Under ; bad Under ; bad

Average

Under

Under; good

Under ; good

Average

Average ;

good
Average :

good
Average

Average ;
good
Under

Under; good

i n ii ■ i

Average ;

■J: .. ., 1

Average ;

good

i Ivet ; very

good

Average ;
good

Average ;

-

Average ;

p 1

I uder

Under

Under

Over ; very

good

Average :

very good

Average

Average
Under; good

Under ; bad
Under

Coder

A vera]
very good
Under

Under
Under

Average

Over ; veiy

good
Over ; very

good
Average ;

good

Average :

tii'i.t
Under

Under; good

Average

Under
Under

Average

Over ; very

good
Over ; very

good
Average ;

good
Over ; good

Average ;

good
Average ;
very good

Over ; very

g. Mill

Average ;

good
Average ;

good

Over ;

very g 1

Average ;

good
Vm ruge ;

g 1

Average :

very l- i

Average .

good
Over; very

g 1

Over; very
good

Average ;
good

Over ; very

gin ,il

Average ;

very good

Average

Over ; very

good
Over ; veiy

good
Average ;

good

Average ;

good

Over ; good

Under ; bad
Over ; good
Over : very

guild

Over : veiy
good

Average :

very good

< H< r : very

gi tod
Average ;
very good
Average ;

L' 1

Average :

very good

Average :

good

Under ; bail

Over ; very
good

Ave i :
gin ill

i )mt; very
good
Under

Average

Average ;

good
Average

Average

Average

Average ;
bad

Over ; giiml
Average

John Forsyth, Hawardcn

Castle Gardens, Chester
R Milnes, Margain ParkGar-

dens, Port Talbot
Hugh -v. Pettigrew.St.Fagan's

Castle Gardens, nr. Cardiff
J. S. Higgius, Rhug Gardens,

Corwi n
Geo. Griffin, Slebech Park

Gardens, Haverfordwest

Thomas Dunne, Lough Cutra
Castle Gardens, Gort

Andrew Porter, Woodlawu
Gardens

John Raffcrty, Castle Forbes
Gardens, Newtownforbes

GLAMORGANSHIRE

MERIONETHSHIRE...
PEMBROKESHIRE ...

IRELAND—

9, Ireland, N.
GALWAY

LONGFORD

MAYO

TYRONE

10, Ireland, S.

CLARE

< ianlens, Ballinrobe
Fred W, Walker, Sitiu House
Garden's; Sion Mills

William Clarke, Castle Crine
Gardens, Sixmilebrldge

K 11. DARE

very good
Under Under Under

Average; Under: bad Average j
good good

' lardens

KILKENNY

House 1 .aniens

Ileury Carlton, Castle Gar-
dens, Kilkenny

Terence Rogers, Frenchpark
House tiling. Frencbpark

Thomas Dunn, Straucally
i u-i le Gardens, Tallow

WATERFORD

LIMERICK

Average ;

gi.ud
Average

Under; good

Average; L'nder;good
good

CHANNEL

ISLANDS-
GUERNSEY

JERSEY

Under : very
good

Under

Average ;
good
Under

Under

Gaidens, Adare

C. Smith A: Son, Caledonia
Nursery

ISLE OF MAN

Average ; Under
very good

Five Oaks
R. Reid, Spring Grove. St.

Lawrence
James Inglis, The Nurseries,

Brunswick Road, Douglas

SUMMARY.

Records.

Apples.

Pears.

Plums.

Cherries.

Peaches.

Apricots.

Small
Fruits.

Straw-
berries.

Nuts.

Number of Records

Average

Over

Under

Number of Records

Average

Over

Under

Number of Records

Average

Over

Under

Number of Records

Average

Over

Under

(6n)

(47)

g

17

2

0

3a

iu

(192)

(190)

2i

««

1

1

163

141

(12)

(12)

2

1

0

0

10

11

(12)

(12)

4

4

0

0

8

8

SCOTLAND.

ll-l

(47)

(20)

(21)

(49)

(50)

(9)

25

3i

n

<4

ill

iH

1

3

5

i

3

14

11

1

2u

1U
ENGLAN

10

0.

9

b

7

(191)

(180)

(152)

(139)

(192)

(I'.")

(130

50

104

81

63

9J

9 J

i*

10

l'l

5

15

73

41

24

131

66

WALES.

63

t,l

22

65

45

(12)

(12)

(7)

(7)

(!■-)

(13)

<«>

1

ti

4

2

5

4

5

u

II

1

3

7

7

0

11

IRELANI

2

2

0

1

1

(12)

(7)

(7)

(4)

(12)

(12)

(4)

4

3

2

2

8

5

3

0

2

0

0

4

5

1

8

2

5

2

0

2

0

CHANNEL ISLANDS.

Number of Records

(J)

(4)

(1)

(4)

(2)

(2)

(4)

(4)

0

Average

1

0

1

0

0

3

2

0

Over

0

0

0

U

0

0

1

1

0

Under

3

4

3

2

2

2

0

1

u

88

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 21), 1905.

The Week's Work.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bullock, Gardener to E. J. Wvthes. Esq.,
Copped Ball, Epping, Essex.

" Rex " Begonias. — In order that tbe plants may
fully develop size and brightness of foliage, they
should be planted out on a wall prepared for the
purpose where there is shade and moisture with
ample light. Young plants can be easily raised
at the present time from perfectly developed
leaves, which should be laid on the surface of
silver sand or cocoanut-fibre in boxes, and made
secure by means of wire pegs. The boxes should
le stood in a shady position in a house having a
warm, moist atmosphere, and be syringed
occasionally.

Philodendron Lindeni is another useful plant
that is seen to the best advantage when growing
from a wall together with " Eex " Begonias, of
secured to the pillars in a stove-house. The best
method of propagation is to divide an old plant,
that has become leggy, into pieces consisting or
two or three joints in each, and inserting them
singly in small pots, and plunging them in a
bottom-heat, where they will make roots quickly.
Plants propagated at the present time will be
useful for planting out next spring.

Pas&flora qxiadrangularis. — This is one of the
most useful stove climbing flowering plants
that should be selected if it is desirable to
cover a large area quickly. The plant gives
little trouble beyond that of regulating the
growths occasionally, and of maintaining an
abundance of moisture at the roots and over-
head. Well-matured growths, if cut in pieces of
about a foot in length and inserted in cocoa-nut
fibre, will make roots readily, and should after-
wards be taken out and potted-up. When again
established they may be planted-out.

Eucharis grandiflora. — Those plants that
flowered some time ago will by now have com-
pleted their growth, and should be afforded rest
by removing them to slightly cooler quarters.
Less water at the roots will be required, but on
no account must they be allowed to become dry.
Let the foliage be sponged carefully with soft-
soap and water, and by this means remove all
traces of mealy-bug and thrips.

Smilax (Asparagus medcoloides) , S(c. — This useful
decorative plant requires little attention beyond
that of supplying water to the roots and of sup-
porting the growths with some string strung
vertically. Continue to propagate Tradescantias,
Oplismenus Burmanni variegatus (Panicuins), and
other " edging " plants, to replace those that have
become ragged and untidy.

Fig. 30.— border carnation, pride of westbury : colour of flowers cherry-red,

For which Sir Samuel Scott obtained an Award of Merit at the
Royal Horticultural Society's Meeting on July 4.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H. Youno, Orchid Grower to Sir Fbedeeick
Wigan, Bart., Clare Lawn, East Sheen, S.W.

Cypripedium Lawrencianum. — The essential
needs of this easily-cultivated decorative species
are as follows : Considerable heat and moisture,
and rather dense shading, conditions that can
generally be supplied in any East Indian-house.
Hiving recently flowered, tne plants, which are
most effective when grown as specimens, should,
where needed, be pulled to pieces and remade.
Use moderately large and shallow pans half
filled with drainage material, and as a rooting
medium equal parts of turfy peat and sphagnum-
moss. Separate the old back growths from the
one which flowered last, and select pieces from
the latter of average size and merit to make the
new specimens. The potting material should be
applied rather loosely, but sufficiently firm to
secure the growths in position. When com-
pleted, place the plants on a bench in the con-
ditions described above, and afford them water
overhead almost daily. The old portions of the
plants should be placed on a moist stage until
many of them push forth new growths, when
these in turn may be converted into other speci-
mens. C. Gowerii, a hybrid from the above
i-pecies and C. Curtisii, is also a very desirable
kind, and will thrive under similar conditions
and treatment, though, being at present rare,
pots rather than pans will be suitable.

Citpripedium barbatum. — Since hybridisation
has given us so many more attractive flowers
this species has been somewhat relegated to the

July 20, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

S9

background. It is, however, a useful kind for
supplying flowers for cutting, as some varieties,
such as C. b. nigrum, C. b. giganteum, and the
pretty C. b. Warneri, have decided merit.
Culturally they may be treated in the same
manner as the above, and should there be a spot
where they cannot be staged, plants of this
species may be placed there. In the Pha-
lcenopsis-house here, a portion of the stage,
being too near the suspended plants to allow of
its being used in the ordinary way, is covered
with C. barbatum, which thrives so well that
two crops of bloom are yielded annually. A thin
layer of crocks is placed on the stage, and the
plants are held in position with a thin, loose
layer of peat and sphagnum-moss. Water over-
head is afforded abundantly whenever the least
sign of dryness appears.

Cypripedium callosum would not call for any
special notice were it not for the remarkable
variety known as C. c. Sandera?, which should be
in every collection. Plants of the typical forms
should be grown in good-sized, well-drained pots
or pans in a situation as advised for C. Law-
renceanum. They should not be disturbed at
the roots except when it is absolutely necessary,
but it is essential that the plants should have
fresh, sweet surface materials. To increase the
number of growths divide the rhizomes of the
back growths with a thin-bladed knife, being
careful not to detach any of the living roots.
C. x Maudiae, a hybrid between C. c. Sander*
and C. Lawrencianum Hyeanum is a superior
form, which deserves to become very popular.

Sophronitis grandiflora. — This attractive
Orchid is now pushing forth new growths, which
in due course should each produce brilliantly-
coloured flowers. The plants should at this
season occupy a position far removed from the
roof-glass, on a stage in the coolest and most
shaded house. They may be grown in well-
drained pots or pans in ordinary Orchid compost,
or in one having a little decaying Oak leaves
introduced. When the latter is used more of
compost is necessary, and the surface should
consist of sphagnum-moss alone. Eepotting or
renovation of the surface may be carried through
in the near future, afterwards keeping the
materials moist by spraying or careful watering.
Vigorous root action does not take place until
later in the season, but when it occurs a good
supply of water is needed. Hybrids between this
and other Orchids need treatment in accordance
with the known peculiarities of the other species
concerned. If the hybrids are from Cattleya
aurea, moderate heat is needed, but if from C
Harrisonia', cooler treatment is desirable.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. H. Clarke, Gardener to Sir William Plowden,
Aston Kowaut House, Oxon.

Watering. — This is an important operation in
fruit cultivation, and the weather this season
being very dry, particular attention should be
given to trees growing on walls. The raised
border keeps the roots of the trees drier than the
other parts of the garden, and the bricks and
mortar below the surface absorb a large amount
of moisture. In many gardens such borders will
have 1 »ju mulched some time ago, and this is a
great help in hindering the sun's rays from
extracting the moisture from the soil. For the
production of fine fruit, moisture is essential.
Trees which are swelling crops should be given
periodical waterings — one or two applications
weekly will not be too much on light, porous
soils ; but soils of a more retentive character will
not require water so frequently. Liquid-manure
may be given at each alternate watering, either
poured on to the ground and watered-in imme-
diately afterwards with clear water, or diluted
before application. Where this cannot be pro-
cured in sufficient quantity, one or other of the
well-known commercial manures may be used
according to the instructions issued with each ;
be cartful to apply less rather than more than is
recommended. Trees ripening their fruits should
not be so watered, otherwise they will split.

Trees planted last season will require sufficient
water to keep them growing and healthy, and
in many instances the formation of fruit-
buds on su?h trees requires an extra amount of
nourishment.

Apricot and Peach-trees should be examined
daily, as the earlier varieties are now ripening.
For home consumption only the ripe fruits
should be gathered, but those required for
packing should be gathered before they are quite
ripe, as they will ripen .luring the journey, and
there is less risk of bruising them. Care should
be given in taking these fruits from the tree, as
some varieties adhere to the branch much more
closely than do others. What pressure is needed
should be applied at the base of the fruit next
the branch, the fingers so holding the fruit that
no bruise will result.

Strawberry-beds. — Where the fruit has been
gathered the beds may now be cleared of all
runners, removing with a sharp knife the oldest
leaves from the plants ; but do not denude
them severely of foliage, or it will check the
building-up and formation of fruiting crowns for
another season. Clear the beds of all weeds
and the strawy mulching, stirring the surface-
soil afterwards with a Dutch hoe.

Birds. — In consequence of the dry weather and
the absence of other food for birds, all small
fruits must be protected from them by netting.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F. Jordan, Gardener to Dr. Corbet, Impney Hall
Gardeus. Droitwich.

Pines. — Now that most of the fruits have been
cut from the early Queens, thoroughly cleanse
the pit and make it ready to receive the smooth
Cayennes and other winter-fruiting plants, which
generally show the fruit at about the present
time. It is not always advisable to put in much
fresh fermenting material at this season of the
year. The quantity required to keep up a steady
bottom-heat of 85° to 90° will depend on the
amount of fresh material that was put in last
winter. All the material, however, should be
cleared out of pits at least once each year in
order to get rid of crickets, cockroaches, &0., and
the walls should be well washed with hot lime-
wash. Plunge the plants at distances of 2 feet
apart, and give careful attention to ventilation,
watering, and to keeping the atmosphere moist,
using as little fire- heat as possible in all the
divisions. t

Succession Plants.— The re-arrangement of the
first division will cause the second division to
need filling up, and unless a sufficient number of
plants are in their fruiting pots, others that
require potting should be attended to at once.
Do not disturb the beds very much to induce a
flush of bottom-heat. Keep the plants growing
Bteadily until it is time to rest them, by venti-
lating the pit freely during the early part of the
day, but closing it again early in the afternoon,
with plenty of moisture.

Suckers. — The general stock of suckers from the
early Queens should now be pottpd up, although
it is best to pot up a few of the strongest at
intervals as they become large enough. Use
pots l! to S inches in diameter, according to the
size of the suckers, plunging them in an old pit
with sufficient fermenting material to keep the
bottom-heat at about 90", care being taken first
to thoroughly cleanse the pit. Afford water
sparingly until root action has commenced, and
spray the plants overhead each afternoon at
closing time, keeping the atmosphere of the pit
rather close and moist for a few weeks. Shade
the plants lightly during the brightest part of
the day, gradually increasing the ventilation and
withdrawing the shading as the plants become
rooted .

Cucumbers. — Young plants may now be planted
or seeds may be sown to succeed those that have
been fruiting during the summer months. These
plants will then supply fruits during the autumn.
Those intended for winter-fruiting may be grown
sturdily, and have all the early fruits removed
from them. Where plants which have fruited are
allowed to remain, remove any old growths if
the plants show signs of weakness trom over-
cropping, and afford them a light rich top-
dressing, and stimulants to encourage fresh
growth. Sow seeds at about the middle of next
month for winter-fruiting, and encourage them
to make strong, sturdy growth by free ventila-
tion, planting them in a compost containing
rather more loam than is generally used for
Cucumbers.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By W. Fife, Gardener to Lady Wantage, Lockinge
Park, Wantage.

Celery. — The maggot of the Celery-fly has been
very active in some quarters this season. The
only remedy which I have found to answer is to
crush the grub between the ringer and thumb,
removing and burning the affected parts of the
foliage. If an insecticide were used sufficiently
strong to kill the maggot the plant would most
assuredly suffer, as the maggots have hatched
from eggs deposited between the upper and
under surfaces of the leaf. Plants intended for
September supply will now be well advanced, and
should have all suckers removed. Keep the outer
leaves tied well together by the use of raffia,
making sure that this is not tied sufficiently
tight to break or injure the centre leaves, which
are the edible portion of the plant. Afford the
plants liberal supplies of water, with occasional
doses of diluted liquid manure. The Celery is a
gross-feeding, free-rooting plant. It will be found
by this time that at the surface of the trenches
there is a mass of fibrous roots which will be con-
siderably benefited by a top-dressing of some
light, rich material. This top-dressing will assist
in keeping the plants from •' bolting." Celery
intended for exhibition in August will require
close attention in order to get it perfectly clean
and well blanched. 1 have found the benefit
upon many occasions of removing all the blanching
material, thoroughly washing the plants with clear
water, removing insects or decaying substances,
and then applying fresh and clean material.

Carrots sown for pulling in the autumn may be
thinned to 3 inches apart. When rain is appa-
rent apply a good dusting of soot. Take every
opportunity to destroy weeds in this and every
quarter of the garden.

Onions that were raised in autumn and were
transplanted in the spring should have their
necks twisted, with the object of obtaining better
maturation in the bulbs by preventing an over-
development of top-growth. Pull any that are
already matured and expose them to the sun,
where they will become of good condition for
storing.

Parsley. — The present is a good time to sow
seeds for raising plants to supply Parsley during
winter. Sow the seeds in drills 1 foot apart in
different aspects, so arranged that frames may be
placed over the plants. Splendid Curled is an
excellent variety.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. A. Miller. Gardener to Lord Henbt C.
Bentinck. M.P.. UnderleyHall, Westmoreland.

Hoses. — Budding is the principal mode of
propagation. If stocks of Briar standards,
cuttings, or seedlings were planted out last
winter, they will soon be ready to be operated on.
Choose plump, hall-ripened buds. If standards
are used, bud on the medium-sized laterals as
near to the main stem as possible. The shoots
should not be more than half ripened, with the
sap flowing freely, so that the wood will lift
easily from the bark. Use a sharp knife, and
have lengths of raffia about 12 inches long in
readiness for tying around the inserted buds.
Propagation by layering can be done at the
present time. Choose for this purpose moderate
and firm growths that are not quite ripened.
Bend the shoot, make an incision, and split up
the stem about 3 inches. Kemove the soil
3 inches deep or so, then peg the shoot into the
hole firmly, and tie it to a neat stake, filling in
around the split pait with a compost of sandy
soil, which should be made rather firm.

Wallflowers should be transplanted as soon
as they are large enough to handle. When
they have become established after the trans-
planting, pinch the tops from the plants, which
will make them dwarf and of bushy habit.

Cyclamen htdercrfolium. — The seed of this will
soon be ripe. Cyclamen seed is best sown when
freshly gathered, so prepare pans containing a
light compost and place them in a shady frame.

English Iris — If beds of these have become
overcrowded or the bulbs are too near the surface
they should be lifted when ripe, replanting them in
light, rich, sandy soil, in a position that is fully
exposed to the sun jet is sheltered from strong
winds and is well drained.

90

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 29, 1905.

APPOINTMENTS for AUGUST.

July 3i tD Aug.
TUESDAY. Am;.

WEDNESDAY, Aug.

. I National Horticultural Exhi-

15

\ bitiou at Bruges, Belgium.

MONDAY,

Aug.

TUESDAY, Aug.
WEDNESDAY, Aug.
THURSDAY, Aug.
TUESDAY, Aug.

WEDNESDAY, Aug.

THURSDAY, Aug.
SATURDAY, Aug
TUESDAY, AUG.

WEDNESDAY, AUG

THURSDAY, Aug.
SATURDAY, AUG

TUESDAY, AUG

WEDNESDAY, Aug

. t Royal Horticultural Society's
\ Committees Meet.

("Midland Carnation and Pieotee
Society's Show at Btrining-
2- liara (2 daysi.

Chesterfield Horticultural So-
L ciety's Show.
.Bank Holiday.

Basingstoke Hortirultural So-
ciety's Exhibition.
Dudley Horticultural Society's

Exhibition.
Seaham Harbour Horticultural

Exhibition.
Ramsey Horticultural Show (2
days).
„ ( Flower Show in Abbey Park

"( Leicester,
q t Exmouth Horticultural So-
' 1 ciety's Show.
]0 ( Royal Botanic Society (Anni-

\ versary Meeting).
. . t Royal Horticultural Society's
1 Committees Meet.
I Harpenden Horticultural Show
16-' Wilts Horticultural Society's

( Show.
../Taunton Deane Horticultural
' I Society's Show.
19— Sheffield Flower Show.
„„ I Brighton Horticultural Society's
1 Show (2 days).
(Shropshire Horticultural So-
; ciety's Exhibi"
) bury (2 days).
( Flower Show at Arundel.
21— Aberdeen Flower Show (3days).
26— Hawick Flower Show.
„„ I Royal Horticultural Society's

} Committees Meet.
30— Bath Floral Fete.

BALES FOR THE WEEK.

TUESDAY, August 1-

Sale of the Lease and Goodwill, followed by the
Stock of Seeds and Utensils in Trade re Jacob
Wrench & Sons. Ltd. By Protheroe it Moms, on
the Premises, ?9. King William Street, E.C.

WEDNESDAY. AUGUST 2

219 cases of Lilium Harrisii. 9.000 Freesias, ifcc, at
Protheroe & Morris' Rooms, 67 & 68, Cheapside. E.C.,
at 1 o'clock.
(For farther particulars see our Advertisement colunms.)

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
-63'2\
Actual Temperatures :—

London.— Wednesday, July 26 (6 p.m.): Max. 85";
Min. 65°.
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street.
Covent Garden, London. — Thursday. July 27
(10 A.M.): Bar., 3u 1 ; Temp., 7.V. Weather—
Dull.
Provinces.— Wednesday, July 26 (6 P.M.): Max. 7*°,
Guildford ; Min. 6j°, N. of Ireland.

For many years the

_ . _ . desirability of making

Fruit - Growing , •' . . °

an exhaustive inquiry

into the cocditions and

Industry.

prospects of the fruit- growing industry
has been widely recognised. Some time
since a well-considered scheme for such an
investigation was set out by an organisation
concerned in the promotion of fruit-culture,
which was warmly supported by a few large
landowners, amongst whom a former Duke
of Bedford was prominent. The funds
required, however, for a private enquiry
were necessarily large, and a sufficient turn
could not be raised to carry out the work
efficiently, and it was in consequence
dropped.

The Committee appointed by Lord
Onslow in December, 1903, "to inquire into
and report upon the present position of
fruit culture in Great Britain, and to con-
sider whether any further measures might
with advantage be taken for its promotion
and encouragement," have completed a very
important task, and appear to have per-
formed their work in a thoroughly satis-
factory manner. The Report recently

issued (to which reference has been pre-
viously made) is practically a summary of
the evidence taken, of the conclusions
arrived at, together with the recommenda-
tions made by the Committee. Whether
the full Report, including the questions and
answers, will be published later is not stated ;
but it is veiy desirable that this should be
issued, as much additional information
would be afforded.

Some care seems to have been exercised
in the selection of representative and in-
dependent witnesses, though the number
might have been extended with great ad-
vantage by the inclusion of some ten or
twelve exceptionally qualified men, who
appear to have been strangely overlooked.

In the course of an investigation like this
omissions must inevitably occur, but it is
remarkable that no cognisance whatever has
been taken of the effects upon the fruit
iadustry of climatal variability. Yet the
growers' returns, the market rates, and the
whole aspect of the fruit-growing question
must depend ultimately upon this. Perhaps
it was considered as outside the work of
the Committee because no remedy could be
suggested, but it has a most important
bearing upon the prospects of the industry
and the limits within which extension is
desirable or likely to yield reliable returns.
In this connection the annual returns of the
fruit crops in Great Britain, which have
been published by the Gardeners' Chronicle
for over forty years, with the expenditure of
much labour and money, would have
furnished important information that would
have well repaid careful analysis. These
also have been quite ignored by the Com-
mittee, though every matter bearing upon
their inquiry should at least have had some
consideration. The report for the present
year is given in the current issue (see
pp. 82—87).

Insufficient attention has been paid to the
fact that a large portion of modern commer-
cial fruit-growing is only a part of highly
developed market-gardening, and the more
generally the cultivator works upon this
plan the better the average results. Ample
proof could have been afforded of this in some
of the districts visited by the Committee,
and many cf the most successful growers
would refer their success mainly to having
early learnt the imprudence of having "all
their eggs in one basket." Intensive culti-
vation—i.e., the best form of market garden-
ing or market farming, including as much
fruit as ctn be safely and satisfactorily
depended upon is giving by far the largest
returns from the land at the present time,
and is most promising for the future. We
cannot, therefore, help regarding it as a
mistake on the part of the Committee that
these points have not been adequately
dealt with.

Turning to the Report it will only be pos-
sible to glance at the inquiry in a general
way, as a full discussion would require
more space than can be spared here. It is
estimated that the total area under fruit in
Great Britain does not exceed three hundred
thousand acres, but "it is not possible to
obtain absolutely accurate figures," partly
because there has beon a strange overlapping
in the returns collected by the Board of
Agriculture, and no account i9 taken of any
orchards in holdings of less than 1 acre. The
progress of the industry as shown by the
increased acreage under fruits in recent

years is especially referred to, orchards
having increased from 148,221 acres in 1873
to 243 008 acres in 1904; while small fruits
have advanced from 09,792 acres in 1897 to
77 947 acres in 1904. This is an increase of
43'.) per cent, for thirty-one jears in the
case of orchards, and 117 percent, for seven
years as regards small fruits. During the
corresponding period nearly all ordinary
farm crops show a great decrease in area;
the Wheat acreage, for instance, has fallen
no less than 40 3 per cent, in sixteen years;
and this fact has induced the Committee to
state that fruit culture "is the only form of
agriculture which has exhibited any sign of
progress in recent years."

The increasing demand for fruit both in a
fresh and in a preserved state was well
established by the examination of several
witnesses, some being experienced jam-
makers. There was also a general consensus
of opinion that fruit growing could be still
further extended with advantage. Several
very able cultivators, however, strongly
urged cautious advance, and one witness
appropriately pointed out that on a large
area recently planted with fruit-trees the
full beariog stage has not yet been reached.

As regards the improved value of land
under fruit, both in rental and for sale, there
can be no question, and ample evidence was
given upon this point, also as showing the
increased labour required in districts where
fruit-culture has become an important part
of the local industry. Reference was further
made to the additional labour demanded
for cider-making, jam-making, and basket-
making, all of which are connected with the
fruit trade; and the evidence tends to show
that within judicious limits the extension
of fruit-growing results in geneiai benefit to
the country.

In summarising the difficulties and draw-
backs of the industry, the Committee classi-
fied the chief alleged disadvantages as
follow :

I. Insufficiency of knowledge in regard
to-

{«) The right kinds and varieties of
fruit to plant.

(A) The character of the soil, and the
effect of manuring.

(<•) The pruning and the general treat-
ment of fruit-trees.

(<l) Diseases and insect-pests, and the
methods of combating them.

{(■) Packing and grading.

II. Land tenure, especially the difficulty
of obtaining land for the cultivation of fruit,
and of adjusting equitably the respective
interests of landlord and tenant.

III. Taxation grievance?.

IV. Railway grievances.

V. Foreign competition and tariffs hostile
to British fruit.

VI. The insufficient inspection of fruit,
especially of foreign fruit.

VII. The difficulty of obtaining labour in
country districts.

VIII. The insufficiency of markets.
]X. The ravages of birds.

X. The effect of the rise of pi ice in sugar
on the jam industry.

Under each of these heads a good deal of
evidence was taken, much of which is open
to considerable discussion or requires fuller
explanation than is afforded in the Report
to hand. As regards the first, want of know-
ledge is most marked in the case of diseases

Supplement to e "Gardeners' Chronicle.'

LlLIUM SUTCHUENENSE, A NEWLY-INTRODUCED LlLY. FROM CHINA : FLOWERS ORANGE-COLOURED

WITH PURPLISH SPOTS.

Bradbury, Agnew 8c Co., Ld., Printers, London and Tonbridge.

I

i

.July 20, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

91

and insect pests, packing and grading, and
upon a point not mentioned, namely, the
selection of suitable site3 for fruit trees,
which is quite distinct from the soil ques-
tion. Reference is made to the work done
ijiy horticultural instructors under county
■councils and to various colleges and institu-
tions, but though the Committee state they
are "most anxious not to disparage any of
the good work which has been accomplished
so far,'" it does not seem that they give full
credit to the eff )rts made by this and other
journals, long before the County Councils
came into existence, and to the lecturers
and instructors who in many instances are
highly qualified men who have performed
most useful woik.

It is recommended that a sub-department
nf the Board of Agticulture be formed to
deal with horticulture and pomology, and it
is most earnestly hoped it will lead to due
action being taken in that direction. It is
ontended to perform a twofold service, first,
as a bureau of information and an intel-
ligence department; second, that an expe-
rimental fruit station should be established
for research, with perhaps a demonstration
farm in addition. Both the latter would be
■used as training establishments.

The whole scheme is commendable in its
inception and principles, but a large p^rt of
its usefulness to fruit-growers and horti-
culturists will depend upon how it is
■developed and upon the capabilities of those
who are entrusted with the ta*k. A broad-
minded appreciation of the requirements of
•cultivators, combined with thorough prac-
tical as well as scientific knowledge, is
essential.

Under land-tenure the Committee rightly
•consider that every facility should be
afforded for fruit-growers (on a small scale
■especially) to become the owners of the land
planted ; and on the question of valuation
lor tenants they express strong approval of
ithe Evesham custom. In this system the
incoming tenant pays a valuation to the
outgoing tenant, and the landlord is only
concerned in ascertaining that the new-
tenant is a reliable man. As a matter of fact
the right of refusal is rarely acted upon.

As regards taxation it is especially
•suggested that the assessment of fruit-land
for local rates should not i >e increased for
five years from the time of planting in the
■case of small fruits, for seven years in tbe
case of a mixed plantation, and for twelve
years in the case of orchards, an equitable
plan for assisting the fruit-grower to re-
cover from the outlay necessitated in
fruit planting. In reference to glass-houses
it is also suggested that the allowance for
repairs and depreciation, as concerns the
income - tax rebate, should be iac-re-ased
from one-sixth to one-third, and the Com-
mittee further recommend that the "Agri-
cultural Rates Act should be amended so
that in future glasshouses used for commer-
cial purposes may for the purpose of that Act
be held to be land and not ' buildings.' "

Much evidence was taken upon the rail-
way grievances which would require con-
siderable space to deal with in detail. One
point of some importance is the suggestion
that owner's risk rate should be abolished, an
increase of 5 per cent, on the present charges
being considered a fair amount to bring it
within the Company's risk. If, bowtver,
that is not done, it is considered that the

words "culpable negligence" should be
substituted for ''wilful misconduct'' in the
conditions as affecting the Company's ser-
vants. In view of the combination amongst
railway companies, it is considered that an
official or a department should be entrusted
with the duty of watching over the com-
panies' actions, and to report to Parliament
accordingly.

The foreign tariffs, the inspection of
foreign fruit?, the labour difficulty, the
question of increasing markets, and the
ravages of birds, all bring out various
subjects of interest and importance, but
sufficient has been said to indicate the
general scops of the Report. It will be
remembered that the suggestions made are
recommendations only. Unless the Board of
Agriculture itself or some influential outside
action be taken, the whole work of tbe Com-
mittee, as is often the case in such circum-
stances, will remain as a dead letter. Hor-
ticulturists and fruit-growers generally
should therefore express theirviews fullyand
freely, and endeavour to bring some pressure
to bear upon the completion of the work.

Fruit Culture. — According to tbe Reporton
the Agricultural Returns for 1004, just published,
the totalareaof land utilised for small fruit-culture
in England was 7i',C12 acres, Kent heading the list
with 22,519 acres, no other county having as
much as 5,000 acres. The total area in England
used for orchards was 230,705 acres, of which
Kent occupied 29,055 acres ; Hereford, 28,042 ;
Devon, 27,340; Somerset, 25,205; Worcester,
22,387; Gloucester, 20,385 ; all the other counties
having a vt-ry much smaller acreage under
orchard culture. Scotland had 0,072 acres
devoted to fruit-culture, and 2,190 acres to
orchards.

Imports of Fruit — Some reductions appear
in the imports of fruit in 1904, the two largest
items — Oranges, and more especially Apples
coming to our shores in diminished quantities.
Grapes, Pears, and Cherries were nevertheless
largely increased, the quantity of the two latter
being twice that of 1903 All three were the
highest since they have been returned in their
present form by weight, instead of, as formerly,
in measure. The heavy importation of Potatos in
1903 was still further increased in 1904, and the
total amount was only just short of half a million
tons. Nearly half of these imports are credited
to France, while Germany and Belgium together
only make up three-fourths of the French total.
Onions were also imported in very large quantity,
although not quite reaching the total of 1903.

Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm.— A
copy of the fifth report issued by the Duke of
Bedford, K.G., and Mr. Spencer Pickering has
been issued, and may be obtained from Messrs.
Eyre & Spottiswoode. The report deals especi-
ally with the results of observations made during
the last ten years on the growth of Apple-trees,
the effects of pruning, replanting, various methods
of pUnting, watering, manuring, and many other
points which are elaborated with much detail,
and will demand further notice on our part later
on. "VVe can here only state that if the results
of these experiments be confirmed elsewhere,
fruit-growers must considerably modify their
present notions as to the relative advan'agesof
pruning, pinching, thinning the fruit, careful as
opposed to careless planting, and so forth. Ela-
borate as are the experiments and the records
relating to them, it is obvious that they must be
repeated oq a laige scale in many different
localities befoie accurate general conclusions can
be drawn.

LlLiUM 8UTCHUENENSE " (see Supplementary
Illustration). — This beautiful I ilycf the Martagon
section is a native of the Chinese province of
Sutchuen, and was exhibited by Mes-rs. Jams
Veitch & Sons, of Chelsea, at a recent meeting
of the Royal Horticultural Society. It vas
originally introduced by M. Maurice de Vil-
morin, and was shown among several other
novelties introduced by Mr. E. H. "Wilson. The
narrow, almost linear leaves are spirally disposed,
and closely approximate. The perianth segments
are strongly recurved, deep orange with purplish
spots. The plant was figured in the Botanical
Magazine, t. 7715, and, judging from specimens
from Messrs. Veitch, is subject to consi lerabla
variation in stature, degree of branching, and
siz? of fljwers.J^It is nearly allied to L. tenuifolia.

The Midland Carnation Show, will, we
may remind our readers, be held in Edgbaston
Botanical Gardens, Birmingham, on Wednesday
and Thursday next, August 2 and 3. The
Secretary and Treasurer is Mr. T. Humphreys,
Botanic Gardens, Edgbaston.

Holland Park and the West Londcm
Hospital,— Oa'lbehalf of the Ladies' Associa-
tion who are working in aid of the new casualty
ward at the West London Hospital, the gardens
at Holland House will be opened to the public, by
permission of Lord and Lady Ilchester, on
Saturday, July 29, from 2 to 5 p.m., on payment
of 2s. (id. each, and from 5 to 8 p m., on payment
of Is. each. The Irish Guards' Band wil. play,
and tea will^be sold at 6<Z. per head.

COREOPSIS.— In Composites in general the
outer^dorets, fl)rets of the ray, as they are called,
are flat and strap-shaped, whilst those of the disc
are less conspicuous and regularly tubular. In a
Coreopsis just brought under our notice the
ordinarily flat or ligulate florets are developed in
a tubular fashion, and are quite sterile, thus
re-senbling the ou'.er florets of Centaurea.

National Potato Society. — We are
informed that, on the invitation of Professor
Middleton, Director of the Cambridge University
Agricultural experiments, the National Potato
Society will inspect the Potato trials at Impington,
near Cambridge (Histon Station), on Friday,
August 4. Members who would like to be present
and" would travel from London are requested to
communicate with the Secretary, Mr. Walter P.
Wright, Postling, Hythe, in orderlthat a special
fare may be applied for. The Society's trials tt
Reading may be inspected on Wednesday,
August 2. Visitors should communicate with
Processor Percival, University College, Reading.

Horticultural Club.— About seventy mem
bers and friends visited the Wisley Gardens ou
Thursday, July 20, and spent an enjoyable hour
in this Surrey woodland. The party was conveyed
by special saloon carriages to Wey bridge, where
brakes were in readiness for the drive to Wisley
After an inspection of the Royal Horticultural
Society's garden, lunch was served at the Hut
Hot 1. The drive was resumed through beautiful
lanes to Chertsey, where a launch was waiting to
continue the journey to Kingston. Here brakes
were a^ain in readiness to take the party, at the
kind invitation of Mr. James Walker, to his
charming garden on Ham Common. The magni-
ficent fruit-houses were inspected, and a delight-
ful hour spent m the grounds, where refreshments
were provided. There were several guests, among
fiein Mr. Arderne from South Africa. Among
those present were Mr. H. J. Veitch and Mrs.
Veitch, Mr. Arthur Sotton, Mr. W. A. Bilnet
(who was heartily thanked for his kindness iu
helping forward the arrangements), Mr. H. B.
Mat, Mr. Geo. Monro, Mr. A. Watkins, Mr. G.
Ingram, Mr. G. Gokdon, »nd Mr. Asbee.

* LUiuM « iteha-iMiue. HYj.QC.ut in Morot, Journal de
|ue vi (l*-)i p. 318.

92

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 20, 1905.

Visit to Monifieth Nurseries. — In the

Dundee Courier for July 24 appeared a description
of a visit of inspection from agriculturists and
others to the nurseries of Messrs. W. P. Laird &
Sinclair, Ltd., Monifieth, near Dundee. We
axe informed that the newest varieties of Potatos
to the number of forty are being tested there
this year. Golden Wonder, Highlander, Con-
quering Hero. Eldorado, Sim Gray, Pearl,
Diamond, Money Maker, Duchess of Cornwall,
and many other well-known varieties are making
fine growth and looking well. Mr. Colin
MacPherson's three new varieties, introduced
by this firm last year, namely, The MacPherson,
New Victoria, and Early Champion, are said to be
looking well.

Accident to Mr. George Cuthbert.—
Those of our readers who know the very kindly
disposition of Mr. George Cuthbert, Sen., head
of the firm of R. & G. Cuthbert, nurserymen ,
Southgate, will hear with great regret that he
sustained a very serious accident on the 24th
inst. While attempting to stop a runaway horse
and van which had been unloading at the
premises, Mr. Cuthbert was knocked down, and
his foot being caught in the front wheel, was
dragged for a distance of about 25 yards, and
frequently dashed against the kerbing of the
path. Though Mr. Cuthbert's clothes were torn
to pieces, no bones were broken, but the shock is
naturally a very severe one. The condition of
the patient is described as being as good as
could be expected.

"BRITISH Trees."— Messrs. Hutchinson &
Co. are bringing out in fortnightly parts a book
bearing this title. The trees are drawn and
described by Rex Vicat Cole. The work is
beautifully illustrated and well got up. Artists
often see plants with very different eyes from
botanists, hence it is not at all uncommon for an
artistic representation to be unrecognisable from
a botanical point of view. This cannot be said
of Mr. Vicat Cole's drawings. The landscape
views are delightful, and the botanical details so
accurately rendered as to satisfy the most fas-
tidious. The text is similarly correct, though in
his desire to avoid technicalities the author lias
often to employ a sentence where a word or two
would suffice. It is not the people who really seek
information and knowledge that object to scien-
tific phraseology. The student soon gets accus-
tomed to it and recognises its necessity. The
present part is concerned solely with the common
Ash ; its varieties are not mentioned.

Royal Botanic Society. — Considerable
difference of opinion exists amongst the Fellows
as to the expediency of accepting, as a means of
improving the financial position of the Society,
the pending proposal of the Council to increase
the Fellows' annual subscription from 2 to 3 gs.
In many quarters it is thought that this proposal
will, if carried, make the position worse, and that
the necessity for such a change would not exist
if more popular methods of management were
adopted. Several Fellows who hold this view
intend to support a resolution for the appoint-
ment of a committee of inquiry, which will be
moved by Mr. J. S. Rubinstein at the Fellows'
meeting to be held in the Gardens at 4.45 on
Friday, July 28. We cannot chronicle the result
till next week.

Salvia dichroa has afforded a splendid
spectacle with Mr. Fitzherbert at King's Wear.
It is over 8 feet high, with hundreds of flower-
spikes.

" The Art of Conserving," by Verb
Galway. (John & Ed. Bumpus, Ltd., Oxford
Street, W.)— Viscountess Galwat has filled a
little book about conserving fruits and vegetables

that should prove useful to all who wish to accept
her offer and have Plum-tart at Christmas and
K aspberries-and-cream in March. The apparatus
recommended is a German one, made by one
Herr Leonhard, and known by him as a Frisc-
halter. Briefly, it is a scheme for sealing fruits,
&c, in closely sealed jars and Pasteurising it.
Viscountess Galwat remarks that the excellent
bottled vegetables procurable abroad are prepared
when the vegetables are young. She adds : " I
am assured that most of the Peas are preserved at
Metz, which is the great Pea-growing centre.
We are much too fond of large vegetables, and
until we cultivate the small French vegetables,
such as Carrots the length of one's finger, and
the small soft Pea and delicate French Bean, I
fear our efforts in vegetable conserving will be
not all successful, as it is impossible to kill the
germ without otherwise boiling the Pea." Apart
from the last sentence we agree with these
remarks ; English market growers too often sacri-
fice quality to quantity. The recipes seem excel-
lent, and have been tested by the writer ; but the
translator is not always sufficiently careful as to
grammar. We read everywhere here of litres
and grammes, and only find the British cook's
equivalent for them in one place, yet the reading
of a Centigrade thermometer is always translated
into Fahrenheit. It must not be overlooked that
the preservation of certain fish and savories is
also mentioned in this little book.

Impatiens Holstii is doing well in the open-
air with Mr. Gumbleton at Queenstown.

Sir Edmund LODER'sGARDENatLeonardslee,
Horsham, Sussex, is a most interesting one, and
contains many tender species which Sir Edmund
has succeeded in acclimatising there. Our corre-
spondent Mr. W. A. Cook, late gardener at
Shirley Park, Croydon, has been appointed to take
charge of Sir Edmusd's garden as from July 12.

The Faraday House Journal.— This is
the official publication of the Electrical Standard-
ising, Testing, and Training Institution known
as Faraday House. The July number of the
Journal chronicles the moving of the Association
into larger and more convenient premises in
Southampton Row, and it contains pictures of
the old and of the new Faraday House, and
portraits of the members of the Board of Control.

Garden City Association.— We learn from
The Oarden Cily, which is the official organ of
the Association of that name, that an exhibition
of Cheap Cottages was to be held in Garden City.
The cottages were to be such as are most appro-
priate for the housing of garden citizens. The
Duke of Devonshire opened the Exhibition on
July 25. Detailed information on the subject is
to be obtained from the Secretary, Mr. W.
Cooper, 347, Birkbeck Bank Chambers, Holborn,
W.C.

Turnip-seed Case.— Mr. Justice Bucknill
has recently given judgment in a case where a
farmer brought an action against a firm of seeds-
men for breach of contract in supplying the
plaintiff with something that was not what he
expected it to be. The seedsmen relied on the
now familiar exemption clause in their invoices,
and the judge found in their favour with costs.
The case was one of " sporting," which, as every-
one knows, is very common among Brassicaceous
plants. It by no means follows that the seeds-
men are to blame in such cases, for, as a general
rule, they exercise great caution to prevent acci-
dental admixture. Their reputation is at stake,
and the fierce competition that now exists is a
great safeguard to the purchaser. Whether the
" sport " in this case originated from accidental
cross-breeding, from reversion, or natural varia-

tion, was beyond the powei of tho judge to-
decide, but, at any rate, he has absolved the
seedsmen from responsibility in the matter.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. — .Annual Report on
the Government Cinchona Plantation awl Factory in Bengal,
for the year 1903-4, by Colonel Prain, I.M.S. There has
been an increased out-turn of quinine and cinchonit-
dine, but less cinchona febrifuge was required than in
the previous year.— Annual Seporl of the Royal Botanies
Harden, Calcutta, for 1904 5. Among the chief out-door-
works of the year were the deepening of several of the
tanks, and alterations in the gardens. Colonel Prain
and Mr. Druuunoncl completed their investigations inti i
the species of Agaves. The herbarium is greatly im-
proved by the addition of new cabinets, and the library
has also been enlarged. It is desirable that the botanic-
staff should be increased, as the work becomes in-
creasingly heavy.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

STANHOPEA DEVONIENSIS, Lindl^
A Natural Hybrid ?

I have received from Mr. P. Wolter, Magde-
burg, our zealous and skilful German hybridist.
the flower of a Stanhopea he has raised by
crossing S. tigrina, Lindl. x S. insignis, Frost.
Unfortunately he does not remember which was-
the seed-bearing plant, but he is quite sure of the-
plants themselves and of the correctness of the-
names. I was highly astonished to find that the-
bybrid is exactly and in every respect like the
Duke of Devonshire's Stanhopea, figured more than
sixty years ago by J. Lindley in his Sertitm-
Orchidaeeum, Plate I. In this figure the blade or
epichilium had an undivided apex, whilst it is in
fact t hree-pointed, an error already pointed out
by Reichenbach in the Xenia Orchidacea, I.-,
p. 119 (and repeated in Walper's Annates, VI. ^
p. 586). It is remarkable that already Dr.
Lindley was astonished at the close resem-
blance of S. devoniensis with the two othei-
species (the supposed parents). In his valuable
work Folia Orchidacea, Pt. I. (Stanhopea), he
adds to the Litin text some interesting remarks.
He says: " Kesembles S. tigrina, from which it
is distinguished by the slightly divided epichih
and almost wingless column. To S. insignis it
approaches in form, although so different in
colour ; but the hypochil is very deep, broader
than long, and prominent in front instead of
being pressed backwards. The flowers are ex-
tremely sweet-scented, yellow with deep crimson
blotches; the lip is white with a few spots here-
and there, and a deep purple stain over half the
hypochil. ... I am indebted to General Dorier-
for a variety with a deep blood-red hypochil, saidi
to come from (iuatemala." Thus Dr. Lindley's.
text, and I have nothing to add to this master-
piece of description.

The native country of S. tigrina is without any
doubt Mexico, where this striking plant already
in olden times of Montezuma had the tongue-
breaking name " Coatzonte Coxoahitl," and alsc-
for S. devoniensis the Central American source-
is stated, but S. insignis is of doubtful origin.
From the days of Botanical Register until our
days, Brazil is said to be the native country, but
even Dr. Cogniaux, the author of the most recent
and exhaustive monograph of Brazilian Orchids,
says, "Habitat in Brasilia, loco hand indicato'~
< " Grows in Brazil, but nobody knows the-
place"), and he cited Loddiges, the author of
the Botanic Register, and M. Gaudichaud, as-
authorities for his statement. Moreover the
habitat " Brazil " is extremely vague and quite-
worthless. Other authorities declare the plant
to be a native of the Peruvian Andes, but
Lindley asserts, in the Folia Orchid , I.e., p. 7, that
the Peruvian plant is not S. insignis, but S.
Bucephalus. Under these circumstances, and
considering the well-known carelessness of early
collectors and importers in respect to the habitat

July 2!>, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

93

•of their plants, it is not impossible tbat S.
insignis is a native of Central America. The
amount of doubtful notes about the native habitats
of Stanhopeas cannot be better illustrated than by
the fact that of twenty-three species quoted by
Keichenbaeh in the sixth volume of Walper's
Annales, no fewer than nine are of uncertain
•origin. " Allata esse dicitur e Mexico,"
•■' Brasilia," *' Guatemala," and other similar
notes occur very often. After all, the flower
at hand is so exactly similar to the typical S.
■devoniensis that the most hair-splitting descrip-
tion c innot show any real difference, and we are
■indebted to Mr. P. Wolter for this unintentional
•but nevertheless very interesting result of his
■efforts. Dr. Krandin, Be'lin.

attached, and in summer whole streets of fore-
courts are gay with flowers,

It is only within comparatively recent years
that the Corporation of Norwich has taken up
public gardening. The principal of the city
gardens is Chapel Field. It is a spacious tri-
angular enclosure containing five avenues of
Elms and Limes. Formerly a dismal waste, it
was railed-in about 1SG6, but no attempt was
made to cultivate it until about a quarter of a
century ago, when it was re-turfed, flower-beds
were formed and shrubs pUnted, and it was then
used as a public park. For some years the gar-
dening work was put out to tender, and the con-
tractor had also charge of the Castle gardens,
taken over by the city upon the discontinuance

appointment was conferred upon Mr. James
Ward. Under that gentleman's management a
great improvement has already been effected
in all the parks and gardens.

Chapel Field, the most popular as well as the
mo3t important of the public gardens of Norwich,
has never been more beautiful. From early
spring to late summer there is a remarkably
brilliant display of flowers. There is no carpet-
bedding in the gardens, but some 28,000 plants
are used, and every variety is systematically
labelled with its popular name, its order, and
habitat. Last autumn extensive work was carried
out in the formation of new beds, the re-edging
of walks, and other improvements which will
greatly tend to the development of the gardens.

Fig. 31. — view in the chapel field gardens, Norwich.

NORWICH PUBLIC GARDENS.

Norwich has long been known as " The City of
•Gardens," and the distinction is not altogether
misapplied. Evelyn, who visited it in October,
1671, says, " The suburbs are large, the prospects
aweet, with other amenities, not omitting the
(flower gardens, in which all the inhabitants
excel." The city covers a very extended area,
and behind many of the residences, even in the
main streets, there are fine pleasaunces
which, all unknown to the crowds who
throng the thoroughfares, are laid out in
quaint old-fashioned style. Every suburban villa
has its garden, and there are at least half a
-dozen residences within fifteen minutes' walk of
the city which stand in park-like grounds.
Many artisans' dwellings have garden-ground

of the Castle as the county prison. Then, through
the action of the Norwich Playing-fields and
Open-spaces Committee, other areas were trans-
ferred to the Corporation, including four church-
yards which have been transformed into gardens,
and last year, through the munificence of a
private individual, an additional pleasure-ground,
the Woodlands Park, passed into their keeping.

To the north- east of the city is Mousehold
Heath, of 300 acres, which has been planted with
trees and shrubs, and intersected with rural
walks and roads. Minor places of public resort
are Waterloo Park and Gildencroft Gardens.

Eather more than two years ago the Corpora-
tion, in consequence of the great extension of this
part of their public work, decided to discontinue
the contract system, and placed the whole of the
gardens under a Parks Superintendent. The

The Cistle gardens are situate in what was
the rnoit of the ancient stronghold. The Castle
itself has been converted into a museum, and its
precincts laid out a3 a garden. Upwards of
10,000 plants are planted out in the Castle and
museum gardens. At Waterloo Park 30,000
Wallflowers are planted for flowering in spring,
and the extent of the work in the other
gardens, &c, may be estimated from the following
figures : Gildencroft and St. Augustine's Church-
yard, 12,000 plants; Hay market (open space),
1.8G0; Isolation Hospital Grounds and Garden,
7,000; St. John de Sepulchre Churchyard, 5.000
St. Clement's Churchyard, 4,500; St. Saviour's
Churchyard, 3,000. The pot plants at the cab
shelters, the plants in the shrubberies at Prince
of Wales' Eoad, St. Catherine's Plain, and St.
Andrew's Hall Plain, brings the total number

u

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 20, 1905-.

to 101,560. Mr. Ward also has the superinten-
dence of the Norwich Officials' bowling-green, the
Riverside Road slopes, the Carrow Bridge Garden,
and the Corporation Nurseries.

Norwich has the unenviable reputation of being
one of the most heavily rated municipalities in
the United Kingdom, but the citizens do not
object to the increased expenditure involved by
the development of its public gardens, and
probably no work is more appreciated than that
of the Parks Superintendent. Correspondent.

FUNKIAS.

As hardy border plants or in appropriate
corners of the rockery, there are few firer
subjects than the Funkias, and among them tbe
finest is F. Sieboldi (fig. 32). The bold glaucous
foliage and the conspicuous fragrant pale lilac
blossoms are most attractive. No special cultiva-
tion is require! ; but it must be remembered that
snails appreciate the plant as much as we do. In
our own experience we have found it difficult to
keep the Funkias to ourselves. For tbe photo-
graph we are indebted to Miss Wallace, of
Ardnamore, Donegal.

LEAVES FROM MY CHINESE
NOTE-BOOK.

{Continued from p. 66.)

Hay 8. — To-day's journey was through
new country to me, my highest point hitherto
having been the Hsin-Lung-Tan. The country
in some respects resembled that around Ichang,
the hills having the same pyramidal shape.
Forts or redoubts were common, crowning the tops
of the higher hills. These date back to the
time of the Taiping disturbance.

The character of the flora began to change
somewhat. I gathered several frc-sh plants to-
day, including —

llouttuynia cordate, Lyslmachia Henryi, Liguslrum
sineuse, Saxifraga sarmentosa, Cataloa Kaempferi,
Populusadeuopoda,Bischofiajd.vaniei, and Kofi. reuteria
bipinnata.

This was the first time I have seen the
Koelreuteria in the actual Yang-tsze valley, and
the same remark applies to th<3 Bischofia. The
latter grows to a large size, and is known as the
•' Wu-yang" amongst the Chinese. The wood is
soft and of little value.

I also noted a Euphorbiaceous tree allied to
Sapium which was quite new to me. Its bright
orange - coloured leaves made it conspicuous ;
these were the old leaves about to be replaced by
new ones. It only grows 10 to 15 feet high. Its
seeds are used medicinally in cases of diarrhcoa.
It is the " Pa-tou " tree of the Chinese. Deutzia
scabra was very common to-day on the cliffs.
Cupressus funebris was particularly abundant,
giving the hillside the appearance of being well
wooded. Clumps of sma 1 Pines occurred at
intervals.

Silkworm raising is a common industry. I
looked into one house where there were thou-
sands of the worms in large trays being fed.
The room was frightfully stuffy and the air
foul. I very quickly made my exit. Toe worms
were fed on the leaves of the Mulberry (Morus
alba), which by the way has black fruits here-
abouts. These fruits are much smaller than
those of Morus nigr. , but quite equal to them in
flavour.

We encountered no rapids of any consequence
to-day, and made good progress — 30 miles. We
moored for the night about 12 miles below Wan
Hsien. The day was the hottest we have had so
lar; at 3 p.m. it was 87° F. in my cabin. The
crew rested for a couple of hours after noon on
account of the fieio sun.

May 0. — We made our usual early start ; reached
the city of Wan at 2.30 p.m., and moored well above
the town. Near the east end of the city the
river takes a bend almost at right-angles. The
left bank is strewn with huge boulders, and the
right is a sloping shingle-bank. Wan is unques-
tionably the most beautiful city on the Yang-tsze,
being picturesquely situated on the sides and
summits of a number of hills arranged in a half-
circle. Many Banyan and other trees give it a
peaceful air, and the number of junks moored
here testify to its great commercial importance.
Several finepagodas built on lofty eminences ensure
good luck for the town. The hillsides around
are all highly cnltiva'ed, and in March are one
mass of yellow " Rape " Of this so - called
"Rape" there are two distinct kinds — one with
lyrate, and the other with amplexicaul leaves,

It is undoubtedly one of the most valuable-
timbers in Central and Western China. The
tree is exceedingly common from Ichang west-
ward, both in the immediate vicinity of the
river and on the mountains north and south up
to 3,000 feet altitude. Its handsome appearance
is well deserving of Fortune's eulogy (see
Gardeners' Chronicle, 18S0, p. 228). This Cypress
deserves the attention of the authorities of the
Hong Kong Botanic Gardens in particular for
planting in the new territory of Kowloon ; and
not only ought it to be largely planted there, but
in other of our colonies with a warm temperate
or sub-tropical climate. Not only is the timber-
valuable for boat-building, bu1; also for house-
building and general carpentry. Cupressus
funebris is certainly one of the handsomest and
most useful of all the Asiatic Conors.

Fig. 32.— fknkia sieboldj, from a Donegal garden.

called respectively the "great" and "little"
Kape. The latter is the earliest and less grown
of the two. Wan is considered halfway to
Chungking, and a feed of pork for the crew is
the usual custom. I had hoped to get a little
further to-day, but the Fates in the shape of the
crew willed otherwise, and I was forced to be
content to remain here till the following day.

Here our useful little lifeboat It ft us and
returned to Ichang. The crew of this boat were
good-natured and obliging, and went about their
work in a quiet and businesslike manner, a
pleasant contrast to the crew of my boat, who
were for ever shouting or quarrelling. I gave
them the customary present of silver, and they
seemed very well pleased.

Close to where we were moored the people were
busy building boats. With the exception of a
few slabs of Oak-wood athwartships, these boats
are built entirely from the timber of Cupressus
funebris The timber, which is very close -
grained, is known as " Peh-mu," " White- wood."

Planted near some graves I noted several trees
of what I take to be the Thuya plicata, mentioned
by Dr. Masters in the Ind, x Florue Sinensis (Journal
of the Linnean Society), vol. xxvi , p. 540.

The only fresh plants to day were Tnalietruin
minus var , Scutellaria rivularis, and Lonicera
affinis. Tae Honeysuckle is near L. japonica,
but differs in having glabrous leaves aud more
slender flowers in much larger corymbs. I only
saw one plant trailing over a cliff.

Pears and Plum trees are common around Wan.
Loquats were ripe, and we bought some excellent
Cherries. The crops continued to be the same as
those already mentioned, and sun was badly needed
to harvest them. O w ing to tbe long-contin ued rain
the officials have forbidden the killing of flesh or
fowl and the capturing of fisb, in order to appease
the angry god. Thus we were unable to replenish
our larder, though we were badly in need of
supplies. The pork for the crew was obtained
surreptitiously under cover of night.
(To be continued.)

July 21', 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

95

THE METFORD LEMON.

On a former occasion we had an opportunity
of figuring the fruit of this variety, remarkable
for its large size (see Gardeners' Chronicle, April 28,
1900, p. 267). That it is also worthy of notice as a
decorative plant for the conservatory is sho » n by
our illustration (fig. 33) of the tree as growing in
the temperate-house at Kew. The photograph was
obligingly forwarded to us by Mr. C. P. Riffil).

teristic mcttling of C. Chambsrlainianum. The
flowers are produced in succession ; the scape is
erect, 1 foot to 15 inches in height, and densely
covered with whitish hairs. The dorsal sepal is
rounded in form, of a brownish-green in the centre,
shading to a whitish-green at the edge. The
petals are spreading, twisted, and almost linear,
about 2 inches in length, with a distinct ciliate
margin ; the ground colour is white, which is densely
blotched with red- brown. The pouch is rose-

FlG. 33.— THE METFORD LEMON IN THE TEMPERATE-HOUSE
OF THE ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

KEW NOTES.

CTpKiPEDInM glaucophyllum, Smith.— A plant
of this recently-introduced species is now flower-
ing in the Orchid-house. It is a native of Java
and was first discovered and described about five
years ago. The Kew plant was obtained from
Messrs. Sander & Sons, St. Albans, in the early
paitof the present year, and since that time it
has grown vigorously, having all the appearance
ol being a strong, robust-growing species. It is
allied to C. Chamberliinianum, which it resembles
somewhat in general appearance, though it is
totally distinct. The leaves are fleshy and dis-
tinctly glaucous, abcu-, 8 inches in JeDgth by
2i inches in breadth, without any of the charac-

coloured at first, turning to violet-purple with
age. A flowi-r of tbis charming species is figured
in the Orchid Reiitv: (fig. 44) for July of this
year.

Stnandrospadix vekmitoxicvs, Engler.

This extraordiniry Aroid is now in flower in
the Begonia-house. It is a native of Tucuman,
where tbe tubers are said to attain to a weight of
4 lb. Tney are very much like those of an
Anioiphophallus, except that they are rather
ruore globular in form. In this genus the leaves
and flowers are produced at the same time, not,
as in some allied genera, wherein the leaf succeeds
the inflorescence. The strong petiole is a foot or

more in length ; the blade is cordate-acuminate
in form, 1 foot to 18 inches in length. The in-
florescence is borne on a stout, erect peduncle,
0 inches in height. The spathe is 6 inches long
by 4 inches broad, of a dark brown-red colour on
the inner surface, and densely marked all over
with almost black linear markings ; the outer
surface of the spathe is deep green. The spadix
is very thick, almost as long as the spathe, and
of the same brown-red colour. The species was
figured in the Botanical Magazine, t. 7242. W. if.

NURSERY NOTES.

SWEET PEAS.
I was recently at Marks Tey, where Messrs-
Dobbie & Co. have established a large seed-farm,
and in the company of Mr. Cuthbertson, the head
of this firm, I was much interested in all the
various crops of seeds which were being grown.
It was the Sweet Peas, however, that I went to
see, and the sight of these was well worth the
journey. More than four acres of ground are
devoted to the culture of Sweet Peas for seed ■.
but it was the trial-ground, where only a limited
number of each sort was grown for trial, that in-
terested me most. Mr. Cuthbertson pointed ont
to me that their aim was to supply seed as true to
character as possible, and such as they were unable
to grow themselves in the first year were given a
trial before offering them to the public.

In the trial-ground it was proved beyond
doubt that Countess Spencer was very sportive.
In the rows of this variety there could be seen
more variation than in any other sort, and
probably several other varieties which have since
been named have come from this parentage.
Coming to Gladys Unwin, we found a slight
variation here and there, but generally the stock
was very true, and proves that this is a variety
worthy of attention, for in addition to most sterna
producing four flowers on each, it is remarkably
vigorous and free-flowering.

Coming to the standard varieties which have
stood the test for market culture, I found Lady
Grizel Hamilton very good ; but I think that
Miss Philbrick, which is similar, but of a still
more pleasiDg shade, will supersede the older
favourite, for as seen at Marks Tey it was cer-
tainly one of the best we have. Of the deeper
shades, Hannah Dale was one of the best;
it is a colour difficult to describe, for the deep
purple has a peculiar tinge of red in it. D. R.
Williamson is undoubtedly an improvement or*
Countess Cadogan. Orange Countess closely
resembles the variety Helen Lewis, which gained
a First-class Certificate and the Silver Medal of
the National Sweet Pea Society this season. Mr.
Cuthbertson has made some selections from the
best varieties, and has already a decidedly im-
proved form of Lord Eosebery, which is one of
our best Sweet Peas. Other sorts are being looked
after in the same way, and from what I saw when-
going round I feel there is no doubt that we may-
get better results from careful selection than from
all the cross-breeding that can be done.

We already have too many varieties, but what
we want is the best standard sorts kept up to their
present standard, or improved upon, and it is only
by careful selection that this can be done. I do-
not mean to say we could not find room for slightly
varied shades of colour, but we must look for the
best results from carefully weeding out all that
show signs of deterioration, and saving the stock
seed from the very best types of the various
sorts. In my early experience of all seed-saving
it was the practice to take a few of the very best
plants for sowing, and while ensuring the best for
ordinary sale we were keeping up the type, if not
improving it, from year to year ; and this is what
is being done at Marks Tey. A. H.

'J 6

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 29, 1905;

GARDEN NOTES.

The " Ballards," Shirley, the residence of
C. H. Goschen, Esq., is situated on the top of the
far-famed Shirley and Addington Hills, and
commands a splendid view of the surrounding
country on the one side, and of London and its
suburbs on the other. There is a kitchen and fruit
garden of about 3 acres, situated on a south slope,
surrounded by high walls, where some excel-
lent crops are secured. Gardening is not carried
out to such an extent as it was a few years ago,
but some relics of the past show -what has been
accomplished. The pyramidal fruit-trees, Apple
and Pear, are wonderfully good, and usually
carry fine crops, this year being no exception. I
noticed, fit to cut, some fine rows of Veitch's
Kxtra Early Cauliflower, which were sown in
March of the present season ; excellent rows of
Veitch's Criterion Pea, quite the best I have seen
in the district, and a fine batch of Yeitch's
Golden Ball Lettuce. Over 1,U00 plants of Royal
Sovereign Strawberry are forced each year, and
there is a good bed of plants in the open garden.
Peaches and Nectarines and Grapes are looking
well, especially a house of Muscat of Alexandria,
which have been planted twenty-eight years, and
have never failed to yield a good crop of fruits.
Mr. Whittle, the present gardener, has had
charge of the gardens for more than a quarter of
a century. The lawns are well cared for, and on
a gentle slope the shrubs and trees present a fine
picture.

" Hbathfteld," Shirley.

This is the residence of H. Goschen, Esq.
The gardening is principally outside gar-
dening. All the lavms have nice slopes, and
are dotted with flower-beds Bulbs abound
everywhere. A neat little rockery has recently
been formed, which bids fair to add materi-
ally to the interest and beauty of the garden.
The mansion is covered with climbers. There
are some fine examples of Rambler Roses trained
in different shapes. I noticed some very good
Iris and Chelone barbata in the herbaceous
borders, and a fine lot of Chrysanthemums.

In the kitchen-garden the crops were looking
well, especially Potatos and Asparagus. Several
ever-flowering beds on the lawn are most useful.
One bed contained mixed Tulips, Iris, Lilium
barbatum, and Tritoma Uvaria, so that there is a
constant show of flowers without having to
rearrange the bed. An Ivy-covered arbour or
tunnel is interesting. In the greenhouses were
fine batches of Gloxinias and Streptocarpus,
which flourish well under the care of the head
gardener, Mr. Fry. W. A. Cook, Leoiiardslee
Gardens, Horsham.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the
opinions expressed by his Correspondents.)
CUCUMBER "SPOT." — I enclose for your
inspection a few shoots of Cucumber plants
having a few old leaves that had been affected
with the " spot " disease and several young leaves
made on the same shoots since the affected plants
had been vaporised with sulphur on July 8. You
will please observe that the young leaves are, so
far as I can see, quite free from thedisease, which
in the case of affected plants during the two
previous years attacked every young leaf as soon
as it began to unfold. Thus it will be seen that
the sulphur-vapour will not only prevent the
"spot" disease from attacking Cucumber plants,
but that it will also destroy the actual spot itself
if applied in time. The house in which the "spot"
appeared on the plants is L' t feet wide, and in
addition to a row of plants set on ridges running
pirallel with the side walls, two rows of plants
were planted in a ridge formed on the 4-feet-
wide pathway, and trained up an X - shaped
trellis, the top ends of the frame - work
being screwed to the rafters, and the bottom
ends let into the ground under the hot-water

pipe on either side pathway. No. 14 galvanised
wire was strained and fastened thereto, and
the two rows of plants set anglewise in
planting in order to afford more space for
training up the lower part of the sharp-angled
trellis, which benefits equally by the morning
and afternoon sun. Very little fire-heat was
afforded this house, and after the trellises had
been pretty well furnished and the plants
showed signs of exhaustion, I purposely re-
laxed the precautionary measures observed in
order to be able to test the efficacy of the
vaporising sulphur machine on affected leaves.
The spot, as might be expected in the circum-
stances indicated, appeared on the plants grown
under less favourable conditions on the X-shaped
trellis. The plants were cleared off to-day to
make room for a fresh batch of plants growing
on in 32-size pots, a little lime being forked into
the ridges before setting the plants thereon.
Unfortunately for the purpose of sending you
fresher samples of leaves, the plants were pulled
and exposed to the sun a Ehort time before I
went to obtain specimens of growth to send for
editorial inspection and opinion. However, I
hope those sent herewith will answer the
purpose. [Corroborated. Ed.] E. W. Ward.

RED CURRANTS. — We are in danger of getting
a little mixed over Red Currants. Various
persons, in getting hold of such fine-fruiting
varieties as La Versaillaise, La Fertile, Red
Cherry, Fay's Prolific, or by whatever names
these large fruiters may be known in commerce,
hastily jump to the conclusion that they have
something novel, and then give them names.
Mr. Harrison Weir refers to "Comet." Why is it
that neither Messrs. Veitch nor Messrs. Bunyard
catalogue it? Simply because they have found it
to be, as Messrs. Bunyard state in their list, the
same as Fay's Prolific. Mr. Harrison Weir also
refers to one named Star of the North, very pos-
sibly, by the description he gives of its growth,
Li Versaillaise. So recently as the 8th inst. a
large-fruited variety was put before the Fruit
Committee with a new name, but it was an old
variety. I trust now there is ample room at
Wisley a plantation of all the lied Currants in
commerce will be made to clear away these
objectionable synonyms. A. D.

STAGING CARNATIONS AND PICOTEES— Like
all florists' flowers, such as Dahlias, Tulips,
Chrysanthemums, &c, Carnations are so arranged
as to exhibit the best shape and quality of
petal, form, and colour, irrespective of any
artistic effect. I do not see why the florist should
not have a little of hi-! own way in the manner in
which he stages his flowers. In connection with
all special societies we have to listen to annual
bewailings by some persons who are not
florists themselves and cannot possibly have any
sympathy with the ways of the florist. If every
Society which is wishful to encourage the extended
growth of the Carnation were to institute classes
for other exhibits than the stiffly-arranged flowers
they would do much to encourage the extended
growth of the flower. If classes should be provided
tor bunches of Carnations and Picotees arranged
a3 grown with Carnation foliage, splendid exhibits
would then be forthcoming, showing well the value
of the flower in its true decorative sense. At our
small local show, in a neighbourhood where Car-
nations are highly prized, there used to be classes
for individual blossoms which were scantily filled
and little admired ; but since bunches have been
encouraged we can always reckon upon a good
entry and an attractive display. E. M.

CAM PANULATURBIN ATA "ISABEL "—Through

the kindness of Mr. Prichard I have grown a
plant of this Campanula and am delighted with
it. In growth, freedom of flower, colour and
natural tendency to exhibit its blossoms to the
best advantage, I think " Isabel " is much the
finest of dwarf-growing Campanulas, even better
than C. Raineri, which is so difficult to obtain
true to name, and is not so good for the rockery
or for an edging to a path. E. Molyneux.

TRILLIUM GRANDIFLORUM— In my garden
here I grow two fairly large beds of Trillium
grandiflorum, which bloom freely and produce
ripe seeds in quantity each year. About two

years ago I instructed my gardener to sow this
seed, which he did in a shal.ow box and placed it
in a cold-frame. None of the seed germinated
during the first year, but this year, being more
than two years from the date of sowing, about
half a dozen young plants appeared, and these
have now all disappeared for the season or from
decay. I may say some of the seeds have been
placed in heat without the slightest effect in the
way of germination. As I have a quantity of
Trillium seed now ripening, I shall be obliged if
any reader can give me a hint as to the best way
to hasten the germination of this seed. 0. 0.
Wrigley, Wansfell, Windermere, J-uly 24, 1905.

SCENTS IN A MENTONE GARDEN.— As I spend

much time in my little Mentone garden, and as
that garden is, as all are, full of scents, I have
fallen into a habit of thinking about them as I
work, comparing them and noting their qualities,
and the memories or ideas they evoke. Some are
powerful, some delicate and elusive, some sugges-
tive of far-away England, and some of still more
far-away childhood. One of the most delicious
scents, spicy rather than sweet and cloying, like
the Narcissus and Hyacinth, of which one wants
rather a whiff than a prolonged draught, is that
of Clematis montana, which for some weeks is
one large sheet of bloom. This and many another
scent are only to be described when in the future
the subject has been systematised and the
descriptive terms settled, but it pervades a large
portion of the garden and is only surpassed in
strength by the Orange and Ltmon blossoms,
which fill not only the garden but the house, and
that day and night for a certain season. I may'
recall in this connection what a surprise I once
felt on opening my window after a very heavy
hailstorm at a time of year when these trees
were not in blossom, and yet the air seemed
full of the scent. It was, I found, that of
the leaves, bruised and battered by the hail.
What can be more like Orange-blossom (but
attenuated to a degree that requires close
proximity to smell it) than the so-called Syringa ?
It is known here by its prettier name of Citronelle.
[Two or three plants are so-called ; which is the
one intended p] The real Syringa is, of course,
the Lilac, which has very little scent in my
garden. In hot and sunny times the Heliotrope
breathes odours reminiscent of the childish name
of Cherry-pie. The great white and blue Irises
again are to me redolent of a certain period of my
childhood, when I had, among other "treasures,"
a strange hard piece of wood, or what seemed such,
which on being scraped gave out a strange smell.
It came to me from some deceased elder member
of my family, and I was told it was called Orris-
root. In later times 1 discovered that Orris and
Iris were the same thing, and when I am cutting
off dead heads among my Irises I smell that
Orris-root once more. 1 am thankful that only
(J inches or so now remain of what was once a
large specimen of the evil-smelling Eucalyptus.
Very healthy, they tell me. Yes ; so are tar-
soap, chloride of lime, and other disinfecting
things, but never will I grow it in a garden.
It " wafteth perfume o'er us which few
can e'er forget." Coronilla glauca I grow, and
overlook, so to speak, its powerful, rather rue-
like smell on account of its fine masses of yellow
blossoms in the spring, followed by its curious
claw - like seed - vessels. The Garlics again,
which insist on thrusting themselves in
where they are not waated like intrusive
acquaintances, give me many an unpleasant
moment, either when I dig them up or merely
tread then; down accidentally. Identical in scent
with these are the really lovely Triteleias, which
must always be planted well away from the edge
of the flower-beds, since, sweet as they are to
look at, a brushing skirt is enough to fill the air
with a perfume of a most undesirable kind.
Among the plants in my gardens which require
handling to make themselves obvious to the sense
of smell are the ever-sweet Lemon . Verbena
(Aloysia), scented Pelargoniums, and the very
characteristically - scented Nasturtiums, which
here grow so rampantly that they have to be
kept down with a firm hand lest they should
strangle all around them. They have a curious
pungent odour unlike that of any other plant I
know. The Loquat, or Japanese Medlar, when in
bloom has a smell quite its own ; so hive the

July 29, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

97

Jasmine and the Japanese Honeysuckle — the
latter not a bit like those grown in England. I
will not dwell on Mignonette or Violets, nor can
I venture on the large field of the Roses, for here
a whole chapter would be needed. It is a re-
markable thing, it seems to me, if it be true that
all cultivated Roses come from two or three
original stocks, that the scents of various kinds
are so peculiar that I doubt not that a little
study would enable us to classify them by scent,
and to know them in the dark. When the Roses
are over the garden scents are at an end, for
here in Mentone "the winter flower is to the
winter sweet," and with this J make my bow and
resume my digging. H. A. Freeman, Parkside,
Bromley, Kent.

ESPALIER-TRAINED APPLE-TREES.— Is there

growing up a greater taste for flat-trained Apple-
trees than has for a long time been evidenced ?
The popular bush-tree has for many years been
most favoured in gardens, and has rendered great
service in fruit production. Probably our Apple
exhibitions now owe more to dwarf or bush trees
for the fine fruit seen than to any other form of
tree. But when in the fine kitchen gardens at
Hackwood Park, Basingstoke, recently, I saw
that during the past few years no fewer than
some eighty espalier-trained trees, nearly all
on the Paradise stock, had been planted, my mind
naturally turned to the great value in gardens
of this type of tree. I also wondered whether
what was there seen was to be taken as indi-
cative of a revival of a form of training and
Apple production that has for a long time
been too much neglected. That the espalier
method of training is derived from the con-
tinent there can be no doubt, and one
of the earliest recorded references to such trees
in English gardens is that of Sir William Temple,
who planted a large number in his gardens at
Sheen, Richmond, about the close of the 17th
century. It is written of these trees that after
producing abundant crops for some eighty years
they were destroyed, the ground having been pur-
chased by the Crown. That statement seems to
be proof conclusive that espalier-trained trees
were most successful. A further instance is
recorded at Twickenham, where Mr. Secretary
Johnston, towards the end of the eighteenth
century, planted many flat-trained trees both
of Apples and Pears, and those bore heavy
crops of fruit. An espalier-trained tree was
mentioned and measured in 1831, which had a
length of 99 feet from point to point of the
branches. It was also a great bearer, and had
been planted over forty years. Even now there are
many fine old espalier trees about. Oneof the finest
I have seen for along time was a tree of the variety
Lord Derby, at Madresfield Court, which several
years since produced grand crops, and no doubt
does so still. At Hackwood Park, Mr. Bowerman
found that a few trees of Lane's Prince Albert,
Warner's King, and others, as they extended,
gave him splendid fruit yearly. That led to
others being planted at the rate of a couple of
dozen or so yearly, until now the number is, as
said, about 80. The trees are planted 5 feet back
from the edges of the broad grass walks, allowing
ample room in front for dwarf flowers, herbs, or
close-growing crops. Stakes alone are used for
supports, and are probably better in some respects
than are wire trellises. Certainly at Hackwood
stout stakes are cheap. The general distance
apart of the trees is 15 feet. Of varieties
planted besides those named are Early Victoria,
Ecklinville, Peasgood's Nonsuch, Stirling Castle,
Tower of Glamis, Newton Wonder, Beauty of
Kent, Gloria Mundi, Hamburgh Seedling,
Bismarck, The Queen, Lord Grosvenor, Cox's
Pomona, and others. Kitchen Apples are in the
majority, but such good dessert sorts as Cox's
Orange Pippin, King of the Pippins, Ribston
Pippin, American Mother, Allington Pippin, and
Adam's Pearmain are included. The immobile
nature of well-secured espalier trees is most
favourable to large-fruiting varieties, as the
fruits are scarcely disturbed by wind, and can
hang a long time with entire safety. A special
reason, also, for favouring the rigid method of
training is that the trees can be so easily netted
over, not only to protect the bloom in the spring,
but also the fruit in the autumn, from the
depredations of the birds. A. D.

SOCIETIES.

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.
Scientific Committee.

Jult 18.— Present: Dr. M. T. Masters, F.R.S., in
the chair ; Dr. M. C. Cooke, Professor Boulger, Messrs.
Masaee, Gussow, Worsdell, Worsley, Saunders, and
Chittenden (Hon. Secretary).

Diseased Potato-leaf.— Br. Cooke reported on the
Potato-leaf brought by Mr. Saunders to the last
meeting :— " The black blotch on Potato-leaves bears a
superficial resemblance to that caused by Macro-
sporium Solani, but in the specimens submitted to
examination no mycelium or conidia could be detected,
the spots being entirely barren." The leaves were
curled and blotched with yellow and black.

Contorted Teasels. — Dr. Masters remarked further
upon these, that some plants, specimens of which he
showed, had after persistent pinching at last begun to
twist, a peculiarity which Prof, de Vries said was an
inherited character, but which Dr. Masters, after culti-
vating the plants {grown from seed received from
Prof. De Vries) for ten or more years, had not been
able to observe before.

Discos,:! Mulberry-leaves.— "Mr. Saunders showed
specimens of Mulberry-leaves from Algiers, apparently
attacked by some fungus, which Dr. Cooke and Mr.
Lxussitw undertook to examine.

Dry-rot in Floor-boards.— -Mrs, Davies sent speci-
mens from Deal of this too well-known trouble, caused
by the fungus Merulius lacrymans.

White Poplar with two forms of Leaves. — Mr.
Holmes sent shoots of White Poplar showing glabrous
dark green leaves on the lower part of the shoot, and
white woolly-looking ones above.

Furze Dying.— Mr. Holmes also sent twigs of
Furze, which Mr. SAUNDERS will report upon.

Insects on Biota, <h: — Mr. Wousley remarked upon
this, reported on at the last meeting by Mr. Saunders,
that many garden forms had been attacked and killed
by the insects, while the species like Juniperus chi-
nensis seemed to be little injured. He suggested that
this might be due to the decrease in vigour shown by
the vegetatively propagated varieties, as compared with
the species usually raised from seed.

NORTH LONSDALE ROSE.

July 14. During the twenty-two years of its exist-
ence the North Lonsdale Rose Society has provided the
residents in the district with many tloral treats. The
schedule this year contained several new attractions to
the grower of Roses, Sweet Peas, &c, notable amongst
which was the Challenge Shield offered as a memorial
to the late Mr. .las. Hodgson. That the extension was
justified is amply proved by the fact that the entry was
so far in advance of last \ ear ; indeed, it was a record
for the Society, and t'herston may feel proud of the
fact. The Sweet Peas also were a sight it was refreshing
to behold.

Messrs. A. Dickson & Sons and Messrs. J. Simpson
& Sons divided the honours in the nurserymen's sec-
tion for Roses, the former carrying off amongst other
prizes the "James Hodgson" Memorial Shield and the
Bronze Medal for the best Rose in the show.

In the amateur classes Mr. R. L. Garnett was the
most successful, his prizes including both the Gold and
Silver Challenge Cups (which he now takes for the
second time in succession) and a Bronze Medal for the
best Tea or Noisette.

Mr. F. J. Harrison was also a prominent winner
again, and for the third time in succession he became
the possessor of the Ulverston Urban Council Challenge
Cup. The "Myles Woodburne" Challenge Cup went
to Mr. JOHN Fkagle, of Rosside, Ulverston ; and Miss
Nina Dickson, of Newby Bridge, took away the "Mr.
Myles Kennedy " Challenge Cup.

For Sweet Peas the prizes were well distributed, both
the "J. Towers Settle" Challenge Trophies going to
Carnforth district, the winners being Mr. R. BOLTON,
Warton ; and Mr. T. Proctor, Yealand.

WIMBLEDON AND DISTRICT
HORTICULTURAL.

•Ti i.y 19. — The thirty-third annual exhibition of this
flourishing suburban Society was held, in fine weather,
on the above date, the tents and marquee which served
to shelter the exhibits being pitched in a field adjoin-
ing the Worple Road. There were the usual groups of
mixed flowering and ornamental-leaved plants, crowded
or otherwise as suited the taste of the exhibitors, and
no two were exactly alike. Another form of exhibit,
more useful perhaps than the other, consisted of two
decorated fire-places. In one of them two or three
Cattleyas were placed in the grate and Sweet Pea
blossoms in glasses on the mantel-shelf above, the in-

congruity being painfully obvious. Certain species of
foliage plants, such as Drac;enas, Pandanus, exotic
Ferns, Caladiums and Coleus were shown in
meritorious examples of cultivation ; and the
flowering plants, viz., zonal Pelargoniums, Fuchsias,
Gloxinias, and Roses, left little to be desired.
Lilium lancifolium in variety and L. auratum were
freely made use of. Tuberous-rooted Begonias and
herbaceous perennials formed an important part of the
display ; these last, being contributed mostly by the
trade, were not entered for competition. Roses' were
not very abundant, whilst Sweet Peas, on the contrary,
occupied a good deal of the available table space.

Groups of Plants to rover 50 squari f,,t in semi-
circles.— A satisfactory group was arranged by Mi. YV.
Thornton, gr. to T. E. Crocker, Esq., "Draymont,"
Vice-President. The plants chiefly employed were
Gloxinias, Francoa racemosa, Lobelia tenuior, Dra-
caenas, and Codiseums, these last of quite small
sizes. This exhibitor was awarded the 1st prize, ami
there were in all six groups of varied degrees of
effectiveness.

Groups not in the competition were set up at each
end of the marquee, that by Mr. J. Nash, Belvedere
Nursery, Wimbledon, consisted chiefly of Lilium
lancifolium album, L. 1. rubrum, L. auratum, Nico-
tiana Sanderi, Verbena Miss Willmott in considerable
numbers, arranged in small compact groups, and pink
and scarlet- flowered zonal Pelargoniums. The filling-iu
and groundwork plants consisted of Caladium argyrites
and Adiantum Capillus- Veneris. This was the most
effective group.

Tne corresponding group arranged by Messrs. D. S.
Thomson & Sons, nurserymen, Wimbledon, took a
quadrangular form, and consisted of small pyramidal
groups of various plants, such as ((olden and Silvern
Gymnogrammas, Codiseums, Rex Begonias, red-leaved
Dracfenas. the intervening spaces being filled with
dwarf Ferns and flowering sprays of Gypsophila. The
central group consisted of Caladiums, and the back
line of the panicled Hydrangea, an effective feature of
the whole.

For six tuberous Begonias (open) Mr. A. SKEGG8 was
1st with finely-flowered plants, consisting of five
double and one single- flowered varieties, Salmon
Queen and Henshaw Russell being the prettiest ones as
regards colour and form.

Single specimen plant in flower (open). — 1st, Mr. ti.
Hl'TTON for Clerodendron Ealfourianum, covered in
every part with leaves and blooms.

Roses.
Mr. Gibson, gr. to J. Wormald, Esq., Morden Park,
showed a stand of Twenty-four Single Blooms with
leaves as gathered, not fewer than eighteen varieties,
which took the 1st special prize of £2, given by Mr.
and Mrs. Percy Mortimer, Ricards Lodge, Wimbledon
Park. Very good were the blooms of Maman Cochet,
Marie Rady, Capt. Christy, Duke of Teck, Frau Karl
Druschki, kc.

For twelve Poses, Distinct, Single Blooms, with
leaves as gathered. 1st, Mr. J. Wilkins, gr. to J.
Bridgewateu, Esq., Wilton House, New Maiden,
with choice examples of Horace Vernet, U. Brunner,
F. Michelon, Marquis de Litta, and Mildred Grant.
2nd, Mr. A. Snudden, gr. to J. Jeeves, Esq., Well
House, whose flowers were of irregular size, and had
suffered much in transit. There were smaller Rose
classes, but of no great merit.

Sweet Peas.
For the best exhibit of six varieties in bunches, Mr. J.
Watson, Junior, was 1st with good robust blooms set
upon dense bunches. 2nd, Mr. C. S. Jones, whose
flowers were loosely arranged, and with their own foliage
and tendrils, a much better way of showing them.
There were special prizes for Sweet l'eas. the exhibits
pleasing as regards colour and variety, if not in the
manner of setting them up : and there were com-
petitions for four bunches numbering eight.

Fruit and Vegetables.

But few exhibits of hothouse or of out-of-doors fruits
were observed. The best three bunches of black
Grapes, shown in the open class, came from Mr. G.
Button, the variety being Black Hamburgh. The
2nd prize fell to Mr. W. Barnett, gr. to G. H. Wil-
liamson, Esq., Currie Hill, who had the same variety ;
and Mr. G. Hutton was awarded 2nd prize for three
bunches of some kind of Sweetwater, probably Foster's
Seedling.

Excellent Bellegarde Peaches were shown by Mr.
R. S. Barnett, gr., Ricards Lodge, an exhibitor who
was likewise 1st for a dish of beautiful-looking Lord
Napier Nectarines ; as also for a collection of four
dishes of fruit, showing Bellegarde Peaches, Lord
Napier Nectarine, Early Transparent Plum, and Moot-
Park Apricot. Mr. C. S. Jones, gr. to G. Hampton,
Esq., ' ixford Lodge, was 2nd in this class ; and he tool,
1st for a dish of Fillbasket Strawberries, a variety that
is being squeezed out of gardens by the larger-fruited,
more acidulous modern varieties.

Tomatos were abundantly shown, and the 1st prize for
a dish of twelve fruits was taken by Mr. J. Downing, gr.

OS

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 29, 1905.

at Dcrwent House. 2nd, Mr. B. S. Barnett, the
varieties being respectively Best of All and Satisfaction.

In the Amateurs' division, for a collection of vege-
tables consisting of six kinds, distinct, Mr. J. 0.
Sullock, Arterhury Road was 1st, his Egyptian Beets,
Oarentan and Horn Carrots, Peas, Kidney Potatos,
Tomatos and Vegetable Marrows being nice productions.

In tlie classes for vegetables many of the exhibits were
shown in competition for special prizes, and Mr. W.
Smith, gardener to S. Wilson, Esq., Old Rectory,
Wimbledon, was 1st for Messrs. Thomson & Sons'
prize for ten kinds, distinct. His Potatos, Peas,
French Beans, Tomatos and Turnips were excellent.
2nd, Mr. J. Dudley, gardener to J. C. Pink. Esq.,
with productions but little inferior to the foregoing.

Messrs. Sutton & Son's prize for six kinds, the pro-
duce of seeds supplied by the firm, was won by Mr. J.
Wii.kins with capital Tripoli Onions, Peas and
Potatos.

There were special prizes for Peas and Tomatos, and
the products shown were as a rule of more than average
quality. The favourite Tra was Duke of Albany ; and
the Tomatos consisted of Holmes' Supreme, Sutton's
Al and Princess of Wales.

NON-COMPETITIVE EXHIBITS.

Messrs. D. S. Thomson & Sons showed hardy
flowers, including the best of everything that blossoms
at this date. This firm staged likewise twenty-seven
single blooms of Roses, large and fully developed,
besides being particularly fresh-looking. They also
showed ten varieties in triplets equally good. F. At.

DURHAM, NORTHUMBERLAND, &
NEWCASTLE BOTANICAL AND
HORTICULTURAL.

July 19, 20, 21. — The summer show at Newcastle
was held under exceptionally favourable conditions in
respect to weather, the attendance being almost a
record one for the Society. The exhibits were gene-
rally above the usual standard, and competition was
keen in most of the classes. The trade exhibits were
more extensive than usual.

Messrs. Kent & Brydon, Darlington, had a large
exhibit of ornamental trees and shrubs, " Malmaison "
Carnations, Liliums in variety, Roses, Verbenas, and
foliage plants.

Messrs. J. Backhouse & Sons, York, included a
miscellaneous collection of rock plants, arranged in
their usual characteristic style. They had also a
collection of stove and gieenhouse foliage an 1 flowering
plants.

Mr. J. Forres, Howick, had a large exhibit of
herbaceous and border plants, the Delphiniums ami
Pentstemons being of exceptional merit. The Thloxes
were very remarkable and exceptionally well grown.

Messrs. Ord Bros., North Shields, had a collection
of Palms and other fine foliage plants, intermixed with
specimen plants of zonal Pelargoniums.

Messrs. Dobhie & Co., Rothesay, had a fine stand of
hardy flowers, a collection of Sweet Peas, and oue of
Roses.

Messrs. Dicksons, Chester, had a mixed collection
of hardy flowers, the Liliums in this collection being
very fine, and the Roses and Carnations making an
effective display.

Competitive Classes.
In Class 1 for a group of miscellaneous plants
arranged for effect, Mr. T. Pattison. West Hartlepool,
won the 1st prize with a neat and effectively arranged
group.

The class for six specimen plants in flower is perhaps
the most interesting feature of the whole show, as the
exhibitors consist almost entirely of pitmen, who fill
in the spare time at their disposal in the cultivation of
specimen plants, the Statices, Allamandas, Stepha-
notis, Clerodendron, Lapagcrias, and Rondeletias being
remarkable examples of perfect cultivation. Messrs.
R Gardiner & Guymer were 1st.

In the class for four specimen plants, Mr. J. Dixon,
Woodside, Ryton, was 1st, the Rondeletia, Statice
profusa, and Clerodendron Balfouri being perfect
specimens of cultivation. Messis. Hunter & Co.,
Hexham, were 2nd.

In Class 10 for a collection of Roses arranged for effect,
Mr. Hugh Dickson, Belfast, won the 1st prize with
a neatly arranged and extensive collection of good
flowers. Messrs. Mack & Milne, Darlington, were
2nd ; and Messrs. Harkness & Sons, Bedale, 3rd.

For thirty-six Roses, distinct, Messrs. G. and W. H.
BUBCH, Peterborough, were 1st.

In a class for forty-eight Roses, distinct varieties,
Messrs. J. Simpson & Sons, Dundee, were 1st.

For twelve Rose blooms of one variety, Messrs.
SIMPSON & Sons were 1st with fine examples of Frau
Karl DruSchki ; and Mr. J. Gardener, Whickham,
2nd. with the same variety.

The best exhibit of twelve, blooms of a Tea Rose was
also from Messrs. Simpson, with the variety White
Maman Coclret.

Fruit.
In a class for a collection of eight dishes of fruit,
Mr. J. C. McPherson, Londesborough Park, Market

Wei ^h ton, won the 1st prize, the Grapes, Apples, and
Peaches in this collection being of exceptional merit.
Mr, E. Combey. Lambton Castle, was 2nd ; and
Mr. W. Nicholls, Carlton Towers, 3rd.

For a collection of four dishes of fruit, Mr.
McPherson was again 1st ; and Mr. Combey, 2nd.

For four bunches of Grapes Mr. W. Mark, gr. to
Mi^s MARCHAMP, Farnley Hill, Corbridge, was 1st ; and
Mr. J. C. McPherson, 2nd.

The best exhibit of two bunches of white Grapes
was from Mr. J. C. McPherson.

Mr. D. Williams had the best dish of Nectarines,
and Mr. Nicholls the best dish of Peaches.

Mr. J. C. McPherson was 1st for twelve Tomatos.

For a collection of vegetables in eight varieties, Mr.
E. Keath was 1st ; Mr. F. Brigcs, 2nd. Mr. J. C.
McPherson won 1st prizes for collections of tight
and six dishes respectively.

Cut Flowers.

The best bridal bouquet was shown by Mr. T.
Battensby, and the best hand bouquet (Orchids ex-
cluded) by the same exhibitor. Mr. Edmonson won the
1st prize for a basket of Roses. For a dinner-table
arranged for effect Mr. Battensby won the l«t prize,
and the best basket of cut flowers was arranged by the
same exhibitor. The best collection of Sweet Peas was
from Mr. Keath.

In the class for twenty-four bunches of hardy
flowers Messrs. Harkness & Sons were most success-
ful, and for eighteen bunches Messrs. Gibson & Co.,
Bedale, were 1st.

The whole of the Amateur and other restricted
classes were well filled, and a keen competition in most
classes was the result.

Sweet Peas were far more extensively shown than in
previous years. H. J. C.

hon. secretary of the Association. All communications
affecting the British Gardeners' Association should
therefore in future be addressed to Mr. J. Weathers,
Talbot Villa, Islewoith, Middlesex.

The members of the Executive Council are : —
T. H. Candler, The Gardens, Warley Place, Great
Warley ; G. H. Clack, Putney Park, Putney ; W. E.
Close, " Superintendent of Parks, Fulham ; C. H.
Curtis, 2, Adelaide Road, Brentford ; W. Dallimoie,
Royal Gardens, Kew ; G. Gordon, Priory Road, Kew ;
J. Lawson, Horticultural College, Swanley ; R.
Hooper Pearson, 40, Brocklebank Road, Wandsworth ;
W. Taylor, The Gardens, Tewkesbury Lodge, Forest
Hill : W. Watson, Roval Gardens, Kew (Chairman) ;
J. Weathers, Talbot Villa, Isleworth (Hon. Secretary) ;
T. Winter, Superintendent of Parks, Marylebone.

BRITISH GARDENERS'
ASSOCIATION.

July 21. — The newly-elected Executive Council held
its first mcetitrg on the above date, at the Hotel
Windsor, Victoria Street. The Secretary, Mr.
Watson, reported the progress made since June 1.
Twenty-seven new members had joined, bringing the
total number up to (150, and donations amounting to
£11 17s. had been received, including £10 from Mr.
A. K. Bulley , who wrote : —

Dear Mr. Watson — I am afraid I am too far from
the centre of action to enter effectually into your
movement. But the substitution of organisation
amongst gardeners for the preserrt vexatious anil
chaotic conditions, seems to me wholly good. Its
main object must of course be the benefit of gardeners
by the thousand - and - one channels which associa-
tion is always able to command. But it will also be a
great advantage to all employers who believe in good
work arrd good pay, for it is certain that it will be the
most enlightened arid intelligent section of the workers
who will be the most prompt to join an Association for
the common good.

I wish you well, and enclose £10 towards your initial
expenses. Try as soon as you can to get the Asso-
ciation free from airy charity basis, even if it means
considerable pinching and work done without pay ; it
is better to do what you can on the saved pennies of
the gardeners.— Yours faithfully, Arthur K. Bulley.

Attention was called to the remarks of Sir W. T.
Thiselton - Dyer, as well as to those of the Duke of
Westminster at the annual dinner of the Gardeners'
Royal Benevolent Institution, on June Hi. His Grace
then said: "But the life of the gardener was not
literally a bed of Roses, nor were his gains great. He
was a skilled workman who gave an infinite amount of
pleasure to the community at large by his labour arrd
ingenuity, and yet his wages compared very unfavour-
ably with those of skilled workmen in other branches
of industry. Few gardeners could afford to lay by
from their wages a sufficient sum to enable them to
meet the rainy day or the inevitable prospect of old
age. He therefore commended the charity to their
notice, confident that when its objects were more
generally known further gerrerous contributions would
he forthcoming."

The Council decided to make arrangements for a
Conference of members and others interested, to take
place in October, during the great autumn fruit show
of the Royal Horticultural Society. To this Con-
ference branches of the British Gardeners' Association
will be invited t> send delegates. A proposal to
engage the services of a paid secretary to devote his
whole time to the work of the Association was con-
sidered, but the Council decided that in the present
condition of the Association it would be unwise to
incur the expense of a paid secretary arrd a central
office. The Council hopes before long to make arrange-
ments for monthly meetings to take place in or near
the Royal Horticultural Society's Hall in Vincent
Square concurrently with the meetings of the Royal
Horticultural Society.

On the motion of Mr. Winter, seconded by Mr.
Watson, Mr. J. Weathers was unanimously elected

MARKETS-

— • —

COVENT GARDEN, July 26.
Plants in Pots, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.
s.d.s.d. s.d.s.d

AraliaSieboldi, p. Heliotropes, per

dozen 4 0-90 dozen 30-49

Araueariaexeelsa, Hydrangea, Thos.

per dozen ... 18 0-30 0 Hogg, p.doz. 8 0-12 0

Aspidistras, green, — Hortensia, p.

per doz. ... 24 0-36 0 dozen 8 0-12 0

— variegated, — paniculata ... 12 0-30 0
per doz. ... 30 0-42 0 Kalosanthes, per

Asparagus plu- dozen 9 0-12 0

inosus nanus, Kentia Belmore-

per doz. ...12 0-18 0 ana, per doz... 12 0-18 0

— Sprengerl.per — Fosteriana, p.

do2en 6 0-90 doz 120-210

— tenuissimus Lantanas, per »
per doz. ... 6 0-12 0 dozen 9 0-12 0

Begonias, tuber- Lotrelia, per. doz. 3 0- 4 u

ous. per doz. 4 0-60 Lataniaborbonica,

Campanula iso- per doz. ...12 0-18 0

pliylla, p. doz. 4 0- S n Lilium longi-

— Mayi.perdoz. H 0- 8 0 florum.per doz. 9 0-12 0

— pyiamidalis... 9 u-la 0 ; Marguerites.wlnie,
Canuas, per doz. 5 0- 6 o per dozen 1.. 4 0-80
Chrysanthemum — 3-ellow ... 12 0-18 0

coronarium, Mignonette, doz. 4 0-60

double yellow, Musk, Harrison's,

per dozen ... 6 0-80, per dozen ... 30-40

Coleus, per dozen 26 40 Pelargoniums,

crotons, per aoz. 12 O-30 0 1 per doz,. Show . 9 0-12 0

CocosWeddelliana, — Ivy-leaved ... 4 0-60

per doz. ... 12 0-30 0 — zoDal 3 0-50

Cyperus alterni- — scarlet do. ... 4 0-50

folius. per Petunias, double,

dozeu 3 0-60 per dozen ... 50-60

Dracaenas, per Privet. golden.per

dozen 9 0-24 0 dozeu 5 0-60

Eulalia, japonica Rhodantlie, per

variegata ... 12 0-18 0 , dozen 4 0-50

Euouyrnus, per Roses, 11. P.'s, per

dozen 4 0-90 dozen 9 0-18 0

Ferns, in thumbs, - Dorothy Per-

perioo 8 012 0 1 kins, each ... 3 r- fl 0

— in 48s. p.doz. 4 0-10 0 Selagrnella.p.doz. 3 0-50

— in 32's, per Spiraea japouica,

dozeu 10 0-18 0 per doz. ... 4 0-90

Ficus eiastica, p. Verbena. Miss

doz 9 0 12 0 VVillmott, per

— repens, per dozen 4 0-60

aozeu 4 0-60 — scarlet, per

Fuchsias, p. doz. 4 0-60 dozen 40-60

Foliage Plants. &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

Asparagus plu- 8.(1. 8.d. I
mosus. long
trails, each ... 0 4-06 dozen bunches 2 0-

— — medium. Ivy-leaves.bronze 1 6-
burrch ..

short sprays

per bunch...

— Sprengerl ...

— tenuissimus..
Adiantum cunea-

tum. per dozen

bunches

Cycas leaves,

each

Fern, English, p.

dozen bunches

0 40 6

0 9-10
I
10-26
0 6-10
9 0-12 0

4 0-60
16-20

Grasses, hardy, p.

dozen bunches

Ivy-leaves.bronze

— long trails,
per bundle ...

— short green,
doz. bunches

Moss, per gross...
Myrtle, per dozeu

bunches

Smilax, p. dozen

trails

Hardy foliage

(various), per

dozen bunches

4 0

2 0

10-20

10-16
5 0-60

3 0-50

4 0-60

3 0-40

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

Mushroom3(house)

Artichokes, Globe
per dozen ...

Beans, English, p.
lb

— Broad p busij.
per bag ...

Beetroot, p. bush.

Cabbages, p. tallv

Carrots, new, doz.

bunches

— h cwt. bag ...

— i'reueh, dozeu
cauliflowers, doz.
Celery, French, p.

dozen heads
Cress, p. doz. pun.
Cucuruoers, doz.
Endive, per doz.
Horseradish, per

dozeo bundles
Mint, per dozen...
Lteks, 13 bundles
Lettuces, Cabbage,

per dozeu ...

— English, Cos,
per tcore

g. d. a.

16-20

0 3-04

0 10- 1 0

3 . - I o

2 0-26

3 1-11

16-20

i.d. e.d.

10-19

per lb....

Onions, Egyptian
per cwt. ... 3

— Spring, p. doz
bunches

Parsley, per doz

bunches 16-20

Peas, Yorkshire,

per bag ... 6 0-70
a t- 3 0 — English, per

2 6- 4 0 bushel
iu-46 Radishes, p. doz.

bunches

3 0-36 Spinach, bush. ...

1 u - Tomatos, English,

2 0- 3 11 p. lb 0 3J-0 4$

zi-26 — Jersey, p. lb. 03-04

— Valencia, per

8 0-10 0 package ... 6 0-14 0

1 0- 2 0 Turnips, new.doz.

2 0-36, bun 1 6

Vegetable Marrows,

0 6 0 10 per dozen ... 2 6

Watercress, per

1 C- 1 6 doz. bunches . 0 4-06

4 0

! 6- 3 0

3 0-40

0 3-10
10-20

• 4 0
- 4 0

July 20, 190.-.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

99

Cut Flowers, &c. ; Average Wholesale Prices.

Alstromeria, per
doz. buoches ...

Asters, lubunches

nouvardia, per
doz. bunches

Calla tethiopica,
p. doz. blooms

Carnations, per
aoz. blooms,
best American
vars

— smaller do. ...

— Malmaisons...
Cattleya, per doz.
Chrysanthemum?,

per doz. blooms
Coreopsis, p. doz.
Eucharis graudi-

flora, per dozen

blooms

Gardenias, perdz

blooms

Gladiolus Col-
villei. p. doz.
bunches

— brenchleyensis
p. doz. spikes

Gypsophila, per

dozen bunches

Iris, best English,

per dozen ...

liilium candtdum

— ituratum

— lancifolium,
rubrum and
album

— loneltlorum...
-- tigrinum

Lily of the Valley,
p. doz. bnchs.

— extra quality 1
Marguerites, white,

p. doz. bnchs.

— yellow, per dz.
bunches

s.d. & d.

2 n- .'1 n

U-lO

6 0- 8 U
3 0-40

16-30
ii 6- I 0

ti U-1U 0

2 6-30
2 0-30

10-20
10 16

10-20

3 0-10

2 0-30

il n-12 0
114- 1 II
2 0-30

10-20

2 0-30

1 6- 2 0

B n- 9 0

90 -

3 0-40

2 0-30

doz.
doz.

Mignonnette.doz.

bunches
Montbretlas, doz.

bunches
Odon toglossum

crispum, pr. dz.

blooms

Pe largon iums,
per doze n
buoches :

— Show

— Zonal, double
scarlet

— salmon and
pinK

Poppies, Iceland,
doz. bunches

— Oriental, doz.
bunches

Pyrethrum,

bunches
Rhodanthe,

bunches
Roses, 12 blooms,

Niphetos

— Bridesmaid...

— Kaiserin A.
Victoria

— General Jac-
queminot ...

— C. Merniet ...

— Caroline Test-
out

— Liberty

— Mad. Chatenay

— Mrs. J.Laing .

— Sunrise
Stephanotis. per

doz trusses...
Sweet Peas, per

doz bunches
Sweet Sultan, per

dozen

Tube roses, per

dozen blooms

s.d.
2 0-
«" 0-

s.d.
4 0
2 0

2 0- 2 6

4 0-
4 0-
4 0-

0 6-
4 0-
2 0-
2 0-

0 6-

1 0-

6 0

8 0

6 0

1 6
6 0
4 0
3 0

2 0
2 0

2 0-40

0 6-

1 u-

1 6-

1 t>-

2 0-

2 0-
1 0-

1 6-

1 0-

3 C-
0 3-

1 0

2 0

3 0

3 0

4 0
4 «
2 0

2 6

3 0

4 0
0 6

Apples. T a s-
mauian. case

Apricots, French,
per half bush.

Bananas, bunch .

— Jamaica

— loose, per doz.
Cherries, per half

bushel
Currants. Black,
p. half bushel

— Red, per half
bushel

— White, per lb.
Figs, per dozen...
French Plums, p.

box

Gooseberries, per
half bushel ...

— ripe, per peck
Grape-fruit, case
Grapes, Alicante,

perlb

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.
s.d. s.d.

H il-li o

3 tj- 7 6
10-16

8 0-16 0

4 0- 6 6

3 0-56
ii 8 —
2 0-56

10-16

2 6-30
2 o- 2 II
IS U-26 0

0 8-10

Grapes, Hambro,
per lb.

— Muscats, lb...
Lemons, Naplc*.

per case

Melous, each

— French, Rock
Nectarines, A., p.

dozen

— B., per dozen
Oranges, Jamaica,

per case

Peaches. A., per
dozen

— B , per doz. ...

— French, per
box

Pines, each

Raspberries p. In.

Strawberries,
one pound Hat
punnets, per
doz?n

0 10-2 n

10-40

i:: o-v, o

1 3-2 6

2 6-4 0

8 0-15 0
2 0-60

in C-15 0
3 0-60

0 9-13
2 n- 4 «
0 4-05

Ii 0-12 0

Remarks.— The Strawberry season maybe considered
over. There are a few iu punnets and pecks, but Ihese
are mostly bought by the smasher for I he making of jam.
Cherries are still arriving in moderate quantities, and
the best samples make good prices. Peachei and
Nectarines are plentiful, and very good prices are
obtained for them, considering the large quantities
arriving daily. Rock Melons are arriving from France
in very good condition. Prices for these are a little
lower, owing chiefly to the hot weather, which turns
them soft very quickly. English Grapes are coming on
to the market. There is not much trade for Muscats
yet, and only good ripe fruit is saleable. A few good
bunches of Madresfie.d Court were to be seen on this
market last week, but there was little demand. Gros
Colmar, Black Alicante, and Black Hamburghs sell
best. Trade generally is very good.

OOVENT GARDEN FLOWER MARKET.

The London trade for pot plants is now practically
over for the season. A few best flowering plants may
still be wanted, and there is a little trade for country
orders. We are still getting very good Pelargoniums,
hut the "show" varieties are not quite so plentiful.
Xonal varieties are very tood. especially F. V. Raspail
and King of Denmark The Ivy-leaved varieties vary
much, but Galilee is the best. Verbenas are over-
plentiful ; a variety called The King, from Mr. Sweet, is
very fine. Rose Dorothv Perkins is very good from
the same grower. Fuchsias vary much in quality;
some good plants are sesn, but others are of
rough appearance. Campanulas are very good ;
C. isopnylla alba is the general favourite. There
are several varieties with blue flowers, but the true
Isophylla appears to lie even better than C. i. Mayi,
though the latter may be a little deej.er in colour. C.
pyramidalis, white and blue varieties, are very pretty.
Heliotrope is now very good and over plentiful. A few
well-flowered plants of the new Gypsophila pauiculata
flore-pleno are seen. Of Marguerites, white and yellow
varieties are still seen, hut they arc not quite so plentiful .
Rhodanthe is very good. Hydrangeas are now nearly
past, and what are left are not of the first quality.

Liliums are plentiful, L. llarrisii in good dwarf plants
make only about 12*. per dozen. L. lancifolium,
both white and ro=e - cjloured varieties', are good
la Ferns there are now some fine plants of Nephro-
lepis I'iersooii. but I find this docs not sell so well as
might be anliicated. N. Fosteri is also good, and
N. Wesr.oni is a good maiket Fern. These come from
Messrs. Cragg, Harrison & Cragg, who were the raisers
of the last-named variety. Small Ferns in variety are
verv plentiful. From Me-srs. Densou Bros, are some
v j.-y line p ants in lar^e 6 i's. Euouymus, Golden Privet
aud other hardy shruos are now filliug up some of the
stands. Palm growers still send plants, but the trade
for them is very quiet.

Cut Flowers.
We are already getting some very fine Chrysanthe-
mums, l lie yellow and toe white varieties of Madame
Besgranges, from Mr. P. Ladds. are remarkably good.
It may he loo early to suit some, hut they sell well at
:u. per doz;n blooms, and some may make more. This
useful early Chrysanthemum has certainly been im-
proved by careful selection of stock since it was first
distributed. A few years ago, when growing it in Sussex.
I found there was considerable variation in a large
batch growing in the open ground. All growers will
do well to be careful in selecting for stock purposes.
Liliums are plentiful; Ihe best L. auratums make
3s. per bunch, but L laucifoliums and longillorums are
very uocertain in price. I also find that Lily of the
Valley varies very much. There are large supplies
of Roses coming in ; the best sell well, but many
have to be sold very cheaply. Carnations are now low
in price; best American varieties on long stems may he
had at from 2s. to 2s. 6rf. per dozen. Stephanotis was
scarce this morning, hut it has previously been very
cheap. Tuberoses, Gardenias, and Eucharis may be
had at. moderate prices. Sweet Peas are 6till fairly
good, but prices are low. Hardy tlowers are over-
plentiiui. Several growers are Bending the Shasta
Daisies in large quantities. Gypsophila is seen in
Urge" heaps." Calliopsis, Gladioli, especially The
Bride and brenchleyensis, arc over-plentiful. There
are large supplies of all Kinds of cut foliage. The Oak
with broozr-red leaves is now very pretty. Hardy
grasses in variety, aud fronds of hardy Ferns are very
plentiful. A. 11 . Wednesday, Jvly2&.

THE WEATHER.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS taken in the
Roval Horticultural Society's G-trdens at Wisley,
Surrey. Height above sea -level 150 feet. The
fallowing are the •■mean" readings lor the week
euding July 21, 19o5

Tempera-

Temperature

o

ture OFTHE

1905.

OF THE AIR.

a

SOIL&t9A.M.

H

<

J

hi

At9A.M.

<

=
O

s3

a

a

P.

2

2

a

Q

p|

«

z

CO

g«

43

o

■a

*3

05

e

Jr3

a

;D

*i

71

is

di

.2

D D

m

-

O

u

a

SB

H

o

►J

J

<

<

-X

bi

bi

bi

sh

«

V

o

«

«

a>

<o

©

a

•O

•a

•a

•o

T3

T3

T3

■a

Tot

Means

66 60

75

51

is

66

65

62

030

8 51

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

The Following Summary Record of the weather
throughout the British Islands, for the week ending
July 2i, is furnished from the Meteorological Office: —

* The in other was generally fine and dry over
Eogland. but slight falls of rain were rather frequent
ia Scotland and Ireland. Thunder was heard at a few
Bcotch statioos during the earlier half of the week.

"The temperature continued above the mean, the
excess rangiDg from 1° in Scotland, N., to 4° in Ire-
land, S The highest of the maxima occurred, with
few exceptions, either on the 21st tor 22nd. In Eng-
land. S., the thermometer rose to 83°, and in several
other English districts to 82° ; but in Ireland, N.. and
Scotland, W.. the respective values were 72° and 75°.
The lowest of the minima were recorded mostly on the
1 9th, and varied from 38c in Scotland. N., and 39° in
Scotland. E,and England, S.W., to 51° in Ireland, S.,
and to M" in the Channel Islands.

'■The raiujaU was slightly in excess in Scotland. N.
and W , and Ireland, N.. but was again less than the
mean in all other districts. In some parts of central
England the week was almost rainless.

*"The bright sunshine exceeded the mean over Eng-
land, the Channel Islands, and Scotland, E., but was
deficient elsewhere. The percentage of the possible

duration ranged from 58 in the Channel J> lands, 57 in
England, S., an 1 55 in England, E.. to 19 in Scotland,
N., and to only 13 and 12 respectively ia Ireland, N.
and S."

THE WEATHER IN WEST HERTS.

Again very Warm, Dry and Sunny, — Another warm
week, and the sixth in succession. On the warmest
day of the past week the tempeiature iu the thermo
meter-jcreen rose to 8i°, and on the warmest night the
exposed thermometer did not fall lower than 58°. The
ground is now very warm, the readings at both t
and 2 feet deep being about .V warmer than is
seasonable. There has been no rain worth mentioning
since the 9th inst., or for over a fortnight Consequently
the soil is hecomiug dry, but every morning a few-
drops still trickle through the bare soil peicolation
gauge. As iu the two previous weeks there was again a
splendid record of sunshine. Taking the week as a.
whole the mean daily duration was nearly 8 hours a
day, which is 1^ hour a day in excess of the July
average. Cilms, and light airs again prevailed, the
direction of these lighi airs beiog exclusively from
pome westerly point. The mean amount of moisture in
the air at 3 p.m was 1 per cent, less tlnn is usual at this
seasoa. /■:. M , Berkham ted, July2&t 1905.

[For actual temperature and condition of barometer at
time of going to Press, see p. 90.]

TRADE NOTICES.

Bedfordshire Seed Company, Limited. — Tho
above- nimed company has been registered with
a e ipital of ,£2,000 in £1 shares. Object, to carry
on tlie business of seed growers and merchants,
nursery men , market gardeners, forage contractors,
produce dealers, salesmen, manure merchant.',
box manufacturers, land agents, &o. No initial
public issue. The first directors (to number not
fewer than two nor more than five) are to be
appointed by the signatories. Qualification
(except fiist directors) 100 shares.

Reigate Mushroom Company, Limited. — This
company has been registered with a capital of
.£•5,000 in £1 shares. Object, as indicated by the-
title. No initial public issue. The first directors
are F. J. Bolton (permanent governing director),
and others to be appointed by tbe signatories.
Remuneration of F. J. Bolton ,£150 for the first
year, rising by annual increments. Registered
o3ke, Willow House, Oodstone, Surrey.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

The Streiiel Sectional Boilers.— These boilers arp_
made iu many varieties, and are eonstrucied ot
sections of the same pattern without changing the
relations between heating-surface, grate, fire-box.
aud hues. The Strebel apparatus is used in t lie
Hamburg Botauic Gardens, at Versailles, Zurich,
and many other widely-koown places Tne T,ondou
a^ent is R. O. Meyer, Ltd., Norfolk House, Norfolk
street, Strand.

FRUIT.

Geo. Bunvahd & Co., Maidstone— Strawberries, &c.

BULBS.
HriiKKT &. Co.. Guernsey.

T. -Methvkn & sons, is, Princes Street, and Leitlv
Walk, Ediuburgh.

COLONIAL.

Anderson & Co , 393, George Street, Sydney, Australia —
Seeds aud Plants.

FOREIGN.

Everard »fe Co.. Heiloo, m\ Alkmaar, Holland — Uulhe.

Roveli.i h RfiKEs, Horticulieurs, Pallanza, Italy— seeds-

of Trees and Shrubs
M. Herb, Naples, Italy-

-Bulbs and Seeds.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. John Toy. several year* Gardener to Sir E.

Blackett, Bart,, Matfen Hall, Corbridge on-Tyue,

as Gardener to J. W. Spencer. Esq , Newbiggeu

House, Kenton, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Mr. James Jeffrey, from the Royal Nurseries, Crair-

nullar. Edinburgh, as Gaidener to the RUht

Honble. Earl of ANC aster, Drummond Cattle,

Perthshire.
Mr. T, Cattley has succeeded Mr. J. Peacock in ihe

charge of sir Edmund Lechmere's Gardeus, Whu-

well Hall. York.
Mr. E. Crook, Gardcuer at LoMock Dene. Rolton. for

niue years, as Gardcaer tj E. ashnall, Esq ,

Overdale, Bolton.
Mr. R. Watson, late of Letton, as Gardener to R. J.

Colman, Esq., Crown Point, Norwich, enteringM

his duties August l.
Mr. J. Kilding, who has been Foreman for five years

uDder Mr. Leach at Alhury Parte, as GarrieDer to

Lady Mary Holland, Kneesworth. Hall, Roybtou>

Herts.

100

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 29, 1905.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Acalypha Leaves : W. J. The warts on the
under surface of the leaves are most probably
due to the irritation caused by the bites of an
extremely minute insect — a mite. Pull off and
burn the affected leaves, and apply Tobacco-
water freely to the lower surface of the
remaining leaves as far as you can do so.

Alstboemeeias: Barnham Nurseries. TheAlstroe-
nierias seen in the market vary a little in
colour, some are much deeper in shade than
the ordinary A. aurantiaca ; they are bunched
in about eight to twelve stems to each bunch.
There is not a big trade for them, all hardy
flowers are abundant at the present time, and
trade for them is very uncertain.

Ants in Orchid-house : M. L. We have fre-
quently answered a similar question. Kindly
refer to our issue for July 1, p. 20, col. 1.

Beet : L. F. F. The fault is not with the soil or
manures, but with the variety. You have
probably what is known as a green-leaved
Beet, but the roots may be as blood-red as any
other. In the variety known as Cheltenham
Green Top, for instance, the contrast in colour
between the root and the foliage is extreme.
If you want a Beet for ornamental purposes,
Victoria is one of the best.

Begonias : Derbyshire. The soil appears un-
suitable.

Books : Mosarian. There are plenty of modern
books on Roses, but none give many plans of
the nature you require. You had better obtain
The Rose Garden, by the late William Paul,
from our Publishing Department, price lis. 2d.,
with plain woodcuts ; or 21s. 8c?. with coloured
plates, post-free. This work is the best of those
published on the Hose, and contains a number
of plans for the formation of Rose gardens.

County Council Parks : A New Header. Apply
to Colonel Sexby, General Superintendent of
the London County Council Parks, at his office,
11, Regent Street, London, W. We cannot
express an opinion upon the length of time you
would have to wait for an appointment, but
provided your application is entertained, any
delay would be occasioned by the lack of a
suitable vacancy.

Duties of an English Forester: Perplexed.
The nominal duties of an English forester are
such as those mentioned by you, and there is
no reason why your experience in South Africa
should not qualify you for a post in England,
provided you can acquire the necessary expe-
rience in the practical details which are more
or less peculiar to this country, such as fencing,
•sale of timber and other produce, and other
matters which have only local application to
forestry practice. But you will probably
find that the class of appointment you are
desirous of obtaining is limited to a few
large estates in England and Scotland, and
when vacancies occur they are usually filled by
men who have spent the best part of their
lives on similar estates in a subordinate posi-
tion, or as assistant - foresters or foremen.
Even on such estates it is often the custom to
combine the duties of a forester with those of
other departments, and the forester is often a
sort of handy-man who is expected to do any
work which comes in his way, and to occupy a
position which is occasionally trying to an
educated man. Whether you would be
willing to occupy such a position in return
for a salary varying from .£70 to .£150 per
annum, you must decide for yourself, but unless
you have exceptionally good fortune or can
command a good deal of influence amongst
estate - owners and their agents, your only
chance of obtaining such a post would be by
working under an experienced forester for two
or three years, and thus joining the class from
which forestry appointments are filled. Pro-
bably the Colonies oiler the best field for a man
in your position and with your experience, and
appointments in them are occasionally made
through the Colonial Office, to which you might
apply.

Employment at Kew: H. Davies. See reply
published in this column in our last issue.
Write to the Curator of the Royal Gardens for
a form of application.

Failing Plants : H. Boyd, Blackburn. Too
much water is the principal cause of the
trouble. The plants are quite free from any
injury caused by insects or fungi.

Ferns: A. H. P. The fronds appear to have
been taken from an old, worn-out stunted
plant. It is better to bring on young stock
than to keep old plants. Steep the fronds in
tobacco-water mixed with a little soft-soap.

Figs : W. J. The fruits appear to have no
disease, and the decay is therefore caused by
lack of sufficient ventilation at a time when
the atmosphere is very moist. Do not
syringe the fruits at this stage, and if any of
the leaves are disfigured, as if by disease, you
may send them for our inspection.
Fungus with Grass : P. B.Sc Sons. The fungus
sent is an imperfect state of Polyporus (Fomes)
lucidus.
Fuchsia : Be St. It is impossible to guess what
species or variety of Fuchsia you may have
cultivated about the year 1835, because there
were already at that date, and even ten years
earlier, at least half a dozen species in cultiva-
tion, to say nothing of varieties raised in
gardens. Probably it may have been the one
which was then known as coccinea.
Insect: A. G. The insect (?) arrived in a putrid

condition.
" Malmaison " Carnations : Juvensis. The
name is an abbreviation of Souvenir de la
Malmaison, which in English would mean
" In memory of the Malmaison." Malmaison
was the name of a very celebrated palace at
Versailles, near Paris, where the Empress
Josephine lived, and the Carnation may have
been named in memory of that palace, but of
this we are not certain. Regarding the
history of this type of Carnation, Mr. Brother-
ston states in The Book of the Carnation that
the original plant was raised from seed by
M. Laine, a Frenchman, in 1857. Mr. David
Thomson cultivated the plant at Archerfield in
1864, having received the stock from Mr.
William Young, of Edinburgh. The variety
Lady Middleton is stated to have appeared at
Luffness, in East Lothian, in the year 1870,
and the pink Malmaison a few years later
(1875) in a garden near Musselburgh. Since
that date, Mr. Martin R. Smith and other
raisers in England and on the Continent have
succeeded in obtaining numerous varieties of
this type by cross-fertilisation.
Melons : W. F. 0. The fruit has cracked owing to
the plant having been afforded too much water
at the roots. In order to get good Melons
of high flavour, it is necessary to decrease
gradually the amount of water afforded to the
roots, and also the degree of moisture in the
atmosphere as soon as the fruits have attained
to their full size. Some growers may push this
practice to the extreme, and by the time
the fruits are ripe the plants die from
drought. We do not advise this, but at the
same time slightly drier conditions are neces-
sary in order to develop flavour and to prevent
the fruits from cracking.— H. C. D. There is
nothing in the fruits themselves to explain
why they have fallen from the plant, and you
have furnished no particulars.
Melon Seeds : G. G. We have frequently seen
the seeds of Melons and similar fruits germi-
nating while still within the fruit. The condi-
tions are so favourable for such germination
that we wonder it does not occur more
frequently.
Orange Rust : H. A. R. Burn the leaves and

spray the plants with the Bordeaux-mixture.
Ornamental Foliage Plants : W. H. S. Unless
the schedule states that Ferns are excluded,
we should expect them to be admitted in a
class for ornamental foliage plants. We may
point out, however, that at many exhibitions
there are separate classes for Ferns, and in
such cases the schedule generally excludes
Ferns from the class for six ornamental foliage
plants.

Names of Plants J. F. Staphylea pinnata,
Bladder Nut. — T. B. B. Quercus coccinea,
Pyrus torminalis. — H. R. G. 1, Taxodium
distichum ; 2, Hypericum androsoemum ; 3,
Cupressus Lawsoniana variety ; 4, Lysimachia
nummularia ; 5, Thuya orientalis ; (3, Juni-
perus chinensis. 67. F. S. Bromus erectus. —
No sender's name, but apparently from Basing-
stoke. 14, Spiraea hypericifolia : 15, Leycesteria
formosa ; 16, Deutzia crenata ; 17, Spiraea
callosa. — W. B. G. Portulaca Gilliesii. — B.
Catalpa bignonioides. — G. P. Calycanthus
occidentalis, The hybrid Dianthus is interest-
ing.— P. L. H. Cypripedium Godefroyae. —
F. L. 1, Epipactis latifolia ; 2, Pyrus salici-
folia : 3, Pyrus not recognised; 4, Crataegus
tanacetifolia ; 5, Quercus coccinea ; 6, Fagus
sylvatica var. heterophylla — the cut - leaved
Beech. — F. E., Anerlcy. Medicago scutellata.
— G. F. If Co. Astrautia minor. — Ted. Fuchsia
fulgens ; any of the larger nurserymen. — F. T.
1, Adiantum pedatum ; 2, Niphobolus lingua ;
3, Lasteea filix-mas ; 4, L. decomposita ; 5, L.
serra ; 6, Pteris scaberula. — A. B., Hereford.
1, Spiraea callosa; 2, S. Douglasi ; 3, Leycesteria
formosa ; 4, Rhus Cotinus ; 5, Lysimachia cleth-
roidesj 6, Aconitum Lycoctonum. — W. U.
Spirsea Douglasi ; for name of beetle see next
week's issue.

Peaches : E. L. The cause cannot be deter-
mined from the over-ripe fruits sent. It is
certainly not due to any fungus.

Peach Leaves : L. F. The brown patches and
and subsequent holes in the leaves are not due
to the soil, but to what is termed the " shot
hole fungus " (Cercospora circumscissa). The
best preventive means consist in spraying the
trees with an ammoniacal solution of copper
carbonate just when the leaves are expanding
early in the season, and repeating the operation
at intervals. You should not use the Bordeaux-
mixture upon Peaches, as it causes injury to
the leaves and the shoots, even when the
mixture is diluted.

Preserving Peas : T. S. To bottle green Peas,
shell the Peas, put them into dry wide-mouthed
bottles, and shake them together so that they
may lie in as little space as possible ; cork the
bottles closely, and seal the corks. Bury the
bottles in the driest part of the garden, and
take them up as they are wanted. They ought
to keep good for some months. Or try this
recipe. Choose Peas which are large and fully
grown, though not old. Put them into per-
fectly dry, wide-mouthed bottles, shake them
down, cork securely, and cover the corks with
bladder. Tie a wisp of hay round the lower
part of the bottles to prevent their knocking
against each other in the pan, put them side by
side in a large saucepan, and pour into it as
much cold water as will reach to their necks.
Put the saucepan on the fire, and let the bottles
remain standing in the water for two hours
after it has reached the boiling point, then
take them off, but do not remove the bottles
until the water is cold. Seal the corks, and
store in a cool, dry place.

Roses : Hoylake. Watch in the evening to see if
there is not some insect at work.

Tomatos : E. R. E. and E. R. The black spot is
due to a fungus, and has been repeatedly figured
in these pages. Burn the affected plants, and
spray the healthy ones with weak Bordeaux-
mixture or liver-of-sulphur, -\ oz. to a gallon of
water. Procure a copy of the Calendar of
Garden Operations from our Publishing De-
partment, price 7ld. post free. You will find
full particulars and illustration in that little
book.

Communications Received.— Fruit. Reports from 300
correspondents— R. W. G.-Angelo Pucci. Florence—
Verschurm & Zonen, Haps, Holland— W. W.— J. McH.
— H. II.— Countess of l.-S. W. F.— J. B.. Berlin—
R L. C— W. Q. S.— V. N. G. & Co.— H.R., Port Eliza-
beth-H. & Son-T. S.-W. E. ti.-R. H. B.-E. H. W-
F C— A. H.-C. E. W.— P. M. T.-C. B. C— T. W. C-
De St.-An Old Reader -W. E. G.-W. G. S.-T. A-
<;. VV. S.— A. A. P. (too late for this issue)— E. T. C—
K I L.— Luther Burbank, California -C. A. P.—
J 1 W — C. T D.— .1. Bain— T. W. C— One in Doubt—
B S W. & Son— .1. S. B.-W. P. R.-J. C— A. Bowdcn.
— S A — F. J.— A. C. S.— H. M.— J. M., New Zealand—
E M— J. J. D— J., France— C. J. F.-J. T., Dormans—
W. E.-T. E. H.-C. A. P.-T. N.-A. S.-P. C. C.-F. W. D.

AUGUST 5, 1905.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

101

THE

No. 97 L— SATURDAY, August 5, 1905.

CONTENTS.

Apiary, the 109

Bruges, horticultural

exhibition at. 117

Brussels, horticultural

meetings at 110

Cattleya aniethysto-

glossa 105

Colonial notes—
Misletos in New Zea-
land 1"5

Rainfall atCape Town 105

Colonial fruit shows... 110

Cowan, Mr. Bernard .. 112

Elm, falling of limbs
of, in summer ... 119

Ferns, British, wild
sports of 116

Forestry—
The Locust-tree ... 105

Fruit crops, remarks
on the condition of
-the 108

Fruit, effects of ma-
nures on ill

Kew notes 106

Market gardening at
Evesham 101

Mushroom-culture ... 12J

"Mutants" and hy-
brids HO

Nicotiaua Sander^' ... 112

Obituary—

Dewar, Mr 118

Errera, Prof 118

I Orchid seedlings and

the action of fungi

Peach, the, as a stock

for Plum-trees
Pear-midge, the
Phenological observa-

1 tions for 1901

Plants, new or note-
worthy-
Aloe Chabaudii
Stanhopea Wolteri-

ana

Potatos in 1904

Rose-garden at Lus-

combe

Rosehtll, Falmouth ...
Salads and salad-
making

Silver-leaf disease, the
Societies-
Bath and District

Gardeners'

Cardiff and County

Horticultural
Cardi IT Gardeners' .. .
Midland Carnation

and Pieotee
Royal Botanic 112,
Royal Horticultural
Scottish Horticul-
tural

Southwood, Bickley ...
Sweet Peas, exhibiting
Trillium, seeds of
Week's work, the 108,

112
113

102
111

In 7
1.3

101
HI

116
111

118
117
1'3

110
107
112
112
109

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Aloe Chabaudii 102

Carnation Helen Countess of Radnor 113

Cattleya amethystoglo.ssa 105

Gooseberry plant trained as an oblique cordon ... 116

Rosehill Falmouth 103

Spirjea Aitchisoni 114

Stanhopea Wolterianax 102

View in the gardens of Luscombe, S. Devon 107

View of an ornamental pond in the gardens at
Southwood, Bickley (Supplementary Illustration)

MARKET GARDENING AT
EVESHAM.

FEW centres of horticultural industry
present so many features of interest
as that comprised in the general term, "the
Vale of Evesham.'' Picturesque, varied and
beautiful scenery, highly developed intensive
cultivation, a busy colony of workers, with
fertile soil yielding to tenants and owners
an ample return, constitute a pleasing and
instructive study.

The river Avon takes a long curving course
through Evesham, and winds some fifteen
miles to Pershore, with high banks and hills
on either side, a large proportion of which
isoccupied withfruit-plantations. Thousands
of acres upon these slopes with varied aspects
have the lines of trees running almost from
the water-level to 100 feet or more above it.
Plums largely predominate, and at flowering
time these banks of snowy blossom afford a
most beautiful spectacle, which attracts
numbers of visitors from the large manu-
facturing towns. This spring the display
was most profuse ; in fact trees could not
bear a greater number of flowers, but now
some could not have a smaller number of
fruits — rather a striking descent from the
poetic ideal to prosaic reality. But such
risks and viscissitudes are part of the horti-
culturist's lot, and the Evesham growers
aave learned by experience to make pro-
vision against possible losses. Few rely
ipon fruit alone, and every available space
inder the trees to within a few inches of
.he stems is occupied with a crop of some
cind during the greater part of the year.

Throughout the winter and early spring
Cabbages and Lettuces fill up a large pro-

portion of the space. Radishes and spring
Onions form important crops, which come
off the land before the trees are in leaf,
followed by Asparagus, Peas, and Broad,
dwarf, or Runner Beans, with Vegetable
Marrows. The Asparagus is, of course, a
permanent crop, but the beds are commonly
taken between the lines of trees, and often
very close to them. Where the slope of the
land is convenient and the aspect is good,
particularly near (ireenhill, which rises
above the Great Western station on the
Worcester and Aleester roads, the trees are
planted closely in lines 20 or 30 yards apart,
the spaces between, havi ng a southerly slope,
are devoted to vegetable or flower crops,
or occasionally to Strawberries, A con-
tinual close intercropping is followed, and
it is astonishing what large quantities of
produce are obtained from comparatively
small areas of land. The soil is naturally
fertile, and well repays cultivation. A
large part of the fruit - land cropped in
market-garden methods is forked or dug
entirely by hand, and it must have had this
treatment for many years. Indeed, the
Abbey gardens, that are now let as allot-
ments in small plots (the rent of which is
from t40 to £50 per acre), have been under
cultivation for hundreds of years, from the
day when Evesham Abbey was one of the
most flourishing establishments of its kind.

Manure of organic origin is scarce and
costly in the district, but artificials of
various kinds are extensively used, together
with fish and other juiinop. The applica-
tion however which is most valued in the
district for Asparagus especially, but also
for other crops, is soot, of which heavy
dressings are employed, and the supply of
this substance is quite an important trade
in the neighbourhood. Though of low
manurial value as regards its percentage of
ammonia, there is no question that it pro-
duces some marked effects, and if one might
feel a prejudice against it theoretically,
experience proves that it is by no means to
be despised, as the physical action on the
heavy land is conspicuous.

One point as regards the Plum-trees
cannot fail to strike the observer, and that
is the close planting adopted ; numbers can
be seen of considerable size not more than
10 feet apart, and many are within 6 feet of
each other in the lines. It seems regrettable,
and likely to shorten the profitable period
of the tree's life very materially, while
thinning is scarcely practicable when the
trees have reached full size. Careful ex-
amination of many plantations shows, how-
ever, that this crowded planting has at least
one important advantage from the fruit-
growers' point of view, namely, the reduc-
tion of growth and tha consequent promo-
tion of early fertility. In all the stronger
soils around Evesham young Plum-trees
make an astonishing growth. I have seen
shoots over 6 feet long of the current
season's growth, and some that were pruned
this year to about 18 inches length have on
each shoot four or five growths averaging
nearly 4 feet in length already. It is
obvious that while a tree is quickly formed
in this way, it is rather opposed to fruit-
bearing, and the Evesham growers, like
others, have found that close planting
corrects the tendency to excessive growth,
and no doubt the constant cultivation
around the trees has an effect in the same

direction. Certainly, in the crowded planta-
tions every branch and shoot is in bearing
condition, and very little superfluous growth
is produced. Still, some have gone to the
extreme, and undue crowding leads to
other troubles; for instance, an invasion of
insect pests is more disastrous and difficult
to deal with in these dense plantations. It
is scarcely probable alsj that the trees are
so lasting, though when a cultivator is con-
cerned to obtain immediate returns for a
living, it is not likely he will overlook that
for a possible advantage ten years tunce.

Taking it altogether, the cultivation in
the Evesham district compares favourably
with that in any market gardening centre
known to me, and in my opinion the
general system is the right one, namely,
a combination of vegetable-growing with
fruit. In a good season the fruit crops
tome as a substantial addition to the
resources, but if by the closest intercropping
and the best cultivation, a grower can
manage to pay expenses and keep himself
on his intermediate produce, he is in a
sound financial position, in a measure
independent of bad seasons. At least he
has not the reason to fear a total collapse,
as may occur when he has out-door fruit
alone to rely upon.

For a small population the proportion of
growers who have raised themselves from
humble beginnings to easy circumstances is
considerable. But such results have not
been secured without hard and continuous
work, not only for the man but often for the
wife, togetherwith the sons and daughters as
they reach an age to be useful. It has not
been a case of sitting down and waiting for
the Plums to fall into their mouths. During
the busy season Evesham workers are about
between 3 and 4am, and many work until
late in the evening. This is solid toil which
few town-dwellers could endure for a week,
and whatever results have been secured
have been well earned. Perhaps the chief
mistake committed is that of taking too
much land before the workers are in a posi-
tion to employ sufficient labour to keep it in
the right condition. Many plots range from
3 to 10 acres in extent, and occasionally one
man may hold several plots widely scattered
around the town, two or three miles apart.
This necessitates much loss of time ia«feravel-
ling backwards and forwards, and some of
the plots which may not be in a productive
state are partially neglected while the crops
are beiDg obtained elsewhere. On the heavy
soils the land quickly becomes foul, and
when once in arrears with cleaning work it
is very difficult to overtake it again ; besides
much future mischief is provided by the
innumerable seeds produced.

Allotments that are not occupied with
fruit or Asparagus are eagerly sought
because the grower knows that by stocking
the land with either crop he is ensuring
a safe investment for his labour and ex-
penditure in addition to the produce he
actually raises. The " Evesham custom " has
bjen strongly recommended by the Board
of Agriculture Departmental Committee for
adoption in some modified form, as the law
of the land provides a simple means of
dealing with the difficult question of
compensation. The majority of the small
holders are yearly tenants, and might there-
fore have their rents raised continually
unless there is some agreement on the

102

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 5, 1905

matter. But for all crops on the land the
tenant when leaving his holding obtains
compensation from the incoming tenant,
unless the landowner wishes to take pos-
session himself, when he -would have to pay
the requisite compensation by valuation.
The landlord also has the ight of refusing
a proposed new tenant; but it is only in
extreme cases that this is exercised. The
arrangement seems to work very well, and
plots sometimes change hands at valuations
ranging from £20 to €100 per acre, the latter
being only sec.ired for the best fruit-land,
well cropped and cultivated. /?. Lewis Castle.

■whose garden it fljwered, and to whom I owe the
opportunity of describing it. This new species is
allied to A. striata, Haworth, and is best placed in
the section Saponarite, though through its sub-
stipitate perianth it shows possibly some relations
with the section Grandes of Mr. A. Berger. S.
Schijnland, Albany Museum, Grahamstou-n, June2i,
19(15.

Stanhopea Wolteriina, Kranzl., n. hyb., arte/.,
S. Hartiana .' S. tigrina $ ( see fig. 35).
We cannot better describe this new hybrid than
by stating that it i- like Stanhopea tigrina with
the colours of S. oculata var. crosea, or of S. de-
voniensis. The dorsal sepal is ovate-oblong, the

Fig. o4. — aloe chabaudii : flowers bed,

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

ALOE CHABAUDII, Schonland, n. sp.*

This apparently very distinct new species was
collected by Mr. J. M. Brown some five or six
years ago when on a hunting trip to the Zambesi.
Its exact locality is unknown. It was given by
him to Mr. John A. Chabaud, of Port Elizabeth,
a well-known enthusiastic amateur gardener, in

• Aloe Chabaudii, Schonland, n.sp — Acaulescent. Leaves
eighteen to twenty-four, forming an irregular rosette ;
up to lfl inches long and 6 inches broad near the base,
about | inch thick, ovate-lanceolate, unspotted, some-
what glaucous ; upper surface indistinctly striate,
nearly flat, except near the apex, where it is channelled ;
lower surface slightly convex ; margin with a narrow
horny border ; prickles J inch long or even smaller, at
first flesh-coloured, brown in older leaves, straight or
(especially in the upper portion of the leaf) curved
forward, about } inch apart, interspaces straight.
Inflorescence a loose panicle with squarrose ascending
branches 24 to 30 inches in height, about 18 inches in
diameter; racemes lax, flortferous portion 6 to

lateral ones are obliquely ovate and somewhat
falcate ; the petals much narrower, linear, waved
at the edges and curled backwards ; the Up has
exactly the form of that ofj[S. tigrina, but is
perhaps somewhat smaller; the column has the
characteristic broad wings of S. tigrina in the
middle of its length ; the foot is wingless, but
there are two small wings at the top that are
wanting in S. tigrina. The ground-colour is
dull straw-yellow or pale-orange ; the sepals
have obscure wine-red blotches and spots in

8 inches long; bracts-deltoid acuminate, membranous,
lowest about j inch long, upper gradually smaller ;
pedicels spreading, lowest J inch long, upper only
slightly smaller ; perianth 1| inch long, slightly curved.
distinctly obconical at the base, swollen round the
ovary, with three decided oblong indentations above it
(in a line with the inner segments) ; outer segments
pale brick-red with- nearly white wiDgs near the apex,
inner with red median line and pale wings, which are
yellowish at the apex ; tube of corolla nearly two-thirds
its length; filaments yellow, slightly exceeding the

Eeriaoth in length, anthers pale terra-cotta ; ovary
roadly oblong, green; style yellow, not exserted;
stigma very small, capitate,

more or less regular lines j the petals an i the base
of the lip have larger and rather deeper coloured
blotches ; the horns of the blade (the so-called
epichilium) of the lip are spotted in the same
manner ; the back of the column is greenish.
The fully-expanded flowers when measured across
are between 5 and G inches broad ; the lip is
2 inches long. The horns at their greatest
divergence are 2 inches apart, the deeply three-
pointed blade or epichil is 1 !- inch long and broad.
The perfume of the fresh flower is very strong,
but it seems to be not so overpowering as that of
S. tigrina when in all the full splendour of its
freshly-opened flowers.

The plant was raised by Mr. Paul Wolter, of
Magdeburg. The sowing was made just four
years ago, and the seedlings are now producing
their first flowers. The first spike I received had
three flowers, the lateral ones diverging at right
angles, the axil and the ovaries densely covered
by sheaths and bracts. Four years seems to be
the usual age at which Stanhopea seedlings

FIG, 35. — STANHOPEA WOLTERIANA X.

bloom. The first hybrid of this genus, S. Spind-
leriana, Kranzlin (S. tigrina x oculata), also
flowered after that time.

Stanhopeas generally speaking are not in
favour in England, though it is hard to
understand why they should not have their
place in amateur collections. To cultivate
they are the easiest of all Orchids, as they require
neither special treatment nor a great amount of
heat. They keep their bright, gay-looking foliage
all the year round, and a dozen baskets of these
plants hanging in a greenhouse in summer-time,
or on the branches of trees in a garden, producing
their drooping spikes of fantastic flowers, have a
pleasant effect, and give us some idea of the
treasures of the (western) Garden of the Sun.
Sixty years ago the English gardening world
must have had other tastes, the volumes of the
Botanical Magazine and Botanical Register being
full of plates representing Stanhopeas and their
varieties, and from the remarks made in the text
we learn that those plants were then highly
appreciated. Many of the garden and botanical
worthies of this period are immortalised by a
Stanhopea.

Certainly S tanhopeas " do not pay," nor do the
Ivory Orchids (the Eborilinguesof botanists), and
professional gardeners will certainly decline to
grow them; but fortunately there are still some
places in this world not devoted to the auri
sacra fames, and for these and their owners
such plants are well suited. F. Krdndin, Berlin.

August 5, 190").]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

103

KOSEHILL. FALMOUTH.

Gardens situated on the southern shore of
Cornwall are exceptionally favoured in the cli-
matic conditions which they enjoy, so much so
that, in visiting some of these sheltered retreats,
one might almost imagine that they were as
exempt from the rigours of winter as were the
fabled " Fortunate Isles," in such vigorous
health are the rare and tender shrubs and plants,
denizens of all portions of the globe, that find
sanctuary there.

The garden at Eosehil), the residence of Mr.
Howard Fox, though not extensive, is very
charming and replete with interest, for the
planting has been tastefully carried out, and the
fine collection of tender subjects that it contains
leaves nothing to be desired on the score of
health. The view from the front of the house is
very pretty, the eye passing over the gently-
sloping lawn, through a vista of trees, Cordy-
lines, Bamboos, and Phormiums, to catch a
glimpse of the sea's blue horizon-line in the
distance.

Among the trees and shrubs I have noted the
following: — Abutilon vitifolium, white variety,
the finest specimen that I know of, 20 feet in
height and as much in diameter; Acacia armata,
A. dealbata, A. lophantha, rare in the open-air
(it is 12 feet high and flowers through the
winter) ; Acacia longifolia, tearing seed freely :
A. melanoxylon, 30 feet in height; A. veiti-
cillata, Olearia (Aster) argophylla, with Must-
scented leaves, over 20 feet in height; Berbtiis
Bealei, a bush of Boronia megastigma, 4 feet
7 inches high, that was in flower in the first week
of last April ; Correa viminalis, the handsome
Peruvian Oantua dependens, U feet in height, as
a bush in front of a wall ; a large shrub of
Coronilla glauca that flowers all the winter; C.
viminalis, also a large bush ; Cordyline australis
in quantity, the largest being an immense speci-
men, with numerous heads and with a trunk circum-
ference of 5 feet 5 inches at 1 foot from the ground.
This is about 20 feet in height, and often perfects
ten or more flower-spikes. The only example
that will probably compare with this is one
at Enys, forty- five years from seed, which
has a girth of just under 0 feet. Cytisus race-
mosus, 12 feet high, generally blooms through
the winter, as does Cestrum (Ilabrothamnus)
•elegans. Datura sanguinea, 10 feet in height
and IS feet through, often bears flowers as late
as February, as does D. flava, 8 feet in height.
Desfontainea spinosa, 7 feet high, blooms pro-
fusely, and bears seed. There are also present
Edwardsia (Sophora) miorophylla, Embothrium
coccineum, which in a young state had curiously
cut foliage ; Eugenia apiculata, E. Ugni, Eupa-
torium micranthum, better known as E. Wein-
oiannianuni ; Eucalyptus cornuta, which has
borne seed ; Grevillea rosmarinifolia, 8 feet
across ; G. robusta, in good health ; Lepto-
spermum baccatum, Melia Azedaracb, 7 feet in
height; Myoporum la?tum, an Australian tree
with lanceolate leaves dotted with countless
transparent spots, bearing small, white,
purple-spotted flowers, seeding freely here, height
15 feet; Mitraria coccinea, as a busb, ~> feet
across ; Olearia ilicifolia, O. stellulata, 8 feet
high and 10 feet through ; Piptanthus nepalensis,
which here bears seeds ; Paliarus aculeatus (the
Calvary Thorn), Pavia rnacrostachya, Phytolacca
icosandra, Pinus Webbiana, Pittosporum euge-
nioides, P. tenuifolium, forming a hedge; P.
Tobira, 20 feet in height, that often flowers
through the entire winter; Podocarpus andina,
Ribes speciosum, Schinus molle (Pepper tree),
9 feet high ; Skimmia japonica, 6 feet in height
and 8 feet in diameter, flowering and fruiting
profusely ; a great bush of Solanum crispum, the
New Zealand S. aviculare, which has been out four
winters unprotected, and bears purple flowers

2 inches across, followed by large, yellow, egg-
shaped fruits, 7 feet 1 inch in height, and 7 feet
8 inches through ; Sparmannia africana, almost
a tree, flowering all the winter, and the rare
Taxodium pendulum, also known as T. distichum
microphyllum.andasGlyptostrobuspendulus. An-
other seldom-seenshrub that flowers well at Eosehill
is Viburnum rugosum, from the Canary Islands.
Arundo donax grows marvellously, some of the
canes being fully 20 feet in height. Asparagus
Sprengeri, A. deflexu=, and A. tenuissimus are
perfectly happy in the open ground, as is Begonia

Great bushes of Fat;ia japonic! spread their
deeply-cut folage over the lawns ; Tree-Ferns,
Woodwardia radicans and Lomaria magellanica
show luxuriant growth, while the great arching
leaves of the Musas have a noble effect. M.
Ensete presents a splendid appearance in the
autumn, and for the last two years M. japonica
has flowered and fruited. Of the latter species
there are now four fine specimens about 10 feet
in height. Melianthus major is 12 feet in height,
and a bush of Salvia leucantha ."> feet high, while
a mass of Senecio Petasites, fifty years of age, is

Fig. 30.— kosehill, falmouth.

nietallica. Numbers of Bamboos aie grown, all
of which are in vigorous health. I was informed
by Mr. W. Jenkins, the head gardener, that Phyl-
lostachys fastuosa had in two weeks made 5 feet
9 inches of growth. Clematis talearica or caly-
cina, and C. cirrhosa, two specie3 often con-
founded, are growing on the same arched trellis,
where the differences in their flowers and foliage
can be ■ easily nottd. C. montana has ascended
fully 30 feet into a tall Cupressus macrocarpa, and
C. Jackmani has taken possession of an old Apple
tree. Of Crinums a clump of C. Moorei is 8 yards
in circumfereuce, and the flower heads exceed
5 feet in height. A few years ago Furcrea long-
asva perfected a towering spire of inflorescence.

about 12 feet in height, and S. Heritieri and
S. grandifolius are also grown. Hybrid Hippe-
astrums do well in the open, and a large bed of
Hedychium Gardnerianum often perfects fifty
flower-spikes in September. Marica californica
increases from self-sown seed, and fancy Pelar-
goniums grow and flower freely. Hypericum
uralum is 7 feet in height, and a great plant of
Sempervivum holoehrysum from Teneriffe, with
thirty heads of foliage, measures 5 feet by
4 feet. Three years ago I saw this plant
in bloom, when the flower stems were
12 inches in height, and the golden
flower-heads were 15 inches in length, and
43 inches in circumference. Semele (Ruscus)

104

THE GARD ENER S ' CIIR ONI CLE.

[August 5, 1905.

androgyna, from Madeira, grows well, flowers and
fruits. Tacsonia mollissima makes rampant
growth over a portion of the house ; Trachelo-
spermum (Rhynoospermum) jasminoides flowers
freely well into latest autumn, and Rhodochiton
volubile proves perennial. On a sloping bank
Persian Cyclamens are at home, and produce
their scented blossoms in the spring, while at the
same date another portion of the slope is white
with countless flowers of Triteleia uniflora. In
the first week of April the Citrons on the open
wall were bearing full-sized fruits and flowers. At
Rosehill the Misleto has found a rather uncommon
host in a Mountain Ash. S. IF. Fitzherbert.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

OECHID SEEDLINGS.

We have already alluded to the curious inter- v
action observed between certain fungi and
certain Orchids, and we now add some further
particulars taken from a report of M. Noel
Bernard in the Journal de la Societi Nationale
d" Horticulture, May, 1905 : —

I U3ed, says M. Barnard, glass tubes closed with
a wad of dry cotton, in which I placed a small piece
of absorbent cotton soaked in nutritive liquid, and
I sterilised these tubes in su;h a way as to kill
all germs of mould or microbes. I sowed the seeds
on a piece of damp cotton ; for this purpose entire
capsules not yet open were necessary, and the
seeds were taken with every reasonable precaution
not to sow mould or microbes of any sort with
them. I was easily able to keep the seeds
under these conditions for six or seven months
without any mould developing. The Orchid seed-;
under these circumstances did not germinate at
all, even in tubes placed in a greenhouse and in
full light. As a rule the seeds swelled a little
and turned green during the first few weeks, and
then remained stationary. I have, for instance,
some Phalsenopsis seed which has been in this
state for three and a half months. The small
embryos that turned green did not exceed a
millimetre (about Js inch), and they died some
months later without further development.

To induce germination a fungus must be intro-
duced into the tube ; a species of mould formed
of long white filaments, which I cultivated in
a separate tube. As soon as the seeds come in
contact with the threads of this fungus they
begin to germinate. This is seen by comparing
the above - described Phalaenopsis seed with a
second sown with the fungus at the same time ;
the young plants are in perfect condition and
showing already the size of Peas.

In our hot-house3 the circumstances are iden-
tical. If there is none of the fungus in the
seed-pans the seeds do not germinate, and when
seeds do germinate it is owing to the collabora-
tion of the fungi. In looking at the little plants
through the microscope, the filaments of the
fungus are seen inside them. In introducing
suitable fungi into seed-pans, as was done with
the tubes, a certain and regular germination is
secured, aa M. Magne has found and reported.

Now, what is the particular fungus that is
required? Is the same one suitable for all
Orchids, or a special one for each ? This question
I have decided. I consider that the same de-
scription of fungus may cause many Orchids of
different kinds to germinate. The Cypripedium
fungus is also of use in the case of Cattleya,
Lselia, and Bletia — that is to say, for Orchids
whose germination is, as is well known, com-
paratively easily induced, and which are not
very particular in their choice of a fungus.

But those Orchids which germinate with diffi-
culty have special requirements. Thus, Phal anop-
sia will not germinate with the Cypripedium
fungus, nor with that of the Cattleya, nor with

that of the Odontoglossum. They will only
germinate with the Phalaenopsis fungus ; but
this last-named is also suitable for the Vanda.
Such is also the case even with the Lselias,
for instance, which will germinate with one
or the other of these fungi with more and
with less success. Taking two young seedlings
of Lselia, one germinated with the Phalaenopsis
fungus, the other with the Cypripedium fungus,
and although both are of the same age, the former
is seen to be more advanced than the latter.

Thus, in order to ensure success it is not
sufficient to supply any fungus at random, but a
special variety may be sometimes required for
each species of Orchid.

At present the fungi are available which are
requisite for the germination of species of Cat-
tleya, Lselia, Cypripedium, Phalaenopsis, and
Vanda; it may also be said of Odontoglossum,
as the fungus for this has also been discovered,
but during the last six months I have not suc-
ceeded in procuring a fruit to make the experi-
ment, the result of which I consider to be certain.

But before being certain as to all instances
long and varied experiments are necessary.

For these experiments collaboration is neces-
sary, and this M. Bernard solicits. M. Bernard
does not tell us what the particular fungus is
in the several cases he mentions. Probably
he has not cultivated it up to the fruiting
stage.

SALADS AND SALAD-MAKING.

Contented should be the amateur living in
the country who can go into his garden and cull the
materials for his salads these warm summer days.
In doing this it is advisable for him to choose the
early morning hours, whilst all vegetation is at
the coolest and dew-laden, in the case of Lettuces
pulling the plants up and placing the roots till
wanted in a shallow vessel of water in a cool cellar
or pantry. And the various herbs may be
likewise gathered, inserting the butt-end of the
shoots in water.

The consumption of salads has enormously
increased in modern times in England, not alone
of "salted things," as of Lettuces, Radishes,
Cresses, Celery, Onions, Beetroot, Chicory, Endive,
and Cucumbers, but of the more elaborate
" dressed" salads. Among Europeans the French,
theGerman speaking nations, Italians, Bohemians,
and Hungarians are gourmands in the matter of
salads and adepts in their concoction, but too
much addicted to the use of garlic as an ingredient
in them to suit English tastes. A favourite salad
with the Germans in the cold season is made
with Celeriac, or Turnip-rooted Celery,Jwhich in
that country of severe winters takes the place of
the blanched Celery of our gardens. The tubers,
which grow and develop on the surface of the
soil and are moulded-up, are taken up late in the
month of September, and after pulling off the
larger leaves and leaving merely a rosette of
heart-leaves, are embedded in sloping banks of
earth formed in cellars, the rosette not being
covered with earth, but left, so as to make a
slight amount of growth.

Before being eaten the tubers are thoroughly
cleansed from soil, the root-fibres cut off, im-
mersed in a saucepan filled with cold water, and,
like Beetroot, they are boiled till tender through-
out, and then laid aside on a strainer to get cold.
When required for use as a salad, the tubers are
carefully peeled and cut into slices about \ -inch
thickness before being placed in the bowl along
with, perhaps, sliced Beetroots and cold Potatos.
As with ourselves, Lettuces of the small Cabbage
varieties, some of which are curiously spotted
with crimson, are those most commonly con-
sumed, the Roman (as the Cos varieties are
called) not finding much favour, although they

have their uses in the kitchen, being stewed in a
little strong soup with an accompaniment of
shelled Peas, or the whole pods of the sans
parchemin varieties, and the necessary condi-
ments. Cabbage Lettuces, served simply with
olive oil and white wine vinegar, are found on
the table in most households and restaurants,
and are eaten with either hot or cold meats.

In French households of the better class one
does not find, perhaps, so much Garlic employed
as a flavouring agent in salads as in Italy and
Central Europe ; nor is Celeriac so much in
favour. Watercress and Radishes are abundantly
employed, but not in mixed salads; and Endive,
both mossy and the smooth-leaved Batavian
varieties, are greatly liked, also Chicory similarly
blanched by growing it in warmth in darkness.
The so-called French Breakfast Radishes in all
varieties are great favourites with our neighbours
across the Channel, and are to be obtained
during the greater part of the year. Blanched
Celery is largely grown in those parts of the
country enjoying mild winters, forming a con-
siderable article of export to those countries
which are too cold in winter to allow of its being
grown. The French, like their neighbours across
the Rhine, consume certain varieties of Potatos
possessing a waxy consistency thatallowsof slicing
without crumbling in the process. We have a few*
which can be thus employed — viz., the Walnut-
leaved, Myatt's Ashleaf and the common Ashleaf,
and the Fir-cone, a long, thin, blue-skinned tuber,
now rarely met with in our gardens, which is
of no value except as a salad Potato, or as a
botanical specimen demonstrating the bud-
like character of the tuber. There are various
sweet herbs which no sensible maker of salads
can possibly dispense with, and of these I will
now mention the more important in common
use abroad and in our own country ■ — viz.,
Tarragon, a hardy, tall-growing perennial plant
of easy culture in most soils, the young leaves
good for mixing with green salads ; Corn-salad,
of which three or four sowings may be made in
the summer, and which needs no blanching;
various Cresses, as the Normandy or curled ; the
seed - leaves of Mustard and common Cress ;
young Onion plants when but 6 to 8 inches in
height, sown at various times ; the young leaves
of garden Sorrel, and Lettuce, useful as a
salad ingredient or as a garnish. Garlic, pre-
viously mentioned as being commonly used on
the Continent, should never be employed ex-
cepting as a flavouring, rubbing the " cloves " of
the bulbs in a little oil round the sides and
bottom of the bowl, afterwards extracting any
pieces that may have become detached in the
process.

Cucumbers and Tomatos should not be omitted
from the list, the latter having hecom3 a great
favourite as compounds of a salad, either by
themselves or mixed with other things, the
Currant and Cherry-fruited varieties being espe-
cially nice.

A rule to be generally followed in preparing
leafy salads is never to make use of a knife when
the finger and thumb will answer the purpose of
dividing the leaves into small pieces. Never, if it
can be avoided, let leafy salads be left soaking in
water, nor allow them to get wilted by exposure
to the air. Strong vinegar should be diluted
with warm water to an agreeable strength ;
it will mix better with the oil than when used
cold. Salt should be sparingly used, and added
to the salad at the last moment.

The best kind of Pepper for salads is the
coarsely-ground black, which affords a fine zest
to a salad, and is not so apt to cause choking as
the finely-ground white Pepper. The oil should
be the best Lucca ; and, as the last word, the
contents of the bowl should be thoroughly incor-
porated by a vigorous stirring with a wooden
spoon or fork. F. M.

AUGUST

1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

105

COLONIAL NOTES.

RAINFALL NEAR CAPE TOWN.
It may interest some eader3 of the Gardeners'
Chronicle to know that the rainfall here for the
month^of June was as much as 28 20 inches. Jas.
Taylor. Head Gardener to A. Ohlsson, Esq., Monte-
bello, Newlands, near Cape Town.

Mislktos in New Zealand.
Thinking that readers of the Gardeners'
Chronicle may be interested in the subject, I send
you anaccountof some of our Misletos (Loranthus),
notably one that grows readily on many sorts of
trees in this central part of North Island. It
forms large bunches of foliage and shoots on the
limbs of the foster - parent, the shoots being
covered with crimson flowers about the size and
shape of those of a Myrtle. It is very conspicuous
when in flower. Imagine a huge bunch hanging
in the centre of a lot of other foliage covered
with the crimson flowers ! The berries are
scarlet, viscid, and the leaves are rather broader
than those of the English variety. Another sort
has greenish-yellow flowers and berries. It is very
hardy, growing on many varieties of native
trees ; but I wish to draw attention to its
having adapted itself to European fruit-trees,
including the Plum, Pear, Ac, also to the pseudo-
Acacia. I have seen it in the South Island
orchards as well as here. There are many sorts
of Misleto which are natives of this country
of which you will probably receive descriptions
later [Many thanks]. We have a Poplar-tree
here that was erected in honour of King
Edward VII.'s accession to the throne. It was
cut and erected as a flagstaff about 50 feet high,
and to our great surprise it started and grew,
and is now well feathered with shoots — truly a
loyal tree, and probably the biggest readers ever
heard of which made roots as would a cutting
of Pelargonium. Joseph Mayo, Tolcaanu, Lake
Taupo, New Zealand.

and suburbs, and which timber merchants call
" brutes," may be found also on the continent.
We see everywhere "brutes" of Pines, Firs,
Oak, Beech, &c, without condemning the species
on that account. So it is with the Locust tree.
If I had 1,000 acres of this tree in England, and
the English timber merchants combined to dis-
credit the value of the wood and not to buy it, I
could very likely not make any use of it, but in
the absence of such an unexpected opposition my

FORESTRY.

CATTLEYA AMETHYST0GL0SSA.

This pretty Cattleya is frequently seen in
gardens bearing the name C. guttata Prinzii, the
error having been made by Reichenbach in Bon-
plandia., iv., p. 327, and adopted by some authori-
ties. There is no doubt however that it is a
distinct species, and one of the most beautiful of
its section. It is a native of Bahia, and its fine
wax-like flowers have the sepals and petals vary-

TIIE LOCUST TREE.
Mat I just say that my letter on this subject
bad reference exclusively to growing the Locust
tree in Britain as a crop, and had nothing to do
with German woods or coal mines. Can Mr.
Booth answer my questions on that head ? As to
the Douglas Fir, no one expects a greater future
for the tree than I do, but " at present," as I
said, timber dealers regard it as a Spruce.
As sold standing I should like to know how
much more Mr. McCorquodale got per foot for his
Douglas (after felling, hauling, and all expenses
were deducted) than good Spruce was fetching at
the time. I put this question when the article
appeared in the Perth Constitutional, but got no
answer. The price of the timber standing in the
wood is my price, not the delivery price. The
comparative dimensions given by Mr. Booth of
Larch and Douglas are no doubt correct. Lately
sections of beautiful Douglas forty years old
were shown in the forestry section, Park Royal,
as big as Larch at 100 years, as the two examples
from Lord Powis's estate, I think, showed.

Some of the most ugly and mis-shapen trees in
the London squares and suburbs at present are
Locust trees — what timber merchants would call
" brutes." J. Simpson.

There can be no doubt that the Locust

tree (Robinia) grows equally well in France,
Britain and in Germany. And all that has been
said in my different letters about the wood applies
as well to British-grown woods and to British coal
mines as to our German forests.

Ugly and ill-formed specimens of the Locust
tree, such as are to be seen in the London squares

Fig. 37.— cattleya amethystoglossa.

answer as to German and French-grown wood of
this tree is equally applicable to English-grown
wood.

As to Mr. McCorquodale's thinnings of the
Douglas, Mr. Simpson overlooks that when Larch
and Douglas fetched Is. per foot the Douglas Fir
was only half the age of the Larch and stronger,
and contained more than double the number of
cubic feet that the latter did. The thinnings
brought this price at a public sale, not standing
in the wood ; the price was delivery price. The
prejudices of the timber merchants must be
overcome ; but here is the trouble— we want
to sell wood which is unknown to them.
John Booth, 39, Mozartstrasse, Gross-Lichterfelde,
Berlin .

ing from yellowish-white to light rose spotted
with purple, the labellum, which bears numerous
raised lines, being of a rich amethyst-purple.

Cattleya amethystoglossa is of very easy
culture in the intermediate-house, provided a
distinct dry season of rest be given.

PLANT PORTRAITS.

PyrusMalusNiedzwetzkyana.— Bulletin a" Arbori-
culture, &c , July.

Perowskya atriplicifolia, Andre, in Revue Horti-
cole, July lfi. A western Himalayan shrub of the
Labiate family, with grey lanceolate leaves and small
blue flowers in spikes, as in some Sativas. Useful for
summer bedding.

106

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 5, 190",

REMARKS ON THE CONDITION OF
THE FKUIT CROPS.

(See Tables and General Summary, ante, pp. 81 -S7.)
0, SCOTLAND, N.
Orkneys — The poor appearance of the fruit
crops this year is due to frost towards the end of
May. At the beginning of the season there was
every sign of an excellent crop of all kinds of
fruit. Thos. MaeDonald, Balfour Castle Gardens.

Sutherlandshiee. — Uooseberries have done
better ttun was expected, as the frost and snow
showers early in April when the bushes were in
bloom threatened at the time to spoil the crop.
There was a moderate amount of bloom on Apple
trees, and no frost interfered with the setting,
but they set badly nevertheless, and the cropis very
much below average. The soil is of sandy loam,
and is of good depth. I>. Melville, Vunrobin Castle
Gardens, Golspie.

1, SCOTLAND, E.

Aberdeenshire. — There was plenty of blossom'
on Apple trees, but the crop is poor, and several
of the trees have none. All sorts of small fruits
are good crops, except Gooseberries. Black
Currants and Raspberries are very abundant.
The soil is a medium loam on a hard pan subsoil.
Jas. Grant, Rothienorman Gardens.

The prospects of good hardy fruit crops

■were very promising in early spring, when every
tree bore a mass of bloom. But the late frost
and the long - continued drought have ruined
them. All the fruit-trees are infested with
insects. Caterpillars have done much damage to
Gooseberry bushes. All crops are sorely in need
of rain. The soil is stiff and heavy and rests
upon clay. John Brown, Delgaty Castle Gardens,
Turriff.

Banffshire. — The fruit crop gave every ap-
pearance of being abundant. Blossom was
plentiful on Apple, Pear, Plum, and Cherry-trees,
but during the flowering stage the weather was
very cold and there were cutting winds, in
consequence of which the crops are very thin,
especially the finer varieties of Plums on walls.
Victoria Plums on standard trees are satisfac-
tory. Pears are under average. Apples are a
good half crop. Cherries are fairly good, especi-
ally Morellos. Kain is wanted badly. J. Fraser
Smith, Cullen Gardens.

Clackmannanshire. — The Apple blossom
was destroyed by rain. The soil here is ir-
regular, being partly stiff and partly light.
A. Blackwood, Academy Gardens, Dollar.

Forfarshire. — The fruit crops in the gardens
here are moderate. Apples promised well when
in flower, but the flowers set irregularly, and the
crop is not an average one. Plums are mostly
grown on walls, and have required a good deal of
thinning, the set being abundant. Small fruits
are an average crop, but owing to the very dry
summer Strawberries are below average. W.
McDowall, Brechin Castle Gardens.

Haddingtonshire. — Apples are almost a
failure, the blossom having been distorted to
a very large extent, and scarcely any set.
Other crops are fairly good, but none is
superabundant, though Strawberries, Goose-
berries, and Easpberries, since the rain, have
swelled up to very large crop3. Our rainfall in
1905 up to July 11 was just over 6 inches.
It is not improbable that other causes than
cold are responsible for the failure of the
Apple crop (p. 81). Here, for instance, weescaped
the severe frosts that were common when the
Apple blossom was mostly cut. Yet with the
exception of 1880 the crop is the smallest I can
remember. It was quite clear to me at the time
of blossoming that the chance of a crop was

small indeed, and a visitor who came on purpose
to see the Apples flourishing was quite sceptical
when I pointed out the slight chance there was
of a set. Much of the blossom was contorted in
the petals, many of which too were incomplete,
and quantities of the blooms were devoid of
ovaries and stigmas, while the anthers in many
instances were aborted and incapable of producing
pollen. As to why this condition existed, I think
the abnormally dry summer, autumn, and winter
of 1901 were the sole cause. Ground that was
trenched 2 feet deep in October was absolutely
dust - dry. That these conditions remained
till long after the flowering season of Apples
is certain from the abnormally low rainfall,
and the ground was still so dry after the
fall of an inch early in July that the soil about
some Evergreen Oaks I tried to transplant was
found, all except a few inches on the surface of the
soil, to be so extremely dry that the attempt to
lift them had to be given up. I think, therefore,
that the failure of Apples, at least in some
instances, is due, if not solely, at least to a very
large extent, to the exceptionally severe drought,
which elderly people have been comparing with
the year 1826, of which they heard accounts
from an earlier generation. Why Strawberries,
Gooseberries, and other small crops have been a
success may be attributed to the roots getting the
full benefit of any rains that fell. It is rather
curious that the Apples that are bearing here
are not late but early-flowering sorts, and though
Peaches and Apricots were hard frozen a sufficient
number escaped to produce a good crop of these.
R. P. Brotherston, Ti/ninghame Gardens, Preston-
Virk.

Small fruits in this district are again heavy

crops and of first-rate quality. There was a pro-
fusion of blossom on all other fruit-trees, but the
quantity of fruit that set is far below the
average. Insect pests were very numerous early
in the season, and did great damage to Apple
and Pear-trees in cases where no measures were
taken to destroy the pests. William Galloway,
Gosford Gardens, Longniddry.

Midlothian. — The fruit-crop is very disap-
pointing. All kinds of fruit-trees showed a
great abundance of blossom, and during the
flowering period the weather was very dry, with
constant east winds and very cold nights, resulting
in many of the trees not setting any fruit. Only
early varieties of Apples and Pears have a crop.
There is a moderate crop of Victoria Plums. All
small fruits are good crops, and after an unusual
drought the rain came in time to save them.
The soil is light, and the subsoil gravel. James
Whytock, Dalkeith Palace Gardens, Edinburgh.

Peebleshire — Apples are a failure here this
season owiDg to spring frosts. The blossoms
were destroyed even before they opened. Plums
are scarce through the same cause. We have
fine crops of Cherries, Strawberries, Easpberries,
Gooseberries, and all small fruits, and as the
bushes are all young and healthy they are of good
quality. The soil here is light, good, and deep,
with a gravel sub-soil. W. Young, Stolo Castle
Gardens.

Perthshire. — The spring frosts spoiled a great
amount of blossom on Apple and Pear-trees in
this district, the appearance being exceptionally
fine at the time of flowering. Small fruits have
suffered from want of rain. The soil in this
district being of a heavy loam has withstood the
drought well. J. Farquharson, Kinfauns Castle
Gardens.

Insect pests of all sorts have been

unusually bad this season. James Eiving, Castle
Men:ics Gardens, Aberfeldy,

6, SCOTLAND, W.
Ar^tlleshire. — Apples and Pears are a poor
crop. There was a superabundance of fine

blossom, but at the time of flowering we had
cutting winds. Strawberries and small fruits are
very abundant and of first-rate quality. The
soil is a light sandy loam. D. S. Melville , Poltalloch
Gardens, Lochgilphead.

Ayrshire. — The fruit crops are all under
average, and in some gardens they are a total
failure. Black Currant mite has destroyed all
the crop of this fruit in this garden. This is the
driest summer we have had for many years, and
insect pests of all kinds have been very destruc-
tive to fruit crops. W. Priest, Eglington Gardens,
Kilwinning.

Dumfriesshire. — Apples and Pears this year
are a very thin crop in our district. Early in the
season fruit trees with us looked exceedingly
well, but a cold "snap" did terrible damage on
the mornings of May IS. 19, 20, 21, and 22, when
in the gardens here we registered 1°, 8°, 11°, 10°,
and 6° of frost respectively, followed by cold, damp
evenings, with slight frosts in the mornings. This
continued till June 1, but since that date we have
had very warm, dry weather, with an unusual
amount of bright sunshine. We have Straw-
berries, Easpberries, Currants, and Gooseberries
of first-class quality, although in no individual
ease is the crop a heavy one. John Mackinnon,
Terregles Gardens, Dumfries.

Strawberries are an excellent crop and of

good flavour. The rain came just in time to save
the crop. We apply heavy mulchings with rough
stable manure, which suits Strawberries in our
light soil, it also keeps the fruit clean after being
washed with rain ; we put it on early in spring.
In our experience results are better from digging
between the rows with a four-pronged fork,
instead of with a spade in autumn. Apple
trees flowered profusely and expectations were
high, but 6° and 7° of frost on May 23 and 2i
ruined the crop. Apples are almost a total
failure, there being only a few fruits on wall
trees. The soil is a light sandy loam. Jas.
MaeDonald, Dryfeholm Gardens, Lockerbie.

Kirkcudbrightshire. — I have no the least
doubt but the Apple crop would have been a
good one but for the severe frost we had on
May 23, when all the trees were in blossom.
N. Macfayden, Glenlie Gardens, New Galloway.

Renfrewshire. — There was a fair promise of
blossom at first, March being mild though wet-
April was cold and sunless, with sharp frosts,
which thinned Gooseberries and Currants con-
siderably. The month of May until May 23 was
remarkable for withering winds and frosty nights.
Jno. Methven, Blythewood Gardens.

Wigtownshire. — Bush-fruits and Strawberries-
are heavy crops, and in size and quality they are
equal to former years. Apples, Pears, Plums, and
Cherries are light crops, owing to the long-con-
tinued east winds and frosts during May. The
soil is a moderately deep friable loam ; the situa-
tion is low and well sheltered. James Day, Galloway
House Gardens.

2, ENGLAND, N.E.
Durham. — Apples, Pears and Plums are under
average owing to the cold winds from the sea
causing the fruits to drop soon after setting.
Black Currants are scarce, which is due to the
blight of last year, which caused the leaves to fall
in July. Strawberries are poor owing to the very
dry season. The soil is a dry limestone. R. Draper,
Seaham Hall Gardens, Seaham Harbour.

The fruit crops this year on the whole are

considerably below the average, owing chiefly to-
the severe frosts in the early part of April. We"
have a strong clay soil, and the want of rain in.
this district cut short the Strawberry crops.
Jas. Noble, Woodburn Gardens, Darlington.

With the exception of Strawberries and

Gooseberries, all other hardy fruits are much

August ■">, 100:.. J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

107

under average. Our garden stands high and is
somewhat exposed, consequently the trees suffered
very much from north and east winds, which
prevailed more or less all spring, particularly
during the blossoming period. The long-continued
low night temperatures and frosts, lasting till the
end of May, caused the destruction of what
promised to be a fair average crop. /. Machar,
Snell Mouse, Howdenle-Wear.

Yorkshire. — The fruit crops are unsatisfac-
tory, Apples, Pears, and Plum3 are very poor.
There was very little blossom on Apple trees ;
some varieties of Pears on walls are good, but all
fruit trees are suffering much from the long
drought. Strawberries are very good on young
plantations in some situations. Fruit trees were
damaged by the severe frosts in May, Potatos
also were damaged by the frost. The soil varies
much. The subsoil is chalk on the hills and clay
in the valleys. The fruit crops on the hills are
dried up. The Loganberry seems to stand the
dry weather better than anything, there is an
excellent crop of fruits, which are in great demand
for tart and jam making. Apricots and Plums in
a glass shed are carrying good crops of fruit, and
show what is required to grow satisfactory crops
of these fruits — a warm situation with good soil.
Bailey Wadds, Birdsall Gardens, York.

With the single exception of Strawberries

the fruit crops are very light hereabouts. This
remark is particularly applicable to stone fruits.
Apples are a very thin crop ; Lord Suffield,
Keswick C'odlin, and the old Yorkshire Greening
are the only varieties that have any fruit on
worth mentioning. Of Pears, Comte de Lamy,
Louise Bonne of Jersey, Jargonelle, Summer
Franc Real, and Olivier de Serres have thin crops.
H. J. Clayton, Grimston Park Gardens, Tadcaster.
(To be continued.)

KEW NOTES.

Allamanda. — This genus is well represented
by many profusely-flowered specimens in various
houses at the present time. The largest and best
plant is that of Allamanda Schotti var. Hender-
soni, flowering on the roof of the Palm-house, and
which may be seen best from the gallery. It is
planted in one of the beds and trained up a pillar
on to the roof. It is never dry at the roots, nor
ever quite denuded of its foliage. In the early
spring the branches are shortened, but not pruned
hard back. Under such conditions it produces
enormous growths, some of which are probably
from 40 to 50 feet from the root-stock. From
April until November the plant produces a great
profusion of flowers, such as is never equalled
when grown in a pot. The flowers are large and
yellow, with brown markings in the throat. A.
Williamsi is also in bloom in the same house,
where it grows and flowers very freely, cover-
ing a large area of the roof; the blossoms
are about two-thirds the size of A. Schotti, and
much the same in colour. On the stage at the
south end of the Palm-house is a specimen of the
bushy A. cathartica, which is the smallest-flowered
species grown at Kew. The flowers are about the
size of those of a small Gloxinia, light yellow in
colour, with rounded segments. A. neriifolia is a
closely allied species, deep in colour, rather larger
in the flower, and has acute segments. This
species is represented in the Mexican-house by a
bushy plant about 3 feet in height. Several
plants of A. grandiflora are making a fine display
in the stove. Although the flowers are smaller
than those of the A. Schotti type, the beautiful
bright, clear yellow of the blossoms fully com-
pensate for what they lack in size. A. violacea
is also to be seen in the same house, having
flowers about the size of A. Williamsi, but of a
violet-purple colour, being very distinct from all
the other members of the genus, and one which

should be more widely known and cultivated.
A. Schotti var. magnitiea is a fine form, with
very large yellow flowers, but unmarked in the
throat. It is flowering in the Begonia-house.
W.H.

EOSE-GARDEN AT LUSCOMBE.

The illustration at fig. 3S represents the Pose
and rock - gardens at the residence of Peter
Hoare, Esq., Luscombe, near Dawlish, in South
Devon. The beds are planted with the choicest
varieties of Tea and hybrid Tea Kose3. Sur-
rounding the beds there are rambling Roses
trained on chains, where such varieties as Turner's
Crimson Rambler, Queen Alexandra, Dundee
Rambler, Euphrosyne (a very pretty miniature
pink Rose), Perle des Jardins, Pink Gloire de
Dijon, and Agara, make a very pretty effect.

On the rockery, which may be seen in the illus-
tration, many somewhat tender species of plant?
are cultivated successfully. Coronilla glauca and

SOUTHWOOD, BICKLEY.

[See Supplementary Illustration.]
The village of Bickley, in Kent, is on the south-
eastern fringe of London's vast suburbs, for
hereabouts the great city becomes merged with
the cornfields and the woodlands until the country
nature of the district holds full sway, and the fruit
plantations, for which Kent is so justly famous,
become numerous. As the radius from th»
metropolis extends, so does the area available
for large and beautiful dwellings ; and Bickley
may truly be said to consi st of a collection of
charming homesteads, comprising large and
delightfully-arranged gardens and grounds.

Of such a one is Southwood, the residence of
A. E. Beddow, Esq., with its ten acres of gardens
and grounds, with flower-beds and borders, con-
servatories, pergolas, rock-gardens, and ornamental
water, the last-named of which forms the subject
of our Supplementary Illustration. For the

Fig. 38.— view jn the gardens at luscombe, s. devon.

Cytisus frigians are hardy during winter.
Clianthus puniceus makes a fine show from the
beginning of April until the end of June, and is
likewise hardy. Fabiana imbricata, Olearia stel-
lulata, Lupinus arboreus, and numerous other
flowering shrubs and rock plants have made good
specimens here.

Luscombe Castle is situated in one of the most
beautiful localities in Devon, and from the Rose-
garden a very lovely view of the sea is obtainable.
We are indebted for our illustration to the head
gardener at Luscombe, Mr. R. Seaborne.

NlCOTlN— POISON. — At Raigate recently a
seedsman was summoned for infringing the law
requiring the word " Poison " to be placed on
vessels containing certain dangerous substances.
In the present instance the quantity of nicotin
proved to be contained in a bottle of XL-All
liquid was sufficient to cause the death of at
least seventy-five persons, but there was no label
indicating that it was a poison, and other re-
quirements of the law had not been complied
with. A fine of .£3 and costs was imposed, or
in default fourteen days. We believe that the
word " Poison" is now affixed to the bottles.

photograph whence this was taken we are in-
debted to Messrs. Pulham & Son. The dwelling
is a large modern house, commanding a view of
the gardens and grounds from an elevated
terrace, which has been made the most of to
accommodate flower-beds and borders, set off here
and there with such subjects as Roses, orna-
mental Conifers, and flowering shrubs. The
house may be said to literally stand in the
garden, for the flower-beds and borders encroach
to the very walls, up which climbing and trailing
plants, such as Roses, Wistarias, Ceanothus
thyrsiflorus, Spiraeas, &c, have been trained.

A large winter-garden forms an adjunct to
the residence, and from which it is entered.
This structure forms a cool and pleasing re-
treat, and has been laid out in the manner of a
rock-garden or fernery; indeed it largely par-
takes of the latter character, for Ferns abound on
every side, and from the way in which they
luxuriate seem quite at home. Ferns do not
entirely occupy the structure, but share it with
such things as Camellias, Phormiumtenax, Gloire
de Dijon Roses, Ficus repens, Clianthus puniceus,
Clematis, &c. One specimen of Ficus repens was
extremely interesting. It had accommodated

108

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 5, 1905,

itself on a plant (now dead), probably a Myrtle,
and when several feet high had assumed the
arborescent form, and was fruiting freely, the
strong upper growths being so unlike the graceful
climbing sprays that it was difficult to recognise
them as belonging to one and the same plant.
A fountain and water-pool add further charms
to this place, and in the area covered by the
spray of the water mosses and Liverworts grow
undisturbed, furnishing the rockwork with a
pleasing carpet of greenery. To the right of this
structure is an admirably constructed rockery,
which even at this season is bright with many
plants in flower. The rock-garden terminates in
a water-pool — quite a wild spot, given over to the
numerous British aquatic and bog plants that
have established themselves in its vicinity,
together with others that have been planted, such
as Bamboos, Osmunda regalis, Equisetums, Irises,
Spiraeas, Astrantia major, Myosotis palustris, and
many others. In the pool itself was a batch of
the common Water-Lily flowering grandly.

Passing by beds of Roses and an arcade of these
same flowers, the walk is interrupted by a stream
that is crossed by stepping-stones. The water
flows from a dripping-well, and trickles down past
hardy Ferns, which have taken advantage of
■every crevice and ledge in which to ramify, and
nowhere could they succeed better. This stream
supplies the ornamental pond seen in our picture,
which is a delightful piece of artificial water.
The bridge spans the pond at about its centre, so
that the lake is really of much greater area than
would be imagined from the view we give.
Wichuraiana Roses are interlaced between the
rustic wood-work of the bridge, the view from
which is excellent. A small island finds a place
in the water at the background of our picture ;
this is planted with Yew-trees and Pampas-grass,
several clumps of which are also planted around
the pond.

The banks of the pond are bright with
Irises, species of Lysimachia, Bi ambles, Yuccas,
Bamboos, Phloxes, and numerous alpine and rock-
plants, which have been planted wherever oppor-
tunity has afforded. There are also clumps of
Nympha^a alba, the hardy Water-Lily, in the
margin of the water itself. Additional charm i s
added to the surroundings by beds of Azaleas,
and trees and shrubs with ornamental foliage,
such as Acer Negundo and the golden-coloured
species. We admired the healthy appearance of
Bambusa Simoni aurea and the well-developed
■colour of its handsome foliage.

Passing the well-kept lawn, in one side of
which a series of flower-beds in the form of
a star has been cut, one arrives at a shrub-
bery that contains some remarkably fine ex-
amples of Holly trees. Sufficient space has
ibeen allowed to permit the inclusion of her-
baceous plants in the foreground of the border,
which at the time of our visit was bright with
the many flowers in season. Herbaceous flowers
are grown around the borders of the fruit
and vegetable garden, which also includes an
•extensive border of Roses, that furnishes cut
flowers for decorative purposes in the mansion.
The fruit trees, unfortunately, are almost bare of
fruit, a feature we fear only too common in
gardens this year. Plum-trees were carrying
satisfactory crops, their blossom having escaped
injury from the disastrous late frosts ; but with
this exception there will be little fruit to harvest.

There are several good glasshouse, vineries,
Peach-houses, conservatory, stove, &c. The plant-
houses are filled with such subjects as are useful
for decorative purposes in the residence or for
furnishing cut flowers. One may truly say there
is a little of almost everything, including Orchids
and Nepenthes. A batch of Gloxinias reflected
•credit on the gardener, Mr. E. Quantrill, who has
been charged with the care of these grounds and
gardens for the past ten years.

The Week's Work.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F. Jobdan, Gardener to Dr. Corbet, Impney Hall
Gardens. Droitwich.

Peaches. — Continue to syringe daily all trees
that have been cleared of fruit, giving them an
occasional syringing with Quassia - extract or
some other approved insecticide. Apply to all
trees that appear to require it the same generous
treatment with liquid-manure and other stimu-
lants after the fruits are gathered as before. Do
not be guided by the surface-soil appearing
wet, which may be caused by the syringing, but
examine the soil near the roots, and if it is dry
apply water in quantity. Houses containing
trees with fruits that are ripe, or approaching to
that stage, should be ventilated rather more
freely. Direct syringing of the fruits should be
discontinued, but the stems of the trees, the sur-
face of the walls, and other available spaces
should be damped at least twice daily. Trees
which are now swelling up heavy crops of fruit
will require applications of liquid-manure and
other stimulants, although the borders are well
mulched with rotten manure. It is much better
to feed the trees liberally at this stage, even if
they are making too much growth, than to starve
the fruits, because the roots can be easily lifted
in the autumn and pruned if necessary. See
that the fruits are fully exposed to the sun by
keeping the leaves drawn aside, for highly-
coloured fruits are so much superior to others.
As soon as the fruit has been gathered remove all
the shoots that are not required for furnishing the
trees, and lose no time before syringing them
vigorously with water, ventilating the house to
the fullest extent.

Houses containing Later-ripening Trees.— Pinch
the laterals, tie down and regulate the shoots as
they advance in growth, and allow plenty of space
between them to permit of full development.
Remove altogether any gross shoots which inter-
fere with the proper extension of the trees. If
syringing is vigorously carried out and the
borders are well mulched and kept supplied with
nourishment, red-spider will not make much
headway. Follow the directions given in the
preceding paragraph as to syringing and feeding
the trees, and exposing the fruits when they
approach to maturity. See that young trees are
well syringed and supplied with water ; also
examine any ties which may be too tight, or they
will cause " gumming " in the stems at a later
season.

Shading. — Many gardeners have a strong objec-
tion to shading fruits. It is, however, much
better to lightly shade Melon and Cucumbers (in
some districts) from the midday sun when it is
as hot as it has been recently. This will help to
keep the foliage clean and healthy, when better
fruits may be expected from the plants than
would be the case if the leaves were scorched. It
may be advisable to shade other fruits with a
thin coat of limewash or with 1-inch netting if
the foliage has become thin from any cause
whatever.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bollock, Gardener to E. J. Wythes, Esq.,
Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Pelargoniums. — As these plants pass out of
flower, let them be removed to a position in the
open garden where the sun's rays will reach
them and ripen the wood thoroughly previous to
their being pruned. Sufficient water only should
be afforded them to prevent the foliage dying
off too quickly. Cuttings may be taken when the
wood is in a moderately hard condition.

Primulas. — The earliest batch of these from
seeds should be ready now for potting into G-inch
pots. Let the compost to be employed for the
purpose consist of two parts loam, one part
rotten leaf-soil, and an equal proportion of
silver-sand. Good drainage by means of broken
crocks, charcoal or clinkers is very essential to
success. The plants after being potted should be
stood in a cold frame as near to the light as
possible. Keep the atmosphere of the frame
rather close for a few days, and shade the plants,
but afterwards a free circulation of air should be

permitted, and during warm nights the lights
may be removed entirely, allowing the dew to
fall on the plants.

Primula kewensis X . — The earliest propagated
plants are making much headway, and a weak
application of sheep -manure water should be
given them. Allow a free circulation of air
among the plants. Plants propagated later
should be ready now for being potted on.

Cinerarias. — Let the plants raised from a late
sowing be repotted when they are ready,
employing a similar compost to that advised for
Primulas.

Poinsettias. — No time should be lost in getting
the later-struck cuttings potted into 5-inch pots.
Those that have been potted for some time and
are rooting freely should be afforded more air,
and must be kept in a position near to the glass
to prevent them becoming drawn or weakly.

Mignonette. — Make another sowing to follow
the earlier sowing, which should be ready now for
repotting into larger pots.

Humea elegans. — Pot up the seedlings into small
GO-size pots from the seed-pans as soon as they
are large enough, and place them on shelves
near the light in a warm, moist atmosphere.

Carnations H. J. Cutbush, Cecilia, and Lady
Mimi. — For effective grouping in a corridor or
conservatory the three varieties mentioned are
of the best, and they are easily cultivated. For
providing plants to flower next June and July,
let those now passing out of bloom be layered
as advised in a previous Calendar, and when
they have made roots pot the plants up into
GO-size pots, shifting them again into 6-inch
pots when they are ready for these.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By W. Ftfe, Gardener to Lady Wantage, Looklngo
Park, Wantage.

Winter Spinach. — When Spinach for winter use
is sown very early the plants generally develop
too quickly, with the result that flower-stems are
formed. To have this vegetable in good condi-
tion during the winter and early spring months,
sow seeds from the beginning of August to the
end of September upon soil well prepared
previously, and if the situation is sheltered for
the latest crop all the better. Sow the seeds in
drills 2 inches deep and 18 or 20 inches apart,
and apply water to the soil before sowing
the seeds. Occasional sprinklings of soot will
help to keep wire - worms from destroying the
roots. The prickly Spinach is the one generally
sown for winter use, but with the summer or
round-seeded variety equally good results may be
obtained. I was asked the other day when
Spinach was fit for use, the enquirer's crop being
then running to seed. When the leaves are
large enough nothing is gained by allowing them
to remain on the plants. Young leaves are
much superior to older ones. The practice of
picking a leaf here and there is not so good as
making a clean sweep of all leaves that are fit for
use. The succeeding crop will then follow in that
order.

Seakale is practically in use for six months out
of the twelve, and for that reason is deserving of
marked attention. The ta;k of producing good,
medium-sized crowns is simple when propagation
is effected by cuttings. Let the surface-soil be
hoed frequently amongst the plants. Apply
occasional dustings of soot, and afford a good
supply of water.

Coleworts for Autumn and Winter use should
now be planted, and even if the weather is dry
the work must not be delayed. On the day before
planting is done, however, the ground should be
well saturated with water. Allow a distance of
15 inches between the lines and 12 inches from
plant to plant.

Peas. — Without a good supply of water upon
the vine and at the roots some difficulty will be
experienced in keeping up the supply. We have
just completed staking our latest crops, which
look remarkably well, due in a great measure to
the "revolving sprayer," which is kept at work
during the night to provide a very tine spray
upon the plants and their surroundings.

August 5, 190.j.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

109

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. H. Clabke, Gardener to Sir William Plowden,
Aston Rowant House, Oxon.

Standard Apple-trees. — Examine the trees, and iP
there are any on which the fruits are too
numerous, thin out the clusters. Do not allow a
crop to remain on young trees that will weigh
down the branches, causing them to break or
split off. This can be prevented by removing the
fruits from the extremities of the branches, or
by affording support to those kinds which
habitually fruit on the ends of the shoots. Early
varieties of Apples, such as Irish Peach, Mr.
Gladstone, Beauty of Bath, Ac, should not be
allowed to become too ripe before gathering,
otherwise the flavour will be impaired. By keep-
ing the fruits in a cool fruit- room for two or
three days the flavour will improve. A few of
the American varieties are much improved in
flavour by being grown on a wall. Washington,
King of Tompkins County, Northern Spy, Melon
Apple may be counted among them. Kemove all
shoots that cross each other in standard trees,
and any others that are unduly taking the lead
should be stopped. Securely fasten all trees to
prevent the westerly winds and equinoctial
gales from swaying them about. Let trees which
have been chafed by rubbing against their stakes
be treated on the affected parts as a preventive
against American Blight attacking such wounds.

Ornamental Crabs, such as John Downie,
Mammoth, Siberian and Transcendent, so useful
for making jellies, may have the fruits lightly
thinned where the crop is too heavy. These Crabs
are liable to overcrop themselves.

Hardy Vines growing on Walls, — Stop the sub-
laterals at one leaf and the leading shoots at two
leaves beyond the bunch of fruit. Shoots that
are intended to cover bare spaces should be
stopped when they are 1 feet in length. Expose
the fruit to full sunlight and thin the bunches
moderately to get increased size in the berries.
If mildew is noticed promptly syringe the Vines,
on two evenings each week until the pest has
been checked, with sulphide of potassium, at the
rate of J-oz. to each gallon of soft water, after-
wards syringing the Vines with clear water.

Quinces and Mulberries should be thinned early.
The size and flavour of the fruits may be much
improved by applications of manurial stimulants
to the roots.

Stirring the Surface-Soil. — Let the surface-soil
in all fruit plantations be stirred periodically.
Although this work does not compensate for lack of
watering, yet if time cannot be spared for apply-
ing water, frequent hoeings will do much good.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H. Yocno, Orchid Grower to Sir Fbedebick
Wigan, Bart., Clare Lawn, East Sheen. S.W.

Sobralias are usually stigmatised as worthless
on account of the fleeting character of their
blooms. But this fault, if fault it be, is com-
pensated for by each flowering reed producing
four or five blooms in succession, thus providing
us with fresh flowers instead of one of diminish-
ing beauty. Most species may be grown together
in an intermediate compartment that is not
heavily shaded, but is rather freely ventilated
during the late summer and early autumn
months. A few selected species and hybrids will
produce a succession of flowers from March until
October, commencing with the various forms of
S. macrantha, of which the lovely pure white
S. m. Eienastiana or alba is the gem, fol-
lowed by S. x Veitchii, S. leucoxantha, S.
xantholeuca, S. Wiganise, S. Wilsoni. S.
Lucasiana, S. pulcherrima, and others. When
potting these plants it is desirable to afford
them large -sized receptacles, so that further
shifting will not be needed for a number of
seasons. Specimens that have become incon-
veniently large may now be turned out and cut
into sections with a spade or edging-iron, it
being useless to attempt to separate or disen-
tangle the mass of thick, fleshy roots. Place
them in the desired receptacles to the proper
level, with crocks beneath and around to about
half their depth, filling in to near the rim with a
compost consisting of one-fourth part of good
fibrous loam, one-fourth part of sphagnum-moss,
and two-fourths of good lumpy peat, with a
liberal sprinkling of coarse silver - sand and

small crocks added. Should any dry cow-
dung be at hand, a very little dusted into the
compost will prove beneficial. AVater should be
applied sparingly until new roots are visible in
the compost, but absolute dryness must be
avoided. Undisturbed plants will need a generous
supply of water throughout the summer and
autumn months, with an occasional weak dose of
liquid farmyard manure. The old reeds which
have flowered may in many instances be cut
quite away to allow the young developing growths
greater freedom, and to admit light and air into
the centre of large specimens. To prevent thrips
and red-spider, spray the under sides of the
foliage once or twice a day whenever the weather
is favourable, and occasionally spray them
with a solution of some approved insecticide.
If sponging be done, the young growths must be
carefully handled, for if the terminal leaf be
dislocated the growth will not flower.

Catlleya Bowringiana. — This useful autumn-
flowering specie3 is rapidly developing its growths,
and great care is needed to prevent an accumula-
tion of water in the shcathingbracts. The plants
should occupy a part of the Cattleya-house where
most heat is obtainable, together with free venti-
lation, and a good light. Until a new series of
roots appear the base should only be kept just
moist ; and if any potting is needed, it should be
done immediately the new roots are seen. This
Cattleya, and the miny beautiful hybrids of
which it is a parent, thrive exceedingly in a
compost with which decaying Oak-leave3 are
incorporated. The receptacles should be furnished
with drainage material to nearly half their depth,
and the surface of the potting compost may be
finished off with chopped sphagnum-moss, or peat
and moss as in the ordinary way. Care must be
taken to prevent the new material getting too
wet. It may be kept in a suitable state for some
time by judicious sprayings and dampings
amongst the pots, with a thorough watering now
and again when the whole has become moderately
dry. During the resting period few Cattleyas
will keep in condition for so long a time without
water as do the members of this group.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. A. Miller, Gardener to Lord Henby 0.
Bentinck. M.P.. Underley Hall, Westmoreland.

Meconopsis IVallkhii flowers at this time, and
requires an abundance of water, as the plants
thrive in a compost of gritty loam and peat in a
damp and shady position which is sheltered from
strong winds.

Mertensia virginica and other varieties are also
good plants for cultivation in sheltered corners
in peaty soil.

Cornus mas elegant issimus is an excellent plant
for cultivation in large rockeries. Its creamy-
white foliage tinged with red colour is improved
by grafting it on to the green-leaved variety.

Herbaceous Border. — Cut away old flower stems
of Delphiniums, Inula Hookeri, Papaver pilosum,
Ac Afford a rich top-dressing to the plants to
encourage them to make new growth that will
flower later. Dicentras, Eremuri, Preonias,
Veratrums, <fcc , will be dying down, and if bare
spaces occur let them be filled up with Paris
Daisies, Salvias, Ac, that have been grown on
in pots for this purpose.

Verbenas. — Commence to propagate a stock of
plants to be kept through the winter and supply
cuttings next season. It is preferable to provide
a good batch of stock plants, and thus have a
liberal supply of cuttings on several occasions,
than to be " nibbling " at a few stock plants for
weeks. The aim of the propagator should be to
get the cuttings rooted as soon as possible to
prevent their being " drawn." Let a compost
consisting of leaf-mould, fine loam, and sand be
put into a frame and made firm, adding a layer of
sand on the surface. Select fresh shoots as
cuttings from the base of the plant. Cut just
under the third joint, remove the two lower
leaves, and insert the cuttings firmly. Afford
water afterwards, and apply shade when neces-
sary. If given cireful treatment the cuttings
will make roots before there is much top-growth.
When the roots are about an inch long pot the
little plants singly, or if a large quantity is
required dibble them into pots or pans a Little
distance apart, using a compost of loam, well-

decayed manure from a Mushroom bed, and a,
sprinkling of sand. Afford slight shade on bright
days until the plants are established, then
ventilate freely and use no shade. Pinch the
shoots occasionally, and do not let the plants
flower, they will then be good specimens when-
they are put into their winter quarters at the-
end of September.

Propagating other Plants. — Koniga variegata,.
K. maritima minima, Mesembryanthemum cordi-
folium var. and other kinds, Iresines, Ac., can be-
rooted in pans, boxes, &c, in a frame with a close-
atmosphere, but when they have rooted gradually
inure them to the light. They will stand
through the winter in the same pans, &c.
Lobelias, Heliotropes, Ac, that were potted some
time since should not be allowed to flower.

Annuals and Biennials. — Where these are used
for spring-bedding some ground should at once
be prepared for sowing seeds of the favourite
varieties. The beginning of August is a suitable
date for sowing, or a little later will be satisfac-
tory in warm districts. Sow the seeds thinly in
drills and transplant the seedlings or thin them
early so that the plants will become stout and
hard before winter sets in.

Hydrangea Hortensia is a valuable plant for
furnishing vases, tubs, Ac, and can now be
propagated by inserting the partially ripened
points of shoots in 4-inch pots containing a sandy
compost. Place them in a frame upon a mild
hot-bed, shade them on sunny days until rooted,
and gradually harden them off, taking care to get
the plants thoroughly ripened before winter.

Sedum spectabile may be easily increased by
division and by cuttings. The variegated form
is very decorative.

Sedum pulchellum is a dwarf evergreen species-
well worthy of a good position.

Epilobium Fleischeri is a useful late summer-
flowering plant for cultivation on a wall c-r-
rockery. It may be increased by seeds or by
cuttings. E. abyssinicum is a good tall plant for
the border.

THE APIARY.

By Chloris.

" Robbing " and its Causes.— During the past few
weeks I have had occasion to visit a number of
cottagers and others who keep bees, and have been
much struck by the careless manner in which
pieces of comb, containing in some cases sealed
honey, and in others only a small quantity of honey,
are treated. Bees seem to take a great delight in
obtaining honey in such an easy manner, because
to secure in a natural manner a sufficient load to
take home a bee must visit 80 to 120 flowers. To-
do this in an average season it must be absent
from the hive from forty to fifty minutes. Can
there be any wonder then, that when an opportunity
arises of obtaining a load in a few minutes, that
the insect takes full advantage of the easy mode
and discards the legitimate methods ? Having
emptied the combs lying about the hives, the bees
seem as though they lose their mental balance
and become confirmed thieves, entering the hives
of their weaker brethren. Those most likely to
suffer are such as are queenless from some cause
or other. These bees are possibly older, there-
fore weaker, and less able to defend their
stores ; also they seem to be indifferent to
what the robbers are doing. The rogues
push by the bees on guard and rush out, to be
caught occasionally. Then a struggle ensues
upon the alighting-boari, and the robber and
several of the defenders of the colony roll off the
alighting-board to the ground, where the struggle
continues until the thief either escapes or is killed.
Liter in the season robbing is caused by spilling
syrup in the neighbourhood of the hives, and by
placing on the feeders during the day, evening
being being the best time for this kind of work.

How to discover the Hive from which the
Robbers come. — Flour the bees as they leave the-
hive or hives which are being robbed, and then
notice where they enter.

How to stop it after it has commenced. — Unite
all queenless stocks to nuclei, if they are weak
from some other cause than queenlessness, then
unite two or more weak colonies, and in both
cases close the entrances so that only one bee can
get in or out at a time.

110

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 5, 1906.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens and plants
for naming, should be addressed to the EDITOR,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London.

Communications should be written on onk side only op
the papee, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The Editor does net
undertake to pay for any contributions or illustrations, or
to return unused communications or illustrations, unless by
special arrangement. The Editor does not hold himself re-
sponsible for any opinions expressed by his correspondents.

Illustrations. — The Editor will be glad to receive and to select
photographs or drawings, suitable for reproduction, of
gardens, or of remarkable plants, flowers, trees, &c; but he
cannot be responsible for loss or injury.

Local News. — Correspondents will greatly oblige by sending to
the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is desirable
to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

Newspapers.— Correspondents sending newspapers should be
careful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

MONDAY,

TUESDAY,

,Bank Holiday.
Basingstoke Horticultural So-
ciety's Exhibition.
Dudley Horticultural Society's
Aug. 7{ Exhibition.

Seaham Harbour Horticultural

Exhibition.
Ramsey Horticultural Show (2
" days).

„ ( Flower Show in Abbey Park
'( Leicester.

WEDNESDAY, Al-G. 9 < Exmouth Horticultural So-

THURSDAY, Auo

1 ciety's Show.

]n I Royal Botanic Society (Anni-
1 versary Meeting).

8ALE FOR THE WEEK.
FRIDAY NEXT—

Importation o\ Cattleyas gigas and aurea received
direct, also Imported and Established Orchids from
various sources, at 67 and 68, Chenpside, E.C , by
Protheroe & Morris, at 12 30 o'clock.

(For farther particulars see our Advertisement columns.)

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
—62-9°.

Actuax Temperatures :—

Iondon.— Wednesday, Aug. 2 (6 p.m.): Max W ■
Min. 54°.

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, London.— Thursday, Aug. 3
(lu a.m.): Bar.. 277; Temp., 61". Weather—
Continuous rain.

Provinces.— Wednesday. Aug. 2 (6 p.m.): Max. 65',
Bournemouth ; Min. Jt,°, N. of Ireland.

"' Mutants " and
Hybrids.

Dr. T. Macdougal, under
the auspices of the Car-
negie Institution at Wash-
ington, and with the assistance of Messrs.
A. M. Vail, G. H. Shill, and J. K.
Small, lias published a paper on this sub-
ject which will be highly valued by those
naturalists desirous of seeing in their own
language the records of the evidence
furnished by De Vries and others as to
the existence and nature of the so-called
■"mutants." Instead of looking on the
origination of species as a very gradual
and a very slow process, De Vries, as we
noted in a recent review of his lectures,
shows that in some cases it occurs sud-
denly, without gradational or transitional
forms, much in the same way as sports
or bud -variations do. The absence of
"missing links" is on this view a matter
of no importance. Moreover, this pheno-
menon is stated to occur only at one par-
ticular period of the life of a species, and is
not universal, but confined to certain forms.

The species may exist for years without any
material ehaDge, and then all of a sudden
the plant may enter upon a period of "mu-
tation.'' new forms being developed in the
manner already indicated. Whj7, how, and
under what conditions this sudden change
occurs is not explained. Still there seems to
be no doubt of the facts, whatever be their
correct interpretation. Their existence helps
to explain the extraordinary degree of va-
riation observable, say in our common
Brambles and Hawkweeds, no less than in
our Ferns. If these variations be proved to
be constant and reproduced from seed or
spore, it will become necessary to treat them
as " species," and to give them names accord-
ingly, for between permanent variations and
species no line can be drawn.

Heretofore botanists have been content
to frame their conceptions of "species"
from comparative observations of the living
plant in the field, or of herbarium specimens.
Obviously, when observation can be sup-
plemented by cultivation and practical
experiment, a much closer approximation to
the truth is likely to be gained. This ex-
perimental cultivation has been carried on by
De Vries. and his experiments are now being
repeated under other conditions by other
observers. The first object of the American
writers above-mentioned was to ascertain
exactly what tEnothera Lamarckiana really
is, what is its history, whence did it
come ? From the statements here made
it would seem that<E Lamarckiana is the
same plant as that previously called grandi-
flora by Ft rsii in 1814, and by Barton in
1821. In 1862 the plant was figured in the
Floral Magazine by Kev. H. H. D'Ombrain,
who states that it was introduced to
our gardens by Messrs. Carter, of Hol-
born. These gentlemen submitted flowers
to Dr. Lindley, who is stated to have
identilied it as CE. Lamarckiana (pre-
sumably of SeriDge in De Candolle's
Prodromus, vol. iii.). In the Index Kewensis
the plant so named is referred to <E. bi-
ennis as a synonym. 03. grandiflora
of Solander in Aiton's Hortm Kewensis is
similarly referred to <E. biennis. So that
according to usual practice GE. Lamarckiapa
would be considered as synonymous with
CE. grandiflora, and as a variety of 03.
biennis.

The large-flowered form, though common
in cultivation, was little known in a wild
state. The interest of De Vries' experiments
led to a diligent search in various
parts of America, and at length the plant
was found near Taensa on the Alabama
river, a locality whence specimens were sent
to Fothergill by Bartram in 1773 or
thereabouts, and by him submitted to
Solander.

The re-discovered plant was grown in the
experimental plots in the New York Botanic
Garden, together with other nearly allied
forms and with artificiallyproduced hybrids.
"Mutants" also appeared among these
plants. The paper before us is occupied
with the record of the numerous observa-
tions and experiments made. The details
are too numerous and too technical for us
to do more than allude to them. The
interesting fact for the gardener to note
is the value of cultural evidence in deter-
mining the existence and limitation of
species, and in estimating the possibilities
of hybridisation.

The Scottish Horticultural Associa-
tion.— Some fifty of the members had their annual
trip on July 29, when the gardens of the Earl of
Haddington, K.T., Tyninghatne, were visited.
Mr. McHattie (President), Mr. Loney (Secre-
tary), Messrs. Todd, Fortune, Scarlett, Kidd,
Grieve, "Whytock, Macfarlane, Sinclair, and
many other representative men in nursery,
market gardening, florist, and private gardening,
were present, and inspected with pleasure the
fine timber, including a grand Fraxinus Ornus,
with very large specimen Garrya, Strawberry-trees,
Nandina, Hop-tree [Ostrya?],and many flowering
shrubs not at all common. The Apple-covered
walk and the original Tyninghame Muscat were
other objects of interest, while an ancient Mul-
berry-tree bore testimony to the mildness of the
climate. Roses were practically over, Carnations
in pots being the chief feature among flowers,
with the usual lines of Sweet Peas, quantities of
bedding plants, and in numerous borders a large
selection of the best hardy plants.

Four Shows of Colonial Fruits. — The
Council of the Royal Horticultural Society, on
the suggestion from the official representatives
of several of our Colonies, have decided to
hold four exhibitions of Colonial fruits and
vegetable products, lasting two days each, on
1 lecember 5 and (J, 1905, and March 22 and 23,
June G and 7, and December -t and 5, 1900. The
object in fixing these dates is to suit as far as
possible the season which is most likely to find
the produce of Canada, British Columbia, and
the West Indies; of India and the Cape ; and of
Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand, in the
greatest perfection in London. Opportunity is
afforded for each Colony to make collective
exhibits in addition to the exhibits of individual
firms. The Agents General and other authori-
ties are rendering every assistance, and we
trust that both growers and shippers will do
their best to send in exhibits worthy of our
Colonies, and to show what can be produced for
the home markets. No entrance fee or charge
for space is made, and tabling is also provided
free of expense. If desired any produce may
be consigned direct to the Society, and it will be
stored in the cellars at Vincent Square and
staged by the Society's officials, but the Secretary
cannot undertake to repack and return any
exhibits. Medals and other prizes are offered by
the Council in each of the many classes, which
include Apples, Pears, Pineapples, Mangos,
Grapes, Oranges, Limes, and other citrous fruits,
Peaches and Nectarines, Plums, Melons, Tomatos,
Nuts, Yams, and various tubers, and other
Colonial fruits and vegetables. There are also
classes for preserved fruits and vegetables,
whether dried, bottled, tinned, jellied, or other-
wise treated. Theschedule and other particulars
may now be had of the Secretary, Royal Horti-
cultural Society, Vincent Square, "Westminster,
S.W.

Horticultural Meetings at Brussels. —
The Royal Linnean Society of Brussels (Societe
Royale Linneenne) has made arrangements to
hold horticultural meetings monthly in the State
Botanic Garden of Brussels. Amateurs and
nurserymen are cordially invited to attend these
meetings and to promote their success by their
assistance. These meetings are organised on the
same general principles as those held in London
and Ghent. The members of the Committee for
1905 are M. de Middeleer (Chairman) ; Messrs.
Vernieuwe (Secretary of the Society), Claes,
Draps, Marchandise, Peeters, Stepman, De
Wildeman (Botanist), Goossens (Artist), Gentil
(Secretary). The first meeting will be held on
Sunday, August 20. Plants, flowers, fruit or
vegetables must be arranged before 10 a m. The
jury will begin their work at 10 a.m. The public
will be admitted at 11 a m. The following

August

1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Ill

Awards will be made as follows :— (1) Diploma of
Honour for all novelties of exceptional merit
shown forthefirsttime at the Society's meeting. (2)
•Certificates and Honorable Mentions for novelties,
good cultivation, or successful flowering. The
Certificates will be awarded either by (1) the
majority of the Committee ; (2) unanimously ; (3)
by acclamation, or (4) with the "felicitations"
of the jury. Amateurs and nurserymen unable
to exhibit their produce themselves can send
their plants, carriage paid, to M. L. Gentil,
•Curator, Botanic Garden, Brussels. They will
be sent back to their owner by the Committee.
Meetings will be held in the autumn on Sept. 17,
November 19, and December 17, 1905.

"The British Moss-Flora."— The last part
of this important work has now been published.
It includes Family XXI. — Neckeracea? II., and
•the supplement and index. We congratulate Dr.
Beaithwaite on the successful conclusion of his
long task, and on the patience and ability with
•which he has produced a standard work on these
British Cryptogams. It need scarcely be added
that the plates in the present part are as
accurately and beautifully produced as those in
former issues of the publication. Messrs. Lovell
IReeve & Co. are the publishers.

Cardiff Gardeners' Association.— The
.ninth annual outing of the Association will take
place (writes Mr. Jno. Julian, hon. secretary)
on Monday, August 14, 1905, to the King's Acre
Nurseries, Hereford, by the invitation of T.
Seton, Esq., Managing Director. The train
will leave the Great Western Station, Cardiff, at
•$ a.m., returning from Hereford at 8.45 p.m.
(saloons provided). It has also been arranged
that after luncheon brakes will be in readiness to
• convey the party over a six-miles' drive to Holme
Lacy (by kind permission of the Right Hon. the
Earl of Chesterfield), to view the historic and
extensive pleasure grounds, &c.

"The Horticultural Directory."— We
•■are asked to state that the editor of the Horticul-
tural Directory, 12, Mitre Court Chambers, Fleet
Street, London, would esteem it a favour on the
part of all head gardeners who have changed
their addresses since October last, if they will
send him a notice of their new address. Nursery-
men, seedsmen, and florists who have changed
•either their address or title are likewise
requested to notify the editor.

The Silver-leaf Disease.— We had recently

■an opportunity of seeing the results of some

'inoculation experiments made by Professor

Perceval, of Reading. By a process very

■similar to budding, the Professor inserts a small

fragment of mycelium of the fungus known as

•Stereum, or a portion of the leaf affected with

the discolouration into the bark of Plum trees.

After a time, varying according to the season

•at which the operation is performed and the

place at which the insertion is made, the

silvery appearance shows itself where before all

was green. The appearance, as we showed long

•-ago, is due to the detachment or raising of the

epidermal layer from the subjacent tissue. The

•mysterious part of the business is that no fungus

threads are to be found in the leaves, and so the

■conjecture is that the disturbance is caused by some

•ferment or " enzyme," secreted by the fungus,

which creeps up the stem from the wound. It is

evident that much remains to be done to clear up

the matter, and it is equally obvious that Professor

Perceval is the man to do it. It is worthy of

note that the disease is, so far as our experience

goes, confined to the Drupaceous division of

Rosaces, and that it occurs under glass as well

as in the open-air. The only remedy we can

suggest at present is to cut away the affected

■branches entirely and induce the tree to make

•new growth, in the hope (rather a forlorn one)

sthat that new growth will remain healthy.

Sweet Peas. — Messrs. J. K. Kino & Sons,
Coggeshall and Reading, write to say that their
Sweet Peas were not exhibited at the Chelsea
show in Bruce flower-holders, as was stated at the
time, but in holders designed by one of their
employes, and made on their own premises.

Phenological Observations for 1904.—
Mr. Edward Mawlet has recently published
the results of phenological observations made
in the various districts of Great Britain during
1904. The reports increase in value in proportion
to their number. The desired result is to observe
the connection between climatic variations and
changes with the habits of plants. The exact
effect of heat and cold, drought and moisture, and
other climatal variations at different seasons upon
agricultural and horticultural crops is not merely
important in itself, but if observed for a sufficient
length of time should be of assistance in fore-
casting the weather, and, in consequence, the
probable effects that will ensue. The winter
of 1903-04 was, on the whole, a cold one, with a
paucity of sunshine. Seldom, according to Mr.
Mawlet, has there been a winter so unfavourable
to the agriculturist. Flowers were checked in the
gardens, and planting in many places was rendered
impossible. The succeeding spring was colder and
less sunny than usual, consequently, growth was
delayed. No great extremes were, however, expe-
rienced, so that no lasting damage was done. The
summer was generally sunny, and the hay crop
good. A drought and cold nights in July and
August interfered with all plants and garden
crops, and summer-flowering plants were late.
The autumn was generally favourable. On the
whole the year may be considered as being of an
average nature as regards the weather. These
reports cannot be made very definite, as they are
gathered over a wide area, but the general facts
remain uncontested. Extremes of all kinds
exercise corresponding effects on vegetation,
though these results are often not evident for
some considerable time. Mr. Mawlet publishes
useful tables showing the areas under observation
and the plants noted.

POTATOS IN 1904. — According to the Returns
of the Board of Agriculture for 1904, the total
production of Potatos has only three times pre-
viously been exceeded, the greatest crop on record
— 3,743,203 tons — having been returned in 1884.
England and Scotland both had in 1904 a yield
per acre largely above average, the former by
6 cwt., the latter by almost 30 cwt., while an
average of over 7 tons per acre, as was secured in
Scotland, has never previously been noted in any
of the three divisions of Great Britain. Wales
was not so fortunate, the 484 tons per acre there
returned representing about 12 cwt. less than the
mean. Lincolnshire, the chief Potato - growing
county, had a deficit of one-thiid of a ton per
acre. In Scotland, one county only, Dumbarton,
fell slightly below the normal. Banff and Kinross
had almost 3} tons above the average, while Bute,
Caithness, Fife, and Forfar were all more than
2 tons to the good. The largest yield recorded in
any single county was 945 tons on the small area
in Clackmannan, while Banff also secured over
9 tons to the acre.

A "Country in Town" Movement. — A

Conference to promote the projected exhibition
next year of London-grown flowers, fruit, and
vegetables was held in the "One -and- All " club-
room of the Agricultural and Horticultural
Association, Long Acre. There was a large at-
tendance of representatives of Societies and
Institutions and of friends of the movement from
the Metropolitan districts, as well as from
Manchester, Birmingham, &c. The Hon. H. A.
Stanhope presided. Mrs. Barnett gave inter-
esting details of the projected garden suburb at
Hampstead, where houses with garden sur-
roundings are proposed to be built to suit all

classes of people, bringing rich and poor into the
relationship of neighbours. Mr. E. O. Greening
read a paper on a " Country in Town Movement,"
giving information of developments in the United
States and at home. The following resolution
was moved by Mr. T. Horsfall, of Manchester,
seconded by Mrs. T. Chamberlain, of the
Women's Agricultural and Horticultural Inter-
national Union, and unanimously carried : —

"That this Conference approves the proposal to
organise for 1906 an exhibition of dowers, fruit, anil
vegetables, grown in London and its suburbs, having
separate sections for congested areas and the nearer
and outlying suburbs. That the exhibition should
include models, plans, and pictures, demonstrating the
practicability of garden suburbs, the utilisation of
vacant town spaces, and the floral adornment of
London and other great cities."'

A second resolution was moved by Mr. Fred
Rogers, and seconded by Miss Latter, of the
Invicta (L.C.C.) Infant School Gardens: —

"That this Conference expresses its sympathy with
the project for a Hampstead Garden Suburb, and its
determination to assist as far as possible in the
realisation of the object."

On the motion of Mr. T. Whitehouse, of
Birmingham, seconded by Mr. T. Budget Meakin,
it was agreed to reappoint the Council, executive,
and officials, who have carried the work to its
present stage, giving them power to add to their
number.

Effect of Manures on Fruit.— M. Drive,

reporting at the Paris Horticultural Congress in
May last upon a series of experiments made
under the auspices of the " Commission des
Engrais," organised five years ago by the Societe
Nationale d'Hortieulture de France, mentioned
several details of scientific importance. The most
noticeable result of the trials is the proof that
plant-foods containing phosphates and potash
produced a fruit that kept more perfectly than
did fruits borne on trees in trial-grounds that
did not receive similar foods.

German Dendrological Society.— Under
the presidency of Fritz, Count of Schwerin, a
very attractive programme has been arranged for
the fourteenth annual Congress of the Herman
Dendrological Society (Deutsche Dendrologisehe
Gesellschaft). The meetings are to be held at
Constance, from August 7 to 11. Papers are to
be read on interesting and rare Conifers, Bam-
boos, Magnolias, and Roses that are hardy in
Germany ; on the history of the plantation
of the island of Mainau, and on the results
of the Nomenclature Congress of Vienna.
Excursions are planned to some of the most
beautiful parks and gardens of the neighbour-
hood, to the Empress Eugenie's Castle of
Arenenberg, the island of Mainau, Bregenz, and
Lindau. Several itineraries are suggested for
the homeward route, according to the locality in
which reside the visitors to the Congress.

The Royal Meteorological Society.—

The Council of the Royal Meteorological Society
are desirous of advancing the general knowledge
of meteorology, and of promoting an intelligent
public interest in the science. They think that
these ends can be most readily attained by means
of lectures delivered in connection with scientific
societies and institutions in various parts of the
country. The Council have now appointed a
lecturer, who is prepared to deliver lectures on
meteorological subjects, e.g., How to Observe the
Weather ; Weather Forecasting ; Climate ; Rain-
fall ; Thunderstorms ; Meteorology in relation to
Agriculture, Health, &c. The lectures will be
illustrated by lantern-slides from the large collec-
tion in the possession of the Society. Societies
and institutions wishing such lectures will be
., expected to pay a moderate fee, and to defray
travelling expenses. The Council are willing to
arrange for exhibiting at the gatherings of local
scientific societies, institutions, or schools, a

11:

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

I August 5, 1905.

collection of photographs, drawings, diagrams,
and charts illustrating meteorological phenomena,
and of various patterns of instruments used for
meteorological observations. They would also, if
desired, lend and fit up a complete climatologies!
station for exhibition, showing the necessary
instruments in position and ready for use. Tne
cost of transit and the expense; of a member of
\i in fining up and superintending the
exhibit would be borne by the society or institu-
tion inviting the ooperation of the Eoyal
Meteorological Society. The Council are further
prepared to lend sets of lantern-slides illus-
trating meteorological phenomena and instru-
ments at a charge of Is per dozen and ccst of
carriage (minimum amount 3s. i. Further in-
formation can be obtained from the Assistant
Secretary, Eoyal Meteorological Scciety, 70,
Victoria Street. S.W. Messrs. Fracccis Camtbell
Bayaeli and Hush Eobef.t Mill are the
Secretaries.

IF I HAD BUT ONE PEAR. WHICH SHOULD IT

BE ? — M. Baltet answers this question in the
Bulletins d'Arboriculture by selecting Durondeau
as the most generally suitable Pear. We do not
think this Pear would be rated so high in this
country.

Royal Botanic Society. —At the annual
meeting to be held August 10, Mr. J. S. Eubin-
steix will propose resolutions (11 Advocating a
revision of the old bye- laws so as to secure for the
Fellows a real voice in nominating and electing
the members of the Council and the right to
move resolutions at Fellows' meetings j (2)
Deprecating the proposal to increase the Fellows'
subscriptions ; (3) Advocating the adoption of a
policy calculated to attract new Fellows, and
secure a substantial income from the admission
money paid by the public, and with this view
recommending that musical promenades be given
next season on every Monday, Wednesday, and
Saturday, the days the Gardens are open to the
public, aid (4) Urging the appointment of a
Committee of Fellows to confer with the Council
a3 to the best methods of improving the condition
of the Society.

GARDENERS' OutiNG— The members of the
Bath Gardeners' Society, or to print the very
cumbersome title, ' Bath and District Gardeners'
Self-help and Debating Society," had their first
annnal outing on July 27 to Messrs. Sr/TTox &
sons' nurseries, Eeading. Toe Society is a new
one, but already includes 180 members, and the
party that journeyed to Eeading numbered 139.
A most enjoyable day was spent, and in addition
to inspecting Messrs. Sutton's trial -grounds, I ? .
a visit was made to the gardens belonging te. the
Eeading University College.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.— Bulletin of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture. Jamaica. July. Contents
cane. Soils of Jamaica, Tobacco of Jamaica. Banana
Suckers. Cassava Tria's, Culture • ■: Central American
Eubber— Bulletin of Mitcellaneom In/on latum, Botanical
Department. Trundad, July. Contents : Notes on Ex-
perimental Plots, a Double Cacao Pool. Introduction of
Cacao from Venezuela. «fcc — The tiucensland Agr
Journal. June. Contents: p. • tat..-seab in" parts of
Australia and New Zealand. Contributions to the Flora
eusland. by F. M. Bailey : Tropical Industries.
Forestry, and Notes oa Stock Farmin:r.-77>c Agrini'-
tural Journc. Good Hope. July. Leading

features : Ti.e Agricultaal Union of Cape Colony. Extra-
Tropical Forestry, Experiments with Mealies, and
United Vine and Fruit - Growers' Confess. — Pro-
ceeding? of the A

Volume lvii., part 1. January to March,
includes some papers on Invertebrate Creta-
ceous Fossils, and other subjects connected with
zoology. — From the New Y rfc Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Geneva, NY. we hav. re-eived Hie fol-
lowing Bulletins: No. i«. lanuar- -
.'<"" Or tnt; No. 264. Potato-'pra-rinr

m-nU in 1904: No. 2*5. Part I . Plant-Pood Conttitumls
in tearing Fruit-Treei : and Part II . Tabulated
Analyses ihomng amounts of .

FruUs. \egetabU4. &c.\ and No. ;;;. Efect of certain
Artenties on Potato- fotiaoe.— Agricultural Bulktin of the
Straits and Federated Malay Stale*. Edited by H X
Bidley. The contents are chiefly devoted to subjects
connected with the Rubber industry.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the
opinions expressed by his Correspondents. )
THE PEACH AS A STCCK FOR THE PLUM.—
I have just read one of the latest books from
amongst the many modern ones on South Africa.
The author, referring to the Cape and sundry
fruit farms formed within its great extent, says
Plum trees are not found to answer in the matter
of fruitfulness when grown in the ordinary way,
but that they are successful and fruit well when
worked upon Peach stocks. This, by comparison
with our hom9 practice, is reversing the order of
things. Has any reader of the Gardeners'
Chronicle had experience with the Plum
worked or budded on to the Peach ? It may be
the Peach proves a dwarSng stock for the Plum,
after the manner of the Quince for Pears and the
Paradise or Doucin stocks for Apples. TT. Barley.

Trillium SEED (seep 961. — Tour correspon-
dent, Mr. O. O. Wrigley, should soak the seeds of
Trillium in soft water, and adi to it a lump of cam-
phor about the si ze of a large nut, afterwards sowin g
the seeds in well-drained shallow boxes of sandy
peat made firm. Afford a good watering through
a fine rose before sowing the seels, which should
be placed on the surface at 1 inch apart each
way, covering them afterwards lightly with fine
soil which has been passed through a 5 -inch sieve.
and place a sheet of glass over each box. Let the
boxes be put in a cold frame and be shaded from
bright sunshine. The seed will then germinate, pro-
vided it hasbeenproperly ripened. When seedlings
appear the glass must be turned each morning to
dispel moisture. S. B. Tilley, Roath, Cardiff.

It may be well to state that not a few

Liliaceous plants are slow to germinate even
when perfectly good seeds are sown. It is bo
with certain species of Lilies, and is often the
case with Anthericam. Indeed, perfectly good
seed, fully ripe when sown, and practically sown
as gathered from the opening capsules on the
plant, have all laid dormant for two years, but
subsequently appeared as thickly as spring
Onions, which the seedlings somewhat re-
semble in the early stages. In more than
one instance I should have discarded the
seed-pans but for the knowledge I possessed as
to the quality of the seed. In the case of the
Trillium I should now strongly suspect that the
bulk of the seed was mere chaff, and in future
I would advise your correspondent to practise
artificial pollination, if this has not been done, in
the hope of securing a much greater percentage of
fertile seeds. Xot infrequently seeds sown as
soon as ripe will remain dormant longer than
seeds of the same parcel not sown for some
months later— a very curious and interesting
fact. Sometimes in the Lily tribe the seeds
vegetate, and no leaf-growth appears till the
second year. In other species, as L. giganteum,
germination is quick in the case of good seeds, and
growth long continued. In the Daffodil (Amaryl-
lidese), the season above ground in the first year
of the seedling is usually very short, and is
mentioned here as a sort of proof that the few
seedling Trilliums spoken of by Mr. Wrigley have
merely gone to rest in the ordinary way. E. H.
Jenkins, Hampton Hill.

MR. BERNARD COWAN.— Mr. Bernard Cowan
has just completed twenty-five years of service as
Superintendent of the Westoe and Harton Ceme-
teries, South Shields. One of the first things
that he turned his attention to on his appoint-
ment, was the re-modelling of Westoe Cemetery,
and it3 present condition shows how judiciously
he went about the work in selecting trees and
shrubs suitable for the soil and climate of
the district. Eventually, when it became
necessary to take in more ground, the Harton
Cemetery was formed, and the duties of laying
it out devolved upon Mr. Cowan. His ideas
from the first were to allow the eyes to rest
upoa flowers, trees, and shrubs, rather than on
tombstones, and in this he has been eminently
successful : so much so that in walking along the
spacious paths one is reminded more of a public
park than of a cemetery, as only occasionally are
glimpses of tombstones seen. Mr. Cowan is one
of the most popular of Xorthern horticulturists.
He took an active and foremost part in the
formation of the South Shields Chrysanthemum

Society, and has discharged the duties of hinorary
secretary since 1SS2. For some time he held aa
appointment as horticultural lecturer under the
Durham County Council, and he occasionally con-
tributes ta the Press. He is senior Vice-presi-
dent of the K )yal English Arboiieultural Society,
and frequently contributes papers at the Society's
meetings. B.

nicotiana Sanders. — I have read with
interest the article, in your issue of July 22, by
your generally accurate correspondent. " J. O'B.,"
but in the note on the above-named plant he has-
made a mistake by claiming for it the property
of keeping open during sunshine. I have had the
plant under my own observation planted in the
open in the locality of Worthing, and can say
without fear of contradiction that this variety
presents as sorry a spectacle, while the sun shine*
on it, as does X. affinis. E. B.

exhibiting SWEET PEAS— The incident of
the Sweet Pea disqualification ought not to be-
let pass without attention being c illed to the un-
happily too common practice of judges disquali-
fying for very slight reasons. There seems to
have been no option permitted in the instances in.
question, though an easy way out of the
difficulty would have been to quietly remove
a spray from the vase with over-numbers and said
nothing further about it. Only the other day air
a good show at Dunfermline, in a class the first
prize for which was ten guineas, one of the com-
petitors deviated slightly from the schedule. The
attention of an official was drawn to the matter,
and he promptly said, '* You have power to dis-
qualify.'' It was so clearly the result of an over-
sight, however, that he was requested either to put
the matter right himself or to find the exhibitor
and get him to do so, which he did, thus meeting
the requirements of the case without penal-
ising a man for a slight slip. Several
years ago Mr. Haldane, K.C , M.P , gave
a special prize, to be competed for by
working men at Haddington, for a collection of
so many sorts of vegetables. The best collection
was found to contain a dish too many — if 1
remember rightly, a brace of Cucumbers being
laid on another dish. On being referred to,
I said it was an instance of forgetfulness to.
remove the Cucumbers, which proved to be-
the case, but disqualification followed. In a
little show I have te. do with, not a year passes'
but some one or other transgresses in quantity,
but we never disqualify ; the extra is lifted out,
if not before the judges go round, then whe»
they discover the mistake. There are, of course,
instances when it is impossible not to disqualify,
as when a different variety from that asked for
in the schedule (as happens sometimes with
Apples and Pears) be staged ; but that is different
altogether from a case where, say, a dish of the
correct variety is staged containing one more than
the number, the obvious inference being that in
comparing the fruits the exhibitor has forgotten to
lift the worst. Eeverting to the question of Sweet
Peas, it is clear that much ignorance prevails
as to what an exhibitor ought to strive for. At
a recent show of what a competent authority has
described as the best exhibition of Sweet Peas
ever held in Scotland, it was quite curious to see
the remarkable differences in many of the lots.
A fresh and altogether fine lot was shown with
stems that had been shortened, and in one class>
the majority was set up in the same way, the
exhibitor seemingly ignoring the fact that length
of stem increases the value of a spray. There
was, too, the exhibitor who sought to lengthen the
stems by setting upthe flowers with portions of the
haulm, a fair reason for disqualification surely.
A few placed themselves out of the running by
setting up a limited number of one or two sorts,
but the great majority — although the judges were
not called upon to count the flowers — clearly
staged a fair number of each. Toe winning
lots achieved victory by length and strength
of stem, by equality in the size of the blooms,
by clearness and depth of colours, and by the
number of flowers on each spray, in one case-
three and four blooms being the usual number.
The number of first-rate varieties now existing
that produce three and four blooms on each spray
should lead to a recognised iule in judging to>
pass over those with two and sometimes only
one spray. K. P. Brotherston. [If a number is

August 5, 1905.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

113

given in the schedule it should be absolutely
respected by exhibitors and judges, for in all com-
petitions the conditions should be well defined and
unalterable after publication. In 6uch cases a
special award should be recommended, and the
committee might consider if the schedule could
«ot be made le3s exacting in future. Ed.]

the PEAR-MIDGE (see article and illustration
in our issue for May 20, 1905, p. 315). — I am one
of the unfortunate gardeners who has suffered
from the depredations of this most destructive
insect. I am also one of those who has faith. I
do not think that the Pear is to be a fruit of the
past in consequence of the appearance of this
destructive pest, and my faith is considerably
strengthened after reading Mr. Saunders'sadvieein
your issue of the 15th ult., except that Mr. Saun-
ders asks us to trench the soil under the trees.
Of course I need scarcely tell Mr. Saunders that to
trench soil aboutthe roots of fruit-treesspells ruin.
But I also syringe or spray the trees several
times during the winter with a strong solution of
<Juassia - extract and sulphate of potassium.
Another most valuable insecticide as well as
a fungicide, is liquid ammonia and sulphate of
copper. But to those who are contemplating its
use for the first time let me say, Be careful ; it is
a. dangerous mixture. The danger lies in its
preparation, as the fumes given off as the am-
monia is poured on to the sulphate of copper are
mo3t destructive to animal and vegetable life.
The copper sulphate should be smashed to a
fine powder, and placed in a glazed earthen-
ware vessel of some sort, and the ammonia
poured on it. First cover the vessel with a
thick bag or canvas to prevent the fumes
•escaping. Lift one side of the canvas up only
sufficiently to pour the liquid on to the copper ;
this should be done quickly, the canvas being
promptly fastened down over the vessel to
prevent any escape of the fumes. It should be
made in the proportion of 3 lb. of copper sulphate
to 3 quirts of liquid ammonia. This may be
■diluted to 2 gallons by mixing more water after
it has cooled. As the mixture of these two
chemicals generates great heat I never allow
any assistant to prepare it. After it has become
•cold, place it in a stone jar and cork tightly.
Use a wooden stopper ; tin or iron vessels are of
no use, as this strong acid would burn through
them in a short time. One of the objects in its
use on the trees is to kill all moss and other
vegetation, which it will do if used at the rate
of 2 or 3 oz. to the gallon of water and sprayed
into the trees several times during the winter.
I feel sure also that if the Quassia-extract is used
freely during the winter and before the trees open
their flowers, and again after the petals begin to
fall it will have good results. But it should be
•employed several times in order that all loose
bark and the surface-soil may become distasteful
to the insects. Of course I gather every fruit
that has fallen from the trees at once. T. A.

I quite agree with your correspondent,

"T. A.," that it would be most undesirable to
interfere with the roots of the trees if it were
possible to avoid doing so, but in the case of a
bad attack by this pest it might be of more im-
portance to destroy the insect than to save the
roots which are near the suiface. It would
have been better to have said, If the surface soil
can be turned down so as to bury the chrysalides
from 9 inches to 1 foot in depth without much
injury to the roots. I may say that in a
recent article by a very competent naturalist
on this insect which I consulted before writing
what I did, it is stated, "Finally, as far as
my experience goes the most successful remedy
is to trench deeply the ground beneath the trees
in the winter." It would certainly be useful to
trench the ground beyond the area occupied by
the roots, as some of the chrysalides will in all
probability be found there. As this insect
passes the winter underground in the chrysalis
state, spraying the trees during that season can-
not lessen the risk of an attack the next spring
by the Pear midge, however beneficial it may be
in other respects. Geo. S. Saunders. [Gardeners
will probably find it best to take away as much
of the surface-soil as can be removed without
seriously injuring the roots of the trees, and to
sterilise the soil by burning. Then apply a top-
dxessing of fresh material. Ed.]

S O C I_E_T I E S«

THE EOYAL HORTICULTURAL.

August 1. — The usual fortnightly meeting of the
Committees was held on Tuesday last, in the Hall in
Vincent Square, 'Westminster. There was not so
large a display as usual, but there was sufficient to

make a good Bhow, and the exhibits included manv
interesting novelties. That autumn is approaching
was illustrated by the collections of Gladioli and
Hollyhocks, and even by Cactus Dahlias ; the let-
named, however, did not appear to excite such atten-
tion as thev will command later on.

The attendance of visitors was unusuallv small, and

",

<&

Fig. 39. — border carnation helen, countess of Radnor:
flowers natural size; colour rich crimson."

Tie variety was awarded an Award of Merit when shown by Mr. J. Douglas at a rceeling of the
Royal Horticultural Society on July 4. (Seep H.)

114

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 5, 190r,.

this was the first occasion that the holiday season has
influenced these meetings to such an extent.

The Orchid Committee recommended awards,
including one Award of Merit, and three Botanical
Certificates.

The Floral Committee recommended ten Awards
of Merit to plants of which short descriptions are given
below.

The Fruit and Vegetable Committee made no
award to a novelty, but among the medals bestowed was
one of gold to Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons for
Gooseberries, and a "Hogg" Medal to Lord Salisbury's
gardener, Mr. Norman, for a choice collection of fruit.

In the afternoon twenty - four new Fellows were
elected, and Mr. C. T. Druert delivered a lecture on
the subject of " ' Wild Sports ' of British Ferns."

Floral Committee.

Present : H. B. May, Esq. (in the Chair) ; and
Messrs. W. Howe, Chas. T. Druery, J. T. Bennett-Poe,
G. Reuthe, H. J. Jones, W. Bain, Chas. Dixon, Chas.
Jeffries, Chas. E. Pearson, Chas. E. Shea, W. P.
Thomson, W. Cuthbertson, E. H. Jenkins. W. J.
James, J. W. Barr, J. F. McLeod, J. Jennings, C. R.
Fielder, and R. Hooper Pearson.

Messrs. W. Bull & Sons, King's Road, Chelsea,
exhibited a group of Caladiums, most of the varieties
being different from those with which we are familiar.
Some of the best were General, Tocantins, Japura,
Adamastor, Icarus, and Guarapuava.

Messrs. W. Paul & Son, "Waltham Cross Nurseries,
Herts, exhibited sprays of ornamental shrubs, some of
which were in flower. A very fine Tamarix named
"Odessana" was included, and others were Golden
Oaks, Prunus Pissardi, Spiraea canadensis, Podo-
cytisus caramanica, Tavia macrostachya, &c. Some
good herbaceous Phloxes were shown, also several new
Roses, including Gottfried Keller, a very free-flowering
hybrid Briar, having characteristics of the Tea Rose :
the flowers were semi-double, 4 or 5 inches across, of
pale-rose colour with yellow centre. Another new Rose
was the H. T. Earl of "Warwick, a large flower of
reddish-rose colour with shading of salmon (Silver
Banksian Medal).

A collection of Selaginellas from Mr. H. B. May,
Dysons Road Nursery, Upper Edmonton, represented
a great deal of variety in these peculiarly interesting
plants, of which there were fifty species and varieties
exhibited. Mr. May had also a group of well-grown
Bouvardias in flower of very choice varieties, and
strongly-gTown, profusely-flowered plants of Ixora
Dixiana, an excellent variety (Silver Flora Medal).

Mr. L. R. Russell exhibited a group of Codiasums
(Crotons), as small plants suitable for vases, but
they had been recently repotted into larger pots than
would be convenient for table decoration.

Flowers of tuberous-rooted Begonias were shown in
glasses by Messrs. B. R. Davis & Sons, Yeovil Nur-
series, Somersetshire. Double and single flowers of a
number of varieties of a good strain were arranged in
a very pretty manner.

Begonias of the tuberous- rooted section, and in
which there were evident characteristics of B. Worth-
iana, were shown by Messrs. A. Charlton & Son,
Eridge Road, Tunbridge Wells, but they were not so
showy as the best of modern strains of Begonia.

MeBsrs. John Laing & Sons, Forest Hill Nurseries,
London, S.E., arranged a very pretty group of orna-
mental stove foliage plants on the floor of the hall.
Among these plants was a new variety of Caladium
of considerable beauty, and named Col. John Hay.

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Exotic Nurseries,
King's Road, Chelsea, had a group in which some of
their Chinese and other novelties were displayed, most
of which have been fully described and some illustrated
in these pages. Such are Senecio clivorum, Buddleia
variabilis Veitchiana, whilst a new variety is
described under " Awards." There were also fine
flower - heads of Sambucus canadensis, and the
lovely white flowers of Eucryphia pinnatifolia were
well shown ; also Inula racemosa, a new species, and
Astilbe Davidii, &c. Messrs. Veitch had also a group
of tender plants on one of the tables. Among these
were Exacum macrantlium in capital condition, Be-
gonia " Washington," a tuberous-rooted variety of
dwarf habit, and having scarlet double flowers, such
as would make a good "bedder." Several Kalanchoes
were in flower, also other interesting plants, including
Cyrtoceras multiflorum (reflexum), an Asclepiadaceous
plant. An exhibit ->f cut flowers from "annuals"
came from the same firm (Silver-gilt Flora Medal).

Messrs. Webb & Brand, Saffron Walden, Essex,
remiuded visitors that in their nurseries at least
double-flowered Hollyhocks can still be cultivated witli
success. They exhibited a very large number of
blooms in a somewhat stiff manner on boards, and
behind these were arranged the stems cut from plants
with the flowers upon them. The prettiest variety
appeared to be one named Miss Lizzie King, of lemon-
yellow colour (Silver Flora Medal).

Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Bush Hill Park Nur-
series, Enfield, exhibited Buddleia variabilis Veitchi-
ana, also a group of well-coloured Codireums (Crotons)

Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley. Kent, made
a very large exhibit of hardy flowers, inclusive" of
perennial herbaceous species and annuals. Godetia
Duchess of Albany, with large white flowers, was
attractive : and there were numerous other varieties of
Godetia. A very large-flowered strain of Salpiglossis,
Browallia speciosa major. Antirrhinums, Cen-
taureas, Clarkias, China Asters, Nemesias, and a red
variety of the large - flowered Lavatera trimestris
were shown among a very large number of other species.
Messrs. Cannell also showed semi - double and
double varieties of zonal Pelargoniums, arranged

Fig. 40.— spie.t;a aitchisoni : flowers pure white, leaves dark green, shining above-.

An upper leaf and upper portion oi inflorescence ; natural size. A flower and a fruit enlarged. Recommended
an Award of Merit at the Royal Horticultural Society's Meeting on Tuesday last. (See p. 115.)

anil other stove foliage plants, and Asparagus medio-
loides myrtifolia (Silver Banksian Medal).

Mr. Jas. Douglas, Edenside Nurseries, Bookham,
again exhibited flowers of a number of varieties of
border Carnations. One named Mrs. Shenton, of very
large size and of salmon-buff colour, was prominent.

Carnations were shown well by W. A. Watts, Esq.,
Bronwylfa, St. Asaph. The varieties all belonged to
the border section, and the flowers were cut with very
long stems and exhibited in tall, cylindrical glasses.
Several seedlings were shown, but these were not of
superior merit (Silver Banksian Medal).

prettily in glass vases, and relieved with fronds oD
Adiantum Ferns. One of the most noteworthy oft
these was named Le Colosse, for though the flowers-
were only very slightly double, they were of large
size and brilliant scarlet in colour. Ville de Poitiers is-
more carmine in colour, but very large in size. Of true
pink varieties Mrs. Lawrence, Mme. Gabrielle de
Rovira, and M. Anatole Roseleur were very good.
Champ de Neige was the only pure white flower shown.
(Silver Flora Medal).

Messrs. John Peed & Sons, Roupell Park Nurseries,
West Norwood, exhibited plants in pots and cut

August

1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

115

flowers of Gloxinias, which, as arranged, produced a
pretty effect.

Mi. Amos Terry. Winchmore Hill Nurseries,
included amongst hardy flowers a number of herbaceous
Phlox, Asclepias tuberosa, and other species, but the
most interesting feature in the exhibit was the large
collection of varieties of Nymphsas, of which flowers
were shown (Silver Flora Medal).

Mr. MAURICE Phiciiard, Christchurch Nurseries,
Hants, exhibited a group of choice hardy flowers.
Gladiolus of the Lemoinei strain were very fine, also
herbaceous Fhlox, &c. (Silver Flora Medal).

Mr. E. Potten, Cranbrook, also exhibited hardy
flowers in which herbaceous Phloxes and Pentstemons,
&c, formed the leading features.

The best exhibit of herbaceous Phlox was that from
Messrs. Gunn & Sons, Olton, near Birmingham. The
flowers were of superb varieties, had been well grown
and were shown effectively.

Percy Waterer, Esq., Fawkham, Kent, also made
a capital exhibit of herbaceous Phloxes, staging smaller
bunches of a large number of the best varieties (Silver
Flora Medal).

Messrs. R. Smith & Co., Worcester, staged some
very nice hardy flowers, including those of several
varieties of Nymphrea.

Messrs. Kelway & Son, Langport Nurseries,
Somersetshire, exhibited one of their magnificent
displays of Gladioli. The flowers showed extra-
ordinarily good cultivation, and the varieties were of
the highest merit. One of them is mentioned under
" Awards " (Silver-gilt Flora Medal).

Messrs. J. Ciieai, & Sons, Crawley, exhibited
Cactus and single -flowered Daldias, which will doubt-
less be seen in better form at a later date.

Messrs. Thos. S. Ware, Ltd.. Feltham, had a very
showy exhibit of hardy flowers, amongst which the
best of those now in season were included. Chrvsan-
themum maximum King Edward All. and Lathyrus
latifolius "White Pearl'' were given special promi-
nence in tall Bamboo stands (Silver Banksian Medal).

Mr. Geo. Rei the, the Fox Hill Hardy Plant Nur-
sery, Keston, had several good varieties of herbaceous
Phlox, (lowering sprays of Berberidopsis corallina, and
a purple Liatris under the name of L. montana,
described as coming from the mountains of California. '
Messrs. Barr & Sons, King Street, Covent Garden,
showed herbaceous Phloxes, Gladiolus, Scahiosa lutea
gigantea, Nymph.-ea flowers, Liatris spicata la capital
border plant), and other hardy flowers in season.

Awards.

Spiraa Aitchisoni.—Vevy handsome flowering spraj s
of this exceedingly ornamental species were shown by
Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart, (gr., Mr. Bain), and Mr.
Macrice Fricharii. The species was named by Mr.
Bottiug Hemsley, after the plant had flowered at Kew
in 188!), and Mr. Nicholson, then Curator of the Royal
Gardens, had drawn attention to the obvious
differences in the plant from S. Lindleyana, of which
S. Aitchisoni had been considered to be a variety. Mr.
Hemsley first discovered the plant when assisting the
late Dr. J. E. T. Aitchison to classify the dried speci-
mens the Doctor made in the Kurani Valley, Afghan-
istan, in 1879. An illustration of the species and a
full description by Mr. Hemsley was published in the
Hardeners' Chronicle, October C, 1900, p. 255. We
now reproduce the illustration (fig. 40, p. 115), and for
further particulars our readers may refer to the issue
just mentioned (Award of Merit).

Berber is vulgaris faliis purpureis macrophylla [!].—
This is the best purple-leaved variety of the common
Berberis that we have seen, the leaves being of extra
large size and of deep colour. Shown by Messrs.
Pacl & Son, Cheshunt (Award of Merit). The Com-
mittee should not lend its sanction to such names ; a
name should be a name, not a description.

Buddleia variabilis magnified,. —Those who are
familiar with the new Buddleia known as B. variabilis
Veitchiana may easily imagine what magnifica is like,
when we have described the flowers as being several
shades deeper than Veitchii, therefore of rich reddish-
lilac colour. This newer variety as shown is also more
robust and has larger flowers. Shown bv Messrs.
Jas. Veitch & Sons (Award of Merit).
; Campanula. " White Star."— A very pretty free-
flowering variety of C. carpatica was shown under this
name by Mr. M. Prichard, Christchurch. The
flowers were 2J inches across, white or of the verv
palest mauve colour, except a ring round the centre.
The habit of the plant was very dwarf, and the flowers
about !l inches high (Award of Merit\

Carnation "Roy Morris." — This is a bright rosy-
crimson self-coloured Carnation nearly 3 inches in
diameter, and possessing a non splitting calyx. Some
of the petals are fimbriated, and the small petals in
the centre of the flowers somewhat detract from their
fine appearance. Shown by II. W. 6. Morris,
Chipping Norton (Award of Merit).

Ccntaurea. -Messrs. Jarman & Co., Chard, Somer-
setshire, exhibited flowers of an unusually fine strain
of Centaurea. The flowers were 3 inches in diameter,
of refined form, and in colour the shades of yellow and
purple were exceedingly pretty, in addition to some
which were white. An Award of Merit was awarded
for the strain.

Gladiolus " Lai!" Tncniquin." — A very lovely variety
of charming pink colour with a little orange-yellow
shading on the lower segments. The flowers are of
very large size. Shown by Messrs. Kelway & Son
(Award of Merit).

Hemcrocallis "Dr. Regd." — A free flowering
variety with unusually deep orange-coloured flowers.
Shown by Mr. M. Friciiarh (Award of Merit).

Montbretia Prometheus. Tins is the largest variety
of this popular bulbous plant that we have seen.
The plants as shown were more than 3 feet high,
and the inflorescence was very much branched and
bore numerous flowers. Each flower measured 3 1 inches
across, and was of rich orange colour with markings of
deep red near the centre. Shown by Major Petre.
AVestwick House, Norwich (gr., Mr. Geo. Davidson)
(Award of Merit),

Sambuous canadensis. — This is an old species of
Elder, commonly grown in the variety with golden-
coloured leaves, but is not so well known as it deserves
to be. Its branched cymes of white flowers make a
prodigious "head'' of bloom, and the flowers hai e an
agreeable perfume. The leaves are pinnate or sub-
pinnate, and the plants are said to grow 0 feet in
height or more. Shown by Sir Trevor Laurence,
Bart., anil Messrs. Jas. Veiti H & Sons (Award of
Merit).

Orchid Committee.

Prea nl .1. Gurnev Fowh r, Esq., in the Chair ; and
Messrs. .las. O'Brien (Hon. Sec.), He B. Crawshay, F.
Wellesley, X. C. Cookson, J. dolman, G. F. Moore,
II. T. Pitt, U. ((. Thwaites, ,T. Douglas, T. W. Bond,
W. H. Young, W. H. White J. W. Odell, W. Boxall,
II. A. Tracy, II. Lit.le, 11. .1. Witch, F. W. Ashton,
and H. Ballantine.

Messrs. CHARLESWORTH k Co., Heaton, Bradford,
staged the only group, but one of great merit, for which
a Silver gilt Flora Medal was awarded. A feature in
the group consisted of some good hybrid Odonto-
glossums, raised by Messrs, Charlesworth, and among
which the several forms of O. X Rolfeie exhi-
bited great variety. Two plants named "Heaton
variety " had clear white ground colour in the
flowers and violet - purple markings ; two others
had a greenish ground colour and lighter markings,
while a third form had the white and purple flowers
suffused with rose. Other hybrid Odontoglossums
were Harryano-triumphans. with bright yellow flowers
richly marked with purple : Othello, and crispo-Harry-
anum. The hybrid Cattleyas comprised C. x Cadu
ceus (Schofieldiana x Gaskelliana), C. X Wavriniana
(Schofieldiana x Warscewiczii), both showy flowers ;
several good C. x F. W. Wigan, C. x Vulcan, C. x
Fabia, C. X Fernand Denis, and C. x Geimania, the
best of which, var. magnifica, secured an Award of
Merit. The best of the Ladio - Cattleyas was the
richly-coloured L.-C. x callistoglossa splendens, and
there were other interesting and pretty plants, &c.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking
(gr., Mr. W. H. White), showed a very handsome
specimen of the elegant little Platyclinis filiformis
with 109 of its pendulous racemes of yellow flowers
(Cultural Commendation). Also Epidendrum ochra-
ceum, the pretty little Theodorea gomesioides (Gomesa
Theodorea), a very distinct, dwarf-growing Orchid
with ascending spikes of ten to twenty flowers, each
half-an-inch across, and of the true Gomesa shape,
though differing in colour and in the arrangement of
the inflorescence. Sepals and petals yellowish, with
purplish-red markings at the base ; lip whitish (de-
scribed and figured in the Flora Brasilieasis, fasc. 128
(1905), col. 250, tab. 55). There were also shown a
good pan of Nephelaphyllum pulchrum and two others
(see Awards).

F. W. Moore, Esq., Glasnevin, Dublin, sent Colax
triptera, which is a pretty species with green sepals
and petals, the latter having small blackish markings,

and white labellum with rose disc. Nearest to I !
Puydti.

H. S. Goodson, Esq., Fairlawn, Putney (gr., Mr.
Day), sent Cattleya Gaskelliana "Mrs. Goodson.'- A
delicate blush-white variety with citron-yellow disc.

Gurney Wilson, Esq., Haywards Heath, sent a
large form of Cattleya Harrisonse with broadly -
developed and crisped lip approaching C. O'Brieniana,

Messrs. Hugh Low & Co, Enfield, showed a fine
large-flowered Odontoglossum Pcscatorei, the one
flower on which had clusters of violet-purple spots on
the lip and lower sepals ; also Lielia x Iona, Cattleya
x Mary Gratrix, and a singular little Angracum.

Mr. Otto Beyrodt, Marienfelde, Berlin, showed
Phahenopsis Rimestadtiana.

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, showed the
fine Cypripedium x Jas. H. Veitch (Curtisii x Stonei
platytaenium), with petals a3 in C. x Morganin , but
broader and more densely spotted.

J. Forster Alcock, Esq., Northchurch, sent Cypri-
pedium "Gloriana," a hybrid of unrecorded parentage,
with finely-formed, cream-white flowers tinged and
veined with purple.

Francis Wellesley, Esq., Westfield, Woking (gr.,
Mr. Hopkins), showed Cypripedium x Miss M. Sillem
(niveum X Godefroya;), a charming flower, an improve-
ment on C. niveum. Flowers pure white, uniformly
dotted with purple except the margins and lower
halves of the petals. Also Lse'io-Cattleya x Wells-
iana magnifica, for which he had previously secured an
Award of Merit. Flowers bright rose with a dark rose-
purple feather on tlie petals and a rich crimson labellum.

R. G. Thwaites, Esq., Streatham Hill (gr., Mr.
Black), sent Cattleya x Atalanta ignescens, very
brightly coloured and of good form.

W. A. Bilney, Esq., Fir Grange, Weybridge (gr.,
Mr. Whitloek), showed Cattleya x Hardyana "Gwen-
dolen," a variety which, while adhering closely to the
disposition of the colouring in C. Warscewiczii, gave
unmistakable evidence of C, Dowiana aurea in the
perfume and also in the intensely dark claret-crimson
of the front of the labellum.

J. GURNET FOWLER, Esq., Glebelands, South Wood-
foid (gr., Mr. Davis), placed on the table a two-
flowered inflorescence of the unsurpassed Ladia x
Edward VII., which gained the highest honours, and
formed one of the coloured illustrations in our
Coronation Number (June 21, 1902). The flower was
slightly lighter than on its first flowering, white tinged
with lilac, the immense white rose-fronted, fringed
labellum being a grand -feature. With it was a fine
inflorescence of a very fine L.-C. callistoglossa.

Award of Merit.

Cattleya x Gfermania magnifica (granulosa Schofieldi-
ana x Hardyana), from Messrs. Charlesworth & Co.,
Bradford. — One of the best forms of this favourite
hybrid, the flowers being large and well-formed ;
cream-white beautifully tinged and veined with purple ;
lip veined ruby-red.

Botanical Certificates.

Promeneea ( Zggopetahim) Rollissoni, from Messrs.
Charlesworth & Co. — A pretty, old but rare and free-
flowering species with whitish-yellow flowers, with a
few purple markings on the petals and base of lip.

Dendrobium ciliatuiu annamense, from Sir Trevor.
Lawrence, Bart, (gr., Mr. W. H. White). — A dwarf
Indian species which in this variety has white flowers
with a purple base to the singularly fringed lip.

I ! robya galcata, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.
— A pretty species with whitish flowers spotted with
purple, each an inch across, and with the upper seg-
ments disposed like a helmet ; lateral sepals deflexed,
yellow at the base.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

Present: Geo. Bunyard, Esq., Chairman; and
Messrs. S. Mortimer, Alex. Dean, Geo. Keif, H. Parr,
H. Markham, F. Q. Lane, J. Willard, J. Mclndoe, C.
Foster, Owen Thomas, G.Wythes, A. H. Pearson, J. A.
Pettigrew (Boston, U.S. A), G. Norman, and J. Cheal.

A collection of excellent fruits was shown by Lord
Salisbury, Hatfield House, Hatfield, Herts (gr., Mr.
Geo. Norman). There were forty good fruits of
Elruge Nectarine, two dozen fruits of Bellegarde
Peach, and an equal number of the variety Barrington,
a dish of Brown Turkey Figs, half a dozen medium-
sized fruits of "Hatfield" Melon, a dish of " Flo-
rence" Cherry, dishes of Langley Beauty and Crown
Bob Gooseberries, and six good bunches of MadresfieM
Court Grapes, that perhaps were scarcely perfeGt in
regard to finish (Hogg Medal).

116

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

[August 5, 1905.

Messrs. Jas. Veitch k SONs'were awarded a Gold
Medal for a truly magnificent display of Gooseberries, of
which there were fruits of 100 varieties, shown in round
baskets. Behind theso there were plants in pots, trained
as cordons and in other shapes (see fig. 41), which
had ,been lifted from the open ground. The crops on
these young trees were quite astonishing, and all the
berries were very fine. No newer varieties were shown

tion of this kind was in any way due to changed
conditions of environment, since they are mostly
found on hill and mountain-fides, in glens and similar
places, where the same conditions have prevailed from
time immemorial, while they are furthermore
generally intermingled, both as regards roots
and fronds, with perfectly normal plants, not
modified in the least. Mr. Druery then alluded to
the fact that many most interesting discoveries had
lately been made, including one by Professor Farmer,
that certain abnormal reproductive Fern-cells were
closely akin in their mode of development to those of
cancerous growths in man, a fact which may afford a
clue to the true nature of that dreadful disease. The
first slide shown represented, in the form of a diagram,
the various life-cycles of Ferns as depicted by Professor
F. O. Bower, the normal roundabout process of repro-
duction through the spore being short-circuited, as it
were, in apparently all possible ways : whilst the subse-
quent discovery of Dr. Lang that the Fern prothallus
may bear spores, adds another of Nature's short cuts.
Some forty forms of Ferns, representing ten species,
were then shown on the screen, depicting first a number
of wild sports, which were described seriatim, followed
by a few of the beautiful results of selective cultiva-
tion, and concluding with a view of the lecturer's
fernery, in which a number of the elite were grown
under glass with charming effect.

The fact that these wild sports transmit their
peculiarities as a rule to their progeny by spores was
also adduced as strengthening Professor Hugo de
Vries' theory of "mutation," by which he claims that
such sports in plants generally have probably played
an important role in the evolution of species.

FlO. 41.— OBLIQUE CORDON GOOSEBERRY,

Each as was shown by Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Ltd..
on Tuesday last.

than Langley Gage, Langley Beauty, and Golden Gem,
all of which are of first-rate quality.

Messrs. Dobbie & Co., Rothesay, N.B., exhibited a
collection of about thirty-eight varieties of Potatos.
The tubers were mature, and good specimens, with
clean, bright-looking skins. Such early varieties were
included as Sharpe's Victor, Ashleaf, Beauty of
Hebron, &c. (Silver Knightian Medal).

Messrs, Rivers & Son, Sawbridgeworth, were
awarded a Silver-gilt Banksian Medal for a group of
pot trees of their new Peach, Peregrine, freely cropped
with handsome fruits of rich flavour.

A seedling Melon named Lilley Brook was shown by
H. O. Lord, Esq., Lilley Brook, Charlton Kings,
Gloucestershire. Several very large fruits were
staged, but they had little flavour, and the Committee
suggested that smaller fruits should be shown on a
future occasion, when the flavour may be better.

The Lecture.

WILD SPORTS OF BRITISH FERNS.
At the meeting of Tuesday, August 1, Mr. Chas. T.
Dkuery, V.M.H., F.L.S., gave a lecture, illustrated
with lantern-slides, on "Wild Sports of British Ferns,"
his object being to demonstrate the absurdity of the
general application by botanists, up to a comparatively
recent date, of the term "garden varieties" to all
abnormal types, regardless of the fact that the
bulk of these types, in the case at any rate
of British Ferns, were absolutely wild sports,
entirely independent of garden cultivation, His aim
was also to show that cultivation is by no means the
main factor, if indeed it be a factor at all, in inducing
sports of this distiuct class, since all the types have
originated spontaneously as wild plants, and all that
the cultivator has been able to do has been to
emphasise these types by selection from the seedlings
if they vary, as they frequently do. The peculiar
richness of the British Isles in wild Fern sports he
evidenced by citing the latest list, which catalogues
about 1,200 distinct forms as found wild among our
comparatively few species, some forty in all, many of
which vary but little and some not at all. He also
combated the theory that sudden and wide varia-

CAEDIPF AND COUNTY
HORTICULTURAL .

July 26, 27.— The seventeenth annual show held by
this Society took place on the above dates in the Sophia
Gardens, Cardiff. Last year's show was a record one
for entries, but there were still more this year. The
stereotyped expression one hears so often at such times
about the exhibition "being the best ever held here"
was upon everybody's lips, and was probably more
exact in its application than is usually the case, for
apart from the large number of entries, the general
excellence of the exhibits was of a very high order.
The outstanding features of the show were the groups
of plants arranged for effect, together with Roses, Sweet
Peas, and herbaceous plants. Stove and greenhouse
plants generally have never been of late years much in
evidence at Cardiff, but they were less so at this time
than previously. The fruit was very disappointing,
and was quite the weakest point of the whole show.

A new departure, and one deserving of every en-
couragement, was taken by the Society this year by
endeavouring to make the show of educational value
to the children ot the town. School children to the
number of 4,000 visited the exhibition on the morning
of the second day, and after being conducted thiough
the various tents, assembled around a bandstand to
hear a lecture upon "What may be done in the
Garden by the Young," delivered by Mr. W. Iggulden,
of Frome. It was a matter of impossibility for all to
hear the lecturer, but those who did must certainly
have gathered some useful ideas regarding the man-
agement of their own small gardens.

Plants.

The competition in the classes for groups was very
keen, and so meritorious were the various arrange-
ments of plants that the judges had some little
difficulty in awarding the different prizes.

For a group of miscellaneous plants, arranged for
effect in a space of 150 square feet, Messrs. J.
Cypher & Sons, Cheltenham, were placed 1st with a
very tastefully arranged and well-balanced lot of
plants. The centre plant used was a tall Kentia
Fosteriana, rising considerably above the highest
plants at each of the four corners. Among the
flowering plants used to give colour and variety to it
were Liliums, Odontoglossums, Miltonias, and Chi-
ronias ; while among other foliage plants were several
graceful Bamboos, Palms, and Dracaenas. The 2nd
prize was awarded to Messrs. Phelps & Co., Cardiff.
Gloxinias, Odontoglossums, and Schizanthus were the
predominating flowering plants, the last-named plant,
associated as it was with Odontoglossums, appeared
exceedingly like an Orchidaceous flower in general
outline, and might easily have been mistaken for one.
Lady Hill, Cardiff, was placed 3rd in this competition ;
and Col. Wallis, Newport, was awarded an extra
prize in the same class.

Mrs. Evan Lewis, Llandaff, carried off the 1st prize
for a group of miscellaneous plants arranged for effect
in a space of 50 square feet. Humeas, Nicotiana
Sanderse, and Campanula pyramidalis were the
prominent features of this collection. The 2nd prize

was awarded to W. N. Lawes, Esq., Trowbridge,
Nicotiana Sanderse (associated with variegated Abuti-
lons and Cocos Weddelliana) again taking a prominent
place in this group. C. Waldron, Esq., was success-
ful in securing the 1st place for a group 25 square feet
in area, which owed its beauty principally to suich
hardy plants as Coreopsis, Clarkias, Montbretias, and
Lobelias.

The Marijuis of Bute (gr., Mr. H. Farmer) put up
a very large, brightly-coloured group, consisting of
Crotons, Dracrenas, and other ornamental foliage
plants, which added considerably to the appearance of
the collections, but was not for competition.

Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Ltd., King's Road,
Chelsea, also exhibited a collection of choice stove
plants, among which were noted several varieties of the
newer Crotons, Draciena Goldieana, Nepenthes Master-
siana x, N. Tiveyi x, Maranta Sanderiana, and Ixora
Fraseri. For this exhibit the firm was awarded a Gold
Medal.

Cut Flowers.

Notwithstanding the lateness of the season, there
was very great competition in the various Rose classes.
As might be expected, the individual blooms set up in
the boxes were not nearly so attractive as the collec-
tions of Rose blooms arranged for effect. In the former
case many of the blooms could be seen with damaged
outer petals or unshapely centres, none of which defects
was noticeable when the Roses were bunched together.
For twelve distinct kinds of Roses, three blooms of
each, Mr. J. Crossling, Penarth, took 1st place, the
blooms of Victor Hugo, Fisher Holmes and Kaiserin
A. Victoria being the brightest on the board. Messrs.
S. Treseder & Son, Cardiff, were placed 2nd, two of
their best blooms being Frau Karl Druschki and J. S.
Mill.

Mr. Geo. Prince, Longworth, was awarded 1st prize
for twelve distinct varieties of Teas or Noisettes, three
blooms of each. In this lot Marechal Niel, E. V.
Hermanos and Comtesse de Nadaillac were the best.
The 2nd honour was taken by the King's Acre Nub- -
series, Ltd., who showed among other blooms very
good specimens of Medea, Catherine Mermet, and
AVhite Maman Cochet.

In the class for twenty-four blooms of distinct varie-
ties, Messrs. J. Jefferies won the 1st prize, the most
noteworthy blooms being Eclair, A. K. Williams, and
Marechal Niel. Messrs. S. Treseder & Son were 2nd,
showing excellent blooms of Duke of Albany and Her
Majesty.

Mr. Geo. Prince took the premier place for twelve
blooms of any one variety other than a Tea or Noisette ;
the Rose shown was Bessie Brown.

White Maman Cochet, exhibited by Mr. Geo. Prince,
was the variety which took the 1st place in the class for
twelve blooms of one variety of Tea.

Mr. J. Crossling was awarded the Royal Horticul-
tural Society's Silver Medal for having the best exhibit
in the foregoing classes.

In the competitions restricted to amateurs and
gentlemen's gardeners, R. F. Hobbs, Esq , Worcester,
took the 1st prize for twelve blooms, distinct varieties ;
and Conway Jones, Esq., Gloucester, won the 1st prize
for twelve Tea Roses.

A Silver Cup and a 1st prize were awarded to Mr.
Geo. Prince for a collection of Roses arranged for
effect in a space of 15 feet by 3 feet. This stand of
Roses contained a magnificent lot of blooms, among
which were noticed Maman Cochet, Papillon, Mrs.
Treseder, Prince de Balzana, and Dorothy Perkins.
Mr. J. Mattock was placed 2nd with a group very
little inferior to the first, including among other
varieties Irish Glory, Souvenir de Catherine Guillot,
Madame Pernet Ducher, Lady Roberts, and Dorothy
Perkins.

Carnations and Picotees again added their quota
this year to the beauty of the floral display. With
a collection arranged for effect, occupying a space of
6 feet by 3 feet, Mr. W. Treseder was able to carry off
the 1st prize and a piece of Silver Plate, offered by a
firm of local jewellers. Some of the best varieties
shown were Volunteer, Purity, Lord Roberts, and Mrs.
Nicolson.

A good display of Sweet Teas was made in a tent
almost exclusively set aside to this beautiful and
popular annual. Mr. T. Jones, of Ruabon, was fortu-
nate enough to be able to clear everything before him
in the various Sweet Pea classes. His exhibits were
uniformly good, and comprised such varieties as Black
Knight, Miss Willmott, E. Lewis, Lady Grizel Hamilton
and Dorothy Eckford.

A Gold Medal was awarded to Mr. H. Eckford
for a collection (not for competition) of Sweet Peas.
Adniiral Togo, Queen Alexandra, and Agnes Eckford
were among the novelties exhibited on this stand.

The groups of Hardy Flowers in the open classes
were of such excellent quality that it- was a matter
for regret that the Committee had placed them in
such an unsuitable position in the tent. Indeed, one
collection was so shaded and pressed down by a large
shrub outside the tent that it was almost impossible to
appreciate its full value.

An interesting discussion arose among the judges
when this class came under their review, and one of

August

190."..

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

117

the best exhibits came very near being disqualified on
account of its having blooms of Romneya C'oulteri
included in it. The schedule stated that no flowers of
any tree or shrubby plant was to be allowed in this
class. It is an exceedingly delicate point to decide
whether Romneya Coulteri comes within the category
of shrubby plants or not, for although it figures in the
Kcw Hand-List of Trees and Shrubs, it also takes its
place among the plants enumerated in the Kcw
Hand-List of Herbaceous Plants ; while in Nicholson's
Dictionary it is called an herbaceous plant. The
consensus of opinion, however, was that Romneya
Coulteri is a shrubby plant, but as its admission
among herbaceous plants had never been previously
questioned, it was agreed to let it pass for this time.

Messrs. H. & W. Evans, Llanishen, were placed 1st
with their collection of hardy flowers occupying a
space of 15 by 3 feet. Astilhes (among them A. David-
iana) were much in evidence, as well as Globe Flowers,
Delphiniums, Kudbeckias, Verbascums, and Eryn-
giums. Mr. W. Treseder staged a similar lot of
lovely flowers, hardly inferior to the exhibit which
gained the 1st prize, and was awarded the 2nd prize.

In the amateurs' and gentlemen's gardeners'
divisions, S. Robinson, Esq., obtained a Silver Cup
and 1st prize for twelve bunches of hardy flowers ;
and a Bronze Medal was awarded to J. COBET, Esq.,
Cardiff, for a similar collection.

Fruit and Vegetables.

The exhibits of Grapes were neither numerous nor
good, being of quite second-rate quality.

Two pot Vines (Black Hambro) trained in the form
of an arch were staged by the Marquis of Bute, for
which a Gold Medal was awarded by the Society.

One of the most frequent accusations made against
flower shows is that quality is too frequently sacrificed
to size and appearance upon the exhibition table. That
there are exceptions to this rule was very evident at
Cardiff, for one of the largest, cleanest and brightest-
looking Melons in the show was placed 2nd to a small
poorly-coloured and miserable-looking fruit. The
judges in this instance apparently decided very
appropriately by their sense of taste rather than by
their sense of sight.

Blenheim Orange, shown by Lady Mobel, Penarth,
took 1st place among the scarlet-fleshed varieties, and
Victory of Bristol, shown by the Marquis of Bute, was
was placed 2nd Dr. Lynn Thomas, Cardiff, was 1st
with a green-fleshed variety, while the Marquis of Bute
with The Duchess was again 2nd.

Fine examples of hardy fruits were shown by the
Kino's Acre Nursert Company, Ltd. Gooseberry
bushes laden with ripe fruit, growing in pots, formed a
rather novel portion of their exhibit. A Gold Medal
was awarded.

Vegetables were moderately well represented, taking
into consideration the extremely dry season just
experienced. Lord Aldenham, " of Elstree ; Mrs.
Jenner, Lord Aberdare, and Mr. Shewring, of
Llandaff, were the principal prize-winners in the
classes for vegetables.

Traiie Exhibits.

In addition to the Gold Medals previously mentioned
as awarded to a number of exhibits, the following firms
were also the recipients of a similar mark of apprecia-
tion : — Messrs. Sutton & Sons for a collection of
Melons and Tomatos ; Messrs. Blackmore & LANGDON
for Begonias in pots ; and Messrs. J. Jefferies for a
group of coniferous trees and shrubs.

For collections of herbaceous and perennial plants
the following firms were awarded Silver Medals : —
Messrs. Trichard, of Christchurch ; Isaac House &
Sons, "Westbury ; and J. C. Wheeleb & Sons,
Gloucester. Messrs. J. Waterer & Sons, Bagshot,
were also granted a Silver Medal for a collection of
retarded Azaleas. W. W. P.

ROYAL BOTANIC.

July 28.— A meeting of the Fellows of the Royal
Botanic Society was held on the above date in the
Society's gardens at Regent's Park, Mr. C. Brinsley
Marlay presiding. Mr. J. S. Rubenstein said he
wished to propose that a committee of Fellows be
appointed to consider the position and to confer with
the Council as to the best methods of improving the
present condition of the Society. The Chairman
ruled that no Fellow had, under the present constitu-
tion of the Society, any power to propose such a
resolution. The Fellows, however, might appoint a
committee to make suggestions to the Council. Mr.
Rubenstein urged that a conference such as he
suggested would be beneficial to the Society. They
were in debt to the extent of £28,000, and the only
way to get out of their difficulties was for the Council
to take the Fellows into their confidence. He
maintained that the Fellows were averse from the
raising of their annual subscription to three guineas.
Mr. Pembroke S. Stephens said that he and the other
members of the Council would welcome any practical
suggestions from the Fellows, and he advised Mr.
Rubenstein and his friends to request the Council
to receive and fully consider any definite proposa

for improving the attractions of the gardens and for
increasing the revenue of the Society. That would
be better than publishing mere criticisms in the
public Press. Mr. Rubinstein said that for fifteen
years he had made suggestions without avail, and any
improvements that had been brought about had been
through the influence of the Press. Mr. J. Coode
Adams said that but for the ruling of the Chairman he
would have seconded Mr. Rubinstein's proposal. The
by-laws of the Society were archaic, and it was an
anachronism — nay, monstrous— that the Society should
be conducted as it was. The Council had attempted
to burke discussion, and were out of touch with the
Fellows. Mr. Stephens said that the Fellows had it in
their power to make the Society the most democratic
institution in London. The Chairman denied that the
Society was in the desperate condition that had been
asserted. The Society, in his opinion, was never in a
more flourishing condition, and if the Fellows raised
their subscriptions there would be no difficulty. Dr.
Coode Adams promised to propose in the Council that
a sub-committee be appointed to revise the by-laws,
and Mr. \V, H. Sands said he would support the pro-
posal. Mr. Rubinstein then placed on the table a list
of gentlemen who, he suggested, should confer with
the Council. The Times,

HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION AT
BRUGES.

July 30— August 15.— The present year being the
seventy-fifth anniversary of the Independence of
Belgium, the Government voted large sums of money
to each provincial capital in order that an exhibition of
the most important industries of the respective
provinces should be held. Horticulture being a
special feature of Bruges, the capital of West Flanders,
it was decided to hold a national horticultural
exhibition, and to invite an international jury to
judge the exhibits. Although only a comparatively
short time elapsed between the decision being made to
hold the show and the opening of the exhibition, the
organising committee and the exhibitors are to be
congratulated upon the result, for the exhibition was
of a very comprehensive and inclusive character, and
in the specialities of the neighbourhood unsurpassed.
The King of Belgium, himself a devoted patron of
horticulture, honoured the exhibition with his presence
on Sunday afternoon, and declared it open to the
public. The jury and others were invited to meet His
Majesty.

On entering the park-like enclosure one was im-
pressed with the good (fleet produced by the noble
groups of Baj* trees, the chief speciality of Bruges,
where hundreds of thousands are grown for home use
and exportation.

On either side of the chief walk there were towering
pyramids from Messrs. Sander & Sons, and in the
distance the 5"- year old standards from Mr. Viniki:
Dujari.in. Beyond were large decorative groups of
such plants as Dracaenas of the australis type, hard-
wooded plants, the less tender species of Palms,
Conifera?, Bamboos, &c. All these exhibits were at-
tractive on account of their excellence, and notably
an extra fine group of "Plantes d'Orangerie,''such as
Polygala, Metrosideros, Neiines, &c, put together by
Messrs. Sander & Sons.

In front of the main building were beds of large and
bright tuberous-rooted Begonias of the "Lafayettes"
and similar bedding forms, amongst which we were
much impressed with one called B. "Independance."

Before entering the structure devoted to greenhouse
subjects we looked back upon a view of great historical
interest and beauty the ancient town of Bruges, with
its many towers. The fayade of the exhibition build-
ing, although simply constructed of laths, suggested
strength as well as beauty. "We were impressed by the
ample and noble proportions of this temporary struc-
ture, provided for a short-lived exhibition. It had
plenty of light, ample space, and was cool and comfort-
able. The walls were artistically draped, and the floor
consisted of soft yielding sand. The conditions afforded
a pleasing contrast to our stuffy, dusty, canvas built
show places at home. The majority of the ex.iibits
were laid out in beds, with side and central stages for
the Orchids, Begonias, Gloxinias, &c.

Immediately in front was a group of three separate
exhibits of the graceful and charming Phtenix R< ebelini :
from the side we looked over the dwarf groups of
Aspidistras, Kentias, &c., to the back of the hall, on
to a wonderful bank of Palms of extraordinary size,
quality, and variety. Messrs. Sander & Sons took
the lead in classes for large specimens, as well as in
those for smaller commercial plants.

The Societe"Flandria," M. Dumori de Menten,
also showed splendid groups and specimens. Among
the latter we noticed a grand plant of Encephalartos
Altensteinii ; this, together with the vividly golden-
coloured Pandanus Sanderi, and Kentia Fosteriana
"Leopoldii,"' from Messrs. Sander & Sons, made
a magnificent feature at this s de of the hall. There
was a very fine group from the same firm, consisting of
a collection of new and rare stove and greenhouse
plants, conspicuous amongst them being Croton F. K.
Sander, a golden-leaved form ; Cycas Micholitzii ,

Pandanus Wavriniana, Iguanura Curtisii, &c, Ne-
penthes Mastersiana, Anthurium crystallinum, Aspa-
ragus myriocladus. Anthuriums of the Scherzerianum
type were represented by very fine forms from Di.
Bosschere, of Antwerp ; Dracaenas from Drabs Dom,
of Brussels ; flowering Bromeliaceous plants from
Leon Poelmann, of Mont St. Amand ; Gloxinias from
Van Houtte ; a new Dracaena hybrid from D. canna;-
folia ; and D. lineata from De Noyette, of Ledeburg,
named intermedia, which is likely to prove a useful
decorative plant, were noteworthy features.

Messrs. Sander's large double-flowering tuberous
Begonias formed a bank of blooms equal to anything
seen at our English shows.

The State School of Horticulture, Ghent, had
an instructive exhibit of plants showing special adapta-
tions for climbing, protection, &c.

Conspicuously bright amongst the numerous Palms,
&c, was a group of the new hybrid Nicotianas raised
by Messrs. Sander & Sons.

We now come to a feature of the show which
appealed specially to the writer's sympathies, viz., the
Orchids, of which there was a very large and compre-
hensive display. There were many classes for individual
specimens, collections, and groups of the popular spe-
cies, as well as several groups of choice things of a non-
competitive character. A large £10 Gold Medal was
awarded to M. Ch. Vuylsteke, of Loochristi-les-Gand,
tor choice hybrid ( >dontoglossums. Included were a
very fine O. Lawrenceanum, handsome O. ardentissi-
mum, O. bellatulum, O. Rolfea, a lovely flower named
O. exaltum, having pale yellow segment*, paler cen-
trally, with a lip suggestive of O. Harryano-crispum
origin ; O. amabile, and O. percultum, in which the
sepals and petals are white, spotted pale brown, like a
good O. crispum, and having a broad, flat lip, white
at the apex, a many-toothed crest, spotted disc, and
delicately spotted margin.

Mr. Lambkau, of Brussels, secured a Gold Medal
for a choice selection of Cattleyas, Laelio - Cat-
tleyas, Vandas, Miltonias, &c, chief amongst which
were plants of C. x atalanta, C. x St. Gilles (very
fine), C. gigas superba (a noble form), C. x Wavrin-
iana, C. guttata, 0. F. W. Wigan, &c. ; L.-C. Admiral
Dewey, L.-C. Miss Measures, and others ; Miltonia
vexillaria superba, M. Cogniauxke with nineteen
flowers, Cypripedium Wiertzianum, C. A. de Lairesse,
C. Fran Ida Brandt, &c.

Lower in the scale of merit was placed Mr. DlE-
DRICHS, who also exhibited good plants — L;elio-Cattleya
Admiral Dewey, L.-C. F. W. Wigan and eximia, Cat-
tleya Parthenia Prince of Wales, C. Wavriniana,
Lycaste Skinneri alba, &c.

Messrs. Sander & Son's non-competitive group,
which was bracketed with the last-mentioned exhibit,
contained a fine selection of Cattleya gigas, Cypri-
pedium Curtisi, C. prrestans, C. glaucophylluin, Mil-
tonias, Odontoglossums, and many other good and
popular kinds.

Coming to the competitive classes, the first to claim
our notice was the group set up by Messrs. Sander &
SONS, which by many who had seen their efforts on
former occasions, at home and abroad, was declared to
be the most charming group ever staged. The back-
ground and side-wings were outlined with noble Palms
and Tree-Ferns, twining and rambling over which
were numerous spikes of Oncidium macranthum. The
body of the group was filled in with glowing Cattleyas
gigas, Mendeli, Mossia?, C. Mossiae albo-c.erulea, C.
M. Reineckiana excelsa, a glorious form, with very
broad segments and deeply coloured lip; and C. Rex,
now very rare. Centrall}' were placed good plants of
Cypripedium A. de Lairesse, C. "Lord Derby," C.
Parishii (seldom seen) ; C. insigne Sandera?, flowering
out of season, was admired, also a grand plant of C.
Rolfeae superbum. Miltonias of the vexillaria section
were well represented by grand forms, such as M. v.
The Bride (a pure white form), M. v. gigantea, M. v.
Chelseensis, M. x Bleuana, &c. Gracefully disposed
amongst the bulk were plants of Oncidium pulvinatum,
O. Carthaginense roseum, O. Gardnerianum, Vanda
ccerulea, Phahenopsis Rimestadtiana Dendrobiums,
Phahenopsis, &c. Rare things, such as Acineta
Humboldtii, Catasetum Bungerothii, Acropera Loddi-
gesii, Lycaste leucantha, and others were also noticed
placed to advantage amongst the many showy kinds.
At one end was staged a gigantic specimen plant of
Brassia verrucosa carrying thirty spikes of its spidery
blooms, which was specially selected as worthy of an
extra award. Near at hand was a good plant of the
white form of Masdevallia Harryana. Messrs. SANDER
& Sons gained the 1st prize for the above group " par
acclamation," and with congratulations of the jury on
their excellent style of arrangement.

In the class for fifty exotic Orchids, M. ViNCKE
Dujardin, of Bruges, was placed 1st with a good selec-
tion of Cattleyas, gigas, Gaskelliana, and Mendeli, Cyp-
ripedium insigne Sanderse, C. callosum Sanderie, C.
Charles Canham, Oncidium carthaginense, O. leuco-
cheilum, O. divaricatum, O. Forbesii, Vanda coaulea,
Phalsenopsis Rimestadtiana, Miltonia Bleuana, and* a
fine M. vexillaria named "Proserpine," of the radiata
section. The same exhibitor secured the 1st prize for
twenty-five Orchids, in which a good plant of Odonto-
glossum Uro-Skinneii was conspicuous.

118

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 5, 1905

r In the class for a collection of twenty-five Laslias
and Cattleyas, Messrs. Sander & Sons were the
successful exhibitors. The selection contained very
fine plants and varieties of L.-C. callistoglossa, L.-C.
Britannia (L.-C. Canhamiana X 0. gigas), L.-C. eximia,
L. X Helen, Cattleya Rex, now ver} rare, C. Mosaise
Reineckiana, C. x Atalanta, with a spike of about a
score of flowers, and others of more or less merit. M.
Vincke Dujardin was a good 2nd, with grand plants
of C. gigas, C. Gaskelliana, C. Mendeli, C. x Vulcan
(a pretty white hybrid between C. Gaskelliana alba x
intermedial, C. x Wavriniana, L. x Helen, L.-C.
Martinetti, L.-C. Henry Greenwood, L.-C. callisto-
glossa, and other showy kinds.

In a class for Vandaceous subjects Mr. DE VlNCKE
Duardin's was the only group staged, making a very
pleasing display, with numerous examples of Vanda
suavis.V. ccerulea, V. teres, Phalrenopsis Rimestadtiana,
and a good form of P. violacea.

In the class for fifty Odontoglossums Messrs. Sander
& SONS were an easy 1st, with numerous forms of O.
crispum, O. Pescatorei, O. luteo-purpureum, O.Wilckea-
num, O. Uro-Skinneri, O. cristatellum, a grand open-
lipped form of 0. Harryauum, and a magnificent plant
and variety of O. x Rolfea;. Mr. VlNCKE DUJARDIN
secured the 2nd prize with O. crispum, &c.

In a class for ten Loelias and Cattleyas Mr. VlNCKE
Dujardin was again the only exhibitor, and secured
the 1st prize.

In the class for twenty-five Cypripediuma Messrs.
Sander & Sons were the only exhibitors, and were
unanimously awarded the 1st prize. Amongst tie
number the best were C. Sanderiano-Curtisii, C. Har-
risianum Baron Schroder's var., C. barbato-Roth-
schildianum, C. Phrebe, C. niveo-callosum, and a very
distinct variety of C. bellatulum, with white segments
delicately spotted with pale rose-lilac.

For a single specimen of Cypripedium, Messrs.
Sander & Sons were 1st with a large plant of C.
Harrisiauum, Baron Schroder's variety, bearing over
fifty flowers.

In a class for a single specimen of a Niahenopsis M.
Vincke Dujardin was 1st with a magnificent example
of P. Rimestadtiana, having two spikes carrying four
dozen flowers ; Messrs. Sander being 2nd with a
plant of the same variety.

Ancectochilus were also provided for, Messrs.
Sander securing a 1st prize for a nice pan of A.
setaceus.

Great praise is due to the committee of management
for the thorough and efficient manner in which the
show was so successfully carried through, and for the
cordial hospitality they extended to the jury, the
English representatives of which were Mr. W. Watson,
of Kew ; Mr. Segar, of Messrs. Wills & Segar. South
Kensington ;- Mr. Iceton, of Putney ; and Mr. W. H.
Young, the writer of our weekly Orchid Calendar.

MIDLAND CARNATION AND
PICOTEE.

AUGUST 2, 3. — The fifteenth arfnual exhibition of the
Midland Carnation and Picotee Society was held in
the hall of the Birmingham Botanical and Horticul-
tural Society, at their beautiful gardens at Edgbaston,
on "Wednesday and Thursday, August 2 and 3. It is
hardly possible to imagine a better place for an
exhibition of this kind. As usual in Birmingham, the
blooms staged were of very high quality ; and a
great feature of the show was the magnificent display
of "undressed" flowers — ie. , they were shown as
grown and with natural foliage, the classes for which
are even more numerous at this exhibition than those
for " dressed " flowers. The schedule therefore has
attractions for the old florist, whose heart always
delights in flowers when exhibited in their neat paper
collars, and also for those who favour the more modern
and more effective style of staging the beautiful Carna-
tion. The arrangements of the show were admirably
carried out by Mr. T. Humphreys, the Curator of the
Botanical Gardens, who has recently accepted the office
of Hon. Secretary to the Society.

•Selfs. — In the class for twelve selfs, dissimilar, Mr.
W. H. Parton, Hollywood, led with a very fine stand,
containing splendid specimens of W. H. Parton (a deep
maroon premier self), Daffodil (a grand yellow), Etna
(scarlet), and Ensign (blush-white). Mr. R. C. Cart-
wright, of King's Norton, was 2nd with good flowers,
among which were Daffodil, W. H. Parton, and Bride-
groom, the last a fine pink.

Yellow-ground Picotees were well shown, and the chief
honours went to Mr. A. W. Jones, of Strchford, who
had good specimens of Peri (premier heavy-edged
yellow-ground Picotee), Coquette, and Mrs. Walter
Heriot. He was closely followed by Mr. W. H.
Parton, whose stand contained fine flowers of Mrs.
Walter Heriot, Tilgrim, and Mrs. Duraut.

The "Fancies" made a bold display, Mr. R. C.
Cartwrigut leading with a very level stand, promi-
nent in which were Ivo Sebright (which won the premier
for the best fancy in the show), Hameo, and Royal

George. Mr. Parton was a close 2nd, showing good
flowers of Voltaire, Merlin, and Hameo.

Whiter/round Picotees. — Mr. Parton's stand of
white-ground Picotees contained notable flowers, such
as Mrs. Openshaw (premier heavy-edged white-ground
Picotee), John Smith, Fortrose, and Lucy. Mr. Cart-
wright's 2nd prize stand contained the premier light-
edged Picotee "Evelyn Cartwright," a new variety,
raised by himself, for which a first-class Certificate
of the Society was awarded. It is a grand addition to
this section.

In the class for twelve bizarres or flakes, Mr. PARTON
again led with a beautifully bright lot of flowers,
notable specimens being Master Fred (premier bizarre),
Gordon Lewis (premier flakel, Admiral Curzon, and J.
D. Hextall. Mr. Cartwright again ran him a close
2nd.

Undressed Flowers.

In the class for undressed flowers which were most
attractively staged, the honours in the chief class,
viz., that for twelve distinct varieties of selfs, yellow-
ground Picotees, or fancies were divided between
Messrs. Cartwright and Parton, who were classed
as equal lsts. The exhibits consisted of grand flowers,
magnificently put up.

The class for twelve undressed self flowers was hotly
contested, Mr. Cartwright leading with capital
specimens ; and Mr. Parton winning 2nd prize.

Mr. Cartwright won another 1st prize for twelve
undressed "fancies" or yellow-grounds. Mr. Jones
was a very good 2nd.

In the smaller classes for six blooms some very fine
flowers was staged. The Rev. C. A. Gottwaltz, of
Droitwich, was champion in this section, winning the
Silver Medal given by the Birmingham Botanical and
Horticultural Society.

The most successful exhibitor in the classes scheduled
for small amateur growers who do not grow more than
300 plants was Mr. J. D. WILLIAMS, of Smethwick.

A magnificent bouquet of Carnations obtained a
1st prize for Messrs. Felton & Sons, of Hanover
Square, Loudon ; and the 1st prize for a spray of
Carnations was obtained by Mrs. W. H. PARTON. A
much contested class for buttonholes of Carnations was
won by Mr. W. L. Deedman, of Edgbaston.

'I'm: Champions.

Mr. W. H. Parton won sixteen 1st, nineteen 2nd,
four premier, and three special prizes, as well as the
Silver Champion Medal offered by the Birmingham
Botanical and Horticultural Societv, for the greatest
number of points in the largest classes, and a Silver
Medal offered by the Midland Carnation and Ticotee
Society, for the greatest number of points in the classes
for single blooms.

Mr. R. C. Cartwright, of King's Norton, was a close
competitor, securing sixteen 1st, fourteen 2nd, and
two premier prizes. He also received a First-class
Certificate for a light red-edged Picotee named Miss
Evelyn Cartwright, a refined flower of great substance,
considered to be tlie finest acquisition to this section
for some years : and a First-class Certificate for Car-
nation "Cassandra," a superb purple self flower.

Honorary Exhibits.

Silver-gilt Medals were awarded to Messrs. GUNN &
Sons, Olton, for a magnificent display of hardy
herbaceous flowers, herbaceous Phloxes being especially
good ; also to Messrs. Bakers, of Codsall and Wolver-
hampton, for an attractive display of Roses and hardy
flowers ; and to Messrs. Hewitt & Co., the well-
known Solihull Nurserymen, for a grand display of
foliage and flowering plants, &c.

Messrs. Bick Bros, of Olton, obtained the only
large Silver Medal awarded, for a grand display of
alpines ; and small Silver Medals were awarded to
Mr. W. Sydenham, Tamworth, for hardy flowers ;
Mr. S. Mortimer, Farnham, for a pretty display of
Dahlias ; Mr. A. F. Dutton, for a group of tree
Carnations, which were greatly admired ; Mr. Amos
Perry, of Winch more Hill, near London, who had a
nice display of Nymphseas ; Mr. Vincent Slade,
Taunton, who staged Zonal Pelargoniums ; and Mr.
J. H. White, Worcester, for a capital lot of hardy
flowers. P.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

ESCALLONIA PULVERULENTA.
This Chilian Escallonia is very rarely met
with in cultivation, as it is more tender than the
majority of the species, and even in very sheltered
positions is often damaged in severe weather. It
is now in flower. Its terminal racemes are about
G inches in length and 3 inches in circumference,
and the small blossoms composing the spike are
pure white. The leaves are oval in shape, from
3 to 4 inches in length, and H inch in breadth.
In a young state they are very viscous, but lose
this character as they become older. In the
gardens at Greenway, on the river Dart, there is
a good specimen about 7 feet in height. S. W.
Fit Herbert.

HERBACEOUS FLOWERING PLANTS.

©bituarp.

Professor Errera. — It is with great con-
cern that we have to record the sudden death,
on the 1st inst., at TJccle, of Dr. Leo Errera, the
Professor of Botany in the University of Brussels.
The lo3s of such a man is a serious calamity for
Belgian botany.

MR. Dewar.— We have only now learnt of
the death, in New York, on May 1, of Mr. Dewar,
formerly of the Royal Gardens, Kew, and latterly
Curator of the Botanic Gardens, Glasgow.

HELIOPSIS SCABRA SUPERBA.
This Heliopsis is an improved form of H.
scabra, the orange colour being two shades
deeper even than that of the variety H. s. B.
Ladhams, which is generally admitted to be a
far superior plant to H. Pitcheri. To the late
Rev. Wolley Dod we owe this improvement in a
desirable genus of August-flowering perennials,
which, although allied to Helianthus, open their
blossoms freely a month earlier than that plant ;
they are useful for cutting, as the foliage can be
utilised along with the flowers. E. if.

MARKETS-

— » —

C0TENT GARDEN, August 2.
[We cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day, but
only the general averages for the week preceding the
date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate, not only from day to day,
but often several times in one day. Ed.]

Cut Foliage, &c. : Average Wholesale Pricss.

s.d. s.d.

Asparagus plu- s.d. s.d.
mosus, long
trails, each ... 0 4-08

— — medium

bunch ...

short sprays

per bunch...

— Sprengeri ...

— tenuissimus..
Adiantum cunea-

tum, per dozen

bunches

Cycas leaves,

Fern, English, p.
dozen bunches

0 9-10

10-26
0 6-10
9 0-12 0

10-60
16-20

10-20

Grasses, hardy, p.

dozen bunches

Ivy-leaves, bronze

— long trails,
per bundle ... 10-20

— short green,
doz. bunches

Moss, per gross...
Myrtle, per dozen

bunches

Smilax, p. dozen

trails

Hardy foliage

(various), per

dozen bunches 3 0-40

2 0-40
16-20

10-16
5 0-60

3 0-50

4 0-60

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.
Mushroonis(house)

Artichokes.Globe,
per dozen ...

Beans, English,
Scarlet Run-
ners, per half
bushel

— Broad.p bush.
per bag ...

Beetroot, per doz.

bunches
Cabbages, p. tally
Carrots, new.doz.

bunches

— iewt. bag ...
Cauliflowers, doz.
Celery. French, p.

dozen heads
Cucumbers, doz.

— per flat

— Dutch, p. box
Endive, per doz.
Horseradish, per

dozen bundles
Mint, per dozen...
Leeks, 12 bundles
Lettuces, Cabbage,

per dozen ...

— English, Cos,
per score

s.d. s.d.
16-20

*-. d. s.d.

0 10- 1 3
10-16

3 S»- 4 0

1 V
0 8

3 C- 4 0

2 6-
4 6

3 0

5 0

3 0

4 0

16-26

2 li- 3 0
10-26

2 6-36

2 C- 3 6
5 6-80

3 0 —
19-20

8 0-10 0
10-20
2 0-36

0 6 0 10

1 C- 1 6

per lb,...

— Buttons, lb.
Onions, Egyptian

per cwt.

— Spring, p. doz.
bunches

— Valencia, case
Parsley, per doz.

bunches

Peas, per bag ...

— English, bush.

— shelled, quart
Radishes, p. doz.

bunches
Sorrel, hall bush.
Spinach, bush. ...
Tomatos, English,

p. lb. ..: ... 0 3J-0 4i

— seconds, p. lb. 0 2-03

— Jersey, p. lb.

— Valencia, per
package

Turnips,new, doz.

bun

VegetableMarrows,

penally ... 16-20

Watercress, per

doz. bunches. 0 4-06

16-20
3 6-66
2 0-30
0 6-0 10

0 s- 1 3
1 0 —
10-20

0 2|-0 3
8 0-12 0
16-36

AUGUST ."), 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

119

Plants In Pots, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

Aralia Sieboldi, p.

dozen

Araucaria excelsa.

per dozen
Aspidistras, green
per doz.

— variegated,
per doz.

Asparagus plu-
mosus nanus,
per doz.

— Sprengjrl.per
dozen

— tenuissimus
per doz.

Begonias, tuber-
ous, per doz.

Campanula iso-
phylla, p. doz.

— Mayi, per doz.

— pyramidalis...
Cannas, per doz.
Chrysanthemum

coronari u m,

double yellow,

per dozen

Coleus, per dozen

Crotons, per doz.

CocosWeddelliana

per doz.
Cyperus alterni-
folius, per

dozen

Dracaenas, per

dozen

Eulalia japoniea

variegata
Euonymus, per

dozen

Ferns, in thumbs,
perlOO

— in 48's, p. doz.
in 32*8, per
dozen

Fuchsias, p. doz.

8. d. 8.

8. d. 8. d

per
per

9 0 12 0
4 0-60

Hor-

4 0-60

4 0-80
6 0-80
9 0-12 0
6 0-60

6 0-80
2 6 4 0
12 0-30 0

12 0-30 0

4 0-90

8 0-12 0
4 0-10 0

10 C-18 0

10-60

Ficus elastica, p.
doz

— repens,
dozen ...

Heliotropes

dozen
Hydrangea

tensia, per dz.

— paniculata ...
Kalosanthes, per

dozen

Kentia Belmore-

ana, per doz... 12 0-18 0

— Fosteriana, p.
doz. ...

Lantanas, per

dozen

Latania borbonica,

per doz. ... 12 0-18 0
Lilium longi-

florum, per doz. 9 0-12 0
Marguerites, white,

per dozen ... 4 0-80

— yellow ... 12 0-18 0
Pelargoniums,

per doz,, Show.

— Ivy-leaved ...

— zonal

— scarlet do. ...
Privet. golden, per

dozen

Rhodanthe, per

dozen

Roses, II. P. 's, per

dozen

— Dorothy Per-
kins, each ...

Selaginella, p.doz.
Spiraea japoniea,

per doz.
Verbena, Miss

Willmott, per

dozen

— scarlet, per
dozen

3 0-40

8 0-12 0
12 0-30 0

9 0-12 0

12 0-21 0
9 0-12 0

9 0-12 0
4 0-60

3 0-50

4 0-50

5 0-60
4 0-60
9 0-18 0

3 0-60

3 0-50

4 0-90

4 0-60
4 0-60

Cut Flowers, &c. ; Average Wholesale Prices.

2 0-

Alstromeria, per
doz. bunches ...

Asters, per dozen
bunches

Bouvardia, per
doz. bunclies

Cilia aethiopiea,
p. doz. blooms

Carnations, per
doz. blooms,
best American
vars

— smaller do. ...

— Malmaisons ...
Chrysanthemums,

pcrdz. blooms 2 ti

— small blooms,
per doz. bchs.

Coreopsis, p. doz.

Eucharis grandi-

flora, per dozen

blooms

Gardenias, perdz

blooms

Gladiolus Col-

villei. p. doz.

bunches

brcnchleyensis

p. doz. spikes

Gypsophila, per

dozen bunches

Iris, best English,

per dozen ...

Lilium candidum

— auratum

— lacciiolium,
rubrum and
album

— longiflorum...
-- tigrinum

Lily ol the Valley,
p. doz. bnchs

8.(2. s.d. s.d. 8.d.

Marguerites, white,

p. doz. bnchs. 3 0-40

— yellow, perdz.
bunches

Mignonnette.doz.

bunches
Moutbrctias, doz.

bunches
Odontoglossum

crispum, pr. dz.

blooms

Pe largoniums,

ger dozeu
unches :

— Show

— Zonal, double
scarlet

— salmon and
pink

Poppies, Iceland,

doz. bunches 0 6-16
Roses, 12 blooms,
Niphetos

— Bridesmaid...

— Ealserin A.
Victoria

— General Jac-
queminot ...

— C. Mermet ...

— Caroline Test-
out

— Liberty

— Mad.Cbatenay 2 0-40

— Mrs. J. Laing . 2 0-40

— Sunrise
Stephanotis, per

doz trusses...
Sweet Peas, per

doz bunches 10-30
Sweet Sultan, per

doz. bunches 3 0-40
6O-90;Tuberoses, per

dozen blooms 0 3-06

6 0-80
3 0-40

16-30
0 6-10

6 0-10 0

16-30
2 0-30

10-20

16-30

2 0-30

9 0-12 0
0 6-10
2 0-30

10-20
2 0-30
16-20

2 0-30
2 0-40

4 0-90

3 0-26

4 0-60
4 0-80

4 0-60

0 6-20
10-20

2 0-40

0 6-10
10-20

16-30
16-30

10-20
16-26

extra quality 18 0

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.
s.d. «.<2

Apples, Tas-

manian, case

Apricots, per box

— French, p.half
bushel

Bananas, bunch .

— Jamaica

— loose, per doz.
Cherries, white,

p. half bushel 3 6-80

— black, p. half
bushel

— Morel lo, per
half bushel ...

Currants, Black,

p. half bushel 5 0-66

— Red, per half
bushel

Figs, per dozen...
French Plums, p.

half sieve ...
Gooseberries, per

half bush, ripe 19-30
Grape-fruit, case IS 0-26 0

8.(1. 8.(1.

9 0-15 0
0 10-1 0

4 6-66
6 0-12 0
3 6-76
10-16

4 0-90

6 6-

3 6-56
16-40

3 6-66

Grapes, Alicante,

perlb 10-16

— Madresfield.lb. 2 0-30

— Gros Maroc.lb. 16-20

— Hambro, p. lb. 0 10-1 6

— Muscats, lb.... 10-46
Lemons, Naples,

per case 20 0-31 0

Melons, each ... 16-30

— French, Rock 2 6-30

— Valencia,

per case ... 10 0-16 0
Mellow Pears, per

dozen 4 0-46

Nectarines, A., p.

dozen 10 0-12 0

— B., per dozen 16-40
Oranges, Jamaica,

per case 21 0 —

Peaches, A., doz. 8 0-12 0

— B., per doz. ... 16-40
Pines, each ... 2 0-46
Raspberries, p.lb. 0 3-08

— per cwt. ... 21 0-26 0

plies are lower in price. Valencia Melons are a little
firmer in price. Peaches and Nectarines are plentiful,
and good fruit only is in demand. English Apples are
arriving in very satisfactory quantities, and prices are
very fair. Trade is delining a little owing to holiday
week being near at hand.

THE WEATHER.

OOVENT GARDEN FLOWER MARKET.

THE market is now very quiet indeed. It is only open
on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays for the sale of
pot plants; on other mornings it is open from 7 to
9 am. for the sale of cut flowers only. The trade is
over for the season, and even on market mornings most
of the stands remain empty. Yet there are still some
good plants. The supply of Pelargoniums holds out
well, but the pricesforthem vary much. Campanulasare
very good and sell fairly well : C. isophylla alba is the
favourite ; C. pyramidalis (both white and blue) is fine
from several growers. A few good Fuchsias arc seen.
but they are not over plentiful. Marguerites are
getting scarce. Mignonette is now over for the season.
Verbenas continue to be over plentiful. There are still
good plants of Hydrangea paniculata, and H. Hortensia
is not quite finished, but the plants arc not very good.
Some good Bouvardias are coming in, but these are not
much wanted until September. Coreopsis is very
pretly. and Rhodanthe is good. Heliotrope is also
abundant. Foliage plants are plentiful, and prices vary
but little. A good many hardy Evergreens arc now
seen. Hardy and greenhouse climbers are procurable.
Among the latter are good plants of Plumbago capensis.

Cut Flowers.
Several growers are now sendiug Chrysanthemums
from the open ground, but most of those seen are small
and of rather rough appearance. Asters are over-
plentiful, the large quantities imported from France
spoil the trade for English growers. The supply of
Sweet Peas is now getting short, and many of those
seen are very poor. Montbrctia is very pretty. It is
now diilicuit to get really good Roses, but there are '
large quantities of small blooms. Li'iums continue to
he plentiful, but they vary in quality very much, the
prices for best arc low. Not many Callas are seen.
Gaillardias. Calliopsis, and Antirrhinum* are plentiful.
Gladiolus brenchleyensis is very good, but much
cheaper. "The Bride" is plentiful, but nio-t of those
seen have weak stems and small flowers. The smell of
Lavender pervading the whole market reminds us that
autumn is approaching,

The tirm of T. A. Dickson, which has been so long
established in the Centre Hon. ha? removed to Albert
Gate, and Mr. P. II. Garcia is taking the premises in the
Centre Row. .1. // . M , .,./ a.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

The following are the latest wholesale prices to hand
from the undernoted markets :—

Liverpool.— Fruit : Api iles, Lisbon, 68. 9d. to 9s. per
case; Grapes, Dania. 6e. 9'/. to los. 6d. per barrel;
Melons, Valencia, 9a •;•' to lis. 6(2. per case ; Lemons,
Naples, 15*. to 22s. per t>ox ; Banana ■ Bd to9«. 6rf.
per crate ; Tomatos, Valencia. 58. 6d. to 9*'. 6(2. per ease :
Onions, Valencia, 38. to 48. per ease.— Vegetables : Bir-
kenhead prices were as follows :— Potatos, new, 2d. and
3d. per 5 lb. ; Peas, lod, to I 2d. per peck ; Cucumbers,
2d. to Id. each; Tomatos, 2d to id. per lb. ; Goose-
berries, 2il. to 3d. do ; Raspberries, 5d do. ; Currants,
Red and White. Id. do. ; do , Black, bd. to 8d. do. ;
Grapes, foreign, 6i. to 8d. do. : Cherries. Id. to 8d. do. ;
Apples. 3d. to 6d. do. : Peats, 3d. to 6d. do.; Plums, 3d.
to 6 (. do.

Edinburgh.— Grapes, English, 18. 6d. perlb.; do.
foreign, Denia, green, 88. 6d. per barrel: do. black,
lus. i>d. to Ms. id. ; Lemons, Palermo, lis. to 29s. per
box ; Apples, Lisbon, 12s- <id. per case; Nuts, Brazilian,
358. to 3*s. (jd. per bag; Cherries. English, 11». to 12.--.6d.
per half bushel; Bananas, 5s. 6d to 10s. per bunch;
Figs, 9s. per dozen ; Walnuts, Italian, 68. 3d. per stone ;
Tomatos, Guernsey, 5id. to 6d. per lb. ; Onions,
Egyptian, 4s. per cwt. ; do. Valencia 5s. 6d. to 68. 6d. do. ;
Carrots. Is. per dozen ; Gooseberries, 3s-. 9d. to 4s. 6d.
per half bushel.

Dublin.— Cabbages, York. 68. to lis. per load : Cauli-
flowers, 2s, 6d. to it. per lusket : Parsley, 4s. 6d. to 5s.
per bag; Parsnips, 2*. 6d. per cwt.; Carrots, lOd. to
Is. 2d. per dozen; Turnips, white, 7d. to lod. per bunch ;
Rhubarb, Is 6d. to Is. 8d. per dozen; Thyme, 4d. to5d.
per bunch ; Marrows, Is. 6d. to 3s. perdozen ; Cucumbers.
Is. 3d. to 2s. per dozen ; Salad. 6.1 to lod , do. ; Yoimg
Onions (scalliODS), 2'd to ;Sd. per bunch ; Potatos,
4s. to 4s. 4d , best qualities. Is. 6d. per cwt.

Remarks.— English and foreign Tomatos are cheaper,
consequently large quantities are arriving daily, owing
to the warm weather. English and Guernsey Melons
are coming in fine condition, but owing to foreign sup-

ENQUIRY.

The Falling of Limbs of Elm in Summer. —
I am anxious to learn from readers of the
Gardeners' Chronicle whether in any case a limb
that is perfectly alive and sound has ever been
known to fall. The danger of large Elms from
the falling of limbs is well known, but according
to my experience the limbs that fall are partially
dead, though the wood may be sound so far as
rot is concerned. The timber is simply dry and
brittle, while a sufficiency of living wood remains
for the supply of sap to foliage. The presence of
this wood msty often be indicated by dead twigs,
but I am anxious to know whether a fallen limb
has ever been found perfectly alive, when there
would be no dead twigs or small branches ? R. I. L.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS taken in the
Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens at Wisley,
Surrey. Height above sea - level 150 feet. The
following are the "mean" readings for the week
ending July 29, 1905.

7,

Tempera-

Temperature

O

ture ofthe

1905.

of the Air.

-
H

S01Lat9A.M.

'At9A.M.

<

K

M
a

"1

M .

b<

H

CO

<D

ft
©

«i

s

3

0Q

■o

3

to

CO 3a

43

o

*3

t>

n ik

u

>•§:■•

J3

o

o

at* j
e B

3

n
f?

3

m

O

be

CD
CD
E2

o

43

<

<

a

Is

w

1-1

ba

cm

a)

u

V

<o

<Q

CD

a

■o

■O

•a

■o

•o

13

"0

■a

Means

66

62

75

53

53

68

66

62

Tot

0'22

5 40

THE WEATHER IN WEST HERTS.
The Seventh Warm Week in Succession.— The past week

was not so warm as the three previous weeks. On the
warmest day the temperature in the thermometer
screen only rose to 75°, and on the coldest night the.
exposed thermometer fell to within 5" of the freezing
point. On the other hand, on one day, July 31, the heat
in the sun was very exceptional ; in fact, only once
before in July has the black bulb radiation thermo-
meter registered so high a reading, viz.. 143". Owing to
the last two nights having been cola for the lime of
year the grouDd is not now as warm as it has recently
been, but is still 2" warmer at 2 feet deep, and V warmer
at 1 foot deep, than is seasonable. Rain fell ou two
days, but to the total depth of only about a J of an inch.
On the former of these days the rain was Calling during
a short thunderstorm for four minutes at the mean rate
of nearly i; inch an hour. These rains, coming as they
did alter a fortnight of dry weather, did not a fleet the per
eolation-gauges. For nearly three weeks there has been ■
no measurable percolation through the bare soil gauge,
but every day a few drops still trickle through it
during the twenty-four hours. The sun shone on an
average for six and a half hours a day, which is rather '
more than the mean duration for the end of July. The
wind was moderately high on two days, but calms pre-
vailed duriug the rest of the week The mean amount
of moisture in the air at 3 P.M. was about 5 per cent,
less than a seasonable quantity for that hour.

July.

\tionaUy Warm, Dry, Calm and Sunny.— This was

with one exception (ifoo) the warmest July of which
I have here any record. There were no cold days,
and but three cold nights. The nights were, however,
as a rule more exceptionally warm than the days.
On the two warmest days the temperature iu the
thermometer screen rose to 81°, which is rather
a low extreme maximum for July. On the coldest
night the exposed thermometer fell to within 7°
of the freezing point— rather a high extreme minimum
for July. Several of the nights were singularly v a nn.
In fact on one night the thermometer on the grass did
not fall lower than 61°— makiig it the wannest ui'ht
but one I have yet recorded here at any period of the
year. This was the driest July for seven years. Rain
fell on ten days, but to the total depth of only an incb,
which is less than half the average quantity for July
More than half the total rainfall was deposited on one
day early in the month during thunderstorms. There
was no measurable percolation through the bare soil
gauge alter the 14th. The sun shone on au average for
7^ hours a day— or for 1| hour a day longer than is
usual in July. This was a calm month indeed, only
once before in July have I recorded so low a mean
velocity, and in no hour did the mean rate of movement
exceed 13 miles— direction west. The mean amount of
moisture in the air at 3 o'clock in the afternoon was
1 per cent, below a seasonable quantity. JC. M.,
Berkhamsted, August 2, 19)5.

[For actual temperature and condition of barometer at
time of going to Press, see p. 110.]

GARDENINQ APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. Thomas Gregory, for t lie past three and a half
years iu the Gardens at Tapton Court, Sheffield, as
Gardener to the Metropolitan Asylums Bjard at
Cater ham Asylum, Surrey.

Mr, A. Rett, for the past thirteen years Gardener to J.
Christie, Esq . Framingham Manor, as Gardener to
F. Penn, Esq., Cawston Manor, Norwich.

Mr. Walter Howarth, Gardener for two and a half
years at Eldersley Lauder, Red Hill, as Gardener to
W. Noakes, Esq., Selsdoa Park, near Croydoj.

120

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 5, 1903.

Ammoniacal Solution of Copper Carbonate :
L. F. The proportions should be water,
1G gallons ; carbonate of copper, 1 oz. ; car-
bonate of ammonia, 5 oz. Mix the carbonate
of copper and the carbonate of ammonia, and
dissolve them in about a quart of hot water.
When thoroughly dissolved add 10 gallons of
cold water. You may syringe the trees with
this liquid at the present time if you wish,
provided there are no fruits to ripen. We
advise that the root-pruning of the Pear-trees
be done in October, rather than at an earlier
date.

Apple Five crowned Pippin: R. E. B. This is
another name for London Pippin, a very late-
keeping variety, and if you ask for the variety
under the latter name the nurseryman will pro-
bably be able to obtain it for you. Though de-
scribed in Hogg's Fruit Manual as an excellent
culinary & pple, and serviceable also for dessert,
London Pippin is not commonly planted at the
present time; and it is noteworthy that in the
Apple-census we made last year by the help of
our readers in all parts of the kingdom the
variety was not mentioned at all.
Bedfordshire Seed Company : /. G. S. The
announcement was made as a matter of news
only. We cannot undertake to forward appli-
cations for shares in this or similar under-
takings nor to have anything to do with such
transactions. Besides, had you read the para-
graph carefully you would have seen that there
is no initial public issue of shares.

Begonia : Norfolk. Tobacco-water is the remedy.
You can dip the plants, or spray the liquid on
the underside of the leaves, whichever method
you find to be most convenient.
Begonias : /. 0. The plants seem to have rotted
at the collar, probably from stagnant moisture,
excess of heat, and defective ventilation.

Carnations : T. E. H. A fungus, a species of
Puccinia, has attacked the anthers of your
plant. Burn the affected flowers.

Ceanothus : E. S. The shoots you send are
smothered with a scale insect. Cut the plant
right back in autumn and burn the prunings.
That is your best chance.

Chrysanthemums : W. G. M. and B. J. B. The
leaves are affected with a fungus, probably the
early stage of the rust fungus. Remove such
leaves and burn them.
Grapes: F. W. D. and W. B. The trouble is
caused by the Grape-rot fungus, Gloeospc-
rium heticolor. Mr. Massee recommends
dredging with flowers of-sulphur on the shoots
and leaves, repeating at intervals of ten days
if the disease continues to spreai. A small
quantity of quicklime should be mixed witj
the sulphur on the second application, and the
quantity of lime should be increased on each
successive application until the proportions cf
lime and sulphur are nearly equal, but always
keeping just a little more sulphur than lime.
It has been found of service thoroughly to wet
the branches with a solution of sulphate of
iron when the Vine is resting. Remove the
diseased leaves and fruits and burn them
without delay.
Insects: W. A., and Armilage Bros. The small
beetles are those of Phratora vitelline, a wide-
spread enemy of the Willow and Poplar. The
grubs or larvte are equally destructive to
foliage ; they measure about half an inch in
length when full-grown, are of a pale dirty-
yellow colour, with a black head and various
black markings on the body. One of the best
methods of reducing the numbers of this pest
is to shake off the insects into a vessel con-
taining a small quantity of paraffin oil. This
plan, when steadily carried on, has met with
marked success. Paris-green (Poison), at the
rate of 1 ounce to 20 gallons of water, may be
used with safety on certain foliage ; but if
used, it would be as well to experiment as to

desirable strength. As old bark-covered posts
are favourable resorts for the beetles in winter,
a few of these might be put down as traps.

Journeymen in Ireland : One in Doubt. There
is no uniformity in the wages obtained by
journeymen in Ireland any more than is the
case in England, but generally they are, we
believe, a trifle lower in Ireland. The matter of
expenses incurred by going from one situation
to take up another is one for arrangement
between the interested parties. In ordinary
circumstances the employer pays, if he has
reason to think the candidate will continue in
his employ for a reasonable period. The third-
class fare from London to Dublin is 29s. 6d\, or
third-class railway ticket and saloon on steamer
32s. 6d. You will have to advertise for the
situation you seek, or write to some of the Irish
nurserymen. If you are a member of the
British Gardeners' Association, perhaps they
could help you.

Leaves for the Making of Leaf-mould :
Ardilea. The leaves would decay but slowly if
packed in the pits as you describe, because so
little air, and therefore little oxygen, would
reach the bulk of them. But what purpose is
it you expect to serve by adopting such a
means of storing leaves ? Unless you wish
them to supply a little warmth in the house
during their slow fermentation, we advise you
to throw the leaves together in an out-of-the-
way place in the open, or among high shrubs,
and to turn them occasionally to expedite the
process of decay. If you wish to put them into
the pits, and would like them to decay quickly
and thus afford heat, mix with the leaves a
quantity of fresh droppings from the stable.

Melon: Anxious. You have the spot disease
(Cercospora melonis) very badly. Burn the
affected plants. See p. 96 of our last issue. The
fault is not yours.
Mushroom Culture : A. T. B. A rain-resisting
shed GO feet long, having flow-aud-return hot-
water-pipes, should make an ideal place for
Mushroom-culture at any season, and the
dimensions of the proposed wooden trays
would answer well, but they should not be
placed over the hot-water-pipes, the drying
influence of which would be unfavourable to
the growth of Mushrooms, especially as these
pipes have also to supply a stove temperature.
Most sheds having earthen floors, we recom-
mend you to form the beds on the floor, with
only the side-boards to keep the material in
place. The material most suitable for the
miking of Mushroom-beds is good stable-
manure from well-fed horses. Collect the
manure when it is possible to do so, and
place it together, turning it over at inter-
vals of a day or two to allow the accumulating
heat and moisture to escape. In forming the
beds, the manure having been so prepared for
the purpose should be placed in layers from
one end of the bed to the other, and made firm
by being well trodden or rammed down. Bo
not have the manure in an excessively dry
condition, but in an intermediate stage between
wet and dry. When the temperature of the
bed has declined to 80° preferably, or a few
degrees lower rather than above this degree,
the spawn may be inserted. Before doing this
operation take every care to ascertain that the
spawn is of superior quality and fresh. It is
usually supplied in the form of bricks or cakes
measuring 6 inches long by 4 inches wide, and
the cakes are from 1 to 2 inches thick. Let
each of these cakes be broken into six equal
pieces, and inseit the pieces at about G inches
apart all over the bed, pressing them firmly
just below the level of the material. Having
made sure that the heat will not rise above the
degree mentioned, the bed may be covered
with rich maiden loam 2 inches deep, which
should be applied in a moist condition, and
pressed until firm. A moderately moist atmo-
sphere should be maintained at a temperature
of 60° to G5°. Darkness is not essential to the
growth of Mushrooms, but a light covering of
mats or canvas assists in keeping the soil damp.
In a period varying from six to eight weeks it
may be expected that Mushrooms will be in a
condition for gathering.

Names of Fruits : Correspondent {no name). The
Nectarine fruits were smashed in post owing to
imperfect packing. The Asparagus appears to
be A. myriocladus. — F. E. T. We are unable
to name your fruit.
Names of Plants : C. D. Aconitum lycoctonum.
— F. 8. 1, Juniperus recurva ; 2, probably
Photinia serrulata ; 3, Rhamnus Alaternus ; 4,
Phyllirea angustifolia ; 5, Nyssa biflora ; 6,
Osmanthus ilicifolius. Thank you for sending
such good specimens. Would that other people
were as considerate as you ! — T. E. Lilium
chalcedonicum. — W. B. 1, Ruseus racemosus ;
2, Scolopendrium vulgare, Hart's-tongue Fern.
— J. S. Orach, Atriplex hortensis, grown on the
Continent for Spinach. It is not a Celosia, but
belongs to a different Order.— J. B. B. The
Fern No. 1 is an exotic Lastrea, probably L.
lepida.
Pea : H. One of the varieties without inner
skin to the pod, called by the French Pois sans
parchemin.
Peas : Old Subscriber. Thrips ; try syringing

with Quassia-water.
Potatos: T.D.C. We have seen similar instances
before. Obviously the conditions were not
favourable, but how or why we do not know.
After a prolonged rest they would probably do
well next season. The eyes or sprouts have
not developed.
Privet : A. S. We find no fungus, and without
knowing the circumstances we cannot say
what has killed your Privet on one side of the
path only. Do the plants receive sufficient
water ?
Rose : P. C. C. The Rose is too tender for out-
door cultivation in your locality. It is not
affected with disease.
Rose Niphetos : J. B. " What can we say about
it ? " A great deal more than we have space to
afford. The Rose is proliferous, the centre of
the Rose having lengthened into a shoot bearing
other Rose-buds, leaves, &c. A curious but by
no means unique case.
Sweet Peas: T. N. Union of two flower-spikes
not uncommon, but why it happens we cannot
tell.
Treatment of Land : F. W. C. Your idea of
sowing Vetches on your land is a good one ; if
the Vetches fail sow field Mustard, because
you evidently re juire an abundance of humus
matter for the successful growth of vegetables
on such a loose and stony soil. The Vetches
can be sown in September, using the winter
variety, putting in 3 bushels per acre. Before
digging the ground sow broadcast a manurial
mixture of 3 cwt. superphosphate, not less than
27 per cent, soluble phosphate, and 2 cwt.
kainit per acre. In the after preparation of the
land this will get well incorporated with the
soil, and the seed can bs drilled or sown broad-
cast immediately, and raked or harrowed in.
The green crop may be dug into the soil in
early spring, after which give a dressing of
2 cwt. bone-meal and lb cwt. sulphate of am-
monia per acre; this will be better for your
soil than nitrate of soda, as a general rule,
although a little nitrate of soda, 1 ounce to a
gallon of water, may be used with advantage
for after- waterings of such succulent crops as
Cabbage, Spinach, Lettuce, Turnips, &c. Animal
liquid-manure, with which may be mixed a
little soot, would be found of great value if
applied during the growing season of the crops.
Vine Border: Ardelia. The reason advanced
for making the border sufficiently large for a
year or so, and adding fresh compost as more
room for the roots becomes necessary, is a
perfectly sound one. We advise you to adopt
this method, which is widely practised among
the best Vine cultivators.
Yew Hedge : B. E. B. There is very little
chance that the children will be poisoned.

Communications Received.— (J.— Constant Reader—
G. Nottage-G. M.— R. H. B. -A. Berger-C. C. G.-
R L C.-H. J. C— W. W.— H. H. P.— Harrison Weir—
W. E. G. — G. G., Paris — K. & Sons — J. O'B. — J.
Edwards (next week) — A, & B., Ltd. — R. N. — J.
Clayton-Clement F— A. B., Italy — F. J.— W. F.—
W A M — R. H. S.-W. H. D.— Chloris-W. H. P.—
T.H.-S. A.-A. C. S.-H. M— H. W. W.-Vitis-A. C F.
Japonica.

AUGUST 12, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

121

THE

No. 972.— SATURDAY, August 12, 1905.

CONTENTS.

Alpines at Nithhank New Zealand Interna-

House, Dumfries ... 125 I tional Exhibhion ... 131

Books, notices of— Obituary—

A Book about Silads 131 Tooley, A 133

Flora Brasiliensis ... 121 Orchid notes and glean-

Gerarde*s Herbal ... 130 ings 123

Publications re- Peach stocks for Pimm 134

ceived 129 Petworth Park, Sussex 137

Cactus, a fungus dis- Plant notes —

ease of 125, Argemone grandi-

Campanula niichauxi- flora 127

oides 130 Crassula eoreinca ... 127

China, plant collect- Plants, new or note-

iDgin 121 woithv—

Chrysanthemum maxi- Bracliys'lelma Bar-
nium 135 berae 132

Clematis indivisa ... 135 Pinus Piuceana .. 122

Colonial notes— Red Currants 131

The Water- Hyacinth Komneya Coultcrl ... 135

in Queensland ... 127 Rosary, the —

Co-operative flower Rose classification... 128

show at the Crystal Sliruhsandtrees, rare.

Palace 130 at Mount Edgcumhe 121

Dimorphotliecaanran- Societies—

tiaca 127 Royal Botanic ... m

Elm trees falling ... 134 ' Royal Horticultural 13<>

Espalier-trained fruit (Scientific Corn-
trees 131 : mittee) ... 137

Flowers, sweet-smell- I Stock-'BeautyofNice" 134

in? 13 J Sweet Peas, exhibiting 135

Forestry— ; Syringa villosa var.

The Locust-tree ... 1S6 pubescens 123

Fruit-canning 126 Timber trees, exotic 131

Fruit crops, remarks Trent Park.NewBaruet 132

on the 131, 136 Week's work, the—

Fruit cultivation in Flower garden, the 128

South Devon 122 Fruits under glass... 12-1

Fruiting trees and Hardy fruit garden 129

plant-food 131 i Kitchen garden, the 129

Kew notes 132 Orchid houses, the 128

Missouri Botanical Plants under glass 129

Garden 131 Yokohama.a notefrom 128

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Cactus scab, the 125

Campanula michauxioides (Supplementary Illus-
tration)

Clematis indivisa growing in the Temperate-house
at Kew # 135

Dimorphotheca auranliaca .". '" ]■■>■;

Pinus Pinceana ','.'. '" f,}

Syringa villosa var. pubescens ... '.', 123

View of the Gardens and Residence at Trent Park'

Now Barnet \n

RARE SHRUBS AND TREES AT

MOUNT EDGCUMBE.

A BOUT a mile and a half from the

-£*- mansion of Mount Edgcumbe is a spot

called the " Terrace Garden,'' which is replete
with interest to those whose especial bent
lies in the direction of sub-tropical plant?,
for here may be seen many rare and tender
shrubs and trees growing in vigorous health
in the open air. This garden is about
250 feet above the sea-level, and is situated
on a steep slope overlooking the western
end of Plymouth Breakwater, and facing the
English Channel. Below, by the water's
edge, is a fort, invisible from the gardeD,
which is well sheltered by Ilexes and other
trees.

Among the shrubs and trees present were
varieties of greenhouse Abutilons, grown as
bushes, which at the end of July were
bearing flowers of many colours ; a
good collection of Acacias, including
A. dealbata, A. floribunda (retinoides), A.
melinoxylon, A. longifolia, A. ovata, and
A. affinis, which is held at Kew to be a variety
of A. dealbata, but which is very distinct,
as it flowers four months later, and its
blossoms are of pale sulphur colour instead
of golden-yellow. Some of these Acacias
were fully 40 feet in height. Araucaria Bid-
willi, 12 feet high, was remarkably healthy,

and A. excelsa, the Norfolk Island Pine, was
15 feet in height. The sweet-scented Boro-
nia megastigma is doing well; a large
specimen of Callistemon salignus was bear-
ing its red bottle - brushes ; Candollea te-
trandra was spangled with bright yellow
blooms and two great bushes of Clethra
arborea were set with numberless budding
flower-sprays. Citrus trifoliata (.Kgle sepi-
aria) and 1 'onvolvulus < neoruin were noted ;
and of the Correas the scarlet-flowered C.
cardinalis, the handsomest of the family,
4 feet through, as well as C. bicolor and
C. virescens. Two bushes of the yellow-
flowered Corokia buddleoides were about
7 feet in height. Diosma gracilis,
Drimys Winteri and Edwardsia (Sophora)
microphylla were evidently happy, and of
the pretty little Eriostemons, seldom seen
in the open, E. ceriifolium, E. pulchellum,
and E. linearifolium were in perfect con-
dition. Several Eucalypti were present,
some of which were in flower. Grevillea
robusta was about 5 feet through; Heli-
chrysum antennarium, a shrubby tree about
10 feet in height, had just gone out of
flower, as had Ulicium floridanum; and of
Lagerstrnmia indica, rare in gardens, there
was a good specimen about 6 feet in height
and as much in diameter. Laurus Camphora
was 8 feet high, and the largest bush of
Lavatera assurgentifolia was quite 7 feet in
height and 5 feet through. This Mallow
bears large handsome flowers of lavender-
white tint, marked with deep blotches of
maroon - purple in the interior. Several
Leptospermums were of large size. J..
arachnoideum was 12 feet in height and
14 feet through, L. scoparium somewhat
taller, and L. bullatum equally fine.

A large Loquat (Photinia japonica) was
observed, and I was informed that a speci-
men, which is since dead, bore fruit. This,
as far as I know, is the only instance of the
Loquat fruiting in the open in this country,
though at Enys, in Cornwall, it often flowers.
Metrosideros robusta was a small specimen :
Mitraria coccinea, hanging over a wall, was
a gorgeous sight, being crowded with its
scarlet, tubular blossoms ; and the Austra-
lian Myoporum lsetum, 1-5 feet in height,
chiefly remarkable for its lanceolate leaves
dotted with innumerable transparent spots,
was bearing flowers and fruit. A great
bush of Myrtus uniflora was blossoming
well, and numerous self-sown seedlings
were springing up around. A young Olive-
tree was the picture of health ; as were Olea
fragrans, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia and
Polygala Dalmaisiana. Podocarpus amlina
was 20 feet in height, and Tricuspidaria
dependens and Xanthoceras sorbifolia were
also represented.

Of plants grown against walls, Acacia
glaueescens was 10 feet in height, Brachy-
sema Drummondi was looking well, and
Bougainvillea glabra, grown against a split
Larch fence, 5 feet high, and particularly
healthy. Calceolaria Burbidgei, 8 feet in
height, was flowering, and was also grown
in bush form, but Cassia corymbosa had not
yet expanded its blossoms. Cestrum (Ha-
brothamnus) elegans had made strong
growth, and Lasiandra(Pleroma) macrantha,
very vigorous, was 10 feet high. Lonicera
Hildebrandti had not as yet flowered, but
Luculia gratissima was said to expand blos-
soms in mild winters. Mimulus (Diplacus)
glutinosus and its variety coccineus were in

full flower, as was Pentstemon cordifolius,
which was bearing its red blossoms freely.
Plumbago capensis was not in bloom, but
Trachelospermum jasminoides, which co-
vered the whole front of a large summer-
house, was white with its fragrant flower-
clusters. This plant has an extended period
of bloom, for I have seen the same plant
in flower in mid-October.

Of other plants Agapanthus umbellatus
was blooming profusely, and Alonsoa Wars-
cewiczii formed a brilliant spot of colour.
The plant has passed the winter in the
open unharmed. Asparagus Sprengeri was
draping a wall with its feathery foliage,
and Echium densiflorum, raised from seed
sent from the Canary Isles, was in flower
On a steep, rocky slope about twenty plants
of Crassula coccinea in full flower were
associated with Mesembryanthemums, and
presented a blaze of colour. Many Crassulas
were in other stony banks, in company with
Opuntias and Lotus peliorhyncus, which
lives out through the winter. I was in-
formed by Mr. Richards, the head gardener,
that a large number of the best Mesembry-
anthemums had been received from Tresco
Abbey Hardens, Isles of Scilly, where the
finest collection in the British Isles is
grown, so that in future years the terrace
garden will present an even more brilliant
spectacle. A fine specimen of Cycas revo-
luta has been in the open for several
seasons, and large bushes of fancy Pelar-
goniums were flowering freely. Iris (Morrea).
Robinsoniana and I. japonica (fimbriata),
were growing well, and I noticed several
healthy plants of Leonotis Leonurus.
Primula obconica that had been in the open
through the entire winter was in flower, as
was Rehmannia angulata, which appears
likely to prove a hardy plant. Clivia
miniata has been out for some seasons, and
was evidently in good health. Besides the
common Pan Palm (Charmi-rops), Phoenix
canariensis and Cocos australis are grown,
as well as fine tree Ferns (Dicksonia
antarctica) and giant Camellias.

The Cedars of Lebanon near the house were
greatly injured by the memorable blizzard
of March 11, 1891, which also levelled the
finest of the Cork Oaks, but there are some
about 50 feet in height still remaining. A
Plane tree 80 feet in height, a Stone Pine,
50 feet, a Lucombe Oak, about 70 feet, and
three enormous evergreen Oaks ((^uercus
Ilex), and a Holly, much shut in, which is
apparently about 00 feet in height and over
7 feet in girth, are amongst the most note-
worthy of the larger trees. Embothrium
coccineum does well, as does Abutilon
vitifolium, of which there are many speci-
mens nearly 20 feet in height. Two trees of
Magnolia grandiflora, whose drooping foliage
swept the lawn, and which carried numerous
expanded blossoms, are 20 feet high, as are
examples of the Fan Palm, Trachycarpus
excelsus.

In the Italian garden near the orangery a
splendid collection of very well-grown and
large Orange-trees in tubs stands out through
the summer. S. W. Fitsherbei-t.

Henry Eckford Testimonial. — The con-
tributions to this fund up to the evening of
Saturday, August 5, amount to a little over .£51,
including 90 -J shillingsfrom the Florists' Exchange
Fund. (W. At lee BuRrEB, W. N. Craig, G. H.
Kowdon, the Florists' Exchange.)

122

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 12, 1905.

HEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

PINES PINCEANA.*
' Gordon's name for this Mexican species is
nearly forgotten, owing probably to the defective
type specimen at Kew, which consists [of a single
cone. Ghiesbreght's No. 34, however, to which

been identified and named. There are two sheets
of leaves, and the cone is identical with the one
at Kew. Palmer collected this Pine near Saltillo
in the State of Coahuila. By some inadvertence
the cone was associated with the leaves of another
species, and to this combination Engelmann gave
the name " latisquama." In the same locality,
Carneros Pass, Mr. Pringle collected and distri-

Lea

f Sect

i orL

Q.

GrHigsbreoM- Mo 3\

Carneros ^

Nov. l^o^

C*J

^AF^pCHR.cK

Fig. 42.— pinus pinceana, showing foliage, cones, leaf-section and seed.

At Carneros, P. Pinceana is a small tree not
exceeding 20 feet, associated with P. cembroides
Zucc, and now nearly exterminated. The few-
trees found were about two miles north-west of
the station. George Russell Shaw, Boston, Mass.

Gordon refers in his original description, is in
the Mexican collection at Paris, but has never

* Pinus Pinceana, Gordon. — Leaves in fascicles of
three, the basal sheath deciduous, 3 to 4 inches
long, with entire margins; the fibro-vascular bundle
single and accompanied with stereorae cells ; the
resin ducts marginal, dorsal, usually two in number,
and enclosed by the hypoderm. Cone subterminal,
stalked, pendent, symmetrical, and 2\ to .ij inches
long; the scales, when dry, concavo-convex, and
of a deep red or orange-red colour; the seed wing-
less, large, and edible. The branchlets are ash-
gray, slender and drooping.

Ghiesbreght, No. 34, Ravine of Meztillan, 1844. Kar-

buted specimens under Engelmann 's name. Kar-
winski found it, and his specimen, in the
Zuccarini collection at Munich, bears the name
" cembroides."

winski, Zucc. Herb., Ho. 409, "In imperio Mexicano,"
1811. Ehrenberg, near Cuernavnca, later date, lide
Gordon. Edward Palmer, No. 1299, near Saltillo, 1880.
C. G. Pringle. No. 2293, Carneros Pass, 1889. G. R.
Shaw, same locality, 1904.— Pinus Pinceana, Gordon's
Plnetum, 1858, p. 204, and 1880, p. 280. Carriere, Con.,
1867, p. 4fU. Hemsley, Biol. Cent. Am, iii., 1883, p. 189.
Pinus latisquama, Engelmann in Gard. Chron , xviii.,
1882, p. 713, tig. 125, and xx., 1833, p. 730, exclusive of the
leaves,

FRUIT CULTIVATION IN SOUTH

DEVON.
About the middle of June, in the finest weather
of an English summer, I spent a few days along
the South Devon coast, first amongst the beau-
tiful seaside gardens and wooded slopes and
heights of Torquay, the charms of which, as well
as of those of its neighbours, Babbacombe and
Paignton, are so well known that it is unneces-
sary to refer to them further than to say that
the neighbouring country inland is amongst the
mo3t beautiful and characteristic of Devonshire
scenery, and none, perhaps, more so than the
village of Cockington, where the village smithy
still exists, and the real "village blacksmith'
still pursues his useful avocation amid all the
surroundings which breathe the very air of an
old-world place.

Within a stone's-throw of this quaint village
and in the parish of Cockington itself, some
40 acres of land have been laid down under fruit
culture, and constitute what is known as the
South Devon Fruit Farm.

The term " farm " is fully borne out by the
character of the grounds generally. The
entrance is not marked by anything of an
architectural significance, or of modern iron-
work iu the form of entrance gates, but a
country cottage with an old-fashioned country
garden, in which Roses assert their presence
by their abundant blossoms filling the air with
their sweet perfume, stands on one side of the
entrance.

The other surroundings are those of the ordinary
fruit and vegetable-garden cultures, except that
everything is grown on an unusually large scale,
the outdoor things being cultivated on a system of
field culture, with the very bestresults in abundant
crops and superior quality. It is, however, in
the long and numerous ranges of glasshouses-
that the system of fruit-farming is best shown
and fully realised. The houses are for the most
part arranged in parallel lines. Da one group
each house measures 100 feet long, and is
entirely occupied by Cucumbers and Tomatos.
In another group the houses are double the
length, and in these Grapes and Peaches are
grown on a large scale.

In one Peach-house, 225 feet long by some-
20 to 25 feet wide, the plants are trained on the
espalier system across the house on strong iron
and wire frames, the advantages of this being a
perfect circulation of air between and through the
plants, and the convenience with which the fruits
can be gathered from either side.

I learned from Mr. Pender, the manager of this
farm, to whose courtesy I am indebted for
showing me round, that the whole of the produce,
excepting the Peaches, is disposed of in the
neighbourhood of Torquay, and that the Peaches,,
carefully packed in tray-like boxes which fit in
one another so as to form convenient receptacles,,
are sent to the London market.

Some distance away from this rural spot, and.
located by the side of the line between Torre and.
Torquay, is situated another property belonging,
to the same company, known as the South Devon
Rosery. As indicated by the name, Roses are
here the chief objects of cultivation. They are
to be seen in thousands, in every stage of growth,
and in every form and variety.

The closing in of the evening and the necessity
for catching the train prevented my spending as
much time as I should otherwise have liked to
do in this garden of Roses. John R. Jackson.

August 12, 190">.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

123

ORCHID NOTES AND 6LEANIN6S.

ONCIDIUM LIMMINGHEI.
Flowers of this rare and pretty little Orchid
are sent by Mr. Haddon, gr. to J. Neale, Esq.,
Lynwood, Penarth, where many interesting
species find a congenial home. The plant, which
in its one-leaved pseudo-bulbs much resembles a
miniature Oncidium Papilio, bears its flowers on
short filiform peduncles. The flowers, which are
over an inch across, have the upper sepal and
petals red-brown edged with yellow, the lower
one light yellow barred with red-brown, the
rounded basal auricles of the lip yellow spotted
with red, and the emarginate blade bright yellow
with a few red spots. It is a charming little
plant, and it thrives best grown on a bare block
or teak-wood raft in a moist corner of the
Cattleya-house. The pseudo-bulbs and leaves
press in a singular manner against the block on
which it is grown.

SOBRALIA VIOLACEA ALBA.

Sobralia violacea is one of the commonest of
South American Sobralias in a wild state, and
collectors have recorded the fact that notwith-
standing the rose-purple colour of the bulk of the
plants, white varieties and light- coloured forms
are plentiful. They are occasionally imported,
and find their way into gardens under the name
S. virginalis. A good white form has flowered
with C. J. Lucas, Esq., Warnham Court, Horsham
(gr., Mr. Duncan). The flowers are rather
smaller than those of S.macrantha, and white, the
•disc of the lip, over which runs several prominent
raised lines, being of orange colour. The margin of
the lip is undulate, and the flower very attractive.
Like all other Sobralias the individual flowers do
not last long, but there is a good succession from
the same stems. Given a liberal supply of rain-
water and suflicient head-room in an intermediate-
house (not necessarily an Orchid-house), Sobralias
are very easy to grow.

Cattleya Mossi.e "Gloire de la France"
A two-flowered inflorescence of this charming
Cattleya of the C. Mossne Reineckiana type, and
which is a French production, is sent by Francis
Wellesley, Esq., Westfield, Woking (gr., Mr.
Hopkins), shows it to be one of the very finest of
its class. The flowers, which are of good form
and substance, are over 6 inches across, the petals
pure white with a rich orange- coloured band from
the base of the lip and extending into the side
lobes. The front of the lip is veined and spotted
with bright purple. Distinguishing features are
its clear whiteness, the bright tints of the orange
and purple colours of the lip, the decided manner
in which those colours are displayed, and the
broad, clear white, frilled margin of the lip. J. O'B.

SYRINGA VILLOSA

var. PUBESCENS/
This is a species native to Northern China,
and, judging from the remarks of various authors,
is subject to considerable variation. Our illus-
tration (fig. 43) was drawn by Mr. Worthington
Smith from a specimen exhibited in the spring
of the present year at the Royal Horticultural
Society by Messrs. Paul & Son, of Cheshunt.
Professor Sargent, in Garden and Forest, vol. i.,
1888, p. 521, describes S. pubescens as one of the
most distinct and most floriferous of all the
Lilacs, and literally covered in June with its
short panicles of small, long - tubed flowers,
which are pale rose coloured, and most deli-

* Syringa villosa, Valil., Enum., i, 38 ; D.C. Prod , vii.
(1844). p. 283 ; Hemsley, "Enum. PI. China," Jouru. Linn.
Soc, xxvi. (1889). p. 83; Bretsehneider, History of Euro-
-pean Botanical Discortries in Ch'na (London, 1698),
p. 1C56.

Syringa pubescens, Turczaninow in Bull. Soc: Nat.
Moscow (1840', p. 73 ; Sargent in Garden and Forest, i.
<I888>, p, 415, c. ii. ; Bretsehneider, loc. svpri cit.

ciously fragrant. It is a shrub 3 to 5 feet in
height, perfectly hardy, and one of the most
attractive and beautiful of new introductions to
our shrubberies. In the same publication, ii.
(1889), 309 (ex Bretsehneider), it is spoken of as
an ornamental plant of the first class, which has
the merit of flowering late long after other
Lilacs; and again in iii. (1890), p. 322, it is

with smaller flowers than those of S. villosa.
The specimen exhibited scarcely justified these
eulogies, whence we experience some doubt as to
whether Messrs. Paul's plant is specifically the
same as that alluded to by Professor Sargent.
Bretsehneider (History of European Botanical
Discoveries in China (1898), p. 1057, is of opinion
that S. pubescens is specifically distinct from

Fig. 43.— syringa villosa var. pubescens.

With floral details and pollen grains compared with those of S. vulgaris.

stated that the flowers appear early in June, and
are of a rose or lilac colour, but when expanded,
pale lilac or almost white. S. pubescens, Garden
and Flora (1888) i. 414, and iii. (1890), 322, is
described as having pretty pale lilac flowers
produced in the middle of May, as in the moun-
tains round Pekin. In 1891 Professor Sargent
speaks of S. pubescens as improving with age
(Garden and Forest, iv. (1891), 262), and as being
one of the most beautiful Lilacs in cultivation,

S. villosa in its smaller leaves, white beneath,
pubescent on the midrib, and the capsules
covered with warts; whilst in S. villosa the
leaves are green and glabrous on both sides (the
name being thus a misnomer), and the capsules
smooth. Hooker's figure of S. villosa in the
Botanical Magazine (1889), t. 7064, is referred to
the small-leaved S. pubescens.

Eehder in Bailey's Cyclopadia of American Hor-
ticulture (1902, p. 1762), keeps up Vahl's species

124

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

I August 12, 1905

(villosa), to which he refers as varieties rosea,
Cornu S. Bretschneideri, Leinoine, RevmHorti-
cole (1888), -192; Garden and Forest, i., 521;
Harden, 39, p. 91 ; Garten Flora, ii, p. .500; and
S. Emodi, an old inhabitant of our gardens.

Re-fader also maintains S. pubeseens of Tuiv-
zaninow, which is the equivalent of S. villosa
var. ovalifolia, D. C. In S. vUlosa the flower-
panicles are said to proceed from terminal leafy
branches, whilst in S. pubeseens the inflorescence
is lateral and leafless.

BOOK NOTICE.

FLORA BRASILIENSIS, Fasciculus exxviii.

In this part of the colossal Flora Brasili-
ensis, now nearing its completion, Mr. Alfred
Cogniaux continues the enumeration of Brazilian
Orchids of the genera Quekettia, Trichopilia,
Aspasia, Cochlioda, Dipteranthus, Zygostates,
Ornithocephalus, Cryptarrhena, Chytroglossa,
Phymatidium, Platyrhiza, Sanderella, Gomeza,
Odontoglossum, Brassia, Miltonia, and Oncidium.
The last-named constitutes one of the largest and
showiest sections of Brazilian Orchids, eighty-
one species being enumerated and described,
many of which are favourites in British gardens,
and most of them having flowered under culti-
vation at one time or other.

The names for which Lindley was responsible
still remain inmost cases unchanged, but a few
departures from those in use in gardens should
be noted. For example, Oncidium Brunlees-
ianum, Echb. f., illustrated in the Gardeners
Chronicle, May 21, p. G73, is referred to Oncidium
echinatum, Cogn. (Baptistonia echinata, Barb.
Bodr.), as var. Brunleesiana. When the plant
first flowered it attracted great attention, and it
has always been very rare and desirable, but its
exact locality was not known. It will be inte-
resting to importers to note that Oncidium echi-
natum is recorded as from " Sierra da Tijuea,
prov. Eio de Janeiro," and there is no doubt that
the plant in cultivation as O. Brunleesianum
came from that district.

Oncidium unicorne, Lindley, the singular little
species bearing a branched inflorescence of
yellow-and-brown flowers each with a long curved
horn projecting from the centre of the labellum,
is figured and described as Oncidium longicornu,
Mutel.

Many of the species enumerated, not known in
gardens, are of great interest botanically, but
nothing new appears sufficiently showy to tempt
those who affect showy Orchids, such as Cattleya,
La;lia and Odontoglossum, the last-named now
favourite genus being represented only by three
species, viz. — O. nsevium, Lindley ; O. prsestans,
Echb. f., and O. epidendroides, Kunth. The
first-named elegant little species is not common,
the second very rare, and O. epidendroides is
probably not in cultivation. An interesting
article from the late F. C. Lehmann on this
plant appeared in the Gardeners' Chronicle,
March 12, 1898, in which he remarks, " It may
seem more than curious that this, the first-dis-
covered species of Odontoglossum, the one upon
which the genus was founded by Kunth, should not
have been found agaiD, in spite of more than
a hundred species of the same genus having been
discovered and introduced into cultivation since
it was discovered by A. v. Humboldt and
Ainu- Boupland in the warmer region near the
ancient town of Yaen de Bracamores."

Monsieur Cogniaux has done the work entrusted
to him in his usual painstaking and accurate
manner, and the illustrations, especially in the
analyses of the flowers, are excellent, the minute
details of structure which are of such importance
in comparing seemingly allied species being
most carefully rendered.

LEAVES FROM MY CHINESE
XOTE-BOOK.

{Continued from p. 94.)

May 10. — With a salute of three guns from our
returning life-boat we continued our journey. We
passed several villages and many large farmhouses
nestling in groves of Pistacia, Cypress, Bamboos,
and Banyans. The tops of the hills are often clad
with a few scattered Pines. The quantity of
trees to-day, as compared with the country
passed through hitherto, would incline one to
write " the country is well wooded." But this
would be wrong, for woods, strictly speaking,
there are none, the nearest approach being
small thickets of Scrub :Oak, which sometimes
cover half an acre of ground. Aleurites cordata
is excessively common.

At 2 p.m. we crossed the Hutan rapid, one of
the worst in the high-water season. Just below
the Hutan is a tiny hamlet called Peh-Shui-Che,
where a stream of clear water comes tumbling
down a rocky slope. This stream is crossed by a
bridge, the fac-simile of those we are all familiar
with in the "willow-pattern" porcelain. The
scene was a very pretty one. We moored for the
night at the village of Yang-Tu.

Since entering Szechuan, one of the most
striking features has been the increase in number
of the Banyan (Ficus infectoria). It is now
possibly the commonest tree. Usually its height
does not exceed 30 or 40 feet, but the spread of
its branches is enormous. This tree usually
shelters some little wayside shrine. In Hupeh,
Xylosma racemosa is the tree thus favoured.

May 11. — This was a dull, quiet and uneventful
day. At 1.45 p.m. we reached Wu-ling, a village
noted for its mats and tracking-lines. We pur-
chased fifteen new mats and six tracking-lines.
The mats are made of a framework of interlaced
split Bamboos, stuffed with Bamboo leaves and
leaves of Sedges and coarse grasses.

The country to-day was similar to that of
yesterday, only possibly there were more trees. In
places the moist grassy banks of the river were
one mass of Gentian flowers. The whole plant
did not exceed 4 inches in height, and made a
lovely picture. Salix variegata, Lysimachia sp.,
and Eubus corchorifolius were the other fresh
plants to-day. Two fresh trees, Albizzia Lebbek
and Photinia serrulata, were common. The
trunks and branches of many trees were covered
with Polypodium adnascens, and looked very fine.

The only new crop noticed was Cotton, and this
in very small patches. Seri-culture continues
very much en evidence. Gold-washing was in full
swing in many places.

May 12. — We experienced much difficulty
to-day from shallows and reefs jutting far out
towards the middle of the river. We passed
Shi-Pao-Che with its cturesque pagoda at
7.30 a.m., and the village of Kuan-ki at 4 p.m.
We tied up for the night immediately below a
huge reef some eight miles from the city of Chung.
I added a few fresh plants, including —
Senccio Oldhamianus. Marlea platanifolia, Polypodium
angustatum, Rubus rhrosepalus, Aspidium falcatum,
Calystegia sepium, Xephrodium setigcrum, and Sc-ium
Aizoon var.

The commonest shrub was Coriaria nepalensis.
Acanthopanax ricinifolium was a common tree.
In places the banks were one mass of blue
Gentians, in others nothing but yellow Lysi-
machia. The " Pa-tou " tree was very abundant.
The tints of its foliage forcibly reminded me of
the autumn hue of Sapium sebiferum. The
people were busy transplanting Bice, and many
fields were already finished. In places Broad
Beans were being planted amidst the unreaped
Wheat.

May 13. — Another very hot day with practi-
cally no wind. At 4 p.m. the thermometer
registered 90' F. in the shade of my cabin. At
10.30 a.m. we passed the town of Chung. This is
a busy-looking place on the left bank of the

river, charmingly situated amongst trees on the
side of a low hill.

Reefs continue a source of trouble and danger.
At 1.30 p.m. we passed a place called Jah-Pa-Tan,
where the river was nothing but a shoal of reefs.

Groves of Bamboos were the feature of to-day's
journey, giving the country quite a tropical
appearance. Pines and Cypress were also abun-
dant. About 5 p.m. I went for a short walk and
gathered a very pretty little terrestrial Orchid
(Spiranthes australis). The flowers are arranged
spirally. The lip is white, the rest of the flower
rosy-pink. It is very fragrant. The people were
busy transplanting the Rice plants and harvesting
the crops of Pulse and Wheat. Melons, Gourds,
and other Cucurbits were common to-day. The
leaves are smeared with wood-ashes to keep away
slugs.

May 14. — We were favoured with a fair wind
for a considerable time today, and made good
progress. We passed Yang-tu-Ki at 9 o'clock.
This is a small village, the trade of which
consists of opium and coarse porcelain. Kao-kia
was reached at 4 p.m. This is a small hamlet on
the right bank -, its white houses nestling amongst
trees on the slope of the hill look very pretty.
The houses hereabouts are for the most part
well-built, and the general aspect of the country
and the appearance of the people fully bear out
what travellers have written about this favoured
province. One thing that struck me was the
enormous size of the graves. These tombs are
built of stone, with huge tablets in front extolling
the virtues of the departed. The houses in the
vicinity of these tombs are often very dilapidated,
showing that if the occupants are relatives of the
deceased their fortunes must have met with a
severe reverse.

The quantity of stone bridges is another
feature of Szechuan. The veriest dyke has its
bridge, all of which are well-built and kept in
thorough repair. Ornate widows' memorial
arches (Pai-lou) are also very common. All
these things go to inform the traveller that he is
in a rich and prosperous province, probably the
richest of the eighteen provinces of China.

I noted that enormous quantities of Opium
were grown hereabouts. The people were busy
pulling up the old plants, the Opium having been
collected and the seeds ripe. All the leaves had
been stripped from the plant some time pre-
viously, and a secondary crop of Maize or Beans
planted amongst them.

The hills are here steep and rocky, and nearly
every foot of ground is under cultivation.
Aleurites cordata is by no means so common as
hitherto. It likes the steeper and more rugged
hills, and it suits the Chinese to grow it there.

To-day I noted several trees of Ligustrum
lucidum, a tree that has been scarce since
leaving Ichang. Banyan, Pistacia, and Cypress
continue the common trees. Lysimachia ophe-
lioides and a species of Salvia were the only new-
plants to-day. The Lysimachia certainly looks
at first sight more like a yellow-flowered Swertia
than anything else. The Salvia is probably only
a variety of the polymorphic S. japonica. The
flowers are white, the leaves simple and (or)
pinnate, red beneath. Bamboos continue very
plentiful.

To-day has been hotter than ever ; at 4 p.m. it
was 92° F. in the shade.

May 15. — We were off Feng-Tu at 11 a.m.
This is a small place built on a narrow strip of
flat ground and backed by steep hills. Good
local tea is procurable here, and most of the
" Peh Mu" timber used for boat-building at-
Wan is shipped from here. Below Feng-Tu the-
hills are gentle, and all highly cultivated and
bare of trees ; above, the river-banks are wild
and rocky, and the Aleurites and " Pa-tou " tree-
again very common. On the left bank, some
distance above Feng-Tu, is a head of a colossal

AUGUST 12. 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

123

Buddha carved from the solid rock. We moored

for the night at San-tu, ten miles above Feng-Tu.

The feature of the cultivated vegetation was

the abundance of Opium, with Maize and Beans

(Glycine) planted to take its place. Huge Banyans

with small shrines beneath them, large graves

and well-built houses were the rule. Trachelo-

spermum jasminoides in full flower draping

rocks and the trunks of the Banyans was very

conspicuous.

Of new plants I noted Mallotus sp., Cornus pauci-
cervis, Lysimachia Candida, Lvgodium scandens. Cle-
matis recta var. mandscliurica, and a species of Sedum.
Lysimachia ophelioides was very common in places.

Mdy 1G. — A few fresh plants were added to the
list to-day — viz., Sophora flavescens, Premna ligus-
troides, Amniania rotundifolia, Mallotus barbatus,
Sedum sp., and a curious variety of Wheat. The
Wheat is cultivated, and attracted my attention
by the peculiar horn-like appendage to the outer
glume. It is quite normal, though I at first
thought the ears were monstrous. The Chinese
term it " beardless " Wheat. Opium continues
the common crop. Below the city of Wan a little
Opium is grown ; from Wan to the city of Chung
it gradually increases in quantity ; above Chung
by leaps and bounds, until at Feng-Tu it becomes
almost the only spring crop. From Feng-Tu to
Kiang-tsin it continues to be so.

The area over which Opium is the predomi-
nating spring crop amounts to about 250 miles.
All the land — the foreshore and terraced hill-
sides— is devoted to this crop. In these parts
Opium occupies the ground for six or seven
months during winter and early spring. It is
sown in drills in October or the beginning of
November ; the Opium is collected in April, and
fcy the middle of May the ground is cleared of
this crop. It is an exceedingly profitable crop,
although it needs heavy manuring. It is
■earthed-up in the same manner as we do Potatos,
and in April secondary crops are planted on either
side of the ridge, Maize, Glycine hispida, and
Phaseolus Mungo being the favourite crops
thus planted. After the Opium plants are pulled
up the ground is levelled, and a mulch of manure
given the secondary crops at the same moment.
Occasionally " Broad Beans " are planted between
the rows, and ripen with the Opium. Wheat and
(or) Broad Beans are planted around the patches
of Opium to serve as a shelter from wind.

The Chinese discriminate six qualities of Opium,
the plants furnishing which are distinguishable
by the colour of their flowers, viz. : — First quality,
pure white flower ; this is the earliest to mature,
and is the most widely grown. Second quality, a
bizarre witha central band of bluish-purple flanked
with rich magenta ; petals deeply incised. Third
quality, white with broad flanks and apical margin
of salmon-pink or magenta. Fourth quality, dark-
scarlet with central band of bluish-purple to within
a fifth of the apex of the petals. Fifth quality,
•dark bluish-purple. Sixth quality, lilac suffused
with purple — a very washy colour, and considered
very poor in quality indeed.

Every patch is carefully "rogued," and kept
true to colour. The plants average 3 to 4 feet in
height, and are remarkably even. The drier the
land and the more fully exposed to the sun the
finer the crop.

No crop is so gorgeous and attractive. As
far as the eyes can range on every side nothing
but myriads of Poppies. What a panorama of
beauty !

If we except the petals and stamens, no part of
the Opium plant is wasted. The oil, expressed
from the seeds after heating, is used for culinary
and illuminating purposes. The leaves of the
plant serve as food for pigs. The old plants are
•either used for fuel, manure, or are burnt and
soda, used for washing purposes, prepared from
the ashes.

May 17— We reached Fu-ehau about 10 a.m.
This is a good-sized town on the right bank of

the Yang-tsze, immediately above the point

wh«re the Kien-kiang joins it. The Kien-kiang

rises in the heart of the wild province of Kui-

chou, and is navigable for small craft up to the

city of Sze-nan, a fifteen days' journey. Fu-chau

is the great entrepot for Szeehuan Opium, being

situated right in the heart of the Opium district.

It is shipped down-river from here under the

native customs, and is lost to the Imperial

Maritime Customs. When Wan is opened this

will be altered, and a proper check kept of this

produce. Silk is another important item of Fu-

chau's trade. I collected Eeveral fresh plants,

viz. —

Lysimachia capillipes. Rosa sp., Pieris sp.. Brous-
sonetia Ka?mpferi, Staphauandra chinensis, Xandiua
domeslica, Pteris semipinnata. Adiantum Edgworthii,
Clerodendron foetidum, Phyllostachys nigra, and Vicia
cracca.

The Phyllostachys nigra was in flower. I noted
that only the flowering culms die. Lysimachia
capillipes is a very distinct species, and is a
perennial, not an annual, as stated in the Index
Flora Sinensis. Cyrtandra,', not in flower, were
common on the limestone cliffs, and in places the
hills were a mass of yellow flowers of Hypericum
sinense. I also noted an occasional tree of
Canarium album cultivated.

The country is all highly cultivated and the

hill-side was alive with people tilling the soil

or sowing, reaping, or transplanting the various

crops. E. H. W.

{To be continued.)

is distinctly localised, and each scab is the out-
come of an independent infection. As the
Diplodia form of fruit is so rare, in all probability
the dispersion of the pest depends mainly on the
production of some minute secondary form of
conidia not as yet observed. Geo. Masiee.

CACTUS SCAB.

A disease caused by a parasitic fungus has
long been known to cultivators of Cacti in this
country, but up to the present the fungus has

Fig. 44 — cactus scab, diplodia opudtxx.

a. Appearance of Cactus-scab, natural size : b. a
single fruit of the fungus, seen from above,
slightly magnified; c section through a
fungus fruit, slightly magnified ; d, spores of
the fungus, magnified 100 times.

not been observed in a perfect or fruiting condi-
tion ; hence its identity remained in doubt.
Quite recently, however, Mr. A. Worsley, Mande-
ville House, Isleworth, who has had the disease
under observation for many years, collected the
fungus in fruit growing on a Phylloeactus. This
discovery proves the parasite to be Diplodia
Opuntise of Saccardo, first collected on Opuntia
nana, in Northern Italy.

The injury caused by this fungus is sometimes
severe, the black minute, wart-like outgrowths
constituting the sterile portion of the fungus
often covering a considerable area, the surround-
ing tissue becoming discoloured. The mvcelium

ALPINE GARDEN.

ALPINES AT NITHBAXK HOUSE,
DUMFRIES.

One of the most interesting collections of
alpine flowers in Scotland is that of Mr. James
Lotimer, Xithbank House, Dumfries, a collection
which has long been known to those interested in
such flowers as being one of the choicest, although
not now the largest, in the North. It has been in
existence for many years, and until lately, when
failing health has prevented the owner from
devoting to his flowers that personal attention so
much needed by such plants, has contained prac-
tically every novelty of worth, and the best of the
older plants. Recently, however, this cause has
not only prevented the acquisition of many new
flowers, but has also restricted the cultivation of
some ; alpine Auriculas, for instance, being now
only cultivated in small numbers instead of
largely, as at one time.

Particularly fine here is Cyananthus lobatus,
of which some spreading masses, liberally deco-
rated with the charming light blue flowers, appeal
strongly to the admiration of the visitor. This
plant does well here in various positions, perhaps
the finest specimen being on a low rockery facing
the south-west, but sheltered from the east by
the higher slopes of the rockwork and by a good
hedge behind.

Another special feature here is Nierembergia
rivularis, a troublesome plant with many, largely
on account of the avidity with which slugs
devour it, and also because of the difficulty of
securing in gardens the necessary amount of
moisture this plant from the margin of the River
Plate requires. The Nierembergia is not culti-
vated on the rockeries here, but in pans set inside
zinc pails partially filled with water. The pans
are stood upon inverted flower -pots, and the
water is kept just at the height which will admit
of the drainage of the pans being almost sub-
merged. In winter the pans are taken out of the
pails and placed on the ground, the Nierembergia
being hardy under such conditions. The result of
this treatment is that slugs are kept away and
the necessary moisture is given. The plants are
pictures of health and beauty, the pans being
this July, as in former years, perfectly covered
with the exquisite creamy- white flowers.

Another plant particularly well grown here is
Pratia angulata, or Lobelia littoralis, which I
have never seen finer except in the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh. At Xithbank this
grows to a large size, and in whatever part of the
garden it is planted it is certain to do well. It
is very beautiful in such quantity, with its white
flowers upon a dense carpet of green leaves
hardly half an inch high. Here it does not
require the semi-bog treatment that some find
necessary.

Another troublesome plant in many places is
Polygonum sphaerostachyum, which in the Dum-
fries district is generally a good grower, although
it does not grow into large plants. It both grows
and flowers freely at Nithbank.

Ramondias and Haberleas are well cultivated,
although Mr. Lotimer's practice would not com-
mend itself to those who like to grow their
plants in the open. They are cultivated under
handlights with whitened tops, by which means
the necessary amount of shade is secured ; while
the plants are planted on the sides of a slight
depression in the soil towards the centre of the
portion covered by the handlight. The top of the

126

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 12, 1905,

lights is occasionally removed, but is frequently
placed diagonally across, for the admission of air.
Although one does not consider this treatment
absolutely necessary here, yet it must be said
that Mr. Lotimer's results are excellent.

The garden is particularly rich in choice alpine
Campanulas, and among these one may mention,
as indicating some of those cultivated, such as
the yellow and green-leaved C. G. F. Wilson, C.
haylodgensis, C. pulla, C. valdensis, C. turbinata,
C. Raineri, and C. pseudo-Raineri. These gene-
rally do well, and, with the taller forme, are very
attractive when in bloom.

Andro3aces are not so largely represented as at
one time in the garden, the best being A. lanu-
ginosa and the" variety Leichtlinii, or oculata, of
which there are very fine plants.

Those who like to see some of the best Saxi-
frages in large masses would admire the masses
of S. saneta, one specimen in particular, which
has been for a good many years without removal
or division, being a large mass of healthy foliage,
without any of the browning and decay of the
centre of the plant so often seen. Others are
equally good, and practically the best of the
various sections are to be found, the collection
being perhaps weakest in the encrusted forms.
S. (Megasea) Stracheyi is a favourite for its early
bloom and its free flowering.

Like a good many other Scottish growers, Mr.
Lotimer finds it necessary to cultivate the lovely
Philesia buxifolia underahandlight, shaded from
the sun, but planted in the border. Here this
exquisite plant flourishes, its only fault being its
tendency to bloom itself to death. The plants
were very beautiful on the occasion of my recent
visit, each bearing several of the long-tubed
handsome scarlet flowers.

Primula species are well represented, together
with the dwarf Veronicas, such as Allioni, corym-
bosa, and several others. Cypripedium spectabile,
Orchis foliosa, the dwarf Scabiosas, Lithosper-
mums, alpine and other species of Dianthus ;
Hypericums, Anthemis, hardy Erodiums and
Geraniums, Iberis, and many other good alpines
are practically all well cultivated. Many dwarf
rockery shrubs are also grown, such as the dwarf
Cotoneasters, Azaleas, St. John's Worts, and many
more.

Within recent years a large number of named
Rhododendrons have been planted, and these
have done well this season ; while a few of the
finest Roses give a variety to the garden. Ferns
are also well grown, and the borders contain some
choice Liliums, such as L. Humboldti and others
not usually considered easy to grow. The border
flowers are admirably chosen for the limited space
available after satisfying the space needed for
the other occupants of the garden, which has for
long afforded an object-lesson of what can be
done in the way of the cultivation of alpine and
border flowers in this part of Scotland. S. Arnott.

FORESTRY.

THE LOCTJST TREE.

I have had letters from England since the
questions on the usefulness of this tree appeared
in the Gardeners' Chronicle, stating that the
writer had come to realise " the value of the
pseudo-Acacia by various experiments made on
timber for estate purposes." This tree has also
been the object of discussion in Forestry con-
gresses held lately in Germany, declaring this
tree to be most useful in many respects.

After reading the verdict of " A. P. " in last
Gardeners' Chronicle, I do not enter further into
this matter, as " A. P. " pretends to show " that
the worthlessness as a forest tree is simply
proved." But I venture to state, based upon the
experiences made in England and on the Con-
tinent, that the reasons for its neglect are to be

found elsewhere, and are not the faults of the
tree. On this most valuable tree I do not say
anything more.

Another word to " A. P." about the Douglas
Fir. My statement about the thinnings at Scone
Palace, 1887, were given from letters I had from
my friend Mr. McCorquodale, the contents of
which were also published at that time. My
statements were thus not misleading — they were
based upon Mr. McCorquodale's. Anyone who
knew him does not believe that he could have
given false ones.

I cannot prevent English foresters depreciating
the value of the Douglas Fir, as is done in the
article of "A. P." To bring the great merits of
this tree, however, forward (imported since
nearly eighty years, 1828-29), I could not do
better than refer to the last number of the
Gardeners' Chronicle (p. 63), where Mr. J. Simp-
son tells us "that at the exhibition at Park
Royal there was a section of Douglas Fir from
Earl Powis's estate, forty years of age, varnished,
showing the colour and annual rings, and indi-
cating a stem about 24 inches in diameter ; and
beside this was a Larch section about 100 years
old, as shown by the rings, of no greater bulk
than the Douglas . . . the Douglas will produce
about as much timber in forty years as the
Larch will do in a hundred. . . . The heart of
the Douglas was as red as mahogany." Could
one state in higher terms the value of the
Douglas Fir ?

I have planted myself thirty years ago the
Douglas Fir. I had one tree cut of exactly the
same dimensions as Earl Powis's tree ; 18 inches
in thirty year3 corresponds with 24 inches in
forty years ; the heart also two-thirds red as
mahogany. From this plantation I sent, years
ago, thinnings to my late friend, Professor
Dr. Robert Hartig, and after scientific investiga-
tion he declared the wood Larch-like, and gave
the following classification :—

Larch I., Douglas II., Pine III., Spruce IV.,
Fir V. John Booth, 39, Mozartstrasse, Gross-
Lichterfelde, Berlin, July 24, 1905.

The Locust-tree.

Like Mr. Simpson I feel that if I had
1,000 feet of Locust timber for sale, I should
experience considerable trouble in finding a
purchaser. Whatever the capabilities of the
tree may be or the demand for its timber in
Germany, it is simply its proved worthlessness
generally as a forest tree in this country that is
accountable for its neglect.

It is, however, to Mr. Booth's reference to
the Douglas Fir that I have a word to say.
From Mr. Booth's letter it is evident he has
no practical knowledge of the conditions of
British forestry, and although I do not quite
agree with the low estimate Mr. Simpson places
upon Douglas timber, I must say he is very
much nearer the mark than he who would put him
right. It is too early to say what the price
of Douglas timber may be when fairly mature
wood in considerable quantities can be placed
on the market. Up to the present time it is only
coarsely grown, immature trees that have been
disposed of at irregular times, at much lower
prices even than Mr. Simpson states. But I have
been offered as much as 9rf. per foot for clean,
well -grown trees.

I have not the Gardeners' Chronicle of 1888 nor
the Perthshire Constitutional of January 11, 1888,
to refer to, but I am astounded to hear that such
misleading statements as Mr. Booth quotes should
have appeared in these papers.

In 1887 there were thinned out of Taymount
Wood 680 Douglas Fir trees. These, if of the
size given, viz., 27 cubic feet each, would give a
total of 18,3C0 cubic feet, which at Is. per foot
would realise .£918, an excellent result. The real
facts of the case, however, were not so encou-
raging. The 680 trees were sold by auction for

.£34, a very much less valuation than even Mr.
Simpson would allow.

Mr. Booth's concluding remark would have
been instructive had he given us his own opinion,
as to the causes affecting the prices of Spruce and
Douglas timber, and his reasons for holding his.
opinions. A. P., Perth, July 17, 1905.

THE CANNING BUSINESS.*

To build and " operate " a canning business on-
large commercial basis belongs to the domain of
the expert with ample capital; but fortunately
there are means and methods by which any 6mall
farmer or enterprising individual, whether farmer
or not, can very successfully build up a canning
business for himself, provided he will go about it
intelligently.

The outfit consists of a specially constructed
galvanised-iron boiler, made to fit either a No. 7
or No. 8 cooking stove, a basket or carrier that
fits inside the boiler, can-tongs, and soldering-
irons. This is a very simple yet economical and
accurate form of the " open process " method of
canning.

The operation of the outfit is very simple and
quickly learned, and the principle all the way
through is the same as that followed in regular
canning establishments.

In canning Tomatos the first step is to scald
the fruit just sufficiently to loosen the skin, so that
it can be slipped off. To do this we use a large
iron kettle, commonly called a wash pot. The
Tomatos are placed in a cheap tin vessel that has
been punched full of small holes, and holds about
one-third of a bushel. This is dipped into the boil-
ing water and allowed to remain about one minute,
or until the skin will slip readily. The fruit is
then peeled, sliced, and filled directly into the
empty cans. The cans must be well filled for
good results. This finishes the first step. The
filled cans are then passed to the second stage of.
the operation. The tops of the cans are wiped dry
with a clean cloth, the cap placed on and soldered
around the rim. The small hole or vent in the
centre of the cap is left open. Then we are
ready for the third step, that of exhausting-
expelling the air out of the cans. This is
accomplished by submerging the cans in the
boiling water (in the boiler) about two-thirds of
their length. They are held there until they
come to a boil, or for Tomatos ten minutes. They
are then removed, the small hole in the centre
of the top closed with solder, and the cans are
then completely submerged in the boiling water
and boiled or processed twenty minutes, which is
the fourth and last step in the operation.

Then, summed up, the different steps or stages
of the complete operation are as follows: — (1)>
Scalding, peeling, and filling ; (2) wiping and
soldering the cans ; (3) exhausting and tipping ;
(4) processing or cooking.

The scope of the work of home-canning is
almost unlimited. The canner can be run almost
constantly from May until November. Beginning
in May with all kinds of berries (especially
Strawberries and Blackberries), we go right on
through the summer with vegetables and fruits,
and during the fall with Sweet Potatos. A list
of the leading fruits and vegetables that can be
successfully put up are as follows : Fruits — Straw-
berries, Blackberries, Peaches, Plums, Pears,
Apples, Figs ; vegetables — Tomatos, Beans, Okra,
Sweet Potatos. Peas and Corn cannot be very
successfully canned on an outfit of this kind, as
they require a higher pressure than the above,
and for this purpose the closed kettle is necessary.

Undoubtedly the chief value of an outfit of
this kind lies in the opportunity afforded of
utilising the surplus that cannot be profitably

* Extracts from a paper by E. J. Watson in a Bulletin
issued by Agricultural ExperimeDt Station of the.
Louisiana State University.

August 12, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

127

shipped to market. With Tomato3 and Peaches,
and often with nearly all kinds of vegetables and
fruits, the period wherein profitable shipments
can be made comes to an end before the crop is
exhausted. Therefore what remains need not be
lost, but is turned into a nice profit by canning.

We also put up a quantity of Peaches plain, or
in their own juice ; these do not require any
sugar, but simply clear water. This grade must
be sold as pie Peaches, and the prices are about
$1.00 per dozen.

Pears are put up in the same way as the Peaches,
at about the same cost. The prices for the finer
grades are the same as for the Peaches.

We found that the Pears yielded a larger profit
than the Peaches, other things being equal, as
1 bushel of Pears filled an average of twenty-four
3-lb. cans, and 1 bushel of Peaches only sixteen
3-lb. cans.

COLONIAL NOTES.

THE WATER HYACINTH IN QUEENS-
LAND (EICHHORNIA SPECIOSA).

During the three years ending in 1849,
which I spent in the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Regent's Park, London, I had in a tank in the
Orchid-house several plants of the above species,
but they never flowered. I little thought then
that I should ever have the opportunity of seeing
a mile or more of a lagoon, in places more than
200 yards wide, covered by it, and in flower all
summer. I may say the plant blooms nearly all
the year, but in summer it is in its glorious dress.
I can never give a proper idea of the grandeur of
the sight. Not only is the scene magnificent
from its very magnitude, where every square
yard may carry twenty flower-spikes, but when
one of the flowers is examined in the hand then
one sees the purity and delicacy of the colours —
violet, purple, blue, and bright orange.

A few years ago it was introduced by some
means into a pond close to one of the sugar mills
on the side of the lagoon, and about two years
later it found its way into the lagoon, and from the
mill down to its outlet in the Pioneer river it is
one mass, and it seems to me the species has a>
good chance of smothering the beautiful Nyinphsea,
grandiflora which grew there abundantly, with
many other aquatics, Vallisneria spiralis among
them.

The " Hyacinth " has come to stay, and I have no
doubt the other species will have to give way, but
so far as a great aquatic display is concerned, the
inhabitants have not much to complain about,
except the consequent loss of variety. The lagoon
was a favourite resort of many aquatic birds,
black swan, geese, pelicans, a variety of the stork
genus, ducks in thousands, with a host of smaller
birds ; but although there is still an open stream
in the middle where the water is very deep, there
is little doubt but that even this piece of clear
water will be covered, then the birds may walk
on the top, but it is not likely that will suit them.
When I first took charge of this nursery there
were several acres of the lagoon partially covered
by a floating grass ; the whole substance was not
more than a foot thick, and the bottom portion
was mud, and yet a number of cows and horses
could walk about and graze on it, and I knew only
one horse go through it. This accident gave me a
good deal of trouble, for it was just in front of
my house, which was on the bank, and I knew the
horse must die and that we should be poisoned
by the smell of its decaying carcase. There was
nothing to be done but to cut a passage through
the floating substance out to the clear openiDg
with a hay-knife, and by the help of the boat the
horse was dragged down till we got to a place
where we could clear a track where he could
walk out as soon as his feet touched the bottom.
We wanted to see the clear water and the Nym-
phasas and the birds, but our enjoyment was

short-lived, for Anacharis alsinastrum very soon
took its place.

Azolla rubra formed large patches as it was
driven to lee by the wind, making the surface of
the water a bright red, and it is still struggling for
an existence among the Hyacinth. The -Hyacinth
wouldnodoubtflower in English tanks [It does. Ed.]
if it had all the sunshine that could be given it.
Here, on December 21, our longest day, the plant
had sunshine soon after 4 a.m., and it continued
until nearly 6.41 p m. At that time of the year
the sun's direct rays vary from about 160° to 170°
at midday. D. Buchanan, Mackay, Queensland.

PLANT NOTES.

CRAS3ULA COCCINEA IN THE OPEN.

In the month of July the gardens at Tresco
Abbey, Isles of Scilly, glow with great masses of
this brilliant South African plant in full flower.
It is a favourite for conservatory decoration from
its bright colour and its sweet scent. In the
Isles of Scilly it is perfectly hardy, and I saw it
three years ago doing well in a friend's garden
in the neighbourhood of Penzance, where it i&
absolutely unprotected during the winter. After

Fig. 45.— dimoephotheca aurantiaca: flowers orange-coloured.

DIM0RPH0THECA AUKANTIACA.*

Fob the opportunity of illustrating this South
African plant we are indebted to Mr. Gumbleton.
It is a glabrous perennial, with linear-oblong
thick leaves and solitary heads, like those of a
Marigold, of very vivid orange colour. The
bracts of the involucre are linear, acute entire,
with a line of rough hairs along the centre.

Messrs. Barr & Sons, who introduced the plant,
tell us that the flowers only expand in the sun,
and are then very pretty, being of a glossy
golden-salmon, with black central ring. The
plant grew with them 9 inches high, and continued
flowering for a long period.

* Dimorphotheca aurantiaca.— D. C, Prod. vi. (1837), p. 72,
Klein, Nainaqualand. Calendula Tragus, Botanical
Magazine, t. 408 ; flowers yellow.

seeing it in that garden I procured a good plant
and put it in the open, where it has passed through
two winters without damage. It is now in full
bloom, and is bearing thirty-seven flower-heads,
the largest of which is about 5 inches across. It
makes a vivid spot of colour in the garden, its
bright hue being intensified by a plant of Cam-
panula pelviformis growing close by, about a
hundred of whose saucer- shaped, French-gray
flowers are now expanded.

Argemone grandiflora.
Considering its great beauty it is surprising
that this plant is not more grown, but it is rarely
met with in gardens. Its flowers are very much
like those Romneya Coulteri, being white, with a
central bunch of yellow stamens. They are,
however, considerably smaller, being about

128.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 12, 190.-)

4 inches across,' while a bloom of the Eomneya
that I measured this morning was 7 inches in
diameter. The first flower of the Argemone
expanded -on- June 23, and it will continue in
bloom for a good four months. The flowers last
little-longer than a day, but are produced in such
profusion that their fading is unnoticed. This
morning I counted forty-one expanded blossoms
on my. plant. The Argemone is generally con-
sidered an annual, but my plant threw up
strongly from the base this spring, and is now
4ieet in height and as much through. The
grey-green, spiny leaves associate charmingly
with the pure white flowers, and the plant makes
a pretty picture for many weeks. S. W. Fitzherbert,
South Devon.

THE ROSARY.

n. Systylse. [10]

CLASSIFICATION OF EOSE SPECIES.

To the number of the Journal of the Lmnean
Society lately issued, Mr. Baker contributes a
revised classification of Eoses (1905). The cata-
logue now published includes the names of the
species, varieties, and principal hybrids, but does
not attempt to enumerate the innumerable
garden-forms, and is intended to replace that
given in our columns by Mr. Baker on August 15,
1885, p. 199, and reprinted in the Journal of
Botany for the same year, p. 2S1,

The principal groups are enumerated in the
following table, the total number of species
admitted being sixty - eight, with numerous
varieties and still more numerous hybrids.
Analytical Key to the Groups.

Leaves simple, exstipulate ... i. Simplicifolise. [I]
Leaves compound, stipulate.
Styles united in a column
which is protruded be-
yond the disk

Styles free, not much pro-
truded.

Stipules free, deciduous... in. Banksianse. [3]
Stipules adnate to the
petiole.

DIACAKTH.E.

Prickles often in
stipular pairs.
Fruit persistently h airy.
Bracts crowded.

deeply incised ... iv. Bracteatse. [-']
Fruit glabrous.
Hip green, with a

thick skiu ... v. Microphyllse. [I]
Hip red, with a thin

skin vi. Cinnamomeae. [21]

iieteracamha:.
Prickles scattered,
very unequal.
Larger prickles long,

slender, straight... mi Spinosissimae. [8]
Largerprickles hooked,

stout viii. Gallicanse. [2]

HOltdCANTBjE.

Prickles scattered,
uniform.
Leaves glabrous or

slightly hairy ... ix. Caninse. [8]
Leaves very hairy ... x. Villos*. [5]
Leaves very glandular

beneath xi. Rubiginosaa. [£•]

Tttf figures in the prackets fol'pwing the names oj the groups
[8] iitti/rutr tin number of primary species tin y contain*

FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE.

YOKOHAMA.
Mr. Eeoinald J. Farrer, author of the
Garden of Asia, when travelling in Japan three
years ago, visited the Nikko mountains early in
May. He wrote to me from there glowing descrip-
tions of the hills, and of the spring-time flowers,
but his unbounded admiration he reserved for the
mountain Azalea, which he said if he had its
naming should be called Azalea "gloria." This year
all vegetation was late, so that it was not until
the end of May that I found the Azaleas blossom-
ing in all their glory* They grow in masses.

along the last part of the road leading"; from
Nikko to Lake Chuzenji (4,373 feet above the
sea-level), and the colours range from the most
delicate white and light pink to a dark pinkish-
purple. The bushes are 20 to 30 feet high, and
are certainly very old. They grow as under-
growth under large trees and between stones, and
it is rather difficult to get plants that will
continue to thrive.

Years ago we brought down many of these
bushes, planting them in our garden here, where
all but one succumbed to the damp, hot climate
ofYokohama. Owingto Mr. Farrer's inducements,
however, I have now made arrangements to
collect some again direct from the mountains,
keeping them there until the shipping season
arrives. Thus I hope to be able to satisfy Mr.
Farrer's wish of introducing these Azaleas into
England.

Higher up, at Lake Yumoto (5,000 feet), the
Ehododendrons (E. Metternichii) showed their
blossoms. The blossoms are a delicate pink,
exceedingly beautiful, but, like the Azaleas, good
specimens are difficult to obtain. Glaucidium pal-
matum (Jap. nom. Shirane Aoi) was also flower-
ing in Yumoto — a lovely blue blossom, which
should be grown in every alpine garden.

Another jewel of the Nikko range I discovered
at a small garden in Nikko, namely, a tiny
Cypripedium (C. debile), of which I sent you a
pencil sketch, natural size, by the last mail. The
flowers are not larger than a Pea, and hang from
a two-leaved stem about 2 inches long. I have
instructed the man to gather more of these for
me, and I shall send them to Kew and to Mr.
Farrer, and hope that they may succeed in culti-
vating them successfully, and in showing them
in one of the Horticultural Society's meetings.
Alfred Unger.

The Week's Work.

THE FLOWER GARDEN,

By W. A. Miller, Gardener to Lord Henby C.
Bentinck, M.P., UnderleyHall, Westmoreland.

Zonal Pelargoniums. — The propagation of the
varieties should be commenced by the middle of
the present month. Where a large quantity is
required, it will economise space and laboui* to
use boxes about 20 by 15 by 3J inches, with
ample drainage holes. A box of this size will
accommodate forty - eight cuttings. Put some
rough material in the bottom, then press firmly
in a mixture of sandy loam and leaf-mould. Over
this spread a layer of sand, but leaving | inch of
space at the top for convenience in watering. With
a sharp knife make the cuttings 9 inches long, and
dibble them in firmly without bruising them.
Place the boxes in a sunny position on a trellis a
few inches from the ground. Saturate the soil
well ; afterwards a moderate amount of moisture
will be sufficient. Ivy-leaved and sweet-scented
Pelargoniums can be treated in the same manner.
Gold, silver and bronze - leaved varieties, also
tricolor varieties, require more careful treatment,
especially in cold and wet localities. It is safer
to put the cuttings in pans or in 8-inch pots, and
to place them in well-ventilated frames.

Violets.— Keep the foliage healthy and free
from red-spider by syringing the plants vigor-
ously two or three times a week. Use a reliable
insecticide, such as " Spidacide," if the pest is
persistent. Some varieties, if allowed, would
send out a quantity of runners. Keep them
pinched off as they appear.

Borders of Herbaceous Plants, dec. — Anticipate
the wants of tall growing plants by affording them
stakes in good time. Herbaceous Lobelias and
Phloxes require an abundance of water. Any
extra effort in this way will be well repaid by
larger trusses and a longer flowering period.

Eucryphia pinnalifolia is a deciduous shrub
with distinct Eo=e-like foliage of a deep glossy
green colour. The flowers are 2\ to 3 inches in
diameter, with pure white petals and numerous
golden anthers. They are produced in July and

August. It makes a good wall-plant, thrives well
in sandy peat, and requires sunshine and shelter
from strong winds.

Abelia rupestris is a desirable wall -plant,
flowering from August onwards ; it has pale pink,
tubular, sweet - scented flowers. A loamy soil
suits the plant, and it can be increased by
cuttings inserted at the present time.

Hibiscus syriacus (Althea fruter.) — The many
varieties of this ornamental autumn-flowering
deciduous plant are useful for planting against
walls and in warm corners. The plants will grow
in ordinary garden soil.

Azara microphylla is a neat plant for walls, and ,
will thrive as a standard in sheltered, dry positions.

Potentilla fruticosa is a native shrub with dark-
green foliage, and produces numerous yellow
flowers in August and onwards. It will grow in
any situation.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H. Young, Orchid Grower to Sir Frederick
Wigan. Bart., Clare Lawn, East Sheen. S.W.

The Mexican Lwlias, of which L. anceps and its
varieties are the most important, shculd now be
making sturdy progress, and in consequence
must not suffer from lack of water at the base or
moisture in the air. The daily treatment during
fine weather should be as follows : — Increase the
ventilation early in the day ; afford water to
those plants approaching to a dry condition soon
after 9 o'clock a.m., and afterwards give them
a good syringing. As the sun increases in power
lower the blinds, which should be thin in texture
or made of laths. About 3 o'clock p.m. remove
the shading, give another good syringing, and
close all the ventilators for about three hours,
after which they may be opened again for the
night. The extent to which they are left open
must be determined by the force and direction
of the wind or other conditions, but so long as
the temperature outside does not fall much below
50° no harm should happen to the plants inside.
Luring dull and wet weather considerable modi-
fication of the above treatment should be adopted,
especially in the matter of spraying and water-
ing. It is a noteworthy fact that plants of the
L. a. Sanderiana section always produce floral
scapes more freely from those growths which
start late in the summer than from such as grow
early in the season.

La-lia autumnalis and its variety alba are late-
growing kinds that develop rapidly once they
have started, but need to be kept dry until that
time. When roots are appearing fresh peat and
sphagnum - moss may be afforded, afterwards
increasing the supply of water until the pseudo-
bulbs are almost their full size, when the supply
should be again decreased. The same remarks
apply to L. albida, L. Gouldii, L. furfuracea, and
L. Eyermanniana. L. majalis has completed its
bulbs, and will need full exposure to the sun and
air, with daily syringings.

Miscellaneous. — Plants of Ccelogyne cristata
should be afforded liberal supplies of water
whenever the soil shows signs of drying. Old-
established plants would derive benefit from
occasional applications of weak liquid farmyard
manure, or a solution obtained by placing a sack
containing cow-dung in a tub of rain-water.
Syringe the plants over twice a day whenever
the weather is fine. Pleiones now com-
pleting their pseudo-bulbs may also be given
an occasional application of manure - water.
As the tips of the leaves decay, cut them off, or
damage may be done to the healthy parts by con-
tagion. The rooting medium should be afforded
a moderate amount of water so long as the leaves
remain ; but when the new growths containing
the floral scapes appear a very limited quantity
will suffice. Ccelogyne Schilleriana, closely allied
to the above, should, as soon as its tiny bulbs
have developed, be removed from the warm-house
to a lighter position in a Cattleya-house, keeping
the plants well supplied with water so long as
the leaves remain fresh. Like the Pleiones, this
plant is deciduous. All Vandas, Aerides, Angrte-
cums, Saccolabiums, &ft., of n similar nature,
will need a plentiful supply of water during
the present month and in September, but
spraying overhead should be omitted when the
conditions are unfavourable to rapid evaporat
lion. .Cattleyaand La'lio-C'attleya hybrids, should

.

.AUGUST 12: 1905

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

129

•have their needs attended to as they attain to a
suitable condition for potting, &e. They are so
numerous and varied that it is impossible to do
anything but generalise as to treatment. Such
as L.-C. callistoglossa, L.-C. Henry Greenwood,
L.-C. Dorniniana, 4o., however, which flower as
soon as the growths are nearly completed, may be
potted as soon as new roots are expected or have
appeared, treating them carefully in the matter of
water for some little time afterwards.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By W. Fife, Gardener to Lady Wantage, Lockinge
Park, Wantage.

Onions. — To obtain plants to stand through the
winter seeds should be sown from the middle to
the end of August. The general result of too
early sowing is that a good number of the plants
run to seed, and may be considered worthless
unless for immediate use. Suitable varieties for
sowing in August are Giant Rocca, Giant White
Tripoli and Ailsa Craig. Sandy soil that is
well drained and manured will be found most
suitable for Winter Onions. The drills should be
drawn about 1 inch deep and 1 foot apart.
When the plants appear above ground keep a
sharp outlook for worms, which not unfrequently
draw them down into the soil. Lime is the
best remedy to use against this evil.
Onions that were raised early, if intended for
exhibition, should be freely supplied with water
and occasional doses of liquid-manure. In order
to secure perfect finish, a clear, bright, pale-
straw-coloured skin, firm and solid round the
neck, remove all brown or decaying skins as they
appear, and see that the bulbs are not buried too
deeply in the soil. Remove all decaying matter
from underneath as well as on the top. so that
light and air may pass freely under the bulbs,
and thus secure that clean, fully-matured condi-
tion which adds so considerably to their appear-
ance upon the exhibition table.

Turnips. — Continue to sow seeds for producing
Turnips in quantity in autumn and early winter.
Give daily attention to the young plants as soon
as they appear, and where the lawn-sprinkler
cannot be used to keep the fly from destroying
the plants, dust them with wood-ashes early in
the morning while the dew is upon them. Plants
raised from earlier sowings will now be growing
rapidly, and thinning should be done as soon as
this is necessary. A variety having sweet tender
white flesh is Early Snowball.

General Work. — Attention will now be required
by all the newly-planted crops, such as Winter
Greens, Endive, Lettuce, &p., and particularly
late crops of Peas, which should be given soak-
ings of water, also spray the plants with water
as late in the day as possible. Hoeing and
mulching the surface soil, with applications
of water in addition, are the best means of
prolonging the crops when the rainfall is short.
Autocrat and Gladstone are the most reliable
varieties.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F, Joedan, Gardener to Dr. Corbet, Impney Hall
Gardens. Droitwich.

Early Vines. — If the foliage of early Vines
which were cleared of fruit in June is quite
clean, less syringing will now be required, but it
may be done occasionally after a hot day with
advantage. The laterals having been allowed to
grow a little may now be shortened to encourage
the wood to ripen thoroughly. Examine the
borders whether outside or inside, and if it is
known that the drainage is in good condition,
liberal applications of water may still be given.
If, however, any of the borders are in an unsatis-
factory condition, the sooner they are renewed the
better, because the Vines will then have time to
make fresh roots while the foliage is still healthy.
The roots may only require to be lifted, in which
case a portion of the old soil may be returned,
with an addition of fresh compost to lay the
roots in. It is often owing to insufficient water-
ings that the roots penetrate deeply in search of
moisture, and they can only be brought to the
surface again by lifting. Get a sufficient quantity
of soil in readiness to complete the work ; using a
compost similar to that recommended in the Calen-
dar for April 29, with a slight addition of Vine

manure according to the quality of the loam that
is being used. Afford water to the border a few
days previously, and when commencing the work
get out a trench at the greatest distance from the
Vines, gradually working out the old compost with
a fork, and taking great care not to damage the
roots, which must be tied up in bundles and kept
moist until they are laid in the new soil. See
that the drainage is in proper condition, placing
new turves, grass side downwards, over the ma-
terial to form the base, making each layer firm
afterwards as the work proceeds until all is
finished. Examine the roots, and remove all
injured parts. Shorten some of the strongest,
and spread them out evenly at different depths
near to the surface. Shade the Vines, and
syringe them frequently while the work is in
progress. If the roots are growing outside and
inside, and one of the borders is left undisturbed,
no check to the Vines will be noticeable this
season. Apply a good covering of rough litter to
the border, in order to retain the warmth. Do
not force the Vines severely next season, but give
them time to recover.

Pot Vines. — The earliest plants which are
intended for starting early in November will
soon have completed their growth. Keep all
laterals in check, and gradually reduce the
supply of water at the roots as the Vines show
signs of ripening. Stand the plants in a cool,
fully-ventilated house, or place them against a
south wall, securing the canes to supports to
prevent them being damaged by winds. Prune
the Vines as soon they are ready for the
operation, and keep them cool and moderately
dry until required for starting, or until there is
frost.

ther. Remove the flowers as they appear until it
is desired the plants should bloom.

General Remarks. — Let Salvias, Bouvardias,
zonal Pelargoniums, ic , intended for autumn
flowering, be given copious supplies of liquid
manure, and a slight dusting of Clay's Fertiliser
once a week. Pinch out the flower - buds of
Bouvardias once more.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bullock, Gardener to E. J. Wythes, Esq.,
Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Bulbs.— In order to obtain a useful supply of
flowers for cutting from October onwards, it is
necessary that a start be made in the present
month with the earliest bulbs that are obtainable.
Roman Hyacinths, Narcissus, Snowflake, Freesias,
&c, which are the first to be had, should be
potted as soon after they are received as possible,
and when they have been given a good watering
applied through a rosed watering-can, plunge the
pots containing the Hyacinths and Narcissus in
ashes, allowing them to remain there until the
bulbs have made 1 inch of growth. Let the
Freesias be stood in a cold frame, slightly covering
the surface of the pots with sifted leaf-soil or
Cocoanut-fibre, which should be removed as soon
as growths begin to show through.

Lilium cayididum, if given proper care and
attention, will flower from February onwards
either in pots or boxes. The bulbs should be
procured now and potted up without delay,
leaving sufficient room at the top of the pots for
the application of a top-dressing at a later date.
Stand the pots in a cool frame, and water the soil
once. Towards the end of November many of
the bulbs will be ready for starting into growth.
At no time must hard forcing be resorted to.
My practice is to place a batch in an early-started
vinery, the conditions of which suit the bulbs
admirably, and to let them remain there until
the flower-buds are formed, when if necessary
more heat is afforded to hasten the production
of flowers. After flowering the plants should
be hardened and planted out in -the grounds.

Cyclamen. — Seeds should be sown at the present
time, using as a compost finely-sifted potting soil
in well-drained pots or pans. Let the pans be
placed on a shelf near to the light, in a warm
moist atmosphere, where they can be shaded
from bright sunshine.

Other Seeds. — Seeds of Browallia speeiosa
major, Lobelia tenuior, Schizanthus in variety,
&a., should also be sown for flowering in the early
spring, raising the plants in moderate heat.

Begonia Gloire de Lorraine. — The plants earliest
propagated are now in a condition to be given
liquid manure at the roots. This should be
afforded often and much diluted. For ordinary
decorative purposes pots 6 inches in diameter
are large enough. Continue to tie in the
growths by slinging them to one centre stake,
and do not allow the plants to be crowded toge-

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. H. Clarke, Gardener to Sir William Plowden,
Astou Rowant House, Oxon.

Raspberries. — Directly the fruit has been
gathered, remove the old canes close down to the
ground with a sharp knife, and if the young
canes which are left for fruiting next season are
too numerous, thin them out at the same time,
so that they may have the benefit of a greater
degree of sunshine and air. Five to eight canes
are quite enough to leave, either for tying to
trellises, for arching, or for other modes of
training that may be adopted. If they are to be
tied to upright stakes, three or four canes will be
sufficient ; but generally in this case the stools
are planted closer together.

Autumn-fruiting Varieties. — The young canes of
these should be 'well thinned out, and in some
cases where growing very strong they throw out
lateral growths, which should also be removed.

Strawberry-beds. — Any ground now occupied
with plants that are not to be kept for further
fruiting should be cleared, and it will be found
quite suitable for producing good crops of Kales
or Broccoli without further preparation. Ground
intended for plants required to fruit next season,
and which has not previously been prepared,
should be commenced on at once, trenching the
soil and working into it two layers of well-
decayed farmyard manure. The rooted runners
should be planted out by the middle of the
present month if the best results are to be had
next season. Alpine varieties will now be fruiting
freely, and may advantageously be given a good
soaking with water.

Examine Cherry trees from which the fruit has-
been gathered, and cleanse the foliage of black-
fly. If pyramids are badly attacked at the
extremities of the shoots, remove the extremities.
Trained trees should have their branches neatly
secured to the wall or fence. Carefully examine
the trees and see that there are no ties which
will cut the bark, and thus produce " gumming '"
and loss of the branch. Thoroughly saturate
the soil about the roots with water if it is at all dry.

Currants. — The shoots of Red Currants should
be topped where this has not been done already.
If the fruit is required to hang long the removal
of such " tops "will help to keep it clean, removing
as it does the insects whose excrement adheres
to the fruit.

Fruit stocks for budding, owing to the dry
weather, are not in the best of condition for the
process, and where it is found the bark does not
part easily from the wood, a good soaking of
water should be applied to the roots a day or two
previous to "working" them. Select the buds
from growing shoots, because difficulty is some-
times experienced in removing the wood from the
bud if growth has ceased. Growths which are
very sappy must be avoided also.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. — -4«;iu«( Report on tin:
Botanic Gardens, Singapore and Penang, for 1804. By
H. N. Kidley, Director of Gardens, Straits Settle-
ments. The new building, for the Herbarium and
Museum, was furnished as far as funds would
permit, but more cases are much required. Many
additional specimens were acquired. In the Economic-
Gardens experiments were made with fibre and rubber
plants.— From the Imperial Department of Agriculture
for the West Indies : Report on the Experiment Motion.
Torlola, Virgin Islands, 1904—5. Useful experiments
were again carried on in the experiment plots with
Sugar-cane, Onions. Cacao. Pineapples. Limes, Corn
and Cotton. The peasants are, fortunately, takiDg up
the cultivation of Cotton.— Lawes' Agricultural Trust.
The Rothamsled Experiments. Plans and summary
tables, arranged for reference in the fields, 1905.
The Analysis oj the Soil by means of the Flant and calcium
cyanide. By A. D.Hall. — From the Journal oj Agri-
cultural Science, January, U05 (Cambridge University
Pressi, On the Accumulation o; Fertility bijLand allowedi"
Run Wild. By the same author, and published under
the same conditions as the above-named pamphlet.—
From the Agri-Horticultural Society of Madras; Rules
and Regulations of the Society, Price List oj Flower and
Vegetable Seeds, The Annual Meeting, March ■■<■, 1905
Pri i c< dings of the Society, January to March. I9< 5.

130

THE GA RDENER S> CHE ONI CLE.

[August 12, 1905.

BDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens and plants
for naming, should be addressed to the EDITOR,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London.

Communications should be written on onb side only or
thb papeb, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not bs
printed, but kept as a guarantee 0/ good faith.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The Editor does no
undertake to pay for any contributions or illustrations, or
to return unused communications or illustrations, unless by
special arrangement. The Editor does not hold himself re-
sponsible for any opinions expressed by his correspondents.

Illustrations. — The Editor will be glad to receive and to select
photographs or drawings, suitable for reproduction, of
gardens, or of remarkable plants, flowers, trees, dec. ; but he
cannot be responsible for loss or injury.

Local News. — Correspondents will greatly oblige by sending to
the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is desirable
to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

Newspapers. — Correspondents sending newspapers should be
careful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUIN6 WEEK.

TtTiranAv im. ,,( Royal Horticultural Society's
TUESDAY, AUG. lo -j Committees Meet.

i Harpenden Horticultural Show.
WEDNESDAY, Aug. 18- Wilts Horticultural Society's
( Show.

TmioBniv ■„,, .-/Taunton Deane Horticultural
THURSDAY, At&. 1,{ Society's Show.

SATURDAY, Aug. 19-Sheffield Flower Show.

SALE.
WEDNESDAY, August 23—

Dutch and other Flowering Bulbs at Stevens' Rooms.
{For further particulars see our Advertisement columns.)

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
-*2'3\
Actual Temperatures :—

London.— Wednesday, Aug. 9 (6 p.m.): Max. 66°;
Min. 56°.
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street.
Covent Garden, London.— Thursday, Ann. 1<>
(10 a.m.): Bar., 30'0; Temp., 68". Weather—
Bright with pleasant breezes.
Provinces.— Wednesday. Aug. v (6 p.m.): Max. 63°.
E. Coast of Erglaml ; Min. 65', W. Coast of
Scotland.

Gardens of
Sweet- smelling

Flowers.

Why do we not more
often meet with a garden
which is something more
than a purely " show:' gar-
den— one filled with fragrant flowers and
foliage, enclosed within shrubs and low-
growing trees ? Such a garden would find
countless admirers, and the members of a
family once possessing such a treasure would
retain a recollection of its homely delights
their whole life long.

We hold in remembrance an old-fashioned
garden on a nobleman's estate that was
planted on the lines here advocated.
A long border, perhaps 150 yards in length,
was divided into beds of 4 feet in width
running from the front to the back of the
border. These were each planted with one
species. There were the shrubby Honey-
suckle, Lonicera xylosteum ; Violets, such
as the Neapolitan ; single and double
flowered Carnations of the florists' varie-
ties, clove-scented Pinks and Pieotees, the
true wire-edged sort, now less common than
'formerly. The larger-flowered Mimulus, pie-
pared in large pots, were set out freshly every
year, and possessed the true Musk odour;
the small-flowered Musk being much more
powerfully scented than the vaunted Harri-
son's variety, and therefore greatly valued,
perfume in a Musk being of greater import-
ance than size of bloom. Polyanthus with a
delicious fragrance, Moss, Provins, and Centi-
tfolia Koses were also included. Tea-scented

Roses wera at that time but little known,
but there was Devoniensis, then just brought
into commerce. Most of the best hybrid
Perpetuals at that time were noted for
their fragrance, as is not always the case
with the later introductions. These were
grown either in the beds or as "pillar"
Roses at the'margin of the border. Bulbs of
various species found a place, and there
were hundreds of the Pheasant's Eye or
Poet's Narcissus, Jonquils, and Tazettas.
What a show could now be made with the
new hybrids, many of which are also fragrant.

Some beds wore prepared annually for
planting with Brompton and Ten Week-
Stocks, with Wallflowers of the dark brown-
coloured single varieties, with Martynia fra-
grans, whose handsome Gloxinia-like purple
flowers have sweet fragrance. There was
always a bed or two set apart in May for
Salvia patens, which bore a profusion
of its lemon -scented, broad, blue flowers.
Hepatica triloba, white and blue-flowered,
was used as edging to some of the beds,
and golden-leaved Thyme and Thymus
lanuginosus, a very close-growing creeping
species, to others. Masses of Boursault and
Ayrshire Rambling Roses, of the common
Jasmine and of Clematis Flammula, with its
balsamic aroma, grew on walls and the tall
trellises adjacent. This old border would
have been rendered still more delightful
had it been faced with a similar one planted
with shrubs having sweet-scented flowers
or leaves. Of such may be enumerated
Sweet VerbenajAloysia citriodora), Buddleia
globosa, tree Ivies, herbaceous Paeonies, some
varieties of which are pleasantly fragrant;
the Chaste bush (Vitex Agnus-castus), Caly-
canthus floridus (Carolina Allspice), Lilacs
in variety, Philadelphus coronarius, and
others; the baccate-fruited Crabs, Ghent
Azaleas, most of which have a refreshing
fragrance, especially when planted in masses
together; Daphne Mezereum, D. cneorum,
and Sweet Briars, of which we now have so
many varieties, beautiful alike in blossom
and in fruit.

There are several evergreens, some of
which are sweet-scented, not the least im-
portant of which are the common Bay,
Laurelia aromatica, if it could be procured ;
Lavender, Daphne Blagayana, Mahonia
Aquifolium and other species of Berberis,
Eheagnus angustifolius and E. argenteus.

In conclusion, it may be said that in
addition to sweet - scented annuals, the
scented - leaved varieties of Cape Pelargo-
nium, Heliotropes, etc., could be fittingly
introduced into such a garden for summer
flowering; and the names of many other
suitable fragrant plants will occur to those
readers who are conversant with plants. At
the present time too much attention is
bestowed on form and colour and too little
to fragrance.

Campanula michauxioides (see Supple-
mentary Illustration). — This species was origi-
nally described from specimens gathered on
Cadmus mountain in Caria, and its botanical
characteristics are fully set forth in Boissier's
Flora Orientalis, v. (1875), p. 938. The lower
leaves are like those of C. alliarisefolia, the
flowers are nodding, about the same size as
those of C. rapunculus, with the lobes of the
corolla spreading like the rays of a star, and
ultimately reflexed as in Michauxia campanu-
loides. The root is fleshy, and might pro-
bably be used in the same way as "Rampions."

In the specimen at our disposal, the milky
juice characteristic of the genus was specially
abundant. Our illustration was made by Mr,
Worthington Smith from specimens obligingly
furnished by Mr. Goodwin, whose note on the
plant is here subjoined : —

" This is an interesting biennial species from
Asia Minor, which reached English gardens
through the agency of Messrs. Haage & Schmidt,
of Erfurt, who first distributed seed about three
or four years ago. It has proved perfectly hardy
with me, growing in an herbaceous border, and
flowering from about the end of May till the end
of June. The plant is of tall, slender growth ;
the flowers are a dull, pale blue, with the corolla
cut down to the calyx-tube into slender segmentl.
Its height (my tallest plant is over 5 feet) and
the light way in which the flowers are disposed
gives it rather a graceful appearance, but as a
garden plant it perhaps needs improvement, as
too few of its flowers are out at the same time.
The Kew authorities inform me that it flowered
with them for the first time last year. My
plants have already ripened plenty of seed.
Arthur I!. Goodwin, The Elms, Kidderminster."

Royal Horticultural Society.— The next
meeting of the Society's Committees will take
place on Tuesday next, August 15, when a lecture
by Professor J. Craig, of Cornell University, on
" Orchard Management " will be given. The
lecture will be illustrated by lantern-slides.

The Council of the Royal Horticultural So-
ciety have decided to hold a trial of Tulips of all
kinds at the Society's Gardens at Wisley during the
season of 1906. The trial will be open to amateur
and professional gardeners as well as to the
trade. At least six bulbs of each variety entered
must be sent. These must be duly named, and
accompanied, when possible, by a short descrip-
tion of the origin of each variety, and a note of
the class of the flower to which it is considered
to belong. If by post, the bulbs should be
addressed to the Superintendent, Royal Horti-
cultural Society's Gardens, Wisley, Ripley,
Surrey ; or if sent by rail, the Superintendent,
R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley, to Horsley station,
L. & S.W. Ry., on or before November 1 next.
The bulbs will be grown under exactly similar
conditions, and will be inspected by members of
the Narcissus and Tulip Committee, who will
recommend awards to the Council.

Gerarde'S Herbal.— Lovers of old garden
literature will rejoice to hear that Messrs.
Methuen, the well-known London publishers, are
contemplating the reproduction of a facsimile
copy of John Gerarde's Herball or Oenerall
Historic of Plantes, which was first published in
1597. The undertaking is subject to the neces-
sary support being forthcoming, and the names of
subscribers are required before the work can be
embarked upon. Messrs. Methuen, it will be
remembered, recently issued a reproduction of
John Parkinson's Pardisi in Sole, which has
been so well received that the few remaining
copies are only to be procured at a much higher
price than that at which it was first supplied to
subscribers. Gerarde's Herhal is a work of far
greater bulk, and therefore more costly to pro-
duce, and if a sufficient list of subscribers can be
obtained it will be issued to them at jE3 3s. net,
which price will be raised to £-1 4s. on the day of
publication.

Co-operative Flower, Fruit and Vege-
table Show at the Crystal Palace. — On

Saturday, August 20, the Annual Co-operative
Flower, Fruit, and Vegetable Show will be held
at the Crystal Palace. The schedule is a
comprehensive one, and a good show is ex-
pected. Apart from the general list of prizes
offered by the Society, special prizes are teing

Supplement to the "Gardeners' Chronicle.'

<^ARDCHr\C

Campanula mtcitauxioides ; flowers pale blue; height 5 — 6 feet.:
as grown by arthur r. goodwin, esq.

August 12, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

131

offered by Messrs. Sutton & Sons, the Agricul-
tural and Horticultural Association, and others.
.Entry forms may be obtained from the Secretary,
■Flower Show, 22, Red Lion Square, London,
"W.C. The Agricultural Organisation Society is
-this year for the first time presenting a handsome
•Certificate of Merit to all winners of 1st prizes.

The Royal Botanic— We are asked to
.publish the following statement :— Mr. C. Brins-
ley Marlat presents his compliments and begs
to enclose the principal points of the statement
he made at the special meeting held on
June 23 at the Royal Botanic Gardens in order
to introduce a resolution raising the subscription
to Fellows and members from 2 to 3 guineas
.annually. He does this in case he made any
mistakes in conducting the proceedings, as his
position was one of some difficulty, in order also
that the much larger body of Fellows, who were
not present, may comprehend the reason of the
^proposal. An estimate of the average expenditure
.of the Society for the last seven years is enclosed,
-which places the matter clearly before the
Fellows. The simple reason that the Finance
Committee appointed by the Council, and of
which Mr. Marlat was Chairman, asks unani-
mously for this rise is that the subscription
which when the Society was first formed sixty-
ifive years ago was amply sufficient, is so no
longer. This is not owing to the necessity of
increased outlay, so much as to the rise in wages,
materials, rent and taxation.

1. Wages of gardeners have risen from 15s. in 1839
to 25s. in 1905.

2. Taxes from £17 lis. id. to £409.

3. Price of materials nearly doubled.

4. Rent from the first lease, 1839, to the one granted
In 1901, £285 to £450.

In addition to the large increase here stated, the
Finance Committee had to consider seriously the
necessity of a sinking fund in order to meet
interest on and redemption of the debentures,
which amount to £28,500. Hitherto there has
been no provision for this purpose, which is
^absolutely necessary if the finances of the Society
-are to be placed on a sound basis. The financial
•statement which accompanies these notes show
that without allowing for [any reserve fund the
annual deficit on an average of seven years is
.£222. If a reserve fund is added, of £822. Of
course the question arises whether so large a sum
as vE600 is necessary to be placed to the reserve
2fund. It was the opinion of the Finance Com-
mittee that it was necessary. The ultimate
•decision on this and on other points will rest with
the Fellows. Mr. Marlat would add that the
-cost of public parks and gardens in London is
said to have more than doubled during the last
tew years. The cost of gardening in London, it
must not be forgotten, is far more expensive than
in the country. It is essential that plants under
glass should be continually washed, and outside
jplants syringed whenever it is possible to do so.
Even heavy rain does not remove dirt and soot.
This washing is a heavy expense, and many
nurserymen are leaving the near neighbour-
hood of London, or hiring country ground
in addition to a London establishment. The
opponents to any change in the rate of sub-
scription may say that this would not be
necessary if the Gardens were developed and
made more attractive. But this development
"has been going on for some time, and it is
difficult to see what can be done without altering
completely the character of the Gardens, and
still further diminishing the privileges of the
Fellows who really keep up the Gardens. The
Society was in reality far better off when the
Fellows possessed exclusive rights, and the
public was not admitted without difficulty. It is
impossible to calculate on the success of any
entertainment in the open air as a source of
income. The two last summer shows, owing in

great measure to the weather, resulted in con-
siderable financial loss, although they were
admirably arranged. The visitors on Bank
Holiday do little more than pay for a good band.
In conclusion it must not be forgotten that
amongst the 2,0o0 Fellows of the Society the
ta&tes are different— some want quiet, some
amusements, some sports, others a playing-
ground for their children. It is the duty
of the Council to consider these wishes,
and to meet them where they can. The
ultimate decision rests with the Fellows; it
is for them to decide when the legal period
expires during which the resolution is hung up
for their consideration whether the subscription
should be raised or not. Mr. Marlay is sure
they will consider the question from all points of
view ; and he may add that any suggestions any
Fellow may make, any proposal for the main-
tenance and improvement of the Society,
will be given every facility of discussion
and very carefully considered. There is
no question of insolvency. The gardens, the
houses, and plants are in better condition
than they have been for a long time, and possess
admirable features for those who only require a
garden in the centre of London where rest and
quiet may be found, birds may be heard to sing,
and where the flowers which will grow in London,
and they are more numerous than is generally
known, display their beauty and give forth their
fragrance. Mr. Marlat begs any communica-
tions arising from the proposal to raise the sub-
scription should be sent to the Secretary at the
Gardens, Regent's Park.

ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY OF LONDON.

Average op [kcome *kd Expenditure based on thf.

Seven Yeaes 1S98 10 1904.

INCOME. EXPENDITURE.

' 'RDINARY.

Subscriptions, Interest on !»'■-

A,- £2766 Dentures, Rent,

1 atlona ... 21 •>;<■ ... £1442

Rent of Club Garden Expenses,

Rooms 10C0 Fuel, 4c. ... 1902

. £8790 OH Expenses,

(But reduced by stationery.

Profits •"!

Meetings, &c

331

■• Extraordinary

Salaries, Recordi

Bee under |

,.• . Scientific .

788
£4663

£4553

£1553

Ex 1 RAORDINARY.

Exhibitions and

Exhibitions ami

Petes

£288 Fetes

£396

Garden Parties,

Garden Parties,

&c

Ml SC.

it:

Public Admis-

Public \

sions

LOS sions

1 v.

£1210

£699

Profit

.11

£1240

£1240

Profit from Extraordi-
nary Sources jt: ."• 4 1

v ■ Deficit if Rest

be created 822

Summary.

Deficit from Ordinary
Sources £763

Proposed Transfer to
Reserve for Liquida-
tion of Debentures .. 600

£13.;:;

This item is provisional
and intended to pro-
vide for the redemp-
tion of the Debenture
Liability.

Missouri Botanical Garden.— The six-
teenth Annual Report contains the report of the
Director, Professor Trelkase, on the working of
the garden during the year 1904. The total
number of persons who visited the gardens was
310,747, a number greatly exceeding that of any
previous year. This increase was, of course, due
to the large number of visitors to the St. Louis
Exhibition — viz., 12,804,610— from which figures
it is inferred that about one in ten of those who
went to the exhibition also visited the garden.
The authorities of Mill Hill School, near London,
at which Mr. Shaw, the founder of the garden,
was educated, contributed a number of photo-
graphs illustrating the school. There were ex-
hibited in connection with the portrait of the
founder, and with various views in the gardens,

a full serie3 of the publication? illustrative
of its progress during the fifteen years of
its existence. Among the scientific papers
which form the bulk of this volume is
one by Mr. Alwjn jBerger, entitled a sys-
tematic revision of the genus Cereus. Mr.
Berger establishes no fewer than eighteen
subgenera, but remarks that Cacti as well as
other succulent plants can never be understood
unless they can be studied from a large collection
in a sub-tropical garden where they are grown iu
quantities in the open. From this point of view
the author acknowledges his obligations to Sir
Thomas Hanbury. Twelve plates illustrate this
useful monograph. Other memoirs are included,
of which our limitations preclude further notice.
We cannot, however, omit to mention the very
remarkable paper on the dehiscence of anthers by
apical pores in certain widely separate families,
and on the co-relation between this peculiarity
and the agency and geographical distribution of
insects. A comparatively new field of observa-
tion and research is here opened out by Dr. J. A.
Harris.

A Book about Salads. — This little book
by Alfred Broadbent, and published by him in
Manchester, has a threefold object: — "To spread
a knowledge of the beneficent properties possessed
by roots and green vegetables ; their preservation
by appropriate methods of cookery, and to urge the
need for more general cultivation in the home
garden and elsewhere of many salad vegetables now
so rarely grown." It is written from a rather one-
sided point of .view, and while agreeing that salads
are wholesome we cannot follow the author in all
his opinions. He might have given a much larger
list of salad plants, broad-leaved Endive and
several other favourites at home and abroad
being omitted. It may be " extravagant " to
throw away the water in which Onions or Cab-
bages have been boiled ; but we think most
people will find excellent reasons for not storing it.

Plant-food constituents used by Bear-
ing Fruit-trees, — The New York Agricultural
Experiment Station, in its Bulletin for April, 1905,
publishes an elaborate report on this subject,
from which we extract the following : —

The work was undertaken for the purpose of
ascertaining the amount of nitrogen, phosphoric acid,
potash, lime, and magnesia used in one growing season
by bearing fruit-trees.

"One to three standard varieties of each of the
following kinds of fruit-trees were selected for the
purpose : Apple, Peach, Pear, Plum, and Quince.
The trees were typical representatives in the full
vigour of bearing.

The fruit, leaves, and new growth of wood as repre-
sented by the tips of brauches were carefully gathered,
weighed, dried, and analysed in the case of each
individual tree.

Tables are given showing the amount of each of the
plant-food constituents in the different portions of
each of the trees. The relations of the tabulated data
presented are discussed in detail.

Peach-trees used the largest amounts of plant-food ;
Apple and Quince-trees, approximately alike in the
results given, come second ; while Pear and Plum-
trees, which give results much alike, come third.

As to the relative proportions of plant-food con-
stituents used, using 1 lb. of nitrogen as a basis for
comparison, it was found that the different fruit-trees
used very nearly the same relative proportions of the
different plant-food constituents. The averages were
as follows :— Nitrogen, 1 lb. ; phosphoric acid, 0'27 lb. ;
potash, I'll lb. ; lime, P35 lb. ; magnesia, 0'45 lb.

The New Zealand International Exhi-
bition.— The Government of New Zealand hzs
decided to hold during the summer of 1906-7 an
International Exhibition at Christehurch, Can-
terbury, in which all the nations of the world are
invited to participate. The object of the exhibi-
tion is educational, and it is intended to demon-
strate the resources and possibilities of the
colony as one of the world's food-producing
factors, its vast mineral resources, and to draw
atV.ition to its unrivalled and varied scenery,
thermal wonder3, and also to the exceptional

132

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 12. 1905.

opportunities offered to sportsmen. Farther and
especially it is desired to bring under the notice
of the more industrial nations of the world the
great field the colony of New Zealand offers as an
outlet for enterprize, and for the use and con-
sumption of all manner of up-to-date appliances,
manufactures, &c. The scheme is a large as well
as an important one. Applications for space,
with full particulars, may be lodged with the
Agent-General for New Zealand, Westminster
Chambers, 13, Victoria Street, London, E.C. ; or
with the Secretary, New Zealand International
Exhibition, Christchurch, New Zealand. Such
applications should be made as soon as possible,
and cannot be received after March, i906.

New Plants from China.— Messrs. James
Veitch & Sons, of Chelsea, have published an
illustrated list of new plants recently introduced
from Central and Western China, and now
ready for distribution. Several of these plants
.are of great interest and beauty, and many have
.been figured and described in the Gardeners'
Chronicle, and we may add that with few excep-
tions all of them are hardy in Great Britain.
: Mr. Wilson's expeditions in search of novelties
have abundantly disproved the notion that we
had practically exhausted the supply of " new "
plants.

KEW NOTES.

Gesnebia Reginje. — Several plants of this
pretty and comparatively new species are now
in flower in the Begonia-house. The habit of
the plant is almost exactly that of a Gloxinia,
both as regards its tuberous root and the
foliage and flowers. The leaves are of a dark
velvety green, the midrib and the main
veins being silvery - white. They are about
8 inches in length and 5 inches in breadth, with
a crenate margin. The flowers are very freely
produced, being borne on a stem 4 inches high
They are a bluish-purple in colour, the corolla-
tube being 2 inches in length and drooping, as
in some Gloxinias.

It is a delightful plant, and may be easily
propagated from leaves in the same manner as
Begonia Hex is propagated. It requires stove
treatment.

IXORA COCCINEA VAB. LUTE A.

A small batch of this distinct variety may be
seen in the stove. It has been in cultivation since
1890, having been sent to Kew from the Botanical
Gardens, Ceylon, in that year. It is rather more
spreading in habit than the type ; the apex of
the leaf is more rounded, and the leaves are
usually of a lighter green than those of the
species. It is as free-flowered as any of the
better known kinds. The inflorescences are from
4 to 6 inches in diameter, the individual flowers
are rather more than 1 inch across and of good
substance ; the colour is a pale clear yellow.
. This is a beautiful variety, which is scarcely
known in gardens, but one which should bo more
widely known and grown. W. II.

Bbachtstelma Bakber^e.

Possibly for the first time in Europe, this

remarkable South African plant may now be seen

in flower at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. In

18GG it was figured and described by Sir Joseph

, Hooker in the Botanical Magazine at t. 5607, from
a drawing sent from South Africa by Mrs.
Barber, but so far as known to me it has not been
in cultivation before.

__ The plant has a large flat tuber, which pro-
duces a stem 2—3 inches high, bearing a few
pairs of leaves, jj -3 inches long, ' .-— 1 inch broad,
varying from oblong to oblanceolate, acute or
obtuse at the apex, tapering into the short
petiole below, pubescent on both sides. The very
curious flowers are very numerous, and arranged
in a large globose cluster 3—4 inches in diameter

(formed of two opposite sessile umbels), sur-
rounding and almost hiding the rest of the plant.
Each flower has a short tube about \- inch long,
marked inside with transverse, irregular purple-
brown lines on a pale yellowish ground ; the five
lobes are narrowly linear or tail-like, spreading
at the base, then ascending and incurved and
united at the tips, forming a sort of elliptic cage
| — 1 inch long and | — | inch in diameter, green
outside and rich dark crimson-brown on the inner
face, pubescent on both faces with hairs of the
same respective colours.

The plant was originally discovered in the
Transkei by Mrs. Barber, and has since been
found in Tembuland and the Transvaal. The
odour of the flowers is carrion-like. N. E. Broun.
[The tuber of this plant was collected by
Mr. C. F. H. Monro in Rhodesia, who forwarded
it to Kew amongst a collection of bulbous plants
in May of this year.]

TEENT PARK.

Only a very few miles separate the Trent Park
estate from the City of London, but the charac-
teristics of the two places are as opposite as those
of the poles. It is probable that many are un-
aware that within so short a distance as ten miles
from " The Bank " there is a residence situated in
such a spacious park that whether the visitor
approaches it from this or that of the several
lodges he must drive or walk one mile after
passing the park gates before he can reach the
dwelling - house. The present writer having
recently had the opportunity to visit the place
for the first time was as surprised as some of his
readei-3 may be at finding there similar condi-
tions to those one has grown accustomed to
associate only with residences in the more or less
remote counties.

Trent Park is the residence of F. A. Bevan, Esq ,
a busy banker, who employs his leisure moments
in philanthropic work, and in gardening. Chrys-
anthemum growers will doubtless remember his
name in connection with the excellent exhibits of
Japanese Chrysanthemum blooms that won first
honours for Trent Park year after year at a time
when Mr. John Leese had charge of these gardens.
There is at the present time a collection of about
1,000 first-rate Chrysanthemums in pots, which
show that these plants are still valued highly,
though they may not constitute so predominant
a feature in the garden as they did formerly.

The mention of these Chrysanthemums reminds
us forcibly of the evidences the plants bore of
injury sustained on Sunday, July 9, when a hail-
storm of unusual fury visited the locality and
broke many of the shoots, almost ruined the
Apple and other hardy fruit crops, riddled many
of the vegetables, and washed much of the gravel
from the sloping paths and across parts of the
lawn into the lake. A note on the effect of the
same storm at Finchley and at Wrotham Park
was published in our issue for July 15, p. 51.
Many of our readers know only too well the
extreme disappointment felt by the gardener
when the results of his efforts suffer so severely
from such an unpreventable cause at a season of
the year when everything should be looking at
its best ! But we are digressing, for this note
was intended to be an "impressionist" descrip-
tion of Trent Park gardens as it appeared during
an exceedingly brief visit late on a July day,
when the heat in the City was almost unendurable.

The drive from New Barnet station was very
enjoyable and the scenery pleasant. On entering
the park one could soon see that it possesses
excellent timber, the trees appearing most promi-
nently being of Beech, Oak, Lime, Hornbeam,
Sycamore, and Holly. The ground is moderately
undulating, and there is a double avenue of
Lime-trees that is a distinct feature, although
the trees have been pruned somewhat mysteriously
at one period of their existence. We approached

the brick dwelling-house from the south side,
being that shown in the illustration at fig. 413.
There is no flo ,ver gardening on this side of the-
house at all, but the Oaks and Beech trees arrest
the attention.

Passing round to the north side, the scene is
quite a different one. There are terraces imme-
diately in front of the house, and flights of seven
stone steps leading therefrom. The ground
slopes away rather steeply, and in front of the-
first wall, in place of a very steep slope of grass,.
four grass steps have been made recently. A
considerable area in front of the terrace is en-
closed by a low wall, which is relieved at frequent
intervals with vases on the stone top. The-
centre of this enclosed area is of grass, and'
the flower garden is in the shape of
borders under the wall on every side.
These borders for the most part are planted-
with batches or groups of plants, or with plants-
forming a low ground cover, and taller ones-
interspersed among them. Such groups were of
Snapdragons (Antirrhinums), Verbena, Salvia
splendens, Fuchsias growing over a groundwork
of dwarf Lan tanas, Lobelia cardinalis over-
yellow - flowered Violas, Salpiglossis, Pentste-
mons, Cannas, Stocks, &c. These plants were
not mixed, but were in groups adjoining
each other, and sufficient of one sort as a rule
for the eye to rest upon for the moment. It will
be seen therefore that there is no formal bedding
done at Trent Park. Near to these borders
an oval or oblong bed was planted with Verbena,
hybrida " King of the Scarlets," the growths of
which were pegged to the soil, and edged with
Gazanias, while a few standard Fuchsias were-
flowering over the Verbena. This Verbena is-
very effective when so used, and at Trent Park
another variety of Verbena is planted very
largely. It is named F. A. Bevan, and when the
flowers first open they are tinted with pink
colour, passing afterwards to white. They are-
fragrant, and whether used as a pot plant or as a-
summer bedding plant, the variety, which was a
seedling raised by the present head gardener,
Mr. Henry Parr, is very much esteemed. An ex-
tensive stock of this plant has been raised. On
this same side the dwelling-house is very prettily
draped with climbing plants and creepers, such
as Roses, Ivies, and Ampelopsis. Turner's-
Crimson Rambler is apparently 20 feet up, and>
grows and flowers very satisfactorily. Within,
the view from the terrace also could be seen
several good specimens of Yucca recurvifolia in
flower. Beyond the outer wall already mentioned
the ground slopes sharply away down to the lake,
a fine sheet of water covering an area of about
0 acres. The intervening lawn is planted with,
beds of flowering shrubs. The lake being at the-
base of the valley, the land rises on the other side-
just as sharply as on the dwelling-house side^
Consequently the bank beyond the water can be
seen very well from the terrace, and therefore-
steps have been taken to produce good effects-
there with flowering shrubs and other plants. At
the top of the slope the view terminates in dense-
plantations, which should be opened out just a
little in several places in order to add greater-
distance to the view.

We passed from the terrace to the south-
east of the house, and in the direction of the-
lake, noting on our way a little rockery and
water - garden with flourishing Bamboos, &c*
screened in a manner that they come upon one
with considerable suddenness.

At a point a little further on, the water from
the upper to the lower lake falte over stone3-
and makes pleasant music, a kindly seat close
by offering a rest that the falling water may be
listened to. But we had now reached the other
side of the lake, and found there along the banks
of the water a variety of ornamental plants, in-
cluding yellow-stemmed and red-stemmed Osiers,
golden Elder, double-flowered Gorse, Pampas

August 12, 1905. 1

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE.

133

■Grass, &e. ; and higher up the bank > beds of
KniphOfias (Tritomas), Rhododendrons (Azaleas),
and other-things, all of which are effective as seen
from the house. Further on towards" the south-
west corner a wild - garden or " dell " has been
fonned, with a stream running through it. This
has been all done by the present gardener, and
it affords a very pleasant addition to the garden's
attractions. At the time of our visit the Roses
were particularly beautiful, especially several
polyantha varieties and Crimson Rambler. All

and transplanted every year not later than the
middle of March, the' ground being trenched and
liberally manured each time. Apricot-trees on
an outside wall facing to the west were already
ripening a good crop of fruits. There are
improvised fence - like supports covered with
Roses in the kitchen-garden, and we were parti-
cularly attracted by a plant of the new variety*
(Rambler) Dorothy Perkins, which had been
planted only two j ears, yet had covered a width
equal to from 5 to G yards.

MalmaisOU, and "tree" or winter - fJowerin a-
types (very fine), Codiaeums, Caladiums, Cordy-
liues, Coleus, Orchids, Azaleas, Liliums, Hippe-
astrums (a large number), Gloire de Lorraine
Begonia (cultivated very successfully), Cleroden-
dron fallax, &.o.

We should not omit to mention the Gooseberry
plants trained just as Raspberry canes are trained,
and the whole covered with netting to protect
them 'from birds. Dessert Gooseberries grown in
this manner are of the very best, and not only

Fig. 46. — view of trent park, new barnet.

■svere supported with rough - looking wooden
supports that answered the purpose very well,
being less formal looking than would be welcome
in the trimmer portions of the garden. The
Nympha?as, Irises, Bulrushes, &e., were quite in
keeping with the surroundings.

The Kitchen-garden and Glasshouses.
There is a good kitchen-garden contained
within walls, and the crops generally are in first-
rate condition, apart from any injury caused by
the storm. This garden is interesting and
bright, for there are exceedingly good borders of
herbaceous flowering plants on either side of the
principal path and in other positions. In addition
there is an unusually fine collection of Michaelmas
Daisies (Asters), and a rich collection of some of
the newest varieties of Cactus Dahlias, Pent-
ctemons, &c. The Michaelmas Daisies are lifted

There are several good Peach - houses and
vineries. One Peach - house containing three
divisions, in which the variety Barrington was
conspicuously good, is very noteworthy, because
it would be next to impossible to see Peach trees
in better condition than these, whether judged
by the weight of crop, vigorous foliage, or well-
trained trees.

In the vineries the variety Muscat of Alexandria
is bearing long heavy bunches of fine berries, and
young Vines planted last year have made un-
usually good growth. Melons are grown numer-
ously and with much success. In a house 35 feet
long by 8 feet high, the crop on one side alone
amounted to 112 fruits, being one of the best
crops we have ever seen.

There are numerous plant-houses and frames
for raising fresh stock. The principal plants we
noticed were Carnations of the Souvenir de lb,

will they hang for a long time in a ripe condition
upon the plants, but they can be gathered with
the utmost convenience.

The general condition of the gardens, indoors
and out, is a credit to Mr. Parr, who has had
charge of them for several years past.

©bituarp.

A. TOOLEY. — Many gardeners who at one
period or another were associated w ith the late
D. T. Fish at Hardwicke Gardens, Bury St.
Edmunds, will remember Mr. A. Tooley, who for
upwards of forty years had been employed in
those gardens. He was Mr. Fish's responsible
man for some years, and was especially fond of
Roses. Mr. Tooley died on July 1!>, after an
.illness which had lasted for four years.

134

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[AUGUST 12, 1903;

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

f The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the
opinions expressed by his Correspondents.)

EXOTIC TIMBER TREES.— Your Talued con-
tributor, Mr. Molyneux, mentions in his note on
the behaviour of various timber trees planted at
Swanmore Park within the past thirty years, the
Scots Fir, the Corsican and Black Austrian Pines,
besides the common Spruce, and rightly ascribes
the non-success attending the planting of them
to the hard unbroken clayey subsoil. Such a
mishap, so expensive and disappointing, might
have been averted had test-holes been dug at
various points over the area to be planted, which
would have disclosed the nature of the land.
This practice is always advisable in the case of
new forest planting. Such land as is described is
sure to favour water-logging, and may not be
cured by trenching, always an expensive job that
is scarcely ever rewarded by sufficiently good
prices obtained perhaps a century later. It is
more advisable to make " grips," i.e., open drains
deep enough to drain off the water in the land to
a safe depth, say 4 feet, keeping these clear by a
scoop such as is used in laying pipe drains.
These grips may be made in heavy soils at 30 feet
apart, and in the direction of the natural fall of
the land. If the proprietor does not object to
the cost, and chalk, greensand, or stone is cheaply
available, a layer 1 foot in thickness may be laid
at the bottom of the drains, and the soil returned
to them, choosing the top spit to cover the mate-
rials. I should not hesitate thus to relieve land
of excess of water even after the planting is done.
In the case of approaching " stagheading" in Oaks,
itself a sign of a water-logged state of the soil, it
is one of the best things to do to avert this
mishap. It is not in the least surprising that
trees of Thuia gigantea at 30 feet in height,
therefore about as many years old, should le
found productive of wood extremely soft and of
little weight, as it is a fact that hardly any coni-
ferous tree has hard (heart-wood or other) at
eo early an age. An exception is found in
Juniperus virginiana. F . Moon.

ESPALIER - TRAINED TREES AND SPRING
FROSTS. — In most gardens, and more especially in
windy seaside districts and those not surrounded
by high walls or hedges, and thick shelter belts
or close woods behind these, Apples and Pears
suffer greatly from frosty winds in the spring,
and from the equinoctial gales in the autumn ;
and standards, bushes, and pjramids suffer in
about equal degre?. The loss of fruit blossom
and of fruit is much lessened if, instead of these
forms, espaliers planted in lines a few feet
distant from the paths be grown. The trellis
may consist of strained solid or twisted wire, un-
galvanised by preference, or oaken stakes, or
hop-poles cut to 8 feet in length, the lower 1] foot
being charred and tarred. If wire be employed,
the wires may be fixed at 1 foot apart hori-
zontally, as also may the stakes, vertically. In
the early spring, after pruning and tying are
finished, boards of half to three-quarters of an
inch in thickness may be secured above the trees,
over which bast mats, frigi-domo, or eyen double
fish netting may be thrown when frosts appear to
threaten. The manipulation of the shoots in the
season of growth, as well as any desired thinning
of the fruits, are matters easy of performance on
espaliers, making such trees of great use in any
garden. F. M.

ESPALIER-TRAlNcD APPLE-TREES .— For con-
venience in attending to the trees, for appearance
also, for full cropping, and for rich colouring of
the fruit, espalier-trained trees have much to
recommend them. In a Yorkshire garden but a
few miles from the city, where I once spent two
years, many specimens of leading varieties
of this form of Apple training succeeded right
well. In Major Petre's garden near Norwich I
saw growing upon espalier-trained trees the
finest coloured examples of Mere de Menage
Apple I ever saw ; in size too they were re-
markable. Mr. Davison told me he invariably
had a full crop of good fruit from the same
trees. There is one word of caution I would
give to those who contemplate planting this
class of tree. Do not attempt to keep the
trees too dwarf. Trees not more than 3 feet

6 inches high do not admit of sufficient space for
growth development ; the trees are apt to make
too much growth at the top at the expense of
cropping. I know of many instances where the
espalier-trained trees were planted near the edge
of garden-paths and kept low for the sake of
appearance ; but in a few years the trees were
extended in an upward direction, which spoilt
their previous character. This was done for the
sake of an extra fruit crop, of course irrespective
of appearance. Five feet or 5 feet 6 inches is a
suitable height to train the trees, not only for a
full fruit crop, but for convenience and appear-
ance as well. E. M.

THE PEACH AS A STOCK FOR THE PLUM —

Soils are so various in this country, from heavy
red loam to close retentive marl, 1 am afraid, the
Plum would not prove very satisfactory if it
were dependent on the delicate roots of the
Peach, besides which, I think, the injury to the
stock would develop canker. Some years ago a
friend of mine who had emigrated to the Colo-
nies, informed me that the Peach was used there
as a stock for Plums and for Peaches and Necta-
rines, but the conditions of the soil and the
winters were more favourable than they are here.
Only in the warmer and more favoured parts of
our island where there is little stagnant moisture
in the soil during the winter months would there
be any chance of success, and even then, I am
afraid, the somewhat tender roots of the Peach
would perish unless they were protected. A
dwarfing stock for Plums would certainly be
welcomed by all fruit growers, and the stocks in
question may be worthy of trial at the Wisley
gardens. W. H. Clarke, Aston Eowant Gardens,
Oxon.

THE FALLING OF ELM-LIMBS IN SUMMER
(see p. 119). — An instance of this occurred here
in a tree growing by the roadside, on the 30th of
last month. A large bough, 1 foot in diameter,
dropped without any warning, and with no wind
whatever to assist the breaking. The limb
snapped square across close to the trunk, and
without any apparent reason, as the leaves are
quite healthy and the branch devoid of dead
twigs. I can only assume that it was the weight
of the leaves that caused the fracture. E. M.,
South Hants.

RED CURRANT8. — Vanilas vanilatum ! It is
sad to learn how little we know, even of
that of which experience should at leatt have
taught us something, and it is often surprising
what an extraordinary estimate some, happily
few, individuals have of themselves. Critics
would be more likely to be listened to if
their pen were used somewhat less freely in
depreciation of men and things. For my own
part I believe it is the duty of everyone to give
what knowledge he gains for the benefit of
his fellow-men ; and it is wholly and solely
with this view that I write. It is now
some sixty years since I was growing fruit
for competition ; previously I was often asso-
ciated with those who were quite capable of
teaching me. Some time afterwards I marketed
much of my fruit at Covent Garden Market.
Thus it is that I have been trained from time
to time not only to test but to give my
views as to the quality and worth of
any new varieties that may be offered.
I was led to grow the monster new Red Currant
"Comet" by the representation of that most
reliable nurseryman Mr. Amos Perry. Here is
what he said, " This is the greatest acquisition
for many years amongst fruits," &c, and he
further adds that it is a remarkable fruit, and it
had an Award of Merit of the Royal Horticul-
tural Society. So I resolved to try it. But also
I give the opinion of Messrs. Laxton : " For
freedom and fruitfulness there is nothing to
surpass this variety," and "altogether a sterling
new variety." After growing Comet for three
years I ventured in a much milder way to give
my opinion as to its excellent qualities, as to
what it proved in my peculiarly cold soil. This
seems to have elicited the displeasure of my
critic, for he asks that if it is worthy of note
why Messrs. Veitch or Messrs. Bunyard do not
catalogue it, and asserts that I had hastily
jumped at the conclusion that it might be as Mr.
Bunyard describes it, who says it is the same as

Fay's Prolific. As I have grown and discarded
Fay 'a Prolific I at once say that I do not see any re-
semblance between them, nor am I in the least
influenced by any such remarks. As to Star of
the North, I may add that for many years I grew
La Versaillaise as my main crop, and found it
to be the most valuable, free-bearing, hand-
some variety ; thus I feel qualified to contro-
vert the assertion that they are one and'
the same. Of the Star of the North I have-
a number of bushes ; I find it is an excellent
bearer of long bunches of fruit, very early,,
and very sweet. Thus it is more attractive to-
birds than any other. I intend growing it as a
first early, Comet as second, and the old Red
Dutch as last. If I have another, which is-
doubtful, it will le La Versaillaise. The white
sort of the latter is excellent. It is a matter of
no importance to me what Mr. Bunyard has to-
say of Comet, for I have proved it myself; and
further, as I was probably growing fruit before-
Mr. Bunyard was born, my opinion is entitled to-
some credit. Nor do I place undue reliance on
what may be done at Wisley or elsewhere, for I
am sufficiently old to know that what proves to-
be useful and good in one place may utterly
fail in another. Had my critic said that Pears
by their number of novelties were getting
" mixed," I could have understood him, but witfca
Currants the call for intervention is needless. la
my remarks I jumped at no conclusion, but
merely gave my views as to what the Currants-
were here, leaving entirely to others to plant any
if they chose to do so. Harrison Weir, F.BM.S.r
Appledore, Kent.

STOCK " beauty of nice."— A few days ago
I had the pleasure of inspecting 2 acres of this-
fine novelty in flower in the grounds of M. A.
Adams, Esq , Gattens, Ockley, Essex. The plants
are strong-growing, of good habit, and flower
profusely. The individual flowers are very large,,
flesh-coloured, and sweetly scented. Mr. Adams-
obtained the seed of this excellent stock direct
from Nice, in which place he saw it growing in
all the gardens in and about the town, hence the-
name Beauty of Nice, and so far as Mr. Adams iss
able to judge he is the only one in England who
grows it. The single-flowered plants, though lost
sight of among the wealth of double flowers, are»
sufficient in number for seeding purposes, and
their condition gives promise of a good seed
harvest being secured both from the plants-
growing under glass and out-of-doors. In addi-
tion to the great number of Beauty of Nice Stock
now in such grand flower at Gattens, there are-
large plantations of young plants both out-of
doors and under glass for continuing the floral
display well into the winter. Mr. Adams flowered*
several thousand plants in some of his large-
glasshouses during the past few months. The-
plants are growing on benches 6 feet wide and'
(J inches deep, running the entire length of the-
houses, three benches being in each house,
H. W. Ward, Rayleigh, Essex.

the fruit CROPS. — It was doubtless a-
coincidence that the annual reports as to the
condition of the year's fruit crop3, and the out-
line of the report of the Government Committee
on the fruit-growing industry, should have been
simultaneously published on the 29th ult. What
a striking comment is presented by the fruit
reports on the Committee's conclusions ! Not air
the Government Committees in the world can by
reports remove the ill done to home fruit culture
by the frosts of last spring. That they destroyed
confidence in fruit production is but too evi-
dent. Rarely have we had a year where at once-
an abundant tree fruit crop was more due, in the
cultivators' interests more needed, and of which
there was at one period greater promise. How all
these anticipations have been falsified, your
reports on the year's fruit crop tells all too sadly.
What is to be done to prevent similar calamities
in the future ? It must be remembered that in
the general wreck of the crops the highest art in
culture has suffered as much, and perhaps even
more, than has the mere inferior or deficient art.
The question of good or bad culture has really
nothing to do with the results. The good and
the bad have been taken equally, the former per-
haps rather more. All the high culture in the'
world seems quite unable to affect climatic con-

August 12, 190:..]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

135

ditions. May frosts as sharp as those of last
May may come with appreciable regularity for
generations, and as long as fruit-trees and fruit-
bloom are what they are, the joint labours of
Nature and men in obtaining a glorious bloom
may be all in vain. It has been suggested by
you that raisers of fruits should seek to create
either a hardier or a later-blooming strain, that
would offer no tender blossom to the bitiDg frosts
or blasts until all danger was past. This year
we had our Plums and Pears in full bloom
in April, the flowers had freely set, and fruit
was abundantly formed ere the coup de grtice
was given to it by the frosts of May.
Apple-trees were in full bloom from the end
of April till the end of May, but the

I have over 500 plants, and intend this autumn
to plant over \ an acre, as I find this variety
brings better prices than any other I grow.
You will note the two rows of petals in it, also
its habit, which is perfect in every way. The
flowers are half as large again as those sent in a
good season. I intend to call it C. m. "George
Brooke." George Brooke, Seville's Cross Nursery,
Durham. [The flowers were 3J inches in diameter.
Ed.]

is romneya coulteri an herbaceous
PLANT ? — I note what your reporter says anent
this plant as exhibited at the Cardiff Show
as a hardy plant, but in a class from which
shrubbery plants and trees were excluded. With

more than fifty stems." The competition in all
the Sweet Pea classes was exceedingly keen, as
many as eighteen competitors taking part in
some classes. It would be difficult to find a
better display than there was under the un-
fettered conditions. The blooms were of high
quality generally. Some few showed the effects
of the weather, but most of them were bright
and attractive, especially those from Mr. Thomas
Jones, Ruabon. Under such conditions the
judges had but to consider quality and arrange-
ment, as well as nomenclature, of course. They
were able to leave the arrangement of the
flowers in the vases as they found them. The
magnificent display of this popular flower nearly
filled one huge tent. E. Molyneux:

Photograph by C. P. Rnffill.
Fig. 47.— clematis indivisa, as it flowered in the temperate house, royal gardens, kew.

gravest harm was not done to them until the
mornings of May 22 and 23. Evidently to save
fruit-tree bloom from such dangers only trees
that opened their flowers in June might be
expected to be safe from injury. Trees flowering
so late could hardly even in the best of seasons
mature fruit crops thoroughly during our all too
short summers. But the possibility of ever
getting so late blooming trees or varieties seems
to be almost Utopian. Practically of all the
varieties of tree fruits raised during the past
200 years, there seems to have been no appreciable
tendency to produce specially late blooms. Even
the oft-mentioned Court Pendu Plat Apple is no
more fruitful this year than is any other variety.
When the proposed Fruit Conference is held at
Vincent Square, Westminster, in October next, it
is hoped that no time will be wasted in talking
customary fruit platitudes, but rather that its
energies will be directed to the consideration of
that crucial subject, "How to preserve our fruit-
trees from injurious climatic conditions." A. D.

CHRYSANTHEMUM MAXIMUM— I send you

some flowers of a seedling Marguerite which I
raised three years ago, but the flowers are not
nearly so good this year owing to the drought.

me Romneya Coulterii does not die down to the
ground. In Norfolk, in Lord Battersea's garden
at Overstrand, there are bushes of it 0 feet high
and as much through. In Devon I have seen it
even larger, forming a full bush. Under such con-
ditions, how should such a plant be classified ?
Another plant which has given similar trouble
ere this is Phygelius capensis, which in some
seasons does not come under the strict definition
of a herbaceous plant, hence many judges have
hesitated to disqualify or to accept it. E.

EXHIBITING SWEET PEAS. — As emphasising
what I advocated a short time since in the
Gardeners' Chronicle (see p. 52) about limiting
the number of sprays in a bunch, the action
taken by the Committee at the late Cardiff show
is a good illustration. I recommended the Com-
mittee to ask for a certain number of bunches,
and to allow exhibitors to stage as many sprays in
each bunch as they chose, provided they are
shown in the Society's vases. At Cardiff there
are six classes for Sweet Peas in bunches ; in
five of them there is no limit to the number of
sprays. In Mr. Sydenham's class there is a limit,
but there the regulations are quite of an elastic
nature. He says : " Not less than thirty nor

CLEMATIS INDIVISA. ,

We have illustrated the beauty and florifer-
ousness of this tender Clematis on previous
occasions, but Mr. Baffin's photograph (repro-
duced at fig. 47), showing a plant as it appeared
in the spring of the present year in the temperate-
house, Royal Gardens, Kew, is so charming, that
we feel sure our readers will welcome it. There
is little reason for us to say much about the plant,
it being so well known as an excellent species for
training on chains or on the rafters in a green-
house, where it usually produces an abundant
display of flowers in spring. It is not sub-
ject to many pests, but if the atmo-
sphere of the house is somewhat damp
for a considerable period and there is insufficient
ventilation, the leaves are liable to become dis-
figured with mildew, and it is then necessary to
apply flowers-of -sulphur. All who have not got
this species and who possess suitable means for
its cultivation, may be recommended to procure
a plant.

130* !

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 12, 1905.

REMARKS ON THE CONDITION OF

THE FRUIT CEOPS.

(See Tables and General Summary, ante, pp. 81-87.)

(Continued from p. U7.)

3, ENGLAND, E.

Cambridgeshire. — The severe frosts during

the latter part of May practically ruined the

fruit1 cr'op in this district. On May 26 we

registered 10' of frost. Previous to that there

was every indication of a good fruit year. R.

Alderman, Babraham Hall Gardens, Cambridge.

Essex. —On the whole the fruit crop has been
satisfactory. Young Apple-trees planted three
and four years ago are yielding well, and promise
to be very good. The crop of Pears is not so
good as it promised to be when the trees were in
bloom. The late frosts were probably responsible
for the fruit dropping badly. Strawberries have
been our worst crop; mildew attacking them
soon after setting has caused many to rot. Our
soil is cold and heavy, and the subsoil stiff clay.
A. Bullock, Copped Hall Gardens, Epping.

— Once more May frosts have destroyed the
promise of a fair crop of Apples, Plums and
Pears for the year 1905, the crops of these fruits
are almost nil. Gooseberries, Currants, Rasp-
berries and Strawberries have been good average
crops. The soil here is a light sandy loam
resting mostly on a bed of clay— a fruit-tree
growing soil in every sense of the word. H. W.
Ward, Lime House Nursery, Rayleigh.

Huntingdonshire. — Here on this black fen
soil we have fair crops of most fruits except
Black Currants, which are this year a complete
failure. Stone fruits are excellent both in
quantity and quality. Red and White Currants,
also Raspberries, are very good, while Straw-
berries have been very good and plentiful. F. W.
Seabrook, Ramsey Abbey, Gardens.

Lincolnshire. — In this district Apples and
Pears are very scarce. Plums are an average
crop, Victoria being the best variety. Cherries
are average and of excellent colour. Peaches
and Nectarines are very good. Apricots are up
to average, and the fruits are of satisfactory size
and good colour. Gooseberries, Red, White and
Black Currants are good. Raspberries and Logan-
berries are very good, especially the variety
Superlative. The soil is a strong clay subsoil,
which accounts for good results in spite of the
dry weather. F. J. Fleming, Wellsby Old Hall
Gardens, Grimsby.

All fruit trees blossomed abundantly, and

appeared very promising until May 23, when the
thermometer on the outside of a Stevenson screen
fell to 25°, and on the grass to 19° ; fortunately
the sun shone very early or the effects generally
would, have been much worse. Pear-trees had
what appeared to be a heavy crop, but the trees
in the open quickly dropped their fruits. On
wall-trees we have a good crop, but the Pear
midge (Diplosis pyrivora) has again thinned
them severely. Plums were also set before the
frost occurred and there was a good crop, but
large numbers fell after the frost. Apples were
for the most part in full flower, and very few
have escaped •, it will be almost as poor a crop
here as in 1903. Those which have survived are
chiefly on the tops of tall standards and our latest-
blooming variety Bess Pool. Bush trees have
scarcely a fruit left upon them. Strawberries
had very few flowers open when the frost came,
and we have an abundant crop ; other small fruits
are also abundant. I!'. H. Divers, Belvoir Castle
Gardens, Grantham.

Norfolk.— Most of the fruitcrop3 in this
district are very poor, the failure being due to
the very severe late spring frosts, and to a dry
and generally unkind spring. The soil for the
most part is of a very sandy and porous nature,

and the absence of rain and genial spring
weather kept all growth very backward and
weak. Possibly some part of the failure might
be attributed to lack of vitality in the trees
consequent upon general overcropping in 1904.
As trees cannot recuperate so quickly on these
soils as on those of a more fertile nature, un-
questionably we ought to thin severely in a
season of heavy crops, and where labour permits
there is no excuse for not doing so. At the time
of flowering nearly all trees showed promise of
heavy crops. I have only seen moderately good
crops in one or two places. Probably the frosts
were not so severe in those places. E. C. Parslow,
Shadwell Court Gardens, Thetford.

In this district we suffered a great deal

from the effects of late frosts. The early
blossoms of " Early Laxton " and other Straw-
berries were all cut off by the frosts of May 22
and 23, which caused great damage to all kinds
of small fruits. We are badly in want of rain.
J. W. Bradbrook, Kettingham Park Gardens,
Wymondham.

Suffolk. — Fruit-trees of all sorts were very
promising in the early part of March, but towards
the end of the month and in April and May cold
east winds set in and caused great destruction.
Peaches on walls suffered very much with
"blister," owing to the cold winds, but notwith-
standing have set, and are swelling an average
crop of good fruits. Apples and Cherries are our
worst crops in this district ;. some, orchards have
not a single fruit in them. Orchards all round
this district are very old, and show signs of want
of proper cultivation, Large fields of Straw-
berries and small fruits are planted in a well-
sheltered valley in this district about 3 miles
from the sea, and this year Strawberries have
produced good crops. They are owned by small
holders, and for want of proper railway facilities
there is no outlet for the fruit, except to the sea-
side towns by hawking, so prices for good fruit are
kept very low. Our soil is mixed, and rests on a
gravel subsoil. T. Simpson, Henham Hall Gardens,
Wangford.

4, MIDLAND COUNTIES.
Bedfordshire. — With a few exceptions the
Apple and Plum crops in this district are a
failure. There was but little bloom on Apple
trees, due I think to the trees having exhausted
themselves by carrying heavy crops last year.
Pears gave every promise of being a good crop,
but were severely thinned by the Tear midge.
All bush fruits have produced record crops. The
soil here is a very heavy loam with a gaulty
subsoil. H. A'immo, Cranjield Court Gardens,
Woburn Sands.

The soil here is sandy and gravelly, and

most fruit-trees grow very fast when first planted,
but fail as they get old owing to canker and
American blight, caused, I think, by the manure
and digging of the soil rendered necessary by the
vegetables. H. W. Nutt, Flitwick.

There was an abundant show of

bloom on Pears and Apples, but the keen east
winds and the severe frost on May 20 quite
spoiled the fruit prospects in regard to trees
growing in the open orchard. It is only on the
wall-trees and in sheltered parts of the garden
that the crops have escaped. Sweet Cherries
are only a light crop on outside walls. The
Loganberry is doing well here, and promises to
be a useful addition for tarts and jam-making.
The soil here is of a heavy nature, with subsoil
of clay impregnated with iron. T. W. Birkinshaw,
Hat/ey Park Gardens, Sandy.

The fruit - blossoms suffered very much

injury during the night of May 23, when our
thermometer, placed 4 feet from the ground,
registered 5° of frost. Before that date the
Apple, , Plum, and Strawberry crops were

very promising. The soil is a nice sandy loam
on a subsoil of chalk and clay. Geo. Mackinlay,
Wrest Park Gardens, Ampthill.

Buckinghamshire. — The frosts experienced
during May did immense injury to the fruit-
crops on all sides. Apples are an average crop ;
Pears and Plums are very thin ; Cherries are
average, but owing to the wet weather we ex-
perienced in June many of the fruits of the sweet
varieties split. Peaches and Nectarines are good,
and the trees are clean. Figs promise to be a
good crop. Strawberries have been abundant
and of good flavour. Gooseberries and Black and
Red Currants are an average crop, and the
quality of the fruit is all that could be desire d.
John Fleming, Wexham Park Gardens, Slough.

It is a most difficult matter to form

anything like an accurate estimate of the fruit
crops in this part of the county. The outlook
during the early spring months was most favour-
able for hardy fruits, but the disastrous frosts at
the end of May ruined the crops in low-lying
districts. Especially was this the case in the
Thames valley. In the immediate neighbourhood
of these gardens, which have an altitude of about
270 ft. above the sea-level, there are some excellent
crops of hardy fruit. Apples are very good on the
Paradise stock where due attention was paid to
thinning the fruits last season. Bash fruits are
excellent, but Pears are very scanty. The Pear-
midge effected more damage than the frosts.
Plums are very good. StrawberrieB have been of
poor flavour. Chas. Page. Dropmore Gardens.

The fruit crops in this district are very

irregular. There was a wealth of blossom, and
every prospect of a good fruit season. The frosts
of May 22 and 23, followed by easterly winds,
and the long, continuous drought in May
and at the beginning of June, were destructive.
Apples are an average crop, and the varieties
Lord Suffield, Ecklinville Seedling, Bramley's
Seedling, and Adam's Pearmain are very good.
Plums on trained trees are moderately good;
Kirke's, Monarch, Reine Claude de Bavay, and
Jefferson's are the best. Apricots are an average
crop ; the varieties Moorpark and Kaisha are
good. Cherries on standard trees and on trees
trained against walls have been abundant.
Strawberries have been exceptionally good and
of excellent quality. Red and Black Currants,
Gooseberries, and Raspberries are plentiful. The
soil here is very light and gravelly, on a subsoil
of gravel and chalk. G. W. Smith, The Gardens,
Danesfield, Harlow.

The Apple crop is very irregular, and

much under the average. Pears are a total
failure. Although this district is noted for its
stone fruits, this season Damsons, Prunes, and
all kinds of Plums are failures, owing to late
frosts. In some orchards the trees are badly
infested with blight. Crops of small bush fruit
are, on the whole, good. The early Strawberry
bloom suffered by the frosts, and the crop has
been fairly good, but the fruit undersized. What
with the late cold spring and a wet, heavy soil,
we are experiencing one of the poorest fruit years
for many seasons past. W. Hcdley Warren, Aston
Clinton Gardens, Tring.

Cheshire. — The fruit crop, so far as Apples,
Pears, and stone fruits are concerned, are rather
disappointing, for after a most promising show
of blossom the fruit failed to set, and even where
it did set the fruit dropped. I attribute this
to the abnormal crops of last year leaving the
trees weak, as the weather was not at all
unfavourable in this district. The soil is of light
texture, but free from gravel. Peter Wilkinson,
Walton Lea Gardens, Wamngton.

Most kinds of fruit trees blossomed pro-
fusely, but the crops are poor, excepting Morellc
Cherries, ' Currants, Gooseberries, and Straw-

August 12, 1903.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

137

berries. Of Strawberries the variety Fillbasket,
which thrives well on our light sandy soil, ha3
been specially good. The Loganberry has done
well also, and at the time of writing looks quite
picturesque with its abundance of large bold
fruits. Pears, Apples, and Plums have been
quite a failure. E. Slater, Norton Priory Gardens,
Runcorn.

Derbyshire. — A splendid set of fruit all
round was spoiled by long-continued drought
and north and north-east winds. The early
promise was never better. Of Plums and
Damsons there are practically none. Gooseberries
are very good indeed. Morello Cherries are a
very heavy crop throughout the neighbourhood.
Peach and Nectarine trees suffered badly from
the cold winds. On the hill there were no spring
frosts severe enough to kill fruits and blossoms,
but cold winds for weeks in succession were too
much for the young fruits of Apples, Pears, and
Plums. The soil here is heavy and poor. /. C.
Tallack, Shipley Hall Gardens, Derby.

■ The Apple crop here this season is rather

a light one ; the trees bloomed well and gave
promise of a good crop, but the severe frosts we
experienced towards the end of May were
disastrous. Pears on walls are a good crop and
are doing well. Plums are under the average
but good. Cherries are a moderate crop. Small
fruits such as Gooseberries, Raspberries, and Red
Currants are plentiful and good. Strawberries
were an average crop, though the fruit on the
older plantations were rather small. The nature
of the soil is light and stony, and requires much
water and mulching during dry weather. Jas.
Tulhj, Osmaston Manor Gardens.

Hertfordshire. — The fruit crops here gene-
rally are small. Of Apples and Plums there are
scarcely any. Peaches are much under average.
Strawberries, too, are under. There are satis-
factory crops of Pears, Cherries, small fruits and
nuts. The prospects early in the season were
promising. There was a good show of bloom, but
it did not set well through the unfavourable
weather, and many that did set were destroyed
by the severe frost on May 23. Geo. Arorman,
Hatfield House Gardens.

The fruit crops in this neighbourhood are

again disappointing, particularly as the bloom
was exceptionally abundant. It suffered, how-
ever, much damage from the very unseasonable
weather during the month of May. In a year of
disappointments, the condition of the fruit crops
is perhaps the greatest. Arthur Dye, Tring Park
Gardens, Tring.

The frost and unfavourable conditions of

the weather here from May 20 and a week after-
wards proved very disastrous to our fruit crops.
The soil here is gravelly, resting on clay and
chalk, the latter being found at a depth varying
from G inches to 15 feet. Crops have in conse-
quence suffered from drought. W. Whitelaw,
Batch Wood, St. Albans.

Leicestershire. — The Apples in this district
are a complete failure, the only tree we have with
a full crop is one of the variety " Lord Grosvenor."
Pears on the walls are good in quality, but much
under the average in quantity. Plums grown on
a west aspect in the kitchen garden are a
moderate crop. Plums ou standard trees
in orchards were severely damaged by the
frosts ; The Czar and Rivers' Early Prolific
are bearing a full crop ; Pond's Seedling and
Prince Englebert are the only other varieties
with a " sprinkling " of fruit. Peaches and
Apricots, particularly the latter, are clean and
good. Of small fruits, Raspberries are a full
crop. Gooseberries, Red and Black Currants are
much below the average. Strawberries were the
worst crop we have ever had, there was only the
tail end of the crop left to ripen. Givon's Late

Prolific is the only variety which escaped the
frosts ; to this variety too much praise cannot be
given for its productiveness and quality. Daniel
Roberts, Prestwold Hall Gardens, Loughborough.

Nottinghamshire. — Apple and Pear crops
suffered severely through late frosts. Late Pears
escaped and are bearing well. Black Currants
completely failed through same cause. Trees of
all kinds are clean and healthy. James Gibson,
Welbeck Gardens, Worksop.

There was a splendid show of blossom on

all fruit trees, but they suffered badly from late
frosts and cold north-easterly winds. The soil
here is very light. We have suffered badly for
want of rain until the recent rains set things up
again. Fruit trees are all looking very healthy.
A. W. Culloch, Newstcad Hall Gardens.

Oxfordshire.— The disastrous frosts in May
and June did great damage to the fruit-crops
along the vale at the base of the Chiltern Hills,
and only where efficient protection was given was
the crop partially saved. On the summit of these
hills for a distance of 2 miles the fruit-crops are
abundant. Cherries are an abundant crop, and
fine clean fruit ; many varieties of Plnms like-
wise, Green Gage, a variety extensively grown,
being the one failure. Apples likewise are
swelling up good crops ; while Gooseberries and
Currants, both black and white, are an immense
crop. W. H. Clarke, piston Rowant Gardens,
Wallingford.

All bush fruits have done well, also

Strawberries and Raspberries ; but one dull,
showery week when Strawberries were turning
colour caused some damage to the fruit. Apple,
Pear, and Plum-trees were a mass of bloom, but
had no chance of forming fruit with the long
spell of cold weather that prevailed, followed by
a sharp frost on May 22. The soil here in South
Oxford is poor, being very stony, over a subsoil
chiefly of gravel or chalk. A. J. Long, Wyfold
Court Gardens, South Oxford.

Shropshire. — As might have been expected
after the abundant yield of last year, Apples are
below average, and falling through the drought.
Lord Suffield, Cox's Orange Pippin, Ribston
Pippin, Tom Put, and Christie's Pippin are our
best crops. Pears bloomed well, but suffered by
frost, and are not at all good. Plums, Damsons,
and other stone fruit are very patchy ; in some
districts there are none, and in others only a
partial crop. Small fruits are a fair average
crop. Ihe soil here is generally of a light and
porous nature on gravelly subsoil. A. S. Kemp,
Broadway, Shifnul.

The Apple and Pear crops appeared very

promising in the early spring, but the blossom
did not set well, and most of it fell. I was not
surprised at this, owing to the heavy crops borne
last year. I am afraid there will be many empty
cider barrels, but we must preserve them, and
live in hope. Thomas Canning, Aldenham Park-
Gardens.

Staffordshire. — We had a splendid promise
of all kinds of fruit up to May 22 and 23, when
we had SJ and 10° of frost, which killed all the
bloom. Bush fruit stood fairly well, as there was
plenty of foliage. C. A. Bayford, Shugborough
Gardens, Stafford.

Hardy fruit crops in this district are in

most instances much below the average, small
fruits, such as Currants and Raspberries, being
the only exceptions. A continuation of dull
weather, with E.N.E. winds while the Pears and
Plums were blooming, the scarcity of pollen and
the absence of bees, I think account for the
failure of these fruits ; while the sharp frosts
on the mornings of May 22 and 23, when the
Apple trees were in full bloom, practically
destroyed the Apple crop and killed the early

blossoms of the Strawberries. Our soil is very
stiff, with a cold, clayey subsoil. Our rainfall for
six months ending June 30 was only 8 45 inches.
Geo. Woodgate, Rolleston Hall Gardens, Burton-on-
Trent.

The fruit crops generally are well up to

the average. We suffered slightly from the frosts
of May 21 and 22, which affected the early Straw-
berry blooms, also those of Pears. Of small fruits
there is a quantity of Red and White Currants
and Raspberries, but Black Currants are not so
good. There is a fair crop of stone fruits, especi-
ally Plums, which appear to be swelling away
well. E. Gihw.1,1, Lngestre Hall Gardens, Stafford.

The Apple, Pear, and Plum trees were

very full of bloom, but owing to late spring frost,
Pear and Plum blossom did not set well. Apples
set moderately well. The most prolific varieties
in this district are Keswick, Lord Grosvenor,
Lane's Prince Albert, and Beebench, a local
variety, which the residents about here value
highly. Strawberries and Raspberries are very
heavy crops, but the fruits are rather small in
size owing to dry weather. Black Currants suffer
in the same way. John Wallis, Woore.

Warwickshire. — Had I filled up the tabulated
form according to the circumstances of my own
fruit crops I should have written four " no crops,"
and not as I did write, viz., four " unders." But
on driving round this neighbourhood I find there
is a sprinkling of Apples, Pears, and some Wal-
nuts, and some Plums ; these are to be found on
trees which were situate well above the zone of
the cold wave of May 2 1 and 22, which wrought
so much mischief in this district. Therefore as
a district reporter I thought by writing " under"
I should give the better and more truthful repre-
sentation of our fruit position ; neither could I
add "good, bad, or indifferent." We are still
suffering from drought, and it would be rather
hazardous to say which way those few fruits that
are left will finish up. This year's experience
following so soon on the heels of preceding years'
disasters is further proof, if that were needed,
of the] fickleness of our climate, preventing us
from ever anticipating any great success from
the culture of either the Apple or the Pear in
this country. On one side of my property we
have the lower red sandstone and marl ; on the
other sandstone and red marl ; but singularly
I am between the two, with white sandstone, red
marl and waterstones, the surface of which is a
healthy brown loam, which will grow anything
provided spring frosts would but keep away.
IT. Miller, Berkswell.

(To be continued.)

PETWORTH PARK, SUSSEX.

This fine old place, the seat of the Earl of
Leconfield, possesses one of the largest parks in
England, with a fine herd of deer, and some of the
most extensive gardens and grounds. It is of the
gardens I am now writing. In large places like
Petworth everything must be produced in vast
quantities to meet the requirements of the estab-
lishment, and credit is due to Mr. Edward Pull,
the head gardener, for the excellent order and
high standard at which these gardens are kept,
many improvements having taken place during
the years he has had charge. The old glass-
houses have nearly all been pulled down and new
and modern ones built, whilst new fruit-rooms
and a fine packing-shed are amongst late additions
to the place.

The Vines have been planted by Mr. Pull, and
are all bearing fine crops of fruit : whilst Peach-
trees are also carrying excellent crops. These
gardens possess one of the oldest, if not the
oldest, Fig-tree in the country, and it pccupies
one whole house. Melons were represented at
the time of my visit by two houses of fine fruit ;

138

THE GA R DENERS' CHR ON I CLE.

[AUGUST 12, W05.

as also were Cucumbers. One large house is
devoted to Palms and suitable plants for house
decoration, whilst two other houses are filled
with Orchids, chiefly Cattleyas. Calanthe
Veitchii and hybrids are extensively grown,
there being nearly 200 fine specimens, which will
render a good account of themselves when the
autumn parties tike place. Chrysanthemums
are grown in vast quantities for supplying
flowers for cutting purposes. Strawberries are
forced to the extent of 2,000 plants, Koyal
Sovereign being the favourite variety.

Tree Carnations are well grown, some 400 fine
plants being noticed. Amongst other subjects
grown in large batches at Petworth are Poin-
settias, zonal Pelargoniums for flowering in
winter, Begonia Gloire de Lorraine, B. Gloire de
Sceaux, and a fine batch of Schizanthus
wisetonensis was particularly noticeable.

The kitchen-garden, which is divided into
sections by walls, is very extensive, and the
walls are covered with an up-to-date collection of
hardy fruit - trees, perfect examples of gocd
training. All crops looked promising, and
abundant supplies of vegetables were to be seen
in different stages of growth. The pleasure-
grounds are extensive, and possess some of the
giants of the country in the way of ornamental
trees ; the old Cork-tree, Quercus Suber, is cer-
tainly one of the oldest of its kind on these islands.
Flower gardening is carried out extensively, and
thousands of Pelargoniums, Heliotropes, Calcso-
larias, Verbenas, &c, are required annually for
this purpose.

There is also a Cranberry-bed, not usually seen
in gardens, and Mr. Pull informed me that the
plants always bear heavy crop3, and are much
appreciated. A. C. Smith, Lydhurst.

SOCIETIES.

• —

THE ROYAL HOETICULTUHAL.
Scientific Committee.

August 1. — Present: Dr. 51. T. Masters, F.R.S. (in
the Chair), Rev. W. Wilks, Professor Boulger, Messrs.
Douglas, Saunders, Massee, Druery. Worsdell, Holmes,
Worsley, Sutton, Odell, and Chittenden (Hon.
Secretary).

Mites on Furze. — Mr. Saunders said : "The mites
on Furze sent by Mr. Holmes, which were found so
abundantly at Malvern, are one of the many species of
Tetranychus, or red-spider, and are probably T. lintea-
rius, as this species has been found to spin webs over
Gorse bushes in the way described by Mr. Holmes."

Disease on Mulberry Leaves. — Dr. Cooke reported :
*' The spots on Mulberry leaves are strongly suggestive
of Cercospora moricola, Cooke (sec Journal of the Royal
Horticultural Society, p. 30, pi. xii , fig. 29), but no
hyphae or conidia could be found."

Eggs of Moths on Flowers. — Miss Aldam, of Warms-
worth, Doncaster, sent flowers of Pelargonium on
which masses of eggs had been deposited. Mr.
Saunders reported: "The eggs are those of a moth
belonging to the family Noctuida?, and are very
probably those of the common Y. moth (Plusia gamma),
but the eggs of several members of this family are so
much alike that I cannot say for certain. It is
unusual for moths to lay their eggs on flowers, as the
latter usually wither before the eggs are hatched ; but
many moths lay large numbers of eggs together on the
leaves or stems of plants."

Insects on Apple-trees.— Mr. Saunders also reported
on insects from Apple-trees sent by the Countess of
Leitrim. "The only creatures which were in any
way injurious were the caterpillars of the vapourer-
moth and the froghopper ; the spiders and the long-
legged ' Harvest - men ' are not only harmless but
beneficial in gardens, as they prey on other insects.
The caterpillars of the vapourer-moth (Orgyia antiqua)
feed on a large variety of shrubs and trees. The
caterpillars being hairy are not so easily killed by
spraying as many are, but their food may be made
distasteful or poisonous to them by spraying with
paraffin emulsion or ' Taris green.' The latter sub-
stance is poisonous, and it should not be employed
within a month of the fruit being used for food. The

caterpillars should, if possible, be picked off by hand.
The froghopper belongs to the family Cercopidse. I
should not imagine that they are in such abundance as
to be of any real injury to the trees. The ' Harvest-
men ' are curious-looking creatures, having such small
bodies and long legs. They belong to a family (the
Phalangidas) which are classed between the spiders
proper and the scorpions. They are perfectly harmless
to plants and human beings, and feed on aphides and
other small insects. The small spiders which spin
webs are also very useful in killing various small
winged insects."

Fungus on roots of trees. — Mrs. Ashton. of Roberts-
bridge, Sussex, on digging up two Peach trees which
suffered from silver leaf, found their roots were
covered with fungus. A fungus also appeared on the
floor of a tool-house which backed against the orchard-
house where the Peach tree grew. Dr. Cooke wrote :
"Probably the fungus under the tool-house and that
on the tree roots is the same. It is evident there is a
lirge amount of fungus in the soil, proceeding probably
from dead roots or decaying wood. No trees can
thrive with this in the soil. If possible a deep trench
should be dug between the tool-house floor and the
orchard-house to cut the connection, and lime should
be used freely. The soil should be well dug up about
the fruit trees, and the source of the root fungus
found. Anyhow, the soil must be cleared of the white
fungus mycelium, or all the trees will ultimately be
killed. The soil must be well drained, as the fungus
thrives best in stagnant water. In France it has been
found effective to expose and powder the roots of trees
which are attacked liberally with powdered sulphur.
Thorough and severe steps taken at once iray save
much future trouble and expense."

Pears Cracked and Scabbed. — Dr. BONAVIA sent
Pears from a young tree of Conference, which were
badly cracked owing to the attacks of the fungus
Fusicladium pirinum (see Journal of the Roual Horti-
cultural Society, xxviii. (1903), 14).

Lilium giganteum Rotting. — A shoot of Lilium
giganteum which had rotted off completely near the
point when about 18 inches high, was received from
Mansfield. It was thought that in all probability this
was due to the presence of excessive moisture.

Interesting Orchids. — Mr. F. W. Moore sent from
Glasnevin two species of Megaclinium having a curious
flattened rachis on which the flowers were borne in
two rows, one along the middle of each of the flat faces.
From Sir Trevor Lawrence came specimens of Ne-
phelaphyllum pulchrum, a native of Java, which has
been long in cultivation, but is rarely seen, and of
Theodorea gomezioides, a native of Brazil.

Longevity of Seeds. — As an illustration of this point,
Mr. Wli.KH stated that for the past twenty-six years a
garden rubbish heap had stood in a small wood near
his house, and during that time only Stinging Nettles
had grown upon it. The Stinging Nettles had this
year been uprooted and the heap levelled, and now
wherever the soil had been placed large numbers of
Opium Poppies, Papaver somniferum, had sprung up,
together with one plant of Borage. The only expla-
nation possible was that the Poppy seeds had remained
dormant for the past twenty-six years. Mr. Druery
remarked that a similar thing had occurred when some
soil had been taken from under a house which had
been built quite 100 years. Wherever the soil was
spread, there the Toppies sprung up. Other members
related similar occurrences, in each case Papaver
somniferum being the plant that appeared. Mr.
Holmes mentioned an instance where Hyoscyamus
niger grew under similar circumstances.

Harvest Bugs.— Mr. Wiles asked how harvest bugs
mi»ht be combated. It was recommended to bathe
the affected parts with salt water. Ammonia kills the
bugs, while lard or grease alleviates the pain for a
time.

Sports of Ptcris aquilina. — Mr. Drurt showed
photographs of fronds of Pteris aquilina gathered at
Pitlochry. The fronds were very congested, crested
at the ends, and somewhat crispate. The plant from
which they were taken was growing in very stony
ground.

British Plants.— Mr. HOLMES showed a proliferous
specimen of the common Toad Rush, Juncus bufonius,
and some plants of Matricaria discoidea, an introduced
plant.

Yclloio-.Hoicercd Potato.— Mr. Sutton showed a por-
tion of a Potato-plant bearing yellow or orange-
coloured flowers, with the following notes: "As you

are aware, the flowers of Potato-plants are either white
or some shade of lilac or purple, and until last year I
do not think that an orange-coloured Potato-flower had
been seen or recorded. The history of the plant from
which the accompanying specimen was taken is as
follows :— When inspecting a 20-acre field of the Up-to-
Date Potatos last year in Lincolnshire we noticed an
orange-coloured flower, which in the distance appeared
to be a yellow Nettle, but on closer examination it
proved to be a Potato flower. So far as we could
possibly tell the plant was quite typical of the Up-to-
Date variety, except in the colour of the flower. The
whole field was carefully examined, and no other
yellow or orange - coloured flower could be found.
When the crop was lifted the tubers seemed to
resemble the Up - to - Date Potato in all respects.
Last spring we planted nine of the tubers taken from
these plants, and in every case the plants have
produced orange-coloured flowers, and the foliage in
all respects resembles that of the Up- to Date Potato.
The normal colour of the Up-to-Date flower is of a
rather dark lilac shade." The petals were thickened
along the edge, and were in some cases becoming
staminoid, bearing pollen on the margins,

Omithogalum Ecklonis, d-c.— Mr. Worsley remarked
that the foliage of the plant shown by him at the last
meeting differed from that of the plant as cultivated
at Kew in having a pale green stripe running down the
middle of the upper surface of the leaf. Mr. WORSLEY
also showed some sprays of Tropteolum pentaphyllum
in full flower, gathered from a plant 9 feet high, grown
at Isleworth. He remarked that as the flowers fade
they turn green. He also showed specimens of a semi-
double Canna, and drew attention to the fact that bees
were seen paying considerable attention to the leaves
of Wistaria, which bad on the under surface a consi-
derable amount of a sticky fluid. There were numbers
of aphides on these leaves.

MARKETS.

COVENT GARDEN, August 9.
Cut Foliage, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices;

Asparagus plu-
mosus. long
trails, each ...

— — medium,

bunch ...

short sprays

per bunch...

— Sprengeri ...

— tenuissimus..
Adiantum cunea-

tum, per dozen

bunches

Cycas leaves,

Fern, English, p.
dozen bunches

s.d. s.d.

0 4-06

0 9-10

10-36
0 6-10
9 0-12 0

4 0-60

16-20
10-20

Grasses, hardy, p.

dozen bunches

Ivy-leaves.bronze

— long trails,
per bundle ...

— short green,
doz. bunches

Moss, per gross...
Myrtle, per dozen

bunches

Smilax, p. dozen

trails

Hardy foliage

(various), per

dozen bunches

s.d. s.d.

2 0-40
16-20

10-30

10-16
5 0-60

3 0-50

4 0-60

3 0-40

Cut Flowers, &e. ; Average Wholesale PrlceB.

s.d. s.d

s.d. s.d.

2 0-30
10-40

6 0

16-30
0 6-10
6 0-10 0

3 0
3 0

Alstromeria, per

doz. bunches ...

Asters, per dozen

bunches
Bouvardia, per

doz. bunches
Calla sethiopica,

p. doz. blooms 3 0-40
Carnations, per

doz. blooms,

best American

vars

— smaller do. ...

— Malmaisons ...
Chrysanthemums,

per dz. blooms 2 6-30

— small blooms,
per doz. behs.

Coreopsis, p. doz.

Eucharis grandi-

flora, per dozen

blooms

Gardenias, perdz

blooms

Gladiolus Col
villei. p. doz
bunches
brenchleyensis
p. doz. spikes 0 9-10
Gypsophila, per

dozen bunches 2 0-30
Lilium candidum 0 6-10

— auratuin ... 16-26

— lancifolium,
rubrum and
album

— longiflorum...
-- tigrinum

Lily of the Valley
p. doz. bnchs.

— extra quality 18 0
Marguerites, white,

p. doz. bnchs. 3 0-40

10-20
10 16

0 9-10

10-20
2 0-30
16-20

6 0-90

Marguerites, yel-
low, dz. bunch 2 0-3
Mignonnette.doz.

bunches
i Montbretias, doz.
8 0 bunches

Odontoglossum
crispum, pr. dz.

blooms

Pelargoniums,

Eer dozen
unches :

— Show ...

— Zonal, double
scarlet

— salmon and
pink ...

Poppies, Iceland,

doz. bunches 0 6- 1
Roses, 12 blooms,
Niphetos

— Bridesmaid...

— Kaiserin A.
Victoria

— General Jac-
queminot ...

— C. Mermet ...

— Caroline Test-
out

— Liberty ... -

— Mad. Chatenay 2 0-40

— Mrs. J.Laing. 1

— Sunrise
Stephanotis, per

doz trusses...
Sweet Peas, per

doz. bunches
Sweet Sultan, per

doz. hunches
Tuberoses, per

dozen blooms 0 3-06

— on stems, per
bunch 0 6-11

2 0-40

3 0-60

8 0-26

4 0-60
4 0-8 0

4 0-60

0 6-20
10-20

2 0

0 6-10
10-20

16-30
16-30

10-30
16-26
10-30
3 0-40

AUGUST 12, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

139

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

Artichokes, Green
per dozen ...

Beans, English,
Scarlet Run-
ners, per half
bushel

— Broad, p busb.
Beetroot, per doz.

bunches
Cabbages, p. tall;
Carrots, new,doz.

bunches

— J cwt. bag,
washed

Cauliflowers, doz.
Celery, French, p.
dozen heads
Cucumbers, doz.
. — per flat

— Dutch, p. box
Endive, per doz.
Horseradish, per

dozen bundles

— foreign, per
doz. baskets ..

Mint, per dozen...

Leeks, 12 bundles

Lettuces, Cabbage,

per dozen ...

— English, Cos,
per score ...

8. d. s. d. I s. d. s.d.

Mushrooms(house)

16-20i per lb 06-10

' — Buttons, lb. 0 10- 1 u
Mustard and Cress,
per doz. pun .
0 10- 1 0 : Onions, Egyptian,
0 6- 1 0 I per cwt.

— Spring, p. doz.
2 0- 3 0 | bunches
2 6-361 — Valencia, case

Parsley, per doz.
19-20 bunches

Peas, per bag ...
2 0-30 — English, bush.
16-20' — shelled, quart

Radishes, p. doz.
2 6-30 bunches
16-36 Sorrel, half bush.
5 0-60 Spinach, bush. ...
16-20 Tomatos, English,

19-20 p. lb

i — seconds, p. lb.
8 0-10 0 — Jersey, p. lb.

— Valencia, per
8 0-10 0 ' package
10-20 Turnips, new. doz.
2 0-36 bun

Vegetable Marrows,
0 6-1 6 per tally ... 16-30

Watercress, per
0 9- 1 6 doz. bunches . 0 4-06

. 0 11-1 3

3 6-10

2 6-30

4 6-50

16-20

5 0-66
2 0-30
0 6-10

0 8-13
10 —

10-20

0 3 —
0 21 —
0 2J-0 3

6 0-12 6
16-30

Plants In Pots, &c : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. 8. It.
3 0-50

Aral la Sieboldl, p.

dozen

Araucaria excelsa,

per dozen
Aspidistras, green
per doz.

— variegated,
per doz.

Asparagus plu-
mosus nanus,
per doz.

— Sprengeri.per
dozen

— tenuissimus
per doz.

Begonias, tuber-
ous, per doz.

Campanula iso-
phylla, p. doz.

— Mayi, per doz.

— pyramidalis...
Cannas, per doz.
Chrysanthemum

coronarium,

double yellow,

per dozen

Coleus, per dozen

Crotons, per doz.

CocosWeddelliana

per doz.
Cyperus alterni-
folius, per

dozen

Dracaenas, per

dozen

Eulalia japonica

variegata
Euonymus, per

dozen

Ferns, in thumbs,
per 100

— in 48's, p. doz.

— in 32*8, per
dozen

s.d. s. d.
4 0-90
18 0-30 0
21 0-30 0
30 0-42 0

9 0 12 0

4 0-60

2 6-30

8 0-12 0
12 0-30 0

12 0-21 0

Fuchsias, p. doz.

Ficus elastica, p.

doz

— repens, per
dozen

Heliotropes, per

dozen
Hydrangea Hor-
tensia. perdz.

— paniculata ...
'.' 0-12 0 Kentia Belmore-

ana, per doz... 12 0-18 0
6 0-90' — Fosteriana, p,

i doz

6 0-12 0 Lantanas, per

[ dozen 9 0-12 0

3 0- 4 0 i Lataniaborbonica,
per doz. ... 12 0-18 0

4 0-80, L i 1 1 u m longi-
6 0-80 florum.perdoz. 90-120
9 0-12 0 Marguerites,whit«,

5 0-60 per dozen ... 40-80

— yellow ... 9 0-12 0
Pelargoniums,

per doz,. Show.

6 0-80^ — Ivy-leaved ...

2 6- 4 0 | — zonal

12 0-30 0 — scarlet do. ...

Privet. golden, per

12 0-30 0 dozen

Rhodanthe, per
dozen

3 0-60 Roses, H. P. s, per
dozen

9 0-24 0 — Dorothy Per-
kins, each ...
12 0-18 0 Selaginella, p. doz. 3 0-50
Spiraea japonica,

4 0-90 per doz. ... 40-90
Verbena, Miss

8 0-12 0 Willmott, per

4 0-10 0 dozen 4 0-60

— scarlet, per
10 0-18 0 dozen 4 0-60

9 0-12 0

4 0-60
3 0-50
3 0-40

5 0-60
3 0-40
9 0-18 0
3 0-60

Apples, T a s-
manian, case

Apricots, per box
— French, p. half
bushel

Bananas, bunch

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.
i.d. s.d.

8 0-14 0
0 10-1 0

0-7 0
6 0-12 0

Giants, bunch, 12 0-15 0

3 0-60
10-16

— Jamaica

— loose, per doz.
Cherries, Dutch,

p. half bushel 6 6-76

— Morello, per
half bushel ...

Currants, Black,

p. half bushel 5 0-60

— Red, per half
bushel

Figs, per dozen...
French Plums, p.

half sieve ...
Gooseberries, per

half bush, ripe
Grape-fruit, case
Grapes, Alicante,

per lb 10-16

— Madresfleld.lb. 2 0-26

7 0-96

3 6-50
16-40

3 6-50

2 0-26
20 0-26 0

Grapes, Gros
Maroc, p. lb.

— Hambro, p. lb.

— Muscats, lb....

— Denia, white,
per barrel ...

black, per

barrel

— Lisbon, case
Lemons, Naples,

per case

Melons, each

— French, Rock

— Valencia,
per case

Melon Pears, per
dozen

Nectarines, A., p.
dozen

— B., per dozen
Oranges, Jamaica,

per case

Peaches, A., doz.

— B., per doz. ...
Pines, each
Raspberries, p. lb.

s.d. e.d.

16-20
0 10-1 6
10-46

8 o-n o

5 0-80

20 0-3D 0
10-26
2 6-30

10 0-16 0

4 0-46

8 0-15 0
10-40

17 C-24 6
8 0-12 0
16-60
2 0-46
0 5-10

Remarks. — Tomatos have fallen considerably in price,
owing to the arrival of large quantities, both foreign
and English. Ripe Bananas will be scarcer towards
the end of this week, owing to the majority of stuff
arriving green. Cucumbers are a very bad trade
indeed, owing to the large arrivals of Dutch crates.
Nectarines are very plentiful of the small size, but best
stuff is worth a good price ; the same with Peaches.
The "Claret" Bananas are expected to arrive shortly,
nothing certain as to quantity or time of arrival.
English Apples are fairly good, quantities are increas-
ing daily. Trade generally very quiet. E. II. Rides,
Coeent Garden.

OOVENT QARDEN FLOWER MARKET.

Trade duriDg the past week has been duller than at
any period of the year, many growers are not send-
ing anything, and those who do find it difficult to
sell what they have. In flowering plants Lilium lauci-
folium rubrum is considerably overdone, and there is
little trade for other Liliums. Verbenas and Heliotrope
are also considerably in excess of the demand. Zonal
Pelargoniums continue over-plentiful, and there are
still some very good show and Ivy-leaved varieties.
Marguerites are not so plentiful. Some moderately
good Fuchsias are still seen, but most of the
plants are not of the first quality. Campanulas
are still over-plentiful ; Cannas do not last well.
Ferns are not so numerous just now as several
growers are not sending consignments, but the
supplies are fully equal to all demands. Small
Ferns sell fairly well, but there is very little trade for
the larger plants. Some very good Codia^ums (Crotons)
are seen. There is a little demand for these for
country trade. Aspidistras are more plentiful, and
they are a little cheaper, but as tho plants do not suffer
much injury if they are left over, they are never cleared
out very cheaply. A good many hardy shrubs are now
coming in, but there will be very little trade for any
pot plants until the middle of September.

Cut Flowers.
Supplies are over plentiful. Roses are generally very
indifferent in quality, but some of the blooms are good.
Carnations are good ; it is the American varieties that
are the most useful. We now get good blooms of these
all the year through. The flowers may not be quite so
large just now, but they have long stiff stems, and are
useful. Our very best border varieties do not compare
favourably with these for the reason that they do not
stand erect so well. Chrysanthemums are more nu-
merous, but the best quality blooms still keep up in
price, Asters and Liliums are over-plentiful. Some
good Montbretias are seen. Lily of the Valley, Gar-
denias, Tuberoses, and Stephanotis continue to be
plentiful. Some good Orchids are seen, and though
not over-abundant, they are equal to all demands.
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum and some of the
improved varieties of the "Shasta" Daisies arc
plentiful. Gladioli are seen all round the market, and
are sold very cheaply. All kinds of ornamental foliage
is plentiful, and at closing time this morning mu;h
remained unsold. .1. if., Wednesday, August 9.

THE WEATHER.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

The following are the latest wholesale prices to hand
from the undernoted markets :—

Liverpool.— Vegetables : Potatos, 2s. 9d. to 5s. per
cwt. ; Turnips, 6d. to 8<(. per dozen bundles ; Swedes,
3s. to 3s. 3d. per cwt. ; Carrots, 6d. to Sd. per dozen
bunches ; Cucumbers, Is. 9d. to 3s. per dozen : Onions,
foreign. Is. 6d. to 3s. per bag; Parsley, 6rf. to 9d. per
dozen bunches : Lettuces, 6d. to8d. per dozen ; Cabbages,
till, to 8d. do. Peas, 3s. 6d. to is. per hamper ; Beans.
Is. 6d. to 2s. do. ; do., Kidney, Sd. to lOd. per peck ;
Scarlet Runners, sd. to lOd. do.— Fruit : Lemons, lis. to
25s. per package; Oranges, 9).. to 15s. do.; Melons, 10s.
to 153. do. ; Apples, Oporto, 7s. to 9s. do. ; Grapes.
Almeria, 5s. to 9s. do. ; Bananas, Canary, 7s. to 9s. 6d do.

Edinburgh.— Grapes, English, is. 6d. per lb. ; do.
foreign. Denia. green, 8s. 6d. per barrel ; do. black,
10s. 6d. to 12s. 6d. do. ; Lemons, 28s. per case ; Apples,
Lisbon, 12s. 6d. per case ; Nuts, Brazilian, 35s. to 35s. 6d.
per bag; Melons, lis. to 15s. per case; Bananas, 5s. 6d.
to 10s. per bunch ; Figs, 9s. per dozen ; Tomatos, Scotch,
5d. to 8d. per lb. ; do. Guernsey, 4d. to 5d. do. ;
Onions, Egyptian, 4s. per cwt.; do, Valencia, 5s. 6d. to
6s. 6d. per box; Carrots, is. per dozen; Gooseberries,
3s. 9d. to 4s. 6d. per half sieve.

os. va. io is. oa. per nan Eieve.

Dublin.— Cabbages, 7s. to 17s. per load ; Cauliflowers,
2s. to 2s. 6d. per basket; Parsley, 2s. 6d. to fs.
per bag ; Parsnips, lOd. to is. per dozen ; Turnips,
white, 4d. to lOd. per bunch ; Scallions (youDg Onions),
4d. to 4!,d. per bundle ; Salad 6d. to is. per dozen :
Thyme, id. to 5d. per bunch : Carrots, 7d. to sd. per
dozen ; Potatos, 4s. 6d. to 4s. Sd. per cwt. and 5s. for top

Info

lots

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. A. Shakelton, late Gardener to Miss Duncombe.
Hadlow House, Uckfleld. Sussex, and formerly at
The Grange, Nawton, York, as Gardener to Lieut. -
Col. Gundry, Grange, Honiton, Devon.

Mr. George Nelson, for the past six years Gardener to
the late R. E. Ll. Richards, Esq., Caerv-nwch.
Dolgelly, North Wales, as Gardener to ViscouDt
Newport, Castle Broinwich Hall, near Birmingham.

Mr. Irwin Hughes, late in the gardens at Waddesdon
Manor, and previously Foreman at Birr Castle, as
Gardener to Sir Edward W. Blackett, Bart.,
Matfen Hall, Corbridge-on-Tyne.

Mr. Arthur Hoare, late Gardener to General Beres-
ford, Rugby Lodge, Rugby, as Gardener to R, L.
Barclay, Esq., Frogmore Lodge, St. Albans.

Mr. F. Wickens, late Inside Foreman at Franks Hall,
Farningham, Kent, as GardcDer to Sir Hcrace
Marshall, The Chimes, Streatham, S.W.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS taken in the
Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens at Wisley,
Surrey. Height above sea - level 150 feet. The
following are the "mean" readings for the week
ending August 5, 1905.

51

Tempera-

Temperature

o

tube ofthe

1905.

of the Air.

m
«
p

SOILat9A.M.

H

<
a .

t>

■

At9A.M.

>

H

d

-4

s

<

3 a

5°

5

a

a

-A

•O

<D

m
2

*3

o

■*»
©

+->

o

to!

O

XI

00

o

■2

©

S"g

3

•a

00

*»

g

,!i

A

•i

£ §

B

«

CJ

* <

t»

43

tc

o

J

-<

■<

<

a £ a

w

M

bo

e*>

bo

o

o

«

©

B

V

V

a

hr. mio.

■o

•o

*a

■a

T3

•a

T3

■a

Tot

Means

62

57

70

54

49

65

65

63

066

7 56

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

The Following Summary Record of the weather
throughout the British Islands, for the week ending
August 5, is furnished from the Meteorological Office:—

"The nea'her was at first fine and dry over England,
but showery in Ireland and Scotland. After Tuesday
rain extended from the westward over the entire
kingdom, and for the remainder of the week the
weather was exceedingly unsettled, with heavy rain in
the western and northern districts. Thunder was
heard at a few isolated stations in England and Ireland
on Tuesday, and thunderstorms occurred over Lanca-
shire and North Wales on Thursday, in several parts of
Scotland on Friday, and in the East and South east of
England on Saturday.

"The temperature differed but little from the normal.
Over the country generally it was slightly below the
normal, but in Scotland, E., and Ireland, S., it agreed
precisely with the average, while in England, N.E.
and E., and the Channel Islands there was a trifling
excess. The highest readings, which occurred at times
varying greatly in the different localities, ranged from
77° in England, S., and 75° in England, E., and the
Midland Counties, to 67° in Irelaud, N., and to 61° in
Scotland, N. The lowest readings, which also occurred
on various dates, ranged from 37° in England, S.W. (at
Llangammarch. Wells>, and 40° in the Midland Counties
and England, S., to 46° in England, N.E., and to 55° in
the Channel Islands.

"The rainfall was in excess of the mean in most
districts, but was either equal to or slightly less than
the mean in England, N.E. and E. Between the 2nd
and 4th heavy local falls were reported at many places
in the west and north.

"The bright sunshine exceeded the mean in all
districts excepting England, S., and the Channel
Islands ; in Ireland and in England, N.E., the excess
was large. The percentage of the possible duration
ranged from 49 in England, N.E.. and 46 in England, E.,
and the Channel Islands, to 39 in Scotland, E.,
England, N.W., and to only 25 in Scotland, N."

and

THE WEATHER IN WEST HERTS.

One very cold night.— During the past week there
occurred but one unseasonably warm day, and even
then the temperature in the thermometer-screen did
not exceed 72°. On the other hand all the nights but
one proved warm. On the one cold night, however,
the thermometer exposed on the lawn fell to within
6° of the freezing-point — a very low reading for
so early in the month. Both at 2 feet and 1 foot
deep the ground is at the present time slightly
warmer than is seasonable. Some rain fell on four
days of the week, but the total measurement was
not much more than half-an-inch. These rains have
not been sufficient to affect even the bare soil
percolation gauge, through which no measurable
quantity has passed for nearly a month, although
each day a few drops still continue to trickle through
it during the twenty-four hours. The sun shone on an
average for nearly six hours a day, or for about ten
minutes a day less than a seasonable duration. On two
days moderately high winds were recorded, the highest
mem velocity for any hour reaching 16 miles on each
of those days-direction south; but during the rest of
the week calms and light airs prevailed. The nuan
amount of moisture in the air at 3 o'clock in the after-
noon was as much as 8 per cent, in excess of t le
average quantity for that hour at the beginn ng of
August. E. If., Berkhaimted, August 9, 19^5.

\For actual temperature and condition of baromtler a',
time «/ giing t) Prest, see p. 13J.

140

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[AUGUST 12, 1905.

Correspondents

Bean : J. T. The Bean you send is that named
and figured in the English edition of Vilmorin's
Vegetable Garden as the Grey Zebra Runner
Kidney Bean. It has also been called Luna
and American. It is not considered suitable to
our climate.

Begonia : H. J. M. The leaves are attacked with
a minute insect, called the Begonia - mite.
Dip the shoots in tobacco-water.

Begonias: Louqhborough. You do not say
whether all your plants or only some show
the variegated foliage. It is, of course, the
result of the absence of the green colouring
matter (chlorophyll), but why this has
happened we do not know.

Books on Tkees, &c. : A. B. C. Tou will find
what you want in Schlich's Manual of Forestry,
vol. i. (Bradbury, Agnew & Co.). We are not
sure, but we think the volumes can be had
separately. The Uses of Plants, by G. S.
Boulger (Roper & Drowley, Ludgate Hill), or
Commercial Botany of the Nineteenth Century,
by J. R. Jackson (Cassell & Co.), contain some
of the information you require. You might
also consult the Guide to the Museums of
Economic Botany, to be had on application to
the Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kew, at a
low price.

Carnation : II. C. Evidently the work of some
insect. We cannot say which one. Keep a
sharp look-out, especially at night. — A. C. L.
A good border Carnation, but it is impossible
for us to name it. You might send it to a
Carnation specialist. It may be an unnamed
seedling.

Cucumber Leaves : 8. F. A bad case of Melon
and Cucumber " spot." The best methods of
treatment have been given in recent issues,
and its cure by means of sulphur was described
by Mr. H. W. Ward on p. 96.

Fig-leaf : Mac. The leaf is very badly infested
with red-spider, and this pest has caused the
discolouration. It is unfortunate that jou have
to cultivate Fig trees in a vinery, and at the
warmer end, because they require very copious
syringings at all times, except just when the
Figs are ripening. They are very liable to
attacks of red-spider, which good cultivators
try to prevent by pruning the trees in such a
manner that they will not become crowded
with growths; also by refraining from using
more fire-heat than is necessary, by applying
a3 much ventilation as the condition of the
weather permits, by copiously syringiDg the
trees twice each day when the sun is bright,
and the fruits are not actually ripening, and by
maintaining a considerable degree of moisture'
in the atmosphere by night as well as by day.

Fruit-trees in Pots: J. F. The Apple, Pear,
and Plum trees would succeed in pots or tubs
of the size you mention (20 inches in diameter
and 13 inches deep), providing that they are
given suitable treatment. You must bear in
mind, however, that fruit trees when grown
in this manner require very much more
attention and skilled treatment than they
would need if cultivated in the open ground.
If you are an amateur with little or no experi-
ence in the matter, you had better procure a
copy of Fruit Trees in Pots, by Josh. Brace, from
our Publishing Department, price 5s. 3d. post-
free. We suppose jou have no garden suitable
for the trees? If jou have there is little pur-
pose to be served by having them in pots
unless you intend to cultivate the trees for
some period of the year at least in a glass-
house. We have only space to state further
that your trees for pot culture should be worked
upon dwarfing stocks, such as the Paradise
Quince. &c , and if you do not know how to
prune the trees get some competent person to
give you a practical lesson in the work. Your
tubs or pots must be wtll drained.
Fuchsia fjlgens : C. A. P. Probably some
error in watering is the reason for the flowers
falling prematurely.

Grapes : Vitis. The remedy consists in keeping
the conditions of the house, such as the degree,
atmospheric temperature, and moisture as
uniform as possible, and in supplying the roots
with a proper degree of moisture, that they
may not suffer from drought at one time and
excess of water at another. Growth will then
be continuous and normal.

Honey : JV. D. You should advertise for what
you want. It is of no interest to our readers
to print such questions in the Editorial
columns.

Melon-root : Aston T. A bad case of eelworms
at the root. Burn the plants, turn out the
soil, and supply fresh soil that has been baked
or otherwise sterilised. Your order has been
handed to the Publisher.

Names of Fruits : IV. B. We think the Grape
is a moderate sample of the variety Gros
Colmar, but owing to the berries being much
under ripe and to the fact that they were
crushed during transit through improper pack-
ing it is not possible to be certain. — G. Nottage.
Peach, Crimson Galande. — /. E. Plum, Early
Favourite, raised by Mr. Rivers at the same
time as Early Rivers.

Names of Plants : J. C. S( S. Salvia Hor-
minum. — Japonica. Cattleya granulosa and
Oncidiuin prsetextum. — Mae. Begonia " Presi-
dent Carnot." — IV. T., Gloucester. Dendrobium
crystallinum. It is often collected with D.
Bensonoe, and in the short-bulbed form is not
easy to distinguish from it when not in flower,
though usually the pseudo-bulbs are much
longer and more slender than those of D.
Bensonffi. The flowers had withered, but the
peculiar anther-cap renders identification easy.

— Svcenstone. 1, Trachelium cccruleuin ; 2,
Lysimachia ; we found no Carnation. — Shrub.
1, Thuya nootkatensis ; 2, Pyrus Aria, White
Beam; 3, Cupressus Lawsoniana variety; 4,
Leucothoe spinulosa. We do not think the
tying-up of the shrubs you mention had any-
thing to do with their death. A certain pro-
portion might be expected to suffer from trans-
planting.— Croydonian. Your plant is an Orni-
thogalum of some sort, but the material you send
is not sufficient for us to identify the species.
Why address the publisher on such a matter ?
A. T. L. The blue flower is not an Orchid, it
is Ophiopogon Jaburan. The Orchids next week.

— W. D. You have tied scraps of thin paper
round the specimens, which scraps are difficult
to remove, and are soaked with moisture from
the plants — worse than all, you have not num-
bered them. The white flower is Lysimachia
clethroides, the small blue flower is Anchusa
italica, the large blue flower is Gentiana ascle-
piadea ; then there is a Valerian, and the pale
lilac flower with hairy leaves is Phacelia
tanacetifolia. — H. W. G. So far as we can tell,
the leaf is that of Ailanthus glandulosa. — F. C.
Rhustyphina. — T.M.N.,Cape Colony. l,Lastrea
trichodes of gardens; 2, Asplenium dimor-
phum ; A. bulbiferum biforme ; 4, Adiantum
Waltoni ; 5, A. cuneatum mundulum ; 0, A.
cuneatum elegans ; 7, A. cuneatum variety.

Onions : D. R. D. The bulbs are affected with
the Onion -mildew (Peronospora Schleideni).
Use a free application of flowers-of-sulphur,
and do not cultivate Onions on the same ground
again for several years to come.

Peach : A. B. R. The splitting of the stone is
difficult to account for. In the first place the
stone is not properly formed, then fungus has
got in, and the fruit has fallen. Some adverse
condition during the stoning period has caused
the mischief, but what we cannot say.

Peas : An Old Reader. The Peas are attacked by
the Pea-mildew, Erysiphe Martii. Spray the
plants twice a week with a solution of potassium
sulphide, 2 oz. dissolved in 3 gallons of water.
Some varieties are much more susceptible than
others to attacks of this disease.

Ownership of Stock in a Nurserv : One in
Doubt. If the gardener or foreman brought
the original stock to the nursery, and made no
arrangement with his employer by which such
stock should remain his own or partly his own

property, then the employer would be able to
claim it, notwithstanding that the man had
propagated and increased the stock without
receiving orders from his master, and without
his master's knowledge. The reason is that,
although the original stock was never pur-
chased by the master, it has been maintained
and increased in the master's time and with
his materials, and presumably by labour for
which the master has had to pay. A servant
should make an arrangement with his employer
before doing such work.

Peaches : A. B. D. You do not say at what
stage of growth the fruits fall ? We suspect
that the two trees you describe as fruiting
badly are growing too vigorously, and the
cutting back of the growths with a knife will
only make matters worse. If you believe
them to be making shoots that are abnormally
strong let the trees be lifted in October, and
the roots be pruned a little.

Pears: T. H. S. The so - called Pear-'fruit"
is really a swelling of the flower-stalk, the true
fruit being the core, which is embedded in the
fleshy stalk. In your case the core is not
formed. Such instances are not uncommon,
and have often been illustrated in the Gar-
deners' Chronicle. If you were a cute American
you would "boom" them as specimens of a
coreless Pear. We do not advise you to do
this, as we expect the enterprise would not
pay ! They are botanical curiosities only.

Preparing Grass-land for Onions . Constant
Reader. Apply powdered lime at the rate of
20 cwt. per acre before the grass is disturbed,
and when rain is expected; it will then get
well washed into the haunts of vermin of all
kinds, of which it is a good preventive and
cure. It is also an important fertiliser, com-
bining with other chemical elements in the
soil and rendering them available food for
plants. The folding and feeding of sheep
is a simple and effective way of enriching the
soil, and should be followed by deep cultivation,
of which trenching is the best means, adding
plenty of farmyard manure, and burying it at
least 0 inches deep. This should be done if
possible two months before the time of
sowing the seeds. The influence of the
weather will then sweeten and mellow the soil.
To produce bulbs of the best appearance and
longest keeping qualities, seeds sown in the
spring are better than autumn - sown seeds.
If they are sown during February in boxes
placed in an atmosphere of an intermediate
temperature, and the seedlings afterwards trans-
planted, a considerable advantage is gained.
Soot is an excellent manure for Onions at any
season, and nitrate of soda may be applied
with advantage when the bulbs are forming j
but ca*e must be exercised in its use, about
1 i lb. to 50 square yards may be applied with
safety. See also note under "The Kitchen
Garden," on p. 129.

Tomato : Lee. From your letter we gather that
the plants have been afforded soil that is too
rich in manures, or that you have applied liquid
or artificial manures in excess of the require-
ments of the plants. You are peifectly right in
supposing that the cutting away of great sappy
leaves is extravagant, for it is sheer waste of
the energies of the plants. At the same time,
if your plants have made such enormous leaves
and these are shading the fruits more than is good
for them, you may shorten theleaves bypinching
the ends from them. Another time let the
plants be put into porous soil of only moderate
richness, and make the soil very firm about the
roots, which will cause growth to be made
more slowly, and less long-jointed. Do not
afford manures of any kind until the plants
have set some fruits, but afterwards the
requirements of the crop will prevent the
plants becoming unduly gross. Procure a copy
of Tomato - culture for Amateurs, by B. C.
Ravenseroft, price is. 2d. post-free, from our
Publishing Department.

Communications Received.— A. H.— J. H.— S. YV. F.-
W. B. S.— E. Spiotta, Genoa— G. M., Naumburg-u-S — .
C. M.-G. W. H.— H. H.^Felix-A. D.— C. T. D.—
W. J. W.-A. Y. L.-W. D.-A. M.-D. K.

August 10, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

141

THE

barters' dptnmkto

No. 973.— SA TURD A Y, August 19, 1905.

CONTENTS.

Apple Fivo - Crown

Pippin 155

Books, notices of—

Botanical Magazine lot

British Trees 160

Flora and Sylva ... 151

Flore de France ... 1st

The Estate Nursery 151

Battersea Park 152

Burnham Beeches ... 141

Campanulas of the

carpatica group ... 145

China, plant-collecting

in 146

Chrysanthemum show

in Paris 151

Conifers, blue 147

CoventGarden Market,

changes in 151

Daphne, the species of 152

Douglas Fir at Scone,

the 1S4

Eremurus, a hybrid ... 151

Eucryphia pinnati-

folia ir>l

Exhibiting Sweet Peas 151

Fern-pest, a new ... 154

Forestry—

The Locust Tree ... 155

Fruit crops, remarks

on the 155

Fruit-growing in

British Columbia ... 151

Fruit-tree budding ... 114

Grafting the Carua lion

upon the Saponaria. 150

Horticulture, endow-
ment for 144

Kew uotes 1 16

Nicotianas, hybrid ...

Oak-trees at Stuttgart

Obituary-
Keith (Rev.) W. ...

Orchid disease, a new

Oversea supplies

Pli loses at Cardiff
Flower Show

Plants, new or note-
woithy—
Cycas Micholitzii ...

Potato trials

Queensland State Nur-
sery at Cairns

Red Currants

Kosary, the

Schizanthus, the cul-
tivation of

Seed harvest, the

Societies —
Gardeners' Debating
Newbury Horticul-
tural

Kamsey Horticul-
tural

Royal Botanic
Royal Horticultural
Royal Horticultural

of Ireland ...
United Hoit Benefit
and 1'rovidcut ...

Week's work, the —

Apiary, the

Flower garden, the
Fruits under glass...
Hardy fruit garden
Kitchen garden, the
Orchid houses, the
Plants under glass

151
154

158
153
151

142
150

150
lot
145

155

141

158

158
150
156

149
148
141)
14H
US
148
14'.'

145
146
143
153

153

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Campanula carpatica -'White Star "

Crate for the transit of honey

Cycas Micholitzii 142,

Daphne Mezereum album, a flowering spray of

Orchid leaf fungus, Hemileia americana

Schizanthus flowering in Endcliffc Grange Gardens,

Sheffield
View in the State Nursery at Cairns, Queensland

(Supplementary Illustration)

BURNHAM BEECHES.

IN September, 1737, Thomas Gray, the
poet, who, by the way, became at a
later date a painstaking student of Linnrean
botany, wrote to his friend Horace Walpole
from his uncle's house at Burnham, where
he was spending part of his vacation.
"I have," he says, " at the distance of half
a mile through a green lane, a, forest (the
vulgar call it a common) all my own — at
least as good as so, for I spy no human
thing in it but myself. It is a little chaos
of mountains and precipices ; mountain?,
it is true, that do not ascend much above
the clouds, nor are the declivities quite so
amazing as Dover cliff, but just such hills
as people who love their necks as well as I
do may venture to climb, and crags that
give the eye as much pleasure as if they
were more dangerous. Both vale and hill
are covered with most venerable Beeches
and other very reverend vegetables that,
like most other ancient people, are always
dreaming out their old stories to the winds.
. . . The timorous hare and sportive squirrel
gambol around me, like Adam in Paradise
before he had an Eve ; but I think he did
not use to read Virgil, as I commonly do
there."

The beauty-spot which the poet thus dis-
covered to the world has many interesting
associations. We read of an abbey founded
at Burnham in the thirteenth century by
Richard, Earl of Cornwall, the brother of
Henry III., who only just missed becoming
Emperor; but we are not aware of any
vestige of monastic buildings now re-
maining. In the reign of Elizabeth the

Abbey lands were held on lease by Paul
Wentworth, whose name was destined a
little later to play a prominent part in
English history; whilst it was during the
tenancy of Lord Grenville, First Lord of the
Treasury, some two centuries later, that the
world-famed Pinetum was commenced in
the adjoining domain of Dropmore. It was
to East Burnham Cottage that Richard
Brinsley Sheridan brought his beautiful
bride, who had been Miss Linley ; and in
1838 this house was bought by George Grote.
Here he planned and mainly wrote his
History of Greece, building with the profits
the house he named History Hut, in which
its completion was celebrated at Christmas,
1855, by the brewing of a bowl of punch ;
and here the historian was visited by
Hallam, Cornewall Lewis, De Tocqueville,
Bunsen, and others. In these days it is the
residence of one as famous in horticulture
as Grote in literature.

It is, however, for its natural beauties, and
not for its associations, that we value
Burnham Beeches today; and it was as a
little oasis of pristine forest charm in the
midst of a commonplace neighbourhood,
and at no great distance from the metropolis,
that the Corporation of London purchased
374 acres of it in 1879 for £6,000. Assuredly
it was money well spent, and the public are
much indebted to Mr, Francis George
Heath, who persuaded the City to make the
purchase, and has added to our obligation
to him by preparing a valuable guide-book
to this forest in miniature. The pollarded
Beeches— the work, it is said, of Cromwell's
soldiers— 20 feet or more in girth at 3 feet
from the ground, excel in their picturesque
distortion the finest specimens of HighBeech
or Monk's Wood in Epping Forest; while
the lawn by which they stand recalls the
glories of the New Forest. Silent pools of
dark water present beauties which none of
the ponds of Epping can rival ; the silver
stems of slender Birches are reflected in
their surfaces; fine tapering Hollies border
a wide stretch of open heath ; and with
doubtful fitness the bloom of many Rhodo-
dendrons, planted before the Corporation
took possession, mingle with sombre Yews
in the denser groves of young Beech and
Oak. A view of these picturesque trees was
given in our number for April 9, 1904.

Traversed, no doubt, by too many roads
with unnecessarily conspicuous sign-posts,
this peaceful remnant of ancient woodland
is sufficiently remote from railways and the
busy haunts of men to retain much of the
attraction that endeared it to Gray. B.

SOME RESULTS OF THE SEED
HARVEST.

The seed harvest season has been one of the
most favourable in late years. On light lands
the crops have been rushed owing to the drought,
and there has been a danger of Broad Beans
being affected by the smother-fly, but on the
whole they seem to promise well.

Peas. — As has been the case in recent years,
garden Peas will form an interesting item. Early
varieties, now generally harvested, are disappoint-
ing in England, and the yield is light. The New
Zealand crops of the early dwarf sorts are also
below the average, but as these are not so much
grown as formerly there will probably be enough.
In some of the districts in Germany some of the
crops of early Peas were almost entirely destroyed
by hail when ready to harvest. At the moment

of writing the later varieties show a great short-
age on account of the continued drought, the
blight having attacked the late pods. There is-
evidence also of damage in the way of worm-
eaten Peas, so that Pea-picking will be again a
serious item of expense. Early buyers will be>
the most fortunate.

Beans. — Broad and long-pod promise well and
should be plentiful, but it is not too late for
the blight to appear. Eunner Beans now in bloom,
promise well, but in Germany the acreage is very
small indeed. Dwarf French Beans promise-
well, and should be reasonable in price.

Cabbages. — Cabbages are yielding well, but as
the supply of the fancy sorts, such as Ellam's and
Wheeler's, is practically exhausted, there will be
ample room for all that will be saved. Cattle-
Cabbage is plentiful, and there is seed of last
year in most warehouses. French crops of
Cabbage are very small, but there was a heavy
yield last year, sufficient perhaps for two seasons.
The Dutch growers also had good crops, but
generally speaking the Continental varieties are
not such as affect the English trade.

1,000-Ueaded Kale, so much in demand for
feeding purposes, is of a much smaller acreage
than usual this season.

Broccoli. — These are chiefly grown in Essex.
AU the crops have done well, and there is likely to-
be a good supply of seeds of most sorts.

Savoy Cabbages. — That popular variety Green
Curled promises to be short in yield, and prices
are a little advanced. Other sorts promise an
average crop, as do all the Kales. Prices will!
remain at about the usual level.

Onions. — This will be the most interesting crop
this season, and seeds are expected to realise very
high prices. One main and perhaps principal
reason for this scarcity is that the bulbs last
season were worth so much money that in-
stead of being planted for seed they were sold
on the market. Added to the short acreage of
home-grown seed, hailstorms have done enormous
damage to the crops in Germany, and in California
there is not more than two-thirds of the usual
acreage. Altogether things look very unsatis-
factory indeed, and as there is no seed in stock
some growers anticipate that the cheaper sorts,,
such as White Spanish, will be worth as much as
5s. per lb. before the season is over.

Leeks. — After two or three years of plentiful
harvests the seed crop promises to be very short,
and the yield is already being bought up.

Radish. — The promise of the crops is found to-
vary considerably in the leading producing
districts. In some parts of Germany the yield1
promises to be very good, but the crops in
Anjou up to the present are disappointing,
English crops of Radish require rain.

Cress. — This promises fairly well, and there-
should be good samples if the present weather
continues.

Carrot. — The yield in Germany is expected to
be very short, but there are highly promising
crops in the south of France, while they are fair
in Anjou, and are better nearer Paris. White
Belgian Carrot will probably bear an advance
in price.

Lettuce. — Both the Cos and Cabbage varieties--
promise excellent yields, and the harvest should
be again a plentiful one.

Parsley. — Home crops promise an excellent
yield, but less seed than usual is likely to be
forthcoming from the Continent.

Summary. — On the whole, the crops promise a
fair supply. Onions and Leeks will be the
scarcest articles, Peas are generally worm-eaten,,
and the crops short. A great deal depends, how-
ever, on the actual damage done by the exceedingly
heavy hailstorms in the seed-growing districts of
Germany. Pisum.

142

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 10, 190#.

Fig. 48.— cycas micholitzii, Dyer : entire plant.
Male plant with cone, showing also subterranean caudex and a leal. (Much reduced.)

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

CYCAS MICHOLITZII, Dyek.*
I am afraid the pressure of other work has
compelled rne to defer too long the formal de-

* Cyeas Micholitzii, sp. n. Caudex subterraneus,
H'pcd. longus l J poll, crassus. Folia pauca, ad 10 ped.
longa, basi ad 4 ped. aculeis armata, pinnulis 8 poll.
longis, fere 2-dicbotomis, scgnientis ;; poll. lati?.

scription of a new and very remarkable species of
Cycas which Mr. F. Sander has placed in my
hands.

We owe this interesting discovery to Mr. W.
Micholitz, Messrs. Sander & Sons' collector, who
had the good fortune to find the plant in Annam.

Strobilus mas (juvenilis) ad i> poll, longus, squamis
antheriferis brerissirneacuniinatis. Carpopbylli lamina
terminal is oliov.Uorhonibeasuperne prof node pe -tinnl I-
lacera. Annam. Legitcl. M!-;holitz. I1'. T. TMselton-Dyer.

Complete material for its study came last year
into the possession of my friend Mr. Ridley, the
accomplished and enthusiastic Director of tho
Botanic Gardens, Singapore. The. new species is
so unlike any other Cycas in its foliage that it is
scarcely a matter of surprise that Mr. Ridley
proposed to make it the type of a new genus. I*>
this however, for reasons to be presently ex-
plained, I found myself unable to concur; and
Mr. Ridley, learn'ng that I was interested in it

August 19, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

143

C DeAlA

Fig. 49.— cycas micholitzii, Dyer: details of foliage and male cone.

A-^Male cone (probably immature). c— Upper surface of scale of male cone, showing anthers.

B-Lower surface of scale ot male cone, showing anthers. D— Carpophyll with immature fruits.

E— Pinnules half natural size.

■verykindly placed all his material at my disposal. repeated dichotomy of the leaf pinnules. If we Cycadeas. This conclusion was, however, rudely

I am further indebted to him for the drawings except the Australian Bowenia, which in its dissipated when the late Charles Moore published,

by the artist attached to his staff, which are here " loosely bipinnate " foliage stands alone in the in 1883, his description of Macrozamia hetero-

seproduced. order, we might have affirmed till within the last mera, which has, unlike the rest of the genus,

A glance at these will show that the striking quarter of a century that pinnate or pinnatifid the pinnules once or even twice dichotomous.

and remarkable feature of the new species is the leaves were uniformly characteristic . of the One was scarcely, however, prepared for any-

144

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[AUGUST 19, 1905.

"thing of the same kind in the genus Cycas,
■which is widely distributed from Africa to Poly-
nesia with numerous species, more or less well
defined, but all having simply pinnate leaves.
The first exception was a plant from Kwangsi,
collected by Mr. H. B. Morse, which I described
in the Index Flora; Sinensis (Journal of the Linnean
Society, vol. xxvi., pp. 559, 560) as Cycas
Euinphii var. bifida. In this the pinnules were
simply bifid to the base. In the absence of any
material of the reproductive organs, I regarded it,
and I think most probably wrongly, as a mere
variety of C. Eumphii. I was encouraged
in this view by Miquel's figure of Cycas
inermis (Annal. Bot. Ind., ii., t. iii.), in which the
lower pinnules of the leaf are represented as bifid.
As Kwangsi and Annam are contiguous, it is by
do means improbable that Morse's and Micho-
litz's plants may turn out to be the same. In
that case the affinity of the former would be
wholly remote from C. Eumphii, to which I
referred it.

Cycas Micholitzii, as I propose to name the new
species, belongs to the small group which is con-
fined to an area extending from Nepaul to Cochin
China, in which the margins of the carpopbylls
are pectinate or comb-like. It differs from both
the other species, C. pectinata and C. siamensis,
in having a very short or obsolete acumen to the
antheriferous scales, instead of the long and
slender one which they possess.

According to the description of Micholitz, C.
Micholitzii has a subterranean caudex or stem
Both C. pectinata and C. siamensis develop a
trunk which may be C feet or more. W. T. Thiselton-
Dyer.

FRUIT-TREE BUDDING.

Budding is more generally practised than
grafting when propagating new varieties of fruit-
trees because it entails less labour and produces
equally good results, and furthermore enables
more trees to be raised from a given shoot ; for to
be successful with grafting two or more eyes are
necessary to form a graft.

Budding is generally practised during the
months of July and August, the proper condition
of the stock being the first consideration. This
state obtains when the stock is growing
freely, and when the bark is in such a condition
that it is easily separated to allow of the insertion
of the bud. If the stock is in a stunted condition
and has already finished growing, it will be of
little use to try and insert a bud under such con-
tions, so tightly does the bark adhere to the
wood. Where this is found to be the case it is
best to give the stock a good soaking of water.
This operation can easily be performed with a
limited number of plants ; but in places where, as
in nurseries, large quantities of trees are budded,
the watering becomes a serious item ; but I have
nevertheless seen it carried out with success, and
it has well repaid the trouble and expense taken.
In some instances stocks will be found whose bark
will not " run " — a term used when the bark does
not separate freely from the wood. Such stocks
should be left until the spring, and then grafted.

Usually the first subject ready for budding is
the Cherry, followed by Apricots and Plums.
The wood of the Peach and Nectarine is not in a
suitable condition until late in the season, con-
sequently these trees should be left until the
last, the Pear and Apple preceding them. In
selecting shoots from which the buds are to
be taken, be careful that they are neither too
hard and dry nor too soft and sappy. Gener-
ally speaking, a shoot which is just finishing its
-growth will be found to be in the right condition,
that is, it should feel firm and stiff when bent
between the finger and the thumb. Spindly,
willowy shoots are useless, and medium-sized ones
should be selected in preference to those of coarse
growth. Weakly, ill-developed shoots whose buds

are not plump and prominent must likewise be
rejected as unsuitable. Buds for the purpose are
much better cut from trees growing in the open
rather than from those growing against walls or
under glass. This particularly applies to Peaches
and Nectarines.

In commencing the operation of budding it is
very necessary that the shoots should be freshly
cut, and it is a bad practice to immerse them in
water for too long a period, for by so doing the
inner bark becomes discoloured, and the buds are
consequently rendered useless. Buds that have
travelled some distance and havebecome shrivelled
may have their plumpness restored by laying them
in damp moss. Young stocks varying from a J to
V an inch in diameter are the best for budding pur-
poses ; old and aged shoots should be grafted. The
scion from which the buds are to be taken should
approach as near to the size of the stock as possible,
and as the sizes of the latter will vary when a
quantity have to be operated on, the diameter of
the bud can easily be varied to"suit the individual
case by the manner in which it is removed from
the scion. When the stock is made ready by
removing any side growths that are in the way
of the operator, a cross cut should be made
one-third round the stock, and then a longitudinal
cut 1J inch in length at right angles to the first,
the two forming a letter T. The flat end of the
budding-knife should be inserted between these
cuts, and the rind lightly and carefully raised
ready for receiving the bud. The leaves should
be removed from the shoot containing the buds
to be inserted, with the exception of about
5 inch of the leaf- stalk. The shoot should be
held with the growing point downwards, and the
bud carefully removed with a sharp knife,
severing the wood and bark with the included
bud for about 2 inches. The wood should next
be removed, a proceeding that requires great
care. To do this expeditiously the bud should
be held by the shield between the finger and
thumb of the left hand, and the wood extracted
with the forefinger and thumb of the right hand.
When the wood is removed the bud is ready for
inserting into the stock.

The process of tying-inthe bud is an important
item, and should be commenced at the lower part
of the incision, leaving a sufficient piece of raffia
to fasten at the top. It is important that the
bud be securely bound below the shield, and
again close down to the bud, so that the eye may
be lightly pressed on to the wood of the stock.
In from ten days to a fortnight it will be seen if
the budding has been successful. Much depends
upon the nature of the stock used as to what
height from the ground-level the budding should
be performed.

Cherries can be successfully budded on the
Cherry- stock at any required height, and for
standard trees much time can be saved by bud-
ding at the necessary height up the stock. The
dwarfing stocks for Cherries is the Mahaleb, and
this should be budded close down to the ground-
level. Cordon-trained trees succeed admirably on
this stock, and pyramids make neat, compact and
fruitful trees.

Apricots are generally budded on Plum-stocks,
one known as the Brussells stock suiting most
varieties. If standard trees are required, the
Brussells-stock is used as the stem, the budding
being executed at the required height. By
budding the Brussells-stock on to the Mussel Plum
the stem grows much faster, and is also cleaner
in growth and freer from knots than if grown on
its own roots. The Myrobalan Plum will also
answer as a stock for the Apricot, but I do not
regard the growth from this stock as being so free,
and furthermore I am of the opinion from my ex-
perience that trees grafted on the Myrobalan
are more liable to canker, and die through the
hard nature of the stock being imparted to the
Apricot.

Apples. — Various stocks are used and various
results are obtained in working the Apple. It is a
matter of vital importance that the grower should
have some knowledge as to the kind of stock his
trees are growing upon. There are but two kinds
of stocks on which the Apple can be said to do well,
one being the Crab stock, which is suitable for all
forms of trees where quick growth is needed, and
the other is the paradise stock, of which two or
three forms are now in commerce, including the
English broad-leaved variety, which is the best.
This stock should be budded low down, so that
the union of the stock and the scion, often an
ugly formation, may be hidden below the surface of
the soil, where it often develops roots, to the
additional benefit of the tree.

Pear trees are budded on the common Pear, its
most natural stock, and upon the Quince stock,
for dwarfing and early fruiting purposes. There
are a few kinds of Pears which will not grow suc-
cessfully when budded directly on the Quince, but
require budding on to another variety, which
will succeed on the Quince. The Quince stock is
more adapted for budding than for grafting,
and in common with all the dwarfing stocks
should be worked low down the stem.
Weak-growing kinds required as standards are
obtained by budding a strong-growing variety
such as Pitmaston Duchess on to the Pear stock,
and when the necessary height of stem has been
attained, the required variety is budded at the
desired place.

Plums. — For budding the Plum several kinds of
stocks are used, but to be successful an intimate
knowledge must be gained of the different varie-
ties that are suited to the various stocks. Many
stocks are obtained from suckers. The stock
suiting most varieties is the common Mussel,
which produces few suckers, and is propagated
chiefly from root cuttings, as also is the Brussells-
stock. The Myrobalan Plum is used with good
results by some nurserymen as stock for Damsons,
but it should be worked late in the season when
the sap is not excessive.

Peaches and Nectarines. — To be successful
in budding the Peach and the Nectarine much
attention and study are needed. Stocks as
nearly allied in constitution to the variety to
be worked must be used. Feeble growth, un-
fruitfulness, and premature death are some of
the failures attributable to unsuitable stocks.
Up to the present time no universal stock for
these fruits has been discovered, but nurserymen
of repute test for themselves the suitability of
the stock which they use, zealously guarding
the secret of their success. The character of
the trees and of the fruits are somewhat
changed by the use of various stocks. Up to the
present time the broad and shining-leaved Mussel
Plum is used, as is also the Brussells for some few
kinds, while some varieties succeed only on the
Brompton stock. In selecting buds of Peaches
and Nectarines those with single leaves should
be neglected, as should those with too prominent
triple leaves. W. H. Clarke, Aston Rowant Gardens,
O-i'on .

Endowment of Horticulture.— Property
to the total value of .£333,026 14s. Id., including
net personalty .£315,029 0s. Id., has been left by
Mr. John Innes, J. P., of Manor House, Mostyn
Eoad, Merton, Chairman of the City of London
Eeal Property Co., Ltd., and Merton Park Estates
Co., Ltd., who died on August 8, 1904, aged
seventy-five. The testator left the Manor House
and the residue of his property- upon various
trusts for a horticultural college or public
museum and recreation grounds. This or a
similar paragraph has been " going the rounds "
for some time, but nothing definite is known
about the statements therein made in quarters
where knowledge might be anticipated.

■ AUGUST 10, 1905.]

THE GARDENER;!' CHRONICLE.

145

CAMPANULAS OF THE CARPATICA

GROUP.

The genus Campanula is very rich in beautiful
species, and there are a few good garden-raised
forms also. It is somewhat surprising how little haB
been accomplished by the hybridist in producing
important novelties in this group. Of late, how-
ever, more than one good variety has been seen

confiaed to the rockery, where they should bs
planted in free, rather open colonies or groups in
their distinctive shades of colour. All the forms
are readily increised by division of the root-tufts
in spring, and this may be done in quite a free
manner, a large tuft readily yielding a score of
young plants. These small divisions are best
potted for a time, to be subsequently planted in
permanent positions. All the kinds grow quite

Fig. 50.— campanula carpatica "white star.'

in excellent condition at the Eoyal Horticultural
Hall, Vincent Square. The various kinds are all
easy of cultivation, and worthy of being included
m any choice selection of hardy perennials.
Those most nearly allied to the species carpatica
are by their taller growth and free flowering
habit well adapted to border cultivation ; nor will
these same kinds be out of place in the
well-kept, well-planted rockery. Those forms
more closely resembling the turbinate section
would by reason of their dwarfness be best

well in deep, well-drained soils, and the majority
succeed either in light or heavy soils. Provision
should be made in the original planting, and more
especially for the larger-growing varieties, for a
tuft of growth that in the third year may reach
2 feet across.

The forms that assume these proportions are
C. carpatica (type) with deep blue, broadly cam-
panulate, erect flowers on freely-branching, leafy
stems. C. c. alba, C. c. pallida, of which there
are at least two forms, are alike in habit, forms of

flower and style of branching. Usual height
IS inches.

C. c. peXviformis represents a distinct type ; the
flowers a1; first are nearly saucer-shaped, but
eventually assume a flattened form They are
lilac or pale blue in colour, the stems freely
branched ; this is a very showy plant in those
instances where it succeeds. In some gardens
the plant does not do well, and generally the
variety is less robust than the other members of
the group.

C. c. Isabel, — This handsome form belongs to
the pelviform section, as is evidenced by the
flowers, of which so fine a lot was displayed
recently at one of the Royal Horticultural
Society's meetings. The flowers are 2 inches
acro3?, of deep violet-blue colour, and profusely
borne on short peduncles. This is an ideal garden
plant, and quite an acquisition. A bed of this
kind constitutes a feature in any garden.
Height 15 inches.

C. c. turbinata is a very dwarf plant not more
than 4 inches high, with large purple-blue flowere
produced above a cushion of greyish leaves. It ia
a most desirable rock plant. There are many
inferior varieties sold for this plant, but the true
kind is obtainable in the best nurseries.

C. c. Riverslea is another meritorious kind with
deep blue flowers.

C. Hendersoni. — I believe nothing definite is
known concerning the origin of this distinct
form, but it has been assumed to have originated
from turbinata crossed with pyramidalis, and the
shortly pyramidil panicles of slightly drooping
blossoms and spreading tufted habit are just
what one might expect from the intercrossing of
such widely different types. The plant is not a
good grower generally, but in certain localities
and soils it makes a fine bush and flowers freely.

C. c. White Star (see fig. 50).— I believe this
excellent white variety and the variety Isabel
were seedlings from C. c. Riverslea. If this
is so it is interesting to note that Isabel
partakes of the pelviform character in the
flowers, a feature quite absent in the above-
named kind, which is like C. c. turbinata
in habit and compactness. Apart from this,
it is not too much to say that " White Star "
is the finest thing among the white Carpathian
bell-flowers yet seen. The flowers are 2 inches
across, white, with a blue ring encircling the ovary
at the base of the corolla internally. This is a
really fine plant, height as at present known
G or 8 inches. " White Star " and Isabel were
raised by Mr. M. Prichard, of Christchurch, and
the twain are worthy additions to the group and
are really first-class summer-flowering perennials.
E. H. Jenkins, Hampton Bill.

THE ROSARY.

» ■

FRATJ KARL DRUSCHKI-A QUESTION OF
PRECEDENCE.
Thekb can be no question as to the beauty of
this Rose, a cross between Merveille de Lyon and
Caroline Testout, but a doubt has arisen as to its
proper name. It appears that it was exhibited at
various places in Germany by its raiser, M. Peter
Lambert, as Schnee Konigin (Snow Queen), but
at that time it was not in commerce. When M.
Lambert offered it in trade he sent it out under
the name of Frau Karl Druschki. The question-
is, which name should have precedence ? Was
the exhibition of the Rose without description or
figure to be taken as sufficient publicity ? If it
was, then of course the first name ought to
remain— particularly if the Rose was certificated,
as it probably was. But the public cares little
for rules of priority; it has got to know and
appreciate the Rose as Frau (or Madame) Karl'
Druschki, and not all the congresses will be able
to effect a change. It will be remembered that a.

146

THE GARDENERS' CJIRQNICLE.

[August 19, 1905.

similar question arose with reference to " Mrs.
W. J. Grant." This lovely Rose was exhibited and
certificated and, we believe, be-medalled under
this name. The stock was sold to a firm of
American nurserymen, who considered that as
they had purchased the Rose they had the right
to name it as they chose, and thus the name
Belle Siebreeht is attached to it in America.
We need not enter upon the ethical question
whether the purchasers were right or wrong in
their procedure. Assuming for argument sake
that they were within their right, -we are equally
within ours by adhering to the rule of priority of
publication, and in our trade catalogues, and
particularly in official publications, precedence
should be given to the English rather than to the
American lady. M,

■ — - Frau Karl Druschki is probably the
finest white- flowered Hybrid Perpetual Rose in
cultivation. It is a good grower and free
flowerer, producing freely long, pointed buds
and broad petals. Every Rose grower should
include this grand Rose in his or her collection.
It is a fine buttonhole Rose.

Kaiserin Augusta Victoria.
This Hybrid Tea is a Rose that is not
met with in private gardens as often as it
undoubtedly deserves to be. Its large clusters of
creamy-white blooms are deliciously scented,
and when seen in good condition never fail to
excite admiration. If planted at the foot of a
wall or fence having a west or east aspect in stiff
soil enriched with short manure, it will reward
the grower with a fine lot of blooms during the
summer and early autumn months. If larger
flowers are desired, the clusters should be thinned
out to one central bloom.

Mrs. W. J. Grant.
This excellent Hybrid Tea Rose produces with
perfect freedom bright ro3y-pink and beautifully
formed flowers which are pointed in the bud
stage, and admirably adapted for buttonholes
and for the adornment of small vases in the
■drawing-room, &o. The plant, too, is a good and
free grower, and does well in bush form the
second and subsequent years from the bud stage.
In addition to the decorative value of the three
Roses mentioned above, they also carry weight
in the exhibition stands. H. W. Ward, Eayleigh.

KEW NOTES.

Various Plants in Flower. — Amongst the
very numerous plants now flowering in the houses
the following are a selection of the more inter-
esting and beautiful. As there are but few
Orchids in flower at this time of the year, those
that are in bloom are especially interesting. This
is so in the case of Stanhopea tigrina var.
superba, a very handsome variety, and of which
Kew possesses a fine specimen plant, carrying
twelve expanded flowers at the present time.
This plant during the past month has developed
thirty-six fine flowers. Catasetums now blooming
are C. tabulare, C. Darwinianum, C. fimbriatum
(with three good flower-spikes), and C. macro-
carpum. Cycnoches chlorochilon and C. penta-
dactylon are also in flower. Habenaria leonensis
is a delightful small-flowered species with white
flowers. Bulbophyllum grandiflorum is very fine
just now, with nine of its large and extraordinary-
looking brown flowers. Angrtecum caudatum and
A. articulatum are also worthy of note. Phalee-
nopsis cornu-cervi is a pretty and rather rare
species. Warscewiczella cochlearis, Sobralia San-
•deriana, S. Veitchii, Lselio-Cattleya bletchleyensis
are all choice and beautiful Orchids now flower-
ing at Kew. Lycaste leucantha is a distinct
species, with green sepals and white petals.

In the Victoria-house Odontadenia speciosa,
trained on the roof, is in fine condition at the

present time. Mascarenhasia Curnowiaua is an
old species, with Vinca-like blossoms of a bright
red colour ; it is now flowering in the stove.

In the Nepenthes-house are several profusely-
flowered baskets of iEschynanthus grandiflorus
and M. speciosus, both with large and beautiful
red-and-yellow-eoloured flowers. Costus igneus
is also flowering in the same house. Hasmanthus
Nelsoni, H. carneus, and H. Katherinae are very
bright in the Cape-house.

Amongst the numerous interesting plants
flowering in the succulent - house, Stapelia
gigantea is perhaps the most curious, with its
large, stellate, hairy, evil - smelling flowers ;
Dychia leptostachya is a beautiful species with
red flowers, borne on an erect spike lj foot in
height; Bougainvillea spectabilis var. lateritia
is a very sparsely-flowered variety with brick-red-
coloured bracts ; Kalanchoe kewensis, Bomarea
edulis, and Testudinaria elephantipes, the " Ele-
phant's Foot," are also in bloom. In the same
house Solanum Wendlandi flowers wonderfully
well ; it has been a mass of bloom for the past
two months.

In the Palm-house the very curious Mucuna
imbricata is flowering, having large pendent
spikes of nearly black flowers that somewhat
resemble a bunch of black Grapes. Other climbers
with a good show of flowers are Bignonia pur-
purea, Thunbergia grandiflora alba, Passiflora
quadriglandulosa and P. coerulea racemosa. Ar-
disia Oliveri, which is the most showy species of
the genus, is flowering on the side stage, as are
also Goethea strictiflora, whose bright red flowers
are crowded on the erect stems ; Gustavia
gracillima, which develops on the woody growths
its large rose-coloured flowers, with a pleasant
spicy odour ; and Musssenda macrantha, which
has orange-red, star-like flowers, each with a
pure white bract measuring 3 inches in length
by 2 inches in breadth.

In the Lily-house, Nymphaea gigantea is very
handsome. Arauja grandiflora is very beautiful,
with its long festoons of large Stephanotis-like
flowers. Bougainvillea spectabilis is flowering
profusely, although generally it is very shy in
flowering. Outside this house is a recess con-
taining about a dozen plants of Romneya tricho-
calyx, which are flowering very freely indeed.

In the numerous recesses around the Palm-
house are grown various tender bulbous and
other plants, which receive no other protection
during the winter than that afforded by the house
itself. Opuntias flourish remarkably well in some
of these bays, and during the past two months
have produced a fine display of flowers. At the
present time Crinum Pon ellii rubrum is the finest
plant in flower in these recesses. The plant is
carrying a large mass of foliage, and fifty scapes
of flowers, some of which are 4 J feet high. C.
Powelli var. alba is another beautiful variety now
in flower. Other plants that are now at their best
in these positions are Roscoea purpurea, Cypella
plumbea, Agapanthus umbellatus, Gladiolus dra-
cocephalus, and Tigridia Pavonia and its
varieties.

On the wall of the Economic-house a fine old
plant of Capparis spinosa is wreathed in its
beautiful white flowers. The plant is pruned
hard back every spring, a treatment afforded
Punica Granatum var. nana, now flowering on the
wall outside the Sarracenia-porch. W. H.

Macludrania HYBRIDA.— In a recent number
of the Revue fforticole, M. Andre describes and
figures an interesting bigeneric hybrid raised by
himself from Madura aurantiaca fertilised with
the pollen of Cudrania triloba. The female
parent was a spineless variety of Madura (the
Osage Orange), but the hybrids, now eight
years old, are spiny, and have the habit of
Cudrania. They have not as yet flowered.

LEAVER FROM MY CHINESE
NOTE-BQOK.

{Continued from p. 125.)

Man 18. — At 9.40 we passed the village of Shih-
Kai-Tu, on the right bank. Just opposite here,
on the left bank, are three curious shrines — two
large and one small — excavated out of the rock.
Some distance abaveShih-Kai-Tu theriver.having
forced itself throughagorge,expands into lake-like
dimensions. The place is called Hsin-Tu. We
entered the gorge, which is about two miles long ;
the country assumed a wild and rugged appear-
ance, and there was little cultivation carried on.
Coal occurs here, and lime is burnt.

Several large Orange groves are conspicuous.
Hereabouts Phyllostachys mitis, with its beauti-
ful green feathery culms, enters largely into the
composition of the flora. Scrub Oak and the
Cypress clothe the hillsides, and the tops are
capped with Pine trees.

We passed a pagoda and fine temple amidst
trees, and moored our boat at the town of Chang-
Shou. Pagodas form one of the chief architec-
tural features, no town of importance being with-
out one or more. They always crown some lofty
eminence, and by warding off evil influences
ensure good luck for the town. They are nearly
always white and of many stories, seven or nine
usually.

The only fresh plants to-day were Sambucus
javanicus, Melastoma candidum, AraUa spinosa,
and a species of Rubus. The Rubus is allied to
R. phcenicolasius, from which it differs in having
truncated apices to its trifoliolate leaves, and
yellow fruits. The fruits were ripe and of
excellent flavour. Lysimachia ophelioides was
very abundant today. Boehmeria nivea is
cultivated in small patches. I noted some women
removing the bark by hand. Fatsia papyrifera
is also cultivated, but only in small quantities.
Maize and Tobacco were the principal crops, the
Opium which preceded these crops being all
cleared away. Rice is grown in all places where
irrigation is possible.

During the laBt two or three days the increase
in the quantity of Tobacco grown was a very
striking feature. This crop occupies the ground
for eight or nine months. The seed is sown
broadcast in small beds in November or De-
cember, and transplanted in drills about 0 inches
apart in February or early March. As the
plants grow they are earthed up in the same
manner as is Opium. After they have made about
ten large leaves, the tops are pinched out and all
lateral growths carefully removed. The lowest
leaves are removed and dried. The first cutting
is made at the end of April or in May, the whole
plant being cut down level with the ground. The
plants spring up again, and a second cutting is
made about a month afterwards. Occasionally a
third cutting is made. Tobacco is rather a
" hungry " crop to grow, but a well-paying one
withal. The Tobacco plants are perfectly at home
in the red basin of Szechuan, and the crops are
extraordinarily luxuriant. The Chinese tend
them with the greatest care, and could they cure
the leaves as well as they cultivate the plant,
their product would find a ready sale in Europe
and elsewhere. On the mountains Nicotiana
rustica takes the place of N. tabacum. The
Chinese distinguish many varieties, and certain
districts are noted for the quality of their
tobacco.

May 19. — The walls around Chang-Shou en-
close a very considerable area, only a portion of
which is covered with houses. Indeed the town
is disappointingly small. The river rose 10 feet
in two days. The water is of a brick-red colour
and soupy, the current very strong.

We reached the small but busy village of
Lo-tsi at 4 p.m. This is another noted mart for
mats and tracking-lines, and also for timber. The-

August 19, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

147

^timber is mostly "Peh-mu" [Cupressus funebris)
and "Sha-rau" (Cunninghamia sinensis), used in
boat-building, and is brought down from Mu-tung.
' Lo-tsi seems a cheap place for Cabbage— large
Shan-tung Cabbages with firm hearts were G cash
(about \d.) each, the large white - ribbed
Chinese Cabbage 5 cash each. We purchased a
large stock — so large, in fact, that I am at a loss
to know what they will do with them all.

Above Lo-tsi a shingle bank extends for over a
mile. Near the end of this we saw a couple of
huinan heads exposed in cages at the top of a
pole. They originally belonged to a couple of
men convicted of highway robbery with violence.

We moored for the night 0 miles below
Mu-tung, where the river is strewn with huge
rocks, and has a very dangerous appearance.
The only fresh plants were Commelina communis,
Hyperium ascjron, Nepeta E verardi, Ilex Oldhami,
and Viscum articulatum.

The M isle to ( Loranthus) was growing on
Aleurites cordata -, hitherto I have only met with
it on Pterocarya stenoptera. This may be a
different species.

• -Oldham's Holly is not the least handsome of
the genus. The flowers are rosy-purple, and very
fragrant; the leaves smooth, shining, and soft in
texture. It makes a tree 1 5 to 20 feet high, and is
fairly common from Ichang westward in the
immediate vicinity of the Yang-tsze.

May 20. — Afterour usual 5 o'clock start we reached
Mu-tung at 8 30 a.m. Soon afterwards we crossed
a lake-like expansion of the river, and entered a
short gorge where coal is mined and lime burnt.
Passing through more open and well nigh tree-
Jess country, we entered the Iron Gorge; this is
•only about a mile long, but wild and rocky, with
do tracking-path. The sides of this gorge are
covered with a dense growth of Scrub Oak.

Emerging from this gorge and crossing with
-difficulty another of those curious lake-like ex-
pansions, we reached the lower barrier of the
imperial Maritime Customs. I stayed the night
here, and enjoyed for a few hours the companion-
ship of a European. This man kept silkworms,
several animal pets, and collected old cash, but
tie had little information to impart.

Sugar-cane, both red and white, was common
to-day. I had noted it in several places the last two
or three days. The red variety is cut in the early
winter and buried beneath soil in the way we do
Potato or root-crop3, save that the canes are
arranged more or less vertically. The white
variety is evidently more hardy and is allowed
to stand, being only cut as required.

Sorghum vulgare was cultivated. The Tobacco
•crop looked very promising, and in places the first
•cutting had been made. As a weed of cultiva-
tion Carduus crispus was common. I collected
nothing fresh to-day, but noted two trees I have
omitted to mention hitherto, viz., Phellodendron
■amurense and Hovenia dulcis.

May 21.— We left at 6 a.m , and reached the
French Naval Station at 10.30 a.m. This is situated
•a couple of miles below the city of Chung-king, and
on the opposite bank of the river. Having stayed
to lunch with an old friend here I rejoined my

. boat at the Customs pontoon. The necessary
business having been concluded and a permit
.granted, we crossed the river and moored
just above the Tai-Ping-Meng. Very glad was I
that the first part of my long trip was ac-
complished with so few mishaps. My boat safely

' moored I hired a chair and visited my old friend,
W. C. Haines- Watson, Esq., the present Acting-
Oommissioner of Customs here. It took half an
hour to reach his quarters, the journey being
through the city. We skirted the wall, through
narrow, filthy side streets. The people were
•evidently quite used to foreigners and took no

. notice whatever of me. My friend greeted me

b warmly and invited me to stay with bim during
the time I remained in Chung -king. The

meeting of old friends in such out-of-the-way
parts of the world can easily be imagined. I will
only add that in an hour or so the fatigue,
monotony, and dangers of the voyage were for-
gotten, and we were chatting about mutual
friends and familiar scenes in the dear old home-
land. E. H. Wilson.

BLUE CONIFERS.

There are several Conifers that have foliage of
a glaucous hue, varying in intensity from the
greyish-green of some of the Cupressus to the
nearly Cambridge-blue of a well-coloured Blue
Cedar. The amount of glaucescence varies
considerably with the different species and
varieties, and has no relation to their hardiness,
though, as a rule, the higher and better the
colour the slower is the growth of the plant. A
glaucous variety of any Conifer is always slower
of growth than the type when grown under the
same conditions, though the hardiness or other-
wise of both is equal. There is, however, no
question as to the beauty of some of these glaucous
Coniferse, more especially as this particular tint
of foliage is not found to any great extent except
in this Order. In other classes of trees and
shrubs glaucescence is only found on the under-
sides of the leaves, rarely on the upper surface ;
but in the glaucous Conifers it is a characteristic
of the whole plant. The following can be
recommended as a good selection, and include
practically all the better- coloured plants of the
< >rder.

CcrKESsus.

C. Lawsoniana var. argentea. — This somewhat
resembles the type in habit, though the branches
are longer and more slender. The foliage is of a
bright silvery glaucous hue, which is of very
effective appearance. It is also met with under
the varietal name of glauca, though sometimes
this has a Latinised form of someone's name
attached to it in addition.

C. L. var. Alumi. — This is an erect, fast-growing
plant, with flattened, upright branches, and in a
young state is not a very handsome plant. With
age the growth thickens considerably and takes
on a bright, glaucous tint, which is at its best in
winter.

C. L. var. Smiihii is a pillar-like plant, retaining
the same diameter throughout to whatever height
it grows. The branches are short and spreading,
and gracefully pendent at the extremities. The
foliage is of a bright greyish-green hue, and
the plant can be recommended as one of the
most distinct and desirable of the varieties of
C. Lawsoniana.

These three plants should for preference be
grown on moderately dry, light soil, where the
growth, if slower, is more highly coloured than
when they are situate on richer and damper
ground. They are easily propagated from cuttings.

C. pisifera var. squarrosa (Eetinospora squar-
rosa of gardens) is a dense-growing plant, with
numerous spreading branches clothed with aci-
cular leaves arranged in opposite and alternate
pairs. The whole plant is of a light glaucous-
green, approaching a silvery-whiteness in spring,
and when well grown is one of the handsomest of
the Conifers with Fern-like foliage. It requires a
deep, cool, moist soil and an open situation, as it
gets very thin and ragged on dry ground, and
does not grow well in smoky districts. It is
also propagated from cuttings.

Jr/NIFERUS.

J. ercelsa var. stricta (glauca). — This plant
attains to a height of from 12 to 15 feet with age,
and is of a pyramidal shape, with every branch
symmetrically arranged in its proper place. The
foliage is very fine in texture, and is covered
with a greyish-blue tint, which, combined with

the handsome appearance of the plant, render it
a suitable subject for the garden.

J. virginiana var. glauca (the Silver Juniper). —
This is a fast-growing plant, though not quite so
free as the type. When well grown it forms a
handsome, upright specimen«-from 12 to 20 feet
in height, with slender branches clothed with fine
foliage of a silvery-blue colour, which is effective
at all seasons. It requires watching in a young
state to keep it to a single leader, and if the
points of the side-shoots are cut out at the same
time, the plant makes a denser growth, and is
also less liable to be broken by snow. Theae
Junipers will grow in almost any soil, but should
have a position fully exposed to the sun, as they
turn to an unhealthy greenish tint in the shade.
They are propagated by grafting on stocks of
J. virginiana.

Abies.

Abies concolor var. violacea. — The varietal name
of this plant is considered by some to apply to
the colour of the cones, but in gardens it is used
in connection with a glaucous form of A. eon-
color. The leaves are 2 inches or more in length,
narrow, and apparently arranged in double rows.
The colour is somewhat variable, but is usually
of a pale glaucous-blue, increasing in intensity
with age. A large plant of good colour forms
one of the handsomest specimen Conifers.

A. nobilis var. glaura. — This name is applied
to the more glaucous forms of the type, and when
well coloured they are very handsome and orna-
mental. The leaves are crowded on the upper
part of the stem and apparently two-ranked
beneath, varying from -I to 1 inch in length.
They are covered with a glaucous bloom. As
these two species of Abies make large trees
upwards of SO feet in height, they should be
planted in a deep soil, and also have plenty of
room to develop. They are increased by seeds.

Cedrus.

Cedrus allantica var. gtauca (the Blue Cedar) is
a well-known and deservedly popular tree, and at
the present time there are many fair-sized speci-
mens in various parts of the country. In a young
state it is a thin upright plant, with but few side-
branches, but with age it develops into a hand-
some pyramidal tree of a bright glaucous-blue
colour.

C. Deodara var. verticillata, glauca. — This is
a form of the Deodar, with long, straight, regu-
larly whorled branches, pendulous at the ends,
and clothed with glaucous-blue foliage. It is
slower of growth thau the type, but will probably
make a handsome tree when fully developed. It
is comparatively new at present. Highly glau-
cous forms are sometimes found in batches of
seedling C. Deodara, but these rarely grow to any
size, and more often than not they die within a
few years. Both these Cedars are propagated by
grafting on stocks of the type species. The former
comes true to a certain extent from seed, but up
to the present the young plants have not been
very satisfactory.

PlCEA.

Picea ajanensis. — This is a species from Japan,
and belonging to the flat-leaved section of the
Spruce Firs, differs from the other Spruces in
having flattened instead of four-angled leaves.
The leaves of P. ajanensis are about an inch
long, blunt at the tips, dark shining green
beneath, and brightly glaucous above, contrary
to what is usually the case. Strictly speaking it
is not a glaucous Conifer, but the side shoots
have a tendency to curve upwards, and display
the light blue uppersides of the leaves, which is
seen to advantage under a low winter sun. It is
a slow but uniform grower, and delights in a
deep, moist soil and a sunny situation. It is
propagated by seeds. The position of the leaves
in this species, which has often given rise to

148

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[AUGUST 19, 1905.

misapprehension, is fully described in the Linnean
Society's Journal, vol. xviii., in a memoir on the
Conifers of Japan. Ed.]

P. pungens var. glauca (Abies Parryana
glauca). — This is a plant that is largely grown in
Eaglish and continental nurseries, but in this
country at least it is a considerably over-rated
plant. The leaves are about f of an inch long,
rigid and sharp-pointed, and arranged all round
the light brown stems. They are covered with a
light blue, glaucous bloom, which on a well-
coloured specimen is very fine, and shows to
advantage on a lawn or against darker-coloured
plants. It makes a good specimen up to about
8 feet or so in height, but after that it begins to
lose its lower branches, and gradually dies out.
It requires a deep, moist soil and plenty of room,
■when it makes a grand specimen for the time it
keeps good. The practice of grafting this plant
• is a great mistake, as grafted plants never grow
upright unless tied up to a stick, and even
then they are usually unshapely. It can be
raised fairly true from seed, and the poor-coloured
seedlings weeded out.

The Douglas Fik.
Pseudotsuga Douglasi var. glauca. — This is a
glaucous form of the Douglas Fir, but is a very
slow-growing plant compared with the type. It
makes a good ornamental tree, but is of no use
to plant for timber, its rate of growth being too
slow, and from its appearance it will never
attain to any size sufficient for timber. It will
grow almost anywhere, and is raised from seed.

TSUGA.

Tsuga PaUonianavar. glauca (Abies Hookeriana).
— This is a slow-growing large bush or small
tree of about 12 feet or a little more in height.
In habit it forms a broadly-pyramidal specimen
with many leaders if left unchecked, but if kept
in shape it forms one of the handsomest of small
specimen Conifers. The branches are irregular
and comparatively stout ; and the secondary
branches appear as short spur-like growths at
first, gradually lengthening with age, and pro-
ducing other short growths at irregular intervals
along their stems. The leaves are rather less
than an inch in length , curving upward?, somewhat
triangular in section, and brightly glaucous all
over. They are arranged all round the stems,
which are dark brown in colour, and covered
with a woolly felt. The plant requires a deep,
moist soil, and thrives best if some good leaf-
mould or peat is given in addition. It is propa-
gated by seeds, which produce plants variable to
a certain extent in colour, but which are usually
well-coloured. I have never seen it grafted, but
it would probably do well if worked on T. cana-
densis or T. Mertensiana.

There are a few other glaucous Conifers that
I have omitted, but they are either poor of
growth or are tender in this country, and cannot
therefore be recommended. The following Pines
have foliage of a glaucous tint — viz, Pinus
sylvestris (The Scotch Pine), P. Cembra, P. ex-
celsa, P. parviflora, and P. Strobus (the Weymouth
Pine). J. C, Bagshot.

The Week's Work.

THE FLOWEE GARDEN.

By W. A. Miller, Gardener to Lord Henry C.

Bentinck. M.P., Underley Hall, Westmoreland.

Phlox suffmticosa and decussata. — Cuttings of
these plants should now be propagated in cold
frames, inserting them in a sandy compost with a
layer of sand on the surface. Choose sturdy
cuttings that are not flower - growths. Shade
them from bright sunshine until they are rooted,
when they should be allowed free ventilation on
all favourable occasions. Amonst the late-
flowering section the variety Coquelicot forms a
good "front row" plant, the colour of its beauti-
ful flowers being bright orange-scarlet. Another
desirable variety is The Mahdi, the colour of its
flowers being a good violet-blue. The dwarf
varieties are very distinct, and of a neat habit
with large heads of bloom. The following are a
few good varieties with their colours of this
sec'ion : — Argon (rich rose), Iris (bluish-violet),
The Queen (white), Mars (rosy-salmon), Aurora
(coral pink), E. Lockray (salmon).

Pentstemons. — The present is a good time to
propagate these plants, selecting for the purpose
side-growths without flower-spikes. Treat them in
the same way as Phloxes. P. Newbury Gem is a
dwarf - growing variety bearing a profusion of
scarlet-crimson flowers all through the summer ;
P. cceru'eus, P. barbatus Torreyi, P. heterophyllus,
P. humilis, are useful species, the last-named
being a dwarf -growing, rovk-garden plant easy of
culture.

Carnations. — Proceed with the layering of these
plants in earnest. The border intended for the
reception of these plants in the autumn should
be prepared now. so that it will be in good condi-
tion when planting time arrives. Choose an open
quarter, as Carnations resent shade and over-
shadowing. If the site is protected from north
and east winds it will be advantageous. The
border should receive a good dressing of old hot-
bed manure, a little mortar rubbish, a sprinkling
of bone-meal, and as much virgin loam as pos-
sible. Trench the ground two " spits " deep, at
the same time well mixing the component parts.

Roses. — Keep the growth free from mildew and
other fungoid pests by an application of sulphur.
Hoe and water the plants when required. Remove
all old flowers and dead wood. Late-summer and
early-autumn flowering Eoses are a desirable
class for planting in beds. The variety Gruss an
Teplitz is our best variety, some trusses develop-
ing over fifty flower-buds. Marquise de Salisbury
is another very free-flowering variety. Other
desirable varieties are Madame Lambard, Marie
van Houtte, Souvenir de President Carnot,
Madame Pernet Ducher, Viscountess Folkestone,
Corallina, and Exquisite.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H. Young, Orchid Grower to Sir Frederick
Wigan. Bart., Clare Lawn, East Sheen. S.W.

Odontoglossuni Rossii is an Orchid of such
merit that it is surprising it is not more
generally grown. It is amongst the first to
be recommended for an amateur's greenhouse,
as it will stand rather harsh treatment without
much apparent injury. It needs very little
artificial heat, and furnishes a good supply of
long-enduring flowers, provided the plant's re-
quirements as to growth and rest be closely
observed. After having rested for several
months, the new growths are now developing,
and when these have attained to a length of about
an inch, the necessary potting operations should
be performed. 0. Rossii grows and flowers well
in pans provided with an inch or so of drainage,
and a compost composed of a couple of inches of
a mixture consisting of equal parts of peat and
moss, a fifth part of decayed Oak-leaves, with a
dash of sand added, and a surfacing to the whole
of about half-an-inch of chopped moss. The base
of the plants should be on a level with the rim of
the pans, and the materials made moderately
firm, with the moss placed well up to the growths,
but not in the form of a mound. The pans
should be suspended near the rcof-glass of the
Odontoglossum-house, where plenty of light and
air is to be had. Plants that do not require
repotting should have the old surface - moss
removed and replaced by fresh, afterwards giving
sufficient water to keep the whole body of
material moist. Plants that have been repotted
should be less liberally treated with water, a
sprinkling once or twice a week until their roots
have ramiSed in the new materials should suffice.
As growth advances and the pseudo-bulbs com-
mence to swell dryness at the roots must not be
permitted, but, on the other hand, excessive
saturation must be avoided. Weak floral
scapes which may appear in the young growths
should be removed.

Odontoglossuni Cervantesii needs similar posi-
tion, conditions, and treatment to the above,
with the exception that small perforated pans,
with drainage and a little peat and moss, are
preferable, the latter suiting them better than
the leaf-soil mixture. Much water only is needed
when growth and root-action are most vigorous,
the atmospheric moisture being almost sufficient
at other times. New receptacles or fresh ma-
terials may be given soon after growt'i has
commenced.

Odontoglossuni Oerstedii grows best when
planted in well-drained pans with a mixture of
peat and moss, mounded well above the rim, so-
that prolonged saturation is almost impossible.
Being of a tufted habit and of a sparsely- rooting
nature, disturbance at the roots should only
occur when absolutely necessary, an annual re-
newal of the surface materials being generally
sufficient for their needs. Suspend the plants in
a similar position to that advised for the above-
mentioned species. Give water very sparingly,
even when growing freely. When not in this
condition absolute dryness is essential to success.

Odontoglossuni aspersum and Humeanum,
natural hybrids of this section, grow well either
in pots or in pans, planted in leaf-mixture. They
should not be far removed from the roof-glass,
and must be kept well moistened when growing
freely.

Odontoglossuni nebulosum should be repotted or
resurfaced when new roots are about to develop
from the young growths. The plants grow well
in leaf-mould mixture in pots that are provided
with drainage to half their depth. The leaf
mixture should be covered with chopped moss to
the depth of half an inch. Stage the plants near
to the glass in the highest part of the cool-house,
and give water very sparingly at all times.

Odontoglossuni Harryanum. — This distinct
Odontoglossum usually blooms during August,
and the flowers, which will remain in condition
for a long period, must be removed soon after
they have expanded, in order to prevent undue
exhaustion of the plant. When the flowers are
removed allow the plants a good rest by with-
holding water, and continue this treatment until
shrivelling is imminent. The plants should
occupy a central position in the house, where
moisture and shade can be plentifully afforded,
and thus obviate all injury from undue dryness.

THE. KITCHEN GARDEN.

By W. Fyfe, Gardener to Lady Wantagb, Locklnge
Park, Wantage.

Onions intended to be stored for winter and
spring use must be firm and well ripened before
storing. If they are taken up and exposed to
the sun's heat for a few days by being well
spread out with the roots toward the sun, and
afterwards stored in a dry place from which
damp and frost are excluded, there is little fear
but that they will keep well, especially after the
spell of bright sunshine we have recently been
experiencing. If the plants have been raised from
seed sown in boxes and afterwards transplanted,
the bulbs will still be swelling freely (a clear illus-
tration of the advantage gained by this practice).
These should be examined, and any of the tops
that are still erect should be bent down in order
to assist the bulbs to swell and ripen. When
storing the bulbs it is well to do so in three
sizes, for it not infrequently happens that they
are required in various sizes for culinary purposes.

Cabbages. — The practice of rotating the Onion
crop with early Ca'ibages has something to recom-
mend it, for the ground having been previously
well prepared by deep cultivation and by libera)
manuring at a season when the influence of the
weather pulverises and sweetens the soil, it will
be in excellent condition for the crop of Onions.
But these two crops should not occupy the same
ground for a longer period than two consecutive
years if it can possibly be avoided. As a pre-
ventive against the enemies of the Cabbage
family apply a dressing of lime to the soil a few
days before planting, and at the time of planting
some soot. Plant in drills 3 inches in depth and
18 inches apart, and 12 inches between the plants
in the rows. As a variety for early work Ellam's-
Early is unsurpassable.

Potatos. — Second early varieties will now be quite
ready for lifting, and this work should be done
at once, for in the event of wet weather disease
will rapidly attack them. The practice also of
allowing Potatos intended for seed purposes to-
lie exposed to the weather when disease is at all
noticeable should be guarded against, for newly-
lifted tubers soon become affected with the
disease.

August 19, 1305.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

149

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bollock, Girleaer to E. J. Withes, Esq.,
Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Souvenir de la Mahnaison Carnation. — Plants
that were layered as advised early in July will
now be well rooted, and should be lifted from the
beds and potted before they commence growing ;
but before potting allow the young plants to
remain for about a week detached from the old
stocks. This is an important matter, and consider-
ably reduces the check the plants would other-
wise receive. In the meantime, prepare a suitable
compost composed of two parts loam, one of leaf-
soil, and one part of silver-sand, and well mix the
whole together. The pots to be used, if new,
should be well soaked in water and allowed to
drain before being employed. Those that have pre-
viously been in use must be thoroughly cleansed
and dried before being used again. Give plenty
of drainage in the shape of broken crocks, and
after potting stand the plants in a cool frame and
keep the atmosphere close, and the glass shaded
for a few days. The young plants readily adapt
themselves to this treatment. As soon as they
show signs of activity shading must be dispensed
with and air freely admitted.

Caladiums. — As these plants show signs of
resting let them be placed where they can
receive the full benefit of air and light, at the
same time gradually withhold water from the
roots, but continue to apply diluted manure-
water until the foliage begins to turn yellow.

Palms.— The present is a good time for potting
or top-dressing these plants. A suitable compost
consists of three parts good rich loam to one of
leaf -soil, to which should be added a little
broken charcoal and silver sand, while to each
barrowload of compost a 4-inch potful of Clay's
Fertiliser should be added. Keep the plants well
syringed and shaded after potting, and apply
water at the roots judiciously.

Chrysanthemums. — Daily attention must be
given to the tying, &c , of the plants, as strong
winds or birds alighting on them easily break the
.shoots.

Streptosolen Jamesoni.— Cuttings of this useful
plant are now easily procured, and if they are now-
propagated will furnish good plants for another
season. Providing a little bottom heat is given
the cuttings root readily.

Fuchsias.— Plants intended to furnish a supply
of autumn cuttings should be well ripened by this
time, and must be placed in a warm, close house,
and freely syringed overhead. Propagate the
cuttings as soon as they can bs obtained.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. H. Clarke, Gardener to Sir William Plowden,
Aston Rowant House, Oxon.

Apricots.— Now that these fruits are ripening
they should receive the full effects of the sun's
Tays, and any leaves which intercept light and
•air from the fruit should be removed, as fruits
ripened on the trees are much superior in flavour
to those artificially ripened. Great care and
■attention are required to protect the fruits from
the ravages of earwigs, woodlice, snails, &c. How-
ever diligent the cultivator may be some of the
fruits are sure to be spoilt by these pests, which
seem to have a special liking for Apricots.
Earwigs can be captured in the hollow stems of
dry Bean-stalks cut in lengths of about 6 inches,
also in Bamboo-canes placed between the branches.
The traps should be examined each morning, and the
■earwigs destroyed by emptying them into hot
water. Wasps will further the damage com-
menced by the above-mentioned insects, but
these can be warded off by covering the trees
with hexagon wasp-proof netting. I am of the
opinion that bottles of sweetened beer, treacle,
&c, used as traps for these insects attract them
*o the trees. The best plan of dealing with
these pests is to destroy them in their nests.

Figs. — Trees that have become crowded with
excessive growth should have their branches well
exposed to sunlight and air, for unless the wood
is well matured fruit-buds will not form Trees
on which the Figs are swelling should be assisted
toy applications of manurial stimulants, and every

encouragement given them to perfect their fruits.
As soon as the trees have been cleared of all
fruits likely to ripen, they should have all ex-
hausted and useless branches removed, leaving
only a sufficient number of this season's shoots
that are strong enough to produce fruit next year.
Only in very favoured situations will Fig-trees
produce two crops of fruit in a season, therefore
any forming at the present time should be
rubbed off. Nail all shoots close in to the walls,
as the heat radiating from the bricks will serve
to harden and ripen them. Shoots growing
beyond their limited space should either be
pinched back to the fifth or sixth leaf or be
trained down to the next growing shoot beneath.

Itorello Cherries are now ripening fast, and
should not be allowed to hang until over-ripe,
otherwise the quality and flavour will deteriorate ;
but as the fruits do not, as a rule, all ripen at
the same time, the trees should be looked over
frequently. All shoots should by now be tied to
the trellis. Some growers do not tie them until
after the fruit is gathered, but they cannot then
be setsured so perfectly or so quickly as when the
tying is performed earlier.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F. Jordan, Gardener to Dr. Corbet, Impney Hall
Gardens. Droitwich.
Miilscason Tines. — As soon as the Grapes are
all removed from these Vines, thoroughly
syringe the plants with clear water in order to
destroy red spider, and to cleanse them from dust,
&a. Give liberal treatment to all plants that are
weakened from continuous heavy cropping, and
encourage as much lateral growth as possible,
with the exception that strong laterals should be
removed from too vigorous - growing Vines.
Ripe black Grapes that are desired to hang in
a good condition for as long a period as possible
should receive plenty of shade during hot sun-
shine, for which purpose nothing is better than a
covering of their own foliage with a little extra
extension of lateral growth arranged about the
bunches ; but should the foliage be too sparse
for this purpose, netting should be placed over
them, or light shading may be used, which should
be removed in the evening. White Grapes
require plenty of sunlight until they are
thoroughly ripened, but even the more exposed
bunches of these should have a sheet of tissue
piper placed over them. Pay careful attention
to watering, and keep the house cool and not in
too dry a condition, maintaining a little heat in
the pipes during dull or wet weather.

Late Vineries. — Endeavour to forward the
Grapes in these houses as much as possible during
the next few weeks now that all danger from
scalding has passed. Ventilate the houses freely
during the early part of the day, but not exces-
sively, closing them early in the afternoon with
plenty of sunheat and atmospheric moisture pre-
sent, and at about 7 p.m. admit a little top and
front ventilation to remain for the night. Houses
situated in moist situations and on cold soils
should receive a little artificial heat at night-
time. Look to the bunches for the last time, and
remove any crowded or seedless berries which
have been overlooked. Pinch out all lateral
growths and give generous feeding with liquid
manure and other fertilisers until colouring is
well advanced.

Melons. — These plants will now require more
careful treatment with regard to watering and
atmospheric moisture generally. Syringe the
plants on bright days only, damping the paths,
walls, and other available spaces only in dull and
in wet weather. Keep the foliage in as healthy
a condition as is possible, and avoid overcropping
the plants with growth. See that the atmospheric
moisture is reduced in those houses in which the
fruits are ripening, where a free circulation of
warm dry air must be permitted. Renew the
linings of hot-beds in frames containing Melons
in order to keep up the required temperature.
Very little water will be necessary if the roots
have penetrated into the moist fermenting mate-
rial. All fruits must be fully exposed to sunlight j
they should, moreover, be turned round cccasion-
ally to secure uniform growth.

THE APIARY.

By Chloris.

Preparing Honey for Sale. — A well-prepared
article of any description will always sell more
readily than one which has had no care bestowed
on it, although the latter may be of higher
quality than the former. The eye of the con-
sumer must be considered as well as his palate.
Make honey look as attractive as possible, let
every receptacle be scrupulously clean, and if the
honey be of good quality it will command the
highest market value.

Marketing Sections. — Sections should be graded
into two, and often better into three divisions.
Those of the highest grade should be : 1, the very
best ; 2, quite clear ; 3, uniform in the sealing, in-
cluding the cells next the wood; 4, light in
colour. In examining the sections of a very
good bee-keeper last year I saw three crates
taken off one evening containing only four
sections which did not fulfil every one of the
foregoing conditions. They were sealed from the
top to the bottom and from side to side, and
were in no way travel-stained. Those of the
second grade would fall a little behind the first
in each of the four points named ; and the third
grade would fall a little lower again than the
second. By dividing the sections in this manner
the whole would command a much higher price
than if they were offered for sale in a mixed
state, and at the same time give greater satis-
faction to the purchaser.

Crates for Sections. — Some years ago I had a
conversation with a druggist who disposed of a
large number of sections. The whole of them

Fio. 81.-

CRATE FOR DISPATCHING SECTIONS
OF HONEY BY RAIL.

were sent by train a distance of 250 miles. During
the whole period not a single section was
damaged in transit. Naturally I was eager to
learn how such excellent results had been secured.
I found that they had been sent in crates of all
descriptions, to which were fitted sofa springs cut
in halves. The outside boxes were often old orange-
crates. In the bottom of the outside box was fixed
a board a, to which were fastened springs. On the
long sides were fixed straps with buckles b. The
sections were put in a lightly-made box, c, so that
when the box was filled none of them could move.
To this box were also fixed straps, b, so that it
could be strapped tightly against the straps on
the lower board, A The lid, too, of the outer crate
had springs fixed on it similar to those on a, but
on the under side.

Extracted Honey .—It is a great mistake to mix
honey which has been gathered from various
sources. By adopting this method the fine
aroma of each kind is lost. If the sale be local
place the honey in clear glass jars, and on each
fix a label giving the name of the apiary if desired
as an advertisement, and also stating that honey
granulates at a low temperature, but that it will
resume its liquid state by placing the jar in a
basin of hot water. When sending honey by
rail it may be sent in tins specially prepared by
the appliance manufacturers or in sweet tins
hermetically soldered.

150

THE GA RDENERS* CHE ONI CLE.

["AUGUST 19, 1905;

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens and plants
for naming, should be addressed to the EDITOR,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London.

Communications should be written on one side only of
the paper, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Special Notice to Correspondents.— The Editor does no
undertake to pay for any contributions or illustrations, or
to return unused communications or illustrations, unless by
special arrangement. The Editor does not hold himself re-
sponsible for any opinions expressed by his correspondents.

Illustrations. — The Editor will be glad to receive and to select
photographs or drawings, suitable for reproduction, of
gardens, or of remarkable plants, flowers, trees, dec; but he
cannot be responsible for loss or injury.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

TUESDAY,

. 00 f BriehtonllortieulturalSociety's
a.uu. *>-j show (2 days).

('Shropshire Horticultural So-
ciety's Exhibition at Shrews-

TT" -iAScl^luiiehan.ptou, and

District Horticultural and
V Agricultural Show.
THURSDAY, Aucs. 21— Aberdeen Flower Show (3 days).

8ALES FOR THE WEEK.

MONDAY NEXT—

Great Trade Sale. Dutch Bulbs, 6,000 lots.

WEDNESDAY NEXT—

Great Trade Sale, Dutch Bulbs, 3,000 lots.

THURSDAY NEXT—

Great Trade Sale, Dutch Bulbs, 3,500 lots, at 67 & 66,
Cheapsidc. E .C. , by Protheroe & Morris, at 10 o'clock .

FRIDAY NEXT—

Choice Cypripediums, Cattleya, and Lalio-Cattleya
Hybrids, Established and Imported Orchids, at
12.30 ; Liliura llarrisii and L. longillorum and rnulti-
florum received direct. Roman Hyacinths, Narcissus,
&c, at 3 p.m., by Protheroe & Morris, at 67 <S 68,
Cheapsidc, E.C.
{For further particulars see our Advertisement columns.)

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
—613".
Actual Temperatures :—

London.— Wednesday, Aug. 16 (6 p.m.): Max. 71°;
Min. 57".
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, London.— Thursday, Aug. 17
(10 a.m.): Bar., 302: Temp., ~ii\ Weather—
Bright and summer-like.
Provinces.— Wednesday, Aug. 16 (6 p.m.): Max. 68°,
W. Coast of England ; Min. 57°, N.E. Scotland.

Grafting the

Carnation upon

Saponaria.

The experiments made by
M. Georges Poirault, of
Antibes, have attracted so
much attention among his
fellow-countrymen that he has been asked
to furnish further details of his methods.
The object of the experiments was to
ascertain whether by grafting Carnations
on to the root-stock of Saponaria it would
not be possible to render the Carnations
immune to the fungous diseases which are
so destructive.

In a recent number of Le Jardin, M.
Poirault explains that it is better to use
for this purpose plants two years old grown
in pots. At the grafting season, which in
the South is from December to February,
the operation is effected. The graft is not
made upon the stem, which at that season
has died down, but upon the root-stock.
Herbaceous grafting can be effected ; in any
case, it is better to use slightly hardened
grafts. Cleft-grafting is available, but it is
far better to employ the English method.
The Saponaria is grown in pots, and the
root-stock is turned out of the pot on to the
pottingbench, grafted, and then replaced.

If Saponarias in pots are not available, it
will prove quite a3 satisfactory to operate
on plants in the open ground, which should
be treated just as described. After grafting,
the plants, covered with a bell-glass, are

put into a warm pit, where they remain for
three or four weeks. Air is then given by
raising the glass for a week, after which the
cover can be removed. In the open ground
the operation takes place in May. The
plants are treated as Carnation-pipings.

In the experiments made at the Villa
Thuret, so long under the management of
cur valued friend Charles Naudin, M.
Poirault has not merely worked to pro-
duce flowers. His desire was to cultivate
the Carnation on a disease-resisting stock,
and further to see if the use of Saponaria
would impart lasting immunity to the graft
implanted on it.

In the South the Saponaria has the dis-
advantage of being late in coming into leaf,
but this drawback is counterbalanced by the
ease with which it can be forced.

The grafted Carnations flowered in De-
cember, and were over by January or
February, a period corresponding with the
resting season of the stock; they again
bloomed at the end of February or March,
when the Saponaria was divided. The Car-
nation-flowers were at every season as large
and fine as those growing on their own
roots. As to the immunity from disease
M. Poirault has at present nothing to tell
us.

QUEENSLAND. — Our Supplementary Illustra-
tion shows a view in the State Nursery, at
Cairns, Queensland. The stately native Palms
to the right are saddled with the terrible
name Archontophcenix Alexandras. Truth to
say they look none the worse for it. The
other Palm with drooping foliage is Cocos
plumosa. To the left is a tree of Ficus elas-
tica, and on the right one of Spathodea cam-
panulata. In the foreground is Agave vivipara.

The Brisbane Courier, lately received, contains
an article, with illustrations, which show what
sort of work a Colonial botanist has to do, and
what meagre remuneration is allotted for the
possession of that most valuable asset — brains.
From the article before us we gather that the
labours of Mr. F. Manson Bailey are more
highly appreciated in the Old Country than they
are in the Colony, and this in spite of the fact
that Mr. Bailey has known how to turn
his knowledge to practical account. Here we
naturally value his scientific attainments and
productions as bein^ of cosmopolitan importance.
But on the spot bis fellow -colonists not un-
naturally take greater interest in questions of
practical moment, such as the identification and
utilisation of grasses and other forage plants, the
recognition of the various trees, and the develop-
ment of the magnificent resources of the colony
in the matter of timber, gums, resins, dyes, and
other products. Mr. Bailey had practical experi-
ence as a farmer and fruit-grower, both in New
Zealand and South Australia before going to
Queensland, and is therefore familiar with the
requirements of the cultivator.

" The flora of Australia," says our contemporary,
"has been the loving study of a keen and in-
telligent mind through many decades — a mind
which has watched the life of Australian plants,
especially those of Queensland, in good and bad
seasons, on mountain, in valley, scrub, and forest,
the plains of the interior, and the broken country
of the coast, the personal study of a practical
mind, coupled with an intimate knowledge of the
writings of forerunners and contemporaries, and
with keen insight into economic values.''

In England we find Mr. Bailey's Queensland
Flora most serviceable for the identification of
plants from that tropical colony, the more so as,
unlike other colonial Floras, it is illustrated.

The Trials undertaken by the
National Potato Society.— Potato trials of
considerable interest are being conducted in,
various parts of the country, and may be in-
spected by members and others interested. The
following are the counties, and intending visitors
are advised in each case to communicate before-
hand with the gentlemen supervising the trials,
whose names and addresses are appended :

Berkshire. — Professor PEKCIVAL and Mr. C. Fostek,
University College, Reading.

Surrey. — Mr. A. Dean, Ii2, Richmond Road.
Kingston-on-Thames

Warwickshire. — Mr. H. DUNKIN, Coventry Road.
"Warwick.

Somersetshire. — Mr. J. Ettle, Stanley Grove Road,
Weston-super-Mare.

Oxfordshire.— -Mr. S. Heaton, Hill View Road.
Oxford.

Northumberland. — Professor Gilchrist, College of
Science, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Shropshire. — Mr. G. T. Malthouse, Harper Adams-
College, Newport, Salop.

Cheshire.— Mr. W. Neild, The College, Holmes
Chapel.

Yorkshire. — Mr. T. Redington, Agricultural
College, Leeds.

Staffordshire. — Mr. J. (_'. Rushton, County Educa-
tion Offices, Stafford.

Worcestershire. — Mr. J. Udale, Ombersley Road,
Droitwich.

Valuable trials are also being conducted at Bur-
goyne's Farm, Impington, near Cambridge-
(Histon station), by the Agricultural Department
of Cambridge University, and may be inspected)
by members. The farm superintendent is Mr.
H. Henshaw. Messrs. Poad & Sons, York, and
Wm. Deal, Kelvedon, Essex, are conducting
trials of planting at different distances.

Royal Botanic Society, — The annual
meeting of the Fellows of the Royal Botanic
Society was held on Thursday, August 10, in the
Society's gardens at Regent's Park, Mr. C.
Beinsley Marlay presiding. In proposing the
adoption of the sixty-sixth annual report, the
Chairman referred to the fact that by a vigorous
issue of pamphlets, &o., an attack had been made
upon the gardens and their administration. He
said that he had seen the Society in its decline and
in its prosperity, which he believed was rising at
the present moment. The Council had wisely
declined to give up the scientific part of the
Society's work, and the gardens were never in a
better condition than they were now. Much
useful work had been done, and many societies
had availed themselves of the opportunity of
meeting in the gardens during the year. It was
proposed that the annual subscription of the
Fellows should be raised, as this increase would
meet their difficulties. He hoped to announce at
a meeting on November 27 that the Fellows had
agreed to this. During the months of June and
July 72,000 persons had visited the gardens, which
spoke well for their popularity. The report
having been adopted, Mr. J. S. Rubinstein said
that he desired to propose a resolution that the
statutes and by-laws required revision, to secure
rights for the Fellows and making certain recom-
mendations. He expressed an opinion that the
subscriptions should not be raised, but that a
Committee of Fellows should be appointed to-
consider the position and confer with the Council.
The Chairman said that the Council had decided
that Mr. Rubinstein's letter and recommenda-
tions should be read, but that the resolutions be
not submitted or voted upon, having regard to-
their nature as affecting the charter and lease of
the Society. The Duke of Teck was re-elected
President ; Mr. G. J. Maejoribanks, Treasurer,
and eight Fellows were elected on the Council.

'■ British Trees." — The second part of tkis-
publication, prepired by Mr. Rex Vicat Cole,
has been issued by Hutchinson & Co. It deals-
with the Beech and the wild Plum or Sloe, and is
markei by the same excellences as those on
which we commented on a former occasion, the
chief of which is fidelity to nature.

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August 19, 1905. J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

I5T

"Botanical Magazine." — The August
number contains coloured illustrations of the
following plants : —

Meconopeis integri/olia, Franchet, t. 8027. — The
noble Tibetan Poppy, introduced by Mr. Wilson
to the Veitchian nurseries. See Gardener*'
Chronicle (1904), vol. ii., p. 240, with Supplement.

Tetralheca thymifolia, Smith, t. 8028. — A pretty,
greenhouse, hardwooded shrub from East Aus-
tralia, with wiry stems, sin ill ovate, hirsute,
verticillate leaves, and rosy-lilac flowers.

Impatiens Holstii, Engler, t. 8029. — See Gar-
deners' Chronicle, 1905, p. 14, with illustration.
Differs from I, Sultani in its broader leaves and
reddish-coloured flowers.

Plertmnthus crassus, N. E. Brown, t. S030. —
See Gardeners' Chronicle (1901), i., p. 21.

Odontoglossum ramulosum, Lindley, t. S031. — A
Columbian species, with a loose, branching
panicle and numerous small, yellow flowers ; the
segments marked with dark-brown blotches.

A French "Country Life." — The publica-
tion is announced by MM. Hacuette et Cie, of
a Revue entitled La Vie o la Campagne, which is
admittedly inspired by the English periodical
Country Life. The new paper is to deal with
such subjects as its title suggests, and to be of
interest to landowners, farmers, agriculturists,
horticulturists, and sportsmen, professional and
amateur. Illustrations are to accompany letter-
press, which is to deal with all rural toils and
pleasures.

Hybrid Eremurus. — A hybrid has been
obtained at Verrieres by Monsieur Philippe de
Vilmorin between E. Bungei and E. Bungei
reciprocally crossed. The newcomer has been
named E. Isabellinus x , and is remarkable for
the colour of the flowers (yellow with a rosy
flush). The flowers also are intermediate in size
between those of the parents. The plants are
more robvist than their parents, as often happens
in hybrids. A Certificate of Merit was awarded
to this novelty by the National Horticultural
Society of France on July 13 last.

Covent Garden. — Frequenters of the Central
Avenue will note the removal of Messrs. Dickson
& Co., the florists, who had been at the south-
west corner of the avenue for many years, and
who for a long period supplied our market reports
so far as flowers are concerned. Messrs. Dickson
have removed to the West End, and their
premises are to be occupied in future by Mr.
Garcia, the select quality of whose flowers and
the elegance of whose wreaths and bouquets,
as shown in his old premises, must have struck
every passer-by.

Chrysanthemum Show in Paris. — We
have received the regulations and schedule of the
Chrysanthemum and Fruit Show to be held at
Cours-la-Eeine (Paris), from November 4 to 12,
by the Societe Nationale d'Hortieulture de France.
In addition to Chrysanthemums. Cyclamen, Car-
nations, Lilacs, Asters, and general collections of
flowering and foliage plants, Orchids and floral
arrangements, such as bouquets and sprays, may
be entered. Fruit, ornamental trees, vegetables,
and works of art more or less representative of
plants, flowers, or fruit are available, and there
is a special section for machinery. Various
awards are offered in the horticultural sections.
Intending exhibitors should make immediate
application to M. le President, Rue de Grenelle, 84,
Paris.

The Flora of France.— The third volume
of the Abbe Coste's Flore de Francs is approach-
ing completion. The last-issued part contains
the Lilies, Irises, and Orchids (in part). The
description of each speuies is accompanied
by a small woodcut illustration. The work is
published by Klincksieck, of Paris, and may be
hadof Messrs. Williams & Noroate.

Oversea Supplies: July. — The Bank

Holiday interfered with the publication of the
Trade and Narigation Returns for July, but the
figures issued made ample. amends for the delay;
for once again the record has been broken ;
both imports and exports have gone up with a
bound. The Imports for the month are valued at
some ,£44,741,838 ; this, compared with the total
for July, 1900, .£40,956,601, shows a "plus"
equal to £3,785,237. The increase is mainly in
food supplies and raw material for manufacturers.
The Wheat and flour supplies from the United
States and Canada are on a. diminutive scale,
owing probably to the Colony being engaged in
feeding the Republic ; the " foreigner " made up
for all deficiencies, and the British miller reaped
an advantage. The Export totals make up
.£27,821,051, against £24,783,552— a difference in
favour of the past month of .£3,037,169, and this
gain is made up of increments in the staple
industries — another excellent feature. R2specting
fruit and vegetable imports, the following
summary table will be found of interest —

Imports— July.

1904.

1905.

Difference.

Fruits, raw-

£

£

£

Apples

38,413

24,589

—13,824

Apricots and Peachea

19,182 .

35,405

+16,223

Cherries

74,808

61,340

—13,462

Currants

105,829

76,663

—'28,866

Gooseberries ..

•;.274

3,712

—2,562

Grapes

35.196

28,358

—6,838

Pears

49,357

22,813

-26 544

Plums

236,104

138,991

—87,710

Strawberries ..

1 331

a*9N

—1,356

Vegetables, raw-

Onions

bush.

56,257

59,303

+3,016

Potatos

cwt.

235,109

217,615

—17,494

Tomatos

ding-\
ruits

not }
this

122,1. -.5

—36,242

Gross total, inch
varieties of 1
and ve^'i'i ftbles
enumerated in
Table

1,413,699

1,304,894

-239,005

It will interest all who have connections with the
Far East to learn that our latest " acquisition "
in China, Wei-hai-wei, is about to enter the field
as a fruit-producing colony on a large scale. It
has all the soil and elimatal advantages of ( 'hefoo
in the same province, and a large variety of
fruit-trees have been ordered from home. The
Botanical Superintendent at Hong-kong will, it
is stated, have the guiding hand in this new
venture, which promises to become a principal
feeder to the Shanghai market. Our Normandy
friends are reported to be suffering from a very
short harvest of cider Apples and table fruits ;
some of the coarser varieties of fruit make a
better show. It may be worth noting that the
over-sea supplies for the past month furnish a
total of £72,562,889.

The Estate Nursery. — Most landowners
are to some extent aware of the value of a small
home-nursery, but few realise the greatness of
the advantages which may accrue on any estate,
large or small, from the setting apart of a
sufficient area for the propagation and rearing of
forest-trees and hedge plants, and of a similar
provision for a trial-ground, fruit-plot or experi-
ment station. Proprietors are as a class too
much addicted to rely on the experience of other
people, gained it may be under different condi-
tions and with only indirect reference to the
requirements of particular cases. To such
persons we commend Mr. Simpson's little treatise
bearing the title at the head of this notice. The
book may be had from the Country Gentlemen's
Association, 2, Waterloo Place, Pall Mall. It
deals with the formation of the nursery, the
acquisition of seed, the methods of sowing and
transplanting, and the general management of

the nursery. These are details in 'which the
advice of the gardener might profitably be sought,
and indeed when there is a good understanding
between gardener and forester, the gardener
might well be entrusted with the management of
the seed and seed-bids, and the details of layer-
ing. In any case forester or gardener will find
numerous practical hints clearly presented in
Mr. Simpson's little book.

"FLORA AND Sylva."— The July number of
this attractive publication contains a valuable
article on the Pampas grasses (Cortaderia), by
Dr. Staff. Five species are described — C. ar-
gentea, C. araucana, C. speciosa, C. rudiuscula,
and C. Quila. The "Pampas" grass, it appears,
is not characteristic of the Pampas, but occurs in
S. Brazil and Paraguay, and in the Argentine.
Vast plantations of it have been made in Cali-
fornia, where at Sta. Barbara in 1889 the crop was
estimated at 1,000,000 plumes. Mr. Gumbletok
adds a note relating to C. Quila, the most beauti-
ful of the geuus, but unfortunately tender. The
name Cortaderia perpetuates the native name
" Cortaderia," by which the Pampas grass and
its allies are known in S. America. A translation
in abstract, from M. Lemoine's Monograph on
Deutziu, is of permanent value-.

HYBRID Nicotianas,— The appearance of the
wonderful hybrid Nicotianas raised by Messrs.
Sander <i Sons between N. Forgeti and N.
affinis, and known as N. Sandera? x.has stimu-
lated others to make further essaj s in the same
direction. Thus we find that Messrs. Cayeux et
Leclerc, of Paris, have obtained a Certificate ]of
Merit from the National Horticultural Society of
France for a hybrid raised from N. affinis by
pollen of N. Sanderoe. The flowers are described
as "enormes," varying in colour from white to
rose, lilac, and reddish-violet. The plant is
described as very vigorous, and the flowers very
fragrant.

Fruit-growing in British Columbia.—
We heard something of this recently at the Royal
Horticultural Society, and now we find, in the
Canadian IlorticulturUt, that the province is pro-
gressing very rapidly in the matter of fruit-
growing. Our contemporary attributes this
advance to the fact that many of the fruit-
growers have gone into this province " totally
unacquainted with fruit-growing, having, how-
ever, considerable capital. These men are not
loaded down with a quarter of a century of pre-
judice, but come to their work fresh and willing
to imbibe the latest and best from books and
from their most successful competitors in the
business. This will account for the fact that, on
the average, the methods of British Columbia are
infinitely ahead of those of the average fruit-
grower in Eastern Canada." A quarter of a
century of prejudice would seem very moderate
in the Old Country, but by way of compensation
we may set down centuries of experience. It is
for the coming generation to adjust the balance..

PLANT PORTRAITS.

Aoacia podaltiuifolia, A. Cunningham. —
Phyllodes ovate acute ; flowers in globular heads
,l1 in loose racemes. Gartenjlora, August.

Zyoontsia RolfeaNA. — The result of a bigenerie
from Aganisia lepida crossed with the pollen bf
Zygopetalum maxiilare. Flora and Sylva, July.

Daffodils Lord Kitchener, Dewdrop, Fawn, afid
Sunbeam. Flora and Sylva, July.

Andromeda speciosa. — /,'. i <ue de VHorticultun.
Beige, August.

Rose Soleil d'Or. — A cross between Persian
Yellow and Antoine Ducher. It has the vigorous habit
of the former, with the " perpetual" blooming tenden-
cies of the H.P. Flowers full yellow. Bi
V Horticultwri Beige, August.

Dianthds "Wabley." Garden, August 5. A
seedling raised by iHiss AVillmott from Cyclops, wftli
brilliant crimson flowers.

152

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 19, 1905.

BATTERSEA PARK.

The outlying parts of south-western London
enjoy in their parks and open spaces a more
enviable position as compared with any other, ex-
cepting, perhaps, those districts abutting on the
breezy northern heights, from which, however,
the advantage of a great river in the vicinity is
missing. There are the great commons of
Wimbledon, Wandsworth, and Clapham, situated
at considerable height above the Thames, and
open to every wind that blows, and so far but
little marred by the landscape gardener.
Wimbledon Common is practically in the same
natural state that it has been in for hundreds of
years, and the others contain but few marks of
the improver's hands, if we omit the levelling of
the turf and clearing away of the too-abundant
Gorse and Brambles.

The park at Battersea differs from the above-
mentioned commons in that it is almost entirely
the work of the landscape gardener. It is not
yet fifty years since it was laid out as we see it,
although to most persons, judging from the size of
the timber-trees with which its avenues and larger
effects are produced, it must seem to be much older.
Much of it is "made ground," the site being
low-lying and marshy, and at high tides it was,
at one time, subject to flooding. This has been
averted by throwing up a wide embankment on
the river-front, and facing it with rough masonry
— the first step in the reclamation of the land.
It is owing to the dampness of the soil, to
its situation, and to its depth, that trees, shrubs,
and herbaceous perennial plants grow with so
much vigour. The severest droughts seem to
have but small effect on vegetation here.

A visit paid in the present month revealed all
the best features of the park ; the trees presenting
their liveliest tints of green peculiar to each, and
the beds and borders of flowering plants were in
great beauty, whilst the up keep of lawns, walks,
roads, &c, left nothing to be desired. The area
seems to fall naturally into four fairly distinct
sections ] there is the river frontage, consisting of
what is now a fine avenue of Oriental Planes and
stretches of rather roughly-kept lawn ; then the
broad carriage road with a path for pedestrians
on the side furthest from the river, beyond which
stretch shrubberies bordered with flowering
plants, separate parterres of bedding or foliage
plants; and shrubberies that contain many
striking examples of flowering trees and ever-
greens. Beyond this portion and the lake are im-
mense lawns devoted to games and promenading;
there also is a fine avenue of Elms backed by
close plantations of common shrubs— mostly ever-
greens ; and beyond this avenue are other lawns,
smaller than those first named ; and still further
afield is the sub-tropical garden, the great attrac-
tion of the park; and the lake, around which
many of the finest and choicest trees and shrubs
of the park are to be found.

The south side of the park has many fine views
of the lake and surrounding bosquets and planta-
tions, and is adorned with numerous specimens
of exotic trees and shrubs planted singly or
standing in the foregrounds of the shrubberies
bordering the lake, while others stand singly on
the smooth turf that runs on the south side of a
broad road intended for pedestrians only. This
road leads in a devious line to the main south-
eastern entrance in the Queen's Road.

The visitor entering by this gate and walking
in a south-westerly direction will note first a large
oblong bed, 30 yards long and 10 wide, planted
with single-flowered Hollyhocks in great variety
and standing about 2 yards apart, the intervening
spaces being filled with show, fancy, and Cactus
Dahlias, and vigorous bush Roses, clumps of
Phloxes of the decussata section, Pentstemons.and
Gladiolus brenchleyensis. The margin of this
immense flower-bed is planted with oblong groups
of scarlet and pink Pelargoniums, East Lothian

Stocks, white Marguerites, and variegated Pelar-
goniums forming the edging. There are flanking
borders to this bed, similarly treated as regards
the materials employed.

Among the trees observed along this road may
be mentioned Koelreuteria paniculata, possessing
numerous panicles of bloom ; many fine Crataegus,
including C. Aronia, C. coccinea, C. Crus-galli,
C. orientalis, and varieties of C. oxyacantha ;
Tamarisks in variety, well furnished with their
pink inflorescences; Cotoneaster frigida in fruit ;
Pyrus Sorbus, several species of Taxus, and the
Stagshorn Sumach. Interspersed are beds of Can-
nas with red or green leaves. There is observed
on one side of the road running eastwards from
the Albert Road entrance a sunken panel-garden,
the beds being planted in pairs, with Heliotrope
mixed with pink Fuchsias, and bordered with
Begonia floribunda. Two other beds are planted
with Fuchsias, two with red-flowered Cannas and
scarlet Pelargoniums, with blue-flowered Lobelia ;
two with green-leaved Cannas, one having pink
and the other scarlet flowers; while the centre
bed is filled with Abutilon Thompsoni and Perilla
nankinensis mixed indiscriminately. Next follows
a line of a pink-flowered Nosegay Pelargonium,
and finally an edging of blue Lobelia. The
entire panel had a margin of beds of Pelar-
gonium in variety. Small Dracaenas, Bamboos,
and scarlet Pelargoniums are dotted about on
the turf, the effect being not quite satisfactory.

Hereabouts were noticed some splendid pyra-
midal Hollies and a Gymnocladus canadensis, the
latter much crowded by otherand commoner things.
Facing this tree and across the road one notices
a Catalpa syringifolia 30 feet high and propor-
tionately broad. The border of shrubs for many
yards is planted, in the front, with Anemone
japonica, Calceolaria floribunda, &o., and edged
with Poa trivialis variegata. In this part much
use is made of species of Helianthus with single
flowers. Further along this road the border of
the shrubbery is furnished with double-flowered
Hollyhocks of good quality, beautiful Phloxes in
variety, dwarf-growing Helianthus, and yellow-
and-purple Violas.

There are a few good beds observed around the
refreshment-house— viz., two with double- flowered
Fuchsias, and bordered with a broad band of
Thunbergia aurantiaca, the latter flowering re-
markably well. Other beds are planted with
Pelargoniums, and a border running round the
rear of the beds is filled with groups of Pent-
stemons, Marguerites, zonal and Ivy-leaved Pelar-
goniums ; golden - leaved Privet is employed
in standard form to break the monotony of the
flat surface.

The Lake-side and Sub-Tropical Garden.

In the approach to this from the east, some
capital specimen Hollies may be noticed, and varie-
gated Hollies of small sizes planted in groups
with wide glades of grass between. Planted on
the margin of the water in various places, Eulalia
japonica zebrina, Gunnera scabra, Arundinaria
Simoni, Arundo conspicua, Bambusa palmata;
Iris of sorts, Polygonum, Fatsia Sieboldi,
Cortaderia argentea, several Vitis, including V.
Coignetite, and Aristolochia Sipho are employed
to break the smoothness of the banks in places.

The usual arrangement of plants in pots, viz.,
Ferns, Palms, Cycads, Philodendron pertusum
(Monstera), under tall Poplars, is still carried out,
and the various plants seem more healthy than
in former years. One grassy mound is planted
with Livistona borbonica, at several yards apart.

A bed in the subtropical part, 30 feet long, is
exceedingly choice; it is planted with Solanum
jasminoides, the specimens being 6 feet in
height, with a groundwork consisting of a rose-
coloured Ivy-leaved Pelargonium, to which there
is an edging of Sedum tabul;pforme, Lobelia,
variegated Pelargonium, and Heliotrope. It
almost seems as if edging-plants generally are too

redundant, and in this case certainly it is so. It
is an instance of not seeing the wood because of
the trees.

There are also beds filled with some dwarf
growing Cannas having flowers of vivid colours,
with East Lothian Stocks and zonal Pelargoniums.
Near by, as a foil to all this bright colouring, is
a round bed planted with Chrysanthemum maxi-
mum (single white flowers), underneath which
is a pale-leaved Pelargonium, on which no flowers
are allowed to remain, and masses of pale purple
Violas, with a variety of Begonia floribunda and
Arabis albida as edging plants in separate lines.

A bed forming a telling combination of plants
and colouring is filled with Fuchsias of one red
variety, Abutilon Sellcwianum marmoratum, and
white-flowered Stocks. Alongside of this is a bed
filled with a bronzy-leaved Canna, 3 feet high"
having an inner edging of Centaurea candidissima,
and an outer one of Golden Fleece Fuchsia, with
the shoots pegged to the soil so as to form a flat
band, a barbarism perhaps, but yet effective.

There are beds consisting of tall Fuchsias,,
including F. fulgens, Hibiscus Rosa sinensis
Piumbago capensis, Cassia corymbosa, &o.j o
Grevillea rosmarinifolia and Dracama australis
with Harrison's Musk as a carpet; of Lantana
Drap d'Or and pink and white Begonias, with
standards of Acacia lophantha, and one of Solanum
robustum, 3 to 4 feet high, associated with red-
flowered Fuchsias and white-flowered Stocks, forms
a striking bed. The finest bed in the garden
faces this last, and consists chiefly of standard
plants of Plumbago, standing on an undergrowth
of blue and yellow Violas, of Coleus, Heliotropes,
Abutilon Thompsoni, with outer lines of Iresine
and Pelargoniums. The next bed to this, one filled
with an imposing-looking foliage plant (Polym-
nia), and planted at the sides with purple and
white- flowered Phloxes, forms a grand sight, the
latter plants being at their best, and this year
they are as fine as possible.

A large bed of succulents contains many good
plants, especially Agaves. Hereabouts are more
Fuchsias, some alone, others associated with
Plumbago capensis and other plants. Good use
is made of Palms in tubs, these being arranged
on the south side of a line of tall Poplars, so that
they have full sunshine and are yet sheltered
from cool winds. There are some capital masses
of Bamboos in this part of the garden.

Mr. Rogers, the new Superintendent, is
deserving of much commendation for the admir-
able manner in which he is managing the park.
F. M.

THE SPECIES OF DAPHNE.

The catalogue of M. Maurice de Vilmorin
(Fruticetum Vilmorianum) contains a list of
species of Daphne which seems to me to be very
complete. For more than twenty years I have
collected specimens of this genus, but I have
never in any public or private garden found so
complete a collection as that here mentioned.

They are plants of slow growth, difficult to
increase and liable to injury from transplantation.
In moving the Alpine garden we lost all our old
plants in spite of the care that was taken not to
injure the roots. As to increasing them, grafting
is the easiest method, on D. laureola for species
with evergreen, and on D. Mezereum for those with
caducous leaves. Budding is however to be pre-
ferred as giving sturdier and more vigorous plants.
This is effected in August or September under a
bell-glass ; it is sometimes six months before the
callus forms and a year before rootlets emerge.

From a cultivator's standpoint the genus
Daphne is divisible into two sections : — First,
those that succeed in the open -ground; and
second, saxatile or rock species. Among the
former are ; —

Border species.

D. altaica, Pallas, from Altaic Siberia and
Chinese Soongaria. Leaves caducous, lanceolate-
oblong ; flowers white, in clusters two to five, in

August lfl, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

1E3

small, terminal bouquets, slightly scented ; the
fruit is a fleshy-red berry.

D. caucasica, Pallas, from the Caucasus, Taurus,
and mountain forests of the Ukraine. Differs
from the preceding by its longer, sessile, and
glaucous leaves that are obtuse and mucronate,
and by its larger, greenish-white flowers in
fascicles of two to twenty; the calyx is hoary.
It is a shrub about 3 feet high. It is also known
as salacifolia and euphorbioides.

D. Sophice, Kalenitz, grows in wooded regions of
the Ural, and differs from D. altaica in its
leaves, glaucous below, obovate-oblong, mucro-
nate, narrow at the base. The pointed lobes of
the calyx are three times shorter than the tube
(half the length in altaica). It differs also in
its slender filiform branches and in its larger
corolla. Berries minium, red. It is a rare plant
that survives the severe cold in the Linnsea
garden in the Pennine Alps, and it flowers
abundantly, but ripens its fruits in the shade
only.

D. Mezereum, L., from the mountains of Europe
and temperate and Northern Asia. Many varie-
ties are cultivated ; the K?w Index mentions one

FlU. 52. — 1I.0WERIN1 SPRAV OF DAPHNE
MEZEH1C.U ALIil'M.

with white and one with double flowers, both dis-
tributed in gardens; and a third, grandiBora,
which I do not know, unless it be the same as
alpina, which I consider as a single form found
among the mountains, which reverts to the
original in cultivation.

D. Genkwa, Siebold et Zucearini. — Grown in
gardens in Japan, whence it was introduced from
China. A curious species, like Lilac in its trusses
of mauve blooms, and forming a shrub 3 to G feet
high, with numerous fine and clustering branches ;
leaves small, oval- lanceolate, opposite, and with
a silky velvety lustre underneath. This is a rare
and tender plant, needing a porous non-chalky
soil, a partly shaded position, and no damp. The
frosts of last January killed all our old plants,
and left only the younger one3 grafted the
previous year.

D. Fortunei, Lindley, from China. — I have not
received the plant under this name. An illus-
tration of the species (D. odora, sinensis, and
Cneorum) appears in the Flore des Serres de Van
Houtte, 3, t. 208; flowers lilac, clustered in
threes and fours in small lateral subsessile heads ;
leaves oval-oblong, nearly sessile. The six species
enumerated have caducous foliage and bare
stems in winter.

D. odora, Thunberg (D. japonica), from Japan.
— A dwarf shrub, with thick, fleshy branches ;
thick leaves that seem persistent, green, very
glabrous, oval-oblong, pointed ; flowers fairly
large, pale rose or lilac-white, clustered five to
twelve, falling readiiy, and very odoriferous.

Grown in gardens in Upper Italy, and especially
round Lakes Maggiore and Como, where it forms
large bushes rarely more than 3 feet high. At
Geneva it is frozen in cold winters, but survives
if well protected by Fir branches. It prefers
whole or partial shade, and flowers in March and
April. There is also a pretty variety with leaves
bordered with yellow and white.

D. sinensis, Lamarck (D. indica, hort.), from
the mountains of China. — A shrub growing to
6 or 7 feet, with dark brown branches bearing on
the upper parts oval-oblong, glabrous and shining
persistent leaves ; flowers violet-rose, numerous,
in thick terminal clusters, very fragrant. March
to May. It does not survive our winters, and
requires a cool-house or the conservatory. D.
Delphini, or Dauphini of French horticulture, is
apparently the same, as I have always received it
under that name, or as indica or sinensis.

D. japonica, Siebold and Zuccarini. — A Japanese
species akin to D. odora, but differing in its
leaves, narrowed at the base, sub-sessile ; in its
greenish flowers, borne on a pendulous, pubescent
peduncle. I have not grown it, but it is enume-
rated in the Fruticelum.

D. Mazeli, Carriere. — A Japanese species akin to
D. odora, differing by its flowers, borne on short
lateral ttems. It flowers in winter.

D. ye:oensis, Maximowicz (in Regel's Garten-
flora, 186G, p. 34). — Not known to me. Grown at
Les Barres by M. Maurice de Vilmorin, and is
probably near to japonica. It is a Japanese
species.

D. laureola, L , grows on the wooded, cal-
careous mountains of central, western, and
southern Europe, and in <ireat Britain. It is a
plant of handsome appearance. Laurel -like
foliage, with yellowish - green flowers, slightly
scented, to which succeed shining black berries.
It is grown in woods with good effect.

D. Fhilippi (D. pailkesknsis, Phil.). — From the
Pyrenees, differing from D. laureola by its bracts,
which are larger and longer than the flowers ;
by its more leafy stems, more bushy, almost
trailing habit, and by its smaller, more pointed
leaves, with a marked dorsal veiniDg. The
flowers are smaller than those of D. laureola.
Henry Correvon, Floraire, Geneva,
(To be continued.)

A NEW ORCHID DISEASE*

Just about fifty years ago the late Rev. M. J.
Berkeley established in this journal the genus
Hemileia, which included one species, H. vas-
tatrix, the too well-known "Coffee-leaf disease,"
a parasite that has devastated plantations wher-
ever the cultivation of Coffee has been attempted
in the Old World. Two or three other species of
Hemileia have since been discovered, all parasitic
on plants belonging to the Coffee family —
Kubiaceje — and all from tropical or sub-tropical
regions of the Old World.

Quite recently, however, a fungus parasitic on
Oncidium Cavendishianum, imported from Guate-
mala, proved to be a species of Hemileia not
previously recorded, and a second specimen of the
same fungus has also been sent for determination,
growing on the leaf of an Oncidium that had
been growing in this country for some time. The
fungus forms bright orange, powdery - looking
patches of variable size on the under-surface of
the leaf ; corresponding areas on the upper surface
of the leaf are of a sickly yellowish-green colour.
There is never any adrautage gained by acting
the part of an alarmist ; nevertheless, remember-

■ Hemileia americana, Massee (sp. nov.). — Maculis
epiphyllis pallide virescentibus ; soris hypophyllis
minutis globosis aurantiaeo-luteis ; uredosporis sub-
globosis verrucosis 20— 2e> pedicello crasso septato
elongato hyaliuo fultis ; teleutosporis obovatis verru-
cosis apice papilla obtusa ornatis 30 X 22-2F/i.

ing the terrible havoc caused by the Hemileia
parasitic on Coffee, it is just as well that culti-
vators of Orchids should be cognisant of the
fact that a very close ally of the Coffee
disease has established itself on Orchids in
this country. Prompt destruction of every
leaf showing the symptoms indicated above
should prevent the pest from spreading and
assuming the proportions of an irresistable
epidemic.

In describing the genus Hemileia, Berkeley
attached some importance to the arrangement of
the markings present on the surface of the

f 3

v.-;.''- ..
*,.*• . . • ._

7*v

CJArvpCHt^.o

Fig. 53.— hemileia on orchid leaf.

1. Fungus on leaf : natural size.

2. Section sbowing hypbsB or threads passing through
a stoma and producing uredospores ; mag. 400.

3. Uredospore : mag. 400.

4. Teleutosporc ; mag. 400.

uredospores. In H. vastatrix the head of spores
is densely crowded, and the surface of spores in
contact with each other is smooth, whereas the
free portions of the surface are coarsely warted,
hence the generic name [half-smooth]. This cha-
racter however, as might have been expected, has
not proved to be constant, as the species under con-
sideration has the spores evenly warted all over.

The most pronounced characters of the genus
are (1) the protrusion of the spore-bearing threads
or hyphse through the stomata only, hence the
spores are arranged in small clusters on the sur-
face of the leaf, and not produced in dense clusters
that burst through the epidermis of the leaf, as in
allied genera ; (2) the suckers or haustoria are not

1-54

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 19, 1905.

specialised, thickened todies, as in Puccinia,
Ac.,' but long slender bypba\ as in Peronospora
parasitica; (3) the teleutospore is one-celled,
with an apical gerin spore as in Uromyces.
Germination as in Puccinia. The teleutospores
are produced in small numbers after most of the
uredospores have been dispersed, and originate
from the same spawn or mycelium as the latter.
George Massee.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

J£he Editor docs not hold himself responsible for the
opinions expressed by his Correspondents.)

A NEW FERN PEST.— Mr.- S. T. Wright has

sent me from Wisley specimens of Pern-fronds
attacked by a pest which has hitherto not come
under my notice. I recently sent you a note
describing how rising Pern-fronds, chiefly of
Lady Perns, were punctured near the uncoiling
tip by an insect which laid eggs, which deve-
loped into maggots, these then eating their
way down the main rachis to the caudex, and,
as I presumed, burying themselves in the soil,
to appear the next season either as flies or bee-
tles, the perfect form of the insect being then un-
known to mo. When fully grown these maggots
are of a pale bluish tint. Mr. Wright's examples
differ from this in the fact that the fronds sent
are fully-matured as uninjured ones, but then a
few inches up from the caudex the Pern-rachis
shows a round hole about the twelfth of an inch
in diameter, from which exudes a white froth
resembling that of the immature cuckoo-spit.
On splitting the rachis, one and sometimes two
creamy-white maggots are found at a short dis-
tance below the perforation ; and though these are
larger and fatter than those previously described
as having devoured the whole of the rachis-core,
but little of the core is eaten, the inference
being that they live on the sap, the froth
being their exuviae. The specimens sent
are also Athyria ; but while the presence
of the maggots described by me in the
first place involves at the outset the perishing of
the frond-tip from the point where the eggs were
laid, and the subsequent destruction of the rest
of the frond ae the maggots descend; in those
sent by Mr. Wright the frond retains its verdure
to a large extent, and is, as I have said, attacked
near the base instead of near its apex. Fur-
thermore, this occurs much later in the season,
when the fronds are mature, instead of when
they are rising. It therefore seems clear that
two distinct insects are concerned, of neither of
which the life-history seems to be known. The
difficulty in both cases is that the severance of
the fronds concerned means the destruction of
the maggot, due to food deprival, and hence
living plants are required in order to follow out
the life-history, and determine the nature of the
fly or beetle which lays the eggs. In my own
case I have never seen this, though many fronds
are destroyed each season. It is to be hoped that
some entomologist will take the matter up, in
which case both Mr. Wright and myself would be
happy to facilitate resetrcli by supplying material.
Chas. f. Bitten/, V.M.H., F.L.8.

THE DOUGLAS FIR AT SCONE.— "A. P."

should know most on this subject, but if his
statements this week are correct, they are a
puzzling contradiction of the original statements
in the Perth Constitutional, which were oopied
into either the Gardeners' Chronicle or Garden and
never contradicted. I write from memory, but I
believe correctly, when I say that it was stated,
on Mr. McCorquodale's authority, that the
Douglas Firs in question were planted, tended,

■ felled, and finally sold by him at Is. per foot,
which must have produced a sum far in excess of
'A. P.'s" figure of .£34. As "A. P." has not

- seen the original article in the Dundee paper,
.may I suggest that he has probably made some
mistake. From what I have seen and read of
the Taymont wood, I understand that the Douglas
Firs were originally planted 12 feet apart, or 302
'"to the acre (not 202, as stated by Schlich —
" by mistake), and were filled in with Larch and

■ Spruce to some 4 feet over all. The Douglas
have never been regularly thinned I understand,

. but the Larch and Spruce were cut out, as they

were being smothered, and from what I saw of
them they were not worth more, I should think,
than £3i. Are those the trees " A. P. " speaks of,
and has he confounded them with the Douglas ? If
not, then tho original account was very mislead-
ing, though vouched for at the time and written
with the full knowledge of all concerned. As to
Mr. Booth's, statements, I fear he writes from
very loose data, as, for example, when he states
.(p. ,105) that the trees were sold by auction at
delivery price. Who ever heard of trees being
sold at delivery price when the auctioneer did
not know where they were going to ? The delivery
price is what the consumer pays when the trees
are delivered in his yard after the auctioneer's
■price has been paid. Were Mr. McCorquodale's
trees got from another plantation than the Tay-
mont ? J. Simpson.

RED CURRANTS.— On p. 9G of the Gardeners'
■Chronicle, "A. D.," in writing of these fruits,
mentions the variety Comet as being identical
with Pay's Prolific, and gives as his authority
Messrs. Bunyard. If Messrs. Bunyard have
found it to be so, I have riot. We have Fay's
Prolific obtained from Messrs. Veitch, and the
variety Comet bought from Messrs. Laxton, and
-it would require a lively imagination to describe
them as the same variety. The Bedford firm
state in their catalogue that it was given an
Award of Merit by the Royal Horticultural
Society, and it appears to deserve it, but if it is
the same as Fay's Prolific, why was this done ?
-Comet with me is the most prolific and earliest
fruiter among Ked Currants that I am acquainted
with. The bunches are more like bunches of
Grapest while two-year-old bushes fruit freely,
which I have not found other varieties do. T. H.
Slade.

OAK-TREES AT STUTTGART.— In answer to a
correspondent who applied to us for information
on this subject, Mr. ' Pfitzer obligingly writes : —
" We have enormous forests of Oak-trees in the
vicinity of Stuttgart. The Oak-trees are mixed
■ with some Beech-trees. Our Oaks, Quercus Robur,
are growing very nicely, much taller than they
do in England. They are growing about 20 to
30 yards high ; some giants are even taller. We
had and have still ttees here in Wilrttemberg
stated to be 700 to 800 years of age, and those
trees have a stem girth of from 8 to 10 yards. The
common trees of 10 to 20 yards in height are
about 2 to 4 yards in circumference, and the
branches near the ground are smaller, so that the
form of the tree appears tall, save in some
exceptions." W. Pfitzer, Stuttgart.

exhibiting SWEET PEAS —In my experience
as a competitor, official, and judge, I find that
nearly all show schedules are quite explicit and
definite in their rules [!] ; I have also found
that all exhibitors are not quite so absent-
minded as Mr. Ii. supposes. All rules are made
for a purpose, and that is to put all exhibitors
on the same footing, so that one may not have an
undue advantage over another. No doubt some
rules may be rather stringent, and in stating a
definite number of sprays or spikes in a stand, I
think the Society makes a mistake ; a rule having a
fixed number is not elastic enough, and generally
leads to ill-feeling, if not to a loss of entries. In
a Society of which I am an office-bearer, the rule
regarding Sweot Peas is stated as follows:— So
many vases, distinct varieties, not exceeding
thirty spikes in a vase. This permits of any
number less than thirty, but any more, even one
spike, should disqualify. The exhibitor who
puts in less than the number allowed is handi-
capping himself to that extent ; and the exhi-
bitor who puts in more, in my experience, gener-
ally does so to improve his stand, on the off-
chanoe- of not being detected. I bold that
when an exhibitor has staged his exhibit,
neither an official nor a judge has any right
to alter it in any way. How are they to
know that a deviation from rule is an oversight?
What right have they to say this should come
out, and that remain ? The exhibitor should
know what he means, and no one else has a right
to alter his meaning. I remember a show
wherein was a class for a collection of six kinds
of fruit. A competitor had buucbes of black and
white Grapes, and five other fruits. The judges,
before judging, drew the attention of an official

to it, and he removed one dish, but unfortunately
it happened to be the strongest dish in the
collection. Rules are not made to be broken,
but to be acted up to, and any one who
breaks a rule, either through ignorance or
intention, should suffer. Those who conform
should be protected. This principle runs through
all laws. I heartily agree with the Editor in his
opinion that where an exhibit is especially good,
but does not exactly conform to the rule applying
to it, a special award should be given it. I must
also differ from ''Mr. B." in his remarks that a
rule should be made to pass over those with "two
and' sometimes only one bloom on a spray." He
would like three, and if possible four. So should
I if I could get them good. But my experience
is that generally four blooms on a spray are not
good, and I would rather have two good ones
than four bad ones. It is far better to leave it
open. Exhibitors will never put in two if they
can get three or four that are good, but you will
limit the competition and keep out some of the
very best blooms if you adopt a restrictive policy.
I. regret to .differ from, such a good judge as "Mr.
B," but I believe he will, after consideration,
concede that to carry out his ideas, however well-
intentioned, would lead to endless trouble. Celt.

STAGING CARNATIONS AND PICOTEES. —
Respecting my note which appeared on p. 96, in
reference to this subject, I quite recently saw a
commendable exhibit of staging the blooms in
bunches. The schedule reads thus : — " For the best
six bunches of Carnations or Picotees, distinct,
not fewer than three blooms to form a bunch."
Four exhibitors competed, and the 1st prize col-
lection contained all exhibition blooms of named
varieties arranged in vases on long stems, and
with a plentiful supply of their own foliage.
Nothing could have had a prettier decorative
effect ; the blooms were handsome, even from a
florist's point of view, and could be distinctly
seen and appreciated. In future I shall hope to
see more competitors in such classes. The way
to increase them is to offer more prizes. E. M.

EUCRYPHIA PINNATIFOLIA. — This handsome
shrub is now in full beauty, and makes a fine and
bold show ; it has rose-like foliage and large white
flowers. I believe it was introduced by Messrs.
Veitch from Chili, where it grows among the
rocks at the foot of the Cordilleras. The speci-
men in flower here is about 9 feet G inches in
height, and is a mass .of bloom. The flowers,
which spring from the axils of the upper leaves,
are about 21 inches in diameter, each with four
pure white spreading petals and numerous sta-
mens, with long filaments terminating in bright
yellow anthers. W. A. Cook, Leonardslee Gardens.
[It was illustrated in the Gardeners' Chronicle,
August 22, 1891, p. 217. Ed.]

phloxes AT Cardiff show.— Quite the
finest display of herbaceous Phloxes in a cut state
that I have ever seen was one at the late Cardiff
show, arranged by Messrs. Isaac House & Son,
The Nurseries, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. At
the time I thought such a display was of a highly
educational character, and dt-served a special
note, which I now make as a guide to intending
planters of this showy, useful, and easily-grown
herbaceous plant. There is no doubt the finest
selection of sorts can be made from a display of
this character much more accurately than from
the ordinary trade catalogue, as here it is
a question of choosing the colours and forms most
admired. Messrs. House grow 20,000 plants m
200 varieties, therefore they have a magnificent
opportunity for selection and comparison. On
this occasion they staged 100 varieties, of which
the following I selected as being desirable: —
White Phloxes always command attention, as
apart from their beauty they are so useful in
floral work ; Fiancee, Albatre, Mathilde Serao,
Sylphide, and Esme are the best varieties of
bright rose colour to rosy-sab-jon included;
Archibald Forbes, Coniete, Le Siecle, Miss Pein-
berton (especially fine), and Mrs. Arthur Baker.
Of pink and rose-coloured flowers there were
Beranger, Foodora, and John Forbes. The best
of the deep blue and violet-coloured sorts were
Emanuel de Rouge, Iris, and Eclaireur, which is
still one of the best of early- flowering Phloxes.
The best scarlet and .orange-scarlet coloured

August lit, 130.-..J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

155

varieties were Brilliant, Coquelicof, Etna,
John Fraser, Liherte. Mounet Sully is
an improved Coquelieot : Suffrage, Tom Welsh,
Embarrassment, Roger Marx, very fine ; Aurora
Borealis, and Adonis. The following flowers
were white with a crimson centre: — Jean
Jerbaud, extremely showy ; and Henry Murger.
■Of pale blue and mauve colours there were
Esperance, Acropole, Crepuscule, Dervische, La-
martine, and Pharaon. The varieties James
. Farquhar and Madame Neera are of silver-grey
colour. Of crimson-purple to deep crimson
colours, Ferdinand Cortes, Lord Kelvin, and
Walter Wright, a new rich purple fliwer of
•excellent form, were the best. E. Molyneux,

rich orange-yellow. I will send you a photo-
graph. Apples in England, Ireland, and Scot-
land are like the old-fashioned Tulips and
Daffolils of twenty years since in requiring a
thorough overhauling. There are some fine old
Apples in this country, superior to any coming
from England ; I am working them all up again,
as I did with the Tulips. Ifm. Baylor Hartland,
Cork.

THE CULTIVATION OF
SCHJZANTHUS.

For the illustration of Scbizanthus (fig. 5 1) we
are iidebted to Mr. (i. W. Harbron, of Endeliffe

7'"-/

"TZ,^-

~£»^fp*$i

mm*

Fig. 54.— schizanthus in the garden of c. w. kayser, esq.

APPLE FIVE-CROWN pippin.— With reference
to a note recently published in the Gardeners'
Chronicle, I was indeed surprised not to have
seen this magnificent Apple put at the top of the
list as a table fruit. There is a tree here at Ard
■Cairn planted about fifteen years, and if there is
-one Apple on the tree there are 1,000. It is superior
to any Ribston in substance and quality, and we
had it in excellent condition until May 10 this
year. About February it is superb. The tree
came to me originally from Herefordshire ; the
name got lost in transit, and therefore I sent
specimens of the fruit to the chief nurseries in
England, when it was variously named Holland-
bury, Gravenstein, Winter Queening, Tom Putt,
me U colours ve y highly here, and the flesh is of a

Grange Gardens, Sheffield, who sends us the
following particulars as to his method of growing
the plants : —

" The seed is sown in the second week in
August, and the seedlings when large enough to
handle are pricked off singly into thumb-pots,
and again later into 5-ineh pots. The final potting
takes place about the middle of February. I use
pots ranging from 7 to 11 inches in diameter,
according to the vigour of the varieties. I grow
them in a temperature of 55°, and at about the
end of March they are placed in a conservatory in
a group, and allowed to grow together. As to
training, I employ stakes ranging from 3 to G feet

in height, using six stakes to a plant, placing one
in the centre and five round the outside of the pot.
The compost used for the first and second
pottings is composed of good fibrous loam and
leaf-mould in the proportion of half each, with
sharp sand and charcoal dust. For the final
potting I use three parts old Chrysanthemum-
soil to one of leaf -mould, with some sharp sand
and a good dressing of charcoal dust, the Chrys-
anthemum-soil being, I find, sufficiently rich
without requiring manure. When the pots are
filled with roots I feed well with manure-water.
The plants require very careful watering, for
should the soil become too wet they damp off
very quickly. The varieties I grow are as
follows : — S. pinnatus, S. p. candidissimus, S. p.
roseus compactus, S. grandiflorus oculatus, S.
p ipilionaceus pyramidalis, S. grandiflorus pyra-
midalis compactus, S. Grabami carmineus. G. W.
Uarbron, The Gardens, Endeliffe Grange, Shefftrrd."

FORESTRY.

THE LOCUST TREE.

"A, P.," in your issue of August 12, makes
the broad statement that it is the proved worth-
lessness of the timber of this tree as a forest tree
in this country that is accountable for its
neglect. If "A. P." would give some statistics
and details to prove his statement I should be
much obliged. Meanwhile, our position here is
as follows: — L irch-disease has made such strides
in the last two years that plantations of Larch
twenty years old and more, which were perfectly
healthy two years a^o, are this year dying by
hundreds. Smoke and caterpillars are killing
the Oaks. Spanish Chestnut is so far doing well,
and is the oily tree left of first-class timber for
r mgh estate purposes, such as fencing, &c.

1 >ur attention was turned to some Locust trees
planted in 1802, which had to be cut down. They
were about 40 feet high, and contained 19 feet
0 incht-s of timber below the first branch, in spite
.of bein.? baily grown, and nearly as broad as
high. We made posts for park fencing out of
the timber, and the head woodman said the wood
was harder than Oak.

There are millions of colliery props sold every
year in this country. Mr. Booth says that abroad
props made from the Locust tree are more valu-
able than those made of Oak; it would be in-
teresting to hear " A. P.'s " experience in this
direction with the timber of this tree which he
considers to be quite worthless. Basil Levett,
Wychnor, Co. Staffs.

REMARKS ON THE CONDITION OF
THE FKU1T CHOPS.

(Sec Tables and General Summary, ante, pp. 81-87.)
{Continued from p. 137.)
5, SOUTHERN COUNTIES.
Berkshire. — The Apple crop in this locality
is generally much below the average, and that
of Pears, although the trees developed plenty of
bloom, is also below an average crop. Small
fruits are abundant. Strawberries were a good
crop, for although the earliest-produced trusses
of flowers were cut off by frost, the rains benefited
the later ones, which furnished a good crop of
fruit. Apple-tree3 have suffered much from
American blight. J. Howard, Bcnltain Park
lens, N fir bury.
The general fruit prospscts in this neigh-
bourhood up to May 20 were all that could be
desired, Apples, which may be considered the
principal fruit crop, looking up to that time
remarkably well ; but after that date 7°, 10°, and
1 1° of frost appearing caused them to be a com-
plete failure. The same may be said with regard
to Plums, except those growing upon walls ; but

156

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Aogost 19, 19*5.

Peaches and Apricots are above the average.
Bush fruit, including Strawberries, are both
plentiful and good. William Fyfe, Zockinge
Gardens, Wantage.

The soil here varies very much, and

includes gravel, clay, and chalk, the subsoil being
principally clay. The fruit crops in this garden
and in those in the vicinity are rather unsatis-
factory this year. The crops of Apples are very
sparse, and the same may be said of Pears.
Plums, on the contrary, are an immense crop, the
trees breaking down with the great quantity of
fruit. Gooseberries and Currants have also
splendid crops. Strawberries were most unsatis-
factory, the finest and best fruits being spoiled
by the rains during the latter part of June, from
which cause more than half the crop rotted on
the ground. James Coomles, Englefield Gardens,
Reading.

The fruit crops in this district were quite

spoiled by the severe frosts at the end of May.
Plums and Pears trained on walls are the more
satisfactory, but even these are far from good.
Strawberries have been most disappointing, the
variety Laxton being by far the best, both in
amount of crop and in quality. Laxton's " The
Latest" is a first-class late variety, the fruits
being large, well coloured, and of splendid
flavour. Givon's Late is also worthy of mention,
the fruits being large, firm, and of excellent
quality. Wm. Pope, Highclere Gardens, Newbury.

Dorsetshire.— The Apple prospect in orchards
is bad, and complaints are general hereabouts of
the few fruits that have developed dropping
largely. Bush - trained trees in the kitchen-
garden, which received attention last season with
regard to thinning the crop and were given
copious waterings, are again bearing a goodaverage
crop ; but still the fruit up to the present time is
not nearly so healthy in appearance as it was last
ssason. Pear trees with few exceptions, notably
Marie Louise, Pitmaston Duchess, and Marechal
de la Cour, are bearing good average crops, and
are fairly healthy. Among Plums, Early Prolific,
Victoria, and Pond's Seedling are carrying
moderate crops, but the choicer dessert kinds are
deficient in this respect. Sweet Cherries have
been excellent, but Morellos are not so good.
Peaches and Nectarines are an average crop, and
the trees have recovered wonderfully from a bad
attack of "blister" in the spring. The crop of
Apricots is again poor. Bush fruits have good
crops, while the Raspberry crop is also satis-
factory. Flavour in the Strawberries was affected
by the excessive heat the third week in June,
but late kinds, and especially " Climax," have
been more than usually good. T. Turto'n, Castle
Gardens, Sherborne.

The promise of a good fruit season was

shattered by the appearance of frost, cold winds,
and fog during the latter part of May. The
blossom was very clean, and was in some cases
fertilised, but the fruits turned black and fell off.
The above conditions did not affect the bush
fruits, but Plum-tree3 suffered terribly. Pears
also were badly affected, but the variety Doyenne
du Cornice stood the adverse conditions well
Among Apples the varieties Gloria Mundi Lord
Grosvenor and Duchess of Oldenburgh escaped
much injury. The soil in this district is sandy
loam, with a subsoil of ironstone. H. Kempshall,
Abbotsburxj Castle Gardens, Dorchester.

The fruit -crops here would be greatly

improved by rain, as the soil is very dry. Most
fruit-trees are suffering from a severe attack of
blight. Our soil is very chalky and of a dry
nature. Thos. Denny, Down House Gardens,
Blandford.

The fruit crops are under the average

amount in this locality, although all the trees
flowered and set their fruits well, but keen, frosty

winds throughout April and during the early
part of May caused Pears and Plums to drop
wholesale. Apricots, Morello Cherries, and
Peaches are carrying fair crops. Plums are but
half a crop ; while Pears are also sparse. Some
varieties of Apples on standard trees in orchards
are heavily cropped, but bushes and espaliers are
carrying thin crops, although what fruit there is
is of good size. Small bush fruits are abundant
and of good quality. Strawberries were a light
crop and were soon over, Fig-trees are carrjing
fair crops, especially the variety Brown Turkey.
Ben Campbell, Kingston House Gardens, Dorchester.

The fruit crop in our immediate neigh-
bourhood is under the average, owing to the
appearance of late frosts. Strawberries in some
gardens were a complete failure, whilst in others
there was an average crop. Apples suffered
greatly, but there is a moderate amount of Pears
and Plums. Peaches growing outside suffered
much from "blister." Apricots do badly with
us; the trees are continually dying. Small
fruits — Currants, Gooseberries, and Raspberries —
are an average crop. The soil here is heavy clay.
Alfred Coleman, Motcombe, Shaftesbury.

Hampshire. — Our fruit-crops are under the
average amount all through. Early varieties of
Strawberries escaped injury, but Strawberries did
not last long in fruit, the late frost damaging the
main crop. Gooseberries, Red and Black Currants,
and Raspberries are all very good. Damsons are
also a good crop, but Plums are very bad. I never
saw such a quantity of Filberts and Cobnuts, the
trees being laden. The Apple-crop is thin, many
fruits having dropped at midseason. Bush-trees
that were thinned last season are cropping mode-
rately well. Arthur Lee, Palace Bouse Gardens,
Beaulieu, Brockenhurst.

The soil here is a strong loam overlying a

heavy tenacious subsoil with chalk below. Apples
are an average crop, the trees looking remarkably
well, and the fruit swelling rapidly. Such
sterling varieties as Cox's Orange Pippin, Ailing-
ton Pippin, Worcester Pearmain, Lord Grosvenor,
Stirling Castle, Bramley's Seedling, and Norfolk
Beauty, all promise well. Damsons are especially
a heavy crop, also wall Cherries. Gooseberries
and Currants are heavily laden with good fruit.
Strawberries have done remarkably well, especi-
ally the varieties Leader, Royal Sovereign, and
Sir J. Paxton. Edwin Molyneux, Swanmore Park
Bishops Waltham.

The prospect early in the spring gave

promise of a good fruit year, but on the nights of
May 21, 22, we experienced disastrous frosts.
Apple-trees, notwithstanding their heavy crops
last season, gave promise of plenty of fruit again
this year; but the hope has not been realised.
Strawberries were a mass of blossom, but it was
almost all destroyed ; while Raspberries and
Pears shared the same fate. Currants, both
Black and Red, are carrjing good crops of fine
fruit. Gooseberries, although half the fruit
dropped from the frost, are carrying an average
crop of fine clean terries. Apricots are a good
average crop, as are also Cherries. Our best
crop is Plums. The soil is stiff on a clay subsoil,
and the situation low, consequently we suffer
greatly when late frost appears. A. G. Nichols,
Strathfieldsaye Gardens, Mortimer R S.O.

The soil here is, on the whole, of rather

poor quality, with a gravelly clay subsoil. Fruit-
trees of all kinds blossomed well, but the sharp
frosts in May destroyed the Apple, Plum, and
Pear crops in the open. Small fruits did not
suffer quite so badly, although the first-formed
flowers of Strawberries and Raspberries were
largely destroyed. J. Wasley, Shcrfield Manor
Gardens, Basingstoke.

The fruit crops in this district are about

the average, with the exception of Apples and

Pears, which looked very promising until May 23,
when we experienced 7° of frost, while in some
places as much as 10° were registered, which
completely ruined the blossom. Varieties are no
exception this time. Plums were well set before
the frost came, as were also Peaches. The
earliest - formed trusses of Strawberries were
destroyed, but there were nevertheless good crops
of this fruit, and the same may be said of other
small fruits. J. Bowerman, Hackwood Park
Gardens, Basingstoke.

But little blossom appeared on our Apple

and Pear-trees this season, but what did develop
set well. The soil here is a strong loam. Noah
Kneller, Malshanger Park Gardens, Basingitoke.
(.To be continued.)

SOCIETIES,

THE ROYAL HOETICULTUBAl.

August 15. — Although there was much that was
interesting at the usual fortnightly meeting of this
Society, held in their Hall in Vincent Square, "West-
minster, on this date, the number of exhibits was
below the average, and the attendance meagre. This
was to be expected, now that the holiday season
is in full swing ; nevertheless there were good
groups of plants, flowers, and fruit presented, and
the Committees found plenty to do in adjudicating
upon novelties. Each recommended awards — the-
Orchid Committee one First - class Certificate, the
Florai, Committee one First class Certificate and five
Awards of Merit, and the Fruit and Vegetable
Committee several Awards of Merit to produce that,
had been found worthy after trial in the Society's
Gardens at Wisley.

A prominent feature was the display of about 20O
choice varieties of Gladioli, staged by Messrs. Kel-
way & Sons ; another was the excellent exhibit
from the gardens of Miss Adamson, Regent's Park,
who Eent a collection of fruit, and another of
plants. Many good groups of herbaceous flowers were
also displayed.

A paper by Professor H. J. Webber, of the United)
States Department of Agriculture, was read on the
"Progress of Horticulture in the United States," in
which he treated of refrigeration, new varieties, hybri-
disation, methods of culture, and diseases and theis-
remedies.

Floral Committee.

Present: W. Marshall, Esq. (in the Chair), am}
Messrs. Chas. T. Druery, H. B. May, Geo. Nicholson.
John Green, Wm. Cuthbertson, Chas. Dixon, J. T,
Bennett-Poe, W. P. Thomson, E. H. Jenkins, W. J.
James, James Walker, Herbert Cutbush, Johra
Jennings, Chas. Blick, Wm. Howe, E. C. Notcutt, and
E. T. Cook.

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Ltd , King's Road.,
Chelsea, displayed a batch ot the new Buddleia varia-
bilis var. Veitchiana, and an improved form labelled
B. v. magninca (see Awards). The pyramidal spikes oS
lavender- coloured flowers of these plants made a-
pleasing show, and were produced in plenty. A row of
the coarse-growing Senecio clivorum, with baskets of
Ericas in variety, Mtnziesia polifolia atro-purpurea and
small plants of Bamboos in pots completed the group.
On an adjacent table Messrs. Veitch had a batch of
Gloxinias, and a number of plants of the beautiful
blue-flowered Exicum macrantkum. The Gloxinias
are worthy of note, for although it is not mors, than
six months since they were sown, they were carrying
excellent flowers of large substance, the selection of
colours being most noteworthy and representing a
most desirable strain (Silver Flora Medal).

Mr. Geo. Keif, gr. to Miss AnAMSON, South Villa,
Regent's Park, is to be congratulated on his excellent
group of stove aud greenhouse plants displayed on the
floor of the Hall. It was arranged in the form of a
bank with an undulating foreground. The background
was composed of tall Palms, with Liliums, Agapanthus
umbellatus, and Campanula pyramidalis at intervals,
while Caladiums, Codireums (Crotons), Dieffenbachias,
Dracaenas, with here and there a taller member, such
as Pandanus Veitchii, pillar-trained plants of Cissus
discolor, and Cocus Weddeliana formed the main

August 10, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

157

features, the whole being finished with a suitable
edging of Isolepis gracilis anil Panicum plicatum (Silver-
yilt Flora Medal).

Messrs. Kklwat & Sons, Langport, Somerset, the
•well-known Gladiolus specialists, filled the concert
platform with a magnificent collection of these flowers,
embracing about 200 of the choicest kinds in cultiva-
tion. In addition to the better-known varieties, there
were a number of new seedlings, two of which received
awards. Other quite new kinds are Baron Komura, a
large fringed flower of salmon-pink shade ; Admiral
Caillard, an unique plum-coloured flower ; and Terra
•Nova, with beautiful flesh-coloured petals, the lower
-one being tinged with yellow (Silver-gilt Flora Medal).

Messrs. H. Cannell k Sons, Swanley, Kent, put up
-a showy group of bedding and border flowers, including
Asters, Antirrhinums, Salpiglossis, Delphiniums, Cal-
liopsis tinctoria, Lavatera trimestris, Centaurea mos-
•chata, Scabiosa grandiflora, and others. The Asters
•were a remarkably fine lot, while a basket of Antirrhi-
.nums named Defiance was splendid in effect, the colour
being a rich orange-red, with a lighter throat to the
•flower. Dwarf forms of Nemesia strumosa found a
place in the collection, and on the floor opposite was a
.group of the graceful foliage plant Kochia scoparia,
•set off by dark-foliaged Cannas and sprays of Bamboos
at the background (Silver Flora Medal).

Messrs. Wm. Artindale k Son, Nether Green Nur-
series, Ranmoor, Sheffield, showed a grand collection
of herbaceous flowers, Phloxes, Gladioli, Pentstemons,
■Coreopsis, Heleniums, Harpaliums, Scabiosas, and a
host of other seasonable flowers, all in the best possible
•condition. A stand of Violas occupied the centre of
the display, these being staged in a less formal manner
than they are usually shown. Some good border Car-
nations also found a place in this collection (Silver
■Flora Medal).

Mr. Amos Perry, Winchmore Hill, London, N., put
■up a large group of hardy flowers, all showing ex-
cellence of culture, and embracing most of the best
■subjects now in season. Bravoa geminiflora was
■noticed in flower, also fruiting sprays of Eubus sorbi-
folius. Other interesting plants were Cedronella
•cana, Buddleia variabilis, Rudbeckia fulgida variabilis,
and Asclepias cinerea (Silver Banksian Medal).

Messrs. Barr k Sons, King Street, Covent Garden,
London, displayed a number of herbaceous flowers,
including many of the best now in season. Some
spikes of Gladioli occupied the centre of the group.
Several good hybrid forms of Lobelia cardinalis x
syphilitica were noticed.

Messrs. Gunn k Sons, Brookfield Nurseries, Olton,
showed seventy varieties of herbaceous Thloxes.

Mr. R. E. Sanders, Halton Gardens, Tring, showed
two variegated-leaved forms of Thlox decussata. One
labelled Comte de Jarnol was of a silver-leaved type,
-the other was a golden form, and labelled President
Kruger.

The waning of the season was evidenced by several
displays of Dahlias. Messrs. John Stredwick & Son,
Silverhill Park, St. Leonards, staged ten new varieties
•of Cactusshaped flowers, two of which will be found
described under Awards. Among the others, Twilight
is a good medium-sized flower with well-shaped petals,
the centre ones of which are of a lemra-yellow colour,
the older beiMg a very delicate blush-rose, rrimrose
is a good yellow-coloured flower.

Mr. S. Mortimer, Rowledge, Farnham, Surrey,
showed an excellent collection of Dahlias, having both
the Cactus and the show type of flowers. All the
■latter and some of the former were displayed on
exhibition boxes on either side of a central group
that was composed wholly of Cactus varieties. Several
«ew unnamed seedlings were included, many of great
!>romise. One of the "show" type, somewhat after
the style of Mrs. Langtry, appealed to us; it is a
flower of large substance and of excellent colour, rink
• Perfection and Alice (light scarlet) are other good
•varieties (Silver Banksian Medal).

Mr. H. Shoesmith, Westfield, Woking, brought
tour new varieties of Cactus Dahlias, the best being a
scarlet-coloured variety named W. Collins.

Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Bush Hill Tark, Enfield,
■put up a batch of Chironia ixifera (see Awards) and
jpans of Saxifraga sarmentosa tricolor superba with
well-developed foliage,

Messrs. Wm. Boll & Sons, King's Road, Chelsea,
-displayed a basket of Hydrangea nivalis, a variegated-
leaved form that received an Award of Merit in Sep-
-tember of last year ; and a new variety of Agapanthus
from the Orange River Colon v named A. globosus
»vhich we shall refer to again.

Messrs. Geo. Bunyard & Co., Maidstone, presented
a hybrid Eryngium of slender habit named E. x
Bunyardi, the parents being E. Oliverianum X E.
Bourgati.

Mr. J. Whitton, Superintendent of Tarks, Glasgow,
showed flowers of the white Vallota, figured in the
Gardeners' Chronicle, August 27, 1901, p. ISO.

Lord Rothschild, Tring Park (gr., Mr. Dye),
showed Nymphasa pulcherrima Tring Park variety,
and N. zanzibarensis rosea.

A flowering spray of Oxera pulchella was displayed
by Lady Plowden, Aston Rowant House, Oxon. A
full-page illustration of this plant was given on p. 209
of our issue for February 18, 1888.

Messrs. Watkins k Simpson, 12, Tavistock Street,
Covent Garden, London, displayed vases containing
the beautiful blush-tinted Sweet Pea Gladys Unwin.

Mr. J. Edwards, 103, Kempe Road, Kenaal
Green, W., showed pot plants of a dwarf Tropaiolum
named Salmon Beauty.

Awards.

Buddleia variabilis magnified. — This plant was
fully described in our issue of the 5th inst.. when it
received an Award of Merit. The Committee on the
present occasion advanced the award to a First-class
Certificate. It may be interesting to record that this
variety was selected from wild plants in their natural
habitat. Shown by Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons.

Gladiolus French Fleet.- -The flowers are not over
large, but are remarkable on account of the two lower
petals of the inner whorl being blotched with dark
maroon, the other petals being salmon-coloured. The
individual flowers are of a distinct hooded shape
(Award of Merit).

'.'. Peace Envoi/. — A large creamy-white-colourcd
flower, the younger flowers having a lemon-yellow tint,
which they lose when fully expanded. The lower
petal of the inner whorl has violet markings on a
sulphur-coloured ground. A most handsome variety
(Award of Merit). Both the above were shown by
Messrs. Kelway & Sons.

Chironia ixifera. — A. greenhouse evergreen plant
with fine Carnation-like growth terminating in loose
cymes of pleasing star-shaped flowers of rosy-pink
colour, with prominent yellow stamens. It is of free-
flowering habit, and as shown in 48-size pots about 12 to
18 inches in height. A desirable subject for the green-
house or conservatory staging (Award of Merit).
Shown by Messrs. Hugh Low k Co.

Dahlia [Cartas) T. A. ffavemeyer.—A large flower
of light crimson colour, with long, quilled petals
pleasingly incurved (Award of Merit).

D. (Cactus) William Marshall.— A good-formed
flower, with yellow centre shading to cinnamon colour
in the older petals, and resembling in many respects
the variety J. B. Riding, but lighter in shade (Award
of Merit). Both the above were shown bv Messrs.
Stredwick & Son.

Orchid Committee.

Present Harry J. Veitch, Esq., in the Chair ; and
Messrs. Jas. O'Brien (Hon. Sec), H. Litile, W. Boxall,
G. F. Moore, F. W. Ashton, H. Ballantine, H. T. Pitt]
H. A. Tracy, J. Douglas, and De B. Crawshay.

Major G. L. Holford, C.I.E., C.V.O., Westonbirt.
Tetbury (gr., Mr. Alexander), showed the only group
staged, and one which creditably represented the
Orchid interests in all points, whether in the matter of
good culture or fine quality of the species and varieties
staged. The central plant was an enormous specimen
of Ladio-Cattleya x elegans, with eighteen flower-
spikes, bearing together one hundred and five fine
rose - and - purple flowers, and which secured a
Lindley Medal for high cultivation. Another
form, L.-C. x elegans "King Edward," had large
rose - purple flowers, with broad crimson-purple lips.
Another pretty form of L.-C. X elegans had four
snikes, two of them with ten flowers each, and all were
in superb condition. As novelties the best were two
dissimilar varieties of Ladio-Cattleya x Berthe Fournier
Westonbirt variety (L.-C. x elegans x C. Dowiana
aurea), raised at Westonbirt. Both are of a rich rose-
purple tint with labellums of a glowing ruby-purple,
with gold-coloured lines at the base. One had the
side lobes of the labellum extended at the sides, the
other more folded over the column, and with the ed»es
wavy. Lrelio-Cattleya x callistoglossa varieties, L.-C.
x bletchleyensis, Laelia crispa, and the fine Westonbirt
variety ; Cattleya x mollis, C. x Germania magnifica,

two good specimens of Cypripedium X Lord Derby,
C. x A. de Lairesse, C. x Maudia?, C. X Cbapmani
magnificum, Odontoglossum x Harryanum, several
good O. Uro-Skinneri, and other good Orchids were also
included in the group, for which a Silver-gilt Flora
Medal was awarded.

J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., Glebelands, South Wood-
ford (gr., Mr. J. Davis), showed a magnificent plant of
Lselio-Cattleya x elegans Turneri, with fine strong
spikes of twenty-three flowers. The sepals and petals
are light rose-purple, the front of the lip anil tips of
the side lobes dark reddish-purple (Cultural Com-
mendation). Mr. Gurney Fowler also showed
another form of L.-C. x elegans, a pretty form of
Cattleya x Wavriniana named Fowler's variety, with
cream-white sepals and petals tinged with purple, and
glowing purple labellum, the base of the front lobe
bearing yellow markings on each side indicative of C.
granulosa, which with C. Warscewiczii produced it.
Also Cattleya X Elvina (Triana; x Schilleriana).

Francis Wei.lesley, Esq., Westfield, Woking (gr.,
Mr. Hopkins), showed Cypripedium x Mrs. Herbert
Druce, a very pretty pure white flower densely spotted
with purple ; Cattleya Eldorado magnifica, a charming
form with pale rose-pink flowers with deep orange
throat, and very fragrant ; and Cattleya X Atalanta
Westfield variety (Leopoldi X Warscewiczii), differing
widely from the original, and bearing a general resem-
blance to a fine form of Ladio-Cattleya x elegans in its
rich, deep purple labellum.

Mr-srs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, showed a fine
example of Cypripedium x Jas. H. Veitch (Stonei pla-
tytsnium x Curtisi), and C. x Numa var. nigra
(Stonei platytrenium x Lawrenceanum), an improve-
ment on the original form in the nearly black markings
of the petals and lines on the whitish ground of the
dorsal sepal.

F. M. Burton, Esq., Highfield, Gainsborough, sent
a hybrid Cypripedium resembling C. x Bryan.

Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Enfield, showed Phala;-
nopsis violacea Low's variety, several pretty forms of
Odontoglossum Pescatorei with purple - marked
labellums, and some cut Orchids.

Awards.

First-class Certificate.
Lalio-Cattleua x Berthe Fournier Westonbirt
variety, from Major G. L. Holford, CLE., C. V.O.,
Westonbirt, Tetbury (L.-C. X elegans x C. Dowiana
aurea). — Raised at Westonbirt, and a great advance on
any previously shown, both in form and colour. Sepals
and petals rich rose-purple in colour ; labellum of a
glowing ruby-purple with gold lines at the base, and
beautifully -crimped margin.

Fruit Committee.

Present: G. Bunyard, Esq. (Chairman); and Messrs.
W. Bates. S. Mortimer, A. Dean, W. Pope, G. Keif,
H. J. Wright, H. Markham, H. Parr, F. Q. Lane, J.
Jacques, D. Thomas, A. H. Pearson, and J. Cheal.

Mr. G. Kelf, The Gardens, South Villa, Regent's
Tark. staged a first-rate collection of fruit, specially
marked as being grown within 2 miles of Charing
Cross. The collection included Grapes, six bunches
of Black Hamburgh, three of Alnwick Seedling, and six
of Buckland Sweetwater, all of good quality ; also
Teaches, fine Barriugton, Princess of Wales, Bellegarde,
and the Nectarine ; second crop Turkey Figs, Dr. Jules
Guyot Pears, Golden Gage, Kirkes, Emperor, and
Early Transparent Plums, several Melons, and at one
end of the table a fine pot tree of Emperor, and at the
other end another of Coe's Golden Drop riums
(Hogg Medal).

Messrs. G. Bunyard k Co., the Old Nurseries,
Maidstone, sent a collection of thirty dishes and baskets
of Apples in distinct varieties. Of kitchen varieties.
Early Victoria, Pott's Seedling, Ecklinville, Domino,
Golden Spire, James Welch, Stirling Castle, Lord
Grosvenor, Grenadier, and Lord Suffleld were all ex-
cellent. Dessert varieties were represented by White
Transparent, Cardinal, Lady Sudeley, Beauty of Bath —
these three being finely coloured ; also Red Quarrenden,
Ben's Red, Jas. Grieve, Irish Peach, and others. The
collection created the impression that Apples will be
seen in fine form in October (Silver-gilt Knightian
Medal).

A box of the old and esteemed Peach Violette Hative,
sent by Mr. R. Mountford, of East Sheen, and grown
on a tree, the stock stem of which had once been so
severely injured that it almost died, received a Silver
Knightian Medal as evidence of excellent culture.

Mr. A. Huckfield, Pershore, sent a purplish, round,
seedling Plum, of but little merit.

158

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

(AUGUST 19, 1905.

Mr. J. B. Colvill, of Sidmouth, had picked fruits
and clusters of a Raspberry named Red Diamond ; the
variety seemed to be a good fruiter, the berries being
of i good size and of a deep colour. It was not
regarded by the Committee as superior to varieties
already in commerce.

Mr. D. Power, The Gardens, Wroxton Abbey, Ban-
bury, sent three Cucumbers named Tower's Supreme.
The fruits much resembled those from a good stock
of the variety Rochf ord's Market.

Consequent on the inspection, by a deputation from
the Committee, at Wisley Gardens on the 8th inst. of a
trial of Tomatos of 120 varieties, and another of early
and second-early Potatos, several of these fruits
received Awards, which see.

Mr. A. Vinson, Belvedere, Kent, sent through
Messrs. Dobbie k Sons examples of the Potatos
Factor and Tyne Kidney, of remarkable robustness,
as grown by him over 100 acres. The specimens were in
luxuriant health. The tuber crop is already a heavy
one.

Mr. T. A. Scarlett, the well-known Edinburgh
Potato-grower, brought very large and somewhat deep-
eyed examples of the new Dalmeny Radium, also a
dish of Southern Star, a long, smooth, handsome
kidney, and Russet Queen, a pretty, smooth, round
variety. Mr. Scarlett also showed single roots of
these varieties, that of Southern Star being remark-
ably good.

Awards,

First-class Certificate.

Peach " Violette Hdtivc." — This well-known and old
variety was shown by Mr. M. Mountforh, and in
recognition of its great merit and in consideration of
its never having received an Award, it was granted a
First-class Certificate.

Awards of Merit.
Tomatos.

Princess of Wales. — Sdtton & Sons.

Holmes' Supreme. — Barr & Sons, Hurst & Sons.

Norfolk Hero.— fi. W. Miller, Wisbech.

Fillbaskei. — Laxto^ Bros.

Nt w Dwarf Red.— Jas. Veitch & Sons.

Satisfaction,— Sutton & Sons.

Yellow Cherry. — Jas. Veitch & Sons. Small but
spatially commended for flavour.

Potatos.
Rouge Royal. — Dobbie & Co. A"colouredJ kidney
variety.

British Qunn.—ii. F. Williamson, Mallow.
Epiaire. — Sutton & Sons.

Harbinger. — Sutton & Sons, and Barr & Sons.
Iihnl. — Laxton Bros., and G. Carter, Cottenhara.
May Queen. — Sutton & Sons, and Hurst & Sons.

Peas

The Bel', The Scotsman. — Both of these are of
medium height, the haulm attaining about 4 feet in
length. Both had heavy crops of pods, which were
long, tapering, and well filled with Peas. Both from
Messrs. Bell & Bieberstedt, Leith.

The class for the best model conservatory arrange-
ment was keenly contested. Mr. C Ross was 1st
with splendid material admirably arranged ; Mr. J.
Howard being a close 2nd, and Mr. Clark 3rd with
smaller plants but of good quality.

Roses. — These flowers were scarcely up to the usual
standard at these shows, owing no doubt to the recent hot
weather and storms. Messrs. Cooling & Son, Bath,
had-twenty-four very good blooms in the class for that
number, and were an easy 1st. Lady SDTTON was
placed 2nd with smaller blooms. For smaller collec-
tions, Messrs- Mead, Cox, and Smith were the leading
exhibitors in the order named.

Cut Flower*. — The class for twenty-four bunches of
cut blooms was well contested, the 1st prize lot being
excellent. These came from Mr. C. Surman, gr. to
W. G. Fellows, Esq. Mr. H. Smith was 2nd ; and
Mr. P. Randall, 3rd. Of Carnations, Messrs. FlLE-
WOOD, Cox, and Trantor had the best blooms. Mr.
J. R. Trantor, Henley, had splendid Dahlias. Miss B.
FROST was 1st for a bridal bouquet with splendidly-
arranged flowers.

Table Decorations. — The classes for these were
well contested, but drapery and coloured material were
used too freely. Mrs. C. Stradi.ing was 1st with an
arrangement composed of pink and mauve Sweet Peas.

Fruit. — For a collection of six dishes, to include a
Pineapple, Mr. J. Howard secured the 1st place, having
excellent Grapes and Peaches. The same exhibitor
was 1st in the class for the best Pineapple. The best
Black Hamburgh Grapes came from Mr. T. Surman.
For an) other black variety, Messrs Lock and SuioiAN
were the successful exhibitors. Of Muscats, Mr. J.
Howard had good bunches : and Mr. J. Lees the best
example of any other white Grapes. Mr. Ross easily
led in the class for dessert Apples ; while Mr. Howard
staged the best culinary Apples.

Vrgil'ihhs were a great feature, and occupied much
space; the cottagers' exhibits alone formed a show in
themselves. For twelve distinct kinds of vegetables. Mr.
H. Keep, Aldermaston, was an easy first ; closely
followed by Messrs. Surman and Howard, who took
2nd and 3rd places respectively. The cottagers'
exhibits were excellent, being clean and of better
quality than is often seen.

NEWBURY HORTICULTURAL.

August 7. — The fifty-seventh annual show of the
above Society was held in the beautiful grounds of
< .oldwell Park on the above date, and from a horticul-
tural point of view was a great success though unfor-
tunately the weather was stormy. The show is
managed by a good working Committee, and the Mayor
for the year is President, ably supported by the Corpo-
ration, the result being that Newbury show is a red-
letter day, and largely patronised. There were nearly
a thousand entries this year, the weakest classes being
those for large specimen plants ; and hardy fruit was
less abundant than usual ; but cut flowers and other
exhibits well made up the deficiency.

Op<m Classes. — These are always a feature at this
show, and usually the same exhibitors each 3rear have
a stiff fight for the honours. Mr. C. Ross, of Welford
Park, the well-known raiser of hardy fruit, was 1st
with line specimens for six stove and greenhouse foliage
plants, having medium-she 1 but beautifully-coloured
plants. Mr. J. Howard, gr. to Lady Sutton, was a
close 2nd.

For six plants in flower, Mr, T. Surman, gr. to H.
M. BEST, Esq., Donnington Grove, was 1st with well-
Howered plants, having good Clerodendrons and
ATlamanda.

In the class for ten exotic Feins, Mr. HOWARD was
an easy 1st ; Mr. Lock, Tile Barn Garden, 2nd.

Messrs. Surman & JOHNSON had tin' best Coleus,
and Mr. SUEMAN had grand specimen Fuchsias ; Mr.
Johnson the best specimen plant in bloom, and Mr. C.
ROSS the best foliage plant.

RAMSEY HORTICULTURAL.

ANNUAL SHOW.

August 7. The thirteenth annual show in connec-
tion with the Ramsey Horticultural Society took
place in the Abbey Park, by kind permission of Lord
de Ramsey, on the above date, and was fairly well
attended. There was a record number of entries, and
the quality of the exhibits has never been excelled.
As usual, the Roses and Sweet Teas made a grand
show, and attracted considerable attention. Some
excellent Carnations were also displayed. The table
decoration class attracted more competitors than
usual, and the work was exceedingly good. The vege-
table and fruit sections were well patronised, and the
show of Apples in particular was worthy of note. Messrs.
J. E. Perkins, Huntingdon, and Bradley and Brown
showed collections not for competition.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL OF
IRELAND.

August 9. — The autumn flower show of the Royal
Horticultural Society of Ireland took place on the
above date at St. Helen's, Booterstown, the beautiful
residence of Sir John Nutting, Bt., D.L. While the
numbers of entries and the quality of the exhibits
showed a considerable advance over those of previous
years, the weather unfortunately precluded a very
large attendance.

The fruit, especially the Grapes, was veiy fine, there
being more entries, and the quality of the specimens
better than for some years past. The show of
Roses was excellent, while the Sweet Tea section, and
especially the exhibit of Mr. Henky .1. R. DlGCES was
said to be the finest which experienced judges had ever
seen.

The Begonias were also a remarkably fine collection,
and Lord Clonbrock carried off the most coveted prize
in this class.

The exhibits by the members of the trade were
marked features in the show: Messrs. DRUHMOND k
Son showed a very fine stand of cut flowers : Messrs.
Hogg & Robertson received a Gold Medal fo"r Gladioli,
Montbretias, Sweet Peas, &c. : whilst DlCKSONS,
Chester, had similar exhibitions, and Messrs. Eckford
showed a fine stand of Sweet IN as.

The display of Begonias, Gladioli, &c, by Messrs.
Hartland, of Cork, attracted much attention.

Messrs. RENNICK & Co. had a nice stand of shrubs,
and Messrs. Watson & Son showed some beautiful
( \v; nations and Roses. There was also a fine exhibit
of plants and flowers by Messrs. Ramsay. Ballsbl idge.

Another feature in the exhibition was the fruit
grown in pots shown by Mr. S. Ankktki.i, JOSES, .1.1'-.
Govran, to. Kilkenny.

UNITED HORTICULTURAL BENEFIT
AND PROVIDENT.

August 14. — The monthly Committee meeting of
this Society was held at the Royal Horticultural Hall,
Vincent Square, Westminster, on the evening of the
above date, Mr. Chas. H. Curtis in the chair. Five
new members were elected. The amount paid for
sickness during the past five weeks was £30 3s., nine
members being on the Sick Fund at the present time,
five of whom are now on half-pay.

GARDENERS' DEBATING SOCIETIES.

READING AND DISTRICT GARDENERS'.— During
the past month two very pleasant meetings of the above-
Association have been held. The first was an evening
gathering, when about liO members, by the kind per-
mission of Mr. and Mrs. Friedlander, paid a visit to
tue gardens and grounds oi VVhitekuight's Park, Mr.
Bright, the head gardener, has been a warm supporter
of the Association from its ciinmencement. The houses
were first inspected. Peaches and Neetatine-trees
grown in small boxes were carrying splendid crops of
fruit of large size and of good colour. The kitchen-
garden contained good crops of vegetables. A feature
of the terrace-gardens was lour beus containing Sweet
Williams. The Secretary conveyed to Mr. and Mrs.
Friedlander. who met the pany in the grounds, the
thanks of the members present for their kindness in
throwing open the gardens for inspection. The second
event was the anuual outing, which proved to be one of
the most successful of the many held by the Association.
The party, 110 in all, proceeded to Blenheim, his Grace
the Duke of Marlborough having kindly given per-
mission for the Palace gard» ns to be thrown open for
the members' inspection. The party, under the
guidance of Mr. Uarrett, the head gardener, pro-
ceeded to the Palace, where special facilities had been
granted for the members to look through the state
apartments. The gardens and ornamental grounds
were next visited, the Italian garden attracting much
attention. The walk by the lake through the "Ameri-
can garden " and through the shady glades leading to
the kitchen-garden and glass-houses was greatly en-
joyed. The crops of vegetab.es and fruit were in
excellent condition, whilst the Carnations were the
feature of the flowers under glass. The party arrived
home at 8 o'clock, one and all having spent a most
enjoyable day, thanks to the hospitality of the Presi-
dent, and to the arrangements made by Mr. Garrett.

EGHAM AND DISTRICT GARDENERS'.— At the last
monthly meeting of this Society, Mr. W. Swan in the
chair, Mr. G. Lingwood gave a short paper on the
"Tuberous Begonia." explaining m detail the best
methods of raising this lovely plant from seed and from
tubers. He also gave some useful information as to the
best soil for growing them in beds, A:c. At the same
meeting Mr. Wheeler read two short papers on the
"Calceolarias and Cyclamen." A hearty vote of thanks
was accorded the reader of these instructive papers.
Among other exhibits at the meeting, the President,
W. G. Regan, Esq (gr.. Mr. Lingwood), contributed a
group of Kex Begonias, arranged with Maidenhair
Fern. Mr. Worslold also brought a group of foliage
and lingering plants.

©bituarp.

REV. W. Keith.— The death of this gentle-
man causes another gap in the ranks of the
older mycologists, whose work was done in the
latter half of the 10th century, under the influ-
ence of the writings of Fries and Berkeley. Wit>
the last-named Dr. Keith had much active corre-
spondence, whilst with the views of the former
on the Hymenomjcetes no one was more con-
versant. Living in the far North, where the
flora corresponds to a large extent with that of
Sweden, Dr. Keith threw himself with his cha-
racteristic energy into the study of the Pine-
loving species, and especially of the Cortinarii.
Of these no British mycologist that it has been
my privilege to meet ever possessed so accurate
and extensive a knowledge of their naked-eye
characters and habit of growth. Charles S.
Plowright.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

BULBS.

Littie & Bm.t.antyne, Carlisle.

COOPSR. TABER A: Co . Ltd., 9) and 92. Southwark St ,

Loudon. S E. (Wholesale List).
F. C. Edwards, 12 to 15, Warehouse Hill, Call Lane,

W. Bull & Sons. King's Road, Chelsea, London.

J. R. Pearson & Sons, Chilwell Nurseries, Lowdham

John Downie. 75 and 77, Shandwick Place, Edinburgh.
Dickson & Rucinson, Cathedral Street, Manchester—

Bulbs and Koses.
Jas Veitch & Sons, Ltd, Chelsea— New Plants, Bulbs,

Strawberries. Trees and Shrubs, ifeo.
FOREIGN
We have received from the Argotti Botanic Hardens.

El liana, Malta, a Seed Catalogue for 1905-6. Many

interesting plants are offered for exchange or for

E. h' Ki;m use & Son, Haarlem, Holland— Bulbs.
Ha.vif & SCHMIDT, Erfurt, Gel in my— Plants. .

AUGUST l'.>, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

159

MAR >CE X S.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS taken In the
Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens at Wisley,
Surrey. Height above sea - level 150 feet. The
following are the "mean" readings for the week
ending August 12. 1905.

In

Tempera-

Temperature

o

ture ofthe

1906.

OF THE AlH.

M
p

SOILat9A.M.

At9A.ni.

-<

=

5

41

S .

Hi m

d

SJ

■a

43
O

P.

a>

9

o

&
a>
©

-a

*->

«

5

§

5

^i

§8§

.O

•3

43
09

4a

F

o

CI

2
■i

*§

n

&
o

m

43

o

IS

GO

a

&

o

1-1

o

1-1

43

3

43

"4

4»

<

M bi]

tan

bo

bn

M

hr. mln.

a>

V V

0>

»

V

©

V

a

•o

■O T3

■a

•a

T3

13

■a

Tot

Means

61

57 6S

54

17

63

61

62

o-io

6 35

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

The Following Summary Record of the weather
throughout the Britisli Islands, for the week ending
August 12, is furnished from the Meteorological Office:—

"The weather duriDg this period was of a rather
unsettled type generally, but fairer in the south and
cast than elsewhere. Thunderstorms were experienced
some lime during the earlier half of the week in many
places iu the Midland Counties and N. and N.E. of
England, and also at some Scotch stations, and on
Wednesday or Thursday in the east and soutli of
Ireland.

"The temperature was 1° or 2° below the mean over the
kingdom generally, but just equal to it in England. E.
The highest of the maxima were recorded on somewhat
variable dates, and ranged from 76° in England, S., and
75° in the Midland Counties, to 69" in Scotland, E.,
England, N.W., and the Channel Islands, and to 67° in
Scotland, W. The lowest of the minima occurred, as a
general rule, on the 6th. In Scotland, E., England,
N E; and Jiff. W., the thermometer fell to 39°, but else-
where the minima varied from 41° in Scotland, \V., and
Ireland, N., to 14° in Englaud, E. and S.W., and
Ireland, S., and to 55° in the Channel Islands.

"The rainfall exceeded the mean in Scotland, N., and
Ireland, N„ but was less in the other districts.

"The bright suruhim differed little from the normal,
being Blightly above it in some districts, and a few
hours below it in others. The percentage of the
possible duration ranged from 49 in the Channel
Islands, and 45 in England, S., to 29 iu Ireland, S., 21 in
Scotland. N., and to 23 in Ireland, N."

THE WEATHER IN WEST HERTS.

Very Dry and Sunny.— The first four days of the past
week proved cool for the time of year, but on each of
the last three days the temperature in the thermometer
screen exceeded 71". All the nights but one, however,
have been unseasonably cold, and on the coldest night
the exposed thermometer registered a reading within
8° of the freezing point. At 2 feet deep the ground is
now of about average warmth, but at 1 foot deep it is
about 1° warmer than is seasonable. Very light
showers of rain fell on each of the first two days
of the week, but since then the weather has been
perfectly dry. It is now nearly five weeks
since any measurable quantity of rain - water
came through the bare soil percolation gauge,
but a few drops still continue each day to trickle
through it during the twenty-four hours. The sun
shone on an average for seven hours a day, which is
about, an hour a day in excess of a seasonable duration
Calms and light airs prevailed throughout the week,
and for the last two days the direction has been some'
easterly point of the compass. The mean amount of
moisture iu the air at 3 p.m. was about 6 per cent, iu
defect of a seasonable quantify for that hour in the
middle of August. E. if., Berkhamsled, Augutt 16, 19C5.

[For actual temperature and condition of barometer at
timr n/ going to Press, sec p. 150.]

COVENT GARDEN, August 16.

[We oannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day, but
only the general averages for the week preceding the
date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate, not only from day to day,
but often several times in one day. Ed.]

Cut Foliage, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

Asparagus plu- e.d. e.d.
mosus. long
trails, each ... 0 4-09

— — medium,

bunch ... 0 9-10

short sprays

per bunch... 0 9-16

— Sprengeri ..'. 0 6-10

— tenuissimus.. 0 6-09
Adiantum cunea-

tum, per dozen

bunches 4 0-60

Cycas leaves,

each 16-20

Fern, English, p.

dozen bunches 10-20

Grasses, hardy, p.

dozen bunches

Ivy-leaves, bronze

— long trails,
per bundle ...

— short green,
doz. bunches

Moss, per gross...
Myrtle, per dozen

bunches

Smilax, p. dozen

trails

Hardy foliage

(various), per

dozen bunches

e.d. e.d.

2 0-40
16-20

10-18
5 0-60

2 0-40
4 e- 6 0

Cut Flowers, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

e.d. e.d.

Alstromeria, per

doz. bunclies ...

Asters, per dozen

bunches
Bouvardia, per

doz. bunclies 6 c- 8 0
Calla sethiopica,

p. doz. blooms 3 0-40
Carnations, per

doz. blooms,

best American

vara,

— smaller do. ...

— Malniaisons ...
Clirysauthem urns,

pcrdz. nlooms 2 6-30

— small blooms,
per doz. bchs.

Coreopsis, p. doz.

Eueharis grandi-

flora, per dozen

blooms

Gardenias, perdz

blooms

Gladiolus Col-
villei, p. doz
bunches

— brcnchleyensis
p doz. spikes

Gypsophila, per

dozen bunches

LUiuiu candidum

— auratum

— lancifollum,
rubruni and
album

— longlflorum...
-- tigrinum

Lily of the Valley,
p. doz. bnehs.

— extra quality 18 0 -
Marguerites, white,

e.d.

2 0-
2 0-

3 0-

p. doz. bnehs. 2 0-30

Marguerites, yel-
low, dz. buncli
Mignonnette.doz.

bunches
Montbrctias, doz.

bunches
Odontoglossum

crispum, pr. dz.

blooms

Pelargoniums,
doz. bunches :

— Show

— Zonal, double
scarlet

— salmon and
pink

Poppies, Iceland,
doz. bunches
Roses, 12 blooms,
Niphetos

— Bridesmaid...

— Kaiseriu A.
Victoria

— General Jac-
queminot ...

— C. Mennet ...

— Caroline Test-
out

— Liberty

— Mad. Chatenay 2 0-

— Mrs. J.Laing. 1 6-

— Sunrise
Statice. doz. bun,
Stephanotis, per

doz trusses...

Sweet Peas, per

doz. bunches

Sweet Sultan, per

doz. bunclies

6 0-90 Tuberoses, per

dozen blooms

on stems, per

2 0-301

1 C- 4 0

16-30
0 6-10
6 0-10 0

16-30
2 0-30

10-20

10-16

0 9-10
[
0 6-09

2 0-30
0 6- 1 0
16-26

10-20
2 0-30

16-20

e.d.

3 0

4 0
6 0

4 0-
4 0-

4 0-

0 6-

0 6-

1 0-

6 0

8 0

6 0

1 6

2 0

2 0

1 6- 2 0

0 6-

1 0-

1 6-

1 6-

1 O-
3 0-

1 6-
1 0-

3 0-
0 3-

bunch .

0 6-

1 0

2 0

3 0

3 0

4 0
2 0

a o

4 0

2 6

3 0

4 0

0 6

1 0

Plants In Pots, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

Aralia Sieboldi, p.

dozen

Araucaria excelsa,

per dozen
Aspidistras, green,
per doz.

— variegated,
per doz.

Asparagus plu-
mosus nanus,
per doz.

— Sprengerhper
dozen

— tenuissimus
per doz.

Begonias, tuber-
ous, per doz.

Campanula iso-
phylla, per
dozen

— Mayi, per doz.

— pyramidalis...
Cannas, per doz.
Chrysanthemum

coronar i u in,

double yellow,

per dozen
Coleus, per dozen
Crotons, per doz.
CocosWeddelliana

per doz

Cyperus alterni-
folius, per

do:ei

Dracaenas, per

dozen

Eulalia japonica

variegata ... :
Euonymus, per

dozen

e.d. e. d.

e.d. e.d.

9 0-12 0
6 0-90

6 0-12 0
3 0-40

4 0-80

6 0-80
9 0-12 0

50-61)

6 0-80
2 6 4 0
12 0-30 0

Ferns, in thumbs,
perlOO

— in 48s, p. doz.

— in 32's, p. doz.
Fuchsias, p. doz.
Ficus elastica, p.

doz

— repens, per
dozen

Heliotropes, per

dozen

Hydrangea pani-

culata, p. doz. 9 0-21 0
Kentia Belmore-

ana, perdoz... 12 0-18 0

— Fosteriana, p.
doz

Latania borbonica,

per doz. ... v o-ls 0
Lilium longi-

florum, per doz. 9 0-12 0
Marguerites.white,

8 0-12 0
4 0-10 0

10 0-18 0

3 0-50

9 0 12 0

4 0-60
2 6-30

12 0-21 0

per dozen

Pelargoniums,

perdoz.. Show.

— Ivy-leaved ...

— zonal

— scarlet do. ...
Privet.goldcn.per

dozen

Rhodanthe, per

dozen

Selaginella, p. doz.
Spirsea japonica,

per doz.
Verbena, Miss

Willmott, per

dozen

— scarlet, per
dozen

4 0-80

9 0-12 0

4 0-60
3 0-50
3 0-40

5 0-60

3 0-10
3 0-50

4 0-60

s. d. s. d

Artichokes, Green
per dozen ...

Beans, English,
Scarlet Run-
ners, bushel 16-20

— French, per
half bushel ...

Beetroot, bushel
Cabbages, p. tally
Carrots, new,doz.
bunches

— c w t., u n-
washed

— i cwt. bag,
washed

Cauliflowers, doz.

Celery. French, p.

dozen heads

Cucumbers, doz.

— per flat

— Dutch, p. box
Endive, per doz.
Horseradish, for-
eign, libndls. 10 0-12 0

Mint, per dozen...
Leeks, 12 bundles 2 0-36
Lettuces, Cabbage,
per dozen ...

— English, Cos,
per score ...

Mushrooms(house)

per lb 0 6-10

16-20

10-16
16-20
4 0-60

19-20

2 6-30

1 9- 3 0

16-20

2 6-
1 6-
4 0-
1 6-

1 0 —

8. d. e.d.
Mushrooms, half

bushel ... 2 6-36

— Buttons, lb. 0 10- 1 0
Mustard and Cress,

per doz. pun... 0 10-1 .1
Onions, Egyptian,
per cwt.

— Spring, p. doz.
bunches

I — Valencia, case

— Dutch, bag ...
Parsley, 12 bnehs.
Peas, per bag ...

— English, bush.

— shelled, quart 0 6
Radishes, p. doz.

bunches

Sorrel, half bush.

Spinach, bush. ...

Tomatos, English,

p. lb

— seconds, p. lb.

— Jersey, p. lb.

— Lisbon, case

3 6- 4 P

2 6-30

4 6-50

3 0-36
16-20
9 0-10 0

4 0-50
1 0

2 0-30 Turnips.new.doz.

0 8-10
10 —
10-16

0 3-0 3J
0 2-0 2i
0 3-0 3J
5 6- 7 0

0 8-10

1 6 —

bun 16-21

— French crates 16-26

— bags 3 6 —

Vegetable Marrows,

per tally ... 2 0-26

Watercress, per
doz. bunches.

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.
e.d. e.d.

Apples, Quarren-
dens, .' bushel

— Worcester
Pcarmain.half
bushel

— Ecklinville
Seedling, per
bushel

— Keswick Cod-
ling p. bushel 2 6-30

— Lord Derby,
per bushel ..

Bananas, bunch

— Giants, bunch, 12 0-15 0

— Jamaica ... 3 0-60

— loose, perdoz. 10-16
Cherries, Morello,

per lb 0 7-08

Figs, per dozen... 1 6- 4 0 Pear
French Plums, p.

half sieve ..
Grapes, Alicante,

perlb 10-16

— Madresfield.lb. 2 0-26
<; rapes, Gros

Maroc, p. lb.

— Muscats, lb....

— Sweetwatcr.p.
case

— Denia, white,
per barrel ...

black, per

barrel

— Lisbon, case

4 C- 5 6

3 6-46

4 0-50

5 0 —

6 0-12 0

2 0-60

16-20
10-56

8 0-10 0
8 0 —

4 6-66

5 0-80

Lemons, Naples,
per case

— Messiua, case
Melons, each ...

— French, Rock

— Valencia,
per case

Melon Pears, per
dozen

Nectarines, A„ p.
dozen

— B„ per dozen
Nuts. Cobnuts, lb.

— Filberts, p. lb.
Oranges, Jamaica,

per case

Peaches, A., doz.

- B., perdoz. ...

Laumias,

p half bushel

— Cara Rosa, pejc
halt bushel ...

— Chalk, p. half
half bushel ...

— French Wil-
liams, crate.

boxes (is) ..

Pines, each
Plums, English :
half-bushel :

— Czars

— Diamonds ..

— Egg

— Victorias

0 4-06

e.d. e.d.

20 0-30 0
12 0-25 0
10-26

5 0- 2 4i

9 0-13 0'

4 0-4

8 0-15 0 ■
10-40
0 6--

0 4 —

17 C-24 6
8 0-12 0
16-60

3 6 —

3 9-40

2 6-30

6 0-90

3 0 —
2 0-46

3 0 —
3 0-36

2 0-26

3 6-40

Remarks.— Prices for Tomatos have an upward ten-
dency, but this will not continue. Some good samples
are to be seen from Jersey; in fact the Tomatos
from this Island, are this year of excellent quality:
still, there is not unite the demand for them as there
is for English, as they lack flavour. A few of the Claret '
Bananas have arrived, but they did not travel well,
arriving in a very unsaleable condition, and generally
over-ripe. The average price for these fruits is from
.'-. to 76. per bunch. Some good fruit is arriving from-
California, chiefly Plums and Pears, the quality being
excellent. The former are making from 6*. to 8s. per
ease, and the Pears from os, to Ss per case, which prices
are considered moderately cheap. Trade generally
rather quiet.

OOVENT GARDEN FLOWER MARKET.

Trade continues very quiet ;a few things are required
for country orders, but most of the plants are sold to
costers for barrow trade, and this means very low
prices. It is scarcely safe to quote prices for the
guidance of provincial buyers. A salesman informed
me this morning that material ordered realised fair
prices, but the residue had to be sold for any price that
was bid for it. It is rather interesting to note the
offers made by seme of the costers. Sometimes
they get things their own way. but it not infre-
quently happens that they disgust the salemen,
aud are told to take their money where they may
do better. Among flowering plants Verbenas are
still conspicuous, also Zonal and 'how Pelargoniums.
Marguerites arc of very good quality. Bouvardias are
seen from several growers. Chinese Asters in pots are
good. There are now large quantities that have been
taken from the ground with the first flowers expanded :
these are sold at ve<y 1 >w prices. Rhodanthe is good.
Liliums, especially the lancifolium rubruni, are over-
plentiful, and realise scarcely sufficient to pay for the
cost of bulbs aud pots. A few very good Fuchsias are
still seen. Heliotrope in well -flowered plants is
plentiful. Campanulas are of good quality. Some
good Cannas are also seen; hut the flowers of these
do not remain in condition for any length of time.
There are already seen Chrysanthemums in pots, but
thess are not of best quality. Zinnias and Coreopsis are
still obtainable. Some Dahlias floweiiig in pots areseeu ;

160

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

I August lf>, 1905,

also Tomatos and Egg-nlants in pots with ripe fruits,
the latter with tvvoor three good fruits on each. Among
Ferns, Palms, and other foliage-plants there is little
variation; the supplies are more than equal to all
demands. Hardy climbers, Conifers and other hardy
shrubs are plentiful and good.

Cut Flowers.
' There is little to record in cut flowers just now,
except that there must be much "waste. Liliums are
very good, and still over-plentiful. Sweet Peas are also
fairly good, but with short stems The quality of Roses
varies very much ; there are some good blooms, but
many are of very indifferent quality. Carnations also
vary much, both in prices and in quality. Asters, both
English-grown and imported ones, are very good. The
immense quantities arriving from France spoil the
trade for English produce. Gladiolus are over-plenti-
ful, but very fow really good spikes are seen, and the
flowers are usually very small. Quantities of hardy
flowers come into the market. The Statices, in white,
yellow, and blue colours, have been very plenti-
ful. Gypsophila elegans is still seen, but most
buyers prefer G. paniculata ; some of the double variety
of this species is now seen. I find that most growers
who bought this found it agood investment. Gardenias,
Stephanotis, Tuberoses, and Eucharis are procurable
at low prices. All kinds of cut foliage is plentiful.
Oak sprays with red-bronze -tinted leaves are pretty.
Up to last week we were getting the Galax leaves in
good colour, but there will be no more for some time.
Asparagus and Smilax in long trails are very good. All
other seasonable foliage is over plentiful. A. H., Wed-
nesday, August 1(5.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

The following are the latest wholesale prices to hand
from the undernoted markets :—

Liverpool.— Wholesale : Potatos, 2s. 6d. to 3s. lOd
per cwt. ; Kidneys. 3s. 6d. to is. ed. do. ; Turnips, «d.
to Sd. per dozen bundles ; Swedes, 3s. to 3s. 6d. per
cwt.; Carrots, ed. to Sd. per dozen bunches; Onions,
foreign. Is. 6d. to 3s. per bag; Parsley, id. to ed. per
dozen bunches ; Lettuces, Sd to led per dozen ; Cucum-
bers, Is. 9d. to 2s. ed. per dozen ; Cabbages 6d. to Is. 3d.
do. ; Peas, 5s. to Us. per hamper; Beans. 2s. to 2s. 3d.
do. ; do., Kidneys, Is. to Is. 6d. per peck ; Scarlet
Runners, is. to is. 6d. do.— Retail : Potatos, lOd. per
peck ; Green Peas, Sd to 9d. do. ; Cucumbers, 2d. each ;
Tomatos, ljd. to ed. per lb.; Grapes, foreign, 6d. do. ;
Apples, 2d. do. : Pears, 3d. do. ; Plums, id. do. ; Mush-
looms, Is. do.

Dublin.— Cabbages, York, 10s. to 16s. 9d. per load ;
Carrots, Is. to Is 2d. per dozen ; Turnips, white, ed. to
Sd. per bunch ; Rhubarb. Sd to lOd. per 12 bundles ;
Salad, 3d. to id. per dozen ; Onions. Tripoli, id. to ed.
per bundle; Mushrooms, ed. to 3s ed. per float;
Potatos, 3s. to 3s. 2d. per cwt., top prices for best 3s. ed.
per cwt.

Edinburgh.— Grapes, English, is. ed. per lb. ; do.
Almeria, 8s. ed. to 12s. ed. per barrel ; Lemons,
Palermo, 15s. ed. to 258. per case ; Apples, American,
18s. 6d. to 21s per barrel ; Barcelona Nuts. 36«. to3-<8. ed.
per bag ; Melons, lis. to 15s. per case ; Bananas, 5s. ed.
to 10s. per bunch; Figs, vs. per dozen; Pears, French,
2s. ed. to 7s. ed. per box ; Green Gages, 5s. ed to 6s. ed.
per half-bushel; Plums, French, 4s. to 6s. 6d per
bushel ; Walnuts, Italian, 6s. 3d. per stone ; Tomatos,
Guernsey, id. to 5d. per lb. ; Onions, Valencia, 5s. 6d. to
es. ed. per box ; Carrots, 3s. 6d. per bag.

REPORTS ON COLONIAL BOTANIC GARDENS AND
FARMS.— We have leceived the Annual Reports on the
Botanic Station, Tobago, 19 4—5. The Gardens are in
good condition, the nurseries maintained and extended,
and many new plants are available. The Botanic
Station reports are satisfactory, in spite of the extreme
dryness of the season. Sir Daniel Morris, who paid
otlicial visits to the Station, comments most favourably
upon its condition.— Reports on the Botanic Station, Agri-
cultural School and Land Settlement Scheme. St. Vincent,
1904—5. The condition of the Garden is satisfactory ;
useful work has been done in re-arranging the collec-
tions of varieties of Bananas and Pineapples. "The
proud: position obtained by St. Vincent Cotton-
growers of producing the highest - priced Cotton
in the Empire should be a matter for congratu-
lation to all concerned." — Report on the Botanic
Gardens of Brilith Guiana mid their H ork, 190» — 5.
—The Gardens were kept in good condition in
spite of drought from August to December. The
Herbarium has been got into good order. No complete
Flora of British Guiana has yet been published, as
owiugto the large area and difficulty of acce-s to cer-
tain parts of it it is doubtful if moiethan three-fourths
or even two thirds of the indigenous species have yet
been collected.— Reports on Experimental Farm*. Ottawa
The general results of farmwork throughout the Domi-
nion have been fairly satisfactory. Drought and the
severe winter caused much damage. Increa- iug interest
is taken by farmers in the work and reports of the
farms. Tests were made in connection with cross-bred
Apples, the vitality of seed-grain, and with fertilisers
The horticulturist reports favourably on the result of
Apples imported to EDgland and Ireland, and on the
growth of Potatos during the year. The botanist men-
tions good work done iu the ucrbiriuin and experi-
ments in reclaiming sand-hills.- Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Bulletin, No 49, The Potato ami
its Culture, with lists of varieties found most u=eiul
by W. T. Macoun : Bulletin No. 50. The Milling and
Chemical Value of the Grades of Wheat in the Manitoba
Inspection Dicision Crop of 1904, Part I , bv Chas E
Saunders, Ph.D. ; Part II., by Frank T. Slum. ' '

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. F. Clarke, many years in the Gardens at Henham
Hall, Wangford, Suffolk, as Head Gardener to
Calver Mason, E*q., Broadwater House, Ipswich.
He entered upon the appointment at the end of July.

Mr. Chas. Terry, for the last eight years Head Gar-
dener to E. T. Houlet, Esq , has been appointed to
manage the St. Neots Nursery for Messrs. Perkins &
Sons, Northampton and Huntingdon.

Mr. W. Abrahams, for the last five years as General
Foreman at Papworth Hall Gardens, has been
appointed to succeed Mr. Terry in that capacity.

Mr. H. J. Skitt has been appointed Head Gardener to
Sir Charles Welby, Bart . C.B., M.P., Denton
Manor. Grantham, in succession to Mr. J. Maltby
(who has relinquished the post of Gardener, and
will in future act as Steward). Mr. Skitt's services
date from September 1.

Mr. George Smith, for the past two years as Foreman
and Head Gardener at Westhope Manor, Craven
Arms, Salop, as Gardener to F. Cookson, Esq., The
Old Palace, Chippenham, Wiltshire.

ENQUIRY.

A reader of the Gardeners' Chronicle would be
glad of information concerning the Strawberry
called the Giant Middlesex variety. F . D.

Belladonna Lilies : C. E. L. It is quite natural
for the bulbs to take a rest. They will probably
flower again next year, or it may be not till the
year after. The foliage is probably also dying
off naturally. \"ery little moisture will be
required till the leaves begin to grow in spring.

Books: C. P. <fc Co. We know of no such book,
but we believe one is in preparation.

Books on Manures : R. B. Manures and the
Principles of Manuring, by C. M. Aikroan.
Prise 6s. lOd. ; and Manures for Special Garden
Crops, by A. B. Griffiths. Price 2s. 3d. Both
are obtainable (post-free) from our Publishing
Department.

Campbell's Sulphur Vaporiser : J. E. This
was highly spoken of by one of our corre-
spondents, who narrated his experience lately
in the Gardeners' Chronicle.

Carnation : J. McL. The flowers are affected
with a smut fungus. Destroy the plant at
once. The Dianthus Heddewigii is also affected
with some fungus ; see our issue for next week.

Carnations : R. K. Nothing particular.

Chrysanthemums : G. W. P. The proper manner
of " taking the bud," as it is termed by growers,
differs so much that each variety needs special
treatment in this respect. The trade growers
in their catalogues indicate the best time and
manner of stopping and timing Chrysanthe-
mums, and you will do well to write for one of
their lists. An article on the subject will be
found in the Calendar of Garden Operations,
7 Jd. post-free, from our Publishing Department.

Climbing Roses Suitable for a Greenhouse:
B. V. The Tea-scented Roses and their hybrids
embrace many beautiful varieties adaptable for
training to a greenhouse roof. Even though
you desire only white or rose-coloured varieties
you will find an ample selection at your
disposal, including (white) White Marechal
Niel, Valentine Altermann, Madame Jules
Gravereaux, Madame Jules Siegfried, Climbing
Niphetos ; (reds or crimsons) Ards Pillar,
Francois Crousse, Madame Berard, Madame
Marie Lavalle, Reine Marie Henriette, Reine
Olga.

Falmouth : M. B. A complete list of plants
grown in Devonshire and Cornwall would be
much too lengthy for us to give. You will find
numerous references in our back numbers.

Fruit-drying : J. P. For your purpose the best
plan would be to dry them in a baker's oven on
a tray, removing them at times to see how the
drying is proceeding. Far better is the process
of bottling fruits, which can be performed by
placing the bottles containing the fruits in a
deep fish-kettle of water, and when the water

is brought to the boiling-point, securely corking
the bottles. Outfits, with bottles, &c, for the
purpose, can be had for a reasonable cost.
Another good plan is to bake the Plums, &c, in
a stone jar, cover over, and then bury the jar
in the garden until required.

Grapes : W. J. S. The variety is Golden Ham-
burgh, which somewhat resembles Buckland
Sweetwater, but is of better flavour.

Gymnosporangium : B. V. There is no known
remedy short of destroying the Juniper or the
Pear trees, or both. Burn as many of the.
affected shoots as you can.

Horticultural Hall : X C. Too late for
insertion this week; but why not make your
complaint at headquarters ?

Lawns : Felix. Any manure containing nitrogen,
such as well-rotted manure or nitrate of soda,
will by encouraging the grasses kill the weeds.
A drop of sulphuric acid dropped from a glass
rod on to the heart of the weed will kill it, but
be careful how you handle the acid as it is very
corrosive. As to the Ivy, we think you will do-
well to consult some of the larger nurserymen,
who will give you the information you require
better than we could do.

Names of Plants: II. E., Suffolk. Tracheliuro
cceruleum. — D. R. We cannot undertake to
name varieties of Roses. Send to a Rose-
grower who has opportunities of comparison,
with his named plants. — Pancratium. Asclepias-
curassavica and Pancratium macrostephanum.
— A. Y. L. 1, Dendrobium Draconis; 2, On-
cidium prastextum — W. D. Omitted from last-
week. Hemigraphis colorata. — F. E. A. • I,
Zephyranthes Candida ; 2, Yucca fllamentosa ;

3, Cupressus nootkatensis (Thuiopsis borealis
of gardens) ; 4, Thuya plicata, true, also known
as gigantea and Lobbi j 5, Lejcesteriaformosa;
0, Spiraea Douglasi. — T. R. 1, Sedum Tele-
phium var. ; 2, Abelia triflora ; 3, Griselinia
littoralis. — J. L. Carduus Marianus, The
Virgin's Thistle. — C, Altrincham. 1 and 2, both
forms of Kochia scoparia. One is the seedling-
stage. We do not think there are two species.
W. M. 1 and 2 next week ; 3, Hoya carnosa ;

4, Ruscus racemosus. — W. E. B. Saponaria
officinalis. — H. J. B. Rhus Cotinus, the Wig
plant. — W. S. S. 1, Solidago virga aurea ; 2,
Hieracium subaudum ; 3, Heracleum Sphondy-
liura ; 4, Atriplex patula.

Peonies : J. F. We suspect the trouble is at-
the root. There is no separate work in English,
but, of course, the subject is alluded to in
most of the text-books.

Pears Deformed : R. W. R. Pears such as you
send have often been figured in our columns..
They are swollen and distorted branches, with-
no true fruit or core in them. If you were a-
cute Yankee you would advertise them as.
coreless Pears !

Potato Leaves ■. A. M. The leaves bear no trace>
of fungus disease, but their appearance is com-
patible with that caused by extreme sun-heafc
following a period of drought.

Potatos : W. J. W. The tubers have developed
supertuberation, but what induces this abnor-
mality we are at a loss to understand.

Public Gardens : B. R. E. R, You must watch-'
the advertising columns, or advertise yourself-

Tomatos: Q.E. The fruits are affected with a.
fungus, Cladosporium lycopersicum. You will
find an illustration of this disease, with reme-
dial measures, on pp. 45, 4G, of the Calender of
Garden Operations, 7 \d. post-free, from ouc
Publishing Department.

Vine Leaves : G. T. The leaves are studded*
with warts, which are caused by too stuffy an
atmosphere and not suffi ient ventilation. It-
is not unlikely there may be mites also, but
we cannot find any.

Communications Received.— E. H. W.— C. T. D.— B. V.
Schloss Bcchan— C E. L— Hogg & Robertson.— Sir
T. H.-T. W— R. H. P.-R. L. II.— Felix— Celt-B. L —
G. W.-H. C -J. E.-C. T— C. P. &CO.-R. B.-G W. H.
E. C.-C. T.-J.C.-W. W. C.— 0. B. P.— W. Bull ct
Sons-H. C.-E. K.-II. E.-W. .1. W -W. W.-H. W-
S. M„ Cape Colony-J. C.-C. H P.-J. C.-E. R.—
W. W.

August 26, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

161

THE

dfontam' (IptnmMe

No. 974.— SATURDAY, August 26, 1905.

CONT

.Agave, the genus ... 161
Berberidopsis coral-

Una 166

Betteshanger House... 17a
Books, notices of —

Flora Capensis ... 170

Publications received I7u
Bota» y, experimental. 170
Burubani. monastic

buildings at 175

Campanula pimctata.. 169
China, plant collecting

in 17-1

Clerodendron tricho-

tomum 166

Colonial notes 170

Conifers, variegated... 164
Cypripedium Fairie-

anum flowering at

Kew 168

Daphne, the species of 171
Examinations in horti-
culture 169

Fruit crops, remarks

on the 161

Fruit Enquiry, the

Departmental ... 170
Fungi, poisoning by... 175

Gales, autumn 175

Grape Diamant Traube 175
Horticulture, bequest

to 170

Lapagerias alba and

rubra superba ... 166

ENTS.

Melons

Nursery notes—

B. S. Williams & Eon
Ol'ituary—
Boston, Richard ...
Dean. Richard
Paris Autumn Show...
Peach Peregrine
Pentstemons at Jed-
burgh

Plants, new or note-
worthy—
Crassulaeolumnaris
Schizandra Henryi
Roses, Hjbrid Tea ... '
Seeds, thegermiuation

of

Societies —
Bishops Stortford

Horticultural
Royal Horticultural
(Scientific Com-
mittee), p. iv, Sup-
plement.
Shropshire Horti-
cultural, p. i. Sup-
plement.
Tomatos growing in

fields

Wasps and fruits
Water-yielding plan t,a
Weed-killer, attempt

to poison with
Week's work, the 166,

176
168
169
161

162

175

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Betteshanger House, Keut

CampAnula punctata (Supplementary Illustration)

Crassulaeolumnaris

Cypripedium Fairieauum

Daphne Biagayana

Dean, Richard, portrait of the late

Isosoma orchidearum, the Orchid grub

Map showing the route followed by Mr. E. H.

Wilson in China (Supplementary Illustration)

Schizandra Henryi

View in the grounds at Betteshanger Park

Well, ornamental, in the Gardens at Betteshanger

Park

17]
175
170

170

167

tea

Hi-

171

169

176

163

173

173

THE GENUS AGAVE.

ONE of the chief advantages which a garden
situated on the sheltered shore of the
Mediterranean affords is the flowering of
many plants which elsewhere must be kept
under glass, where they rarely or perhaps
never produce their flowers.

The flowering of an Agave is an event in
any garden, but we have here every summer
a number of these plants in bloom. Some
species, as Agave Bouchei, A. micracantha,
A. albicans, A. polyacantha, A. mitis, etc,
flower every year, often producing several
spikes. They all belong to the section
"Littrea," and do not die off after they have
flowered, but the main rosette divides into
several others, which when large enough
flower again and repeat this same process
until in a few years a large bush is formed.

Agave Bouchei forms a short stem, whilst
the others are really crespitose.

Agave striata stricta is just showing its
flower-spike, with its curious long, white
scariose, empty bracts. These empty bracts
of the scape form an excellent specific
character, to which I should like to draw
the attention of botanists.

Agave polyacantha varies much in the
shape of its leaves; young plants with a
simple rosette have their leaves generally
broader than those which the same plant
produces after it begins to divide. Agave
densiflora, Hooker (Botanical Magazine,
t. 5,006), is synonymous with this. I contri-
buted a short note and a photograph of this
species to the Monatssehrift fur Ka ktcenkunde.

Agave albicans is also about to flower
again this year. Kecently, when with Sir
Thomas Hanbury and Professor Wm.

Trelease, I had occasion to visit the well-
known gardens of Mr. L. Winter in Bordi-
ghera, I saw a great number of this species
just about to flower. There were some with
brown, and others with paler marginal
prickles, and the former also had darker,
almost brownish flowers, whilst the latter
had paler greenish flowers. It is a very
variable plant, and A. Celsii may possibly
belong to it.

Another very interesting plant of the
Littrea group was just in flower when its
author, Professor Wm. Trelease, came to
visit La Mortola. It is Agave Engelmanni.
It is only a small plant, which was raised
from seeds received years ago from the
Missouri Botanic Gardens, St. Louis. It is
a curious species, having the Ho wers in groups
of four to six on very short branches. In this
it agrees with A. multiflora, Todaro, to
which it is closely allied ; but still there is
sufficient reason to keep the two species
distinct. The leaves in Agave Engelmanni
are broader and more spatulate ; the
perianth too differs essentially. I found
our plant to agree well with the description
and figures given by its distinguished author
in the Third Annual Report of the Missouri
Botanic Gardens (ls92), 10 f., t. 55, 56.

Agave Henriquesii, Baker, is now in flower,
and will ripen its seeds when these lines are
in the press. It was described and figured
by Mr. J. G. Baker in the Gardeners'
Chronicle, 1887, i., p. 32, from material sent
to him by Professor Henriques, Director of
the Coimbra Botanic Gardens. We have
repeatedly grown young plants from seeds
received from Coimbra, but this is the first
plant that has produced flower. Our plant
is smaller than the one described by Mr.
Baker. The haves only reach a length of
50 cm., and are 10 cm. broad ; they are
thick, dark-green, and terminated by a
spine 4 cm. in length. The scape, together
with the inflorescence, is about 3 m.
high. The flower is 5 cm. loDg, with a
slender, subtrigonous ovary ; the tube is
short, and the outer segments of the
perianth are linear-lanceolate, the inner
narrower, linear ; all about 22 mm. long.
The stamens are somewhat unequal, those
opposite the inner segments, the longest,
measuring about 6 cm. from their base.

This year Agave Beguini, a hybrid raised
by the Abbe Beguin at Brignoles, and pre-
sented by him to this garden, is also for the
first time in flower. A description of it
will lie published later on.

Man FREDA.

Of the smaller Agaves, which are now
separated from this genus by American
botanists, but kept under the sub-genus
Manfreda by Mr. Baker, there are or will
shortly be in flower — Agave maculata, A.
variegata and A. virginica. Whether a
generic distinction in this case is justified
or not I do not wish to decide, but in many
other genera botanists would certainly not
attempt it on the ground of such slight
differences.

The Agaves of the sub-genera Manfreda
and Litteea are but small plants if compared
with most of those of the sub-genus Euagave.
The last-named are in many cases gigantic
and majestic plants, to which chiefly the name
Agave, from the Greek ayauor = stately, was
applied. Their enormous rosettes die off
with the ripening of the seeds. Several
specimens of the giant of the genus, Agave

Salmiana, of which there are a great number
of varieties at La Mortola, are just about to
flower. Their gigantic scape is terminated
by a large panicle bearing many hundreds of
pale yellow flowers. Our largest plants have
leaves about 215 ro. long. The plant is
commonly cultivated in Mexico for making
pulque, a drink much esteemed by the
natives.

Very similar to it in flower, and nearlyas
big, is Agave ferox, which will also be shortly
in bloom at La Mortola.

The following, also belonging to Euagave,
will be in flower this summer : Agave
Franzosini, A. americana, A. picta, A. mexi-
cana, A. applanata, A. rigida, and A. sisalana.

Agave Franzosini, Baker, was first de-
scribed in the Ga/rderu rs' Chronicle. It is a
very distinct species, far exceeding the
others in its elegance, and especially on
account of its white or nearly greyish-blue
leaves, which have a rough surface.

Agave americana is now found half wild
all along the Mediterranean shores. There
exist also variegated forms of it. A. picta,
Salm., is generally considered to be such a
variegated form. Even in Mr. Baker's
Handbook of Amaryllidaceous Plants the
same error occurs. But, as I pointed out-
some time ago in the Gartenwelt, A. picta is
quite another species, and has nothing
whatever to do with A. americana.

Agave picta, Salm., was originally intro-
duced in its variegated form. This was figured1
in the Botanical Magazine, t. 3054, under the
erroneous name of A. americana variegata.
Prince Salm-Dyck, who only knew young
variegated plants, recognised them at once
as a different species, and gave its descrip-
tion with the above name in Bonplandia,
vii. (1859), 88, where he writes that he had
not seen the green type. Of course,
nobody had seen it until these varie-
gated plants flowered, and from their seeds
were produced seedlings of the green type.
Such was the case at La Mortola, where we
have whole groups of such plants. When I
first came across one of them it seemed to
me as if I knew it already, and yet it looked
so strange that I failed to recognise it at first.
Agave americana has shorter and stiffer
glaucous leaves, with a stout terminal spine,
whilst Agave picta has the leaves longer,
dark green, more bent, and often recurved,
but always more elegant. The terminal
spine, moreover, is longer and finer, similar
to that of A. Salmiana. The panicle is also
more elongated in Agave picta than in
A. americana.

The floweritig of so many Agaves may be
due to the great heat of last summer. Alwin
Berger, La Mortola, June 21, 1905.

[A large number of species was figured
in our columns in the years 1871, 1872, 1877,
1882, and 1883. Ed.]

Far Eastern Maples. — Mr. James H.
Vkitch has reproduced in pamphlet form his
paper from the Journal of the Royal Horticultural
Society on Far Eastern Maples. The value of
these plants is even low not sufficiently recog-
nised, and those mentioned in the pages before
us, and peculiar to China, Japan, and neighbour-
ing countries, offer a wonderful variety of form,
colour, and habit such as should suit the require-
ments or fancies of every grower. The illustra-
tions accompanying the letterpress give some
idea of the diversity of Maples in general form,
and in shape and variegation of their leaves.

162

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 26, 1905.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

— ♦

SCHIZANDEA HENRYI, Clarke.*
Schizandra is a small genus of little-known
climbing shrubs which, combined with Kadsura,
form adistinct tribe of Magnoliacete. This little

The species here illustrated (fig. 55) was n-
troduced from Central China to the Veitchian
nurseries by Mr. E. H. Wilson. It differs from
other known species chiefly in the shape of its
leaves and in the length and stoutness of its pe-
duncles. The flowers are white, unisexual, and

Fig. 55.— schizandra heneyi, Clarke : new hardy shrub.

tribe comprises about a dozen species, which,
with the exception of Schizandra coccinea, a
native of the Atlantic side of North America, are
all confined to Eastern Asia.

* Schizandra llenryi, C. B. Clarke.— Scandens, foliis
longe petiolatis ellipticis vel late ovati9 utriuque
.acutatis ; pedunculis petiolos Buperantibus. Henry in

Herb. Keu; 1785, et 91U3 b. ! Hupeh and Szecluian,

Wilton I

borne in great profusion. The leaves are coria-
ceous, shining, with bright red petioles. In shape
these leaves vary from elliptic, through broadly-
ovate, to cordate-ovate-acuminate on one and the
same individual. The twining stems are more or less
triangular, each angle being prominently winged.
After flowering the carpel-bearing column elon-
gates very considerably and becomes fleshy ; in

this fleshy receptacle the mucilaginous berries are
embedded. The whole fructification, Mr. Wilson
tells us, is eaten by Chinese country-folk, who
designate this plant the Tieh-ku-san.

This species is not uncommon on rocks in the
mountains of Western Hupeh and Szechuan,
at an altitude of between 2,000 and 5,000 feet.
S. grandiflora also occurs in similar localities ;
whilst another species, S. propinqua var. sinensis,
is very common in the Yang-tsze Valley up to
2,000 feet.

Crassula columnaris, L.fil.
This Crassula (fig. 56) belongs, with three other
species, to the subgenus Pyramidella, of Harvey.
One of these, Crassula pyramidalis, Linn, fil,, is
figured in Botanical Magazine, t. 76G5. C. multi-
ceps, Haworth, was introduced to La Mortola
in 1873 by Professor MacOwan, according to a
pencil note found in the late Daniel Hanbury's

-j- v-cr. f*

Fig. 56.— crassula colcmxabis. (Enlarccd.)

handwriting, but has been lost long ago, and
is probably now not to be found in any garden.
The fourth species, C. semiorbicularis, Ecklon
and Zeyher, has, as far as I know, never been
seenalive in Europe.

The Pyramidella Crassulas are among the
oddest-looking Cape plants. This one, as Harvey
says in Flora Capen&is, ii., 358, exactly resembles
one of the Balanophorese. It has roundish,
very obtuse leaves, closely packed in four rows
along the short stems. The flowers are aggre-
gated into a dense, capitate, and subglobose
cyme. The calyx-lobes are free or nearly so,
spatulate, and elegantly fringed with cartilaginous
hairs. The petals are united at their base into
an urceolate tube, and taper into long, linear
(not lanceolate, as Harvey states), channelled
points. The ovaries end in a short neck, with an
oblique, somewhat capitate stigma. The little
squama: fixed behind each carpel at the bottom
of the flower are — at least, in this and in C. pyra-
tnidalis— cordate-cuneate and stipitate, of a dull
orange colour, in form similar but smaller than

August 26, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

163

those of the little Monanthes of the Canaries
and the Atlas mountains.

C. columnaris is from 1 } to 4 inches high ;
generally the stem is hardly visible, being hidden
by the connate, thick, and roundish leaves, which
are glaucous, finely punctate, and their sharp
margins ciliated with short cartilaginous hairs.
The upper surface is more or less concave, and
plain green. It is a native of the western
districts of Cape Colony, extending as far north
as Little Namaqualand. La Mortola is indebted
for this and many other interesting succulents to
Dr. K. Marloth, of Cape Town, one of the most
energetic and successful exploring botanists of
South Africa.

In cultivation the Crassulas ought never to be
allowed to become too dry, or they will wither
and die away. But professional gardeners very
often fail to cultivate plants which amateurs
grow successfully ; gardeners either believe that
all succulents are plants of desert regions and
can do without any care, or they fall into the
other extreme and kill them by too much
watering, especially in winter. Alwin Berger, La
Mortola, Ventimiglia, Italy. [For an article
on this plant see Gardeners' Chronicle, January 29,
1898, p. G6.]

NURSERY NOTES.

MESSRS. B. S. WILLIAMS A SON.

For many years the business founded by the
late B. S. Williams, the father of the present
proprietor, was successfully carried on at the
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, at Upper Hollo-
way. Of late the builder has gradually en-
croached and hemmed in the areas under culti-
vation, shutting out light and air, and generally
rendering the cultivation of all but the hardiest
species of plants an impossible task.

In view of this state of things, the firm saw the
necessity of removing their out-of-doors stock to
Church End, Finchley, to a spot consisting of
about twenty acres, at a distance of three-quarters
of a mile from the railway station, and situated
on theHendon Eoad, where, amidst pasture land on
every side, a nursery has been laid out on sloping
ground facing south, the transfer having taken
place six years ago. At about half a mile south
is the site of the projected " Garden City." Here
all kinds of plants can be mide to succeed free from
many of the evils connected with a town nursery.
The land having been under grass for one hundred
years or longer, affords ample plant food in the
form of the decaying turf that will meet the
needs of tree and shrub without manurial dres-
sings for many years. The soil is an ideal one for
the growth of fruit and forest trees, for herba-
ceous perennials, Conifers, Evergreens, and most
sections of the Rose family.

At present but few glasshouses have been
erected, but others will be built as occa-
sions arise. The contents of the glasshouses
observed on the occasion of a visit made lately,
consisted of a fine lot of Marechal Niel, Corallina,
a climbing China Rose, and others cultivated in
pots. One span-roofed house contained Vitis
purpurea, for which there is a constant demand ;
V. heterophylla variegata, Rubus laciniatus, the
fine deep pink-flowered Pelargonium (Ivy-leaf)
Mrs. Turner. On one of the stages was a
number of Souvenir de la Malmaison and fine
border Carnations in pots, prepared for layering
in pans; also a quantity of Nicotiana Sanderiana
in pots. Another house contained plants of large
size of Hydrangea paniculata having flower-heads
of a very pure white colour in prodigious numbers.
There were a few other houses full of plants, but
at this season these contained nothing of much
interest.

The main walk from the nursery entrance is
bordered \<ith choice Conifers and shrubs, mostly

evergreen, and showy hardy herbaceous perennial
plants, all of which seem quite at home in the
heavy loamy soil. Roses are found in quantity,
distributed in " breaks " in various parts, and
most varieties make strong growth, including
most but not all of the Teas and Hybrid Teas.
Some of these need winter protection, the valley
in which the nursery lies being subject to late
spring and early autumn frosts, and a low ave-
rage temperature during the winter season. Very
strong plants of Crimson Rambler, one year old
from the bud, were of an average height of
10 feet. Excellent were the stands of Mrs. John
Laing, Jennie Dickson, Madame Gabrielle Lui-
zette, Robert Duncan, a very early bloomer, deep
rose-pink in colour, and a full bloom ; the
climbing W. J. Grant, Caroline Testout, and Ches-
hunt Hybrid, the latter showing still plenty of
blooms — good as a pillar or climbing variety. I
noticed many " breaks " of bush Roses, but the
exigencies of space forbid the mention of names.

Good breadths are planted with Manetti
Rose-stocks, now ready for being budded.

That pretty Rose Gruss an Teplitz was observed
in some quantity, and beautifully in flower.

The collection of Phlox decussata varieties was
particularly noticeable for the number of striking
colours it contained, as also that of Pentstemons,
among the latter being P. Newbury Gem with
flowers greatly resembling those of P. Torreyi,
but possessing greater size ; P. James Day, an
extra fine flower ; and Xiel McKinnon. Pyreth-
rums, Rudbeckias, Chrysanthemum lutescens in
variety, and Kniphofias (some eight varieties),
Dahlias and shrubby Chrysanthemums, all
capital plants ; many sturdy plants of Weigela in
variety, the beautiful Berberis Thunbergi, a pro-
fuse autumn flowerer, were observed in some
quantity. Golden-leaved Privet (Ligustrum
ovalifolium aureum) is a shrub for which there
is great demand locally, and of which large
breaks were noted, trained both as mulies and
standards.

Fruit Trees.

Apples as bushes on the Paradise stock formed
a noteworthy feature, the growth being clean,
healthy and free from American blight, many of
them fruiting heavrly already. Large breadths
of standard and pyramid - trained trees on the
Crab-stock were excellent for orchard or garden
planting, being free in growth, clean, and num-
bering eighty - seven varieties. Maiden trees
receiving their first training were worthy of
notice for their freedom of growth without too
much exuberance.

Pear trees on wilding stocks for immediate
planting, trained, standards and maidens, form a
good lot, equalling in all points the preceding,
as do those on the (Juince-stock.

Peach and Nectarine trees grow in this fresh
soil if anything too vigorously, but this will be
corrected as time progresses and the soil gets
somewhat poorer.

No Apricots were observed. Plums do grandly,
developing clean, vigorous shoots, and consist
chiefly of dwarf-trained examples in about a score
of varieties.

Miscellaneous Plants.

Prunus Lauro - Cerasus caucasica, P. c. ro-
tundifolia and P. c. latifolia make a good show
of stocky, compact planting material ; also Ribes
in variety, with vigorous growth. Clematis
receive much attention, as do Ivies, of which
many varieties are grown.

Among the varied Conifers observed were
several choice species, as Cupressus Lawsoniana
AUumi, with the habit of the type form, and
leaves of a bluish tint; Abies grandis, A. lasio-
carpa, A. nobilis, A. Nordmanniana, and A. con-
color. These were small specimens, of compact
growth. Many Poplars, Prunus Pissardi, Phi-
ladelphus, Oriental Plane, Euonymus, Deutzias
in variety, Corylus Avellana purpurea (purple

Hazel), Cotoneaster frigida, and C. Simonsi were
noted, all of which are strong and good of their
kind. A beautiful Rhus, apparently a variety of
glabra, with pretty, finely-cut foliage, and with
the young growth of shoots of a purplish tint,
was noted. The Lime grows well in the stiff soil,
and an excellent break of tall standard trees was
a conspicuous feature.

It will be observed from the foregoing that ex-
cellent progress has been made by the firm, and
that ordinary requirements can be efficiently
met in most kinds of trees and shrubs, herba-
ceous perennials, &c. F. M.

MELONS.

The present season appears to have" been very
favourable to the growth and production of good
crops of highly-flavoured Melons ; in fact we have
rarely, if ever, had better results than we have
had this season, the plants from the first growing
strong and robust. The flowers were freely pro-
duced, and set well ; the fruits swelled and
finished splendidly. It has been my practice for
some years past to grow four crops of these fruits
annually — two successional crops in a house
regulated in such a manner as to maintain the
supply for as long a period as possible. My first
crop is raised from seed sown in small pots at the,
end of January, the seedlings being planted-out
about four weeks later on well-prepared beds
composed of a suitable mixture of moderately
heavy soil, which is made firm previous to and
also after planting. For my last crop I usually
sow the seed from the middle to the end of June
the young plants raised from this sowing (should
the crop which they are intended to follow be
not quite ripe, or still occupying the house) being
shifted into larger-sized pots, and kept growing
steadily until the house and borders intended for
their reception are quite ready. By this time
the plants will have attained a moderate size, and
will quickly furnish the trellises on which they
are trained. The crop of fruits produced from
these plants usually ripens about the beginning
of October, which in our ea?e is considered late
enough in the season.

My general practice differs very little from
that of many successful Melon - growers, with
probably this exception, that I favour cropping
lightly — say from three to four fruits on each
plant.

In training and growing Melons in houses,
gardeners who adopt the single stem system (a
method I always follow) should never allow the
plants to become overcrowded with useless shoots,
and then severely prune and thin them at one
time. Constant and frequent attention to this
matter is most essential if good results are to be
expected. Laterals should be thinned, leaving
only enough to cover the trellises and produce
the fruits as required.

When Melons are grown in small shallow-
borders and in a small quantity of soil, every
attention must be paid to the watering, feeding,
&c., dryness at the roots being most injurious to
the plants' welfare. A top-dressing of rich,
sweet loam should be given every ten days, and
until the fruits have set and have reached a
moderate size incorporate a sprinkling of some
reliable artificial manure in each top dressing. It
is marvellous what effect these repeated top-
dressings have in keeping the roots and plants,
healthy and robust. When the fruits have
reached about half their required size, I apply
a mulching of well - decomposed manure, and.
this, with a few applications of weak manure
liquid at intervals, are sufficient for their require-
ments. Some of the thin-skinned varieties have
a tendency to split, but with care and atten-
tion to the root requirements and to the atmo-
spheric conditions of the house, there need be no
trouble in this respect. H. Markham, Wrothant
Park, Barnet.

164

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

FRUIT REGISTER.

I August 26, 1905.

PEREGRINE PE4CH.

We have rarely tasted a richer-flavoured Peach
than this variety. It is one of Messrs. Rivers'
introductions, and received a First-class Certifi-
cate in May last at the Royal Horticultural
Society by a unanimous vote. It is a globular
fruit, 3 inches in diameter, deeply lobed at both
extremities, and of a very deep crimson colour.
It belongs to the section with round glands to
the leaf and with large flowers. Its descent is
-traced from Spenser (Nectarine), Albert Victor,
and Prince of Wales.

Peregrine is stated by Messrs. Rivers to be a
very reliable Peach, cropping well under all con-
ditions ; and the branches keep their foliage well,
as was seen in the shapely specimens exhibited
by Messrs. Rivers at one of the late meetings of
the Royal Horticultural Society.

VARIEGATED CONIFERS.

In looking at an ordinary English garden in
winter, we find that, with the exception of varie-
gated Yews, Hollies, and Euonymus, the greater
part of the colour is furnished by various Coni-
fers, ranging from the glaucous blue of Picea
pungens var. glauca to the brilliant gold of
Cupressus Lawsoniana var. lutea. Variegation is
sometimes a sign of weakness in a plant, and this
is the case with some of the variegated Conifers ;
but the majority of them are quite as hardy and
nearly as vigorous as the species to which they
belong, though a few are rather fastidious as to
soil and situation, which has sometimes led to
their being condemned without sufficient reason.
It is proposed in the following notes to mention
•either those which are easy to grow or which are
■of such merit as to warrant a little more care
and attention being bestowed upon them.

Cupressus.
C. macrocarpa var. lutea.— This is a plant of
comparatively recent introduction, is fast-grow-
ang, and of a uniform bright yellow colour. It
should have a sheltered, sunny situation, and
a poor, rather dry soil. The shrub is fairly
.hardy, but requires shelter from high winds, as
it grows almost too fast, and is liable to be
■damaged by gales. A good plan is to drive a
spade in all round it annually for the first two or
three years after planting, as this tends to check
it somewhat, and also assists in the thickening of
the stem.

Of 0. Lawsoniana there are many coloured
forms, but a good selection comprises C. L. var.
albo - spica, a dense - growing, upright plant,
■with the ends of the shoots tipped with silvery-
white ; C. L. var. lutea, entirely bright golden-
yellow in colour, and probably the best-coloured
Conifer in cultivation ; and C. L. var. Wester-
inanni, which is variegated with yellow in addi-
tion to the bright golden colour of the younger
wood. These three can be grown almost any-
where, but they are difficult subjects to transplant.

C. nootkatensis (Thuyopsis borealis) gives us
vars. albo-variegata and aureo-variegata, with
white and yellow variegation respectively. The
former is of rapid growth, and should be planted
on poor soil or it will tend to become green ;
while the latter should have good soil and every
encouragement, as its rate of growth is rather
slow. Both of these require watching in a small
state to keep them to a single leader.

C. obtusa var. filifera aurea. — This is a bright,
golden-coloured form of C. o. var. filifera, and is
a singularly handsome plant with its long, thread-
like branches. In a dwarf state it makes a suit-
able plant for the rockery, as it can be made to
form a spreading bush by cutting out the leaders
when they appear, but its best effect is seen when

grafted as a standard, the long, thread-like,
golden shoots forming an umbrella-like top, and
hanging down on either side.

C. o. var. fit. variegata.— This is mottled with
creamy-white variegation, and makes a showy
plant when it has attained a fair size.

C. o. var. nana aurea. — Probably no variegated
Conifer is slower of growth than this, and cer-
tainly none is more showy when it has attained
a fair size. On good ground and under favour-
able circumstances, it will reach a height of
6 feet in ten or twelve years, but its great
beauty amply compensates for its slowness of
growth. The branches are short and bluntly
fan-shaped, each one perfect and in its place,
and of a uniform intense golden-yellow colour,
which attains its brightest tint during the winter
months.

C. o. var. teWagona aurea resembles the above
in its colour and rate of growth, but the branches
are longer, and the foliage set much closer
together. It is a handsome plant, and is rather
more open in growth than the preceding.

C. pisifera var. aurea. is a strong-growing plant
tinted, though not very strongly, with yellow.
It makes a large plant very quickly, and
possesses the advantages of a fairly good colour
and the ability to grow where some of the
variegated Coniferse will hardly live.

C. p. var. plumosa argentea is a slow-growing
plant, very broad in proportion to its height,
with feathery foliage tipped with creamy-white.
It makes a good plant for tubs, or as a small
specimen on terraces, &c.

C. p. var. plumosa aurea differs -from the pre-
ceding in its stronger and more upright habit,
and in its bright yellow colouring, which extends
all over the branches, but which is usually most
prominent on the sunny side. It was planted very
extensively some years ago, but has lost favour
entirely now, though it is worth planting where
soil and situation are suitable for it.

C. p. var. nana aureo-variegata. — This is a
dwarf, spreading plant about a foot or 18 inches
by 3 feet or more in diameter, with dense-
growing foliage marked with bright yellow. It
is a good plant for the rockery, and will succeed
in a comparatively dry place.

The above forms of C. obtusa and C. pisifera
are more commonly met with under the term of
Retinospora, and except where stated otherwise
they require a cool, moist soil to grow in, as
they usually become very thin and ragged on dry
ground, even if it is fairly good. J. C, Bagshot.
(To be continued.)

REMARKS ON THE CONDITION OF
THE FRUIT CHOPS.

(See 1'ables and General Summary . ante, pp. 81-87 .)

(Continued from p. 15ti.)

5, SOUTHERN COUNTIES.

Kent.— Fruit trees have made but little wood

of late years, with the exception of those recently

planted. We are well protected on the north

and east, and this saved us from injury by the

late frosts and cold winds. The abundant rains

of last month [June] have helped us greatly. Our

soil is a light loam overlying chalk. E. Gilmore,

Northbourne Abbey Gardens, Eastry.

There were good prospects for all kinds of

fruits early in the season, but the late frosts and
cold east winds almost ruined them ; still, I have a
moderate crop of most fruits. The soil is a good,
deep brick-earth, which resists dry weather well.
The garden is about 200 yards distant from the
sea, with a south-easterly aspect. F. Sparks,
Walmer Place, Walmer.

The soil here is a sandy loam resting on

gravel. Fruits of all kinds succeed with us.

Peaches and Nectarines do well on east walls.
Apples, Pears, Plums, and Apricots are very few
in quantity, but are of fairly good quality.
Damsons are a very heavy crop. Cherries have
been very good indeed, while Raspberries are
exceptionally fine. H. J. Knight, Preston Hall
Gardens, Aylesford.

The heavy crop of Apples last year had

undoubtedly much to do with the scarcity of
blossom, and consequently little fruit this season.
Pears generally flowered freely, but late frosts
appeared, and ruined the crop. Geo. Fennell,
Bowden, Hadlow Road, Tonbridge.

- Nearly all fruits are a failure with regard

to quantity, but those that have developed are of
exceptional quality, owing no doubt to the
thinness of the crop. Cherries promised well,
but they were ruined by the weather. Crops of
all hard fruits are bad, with the exception of
Damsons. B. Champion, Mereworth.

Strawberries and Raspberries are the chief

fruits grown in this district, and it was foreseen
that the crops of Strawberries would be small in
quantity after the destructive drought of last
year, when they failed to build up their crowns.
There was a scarcity of foliage all this spring.
Irusses came weakly, and when the plants were
in flower 9° of frost were experienced. Later,
when the fruit began to colour, three days
continuous rain caused the fruit to rot on the
ground. Thus it is not surprising to find that
Strawberries were a very short crop and of
inferior quality. The varieties Royal Sovereign,
Sir Joseph Paxton, and Veitcb, are still grown
for our main crops. Among newer varieties The
Laxton and Trafalgar have been planted largely
in fields, but they are not well spoken of. In
gardens, Givon's Late Prolific is a great success.
Raspberries are a splendid crop in fields. The
soil varies from very hot gravel to good loam.
W. E. Humphreys, Blendon Hall Gardens, Beaiey.

Our soil here is a heavy loam, with a

subsoil of brick-earth. Pears as a rule succeed
well with us, and last season the trees broke
down with the weight of fruit they were carrying,
but the only variety with an average crop this
year is Clapp's Favourite. Small fruits were well
with us ; Strawberries fairly well. The Logan-
berry and American Blackberries do splendidly
with us ; we train them on trellises against the
wall. The plants of Loganberries are carrying
very heavy crops of splendid fruits. They should
be more largely grown, as they are most useful
for dessert and for cooking purposes. W. Dixon,
The Old House Gardens, Walmer.

Our gardens are situated on the southern

slope of the lower greensand hills, the soil being
a strong loam with many stones present. The
height above sea-level rises from about 340
to 400 feet. Damson trees growing on the highest
part of the gardens have scarcely any fruit ; those
about 30 feet lower down have rather less than
an average crop. A neighbour whose orchard is
situated directly below ours, at from 250 to
300 feet above sea-level, has quite an average
crop. This is due to the interesting fact (as
noted in my diary) that his Damson trees
were on April 5 " almost white with bloom,
while ours scarcely developed a single flower."
The next four days, April 6 to 9, were
the coldest experienced here since March 4,
yet the trees with expanded blossoms appear to
have suffered less than those with unexpanded
flowers. I take daily thermometer observations
by instruments which have been corrected at
Kew Observatory. Apples are meagre in quantity
everywhere in this district. The quality is indif-
ferent, although the lowest temperature (shade)
from April 20 to May 22 was 36°. Gooseberries
are a heavy crop. Alfred 0. Walker, Vlcomhe Place,
near Maidstone.

August 26, 1905.1

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

165

Middlesex. — The fruit crops this year are the
worst we have had for many years past. Two
years ago there was a great failure among
fruit, but it was not so general as this season.
Many of our Apple trees are quite barren, few
late kinds, such as Wellington and Lane's Prince
Albert, and a very few early varieties are bearing
crops. Plums on walls and elsewhere are a total
failure, including 200 yards run of trained Plum
trees on walls ; Apricots are a very thin crop ;
Peaches and Nectarines, which rarely fail to pro-
duce good crops with us, are all bearing badly
this season. Pears are almost a total failure,
while Cherries are but half a crop. Small fruits
are plentiful. The Strawberry crop was a good
one, but we were obliged to protect our early
blossoms from frost. Our soil is badly suited for
fruit culture, being of a light nature and resting
on gravel, it is also very dry. Geo. Wythes, Syon
Bouse Gardens, Brentford, W.

Our crops of fruit promised well con-
sidering the season, but on July 9 two very severe
thunderstorms were accompanied by hail of the
size of small nuts, which practically destroyed
the whole of the Peaches, Pears, and Apples.
Such storms I cannot ever remember having
personally witnessed, but it greatly reminded me
of what I read of the storm that did so much
-damage at Barham Court a few years ago. H.
Markham, Wrotham Park Gardens, Burnet.

Pears are almost a failure, although the

trees flowered well, but easterly winds followed
the flowering period and prevailed for some days,
and to this cause I attribute the failure more than
to the frost. Cherries this year escaped injury
and are excellent, although last season the crop of
these fruits was spoiled by the winds. Apples
are good, although the crop is not heavy. Bush
fruits are extra good and clean. Our Strawberries
escaped the frost that was so much complained
of elsewhere. The soil is shallow, resting on
gravel. James Hudson, Qunnersbury House
{Hardens, Acton, W.

The fruit-crops in this district are, on the

whole, a fair average, and but for the frosts on
May 21 and 22 would have been fully up to
those of last season. The trees are healthy and
clean. Most of the soil about here is a clayey-
loam. W. Watson, Harefield Place Gardens,
Uxbridge.

The fruit-crops in this district are all

below the average. Plums vary greatly ; in some
places they are heavily cropped, whilst in other
districts large tracks of Plum-trees are bare.
The Apple-crop is the best, but that of Pears is
very light everywhere. Our soil is a good
holding loam on gravel. W. Bates, Cross Deep
Gardens, Twickenham.

There was every promise of a good fruit

year during April and early May, the blossom on
the Plum, Pear, and Apple trees being abundant;
but the sharp frosts on the nights of May 22, 23,
and 24 completely changed the outlook. We
registered 7° of frost on May 22, which destroyed
the early Strawberry bloom, and Apples, Pears,
and Plums all suffered severely; while Runner
Beans and Potatos were cut down to the ground.
Our soil here is light loam overlying the gravel.
James Hawkes, Osterley Park Gardens, Isleworth.

Surrey.— The frost of May 23 totally destroyed
our fruit crop. On the exposed thermometer we
registered 10° of frost. 8. T. Wright, R.H.S.
Gardens, Wisleij, Ripley.

Some varieties of Apples, including

Warner's King, are very fertile; others, such
as Lane's Prince Albert, have not a fruit on
the trees. W. Wilks (flee), Shirley Vicarage,
Croydon.

In this district the fruit crop is very dis-
heartening after such a grand promise early in

the season. Even Apples developed a fair amount
of blossom, but Apples, Pears, Apricots, and
Peaches and Nectarines are all very much below
the average. Dwarf standard Plum-trees are
carrying a crop, but on trees trained on walls the
crop is thin. Damsons are a heavy crop, and
Cherries are very good in this respect. Straw-
berries were very good where they escaped the
late frosts. Gooseberries and other small fruit
are all satisfactory, with the exception of Black
Currants. C. W. Knowles, Bags/tot Park Gardens,
Bagshot.

The fruit crops in this neighbourhood in

the early spring were most promising, but 10° of
frost on May 22 proved disastrous, in conse-
quence of which Plums, Apples and Pears suffered
severely. Our soil being of a light sandy nature
resting on a bed of pure sand, proves very trying
for fruit trees in a dry season like the present.
On our ground rain is required about every ten
days in order to keep the soil in anything like
a moist condition. Raspberries and Gooseberries
have been very good, but Strawberries have been
very poor, with the exception of Latest-of-AlI,
which was very good up till July 18. W. Honess,
Cobham Park Gardens, Cobham.

All classes of fruit trees flowered splen-
didly this year, but what promised to be the
finest crop for years was spoilt by the frosts
which occurred on May 23 and 24, when a great
part of the flowers and fruit of Apples, Pears,
Plums, Damsons and Strawberries were completely
destroyed. Apples are swelling exceptionally
well. Trees of the varieties Lane's Prince Albert,
Warner's King, Bess Pool, Tower of Glamis,
Stirling Castle, Hormead's Pearmain and Mere
de Menage have fair crops ; which also applies to
such dessert varieties as Cox's Orange, King of
Pippins and Eibston. Pears are almost a failure.
Our soil is of a sandy, sterile nature, and dries
quickly. C. J. Salter, Woodhatch Lodge Gardens,
Reigate.

Although the district of Kingston,

Surrey, is largely on porous sand, stiff soils are
found in places. The general fruit produce, so
far as Apples, Pears, and Plums are concerned,
is a very poor one, Pears, including common
varieties that are usually free croppers, being
exceedingly scarce. Here, as elsewhere, the
frosts of May were the primary cause of the
scarcity of fruit, and even where there did seem
to be a fair set, the fall of fruit later was
exceedingly great. In some cases Plums are
plentiful, but such crops are the exception.
Alex. Dean, 62, Richmond Road, Kingston-on-
Thames.

The fruit crops here are very light in

numbers, with the two exceptions of Cherries
and Apricots. Late frosts proved most disastrous.
Apples are practically absent, while Pears are
represented by a few mostly deformed fruits.
Crops of Plums are under average, but the fruit
promises to finish well. Peaches and Nectarines
are much under the average. Apricots are an
average crop, and judging by the present state of
the trees should finish well. Small fruits are
under the average, but some are very good in
quality, especially the Loganberry and Rasp-
berries. Strawberries are a very light crop, with
the exception of late varieties, by far the best
being Givon's Prolific. Walnut-trees suffered
severely from the late frosts ; a few trees on the
hillside in sheltered positions are carrying a fair
crop. Cob-nuts are plentiful. Geo. Kent, Norbury
Park Gardens, Dorking.

The soil in this district is of a light

nature. With the exception of small fruits the
fruit crops are much under the average in
bulk. W. C. Leach, Albury Park Gardens,
Guildford.

Sussex. — Owing to the late spring frost3 the
fruit crops are thin in bulk. Apples and Pears
are under the average, but are of good quality.
Among Apples, Keswick Codlin, The Queen,
Yorkshire Beauty, and Bramley's Seedling (on
espalier-trained trees) have good-sized fruits.
On old orchard trees there is no fruit, but young
trees are carrying a small quantity. Gooseberry-
bushes have always a good crop here, which also
applies to other bush fruit and Strawberries.
Loganberries, American Blickberries, and Wine-
berries are very useful as a succession to Rasp-
berries, which last-named have been very good.
Our best Strawberries are Royal Sovereign,
President, Fillbasket, Climax, and Waterloo,
which are suited to our heavy soil. Crops on
wall trees, such as Peaches, are very thin. Plums
are about an average ; all the Gage type do well
with us. Apricots can only be grown under glass
here. Figs on walls finish a good late crop,
Brown Turkey being the best. The soil iB too
cold for Cherries without being prepared
especially and drained. Morellos do well, and
are carrying a heavy crop. Cordon Pear-trees on
arches and on walls are carrying under an ave-
rage crop, but the fruits are of good quality.
Potatos in some places here have the blight, but
up to the present we are free of this disease.
Sharp's Victor, May Queen, Ashleaf, Royal
Kidney, British Queen, Up-to-Date, and Factor
are among our best varieties, while Evergood,
Northern Star, and Discovery are a failure. A. B.
Wadds, Paddockhurst.

■ With the exception of Apples there was

every prospect of a bountiful crop of fruit this
year until the severe frosts in the early part of
May, which gave almost everything a severe
check, especially Black Currants. Damsons are
very plentiful. Our soil is variable, from light
sand to stiff clay, with a subsoil of sandstone,
much impregnated with iron. Alex. Reid, Possing-
worth Gardens, Cross-in- Hand.

The prospects of a good general crop of

hardy fruits were never better than they were
this year, but they were ruined owing to continued
north-easterly winds and late frosts, which caused
much of the blossom to drop prematurely.
The soil here is light and thin, overlying
chalk. E. Burbury, Arundel Castle Gardens,
Arundel.

The fruit crops in this district are about

average in quantity, the fruits being of very
good quality. The soil is a poor and hungry
sandstone. Win. Brunsden, Brambletye Gardens,
East Grinstead.

Owing to the very late frost of May 23,

which registered 7°, Raspberries, Strawberries,
Quinces, and most other fruits were greatly
injured, two-thirds of the Strawberry-crop being
frozen outright. G. Griggs, Ashburnham Place
Gardens, Battle.

Most varieties of Apple-trees here are

sparsely cropped, no doubt owing to the very
heavy crop of last season, as there was a scarcity
of bloom. Pears are quite up to average in
bulk, and of good quality, though many fruits
have dropped. The show of blossom on these
trees was remarkable, and generally resulted in
a good set. Among the best croppers are
Williams' Bon Chretien, Beurre Diel, Duchesse
d'Angouleme, Doyenne Boussoch, Josephine de
Malines, Jargonelle, Bergamot d'Esperen, &o.
Some early varieties, notably Beurre Giffard,
Triomphe de Vienne, though abundantly
flowered, have not a single fruit, even on walls.
Plums are variable ; the fruits still continue to
drop, though what remain are of good size. The
best crops are on trees of Cox's Emperor, Victoria,
Czar, and Kirke's; Greengages are very thin.
Cherries are very good, though much fruit fell

166

THE GA R DENER S' CHR ON I CLE.

[August 26, 1905,

during the stoning period, and the large rain-
fall the last few weeks has caused the fruits
to split on a large scale. Governor Wood., May
Duke, &o., are carrying very heavy crops of fine
quality. Gooseberries and Currants of all varie-
ties are heavily cropped, the fruits being of good
size and quality. Strawberries were very good,
but beds in exposed situations suffered from the
severe frosts in May, though sheltered ones
escaped entirely. Among those varieties with
heaviest crops may be mentioned Monarch,
Auguste Nicaise, Latest-of-All, Waterloo, and
Eleanor. The soil is a heavy loam, overlying
stiff yellow clay. Chas. Jones, Ote Ball Gardens,
Burgess Bill.

■ The soil here is a stiff loam, bordering in

some places on clay. The situation varies greatly,
the ground being undulated. Where the soil is
fertile Apples do fairly well, but most varieties
suffer much from canker. Pears are an uncertain
crop, the trees being liable to canker, especially
the more tender kinds. Plums and Cherries as a
rule do well, but Peaches and Nectarines are
usually cut up by the late spring frosts. H. C.
Prinsep, Buxted Park Gardens, Uckfield.

Wiltshire. — The prospects of good fruit
crops in this district were exceedingly favourable
until the frosts that occurred on April 22, 23,
and 24, and again on May 22, 23, and 21, when
the crops were ruined. The soil in this district
ia composed of friable, marly loam on chalk, and
is very shallow in depth. The orchards generally
are situated in low-lying, damp valleys, in which
positions the frosts in the spring seasons are
often more severe than on the surrounding hills.
Thos. C'hallis, Wilton Home Gardens, Salisbury.

Owing to 10° of frost at the latter end of

May, Apple and Strawberry blossom suffered
terribly, and everything being extremely wet
the damage was intensified. Our soil is somewhat
heavy, of fairly good depth, on a stiff yellow clay
subsoil. B. Gandy, Longleai Gardens, Warminster.

The fruit crops in this district are de-
cidedly under the average, and poor in quality.
The frosts of May destroyed what promised to be
a good fruit season. Strawberries especially suf-
fered. The only fruit crops which have been at all
satisfactory are Gooseberries and Currants. It is
rather early to speak of the quality of Apples, &e.
W., Malmesburij.

Apples on espalier and pyramid trees are

of good quality, the trees bearing freely ; but
orchard trees are, on the whole, sparsely cropped,
and the fruit is of very poor quality. Pears are
few in number, but Peaches and Nectarines are a
good crop. All bush fruits are excellent. Straw-
berries have been under the average. The sharp
frosts of May 22, 23, and 24, when we registered
8°, 10°, 9° on successive nights, ruined most of the
fruit blossom. The soil of the district is mostly
of a friable loam, with either a chalky or a gravelly
subsoi . S. W. Tucker, Longford Castle Gardens,
Salisbury.

(To be continued.)

PLANT NOTES.

- — « —

CLERODENDRON TRICHOTOMUM.
This beautiful hardy Japanese shrub is at
present very fine in these gardens, and is laden
with its peculiarly scented blossoms. It thrives
well in any good soil, but prefers one of sandy
peat. For planting on the margin of a shrubbery
it has no equal, as with a suitable background
the large, dark green leaves of the plants, topped
with the trusses of white flowers, make it parti-
cularly effective, and it will continue to flower
well into September.

Berberidopsis corallina
is also at present a charming sight, growing on a
north wall. It is perfectly hardy with us, and is

covered with trusses of coral like flowers, if
planted against a house where it could be given
plenty of room, the effect at this season of the
year would be excellent. It thrives in a well-
drained, peaty soil, and should be given copious
supplies of water during the summer months.
Grown in company with Tropseolum speciosum,
which is also laden with thousands of blossoms,
it furnishes a grand sight.

Lapageria alba and L. rubra superba
are also hardy here, and have this season made
growths 14 feet in length. They are planted
against a north wall, and are now just commenc-
ing to flower. These same Lapagerias were in
full blossom during last December, and are again
looking very promising. They receive no pro-
tection whatever through the winter, but must be
carefully watched during spring or slugs will
destroy the young growths as fast as they
develop. A. C. Smith, Lydhurst Gardens, Haywards
Eeath, Sussex.

The Week's Work.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. A. Miller, Gardener to Lord Henry C.
Bentinck.M.P., Underley Hall, Westmoreland.

Antirrhinums. — Cuttings of these may now be
inserted.

Colchicums should be planted not later than
August. They prefer a sandy soil and plenty of
moisture, consequently they are adaptable for
planting in the grass by the margins of streams,
&c. C. autumnale and its varieties are largely
grown. C. speciosum and C. Sibthorpii are good
autumnal bloomers, and suitable for planting on
the rockery.

Crocus speciosus is probably the best species of
the autumi- flowering varieties, and does well on
banks, &c.

Amaryllis Belladonna. — Bulbs that are planted
in the borders in front of houses and in other dry
situations will soon be showing flower-spikes, and
should receive applications of weak manure water
whenever the weather is at all dry.

Lilium speciosum, L. Batemanni, L. Henryi and
varieties of L. tigrinum will be benefited by a
mulching of well-decayed manure. They should
also receive sufficient moisture at the roots. The
same treatment if given to Montbretias will
forward the development of the flower-spikes.

The Shrubbery. — Clethra alnifolia is a compact
deciduous shrub, bearing at this season numerous
spikes of fragrant white flowers. It thrives well
in almost any position. The various species of
Ericas are looking gay at the present time. They
should receive suitable waterings whenever
necessary. Erica vagans alba develops into a
fine bush. E. vulgaris and its many varieties are
all suitable as border plants. Dabeocia (Men-
ziesia) polifolia and the white variety are dis-
tinct shrubs, flowering for many weeks during
the summer-time. They thrive well on banks
and in sunny places if planted in sandy peat.
They can be increased by layering and by
cuttings inserted in a cool frame. Pampas Grass
(Cortaderia argentea) is now rapidly growing. It
requires plenty of water to perfect its graceful
plumes. Kniphofias in shrubberies and in borders
should also be given plenty of water.

The Rockery. — Meconop3is cambrica fl.-pl.,
which grows well in shady places, continues
flowering all through the summer-time. Cam-
panula turbinata Isabel is a handsome variety of
compact habit, freely producing flowers of a rich
violet-blue. C. garganica hirsuta, C. muralis, C.
carpathica Riverslea Gem, are other species in
flower at the present time. Dracocephalum spe-
ciosum is a showy-looking plant with pinkish-
blue flowers.

The Wild Garden. — There are many places in
the wild-girden that are only suitable for plants
of a persistent character. The New Zealand
Burs (Actena) are suitable for many aspects, as
they rapidly cover a large area ; this is particularly
true of Aerena sarmentosa. A. Buchanani has very
distinct foliage of a pea-green colour ; A. pul-

chella and A. inermis have bronzy -grey foliage ; the
latter variety is useful for planting in the vicinity
of steps, over which it can ramify. Asarum euro-
peum is a hardy creeping plant ; Anthemistinctoria
furnishes a wealth of flowers even in the driest
situations. Arenaria balearica is useful for cloth-
ing rocks, &c. Cistuses prefer a dry, sheltered bank.
Cotula squalida has fern-like foliage, and grows
rapidly in shady damp ground. Crueianella.
stylosa will thrive in poor places. Epimediums
prefer a semi-shaded position. Hypericums,
Linarias and Lippia repens are all suitable
plants for the wild garden. Petasites fragrans is
an excellent subject for naturalising in the
roughest of places. P. japonicus giganteus
develops very large leaves and does not require
any particular soil. Polygonum vaccinifolium is
a fine creeping alpine suitable for any situation,
as are also Stachys lanata and Symphyandra
Hoff manni. Thymus Serpyllum and its varieties
delight in dry sunny places. They are excellent
for planting round about steps.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bullock, Gardener to E. J. Wvthes, Esq.,
Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Anthuriums. — Plants that have remained un-
disturbed for some time and that would now be
benefited by repotting should receive attention
at once, in order that they may become again,
established before their flowering period. Over-
potting the plants must be strictly avoided.
Unless they are in very vigorous health, the same
sized pots should be used again, it being necessary
only to furnish some good fresh compost, which
must be carefully worked among the roots.
See that the pots are thoroughly cleansed
before use, and furnish clean drainage for
about half the distance up the pot, using for
the purpose broken crocks and charcoal in equal
quantities. The compost should consist of
lumps of good turfy-peat, sphagnum-moss, and
charcoal, the whole being well mixed together.
When potting endeavour to keep the crown of the
plant well above the rim of the pot. At the same
time work the compost carefully between the roots,
and when this has been gently pressed with the
fingers the plants should be secured with a stake
in the centre. A layer of sphagnum-moss pressed
on the soil completes the operation. Shade the
newly-potted plants from the sun's rays, and give
an occasional syringing of clear water overhead
to keep the plants from flagging, but great car&
must be exercised that an excess of moisture at
the roots be not allowed.

Poinsettias. — Sturdy plants from the earliest-
struck cuttings will require to be gradually
hardened and ripened to produce good bracts.
The shading should be gradually removed, and
finally dispensed with altogether. Allow a free
circulation of air to pass between the plants.
Liquid manure judiciously applied will be of
great benefit, and once a week a light dusting of
Clay's Fertiliser should be given. Later-struck
cuttings will need to be kept in a somewhat closer
atmosphere until they are well rooted, but they
must not be allowed to become drawn or weakly.

Euphorbia jaajuiniaflora. — These should enjoy
the benefit of full exposure to the sun's rays as;
they show signs of maturing, but this must be
effected gradually in order to avoid scorching.
Give liquid manure regularly and often to the
roots in a well-diluted form.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F. Jordan, Gardener to Dr. Corbet, Impney Hall
Gardens. Droitwich.

Pot Figs. — The wood of the earliest forced
plants should now be well matured, and the trees
in a fit condition for being placed out-of-doors ia
a sunny position. Less water at the roots must
be given as the wood ripens, but syringe freely
the trees on bright days until the leaves fall.
Top-dress or pot any plants that require it as
soon as the fruits are all removed. A suitable
compost for the purpose consists of a mixture of
good loam, wood-ashes, lime-rubble, and bone-
meal. Later trees which are now developing
their fruit should be liberally fed, and the house
in which they are growing freely ventilated
during the early part of the day, closing thq

August 26, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

167

structure early in the afternoon, with abundance
of atmospheric moisture present.

Planted trees will require careful attention as
soon as they are cleared of fruit, in order that
the young growths may properly mature. Re-
move any new fruits that develop, and also any use-
less shoots, in order to allow light and air to pass
freely amongst the plants. Afford full ventilation
to the house, and syringe the trees freely with
clean water to eradicate red-spider. Reduce the
supply of water at the roots in proportion as the
wood shows signs of ripening.

Figs in Cool-houses. — Plants in full bearing
need careful syringing and watering. The former
should be done on bright mornings only, while
the damping of the borders must be regulated by
the state of the weather outside. Feed liberally
as the fruits ripen. If the trees are not growing
satisfactorily, and the borders are in a sour con-
dition, lift the roots to within 2 feet of the stem,
and replace the old soil with some good fresh
compost, at the same time shortening the strong
roots and spreading the fibrous ones nearer the
surface. Thoroughly water and syringe the trees
daily for a few weeks after this is done.

Strawberries. — Plants that were potted last
month will now be growing freely, and should be
allowed plenty of room for the full development
of their foliage. Plants growing in small pots or
that have filled their pots with roots may have a
little weak liquid-manure water applied twice
weekly. Care, however, must be exercised in the
use of stimulants, or gross growths will be en-
couraged late in the season that will not mature.
This especially applies to plants that were given
a rich compost. Keep the pots clear of weeds,
and remove all runners as soon as they appear,
also any small crowns that are not required.
Late runners which still require potting should
be attended to at once, and afterwards placed in
f;he shade for a few days until new growth com-
mences, when they must be moved into the open
and treated as advised in a previous Calendar.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By W. Fyfe, Gardener to Lady Wantage, Lockinge
Park, Wantage.

Gathering Seeds.— Choose the earliest favour-
able opportunity for seed gathering, when it is
ascertained that they are well matured, a bright
clear day being the best for the purpose. Expose
them fully to the sun until they are perfectly dry,
while to retain their germinating power they
must be stored very carefully.

Earthing Celery. — Fine weather should be
chosen for this operation, when the soil is in
§ood condition. See that there is no lack of
water at the roots, and before earthiDg apply a
suitable dressing of fine powdered lime round
about the plants, the earliest of which will now
be almost if not quite fully developed. Injury is
ofttimes caused by too early earthing, the object
of which is to keep the stems in perfect darkness.
Use finely-broken soil for the purpose, and while
the work is proceeding give occasional dustings
of lime to destroy any insects hidden in the soil,
as nothing is more objectionable than the marks
of insects upon an otherwise perfectly developed
leaf-stalk. Draw the soil equally round about
the plant, otherwise a deformed growth will be
the result.

Cauliflowers— The number of "blind" plants
in every variety of both the summer and the
autumn kinds has far exceeded the average,
teaching the necessity for keeping a good store
of surplus plants in the seed-beds. A still
better practice is to make small and frequent
■sowings to fill up the blanks. This danger may
be checked if detected in time by sprinkling the
crowns and leaves early in the morning with soot
when they are damp with the dew. To ensure
Cauliflowers for cutting by about May, make
several sowings during September, and keep the
plants stiff and sturdy by cool and open treat-
ment. Equally good results can be secured by
sowing the extra early varieties early in the year.

Mushrooms. — Out-of-door Serfs.— September is
a good time to collect horse-droppings for beds
intended to produce Mushrooms during the
spring months. The rank heat must be allowed
to escape by frequently turning the manure.

The beds should have a fairly dry foundation,
a position against a north wall being suitable.
They should be made about 4 feet wide and 3 feet
high, consolidated and spawned just below the
surface when the heat has declined to 75° or
80°, and afterwards covered with a layer of
soil 2 inches in depth. Make the surface firm
and smooth with the spade when the soil is
sufficiently moist to be pressed. The bed should
be well thatched with clean straw at least 2 feet
in thickness, over which strong garden netting
should be securely pegged down to keep the straw
in its place. Another kind of bed may be made
similar in form to Potato pits, of the same height
and width as the above. Flat beds may also be
made out-of-doors with equal success, but to ward
off heavy rains and snow it is necessary to have
movable covers of felt, corrugated iron, or wood.
When structures are provided for growing Mush-
rooms, the process of preparing and making the
beds is the same as advised for out-of-door beds,
except that it is not necessary to cover them with
litter.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H. Young, Orchid Grower to Sir Frederick
Wigan, Bart., Clare Lawn, East Sheen. S.W.

Odontoglossum crispum. — Much has been
written at various times on the best method of
cultivating this Orchid. Localities, the general
environment, description and situation of
the bouses, differ in so many ways, that oft-
times where the supposedly correct details are
carried out failure results from one or many
causes that are entirely beyond the grower's
control. A friendly tree may in some instances
be the secret of success, casting its cooling shade
upon the house at a time when shade is most
needed. A high wall may have its advantages in
the summer time, but may prove a stumbling-block
to success in winter. One grower favours a struc-
ture fully exposed, another advocates one in an
open position for the dull months, while still
another prefers a situation on the north side of a
wall during the summer season, and yet a grower,
by adopting any one of the above conditions, may
fail, because other necessary features are absent.
Many amateurs are severely handicapped in
growing these plants by being compelled to grow
them in a mixed collection of Orchids, and in
striving to do the whole well some are sure to fail.
Undoubtedly local influences have a very great
bearing on the cultivation of this plant, the
tkiU and experience of the grower being of
little avail if these are unfavourable. Next
to locality, a suitable structure is a very
necessary adjunct. Personally I favour a low
span-roofed house situated in the open and facing
east and west, so that each part has an equal
opportunity of receiving sunlight during the dull
season. It should be amply provided with pipes
for heating purposes, and be furnished with
suitable ventilators in the walls and on either
side of the roof, so that they can be used accord-
ing to the direction of the wind. The floor
should be bare of tiles, &c, a layer of coal-ashes
being the most suitable material for the purpose.
The stages should be of the "double-deck"
pattern, that is a lower one covered with ashes or
shingle, and an open trellis-work one 4 to G inches
above. The lower one should admit of the water
draining away, and be so constructed that heat
and air may circulate upwards. Tanks for the
storage of rain-water should be built crossways
at the ends of the house. The shading arrange-
ments should be fixed well above the glass and
out of the way of the roof ventilators. The chief
points to be secured are a light structure sheltered
from the north and east winds, but open to all
the available sunshine in winter ; the means of
maintaining a moist atmosphere with free and
ample ventilation, and a large supply of piping
so that heat may be steadily evolved.

Potting materials for Odontoglosstim crispum. —
Great diversity of opinion also exists on this
subject, but in my opinion good results can be
obtained from most of the usual means em-
ployed, provided other conditions are favour-
able. The treatment must be in accordance with
the materials employed, and must be persistently
and consistently pursued throughout the year.
It has become evident from the use of leaf-soil
that if a return be made again to peat and moss,

a greater depth of material should be afforded
than formerly, when the pots were almost filled
with crocks. The use of Fern - rhizomes for
drainage purposes has proved very satisfactory
with many growers, but so far as my personal
experience goes it has been practically a failure.
I hope to deal further with this subject in next
week's issue.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. H. Clarke, Gardener to Sir William Plowden,
Aston Rowant House, Oxon.

Protecting Fruit from Birds. — Immediately
fruit begins to change colour and the first stage
of ripening commences they are pounced upon
by birds, to obviate which protection by fish-
netting becomes necessary. Blackbirds are the
chief depredators just now, although later on
starlings will soon devour all the fruit in an
orchard if not scared off by powder and shot.
Blue-tits, although great insect - devourers,
damage much fruit by making a small hole just
by the stalk, causing the fruit to fall.

Pears. — The earliest varieties will soon be
ripening, the first to mature being Doyenne
d'Ete, which is very fertile when double grafted
on the Quince stock. Citron des Carmes ripens
next. It is a valuable early French dessert
variety of good flavour. Jargonelle, Beacon, and
Beurre Giffard will all ripen during the present
month. Jargonelle should be gathered before it
is fully ripened, otherwise the true flavour will be
lost. Protection will be necessary to ward off birds
which have a special liking for these fruits. They
usually injure the choicest fruits by pecking them
near the stalks, which allows an opening for
wasps and flies to further the damage. The only
perfect method of protecting Pears is to envelop
them in muslin bags. A free use must also be
made of the gun to scare these robbers, taking
care the shots do not enter the branches of the
trees, as the injury caused to the shoots invariably
results in canker. Mid-season and late kinds
should have every attention given them. In
those districts where the crop is satisfactory
the present warm summer should produce fruit
of excellent quality. Trees growing on the Quince
stock, which naturally requirea moist soil, should be
well supplied with water atthe roots. The size and
quality of the fruit will depend greatly on the
attention the plants receive with regard to manu-
rial feeding and artificial stimulants at the
present time. Trees growing in light soils will
be much benefited by a mulching of manure and
a heavy watering once a week. Young shoots
which were pinched back earlier in the season
will have made a secondary growth. These
should be again pinched back to two leaves.

Planting Strauterries. — Where the ground has
been manured and dug as previously advised
and the plants are in readiness, planting may be
commenced without delay, as by early planting a
crop is secured next season. A succession of
fruit can be obtained by planting early varieties
in a warm south border, the main crop varieties
in the open garden quarters, and the later kinds
in north, east, or west borders. Much depends
on the nature of the soil whether it should be
firmed. Soils of a retentive and water-holding
nature will only need the soil firmed about the
roots of the plants, while light soils will be
benefited by being consolidated all over. Plants
intended to occupy the ground for two seasons
only should be planted closer together than those
intended to remain for a longer time. In the
former case 2 feet from row to row and 18 inches
between the plants will suffice, but in the latter
case the distance should be 2 feet 6 inches
and 2 feet respectively. Varieties of weaker
growth may be planted closer. Before pro-
ceeding with the planting see that the plants
are well saturated with water. Do not cover the
crowns when planting, but place the "balls"
sufficiently deep that the plants will not get dried
through by the sun and wind. Should dry
weather prevail after planting, frequent waterings
must be given. Much assistance is afforded the
plants by a mulching of either hotbed manure,
long litter, or even mown grass. Any " runners "
or flower-stems which develop must be rigorously
removed, and every encouragement given the
plants to perfect their crowns for next year's
fruiting.

1G8

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 26, 1905.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Letters fop Publication, as well as specimens and plants
for naming, should be addressed to the EDITOR,
41, Wellington 8treet, Covent Garden, London.
Communications should be written on one bide only ov
the papeb, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

8peclal Notice to Correspondents.— The Editor does no
undertake to pay for any contributions or illustrations, or
to return unused communications or illustrations, unless by
special arrangement. The Editor does not hold himself re-
sponsible for any opinions expressed by his correspondents.

Illustrations.— The Editor will be glad to receive and to select
photographs or drawings, suitable for reproduction, of
gardens, or of remarkable plants, powers, trees, &c. ; but h«
cannot be responsible for loss or injury.

Local News.— Correspondents will greatly oblige by sending to
the Editor early ini'lagence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is desirable
to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

SATURDAY,
TUE3DAY,

Aug. 26 -Hawick Flower Show.

Aug. 2S>

( Royal Horticultural Society's
"( Committees Meet.

WEDNESDAY, Aug. 30— Bath Floral Fete (2 days).

SALES FOR THE WEEK.
MONDAY AND WEDNESDAY NEXT-

Sale of Dutch Bulbs at Stevens's Rooms.
MONDAY TO FRIDAY NEXT-

Dutch Bulbs in large variety, at 67 & 68, Cheapside,
E.C., by Protheroe & Morris, at 10.30 o'clock.
(For further particulars see our Advertisement columns.)

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
— «0'2=.
Actual Temperatures :—

London.— Wednesday, Aug. 23 (6 p.m.): Max. 66°;
Min. 52°.
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, London.— Thursday, Aug. 24
(10 A.M.): Bar., 301; Temp., 65°. Weather—
Bright and fresh.
Provinces.— Wednesday, A up. 23 (6 p.m.) : Max. 62',
Cornwall ; Min. 65% N. Ireland.

again, a wide field is opened to the Cypripe-
diuni hybridist, who will no doubt in a few
years produce further charming results.

On April 25 of this year two plants were
received at Kew from the Botanical Gar-
dens, Calcutta, and which were believed to
be C. . Fairieanum. It was necessary to
see the flowers before the species could be
absolutely determined. This has now been
accomplished by the production of blooms
on the specimens which were the first to
reach this country after its rediscovery (see
fig. 57).

The plant now flowering is one with five
growths and two flowers. The second and
larger plant is developing five blooms. In
general appearance it resembles a small-
leaved C. insigne, the largest leaf being

We have now the pleasure of
Cypripedium reeording the fact that a
Fa.rieanum. vigorous plant of thig fam0us
species is in flower at Kew. The plant has
for a long time defied all attempts to re-
discover its native haunts, notwithstanding
the fact that the first few specimens were
generally believed to have been imported
from Assam.

As almost all orchidists are aware, the
original plants were purchased at Messrs.
Stevens's Sale Rooms in 1857. Mr. Fairie,
of Liverpool, was one amongst several buyers
who obtained examples that were included in
a collection of Orchids from Assam. He was
fortunate enough to flower his plant first,
and it was subsequently named after him.
Since that time the stock under cultivation
in this country had gradually dwindled
down until only the small specimen in the
collection of Sir Trevor Lawrence was left.
How such a state of affairs could possibly
have happened is rather difficult to under-
stand, seeing the vigour that the Kew plants
exhibit ; but the employment of too much
heat in its culture is the generally accepted
theory, though the extensive employment of
the plant for the production of hybrids may
possibly have had something to do with
its almost total disappearance. The dis-
tinct dorsal sepal and the curious drooping
and curved petals, which the hybridist has
linked with the best characters of other spe-
cies, have been reproduced in a race of won-
derfully beautiful hybrids, which are far
more handsome than C. Fairieanum itself.
'Now that we have this type to work with

Fig. ."i7.— cypripedium fairieanum.
Sketched at Kew by Miss Smith, August 22, 1905.

7 inches in length and 1 inch in breadth.
The slender, hairy scape is 10 inches in
height ; the prominent and charming dorsal
sepal is If inch in length by 1J inch in
breadth, having a white ground beautifully
veined with violet-purple, with brownish-
green veins near the centre, and whitish
hairs around the margin. The petals have
the characteristic droop and upward curve
at the tips ; they are 1 -J inch in length, and
have a white ground colour streaked with
purple and yellow ; the upper margin is
much undulated and covered with promi-
nent purple hairs. The pouch is rather
small, greenish-brown in colour, veined with
brownish-red, and covered with short hairs.
The ovary is 1| inch in length, very slender,
and densely covered with dark purple hairs.
As imported plants of C. Fairieanum are
now in many collections, it will be useful
to record the treatment afforded the Kew

plants, under which they have become
established and grown with all the vigour of
C. insigne. On arrival the plants were
placed in pans, the old roots being covered
with potsherds to within an inch of the
top of the pan. They were then placed in a
shady, moist corner of the stove, in a night
temperature of Go0, and a day temperature
of 75°. Here they soon developed strong
healthy roots from the base of the growths,
and commenced to push new leaves and
new growths. When fairly well rooted the
pans were filled up with a mixture in equal
parts of fibry yellow loam, peat, moss, and
Oak-leaves. They rooted freely into this
mixture, and made good growths, showing
the buds on July 1, the flower expanding on
August 16. An intermediate temperature
is one most likely to suit this species best.

It is figured in the Botanical MagazinA
t. 5024, from specimens from Mr. Eeid, of
Burnham, Somersetshire; and also in
Williams' Orchid Album, vol. 2, t. 70. It
was originally described by Dr. Lindley in
our columns, 1657, p. 740.

It is not only a sad thing,
Richard Dean, but one difficult to realise,

when one who has been
specially active for something like fifty years
is taken from us. Nevertheless, those who
lately saw the attenuated frame and enfee-
bled condition of Richard Dean must have
felt that the end was near, and now that it
has come they must, with all their regrets,
feelasenseof lelief that the labourer isat rest.
For labourer he was to the very last ! Hi&
energy and spirit, though subdued, could not
be quenched while life remained, and it is but
a very short time since he was present at the
Floral Committee of the Royal Horticultural
Society, and only a week or two ago he was-
present as a judge at the Wolverhampton
and Boston Shows, though in a sad state of
physical debility.

It has been said of Richard Dean that he
was a born secretary, and few indeed have
been the societies, the associations, and the
flower shows within the metropolitan area,
and even beyond it, with which Richard
Dean has not been connected. His mastery
of detail, powers of organisation, and inde-
fatigable industry were invaluable to such
societies. Was a new one to be formed, an
old one reorganised, a complicated and in-
volved procedure to be simplified and made
straight, it was Richard Dean who was
naturally appealed to to do what was neces-
sary. To the last he remained the Secretary
of the National Chrysanthemum Society,
and the popularity and success of that
body are due very largely to his efforts.
There has indeed been scarcely a horticul-
tural "movement" of any kind during the
last forty or fifty years in which Richard
Dean has not taken an active and generally
a prominent part.

Our own knowledge of him dates from
1866, when he was appointed Assistant
Secretary to the International Horticultural
Exhibition held in that year. The executive
details preparatory to that great gathering
were for many months largely entrusted to
him, and towards the last we well remember
the night and day work that fell to hfc
share. Two or three only remain of those
who carried that memorable meeting to
its triumphant success. As to its re-
sults we need only say that the Gar-

Supplement to the " Gardeners' Chronicle

Campanula punctata, hardy perennial, flowers pale rose with deeper- coloured spots.

Hort. Beamish.

Bradbury, Agnew & Co., Ld., Printers, Londo.i and Tonbndge.

August 2C», 1005.]

THE CARD ENER S ' CHR ONI CL E.

169

denerb' Benevolent Institution benefited
substantially, and that the Lindley Library
and the Scientific Committee represent the
direct and permanent outcome of the labours
in which Richard Dean tock so large a part.
But he was much more than an executive
officer. His knowledge of various branches
of horticulture was great ; his perceptive and
critical faculty so highly developed that his
services as judge were in requisition all over
the country. He was a member of the Floral
Committee of the Royal Horticultural
Society from its inception to the present
time almost without interruption, whilst he
had a general, all-round knowledge of plants
and their culture. He had a special acquain-
tance with what are termed florists' flowers.
The mantle of the old florists had fallen
upon him He was, if not quite, yet
nearly the last representative of the old
school to whom the " properties " of
Auriculas, of Tulip3, of Carnations, and
other "florists' flowers" were as dogmas
to be revered and acted up to, in spite of
the teachings of evolution, the canons of
art, or the " higher criticism " generally, (o
say nothing of the banter of the profane.
And yet, whilst he held to the old with a
loving faith, he was far-sighted enough to
accord respect to the new, and, whilst re-
taining his own opinions, to recognise that
truth has many facets, and beauty many
aspects. This led him to be much more
tolerant of the tastes and opinions of others
than were some of his predecessors.

Our readers and ourselves have been under
great obligations to Richard Dean as a corre-
spondent and reporter during more than
four decades. It will be difficult to replsc3
him, and we do but voice the feeling of the
multitude of his fellow-workers when we
express our deep sense of the loss we have
sustained and of our sympathy with those
whom he has left behind.

RICHARD Dean was born on February 1,
1830, at Page's Nursery, Southampton, where
his father was foreman for many years. Richard
was the third of four brothers ■ — William,
who died a few years since at Birmingham ;
James, who died in 1856 at Slough ; then him-
self, and Alexander, who is still alive. In boy-
hood he was initiated into practical horticulture
in various local gardens, and specially when he
entered the Royal Nursery, Slough, under that
famous florist Charles Turner. William Dean
was at that time a Superintendent there. Richard
remained in that nursery for several years. There
it was that he gained his first ideas in relation to
florists' flowers, which made him to be so great
an authority in that department of horticulture.
Later he served for some years in the then well-
known wholesale seed house of Beck, Hender-
son, & Child, and was also for some time with
Arthur Dickson & Son, of Chester. In these
houses he was enabled to obtain a wide know-
ledge of seeds and the seed trade, not easily to
be obtained. Later on, some forty years
since, he became a trader himself, dealing in
seeds, florists' flowers, and hardy plants gene-
rally, as well as Potatos, and occupied land for
such purposes at Bedfont, Middlesex, as well as at
Hounslow. On the death of John Edwards he
became the Honorary Secretary of the National
Floricultural Society, which was ultimately
merged into the Floral Committee of the Royal
Horticultural Society, of which Committee he
was, we believe, the oldest member. That he
should be selected as one of the first to receive
the Victoria Medal of Honour was natural.
In bygone years he was for a long time

Secretary to the Ealing Horticultural Society.
With Mr. Albert Chancellor, he for several
years managed the shows of the Richmond Horti-
cultural Society in its palmy days. He also, under
the late Rev. William Rogers, managed the City
flower shows, and being a first-rate organiser his
services were in wide request for similar duties.
So tenacious was he of the responsibilities
attached to these requirements that but recently,
when physically almost incapable, he journeyed
all the way to Wolverhampton to fulfil an en-
gagement. His sole mental pain on his sick bed
was the realisation that he had judged his last,and
that the work he loved so well was done for ever.
His connection as Assistant Secretary with the
famous but now almost forgotten International
Exhibition of 1666, which proved to be such
a great success, is little known to the present
generation. His long connection as Secretary
with the National Chrysanthemum .Sjciety,
which he succeeded in steering, with the aid

TnE late RICHARD DEAN.

of firm friends, successfully through stormy
seas into smooth waters, is well known and
appreciated. He was one of the foundation
members of the Royal Hardeners' Orphan Fund,
of the Sweet Pea Bicentenary Celebration, a
Secretary of the Hail-Storm Relief Fund, of the
Postal Reform Committee, and we know not what
beside. Some details of his life-work were given
by himself on the occasion of the presentation to
him of a substantial testimonial in 1002, and were
recorded in our columns on February * of that year.
It may be the lot of others to live longer,
but to few men has it been given to put more
work into life than he did. He leaves a widow
and four children — two sons, the eldest in South
America and the youngest at home, both married ;
and two daughters at home. The funeral will
take place in the Ealing Cemetery on Saturday,
August 20, at 5 p.m.

Campanula punctata* (see Supplementary
Illustration). — This is an old inhabitant of our
gardens, but is rarely met with, while its merits
as an herbaceous perennial are so marked
that we are glad to have an opportunity of
figuring it. Our illustration was drawn by Mr.
Worthington Smith from a specimen kindly
forwarded from Glounthaune, co. Cork, by
Mr. R. H. Beamish. It is a somewhat

* Campanula punctata, Lamarck. Entycl., i., 586 ;
Hot. Mag , t. 17f3; Hemsley, Journ Linn. Soc, xxvi., p. 7.

coarse - looking perennial some 2 feet high'
with large, stalked, hairy, cordate - ovate,
acuminate - serrulate leaves ; the upper
leaves are sessile. Its beauty consists in its
pendulous, bell - shaped flowers, each about
2 inches long, white or rose-coloured externally,
hairy, and with purplish spots on the inner
surface, so that it bears some resemblance to a
Gloxinia. The pollen-grains, as observed by Mr.
Smith, are globose and pilosulous. The plant
is a native of Siberia, and occurs in China, Corea,
and also in Japan, whence Mr. Beamish obtained
his plants. The colour of the corolla varies, being
in some cases white or violet ; whilst in Mr.
Beamish's specimens, as before remarked, the
flowers are of a delicate rose colour. These
variations have caused botanists to consider some
of them as distinct species ; for instance, Lindley,
in the Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society,
i. (18t0), p. 232, describes a plant sent home by
Fortune from China as C. nobilis.f More recent
students, such at Hemsley, in the Journal of the
Linnean Society, xxvi., p. 9 (18S9), place nobilis
under C. punctata.

Examination in Horticulture. — The
Council of the Royal Horticultural Society has
consented to hold a special examination for gar-
deners employed in the London and other City
and Public Parks and Gardens, on Thursday,
January 11, 1906, at their Hall in Vincent Square,
Westminster. The examination, which will be
partly written and party viva vice, will occupy,
three hours for the written portion, and about
twenty minutes for each candidate viva voce. Can-
didates must send in their names at least ten
days before the examination takes place to the
Secretary, Royal Horticultural Society's Office,
Vincent Square, Westminster, S.W., together
with an entrance fee of 6s., to defray in part the
expenses of the examination.

Paris Autumn Show.— As announced in
our last issue, the National Horticultural Society
of .Prance is now making preparations to hold its
autumn show, which will be devoted to Chrys-
anthemums, fruit, fruit-trees, flowering plants
and vegetables, and will be held from November 4-
next to the 12th, both inclusive. The site will
be the same as that of the late spring show, viz ,
the large greenhouses on the Cours la Reine. The
schedule contains a very large number of classes,
and the exhibition promises to be of great ex-
tent. In all there ate 160 classes, to which
works of art, gold, silver-gilt, and silver medals
are allotted in considerable numbers. The exhi-
bition is thoroughly international. Artists and
the various trades connected with horticulture^
are also invited to exhibit. In conjunction with
this show the French National Chrysanthemum
Society will hold its annual Conference, at which
papers will be read on various subjects relating
to the flower. Of these, a few titles may be •
given, viz.—" The Use of Chrysanthemums in the
Decoration of Gardens and Apartments," " Best
means to prevent Damping of the Blooms," " Re-
sults of using the 'Repertoire des Couleurs ' in describ-
ing Chrysanthemums " (a notice of this interesting
publication appeared in the Gardeners' Chronicle
for May 20 last), "Best Composts for Pot Cul-
ture," "Packing Blooms," &c. The Jury will be
an international one. Chrysanthemum novelties
will be especially judged by a committee of
nine, three being members of the National Horti-
cultural Society, three being members of the
French National Chrysanthemum Society, and
the remaining three being foreigners. On No-
vember 6 the Pomological Society of France will
hold it* forty-sixth session under the auspices
of the National Horticultural Society, and in
view of the great interest of this show we may

t r nobilis. Lindley, ut supra, and in Botanical
Register (1846), t. 65; Ftor< del Semi, tt. 247 et 563; Revue
aorticole (184 i). p. 283.

170

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

[August 26, 1905.

reasonably expect a very large attendance of
visitors. Further particulars can be obtained of
tbe Secretary, 84, Eue de Grenelle, Paris.

"FLORA CapensiS." — Another part of this
publication has been issued, containing the re-
mainder of the genus Erica, by Messrs. Guthrie
and Bolus. The species enumerated mount up
to 469, together with a large number of imper-
fectly known species and supposed hybrids. In
the earliest volumes of the Gardeners' Chronicle
(1843) a large number of so-called species were
described, many of which were really hybrids,
obtained in Rollisson's nursery. Such was the
prejudice against hybrids in those days that the
new forms were described as introduced species.
Mr. N. E. Brown is responsible for the mono-
graphs of several of the smaller genera of the
Order.

Experimental Botany.— Such extravagant
statements have been made in the American
Press as to Mr. Burbank's doings, that his repu-
tation, which we know to be well merited, is in
danger of being injured by injudicious or ill-
informed reporters. It is therefore with great
pleasure that we read that Dr. Hugo de Vries
has recently published in Amsterdam his impres-
sions of the Far West, under the title of Naar
California. The chapter which deals with his
visit to Luther Burbank, the famous plant-
breeder of Santa Rosa, has been translated and
published in the Popular Science Monthly. The
visit to Burbank is of unusual interest, inasmuch
as De Vries was accompanied by two other
scientists of world-wide distinction, in whose
statements the fullest confidence may be placed.
The best way of approaching the study of the
variations of plants and their causes is by hybrid-
ising, and Burbank's farm is the greatest centre
in the world for crossings on a scale that can only
be described as gigantic. For one of his hybrids
he may start as many as 50,000 or 00,000 seed-
lings. For instance, in the case of a hybrid
Raspberry and Blackberry with large berries and
big bunches, 65,000 seedlings were cultivated
until in full bearing. A few dozens were selected,
and then the rest, fruit and all, were consumed
to ashes— an auto-da-fe which is depicted in one
of the Burbank catalogues ; a great loss from a
scientific point of view. After the selection of
three good varieties, a batch of 15,000 Hoses
was burned. After fifty of the best of a set of
Lily-bulbs were selected, the remaining half-
million were destroyed. These figures will give
an idea of the scale of the Burbank experiments.
It is well to record that the expenses of thiB great
work are paid for the next decade by funds from
the Carnegie Institution.

A Water-yielding Plant in the Thana
FORESTS — In a paper read before the Bombay
Natural History Society, Mr. G. M. Ryan
spoke of the water - yielding plants in the
Thana Forests. He says of one of them that
" Calycopteris floribunda (Nat. Ord. Combre-
taceee), called Ukshi in Thana, is one of the most
interesting shrubs of the district." In some parts
of India it grows as a diffuse, dense shrub ; in
other places it is scandent; in Thana both forms
of it are found. It is very ornamental and bears
pale golden flowers. The scandent habit appears
to be most natural to it, but is checked by yearly
attention. When a climber, the Ukshi *' ascends
the bole of the tree in a characteristic manner,
climbing from left to right. Having established
itself in the forest in some spot not far from a
tree, it extends its leading shoot till it reaches
the branch of an adjacent one. It proceeds to
embrace the bole at first in several loose coils,
and then to stretch its leader out as if in search
of a further exterior support, failing to find
which it returns to the original bole and forms
three or four constricting coils round it, con-
tinuing to adopt the left-to-right habit. Re-

leasing its grasp again, it succeeds by a series of
wide curves or swoops in reaching the illuminated
heights of the crown of the tree. Here it com-
mences to form a network of branches spreading
across the crown, and perhaps overhanging it, until
at length some of the branches are suspended in
graceful festoons. A tree thus invaded naturally
is unable to expand, and eventually dies, but the
climber itself does not stop its course." Its lower
branches root, and it also reproduces itself by
root-suckers. Occasionally a branch will coil
tightly round one of the older scandent shoots.
The Ukshi stems sometimes attain to a girth
of 2J feet, and resemble ropes loosely stretched
between the ground and tree tops, and between
trees, and form swings and ladders for the
monkeys. The smaller twigs are utilised for
native tooth-brushes. "The most interesting
characteristic of the plant is its faculty of storing
in its climbing stems a liquid resembling water
which is commonly drunk by the wild tribes."

The National Federation of Fruit and
Potato Trades' Association has forwarded
to the President of the Board of Agriculture and
Fisheries the following memorial : — " We the
Fruit and Potato Trades' Associations through-
out the United Kingdom, numerous members of
the trades affected, and many others, do hereby
beg

(1) to express («) our appreciation of the action of

the Board of Agriculture in causing an enquiry
to be made into the Fruit industry of Great
Britain, and (b) our anxiety to assist in
obtaining practical legislative and other results
from the recommendations of the departmental
committee which has conducted such enquiry.

(2) To strongly confirm (a) the importance of quick

transit and reasonable rates on the railways of
the country, and (l>) our belief that, in providing
for the latter a more simple and uniform system
and a more practical classification are very
desirable, and indeed urgently necessary,

(3) To state that in our experience the protection of

traders against the result of the combined action
of railway companies has become a vital question
in the interests of our trade.

(4) To offer our services to ensure that the effect of

the Report of the Departmental Committee
shall be such as to enable Parliament to recog-
nise the great and increasing importance of the
fruit and Potato-growing industry, and to pass
the requisite statutory enactments ; and

(5) Whilst again expressing our appreciation of what

has been done by the Board of Agriculture, to

hope that the action of the Board may cause

tbe necessities and requirements of these trades,

affecting as they do the whole country, to be

better understood, to the advantage not only of

the trades and the railway companies, but to the

whole population.

The Common Seal of the National Federation of

Fruit and Potato Trades' Associations Incorporated for

itself and the numerous associations and individuals

whom it represents throughout the United Kingdom,

hereto affixed in the presence of —

A. Roger Ackerley, Geo. Coleman,

Members of the Executive Committee.
Edward W. Gardner, Secretary to the Federation."

Bequest to Horticulture.— According to

the Wimhledon Herald the late Mr. John Innes,
of Merton, has left his house, the Manor Farm,
Merton, with eleven acres of ground, to his trus-
tees, upon the following trusts : As to his said
house and two acres of ground upon trust to
establish thereon a school of horticulture or such
other technical or industrial institution as the
Jaw will allow to give technical instruction in the
principles of the science and art of horticulture
and the necessary physical and mental training
incidental thereto ; to erect suitable buildings
and furnish them, and to provide workshops,
tools, plant, scientific apparatus, libraries, reading
rooms, lecture and drill halls, a swimming bath,
and gymnasium. If this may not be legally
carried out, then to establish in these buildings a
public museum for the exhibition of collections of

paintings or similar works of art, objects of
natural history, or of mechanical or philosophic
inventions. To lay out land for a park, in
which they are to make suitable provision for the
practice of cricket, football, lawn tennis, croquet,
bowls, the practice of archery, the meeting and
drilling of Volunteers, or other military bodies,
and for the holding of athletic sports. And
further to erect in a suitable position in the
said park a pavilion or glass hall, suitable for the
giving of musical or other entertainments, and
for the practise of indoor amusements, and to
transfer the said land, buildings, equipment, &c ,
to the Charity Commissioners, the local authority,
or some other suitable public body. After allow-
ing for the payment of the various legacies to
friends and relatives, and reckoning the capital
values of the several annuities, the amount avail-
able under Mr. Innes' will for the above and
other uses would appear to be nearly £200,000.

Weed-killer.— A domestic servant was
lately charged with unlawfully and maliciously
administering or causing to be administered to
her mistress and nine other persons a noxious
thing known as a weed-killer, and thereby
endangering their lives and inflicting upon them
grievous bodily harm. Professor Smith said he
had analysed the liquids sent to him, and he
found that there was in most of them eighty
per cent, of arsenical matter. The so-called
"weed-killer" was full of arsenic. It was in a
very poisonous form, and its solubility was great.

COLONIAL NOTES.

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.

I sent lately a few notes on the Insect
Pest Bill, and discussed the question how
far it is practicable to clear the insect pests
from this land of " sunshine." There is
no frost or snow along the coast and a short
distance inland. As we have no winter and
as this is a warm climate insects spread very
rapidly. The Government officials think if they
can get the nurseries clean that all will be well ;
but if clean plants be sent to infected localities,
how long will they remain clean ?

Among the plants and fruits-trees the importa-
tion of which is prohibited into Cape Colony are
Apricots, Almonds, Peaches, Nectarines, and
Plums — in fact, all stone-fruit trees are prohibited,
which means that all stocks for grafting must be
raised from seed grown in the country.

Araucarias are not allowed to be imported ;
they are subject to a scale named Eriococcus
araucariai ; it is a rather large white insect found
underneath the leaves. I have never seen it in
England, though it is found in America. All the
Coniferaa are prohibited, but the seed may be
imported. Any one importing Grape-vines is
liable to a very heavy fine. Ampelopsis and all
plants of the order Vitacea^ are also prohibited.

There are many plants in this colony at the
present time that would not have been here if
they had not been smuggled through by lovers of
flowers. All imported plants have to be examined
by a Government official, and each plant-case has
to be opened in his presence. If he thinks that they
are not clean, then he has them fumigated with
the vapour produced by pouring sulphuric acid on
to cyanide of potassium.

The Natal Government entomologist recom-
mends '2\ oz. of cyanide, 2| oz. sulphuric acid,
and 5 oz. water, the plants to be fumigated for
forty- five minutes, that is for 435 cubic feet of
space. That is far too strong for Kentias and
several other Palms. Draca?nas and many Ferns
will not stand it. When plants have been
packed in cases for three weeks and had plenty
of sea air, many of them are not in good condi-
tion to be fumigated or await the Government
official's convenience. Every plant has to be
fumigated before it can be sent from this colony
into the Transvaal. If the authorities go on at
the present rate the nursery trade will have to
" close down." Horticulturist.

August 26, 1905.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

171

THE SPECIES OF DAPHNE.

(Concluded from p. 153.)
D. pontica, L. — From the Caucasus and moun-
tains of the Euxine. A pretty bushy plant, with
ascending or often trailing branches, somewhat
like D. laureola, but distinguishable by its habit,
its wide leaves elliptic-oval, and its yellowish-
green flowers, long in the peduncle, gathered in
clusters furnished with green, conspicuous bracts.
Pare in cultivation [not in England]. It requires
partial shade and a calcareous soil. It is quite
hardy at Geneva.

D. Gnidium, L. — A fine Mediterranean shrub,
3 to 4 feet high, erect and stiff, with upright
branches, furnished above with leaves that are
opposite, glaucous, and persistent, in appearance
resembling those of Veronica Traversii. This
was my first impression when in the neighbour-
hood of St. Eaphael I saw these curiously-
upright shrubs in the Pine and Oak woods. The
flowers are greenish and inconspicuous, but the
peculiar foliage makes the plant ornamental for
growing in woods. It is scarcely hardy at
Geneva, but would certainly be so south of
London.

D. glomerata, Lamarck. — This comes from the
mountains and alps of the East, especially the
Caucasus. It is a small trailing shrub, with dense
branches, coriaceous, persistent, oblong-spatulate,
obtuse leaves ; the flowers are clear rose, in
clusters of four to ten, in small, dense heads,
accompanied by membranous bracts. It is very
rare in cultivation, and seems to be grown with
difficulty ; it likes partial sunshine.

D. Houtteuna, Lindley and Paxton, is akin to
D. Mezereum, and is considered as a hybrid
between this and D. laureola. I have never
grown it, but it is in the Barres collection.

Species for the Kock-qarden.

Such are the species which will grow in the
open borders ; as to those for rockeries their
number is fewer. There is the most beautiful
type of the genus, D. Cneorum, L., growing in
limestone mountains in Central and Southern
Europe. It is a most beautiful and valuable
species, found also on the sunny rocks of the Jura,
blooming from May to July. In our gardens it
succeeds in the heaviest and firmest soils in full
sunshine, and blooms from March to May. It
grows into large clumps 10 to 12 feet across, and
covered with clear carmine-red flowers borne on
slender stems with leaves that are persistent,
coriaceous, spatulate, and glaucous. The species
is deliciously fragrant. There is a variety
" major," with fine flowers ; another with white-
edged leaves; a third " Compacta," and not in
cultivation, a form with pure white flowers, which
one of the staff of our Jaidin d 'Acclimatation
discovered in the Vaudois Jura, which we grafted
and increased, but have since lost. We hope to
regain it. As to D. Cneorum var. Verloti, from the
Dauphiny Alps, this differs from the type by its
pointed linear-elliptic leaves, indented at the top
with a mucro, while the leaf of Cneorum is
linear, oval, rounded at the top without a mucro.

D. striata. — This comes from the Eastern and
Lombardy Alps and the Carpathians. It differs
from Cneorum in its thicker, shorter branches,
its narrower leaves, and its glabrous calyx.

D. petraa, from the Alps of Austrian Tyrol and
the Dolomites. — It is the smallest Daphne, and
one of the rarest and most interesting. It forms
a tiny, much-branched shrub, with spatulate,
linear, dark - green, shiny, persistent leaves ;
flowers in fascicles of three to five, sessile, clear
rose. This plant requires sunshine and calcareous
rock. I found it last year on Monte Summano,
exposed to the hottest sun on the dolomite rocks
with hardly any soil. It forces its roots into
the living rock and so finds needful freshness and
nourishment.

D. alpina, L. — Grows on calcareous rocks
among the Alps, Apennines and Pyrenees. A
dwarf, much-branching shrub, the stems bending
sharply and dividing; leaves caduceous, glaucous,
small ; flowers white, fragrant, arranged in small
heads at the tops of the branches ; berries ver-
million-red. It requires full sunshine and a
calcareous rock, but is easily cultivated.

D. Blagayana (fig. 58). — From the Styrian Alps
and Transylvania. A trailing shrub with spread-
ing branches stretching over the ground; leaves
large, oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, glaucous :
flowers large, creamy-white, very fragrant, in
large trusses produced in March and April. This
plant needs shade and the shelter of a rock, and
to spread its branches over the moss and stones.

D. vu.rifolia, Vahl. — From the mountains of
Trans-Caucasia and Armenia. A small dwarf
shrub with short thick branches ; leaves oboval-
oblong, very obtuse, whitish beneath and shining
green beneath ; flowers white, from three to six,
in heads, fragrant. I received it once from the
garden of the Belvedere in Vienna, but have since
lost it.

D. pseudo -Mezereum, Gray. — I must not omit to
mention this species from Japan. It originated
from Mezereum, and the Botanic Garden of Tokyo
distributed seeds for several years. It has not
yet flowered, to my knowledge, in Europe— at
least, not at Barres nor at Kew.

This list includes twenty-seven types of Daphne,
and five or six varieties, including all that are,
so far as I know, in cultivation. There are more
than forty different species and twenty varieties
known and published. It would be interesting
to introduce them into cultivation, as might be
done by such firms as those of Veitch and
Vilmorin. Henry Correvon, Floraire, Geneva.

MARKET GARDENING.

FIELD TOMATOS.
So far the present season has been an ideal
one for Toniitos planted out-of-doors, and the
plants growing in the open are, as might be

Fig. 58.— daphne blagayana: flower- creamy-white, fragrant.

D. oleoides.— Akin to the preceding species, and
from the mountains of southern Europe, from
Spain to the East. It is a small shrub with
glaucous leaves, larger than those of D. buxi-
folia ; flowers greenish-white, fragrant, succeeded
by bright red berries. It must be grown on
rocks and in full sunshiue. The variety jasminea
from Corsica and the islands of the Mediter-
ranean is distinct, owing to its more pendent
flowers.

X>. collina comes from the southern Apennines
and eastern mountains. It is a pretty little
shrub, with oblong-lanceolate leavts, white and
hairy underneath, glabrous above ; flowers rose-
coloured in heads of five to eight, very fragrant.
A plant for shady rocks and sheltered nooks. In
Geneva it does not survive severe winters.

D. Fiunina is a hybrid between D. collina and
odora, which I obtained from Kirkstall, but it
did not bear our winters. It is a sturdy plant,
and I will try it again at the Floraire Garden.

D. neopolitana X is a hybrid between Cneorum
and collina, which I never saw, but which
M. Vilmorin cultivates.

expected, vigorous, clean, and heavily laden with
large clusters of good sized fruit, which only
requires a few hours' good, steady rain to ■
swell them. The foliage should be kept thinned,
that is, the compound leaves should be cut
back to two leaflets. All the lateral growths
must also be removed in order to allow the
clusters of fruit to receive the fall benefit of
li°ht and sunshine. As soon as the fruits begin
to" colour they should be gathered, and graded
into two or three sizes. The largest fruits should
be packed in paper-lined peck baskets, 12 lb. in
each basket; following in the same way with
the second and third sizes. The label attached
to each peck should indicate the quality of the
fruit which it contains— first, second, or third, as
the case may be.

As to varieties, I find Comet, for field as well as
for indoor culture, a good grower and a pro-
digious cropper, the fruit being of a good shape
and of a fine colour when ripe. A new variety,
Tamworth Castle, promises to eclipse even
Comet and other well-known varieties in fruit-
fulness, smoothness, and perfect form of the
fruits. B. W. Ward.

172

-THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 2fi, 1905.

BETTESHANGER HOUSE.

The village of Betteshanger, near Sandwich, in
Kent, is situated in the heart of apurely agricultural
-district, miles away from any large town, and is
-one of those delightful old-fashioned places which
forms a connecting-link with the past. It is the
lome of Lord Northbourne, who is the principal
landowner in the district, and who derives his
title from the neighbouring village of North-
bourne. Here stood King Egbert's palace —
sufficient testimony of the antiquity and former
importance of the place. Betteshanger House is
a beautiful Elizabethan mansion (see fig. 59),
standing in a well-wooded park and surrounded
by charming pleasure-grounds and gardens. The
park is approached by a long cairiage-drive, the

occupied by summer bedding plants, all looking
in the height of perfection, and reflecting credit
on the gardener, Mr. J. Selway.

At the end of the frame-yard, nearer the man-
sion, an excellent conservatory has been erected
recently to take the place of one that formerly
stood on the lawn quite near to the house.
The new structure was quite filled with such
showy greenhouse subjects as Cinerarias, Sehizan-
thus obtusus (remarkably fine), S. wisetoniensis,
Astilbes (Spira-is), Arums, Pelargoniums, &c ,
relieved with suitable greenery. Leaving this
portion of the garden and entering on to the lawn
a beautiful sight presents itself to the view. In
front stands the old mansion, that was restored
in 1851, bearing on its walls Roses and other

Yew hedges, with Maples, ornamental Conifers
and beds of Roses, Azileas, flowering trees, such
as Pyrus Malus floribunda, and a number of other
charming subjects.

The beds of Tulips, Narcissi, and other bulbous
plants, with Pansies, patches of Arabis, AubrietiaB,
Vinci mijor, ani a host of other beautiful spring-
flowering plants that are succeeded later by the
summer occupants of the beds make this a most
picturesque spot. Beautiful as is this portion
of the grounds, the gardens furnish another
equally delightful spot in the shape of an alpine
garden. This has been formed on the side of a
rising knoll, and the patches of colours of the
many occupants are observable from a distance,
but it is on a closer inspection that one becomes

Fig. 59.— betteshanger house, rent.

banks on both sides of which are planted with
Hypericum calycinum and Petasites fragrans,
both of which luxuriate and mingle with wild
Roses and other native flowers. The land on
•either side of this roadway is well wooded, and
extensive plantations of Larch-trees growing in
the close canopy system furnish evidence of the
importance attached to forestry. This is further
evidenced by the timber-yard just inside the
park entrance, where the wood grown on the
estate is cut up into requisite lengths by suitable
machinery. A path to the left of the drive leads
to the frame-yard, which is bounded by the
potting-sheds, tool -houses, bothies, &c. The smart
appearance of these necessary garden adjuncts
leads one to expjct something good in the
general upkeep of the gardens, and in this
expectation one is not disappointed. The rows
■of frames were, at the time of our visit,

be autif ul climbers, and made still more picturesque
by numbers of terraces, arches, and vases, some
of the latter being antique specimens of some old-
time artist's skill. It will also be noticed that
our illustration shows several large specimen
plants of Myrtles in square Oak tubs.

Looking away from the mansion and across the
lawn the park stretches before the view, and of
which we present an illustration in fig. 61. When
we mention that over thirty acres of pleasure-
grounds and gai-dens are included, irrespective of
the park, some idea may be gained of the beauty
of the place. The village church (fig. 61) is in-
cluded in the estate, and a private approach to
this edifice leads one through a delightful portion
of the grounds. The walk passes by a series
of terraces cut in the grass, past innumerable
flower-beds, and round the old well shown
in fig. 60, and is bordered by pergolas, clipped

charmed with the spot. A path leads through
miniature dells, and over mounds where abutting
stones and jutting rock-work are draped with
masses of Aubrietias, Saxifragas, Alyssum, Phlox
lilacina, Lithospermum prostratum, Antennaria
balearica, A, tomentosa, Arabis, and other suitable
subjects. A batch of Tiarella cordifolia was flower-
ing grandly, as was also Saxifraga Wallacei, while
the higher back-ground was furnished with taller-
growing species, such as Berberis Darwini, various
forms of Cytisus precox, C. p. lilacina, and C. p.
var. lutea (with lovely, soft, yellow - coloured
flowers), Daphnes, ornamental Conifers, Azaleas,
&c. A natural pond finds a place at the foot of
the rockery, and this is overhung with Sweet
Briar, Honeysuckles, and the Bitter-Sweet.

Leaving the rock garden and crossing the lawn
past clumps of shrubs, some of which are shown
in fig. 61, and beneath the shade of noble Copper

August 2fi, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

1:3

B3eohe3 some well-designed scroll flower-beds
and Roses in abundance may be observed. A
grass drive from the lawn terminates in a tennis
court, in the shape of a semi-circle, surrounded
by shrubberies and flower borders. Shrubs suc-
ceed admirably at Betteshanger ; Arbutus Unedo
does well, as do also Magnolias, Aralias, Lilacs,
Berberis in numerous species, Laurus nobilis, and
other equally handsome plants.

The fruit and kitchen-gardens occupy a well-
sheltered position, being surrounded by high walls
-on which are trained fruit - trees, but, like the
majority of fruit-trees this season, there is but
•little fruit. Included in this part of the garden
are the glasshouses, of which there is an admir-
able lean - to range, embracing Peach - houses
winery, plant- houses, &c, and several useful warm
ipits for propagating, &c. The vinery at the
time of our visit was about to be replanted with
ifresh Vines.

Before we concluded our visit we were con-
•duoted to a portion of the grounds that was
interesting. It has recently been converted into
a fruit and vegetable-garden, and is on a slope at
a lower level than the surrounding land. A
aeries of channels conducts the sewage from the
estate over the land, and feeds the various trees,
vegetables, &c , past which it flows. Fresh
■channels are dug at intervals, so that the ground
becomes enriched and watered by this means.
We were informed that excellent results were
obtained on this land, although we suspect that
ii time the land may become soured from excess
of orginic acids.

Fl3. 60.— ORNAMENTAL WELL IN THE FLOWER GARDEN, BETTESHANGER PARK.

Fig. 61,— view in the grounds at betteshanger park,

174

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 26, 1905,

LEAVES FROM MY CHINESE
NOTE-BOOK.

[See Supplementary Map.]
{Continued from p. 147.)
HI. — KIATING -FT.
This is a large and prosperous city in the west
part of the Province of Szechuan, some 1,800 miles
inland from Shanghai. It is prettily situated at
the point where the Tung and Min rivers unite,
in long. 104° E., lat. 29° 34' N, and is 1,070 feet
above the sea-level. It is said to contain 35,000
inhabitants. Commercially it is a very impor-
tant trade centre. All goods from down river
are transhipped here, those for the west being
placed on rafts, which ascend the main tributary
of the Tung, the Ya river, as far as Yachan-Fu.
Transversely, goods from the west are transhipped
from the rafts and placed on boats. It is also
the centre of a very large silk industry, and
holds a monopoly of the white wax trade
in this part of China. The city itself
is built on a flattish, more or less trian-
gular piece of ground, the Tung forming one
side, and the Min the base of the triaDgle. It is
surrounded by low hills, many of which are
nicely wooded, chiefly with Pines. Facing the
south-east angle of the city, and on the opposite
bank of the Min river, are two hills about
350 feet high with red sandstone precipices sheer
to the water's edge. The tops and farther sides
of these hills are densely clad with trees and
shrubs, amongst which nestle several temples and
two pagodas. Facing the embouchure of the
Tung river, in a recess, is a colossal figure of a
seated Buddha fully 350 feet high. The head
and lower portion of the legs are the only parts
distinctly visible, the body itself being hidden by
brushwood (Eriophorum comosum), and several
grasses cover the crown of the head, and above
the eyes and mouth, like eyebrows and moustache
respectively, giviDg a ludicrous appearance to the
whole head. The sides of the recess are covered
with sculptured designs.

Long ago, Kiating was evidently the centre of
an ancient race of cave-dwellers, which the
Chinese term Mantzu. (The t word " Mantzu"
simply means "savage," and J is used loosely to
designate all the aboriginal inhabitants in these
parts.) The rocks hereabouts are of red sand-
stone, and contain hundreds and thousands of
caves. These caves are more or less rectangular
chambers, about 6 feet high, varying in length and
breadth. Sometimes they are divided into several
such chambers. These caves were excavated by no
rude hands, who have left behind no other trace
of themselves. Many of the caves are in inac-
cessible parts of the cliffs, while others are now
below the level of the river. Whether they were
the ordinary dwelling-places of the race or were
places of refuge one cannot say. To anyone
interested I would refer to the admirable account
given by Baber in the Royal Geographical
Society's Journal, Supplementary Paper, part l.j
vol. i.

The climate of Kiating is very enervating,
being very damp, and with but little sunshine.
June, July, and August are very hot months,
with much rain. For days together the thermo-
meter does not fall below 90° F., and often
stands as high as 105° F. in the shade. Sept-
ember and October are very wet, sunless months.
November is the nicest month of the whole year,
and one can usually reckon on twenty fine and
more or less sunny days. December, January,
and February are raw and cold ; the thermometer
does not fall below the freezing-point, but sleet
and white frost are not unknown. In March the
temperature fluctuates very much. April and
May, showery and warm, leading up to the summer-
heat of June. Wheat is harvested in early May.
Under such climatic conditions one is prepared
for the sub-tropical] nature of the flora that
obtains. 5. But] the paucity of temperate plants

and the number rof shrubs characteristic of
Hongkong and Southern China generally are much
greater than might be supposed. The wooded
hills are mostly clad .with Pinus Massoniana and
Cunninghamia sinensis in smaller numbers, those
denuded of trees with scrub Oak and dense
jungle of Gleichenia dichotoma. Others, again,
are covered with coarse grass with many bushes
of Melastoma Candida, Gardenia florida, many
species of Rose, Crataegus Pyracantha, and clumps
of Arundo madagascariensis. The bottom-lands
are given over to Rice-culture, and the clearings
on the side and tops of the hills to sweet
Potatos during the summer season, and to
Wheat, Pulse, and " Rape " during the winter
months.

Alder (Alnus nepalensis), Pterocarya sten-
optera, and Hedychium coronarium clothe the
sides of the ditches and streamlets. Pollarded
trees of Fraxinus chinensis, on which insect
white-wax is deposited, are not uncommon around
the sides of the Rice-fields. And for feeding
silk-worms enormous numbers of Mulberry and
trees of Cudrania triloba are cultivated. Fine
clumps of the Bamboo (Pbyllostachys mitis) are
met with on all sides. On the sandy reaches of
the river countless clumps of the lovely grass
Mischanthus sinensis occur.

Ficu3 infectoria is very common, usually
sheltering a tiny wayside shrine. This is the
" Huang Kuo" tree of the Chinese, and one of
the commonest trees in Szechuan. Around the
temples and courtyards of large houses are many
trees of Cupressus funebris and Machilus
nan mu. This last is a handsome evergreen tree,
very symmetrical in growth, with straight trunk,
altogether one of the handsomest members of the
Laurinese. It and the Cypress are two of the
most valuable timber trees in China.

Quercus aliena is a common tree, though
seldom allowed to grow to any size. This, toge-
ther with the Aloe and the Pine, are the principal
sources of firewood in this neighbourhood. Most
of the scrub Oak belongs to this species. The
wood of the Pine is largely used for making
matches at Chungking. Another common tree
on the hill is Gordonia anomala. This is a small
Ternstroemiaceous tree, with large white Camel-
lia-like flowers. It blooms duiing the months of
October and November, and is then a conspicuous
object on the hillside.

Other more or less common trees are : —
Ailanthus glandulosa, Sapinda Mukorossi. Steivulia
platanifolia. Acanthopanax ricinifolium, Broussonetia
papyrifera, Marlea begoniai-folia, Paulownia imperialis,
Melia Azedaraoh, Sapium sebiferum, C'cltis sinensis,
Platyearya strobilacea, Gleditschia sinensis, Cedrela
sinensis, Pistacia sinensis, Rhushypoleuea, R. semialata,
Ligustrum lucidum, Engelhardlia sp , Betula alnoides
var. pyrifolia, Castaneasativa, Cornus macrophylla, and
around habitations, Gingko biloba, Diospyros Kaki.
Olea fragians, Tracliycarpus exeelsus, and the Walnut.
Acurious evergreen tree (Symplocossp) is very common,
and Hovenia dulcis also occurs.

In the autumn the Rhus hypoleuca forms lovely
patches of colour on the hill-side. Chinese Olives
(Canarium album) are commonly cultivated, and
a few Litchis (Nephelium Litchi) are also grown.

Amongst the commonest shiubs here must be
placed Melastoma Candida, Gardenia florida, and
Musssenda pubescens. The first-named forms a
bush 3 to 5 feet high, and is nearly always in
flower. In colour the flowers vary from white to
deep rose. In the distance it simulates a Rose-
bush very closely. Mussoenda pubescens, with its
thousands of white bracts, is likewise a perpetual
bloomer. The Gardenia is even more common on
the hills here than it is in Hongkong. From the
capsule, called " Huang-tzu " (yellow seed), the
Chinese extract a yellow paint-dye. They are
also used medicinally as a rubefacient. E. H. W.

[With the present issue we give a map
prepared by Mrs. Wilson showing the route
followed by her husband. Ed]

< To be continued.) .

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

( The Editor does not hold himself responsible for tht
opinions expressed by his Correspondents.)

THE GERMINATION OF SEEDS.— I am greatly
obliged to " H." for his answer to my query on.
p. 71, where he advances several reasons for the
non-germination of seeds, a list of which I gave.
The one reason that the seed is old and dead is
probably the right one. It is curious that the'
only packet of seed (Clivia nobilis) procured from
a firm of repute has germinated, while all the-
others procured from some one else have prae- j
tically failed, with the exception of the Aloe,
which I was warned might not germinate. A
certain measure of blame may be due to-
myself, but certainly not all. As an instance in
point I may quote a recent experience. I obtained*
a packet of seed of Eucalyptus citriodora— none-
germinated. To test further I procured another
packet, still none germinated. Then I got a.
third packet from the same source, when all,
germinated. Is it likely that the sower was
in fault for the first two failures ? Take another:
case. I sowed some Mignonette under similar
conditions to some seed I had in my possession,
which was obtained a season or two before from-
one of the world-famous houses. I thought it
might be useless, but at any rate I tried it. What
was my surprise to find that the seed I thought-
was old developed into sturdy littleplants, whereas,
the seed supposed to be new was an absolute,
failure. I suppose it is true of seed as of all else,
that the more one pays for it the better it is ; and.
while some prolific seeders, such as TropEeolums,
can be sold at a minimum figure, the rarer kinds
cannot be obtained good except at much cost.
The loss of money is not the most disappointing-
feature in the case, but the loss of time. It would
be a great help if the leading seed raisers would
draw up a germinating table of seeds of the.
plants and flowers grown in England. It would
not only be a help to amateurs, but a check
against the quantity of rubbish on the market-
to-day. T. R. P.

PENTSTEMONS, ETC., AT JEDBURGH. — .
I have on previous occasions noted the excel-
lence of the Pentstemons grown by Mr. Charles
Irvine, nurseryman, Jedburgh, who is the founder
of a new race of giant Pentstemons, and a
visit to his nursery the other day revealed a
fine collection of hybrid flowers. Prominent
among them was the variety Mrs. Irvine. The
flower is of a rosy-pink colour with a purple
blotch, and a white throat slightly feathered.
This flower is very large, and in it is de-
veloped the Gloxinia form, so much desired
in the Pentstemon. The variety Siddie is
one of the most perfect flowers in cultiva-
tion, being of a bright rose tint, with a pure
white throat. Another labelled Sir Henry Irving
possesses a bold flower of carmine-rose colour with
a bronze blotch in the throat. Another worthy
of mention is John Bell, which develops a lovely
pencilled throat. The Duchess of Cornwall has a
most elegant appearance, being of a light coral
colour, with a throat also of white. The above
are some of the newest varieties. Provost Hunter
has flowers of large size, many of the blooms
being 2J inches across. I have mentioned only
a selection, but the entire collection shows
an almost unequalled brilliancy of colour, and
they are also conspicuous for size and form of
bloom, another feature being the closeness and
compactness of the spike. Among the seedlings
of this year are many showing great promise.
On leaving the Pentstemons a lovely col-
lection of Phloxes was noticed, most of them
being of Mr. Irvine's own raising. I observed
many excellent forms which have not yet
been placed upon the market. They are all
of medium height, and show immense spikes
of flowers. The variety Phyllis is of a bright
magenta colour with a purple eje ; and Beauty
true to its name, is of a light heliotrope colour,
with a white centre. The Duchess of Fife is 8
charming flower of rosy-lilac striped with white,
with a pleasing white eye. Probably one of the
finest Phloxes in cultivation is the variety Queer.
Alexandra. It develops flowers of the most perfect
form, the individual bloom being large, whicr
is an attractive feature, and it produces a magni-
Jicent truss. Many of the older varieties holo

AUGUST 26, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

175

their'position, and among these Etna was promi-
nent. Mr. Irvine's nursery has the further
distinction of being the home of the white Del-
phinium. About four years since he perfected
this flower, and it has found its way, not only
throughout these isles, but largely over the Con-
tinent of Europe. Although the Delphiniums
were past their best, there was ample evidence
that the show had been equal to that of former
years. I noticed the white Delphinium growing
in considerable quantity. In the production of
this new variety Mr. Irvine, who is an expert in
the hybridising art, has been particularly suc-
cessful. The nursery also contains a number of
luxuriantly-growing Carnations. J. W.

POISONING BY AMANITA PHALLOIDES. —

a, fatal case of poisoning from eating fungi
occurred in King's Lynn recently. A man
gathered some specimens, had them cooked, and
;hese were eaten by himself and his family. The
'ungi were Amanita phalloides. About the greater
3irt of a pound was consumed. On August 8
symptoms first appeared in the youngest child,
iged two years, about midnight. The mother
ivas shortly after taken ill, and by 3 a.m. all the
members of the family were in a serious condition,
ivitb. the usual symptoms, diarrhoea, vomiting, and
>xcrueiating abdominal pains. The youngest
ihild died on the 11th at 8 a.m., and the mother
m the 12th at 11 p.m. Another child, aged
leveD, was remove! to the hospital, and
s considered t:> be out of danger, although her
lase gave considerable anxiety to her medical
ittendant. The father is convalescent. This is
he third case of fungus poisoning followed by fatal
esults which has occurred in King's Lynn during
he past twenty-five years. In all three instances
he fungus was Amanita phalloides, eaten in mis-
ake for the common Mushroom, and in all three
ases I was able to prove its identity by gathering
urther specimens from the place in which the
iriginal fungi were gathered, and submitting
hem to persons interested. Charles B. Plowright,
V.D., King's Lynn.

BURNHAM. — You say, "We are not aware of
,ny vestige of monastic buildings now existing."
nhe great dovecot of Dorney Court Farm and
ome walls formed part of Burnham Abbey when
3aul Wentwoith held it of the Crown, and,
hough his brother and colleague in the leader-
hip of the Puritans in Parliament was in the
Tower he had the Duke of Norfolk at Burnham in
lis keeping. Elizabeth could trust the Puritans
gainst the partisans of Mary. I may note that
The Great Trees" were exempted from the
Irown grant to Paul Wentworth. Charles W.
)ilhe.

AUTUMN GALES. — The serious damage to
hipping by the destructive south - westerly
ale which raged over this part of Devon
n the 3rd and 4th of this month has been
ioticed by the Press, but the havoc amongst
rees and shrubs, and indeed amongst outdoor
ilants generally, seems to have been overlooked
r not recorded. The force of the gale was,
lerhaps, more acutely felt in this immediate
leighbourhood than in any other district. In my
wn garden, Fuchsias, scarlet Pelargoniums, Roses,
nd other decorative plants had their leaves
tried and curled as if by the action of severe
rost. Runner Beans and Vegetable Marrows
uffered in the same way. Even the Laurustinus
-nd the Snowberry (Symphoriearpus racemosus)
ppeared dried up, the latter especially so.
Everywhere facing the sea at Exmouth the gale
ras severely felt. The young trees along
he Esplanade, planted at the edge of the
>ath, have the appearance at the present
lme of being quite dead. Nor are the
tandard trees alone affected. Against the
ronts of the houses facing the sea, shrubs,
limbing plants and flowering plants are
>11 spoilt for the remainder of the season. The
■ommon Virginian-Creeper and its ally, Ampe-
opsis Veitchii, are withered beyond recovery till
mother season ; the leaves of the latter in almost
ivery case are withered and brown, while the
'dges of the leaves of the former are curled and
Iry as if burnt by fire. Even the common Ivy
fhere much exposed presents a similar appear -
nce. Thorn trees and hedges are brown,
md the leaves are falling so fast as to

cover the ground in many places. A large piece
of the foreshore has recently been reclaimed,
levelled, and planted with shrubs and flowering
plants, all of which were making good growth,
and forming an additional attraction to the place
under the name of the Beach Garden. The gale
came as a great misfortune for this newly-planted
ground, which, bting so exposed and so close to
the sea, received the full force of the storm,
and a thick deposit of sand on some of the beds
has been the result, almost burying many of the
plants. The spray from the sea probably assisted
greatly in the work of destruction. The varie-
gated Euonymus, which thrives so well and is
planted so extensively all round the Devon coast,
appears to have defied the gale better than any
other plant, its healthy, glossy leaves being in no
way injured. John 11. Jackson, Claremont,
Lympstone, Devon.

A gale of extraordinary severity for the

time of the year swept over this part of the
West Riding of Yorks. on Friday night and
Saturday, the 18th and 10th inst. It is deplorable
to relate that vast quantities of Apples, Pears and
Plums were blown off the trees. Vegetables of
various kinds suffered greatly. Autumn Giant
Cauliflowers, &o., were in many instances com-
pletely twisted off. Branches were broken off
trees, and one or two had the boles snapped in
two near the base. Chrysanthemums also
suffered greatly. I may add that Apples and
the commoner kinds of Pears promised a better
crop than was anticipated. It would be
interesting to know if this gale was universal
over the United Kingdom. Many flower shows
suffered greatly in consequence. J. Snell, Newall
Carr, Otley.

GRAPE " DIAMANT TRAUBE."— When I first
became acquainted with the late Mr. Barron's
work on Vines and Vine Culture, I visited the old
garden at Chiswick and inspected the numerous
varieties that were then cultivated there. In the
old orchard-house, which was in a dilapidated
condition, I noticed a little-known Grape named
Diamant Traube. It is described by Dr. Hogg in
his Fruit Manual, and by Mr. Barron in his Fines
and Vine Culture. I obtained some " eyes," and
grew them into fruiting condition in pots. In
September, 1889, I exhibited a basket of Diamant
Traube Grapes at a meeting of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society, and it was then awarded a First-
class Certificate, which I understood was given by
the unanimous vote of the Fruit Committee.
I sent some canes of the variety to very distin-
guished quarters, but no one appears to have
been successful with it ; and like many other
delicious Grapes, it has given place to the
showy and almost flavourless varieties that have
gained the favour of the public by their noble
appearance. I have found this Grape especially
valuable for invalids, as it is very thin-skinned,
juicy, and delicate in flavour. I was agreeably
surprised upon a recent occasion to see finer
examples of this Grape than I have ever grown
or seen exhibited. I recommended the variety
to a gentleman whose residence, White Lodge,
occupies a charming position on the borders
of Streatham Common, but his gardener
was not successful in Grape-growing. Another
gardener has been appointed, and during the
last year or two he has had the Vine in such
excellent condition that it is bearing sixteen
bunches of perfectly-finished Grapes of the finest
•quality, and large in berry and bunch. It is
far superior to either Buckland Sweetwater or
Foster's Seedling, both in texture and in flavour,
and ripens earlier than either of these varieties.
The Vine is planted in an inside border, with
Gros Colmar, Gros Maroc, Black Hamburgh, and
Muscat of Alexandria, and all the Vines are
fruiting well. In my opinion the Grapes, especi-
ally the "Diamant Traube," reflect the greatest
credit upon the gardener, Mr. Thomas Fair, who
has succeeded in showing what a valuable Grape
"Diamant Traube" is when properly grown.
W. Roupell, Streatham Mill, S.W.

WASPS ATTACKING FRUITS.— On p. 148 Mr. W.
H. Clarke says that "bottles of sweetened beer
treacle, &c, used as traps for these insects attract
them to the trees." After several years' close
observation I venture to differ from Mr. Clarke.
This season, instead of hanging bottles con-

taining beer and sugar against the walls when
the wasps first made their appearance, as has
been my practice formerly, I had all the nests
that could be found within half a mile radius
destroyed. Notwithstanding this they came, and
I was once more tempted to use bottles con-
taining beer and sugar as traps. The bottles
were emptied on the third day after use, and I
found we had captured nearly a peck of wasps
and flies. My opinion is that the wasps and flies
(and in our case hornets too) find the fruits
whether the traps are present or not, and if the
traps are there so much the better, as they
certainly are a counter-attraction for the wasps,
flies, &c. Here we have upwards of 1,500 yards
of wall fruits, which would cost much to cover
with Hexagon wasp-proof netting as recom-
mended by Mr. Clarke. I should much like to
know the general opinion among gardeners on
the above subject. W. J. Snell, Wimpole Sail
Gardens, Royston, Camos.

THE ROSARY.

HYBRID TEAS.

Mr. George Paul, speaking at the Rose
Congress held in Paris in May last, in allusion
to the origin of hybrid Tea Roses that have been
introduced since La France was " sent out,"
said that even before that Rose was intro-
duced there were already plants in existence
that had a similar origin. Mr. Paul himself in-
troduced Cheshunt Hybrid, one of the first hybrid
Teas. This was produced accidentally in a house
where Prince Camille de Rohan was growing. Just
below this plant was a Rose much resembling the
Bengal Rose, and the result of the cross between
the two flowers was the variety now known as
Cheshunt Hybrid.

When the late Mr. Henry Bennett tried some
experiments he obtained a fine series of hybrid
perpetuals, among them Lady Mary Fitzwilliam.
It is so difficult to distinguish between hybrid
perpetuals and hybrid Teas that some day both
groups will be classed together as under the
general category of hybrids.

Mr. Paul expressed the hope that English,
French, and American hybridisers would not
neglect the fine group of hybrid perpetuals
which were so valuable for fertilising hybrid
Teas, as it would then be possible to obtain a
series of hybrids which would bloom from spring
to the end of November, as was already the case
with some varieties of the Bengal Roses.

©bituarp.

Richard Boston.— We learn with regret of
the decease of this florist, who died at Burley,
near Leeds, on the 16th inst., and was interred at
Lawnswood Cemetery on the 18th. Deceased was
sixty-three years of age. While not in the strict
sense of the term a professional horticulturist, his
life for many years had been in close touch with
gardeners. For over thirty years he owned and
personally conducted one of the largest fruiterer's
businesses in the North of England, situate in
Boar Lane, Leeds. He displayed indefatigable
energy in advancing the claims of horticulture as
an uplifting influence on the whole population in
large towns and cities. As Chairman of the Parks
and Open Spaces Committee he had for many
years opportunities of carrying out bis views in
this matter. It is questionable if any other city
in England is better supplied with parks and
open spaces than is the city of his adoption. Mr.
Boston was a native of the village of Kirkby
Wiske, near Bedale, and a nephew of Mr. William
Boston, nurseryman, of that place, who is, I
believe, one of if not the oldest nurseryman in
business in Yorkshire. //. J. ft

176

THE GARDENER S ' CHR ONI CL E.

[August 86, 1903.

SOCIETIES

BISHOPS STORTFORD
CULTURAL.

HORTI-

AvM'ST 16. — The thirty -sixth annual Show of the
above Society was held on the above date, by per-
mission of John Barker, Esq., in the grounds of the
Grange, and as regards entries and general excellence
it eclipsed any previous year's efforts. There was in
addition a record gate — over 10,000 persons paying for
admission. The weather was favourable. The officials
are deserving of much praise for their excellent
management.

Open Classes. — There were twenty-one open classes,
and these constituted a leading feature of the show.
The premier class was that for groups of plants
arranged for effect, not necessarily in a half circle, but
with taste and for good effect. Placed in the centre of
a large tent they formed objects of great attraction
during the day. The 1st prize was won by a beauti-
fully-arranged group of flowers and grasses staged by
Mr. Harrison, gT. to Col. G. B. Archer Houblon,
Hallingbury Place, Bishops Stortford. J. Barker,
Esq. (gr., Mr. Beech), was a close 2nd ; Mr. C. Gold,
Stansted, 3rd.

For smaller groups, Messrs. Wilby, Mrs. Tatlor,
and Mr. W. Holland were the winners.

In the class for foliage plants Mr. Gold was a good
1st, with Col. A. Houblon, 2nd ; while for six foliage
and for six stove plants Mr. Gold and Mr. J. Barker
were the winners.

The class for exotic Ferns was well contested,
Messrs. Gold, Barker, and Harrison winning in the
order named.

Groups of tuberous Begonias are always a feature at
this show, and this year they were of the usual high-
class standard, the plants, though not large, being of
splendid quality. Premier honours were taken by
Mr. AV. Smith, who for many years has been a strong
supporter of the Society. Mrs. Taylor was a good
2nd. The other Begonia classes were all strongly
contested. Messrs. Harrison and Holland were 1st in
each of two Gloxinia classes. Mr. Barker was 1st for
single zonal Pelargoniums, and also 1st for Coleus ;
Messrs. Holland and Calvert being 2nd and 3rd
respectively. Messrs. Barker and Harrison led in the
class for Fuchsias, while Messrs. Jefferies and Gold
had the best table plants. Mr. Barker staged a
splendid group of early Chrysanthemums, there being
no other competitor.

Cut Floioers. — These occupied much space, and were
generally of good quality. For twenty-four bunches
of hardy, bulbous or perennial flowers Messrs. Paul &
Son, Chcshunt, were an easy 1st with grand bunches,
including some very fine Gladioli. Mr. W. Gee was
2nd ; and Mr. H. C. PULHAM, Elsenham, 3rd. In the
smaller c'ass for twelve bunches of hardy flowers,
Messrs. Hare, Barker, and Forbes won in the
order named. Mr. J. Barker had the best stove and
greenhouse cut flowers ; while Messrs. Harrison,
Barker, and Sir A. Wilson had the best Sweet
Peas in a very strong competition. Roses were of
indifferent quality. Mrs. Taylor and Mr. Barker
had the best stands in the larger class, and Messrs.
Forbes and Abbot in the smaller.

T'ihlf_ Decorations. — A large tent was allotted to
ladies' classes, and there was no lack of exhibitors.
There was less crowding of material than is often
seen, but some tables were furnished with too many
colours, and others with material the colour of which
would be bad by artificial light. The 1st prize display
was an excellent one, and was put up by Miss G. P.
Bell, Saffron Walden, who used Orchids, Lily of the
Valley, and Statices. Miss Blyth, Stanstead, was
a close 2nd. Miss M. .1. Claydon, 3rd. Mrs. G. Gold
had the best decorated fire-place. Mrs. Livesy and
Miss Harwood had the best decorated baskets of
flowers in the order named ; and Miss Blyth and Miss
CLAYDEN the best large decorated vases.

Fruit. — Excellent produce was seen in the classes
for fruit, and there was a splendid competition. For
the best collection of eight dishes some excellent
exhibits were staged. Colonel A. Houblon was placed
1st, his collection including good Peaches, well-finished
Grapes, a meritorious Melon, and Nectarines. Mr. J.
Barker was a close 2nd with fruit not quite ripened,
but of good size and finish. The same exhibitors
won in the same order for a basket of mixed fruit.
M'. A. Jefferies was a goi d 1st for Black Hamburgh
Grapes ; Colonel A. Houblon being 2nd. In the class
for any other black Grapes, Colonel A. Houblon won
with fine examples of Madresfield Court. R. C.
Gosling, 2nd. Mr. J. Barker was an easy 1st for
white Grapes, with bunches of fine colour. 2nd,
Colonel A. Houblon. The be>t Melons in two classes
from Messrs. Pearson and Jefferies.

VcgeUlblei were both numerous and good. Mr. A.
Jefferies had the best collection in the larger class,
having Peas, Perfection Tomatos (good). Cauliflowers,
Ailsa Craig Onions and Syon House Potatos. 2nd, Mr.
Barker. For a collection of six varieties, Messrs.

Calvert and "Watts and Mrs. Taylor won in the order
named.

Among the non-competitive exhibits Messrs. Paul,
Cheshunt, staged hardy flowers ; Mr. Mortimer,
Farnham, a very fine lot of Dahlias ; Messrs. BUBCH,
Peterborough, Roses ; Messrs. Dobbie & Co., Rothe-
say, Potatos ; and Mr. A. Perry, Winchmore Hill, N. ,
hardy plants.

ENQUIRY.

Bats. — Can any reader inform Churchwarden
how to rid a church of bats, with which it is much
inftsted?

SMSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

%* Editor and Publisher,. — Our Correspon-
dents would obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their communications, and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all communications
relating to financial matters and to advertisements
should be addressed to the Publisher ; and that all
communications intended for publication, or refer-
ring to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editor. The two
departments, Publishing and Editorial, are quite
distinct, and much unnecessary delay and confusion
arise when letters are misdirected.

Apples : Anxious. The following varieties suc-
ceed on clay land where it has been properly
drained and the trees planted as near the
surface as possible. Dessert ■ Beauty of Bath,
Allington Pippin, James Grieve, Worcester
Pearmain, Lady Derby, Summer Golden
Pippin, Mr. Gladstone. Culinary: Bismarck,
Brainley's Seedling, Newton Wonder, Grena-
dier, Royal Jubilee, Golden Noble, Gascoigne's
Scarlet.

Begonias : W. W. There is no disease, but
excessive growth, leading to the formation of
the outgrowths. Try a little gentle starvation
by keeping the plants drier.

Cattleyas Eaten : F. B. The injury is caused
by the grub of a fly, Isosoma orchidearum
(fig. 62), which was first described in our

Fig. 62.— isosoma orchidearum, the orchid grub.

columns, 18G9, p. 1230). We fear you can do
nothing but destroy the grub when you see
evidences of its presence.

Carnations : J. B. We do not undertake to
name florists' flowers. Send them to some
grower.

Carnations : J. McL. No fungus or organic dis-
ease is present on the growth of Dianthus
Heddewigii. Some local cause, only to be de-
termined on the spot, has caused the mischief.
The portion Eent reveals nothing.

Cucumber Diseased : Roden. The plant is
badly attacked by eel-worm. Turn out the
old soil and thoroughly sterilise it before using
again. Do not cultivate Cucumbers in the
same house for a season.

Dahlia Society : W. H. A. The Secretary i
Mr. Percy Tulloch, Sterndale, Hove, Brighto n

Flower Shows: Correspondent. Tastes and
circumstances differ materially from year to
year. We should cite the Temple, Shrews.
bury, and Wolverhampton shows as in the
first rank. This year the Edinburgh show wil*.
probably be the most important.

Fruit and Vegetables •. W. D. In the absence
of any precise stipulation you have no right to
do as you propose or to claim compensation.
The Figs are affected with a fungus (Cerco-
spora Bolleana, see Gardeners' Chronicle, July 7,
1000, p. 5). Burn the affected leaves. Spray
with Bordeaux-mixture next year.

Fruit for Naming : Correspondents sending,
Apples should da so u-hen they are fully den
in order that all their known characteristics may be
present. Pears should be nearly or ijuite ripe.—
R. M. L., Dublin. Apple Stone's or Loddingtoa
Pippin.— E. R. Plums, 1, Early Blue; 2, Prince
of Wales.

Limes : J. W. M. Apply to Messrs. Draper & Co.,
Covent Garden Market.

Loam : J. C. What you send seems well adapted,
for Chrysanthemums, indeed for anything.

Names of Plants : W. J. C. Eucomis punctata.
— E. E. 1, Draeocephalum virginianum ; 2;
Helenium pumilum. — Cuse Brothers. Centaurea
moschata, a variety sent out, we believe, by one
of the German houses. — A. B. E. The Lime is
catalogued in the Kew Hand-List as Tilia
platyphyllos var. aspleniifolia. It is the T.
laciniata of gardens. The Thuya is T. orien-
talis var. pendula, also called T. filiformis.—
Stream, Hampton. 1, Ly thrum Salicaria ; 2,
Epilobium hirsutum ; 3, Impatiens noli me
tangere ; 4, Scutellaria galericulata — G. P.
Leycesteria formosa. — B.C., Wicldow. Oneidium
Schlimii. — W. M., Sussex. 1, Onychium lucidum;
2, Selaginella Wildenovii.— P. A. C. 1, Vitis
(not recognised) ; 2. Colutea arborescens,
Bladder - Ssnna ; 3, Cupressus pisifera ; 4,
Garrya elliptica, male flowers ; 5, Pmus excelsa
C, Abies Pinsapo — J. C. W. Why address the
Publisher on such a matter ? 1, Linaria pur-
purea ; 2, Hypericum Androssemum ; 3, Achillea
Ptarmica ; 4, not a Fern, but a Thalictrnm
probably T. minus ; 5, not a Fern, but i
Thalictrum, probably T. flavum; 6, Catananch*
ccerulea. — Single W. Yes, a large percentage ol
Cytisus Andreanus, we believe, comes true fron:
seed. 1, Thuya plicata, the gigantea or Lobb:
of gardens ; 2, Cephalotaxus pedunculata; 8
Juniperus virginiana. — An Old Subscriber
Cotoneaster frigida ; Oncidium next week.—
C. C, Ireland. Cattleya Leopoldi a»J
■ Brassavola Perrinii. — M. C. T. Ceanothus
americanus var. opaca.

Plum-leaves : Q. W. B. Scorching from tit
sun when the leaves were wet, or possibly the
effect of strong gales or lightning.

Seedling Viola: J. W. M. Yes, we think it
very pretty, but we are quite unable to say
whether there are any better of the same kind
Send to some specialist.

Tomatos : B. H. The discoloured condition if
not due to fungi, but to a weakened state ol
the plant, due perhaps to the absence of
sufficient potash in the soiL Try an applica-
tion of sulphate of potash— a small handful ir.
a pailful of water.

Vines: A. W. Your Vines are affected with
Browning, a mysterious disease, probably dn<
to a fungus, but concerning which doctors stil
differ. Cut the affected canes away and burr
them. It is very destructive, so that you must
exercise every precaution in the matter of strict
cleanliness, ventilation, &c.

Violas : C. A. B. We find no fungus. Tb(
death of the roots and foliage may be due tc
drought.

Communications Receited.-S. W. F.-C. W. D.-Si
V B. II.— Sir W. T. T. D. - Messrs. Rivers-D. W. (Dex
week)— W. C. (next week)— A. W. (next week)-C. l
(next week).— A. B.-An Old Subscriber (next weew-
W. J. C.-F. B., Bonn-E. D.-G.T.-W. H. A.-M. S.-
\Y. B. H.— Messrs. Sinder, Bruges. G. 11— T. Wg
L.G., Brussels.-J. H. W.-W. E. B., Grenada -H.«
—J . A. R. (next week).- W. D. B.-D. B.— T. E. G.-H. L

(.For Markets and Weather, see pp. x. and xil.)

August 26, 1905.]

SUPPLEMENT TO THE GARDENERS CHRONICLE.

SHROPSHIRE HORTICULTURAL.

Exhibition at Shrewsbury,
august 23 & 24.

"A Better Show than Ever."

That "nothing succeeds like success" has been
demonstrated time and again by men and matters of
most opposite character, and the Shrewsbury Show
will continue to be an event of much importance,
partly because it has succeeded so well in the past.
But how has it obtained such an influential position in
-the world of horticulture? Inaugurated in 1875, when
at the first exhibition a sum of only £200 was offered
in prizes, the subsequent management of the Society
by the Committees and Secretaries, Messrs. Adnitt
and Naunton, has been so consistently successful that
an unusual rate of progress has been maintained almost
uninterruptedly to the present day. The annual exhi-
bition is the most popular horticultural event in the
provinces, and it is visited by more gardeners from
all parts of the country than is any show which is
held out of London.

There have been many and varied circumstances
that have contributed to this fact, but there are three
matters which are most important. In the first place,
no one who has been to Shrewsbury has ever had reason
to complain of discourtesy, exhibitors, judges, and
the representatives of the Press are given every consi-
deration that is possible, and this has created a wide-
spread affection for the Shropshire society.

The Committee has also recognised fully that the
one thing needful to obtain a grand competitive show
is to offer prizes of substantial value, and higher than
are offered elsewhere. But there is also a third contri-
butary cause of success, and this is that the Committee
has from time to time introduced new features to the
shows that have enormously increased their interest.
The last move in this direction was the institution of
the Champion Grape Class several years ago, in
which a Silver Challenge Cup of the value of 50 guineas
is offered, in addition to the liberal money prizes.
Since this class was established the best Grapes
exhibited in England have been seen at Shrewsbury.

And this leads us to say that we are looking to the
ingenuity of the Shropshire Committee to devise some
further means of introducing novel effects in the exhibi-
tion that will serve to prevent the interest of the
general public from waning, as well as that of exhibitors
and gardeners. It may be that even in the arrange-
ment of the plants and flowers something in this way
could be done. The appearance of the great plant
tent, for instance, already becomes somewhat mono-
tonous from repetition, the general effect being much
the same one year as another, although it has never
been more beautiful than on this occasion, when the
decorative plants were certainly better than we have
previously seen them. We refer particularly to some
of the plants exhibited in pots of not greater diameter
than 10 inches.

For the rest there were few, if any, visitors to
the show that would not describe it as the best
yet held, good though previous ones have been.
Fruit continues to be the most interesting part of the
Shrewsbury show, and on this occasion it seemed to us
of better quality than ever. This was certainly the
case in the classes for collections of sixteen dishes and
twelve dishes of fruit. Mr. Goodacre, Lord
1 Harrington's gardener, again won the 1st honours in
the larger class, and also in the competition for the best
table arranged as for dessert. His success year after
year, and against the most formidable opponents, is
wonderful. Interest was fully maintained in the
Champion Grape class, and Mr. Shingler, Lord
Hastings' gardener, again won the 1st prize,
which includes the Silver Cup. This is the
third occasion on which Grapes grown by Mr.
Shingler have won this Cup, and under ordinary
conditions, therefore, it would have become his pro-
perty ; but, in the view of the Society, Lord Hastings
is the exhibitor, and the late Lord Hastings died after
winning the Cup twice. Consequently the present peer

has only won it once, and has still but one share in its
ownership. It may seem rather hard for the gardener,
but the employer is rightly regarded as the exhibitor
in all cases. Mr. Shingler, however, is entitled to all
the honour possible for having won the Cup against all
Britain three times, though for two employers.

Vegetables were of exceptional quality, and abun-
dant.

In the cut flower classes the Dahlias were most
prominent, and excellent exhibits of them were made.
Then in quantity Sweet Peas were perhaps even more
numerous.

Amongst the flowering plants, other than those in
the large collections, mention may be made of the
remarkable tuberous-rooted Begonias from Mr. Davis,
Pershore, a farmer, who, having cultivated these plants
for some years as a hobby, is now regarded as a
cultivator of quite exceptional skill.

The weather on the first day was not good. In the
morning rain fell heavily and continuously, but after-
wards, at 10 o'clock, appearances improved ; there was
intermittent sunshine with occasional showers, which
became more frequent and severe in the afternoon.
All the same, with the experience of the drenching
rain on the first day at last year's show fresh in our
memory, we refrained from grumbling.

The entries exceeded those of last year by several
hundreds. The income of the Society last year
amounted to £'4.551, the gate-money being £2,431.

Fruit.
TABLE ARRANGED AS FOR DESSERT.

A class of this kind is nowhere better carried out than
it is at Shrewsbury.

The conditions of the competition may be sum-
marised as follows :— The tables measured 10 feet bj
4 feet 6 inches, and were to be decorated with plants
shown in pots not exceeding 5 inches in diameter, cut
flowers (excluding Orchids), and cut foliage. Not
more than fifteen dishes of fruit could be shown, and
they were selected from the following list :—

Maximum No. of Points
for each dish.
2 vars. Apples I! on each dish ... 7

2 ,, Apricots !l „ 6

2 ,, Cherries 50 ,, ... 5

2 „ Figs!) „ 7

2 ,, Black Grapes 1 bnch. to dish fFofntedai in Chant-
2 ,, White Grapes 1 ,, ( pion 0rap< class.

2 ,, Melons (single fruit not

to be cut) 8

2 ,, Nectarines 0 on each dish 8

2 ,, Peaches G ,, ... 8

2 „ Pears I! ,, ... 7

1 „ Plum 9 „ ... li

1 ,, Strawberry 40 ,, ... r.

For decoration the maximum number of points was
as follows : —

Beauty of flower and foliage ... 8

Harmonious blending of colours 10

General arrangement for effect 10

The prizes offered were very liberal : — 1st £15, 2nd
£12, 3rd £8, and 4th £5. This year there were five
competitors, and the 1st prize was won by the Earl of
Harrington (gr., Mr. J. H. Goodacre), whose exhibit
gained 132 points. These were made up as follows : —
No. of

Dishes. Points.

Apples ... ... ... ... 1 7

Figs 1 5

(Jrapes (White) 2 16J

Grapes (Black) 2 18

Melons 2 15§

Nectarines 2 13J

Peaches 2 14£

Tears 2 12A

Plums 1 5J

Beauty of flower and foliage 7

Blending of colour ... ... 8£

General arrangement for

effect 8J

The maximum number of points was obtained for
Ribston Pippin Apple, and one of the Melons. Sou-
venir du Congres Pears were splendid, and and all
of the fruits very good. They included Belie-
garde and Royal George Peaches, Transparent Gage
Plums, Elruge and Pineapple Nectarines, Dr. Guyot
as well as the Souvenir du Congres Pears, Black

Hamburgh, Muscat of Alexandria, and Madresfield
Court Grapes, and wonderful Ribs*on Apples, in
addition to Melons and Figs. The flowers used in
decoration consisted of Montbretias and Francoas,
relieved with trailing growths of Selaginellas. The
2nd prize was obtained by G. Farwhar, Esq.,
Eastnor Castle (gr., Mr. G. Mullins), whose number of
points was 120 ; against 113 points obtained by T.
Corbett, Esq., Impney Hall, Droitwich (gr., Mr. F.
Jordan), who was third ; and 111.', points awarded to
Lord BlDDULPH, Ledbury Park (gr., Mr. J. Dawes),
who had the 4th prize.

Collections of Fruit.
The collections of fruit arranged on one side of the
centre tables in the large fiuit-tent had a better effect
than ever, and were of excellent quality.

Sixteen dishes, distinct. — Notwithstanding the
exacting nature of this class there were five compe-
titors. The 1st prize was gained by Lord Harrington,
whose exhibit was of extraordinary merit, especially
from the point of view of weight, and in some cases
finish and colour also. His Grapes were Black Ham-
burgh, of good weight and richly coloured ; Muscat of
Alexandria, of enormous size in the bunch, but lacking
colour and finish ; Madresfield Grape (good), and
Chasselas Napoleon, of very large size and good
quality. He had also excellent, brilliantly -coloured
Elruge Nectarines, fine Royal George Peaches, large
and intensely coloured fruits of Emperor Alexander
Apple, Moor Park Apricot, Transparent Gage
Plums, Negro Largo Figs, Souvenir du Congies
and Triomphe de Vieune Pears, Morello Cherries (extra
good), the Strawberry-Raspberry, and two Melons. A
very fine exhibit from T. Corbet, Esq., obtained the
2nd prize. In this collection the Madresfield Court
and Black Hamburgh Grapes were very good, Dymond
PeachesandHemskirk Apricots wereexcellent, Triomphe
de Vienne Pear good, Pineapple Nectarine excellent,
&c. 3rd, J. Martin White, Esq., Balruddery (gr.,
Mr. R. Cairns) ; 4th, G. Farqubab, Esq. ; and 5th,
the Hon. E. L. Wood, Temple Newsam, Leeds (gr.,
Mr. R. Dawes).

For decorations in this class T. Corbet, Esq , won
the 1st prize ; G. Faruuhar, Esq., 2nd prize ; and Lord
Harrington the 3rd prize.

'I'ii-, in Dishes, distinct. Pineapples were excluded
from this class. There were three competitors, and
the 1st prize was well won by Lord BlDD.UUH, Led-
bury Park (gr., Mr. Jas. Dawes). He had Black
Hamburgh, Gros Maroc, and Muscat of Alexandria
Grapes, Diamond and Grosse Mignonne Peaches, Lord
Napier and Humboldt Nectarines, Souvenir du
Congres Pears, Transparent Gage Plums, Brunswick
Figs, Lady Sudeley Apple, and Hero of Lockinge
Melon. The 2nd prize was won by Mrs. F. Need,
Great Malvern (gr. Mr. J. Jones) ; and 3rd by
J. Drake, Esq., Market Rasen (gr. Mr. S. Bontoff).
The prizes for decoration were in this class awarded in
the same order as those for the fruit.

Niiu Dishes, distinct. — In this competition for the
smallest number of dishes, reserved to cultivators in
the county of Salop, there were four very pretty and
meritorious exhibits. The best collection was one
from C. F. K. Mainwahing, Esq., Oteley, Ellesmere
(gr. Mr. C. Wilkins) ; the Rev. T. M. BlLKELBY
Owen won the 2nd prize, and Mrs. Swank, Halston
Hall (gr. Mr. C. Roberts), the 3rd prize, but this
exhibitor had the 1st prize for the decorations used
in the class.

SINGLE DISHES OF FRUIT.
Peaches were, as they always are at Shrewsbury, of
the highest quality. There were sixteen exhibits of
six fruits each, and the prizes were awarded as follows :
— 1st, for Bellegarde, as shown by G. F. Bates, Esq.,
Hereford (gr., Mr. R. Grindrod) ; 2nd, Royal George,
from the Earl of Harrington; and 3rd, Dymond,
from J. W. Fleming, Esq.

Nectarines displayed even more depth of colour than
the Peaches. The 1st prize was awarded to six
splendid fruits of Lord Napier, from Lord Harring-
ton ; the 2nd prize to Humboldt, shown by the Hon.
E. L. Wood ; and the 3rd to the variety Spencer, from
J. Drakes, Esq. ; Downton, Rivers' Early and Pit-
maston Orange were also exhibited in this class.

Apricots. — There were eleven dishes of Apricots, the
fruits in some of them being remarkable for their large
size and good colour.

Melons. — More variety is usually seen in the classes
for Melons than in those for most other fruits. In the
class for the best green-fleshed fruits, the fruits varied

XI

SUPPLEMENT TO THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 26, 1905.

very much in size especially. The 1st prize was
awarded to an exceedingly small fruit of the variety
Earl's Favourite, which had evidently been selected for
its superior flavour. The 2nd and 3rd prizes also went
to small fruits, thus showing that in Melons at least
judges do not always give the 1st place to mere size.
In a competition for the best scarlet-fleshed variety
there were as many as twenty fruits shown, and the
prizes were awarded as follows :— 1st, R H. Kenyon,
Esq , Pradoe, Oswestry ; 2nd, W. J. Legg, Esq.,
Madeley Market ; and 3rd, Captain T. A. M. Dickin,
Loppington House, Shrewsbury. In the class for
white- fleshed Melons there were fifteen fruits shown,
the Hon. E. L. Wood winning the 1st prize.

Plums.— The best Gage Plums were beautiful exam-
ples of Transparent Gage, and were shown by the Earl
of Harrington, and the best yellow Plums were
Golden Drop, shown by the same exhibitor. Of purple
or red-fruited Plums the best was Prince Englebert,
shown by the Rev. T. M. Bulkeley Owen : the variety
Kirke's, from the Earl of Harrington, being 2nd.

LOCAL CLASSES.

There were classes for six dishes of fruit distinct,
also for single dishes of Apples and Pears, shown by
exhibitors in the county, and the exhibits seemed to
indicate that the holding of the shows at Shrewsbury has
an effect in encouraging good cultivation in the neigh-
bourhood, as well as in distant parts. The 1st prize in
the class for six dishes of fruit was won by Mrs. F.
Alderson, Samson Hill.

Cherries were very fine, and of the nine dishes
staged the best were of the variety Bigarreau Napoleon,
shown by G. FarcjUHAB, Esq.

Champion Grape Class.

If there is one class at Shrewsbury that excites more
general interest than any other it is this one, which
was established in 1002. Each exhibit consists of
twelve bunches of Grapes, in four or more distinct
varieties, but not including more than four bunches of
any one variety. In our opinion the Society
has done well to make the maximum numbers
of points obtainable for the different varieties
correspond approximately to the degree of merit in the
particular variety. Thus the maximum for Muscat of
Alexandria was 11 points, for all other varieties of
of Muscat (black or white), and for Black Hamburgh
10 points, and all other varieties of Grapes 9 points.
The bunches were staged on boards in two tiers 2 feet
3 inches in width. The judges were instructed to
regard superior cultivation and finish as of the greatest
importance. The 1st prize consisted of a Silver Cup
value 50 guinsas, and £20 in cash ; 2nd prize £16, 3rd
£12, 4th £7 10s., 5th £5, and (ith £4. The Silver Cup
has to be won three times by the same exhibitor before
it becomes his property. In 1902 the winner was the
late Lord Hastings (gr., Mr. W. Shingler) ; in 1903
Lord Harrington (gr., Mr. J. H. Goodacre), and in
1904 Lord Hastings won it for the second time.
When therefore the 1st prize was awarded Lord
Hastings on Wednesday last, it was surmised by some
that the Cup would become his property. This was
not the case, however, because the present Lord
Hastings has won it but once, and his late father won
it twice. The Grapes shown by Lord Hastings on this
occasion were as follows, with the number of points
awarded to each bunch : —

First Prize Exhibit.

Maximum

and were almost perfect in colour and finish. The 2nd
prize was won by the Earl of HARRINGTON, who showed
the following varieties : —

No. of

Points

Variety.

Points.

awarded

1.

Madresfield Court

... 10

9i

2.

Muscat of Alexandria...

... 11

94

3.

Mrs. Pince

... 10

94

4.

L0

9£

5.

Muscat of Alexandria...

... 11

n

6.

Madresfield Court

... 10

94

7.

( : n>* M.ii "c

!)

84

8.

Alnwick Seedling

9

9

9.

Muscat of Alexandria...

... 11

10

10.

... 11

94

11,

Madresfield Court

... 10

94

12.

Alnwick Seedling

9

9

Second Prize

Exhibit
Max

mum

No

of

Points

Variety.

Points.

Awarded.

1.

Muscat of Alexandria .

11

9

2.

Madresfield Court

10

94

3.

Muscat of Alexandria

11

9

4.

Black Hamburgh

10

9

5.

Muscat of Alexandria

11

9

6.

Madresfield Court

10

94

7.

Madresfield Court

10

94

8.

Muscat Hamburgh

111

8

9.

Black Hamburgh

10

9

10.

Muscat of Alexandria

11

94

11.

Black Hamburgh

111

9

19.

Madresfield Court

10

9?,

1124

It will be seen that the maximum number of points
was awarded to each of the bunches of Alnwick Seed-
ling, but to no other variety. The bunches, however,
of Mrs. I'ince, Madresfield Court and Muscat of Alex-
andria (excepting one bunch) were very heavy bunches,

109
In no case was the maximum number of points
awarded to a bunch in this exhibit, yet the general
quality was so high that; the total number gained was
only 3% fewer than in the 1st prize exhibit. The
3rd prize was won by J. M. White, Esq., Balruddery
(gr., Mr. R. Cairns), who was awarded 95 points. 4th,
G. Fakqihar, Esq., Eastnor Castle (gr., Mr. G.
Mullins), who obtained 90 points. 5th, the Hon. E. L.
Wood, Temple Newsam, Leeds (gr., Mr. R. Dawes),
with 76 points.

Each collection was decorated with flowers or foliage
plants (in pots not exceeding 5 inches in diameter),
also cut flowers or foliage in glass or otherwise.
The decorations were not considered when awarding
the prizes for Grapes, but three additional prizes were
given for the best decorated exhibits, and the
1st prize was awarded to J. Drakes, Esq., Market
Rasen (gr. Mr. S. Bontoff).

SPECIAL VARIETIES OF GRAPES.
Four Bunches, two Black and tiro White— In this,
the largest class in the ordinary Grape classes, there
were eight competitors, and an excellent exhibit of
Madresfield Court and Muscat of Alexandria, shown by
W. Marsh, Esq., Bath (gr. Mr. W. Taylor), was
awarded the 1st prize. The bunches of Muscat of
Alexandria were of average form and colour, but were
remarkable for the large-sized berries and considerable
weight. J. Willis Fleming, Esq., Chilworth Manor,
Hants (gr., Mr. W. Mitchell), was 2nd ; and Lord
Harlech, Brogyntyn (gr., Mr. T. Lambert), 3rd, with
the same varieties.

Black Bamburgh.—Ot tour exhibits in a class for
two bunches, the best was from J.Willis Fleming,
Esq., who had heavy, well-shouldered bunches and
highly-coloured berries, which would have been even
better had the thinning been more severe. 2nd,
C. F. K. Mainwaring, Esq., Oteley, Ellesmere .(gr.,
Mr. C. Wilkins) ; and 3rd, Mr. W. A. Coates, Glan
Conway. In a elass for a single bunch of the same
variety Mr. W. A. COATES won the 1st prize some-
what easily from seven other competitors, and mainly
owing to the good size and colour of the berries.

Black Grapes {Muscat Varieties).— There were few
exhibits in this class. The variety Muscat Hamburgh,
as shown by the Rev. F. M. Bulkkley Owen, Teds-
more Hall, West Felton, was placed 1st; Madresfield
Court and Mrs. Pince, from J. Brinton, Esq., Stour-
port (gr., Mr. W. H. Wilson), 2nd : and rather badly-
coloured Muscat Hamburgh, from E. A. Young, Esq.,
Tan-y-Bryn (gr., Mr. A. Ruddock), 3rd.

Madresfield Court.— This was a good class, and
excellent bunches from J. Willis Fleming, Esq., were
found for the 1st pi ize. They were not exactly a good
pair, as one bunch lacked the handsome shoulders
seen in the other, but both were of considerable
weight, and in colour and size of berry left little to be
desired. J. BRINTON, Esq., was 2nd ; and the Earl of

II.MIIIINGTON, 3rd.

Black Alicante.— Fox this variety there were five
competitors, but the 1st prize exhibit, from W. MARSH,
Esq., were much the best, being very heavy and of
intense colour. They would have been better, how-
ever, had the berries been of larger size. 2nd, Lord
Trevor, Brynkinalt (gr., Mr. W. Davies) ; and 3rd,
Col. C. France - Hayhurst, Middlewich (gr., Mr.
A. H. Hall).

Any other Black Grape.— The variety Gros Maroc as
shown by W. Marsh, Esq., was awarded the 1st prize,
the bunches being very fine in weight, size of berry, and

in colour. Lord Hastings, Melton Constable (gr., Mr.
Shingler), won the 2nd prize ; and C. F. K. Mainwaring
the 3id, with the same variety. Alnwick Seedling
appeared to be the only other variety exhibited in this
class.

White Muscats.— The exhibits of Muscats of Alexan-
dria were not specially remarkable. Of the six
bunches shown, the best was from Col. C. H. France-
Hayhurst ; and the Earl of Harrington had the best
for 2nd prize. A very highly-coloured bunch from
T. CORBET, Esq., Impney Hall, Droitwich (gr., Mr.
F. Jordan), was too small to obtain the prizes, but
the berries were the most tempting of an> in the class.
In the larger class for two bunches there were nine
exhibits, and the quality was generally better. The
1st prize was won by W. Marsh, Esq., who had one
short, thick bunch and one very long bunch, a bad
pair, but both heavy and having very large berries and
satisfactory in colour. 2nd, Col. C. H. France-Hay-
hcrst, ; and 3rd, Earl of Harrington. In the 2nd
and 3rd prize exhibits the berries were in a riper
condition than were those in Mr. Marsh's exhibit.

WhiU Grapes, any othi r variety.— A really excellent
pair of bunches of Buckland Sweetwater obtained the
1st prize in this class. They were shown by H. A.
Attenborocgh, Esq., Daventry (gr., Mr. A. Child),
and the berries were of wonderful size, while the
peculiar transparent appearance so characteristic of the
variety was splendidly developed. The same variety
but in a much inferior condition, from Capt. Heywood-
Lonsdale, Shavington Hall (gr., Mr. J. Mills) was
placed 2nd ; and Chasselas Napoleon, from J. Corbet,
Esq., won the 3rd prize. Theie were only two bunches of
Foster's Seedling shown, and they were of poor quality
in comparison with the Buckland Sweetwater.

LOCAL CLASSES.
In the Grape classes, confined to cultivators in the
county of Salop, very fine bunches of Madresfield Court
won 1st prize for the Rev. T. M. BULKELEY Owen,
Tedsmore Hall ; Lord Harlech had a 1st prize for
Alnwick Seedlin , showing capitally finished bunches J
Capt. HKYWOOD-LONSDALEwonthe 1st prize for Muscat
of Alexandria, and for Foster's Seedling in the class
for any other white Grapes.

The

Groups of Plants.

groups of ornamental plants arranged for effect

at provincial shows are of a type now well known to
readers of this journal. Those at Shrewsbury this
year, though possessing no new feature of importance,
were quite entitled to be described as works of art.
They were splendid examples of studied arrangement
of plants varying equally in their form and colours.
The first class was one for a group of miscellaneous
plants in and out of bloom arranged in a space of
300 square feet. Messrs. J. Cypher & Sons,
Cheltenham, were awarded the 1st prize for an exhibit
consisting of plants arranged in mounds and glades,
but in which arches of cork, which have been somewhat
overdone in these groups, were omitted. Some of the
most effective flowering plants used were Oncidiums and
other Orchids, Kalanchoe, Lilium speciosum, and Pan-
cratiums. 2nd, G. H. Kendrick, Esq., Edgbaston,
Birmingham ; and 3rd, Mr. J. Vause, Leamington.

In the following class the group was one of orna-
mental foliage plants, Palms, Ferns, &c, arranged on
a space of 300 square feet. Flowers and plants in
flower were excluded. The winners of the 1st prize
were the Leamington Nurserymen & Florists < '>.,
Ltd., Leamington. The feature of this group was the
brightly -coloured Codiieums, and a very handsome
plant of the variegated Dracaena " Victoria." Messrs.
J. Cypher & Co., who were placed 2nd in this clasB,
had a group of splendid plants, but one in which the
colours were rich but lacked brightness. A few golden-
coloured Codkeums would have served to lighten the
group, and it would then, in our opinion, have been
equal to that which gained the 1st prize. 3rd, the Earl of
Carnarvon (gr., Mr. T. Read). Extra prizes were also
awarded to Messrs. W. Sandford & Co., Birmingham;
and to G. 11. Kendrick, Esq , Edgbaston.

SPECIMEN PLANTS.
Fifteen Store ami Greenhouse Plants.— Messrs. JAB.
Cypher & Sons, Cheltenham, won the 1st prize in this
class, with specimens that appeared of very large size
even in the spacious and lofty marquee in which these
exhibits are staged at Shrewsbury. The species were
Ixora Fraseri, Bougainvillea Cypheri, Statice profusa,
Stephanotis floribunda, Erica Eweriana, Croton
(Codiseum) Victoria, Allamanda nobilis (2), Chironia

u

August 26, 1905.1

SUPPLEMENT TO THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

in

ixifera, Statice intermedia, Bougainvillea glabra (3),
Erica oblata purpurea, and Kentia Fosteriana (2).
The 2nd prize in this class was won by Mr. W. Vause,
who showed good specimens of the species usually
exhibited in this class.

For Six Store and Greenhouse Plants, not fewer than
Four in Bloom. — 1st, Messrs. J. Cypher & Sons,
Cheltenham, with wonderful examples of Bougainvillea
Cypheri, Allamanda nobilis, Erica Austiniana, E.
Eweriana, Ixora Duffii, and Statice profusa. 2nd, Mr.
W. VAUSE, Leamington. 3rd, T. SUTTON TlMMIS,
Esq., Allerton, Liverpool (gr., Mr. B. Cromwell).

With Six Foliage <>r Variegated Plants, T. Sutton

Tim mis, Esq. (gr., Mr. B. Cromwell), was an easy 1st

■ with three exceedingly well-grown Codiseums and three

Palms. 2nd. Messrs. J. Cypher & Sons. 3rd, Mr.

W. Vause.

Thirty Start and Greenhouse Plants. — The 1st pri/.e
exhibit in this class was one of the prettiest features of
this nature we have observed for some time past ; all
the plants were so well grown and so bright in effect that
they were unusually attractive. The plants could not
be shown in pots of greater diameter than 10 inches,
and it was very surprising that such specimens as were
shown by T. SUTTON TlMMIS, Esq., Allerton, Liver-
pool (gr., Mr. B. Cromwell), could be produced in such
pots. A plant of Codireum (Croton) Chelsoni, U feet
high and 5 feet through, was probably the best
Codia'Um ever exhibited in a 10 inch pot. The plant
retained its leaves right down to the base, and was
highly coloured. We can only mention a few of the
most interesting species in this group — Ixora Duffii,
gloriosa, superba, Chironia ixifera, Clerodendron fal-
lal, Alocasia Sanderiana, &c. Messrs. J. Cypher &
SONS were 2nd.

Some good Coleus weie shown as pyramids, ranging
from 4 to 0 feet in height, the best being a collection of
four plants from Col. W. Gordon Patch ett. I
fields, Shrewsbury (gr., Mr. J. Swain).

Zonal Pelargoniums were not specially good gene-
rally, but some good plants were shown by Mr. R.
Taylor, Abbey Foregate, Shrewsbury (gr. , Mr. H.
Cliff).

Exotic Ferns were best shown by T. Sutton Tim mis,
Esq., Allerton, who had very large and good speci-
mens of Nepbrolepis davallioides furcans, Davallia
fijiensis plumosa, Goniophlebium subauriculatum, and
Microlepia hirta cristata.

Tul" rims Begonia*. — A group of tuberous Begonias
covering a space of 15 feet by 4 feet. In this class Mr.
F. DAVIS, Woolashill, Pershore, was 1st, with a collec-
tion of well-grown plants bearing unusually large
flowers of perfect shape and substance. 2nd, Messrs.
Blackmore & Langdon, Twerton Hill Nurseries,
Bath.

There were also classes for plants grown by culti-
vators residing in the county, and these included one
for a group of miscellaneous piants arranged on a semi-
circular space of 100 square feet. In this class the
winner of the 1st prize was Mrs. SWANN, Halston Hall,
Oswestry (gr., Mr. C. Roberts).

Cut Flowers

The 1st prize for a bride's bouquet was awarded to
Mr. Garner. Altrincham, whose flowers consisted
principally of Odontoglossums. 2nd, Mr. W. Treseiier,
Bardiff.

The prettiest bouquet for the hand also came from
Mr. GARNER. 2nd, Mr. W. Treseder. 3rd, Messrs.
Felton k Sons, Hanover Square, London.

In a class similar to the last-named, but in which
Orchids were not admissible, Messrs. Felton took
premier position with pink Carnations. 2nd, Messrs.
Jenkinson k Sons. 3rd, Mr. W. Treseder.

Messrs. Felton were again 1st for a feather-weight
Bouquet. 2nd, O. ROBINSON, Esq., Alderly Edge (gr.,
Mr. J. Nixon).

Messrs. Felton were awarded 1st prize for a shower
bouquet composed of Cactus Dahlias, Mr. Garner
being 2nd, and Mr. W. Treseder 3rd.

1st and 2nd prizes went respectively to Messrs.
Felton & Son and Mr. W. Treseder for a floral harp.
The 1st prize harp < onsisted principally of Cypri-
pediums, Cattleyas, &c, over a groundwork of white
Asters.

O. Robinson, Esq., Alderley Edge (gr. Mr. J.
Nixon), secured the 1st position in the class for a floral
wreath, Messrs. Felton & Son coming 2nd. The
1st prize wreath was composed largely of Stephanotis
floribunda and light - coloured Cattleyas. Messrs.
Felton, who were placed 2nd, used Cattleyas of rather
dull colours and heavy.

A class for a stand of cut flowers for table decoration
brought eleven exhibitors, and after a very keen
struggle O. Robinson, Esq. (gr. Mr. J. Nixon), was
placed 1st. The flowers employed were Lilies of the
Valley, Gloriosa superba, and Pancratiums, arranged
on a rustic stand. 2nd, Miss M. Morgan, St. Mary
Street, Shrewsbury.

Messrs. Felton took the lead for six button-hole
bouquets and sprays for ladies. 2nd, O. ROBINSON,
Esq. (gr., Mr. J. Nixon). 3rd, Messrs. M. Jenkinson
& Son.

In a class for a basket of cut flowers for the drawing-
room, five exhibits were placed before the judges, who
gave the premier award to Messrs. Felton with a
delightful arrangement of Oncidiums and Cattleyas.
2nd, O. Robinson, Esq. (gr., Mr. J. Nixon). 3rd, The
Leamington Nurseries, Ltd., Bedford Street,
Leamington.

Hand-basket of flowers (Orchids excluded). U
Felton again beat all competitors. 2nd, O. Robinson,
Esq. (gr., Mr. J. Nixon).

The class for an arrangement of cut flowers suitable
for a dinner-table covering a space of 4 feet by 4 feet was
strongly contested, and great taste was displayed in the
arrangement of the various exhibits. The 1st prize was
eventually awarded to Miss M. MORGAN, Shrewsbury,
who relied upon pink Carnations and Lily-of-the-Valli
set in rustic stands. 2nd, Miss MAST Allen, Wrock-
wardine Wood. 3rd, Miss M. Russell, Albrighton.

In a class devoted to Sweet Peas for dinner-table
decoration, Mrs. Nixon. Alderley Edge, won the 1st
prize, and Miss M. Morgan. Shrewsbury, the 2nd prize.

Liberal prizes were offered by Mr. Robert Sydenham,
Birmingham, for Sweet Peas to be shown on rustic
table-stands. 1st, E. Deakdj, Esq., Hay Hill. 2nd,
W. H. Banks, Esq., Kington,

Collection of perennials (Roses excluded). — After a
very close contest, Messrs. Hahkness & SON, of
Bedale, were placed 1st with a magnificent collection
comprising bold bunches of large-flowered Gladioli,
Phloxes, Liliums, Veronicas, Campanulas, &c. 2nd,
Mr. M. PBICHABD, Christchurch, Hants. Here were
to be seen excellent examples of Gladiolus pi i]
Coreopsis lanceolata major, Montbretia George Davi-
son, Kniphofias, Campanula carpatica " White Star."'
illustrated in our columns last week, but which appears
to be very closely allied to a variety named Robert
Parker, which has been in cultivation for several years.
3rd, Messrs. (■. Gibson & Son, Bedale.

Collection of Cactus or Decorative Dahlias. — 1st,
Messrs. Keynes, Williams & Co., Salisbury, with an
admirable arrangement of brightly-coloured Cactus
varieties. 2nd. Mr. W.TresEDKB. 3rd, Messrs. W. B.
Rowe & Son, Worcester.

In the class for mixed Dahlias, Messrs. M. Campbell
& Sons, High Blantyre, N.B., were 1st with clean,
well-developed flowers representative of most of the
various types. 2nd, Mr. W. Treseder. 3rd, Mr.
M. V. Seale.

Carnations as cut flowers were shown grandly, and
in a class for a display arranged on a table space of
0 feet by 4 feet Mr. A. F. Dutton, Iver, Bucks, won
the 1st prize for a very fine lot of flowers in an exhibit
similar to others that he has shown in London and
elsewhere. The 2nd prize was awarded to Mr. W. A.
WATTS, nurseryman. St. Asaph.

In a class from which members of the trade were
excluded, a 1st prize was won by W. B. M. Vernon,
Esq., Welch Frankton, for a display arranged on a
table space of 4 feet by 4 feet.

Classes for Sweet Peas included some in which prizes
were offered by Mr. Robert Sydenham, Birmingham ;
and Messrs. Jones k Son. Shrewsbury. Among the
winners of 1st prizes in these classes were J. Gibson,
Esq., Duns, N.B. ; and Mr. A. Malcolm, Duns, N.B.

Honorary Exhibiis.

Messrs. Dobbie & Co , Rothesay, Scotland, set up
a very bright exhibit of Cactus, Show, and Fancy
Dahlias, together with sixty varieties of Pansies on
show-boards, sixty sprays of Violas, and sixty-six
varieties of Potatos.

Messrs. Wallace & Co., Kilnfield Gardens, Col-
chester, had an excellent display of hardy plants,
amongst which were excellent examples of Montbretias
containing several very fine seedlings ; also Liliums,
Phloxes, hybrid Tritomas, Senecio pulcher, and choice
Nymphseas.

Mr. Albert Myers, Sutton Lane Nurseries, Shrews-
bury, occupied about 150 square feet of table with a
bright display of single and double zonal Pelar-
goniums, comprising plants in pots and cut flowers in

great variety, the whole being tastefully arranged with
Gypsophila and Eulalias.

From Messrs. Dicksons, Chester, came a collection,
of well-grown and highly-coloured Codiaiums and
Dracaenas. The same firm also arranged a most-
effective bank of hardy flowers, amongst which were^
meritorious examples of Gladioli Jane Dieulafoy and
Bondoin, Phloxes, Rudbeckias, Delphiniums, and a
grand centre-piece of Crinum intermedium.

I Ine of the most interesting and effective arrange-
ment of hardy flowers and Dahlias came from Messrs.
Bakers, Codsall, Wolverhampton. The hardy flowers
included Chrysanthemum maximum King Edward,
Heuchera sanguinea grandiflora, Phloxes, and Carna-
tions. Pompon, Show, Fancy and Cactus Dahlias were
represented by the leading varieties for garden decora-
tion and exhibition purposes. Flowers of double and
single zonal Pelargoniums were also included in this
remarkably fine exhibit.

The King's Acre Nurseries, Ltd., Hereford,
staged a nice collection of hardy gathered fruit, also
pot-trees of Apples, Pears, Plums, and Figs, laden
with fiuit. Grapes were represented by Black Ham-
burgh, Foster's Seedling, and Muscat of Alexandria,
bearing good sized bunches of nicely coloured berries.

Messrs. Isaac House & Son, Coombc Nurseries,
Westbury on-Trym, Bristol, contributed an extensive
collection of Phloxes, but unfortunately at the time
our notes were taken the varieties were unnamed.
The undermentioned varieties stood out prominently,
Coquelicot, Eugene Dauzanvilliers, Sylphide, Iris, and
Walter Wright, a deep purple flower similar to Sesotris.

By far the handsomest collections of Phloxes at
Shrewsbury this year came from Messrs. Gunn &
Sons, of Olton, Birmingham. Each variety was
nted by an unusually large bunch of about thirty-
spikes. The best varieties were Iris (blue), Eugene
Dan uivilliers (lilaci, Sylphide (white), Sheriff Ivory
i. crimson centre), Coquelicot (very bright),
icate salmon), Henri Murger (white, with a
crimson centre).

Vegetables.

On no previous occasion here has there been such
a remarkable competition in these classes, or such
Buperb quality in the best collections. Not only were
manj of the leading growers (including Messrs.
Bei 1 1, Tope, Horspool, Ashton, Bastin, Leith and
othi rs) competing, but many quite new competitors were
also there, a fact of great interest in relation to vege-
table culture, as it is evident the old champions are
not frightening the new-comers out of the field.

■ Sutton and Sons' Prizes. — The very liberal

prizes offered by this eminent firm brought sixteen
competitors, the winner being Mr. W. L. Bastin, gr.
t.i sir A. Henderson, M.P., Faringdon, who worthily
to. ik the 1st place with very high-class products. His
collection included fine Celery, Leeks, Onions, Peas,
Runnel Beans, Potatos, Tomatos, and Cauliflowers.
Mr. H. Folkes, gr. to J. Kerr, Esq., Hemel Hemp-
stead, was a very close 2nd. Mr. J. Dymock, gr. to
G. D. FabRR, Esq., Wallingford, was 3rd ; and Mr. J.
Hudson, Leicester, 4th. There were in addition two
other awards.

Messrs Jas. Carter cfc Co's Prizes. — Very liberal
prizes were also offered by this well-known London firm.
Mr. E. Beckett, gr. to Lord Aldenham, Elstree, was
1st with produce of his usual Buperb quality, having
very fine Tomatos, Onions, Runner Beans, Peas,
Cauliflowers, Potatos and other products. Mr.
B. Ashton, gr. to the Earl of Lathom, Ormskirk,
Lancashire, champion competitor, was a close 2nd ; and
A. Deakin, Esq , Haymills, was 3rd. There were
three other prizes awarded in these classes.

Messrs. Webl ■' Sons' Prizes. — For the prizes offered
by this well-known firm for a collection of vege-
tables, Mr. B. Ashton was well 1st, having superb
Tomatos, Potatos, Runner Beans, Red Celery, Leeks,
Cauliflowers and other kinds. Mr. Bastin followed
taking the 2nd place ; and Mr. H. Folkes
was 3rd. There were other awards also.

In the class for twelve dishes in a collection, prizea
offered by the Society, Mr. E. Beckett was again 1st
with splendid exhibits. Specially good were Ailsa
Craig Onions, New Telephone Peas, Potatos, Tomatos,
Carrots, Runner Beans, Parsnips, Leeks, Celery, and.
Cauliflowers. Mr. J. Hudson, Leicester, was 2nd,,
having a smaller exhibit, but of good quality. Mr..
F. J. Barrett, Overton-on-Sea, 3rd.

Messrs. R. Smith ,i Son's Prizes for nine kinds of'
vegetables brought that famous Welsh growen, Mr.

IV

SUPPLEMENT TO THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 2G, 1905.

R. A. Hoespool, Ruabon, to tlie front with very high-
class exhibits, comprising superb Peas, Tomatos,
Turnips, Onions, Leeks, Runner Beans, and Celery.
Mr. B. Ashton was 2nd ; and Mr. E. Jones, gr. to the
Misses Howell, Berrier, 3rd.

Mr. E. Murrell's Prizes.— In the class for these
prizes R. C. Townsend, Esq., Chalfont Park, Bucks,
was 1st with excellent samples. Mr. T. H. Pugh,
Newtown, was 2nd.

Mr. R. Sydenham's Classes. — This well-known
Birmingham seedsman offered prizes in man}7 classes,
which resulted in splendid competition. In a class for
a collection of eight kinds, Mr. W. Pope, gr. to the
Earl of Carnarvon, Highclere Castle, Newbury, was
a worthy 1st, having capital Onions, Potatos, Carrots,
Runner Beans, Celery, Cauliflowers, Peas, &c. Mr.
R. A. HoRSPOOI. came 2nd ; and Mr. Leith, gr. to
Col. R. Middleton, was 3rd.

The following took the 1st prizes in some of Mr.
Sydenham's other classes : — For three dishes of Potatos,
Mr. W. Pope won, having Sir J. Llewelyn, The Factor,
and Windsor Castle. For Leeks, Mr. J. F. Barrett
was 1st ; for Celery, Mr. W. Pope, with Bibby's De-
fiance ; for Turnips, Mr. R. A. HoRSPOOL; for Tomatos,
Mr. J. Read, Bretby ; for Onions and Parsnips, Mr.
Barrett ; for Carrots, Mr. Pope ; for Califlowers, Mr.
HORSPOOL ; for dishes of Runner and Dwarf Beans,
Mr. Leith ; for Peas, three dishes, Mr. Horspool, who
had The Gladstone, Autocrat, and Captain Cuttle.

Liberal point prizes were also offered byMr. Sydenham,
in six diverse amounts. Mr. Horspool came 1st with
59 points ; Mr Pope next with 49 ; and Mr. Leith
3rd with 42 points.

The Society's Single Dish Classes. — In most of these
classes, some eighteen in number, competition was
indeed remarkable, and the quality of the exhibits was
exceptionally fine. Mr. W. Pope had the best Carrots ;
Mr. F. Clark, gr. to Mark Firth, Esq., Leicester, the
best Parsnips ; Mr. G. Guise, Hadnall, the best
Celery ; the Rev. G. M. Furley, Sockleton, the best
Cauliflowers ; Mr. C. Deakin, the best Runner Beans,
having a superb sample; Mr. W. Pope had the best
Dwarf Beans ; Captain Dickson, of Wem, the finest
Peas ; Mr. Beckett showed superb Cucumbers of the
variety Ideal ; Mr. B. Ashton staged the best single
dish of Potatos, having the variety Duke of York ;
and Mr. W. Pope the best three dishes of Potatos,
having King Edward VII., Factor, and Windsor Castle.

There was, as usual, an immense number of exhibits
in the cottager's tent, and wonderfully-fine competition
resulted.

Of non-competing exhibits the most noticeable in
vegetables was the collection of sixty dishes of hand-
some Potatos, set up by Messrs. Dobbie & Co., and
grown on their Seed Farm, Mark's Tey, Essex.

Medals Awarded to Honorary Exhibits.

Large Gold Medals
were awarded to Gunn & Sons, Olton, Birmingham ;
W. Cutbush & Son, Highgate : H. Eckford, Wem,
Salop; Hobbies, Ltd., Dereham; Dobbie & Co.,
Rothesay ; Bakers, Old Hall Nurseries, Codsall, Wol-
verhampton ; Albert Meyers, Shrewsbury ; King's
Acre Nurseries, Ltd., Hereford ; E. Murrell, Shrews-
bury.

Small Gold Medals

were awarded to Robt. Bolton, Warton, Carnforth ;
Jones & Son, Shrewsbury ; R. Wallace & Co., Col-
chester ; Dicksons, Ltd., Chester ; Pritchard & Sons,
Shrewsbury.

Silver-gilt Medals

were awarded to Thos. S. Ware, Ltd., Feltham ; Hewitt
& Co., Solihull, Birmingham ; R. Smith & Co., Wor-
cester ; Clibrans, Altrincham ; Amos Perry, Winch-
more Hill, N. ; W. Angus, Penicuick, N.B. ; Jno. Der-
byshire, Altrincham ; Jarman & Co., Chard ; John
Robson, The Downs, Altrincham ; Isaac House & Sons,
Bristol ; J. Forbes Hawick ; B. Dobbs & Co., Wolver-
hampton ; and J. Lambert, Powis Castle, Welshpool.

Silver Medals
were awarded to B. R. Davis & Son, Yeovil ; W. & J.
Brown, Peterborough ; Vincent Slade, Taunton ;
Pattiso'n, Shrewsbury ; Cheal & Sons, Crawley, Sussex ;
H. A. Watts, Bronwylfa, St. Asaph ; R. F. Felton,
Hanover Square, London, W. ; Geo. Prince, Long-
worth, Berks.

Bronze Medals

were awarded to R. Anker, Addison Nursery, Kensing-
ton, W. ; G. H. Towndrow, Malvern, Lines.

Awards of Merit
were recommended to Amos Perry, Winchmore Hill, N.,
for Gaillardia "Sulphur Gem" ; Hobbies, Ltd., Dere-
ham, for Cactus Dahlias " Daydream" and "White
Swan " ; Cheal & Sons, Crawley, for Cactus Dahlia
"T. F. H. Cook" ; R. Wallace & Co., Colchester, for
Montbretia Prometheus " Herewood " ; Dobbie & Co.,
Rothesay, for Cactus Dahlias "Bute" and "Good
Hope."

First-class Certificates

were awarded to R. Wallace & Co., Colchester, for
Montbretia "Prometheus" ; and to Mrs. Seale, Seven-
oaks, for Cactus Dahlia "Mrs. Charles Scott."

*** Notes on a few of the other miscellaneous exhibits
must be deferred till our next issue.

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

Scientific Committee-

August 15.— Present: Dr. M. T. Masters, F.R.S. (in
the Chair), Dr. M. C. Cooke, Messrs. Gussbw,
Saunders, Druery, Worsley, and Chittenden (Hon.
Secretary).

Harvest Buys. — Concerning these troublesome pests,
Mr. J. S. Turner writes: "There is nothing like
common soap with which to combat harvest bugs.
Just dip the soap in water, so as to make it only damp
enough to rub, and rub it over the spots. The soda in
the soap allays the irritation at once, and the thin film
of soap stops the hole the insect has made, and finishes
him. If the wrists, knees, and ankles, the parts most
usually attacked, be rubbed with coal-tar soap, it will
to a certain extent prevent the pest from attacking,
but not entirely, and I know nothing that will." Mr.
Wright recommends the use of Elliman's Embroca-
tion."

Grubs in Ferns. — Fronds of a variety of the Lady
Fern were sent from Wisley, infested with grubs.
Mr. Saunders reported: "The grubs infesting the
stems of the Fern-fronds are those of one of the saw-
flies, but I have not been able to get their names. As
far as a remedy is concerned, I can only suggest the
obvious one of cutting off and burning the fronds."

Blotches on Rose Leaves. — Mr. T. S. Drake, of
Hoddesdon, sent Rose leaves bearing black blotches
caused by the attacks of the fungus Actinonema ros:e,
which is figured and described in the Journal of the
Royal Horticultural Society, vol. 27, p. 42.

Leaves of Morello Cherry attacked. — Mr. FLINT sent
leaves of Morello Cherry badly eaten by the grubs of
the Pear-slug, upon which Mr. Saunders undertook to
report.

Melon Leaves Shrivelling. — A small Melon plant
with shrivelling leaves was received from Lamberhurst.
It was the general opinion that the recent transplant-
ing had put the plant under considerably changed
conditions, and through this the leaves bad become
injured.

Fasciatal Agapanthus. — Dr. MASTERS showed a
much twisted and fasciated stem of white Agapanthus
from Mr. Fitzherhkrt.

Lilium candidum plumose variety.— Dr. Masters
showed a specimen of a plumose form of Lilium can-
didum. This curious form was figured by several of
the old botanists, but was recently sent to him as a
hybrid between the Madonna Lily and Hyacinthus
candicans. Dr. Masters also showed a stem of
Lilium chalcedonicum bearing a bulbil in place of a
terminal bud instead of occupying the place of a lateral
bud as is usual.

Figs Diseased. — Dr. Cooke reported that some Figs
which he had examined were badly affected with the
fungus Botrytis cinerea, which had formed quite a felt
upon them.

Monstrous Cucumbers.— Mr. J. Crook, F.R.H.S.,
of Forde Abbey, Chard, sent several examples of
Cucumbers showing lateral prolification. The outer
rind of the Cucumbers bad given rise to a large number
of leaves, and in one case to a short stem bearing two
other Cucumbers upon it, each of which bore leaves
growing from their outer portions. Dr. Masters re-
marked that from a botanical point of view it is easy to
understand these monstrosities, since the rind of the
Cucumber is really a branch in which the true fruit
of the Cucumber is embedded, but what actually
induces the production of leaves or branches from the
rind in any particular case is so far an unsolved pro-
blem. A similar malformation is figured in Gardeners'
Chronicle, 34 (1903), p. 170.

Dichroism in Antirrhinum. — Mr. Saunders showed
a figure of a spike of Antirrhinum, in which one Mower
was of a deep pink colour, while the others were white,
splashed with pink. All other flowers on the plant had
been of the latter type.

Clematis with leaf-like Sepal. — Mr. Saunders also
showed a drawing of a Clematis flower in which one of
the sepals was green and leaf-like, with the exception
of a portion near one edge, which was of the normal
colour.

Osmienda Fronds as Food. — Mr. Druert showed a
specimen of the dried young fronds of Osmunda regalis
which had been sent to him by the Yokohama Nursery
Co. with the following note: — "The young, tender
sprouts up to 12 inches or so in length are gathered in
the mountains as they appear, and are then boiled and
dried. The price is about 40s. per 100 lb. They make
a convenient provision for the Army. Several tons
are dealt with every year in Japan, where it is used for
food. To prepare for eating, soak in water for about
ten hours, changing the water several times, then boil.
In Japan it is stewed with soy sauce and fish gravy,
but any agreeable sauce may be tried with it. It is
very tender, and we think you will find it eatable. As
shown, the stalks were in the form of roundish, black
sticks about 10 inches in length, somewhat flexible and
rather tough, and having something of a tarry odour.

Various Amaryllideee. — Mr. Worslet showed speci-
mens of the following : —

Zephyranthes Candida var. major, a fine variety,
but rather more tender than the type.

Zephyranthes rosea, a tender species, requiring
almost a stove temperature, which produces
seeds freely.

Leucojuin [Acts] aut/wm/nale, a pretty little
species, difficult to grow on account of the liking
slugs have for it.

Hippcastrum brachyandrum flowers from plants
raised from seed, somewhat improved upon the
wild stock from Argentina.

Urceocharis Clibrani, first described and figured
in these columns. A hybrid between Urceolina
aurea and Eucharis grandiflora. The flower-buds
before they open have a yellowish tinge, but
afterwards become pure white. The plant never
produces seed.

Habranthus advena. — Similar to the type, but
with perianth segments about double the width.
This flowered in three and a half years from seed.
Lyeoris squamtgera. — The flowers fade very
quickly if exposed to the hot sun, but retain their
colour for a considerable time if cut and brought
indoors.

Tritonia rosea. — A pretty species grown from
bulbs gathered in the hills above Graytown.
Hybrid Cannas. — Mr. Worsley also drew attention
to the fact that the hybrids raised between Canna
flaccida x Canna (garden form), known as Orchid-
flowered Cannas, were always sterile, but that there
was always a much larger number of ovules in the
ovary than in that of the garden Cannas, a character
which was also to be seen in Canna flaccida.

GARDENERS' DEBATING SOCIETIES.

CARDIFF GARDENERS'.— The members of the above
Association, to the number of over sixty, selected Here-
ford as the rendezvous for their nintli annual outing
on Monday, August 14. The party started from Cardiff
in saloon carriages soon after 8 o'clock, and after a
capital run arrived at Hereford at 9"37. At King's Acre
Nurseries the Cardiflians were re eived by Mr, M.
Peake. The holiday-makers, splitting themselves up
in paities of five or more, made a complete tour of the
nurseries, which are among the oldest in the Kingdom,
being established as far back as 1785 by the late
Mr. Cranston. The drive back to Hereford, via Mordi-
ford, in the cool of the evening proved very enjoyable,
and after an excellent tea the members wended their
way to the Castle Green, where the artistic flower-beds
were much admired, Mr. Wilson, the Corporation gar-
dener, receiving well-deserved compliments. The party
subsequently left for Cardiff by the 8. 4^ train, arriving
there at 10.80. The Hon. Secretary was thanked for the
very admirable way he had conducted the arrangements
throughout. /. J.

CROYDON AND DISTRICT HORTICULTURAL.—
This Society held its annual excursion on Wednesday,
when, in ideaJ weather, a trip was made to the Royal
Horticultural Society's gardens at Wisley. On arriving
at Wisley the members partook of luncheon at the Hut
Hotel. The members visited the Gardens, and in-
spected the many rare and unique plants, as also those
of familiar habit On the return journey tea was
partaken of at the Bear Hotel, Esher. Croydon was
reached about tea o'clock, each one expressing his full
appreciation of the outing.

Bradbury, Agnew & Co., Ld.. Printers, London and TonbrtdfC

September 2, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

177

THE

No. 975.- SATURDAY, Sept. 2, 1905.

CONTENTS.

Annuals, rules for
judging

Bananas, varieties of .

Bulbophyllum Lobbii
eolosseura.aremark-
able plant of

Burnhara Beeches, the
pollarding of the ...

Conifera?, variegated...

Dean, Richard. the late

Eckford, Henry, pre-
sentation to

Elvaston Castle Gar-
dens

Errcra, Professor L6o,
the late

Fern hunting in Scot-
land

Forestry, Belgian

Fruit crops, remarks
on the condition of
the

Fungous pests

Gladiolus tristis var.
concolor

Grass land, experi-
ments with

Impatiens Holstii as a
bedding plant

Irish gardeners' visit
Evesham

Lapagerias growing in
the open

1-:

Pasture land, the ve-
getation of

Plants grown in the
absence of earDonic

dioxide

Seed germination
Shrewsbury, the re-
cent show at... 185,
Shrubs, half hardy ...
Societies-
Brighton Horticul-
tural

National Chrysan-
themum

Royal Horticultural
Shropshire Horti-
cultural ... 185,
SocieHo Royale Lin-
neenne de Brux-

elles

Trees and shrub3 -
Hypericum patulum

var. Henryi
Oak and Yew form-
ing one trunk
Week's work, the—

Apiary, the

Flower garden, the
Fruits under glass...
Hardy fruit garden
Kitchen garden, the
Orchid houses, the
Plants under glass

186

1M>

191

1-7

191

185
183

ILLUSTRATIONS.

179

181
183
114
183
183
183
182

183

Bees, a simple method of transferring...

Bulbophyllum Lobbii Colosseum, individual flower

of 1st

Bulbophyllum Lobbii colosseum, a specimen plant

of (Supplementary Illustration)
Diagrams illustrating experiments with pasture

land ISO, 181

Fruit, a 1st prize collection of, exhibited at the

Shrewsbury Show by Lord Harrington 17s

<iladiolus tristis var. concolor 187

Pteris aquilina, a remarkable form of 189

ELVASTON CASTLE GARDENS.

A FTER a lapse of twenty years I had
■£*- the pleasure a few days ago of paying
a hurried visit to these far-famed gardens.
Elvaston Caetle is situated in the valley of
the Trent, about 5 miles distant from
Derby. The surroundings of the place are
flat and commonplace, and consist of well-
timbered, rich meadow-land. The situation
is not an ideal one for the creation of an
interesting and beautiful garden. Yet by
the genius and wealth of the Earls of
Harrington past and present, and the co-
operation of eminent gardeners, out of this
comparatively uninteresting material has
emerged one of the most unique and
Interesting gardens in England.

One of the features of the place are the
wonderful examples of topiary gardening
contained here. This is a form of gardening
that does not now appeal with much force
to many horticulturists. But when it is
carried out, as it has been done at Elvaston,
on so gigantic a scale, and kept in such
perfect condition, it is certainly impressive.
It is laid out on a foundation of a beautiful
green and velvety lawn, and there are huge
specimens of trimmed evergreen trees, tower-
ing up in high proud columns, taking the
form of carved arbours, colonnades and
figures of many descriptions. The trees are
intersected here and there by beautiful
glades of well-kept lawns, and lighted up in

many directions by the presence of some of
the most perfect and beautiful specimens of
golden - coloured Holly we have seen, as
well as by many other golden-hued trees and
shrut)3.

This is a garden of many surprises, con-
sisting as it does of sheltered, cosy nooks
and quiet retreats, which afford the most
delightful privacy and retirement. Indeed,
the whole atmosphere of this garden seems
to be one of peace and repose. Another
important feature of the pleasure grounds
is the wealth of magnificent specimen
Conifers, mostly planted some fifty or more
years ago under the direction of the then
Earl of Harrington's gardener, the late Mr.
Barron, of Borrowash, a gentleman well
known as one of the most distinguished
landscape gardeners and horticulturists of
his time. Many of these trees have now
attained to immense heights and noble pro-
portions, adding much dignity and grandeur
to this fine domain. Not the least important
of the improvements effected by planting
was the formation of a broad avenue of
trees opening out a splendid and distant
vista from the windows of the house, and
reminding one a little of the Long Walk in
Windsor Great Park.

Hardy Fruits.

Another important aspect of gardening
which has received much encouragement,
especially from the present Lord Harring-
ton, is that of fruitgrowing, which has been
developed to a very high degree of perfection
by his lordship's head gardener, Mr. Good-
acre, during the past thirty or more years.
There is no occasion to enlarge on this
point, as his successes at our best national
and international shows for that length of
time testify to his skill far more eloquently
than any words of mine could do. In
speaking of the fruit at Elvaston as I saw it
the other day, much will have to be left
unsaid, as this notice is only a brief and
passing bird's-eye view of the resources of
this notable garden.

Knowing something as I do of the climate
of Derbyshire, I have no hesitation in saying
that few, if any, counties in England have a
more inhospitable or a colder climate, or a
climate more inimical to the successful
growth of hardy fruit-trees than have many
portions of this county. Yet, strange to say,
through some freak of the weather, this year
the crops, especially on wall-trees, are better
in this pait than in any of the southern
counties I have seen. This is parti-
cularly true in regard to Pears. Apples
also, although only a partial crop, are
better than they are in the south, the
Codlin section especially ; and what surprised
me greatly was to find a large tree of the
variety Gascoyne's Scarlet Seedling borne
down with the weight of an enormous
crop. With the exception of last year I
was told that equally heavy crops of this
variety had been obtained for the past nine
years. Friends in the cold Midlands should
make a note of this. These few remarks on
the out-of-door crops are by the way. It
is in the cultivation of

FnriTs under Glass
that the Elvaston Gardens have taken so high
a position, and especially in the production
of high-class fruits for exhibition. Many gar-
deners have often wondered how the splen-
did samples of Apples, Pears and Plums,

which are characteristic of the Elvaston
collections of fruit, were grown. Had they
seen the five hundred or more specimen trees
of these and other fruits grown in pots in cold
orchard-houses of almost unlimited extent,
they would wonder no longer.

The fruit has been gathered from most
of the pot-trees of Peaches, Nectarines and
Cherries. But of Apple, Pear and Plum-trees
there were some magnificent examples of
culture to be seen.

The Apple trees are now mostly placed
out-of-doors in sunny positions against walls
in order to improve the colour of the fruit,
and so well has this object been attained
that extraordinary high colour is the result.
One Apple amongst many on a tree of Rib-
ston Pippin had taken on such a deep crim-
son colour as to be altogether unrecognis-
able. The varieties favoured here for pot-
culture are few, and include such as Cox's
Orange Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Washington,
Beauty of Batb, etc.

Of Pears in pots the result is equally
satisfactory ; many of them are now placed
in various positions and aspects against
walls out-of-doors, and they are well pro-
tected by netting, those requiring to be
retarded against north walls, and those to
be hastened against walls having a warmer
aspect. Few are awareof the great influence
exercised in improving the colouring of fruit
by its exposure to sun and air out-of-doors.
I noticed a striking instance of this at Elvas-
ton, where two trees of the variety Louise
Bonne of Jersey were growing side by side
on a wall, one under glass, and the other out-
of-doors. The latter bore a rich ruddy
colour, while the former was of a shade
of light green.

Plums in pots are grown grandly also. I
have seen most of the Plum-trees in pots
exhibited in London during the last five
years, and those of Mr. Goodacre would
compare favourably with the best of them.

I might say much of the Peaches, Nec-
tarines, Figs, Melons, etc., but time and
space forbid.

The Grape-vines.

I now hasten briefly to notice the crown
and glory of the fruit at Elvaston, namely
the Grapes, and especially late Grapes, with
which Mr. Goodacre's name has been so
long and conspicuously associated as a
successful exhibitor. The summer crops of
Grapes are past their best, but there are some
fine bunches of the following varieties still
left — Muscat Hamburgh, Muscat of Alexan-
dria, Black Hamburgh and Madresfield Court.
The quality, size and finish of these are very
fine, and I presume they are kept back for
exhibition.

Our time having now nearly expired
we hasten to view the comparatively new,
large and lofty block of vineries a little
distance away, in which the late Grapes
are grown. Some of these are devoted
exclusively to black varieties which
are known to succeed under similar
conditions of temperature, <fec. Such im-
mense clusters as are seen here of Gros
Colmar, Gros Maroc, Black Alicante and
Alnwick Seedling are very seldom met with,
many of them weighing from five to seven
pounds each.

The Vines are clean and in a perfect
condition of health, and by the time the
full development of berries and blooms has
taken place, say two months hence, they

178

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Skptbhbkb 2, 1905.

wi 11, indeed, be a treat to see ; many
of them are now jet-black, and fit for
exhibition at any time. A circumstance
in Grape-growing was pointed out which
is worth noting as an encouragement
to those who may wish to remove
permanent Vines of old standing from
one place to another, but are afraid to
do so. An eleven-year-old double-rodded
Black Alicante Vine was replanted in
March last. So successful had the opera-
tion been that the Vine bore no trace

are in excellent health, the foliage beiDg
of fine size and colour, and splendid tex-
ture, showing that the crop, although
so heavy, will be perfectly ripened in due
course. Indeed, many of the bunches are
ripe now. If we had seen nothing else to
admire at Elvaston besides those grand
winter Grapes we should have felt well repaid
for the long journey we took to see them.

I have to thank Mr. Goodacre's son for
his kindness and courtesy in showing me
round the garden in his fathers absence, and

Musa Cavendishii, a plant of much more dwarf
habit, seldom exceeding 5 to 6 feet high, and
producing smaller bunches and smaller fruits,,
which are thinner-skinned than the former and
possess a more delicate flavour. It is known as the
Chinese Banana, and besides the superior flavour
of the fruit it has many characters to recommend
it for general cultivation. This form is now being
extensively grown at Barbados and shipped to-
thia country in increasing quantities as Barbados
Bananas. Another indication that this species is
attracting attention for more general cultivation
miy bi foand in the following extract from the

[Pli itogmph -l by Mr. Walter II'. Naunton.

Fig. 63.— the Shrewsbury show : lord Harrington's first-prize exhibit in the class for a collection

of sixteen dishes of fruit.

(See r. L cf the Supplement to our last issue )

whatever of having been subjected to such
violent disturbance. The crop it bore was
not quite so heavy as could be seen on
the others, but otherwise the plant was as
robust as any in the house. Growing with
these Grapes were one or two rods of that
noble-looking white variety, Chasselas Napo-
leon ; these were very fine in bunch and
berry, and I have no doubt will be seen and
admired on the exhibition table before the
season is over.

Following a good example, we have kept
not the best wine but the best Grapes until
the last, namely the Muscat vinery and its
contents. I have not the dimensions of this
house before me, but suffice it to say that the
structure contains upwards of a thousand
bunches of magnificent Grapes. The bunches
would average all round 4 lb. each, a great
many of them would turn the scales at
7 lb. or more. Each vine carries from nine
to ten of these huge clusters. The Vines

also Mrs. Goodacre for one of the best cups
of tea I ever tasted (a real Welsh cup of
tea she called it). No wonder the Welsh
people are called a nation of tea drinkers if
all Welsh tea is as good as this was. 0. T.

BANANAS.
The Varieties prom Jamaica, Barbados, and
Canary Islands. — The differences in the size
and quality of the Banana fruits imported from
Jamaica and the Canary Island is a question that
has recently been asked by a correspondent. In
reply I would say that the Jamaica and Costa
Rica Bananas are the produce of Musi sapientum,
which grows to a height of some 20 feet or more,
and is found in most tropical countries. It is
now cultivated under many varieties, that grown
in Jamaica being known as the Gros Michael.
The bunches and individual fruits are much
larger and have thicker skins than those grown
in the Canary Islands, which are the produce of

Jou.mil or' 1h<: Jamaica Agricultural Society for
June, 1901 :

" After the storm of November, 1899, and the
hurricane of August, 1903, when so much damage
was done to Bananas, we called attention to the-
dwarf Banana, Musa Cavendishii, commonly
called here the Chinese Banana, and its stout
wind-proof growth. It easily withstood the- rain
and wind-storms of November, 1899 ; it even
withstood the hurricane of August, and both
times a good quantity of this variety was under
our personal observation. In Fiji, where the-
people have always depended largely upon the
Banana for food, and which now supplies the-
Australian and New Zealand markets with this
variety, the introduction of the dwarf Banana in
place of the imposing-looking tall varieties saved1
the people from being sometimes on the verge of
famine, as they formerly were, through losses by
storms recurring at short intervals. This variety
is said not to keep so well as the Martinique-.
We have not found it so. It grows better od

September 2, 190?.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

179

poorer soils, and does not require so much
moisture. It certainly does not sucker so pro-
fusely as the Martinique ; but is not that an
advantage, so long as it gives a succession of one
■or two, which it never fails to do ? It can be
planted 6 feet apart. At present our market in
the United States does not want it, although it is
the variety which goes from Hawaii to San
Francisco, and supples the Pacific coast of North
America. But in the British markets it is pre-
ferred because it is now being supplied from the
Canary Islands, and is also being shipped in
small quantities, and successfully, from Bar-
bados. The dwarf Banana ought to be taken up
and cultivated by those who would make a spe-
cialty of supplying the British market. It can
be grown on this plan with a far more moderate
supply of water than the Martinique."

This extract fairly sets oat the differences and
advantages of the Canary Island or Barbados
Banana over the Jamaica and Costa Eica kind.
We are not in a position to say what number, or
if any other varieties, are grown in the Canaries.

With reference to the composition of the
Banana, the following quotation from Professor
Church's Handbook on Food, forming one of the
South KensiDgton series of " Science Handbooks,"
may be useful : —

"The Banana is a nutritious food, having less
water and more nitrogenous matter than is com-
monly found in fresh fruits. It contains, when
ripe, much sugar but very little starch. Freshly-
picked Bananas contain :

In l n>.
In 100 parts, oz. gr.

Water 7<-9 H SOI

Albumen 4-8 o 3W

Sugar and pectose 1H 7 3 06

Fat d'tf 0 42

Cellulose 0-2 0 14

Mineral matter 0 8 0 5«

For 1 part of flesh- formers in freshly- peeled
Bananas there are 4 parts of heat - givers,
reckoned as starch. One lb. of Bananas might
produce at the most f oz. of dry, nitrogenous
substance of muscle or flesh." John Ii. Jackson,
i "la remont , Lyaipslonc, 1 cvonthicc.

VAKIEGATED CONIFERE.

{Concluded from p. bi4.)
JUNIPERUS.
Juniperus cltinensis var. albo-varisgata is a dense-
growing plant, possessing no outward character
of its parent, being very broad in proportion to
its height, and of a bright, glaucous tint all over,
except at the ends of the shoots, which are
irregularly marked with silvery-white. It is a
very handsome plant, but not very popular.

J. rjiiiicnsis car. Young i aurea. — This is a
golden form of the type, but it is a rather slow-
growing and tender plant, especially in a young
state. When it has attained a fair size it is a
singularly handsome plant with its bright golden
hue and graceful, feathery foliage.

J. japomca aurea. — Under this name a plant is
known in nurseries which I cannot identify with
any species except it may be J. chinensis. In
habit, however, it differs materially, being of a
spreading, semi-horizontal nature, somewhat
approaching the common Savin, though much
larger. The main branches are usually two to
four in number, and grow in the form of an
extended fan. The foliage is fine, and strongly
tinted with bright orange colour. It is a good
subject for a corner, the showiness of the plant
being all on one side.

J.communisvar. alpin a a un'aisadwarf, spreading
form of^the common Juniper, with bright, bronzy-
yellow foliage. It makes a splendid plant for the
rockery, and also in the shrubbery, where a low
patch of colour is desired. It will grow almost
anywhere, but loses colour in the shade.

These Junipers are all practically indifferent
s to soil ; but a moderately light loam and a full
exposure to the sun suit them best.

Thuya.

T. occidental i* car. a urea (lutea), — This is a
bright-yellow form of the well-known American
Arbor-vitte, possessing the thin, upright habit of
the parent plant. The colouring is deep and uni-
form all over the plant ; but it must have a good
moist soil to grow in, or it will become very thin
and ragged.

T. o. vac. Vervaeneana.— In a young state this
form possesses very little colour to recommend it,
but with age it assumes a pleasing tint of pale
bronzy-yellow, which is very striking in winter
when seen amongst darker-foliaged subjects, or
under a low winter sun. It is a fast grower,
succeeding almost anywhere, and deserves to be
more generally planted than it is.

T. plicata {Lobbi, or gigantea of gardens) var.
zelrina. — This is a comparatively recent intro-
duction, and is an upright, fast-growing plant
with cross stripes of bright yellow colour. It is
nearly as quick a grower as the type, but makes
a far denser and handsomer specimen.

T. orientalis vac semperawe&cens, — This is a
flow-growing plant, rarely attaining more than
4 to 6 feet in height, but its colouring during
the winter months leaves nothing to be desired.
The foliage assumes an intensely bright golden-
bronze hue, which, seen under a low winter sun,
resembles a flame of fire more than anything else.
It should not however be planted in a low, damp
position, as the high colouring renders it rather
tender, and liable to be cut by frost, especially if
the foliage is at all wet.

These Thujas should all be grown on mode-
rately dry ground, except where otherwise stated,
as they are fairly easy to grow, and the colouring
is enhanced on light soils.

Libocedrus decurrens var. variegata. — This re-
sembles the type, except that it is variegated
with splashes and stripes of bright yellow, which
are fairly constant, even when the plant has
attained a height of L'O feet or more. It can be
grown in almost any soil or situation, but is a
difficult subject to transplant.

Bequoin Mmjwrvirons car. albo-spica. — A hand-
some plant, but unfortunately it is rather
tender, not that it gets killed by frost, but,
commencing to grow early in spring, it continues
till late in autumn, so that the ends of the shoots
get cut by late or early frosts. I have seen plants
about 10 feet high that were twenty years old,
with half a dozen or more leaders. In districts
where it will thrive it forms a graceful pyramidal
plant, with the ends of the shoots tipped with
silvery-white. A deep, well-drained soil and an
open, sunny situation should be provided.

Picea excelsa var. finedonensis resembles the
common Spruce in growth and habit, but the
upper sides of the branches are of a brilliant
silvery-white, which is very pleasing when seen
under a winter sun. It requires a deep, moist
soil.

Cedrus Deodara car. alho-spica is a form of the
Deodar, having the ends of the shoots tipped with
silvery-white. In habit it is denser than the
type, assuming a broadly conical rather than a
pyramidal outline. What its ultimate height
will be it is impossible to say at present, but from
present appearances I should say it will not attain
to a height of more than 20 feet, and be rather
broad in proportion. It requires a deep, rather
light soil, and an open, sunny situation, as if at all
crowded by other plants this variety is liable to
lose its foliage and become thin and ragged.

C. I), car. aurea. — This is a new form of the
Deodar, with bright yellow foliage, but it is im-
possible to say much about it at present, though
from its appearance it is likely to be a decided
acquisition to our gardens.

Pinus sylvestris var. aurea is a golden form of
the common Scotch Pine, and makes a cheerful

bit of colour in the pinetum in winter. It is
green in summer, but assumes a bright yellow
tint iu winter. It is a slow grower, but does well
almost anywhere.

Propagation.
The variegated forms of Cupressus, Thuya, and
.1 uniperus can be increased by cuttings, except in
the case of the more delicate ones, which thrive
' best when grafted on stocks of the speoies they
belong to. Cuttings are made in August from
the half - ripened shoots, inserted in sandy soil,
and put in a cold frame, the atmosphere of
which is kept close for a time. They will soon
make roots, and should be left until late spring
before planting them out, merely keeping them
from frost during the winter, though two or
three degrees do not hurt them. The other
variegated Conifers mentioned should be grafted
on stocks of the species they are forms of. It is
sometimes advised to use a certain stock for cer-
tain Conifers, as Abies pectinata for any Silver
Fir, but while this answers as a means of propa-
gation, it does not always follow that the plants
will grow and thrive afterwards. For example,
Cupressus macrocarpa var. lutea, when grafted
on C. macrocarpa or C. sempervirens, grows nearly
as fast as a seedling plant, but when worked on
C. Lawsoniana it takes years to make merely a
stunted bush about 3 feet high. J. C, Bagshot.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

HYPERICUM PAT0MJM VAR. HENEYI.
The ordinary form of Hyparicum patulum is
fairly well known in south country gardens,
being one of the most attractive of the St. John's
Worts, also one of the parents of the valuable
H. Moserianum. It is, however, not so hardy as
could be wished, for it dies back to the ground
nearly every winter and is frequently severely
injured. This new variety, introduced from
China by Dr. Henry in 1899, is a hardier and
superior plant. It is sturdier in habit than the
typical H. patulum, and so far has not suffered in
the least through frost. The leaves, ovate and
2 to 3 inches long, are dark-green above and
glaucescent beneath. The flowers are of the rich
glowing yellow colour common to this group of
Hypericums, and 1 \ to 2 inches across. In habit
and vigour this variety approaches H. Hookeri-
anuui (oblongifolium), but it is more bushy and
better furnished than that species, and the
flowers are rather larger. It has the two-edged
flower-stems and more erect styles that dis-
tinguish H. patulum from H. Hookerianum.
The new variety is flowering freely now in the
Kew arboretum. W. J. B.

Oak and Yjbw forming One Tkunk.
In the park of St. Pierre, about four miles from
Chepstow, on the crown of some rising ground, is
a colony of old Yews, interspersed with Oaks and
other trees. There are about sixty of these
Yrews, some dead, some dying, and others in
vigorous health. The history of the trees is
obscure, but doubtless they were all planted
at the same time. The tallest is between
GO and 70 feet in height, but the majority are
about 50 feet high. The girth of the largest at
o feet from the ground is 22 feet G inches. While
one of these trees was being measured it was
noticed that the bark on one half was different to
that on the other portion, and on retiring to a
little distance the branches of an Oak were seen
overtopping those of the Yew. On close inspec-
tion it was found that a Yew and an Oak had
grown so closely together that they formed a
solid trunk to a height of 5 feet. The girth of
the combined trunk at this height was just over
21 feet. It is a curious fact that none of the
St. Pierre trees are hollow, as is generally the
case with old Yews. 8. W. Fit zberbwt.

180

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 2, 1905.

THE VEGETATION OF PASTURE
LAND.

In the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society, vol. 173 (1883), is contained a very
elaborate paper on the botanical results of experi-
ments on the mixed herbage of permanent meadow
at Rothamsted.* In that paper are discussed the
results obtained on two unmanured plots and on
several plots treated with manures of varjing
nature and of various strength for a period of
over twenty years. These details are co-related
with the meteorological records for the same
period, and especially with those relating to certain
separation or census years, when a minute in-
vestigation of component species of each plant
was made. The conformation and habit of growth
of each plant, so far as they are relevant, were
also given in this paper.

Speaking of the botanical results only, we
may say that a census of the plants found
growing on all the plots, manured or other-
wise, or in the hay derived from them, was
made in different years by Mr. W. Suther-
land, Mr. R. Keenan, Mr. W. B. Hemsley, Mr.
Walter Davis, always with the invaluable aid
rendered by Mr. Willis. These experiments are
still going on and records are duly kept. Our
present intention is simply to call attention to
some of the salient results concerning the vege-
tation of the two unmanured plots. We must
refer the reader to the paper above cited for
full details, including those relating to a
fourth separation year, 1877, not referred in the
following notes, and for a discussion of their sig-
nificance. The figures hereinafter given do not
in all cases tally exactly with those in the
more elaborate paper. There are many reasons
for these discrepancies, which need not here be
entered into, inasmuch as they do not affect the
general conclusions.

The accompanying diagrams, made for our own
convenience whilst engaged in collaboration with
the Rothamsted heroes, show approximately the
varying constitution of the herbage on the two
unmanured plots (3 and 12) in the experimental
grass plots, as determined by the census taken in
the years 1862, 1867, and 1872 respectively. In
each case the left-hand vertical column refers to
the year 1862, the central one to the year 1867,
whilst that to the right shows the condition of
the plots in 1872. In the paper referred to the
results of a fourth complete census are also given.
In all cases the thin line refers to plot 3, the
thick black line to plot 12. These details
are interesting as showing the diversity in the
plots dependent on inequalities of growth from
variations in climatal conditions and the varying
habits of the plants. As no manure has beenapplied
to these plots for many years, the changes in the
vegetation cannot be attributed to any other than
climatal causes and individual peculiarities of the
plants themselves. They afford indications of the
nature of the struggle for existence or supremacy
among plants growing together in association,
independently of any differences in the quality or
quantity of the food supply.

According to the last-issued summary (1905)
the average produce of hay per acre on plot 3
has been 213 cwt.,or, if the amount of the second
crop be added, 22 1 cwt. ; whilst in 1904 the total
was 284 cwt. per acre — a considerable increase
over the average, again shoeing the effect of
season.

The figures for plot 12 are 24 and 2 19 cwt. on
the average ; whilst in 1904 the total amount is
given as 287 cwt. — almost exactly the same as
on plot 3. The mean amount for both plots is
thus a little more than 24 cwt. per acre.

Turning now to details, fig. 1 shows the
total number of different species of flowering

* By Sir J. B. Lawes, Bart., Dr. (afterwards Sir) Henry
Gilbert, and Dr. Maxwell T. Masters. See also The
Rothamsted Experiments, by W. S. Fream, p. 131 ; Plan', Life,
by Dr. Masters, chap, vii., "The Battle of Life."

4-3

1862

18C7 1372

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plants detected on plot 3 and on plot 12 in the
three census-years 1862, 1867 and 1872. The
thin line, representing the state of affairs in
1862 on plot 3, shows that on that plot there were
fifty species in 1862, forty-three in 1867, and
forty-nine in 1872. On plot 12 there were
forty-four species in 1862, fifty in 1867, and the
same number in 1872, so that the total number
of detected species on the two plots taken
together varied from forty-three to fifty, a mean
of a little over forty-six. The great drop on plot 3
in 1867 would seem to indicate that certain species
were dominant in that year and crowded the
others out. Doubtless all fifty species existed
every year, but some were in a dormant con-
dition, or at least were either not represented in
the hay or were not observed on the plots during
the course of the season.

Fig. 2 shows the percentage of " miscellaneous "
weeds in the three years, the "miscellaneous"'"
including all flowering plants other than grasses
and Leguminosae. The lowest percentage was
212 on plot 3 in 1862; the highest, 301 on
plot 12 in 1867, the mean of the two being rather
over 25. The conditions on the two plots must
have been, as will be seen, very nearly alike.

In fig. 3 the total weight of the miscellaneous
plants is shown varying from 367 lb. on plot 3 in
1872 to 970 lb. on the same plot in 1867.

In fig. 4 is shown the percentage of grasses to
the whole herbage— the lowest percentage
59 on plot 12 in 1867, and highest, 72 4, on the ,
same plot in 1862. The conditions are the reverse
of those relating to the miscellaneous plants
shown in fig. 2.

Fig. 5 indicates the total weight of the grasses
in the two years, which varied from 1,080 lb. on
plot 3 in 1872 to 2,194 lb. on plot 12 in 1862.

Fig. 0 shows the weight of the total produce,
varying from 1,644 lb. on plot 3 in 1872 to
3,4211b. on plot 12 in 1862. The curve for the
grasses and for the total herbage is thus seen to
be approximately the same (compare fig. 5).

Fig. 7 refers to the percentage of the Legu-
niinoEa' (Clovers, &c). Here the lowest per-
centage (535) occurred on plot 3 in 1867 ; the
highest (10 7) in the same year on plot 12; so
that there was in this year 1867 a directly
opposite condition in the two plots as regards
Leguminosfe as there was also in the total
number of species, as shown in fig. 1 — owing, no
doubt, to some individual differences between
particular species which were not obvious on the
surface.

Fig. 8 shows the weight in pounds of the
Leguminoeae, varying from 148 lb. on plot 3 in
1872, to 329 lb. in 1867 on plot 12, thus corres-
ponding closely with the curve in figs. 7 and 11.

Fig. 9 shows the number of hundredweights per
acre, varying from 14| cwt. on plot 3 in 1872 to
30* cwt. on plot 12 in 1862. The notes as to
this particular figure are incomplete.

Fig. 10 shows the mean percentage of grasses
to the whole of the herbage, varying from 56 02
on plot 12 in 1867 to 65 70 on plot 3 in 1872.
The two plots correspond closely. The curve is
nearly in conformity with that on plot 4, also
representing the grasses.

In fig. 11, as in fig. 7, are given the per-
centages of the Leguminosoe, varying from 535
in 1867 on plot 3, to 10 79 in the same year on
plot 12, thus showing an opposite condition of
affairs on the two plots in the same year. See
also fig. 8. The diversity between these plants
and the grasses is also marked. Compare figs. 10
and 11.

In fig. 12 are shown the percentages of
miscellaneous weeds, varying from 21 2 oh plot 3
in 1862, to 30 19 on plot 12 in 1867. The details
of the two plots are here pretty uniform.

Fig. 13 shows the percentage of Ranunculaceo-
(Buttercups), varying from 2 02 on each plot in
1867, to 4 89 on plot 3 in 1862, so that the success
of the Buttercups on that plot in that year was

September 2, 1905.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

181

1562

1867

1372

so y$

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very marked. The general character of the curve
is like those of figs. 4 and 10 (grasses).

Fig. 14 shows the great uniformity in the
growth of the Umbelliferse for the two years, the
percentages varying from 2 60 on plot 3 in 1862,
to 6 02 on plot 12 in 1807. It also shows that the
requirements of the Umbelliferae conform to those
of the miscellaneous weeds generally— see figs. 2
and 12, but are just the reverse of those of the
Kanunculacea;.

In fig. 15 are given the percentages for the
Compositse. The two plots are shown to be
pretty uniform, the range varying from 198 in
1862 on plot 3 to 534 on the same plot in 1872,
and from 2 80 on plot 12 in 1862 to 701 in 1872.

Fig. 16 shows the same details in the case of
the Plantains (Plantago). Here again the
condition is nearly the same in the two plots, the
lowest (0'41) being on plot 12 in 1872, the
highest (10 73) in 1807 on plot 3, the range being
from 0 41 to 10 73. The curve is almost the
same as that for the weight of miscellaneous
plants (fig. 3).

Fig. 17 gives the percentage details for
Rumex acetosa : the lowest percentage was 140
on plot 3 in 18S2 ; the highest, 301, on plot 12
in 1807.

Fig. 1 shows the number of species observed on the
two unmanurcd plots in the years 1862, 1867 and 1872.

Fig. 2 shows the percentage of miscellaneous flower-
ing plants other than grasses and Lcgumi'nosa? on the
same plots in the same years.

Fig. 3, weight of miscellaneous plants in lbs.

Fig. 4, total percentage of grasses.

Fig. 5, weight of grasses in lbs.

Fig. 6, total weight of produce.

Fig. 7. percentage of Leguminosos.

Fig. 8, weight of Leguminos;e.

Fig. S, cwts. per acre (there is some doubt as to the
precise accuracy of this table).

Fig. 10, percentage of grasses.

Fig. 11 (duplicate of tig. 7). percentage of Legumiuos:i .

Fig. 12, percentage of " miscellaneous " plants.

Fig. 13, percentage of Ranunculacc:'-.

Fig. 14, percentage of Umbelliferse.

Fig. 15. percentage of ComoosiUc.

Fig. 16. percentage of I'lautaginacc;c.

Fig. 17, percentage of Ruuiex acetosa.

1862

1867

1872

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FORESTRY.

• ■

BELGIAN FORESTRY.

The recent excursion of the Royal English
Arboricultural Society to Belgium under the
guidance of Professor Fisher gave those
members taking part in it a splendid object-
lesson of what can be done by an energetic and
progressive Government Department of Forestry.
Belgium is a small country, only about one-eighth
the size of Great Britain, and yet she is able to
show a system of state and communal forestry
which, to say the least, is a striking contrast to
what can be found at home. Under Dutch
rule Belgian forests were said to be badly
managed — many of the state forests being either
sold outright or their timber turned into
money — but after; Belgium obtained her indepen-
dence she was not long in putting things to
rights. It was not until 1854, however, that the
Code Forestkr, by which Belgian forests are now
administered, came into existence. While allow-
ing full liberty to the private owner, it controls
the system of management adopted in all forests
belonging to public bodies, chiefly represented by
the communes, and which cover altogether about
half a million acres, or rather more than one-
third of the total area of woodland in the
country, the State forests occupying only
02,000 acres, while the private woodlands extend
to 828,000 acres, representing altogether about
17 per cent, of the total area of the country.

This forest area occupies all classes of land,
from deep good loam, which might fairly be
claimed by the agriculturist, to peat-bog, or thin
rocky land at high elevations. The greater part,
however, occupies land of little use for anything
but forestry purposes, also some really good land
that has been covered with forest from early times.

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Mountain land above the limits of tree growth
does not exist, so that the half million acres of
waste land represents rather a large proportion
of the total area. This unsatisfactory feature-
is however being recognised by the Government,
and since 1897 it has acquired and planted over
15,000 acres at a cost of £212,000.

During the last twenty years the Forest Depart-
ment has been chiefly engaged in the conversion of

182

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 2, 1905.

the large areas of coppice or coppice with
standards into high forest. In Belgium as in
England, ordinary coppice is no longer a pajing
crop, and an attempt is made either to replace the
coppice with timber trees altogether, or to increase
the proportion of Oak standards and the length
of the coppice rotations generally, so as to
obtain produce which will furnish pit-wood, if
nothing larger.

In the communal forests the coppice with
standard system is still favoured to a great extent,
as it allows returns to be made at short intervals
and according to the requirements of the
communes for money. Exceptional expenditure,
such as the building of a church, the laying down
of a new water-supply or drainage system, or
other work of that nature, is met by making a
heavier fall of timber in the communal woods ;
and the great advantage of such a system to the
present generation is obvious. The Mayor of the
village of Poix, visited by the Society, is also the
head woodman of the commune, and what better
custodian of the woods and the villagers'
interests combined could possibly be found ?

The principal high forest crops are Beech
(either with or without Oak), Spruce, and
Scotch Pine. In the Ardennes large areas of
pure coppice exist, and here and there may
be seen the combination of agriculture and
forestry, which is known as sartage, and which
consists in sowing Eye or other cereals between
the shoots of the underwood after each cutting of
the latter, but the labour involved can hardly
make the system profitable. The Conifers are
usually grown on short rotations of thirty to
forty years, being used chiefly for pitwood, pulp,
&c. Beech and Oak form the bulk of the heavy
timber, the former being particularly fine at
moderate elevations, while Spruce does well on
the higher ground. Scotch Pine rarely succeeds
after the fiftieth year in the Ardennes, and
so far as was seen its chief function seemed
to be the reclamation of the worst
classes of land, rendering them fit for
Beech or other hard-wood crops. Of exotic trees,
Weymouth Pine gives great promise of becoming
useful, and succeeds well on the highest ground,
it being evidently less affected by wind than is
the case in England. For wind-breaks Picea alba
and rubra, Pinus Cembra, &c, are used. A striking
feature throughout the country was the extensive
planting of roadside trees, chiefly "Wych Elms,
which has been carried out by the Department
of Eoads and Bridges during the last fifty years.
Railway embankments were also largely planted
with Cobbett's friend, the Locust - tree, but
appeared to be chiefly treated as coppice.

The growth of all species proved clearly that
Belgium has a better climate for timber-growing
than has the greater part of England, probably
due to its geographical position. Wind is said to
be troublesome, but is evidently not of that per-
sistent nature which affects tree growth so much
with us.

Ground game in the shape of rabbits was not
plentiful, although the foresters complained of
the damage they did, as in duty bound. But in
some of the State forests, deer do a good deal of
damage, so that England is not the only country
in which forestry is handicapped by game, as we
are apt to think at times. A. C. Forbes.
(To be continued.)

Tfie Week's Work.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F. Jordan, Gardener to Dr. Corbet, Impney Hall
Gardens. Droitwich.

Cucumbers. — A sowing of some approved variety,
such as a good strain of Telegraph, which is still
difficult to surpass, should be made at the present
time. Another sowing should be made about
the middle of September to obtain plants for
furnishing fruits during the winter months, and
as these plants will have a long period of growth
the old material from the hotbeds should be
entirely cleared out and the pits thoroughly
cleansed of woodlice and other insects. Have
young healthy plants in readiness for planting
when the beds are prepared. Do not use a
large quantity of soil for planting, but rather
give light top-dressings of a suitable compost at
short intervals afterwards as the roots appear on
the surface. Encourage the plants to make sturdy
growth by giving free ventilation on all favourable
occasions. Plants growing in pits and frames
must have the old growths and decayed leaves
removed and should be encouraged to develop
young growths. Ventilate the structure early on
bright mornings, closing the same early in the
afternoon with sun-heat and plenty of atmo-
spheric moisture present. Apply top-dressings of
rich soil, also liquid-manure, to plants that are
showing signs of exhaustion, and place fresh
linings of litter to the frames in order to maintain
a suitable degree of bottom-heat.

Tomatos. — Plants required for winter fruiting
should be potted into 8-inch pots as soon as they
require a shift and be stood out in the open, unless
the weather is wet and unsettled, when they
should be placed in a cool pit, given plenty of
room, and full ventilation. Exercise much care
in watering the plants. A mixture of good fibrous
loam, lime rubble, and burnt ash, with a sprinkling
of bone-meal, forms a suitable compost. Pinch
out all side laterals as they appear, and have the
plants neatly staked.

Cherries. — The foliage on trees in pots must be
kept clean by freely syringing with clear water.
The plants require to be well supplied with water.
Late varieties that are planted out, and which have
been kept on the dry side should receive liberal
supplies of liquid manure or clear water as soon
as the fruit is gathered, and the foliage thoroughly
cleansed of insects by some suitable insecticide.

Plums. — Fruits of early varieties have been
gathered by now, but trees of midseason and
choice late varieties will still be yielding an
invaluable supply now that fruit is scarce. The
trees require liberal ventilation, and careful atten-
tion to watering, using clear water only on those
trees whose fruits are ripe or ripening. Syringe
and damp all available spaces in the house without
wetting the fruits.

Report on the Trivandrum Museum. —
We have received the Eeport on the Trivandrum
Museum and Public Gardens for 1903 — i. The
want of an efficient water supply is found a great
disadvantage. Various fishes and birds were
obtained for the collections. Much work was
•done in the public gardens in spite of the lack of
water, and there is a good record of plants that
flowered, and of various species that were newly
introduced into tie grounds.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bullock, Gardener to E. J. Wythes, Esq.,
Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Cleansing of Structures. — It is very necessary to
periodically cleanse all structures in which plants
are cultivated at this season of the year, and before
housing the plants grown out-of-doors during the
summer months advantage should be taken of
the opportunity afforded to have this work
done thoroughly. Heated houses in particular
must not be neglected in this respect. In the
first instance thoroughly scrub all the woodwork
with hot water and soft or carbolic soap. In
cases where it is practicable to syringe the walls
and woodwork of structures with paraffin and
soapy water without fear of causing injury to the
plants, let this be done, and afterwards whiten
the walls with lime-wash to which a little paraffin
has been added. Attention to these matters will
amply repay for the trouble involved.

Stephanotis. — These plants will now have com-
pleted their growth, and therefore, if they are
cultivated as specimens in pots, remove them to
cooler quarters and lessen the supply of water
afforded to the roots. Full exposure to the sun's
rays is very necessary to ripen the growths
thoroughly, and if this be done it will be sure to
cause them to bloom freely.

Bougainvilleas. — If any Bougainvillea is planted
out ia a conservatory or similar structure, let

watering at the roots be gradually reduced to
encourage resting, but this must not be done
suddenly otherwise the plants will suffer a severe
check. Admit more air where practicable ;
this will also tend to induce resting. Plants
in pots should be removed to a cool, freely
ventilated house, and treated similarly to those
planted out in resjject to the supply of water.

Tuberoses. — Little difficulty need be experienced
in perfectly cultivating these sweet - scented
flowering plants, but failure sometimes results
from making a wrong start, and from employing
too much heat in the early stages of growth. Let
the bulbs be potted moderately firm in a compost
of loam, leaf-soil, and silver-sand, used in equal
proportions. This compost should be in a suffi-
ciently moist condition that no further water will
ba needed until the bulbs commence to make
roots. Place the pots containing the bulbs in a
frame on a cool base composed of ashes, where
they may remain until growth commences. The
plants should then be removed to warmer
quarters. At no time should very hard forcing
be employed. If a succession of flowers is re-
quired, let batches of bulbs be potted at suitable
intervals proportionate with the requirements of
the garden.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H. Youno, Orchid Grower to Sir Frederick
Wioan, Bart., Clare Lawn. East Sheen. S.W.

Olontoglossum crispum. — A very suitable rooting
medium for this plant and for most of the hybrids
from this species is a compost of peat two-fifths,
sphagnum-moss two-fifths, and good Oak leaves
one-fifth, adding some silver-sand and crushed
charcoal during the mixing of the ingredients
together. The peat employed need not be
deprived of all the fine particles, neither need
many of the Fern-rhizomes be removed. The
Oak-leaves should be in a moderately dry condi-
tion, not much decayed, for the tougher they are
the better ■ but remove all sticks and other unde-
sirable matter. Let such a mixture be prepared
at the present time, Fern-rhizomes be dried and
got ready for drainage material, and sphagnum-
moss be chopped for surfacing the plants.

When to Pot the Plants.— The fact that Orchid
roots when taken from their surrounding mate-
rials and put into fresh compost seldom thrive
afterwards, should be remembered when con-
sidering the needs of a plant. So long as a plant
has sufficient room to develop, and appears to be
in a satisfactory condition, a renewal of the sur-
face materials just prior to the plant's making new
roots should suffice. Plants that have reached
the sides of their receptacles, or whose rooting
medium is unsatisfactory, should be repotted
when the new growths have become an inch or
two in length.

How to Pot. — Carefully turn out the plant and
pick away a large portion of the old material,
cutting off dead roots and all leafless pseudo-
bulbs. The size of pot that is necessary should
be determined by the character, condition and
habit of the individual plant, always restricting
the size for delicate subjects and treating
vigorous specimens more liberally. If Fern
rhizomes are used for the drainage material the
receptacle may be made about one-third full,
pressing the rhizomes in moderately firm, and if
crocks are used a similar quantity will be suitable.
The plant should be held in such a position that
the base of the new growths is on a level with
the rim of the pot, then fill in around with the
mixture to within about an inch of the rim,
pressing it firmly but not hard, and trying in the
process to bring the loose roots as near to the
sides and surface as possible without injuring the
points. The remaining space to nearly the rim
should be filled in with the chopped sphagnum-
moss, used in a moderately dry condition so that it
cannot be made hard. If good peat is plentiful
I should prefer to finish off the surface with peat
and sphagnum-moss in the old-fashioned way.

Subsequent Treatment. — Assuming that the
plants are in a well-regulated house; their treat-
ment during the present month and October will
be very simple. In an amateur's collection the
potting of the plants will extend over a consider-
able period, and therefore general and systematic
treatment cannot be afforded the whole. Those
that are only resurfaced will need more liberal

Septoibep, 2, 1905.]

THE CARD ENER S ' CHE ON I CLE,

183

applications of water than those which are re-
potted, but in neither case should much be
given until new root3 have entered the fresh
materials. If the weather be favourable to
the use of the sprayer, sufficient moisture
may be afforded by this means. The sur-
face-moss may appear dry, but immediately
beneath it will almost sure to remain moist
for a long time after being placed there.
Tree ventilation, especially at night, should be
employed until the end of September, when-
ever the temperature out-of-doors is favour-
able. Shade the plants from direct sunshine, but
do not allow the blinds to remain down longer
than is essential.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. II Clabke, Gardener to Sir William Plowden,
Aston Rowant House, Oxon.
Plum trees. — Aphides have been vei-y numerous
this season and trees that were cleansed previous
to ripening their fruits have probably become
infested again during the time when syringing
was necessarily suspended. Therefore as soon as
the fruit has been gathered from a tree, let
the points of badly attacked shoots be removed,
and then cleanse the tree with Quassia-extract if
it is necessary. Varieties that will ripen later
may be treated similarly. Supply such late
varieties with sufficient nutriment to enable them
to perfect first-class fruits. In the gathering of
Plums let the fruits be handled very carefully so
as not to destroy the "bloom," which is very
attractive. Choice dessert Plums should not be
gathered until they are quite ripe.

Peaches and Nectarines. — Examine the trees
daily and gather all ripening fruits. A " dead
ripe " Peach is worthless, but some varieties of
Nectarines.as forinstance Humboldt, areimproved
by over-ripeness and slight shrivelling. Imme-
diately a tree has been cleared of its fruits cut
out all the wood that will not be required for
fruiting next season. The remaining shoots may
then be lightly tied or nailed in, and the trees
cleansed. Expose all late fruits to the sun and
air by the removal of foliage, and if necessary a
shoot. Trim in lateral growths, excepting where
a strong shoot was stopped some time ago ; the
lateral growths from this may be advantageously
tied in and are preferable to coarse and sappy
shoots.

Planting of Fruit Trees. — Where it is proposed
to extend the planting of fruit trees, a careful
note should be made of the best varieties to plant
in the particular district. This question needs
close attention, as some varieties thrive and pro-
duce good crops of fruit in one locality, but
entirely die out in another. [For varieties of
Apples it will be useful to refer to the result of
the Apple census published in the Gardeners'
Chronicle, October 29 and November 5, 190-1. Ed.1

THE KITCHEN GARDEN",

By W. Fyfe, Gardener to Lady Wantage, Locklnge
Park, Wantage.
Tomatos. — Plants that are now ripening their
fruits upon outside walls will be benefited if
some spare lights be placed over them and made
secure to the wall, so that wind will not displace
them. As the temperature at night may now be
expected to become gradually colder, the pro-
vision of a glass protection will cause the fruits
to mature more quickly than they would other-
wise do. Plants intended for fruiting in winter,
but which have not yet been put into the
final pots, should now receive attention. Ute
for this purpose soil that is of a light nature
and only moderately rich. So long as the
weather continues to be mild these plants will
make most satisfactory progress if cultivated out-
of-doors. Turn the pots on to their sides during
heavy rains until the plants have rooted well
into the fresh soil. Pots measuring 7 or 8 inches
in diameter will be sufficiently large for winter-
fruiting plants.

Onions. — If the tops of large specimen bulbs
are still green and in a growing condition, bend
them over to cause the bulbs to mature, but do
not break them. It may be necessary in the
event of the bulbs splitting to twist or partly
raise the bulb. If seeds of winter varieties have
not been already sown, as advised in a former
Calendar, let the work be done without delay.

Lettuce. — In order to have plants that will
stand through the winter, several sowings should
be made during September on porous soil. If
the plants are not too large they may pass
through a very severe winter upon a deep, rich,
sandy loam, when on cold clay or soil which is not
sufficiently drained they would be likely to perish.
Ground which has been trenched recently, pro-
vided the surface is well prepared by forking or
digging, so that heavy rains may pass freely
away, would be suitable. Allow plenty of space
between all Lettuce plants, as this is more
important now even than it was earlier in the
season. Suitable varieties are Brown or Bath
Cos, Hick's Hardy White, and Cabbage Lettuce
Stanstead Park, an old and valuable variety for
this purpose, which last spring I saw in a
condition not easily surpassed for early spring use.

Vegetable Marrow plants will continue in a
fruitful condition until cut down by frost. Do
not allow the fruits to get very large before
being cut from the plant, or fewer fruits will
afterwards be produced, and the flavour of the
large fruits will be poor.

French Beans are generally in request, and
although they are plentiful at present in the
open garden, in order to maintain a supply it is
necessary to sow seeds in pots at the present
time, using light, rich soil. Let the pots stand
in the open-air until the appearance of frost.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. A. Milleb, Gardener to Lord Henby C.
Bentinck, M.P., UnderleyHall, Westmoreland.

Propagatu n of Roses by Cuttings. — This work
should be commenced by the middle of the
present month. The strongest and hardiest of
H.P.'s and varieties of the Rambler type, &o.,
succeed very well by this method. Insert the
cuttings in light soil on a well-drained border
facing to the west or east. Obtain the cuttings
from plants that require a little thinning. Make
the cuttings 9 to 12 inches long, and let each have
a "heel" of last season's wood attached to it.
lake out a trench, and insert the cuttings
two-thirds of their length in the ground at
G inches apart. Sprinkle sand round the base,
add a little soil, and then make the ground firm
by treading. Afterwards dig 15 inches more
soil, stretch the line, and insert another row of
cuttings. Cuttings of free- growing H.T. varieties
should be inserted round the sides of 6-inch pots,
using a sandy compost. Place them in a frame
over a mild hot-bed. When rooted they can be
wintered in a cool frame. If potted-on next
spring they will make good plants to put out in
early summer.

Propagation of Shrubs. — The propagation of
various shrubs may now be commenced. Choose
a border that is protected from searching winds,
and having loosened the soil, pnt about G inches
of sandy compost on the surface, and cover with
a frame. Obtain cuttings 4 to 6 inches long from
the half-ripened tips of branches. Make a clean
cut at a joint, and remove an inch or two of the
bottom foliage ; insert nearly half the cutting
and make the soil firm about it ; water tho-
roughly and shade from hot sunshine. A con-
siderable measure of success may be secured
from the undermentioned shrubs : — Cephalotaxus,
Cupressus, Cryptomeria elegans, Cerasus, Garrya
elliptica, Juniperus, Ligustrums, Hederas, Ilex,
Retinosporas, Thuyas, Thuiopsis, Taxus, Os-
raanthus ilicifolius, &c. The following can also
be inserted in pots and placed on a slight bottom,
heat :— Buddleia variabilis Veitchianus, Cea-
nothus of sorts, C'hoisya ternata, Euonymus-
Eurya, Schizophragma hydrangeoides, and
others.

THE APIARY.

By Chlobis.
How to commence Bee-keeping in Autumn. — Many
of those who keep bees in straw skeps will be
preparing to take the honey, first destroying the
bees over sulphur fumes. If anyone wishes to
obtain bees cheaply he may do so now. Find out
someone who is desiring to take his honey, and
then offer to drive the bees; he will generally be
glad for you to do so.

The Accessories necessary for the Task. — Purchase
a good smoker, by that I mean one with a good
fuel chamber ; this will cost about four to six shil-
lings. Buy a piece of coarse black net about
1 yard long and 18 to 2 1 inches wide ; fasten the
ends, hem the top, and put in a piece of elastic
long enough to fit the crown of a hat tightly.
Draw this down to the rim of the hat and tuck
the free side into the coat. This enables you to
do the work with confidence, for then you cannot
be stung about the face. Some purchase a pair
of rubber gloves and a pair of gauntlets, but these
only make one clumsy in handling bees, and often
the insects become so infuriated that the mani-
pulator is driven out of the apiary. A skep will
be necessary to receive the bees, an iron skewer to
act as a hinge, and a pair of driving irons, which
a blacksmith would make for a few pence.

Driving the Bees. — Choose a fine warm evening:
fill the smoker with some lighted brown-paper,
corduroy, rotten wood, or rags, anything that will
smoulder well and create a good quantity of smoke.
Give the bees to be opsrated on a good puff
through the entrance ; this drives them to the
honey, where they will gorge themselves as
Nature dictates, in order to have sufficient material
to convert into wax should they be removed to
a home without comb. Whilst the bees are so
engaged place an empty bucket in an open space

Fig. 67.— the driving or dees.
{See ' \ ' text.)

some distance from the stand ready to receive-
the skep of bees when the stock have sufficiently
gorged themselves, which will take two or three
minutes. Give them another puff through the
entrance to the skep, overturn the colony, and at
once blow smoke over the combs to drive down
the bees, which is the key to successful driving.
Take the upturned bive and place it in the
bucket ; over the colony put the empty skep,
and make it secure on one side with the iron
skewer, raise the opposite side, and keep the
top hive raised by means of the driving - irons.
The illustration at fig. G7 will explain the opera-
tion : — A is the position for the operator with his
back to the strong light ; b, the skep containing
the bees to be driven and the combs running from
the operator ; c, the empty skep to receive them ;
d, the iron skewer acting as a hinge; e e, the
driving irons in position ; f, the empty bucket,
acting as a stand for the stock ; and a is a
driving iron with the dimensions marked.

Blow to Drive. — Tap the Eides of b gently, and
in a few minutes the bees will commence to
ascend to the upper skep c. In about twenty to
thirty minutes all the bees will have left b. Take
off the irons and release the skewer d, overturn c
and drop the bees into some receptacle, such as a
bag of loose texture which will admit air. Drive
others in the same manner and mix the lot.
When home is reached, turn the bees out by
shaking them on the frames containing full
sheets of foundation and drive down with smoke.
This done, cover up warmly with quilts and feed
the bees with syrup.

184

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 2, 1905.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens and plants
for naming, should be addressed to the EDITOR,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London.

Communications should be written on one bide only of
the paper, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not bs
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.
Special Notice to Correspondents.— The Editor does n(t
undertake to pay for any contributions or illustrations, or
to return unused communications or illustrations, unless by
special arrangement. The Editor does not hold himself re-
sponsible for any opinions expressed by his correspondents.

APPOINTMENTS for SEPTEMBER.

■UTtiRnAV fltpr „(Societc Franchise d'Horticul-
SAI UKDAY, SEPT. 2-^ tur(, d(J LoQdres meet

(York Dahlia Show.
WFnN?inAY sfw J Glasgow and West of Scotland
-WEDNJ!.bDAY,bEPT. 6< Horticultural Society's Show

I (2 days).

(■National Dahlia Society's Show
THURSDAY, Sept. 7<! «a.4 Postal Palace (2 days)

Paisley Horticultural Society's
Exhibition (2 days).

TTTF^mv m-pT to J Royal Horticultural Society's
TUESDAY, sept. 12} committees meet.

1 Royal Caledonian Horticultural
WEDNESDAY.Sept.IS-J Society's International Exhi-
( bition at Edinburgh (2 days).

Trnrtjniv sitpt ia f London Dahlia Union's Exhi-

1UH.SDAY, SEPT. IV ^ bition at Earl-S Court (3 days)

/Royal Horticultural Society's
Committees meet ; National
Rose Society's Autumn Show
TUESDAY, Sept. 26-( (2 days) : and National Dahlia
Society's Committee meet in
Royal Horticultural Hall,
Vincent Square, Westminster.

FRIDAY, SErT. 29— Michaelmas, Quarter Day.

BALES FOR THE WEEK.

MONDAY, Sept. 4-

Flowering Bulbs, and 130 cates of Lilium Harrisii,

at Stevens' Rooms, King Street, Covent Garden.
WEDNESDAY, SEPT. 6—

Flowering Bulbs, at Stevens' Rooms.
For particulars of Messrs. PnniHEnoE & Mokris' Trade

Sales, see pp. ii. and iii. of our Advertisement

columns.

Average Tempebatuhe for the ensuing week, deduced
from observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
-59'4'.
Actual Temperatures :—

London.— Wednesday, Aug. 30 (8 p.m.): Max. CO":
Min. 53°.
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, London.— Thursday, Aug. 31
(10 A.M.): Bar., 30'2; Temp.. co°. Weather—
Overcast, with occasional sunshine.
Provinces.— Wednesday, Aug. 30 (« p.m.): Max. 60°,
England, S. ; Min. 54°, Scotland, E.

In a communication to the
Pests"3 ^ati°nal Horticultural Society
of France on July 27 last, M.
Mangin, one of the Professors at the
Museum at Paris, dealt with the subject of
the moulds and mildews which attack
plants under glass, and especially with the
remedial measures to be adopted. Speaking
generally these may be divided into two
categories.

The first is that by which immunity from the
attacks of certain diseases is secured, just
as animals are inoculated to protect them
from various contagious maladies. In this
direction little or no progress has yet been
made, and so far the experiments are but
tentative.

The second means is the adoption of some
method of sterilisation, which prevents the
pest from developing upon the plants.
Sterilisation can be effected in two ways.
First, by heat, which has long been practised,
having been advocated by Mgr. du Bellay
in the sixteenth century. In America
steam is employed on a large scale for this
purpose. The vapour is made to circulate

through a network of copper pipes pierced
with holes and laid a few inches below the
ground. The steam is formed by a generator,
and is at a temperature of 90° to 1003 C.
(200° to 212° F.) when it comes into contact
with the earth. The results obtained from
the use of steam are excellent, numbers of
eel-worms, mites, wire-worms, fungi, &c,
being thus destroyed. Unfortunately the
process is costly, working out at 1 franc
70 cents (about Is. 6d.) per square metre
(a yard and a third), and only reduced
to 75 cents (or 7</.) however economically

FIG. 68 — BOLBOPHTLI.UM LOBBII COLOSSEUM,

Showing the hinged lip in two positions, as described
in the text.

(See also Supplementary Ittutl ration.)

managed. The great expense of sterilisation
by steam renders it available only for very
valuable crops, but as these are frequent in
horticulture, there should be no hesitation
about adopting the method in any case where
the soil is so affected that it is impossible to
grow the necessary plants upon it.

Sterilisation may also be effected by the
use of antiseptics : salts of copper, naphthol,
lysol, &c. These present certain difficulties.
Salts of copper are very efficacious, but
leave visible traces of their use. Further,
long and patient observation is necessary to
ascertain the exact dose necessary to kill
the parasite without injuring the host-plant.

Naphthol does not stain the plants nor
change their colours ; it can also be used on
food-plants without the risk of injury to
men and animals who may eat the portions
treated.

But there are always indispensable pre-
cautions to be taken when protecting plants

from diseases, and among the chief of these
is the antiseptic cleansing of all tools and
appliances,such as stages, bell-glasses, frames,
etc. It is necessary to wash these articles
in some antiseptic, as, for instance, a one-
percent. solution of sulphate of copper.

Other remedial measures, such as vapori-
sation with sulphur, nicotin, and cyanogen
gas, are not mentioned by M. Mangin.

Bulbophyllum [Bolbophyllum] Lobbii
COLOSSEUM. — Our Supplementary Illustration
gives a representation of the fine specimen of this
remarkable Orchid, which was exhibited by
Walter Cobb, Esq., of Tunbridge Wells, at the
Royal Horticultural Society's show held in the
grounds of Chelsea Military Hospital, on July 11,
and for which an Award of Merit and a Cultural
Commendation were accorded. The original
form was described by Dr. Lindlby in
the Gardeners' Chronicle, 1847, p. 423, and
the variety colosseum was first shown from
the Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin, on
July 23, 1895. In colour the variety resembles
the original type, but the flowers are much
larger. They are of buff-yellow, faintly marked
with purple, and have the odour of freshly-cut
Cucumbers. The specimen illustrated plainly
indicates that species reproachfully denominated
" botanical," when grown into fine specimens,
may be as effective as showier species. B.
Lobbii is a native of Java, and requires to be
grown in a warm-house. The hinged lip is
peculiar, and becomes especially interesting when
a fly having alighted on this part it is suddenly
tilted over with its head against the column.

The National Dahlia Society's annual
show will be held on Thursday and Friday next
at the Crystal Palace. The Secretary, Mr. H. L.
Brousson, informs us that there will be flowers
from a number of new exhibitors, and that an
exceedingly good display is anticipated.

LEO ERRERA. — Belgian botany, which has so
greatly suffered during the last five years in the
loss of some of its most eminent members, has to
mourn the sudden death of Dr. Liio Errera, as
we announced on p. 118. Leo Errera was a bril-
liant Professor of Botany at the Free University
of Brussels, who did honour to Belgian science.
Possessed of a noble character and adequate
means, he was not only a botanist, but a philo-
sopher and a philanthropist. On the day of his
death (which was August 2) he was seen in
Brussels, active, spirited, and full of life. After
the evening meal he complained of headache, and,
following his mother's advice, he went for a walk
in the park, where a short time afterwards his
body was found in one of the main paths.
The death occurred at his residence at Vivier
d'Oye, at Uccle, near Brussels. Leo Errera
early acquired a prominent reputation in the
scientific world by works not only in the
botanical domain, but also in other branches
of physiology and pure science. Since boyhood
science had been his passion. To it he devoted
his life with faith and zeal. He was an excel-
lent professor, explaining his subject with clear-
ness of method and incomparable elocution. He
never lost an occasion to propagate any useful
ideas, by lessons, lectures, in evening schools and
in universities, &c. The list of his publications
is considerable, and shows the variety and extent
of his work. These publications are models of
scientific diction. Crepin was his first master in
botany. Errera had for him a deep and affec-
tionate admiration, and was working with zeal
at his biography for the Belgian Academy of
Science at the time of his death. At the recent
Vienna International Congress of Botany Leo
Errera was designated as one of the Chairmen

Supplement to the " Gardeners' Chronicle."

A Fine Plant of Bolbophyllum Lobbii colosseuu, exhibited by W. Cobb, Eso., at the
Chelsea. Show of the Royal Horticultural Society.

Bradbury, Agnew & Co., Ld., Printers, London and Tonbridge.

September 2, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

185

of the next Congress to be held in Brussels in
1910. He was a remarkable linguist, and at
Vienna surprised the assembled botanists by dis-
courses delivered with equal facility in several
languages. Leo Errera was a member of the
Belgian Eoyal Academy of Sciences and Director
of the Institute of Botany. He was 40 years of
age. L. Q.

The Shrewsbury Show.— In our report of
the Shropshire Horticultural Society's show, we
■stated in our last issue that the exhibition was
'bigger and better than any previous one. and we now
learn that the financial result constituted a record.
The receipts on the first day of the show amounted
to £813 7s. id., as compared with £405 5s. 9d.
iast year, and on the second day to £2,229 18s. 3d.,
as against £2,025 last year, making a total for the
two days of £3,043 5s. Id. The largest sum
taken at any previous show was £2,923 Is. 3d. in
the year 1902, therefore the receipts this year are
£120 4s. id. to the good. It is interesting to record
that in order to convey the vast numbers of people
to the town, seventy special trains ran to Shrews-
bury in the two days, and fortunately there was
no accident. There were 355 bunches of Grapes
.shown, 72 of which were staged in the Champion
Grape class. On p. 178 will be found an illustra-
tion of Lord Harrington's 1st prize exhibit in
the class for sixteen dishes of fruit, prepared
from a photograph kindly sent us by Mr. Walter
W. Nadnton, one of the honorary secretaries.
Mr. W. A. Watts, St. Asaph, N. Wales, writes
tis to the effect that although he disposes of his
surplus Carnation layers, he does not deal gener-
ally in nursery plants, and his exhibit of Carna-
tions was a honorary one, for which ho was
Awarded a Silver Medal. The firm described as
Messrs. B. Dobbs & Co., Wolverhampton, in
our report of the Medals awarded, should have
■been Tom B. Dobbs & Co.

The Late Richard Dean.— The funeral of
the late Mr. Dean took place on Saturday after-
noon last in Ealing Cemetery, when a large
number of horticulturists and others paid their
last tribute of respect to his memory. It is
■somewhat difficult to estimate the number that
"was in the cemetery, but about fifty well-known
horticulturists, including those principally con-
nected with the management of the National
•Chrysanthemum Society, were present, besides
■very many local people. Letters of sympathy
also were received from upwards of forty who
were unable to be present. No fewer than twenty -
■eight floral wreaths, crosses, anchors, or
baskets were sent, including one of great
•size composed of Chrysanthemums, and sent
T>y the National Chrysanthemum Society.
Some of the donors were as follows : — The
members of the National Chrysanthemum Society,
the London Dahlia Union, the West Middlesex
Building Society, the Ealing Horticultural So-
ciety; H. Can nell, Swanley ; Harry and Arthur
Turner, Slough ; William Marshall, Chairman
of the Floral Committee of the Eoyal Horticul-
tural Society ; Sutton & Sons, Heading ; James
Veitch & Sons, Ltd., Chelsea ; the Committee
and Secretary of the Corn Exchange Chrysan-
themum Society ; Mr. A. B. Wadds, The Gardens,
Paddoekshurst, Crawley; Mr. and Mrs. Howe,
Streatham ; and E. F. Such, Maidenhead. Mr.
Alexander Dean, brother of the deceased,
brought small posies of flowers to be thrown
on to the coffin. The grave was lined with
-evergreens supplied by Mr. H. J. Howells,
Superintendent of the Ealing Cemetery, and
flowers supplied by several horticultural friends.
Mr. ^Bevan supplied some white Chrysanthe-
mums, which were employed next day to de-
•corate the grave, a fitting tribute from the
National Chrysanthemum Society's Committee.
"Mr. A. Dean writes: — "Permit me the use of
your columns to tender on behalf of my brother's

widow, his children, and myself, our sincere
thanks to all those warm-hearted friends who
sent letters of sympathy and flowers, or who
attended at the graveside and saw him whom
they had so well known and esteemed in life laid
in his last resting-place. They came from far and
near, many perhaps meeting on that spot after long
separations, but all came for one object, to pay
their respect for the last time to one who had
known them all, but whose face they will never
look upon again. My brother was not only an
horticulturist, he was active in many other
directions. To few men has it been given to
live busier lives. He has left a void that cannot
readily be filled."

National Chrysanthemum Society.— On
Tuesday evening last the Executive Committee
met at Carr's Restaurant, Strand, Mr. Thomas
Bevan presiding. The Chairman, pointing out
the sad circumstances under which they assem-
bled, alluded in feeling terms to the late Mr.
Richard Dean's illness, and moved a vote of
condolence with the family, which Mr. Witty
seconded. It was then stated that the officers
had met together to consider what was best to be
done at the present juncture, and they recom-
mended that Mr. Gerald Dean be appointed in
his late father's place as Secretary pro tern. To
this the Committee assented unanimously. It was
also resolved that a Sub-Committee, consisting of
the Officers and three members of the Committee,
be appointed to consider and report as to the
appointment of a new Secretary, his salary and
duties. A Sub- Committee, consisting of the
Officers and several members of the Committee,
was elected to carry out the superintendence of
the three shows to be held at the Crystal Palace
during the forthcoming season.

1MPATIENS HOLSTll.— This showy species, of
which an illustration was published on p. 14, has
been exhibited several times as pot plants, and
much admired. At the Royal Horticultural
Society's meeting on Tuesday last Sir Trevor
Lawrence (gr., Mr. Bain) exhibited a very large
plant, as it had been lifted from the open ground
and placed in a pot. Judging from this speci-
men, the species will make a first-rate bedding
plant, for it was covered with its bright scarlet
flowers, and appeared to be unaffected by the
process of lifting.

PRESENTATION TO MR. HENRY ECKFORD.—

Mr. Eckford being a native of Edinburgh, it
was generally thought that no more fitting
occasion than the period of the great International
Show could be chosen for presenting him with
some silver and an illuminated address which
have been subscribed to by upwards of 200
admirers. On behalf of the Testimonial Com-
mittee Mr. P. Murray Thomson, S.S.C., Secre-
tary of the Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society,
has very kindly made arrangements for the presen-
tation to be made in The Hall, 5, St. Andrews
Square, Edinburgh, on Thursday, September 14,
at 3 p.m. Mr. Percy Waterer, President of the
National Sweet Pea Society, will take the chair. It
is hoped that all the friends of Mr. Eckford who
possibly can will be present. The subscription
list, writes Mr. Horace J. Wright, Dault Road,
Wandsworth, London, must be closed very
shortly. The amount received up to Saturday,
August 26, was £54 8s. 9d.

Grenada (W. I.) Ferns.— Mrs. Broadway,
the wife of the ex-curator of the Botanic Gardens,
supplies named specimens of the Ferns of the
island for albums or herbaria. Application should
be made to Mrs. Broadway, The Bower, St.
George's, Grenada, W.I.

Irish Gardeners and Evesham Market
Gardens. — The Board of Agriculture for Ire-
land, being anxious that no opportunity should be

lost of improving the productiveness of the land
of that island, are training instructors who will
ba placed in different districts. Sj that the
knowledge of the instructors shall be as wide as
possible, annual trip3 ara taken to various parts
of the kingdom, and this year the Vale of
Evesham has been visited. The party was under
the control of Mr. F. W. Moore, Curator of the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin, and
consisted of eight instructors and eight pupils.
They have been cordially received by the Eve-
sham gardeners, who took considerable trouble
to explain their methods. The Evesham men
were impressed with the evident anxiety on
the part of the visitors to learn all they could
and their appreciation of what was done for
them. The days were spent in wandering
through the gardens and fruit plantations,
and the impre33ions of the visitors are very
interesting. In the first place they have observed
the amount of individual effort which is made in
experimenting. In Ireland, except, perhaps, in
County Armagh, all this work would be done for
them by the Department. Another point is the
close manner in which every inch of land is
utilised ; nothing is taken up with big fences,
and the extraordinary way in which catch crops
are utilised so that the land shall never be
idle very much impressed them. One or two
doubted the wisdom of planting Beet between
rows of young Strawberries, but it was pointed
out that this not only did not harm the Straw-
berries but ensured that the land was kept clean.
The readiness of one gardener to supply another
with a particular variety of seed which had been
found to answer in the district very favourably
impressed the visitors. They considered the
land to be in a very clean condition ; but it was
pointed out to them that in this respect the
district is not now at its best ; weeds have been
growing very fast recently, and all the labour
is required to harvest the Plums, although these
are thin enough in some places. They were
delighted, too, with the appearance of the fruit
trees ; the bark and foliage alike is so clean and
healthy-looking that it was evident to them that
spraying is extensively and regularly practised.
Perhaps that is so in the plantations where the
visitors have been, but there are others where
much has yet to be learnt on this question. They
also approved of the system of pruning adopted in
the Vale, but were of opinion that their own plan
of cutting more into the centre of the Apple trees
is beneficial. The absolute absence of farmyard
manure caused them great surprise. Everywhere
in Ireland a heap of this manure would be seen,
but it was explained that not only is it impos-
sible to obtain the manure at Evesham in
sufficient quantities, but experience has taught
the growers that artificial manures are so
suitable for particular crops and soils that
the absence of farmyard manure is not felt
at all. The visitors were astounded at the
extent to which Tomato3, Cucumbers and
Vegetable Marrows are grown in the open fields
round Evesham. This would be quite impos-
sible, they say, in Ireland, as the atmosphere is
too humid and there is not sufficient summer
sun. The local markets have been visited, and
the Irishmen were struck with the celerity with
which the large number of lots were disposed of,
and with the general air of activity and bustle
which prevailed. The prices obtained rather
disappointed them after those ruling at Dublin,
but it was explained that probably the produce had
to pass through two or three more hands before it
reached the retailer, and everybody wanted his
share of the profit, In addition to local gardens
a large nursery at Worcester has been inspected.
Maresfield has been visited, and also the large
fruit plantations at Toddington. The visitors
remained at Evesham for a week, and spent
an enjoyable and, it is hoped, a beneficial visit.

186

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[SeI'TEJIBEr 2, 1305,

TheGrowth of PlantswithoutCarbonic
Dioxide. — W. Lefkvke has recently contributed
a paper to the Academic des Sciences upon the
development of plants exposed to light, but
entirely deprived of carbonic dioxide in an
artificial soil containing amides [crystallizable
substances allied to ammonia but containing less
■water]. He begins by observing that the carbonic
acid of the atmosphere is not the only source
whence green plants may derive their carbon. By
a series of experiments, M. Lefevke proved that
in soil containing a suitable quantity of amides
green plants could be developed though deprived
entirely of carbonic acid gas. The plants in-
creased to five or even ten times their height,
multiplied their leaves, and the tissues were
formed normally. When both carbonic acid and
amides were absent the growth was arrested.
Therefore growth under a glass in soil containing
amides is effected by a process of nutrition.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.-From the Lancashire
Education Committee, Agricultural Department :
Scheme of Agricultural Education, to be carried out
in various farms and schools throughout the
county during session 1905— 6. — The Journal of the
Board of Agriculture, August : Principal contents—
Effect of Blue-stone aDd Formalin on Germination,
Diseased "Evergood' Potatos, Blackleg in Potato?,
Prevention of the Cabbage Flea, Bacterial Disease oE
Tomatos, Preventing the Decay of Ripe Fruit, larch
Canker (Dasyscypha calycinai.— Report on Rubber in the
Gold r,,ad. by W. Ff. Johnson. Director of Agriculture.
MaDy efforts are made to irduce native chiefs to plant
rubber trees, but much instruction is still necessary if
this industry is to be fully developed. Hevea brasil-
iensis, the Para rubber tree, appears to yield the best
results when given a fair chance. Careless tapping
aud the tapping of immature trees have caused the
waste of much good material.— lie port of the Xmri Paetia
School of Horticulture. This bulletin, to December 31,
IS' n, is the last that will be issued, as since May in that
year the School was closed as a separate institution
and merged into the Nova Scotia Agricultural College,
established at Truro. Excellent work in spraying and
in connection with fruit-culture was done, and
Professor Sears is to be congratulated on his success.—
Ontario Agricultural College. Bulletin 1J4 : Apple
(failure, by H. L. Hutt. A useful practical pamphlet.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the
opinions expressed by his Correspondents.)
POLLARDING OF BURNHAM BEECHES.— The
article on Burnham Beeches in the Gardeners'
Chronicle for August 19 repeats the tradition that
the old trees were beheaded by Cromwell's
soldiers. The tradition goes still further, and
asserts that they were dressed up in military
costume to frighten the Royalists ; wjjile another
version has it that they served as gun-platforms
from which Windsor Castle was bombarded. In
fact, so many unlikely theories have been ad-
vanced regarding the pollarding of the Beeches
that it is worth while considering one which con-
tains some elements of probability. Some years
ago I made a careful examination of a few
limbs blown off in a gale, and! from the
rings at the butt - end found that about
200 years had elapsed since the last • general
pollarding took place. This period would fit in
very well with the Cromwellian theory, and they
are just as likely to have been pollarded by
Cromwell's soldiers as by anyone else in want of
firewood. But to those at all acquainted with tree
growth, it is quite evident that the trees owe
their appearance not to one, but to successive
pollardings, extending over at least several
centuries. The enormous girth of the boles, to-
gether with the gnarledandfantasticappearanceof
tliebaseof thecrowns, make this perfectly clear, and
no isolated case of mutilation could prod uce the same
effect. Some other agency than that of Cromwell's
army must therefore have been at work to satisfac-
torily account for such abnormal specimens of
forest growth as are represented in this woodland,
and the following seems to be the most reasonable
explanation of it. It is a well-known fact that
the tree growth on all unenclosed land was
c refully preserved in olden times, and that rights
of cutting fuel were either restricted to certain
species or to certain methods of cutting. When
enclosures were the exception rather than the

rule, the regeneration of forest growth was a
difficult matter on land grazed by live-stock,
while the growth of coppice shoots from the
surface of the ground could only take place to a
limited extent. This gave rise to the custom of
pollarding the trees at a height above ground
which would place the growth of new shoots
above the reach of grazing animals, and thus
ensure the perpetuation of the fuel supply.
That the trees in Burnham Beeche3 were pol-
larded for any other purpose than this is ex-
tremely unlikely. The only remarkable feature
about them is the fact that they are practically
unique as regards their size and age in Europe,
so far as Beech trees are concerned. We have
abundance of Oaks, a large number of Ash, Elm,
Willow, Yew, and, in the case of Epping Forest,
Hornbeam, but it is only occasionally that one
meets with a pollarded Beech. It is quite pos-
sible that Burnliam Beeches was at one time
within the boundary of Windsor Forest, and
it is practically certain that the ground
was never enclosed, the poverty of the sur-
face soil prohibiting any form of cultivation.
Why the practice of lopping ceased about
200 years back no one seems to know, but that its
cessation occurred at a definite period , and was
not partial or gradual, is evident from the appear-
ance of the trees. There is, I believe, a rumour
that the wood supplied fuel or charcoal for
Windsor Castle, and if there is anything in it the
more general use of " sea coal " or pit coal about
that time might account for the lopping being
discontinued. Whatever the motives may have
been, however, the pollarding has produced
one of the most interesting pieces of wood-
land in the country, and the only cause
for regret is the fact that another century
or so will see the disappearance of these
old trees from wind and decay. A great
deal has been done of late years to preserve them
by bracing together the branches, but the most
certain way of preserving them would be a return
t) the old custom of pollarding, and by thus
relieving the hollow boles of the overhead weight
enable them to stand for an almost indefinite
period. How such a step would be received by
the public may well be imagined, but that it could
be done to a certain extent without interfering
with the general appearance of the wood is a fact.
A. C. Forbes.

ANNUALS. — The attention of exhibitors and
judges of annuals ought to be directed to the
definition of annuals as given by the Royal
Horticultural Society in their Rules for Judging.
Rule 160 is as follows: — "Annuals are plants
which, naturally, begin and end their growth,
and ripen seed and die within twelve months."
At the recent flower show in Shrewsbury there
were nine exhibitors in the class for twelve
annuals, several of them, including the 1st and
2nd prize winners, had among their exhibits
flowers that cannot be strictly called annuals,
such as Verbena hybrida, Scabious, Chrysanthe-
mum inodorum, and Petunia. Some gardeners to
whom I have spoken on the subject say that
these flowers and others can be grown as annuals
— i e., they can be grown from seed and flowered
the same year; but so also can Geraniums and
many perennials. I hope this matter may be
taken up, and something definitely decided upon
as a guide both to exhibitors and judges. Amateur

GERMINATION OF SEEDS.— At a recent meet-
ing of the Scientific Committee of the Royal
Horticultural Society the Rev. W. Wilts men-
tioned a curious case of long-suspended vitality
in Poppy-seeds. A clearance in the vicinity of
his garden at Shirley resulted in the sudden and
abundant appearance of single-flowered Papaver
somnifera, obviously arising from seeds lying in
soil which had lain undisturbed for at least
twenty-six years — i.e., since he had been at
Shirley, and how much longer it was impossible
to say. As no such Poppies were known in the
vicinity, the inference is unavoidable that they
originated from seed at least twenty-six years
old. Mr. Druery cited the case, reccrded some
years ago by him, of an abundant crop of
double Poppies of this species which had ap-
peared in a garden at Warton, near Carnforth,
on the heaps of soil excavated to form cellars
beneath a house there which was at least

a century old, indicating an even longer vi>-
tality. These, strange to say, were all of a
peculiar leaden-grey tint, but were very double,
while Mr. AVilks's examples are of the same colour
but single. In the Warton case the Poppies
were entirely confined to the heaps of soil
thrown out from the excavations, and were not
known in the vicinity at all. This case was
equally well evidenced as that of Mr. Wilks's, for
Mr. Druery, visiting AVarton, saw the plants in
full bloom, and ascertained the facts from the
mason employed on the building, who was an
ardent Fernist, an observant man, and could be
entirely relied upon, apart from the fact of the
confinement of the plants to the excavated soil.
The difficulty of determining the longevity of
seeds by actual systematic experiment is extremely
great, owing to the very long periods required,,
and the necessity of treating them under similar
conditions of deep burial and isolation from
disturbing or stimulating influences. It would
certainly appear that given such pro-
tection some seeds maintain their germi-
nating powers for quite indefinite periods,
and it is a well-known fact that deep excavations
such as are made for railway cuttings frequently
result in the appearance of plants which have
become total strangers in the locality, and can-
not therefore be imputed to freshly scattered
seeds. In such cases, and in view of similar-
facts to the above, the idea that vitality can only
be maintained at the expense of some consump-
tion of the seed contents, would appear to be>
fallacious, especially as in the Poppy cases cited
the seeds are extremely small. This, indeed, is
probably a factor in their preservation, as larger-
ones would certainly be more apt to fall a prey to-
insects in the soil or fungoid attacks. It would
at any rate be interesting if all such cases could
be recorded, since, for the reasons above given,,
direct experiment is practically impossible owing
to the time involved. Chas. T. Druery, V.M.H. ...
F.L 8.

With regard to "T. R. P.'s" experience

with the non-appearance of seedlings, the failure is-
certainly not always due to bad or old seeds sent out
by seed- merchants. It has alwajs been a puzzle to-
me why so few seeds germinate from the myriads
which are annually and naturally shed in a garden.
Perhaps Foxgloves and Poppies shed more seed
than most herbs— a large plant of the former
bore, by calculation, a million and a half of seeds —
but the number of seedlings may be twenty or so-
round about the plants. No seedlings ever
appeared in some Rhododendron-beds known to-
the writer for twenty years, though the pods
burst every year. Several seedlings may be
found under a Laburnum-tree, but nothing like
the number of seeds shed. So is it with many
other trees and herbs. In the present year 1
sowed a number of annuals in March from seed
purchased from Messrs. Ware. They all came up-
and blossomed well. The rest, from the same
packets, were sown in April. A prolonged
drought followed soon after. In many cases none
came up at all ; of others, a few only. I would
suggest that perhaps the seeds germinated under-
ground, but were killed by the drought, for I did-
not think of searching for them. Perhaps this
experience may explain the non-germination of
"T. R. P.'s" seeds of Eucalyptus citriodora.
With regard to seeds lying dormant, when I
went to Holland Park in 1S98, the neglected,
garden (attached to my house) abounded in
Docks ; for six years seedlings came up, but were
of course destroyed, so none seeded during that
time. But why so many self-sown seed3 should
every year fail to appear is a mystery. '
Henslou-.

LAPAGERIAS.— In the Gardeners' Chronicle, on-
p. 100, Mr. Smith, writing from Sussex, says:—
" Lapageria alba and L. rubra superba are also-
hardy here." As far north as Lincolnshire
twenty-five years ago, I grew Lapagerias very
successfully against a wall with a north aspect at
the back of a vinery without any other protection
whatever : the plants flowered well until the end'
of the year. Mr. Nicholson also wrote (in 1885)
in his Dictionary of Gardening, " Lapagerias suc-
ceed on walls and trellises outside in the warmest
parts of the country, and are not injured by a
little frost." J. Word, Asect.

September 2, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

187

GLADIOLUS TRISTIS CONCOLOR.

This Gladiolus is very rarely met with in
gardens, but is one of the most valuable species,
since it is the earliest of all to flower, being at ils
best toward the end of April. It is perfectly hardy
in the south-we3t of England, even when planted
only 3 inches below the surface and unprotected
during the winter. The plants increase very
■rapidly both by offsets from the corms and by seed.

fragrant after twilight, and if a group of thirty
or more flower-scapes is situated near an open
window it will flood the room with delicate per-
fume. The leaves are rush-like, and show a
section like a cross in form when cut horizontally.
They are often nearly 3 feet in length. Strong
flower-scapes will carry as many as four or five
blossoms, all of which are expanded simul-
taneously, and which measure 3-J- inches across.
8. W. Fitshirberi,-Devonshii-e.

Fig. 69.— gladiolus tristis var. concolor : colour of flowers sulthitr-yellow.

If the flower-spikes are allowed to remain on the
plants after the blotsoms have withered, seed
will be freely produced, and the next year
numbers of self-sown seedlings will appear around
the parent clumps. In horticultural dictionaries
its^height is given as 1 foot, but in the south-
west the plants grow to a height of from
•3 to 4 feet, and even taller.

1 G. tristis is very variable in colour, the form
almost invariably sent out by nurserymen when
this species is ordered having the three upptr
petals marked with a purplish-black band down
the centre ; this is inferior in beauty to the sub-
ject of this note, whose flowers are of a uniform
pale sulphur-yellow. This is known as Gladiolus
tristis concolor or G. t. sulphureus. The flower
iias] the additional merit of being deliciously

HALF-HARDY SHRUBS.

On reading Mr. Fitzherbert's very interesting
and suggestive description of Eosehill, Falmouth,
on p. 103,. one can scarcely help lamenting the
comparative rarity in present - day collections
of many of the fine plants found in Mr. Fox's
garden. Without disparaging the favourites
of to-day, I contend that the reintroduction
of some of those of former times would afford
owners of gardens much pleasure, even though
in some instances the blooms might not be
useful for cutting purposes. Not all of them
require large glasshouses for their cultivation,
and when the plants have reached a desir-
able size it is easy to maintain them at that
size by root-pruning and repotting in pots or

tub3 of similar dimensions to those they are
occupying. Moreover, a few of each species can
be kept in stock by occasional propagation by
cuttings, layers, or seed.

Taking the plants in the order named in the
note, there are Acacias lophantha, longifolia,
dealbata, and verticillata, which flower under
greenhouse cultivation early in the year ; their
management is of the easiest kind, repotting or
surfacing soon after the flowering is over, some
slight amount of pruning and cutting into not
too severe a form being the only matters needing
attention ; and in early June standing them out-
of-doors, preferably sinking the pots to the rims
in a bed of fine gravel or coal ashes. Young
plants not of flowering size may be] grown on in
cold frames, and receive one or two small shifts
during the summer, the lights being drawn off
in fine weather, but replaced on the frames
during heavy rains. The proper kind of soil
consists of hard peat one-third, leac-mould and
decayed wood refuse one-sixth each, and one-third
medium loam, together with plenty of coarse,
clean sand. The same kind of mixture
answers for surfacing. Insects, with the excep-
tion of white scale, seldom trouble Acacias, and
this pest is found only on the old wood, and can be
readily destroyed by applications of petroleum
emulsion or Gishurst's Soap. I would add to
those named the beautiful A. Drummondi, with
its cheerful-looking yellow catkins and neat
foliage. Boronia megastigma is well known and
highly appreciated for its fragrant brown flowers,
abundantly produced from May till July; but there
are others which if not furnished with fragrant
flowers are in other respects very ornamental and
uncommon in colour, viz., B. serrulata, B. elatior,
and B. heterophylla. The whole of these require
a compost largely consisting of hard peat, say,
four-sixths, and two-sixths light fibrous loam,
with much silver-sand mixed with these; and the
potting, as is the case with all these fine-rooted
plants, requires to be done firmly. The plants
should be kept under glass, or at the least be pro-
vided with protection from excessive rain during
the summer and early autumn months. Cantua
depeudens may be treated similarly to the Acacias,
and be frequently syringed so as to ward off
infestation by red-spider, which, if present in
great numbers, is sure to disfigure the leaves ;
Cjronilla glauca and other species ; also Correa
viminaln, C. cardinalis, C. magnifica, C. speciosa
major, and others, including alba, an easily pro-
pagated species, and useful as a stock on which to
graft the others, are easily managed if grown in
a mixture of equal parts of light loam and hard
peat, with enough sharp sand to mike it porous.

Habrothamnus (Cestrum) are showy plants,
more especially H. aurantiacus, H. elegans, and H.
Newelli, of easy culture and excellent as wall and
pillar plants planted out, or for pot or tub culture,
Datura sanguinea, D. s. lutea, and D. arborea,
being plants of large growth, are better suited for
big glasshouses than for smaller structures. The
plants succeed in rich, heavy loam, and should
be afforded considerable quantities of manure-
water during the summer when grown, as they
may be, for years in the tame pot or tub. The
plants form highly ornamental objects when
placed in sheltered spots in the flower-garden in
the summer - time. Eugenia apiculata and
E. Ugni are tall, Myrtle-like shrubs, succeeding
in pots filled with peat, loam, and leaf -mould in
about equal quantities, and when they get as large
as is desirable, leaf-mould may be dispensed with.
The flowers resemble those of the Myrtle, and
E. Ugni produces blackish-purple, edible berries.
The foliage of E. apiculata is extensively em-
ployed by continental florists in bouquet-making.
Grevillea rosmarinifolia is mostly known in this
country as an ornamental foliage plant for plant-
ing in summer beds, but this and other species,
as Fost^ri, Preissei and robusta, are excellent

188

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 2, 1905.

conservatory plants with remarkably showy
blossoms.

Pittosporums, although sufficiently frost-proof
to stand out-of-doors in our southern and western
maritime counties, are not to be despised for con-
servatory decoration in the less mild districts,
their creamy-white flowers, and later, the ex-
panding seed vessels holding scarlet-coloured
fruits, being decidedly ornamental. A mixture of
loam (two-thirds) and peat (one-third) is desir-
able. The flowers are mostly sweet-scented. P.
tenuifolium has a nice, neat habit, and P. Tobira
forms an excellent plant for covering a wall
either indoors or out-of-doors. Besides the
species of Solanum mentioned there are S.
hybridum and S. jasminoides, both of which are
worthy of indoors cultivation, being extra-
ordinarily floriferous. Their cultivation presents
no difficulties if a light loamy soil be chosen.

The Hedychiums are Ginger-like plants with
spikes of deliciously fragrant flowers produced
well above the foliage. The plants are of easy
growth, and need during the winter, their
resting period, about the same sort of treatment
as that accorded to Fuchsias. A heavy loamy soil
is best for them. I have not known Rhodochiton
volubile to be grown the whole year round out-of-
doors ; usually one sees it as a rafter or pillar plant
in the greenhouse j and it is highly ornamental in
such positions, the black and purple-coloured
flowers being then most readily observed. My
purpose will have been served by these brief
notes on plants once common in English gardens
if the attention of tome of the readers of the
Qardeners' Chronicle are drawn to these rather
neglected plants. F. Moore.

REMARKS ON THE CONDITION OF
THE FRUIT CKOPS.

(See Tables and General Summary, ante, pp. 81 -S7.)
(Continued from p. 153.)
7. ENGLAND, N.W.
Lancashire. — The failure of Pear and Plum
trees to develop crops is due to the cold, dry
easterly winds which prevailed for weeks in
spring, bringing insect pests in their train.
Nothing suffered in this garden from frost. A
couple of miles distant from here is an orchard
of healthy Apple and Pear trees, which the
owner informs me are bearing scarcely any fruit.
Bush fruits, as usual, are full crops, and the
bushes are in good condition. The same remarks
apply to Strawberries. W. P. Roberts, Cuerden
Hall Gardens, Preston.

The fruit crops generally in this district

are very poor, owing chiefly to the severe
drought which has caused mo3t of the fruit to
fall. Great damage was also caused by bad
weather when the trees were in bloom. The soil
in these gardens is a cold heavy loam resting on
a clay subsoil. E. F. Hazelton, Knowsley Gardens,
Prescot.

8, ENGLAND, S.W.
Cornwall.— The bush fruit crops in this
district are extra good and the fruit is of
excellent quality. Crops of Peaches, Nectarines,
Plums, Apples, and Pears, however, suffered
considerably from the late frosts and from the
storm of April 30 and May 1. Alfred Read, Port
Eliot, St. Germains.

An unfavourable spring has again ruined

what might otherwise have been bountiful crops
of Apples, Pears, and Peaches. Bush fruits,
being more sheltered, have produced exceedingly
good crops. Fruit - trees of all descriptions
flowered well. Peaches set a heavy crop, but a
fierce gale nearly killed the trees. We are
situated at a very high elevation, being almost
400 feet above sea - level. Our soil is very
"hungry" and stony, but is amenable to good
culture. A. C. Bartlett, Penczrrow Gardens,
Washaway.

Our soil is a heavy, adhesive loam on a

clay subsoil. Peach and Nectarine-trees are
carrying the best crop for some years past, and
a:e more free from blight and blister than they
have been for twenty years. Apple and Pear-
trees were much blighted by the cold nights in
May, in consequence of which there will not be
more than half crops of these fruits. Small
fruits are abundant and of goad quality. Wm.
Sangwin, Trelissick Gardens, Truro.

The Apple and Pear crops promised well

when the trees were in bloom, but owing to the
chilly nights in May very few fruits developed.
Strawberries were a moderate crop. Richard Gill,
Tremough Gardens, Penryn.

■ The whole of the fruit crops in this

district looked remarkably well, and there was
every appearance of a first- class crop until the
first week in May, when severe gales injured the
leaves of Peaches, Apples, Nectarines, Pears,
Plums, and Apricots, causing a great number of
the fruits to drop. Our soil is a light loam.
W. H. Bennett, Menabilly, Par Station.

Devonshire. — Apple, Pear, and Plum trees are
carrying very slight crops of fruit, for although
there was a good show of blossom it failed to
develop. This was probably due to the autumn
of 1901 being dull and damp, when the trees
became covered in moss, and the fruit-buds failed
to develop perfectly. Although some of the flowers
appeared to set well much of the fruit has since
dropped. Strawberries have been extra good.
Gooseberries and Currants also carried good crops
of extra fine fruit. Geo. Bakir, Membland Gardens,
Newton Ferrers, Plymouth.

The fruit prospects in this district were

excellent early in the season, almost all trees
showing an extra amount of blossom, but these
hopes have not been realised. The May frosts
ruined the Apple crop. Pears and Plums are
also unsatisfactory. The Pear-midge has done
much damage among the Pear trees. Plums are
plentiful on some trees ; others have few or none.
Strawberries were produced in abundance, but
many of these fruits rotted away owing to ex-
cessive rains. Small fruits are abundant, and
good in every respect. Our soil is warm, light,
though deep, and rests on the Old Red Sandstone.
James Mayne, Bicton Gardens, East Budleigh.

The Pear crop is very light, and there are

only fruits upon wall-trees. Among Apples the
varieties with most fruit are Cox's Orange
Pippin, Mere de Menage, Tower of Glamis (most
reliable), Lord Grosvenor, Warner's King, and
James Greive. Among Plums the varieties
Czar, Early Prolific, Victoria, Monarch, and
Kirke's are carrying the best crops. Peaches
suffered badly from blister. Our soil is a heavy
loam, and forms a good soil for fruit-trees. T. H.
Slade, Poltimore Gardens, Exeter.

Gloucestershire. — The frost affected our
Strawberries just as they were in bloom and did
extensive damage to the Pear crop. Currants
and Gooseberries are a very heavy crop. William
Keen, Bowden Hall Gardens, Gloucester.

Our Apple-trees, on which American

blight is very prevalent this year, did not develop
much bloom. Pears flowered well, and this crop
on the whole looks promising. Of stone-fruits we
have a fair crop ; the trees bloomed well. Peaches
set an abundance of fruit, but many dropped
owing, in my opinion, to the cold, dry weather in
May. Bush and small fruits are good. Filberts
are also plentiful. The soil is of a clayey nature.
The total rainfall in May was only '17 inches,
while the wind was from a northerly point for
twenty days. John Banting, Tortworth Gardens,
Falfield.

Apple, Pear, and Plum-trees flowered well,

but set very indifferently, the whole of the fruit
having since dropped from quite half the trees.

Gooseberries and Currants, both Red and Black.,
are abundant and of good quality. Strawberries
were a failure in this neighbourhood. In our
garden a full crop of these fruits set, but quite-
half of them decayed before they were ripened.
All vegetable crops are plentiful and good. W. H.
Berry, Highnam Court Gardens, Gloucester.
(To be concluded.)

THE FERNERY.

FERN HUNTING IN SCOTLAND.

A three weeks' stay in Scotland, a fortnight
in Aberfeldy, and a week in Glasgow, gave me
opportunities for several spells of Fern-hunting,
and although they were not crowned with so much
success as usually falls to my share, the accom-
panying illustration (see fig. 70) of a very fine form
of the common Bracken (Pteris aquilina) will show
that I did not fail in my quest entirely. Unfor-
tunately this was a most tantalising find, as will
be seen. I took the train from Aberfeldy to
Pitlochry, hoping to find good hunting-ground
there, but to my disappointment, although the
roadsides appeared promising, stone dykes, mostly
retaining walls to earthen banks, for more than
two miles up the Tummel I hardly found a Fern,
and even on the slopes there were too few to con-
stitute good ground. The further I went the
more I was disgusted, especially as the day was
hot. Hence, finding that I must either return at
once or lose the chance of a train for several
hours, I turned and walked rapidly back, relin-
quishing hunting altogether, and when I reached
the Tummel bridge, seeing a path by the river,
evidently a short cut, I took it. Immediately I did
60 I noted the remarkable find above referred to-
some few yards down the river-bank, and on
descending I found it, to my delight, not only
extremely crispate and congested, but beauti-
fully tasselled at all terminals — a thoroughbred,
and a new one. Now comes the tantalising part :
the frond, about a yard high, stood absolutely
alone, and all those in the vicinity, yards away,
were normal. It sprang from hard, rocky, stony
ground, and to attempt to dig it out would,
I knew, especially in summer, be simply
murder. Examining the frond, too, I found no
trace of a spore, and consequently all I could do
was to take the frond, carefully fold it, and place
it inside my waistcoat as a trophy, knowing full
well that the plant was too well established not
to assert itself again despite this acquisition. I
caught my train, and on reaching home unfolded
the frond and placed it in a bath, where it
speedily resumed its pristine beauty; and after
three days I was fortunate enough to find an
amateur photographer in Mr. Dawson, of Aber-
feldy, who most successfully secured two photo-
graphs, one from the back and the other from the
front, which form my only souvenir, the frond
itself, though pressed and dried, shrinking so
much as to lose its chief charm. This was my
only "prize," but several other abnormal sports
fell to my lot. These included a mediodeficiens
Lady Fern with central pinnules and pinnulets
reduced to thorns, leaving on both frond and
pinnae an open, central space.

This represents my fifth find of this curious
type in widely distant places. Lastrea montana
truncata with square ends tipped with thorns I
found as usual in two places, neither plant
however was thorough. It is very curious that
one frond of such a marked type throughout
should occur in a plant otherwise perfectly
normal. A novelty in Blechnum I found near
Grandtully, each frond having short round lobes
halfway up the frond, then a normal portion,
and then a distinct caudate top formed again of
short round lobes ; this is quite thorough in
three plants, the fertile fronds presenting same
character in the first find, while the others were.

September 2, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

189

a yard or two away, and presumably seedlings.
Another Blechnum found at Loch Kennard was
B. v. contractnm or stiictum, with narrow
serrated lobes halfway up, and slenderer pinna-
than usual. A neat congested Blechnum occurred
close by. These represent my finds ; but visiting
Mr. Alexander Cowan at Penicuik we had a hunt
together, and he found a Lastrea dilatata with
all its frond stalks spirally twisted, a very folioEe
form of same species, and an Athyrium of the
excurrens or truncatum type with many pinna; on
each frond, terminating in a slender thorn by the
projection of the midrib beyond a shortened
growth. Apart from " sports," I was fortunate
enough to add Polystichum angulare to the flora
of Perthshire, where it had so far not been
recorded, by finding a plant near Aberfeldy,
where I need hardly say I left it, only taking a
frond to substantiate the record. Chas. T. Dm;ry,
V.U.B, F.L8.

Floral Committee.

Present : W. Marshall, Esq. (Chairman) ; and Messrs.
H. B. May, C. T. Druery, Geo. Nicholson. G. Reuthe,
W. Bain, Chas. Jeffries, C. E. Pearson, W. Cuthbert-
son, E. H. Jenkins, M. J. James, Geo. Paul, Jas.
Hudson, C. J. Salter, C. R. Fielder, C. Blick, R.
Hooper Pearson, and H. J. Jones.

Before commencing the ordinary business of the
meeting the Chairman referred to the death of Mr.
Richard Dean, who was the oldest member of this
Committee, and had helped in its work almost since its
institution. It was unanimously decided to send a
letter of condolence to Mrs. Dean and family.

Lord Alde.vham, Elstree (gr., Mr. E. Beckett), con-
tributed largely to the display in the Hall, having an
extensive exhibit of ornamental flowering trees and
shrubs, a comprehensive collection of Codiajums
(Crotons), and a batch of a very fine strain of garden
Pentstemons in many choice varieties. The sprays of
trees and shrubs were in vases, and furnished the
whole length of the concert platform. Some were

Fig. 70.— a r\re variety of the common bracken, (see r. 183.)

SOCIETIES,

»

THE BOTAL HORTICULTURAL.

August 29.— The ordinary fortnightly meeting of
the Committees of this Society was held on Tuesday
last in the Royal Horticultural Hall, Vincent Square,
Westminster. The Hall was not nearly filled with
exhibits, and the attendance was poor. Nevertheless
several exhibits were of great interest. Messrs. J.
Veitch & Sons, Ltd., obtained a Gold Medal for a col-
lection of very fine Nepenthes and a group of new and
rare Chinese plants. Lord Aldenham was awarded a
Gold Medal for an excellent display of sprays illus-
trating some of the most ornamental trees and shrubs.
The Hogg Medal was awarded to Messrs. Bunyard &
Co., Maidstone, for an exhibit of fruit trees in pots.

The Orchid Committee recommended four Awards
of Merit to novelties, and the Floral Committee
recommended two First-class Certificates and eleven
Awards of Merit.

^ In the afternoon a paper by Mr. R. L. Castle on
" Town Trees ' was read by the Assistant Secretary.

shown in flower, others in fruit, and still others for
their ornamental foliage only. Among the many
dozen varieties shown we may mention Quercus
laciniata crispa, Rubus odoratus, Erythrina crista-galli,
Tamarix japonica with very graceful plumes of flowers,
Clerodendrontrichotomum,Triostemonperfoliatum,and
Robinia neo-mexicana. as being especially interesting.
The Codiseums were staged on the floor and extended
for a considerable distance down one side of the build-
ing. The plants were a remarkably bright lot, and were
well furnished with foliage to the base of the stems.
Maidenhair Ferns were used as a groundwork, and the
continuity was pleasingly broken by elevated specimens
of extra-good plants. Palms furnished a suitable back-
ground ; the varieties Warreni, cordatus tortilis,
Reidii, and Thomsoni were amongst the best (Gold
Medal).

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & SONS, Ltd., King's Road,
Chelsea, staged a magnificent collection of Nepenthes,
having about 30 specimens that embraced most of the
finest species, hybrids, and varieties of these interesting
plants. The plants were elevated on stands of various
heights, the groundwork on the table being composed
of Maidenhair Ferns. The whole collection showed
excellence of culture, and it received the highest

award at the Committee's disposal. A plant of N.
Burkei excellens was noticed with twenty-four well-
developed pitchers. Other good specimens were N. Sir
W. T. Thiselton-Dyer with eight grand pitchers, N.
Curtisii superba, N. picturata, and N. Chelsoni ex-
cellens. On an adjoining table Messrs. Veitch dis-
played batches of Exacum macranthum and Ruellia
amcena, the latter having pleasing led flowers that
much resemble those of Salvia splendens. The same
firm staged a semi circular group of plants under the
east wall of the Hall, included in which were four new
plants, one of which, Lilium leucanthum, received a
First-class Certificate, the others being Serratula atri-
plicifolia, a Composite with flower-heads resembling a
large Burdock ; Aconitum scaposum var. pyramidalis,
and Artemisia lactiflora, with loose panicles of fragrant
white flowers that were only in the bud state. It
promises to become an excellent garden subject. A
batch of the strong-growing Senecio clivorum occupied
thecentre of thegroup, and was in finer condition than we
have seen it before, its inflorescence of orange-coloured
flowers being of verv attractive appearance (Gold
Medal).

Mr. Jas. Hudson, gr. to Leopold de Rothschild,
Esq., Gunnersbury House, Acton, displayed four tubs
containing Nymphasa stellata pulcherrima and other
blue Water Lilies cut from plants that had been grown
in the open since May 1. The water is kept at a tem
perature of 70°, heat from hot-water pipes being
requisitioned when required. The handsomest form
shown was N. gigantea Hudsoni (Silver Flora Medal).

Messrs. H. Cannell& Sons, Swanlcy, Kent, put up a
batch of Cannas in the style for which this firm is
famous. Most of the finer varieties of this flower were
included, and in addition a beautiful new variety which
will lie found described under Awards. On an adjoin-
ing table wis a collection of dwarf forms of Antirrhi-
num staged by the same firm (Silver-gilt Flora
Medal).

Messrs. Doudie & Co., Rothesay, N.B., showed two
good forms of African Marigolds, of which the variety
Prince of Orange is of the colour indicated by its
name ; Lemon Queen is a much lighter colour than
the former. Both are of large size, and excellent for
bedding purposes. The smaller French Marigold was
represented by the variety Legion of Honour (Silver
Flora Medal).

Messrs. Paul & Son, Cheshunt. N., brought ten
pot plants of Hibiscus syriacus with flowers of various
shades of colours, sprays of the large leaved Tilia
americana laxifolia, coloured Oak foliage named
Quercus Alberti, and flowering sprays of the handsome
Spirrea assurgens.

Many new Dahlias were staged by different exhi-
bitors. Mr. S. Mortimer, Rowledge, Farnham, Surrey,
had seedlings of both the "show" and "Cactus"
types, some of which will he found described under
Awards. The variety Miss Alice Mortimer is a
'• Cactus " Dahlia of good form and a pleasing terra-
cotta colour ; the variety Curiosity has received its
name from the peculiar manner in which the petals are
twisted.

Mr. Jas. Stredwick, Silverhill Park, St. Leonards,
showed ten new Cactus Dahlias, of which the best
were Ivanhoe, a well-formed flower with lemon colour
shading to bronze ; and Peach, which has very incurved
petals.

Mr. H. SlIOESMITH, Westfield, Woking, presented
nine seedling Dahlias, all of the Cactus type, the best
of which received an Award of Merit. We noticed a
good scarlet variety named Mr. F. Carter.

Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Crawley, included single
varieties in a display of these flowers, one of which
received an award. Bella is another pleasing variety
of the single type, having a well-shaped flower of
mauve colour with a darker-coloured centre. Some
good Cactus Dahlias were also included in the collec-
tion.

Mr. J. West, Brentwood, presented five new Cactus
Dahlias, one of which was recognised as worthy of an
award.

Messrs. Barr & Sons, King Street, Covent Garde
London, showed hardy flowers, including Gladioli,
China Asters, Antirrhinums (a good strain), Senecio
pulcher, &c.

Messrs. JOHN PEED & Sons, West Norwood
London, also showed a collection of hardy flowers
season.

Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, Surrey, brought
forms of both Erica vulgaris and E. vagans, also the
typical and white and other coloured forms of
Menziesia polyfolia.

190

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 2, 1905.

Awards.

Canna niyra. — This variety has an excellent habit
of "growth, being very dwarf, 1 foot to H foot high.
The flowers are of the same colour as those of the well-
known variety Queen Charlotte, but are very much
largeranclmorebrilliant. Shown by Messrs. H. Canxell
& SONS (Award of Merit).

Dahlia Jlhr.Ji (lein. — A show variety of consider-
able size, with rather broad florets and weak centre.
The colour is very attractive, the effect being as white,
tipped, with a. delicate shade of mauve. The older
florets become wholly of mauve colour. Shown by Mr.
8. Mortimer, Kowledge Nurseries, Farnham (Award
of Merit).

J'ahlia Daisy Eastern. — A Cactus variety of clear
yellow colour and good form, the florets incurving
regularly towards the centre of the flower. Shown by
Mr. H. Shoesmith, Woking (Award of Merit).

Dahlia Nelson. — A Cactus variety with crimson
flowers, the centre florets appearing purple before they
expand, and the old florets showing the same colour
when passing. From Mr. J. T. West, Norwood
(Award of Merit).

Dahlia Pink Perfrelinn.—A Cactus variety of a
delightful shade of pink colour. The florets do not
incline towards the centre of the flower as in the case
of some varieties of this section. Shown by Mr. S.
Mortimer (Award of Merit).

Dalilia Htromboli.—A single-flowered variety of good
form and large size. The colour is crimson-maroon,
with a patch of white on each segment, having a
curious effect suggestive of a finger-mark. Shown by
Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Lowfiell Nurseries, Crawley
(Award of Merit).

Oorlrtia Schamini fl. pi.— This variety has large,
double flowers of pink colour. The habit is very
vigorous, and the plants are excellent for producing
flowers for cutting. Shown by Sir Trevor Lawrence,
Bart, (gr., Mr. W. Bain) (Award of Merit).

Ixora " Mars."— A variety obtained from a cross
^between I. cocciuea and the variety Prince of Orange.
The flowers are larger and even more vivid in colour
than those of coccinea. Shown by Leopold de
Rothschild, Esq., Gunnersbury House, Acton (gr.,
Mr. Jas. Hudson) (Award of Merit).

Lilium kurantham. — Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons,
Ltd., exhibited a number of plants in flower under the
name of L. leucanthum. For garden purposes this
variety from Central China would appear to be a form
•of L. Brownii ; but some of them produced bulbils
freely in the axils of the leaves. The flowers are
white with shading of brownish-rose colour (First-class
Certificate).

Lobelia Kathleen Mallard.— A very brilliant purple-
coloured double-flowered Lobelia was shown by Mr.
A. R. Mallard, Bainham, Kent. It is described as a
sport from the well-known variety Emperor William,
but the flowers appear larger in size and of more
brilliant purple colour. It will make a very effective
bedding plant (Award of Merit).

NymphoiOL iinribariinsis rosea. — This is a magni-
ficent and delightfully-fragrant Nymphaja, shown by
Lord Rothschild, Tring Park (gr., Mr. Dye). The
species is of blue colour, but this variety is of rosy-
mauve with a rich buttercup-yellow-coloured base.
The flower as shown is of very large size (First-olass
Certificate).

Pcntstemom. — Some very fine Pentstemons were
shown by Lord Aldenham (gr., Mr. Beckett), and an
Award of Merit was recommended for the strain.

Stenanthmm robustum. — Under this name Mr.
Amos Perry, Winohmore Hill Nurseries, exhibited an
inflorescence U foot long, with closely placed, white,
fragrant flowers. This genus of bulbous plants belongs
to the ordor Liliaceft-. Most of the species have been
introduced from North America, and are hardy (Award
•of Merit).

Orchid Committee.

Present: J. Gurney Fowler, Esq. (in the Chair), and
Messrs. Jas. O'Brien (hon. secretary), De B. Crawshav
F. Sander, H. T. Pitt, H. A. Traov, W. H. White!
T. W. Bond, A. A. McBean, W. Boxall, H. Little]
W. H. Young, F. Wellesley, and Harry J. Veitch.

There was a very interesting show of Orchids, the
fine group for which Messrs. Charlesworth & Co.,
Heaton, Bradford, were awarded a Silver-gilt Flora
Medal well demonstrating the value of their fine
hybrid Cattleyas, Ladio-Cattleyas, &c, in supplying
handsome flowers at this season, when the species are
not much in evidence. The best plants in the group
were four fine examples of their strain of the beautiful

OdontoglossumxRolfca;, also O. X Hallio-crispum, four
beautiful examples of the bright rose-coloured Brasso-
Cattleya x Digbvano - Warscewiczii and one of
the clear white Brasso - Cattleya x Queen Alex-
andra, Ladio-Cattleya x Dominiana, L.-C. x Clonia,
L.-C. X Nysa superba, all very rich in colour ; Cattleya
x F. W. Wigan var. auiifera, with a very fine golden
labellum heavily veined with ruby - purple ; C. X
Parthenia vernalis, good C. X Iris, C. x Gennania,
C. x Atalauta, kc. Rare species were represented by
well - flowered Pachystoma Thompsoniana, Miltonia
Sohnideriana with two strong spikes, Cattleya Bow-
ringiana superba, Bulbophyllum barbigerum, two freely
flowered plants of the white Rodriguezia pubescens,
and the very distinct Zygopetalum triste, with flowers
formed like thoss of Z. x Terrenoudii, but with sepals
and petals of purplish - chocolate colour, and the
labellum bright blue.

Messrs. Stanley & Co., Southgate, were awarded a
Bronze B^nksian Medal for a collection of Orchids,
including Miltonia Candida, Cattleya Loddigesii, C.
O'Brieniana, C. Acklandue, C. bicolor, Miltonia
Regnelli, Zygopetalum crinitum, &e. At the back
were fine yellow Oncidium varicosum, and beneath
them several good Ltelio-Cattlcya x elegans, that
named Turneri magnifica being a very large form, with
a bright ruby-purple front to the labellum.

Messrs. Sander & Sons, St. Albans, staged a group
of excellent hybrids, comprising Lrelio-Cattleya x Cal-
listoglossa excellens, a very large and finely-coloured
form : L.-C. x Henry Greenwood, a distinct variety,
with silvery-white sepals and petals, tinged with rose-
purple, and having much white in the lip, the front of
which was of a rich rose-purple colour. Forms of L.-C.
x bletchleyensis, &c, were also included ; and a good
Odontoglossum Uro-Skinneri, Cattleya x Shakespeare,
the fine C. X Prince Edward superba, and Epidendrum
sceptrum, a very pretty old species not often seen.

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, staged a small
group, the best in which were Ladio-Cattleya x Henry
Greenwood var. Imperator, a very large, finely-formed,
and richly-coloured flower ; L.-C. x bletchleyensis,
and L.-C. x Dominiana langleyensis, with intensely
dark claret-purple-coloured lip with gold veining at the
base.

Messrs. William Bull & Sons, Chelsea, showed
five good varieties of Cattle.) a x Atalanta, and a good
Cypripedium x Argus Moensii x niveum with a strong
spike of one flower and two buds, the flower formed
like a large C. niveum ; it is white spotted with purple,
and has a green base to the dorsal sepal.

Francis Wellesley, Esq., Westfield, Woking (gr.,
Mr. Hopkins), showed Cypripedium x Princess
superbum (Mons. Coffinet X Fairieanum), a delicately-
tinted flower. The dorsal sepal is white with rose-
coloured lines, and a delicate flush of rose, the same
hue shading the rest of the flower, which is of the C. X
vexillarium class.

Awards ok Merit.

Miltonia vex Maria, " The Dell variety," from Baron
Sir H. Schroder, The Dell, Egham (gr., Mr. H.
Ballantine). — A noble variety in size and form ;
probably the best M. vexillaria yet staged. The well-
rounded flowers measured rather over 5 inches across
diagonally, the colour being white suffused with
purplish -rose. The central area of the lip was white,
the disc yellow with radiating purple lines.

Lalia-Catthiia Issy var. euprea (L. tenebrosa x C.
Leopoldi), from Messrs. Charlesworth & Co., Heaton,
Bradford.— A very bright hybrid of medium size!
Sepals and petals reddish-copper colour ; base of lip
white, front, rich purple.

Miltonia t'wjniaiixia-, from C. B. GABRIEL, Esq.,
Easdale, Horsell, Surrey.— A pretty natural hybrid of
M. Regnelli and M. spectabilis Moreliana. The stellate
sepals and petals were of pale cream-yellow, barred with
brown colour ; lip violet-purple, darkest in the centre.

CypripnliitM Gode/roya Icucoeksilum Woodson's
variety, from H. S. Goodson, Esq., Fairlawn, Putney
(gr., Mr. G. Day). — A very handsome form of this
always beautiful Cypripedium. The flowers were large
and finely formed, of yellowish-cream colour, the sepals
and petals bearing a broad reticulation of claret colour.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

Present: Jas. Cheal, Esq. (Chairman) ; and Messrs.
S. Mortimer, Alex. Dean, E. Beckett, Geo. Keif,
Horaoe J. Wright, John Lyne, F. Q. Lane, C. Foster,
G. Norman, and Owen Thomas.

Messrs. Geo. Bunyard & Co., Maidstone, Kent,
demonstrated the admirable results to be obtained
with fruit-trees in pots in a collection of over fifty

specimens, embracing Peaches, Nectarines, Apples,
Peais, Plums, Grapes, and Figs. The trees were
plentifully fruited, and made a very fine display.
Emperor Alexander and Gascoyne's Scarlet Apples
were admirable ; Peasgood's Nonesuch and Wealthy,
were also commendable. The Plums were probably
the best of the display, notably Bryanston Gage, Coe's
Golden Drop, and Late Transparent Gage. Pears
were represented by a dozen varieties, Doyenne
Boussoch and Fondante de Cuerne being especially
good. Peaches and Nectarines were not remarkable.
The beautiful Dartmouth Crab was much admired
(Hogg Memorial Medal).

R. HOFFMAN, Esq., Tower House, Streathamfgr., Mr.
Thos. Tomlinsou), exhibited eleven Apple trees in pots,
all of which were well furnished with fruit, but
scarcely matured enough to be seen at their best. The
best specimens were Emperor Alexander, King of the
Pippins, Mannington Fippin, and Allington Pippin
(Silver Banksian Medal).

The Duke of Fife, East Sheen Lodge, East Sheen
(gr., Mr. R. Mountford), showed a collection of well-
grown fruit from the open. The display was arranged
in good taste, the table being carpeted with St. loseph
Strawberries. A box contained excellent examples of
Clapp's Favourite Pears. There were also Apples,
Plums, Cherries, and Strawberries, all high - class
produce (Silver Banksian Medal).

The sprays of Plum-trees shown by Mr. W. Crump,
Madresfield Court Gardens, Malvern, demonstrated
that Plums are not scarce in some parts of the country,
for the branches were literally crowded with frait,
which hung in clusters. The varieties exhibited were
Belgian Purple (from bush - trained trees), Cox's
Emperor, Victoria, Sultan, Grand Duke, Per.shore,
and Bryanstone Gage.

Mr. Geo. Keif, gr. to Miss Adamson, South Villa,
Regent's Park, was awarded a Silver Banksian Medal
for a very fine box of Peaches, grown within two miles
of Charing Cross.

Mr. R. Winstanley, Gogerddan Hall Gardens,
Aberystwyth, exhibited a dish of Lemons, to which the
Committee awarded a Cultural Commendation.

Mr. Geo. Gu.mukell, The Gardens, Wedbury, Ware,
brought a dozen fruits of Clapp's Favourite Tear of
exceptional size and quality, receiving a Cultural
Commenadtion for excellence of culture.

Another choice example of fruit was the basket of
Lady Sudeley Apples shown by J. Strode Coysh,
Esq., 23, Woodville Gardens, Ealing, W. The Com-
mittee awarded this exhibit a Silver Banksian Medal.

Several seedling Melons were presented for Certifi-
cate, but none found favour with the Committee. A
brace of Cucumbers named Essex Champion was also
passed without receiving recognition.

A coloured Runner Bean named Firefly was shown.
The pods are ornamental, being splashed with red on a
yellow ground.

The Lecture.

TREES FOR TOWNS.

A paper written by Mr. Lewis Castle on the above
subject was read by the Assistant Secretary. Mr.
Castle related the result of his experience in the
parks and open spaces of London, gained during the
summer and autumn of 1904. Much progress is
undoubtedly being made in the beautifying of
London with trees, but the work is still deplorably
slow, due to the narrow streets and crowded
gardens that everywhere abound. In the system
of street planting that has obtained and is largely
followed at the present time the monotonous re-
petition of a few subjects, such as Plane, Lime, and
Poplar, is painfully evident, though why this should
be is difficult to conceive when we consider the wealth
of suitable species. It would not be advisable to expe-
riment with untried species, but Victoria Park is rich
in trees of distinct form anil character from those in
most of the parks, and the conditions obtaining in that
park are such that trees which exist and flourish there
might safely be planted in other parks. The ricli
Arboretum at Kew may even be taken as a guide, for
there the conditions are almost the same as those in
the most favoured parks.

Even of species of trees which have long been proved
to be suitable for town cultivation it does not seem to
be recognised that numerous forms and varieties
almost as distinct as new species are available. That
this is so may be proved by a visit to the Kew Arbo-
retum, where there are thirty-four varieties of Ro- '■
binia pseudo-acacia, ami of these a dozen could be
selected that would furnish great diversity of appear-

SEPTEMBER 2, 190j.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

191

aiicc. The same may be said of the Ash with
twenty-four elegant and distinct varieties, the
Sycamore with sixteen forms, and the Norway
Maple with fifteen. The planting of these forms
of tried species would not be nearly so risky as planting
Bees whose suitability is unknown. The soil in large
I towns is generally unsuited to proper growth, and
where the trees are further handicapped with asphalte
and flagstones the wonder is they succeed at all.
But it is more particularly in reference to manuring
that attention is desired. Deciduous trees on which
our town planters depend for their subjects answer
admirably to systematic manuring.

Another question affecting the proper growth
and training of trees in towns is that of pruning.
They are usually allowed to grow unrestrained for a
time and are then cut back severely, with the result that
bare branches are seen with dense masses of small
growths at intervals. It is better to subject the tree
to pruning when in a young state.

A list of suitable trees for town-planting was in-
cluded in the paper, and this will be published in the
Society's Journal.

SOCIETE ROYALE LINNEENNE
DE BRTJXELLES.

AUGUST 20.— The first of the monthly meetings
organised by the Royal Linnean Society of Brussels
was held on the above date in the State Botanical
Garden, and was a great success. One-hundred-and-
twenty-three plants were exhibited for certificates,
of which fifty-seven were Orchids. Chrysanthe-
mums, Gloxinias and fruits, including Strawberries,
Grapes, Peaches, Nectarines and Pears, were also
shown. There were twenty-five exhibitors, fifteen
from the neighbourhood of Brussels and ten from the
country. The Jury numbered twenty-eight members,
divided into three sections.

(jKcimis.

Marquis de Wavrin (Chairman), and Messrs. Ch.
rynaert (Secretary), Pauwels, Praet, Hye, Putzevs,
Janssens, Pourbaix, De Bievre, Vuylsteke, Closson,
De Smet-Duvivier, De Langhe-Vervaene.

The gems of the show were Cattleya Pittiana
splendens, exhibited by M. Lambeau, from Brussels ;
and Cypripedium Maudi.-e, from M. STEPMAN. They
■were awarded First-class Certificates. The follow-
ing awards were distributed : — Certificate of Merit
by acclamation to Cattleya Pittiana splendens from
M. LAMBEAC, Brussels; Certificate of Merit by
unanimity to Cypripedium Maudise, from M. Stbpman,
Brussels.

Certificates of Merit for flowering, culture, or excel-
lence of variety to Cypripedium Schillerianum, C.
Charles worthii callosum, C. C. tonsum. C. Gowerianum,
superbum, C. The Hender, C. vexillarium, C. glaucophvl-
lum. ( '. Lubbersii. and Cattleva Loddigesii, exhibited by
MM. Duchesne, Lanthoine & Co., "Watermael. Catt-
leya Hardyana, from M.Verdonck, Ghent; Cypripedium
Kimballianum, from M. Pauwels, Ghent; Cattleva
Gooseensiana, from M. De Bievre, Laeken ; C.
Triam-e var. Millie. Rita Claes and C. T. Baekhouseiana
var. Fl. Claes, from M. Claes, Brussels: Vanda Bate-
maui, V. tricolor var. tenebrosa and Cypripedium barba-
tum var. bruxellense, from M. Draps, 'Laeken; Cypripe-
dium beechense and Cattleva Gaskelliana var. Formosa,
from M. Praet, Ghent ; Cypripedium Dr. Clinge Dooren-
boos, C. insigne Chantinii album, C. Massaianum, from
MM. Janssens & Pdtzeys, Antwerp ; Cattleya
Vinekxiana, from M. Dietrich, Anderghem ; Cypri-
pedium Gowerianum superbum, C. Gravesise, C. A.
de Lairesse, Vanda coerulea rotundifolia, from M.
bftMBEAU, Brussels; and Cypripedium prastans, from
M. STEMIAN, Brussels.

Botanical Certificates were awarded to Mega-
clinium Arnoldianum De "Wild. (Congo), from the
Brussels Botanic Garden ; and Maxillaria pallidirlora,
from M. Van de Pctte, Ghent.

Honorary Mentions to Cattleya gigas, from M.
PRAET, Ghent ; Cvpripedium fastuosum, from M.
STEPMAN ; Cattleya Hardyana, C. Pittiana, L.-C.
Martinet)', from M. Dietrich ; C. gigas cordean in
satiety, and C. Pittiana, Cypripedium Wiertziinum,
Miltonia Cogniauxiana var. superba, from M. Lam bead

Miscellaneous Plants.
Th. Durand (Chairman), and Messrs. Etienne-Joiris
' (Secretary), Taburiaux, Herrewege, Bogaerts, Seghers,
Gibson, De Smedt Louis.

The best novelty was Dracana Bruanti var. Souvenir
ule Franc ns Buysse, exhibited by Mine. Vve. BovsSE,
I of Meireibeke. A Diploma of Honour with the Jury's
felicitations was awarded to this extraordinary
acquisition. It is a handsome variegated form of
iDracsena Bruanti. Obtained from a sport, it is
one of the best additions in late vears to decorative
plants.

The following awards were made : —

Diploma of Honour with felicitations to Drac.-ena
Bruanti var. Souvenir de Francois Buysse, from Mme.
Y\ E, BUYSSE, Meireibeke, Ghent.

Certificates of Merit with felicitations to Anthur-
ium Andreanum var. Souvenir du Pere Draps, from
M. DRAPS, Laeken, and Encephalartos Laurentianus,
from the Brussels Botanic Garden.

Certificate of Merit to Dracaena Mme. Gentil,
D. Pri'sid. de Middeleer, D. Souvr. du ler meeting : D.
Memoria-Drapsi, D. Lambeauana, D. Pere Charon,
from M. Draps, Laeken.

Fruits.

M. Van Dievoet (Chairman), and Messrs. Lorge
(Secretary), Paras, Klettenberg, Joris, Op de Beck,
members.

The Syndicat pes VEHOUITBCRS Belges (M. Van
Varenberg secretary), showed samples of Grapes,
Peaches, and Nectarines, which were rewarded by
Honorary Mention.

M. Paras, head fruit-grower to H.M. King Leopold,
showed four boxes of Strawberries of the following
perpetual fruiting varieties : — Perpetuelle, La Perle,
St. Antoine, and St. Joseph (Certificate of Merit by
Acclamation).

M. VAN Dievoet showed nine varieties of Pears
gathered from July 20 up to August 30.

We call the special attention of our British friends
to these meetings. Lovi.t < lentil.

BRIGHTON HORTICULTURAL.

Ai i.i ST 22, 23.— The fourteenth annual summer
exhibition of this Society was held on these dates in
the Dome and Corn Exchange. Exhibits were nu-
merous and good, the cut Dowers being an especial

feature.

Plants.

The leading class among plants was that for a group
of miscellaneous sub]. -its arranged for effect, Tie
premier award was gained by Mr. <■'.. Miles, Victoria
\ m -cry, Dj'kc Road, Brighton, who had well-tlowered
Liliums, Carnations, and Begonias, in conjunction with
suitable foliage plants. Mr. G. Sims, gr. to E. A.
WALKS, Esq., Uppet Lewes Road. Brighton, was 2nd.

The class for a group of Ferns arranged for effect
caused spirited competition. Mr. J. Adams, gr. to
Sir S. 0. Siiiffner, Bart., Coombe Place, Hamscv.
Lewes, won the 1st prize with excellent specimens of
Adiantum Farlevensc effectively employed amongst
smaller plants of other varieties. Mr. 3. MILES was 2nd.

Tables measuring 8 feet by 4 feet, arranged with
flowering and foliage plants, mad. quite an interesting
feature. Mr. G. Eastwood, gardener to Mrs. GOULD,
Downs Hotel, Hassocks, was 1-t with a light arrange-
ment of Bougainvillea Sanderiana, Lilies and suitable
foliage plants. Mr. H. Goldsmith, gardener to D.
Hack, Esq., Fir Croft, Withdean, was 2nd.

Tuberous Begonias were shown well. Mr. F. Collis,
gardener to Mrs. HUGHES, Preston Park Avenue,
Brighton, won 1st prize with dwarf, bushy plants that
were well furnished with flowers.

Mr. H. Garnett, gardener to R. G. Fletcher, Esq.,
Mount Harry, Witndean, won the 1st prize in the class
for six well-coloured Codiaums (Crotons).

Dracamas in three varieties were admirably staged
by Mr. J. G. Ereveld, gr. to H. YOUNG, Esq., Withdean.
who led easily, as he also did in the class for six
Palms. Mr. EASTWOOD staged the best collection of
six Ferns. Coleus were admirably shown, and Mr. F.
C'OLLTS was awarded the 1st prize for large plants of
popular varieties.

Cut Flowers.

For the best collection of Carnations artistically
arranged with foliage plants and F'erns, a
Silver Challenge Cup was ottered. Messrs. H. & J.
Elliott, The Nurseries, Hassocks, secured the trophy
with a highly creditable display. Miss Shiffnek,
Coombe Place, Lewes, who gained 2nd prize, had greater
variety, but her flowers were smaller.

Roses were not numerous ; the flowers were small,
but of good quality. For twelve distinct varieties,
Mr. Harris, gr. to E. M. Eversfield, Esq., Denne
Park, Horsham, was placed 1st : while for twelve Tea
varieties, Mr. J. Davis, gr. to Major E. H. Thurlow,
Buckham Hill House, I'ckfield, gained a similar
position.

Mr. J. Rogers, gr. to C. E. F. Stanford, Esq., St.
Aubyns, Rottingdean, won the 1st prize in the class for
twelve spikes of Gladioli.

Dahlias were shown well. Messrs. J. Cheal& SONS,
Crawley, won the 1st prize in the class for twenty-four
show or fancy blooms, and twelve bunches of Tompon
varieties of these flowers.

In the class for twelve bunches of Cactus Dahlias,
Messrs. J. Stiiedwick & Sons, Silverhill Park, St.
Leonards, were successful, having charming flowers that
were beautifully displayed. Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons
were 2nd in this class.

Hardy perennials and bulbous flowers in twelve
varieties made a great display. Mr, J. Davis's exhibit
of Liliutn lancifolium rubrum, Rudbeckias, Penstemons,
Phlox, &o. , easily secured the premier place. Mr. J. E.

Shirley, gr, to the Rev. T. G. Wtatt, St. Wilfred's
Parsonage, Hay ward's Heath, was 2nd,

Annuals in bunches of twelve va well

represented. Mr. .1. DAVIS was placed 1st foi
flowers with a representative collection, Mr. A. 11.
Parsons, Mailing Street, Lewes, had the lies!, : ix
bunches of Sweet Teas in popular varieties.

For the best decorated dinner tabic there were nine
entries. Miss Florence Molvn fix, Swanmore Farm,
Bishop's Waltham, Hints, was 1st with a li|
arranged table. Mrs. RAPLET, Islingword
Brighton, came 2nd with a display of pink Carnations
and ivy-leaved Pelargoniums.

Fruit.

Although the exhibits in the fruit classes were not
numerous they were of good quality. In tie' els
a collection of eight dishes of fruit, Mr. John *
Albion Xuisery, Polegate, was awarded the 1-' pri
The exhfbit included good Grapes, Peaches, Nectarines,
and Melons. The best Muscat of Alexandria Grapes
were shown by Mr. G. H. Simmons, gr. to II. G.
White, Esq., Polegate. Competition in the ol i
Melons was keen, The best Peaches were sta
Mr. Verrall, gr. to Mr. F. Shenstone, Sutton Hall.
Barcombe, who had two dishes of excellent fruit. Mr.
.1. Gore had the premier award for Nectarines.
Plums were exceedingly well shown. In the cla
four dishes of these fruits, Mr. F. W. Thomas won
with Cullen's Gage, Jefferson, Kirke's, and Vic:

VEGETABLES were but moderately shown.

Non Competitive Exhibits.

Gold Medals were awarded to Messrs. T. Rivers ffi
Son, Sawbridgeworth, Herts, for a grand collection i if
fruit-trees in pots. To Messrs. W. BalCHIN i Son,
Brighton and Hove Nurseries, for an excellent group
of foliage and flowering plants

Silver-gilt Medals to Messrs. John Laing & Sons,
Forest Hill Nurseries, London, for Begonias, Cahv
ilium*, &c. ; and to Mr. John Russell for plant-,

/:. .i/.

SHROPSHIRE HORTICULTURAL.

Ai gust 23 .t 24.
Honorary Exhibits.

i n p, ir. o/SuppU >"> >' tO I'll. -/ . [ I ■ .21

Messrs. J. Ciikal k Sons, LowScld Nurserie:
(Yaw-lev. Sussex, sent a splendid collection of I
Pompon and single Dahlias.

Mr. G. H. TOWKDROW, Malvern Link, sent a new
bedding Begonia named Bronze Beauty. It belongs to
to the fibrous-rooted section, is dwarf, with small red
flowi is. In autumn the small green leaves assume
shades id' crimson and purple colours.

Messrs. Jarman, Chard, exhibited Roses, Dahlias,
and beautiful annual Centaureas.

Rustic table stands filled with Sweet Peas and
Carnations came from Mr. ROBERT Svuiniiam, Tenby
Street, Birmingham.

Mr. Anc.us, The Gardens, Penicuik, sent Chrysan-
themum maximum King Edward, and shapely flowers
of Disa granditiora.

Messrs. W. & J. Brown, Stamford, contributed cut
Roses, zonal Pelargoniums, and a few hardy flowers.

F'rom Mr. Amos Terry, Winchmore Hill, London.
N., came an effective display of hardy flowers and
Water Lilies in great variety.

Messrs. T. S. Ware, Feltham, Middlesex, sent some
beautiful Cactus Dahlias, arid a large assortment of
tuberous-rooted Begonia flowers.

Cut Roses, shown as grown, were exhibited hv Mr.
Edwin Murrell, Shrewsbury, who also had a very
fine selection of hybrid Gladioli.

Mr. John Forbes, Hawick, Scotland, had a compre-
hensive collection of Pentstemons and Phloxes. Beau-
tiful Carnations were shown on the old-fashioned
boards with paper collars.

Messrs. Jones & Sons, C'oton Hill Nurseries, Shrews-
bury, displayed a grand lot of Sweet Teas, Carnations,
and Dablias.

Messrs, Felton & SONS, Hanover Square, London,
sent a small group of plants and cut flowers.

Messrs. W. CuTBUSH Ac SON, Highgate, Londi n.
exhibited a pretty group of Herbaceous plants and
hardy Xymph.tas.

Messrs. C'LIBRANS, Altrincham, put up a large group
of small Codismms, in which yellow-leaved vai etiei
preponderated, over a groundwork of Adiantum cunea-
tum.

Messrs. Hewitt & Co., Solihull, Birmingham, filled
the end of the large plant tent with a rich display
of hardy flowers,
Messrs Pritciiard & Sons, Shrewsbury, exlc

192

THE GARB ENER S> CHR ON I CLE.

I September 2, 1905.

Carinas*, well-flowered plants of Lilium auratum, and
exotic Ferns.

Cut flowers of double and single Tuberous Begonias
arranged in small vases came from Messrs. B. E. Davis
&'SONS, Yeovil, Somerset.

Roses in great variety and excellent quality came
from Mr. George Prince, Longworth, Berks,
i Mr. Jno. ROBSON, Altrincham, exhibited Dahlias and
a" few other hardy flowers, besides flowers of a few
good," tree" or perpetual-flowering Carnations.

Earl Powis, Powis Castle (gr., Mr. Lambert), ex-
hibited a group of plants of Dracena "Victoria,11
which included six large handsome plants and some
smaller ones.

Messrs. Hobbies, Ltd., Dereham, Norfolk, made a
very large exhibit of Dahlia-blooms and Roses, many
of. the Rose growths being trained to Bamboos, and
some of the Dahlia blooms were arranged in stands of
the same material.

Large exhibits of Sweet Peas were made by Mr. H.
Eckford, Wem, Salop ; Mr. Robert Bolton, Warton,
Carnforth ; Mr. J. Derbyshire, Hale, Altrincham, &c.

Zonal Pelargoniums of the double and single-flowered
sections were contributed by Mr. Vincent Slade,
Taunton. Sprays of Violas came from Mr. W. L.
Pattison, Shrewsbury. Cacti from Mr. Richard
Anker, Addison Road, Kensington ; and rustic arches
and flowering plants and cut flowers came from Messrs.
Tom B. Dobbs, Wolverhampton.

SCHEDULES RECEIVED.

The Midland Daffodil Society's Seventh Annual
Report.

ENQUIRY.

Preservation of Runner Beans. — Can any
reader describe a method of preserving Runner
Beans in a fresh condition for winter use, other
than that of placing them in layers of salt ? T. W.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. J. D. Colledge as Gardener to Mrs. Adah;
Ridgemead. Euglelield Green, Surrey.

Mr. Edward Wrighton, for the past eight and a half
years Gardener and Estate Bailifl' to the late Sir
Riclard Wyatt, at GarthyDghared. Dolgelly,
North Wales, as Gardener to Arthur Whitaker,
Esq., Chiddingstonc Castle, Edenbridge, Kent.

Mr. W. c. Harris. General Foreman at K. Barclay's,
Esq.. High Leigh Gardens, HoddesdoD, Herts, as
Gardener to A. V. Cox, Esq , Warren Cottage,
Newmarket.

Mr. G. W. Longhurst, for the past two years Foreman
in the Houses at Fram field Place', Uckficld, as
Gardener to Geo. Blackall Simonds, Esq., Brad-
fitld House, Berks.

Mr. James Stephenson, Gardener to the Duke of
Newcastle, Forest Farm Gardens, Windsor, as
Gardener to William Arkwright, Esq., Suttou
Hall, Chesterfield.

Mr. Stephen Davies. for the past seventeen years
Gardener and Bailiff to the late C.Churchill, Esq ,
Weybridge Park. Weybridse. as Gardener to David
H Willis, fc'sq.. Garbrand Hall, Ewell, Surrey.

Mr. William Lambert, for the past three and a half
years Hothouse Foreman at Madreslield Court, as
Gardener to Earl Grey, Howick House, Northum-
berland.

Mr. G. Aslett, for the past ten years Gardener to
W. M. Johnstone, Esq., Soliam House, Newmarket,
Herts, as Gardener to Mrs. F. W. Campion, Trum-
pets Hill, Reigate, Surrey.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

*.* Editor and Publisher. — Our Correspon-
dents would obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their communications, and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all communications
relating to financial matters and to advertisements
should be addressed to the Publisher ; and that all
communications intended for publication, or refer-
ring to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editor. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are quite
distinct, and much unnecessary delay and confusion
arise when letters are misdirected."

Address: M. M. The address of Sir Daniel
Morris, K.C.M.G., &o, Commissioner, Imperial
Department of Agriculture for the West
Indies, is Barbados, W.I.

Bananas: T. A. B., Alderley Edge. The informa-
tion you desire in respect to Bananas will be
found in a note by Mr. Jackson on p. 178.

Begonia: Lorraine. The spots on the Begonia
leaves have probably been caused by condensed
moisture concurrent with a temporary low tem-

perature. Keep the leaves perfectly free from
mites by syringing the plants or dipping them
in tobacco-water.

Books : A. B. We cannot trace the work you
mention. We suspect it is out of print.

Cattleta: Worcester. The plant is badly affected
with scale, and this pest is quite sufficient to
cause the damage shown.

Colours : C. P. S( Co. There has recently been
published in the French language an ex-
haustive work on the subject, the title of which
is Repertoire de Couleurs. It can no doubt be
obtained from Messrs. Williams & Norgate,
Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Cypripedium Leaves : E. T. The rusty appear-
ance on Cypripediums is often seen on plants
grown in an atmosphere that is too moist, or in
too high a temperature. A similar appearance
is caused by minute insects, sometimes by
thrips. The remedy is to sponge the leaves
frequently with a weak insecticide. Repot the
plants and remove them to some other part of
the house, or another house entirely.

Dahlia : F. W. G. It is not our practice to
name varieties of florists' flowers. Send the
Dahlia to a nurseryman who cultivates these
plants in large numbers.

Dahlias for Exhibiting, &c : Anxious. Your
question involves too much for us to answer in
the limited space at our disposal, but you will
find everything you require in the Official
Catalogue and Guide of the National Dahlia
Society. It can be obtained from the secretary,
Mr. H. L. Brousson, Foot's Cray, Kent. Price
to non-members 2s., post free.

Fungus : A. B. The black fungus on Acer
stump is Xylaria polymorpha, not uncommon.

Grapes : //. J. We suspect the trouble is with
the border, in consequence of which the roots
are performing their functions unsatisfactorily.
When the proper season arrives, thoroughly
overhaul the border, and if it appears to be
in a sour or otherwise bad condition, let a new
border be made and ample means of drainage
provided. Crop the Vines lightly for a season
afterwards, and endeavour to obtain strong,
well-ripened wood. With proper treatment
you should not fail to obtain satisfactory re-
sults ; but are you aware that Muscat of Alex-
andria and Black Hamburgh require different
treatment in regard to temperature ? Read
the weekly Calendar in these pages on " Fruits
under Glass."

Herbaceous Border: Hugo. We do not agree
with the statement that there is no plant-food
in mud obtained from a pond. You must not,
however, apply it in a crude state. Make a
heap of the material, incorporating plenty of
sand, wood-ashes, road scrapings, and lime, and
long manure, if obtainable. Turn it over several
times at intervals of a few weeks in order to
aerate and oxidise the components, and it will
then be admirable for use in the herbaceous
border, or, indeed, in almost any other quarter
of the garden.

Insect : A. W.per W. H., and T. W. The immature
larvae of the Goat moth, Cjssus ligniperda (see
fig. in Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 1172, 1871). This
insect u very destructive to forest and orna-
mental trees, especially in the south and east
of Great Britain, but in the north-west it is
comparatively rare. The lirvre feed for three
years, devouring and burrowing into the solid
wood until in bad attacks it becomes com|
p'etely honeycombed, and the tree succumbs to
the attack. Occasionally a larva will leave its
burrow in the tree and for some unaccountable
reason bury itself in the ground, wherein it
excavates a rather large chamber and lines it
with a coarse network of strong silk fibres.
In the fens of Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire
the larva> show a decided preference for the
pollard Willows, while in other districts the
Elm and the Ash suffer equally from their
attacks. A mixture consisting of clay, soap
and paraffin forms an excellent means of
prevention against the attacks of this pest ;
but when once the larvae have established
themselves in the trunk of the tree the best
remedy is to place pieces of " stick " cyanide
(Poison) in their burrows, and plug the
entrance with stiff clay or a piece of wood.

Melon Roots : J. C. M. The roots are badly
attacked with eelworm. Destroy any plants so
affected. Remove the soil and thoroughly
sterilise it by baking or other means. Do not
cultivate Melons or Cucumbers in the same
structure next season, and be careful to obtain
loam from another source in the future.

Names of Fruits : W. D. B. The Peaches
arrived in the condition of pulp. It is neces-
sary when sending these soft fruits to pack
them very carefully, preferably in wood-wool,
and in addition to use plenty of soft paper
round the fruits. Foliage should if possible
be sent with the fruits, as the glands and other
characteristics of the leaves form valuable
means of identification. The Plum is Oullin's
Golden. — A. H. M. The Peaches were all very
well - grown fruits. The fruit of Crimson
Galande is grand. Thanks for sending such
examples so well packed. 1, Violette Hative ;
2, Dymond ; 3, Crimson Galande ; 4, Bellegarde ;
5, Nectarine Peach ; 6, Barrington.

Names of Plants : W. C. Ononis Natrix. —
J. W. Statice latifolia.— T. E. G. Empetrnm
nigrum. — W. D. B. 5, Arbutus tjnedo; 6,
Stachys lanata. — An Old Subscriber. Oncidium
flexuosum. — Bart. 1, Trichopilia tortilis ; 2,
Oncidium Wentworthianum j 3, Masdevallia
tridactylites. — H. C, Wicklow. Trichopilia
coccinea, so far as we can judge by the poor
specimen sent. In such cases you should
describe or roughly sketch the habit of the
plant. — A. B. C. 1, Sidalcea mal vce flora ; 2,
Achillea ptarmica flore-pleno ; 3, Monarda
didyma; 4,Conifernextweek ; 5, Rhus Cotinus. —
A. M. Euphorbia Lathyris (Caper Spurge). —
Mot. 1, Cypripedium cenanthum; 2, Portulaca
grandiflora. — C. S. Araujia sericifera syn.
Physianthus albens. — W. D. W. 1, Olearia
Haastii; 2, Euonymus japonicus ; 3, Myrtus
communis ; 4, Leycesteria formosa. — J. S.
Lonicera brachypoda reticulata. — Amateur. We
cannot determine the specimen from such poor
material. — H. C. D. Tilia argentea, the White
Lime.

New Potatos at Christmas: T. W. Place the
tubers immediately they are taken from the
ground into tin boxes with close-fitting lids.
Bury the boxes in holes 3 feet in depth in the
garden, cover with soil, and indicate the locality
by a stick. Avoid large tubers, and select th'ose
with smooth skins.

Opportunities in the Colonies : H. E. T. We
think it is very likely you would find a good
opening, but for fuller information as to the
conditions which exist in different localities
apply to the Government Emigration Depart-
ment, 31, Broadway, Westminster.

Orchid Growers : F. B. There is a Gardeners'
Directory published which contains the names
and addresses of gardeners and their employers
in this country, but the Orchid cultivators are
not given separately. The Gardeners' Directory
can be obtained from our Publishing Depart-
ment, price Is. and cost of postage.

Saxifraga sarmentosa : M. B.. Holland. The
species is only half-hardy generally in this
country, although there are certain favoured
localities where we think it would succeed
out-of-doors entirely.

The Horticultural Hall : J. C. More than
one complaint has reached us relating to the
slippery state of the floor, which is likely to be
the cause of serious accidents. No doubt if the
attention of the authorities were called to the
matter it would receive attention.

Vaporiser : Ca. H. Mr. Ward was no doubt
referring to Campbell's Patent Sulphur Va-
poriser. The address at which they can be
obtained is Exors. R. Campbell, Water Street,
Manchester.

Communications Received.— W. E. Gumblcton-W. H.
-Exhibitor-M. T. M. -T. H.-W. F.-E. M.-C. H. P.
-H. W. W.-W. J. V. (pliotographs)-F. W. B.-F. M.-
E. H. W.-A. C. F.-P. M T.-A J. B L.-C. P. & Co.
—A. H. B.-A. D. R.— W. M.-F. J.-W. K— G. & I-

E. B.-W. C. & Sons-H. T.— Pink Begonia-D. B-
J. M.-G. M.— W. W.-J. W-J. S. & Sons-F. F-

F. P.-A. H.

(For Markets and Wtather, see p. x.)

Septembee 9, 1905. J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

193

THE

No. 970.— SATURDAY. Sept. 9, 1905.

CONTENTS.

Annuals at flower
shows 204

Apricots, two good
varieties of 2(3

Bamboos, the flower-
ing of :oo

Beans, preserving ... 204

Beans, Runner, low
prices for 101

Books, notices of—
Botanical Magazine £00
Handbook of Forest

Botany

Publicationsreceived 231

Carberry Tower, near
Edinburgh 191

China, plant- collect-
ing in 202

Colchicum autumnale,
poisonous properties
of 20S

Conifers, blue 204

Crinodendrou Hooker-
ianum 204

Eckford Testimonial... 201

Edinburgh Interna-
tional Show 2C0

Edinburgh Royal Bo-
tanic oardens ... 193

Flowers in season ... 200

Fruit crops, remarks
on the condition of . 205

Grass land, experi-
ments on £01

Hopetoun House ... lib

Hemerocallis, three
good

Judging at flower-
shows

Kew notes

Nurseries in and
around Edinburgh .

Obituary —

>iules, Dr

Stee:e, Alexander ...

Orchids, special exhi-
bitions of

Oxenfoord Castle

Plants, new c r note-
worthy-
Two new Eulophias

Societies —
Aberdeen Royal Hor-
ticultural

British Gardeners'

Association
Horticultural Trades'

Association
National Iialilia
Reading Hort.

Sparaxis, a bed of

bwauley Horticultural
College

Tagetes patula and T.
erecta

Underlcy Hall. Kirkby
Lonsdale

Wasps attacking fruit

Weather in Cornwall...

Week's work, the 198,

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Carberry Tower. Midlothian, view in the gardens at
Hopetoun House, near Ualmeny, views in the

gardens at 19(>,

Oxenfoord Castle, the residence ot the Earl of Stair

Pear slug-worm, the

Rockery, the, in Edinburgh Botanic Gardens

Sirex gigas. the wood-wasp

Sparaxis, a bed of, in the touth-West

Views in the Royal Botauic Gardens, Edinburgh

(Supplementary Illustration)

204
203

S07
201

201
195

2Cti

105

206
207
206
2t.3

201

204

203
-"I

194

197
195

21 «
202
2<'8
i03

SCOTLAND.

ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, EDINBURGH-

[See Supplementary Illustration, and Fig. 76.]
f I \HE Royal Botanic Garden has occupied
■*- more than one site since its foundation
in 1670; its present one was chosen in
1820. At that date the situation was
comparatively open, but the growth of the
city has gradually enclosed it, mostly by
buildings of the villa type. The area of the
Garden was at first only about 14 acres,
and its present extent of 57 acres is the
result of the successive additions of the
ground at one time used by the Caledonian
Horticultural Society as an experimental
garden, and of the Arboretum which the
Town Council purchased and presented to
the Government in 1876. The necessity of
combining the several areas thus acquired,
and of adapting the Garden to receive the
numerous visitors— which on some days are
as many as i'0,000— has caused many
changes to be made in recent years. There
are still in existence some of the trees which
were transplanted from the Garden in its
previous site at Leith Walk, but many of
these are exhibiting signs of decay. In
carrying out the planting of fresh specimens
to replace them, and to bring the collec-
tion up to date, an endeavour has been
made to classify the trees and shrubs into
groups, eo far as the soil ard situation
would permit.

On entering thn Garden through the gate-
way in Inverleith Row, the visitor passes the
offices, museum, aDd laboratories, and comes
to the front range of plant-houses (see one
of the views in Supplementary Illustration),
which during the past twelve years has been
almost entirely reconstructed. The range is
built upon a terrace, and the houses run at
right angles to a corridor. Behind the
raDge may be seen the higher Palm-house
and intermediate - house. The system of
planting out in specially prepared beds is
adopted as far as possible in the houses, and
under these conditions growth of a luxuriant
character is obtained. The houses of this
front range are devoted to succulent plants,
economic plants, greenhouse and stove
plants, Orchids, and insectivorous plants.
At the end of the range are still standing
the remnants of the old houses, which are
devoted principally to tropical and temperate
Ferns.

In the corridor, which is a structure
having a three-quarter span roof, the back
wall being abouo 15 feet high, space is found
for climbers and other plants requiring to
be grown against a wall. Many interesting
and rare species may be seen there, such as
Hidalgoa Wercklei, Lonicera Hildebrandt-
iana, Cantua tiuxifulia, Acacias and Clematis
of kinds, Solanum YVendlandi, Bruginansia
sanguiLea, Butigainvillea, Bignonias, Mac-
kaya bella, and other plants too numerous
to mention here.

Behind the range is the Nepenthes and
Aroid house, which is entered by a porch,
the roof of which is covered with the long
hanging stems of Ipomoea Learii, bearing
hundieds of its lovely b.ue-coloured flowers.
The effect gained in the Nepenthes house is
certainly one of the prettiest, with its
hanging pitchers and undergrowth of fine
foliaged plants. Here and there at irregular
points are some goud examples of Platy-
cerium growing upon tree trunks, Anthu-
riums, Alocasias and other species filling up
the intermediate spaces. Planted aniung a
groundwork of rocks in an adjoining house
are Bromeliads, and tropical climbers cover
the roof. Some hue plants of Tillandsia
regina and its variety gigantea occupy
prominent positions. The coloured leaves
of the Karatas are attractive at the present
time.

Stove plants in pots occupy the stages of
the Palm house as well as the stove, and in
all the houses the planted-out specimens
show an excellence of growth unattained by
pot plants. Amongst remarkable plants in
the stove Hibiscus Scotti has this season
borne hundreds of its fine yellow flowers.
Ruellia insignis has bloomed well, and
Dioclea coriacea has been covered with
lacemes of scarlet flowers. Impatiens
Hawkeri and I. Holstii give colour to the
house, as do also many fine plants with
coloured foliage.

In the Palm house is an attractive group
of Cycads. Being planted out their
luxuriant growth shows the advantage of
this method of cultivation. Dioon spinu-
losum and D. edule, Cycas Riuminiana, En-
cephalartos pungens and E. horridus and
Maerozamia Fraseri are only a few of the
specimens that are pictures of robust health.

The collection of herbaceous plants for
study has lately been remodelled for the
purpose of increasing the number of genera
to the exclusion of a large number of species

in which there are only slight differences.
Around the margins are planted a number
of shrubs and small trees in their orders.
Upon the terrace wall, which skirts and
supports the terrace, is a good selection of
wall plants of a hardy character, included
among them being Carpentaria californica,
Fremontia californica, species of Escallonia,
Ceanothus, Plagianthus betulinus, and Mag-
nolias.

An herbaceous border of about 200 yards
in length is also worthy of a visit. Lying
along the northern boundary, it has a
southern exposure. It was made about t«vo
years ago, and is broken up in its entire
length by Conifenc, Hollies, and other ever-
greens, the background being the boundary
belt of deciduous trees with Rhododendrons
planted under them. The herbaceous plants
are arranged to produce a bold effect. Con-
spicuous just now are clumps of Stokesia
cyanea, Pentstemons, Hollyhocks, Lillums,
Michaelmas Daisies, and Kniphofias. 0*ing
to a prolonged season of drought, the flowers
have been of an evanescent character, and
the border already presents an autumn
appearance. Along its front margin are
some good patches of Aerena microphylla;
Tunica Saxifraga and Linaria alpina, which
seem to revel in this sandy soil, are in full
flower, as well as other creeping or dwarf
plants suitable for forming edgings.

Eff jrts have lately been made to increase
the collection of Rhododendron species, the
Himalayan forms succeeding here remark-
ably well. Where the quantity of a parti-
cular species is sufficient it is planted in a
large bed, while for the smaller and more
tender species a border has been made
under a Yew-hedge. Groups of Rhododen-
dron Thomson!, R. fulgens, R. campylo-
carpum, R. cinnabarinum, Anthopogon
ciliatum, A. campanulatum, A. niveum, and
many other species give to this part of the
garden a bright appearance in early spring.
At the present time these beds and borders
are gay with the various species of Lilium
in flower.

The collection of Hollies is arranged near
by, some good examples of the varieties
being notable, such as Ilex Aquifolium
camellia^folium, Handsworthensis, and
Golden Milkmaid.

On the slope of the hill to the we3t
of the plant-houses is the Azalea (Rhodo-
dendron) garden, the beds being of an
irregular pattern and large in size. The
American and Chinese hybrids are well
represented.

Among the shrubs now in flower is
Eucryphia pinnatifolia, like many other
of the Chilian shrubs, such as Tricuspidaria
dependens, Mitraria coccinea, and Berberi-
dopsis corallina, now about 12 feet high
against a wall. The Eucryphia seems
perfectly at home in the open-air here.

So much has been written from time to
time regarding the rock-garden (see fig. 76),
a brief notice need only be given. An endea-
vour has been made during the past few
years to reconstruct the rockwork by the use
of larger and more irregular stones, and to
take away the small pockets so long in use.
The plants are being massed in bold clumps.
The genera Erica and Calluna are now in
full flower, among the former being a bed of
"Crawford's Heath," a double form of Erica
Mackayi found by F. C. Crawford, Esq., in
Galway. This is an excellent grower, and like

194

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 9, 1905.

most of the Ericas it has flowers of a lovely
shade of pink colour, while the doubling is
perfect. The collection of Saxifragas is
extensive, and even when out of flower the
plants have a pretty effect by reason of their
different tints of green foliage. A bank of
Cotoneaster horizontalis will soon be rich in
its autumn colourings of both fruit and
foliage. At the back of two of the larger
mounds almost vertical walls have been
built, where it is hoped plants requiring this
position may be cultivated.

Conifers, although growing moderately
well for a certain number of years, generally
lose their vigour after reaching a height of
about 30 feet, this being due to the light,
sandy nature of the soil, and perhaps also
to the smoke- laden atmosphere common to

course of three years. An excellent library
is provided for the use of members of the
staff.

The interest of the public is stimulated
by lectures given free to all by the Regius
Keeper, Professor Balfour, F.R.S., in the
lecture-hall. R. L. Harrow.

[We have to thank Professor Balfour for
obligingly furnishing us with the photo-
graphs. Ed ]

CARBERRY TOWEE.

Cabberrt Tower, the seat of Lord Elphinstone,
is one of the most interesting and attractive
estates in Midlothian. It is situated aSout
7 miles from Edinburgh and 2 miles from
Inveresk station, to which there are frejuent

and the Souvenir de la Malmaison Carnations are
quite a feature of the place. There is also a
healthy stock of well-grown plants of the American
varieties of the winter-flowering type.

In the outside garden vegetables are spjcially
well done, most of them baing quite up to show-
standard. Hardy fruits are also grown well.

The herbaceous plants alone are well worth a
visit, baing rich in variety and robust in health.
There are large stocks of Carnations, Pentste-
mons, Phloxes, Antirrhinums, and other florists'
flowers. Mr. Kidd has a great admiration for
Sweet Peas and grows them well, but this season
the long drought has been sadly against them.

In few gardens are Roses better cultivated than
at Carberry Towers, and on entering the gardens
one is apt to suppose it is purely a Rosary.
Pillar Roses are particularly in evidence, and at
the back of the herbaceous borders have a.

Fig. 71.— view in the gardens at caebeery towee, neae Edinburgh, showing a bed of galtonia candicanp,

also a circulae gateway in a stone wall.

city garden?. The species grown are
numerous, but it is only as young trees that
they have a healthy and vigorous appearance.
The herbarium building, which is situated
near to the collection of Conifers, will be
remembered by many as the exhibition hall
of the Caledonian Horticultural Society,
when this part of the garden was in posses-
sion of that Society.

From its foundation the Royal Botanic
Garden has been connected with the Uni-
versity of EJinburgh, in that the Professor
has always been Regius Keeper, and the
University studentsare taught in the Garden ;
but the educational work of the Garden has
been in recent years extended, so that the
young gardeners and foresters employed ia
the garden and arboretum pass through a
special course of instruction in the sciences
underlying the practical part of their work.
The lecture?, which embrace many subjects,
are given by specialists, and extend over a

trains from Edinburgh, and half a mile from
Smeaton station, where, however, trains are
fewer.

The mansion is an imposing building situated
amidst beautiful trees, and has fine lawns around
it. The banks of a small lake are prettily adorned
with an interesting collection of shrubs. The
gardens are not of great size, but every phase of
cultivation is represented. Mr. Kidd, the gar-
dener, is one of the younger race, full of
enthusiasm and energetic, and one cannot
wonder that so many things are specialised at
Carberry.

There is a considerable extent of glasshouses,
in which fruit and flowers are cultivated
thoroughly well. Grapes are always good, the
spacimens of Muscat of Alexandria being widely
known as among; the best that are seen at
Scotch shows. For some years past Mr. Kidd
has taken a prominent place as an exhibitor of
Grapes. Peaches, Nectarines, Melons, &c , are
much in evidence, and excellent orchard-house
fruit is cultivated. The Carnations are grand.

splendid effect. The Chrysanthemums are a fine
lot of plants, and in just such condition as to
promise extra good flowers.

Mr. Kidd is the present holder of the Scottish
Challenge Cup, and probably means some day to
win the great Edinburgh prize.

On leaving the garden proper, the visitor is
conducted into what is called the flower-garden,
a delightful retired square radiant with beauty.
This is quite distinct from the usual style of
bedding displ ty. Here the beds and borders are
irregular, and while the usual bedding plants are
not quite in disuse, they are not prominent, but
are delightfully mingled among the choicest
hardy flowers, Roses and flowering shrubs. The
grass lawn on which this garden is planted is
most refreshing.

One of the striking features of Carberry is
the Sequoia (Wellingtonia) avenue, composed of
fine, healthy trees about 30 feet in height, and
healthy to the ground. Any gardener who has
half a day to spire cannot do better than visit
Carberry. M. T.

September 9, 190.-)

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

195

OXENFOORD CASTLE.

Oxknfookd Castle, the Midlothian seat of the
Right Hon. the'.Earl of Stair, is a little over ten
miles distant from Edinburgh, and four from
Dalkeith. It is easily reached by train and
brake, and the journey may be covered in about
an hour and a half. Ihe Castle, which is a stately
and substantial edifice, occupies a commanding
position on the left bank of the river Tyne, and
stands in'an extensive park, the newer parts of
which are finely wooded with every species of
familiar tree. These have been arranged with

is a moderate extent of glasshouses, filled with
fruit-trees and choice plants; and while the
latter are grown to a considerable extent, fruit
constitutes the chief feature of the garden. The
rosary, too, is well planted with up-to-date
varieties of Roses.

As it exists at present, Oxenfoord Castle in-
volves a portion of an old castellated mansion
which was erected some time during the latter
half of the sixteenth century by one David Mac-
gill, who acquired the lands of Oxenfoord in the
reign of Mary, Queen of Scots (15G1-1567).
It was gradually enlarged and beautified by sue-

SOME EDINBURGH NURSERIES.

COMELY BANE.
The nursery of Messrs. Cunningham Fraser &
Co. was commenced in 1810 by the late James
Cunningham, a well-known Scots florist, and has
continued since in the possession of the family,
the sole proprietor of the firm being T. C. Fraser,
his grandnephew. Unlike most Scottish nurse-
ries, forest trees are not grown here. The grounds
(xtend to foify acres, and evergreen and
deciduou3 shrubs form the major portion of
the stock, but standard and ornamental trees

Fig. 7±— oxenfoord castle, near dalkeith, the residence of the earl of stair.

great judgment. In the immediate vicinity of
the Castle itself much taste has also been dis-
played in the disposition of shrubberies and
flowers, while the ancient groves of timber there,
and the lawns cut into terraces and slopes in the
old style of landscape gardening, add much to the
beauty of the scene.

Along the sides of what is known as the
"Terrace Walk" stand some stately Sequoias
(Wellingtonias), one of which was planted on
March 10, 1863, by the late North Dalrymple,
ninth Earl of Stair, iu commemoration of the
marriage of his present Majesty, King Edward
the Seventh. The gardens, which cover a con-
siderable area of ground, are laid out with
exquisite taste and are beautifully kept. There

ceeiing owners, until 18 42, when it assumed its
present massire and stately appearance as the
result of extensive alterations and additions
wrought upon it by General Sir John Hamilton
Dalryniple, Baronet, who became heir to the Mac-
gill estates through his mother, and succeeded to'
the Earldom of Stair in 1810. King James the
Second when Duke of York, and his daughter,
the Princess Anne, afterwards Queen Anne,
enjoyed hospitality here for some weeks. Hard
by Oxenfoord Castle stood the old Manor
House of Chesterhall, once the seat of the
Wedderouins, and the birthplace of the
famous Alexander Wedderburn, who became Lord
Chancellor Loughborough and the first Earl of
Rosslyn.

are also well grown. H >llies are grown in great
quantity, from 30,000 to 50,000 being planted out
from cutting frames every year. Whole quarters
of plants of the variety Golden Queen may be
seen in different sizes. Yews, Irish and English,
are also grown largely, several acres being under
this crop.

Aucubas and Rhododendrons are extensively
cultivated, the named varieties of Rhododendrons
being mostly raised from layers. Seedlings are
raised from cross-fertilise! flowers, and excellent
varieties hive bean obtained by this method.
Hardy Heaths are very interesting, the collection
inclulin,' from fifty to sixty sorts. Alpine plants
are a speciality, tie colleetion being very compre-
hensive. There are about 250 varieties of Saxi-

196

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[SEPTEMBER 9, 1905.

fragas, including some of the new introductions
of Mr. W. Boyd, which are not yet in commerce.
"Faldonside" and " Cherry-trees " being two of
the finest.

A note on the Alpine plants was published in
our issue for April 30, 1904. Herbaceous plants
are extensively cultivated, and the collection is
up-to-date. Many rare and out-of-the-way plants
are to be seen in this nursery, and some are
growing under most unlikely conditions.

Beechhili, and Rosemount Nurseries.

The nurseries of Mr. John Downie are beauti-
fully situated about two miles west of the city of
Edinburgh, and can be easily reached by pro-
ceeding by car to Murrayfield, or by train to
Pinkhill station.

Beechhill Nurseries contain choice Conifers,
including the most beautiful varieties. There is
an extensive collection of deciduous flowering
and ornamental trees and shrubs. The late Mr.
John Downie devoted a great deal of both time
and attention to the hybridising and improving
of florists' flowers, and many of the varieties he
raised are still to be found in the collections.

The glasshouses are used for the cultivation
of stove and greenhouse plants, Palms, Ferns,
pot-Vines, &c. The collections of zonal and
regal Pelargoniums and tuberous-rooted Begonias
are a feature. Ornamental stove foliage plants
are cultivated with every success.

Belgrave Park Nurseries are devoted to the
cultivation of general outdoor nursery-stock, the
soil, situation, and aspect being admirably suited
for them. Forest-trees may be seen in all sizes,
from seedlings up to transplanted specimens.
Roses and fruit-trees occupy a considerable area,
The well-known variety of Crab, " John Downie,"
is grown in all sizes. Rhododendrons, green and
variegated Hollies, flowering shrubs, such as
Weigelias, Spiralis, Forsythias, &c, specimen
standard trees of Lime, Sycamore, Oak, &c,
English YewE, hedging, and general covert plants,
are cultivated. The nurseries are at all times
open for inspection.

T. Methven & Sons.
Immediately opposite to one of the entrances
to the Royal Botanic Gardens are the grounds of
Messrs. T. Methven & Sons, whose seed offices
are in Princes Street. The business was estab-
lished by the late Thomas Methven, and now
belongs to his two sons. Altogether the firm
cultivates some 70 acres of land, some of which
is at Warriston, the remainder being in Leith
Walk, Iverleitb, and Baugholm.

R. B. Laird & Sons.
The nurseries of Messrs. R. B. Laird & Sons are
at Pinkhill, Murrayfield, on the west side of the
city, and about 3 miles out. Trams run nearly
to the site, and 'buse3 quite thereto and beyond.
Inclusive of the ground covered by the glass-
houses and other buildings, the area of the
nursery is rather under 50 acres.

David W. Thomson.

The nursery belonging to Mr. David W. Thom-
son is in the Granton Road, past the Botanic
Gardens. It consists of about 35 acres of land,
all of which is now devoted to out-of-door culture.
Trees and shrubs are an especial feature. Mr.
Thomson is the son of the veteran David Thom-
son, late gardener to the Duke of Buccleuch at
Drumlanrig.

Dickson & Co.

The nursery of this firm is situated three miles
out of the city in the direction of Dalkeith.
Trams will convey visitors to within five minutes'
walk of the place. The nursery contains an ex-
tensive stock of Conifers, forest trees, shrubs,
fruit trees, &a. The glasshouses include eleven
with span roofs. Dahlias and many other border
plants are grown. The firm cultivates about
100 acres of land.

H0PET0UN HOUSE.

Among the many places of horticultural
interest in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh is
Hopetoun House (see figs. 73, 74, and 75), the
Linlithgowshire seat of the Marquis of Linlithgow.

and was'[about'jlG98' finished by Mr. Robert
Adam3, another distinguished architect who
flourished in the early part of the eighteenth
century. A noble building in itself, it occupies a
position of great beauty, and commands a most ex-
tensive view of the Firth of Forth and its shores.

^^m#F^£

.if" .-■ M P^W

i ~ - ■-' :-. * _.. - _■■

Fig. 73.

-VIEW IN THE GARDENS AT HOPETOUN HOUSE, TIIEEESIEENCE OF THE
MARQUIS OF LINLITHGOW.

Tae best way to reach Hopetoun from Edin-
burgh is by taking train from the North British
Railway Waverley station to Dalmeny station,
whence a pleasant walk leads to the grounds.

Much could be said of thisaspactof Hopetoun, but
at the present time it willjbe sufficient to state that
the visitor to the grounds, which are open to the
public any day, will be charmed with the prospect

Fig. 74. — terraces with flower-beds at hopetoun house.

Many, however, go by way of South Queen sferry,
whence a longer though enjoyable walk along
the shore road leads to the entrance.

Hopetoun House, in the French palace style
of the age of Louis X[V"., was designed by
Sir William Bruce, the rebuilder of Holyrood,

from almost any part, and with the view which
is to be had of the site of the future naval base.
The gardens are not open to the public, but
permission to see them is generally easily ob-
tained by those really interested in horticulture.
The park, which includes a deer park containing;

September 9, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

197

a fine herd of deer, extends to about 1,700 acres,
and the pleasure-grounds are understood to have
been originally laid out between 1725 and 1730,
but many changes have been made since that
time. Only recently a number of large trees
were successfully removed to add to the beauty
of the grounds. Arboriculturists will find much
to interest them in the magnificent trees which
abound everywhere. Even those less devoted to
such pursuits cannot fail to be charmed with the
" dark walk," the great Yews and the noble
Hollies which are throughout the grounds. The
magnificent old Cedars have long been famous.

In spring a great portion of the grounds is bright
with Daffodils, Snowdrops, and other spring-
flowering bulbs.

The gardens abound with interest to the horti-
culturist, containing as they do everything neces-
sary for the requirements of a large household
in the way of flowers, fruit, and vegetables,
besides the plants for garden decoration. The

as Etiile de France, Souvenir de President
Carnot, and many others. Carpeted with Alys-
sum, these have been very attractive this season.
In other situations Roses are cultivated in great
numbers, both outside and under glass, and it
may be mentioned that the variety Mdlle.
Cecile Brunuer has long been a favourite with
the Marchioness.

Herbaceous plants are well and extensively
cultivated in borders and elsewhere, and besides
the finest of the taller choice alpine plants now
receive considerable attention.

The herbaceous plants include many new
species and varieties, and as great numbers are
cultivated the effect is excellent. This season a
group of about 100 plants of Incarvillea Delavayi
was superb, while the newer I. grandiflora has also
succeeded well. By way of showing the varied
character of the collection it may be said that
Chrysanthemum maximum Kobinsoni, Astilbe
Davidii, Meconopsis integrifolii, Sidalcea Rosy

FlC. 73.-

-SEA-WALK AT HOrETOUN, LOOKING EAST, WITH THE FORTH BRIDGE
IN THE D1STAKCF.

reputation the gardens obtained under the charge
of the late Mr. James Smith is well maintained by
his successor, Mr. Thomas Hay, who receives every
encouragement from his employers.

The gardeners enjoy a Saturday half-holiday ;
and their usual working hours are limited to nine
on other days. An addition to the bothy, which
is in course of erection, will contain a bathroom
and other comforts for the young men.

The kitchen garden proper is a walled en-
closure of 11 acres, with extensive ranges of glass-
houses and large flower and vegetable gardens and
fruit quarters. It practically cccupies two sides
of a valley, with a small stream intersecting it.

In the Rose-garden the blooms have been
exceedingly fine this season. A feature is the
large beds each filled with one variety only, these
including such fine Roses as Li France, Caroline
Testout, Madame A. Chatenay, and others whose
value for cultivation in masses has been proved.
These beds have been carpeted with a lovely
heliotrope - coloured Viola, raised in Mrs.
Wauchope's garden at Niddrie. Of this, 10,000
plants are employed. There is also a new Rose
border, in which there are choice varieties such

Gem, and Gypsophila paniculata fl. pi. are among
those to be met with in the gardens. A supple-
mentary border is devoted to seedlings for
removal to the herbaceous borders proper, and
there have been here about a hundred plants of
Astilbe Davidii, with Senecio clivorum and
S. tanguticus, and other species of value, together
with Delphiniums, Chelones, and many others.
Unfortunately the dry season has been unfavour-
able to their good development.

A noteworthy border is cne filled with Pent-
stemons, some 3,000 plants of named varieties
being cultivated here, besides a stock of the fine
scarlet variety Lord Charles Hope, which was
raised here, and a bed of the old Newbury Gem '
mingled with Fuchsia Riccartoni. Montbretias
and Gladioli, together with early - flowering
Chrysanthemums, are exceedingly good.

Carnations deserve a special note, there being
in all about 7,000 plants grown, of which 5,000
are cultivated in two large borders. A house is
also devoted to the finer yellow-ground varieties,
and in another house is a splendid collection of the
best varieties of Souvenir de la Malmaison. Orna-
mental shrubs are largely planted, and include

such new plants as Buddleia variabilis Veitchiana
and other novelties.

The conservatories are always kept supplied
with flowering plants, and the stoves contain many
interesting subjects, in addition to those which are
cultivated more commonly. Orchids receive a
full share of care, and the collection includes a
number of the best forms of these indispensable
flowers, of which Calanthes should be specially-
mentioned. The plant - houses are prettily
adorned with suitable climbers, and the high
culture one expects in such an establishment is
noticeable everywhere.

Melons have been good this season. Among
the varieties usually grown here are two that
were raised at Hopetoun. One of these, named
Earl of Hopetoun, is a very handsome and well-
flavoured Melon, while the other of equal merit
is named Countess of Hopetoun. Tomatos and
Cucumbers are also very largely represented.

The range of vineries is extensive, and the
Grapes are always cultivated well at Hopetoun
House, a succession of Grapes being maintained
over a long period. A large number of varieties
of Peiches and Nectarines have borne abundant
crops this season, and Pines are cultivated well.
A large area is devoted to outdoor fruits.

Drought this season has affected some of the
kitchen garden crops injuriously, but they are
generally of good quality ; while Onions are
excellent and Peas have cropped well.

Hopetoun is one of the most important horti-
cultural establishments south of the Forth, and
visitors to the International Horticultural Exhi-
bition should not miss an opportunity of inspecting
the gardens. 8. Arnott.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

«

TWO NEW EULOPHIAS.
Eulophia is a large and difficult genus, having-
its head-quarters in tropical and South Africa
and the adjacent Mascarene Islands, but is also
well represented in Indo-Malaya, and sparingly
in Polynesia and America. Most of the species
are terrestrial and furnished with subterranean
tubers, and many are deciduous. A few others
are epiphytes and have aerial pseudo-bulba.
Many of the species are found in comparatively
dry regions, or where the rains are periodic,
hence the modificitions seen in their vegetative
organs. The following two additions to the>
genus have just flowered in cultivation.

Eulophia paniculata, Solfe, n. sp.°

This is a large epiphytic species, bearing a tall

scape about 5 feet high, terminating, as its name

indicates, in an ample panicle of numerous

flowers giving an imposing appearance. It

* Euloph a paniculata, Eolfe. — A densely - tufted
epiphyte with stout, woody rhizomes about \ inch,
broad. Pseudo-bulbs approximate, ovate-oblong, ir-
resulirly 5-augled, 3 to 5 inches long, ij to 2S inches
broad, dipbyllous. Leaves strap - shaped, subacute,
coriaceous, conduplieate at the base, 15 to 19 inches
long b? S> to 14 liocs broad, irregularly marbled on the
upper surface with dull, dark green on a pale green
ground. Scape stout, erect, about 5 feet high, extending
in a much-branched panicle above. Flowers very
numerous and loosely-arranged, dusky-brown on the
sepals, the petals and lip yellowish-green veined and
somewhat reticulated with purple-brown colour. Bracts
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 3 lines long, those at
the base of the side branches ij to 10 lines long. Pedicels
slender. \ to]} iDCh long Sepals spatulate. obtuse,
narrowed at the base, 6 to 9 Hues long. Petals ellipti-
cal oblong, obtuse, somewnat undulate, 4 to 6 lines
long. Lip strongly three-lobed, 4 to 55 lines long by
nearly as much broad ; side lobes suborbicular; front
lobe again divided into two broadly-rounded lobes ; disc
with three prominent longitudinal keels, the outer pair
terminating abruptly below the middle, the median
one extending further and terminating in a pair of
diverging, flattened calli above the mouth of the spur ;
spur oblong, obtuse. lj to 2 lines long. Column oblong,
curved, about 2 lines long. Native of Madagascar.

198

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 9, 1905.

flowered at the Royal Botanic Garden, Glasnevin,
in June, 1904, and Mr. F. W. Moore states that
he picked the plant up in one of Messrs. Sander's
houses in September, 1902, and that Messrs.
Sander purchased it at the sale of the late
M. Alfred Bleu's Orchids at Paris, beyond which
nothing was known about it. Then ic appeared
at the recent horticultural exhibition held at
Bruges from July 30 to August 15, being
exhibited by Herr C. Garber, Whlgb., Pavodi-
Trento, Sud Tyrol, Austria, who has since sent it
to 'Kew for determination, stating that it is a
native of Madagascar. A living plant has also
been presented to the Kew collection. The plant
is a strong, densely-tufted epiphyte, with very
stout woody rhizomes and large, ovate-oblong,
5-angled pseudo-bulbs, which bear at the apex a
pair of strap-shaped fleshy or coriaceous leaves,
which are irregularly marked on their upper sur-
face with dull dark-green on a pale- green ground.
Mr. Moore states that the inflorescence appears
from the base of the pseudo-bulb with the young
growth, which latter remains undeveloped until
flowering is over. The inflorescence sent by him
had fifteen side-branches, the lower of which had
eleven flowers, the aggregate number being
nearly 150. They measure from 1 to If inch
across ; the spatulate sepals are dusky - brown
in colour, and the shorter petals and lip yellowish-
green, lined and somewhat reticulated with
purple-brown. There are two or three other
epiphytic species iu Madagascar with a paniculate
inflorescence, but all are far inferior in size to
the present interesting addition.

EtTLOPHIA UNDULATA, Rolfe, n.sp.f

This is a native of Rhodesia, and was recently
sent to Kew with a collection of Rhodesian
plants, bulbs, and seeds, by C. F. H. Monro, Esq ,
of the Office of Mines, Bulawayo. It is a terres-
trial species having subterranean pseudo-bulbs,
from which arises a tuft of three to five narrow,
plicate leaves. A scape now produced from an
old bulb is about a foot high, rather slender, and
bears half-a-dozen flowers, with several terminal •
abortive bracts, showing that the scape is not
fully developed. The spreading sepals are lined
and suffused with purple-brown colour on a paler
ground, and the petals and lip are pale green.
There are three very prominent undulate keels
on the lip's disc, in allusion to which the name is
given. The spur of the lip is proportionately
longer than in most of its allies, being nearly as
long as the limb, and but little shorter than the
other segments. There is a short broad foot to
the column, showing that the species belongs to
the Cyrtopera group. JJ. A. Rolfe.

t Eulophia undulata, Rolfe.— A terrestrial Orchid, with
subterranean ovoid pseudo-bulbs, about half an inch
broad. Leaves borne in tufts of three to five from the
apex of the pseudo-bulbs, linear-lanceolate, acute, pli-
cate, not fleshy, of a slightly glaucous green, 3 to about
6 inches long, 2 to 5 lines broad, with about two exterior
supporting sheaths (reduced leaves) which are thickly
spotted witli red brown colour. Scape produced from the
preceding growth, erect, slender, about a foot high, with
two or three oblong-lanceolate sheaths below. Raceme
at present six-flowered with several terminal abortive
bracts, showing imperfect development. Bracts linear-
lanceolate, acute, 2 lines long. Pedicels (i lines long.
Sepals spreading, oblong lanceolate, subobtuse, slightly
narrowed below the middle, lined and suffused with
purple-brown colour ou a paler ground, the lateral pair
obliquely curved uear the base. Petals incurved over
the column, obloug, subobtuse, slightly shorter than
the sepals, pale green. Lip attached to the broad, short
foot of the column, extended in front into an erect
three-lobed limb, half an inch long, and behind into a
narrowly conical, somewhat curved spur, about as long
as the limb, and placed at right angles to it ; colour, light
green ; side lobes of lip erect, oMoug, and obtuse; front
lobe ovate-oblong, obtuse, 2'. Hues long ; disc with three
prominent, very undulate keels extending from base to
apex, and a pair of much smaller ones on each side ;
spur somewhat dorsally compressed and bideutate at
the apex. Column oblong, about i lines long, light
green, the broad foot being extended beyond the inser-
tion of the lateral sepals for half a line. Native of
Rhodesia.

BOOK NOTICE.

Trees. Vol. ill. A Handbook of Forest Botany
for the Woodlands and the Laboratory. By
H. Marshall Ward, Sc.D. (Cambridge
University Press.)
We have on former occasions noted the plan
adopted by Professor Ward in the two previous
volumes of this series, so that it is only needful
to say that in the present instalment the Professor
deals with the inflorescence and with the flowers
of our commoner trees and supplies in a condensed
form a great deal of information which will be as
useful to the ordinary student as to the forester.
The latter half of the volume i3 occupied with
details relating to various trees. Special atten-
tion is given to the Willows, a most perplexing
group. The arrangement of the several orders is
likely to give careless students a very erroneous
idea of natural affinities. Perhaps in the final
volume the arrangement adopted for convenience
may be supplemented by one more in accordance
with a natural system of classification.

The Week's Work.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F. Jordan, Gardener to Dr. Corbet, Impney Hall
Gardens. Droitwich.

Pines. — Plants which are now swelling their
fruits will require very careful watering, for
although dryness at the roots must be guarded
against, at the same time too much moisture
would be liable to cause blackness in the centre
of the fruits. As these approach the ripening
stage, clear water only must be applied to the
roots, with less damping and syringing of the
house generally as the days shorten ; damping
the beds twice daily and the paths when neces-
sary will be generally sufficient. Syringing over-
head must also be avoided or large crowns
will develop on the fruits. Slightly reduce
the atmospheric moisture of the house when the
plants of Smooth Cayennes intended for winter
fruiting come into flower, allowing more moisture
again when they have passed this stage. Do not
apply strong doses of liquid manure or guano-
water at this season. See that the bottom -heat
does not exceed 90° when increased firing becomes
necessary. The temperature at night should be
maintained at about 73', falling to 63° in the
morning. Advantage should be taken of bright
days to close the structure early in the afternoon
with as much sun-heat present as possible.

Earliest Queens. — The earliest plants of this
variety will soon be approaching their season of
rest, which condition should be encouraged by
reducing the supply of water at the roots, and
by lowering the temperature by day and night,
w°aile at the same time permitting a freer circu-
lation of air on all favourable occasions. See
that the plants do not become too dry owing to
bright weather, or they would be seriously
injured. A little tepid water poured round the
outsides of the pots on to the plunging material
when it becomes dry is preferable to direct
watering at the roots. Damping the beds and
paths will furnish sufficient moisture. A tempera-
ture of 65° should be maintained at night. Later-
fruiting plants should be kept steadily growing
until the pots are well filled with roots and
growth finished. Supply the plants at alternate
waterings with weak guana and soot-water,
closing the house early in the afternoon. This
treatment should be continued until the fruits are
maturing, when they should be treated as recom-
mended above. The shading of younger plants
should now be discontinued, while overhead
spraying must be performed on bright days only.
Plants in small pots and that require a shift
should be potted at once. If the roots have a
much restricted area it entails too much watering
during the winter months.

Suckers. — Plants which have been rooted in
pits or in frames should be shortly removed to
their winter quarters, where the temperature of
the bed does not exceed 75°, and where fire-heat
is at command. Late suckers may still be
inserted. These should be kept in a close atmo-
sphere and watered carefully, and treated as
advised in the Calendar for July 29.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A, Bullock, Garlener to E. J. Wythes, Esq.,
Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Tree Carnations. — Plants raised from cuttings
which were rooted early and are intended for
flowering in winter should now be removed from
the open air to their winter quarters. Let the
structures to which the plants are removed be
ventilated freely while the weather is favourable.
If there is any sign of aphis fumigate at once
with XL-All.

Mignonette. — Another good sowing should be
made now for raising plants to flower early in
spring. Thin down to three plants in a pot those
of a previous sowing.

Richardias (Callas). — Let the3e be lifted and
potted up, placing the pots in a cold frame for a
time. Employ a good rich compost consisting of
loam three parts and spent Mushroom-dung one
part, adding a little bone-meal and silver-sand.

Chrysanthemums. — Pay strict attention to the
buds that are forward, and protect them from
earwigs, using inverted pots partly filled with
hay, and hoisted on sticks ; examine them as
often as necessary. Let the late summer-flower-
ing plants be protected from the rain, which is
apt to spoil the flowers as they expand.

Violets. — Lose no time in preparing either the
frames or hot-beds in which the plants are to
flower during the winter months. If a brick
frame is to be employed for the purpose, let it be
filled and well trodden with Oak or Beech leaves,
allowing them to settle well before placing the
soil on them. For forming a hot-bed, mix a little
long litter with the leaves, and allow this also to
settle before adding the soil.

General Work. — During this month low tempera-
tures at night and occasional frosts are not at all
uncommon, therefore make preparations for re-
moving to protected quarters tender subjects that
have stood in the open for some time past. Bou-
vardias, Libonias, Solanum capsicastrum, &o.,
that have been planted out should now be lifted,
potted up, and stood in cold frames where they can
be shaded and syringed frequently if the weather
is at all warm ; they will then soon recover from
the check caused by the disturbance. Araucarias
and other winter - flowering plants requiring
potting should be attended to without delay.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H. Yotrao, Orchid Grower to Sir Fbedebick
Wigan, Bart., Clare Lawn, East Sheen. 8.W.

Miltonia vexillaria. — In most instances resur-
facing with fresh sphagnum-moss or repotting
should now take place, the exceptions being
those plants that were given this attention in the
spring, and such autumn -flowering varieties as
M. v. Leopoldii and M. v. Klabochorum. Very
satisfactory results are obtained here by growing
Miltonia vexillaria in a leaf -mixture of a similar
nature to that recommended for Odontoglossum
crispum in last week's Calendar. Use, however,
is made of pans, which hold a lesser depth of
material than pots, therefore the compost becomes
dry sooner. Miltonias are mostly surface-rooting
subjects, seldom penetrating beyond the sphag-
num - moss, yet they appear to derive benefit
from the leaf - mixture beneath. Allowing the
plants to become dry at the roots before
operating on them, much of the old materials
may be picked away or shaken out without
actually disturbing those roots which are clinging
to the sides of the receptacles, afterwards
working in new materials, and surfacing with
fresh sphagnum-moss. Do not repot any plants
that have room for further development, and
good drainage. When the potting is completed
arrange the plants on the shadier side of a
Cattleya-house, and do not place them very near
the glass or outer doorway. Do not apply any
direct root waterings for a week or more, but
damp regularly between the plants, and on
bright mornings during the present month
spray the plants overhead. Should an extra
bright day occur spread sheets of paper over
them during strong sunlight. The rooting-
medium should be kept only moderately moist
throughout the autumn and early winter months.
Spray the plants overhead occasionally with
some approved insecticide to prevent thrips. The

SeptiMber 9, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

109

varieties mentioned above may be left over until
early in next spring, but should be staged with
the rest of the plants.

Trichopilias. — T. suavis having rested in a
cool-house since flowering is now growing again,
and requires attention. This species may be
cultivated in pans for suspending. The plants
succeed very well in a medium containing leaves,
provided care be exercised in applying water.
Two seasons is quite long enough for the
roots to continue in the same material, and
repotting should be carried out at the end of
that period if the old material cannot be picked
out. Place Fern rhizomes at the bottom of the
pans, then apply compost, and afterwards surface
with chopped sphagnum-moss. Suspend the
plants in the coolest part of a Cattleya
house, and afford water very sparingly
throughout the growing period. T. marginata
may be treated similarly. T. fragrans is best
cultivated in pots, and nay be repotted and
treated in a smilar manner to Odontoglossum
crispum. The plants are now flowering, but
growth will probably commence soon, and after-
wards the requirements of the roots should be
given attention. When Trichopilias are at rest,
as is the case just now with T. tortilis, T.
sanguinolenta, &a., the plants require very dry
and cool conditions.

Ltclia purpurata and L. tenebrosa, — These desir-
able plants may be repotted during the present
month where occasion demands. They grow
remarkably well in a leaf-mixture, but are not
quite so free-flowering as when leaves are not
used. In preference, therefore, use pots, and in-
sert drainage material to half their depth, then
work in amongst the roots of the plants a compost
of good turfy peat two parts, and sphagnum-moss
one part. Do not retain old leafless pseudc-bulbs,
as they are of no value to the growing portion of
the plant. The plants should be staged in the
warmest part of a Cattleya-house, and only very
moderate supplies of water must be afforded those
which have been disturbed at the roots until such
are re-established. Plants that have been merely
resurfaced will require a more liberal supply.

THE KITCHEN" GARDEN.

By W. Tyfe, Gardener to Lady Wantage, Lockinge
Park, Wantage.

Cabbage. — Plants raised from seeds sown during
July or very early in August should now be
ready for planting in their quarters. Carefully
lift the plants from the seed-beds, and destroy
any that show traces of the "clubbing" disease,
which is visible in a young state in the shape of
a knob at the roots. It is a good plan to dip the
roots of healthy plants in a puddle made of clay
and soot, for when so treated the roots soon take
hold of the fresh soil and suffer little in the
meantime. Cabbages generally make the best
progress when planted in rich garden soil.
Those that have been " pricked " out must be
lifted and replanted with a trowel, in order to
retain a ball of soil at the roots. Those moved
direct from the seed-beds and planted with a
blunt dibber are readily and securely planted, for
sturdy " quick-hearting " Cabbages are often the
result of firm planting in moderately solid
ground.

Parsley. — The present is a suitable time to fill
pits and frames with this important herb, and no
pains should be spared to secure a good supply
for the daily demand during winter. Plants
raised from seeds sown during July will now be
in good condition for transplanting, and plants
can still be moved to sheltered positions in the
open. If the supply of Parsley at the present
time is abundant, cut down a portion of the
plants to the ground. These will throw up a
valuable supply of young leaves later. Remove
the strong outside leaves from plantations of this
herb intended to stand the winter, for these will
not keep in good condition, but if they are re-
moved will be replaced by more serviceable and
harder leaves. Cut down any plants having the
appearance of developing seed.

Coleworts. — "We are now planting this vegetable
in quantity in every available quarter, putting in
the variety Eosette for early winter cutting and
that known as Hardy Green for a later supply.
"When grown quickly few green vegetables are

more delicious or more appreciated.* The space
they require is small, 12 inches by 15 inches
between the plants will suffice.

Boeing. — Before the approach of damp weather
give close attention to every quarter of the garden
for the destruction of weeds. The use of the hoe
in addition allows light and air to gain free access
to the plants, thus rendering them hardier and
better enabled to withstand the winter.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. II. Clarke, Gardener to Sir William Plowden,
Aston Rowant House, Oxon.
Hoot-pruning, &[c. — Now is the best time to
make a general survey of all fruit trees, care-
fully noting those which are growing unsatis-
factorily, or from excessive vigour fail to bear a
crop of fruit. Hardy fruit trees this year, owing
to deficient crops, are growing strongly, and if
well set with fruit buds this freeness of growth
may be counteracted by a good " set " next
season. Eoot-pruning is advisable in instances
where trees have failed to carry a crop for three
or more consecutive years, especially if growing
on strong, free-rooting stocks. But aged trees
should only be root-pruned if they are very
vigorous, and the work should then be executed
on one side of the tree only in one year. Many
trees growing on a subsoil of chalk, and are
suffering from what is termed "yellows." Let
the roots be carefully lifted towards the latter
end of September, and a fresh rooting medium
placed about them. The compost for this purpose
may be prepared now, as the work must be done
as expeditiously as possible.

Fruit Gathering. — This is an important detail
in fruit cultivation, and a great amount of care
and forethought is necessary in order to ensure
each variety being gathered at its proper season.
No hard-and-fast rule can be laid down for
guidance, but the fruit - grower must use his
own judgment. On trees growing in close,
heavy soils, fruit hangs, as a rule, for a much
longer period than that grown on light, warm
land. It is necessary to examine the fruit fre-
quently at this season with a view to gathering,
and in the case of that intended for home con-
sumption the early morning is the best part of
the day for the work. If on lifting a fruit
gradually to a horizontal position it parts readily
from the tree it is fit for gathering. Another
good guide in the case of Apples and Pears is to
inspect the pips, which will be of a dark brown
or black colour when the fruit is ready for re-
moval from the tree. Mid-season and late varie-
ties of Pears are often gathered too early.
The latest kinds can be allowed to hang on
the trees with advantage until after the foliage
has fallen, and are even benefited by a slight frost,
which acts as a deterrent to premature shrivelling.

The Fruit Room. — If this has not been tho-
roughly cleansed the work should be done without
delay. Every particle of rubbish and anything
that prevents a free circulation of air must be
removed ; the shelves should be well washed with
soap and water, and the door and windows fully
opened to admit a free circulation of air. In a
well-constructed thatched fruit-room, Hambledon
Deux Ans Apples were kept in a sound condition
until the last week in June. Thin-skinned va-
rieties need particular care in handling. The
best fruits should be selected and carefully laid
by themselves, using the smaller ones for present
use. Let a thin coating of clean Wheat-straw be
placed on each shelf to prevent the fruits from
becoming bruised, and especially in the case of
open shelves, where the fruits would come in
contact with the sharp edges of the staging.

Strawberries, Plums, l(c— The rains during the
past week will prove beneficial in many respects.
Newly planted Strawberries will make roots and
grow speedily. The old plants are producing
runners freely, and these must be removed.
Autumn-fruiting varieties should be protected
with a glass frame or with tilted handlights.
The trusses should be staked and the fruits not
allowed to become coated with soil or eaten by
slugs. Plums are splitting in consequence of the
rainfall. These damaged fruits should be
gathered and used for kitchen purposes.

Expose bunches of outdoor Grapes to all the
light and air possible, removing no leaves
other than really necessary for the purpose.
Shoots for fruiting next season should be nailed
close to the wall, as the wood will ripen better
owing to the radiating heat from the bricks.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. A. Milleh, Gardener to Lord Henhy C.
Bentinck, M.P., Underley Hall, Westmoreland.

Fuchsia Riccartoni is a splendid autumn-
flowering plant for the wild garden, succeeding
well on banks and in shady places where there is.
a moderate amount of soil and moisture. In
order to propagate the species by cuttings,
choose sturdy growths about 4 to 6 inches long,
and free from flowers. Insert them round the
sides of 5-inch pots. Place them in a hotbed in a
frame, and shade them on bright days till
rooted, then transfer them to a cool frame. They
will winter safely in any structure that is kept
free from frost, and should be potted off early
next season. F. gracilis is nearly as valuable;
and F. Dunrobin Bedder is a fine dwarf, free-
flowering variety.

Shrubby Veronicas can easily be propagated now
by inserting young growths in a mixture of sand,
leaf-mould, and loam in a cold frame, shading
them from brilliant sunshine. V. salicifolia pro-
duces a continuous profusion of bluish-white,
sweet-scented flower3 for many months together :
V. La Seduisante has purple stems and flowers ;
V. Andersoni variegata is a good edging plant ;
V. Traversi is the hardiest, and is useful for cul-
tivation under trees. The dwarf-growing species
make good wall and rockery plants, such as V.
epacridea, V. carnosula, V. cupressoides, V.
lycopodioides, &c.

Propagating various plants. — Insert cuttings
of Alternantheras and other bedding-plants that
require warm treatment, and of Salvia fulgens
and Paris Daisies. A few plants of Agathsea
cilestis should be potted and grown for stock
purposes. Vinca elegantissima, which is a useful
plant for edging purposes and for furnishing
vases, is easily propagated from cuttings inserted
in a cold frame. The following plants can all be
propagated similarly to the last-named : — Nepeta
teucrifolia, Santolina Chamsecyparissus, Thymus
citriodorus aureus, T. c. argenteus Fraser's
White, and Scrophularia nodosa. Astilbe-
Davidii is an herbaceous plant of distinctive
appearance. The leaves are of a bronzy-green
colour when young, and develop to a bright
green when mature. The graceful spikes of deep
rose-violet or mauve-coloured flowers are from
3 to 6 feet high. The plant is easily increased
by seed. Senecio tanguticus, although a strong-
growing perennial, is of light and graceful appear-
ance. The golden-yellow-coloured flowers are pro-
duced in dense panicles, and attract attention at
this season. This can also be easily raised from
seed. S. clivorum has foliage of bold appear-
ance, and develops strong - growing spikes of
bright orange-yellow-coloured flowers. It thrives
in ordinary soil, and lasts many weeks in bloom.
The above species of Senecio ripen seeds in
ordinary seasons.

Annuals for the Herbaceous Border. — The-
following annuals are useful border plants : —
Arctotis grandis requires a warm aspect ; it has
elegant whitish foliage, and white Daisy-like-
flowers tinged with lavender colour. Dianthus
Eoyal Pink is a good strain of these useful and
free-flowering plants. Nicotiana Sanderae is very
free in flowering; it is adaptable for planting in
vases. Nigella " Miss Jekyll " is of very attrac-
tive appearance. It is a vigorous-growing plant,
and produces an abundance of long-stemmed
flowers of a clear cornflower-blue colour set in
fine foliage. Alonsoa Warscewiczii compacta is a
free - blooming variety, and has bright scarlet
flowers. The blue Anagallis Phillipsii and the
species of Linaria that are annuals are useful
for planting on walls.

Hollyhocks that were raised from seed sown
outdoors in June should now be placed in a cold
frame. In wet localities the safer plan will be
to pot them, and have them established for
wintering on a dry shelf in a well-ventilated
structure.

200

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September !>, 1905.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUIN6 WEEK.

TUESDAY, SsPT.^ranSmeet:11 S°Clety'9

(Km nl Caledonian Horticultural
Society's International Exhi-
bition at. Edinburgh (3 davs).
North Middlesex Dahlia Show
at Alexaudra Palace (4 days).

SATURDAY, Sept. 16

( Kidderminster and District
\ Dahlia Show.

BALES FO« THE WEEK.

MONDAY to FRIDAY NEXT—

Dutch Bulbs, at 67 & 68, Cheapside, E.C., by
Protheroe & Morris, at 10.30.

MONDAY, Sept. 11-
. Twentieth Annual Trade Sale of Pot Plants, at
Dyson's Lane Nurseries, Upper Edmonton, by order
of Mr. H. B. May, by Messrs. Protheroe & Morris, at
11.— Sale of Dutch Bulbs at Stevens's Rooms, King
Street, Covent Garden.

TUESDAY. Skpt. la-
Annual Trade Sale of Winter-blooming Heaths, &c,
at Burnt Ash Road Nurseries, Lee, S.E , bv order of
Messrs. B. Mailer & Sons, by Protheroe & Morris,
at 11.

WEDNESDAY, Sept. 13-

Aunual Trade Sale of Winter-flowering and other
Plants at the Nurseric3. South Woodford, by order
of Mr. John Fraser, by Protheroe & Morris, at
11 o'clock.— Sale of Dutch Bulbs, at Stevens's Rooms,
King Street. Covent Harden.

THURSDAY, Sept. H—

Thirty-seventh Annual Trade Sale of Stove and
Greenho'ise Plants, at Brimsdown Nurseries,
Enfield Highway, by order of Mr. J. H. Thompson,
Jun„ by Protheroe & Morris, at 11. Twenty-fourth
Annual Trade Sale of Winter-blooming Heaths. &c .
at the Louglands Nursery, Sidcup. S E., by order of
Messrs. H. Evans & Sons, by Protheroe & Morris,
at 11.

FRIDAY, Sept. 15-

Sale of Greenhouse Plants at The Nursery, High
Street, Clapham, S.W., by order of Mr. G. B. Fischer,
by Protheroe & Morris, at 1 o'clock— 2uo plants of
Cypripedium Fairieanum. collection of Cattleya,
L:ilio("attloya, and Cypripedium Hybrids, Estab-
lished Orchids, &c, at 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C., by
Protheroe & Morris, at 12.30.
{For further particulars see our Advertisement columns.)

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
-581'.
Actual Temperatures :—

London.— Wednesday, Sept. 6 (6 p.m.): Max. 71°;
Min. 59'.
Gardeners' Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington Street,
Covent GardeD, London. — Thursday, Sept. 7
(10a.m.): Bar., wl; Temp.. 64°. Weather- dull.
Provinces.— Widnesday, Sept. 6 (6 p.m.): Max. 69°,
Guildford ; Min. 58s, West of Ireland.

- „ . Professor Forel, of

The Flowering -. ,

. „ Morses, sends us a note

of Bamboos. ,, „ ,

on the flowering of

Bamboos. He recalls the fact that certain

species bloom annually, others but once, in

their old age, and die after flowering. It is

also to ba noted that those Bamboos which

flower once do so simultaneously over a

wide tract of country. For years, or even

for decades, they remain as green plants

with ornamental foliage, but produce no

blooms. Humboldt stated that Mutis

botanised for twenty years in swamps

where Bambusa Guadua formed immense

forests without meeting with a single

flower; and this is the experience of other

travellers. ThcD, suddenly, as if in response

to some mysterious agency, all the plants

lose all their leaves, bear fruit and die, and

the thicket is after a time renewed by the

growth of the seedling plants.

For some species the cycle is periodic.
Thus, on the west side of India Bambusa
arundinacea flowers every thirty-two years ;
other species bloom every thirteen years.
These simultaneous harvests entail certain
misfortunes; the seeds are produced so
abundantly that rats, mice, &c, increase
greatly on the diet, and in the succeeding
year, finding this food no longer available,
they attack and destroy the grain crops,
often causing quite a famine.

This peculiarity of simultaneous flowering
occurs also at Morges, in Switzerland, where,
last month, Professsor Forel noticed fully
twenty clumps all in flower. In the Pare
de l'lndependance, where there are some
fine groups of Bimboo, some fifty or a

hundred stems dropped their leaves and
bore large, denseh -crowded trusses of
flowers, inconspicuous and yellowish-grey.
All the stems of one plant, those of the
previous year as well as those eight or ten
years old, were covered with these flower-
spikes, the weight of which bent down
stems some twenty feet high. The sight
was unusual and striking. The flowering
was not confined to one locality, but similar
instances were observed at Territet. Nyon,
Lausanne, and Hex. M CoRREVONhad Phyllo-
stachys Henonis in flower in his gardens at
Chcne-Bjurg, and noticing a similar occur-
rence in England on his visit in May last, con-
sidered it to be general throughout Europe.

M. Forel is desirous of ascertaining if
this simultaneous flowering is due to ordi-
nary growth or to climatic conditions. He
wishes to know within what area it is con-
fined, if all the plants die after bearing
fruit, and whether the fruit is fertile.

Many of our readers are in a position to
solve some at least of these questions, and
they will find in the first chapter of Lord
Kedesdale's delightful book, entitled The
Bamboo Garden, a summary of the informa-
tion possessed on this subject up to the date
of publication. Arundinaria Simoni is men-
tioned as an exception to the rule, as it has
not infrequently borne seed in this country
and been apparently none the worse after-
wards.

The Eoinburgh Show. — There is every
prospect that the International exhibition to be
held by the Royal Caledonian Horticultural
Society in the Waverley Market, Edinburgh, on
Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday next, will be
eminently successful, and it is expected that there
will be a large number of visitors from the South.
Mr. A. Dean writes as follows, " Kindly permit
me to inform those purposing to go to the great
horticultural exhibition at Edinburgh, and in-
tending to travel on the 12th inst .that no special
fare having been arranged the ordinary return
third-class (tourist) fare is 50s. The station
agent at King's Cross (Great Northern Railway)
has kindly intimated that if ten persons will
arrange to travel down by the train leaving
King's Cross at 10 A M. on Tuesday next, he
will provide a saloon carrUge for the party.
Will those desirous of so travelling please drop
me a postcard to that effect at once, to 62,
Richmond Road, Kingston-on-Thames, that I may
inform the King's Cross authorities in good time."
The Midland Railway Company and the London
and North- Western Riilway Cimpany would
probably offer equal facilities. The Midland
Company have indeed shown considerable enter-
prise in canvassing those intending to send
exhibits. We publish this week notes and illus-
trations of important gardens and nurseries in
Edinburgh or within a few miles of the city,
some of which might be visited without much
inconvenience or loss of time. We shall give
a report of the exhibition in our next issue.

" Botanical Magazine."— The September
number contains coloured illustrations of the
following plants : —

Petasites jnponicus, Maximowicz, t. 8032. — A
species from Eistern Asia, which in the island of
Saghalien, according to Schmidt, has leaf-stalks
taller than a man, and the blade reaches a
diameter of 3 feet. The species was referred to
in Gardeners' Chronicle, October 30, 1897, p. 311,
under the name P. j. giganteus.

Cirrhopetalum breviscapum, Rolfe, t, 8033. —
This new species from Perak is described by Mr.
Rolfe. The scopes are erect, about If inch high,
of light green colour marked with red-brown, and

one-flowered. The flowers are of rather large
size; the dorsal sepal and petals dull purple, the
lateral sepals yellow spotted with red-brown, and
the lip rose-purple.

Prunus pendula, Maximowicz, t. 8034. — This
species, which Maximowicz describes as having
been found in the wild state in the mountain
forests of Central Nipon, is the same plant that
was introduced into Europe in 18C3 as Cerasus
pendula rosea. It is a variable specie3. Some
varieties have flowers of palest pink colour, and
others are deep rose - coloured. The variety
illustrated, says Dr. Otto Stapf, is merely a state
with pendulous branches of a species with
normally erect branches.

Scilla messeniaca. Boiss , t. 8035. — A species
resembling S. pratensis in the raceme of flowers,
but having very distinct leaves, and flowering
two months earlier, namely, in March. Although
descrihed some sixty years ago, says Mr. L.
Farmar, bulbs were first obtained for Kew in 1897.

Cotyledon insignis, t 8016, N. E Brown. — Mr.
Brown describes this new species which Mr John
Mahon discovered on one of the mountains of
Nyasaland, British Central Africa, at an altitude
of 7,000 feet. Seeds were sent to Kew in 1898,
and the species first flowered in February of this
year. The flowers have some resemblance to those
of C. eurviHora (Botanical Magazine, t. 2041), but in
all other respects it is entirely different. Colour of
flowers yellowish-green with overlay of pale-red.

The Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Insti-
TUTION. — The Secretary announces that Mr.
Geo. Bontard, V.M.H , has forwarded a dona-
tion of £o 18s 6(1, being the amount received by
him for naming fruit for non-customers and
members of the trade.

Flowers in Season. — From Mr. Amos
Perry, Winchmore Hill, London, N , we have
received specimens of the new Stenanthium ro-
bustum, which received an Award of Merit at the
last meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society.
This Liliaceous plant has Anthericum - like
foliage, and develops a graceful plume of small
white flowers, the spike measuring from 9 to
12 inches in length. The flowers are borne singly
on the upper portion of the inflorescence, but
lower down it is panicled, Fpikelets arising
in the axils of numerous scaly bracts. The
flowers have a perfume somewhat resembling
that of new-mown hay. Mr. Perrt also sends
two Sagittarias, under the names S. macrophylla
and S. chilensis. Speaking of the former, he
says : " It is growing fully 3 feet high, in by no
means a good situation. The flowers are larger
than any variety of Arrowhead in my collection,
which consists of twenty - one species and
varieties. Its immense leaves make it a plant
worthy of cultivation for its foliage alone."
Sagittaria chilensis has a more restricted inflo-
rescence than that of S. macrophylla, and the
leaves are ovate- acuminate. Rudbeckia fulgida
variabilis is a useful plant for the herbaceous
border. The varietal name is derived from the
varying degree of colouring in the flowers, some
of which have ray-petils of almost pure yellow
colour, while others are tinged with a Coreopsis-
like shade of dark red.

Mr. G. D. Davison, Westwick Gardens,

Norwich, has sent us flowers of several new
seedling Montbretias, including the variety
Prometheus, probably the finest Montbretia yet
produced. This variety has relatively enormous
flowers of a riA orange colour, which when
expanded are almost regular in shape, and
measure 3} inches across. The variety Hereward
develop3 a long spike with numerous light-orange
almost yellow - coloured blooms. The habit is
erect. Germania has deeply - coloured flowers
densely produced on the inflorescence. Other
djsirtbl'! varieties have been raised by Mr.
Davison.

Supplement to the "Gardeners' Chronicle.

Views in the Royal Botanical Gardens, Edinburgh.

Bradburv. Aptipw & Co. T H Erint-p.rs. r.nndnn and Tnnbndffe.

Sfptember 9, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

201

Royal Horticultural Society.— At the
suggestion of the Orchid Committee the Council
have adopted the following scheme, which they
hope will have the effect during the ensuing year
of inducing Orchid growers, both large and
small, amateur and professional, to exhibit their
already certificated and other choies varieties at
the fortnightly shows of the Society. Without
in any way wishing to alter or curtail the
exhibits as at present shown, which they hope
will be continued exactly as they are now, they
propose to award additional diplomas to plants
of exceptional merit shown in one combined
group. This group will be composed of all the
exhibits duly entered for this special competition
n accordance with the schedule. They hope
that by this means groups may be brought
together representing to a large extent the
varieties of the particular species decided upon
for exhibit on each occasion, together with the
hybrids having that species as one of their
parents. At the same time the Society's paint-
ings of the species and hybrids therefrom to
which awards have already been given will be
•exhibited. They believe that these exhibits will
have a great educational value to hybridists,
orehidists, and to Fellows generally, and they
rely upon all Orchid growers to assist them in
nuking the exhibit as complete as possible. W.
Wilks, Secretary.

SPECIAL EXHIBITIONS OF ORCHIDS DURING
THE YEAR 1906.

•(1) 'Without in any way interfering with the present
Bystem of exhibiting at the fortnightly shows of
the Society, at certain of such shows special
Diplomas will be given to Orchids specially
exhibited, where considered worthy, viz. : —

{a) Two Diplomas for the 1st and 2nd best species

on each day ; and
<6) Two for the 1st and 2nd best hybrids of that

species.

(2) The species and hybrids exhibited specially for

such Diplomas must be according to the follow-
ing schedule, any plants being admissible
whether they have previously received an award
from the Ro}-al Horticultural Society or not.
All hybrids are eligible whether the species
named in the schedule was the seed-bearing or
the pollen parent.

(3) Cut spikes of flowers may he shown for these

Diplomas, but all disbudded spikes will be
disqualified.

(4) The paintings bearing on either the species or

hybrids therefrom in the Royal Horticultural
Society's collection will be exhibited at the same
time for comparison.

(5) Seven days' notice must be given of intention to

exhibit for these special Diplomas.
(G) Inasmuch as all plants ia competition for these
Diplomas will be staged together, competitors
are particularly requested to specially mark each
exhibit so as to avoid mistakes of ownership at
the close of the show.

(7) A Sub-Committee of three judges will be appointed

by the Chairman of the Orchid Committee to
recommend these Diplomas, and they will be
granted by the Council only if the exhibit
appears to be undoubtedly worthy.

(8) The awards will be named as follows : —
Species— 1st Diploma. Hybrids — 1st Diploma.

Do. 2nd do. Do. 2nd do.

January 9, 190C>. Lselia anceps, vars. of type
(coloured); Calanthe and Calanthe hybrids.

January 23. Oncidium.

February 13. Cypripedium villosum (including
Boxalli) ; C. hybrids ; L;elia anceps, white varieties ;
Cattleya Triana; and C. T. hybrids.

March 6. Dendrobium aureum, D. a. hybrids, D.
nobile and hybrids.

March 20. Lvcaste and L. hybrids.

April 3. Cymbidium and C. hybrids ; Masdevallia
and M. hybrids.

Easter Tuesday, April 17. Odontoglossum crispum
^spotted, unspotted, and hybrids}. O. Pts?atorei

(spotted, unspotted, and hybrids). O. triumphans and
hybrids.

May 1. Cypripedium bellatulum, C. concolor, C.
niveum, C. Godefroyse, hybrids of above four kinds.
Odontoglossum crispum and O. Pescatorei (spotted,
unspotted, and hybrids). Odontoglossum luteo-pur-
pureum and hybrids.

May 15. Laelia purpurata and hybrids ; Lrelio-
Cattleya Schilleriana, L.-C. elegans, hybrids of above
two ; Miltonia vexillaria and hybrids ; Epidendrum
radicans hybrids.

June 12. Cypripedium Lawrenceanum and hybrids ;
Cattleya Mossiae and hybrids.

July 17. La-lia tenebrosa and hybrids ; Phalsenopsis
and hybrids.

August 14. L:elia elegans and hybrids; Cattleya
Warscewiczii (gigas) and hybrids.

September 25. Cypripedium Rothschildianum and
hybrids.

October 23. Ladia Dayana and pumila, and hybrids.
Cattleya Dowiana and C. Dowiana aurea, and hybrids.

November G. Sophronitis grandiflora and hybrids.
Dendrobium Phahenopsis, Cattleya labiata and
hybrids.

November 20. Cypripedium Fairieanum and hybrids.

December 11. Cypripedium Spicerianum anil
hybrids. Cypripedium insigne and hybrids. Calanthe
and hybrids.

London Dahlia Union.— We are informed
that the annual display of the Union will take
place in the Prince's Hall of the Earls Court
Exhibition, on September 19 and 20, when, in
addition to valuable money prizes, the " Hobbies''
Challenge Cup, value ten guineas, will be com-
peted for. Intending exhibitors are reminded
that they must give notice in writing to the Secre-
tary, on or before September 15, of the classes in
which they intend to exhibit. Copies of the
S^dule can be obtained from the Secretary, 7,
Marlborough Koad, Ealing.

Henry Eckford Testimonial. — Mr. Horace

J. Wright, Dault Road, Wandsworth, writes as
follows :— " The Committee has resolved that this
Fund shall be closed on Saturday, September 9.
Will those therefore who still desire to contribute
kindly send to me on or before that date ? The
subscriptions to the evening of Saturday,
September 2, amounted to ,£56."

Swanley Horticultural College. —It
is reported that this institution has benefited by
a gift of jEl.000 from Mr. E. G. Bawden, a
resident of Clapton, who has given .£100,000 for
distribution to benevolent undertakings and to
the advancement of knowledge. The money
allocated to the Swanley College is to be expended
in preparing women for emigration and colonial
life.

Society of American Florists. — The

American horticultural journals for August 12, 19,
and 26 contain long accounts of the convention
of the " Society of American Florists and Orna-
mental Horticulturists " recently held at Washing-
ton, at which matters of considerable importance
to the Society and American horticulture generally
were discussed.

ALEXANDERSTEELE. — A note in the^merican
Florist records the death of Alexander Steele,
a retired florist, at the age of ninety years. Our
contemporary describes deceased as a native of
Perthshire, and states that he was the confiden-
tial friend and companion of the Duke of Atholl,
many years ago, before going to Winchester, Va.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED —Bulletin of the l'cpart-
m'nt of Agriculture, Kingston, Jamaica, Vol. iii.. pt. 8.—
Qartertfiora for September. — The Estate Magazine.— Revue
l Horticulture Beige.— Deutsche Japan - Poet for August 5.
A journal published in the German language at Yoko-
hama.— The Queensland Flora. A general index to the
Queensland flora, by F. Manson Bailey, FX S.—The
Fungus Fiora of Yorkshire, by Geo. Massee and C. Cross-
lauc\ published by the Yorkshirc.Naturalist's Union.

EXPERIMENTS ON GRASS -LAND
AT ROTHAMSTED.

In respect of the explanations and diagrams
published last week, showing the nature and
results of experiments made at Rothamsted over
a series of years, the following article by Mr.
J. J. Willis is specially interesting: —

"Experiments on the mixed herbage of grass-
land were commenced at Rothamsted by the late
Sir J. B. Lawes in 1856, and are still in progress,
so that the present year (1905) is the fiftieth of
their continuance. About 7 acres are devoted to
the purpose, which are divided into twenty-two
plots. The differences in the flora caused by the
continual application of the same manure are very
remarkable and especially conspicuous before the
plots are cut for hay. There are two continuously
unmanured plots, and the remainder have respec-
tively received different descriptions of manures
of known composition and definite quantity.

In considering the effects of manures upon
grass-land, we have to take into account some-
thing more than the gross weight of produce.
Every meadow will be found to have its charac-
teristic vegetation, consisting of various grasses,
Clovers, and miscellaneous species classed to-
gether as weeds, according to variation of soil or
to difference of treatment. This is fully demon-
strated on the Rothamsted grass plots, which
differ enormously according to the character of
the manure applied year after year.

The total produce of hay, its botanical com-
position, and the chemical composition of the
mixed heibage, are found to be widely different,
according as one or other of the manorial
ingredients are given or withheld.

Eyen in the very early period of the experi-
ments it was found that those manures which
were the most effective with Wheat, Barley, and
Oats, grown separately on arable land, were also
the most effective in bringing forward the grasses
in the mixed herbage ; whilst those which were
the most beneficial to Beans, Peas, Lucern,
Sainfoin, Vetches, &o., grown separately in the
ordinary rotation of the farm, also greatly
developed the Leguminous species of the mixed
herbage, and vice vend.

Turning first to the total weight of produce
yielded, the results of selected plots show that
the average weight of hay for the forty-nine
years, 1856 — 1904, is as follows : —

Grown without nitrogenous manure —

cwt. per acre

Without manure 23

Superphosphate alone 23J

Minerals without potash 28

Minerals including potash 38|

Mean 23

Grown with nitrogenous manure —

cwt. per acre

Ammouia salts alone 29

Nitrate of soda alone 35$

Superphosphate and ammonii salts ... 35J

Minerals and ammonia salts 54

Minerals and nitrate of scda 59£

Mean 42
It is here seen that applications of nitrogen
in manure increase the amount of Hay harvested
from an average of 28 cwt. to 42 cwt. per acre,
again of 14 cwt. It is further seen that nitrate
of soda is much more effective for grass than are
ammonia salts. Nitrate of soda alone has given
an average of 35} cwt. of hay per acre, against
26 cwt. with ammonia salts ; and when full
minerals are added to the nitrogenous fertilisers,
nitrate of soda is again to the. fore, the reason
being that nitrate dissolves rapidly, sinks into
the subsoil, and so encourages plants of a widely
distributing root habit, enabling them to obtain
a greater food supply, and the better to with-
stand periods of drought.

Differences in Flora.
With the great differences in the quantity of
hay yielded.Jthere is also great variation in the

202

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 1 9, 1905.

botanical character of the herbage, not only as
regards the bulk of grasses, Clovers, or weeds,
but in the nature of their development as to
leanness or steuiminsss, and in maturation. The
aspect of the plots receiving nitrogenous manure
shows very characteristic differences, not only in
the colour of the herbage, but in the large pro-
portion of grasses encouraged. A botanical
separation of the hay shows 87 per cent, of
grasses, against 66 per cent, without nitrogen,
•while the Clover-plants are practically absent,
and the weedy herbage is reduce 1 to about
one- half per cent.

chlorophyll-formation to a great extent follows in
the track of nitrogen assimilation ; but the
total quantity of farm-stock food produced — meat,
milk, and wool materials— depend essentially on
the amounts of potash available in the soil."

LEAVES FROM MY CHINESE
NOTE BOOK.

{Continued from p. 174.)
Two plants which during October and No-
vember form pretty objects on account of their
brightly coloured fruits are Crataegus Pyracantha

In November Eleagnus pungens is one mass of
white bells, and the Loquat (Eriobotry a japonica)
is covered with fragrant white flowers. Paliurus
orientalis is here, and in many other parts of this
province, the common hedge plant. To anyone
in search of a subject for fencing purposes in'a
warm temperate climate, I recommend_this plant.
It grows from 8 to 15 feet in height, and is so
thickly beset with stout spines that neither maD
nor beast can penetrate it.

Apart from the above, the following enumeration iu-
eludes the bulk of the common shrubs : Hibiscus^muta-
bilis, Berchemia lineata, Lespedtzia bicolor, L. striata.

Fig. 7d. — the rockery in Edinburgh botanical gardens.

(See also Supplementary I lustration, and article on p. 193.)

The flora demonstrates that the Clovers are very
d pendent upon a full supply of potash in the
nanure. Two plots with phosphates and potash
show an average of about 2 1 per cent, of Clovers,
compared with 7 per cent, on an adjoining plot
similarly treated but to which no potish is
applied. If there is a plentiful supply of mineral
substances, including potas'.i, in the soil, the her-
bage develops stems and shows a greater tendency
to flowering, seeding, and ripening. The results
otthe plot receiving superphosphate alone shows
how disastrous a continuation of such one-sided
manuring may become. Phosphatic manure
used alone for some years, whether of super-
phosphate or basic-slag, will quickly impoverish
the soil.

Luxuriance of crop is intimately associated
with the amount of ni'r^gen available, and

and Euscaphis staphylcoides. The Crataegus is
too well known to need any comment, save that
here bushes 2 to 3 feet in height are the rule.
The Euscaphis, with its loose bunches of red
capsules, which dehisce and expose the black
shining seeis, is perhaps less known than it
deserves to be. Sjmplocos cratsegoides, Premna
ligustroides, and the sub-shrub Osbeckia crinita
with its lovely, rich scarlet flowers, are common
plants; and Rhododendron [Azalea] indica is, of
course, abundant. A strik'ng plant in August
and September is a species of Blumea. This
shrubby Composite attains to the height of 12 to
15 fee^, and bears large flat corymbs of pale
hlac- coloured heads of flowers. Of Roses there
are Rosa laevigata, R. m^schata, R. multiflora,
R. microphylla. and two other species with which
I am not familiar.

Canulliasp., Eurya japonica. Psychotria elliptlca, Butf-
dleia variabilis, Mxsn sinensis. Leptodermis oblonga.
Hydrangea asptra. Viburnum rropinquum, Cornuspau-
cineivis, Ilex pedunculata, Rhamnus davuricus, tBer-
berisWalliebiana, Gloctidion obseurum, Lagerstreemia
indica, Aralia spicosa, Acanthopanax aculeatuni.V Wis-
taria sinensis, Meliosma sp., Cassalpinia Nuga, C.
sepiaria, Mallotus barbata, and other species; various-
species of Rubus, Hedera Helix on walls and trees.'and
Myricaria germanica amongst the sand and shingle oS
the river-beds.

The commonest climbers are two species of Clematis,
Mucuna sp., Psederia tomentosa, Humulus japonicus,
Paeraria Thunbergiana, and Polygonum multiflorum.
Herbs are, perhaps, not so numerous as shrubs. I have
mentioned the Hedychium, which is far acd away the
commonest herb. Curcuma lorga, Canna indica var.
orientalis, Alpinia Galanga, and Curculigo recurvata.
are often associated with the Hedychium, and the same
mrybesa'd of Aspidistra punctata. Chrysanthemum

September 9, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

203

andicum is abundaDt, and is a "charming object in
November with its wealth of bl ight yellow llowers.

Anemone japouica, with flowers of many shades of
red and pure white; Senecio clivorum nud Iris japo-
nica arc common roadside plants. In waste places
Lycoris aurea and L. radiata are common.

During September the lovely climbing Dicliondra
s-epens, with masses of white flowers, is extremely
pleasing. This Couvolvulaceous plant is well worth
cultivating iu our green-houses.

Several specie3 of Impatiens, with yellow, red and
white flowers, are common iu the ditches and sides of
Rice-fields.

Three specie3 of Musa occur around here — viz., M.
Cavendishii, M. cocciuea, and M. lasiocarpa. This last
is a new species of Franchet's. The leaves are some-
what glaucous, 2—4 feet long ; the bracts are yellow or
orange-yellow, persistent, and very showy; the fruits
are 1— lg inch long, woolly, and many-seeded.

Of Orchids, we find Dendrobium nobile, 1). chrys-
anthum, Bletia hyacinthina, and the variety Gebina,
Cymbidium sinense, Habenaria sp., and Aruudina clfi-
Densis, the last-named being particularly abundaut ou
the grassy hills and sandstone cliffs.

Other common herbs I might mention are Lobelia
eessilifoha, Osbeckia chinensis, Strobilautlies sp., Bol-
conia indica, Agrimonia Eupatoria, Verbena officinalis,
Bagonia sp., Hemerocallis fulva, Parnassia sp , Pote-
rium officinale. Nepeta Everardi, Campanum<n axil-
laris. Aster Fordii, and other species; Bredia sp ,
Bideus sp. ; the cosmopolitan tropical weeds Sieges-
beck'a orientalis and Xanthium Strumarium, and
various species of Composita?, Acanthace.T, and
Lal.iatc;e.

Near to houses, Clerodendron squamatum and
a species of Crinura are common. Ferns luxu-
riate, especially on the moist sandstone rocks.
Woodwardia orientali3 is particularly fine, the
fronds being often 12 feet or more in length.
Besides this plant and the Gleichenia before
alluded to, I found Osmunda regalis, Lygodium
scandens, Cheilanthes patula, Gleichenia longis-
sima, Asplenium lanceum, Lindsa?a flabellulata,
three species of Adiantum, and many species of
Aspidium, Pteris, Poljpodium, Asplenium, and
Nephrodium. Four species of Selaginella occur,
and of course the cosmopolitan Nephrodium molle
and Pteris longifolia are abundant.

The vegetables and fruits of Kiating are similar
to those of other parts of China. Opium is here,
as in most parts of Szechuan, largely cultivated
as a winter and early spring crop. E H. W.
(To be continued.)

FRUIT REGISTER.

APEICOTS;ST. AMBROISE AND POWELL'S
LATE.
We find these two'varieties of Apricots to be
good croppers on the whole, and also, what is of
equal importance, the trees are less liable to lose
their live branches than are others. A fairly long
experience has taught me that the otherwise
excellent variety Moor] Park is more subject to
this failing than any] other. For dessert pur-
poses none can excel it. St. Ambroise gives
fruit fine as to size and colour, and the flavour
too is very good. Powell's Late was, I believe,
raised in the Royal Gardens at Frogmore. H. J. C.

ing in the open, where the stately Watsonia
Ardernei will perfect its tall, white flower-spikes
between 5 feet and 6 feet in height. Indeed, in
the south-west all bulbs coming from the Cape,
New Zealand, Australia, and South America, are
well worth a trial in the open if a well-protected
and warm border can be assigned to them. 8. W.
Fitzherliert.

KEW NOTES.

SPARAXIS IN THE OPEN.

Owing to the genial climatic conditions which
prevail on the southern shores of Devon and
Cornwall, residents in that favoured district are
enabledjto grow successfully in the open-air many

UNDERLEY HALL, KIRKBY
LONSDALE.

Those who travel to Edinburgh by the
West Coast route (London and North-Western
Railway) could not do better than call at
Underley Hill, the residence of Lord Henry C.
Bentinck. Underley is situated about 1 mile from
Kirkby Lonsdale, and lays low among the
mountains, with the river Lune running close by.
The Hall is approached by a winding carriage
drive J of a mile long, over a magnificent bridge
crossing the Lune, built by its present owner.
The building is covered with creepers, including
Ceanothus Gloire de Versailles, Bignonia radicans,
and Buddleia variabilis Veitchiana. Looking
away from the mansion the country is well
wooded for miles around , and a finer sylvan scene
it would be difficult to find in the North of
England. Some specimen trees of Abies
Douglasii, A. lasiocarpa, and A. concolor are
noteworthy ; and of Beech, Elm, Birch, Ash, and
Oak there are many well-grown specimens. The
flower-garden is looking its best; there are no
Pelargoniums, but Begonias, Lobelia, Calceolaria
amplexicaulis, Viola "Archie Grant," &c, are
very effective. Herbaceous plants, including
some excellent varieties of Phlox, are well repre-
sented in the borders. To reach the wild or rock-
garden one has to cross the river Lune by boat.
The rock-garden is situated on an embankment,
underneath which runs the river. Everything is
planted in colours to harmonise. The wild-
garden is intersected with winding walks with an
occasional seat, and together with the adjoining
woods are open to the public. The glass is exten-
sive, though modern. Mr. Miller, the head
gardener, and his staff have everything in good
. order. W.

Crinuji natans, £«£e>\— This species is flower-
ing in the Victoria-tank, and is wonderfully dis-
tinct from all other Crinums. It is an aquatic
species, having a rather small bulb, with leaves
5 feet in length, 1] to 2 inches in breadth,
strap-like, much uniulated on the margins, and
entirely submerged. The flower-scape is 2 feet
in height, compressed, and dark green in colour.
There are six flowers in the umbel (sometimes
more) ; the perianth-tubs is 6 inches in length ;
the perianth - segments are linear - lanceolate,
recurved, and about 3 inches in length. The
bulbs were sent to Kew by Sir John Kirk, who

Fig. 77. — bed of spaeaxis OuT-OFrDOOBS in the south west.

rare and tender plants whose culture in other
portions of the country would necessitate glas3
protection. Among these are numerous bulbous
plants, denizens of the Cape of Good Hope, Asia
Minor, South America, and other portions of the
globe, many of which are as vigorous and free-
flowering as if they were growing in their native
habitats. Ixias and Sparaxis make a brave
show in the spring, and, when once planted,
remain in good health for years. The bed of
Sparaxis shown in the accompanying illustration,
fig. 77, has not been interfered with for seven
years, but never fails to produce abundance of
bloom every May. In the same garden Sparaxis
have been naturalised in a steep, grassy bank,
and have done well for two years. The beautiful
blue Marici ccerulea, with its Tigridia-like flowers,
and Cypella Herberti, with blossoms similar in
shape but apricot-yellow in colour, natives of
Brazil and Buenos Ayres respectively, blossom
well in warm borders beneath south walls insom;
gardens, and in September the brilliant Nerine
Fothergilli major produces its large flower-heads
of vivid vermillion. The Chilian Crocus, Teco-
phylea cyanocrocus, bears its bright blue blossoms
in early spring, and such gems as Bessera elegans
and Milla biflora may sometimes be seen flower-

collected them in the Niger waters. The species
has also been found at Fernando Po and Sierra
Leone. It is figured in the Botanical Magazine,
t. 7852.

Gladiolus Mackinderi,

Flowering in the Cape-house is a single plant
of thi3 comparatively new and charming species,
which is most certainly a gem amongst its kind.
It was introduced by Professor Mackinder, of
Christ Church, Oxford, in honour of whom it was
named. He collected seeds during his ascent of
Mount Kenia, British East Africa. The species
flowered at Kew in October, 1901, and was figured
in the Botanical Magazine for October, 1902,
t. 78S0. It is a slender-growing species, its nearest
affinity being G. watsonioides. Ths leaves are
about 1 foot long, narrow, and slightly glaucous
The stem is from 18 inches to 2 feet in height
and the spike from 4 to 6 inches in length, having
generally from 4 to 6 flowers, which are a beau
tiful scarlet with a yellow perianth-tube. The
perianth-segments are nearly equal in size, and
broadly orbicular-ovate in form. The fully-
expanded flower has a diameter of 1 \ inch. It is a
species which freely produces bulbils and readily
matures seeds. Seedlings attain to the flowering
size in about two years after sowing. W. H.

204

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 9, 1905.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

( The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the
opinions expressed by his Correspondents. )

BLUE CONIFERS — In the Gardeners' Chronicle
for August 19, "J. C.j Bagshot," describes Tsuga
Pattoniana var. glauca (Abie3 Hnokeriana of
gardens) as a " slow-growing large bush or small
tree of about 12 feet or a little more in height."
It is no doubt true, as "J C." states, that in
many parts of the country this variety does not
much exceed the dimensions given, but it does
in others. In Perthshire, where the conditions
seem to suit so well such a large proportion
of the Conifers, very much larger specimens
occur. In the Report of the Conifer Conference
(1891) specimens are recorded from that county
15, 17, 19, 25 and 30 feet in height. The last-
mentioned of these trees grows at Murthly, the
Perthshire seat of W. S. Fotheringham, Esq. I
photogiaphed this tree along with eleven other
American Conifers growing in the sime district
two years ago, and enlargements of these photo-
graphs were exhibited by the Eoyal Scottish
Arboricultural Society at the St. Louis Exhibition
of 1904 These the Arboricultural Society have
kindly lent for exhibition at the forthcoming
international fruit and flower show of the Royal
Caledonian Horticultural Society to be held in
the Waverley Market, Edinburgh, on Sept-
ember 13, 14, and 15, where they will be seen by
the public on this side of the Atlantic for the
first time. This Murthly plant is now over
40 feet in height, and does not by any means
seem to have as jet ri ached its limit of growth.
It differs from the type in having pendulous
branchlets, a character (no doubt of seminal
origin) which gives it a much more graceful
appearance than that possessed by the ordinary
form of Tsuga Pattoniana [Abies Hookeriana].
A. D. Richardson, Edinburgh.

RUNNER beans.— In respect to " T. W.'s"
enquiry on p. 192, I always preserve Runner
Beans by putting them into a liquid containing
i oz. of saltpetre and about -J oz. of salt to
2 quarts of clear spring water. 1 find them good
for winter use, not too salt, and they keep well.
Wm. Smythe, 48, New Town Road, Hoce, Sussex.

RUNNER BEANS AND DEFECTIVE DISTRI-
BUTION.— The crop of this vegetable is so abun-
dant and the prices rule so low in the Evesham
district, that tons of fine produce are ungathered
this week. Market prices (auction) have been
down to Sd. and Sd. a pot of 40 lb., and in some
instances, after paying expenses, the growers have
had onlj 2d. or 3d. per pot returned to them. It
is a most regretable fact that large quantities of
such a useful vegetable should be thus wasted,
especially when the shop prices in the towns
seem quite out of proportion to those which reach
the producer. Runner Beans have been sold at
1 Jd and Id. per lb , or at the lowest 2 lb. for 1 \d .,
which would mean 2s. 6ci. to 5s. per pot, but
about one- fifth of that only goes to the grower.
A more striking eumple of our defective
methods of distribution could scarcely be
imagined. In an ordinary season Runner Beans
supply the small holders with a serviceable suc-
cession to the Asparagus, but this year it is a
great disappointment, as Vegetable-Marrows and
Ridge Cucumbers are almost as unsatisfactory in
prices. Brussels-Sprouts are looking extremely
well, however, and late Peas are bearing good
crops on some land, so there may yet be a chance
to make up for the season's losses. R. L. Castle,
August 31.

TAGATES patula AND T. ERECTA are respec-
tively the botanical names for French and
African Marigolds, which were exhibited recently
before the Royal Horticultural Society by Messrs.
Dobbie & Co. An old authority says " the
Tagetes were named after Tages, a Tuscan
divinity, the son of Genius and the grandson of
Jupiter. Tagetes patula is a tender annual,
deservedly popular from the brilliance and
variegation of its flowers. It is cultivated in
Japan, China and many parts of India, but does
not appeir to be indigenous of these countries.
The varieties of Tagetes erecta differ chiefly iu
the shades of the same colour, but there are also
double and quilled forms. Both species are
raised from seeds upon a moderate hot-bed in the

beginning of April, and when they are 3 inches
high transplanted to where they are finally to
remain. The varieties are very apt to degenerate
and can only be reproduced by the most careful
selection and separation." This old chronicler
knew a great deal about Marigolds. Planting
out in Britain should not be done before the end
of May or early June. Marigolds were intro-
duced to Europe from Mexico in the 16th century.
C. M. W.

ANNUALS AT FLOWER SHOWS (see p. 186). —
I agree with your correspondent " Amateur "
that it would be well if something could
be done to guide both exhibitors and judge3
in this matter. Trouble arises in this way. One
year the judges may allow Verbenas. Petunias,
&o., to pass in collections of annuals ; the
following year the judges, who may be different
men, may disqualify or pass over altogether
the collections containing these flowers. This
is most unsettling to the growers. The only
way, so far as I can see, to overcome the difficulty
is to put a clause in schedules to the effect that
" only flowers must be staged in these classes
which are generally recognised as (hardy ?)
annuals, and which naturallv begin and end
their growth and die within twelve months." I
also think the addition of the word "hardy"
would simplify matters. True hardy annuals
should be given more attention and encourage-
ment than they are. I do not judge annuals at
Shrewsbury, but am much interested in every-
thing horticultural connected witb|thatmarvellou3
show. A Shrewsbury Judge.

Annuals are plants produced from seed,

sown, grown, and dying away in one year ; any
other plants which can be raised from seed,
grown, and flowered in one year, cannot be
classed as annuals if they continue to grow
on for another year. The fact that in these days
of skilled gardeners so many kinds of flowers
can be produced in one year (from seeds) is no
reason why such plants should be considered
annuals. A. J. Long, Bead Gardener, Wyfuld Court.

CRINODENDRON hookerianum.— In a neigh-
bouring garden there is a plant in bloom under
the name of Crinodendron Hookerimuni. I
can find no reference to it in any book in my
possession except in a list of plants shown by
a firm at an early show of the Truro Daffodil
Society; this list is printed in the Journal of the
Royal Horticultural Society, vol. xxvii.,p. 24. The
plant is growing well in the open, in soil consist-
ing chiefly of rotten leaves and loam. It is 3 feet
high and 2h feet through. Its leaves are of a
bronze-green colour; the flowers chocolate-red,
very pretty, and not unlike a small Lilium. I
should be gratet ul for a reference to any noticeof it.
H. W., Trevince [The correct name of this Chilian
plant is Tricuspidaria hexapetala. It belongs to
the order Tiliacese, and produces red flowers on
long peduncles produced in the axils of the leaves.
You will find an illustration in .A ic7io!so»'s
Dictionary of Gardening. Ed.]

JUDGING. — Now that "showing" is fresh in
our memories, I would like to ask fellow-readers
of the Gardeners' Chronicle to record their
opinion on the system of judging horticultural
products generally, and more especially fruits
and vegetables, as I think a considerable difference
exists with regard to the system adopted by
different judges when adjudicating upon the
various products before them. While some place
the same value on all dishes of fruits or vege-
tables in a collection by fixing a maximum of five
or other number for each dish, others adopt the
system of the Royal Horticultural Society, and
award points of different value, as set down in
the code of rules for judging; for instance,
Black Grapes, nine points. Apricots six, and
Currants four. This certainly seems to me
the (most satisfactory method to adopt. The
same remarks apply equally to vegetables.
I should like to see all horticultural societies
have a note in their schedules to the effect
"that all exhibits will be judged by the Royal
Horticultural Society's Code of Rules," which
may be had for Is. 61. from the Secretary.
Exhibitors and the public generally would then
know by what system their exhibits were being
judged, and if the "points" could be published,

so much the better. I certainly think it is time
all societies adopted a satisfactory standard for
judging, and followed the lead of the Royal Hor-
ticultural Society. That there will always be
grumblers I have no doubt, but let us try to>
reduce the number if passible. Exhibitor.

THREE GOOD HEMEROCALLIS.— The beau-
tiful species H. citrina, received three years ago-
from Herr Sprenger, of Naples, has bloomed with
me this summer most abundantly for the third
time. The first year it sent up one flower-stem
which bore twenty blooms. Last year I had two-
fine spikes bearing about forty flowers each, andl
this year the plant produced four fine spikes, and
is now sending up two more for an autumn bloom.
The fact of each of these six spikes producing-
from thirty to forty flowers proves that this may
be considered the most free- blooming member of
its family. The flowers are of large size and
of a delicate shade of pale-lemon colour. The
texture of the petals, however, is somewhat
frail, and they are apt to be broken and
tern from the flower if exposed to high winds.
Another variety sent to me at the same time and
under an exactly similar name by Mr. Perry, of
Winchmore Hill Nurseries, but which is evidently
a garden hybrid which I have named after the
sender, is quite distinct in form of flower, which
is considerably shorter and broader in petal, and
of more perfect shape than H. citrina. It bloomed
well the first year, but last year did not flower at
all, though the plant seemed perfectly healthy,.
and had more than doubled itself in size. This
summer however it more than made up for lost-
time by sending up six flower -spikes bearing
from six to twelve flowers each, two of which also-
far exceeded all others in the bed in height,
rising to over 5 feet. It aLo seeds freer than all
varieties known to me, and should be valuable
to the bybridiser and raiser of new varieties.
The third variety is the fine hybrid named Dr.
Regel, by far the deepest orange colour of therm
all, and one of whose parents must, I think.,
have been the fine H. aurantiaca major. This
having bloomed well in July is now bearing five-
more spikes for an autumn bloom, which no other
variety known to me save the species H. citrina-
does. Of another fine hybrid sent out by Herr
Sprenger under the name of H. Parthenope, and
by M. Lemoine, of Nancy, as H. luteola, I have
two plants in my bed, received from their respec-
tive raisers. The one from Naples bloomed well -r
the one from Nancy, though more than twice as-
strong and in most robust and vigorous health,
has not bloomed at all — an abstention which it is
difficult to understand. W. E. GumUeton.

WASPS ATTACKING FRUIT. — To cover
long lengths of fruit-walls with Hexagon wasp-
proof netting would mean a great deal of expense
in netting, time, and labour, which many cannot
afford for the purpose. In regard to the U3e of
beer and sugar, I agree with Mr. Snell (see p. 175)>
for whether the bottles are placed on the trees or
a distance from them, or if there are no bottles
at all, still the wasps come. We are troubled!
very much with wasps here, although measures
are taken to destroy all nests we can find, in
addition to catching all the queens possible.
Let us as gardeners do all we can to exterminate
wasps, and let all horticultural societies encourage
children to Citch queen wasps by offering prizes
for them. Mr. Clark said on p. 149 the taking
of nests is the best cure, and without a doubt it
is, but these require much finding. I watched
some wasps devouring a tree of Plums to-day,
and made up my mind to follow them home, but
when they darted over the wall and took a sharp
turn to the left they were lost to sight, though
not to memory. F. Johnson, The Gardens, Maiden
Erlegh, Reading, Berks.

In respect to Mr. Snell's note on p. 175, 1 still

contend that a larger number of bees are attracted
to the trees by these baited trap3. More fruits
are attacked than would be the case if the extra
attraction was not there. To cover a large wall
space with Hexagon wasp-proof netting would be
rather a formidable matter, but to do this would
hardly be necessary where a succession of fruits is
grown, ripening at different periods, for it is very
portable. In addition it answers a threefold
purpose — (1) the protection of fruit from wasps,
birds, &c. ; (2) retarding the ripening of fruits,

Sbptember 9, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

205

when this ig desirable ; and (3) the protection of
the flowe s in spring. The purchaser therefore
obtains a good compensation for his outlay. If
carefully dried and the lengths for various pur-
poses are properly labelled before being packed
away, the netting will last for several jears, and
is an economical and perfect means of protection.
W. B. Clarke.

THE POISONOUS PROPERTIES OF COLCHICUM
AUTUMNALE.— The deleterious nature of all parts
of Colchicum autumnale (see p. 166, ante) is not of
common knowledge, with the result that some-
times stock is poisoned by hay which contains the
foliage of this plant. The plant is in full leaf in
the summer, although it is indistinguishable at
that season by its flowers, these appearing in the
autumn. Tn grassland planted with this plant
by man, or growing wild, as it does in some
districts, if the grass is made into hay the mowers
should be instructed to collect every vestige of
the foliage before the mowing takes place, or
whilst the grass is lying in the swathes, as when
dried into hay it is not readily detected by in-
experienced men. Through my neglecting to do
this, I once lost a valuable heifer, and several
cows were rendered ill thereby. The action of the
poison causes inflammation of the stomach. F. M.

THE WEATHER IN CORNWALL.— Although no
very serious damage was done here by the heavy
gales during August, the weather was unusually
wet and boisterous. Thank goodness we have not
experienced such damage a3that recorded by Mr.
Jackson on p 175. Tne total rainfall was 5 99
inches; greitest fall was 1 3 inch on the 24th ;
number of days upon which rain fell was 21,
The gauge here is 240 feet above sea-level, 8 inches
above ground, and 8 inches in diameter. The
maximum temperature recorded 72% the minimum
43°; the former on the 16th, the latter on the
13th. Apples and Pears (of these there is only a
slight crop) were blown down, but beyond this
the damage done was slight. I am sending an
inflorescence of Hedychium Gardnerianum cut
this morning from the open. It has had very
little protection. II. W., Trem.nct, September 4.
[A very fine and fragrant inflorescence. Ed.]

REMARKS ON THE CONDITION OF
THE FRUIT CBOPS.

{See Tables and General Summary, ante, pp. 81-87.)
(Concluded from p. 183.)

Hereford.— The only varieties of Apple-trees
carrying a full crop are Stirling Castle, Cox's Po-
mona, and Gladstone. Our best Pears are Duron-
deau, Pitmaston Duchess, Duchess d'Angouleme,
Marie Louise d'Uccle, Beurre d'Avalon, Beurre
Bachelier, and Magnate. Apple and Pear trees
suffered very considerably from the Winter Moth
in the spring. Nuts are an exceedingly heavy
crop, for I never saw the bushes so heavily
laden as they are this season. Our soil is of a
light and sandy nature, the subsoil red sandstone.
Thos. Spencer, Goodrich Court Gardens, Ross.

In some of our orchards we shall not

gather as maDy hundredweights of fruit as we
usually do tons, although the trees are fairly
clean and healthy. Bush-trained trees growing
in sheltered places of such varieties as Worcester
Pearmain, Lord Suffield, Lord Grosvenor, Lane's
Prince Albert, and Cox's Pomona have moderate
crops. Pear-trees trained on walls where they
have slight protection from frost are carrying a
medium crop of fruit. Peaches and Nectarines on
open walls are very good, and have required severe
thinning. The foliage of these trees is clean and
free from "blister." Morello Cherries set and
stoned well. Strawberries have been a failure,
all the first blooms being ruined by frost, and
what little fruit developed suffered from mildew.
Raspberries, Currants, and Gooseberries are seen
in abundance. Our soil is a heavy clayey loam
resting on limestone. Geo. Mullins, Easlnor Castle
Gardens, Ledbury.

Monmouth. — The soil here is a deep, heavy, or
clayey loam resting on marl. The situation is
ow, subject to fog and late spring frosts, an 1

altogether rather unfavourable to the ripening of
wood. We had an abundant supply of blossom
upon all kinds of fruit trees, and though we did
not experience severe late frosts, there was a
spell of cold east winds and cold, rainy weather
during the time Pears, &c, were in blossom.
There is a moderate crop of Apples upon bushes
of some varieties. Amongst the best bearers are
King of the Pippins, Bibston Pippin, Ailing-
ton Pippin, Cox's Orange Pippin, Wealthy, Lane's
Prince Albert, Newton Wonder, Frogmore Pro-
lific, Peasgood's Nonesuch, Lord Grosvenor, Lord
Suffield, and Blenheim Orange Pippin. Orchard
fruit is generally thin. Upon walls some Pear
trees carry fair crops, though there are poor crops
upon pyramids. Thomas Coomber, Ilendre Gardens,
Monmouth.

The crops of Apples, Pears, Cherries, and

Plums in this district are the worst on record.
Many large orchards contain scarcely an Apple
or Pear ; this applies more particularly to grass
(rchards. In a few sheltered places dwarf trees
are satisfactory. The chief cause of failure
were the cold, dull days in the early part of May,
followed by the severe frost on May 22. John
Basham, Fair Oak Nurseries, Bassaleg, Newport.

Somersetshire. — Seldom have I Eeen a more
promising prospect for a fruit crop up till the
severe frosts on May 22 and 23, with piercing cold
winds, the frosts being severe enough to kill most
young shoots of hardy shrubs, &c. Trees that
then had an abundant crop of Pears which had
attained a good size are now fruitless, Apples
being almost as bad in many cases. Plums on
walls escaped to some degree. The frost was
followed by a severe attack of fly, <te. Some
Pear trees are almost leafless. John Crook, Forde
Abbey Gardens, Chard, near Somerset.

Worcestershire. — If only the market gar-
deners in the Midlands could give as excellent a
report of their harvest as can the farmers in
Warwickshire, Worcestershire, Gloucestershireand
Oxfordshire, the agricultural districts would be
in a very flourishing condition. Unfortunately
they cannot, owing partly to the early frosts
preceded by the east winds in May, which de-
stroyed so many fruit buds in the low-lying dis-
tricts of the fertile valley of the Avon. Farmers
in the Midlands do not go in for the cultivation
of fruit largely, and those that do are not satis-
fied with this year's crop. There appear to be
some good orchards of Apple Blenheim Orange
Pippin in places, but fruit is very partial, and
those who have anything like a fair jield will
reap a harvest worth having. Plums are now
coming into the market in large quantities.
There was at first an idea that Pershores and
Prolifics would be cheap, but it has been seen
that prices are satisfactory. Prolifics are a short
supply, and cannot meet anything like their
demand. Gooseberries have been good. M. H. S.

The all-important Apple crop is nearly a

failure, a few sheltered places and isolated trees
here and there excepted. It was caused, we think,
by frosty nights, protracted north-easterly winds,
sunless weather and low temperature all through
the blossoming period. Insect pests became nu-
merous, and thus completed the wreck, especially
such as the Apple-sucker, Apple blossom weevils,
and all the worst pests. Pears fared but little
better, whilst the Pear - midge has devastated
whole orchards of every single fruit. On wall
trees the crops are better, but are below average.
Plums are very partial, but there are heavy crops
in many places, especially of Victorias. Apricots
under protection, also Peaches and Nectarines,
have done well. Bush fruits are abundant and
good. Strawberries have been generally good all
through. The new Bedford Champion is a
monster; some fruits weighed 3 oz. each under
ordinary outside cultivation. W. Crump, Madres-
field Court Gardens,

The fruit crops in this district are cer-
tainly under the average, although we had a
great show of bloom. Apples and Pears are very
thin, and Plums are irregular. Although every
precaution was taken, Apple and Pear trees
were infested with caterpillars. Peaches, Necta-
rines, and Apricots are all good, and the trees are
clean and healthy. All small fruits have been
good and plentiful, Strawberries especially so.
F. Jordan, Impneij Gardens, Droitwich.

WALES.
Carmarthenshire. — During forty years' ex-
perience I have never seen such a poor crop of
Apples and Pears, especially the former. Many
of the trees did not blossom, and the little crop
that has formed thrives very badly. The soil is
of a light nature with gravel beneath. William
Parker, Neiutddfawr Gardens, Llindorery.

Carnarvonshire. — The fruit crop here i3 the
worst I have known for upwards of forty years.
The soil is of a very light nature. W. Speed,
Penrhyn Castle (Jardetis, Bangor,

Denbighshire. — I attribute the failure of
Apples, Pears and Plums to the very heavy
crops of last season. Holt, a great Strawberry-
growing district near here, his had one of the
best seasons that they have had for many years
past, and the prices obtained have been good.
W. Weir, Rhosnessney, Wrciham.

Glamorganshire. — Until the beginning of
May there was every promise of heavy crops of
Apples, Plums and Cherries, but the cold winds
that prevailed during the early part of that
month destroyed most of the blossom. Pears
are an average crop and of good quality. Peach,
Nectarine and Apricot trees are carrying heavy
crops, and are looking exceptionally healthy. No
doubt the unusual amount of bright weather
which we have experienced in this part of the
country has had much to do with this healthy
condition of the trees. Strawberries and all
kinds of small fruit are exceptionally plentiful
and good. R. Milner, Margam Park Gardens, Port
Talbot.

Pembrokeshire. — Apples and Pears are
poor crop generally in this district. Wet and
dull weather prevailed during the flowering
season, and various insect pest?, which have in-
creased greatly of late years, presumably owing
to a succession of mild winters, have also caused
great injury in the orchards. All small frxiits are-
a very heavy crop. Of Plums there are but few,
with the exception of Victorias, which are very
abundant. Geo. Griffin, Slebeck Park Gardenir
Haverfordwest.

IRELAND.

Galwat. — I am sorry to report an almost
total failure of the Apple crop in thi3 district.
This I conclude is dui to the enormous crops
carried by the trees last year, together with the
excessive wet autumn, winter, and spring,
preventing the trees from properly maturing the
wood, with the consequent absence of blossom.
Crops of Pears and Plums are little better than
those of Apples. Small fruits are a moderate
crop. The soil is of a light nature resting on
limestone rock. Thos. Dunne, Lovgh CiUra Castle
Gardens, Gort.

Longford. — The fruit-crops in this district are
very good, with the exception of Apples, which
are not more than half an average crop. The
soil is a heavy retentive clay resting on a yellow
subsoil. Jo7ui Raffeity, Castle Forbes Gardens,
NewtownforUs.

Cork. — Apple, Pear, and Cherry trees developed
a beautiful display of blossom, but the cold, wet
weather at the time of flowering prevented a great
quantity of the bloom from setting. Consequently
the crop of these fruits in this district is below
the average. C. Piice, Mitchehtown Castle Gardens

206

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 9, 1905.

the chief kinds of Apples,
under the average. The
7 and May 22 did much
pal cause of failure was the
of dry east winds during
_ht has also caused much
fall. Fred Bedford, Straffan

Kildare. — Crops of
Pears and Plums are
severe frosts of April
damage, but the princi
continued prevalence
April and May. Drou
of the young fruits to
HoMse Gardens.

CHANNEL ISLANDS.
Jersey. — The fruit crops, which early in the
season looked promising, were spoilt later by the
fruit dropping, probably owing to the low tem-
perature prevailing directly after the blossoming
period. The Pear crop was further reduced by
that terrible pest, the Pear midge, which appa-
rently can only be reduced by the joint action
of all growers in every district. H. Becker, The
Nurseries, Five Oaks.

SOCIETIES,

m — -■

HORTICULTURAL TRADES-
ASSOCIATION.

August 23, 24, 25.— For the past five years the
Association has held its annual meetings in London,
but this season the Council determined to inaugurate
a series of country meetings, to be held by rotation in
the principal centres throughout the kingdom. This
departure has proved an unqualified success in every
way, and will probably form a precedent for all future
meetings. The ancient city of Worcester is crammed
with interesting features — horticultural, historical, and
architectural ; while the generous hospitality and
unwearied efforts of the past-President, Mr. Carring-
ton, through the whole of the two days, put the
finishing-touches to a most interesting and instructive
outing.

Thirty-five members assembled from all parts of the
country, some even journeying as far as from Scotland,
Ireland, and the Channel Isles. The social side of the
Association's work was felt by all to have been ad-
vanced by the meeting in a way never previously expe-
rienced. At a dinner one converses with neighbours
on either side, and perhaps even across the table ; but
all the others might as well be a mile away for
purposes of conversation. In a two days' touring and
walking round nurseries the line is ever changing, and
members find themselves in turn brought in contact
with everybody present, so that after a short time
those previously unknown to each other, even by sight,
are seen chatting as familiarly as old acquaintances. In
these informal talks all manner of knotty business
questions come up, and by free discussion are ripened
for future settlement.

Most of the membeis came together at the Star Hotel,
Worcester, on Wednesday evening, August 2.">, a con-
siderable number having come on from the Shrewsbury
Show, and a short Council meeting was held to settle
one or two details of the programme. Punctually at
9.30 next morning, the party, led by the genial pro-
prietor, R. Smith-Carington, Esq., started for Messrs.
Richard Smith & Co.'s nurseries, which are some
300 acres in extent, and took a full three hours to
inspect even cursorily. Unfortunately, the growth of
the city has led to the cutting off of a large slice of
the nurseries for building purposes, and some 80 acres
have to be cleared during the present season. Additional
land is being prepared and planted to make up for that
which is being given up. After over three hours' tramp-
ing around some were leg-weary and all hungry, so that
the announcement of lunch was most acceptable. Mr.
Carington's hospitality having received full justice, his
health was proposed in a brief but hearty speech by
the President, Mr. Bunyard, and the party was once
more on its feet.

The afternoon was spent in inspecting the nur-
series of Mr. J. H. White and Mr. W. B. Rowe, not
covering so many acres as seen in the morning, but
each containing several features of interest. Mr.
"White's nursery covers part of the old battlefield of
Worcester. At Mr. Rowe's nursery the general
interest centred on his two new Apples, King
Edward VII. and W. Crurnp, the former a very
valuable culinary variety, and the latter a table fruit
resembling Worcester reaimain, but with very high
flavour, and not in condition till March. The habit
and growth of "King Edward" were very favourably
commented upon, the growth being stout and clean,
and very rarely affected by American blight.

Annual Meeting.
After dinner the election of officers took place.
Eight members of Council retiring by rotation were
re-elected without opposition. One vacancy only
remained, which was filled by the nomination and
election of Mr. A- Wr. Paul, of "Waltham Cross. The
retiring President nominated Mr. Stuart Low (Hugh

Low & Co.) as his successor, saying that he was in
every way qualified for the position, by ability,
character, and as head of a business famous throughout
the civilised world. The motion was seconded by Mr.
H. S. Rivers, and carried by acclamation. In the
discussion which followed several important matters
were brought forward.

Friday's proceedings opened with a brake drive of
seven miles, through a charming country, to the
celebrated gardens of Madresfield Court, thrown open
by special permission of Earl Beauchamp. All present
were aware of Mr. Crump's fame as a fruit grower,
but only one or two had any idea of the wealth of
interest these noble gardens contain in Conifers, hardy
flowers, &c. The avenue of Abies (Picea) nobilis glauca
caused astonishment to everyone, and indeeditis a sight
to linger in the memory for years. The magnificent
collection of spring bulbs could only be guessed at, but
many fine things were still in flower among hardy
plants, and not in small patches, but planted in bold
masses of dozens and hundreds, forming grand splashes
of colour in harmony with the majestic surroundings.

Firms Represented. — J. Basham, E. J. Batchelor,
G. Bunyard & Co., W. W. Clarke, W. Deal, Alex.
Dickson & Sons, Dobbie & Co., Harrison & Sons,
Hobbies, Ltd., E. Hollamby, Howcroft & Watkins,
B. Hurst & Son, J. Jefferies & Son, Little & Ballan-
tyne, H. Low & Co., W. Magee, S. Mortimer, R. C.
Notcutt, Jno. Palmer, Parker & Sons, J. R. Pearson &
Sons, Pennell & Sons, Thos. Perkins & Sons, T. Rivers
& Sons, W. B. Rowe, R. Smith & Co., Chas. Smith
& Son, I. Titterington, R. Wallace & Co., W.
E. Wallace, Walshaw & Son, M. Young & Son.
Communicated.

Fruit and Vegetables.

Although the entries in the fruit section numbered
208, the display could not be described as equal to the
average seen at Aberdeen. Mr. John Petrie, Crathes
Castle, secured chief honours for Grapes, his bunches
of Muscat of Alexandria, Alicante and Black Ham-
burgh varieties being of large size and the berries
excellently finished.

For a collection of fruit Mr. W. Scorgie, Spring-
hill, won 1st prize ; while for the best collection of hardy
fruit only, Mr. W. Harpek, Perth, secured a similar
award.

The entries in the classes for vegetables numbered
453, comprising a very meritorious collection, an
advance on the display last year. The most note-
worthy exhibits were Cabbages, Carrots, Potatos, and
collections of Vegetables.

For the best collection of vegetables a well-known
vegetable grower, Mr. Alex. Paterson, Ruthrieston,
had a meritorious display that won first honours.

Other prominent prize-winners in this section were
Messrs. James Smith, jun., Kaimhill; Frank Kinnaird,
Broomhill ; John Paterson, Denwood ; W. Harper,
Perth ; J. Ferguson, Linton House, the last-named
winning grandly in the Potato classes ; W. Coutts,
Ellon ; and A. Grigor, Fairfield.

Miscellaneous.

Non-competitive exhibits were staged by Messrs.
Cocker & Son, Aberdeen ; Messrs. Ben. Reid & Co.,
Ltd., Aberdeen ; Messrs. W. Smith & Son, Aberdeen ;
and Mr. Dustan, Holburn Nurseries, Aberdeen, to each
of whom was awarded a Silver Medal.

ABERDEEN" ROYAL HORTI-
CULTUEAL.

August 24, 25, and 26. — The annual exhibition of the
above Society was held on these dates in the Duthie
Public Park, Aberdeen, by kind permission of the
civic authorities.

Last year the entries numbered 1577, and this year
they totalled 1804. The arrangements for the exhibi-
tion were made with the customary completeness seen
at these shows, by the acting directors, of whom Mr.
Thomas Ogilvie, of Kepplestone, is Chairman, and Mr.
Samuel Pope, Vice-Chairman, while the secretarial
duties are performed by Mr. J. B. Rennett.

Pot Plants.

A very large and spacious marquee was set aside for
the accommodation of pot plants. Taken collectively
the display was rather meagre, and not up to the
average seen at these shows, and especially was this
the case in the classes for stove and greenhouse plants.

Begonias were excellent in quality, no better haviDg
been seen in Aberdeen, but the entries were few.

Fuchsias and Pelargoniums were also of a high
standard, and here again the entries were small.
Petunias, however, made not only a splendid display,
but the entries were very large.

For the best table of Begonias, Palms, and Ferns,
Mr. James Jenkins, Clif ton Road, Aberdeen, won 1st
prize.

Mr. John Simpson, Varvil Bank, Aberdeen, won
1st prize in the class for Fuchsias.

For the best six plants fordinner-tablc decoration Mr.
John Petrie, The Gardens, Crathes Castle, wasawarded
premier place for a collection including fine specimens
of Cocos Weddeliana, Crotons, and Pandanus.

Mr. Alexander Duncan, gr. to Mr. Aham Maitland,
Albyn Place, Aberdeen, was 1st for Begonias, having
a beautifully-coloured specimen of the tortilis type.

Among other prominent prize-winners in this section
were Messrs. A. Douglas, Kepplestone ; William
Mackie, Morken : James Jamieson, Hawkhill ; and
James Anderson, Aberdeen.

Cut Flowers.

The entries in the classes for cut flowers numbered
710, or nearly a hundred more than last year. The
season has been an exceptionally favourable one, and
as might be expected the display in these classes was
an outstanding feature of the show. Sweet Teas,
Begonias, and herbaceous flowers were exceedingly
well shown.

Table decorations attracted considerable attention,
and in these classes competition was very keen. Pre-
mier honours went to Mr. D. Wilson, King Street,
Aberdeen, who had a large epergne filled with Sweet
Teas relieved with Gypsophila alba, the lower basin
being. filled with richly-coloured Begonias and white
Stocks, while around the centrepiece were trails of
Smilax, the whole forming a noteworthy exhibit. 2nd
place was awarded to Mr. James Sim, Aberdeen.

Mr. A. Dalgarno, Woodside, Arbroath, staged
splendid Roses, as did also Mr. John Petrie, Crathes
Castle, while Messrs. D. & W. Croll, Dundee, led in the
nurserymen's classes for these flowers.

Other prominent exhibitors in the classes for cut
flowers included Messrs. Alexander Grigor, Fair-
field ; W. Mackie, Morken ; J. Petrie, Crathes Castle ;
Alexander Duncan, Aberdeen; A. Douglas, Kep-
plestone; A. Dalgabno, Arbroath; and George
Sheriffs, Denmore.

BRITISH GARDENER S'
ASSOCIATION.

August 29. — A meeting of the Executive Council
of the British Gardeners' Association was held at the
Hotel Windsor, on the above date. The Secretary
reported that seventeen new members had joined since
the previous meeting, bringing the total up to 675.

Messrs. Hawes & Frogbrooke were elected on the
Council. Messrs. Pearson, Curtis, and the Secretary
were appointed a sub-Committee to draft the rules of
the Association, and to submit them to a future
meeting. It was decided to hold the meetings of the
Association in future at the Royal Horticultural
Society's Hall in Vincent Square.

As it was found impossible to secure a suitable meeting
place on any of the days during the Royal Horticultural
Society's Fruit Show in October, it was decided that the
proposed Conference should be deferred. Mr. W. Watson
made the following statement: "I regret to have to
inform the Council that the Board of Agriculture have
called upon me to relinquish my connection with the
British Gardeners' Association, as they consider it
incompatible with my position as a public servant that
I should assist a movement of this kind. While this
precludes me from taking any further part in it, the
Association will always have my best wishes for its
success. It must not be inferred that the Board of
Agriculture disapprove of the British Gardeners'
Association, because of their objection to my taking a
partinit. I liavethefullest belief intheaimsof the Asso-
ciation, which must succeed if the original programme
as set forth in our prospectus is rigidly adhered to."

The next meeting will be held at the Royal Horti-
cultural Society, Vincent Square, Westminster, on
September 26. John Weathers, Secretary.

READING HORTICULTURAL.

August 30.— The annual summer exhibition of this
Society was held in the Forbury Gardens. Vegetables
and cut flowers were prominent features of the display.
The arrangements were of the best.

Vegetables are always an important item at the
Reading shows, owing mainly to the liberality of Messrs.
Sutton & Sons, who annually offer valuable prizes for
twelve distinct kinds that are judged under a special
code of points. Four growers competed in Messrs.
Sutton's class. The coveted 1st prize of ten guineas
fell to Mr. Kneller, gr. to Sir W. PORTAL, Bt.,
Malshanger Tark, Basingstoke, who had a magnificent
collection, including Perfection Tomato, LTp-to-Date
Potato, Peerless Cucumber, Ne Plus Ultra Runner
Bean, Gladstone Pea, Blood-red Beet, Tender-and-
True Parsnips, Ailsa Craig Onion, Prizetaker Leek,
Early Giant Cauliflower, New Red Intermediate
Carrot, and Superb Pink Celery, the whole securing a
total of 67 points. Mr. Dymo'ck, gr. to G. D. FaBBB,
Esq., M.P., Rush Court, Wallingford, was placed 2nd,
with 63i points. Mr. Pope, gr. to the Earl of Cak^
NARVON," Highclere Castle, Newbury, was 3rd, with 63
points.

Tomatos were well shown, Mr. Bastin, gr. to Sir
A. Henderson, Bart., Buscot Park, Faringdon,
winning in the class for one dish of these fruits ; Mr.
Kneller being 2nd.

Single dishes of vegetables were well staged in the
respective classes, as were the collections in the
Cottagers' Divisions.

Fruit was good in quality, although not numerous.
For a collection of six dishes Mr. Wasley, gr. to J. B.

September 9, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

207

TATLOH, Esq., Sherfiekl Manor, Basingstoke, was an
easy 1st, witli MadresfieM Court and Muscat of Alex-
andria Grapes, Barrington Peaches, Jefferson Plums,
and Clapp's Favourite Pears. Mr. Bastin was placed
2nd.

Grapes in their respective classes were fairly well
represented. Mr. Howard, gr. to Lady SUTTON,
Benham Park, Newbury, won in the class for Black
Hamburgh, having good bunches and large berries, but
the latter were a trifle deficient in colour. Mr. W.
Palmer was 2nd.

In the class for any other black variety of Grapes
Mr. Wasley staged good Madresfield Court, and
secured the leading place.

Mr. Gait, gr. to C. E. Keyser, Esq., Aldermaston,
staged the best exhibit, Muscat of Alexandria.

Peaches were of remarkable qualitj'. Mr. Booker,
gr. to W. B. Monck, Esq., Coley Park, won 1st place
with the variety Barrington, the fruits being of large
size and beautifully coloured.

The best Nectarines were staged by Mr. Howard,
who had the variety Pineapple.

Plums were shown well. Eleven growers competed
in the class for three dishes of these fruits. Mr.
Howard won with the varieties Denniston's Superb,
Kirk's Seedling, and Jefferson's.

Mr. Page won for three dishes of dessert Apples ;
while Mr. Kneller secured a like position for kitchen
varieties.

Cot Flowers.— For twenty-four show or fancy
varieties of Dahlias Mr. John Walker, Thame,
secured the leading position with well - finished
examples of popular kinds. Mr. C. Turner, The
Nurseries, Slough, came 2nd with smaller flowers.

For twelve show or fancy Dahlias Messrs. F. Taylor
& Sons, Kingham Nurseries, Chipping Norton, won 1st
place ; while Mr. Walker secured a similar position
for twelve bunches of Cactus varieties.

Roses were well staged, considering the lateness of
the season. Mr. John Jefferies, Cirencester, won
in the class for eighteen varieties, Messrs. F. Taylor
& Sons occupying a like place for twelve distinct
varieties. In the class for twelve vases of any cut
flowers, distinct, Mr. Wasley secured 1st prize.

Honorary Exhibits. — Messrs. W. CutBUSH k
Son, Highgate Nurseries, London, had an interestirg
group of flowering and foliage plants. Mrs. Piiippen,
Reading, arranged an exhibit of wreaths, crosses,
&o., which were much admired. Mr. E. Srcii
displayed an attractive - looking exhibit of Cactus
Dahlias.

NATIONAL DAHLIA.

{By Telephone.)

September 7, 8.— The annual exhibition of the
National Dahlia Society was opened at the Crystal
Palace on Thursday last, as these pages were passing
through the press. The display was much larger than
usual, and the general quality of the flowers very-
little inferior to those shown last year.

The number of entries this year was 285, against 206
last year. It was in the amateurs' classes that this
increase occurred, there being in these 45 to 50 per
cent, of new exhibitors. A severe thunderstorm
passed over the Palace at 12.35 p.m.

In the Nurserymen's classes the 1st prize in the
class for Forty-eight Blonms of distinct Shoto varieties
was won by Mr. J. Walker, nurseryman, Thame, Oxon.
The best exhibit of twenty-four blooms came from
Mr. Geo. Humphries, Kington Langley, Chippenham.

For Fane;/ varieties Mr. Walker obtained 1st prize
for eighteen blooms, distinct ; and Mr. W. Treseder,
nurseryman, Cardiff, 1st prize for twelve blooms.
_ Most interest was shown, as usual, in the compe-
tition for Cactus Dahlias, and a Silver Challenge Cup,
value 10 guineas, was offered for the best collection of
eighteen varieties shown in bunches of six blooms
each. This Cup and the sum of £2 10s. was won by
Messrs. Stredwick & Son, Silver Hill, St. Leonards.

In the Amateur's Classes, the Silver Challenge Cup,
offered for the best collection of twenty-four blooms,
distinct, of show or fancy Dahlias, or these type3 inter-
mixed, was won by Mr. T. Hobbs, The Cedars, Down-
end, Bristol, a Vice-President.

The best collection of twelve blooms of distinct
varieties of show Dahlias was exhibited by Mr. E. T.
Matthews, 42, Almond Street, Derby.

Fancy varieties were exhibited best by Mr. J. New-
man, Bell Inn, New Cheltenham, Kingswood, who
won 1st prize, offered for the best collection of twelve
blooms distinct.

There were numerous exhibits in the class for six
Cactus varieties, arranged in vases, each vase contain-
ing six flowers. The 1st prize was awarded to Mr. A.
Taylor, 5, Vernon Terrace, East Finchley.

Fuller details will be given in our next issue.

©bttuarv.

Dr. Mules.— The death is recorded of Dr.
Philip Henry Mules at his residence, The Old
Parsonage, Gresford. To the general public de-
ceased was well known as a successful ophthalmic
surgeon, but he was also a very ardent horticul-
turist, and had especial enthusiasm for the culti-
vation of hardy herbaceous flowering plants. He
was an occasional contributor to these pages, and
the well-known variety of Aubrietia " Dr. Mules "
was named in his honour. Deceased's garden at
The Old Parsonage, Gresford, was one of the
most interesting in that district.

M A R K E X S-

COVENT GARDEN, September 6.
Cut Foliage. &c. : Average Wholesale Prices
Asparagus plu- a.d.

i.d.
mosus. long
trails, each ... 0 4-09

— — medium,

bunch ... 0 9-10

short sprays

per bunch... 0 9-16

— Sprengerl ... 0 6-10

— tenulssimus.. 0 6-09
Adlantum cunea-

tum, per dozen

bunches 3 0-10

Cycas leaves,

each 1 6- a 0

Fern, English, p.

dozen bunches 10-20

— French, dozen
bunches ... 3 0-40

Grasses, hardy, p.
dozen bunches 2 0-40

Hardy foliage
(various), per
dozen bunches

Ivy - leaves,
bronze

— long trails,
per bundle ...

— short green,
doz. bunches

Moss, per gross...
Myrtle, per dozen

bunches

Physalis, per doz.

bunches

Smilax, p. dozen

trails

Viburnum Opnlus

with berries, p.

dozen bunches

t.d. s.d.

2 0-30
16-20

10-20

10-16

4 0-50

2 0-40
4 0-60

3 0- 4 0

Plants In Pots,

AraliaSieboldi, p
dozen

Araucaria excelsa,
per dozen

Aspidistras, green
per doz.

— variegated,
per doz.

Asparagus plu-
mosus nanus,
per doz.

— Sprengerl.per
dozen

— tenuissimus
per doz.

Asters, per dozen
Begonias, tuber-
ous, per doz.
Campanula iso-
phylla, per
dozen

— Mayi, per doz.
Cannas, per doz.
Chrysanthemums,

per dozen ...

— coronarium,
double yellow,
per dozen

Coleus, per dozen
Crotons, per doz.
CocosWeddelliana

per doz.
Cyperus alterni-
folius, dozen
Dracaenas, per

dozen

Eulalia japonica

variegata

&c. : Average Wholesale Prices.
a.d. s. d. i i.d. a.d.

Euonymus, per

4 0-12 0 dozen 4 0-90

Ferns, in thumbs,

18 0-30 0 per 100 8 0 12 0

, — in 48's, p. doz. 4 0-10 0

21 0-30 0 — in 32's, p. dOZ. 10 0-18 0
Fuchsias, p. doz. 3 0-50
30 0-42 0 Ficus elastica, p.

doz 9 0-1 8 0

— repens, per

9 0-12 0 | dozen 4 0-60

I Heliotropes, per

6 0-90] dozen 26-30

Kentia Belmore-
6 0-12 0 j ana, per doz... 12 0-18 0
3 0- a 0 [ — Fosteriana, p.

doz 12 0-21 0

3 0-40 Lataniaborbonica,

per doz. ... 9 0-18 0
L i 1 i u m 1 a n c i-

3 0-501 folium, per

4 0-60 dozen 40-80

5 0-60 Marguerites.white,
per dozen ... 4 0-80

6 0-24 0 Pelargoniums,
per dozen,
zonal 3 0-50

3 0-50 — scarlet do. ... 30-40
2 6-40 Privet .golden, per

12 0-30 0 dozen 5 0-12 0

Rhodanthe, per

12 0-30 0 dozen 3 0-40

Selaginella, per

2 6-40 dozen 30-50

Solanums, dozen 6 0-90
9 0-24 0 ; Verbena, Miss
Willmott, per
12 0-18 0 dozen 3 0-50

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

a.d. a.d.

Artlchokes.Green,

French, p. doz. 8 6-30

Aubergines, per

dozen 16 —

Beans, English,
Scarlet Run-
ners, bushel 0 9-16

— French, per
half bushel ...

Beetroot, bushel

Cabbages, p. tally

Carrots, new.doz.

bunches
-cut., un-
washed

— bag, washed...
Cauliflowers, doz.
Celery, English.

doz. bundles. 12 0-15 0
Cucumbers, doz. 16-26

— per flat

— Dutch, p. box
Endive, per doz.
Horseradish, for-
eign, p. dozen
bundles

Mint, per dozen...
Leeks, 12 bundles
Lettuces, Cabbage,

per dozen ...
Mushrooms(house)

per lb 0 9-10

10-16
13-16
2 0-30

16 —

2 0-26
2 6-30
2 0-26

2 6-30
10-16

0 6-10

12 0-15 0
16-20
1 6- 2 0

0 6-10

Mushrooms, half

bushel ... 2

— Buttons, lb. 1
Mustard and Cress,

per doz. pun... 1
Onions, Spring,

doz. bunches 2

— Valencia, per
case 6

— Dutch, bag ... 5

— English, bag . 5
Parsley, 12 bnchs. l
Peas, English, per

bush 5

— shelled, quart 1
Radishes, p. doz.

bunches ... 0

Sorrel, half bush. 1

Spinach, p. bush. 2

Tomatos. English,

per 12 lb. ... 1

— seconds, 121b. 1

— Jersey, 12 lb. 1

— French, crate 2
i bush.

«. d. i.d.

0-4 0

0 —

0-16

0-3 6

0 —
C- 5 6
6-6 0
6-2 0

Cut Flowers, &c. ; Average Wholesale Prices.

Asters, 12 bunches

Azalea mollis, per
bunch

Bouvardia, per
doz. bunches

Calla sethiopica,
dozen blooms

Carnations, per
doz, blooms,
best American
vars

— smaller do. ...

— Malmaisons...
Chrysanthemums,

perdz.blcoms 1 6

— small blooms,
per doz. bchs.

Coreopsis, p. doz.
Dahlias, per doz.

bunches

Eucharis grandi-
flora, per dozen

blooms

Gaillardias, doz.

bunches
Gardenias, perdz

blooms

Gladiolus Col-
villei, p. doz.
bunches ... 0 9-

— brenchleyensis
p. doz. spikes 0 6

Gypsophila, per

dozen bunches

Liltuin auratum

— lancifolium,
rubrum and
album

— longiflorum...
-- tlgrlnum

Lily of the Valley,
p. doz. bnchs

s.d. a.d. a.d, a.d.

10-40; Slarguerites.white,

p. doz. bnchs. 2 0-30
16—— yellow, dozen

bunches ... 2 0-30
6 0-801 Mignonette, doz.

bunches ... 2 0-40

2 0- 3 0 Montbrctias, doz.

bunches ... 3 0-60

Odontoglossum
crispum, pr. dz.

16-30 blooms 80-26

0 6- 1 0 [ Pelargoniums,
4 0-80 doz. bunches :

I — Show 4 0-60

2 8 — Zonal, double
scarlet ... 3 0-60

2 0-60 Roses, 12 blooms,
16-201 Niphetos ... 1 C- 3 0
I — Bridesmaid... 1 C- 2 0
2 C- 3 0 — Kaiserin A.

Victoria ... 16-20

— General Jao-
10-20 queminot ... 06-10

— C. Mermet ... 10-20

— Caroline Test-
out 10-20

— Liberty ... 16-20

— Mad.Chatenay 16-26

— Mrs. J.Laing. 10-16
1 0 | — Sunrise ... 1 0- a 0

Statice. p. dozen

0 9 : bunches ... 16-2 8-
Stephanotis, per

2 0-30 doz trusses... 1 0- a 0

16-26 Sweet Peas, per

doz bunches 3 0-40
Sweet Sultan, per

3 0 doz. bunches 3 0-30
3 0 Tuberoses, per

1 6 dozen blooms 0 2-03
I — on stems, per

6 0-12 0 I bunch 0 6-10

2 6-40
1 0

1 6

1 0-

a ii-
1 o-

4 0-60 — extra quality 15 0-21 0 Violets, labunehes 10-1

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices,
s.d. a.d

Apples cooking,

per bushel ... 3 0-50

— windfalls, per
bushel ... 1 c- 1 6

— Dessert, per
bushel ... 5 0-80

Bananas, bunch . 7 0-14 0

— Giants, per

bunch 12 0-14 0

— Jamaica ... 3 0-60

— loose, per doz. 10-16
Figs, per dozen ... 0 9-16
Grapes, Alicante,

perlb 0 6-10

— Madresfield
Court, per lb. 2 0-26

— GrosMaroc.lb. 0 9- 1 0

— Muscats, lb.... 0 9-26

— Sweetwater, p.

case 6 0-80

— Denia, white,

per barrel ... 4 6-50

black, per

barrel 4 6-50

— Lisbon, case 5 0-80
Lemons, Naples,

per case ... £5 0-31 0

— Messina, case 16 0-20 0

s.d. a.d.
0 6-10
19-20

Melons, each ...

— French, Rock

— Valencia,
per case ... 6 0-70

Melon Pears, per

box 2 0-40

Nectarines, A., p.

dozen 8 0-12 0

— B„ per dozen 16-40
Nuts, Cobnuts, p.

lb 0 4'. -

Oranges, Jamaica,

per case 18 u-20 o

Peaches, A., per

dozen 6 0-80

— B.. per doz. ... l 0-3 0
Pears, French Wil-
liams, crate. 6 0-90

boxes(48) .. 3 9-46

Pineapples, each 3 0-50
Plums, English :
half bushel :

— Damsons ... 2 6-30

— Pond's Seed-
lings 4 6-50

— Cox's Emperors 3 6-4 6

— Monarchs ... 3 6-46

— Victorias ... 3 0-40

$ uubu. ... 1

— Lisbon, case 4
Turnips.doz.bun. 2

— bags 3

Vegetable Marrows,

per tally ... 2

Watercress, per

doz. bunches . 0

6-6 0
0-16

8-10
0 —
0 —

6-2 0
C- 1 6

6-2 0
0-3 0
6- 1 9
0-5 0
0-3 6
C- 3 6

0- 2 6

6 —

Remarks.— English Tomatos are a gluton the market,
owing to enormous quantities arriving daily. Bananas
are plentiful, ripe and green fruits, and they are obtain-
able at reasonable prices. There are no claret coloured
Bananas on the market this week, but a consignment
is expected shortly from the West Indies. Peaches are
plentiful, and there is little demand for same. Nec-
tarines are moderate in price. Trade is slow generally.

OOVENT GARDEN FLOWER MARKET.

No improvement can be recorded in trade. There is
still a good supply of flowering plants, of which Chrys-
anthemums now take the lead ; the best of tuese com-
mand a ready sale, while maoy of the second quality
are in demand for planting in gardens. Solanums are
now coming from several growers, and further remind
us that the winter is at hand. Asters in pots are still of
goodquality, but they do not sell readily. Coreopsis in
dwarf, bushy, well-flowered plants are still obtainable.
Verbena Miss Willmott is plentiful, but supplies will
soon be over. Zonal Pelargoniums continue abun-
dant, and of these some well- flowered plants are'
seen. A few good Fuchsias are noticed, but these
are now almost over for the seasoo. Good Bou-
vardias are seen, but are scarcely equal in quality
to those growa by Messrs Beckwith & Son
in years gone by. Large supplies of Ferns are
arriving, and the trade in these, though somewhat
improved, is not sufficient to enable growers to effect
a clearance. Many of the choicer varieties are seen ;
these, however, can only be disposed of at the same
prices as for ordinary sorts. Aralia Sieboldi, Aspidis-
tras, Ficus elastic!, and Palms in all sizes are pro-
curable. The trade for these foliage plants seems to
have improved a little. Hardy shrubs and climbers of
various sorts are plentiful, Clematis in flower being
spcc'ally good.

Cut Flowers.

Chrysanthemums arc now the chief feature in the
market. Among white varieties "Queen of the
Earlies" is one of the best. The yellow form of the

208

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

| September 0, 1905.

Fame variety is also good. Harvest Home still remains
afavourite market variety. Mrs. Blake is oft'a pleasing
bronz7*brownshadc_ The varieties Madam eJDesgrangcs
and Mrs. Hawkins arrive in large quantities. 'The
varieties of Madame Maiie Masse are 'good, especially
that with yellow flowers^ Tea and Hybrid Tea Roses
are now of belter quality. ^Madame Cliatenay, Kaiserin
Augusta Victoria, Catherine Mermet, Perle des JardiDs,
Kunset. Sunrise and Liberty areamoog the best varieties
seen. Roses from the open are now very inferior iu
quality, although a few fairly good samples of Mrs. J.
Laiug are seen. Azalea mollis fnm retarded stock is
very pretty. Caruatioos arc plentiful. exccptex-ra-sized
blooms, which will now be scarce until the winter stock
ia available. Lily of the Valley is plentiful, aod some of
extra fine quality makes up to 21.°. per dozen bunches.
Liliums continue plentiful, but higher price 3 are asked
for flowers of best quality. Some extra-fine L. aura turn
are secu, and L longiflorum is also good. Violets of
poor quality are arriving. Bouvardia Humboldti is
good Eucbaris. Gardenias, audi Tuberoses are all over-
plentiful. Asters are still over - abundant, and the
prices in many case1* have not been sufficient to pay for
their culture. Dahlias are also a glut on the market.
Sweet Keas are almost, finished for the season. A. H„
•Covent Garden, September 6, 1905.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Apple Brown Spot: I). C. The Apples are
attacked by a disease which has recently made
its appearance in the United States, and is
known there as the Apple Brown Spot. The
surface of the fruit is marked with somewhat
orbicular brown spots, which extend inwards
into the fruit, gradually enlarging, and
ultimately becoming confluent. Hitherto the
cause of this disease has not been discovered,
and consequently no remedy can be suggested,
although it is under observation at some of
the experiment stations. It would be ad-
visable to examine all Apples for storage, and
carefully remove those which have any evidence
of brown spot, it being very probable that it
would extend to sound fruits. No fungus or bac-
teria have yet been disroveredin connection with
the fpot. Occasionally the spots are seen in
the flesh of the fruit, when cut, without show-
ing any external discolouration, and this is
doubtless a manifestation of the same disease.
This is not by any means the first time it has
been observed in Britain.
Apple-shoot: H. T. The wood is affected with
several varieties of scale insect. Let the trees
lie given a good dressing with an insecticide in
winter. The time for carrying out this opera-
tion and method of doing so will be explained
in the weekly Calendar published in these
pages under " Hardy Fruit Garden." It is
uot practicable to destroy the scale whilst the
trees retain their foliage.
Bean : J. P. Sf Son. One of the purple-podded

Beans of Continental origin.
Begonias: Pink Begonia. They are seedling
varieties, which we cannot undertake to name.
Carnations : J. W. We cannot name the va-
rieties of Carnations you send. A nurseryman
may do so, but they should be packed more
carefully than these were.
Chrysanthemum : H.W. The appearance of the
leaves is probably due to a check caused by
cold, dry winds, or it may be from excess of
stimulating manures at the roots.
Cucumber Disease : J. G. The plant is attacked
with the " spot " disease, of which much has
been written in these pages. See p. 13 in our
issue for January 7, 1905.
Epidendrum : C. B. The fungus is ceitaiiily
Hemileia americana. Affected leaves should
be removed and burned as soon as they can be
spared without injuring the plant.
Ferns : F. P. There are several varieties of
scale insect, also thrips and whits aphis upon
the fronds received. They are so dirty that
you would do well to cut all the fronds away
and burn them. This will cause the plants to
make new growths that with care you will be
able to keep in a clean condition. Respecting
the Adiantums, we have known many gardeners
vaporise these plants with XL- All, and without
causing injury, but the applications should be
very mild. Some growers have told us that
the old fronds show signs of injury first, which
is somewhat surprising.

Ghent Azaleas : A. H. B. Many cultivators
arrange these plants in beds of one colour.
For a combination of two colours you cinnot do
better than plant a yellow-flowered variety
with any of the dark red or crimson sorts. At
the Paris International show, held in May last,
we were particularly impressed with a group of
these plants, in which the variety Anthony
Koster (yellow) was interspersed with Robert
Croux (deep crimson). With regard to the
proper distance for planting, that will depend
on the size of the plants, but they should be
placed somewhat closely together in order to
produce the best effect. When more space is
required for the future development of the
plants, that can be afforded by lifting and
replanting.

Grapes : W. W. The berries are affected with
Anthracnose (Glceosporium), a very difficult
fungus disease to eradicate. Some good may
be done by dredging the leaves with flowers of
sulphur occasionally, and after making several
applications mix a little lime (about one-third)
with the sulphur. You cinnot apply anything
to the ripening fruits. — T. T. The Grapes arrived
in an impossible condition for satisfactory ex-
amination throughextremely bad packing. They
were in a condition of pulp, with which the leaves
were mixed, so that the disease cannot be deter-
mined. One of the leaves was black with the
mould, Fumago vagans ; and another gave
evidence of Penicillium. These are not
ordinary diseases of the VTine. — T. H. H. Some
of the berries are badly shanked, a condition
usually attributed to some check, such as un-
satisfactory root action. With regard to the
brown appearance of the berries we find no
fungus, and this condition must be due to
some external influence, such as fumigating too
strongly or the depositing of moisture on the
berries.

Insect : C. B. The specimen you send is the
Giant Sirex. The female lays her eggs in

Fio. 7S.— sikex gigas, the wood wasp.

various kinds of Conifers, usually selecting
trees that are not in good health or that are
past their prime. The larv;e feed on the solid
timber, and are full grown in about seven
weeks, when they change to chrysalids in the
tree. Any trees which are found to be
infested should be felled and disposed of so as
to prevent the spread of the insect.

Insects attacking Colchicums : B. L. If you
send us specimens of the insects, with plants
that have been attacked, we may be able to
help you.

Lawn : Weed. The plant is Prunella vulgaris
(Selfheal). Encourage the growth of the
grasses by applications of nitrogenous and
phosphatic manures, and in time the pest
will become crowded out.

Names of Fruits : J.M. Irish Peach — J. Service.
Apple Duchess Favourite. Pear Green Chisel.
— D. Barnard. 1, White Westling; 2, Min-
chull Crab ; 3, English Codlin.— J. D. Plum
Pond's Seedling. — B. A. I. Apple Hereford-
shire Spice. — lola. You must send better
specimens. Plums should not be packed
loosely with Apples and Pears. They were
crushed beyond recognition. The Apples were
deformed examples. The Pears were im-

mature. We can only undertake to name
fruits for such of our readers as will send good
specimens, carefully packed in boxes, that are
not likely to be crushed in the post. It is
advisable to send two fruits of each variety. —
W. F. 1, Oullin's Golden ; 2, Rivers' Monarch.
— G. N. N. G. Prunus myrobalana.— W. T. 1
and 4, Princess of Wale3 ; 2, Nectarine Peach ;
3, Sea Eagle ; 5, Grosse Hignonne. — J. Grandi-
son. Peaches arrived as pulp. — Harrison Weir.
Plum Mitchelson's.

Names or Plants : J. M. 1, Cnicus Marianus ;
2, Chrysanthemum maximum ; 3, Helianthus
rigidus ; 4, Brassica tenuifolia. — F. F. Zantho-
xylum Blackburniasyn. BUckburnia pinnata. —
Wm. W., N. B. The Orchid from West Africa
is Polystachya grandiflora. The Fern, which you
call "Male Fern," is Onoclea [Struthiopteris]
germanica, and the fronds sent, which you con-
sider abnormal, are the fertile fronds, which in
this species are always produced independently
of the barren fronds, in the centre as you
describe. — S.Green. 1, Salix repens argentea;
2, S. cinerea ; 3, Ribes aureum ; 4, Arundo-
Donax varieaata; 5. Magnolia acuminata; 6,
Abies nobilis glauca. — W. G. S( Son. Pyrus
elseagnifolia. — A. B C. 4, Juniperus virginiana
var. aurea variegata. — R. O. Arundinaria
fastuosa. — G. M. impatiens Roylei and fcsedum
telephium. — Amiens. We cannot determine
your specimen, as you send leaves only. — J. M.
Eranthemum strictum, Botanical Magazine,
t. 30CSS.— J. M'C. Dendrobium moschata, and
Doodia caudata. — Begonia. Begonia vivicans.
Iola. Helxine Soleroilii— A. Y. L. 1. Epi-
dendrum fragrane ; 2, please state particulars
as to habit, &c, of this Orchid.— T. W. R. A
species of Lonicera : send again when in flower.

Pear Leaves : J. M. The pest attacking your
Pear trees is the Pear or slug-worm (see fig. 70).

Fig. 79.— the pear slug-worm and cherry sawfly

(selandria atka).

a— Maggot. B— Chrysalis.

After feeding for a few weeks upon the leaves
the slug- worms become caterpillars, and then
go down into the soil around the trees, from
which they emerge as saw-flies, similar to the
one shown in fig. 79. The slug-worms are
covered with a thick slime. If gas-lime or
quick-lime be dusted over them they are able
to throw it off by exuding slime. Bat they are
not able to repeat this process many times in
succession, and this allows an opportunity of
their being destroyed by such means. Take
away the surface soil from under the trees
after the leaves have fallen, and sterilise it,
then topdress with fresh soil.

Plants in Nursery : Constant Reader. We
regret that we are unable to divulge the name
of the writer.

Tomato: F. P. The foliage is attacked by a
fungus (Cladosporium), frequently described in
these columns. Cut away the foliage and
fruits that show signs of the disease. Tomato-
plants, when young, should be sprayed with
potassium sulphide (liver-of-sulphur). Dissolve
1 ounce in a gallon of hot water, then make up
to 2-j- gallons with cold water.

Communications Received.— A. H. (thanks forZinnia).
— G. II. H. W. (photograph under consideration).—
T. M. Wells- J. W.B.(piiotographi-D E. W.— W. E. G.
-II. Correvou-A. E. V. Y -W. R.-T. W.-R. T.-H.
R.-Essex-R. L. II— W. M - W. J. V.— R. L. H— C. G,
G. (many thanks)-J. O'B.-M. T. M-S W. F.-A D.
&. 3., Ltd — R. L. C— National Rose society— J. Oller-
head-P. M. T.-F. J. -A. H. H., Darlington-W. W.—
.7 S.-E. H. J.-W. S.-H. J C.-J. H. D.-A. D.-J. H.
L —Constant Subscriber— W. J. B.— D. E.-A. H.— J.
A. J.— J. H. T.—H. C. D. & Co.

{For Weather see p. x.)

September 16, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

209

THE

iVo. 977.— SATURDAY, Sept. 16, 1905.

CONTENTS.

Agricultural returns . 211 Potato flowers, the
Auuuals, what are ? ... '2VS colours of

Books, notices of—
Carnations, Picotees,
and the wild Hints 212

Efkford. Mr. H .Testi-
monial presented to 213

Edinburgu Interna-
tioual Show ... silt}, 219

(Fruit - growing, con-
ference on 217

<iloriosa Rothschildi-
ana citrina 211

Hops, the' cultivation
of 217

New Invention-
Fruit trausit. an im-
proved box for ... 224
NicouAuaSandera- ... 213

Obituary—

David Laird 217

Physalis peruviana ... 214
Plants, new or note-
worthy-
Two new Senecios ... 212

214

Royal Caledonian
HorticulturalSociety 203i

21U, 219

Sagittarias 214

Seeds, germination of aid

Societies—

Clielmsford and Dis-
trict Gardeners' ... 218

Royal Caledonian
Horticultural (In-
ternational show) 219

Royal Horticultural 217

National Dahlia ... 21S

Tyninghame, East

Lothian 211

Wasps attacking fruits 2M

Week's work, the —

Flower garden, the 215

Fruits under glass... 21 4

Hardy fruit .garden 215

K lu* i km i garden, the 2)4

Orchid houses, the 215

Plants under glass 214

ILLUSTRATIONS.

•Cotton Thistle, the 219

Edinburgh Town Gardens (Supplementary Illus-
tration)

Flower-bed in the form of a clock 21.1

Cloriosa Rothschildiana citrina , ... 211

Portraits of members of council of the Royal

Caledonian Society (Supplement 4 pp )
View in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh ... 210

THE ROYAL CALEDONIAN

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. .
fl iO those who are not intimately acquainted
J- with Scottish horticulture, the an-
nouncement that the Northern Kingdom can
flay claim to a horticultural society which is
now almost a century old— one which is, in
fact, only a very few years younger than
the Royal Horticultural Society itself — may
<oause surprise. Such however is the case,
•and four years hence the Royal Caledonian
Horticultural Society, the premier horticul-
tural society of Scotland, will have completed
the first century of its existence.

The foundation of the Caledonian Horti-
cultural Society took place on December 5,
1809, at a meeting held in the hall of the
Royal College of Physicians, George Street,
Edinburgh. The building in which this
historic meeting took place has long since
■disappeared, and its site is now occupied by
the tine building which forms the head
•office of the Commercial Bank of Scotland.
The foundation meeting was a small one,
•consisting as it did of seventeen people.
Perhaps the most notable of those who took
part in that meeting were Dr. Andrew
Duncan, senr., the " Father " of the Society,
and Mr. (latterly Doctor) Patrick Neill.
The objects of the Society were "to en-
courage and improve the cultivation of the

best fruits, of the most choice flowers, and
of the most useful culinary vegetables';
and it may be said that throughout its loog
career the Society has never wavered in its
efforts to carry out the objects aimed at by
its founders.

A '■ Seal of Cause " was granted to the
Sjciety by the Town Council of Edinburgh
in 1810, and two Royal Charters were re-
ceived—the first in 1824, and the second
in 1898.

The meetings and shows of the Society
were held in the hall of the College of
Physicians till 1827, and for this privilege
the Society kept the College gardens in good
order. With the object of further extending
its usefulness, however, and in order that
the horticultural experiments which had
been conducted for the Society by the
various nurserymen in Edinburgh might ba
undertaken under its own supervision, it was
decided to acquire an experimental garden.
In 1824, therefore, the Society entered into
possession of 10 acres of ground on the
lands of Inverleitb, on the north side of the
city, which it leased from the Crown for a
term of seventy years, and here, from 1827
till it quitted the premises in 1865, the shows
were held, and all the other business con-
nected with t he Society was transacted.
This venture, however, latterly proved too
heavy a burden for the Society, and almost
involved it in financial disaster. Large sums
of monev were sunk in the erection of build-
ings and in nther ways, and so deeply did
the Society draw upon its funds that in
18<>5 it was compelled to give up the enter-
prise which it had entered into with such
high hopes forty years before. The lease was
assigned to the Crown, and the ground
was incorporated with the Royal Bjtanic
Garden, of which it now forms a part,
though the name by which it was formerly
known still clings to this section of the latter
institution. Most of the structures which
were erected in the experimental garden
and other evidences of its work have now
been swept away, but there still remain
the Society's hall, now used as the herbarium
and library of the Royal Botanic Garden ;
also the dwelling-house which formed the
residence of the superintendent of the
experimental gardens, and the massive cast-
iron gate in Inverleith Row. A number
of the trees also still remain, though
their environment has been very greatly
altered.

To enumerate even a fraction of the ex-
periments which were conducted by the So-
ciety in theirexperi mental garden would take
up more space than can be afforded in such
a short notice as this. It may be mentioned,
however, that the raising and cultivating of
fruit-trees was a matter to which the Society
devoted much attention, and in order to
demonstrate the effects of different kinds of
walling on such plants, the wall which formed
the dividing-line bet ween the experimental
garden and the botanic garden, part of which
remained long after the amalgimation
took place, was formed of a series of sections
built, or rather faced, with various kinds of
building material — freestone, whinstone,
brick, &c. Against this wall fruit trees of
various kinds were grown, the object being
to ascertain whether any influence, and if so
what, different kinds of walling had on the
growth and fruit production of the trees.
Since 1865 the Society has, as it did pre-
vious to its occupancy of the experimental

garden, confined itself to the holding of
exhibitions.

After leaving the experimental gardens
these exhibitions took place in the Music
Hall in George Street, and since 1878 they
have been held in the Waverley Market,
which adjoins the Waverley Railway Station.
Eor many years these shows were held
annually, in spring, summer, and autumn ;
but some years ago tne summer show was
discontinued, and now two exhibitions
only are held, in May and September ;
and this year the show is international
in character, and on a more gigantic
scale than anything which has yet been
attempted in Edinburgh. In 1811 the
Society commenced to publish its horticul-
tural papers, and these were issued in parts,
under the title Memoirs, till 1829; but owing
to lack of sufficient support on the part of
the horticultural public the publication of
these papers had to be discontinued. In
the present year, however, the Society has
again taken up this important work, and
a few months ago the first part of a new
series of the Memoirs was issued from the
press.

In its early days the shows of the Society
were of course on a much more modest
scale than they are at the present time.
In 1810 the number of entries did not exceed
fifty, now they sometimes reach to almost
three thousand. In the early days, too,
the prizes were in almost all cases medals,
which were generally commuted, such
articles as snuff-mulls, spectacles, umbrellas,
dessertspoons, Ac. , being taken in place of
them, while now money prizes are gene-
rally given. Looking back to these times,
one cannot but marvel bow, with no rail-
ways, and with, in many districts, the most
meagre facilities for travelling of any
kind, so many exhibits were brought for-
ward. Compared with the great facilities
which competitors now enjoy in this re-
spect, it says much for the enthusiasm
which inspired these early competitors
that they were able to transport their
exhibits such long distances, and from
such out-of-the-way parts. Prior to 1827
exhibits were brought from such far-off
parts of the country as Ross and Suther-
land, and many were the obstacles which
exhibitors had to encounter on these long
and hazardous journeys. To give one illus-
tration of the difficulties connected with the
transport of plants ia those days, it may be
mentioned that in 1829 a box of plants,
cuttings and seeds sent to the experimental
garden by the Horticultural Society of
London by coach cost £1 19.s. 6<l. for car-
riage. At the shows in the early days home-
made wines — Gooseberry, Elderberry, and
other — seem to have formed an important
feature, and judging from the quantities
staged there seems to have been keen com-
petition for the prizes. In these days of huge
crops of Potatos, it may also be interesting
to note that at a meeting of the Society on
December 9, 1824, a Vote of Thanks was
given to Mr. John MacXaughton, gardener,
Edmonston, for specimens of the Don Po-
tato produced on ground sown with salt at
the rate of G bushels per acre, and where
the produce amounted to 174 Dolls per acre,
or nearly 3.3 tons.

Amongst the many able men who have
piloted toe Society through its long career,
there is one whose name stands out in bold
relief from all the o hers. It is that of

210

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Septembek lfi, 1905.

Dr. Patrick Neill, one of the most enthusi-
astic aDd most enlightened horticulturists
of his day, and one whose name will go
down to posterity among the greatest
benefactors of Scottish horticulture. Dr.
Neill was the head of one of the leading
printing establishments in the city, and 1he
garden of his private residence, ( 'anonmills
Lodge, situated close by the Water of L°ith,
and little more than a stone's-throw from the
Society's Experimental Garden, stocked as
it was with all the rare and curious plants

will be kept green in the horticultural
world ; and the Neill Prize, which consists
of the interest on this sum, and which is
awarded every second or third year to some
distinguished Scottish botanist or cultivator,
is a much-coveted honour.

Dr. Neill was the first Secretary of the
Society, and he continued to act in that
capacity till his death in 1851, when the
duties of the office were taken up by Dr.
John Hntton Balfour, Professor of Botany
in the University of Edinburgh, who dis-

The present President of the Society] is
Lord Balfour of Burleigh, K.T , ex-Secretary
for Scotland, whose photograph is given on
p. i. of our Supplement. During his term of
office his Lordship has taken the 'greatest
interest in the welfare of the Society, and
it is in no small measure due to his influence
and to his <-nergy in furthering its objects
that the Society owes its present prosperous
position.

The Vice-Presidents are Sir James";Miller_
Bart., of Manderston ; Mr. J. Martin White.

Fig. 80.— a view in the royal botanic garden, Edinburgh.

(See auk, p. 193.)

which could then be procured, formed a
veritable Mecca to the horticulturist. The
ground occupied by this garden is now,
curiously enough, covered by the recently-
erected buildings of the printing estab-
lishment of the firm, which still trades
under the name of Neill & Co. The
late Mr. Patrick Neill Fraser, for long a
prominent member of this Society, and for
many years, prior to 1898, its Treasurer,
was the principal partner. It is, however,
in connection with Dr. Neill's bequest of
±500 to the horticultural profession, through
the medium of this Society, that his memory

charged the duties till 1865, the year in
which the experimental garden was given
up, and that in which the Edinburgh Horti-
cultural Society and the Royal Caledonian
Horticultural Society were amalgamated. At
this time Mr. John Stewart, W S., the Secre-
tary of the Edinburgh Socii-ty, was appointed
Secretary of the Royal Caledonian Horticul-
tural Society, with Mr. William Young as
Assistant Secretary. Mr. Stewart was suc-
ceeded by his son, Mr. ( 'harles Stewart, W.S ,
and on tbe retirement of the latter, Mr. P.
M urray Thorn Son, SS C, was appointed to the
combined offices of Secretarv and Treasurer.

of Balruddery; Mr. \V. II. Massie, of the-
firm of Dicksoos & Co, nurserymen, Edin-
burgh; and Mr. C. W. Cowan, Dilhousie
Castle.

During his term of office, Mr. Martin.
White has done a great deal to further
horticulture by the interest he has taken
in stimulating a more refined taste in.
the use of cut flowers for decorative pur-
poses, and it is at his instance that a book
dealing with this subject is shortly to be*
published.

As a Councillor, and latterly as a Vice-
President, Mr. Massie has spared no efforts

September 10, 1905.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

211

to strengthen the Society, and is at the
present time one of its most energetic
workers.

I Mr. C. W. Cowan is an enthusiastic horti-
culturist, and his collection of Daffodils at
Dalhousie Castle is noted throughout the
country.

As at present constituted, the Council
consists of an equal portion of nurserymen,
gardeners, and of amateurs, or independent
members, and the Society is singularly
fortunate in this, the year of its Inter-
national Show, in having a Council which
conducts its work in such a whole-hearted
manner.

In the selection of the present Secretary
and Treasurer the Society has also been

GLORIOSA ROTHSCHILDIANA
C1TRINA.

The typical Gloriosa Rothschildiana, the
showiest of the genus, was illustrated from the
type specimen which flowered in the gardens of
the Right Hon. Lord Rothschild at Tring Park
(gr., Mr. A. Dye), (where a small number of
specimens of it received from Uganda were then
in great beauty) in the Gardeners' Chronicle,
May 23, 1902, p. 323. Its flowers were bright
ruby-crimson, the segments having a slight gold
margin on the lower halves, which passed away
when the flower matured.

The variety " citrina " (fig. 81) flowered at
Tring Park out of a recent importation of G.
Rothschildiana from Uganda, and was noted in
the Gardeners' Chronicle, July 22, 1905, p. 67.
The habit of the plant is similar to the type,

TYNINGHAME.

None of the many places of horticultural
interest around Edinburgh will better repay a
visit than Tyninghame, the East Lothian seat
of the Earl of Haddington, K.T. Were it only
that its history is an epitome of the progress made
in Scottish horticulture, arboriculture and domestic
architecture since it passed into possession of the
present family in 1G28, it would be full of
interest to all devoted to these subjects.

The old dwelling-house of Tyninghame was,
it is said, occupied in the thirteenth century by
the Bishops of St. Andrews, and before passing
into the hands of the Marquis of Annandale, from
whom it was purchased by the first Earl of Had-
dington, it belonged to the famous family of the
Landers of the Bass. Lady Bass either rebuilt
or enlarged Tyninghame in 1617, and the sixth

'

CARDCHFsOM .

■^src;.^-.

Fig. 81.— GLORIOSA rotiischjldiana citkixa colovr of flower citron-yellow and claret-purple.

extremely fortunate. A lawyer by profession.
Mr. Murray Thomson is an ardent lover of
plants, and from his early boyhood has
been a keen amateur gardener. II is courtesy
and kindness to all who come in contact
with him in connection with the exhibitions
of the Society and with its affiirs generally,
bave'made him one of the most popular of
officials, and the energy and enthusiasm
which he brings to bear on his work have
in a very large measure contributed to the
•success of the Society in recent years. It
may be mentioned that the popular compe-
tition in garden plan-drawing, which was
started some years ago, was entirely due to
his initiative.

In the Supplement given in the present
issue will be found photographs of the
President, Vice-Presidents, Secretary, and
■of most of the members of the Council.

though the leaves are narrower ; the flowers are
also similar in form, opening with slightly wavy,
reflexed segments, which become broader and
assume a more horizontal position as the flowers
mature. The variation in colour is the- most
remarkable feature, and constitutes it one of the
most striking of the genus. The flowers on
opening are of a clear citron-yellow with a
feather-like band of deep claret colour up the
middle of each segment. As the flower matures
the yellow assumes a more chrome tint, and the
claret-coloured band widens, while later the elaret
colour suffuses the whole of the flower as it passes
out of bloom. The colours of the flower are
unique in the genus, and, like the type, the
variety is a great acquisition.

Gloriosa3 are very easy to cultivate, as they
merely require to be grown in an intermediate-
house until tbey have passed out of bloom, and
then to be kept perfectly dry until growing time
comes round again.

Earl, who may be termed the greit transformer
of Tyninghame, modernised the house, which
then presented the appearance of a typical Scot-
tish mansion of the time, with many gables,
pointed towers, and a balcony from which steps
led to the flower-garden.

The ninth earl began a thorough improvement
of the house on his succession in 1S28, and the
result was the mansion in its present form, a
credit to the celebrated architect then employed
— Burn, of Edinburgh — and his employer. It is a
characteristic example of the Scottish baronial
mansion, and is surrounded by gardens and
grounds of the greatest beauty, making it seem
almost incredible that this was an almost treeless
waste some 200 years ago.

That this was the case there can be no doubt,
as the work in the direction of improving the
f state by planting trees by the fourth and fifth
Earls had all been undone in the course of a
nineteen years' tenancy of Tyninghame by

212

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 16, 1905.

another family ; and when the sixth Earl began
his great work of planting and improvement in
1705, the place was literally, as he recorded, " in
ruins." His work has become historical, and its
success gave a great impetus to estate improvement
in Scotland.

One can only glance briefly at what was then
done. A " wilderness," as it was called, was laid
out; Binning Wood, some 360 acres in extent,
was formed ; a noble avenue of Limes led t)
the wood from the house ; later many acres of
pure sand close to the sea were covered with
trees, and magnificent hedges of Holly, extend-
ing at that time to about five miles in length,
were formed. The seventh Earl, his grandson,
also carried out several improvements, one of
which was the formation of a new walled garden,
two of the walls being heated by flues. Some old
trees and a Vine called Tyninghame Muscat are
supposed to date from this time — 1759.

The eighth Earl, following in the path of his
predecessors, planted largely, and his successor
altered and extended the flower • garden, intro-
duced trees into the parks, using large specimens
for the purpose, and greatly improved the place by
planting Rhododendrons by the woodland paths.

The present Earl of Haddington has not fallen
behind his ancestors in beautifying the property,
as countless improvements have been effected
since his succession, so that the estate is now
one of high perfection and the gardens are ever
beautiful.

At the present time Tyninghame presents in
its grounds and gardens many features which
make a few hours spent in their precincts seem all
too short. The Holly hedges still remain, though,
unfortunately, a fungoid disease which broke out
some years ago proved exceedingly destructive to
these noble Hollies. They are still, however, an
object of wonder and admiration to those who see
them. There are many splendid trees, although
the great gale of 1881, which destroyed some
thousands of trees, uprooted many of the finest
specimens. A Sycamore some 22 feet in girth is
specially of interest. New trees have been added
from time to time, and the finest varieties of
Rhododendrons have been planted.

Throughout the grounds many new and fine
shrubs have been introduced, and those who
picture the climate of the Haddingtonshire sea-
coast as bleak and unfavourable will be sur-
prised to see the reputedly tender plants which
flourishatTyinghame. Bamboossueceed.andnoble
specimens of Garrya elliptica in the open will be
an object-lesson to many. Mr. R. P. Brothers-
ton, Lord Haddington's gardener, a valued con-
tributor to this Journal, deserves credit for the
results he is able to show.

The garden overflows into the woods, and
before entering the formal garden we see what is
called wild gardening of the best kind carried out
on a broad and well-considered style. In the
" wilderness " and elsewhere there are myriads of
coloured Primroses, Snowdrops, Narcissi, wild
Tulip?, and other bulbs and plants covering the
ground everywhere, and making a walk among
them delightful.

The flower garden proper, close to the mansion,
is particularly effective in autumn, when the
bedding plants are at their best. Even the most
devoted advocates of natural gardening will not
deny that bedding as carried out at Tyninghame
suits perfectly the surroundings, and is executed
with consummate skill. The flower-garden is of
large extent, with clipped Yews, trimmed shrubs
in stone tubs, terrace walks ornamented with
vases, well-heads from Venice, and two stone-
beds architecturally well designed. This, though
formal in its style, is excellent in effect. Long
lines of zonal Pelargoniums, associated with other
summer flowers, with beds of the finest bedding
plants skilfully disposed and well grown, meet
the eyes everywhere. It is impossible to detail the

plants employed, but many not usually employed
for the purpose are aptly used.

The kitchen garden presents many surprises,
and not the least of these are the herbaceous
borders, which are in themselves worth a journey
to Tyninghame to see. The plants are grown in
generous masses, and as the best of the old and
new species and varieties are used there is much
to admire, besides the skill and taste with which
they are planted. Mr. Brotherston strives suc-
cessfully to keep these borders bright, and the
regular substitution of plants in bloom for those
which have passed away makes them a source of
unceasing interestthroughouttheseason of flowers.

But these great borders are not the only attrac-
tions of the gardens. Here, for instance, is a little
old-fashioned garden filled with the sweet herbs
of the olden time, and the other plants then
cherished. There a long arched pathway, about
•110 feet long, covered with Apple Keswick Codlin,
grown mainly for its floral effect, is a sight of
great beauty in its season. A collection of old-
fashioned Roses has been gathered from many a
source, and is full of interest to the lover of the
Rose of olden times. Again, we look in on little
orchards, whose grassy turf is spangled with
Narcissi in spring, and elsewhere are modern
Roses of all kinds. Grassy paths, bordered on
either side with flowers both modest and stately,
invite one to tread their velvet carpets, and the
walls, covered with fruit trees, or archways with
climbers, draw our eyes away from the statues
and the fountains which are passed.

Less attractive to the many, but not less
interesting to the horticulturist, are the vege-
tables. Like the other departments these bear
the evidence of the thoroughness which charac-
terises Mr. Brotherston's work.

The glasshouses, some of which are old and
hardly of modern structural character, are, how-
ever, well suited for the requirements of the
establishment. They contain the usual stove
and greenhouse plants, besides others less well
known. Winter-flowering plants are of great value
in a place such as this, where out-door flowers are
at command at other seasons, and they are well
grown, while Grapes, Peaches, Nectarines, and
other indoor fruits are well cultivated. No one
who has the opportunity should omit to seo
Tyninghame, as a place where one finds the
results of the work of generations of enlightened
lovers of plant-life who have endeavoured to
make still more beautiful a noble estate.

Tyninghame, which lies between North Berwick
and Dunbar, is best reached by rail to East
Linton, whence an enjoyable walk or short drive
leads to the entrance gateway, near which is one
of the most beautiful of Scottish villages largely
owing to the flower-plots which accompany the
houses, as a result of the premiums given by the
Earl of Haddington for the hest kept gardens.
S, Arnott.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

BOOK NOTICE.

Carnations, Picotees, and the Wild
GARDEN PINKS. Written by several authori-
ties and edited by E. T. Cook. (Country Life
Office.)
A pleasant little book, the contents of which
are written by such experts as Professor Henslow,
Messrs. E H. Woodall, W. A. Watts, J. Douglas,
R. Dean, H. Thomas and H. Correvon, the last-
named contributing a paper on the " Pinks of the
Alps " Most of the authorities above-named
have often recorded their experiences in other
ways, but it is serviceable to have their opinions
concentrated within the covers of one book. The
volume is well got up, with several excellent
illu-trations, and will be acceptable to lovers
of the genus Dianthus. We are glad to see a
protest about paper collars and the childish
practice of ''dressing" flowers, which cannot be
called gardening, and should not have been
allowed to survive the nineteenth century.

SENECIO VEITCHIANUS AND S.

WILSONIANDS,

New Species of the Section Ligularia, from China.9

Senecio Ligularia (syn. Ligularia sibirica), as
generally understood, ranges from the Pyrenees
and Lapland eastward through Siberia and the
mountains of Northern India to Japan and China,
and it varies very much in stature, sizs of th&
flower-heads, and in other particulars.

In the early part of the last century a very
showy plant was cultivated under the name of
Ligularia sibirica var. speciosa. Some botanists
regarded it as a distinct species, among them
Lindley, who illustrated it in the Botanical Register,
vol. x. (1824), t. 812, under the name of Cineraria
speciosa.

In my Enumeration of the Plants of China-
I described (Journal of the Linnean Society,
vol. xxiii., p. 455) what I then regarded as prob-
ably a variety of Senecio Ligularia under the-
name of polycephalus.

Dr. A. Henry collected the specimens of this.
plant, and he also collected specimens of a species*
similar to, but not the same, as the plant figured
by Lindley ; both in the province of Hupeh.

Mr. E. H. Wilson collected seeds of the two in
the sameprovince, andashorttimesincehe brought
to Kew living specimens. Comparing them in
this condition, I have no hesitation in treating
them as distinct species. I will not attempt to-
deal with all the forms or varieties usually
referred to Senecio Ligularia, but confine myself
to those from China, which, from incomplete-
dried specimens, I formerly referred to that
species.

S. Ligularia, Hook f. — Apart from floral char-
acters, which are not so easily seized, all the>
forms referred to this species now in cultivation
at Kew, including the old speciosus, are charac-
terised by the stalks of the lower or radical
leaves being channelled on the upper side with
sharp edges. The under side is angular, not
evenly rounded ; and the blade is circular
heart-shaped at the base. The ray flowers or
ligules of the variety speciosus, the only one I
need bring into comparison here, are relatively
broad and contiguous.

S. Veitchianus, Hemsl. — The solid, early gla-
brescent stalks of the lower leaves of this hand-

Senecio (S ligularia) Veitchianus, Hand., species nova,
inter atliaes foliorum radicalium petioiis solidis semi-
teretibus supra plauis et lamiuis triangulari-cordatis
distipcta.

Jlerba perennis, robusta, glabresceo9, caulibus flori-
geris 3— o-pedalibus siraplicibus. Folia radicalia ampla ;
petioli usque ad is— 20 pall, longi; laminae latiores
c|uara loogio, usque ad 15-16 poll, latse et 10—11 poll,
louga-, lteto virides, argute dentatoe. Folia caulina
siinilia, sursum gradatim minora, petioiis basi dilatatis
semiamplexicaulibus. Pedunculi mouocephali.conferti,
primum subereeti, demuui deliexi, juxia involucrum
tribracteati ; bractea antic-a foliacea, involucrum supe-
rans, ovata, grosse dentata ; bractea- 2 pcsticje vel iute-
riores lincari - filiforuies. Capiiula numerosissima
glabrescentia, circiter 2\ poll, diametro. Flares radii
circiter lo, aurei, ligulis spatulatis emarginatis polli-
caribus. Acheenia cyliudrata, striata, glabra. Fappi
seta1 quam corolla breviores, infra medium sordiae
purpurea;.

Senecto (l Ligularia) WUsonianus, Hemsl., species
nova a S. Veitcuiano petioiis teretibus pubescentibus
cavis, infioresceutia basi rauiosa. pedunculorum
bracteis omnibus minutis filiforiuibus et capituhs
baltem dimidio minoribus recedit.

Berba perennis. robus,ti, caulibus florigeris 3 — .">
pedalibus medio paUL-irainosis. Folia radicalia ampla ;
petioli usque ad 26 poll, longi ; lamina; reniformi-
cordatae, 10-2J poll, lata-, 9—10 poll, lougav saturate
virides, argute dentata-. Caulis pars flurigera 2-2» ped.
longa, basi ratnulis paucis oligoeeplialis (interdum
lo-cephalis) iustructa, ceterum pedunculis inouo-
cephalis Iructiferis divaricatis vel detiexis. Capitula
numerosissima, tarde giabrescentia, circiter 1 poll,
diametro. Fiona radii ti— 8, aurei, ligulis tridentatis
4— 5 loogis et 21in. lads. Achamia cyliudrata, sulcata.
Pappl seta' soi'didre, quam acha-uia vix loufciores.

September 1C, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

213

some species are half-rounl with a flit upper
surface, and the blade is usually triangular-
heart-shaped in outline, and nearly a third wider
than long, but the latter character is probably
inconstant. The ray flowers are relatively long
and narrow, with wider spaces between them.
Compared with the following species, the leaves
are of a bright green, and the largest before me
have stalks 18 to 20 inches long, and blade3 from
15 to 16 inches broad by 10 to 11 inches long.
The flower-stems are stout, 3 to 6 feet high, and
unbranched ; the flower-heads are about 2 1 inches

in S. Veitchianus there is an 'outer (in relation to
the main axis of the inflorescence) leafy one,
which covers the head before expansion, and two
inner linear ones shorter than the involucre.

8. stenocephalus, Maximowicz. — This is another
species of the same section now in flower at Kew,
also collected by Wilson. It is an elegant and
curious species, and I mention it here because I
suggested in my Enumeration of Chinese Plants
that it might be a variety of S. Ligularia, and the
late Mr. Franchet (Bull. Soc. Bot. France, vol.
xxxix., p. 297) actually reduced it to that species.

Fig. 82.— flokal clock in a town garden, Edinburgh.

across, and borne singly on the main stem, the
flower-bearing part of which is often from 2 to
2 J- feet long.

8. Wihcnianus.Uemsiey. — Thisismy S. Ligularia
var. (?) polycepbalus referred to above. Ic differs
from both of the preceding in the root-leaves
having quite round or terete, hollow, pubescent
stalks, 18 to 26 inches long. The deep green
blade is usually between kidney and heart-shaped
ia outline, 18 to 20 inches broad by 9 to 10 long.
The flower-stem is slenderer than that of S.
Veitchianus, 3 to 5 feet high, branched in the
middle, simple in the upper part ; lowermost
branches sometimes beariDg as many as ten or
twelve flower-heads, which are usually less than
an inch in diameter. The bracts on the stalks of
the flower-heads are all small and linear, whereas

As in the case of the others, the living plant
reveals characters which leave no doubt of its
being a distinct species. One of its peculiarities,
as described by Maximowicz, is the presence of
only one ray-flower in each head.

Both S. Veitchianus and S. Wilsonianus were
first collected by Dr. A. Henry in the province of
Hupeb, where, Mr. Wilson informs me, they are
common in wet places at altitudes of 4,000 to
C,000 feet.

Senecio Veitchianus and S. Wilsonianns are
handsome plants for the bog-garden. Messrs.
James Veitch it Sons have exhibited both ; the
former under the name of S. Ligularia var. spe-
ciosa, and the latter as S. poljeepnalus, Hemsl.
Unfortunately this nameis preoccupied. W. Lotting
He nslet .

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Elitnr does not hold himielf responsible for the
opinion; exprcsst I by his Correspondents.)

WHAT ARE ANNUALS ?— This interesting point
arises only at flower sho.vs, and wherever ic crops
up I have invariably found that the good sense of
exhibitors has kept them from baing disqualified.
Still it is a matter on which judges should look
with lenient eyes, a3 so many diverse views exist
as to which plants should be classed as annuals
and which not. I think in all cases in which
Verbenas, Petunias, or similar semi-woody plants
are staged as annuals, it is wise to assume,,
because they are commonly raised from seed in
the spring, and if planted out die in the winter,
the competitor did honestly believe they were
annuals. But when the revised edition of the
Koyal Horticultural Society's Rules of Judging is-
issued, I think it will ba found that annuals-
are defined as plants sown, flowering and dying
the same season, and which cannot be increased,
by means of cuttings. That definition would put
Verbenas, Petunias, Lobelias and similar plants.
out of the field. A. D.

nicotiana SANDERS— The decorative quali-
ties of this plant were prominently brought to my
notice in several gardens whilst on a holiday iu
the Isle of Wight during August. In most
instances, one of which was in a cottage garden,
the plants were sturdy, much branched, and very
floriferous 'This was particularly so in the cise
of a large, well-filled bed on the lawn in the
gardens of " We3t Hill," Shanklin. Here, at
i o'clock in the afternoon on a hot, brilliant day,
this particular bed attracted one's notice from
afar by reason of its unusual tint and brilliancy
of colouring. It was a surprise to me, after what
I had read, that each flower of mature develop-
ment was fully expanded, and not closed, as some
have described as being the case when the plants
are exposed to strong sunshine. Another fact
that was obvious was their evident ability to
withstand fierce winds without the aid of stakes
or other supports. This was due in a measure to-
their sturdy nature and the hahit of branching
near the base, the branches of the various plants,
steadying each other as they grew up. The-
colour was mostly of a deep ruby-purple, only
one plant in the bed being considered of
inferior merit. Some plants in a border near
by gave promise of even finer qualities,
the few expanded blossoms being exceed-
ingly deep in colour. In a less-exposed posi-
tion on the same lawn was a large bed of N.
sylvestris. This is an exceedingly noble-looking
plant, introduced from Argentina in 1898. It
grows to a height of 5 feet or more, and its basal
leaves are very broad, and a foot or more in
length. The flowers are white with a long
corolla-tube (3 inches), but, like most members of
the genus, they suffer from strong light. In the
mild climate of Shanklin, Mr. C. H. Snook in-
formed me that this species flowers profusely well
into November. W. H. Young, East Sheen, 8. If.

THE GERMINAT.ON OF SEEDS. — The wastage

of seed alluded to by your correspondents was-
remarked upon by Darwin many years ago.
Whatever may be the case in a state of nature it
is not difficult in a state of cultivation to account
for the failure to germinate. The ground may be
baked hard by the sun ; there are also the ravages
of insects and domestic animals to be taken into
account as well as the rapacity of birds. A strong
wind may blow the seed away, or heavy rain wash
it into the gutter. But this is beside the point.
My original observation had nothing to do with
seed buried yards underground or scattered
casually on a r order. I was referring entirely
to control-experiments carried on indoors, and my
point is that where light, air, temperature, and.
iLoisture are under control it should be possible
t > count upon a certain percentage of success in
every case where very exceptional treatment is nob
required. There are three kinds of rubbish on
the market to-day to be avoided : (1) dead seed j
(2) dead mixed with a little live seed ; (3) live
seed, but of a poor strain. In contrast to some
of my recent failures I sowed alongside them some
Phyllocactus teed obtained from Messrs. Veitch,
Chelsea, and every seed germinated. Can youp
correspondents suggest why it is that the seed

214

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September. 1G, 1905.

obtained from the leading houses germinates,
and the other does not, unless the difference is a
difference between dead and alive? I sowed
some " mixed Cactus " so called a year ago. One
seed germinated ; it proved to be Gorse ! It may
not be easy to forecast the periods of germination
for seed sowed in the open, although I notice a
useful list in a little book by Mr. Walter P.
Wright; but it should be easy for seeds sown
under glass and in a moderate temperature. It
would be practically useful ; a saving of time
and some check on the rubbish of which I am
informed there is a quantity on the market.
T. R. P. [It is certain that some seeds are, as we
in our ignorance call them, capricious in their
.germinating powers, even under the most favour-
able conditions. Ed.]

I' WASP8 ATTACKING FRUITS. — During the
summer of 1903 when I was at Moor Court, North
Staffordshire, the wasps caused very great
■damage to the fruit there, although all the nests
that could be found were destroyed. At first I
•did not think it advisable to place beer and
treacle near the fruit because of attracting the
wasps to the fruit itself, but afterwards it became
necessary to do something, and so bottles con-
taining beer and treacle were suspended among
"the fruit, when the wasps and flies seemed to
leave the fruit in favour of the bottles. A great
many were caught and destroyed in this way.
This year in South Hants they have also com-
menced to eat the fruit, inside and out-of-doors,
and we have suspended bottles containing treacle
and beer among the trees. I think the large
•" Blue-bottle " fly is as destructive as the wasp.
E. Jeff try, South Hants.

SAGITTARIAS. — These plants, by reason of
their beautiful flowers and their charming sagit-
tate leaves, are worthy companions of the Water
Lily. The foliage of S. montevidensis, which
rises from 2 to 4 feet out of the water, is an
attraction in itself ; but it becomes more so when
accompanied by the delicate spikes of pure white
flowers, whose petals are evenly marked at the
base by three maroon-coloured spots. When
naturalised in the aquatic rock garden, it imparts
an air of lightness and beauty to its surround-
ings. S. gracilis, and indeed all the species, have
also white flowers. The common Arrowhead, S.
sagittifolia, is one of the most beautiful of our
British water-plants. The flowers possess dark-
coloured anthers, which contrast well with its
white petals. This species increases rapidly under
very adverse circumstances, and will in a short
time cover an entire stream. S. variabilis (syn.
japonica), the snowy-flowered Arrowhead, is a
very handsome plant, the large snowy white
flowers enclosing beautiful golden-coloured an-
thers. This variety, if planted on the banks
of a stream and in shallow water, soon spreads
to deeper parts, where it increases rapidly and
flowers abundantly. One of the most beau-
tiful of all our aquatic plants, and one that bears
flowers resembling enormous double white Stocks,
is S. japonica fl.-pl. This variety is quite hardy,
and in favoured spots increases with freedom.
The flower-Bpikes rise directly out of the water to
a height of from 18 inches to 2 feet, and are
covered with immense double white blooms that
.measure individually 2 to 2J inches in diameter.
The flowers appear in succession, and the display
lasts for a considerable time. It is a worthy
subject for planting in ornamental water or in
swampy ground. W. H. Clarke, Aston Sowant,
Oxon .

PHYSALIS PERUVIANA.— Physalis peruviana is
grown in these gardens for providing a few dishes
of its fruit as dessert during the winter months.
•Cuttings rooted in January will fruit in twelve
months, and after fruiting for a period of about
four months should be cut down and allowed to
•' break " again. The shoots are tied in or nailed
to the wall thinly, where they will grow strongly,
and bear fruit another season. One obstacle to
the successful culture of this desirable fruit is
the susceptibility of the plant to attacks of red-
spider. It is difficult to eradicate this pest
from the leaves, and only by constant syringing
-and fumigating can it be kept down. This is to
be regretted, because from January to the advent
of Strawberries a change or an augmentation of

fruit is in many places very acceptable. I am
informed that the fruit is much larger and of
better taste when grown out-of-doors. For some
years past it has been quite a success, both as a
dessert fruit and for preserving purposes, when
grown out-of-doors, in the parish of Mawnan, be-
tween the Helford river and Falmouth. I have no
doubt but that in favourable seasons this plant,
provided there are no late spring frosts to check
it, would do well outside. It has lived through
one winter here, although it died back to the soil-
level, shooting again from beneath the ground.
Through an accident, however, the shoots were
broken off, and by the time the fruits appeared
on the second growth frost and wind prevented
their ripening. H. W., Trerince.

ORANGE- COLOURED POTATO FLOWERS.— In

the report of the Scientific Committee (August 12,
1905, p. 13.S), it is stated that Mr. Sutton
showed a Potato plant bearing yellow or orange-
coloured flowers, and said that he did not think
that an orange-coloured Potato flower had ever
before been seen or recorded. I may say that, in
the Catalogue Mt'thodique et Synfiftymique des
Principales Variites de Pommes de Terre, by M.
Ph. L. de Vilmorin, 1902, under the name of
" Hollande a fleur jaune," a variety with that
special colour of flowers is mentioned. The plant
is still grown at Verrieres le Buisson, where it has
been since the year 1888. A. Menissier, Verrieres le
Buisson (S.O.).

The Week's Work.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

ByF. Jordan, Gardener to Dr. Corbet, lmpney Hall
Gardens, Droitwicli.

Early Pearh House. — The present is a suitable
time to lift or root-prune trees requiring these
operations in the earliest houses, and to prepare
for the removal and replacement of those not in a
satisfactory condition. This work should be
pushed forward while the weather is favourable,
but if those trees intended for planting are
growing in the open against walls, their removal
must be delayed until growth is less active. The
best trees for planting in early houses are those that
have been grown in succession-houses, and these
can be removed with safety as soon as the wood
is matured and the leaves begin to fall. Their
places in the succession-houses can be tilled with
trees from the open wall. When planting good
drainage must be provided and a layer of about

2 feet of good soil. Place freshly-cut turves with
their grass sides downwards over the drainage,
and fill the border with good loam, adding lime
rubble, wood-ashes, and a sprinkling of bone-
meal, according to the texture of the loam. It is
better to have the compost poor rather than
too rich for young trees. The trees can after-
wards be well mulched and liberally fed
when the fruits are swelling. Plant care-
fully and not too deeply. Kemove all injured
root3 with a sharp knife. Make each layer firm
by careful treading and ramming until all is
finished. Water thoroughly. Syringe the tree
two or three times daily and shade if necessary.
In the case of large trees which have been
neglected, one side only of the tree should be
root-pruned at one time, deferring severing the
other roots until next season. At a distance of

3 or 4 feet from the stem according to the size of
the tree, take out a trench 1 foot in width down
to the drainage and bring all the roots nearer
to the surface. The operator should proceed care-
fully, working towards the tree.usingafork for the
purpose, removing the old soil if necessary, and
replacing it with a suitable compost. Shorten
all strong- growing roots to within G or 9 inches
from the place of their origin. Perform the work
quickly and carefully. If the roof-lights have
been removed these should be replaced by the
end of this month, but the fullest ventilation
should still be given. Very little pruning will
be necessary to trees that were attended to as ad-
vised when the fruit was cleared.the only attention
necessary being the removal of any strong
growths not yet matured. Six inches of space
should be allowed between the shoots. Keep all
trees well supplied with water, for this is the
tim? to take precautions aga'nst bud-dropping by

keeping the border in a medium state of moisture.
Less moisture will be required when the trees are
at rest. The latest varieties of Peaches only will
now be hanging. The trees should be given
every assistance to ripen their fruits by allowing
a little fire-heat at night time and by keeping up
a constant circulation of cool, dry air.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By W. Fife, Gardener to Lady Wantage, Lockinge
Park. Wantage.

Peas. — On July 10 I sowed numerous varieties
of Peas upon a south border, the individual
varieties ranging in height from 18 inches to
2 feet. Among these was Carter's Little Marvel,
which attains a height of 18 inches ; this produced
rich deep-green pods that were' well filled with
Peas of fine appearance and quality, and these
were in the best possible condition for culinary
purposes on September 4. I regret not having
sown a much larger quantity of this variety, for
the quality is superior to either Autocrat or
Gladstone, varieties from which we now gather
daily, although not in such abundance as would
have been the case in a season with a greater
rainfall. Of the numerous second-early and mid-
season varieties grown here Criterion is much the
best. Provided the accommodation is at disposal,
Peas such as Little Marvel, sown in 75-inch pots,
placed in frames, and later removed to shelves in
warmer quarters, will produce welcome crops
during the winter.

Runner Beans. — Upon newly-trenched and well-
manured ground Runner Beans are giving good
returns, the haulm having attained a height of
from 10 to 12 feet, and produced pods abun-
dantly from the base to the summit of the growth.
By freely picking the pods before seeds are formed
the plants will continue to develop fresh blooms,
followed by pods, which will continue to form
until the appearance of frost. The principal
varieties grown here are Ne Plus Ultra,
Hackwood Park and Mammoth Exhibition. The
last-named is a valuable addition, being a prolific
cropper, and producing long, straight, handsome,
smooth pods of fine flavour, numbers of which
measure 12 inches in length.

Beetroot. — In the early part of the season we
experienced some difficulty in the germination of
some varieties of seeds, of which Beetroot was one.
This crop has since made rapid progress, and
some of the larger-growing varieties, if allowed to
remain, will attain proportions too large and
coarse for table use. These will now be carefully
lifted and stored in some cool position.

Carrots. — Stump-rooted varieties of vigorous
and rapid growth, such as Scarlet Model, will
now have attained maturity. If these are allowed
to remain in the ground, the advent of rain will
cause numbers of the roots to split, rendering
them useless ; consequently they must be lifted
and stored as advised for Beetroot, taking care
not to include damaged and deformed roots.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bullock, Gardener to E. J. Wythes, Esq.,
Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Plants to Flower in Winter. — In order that
winter-flowering plants may bloom well it is as
necessary that the growths of soft-wooded subjects
should become well ripened, as in the case of the
hard-wooded species. At no time should plants
be allowed to become drawn or weakly through
dense shading and over-crowding, but light and
air must be judiciously allowed them. Only on
very bright days will it now be necessary to
shade plants from the sun's rays.

Begonias Qlnire de Lorraine and Turnford
Hall. — Plants that were rooted early in the
spring have grown to a useful size and are fast
developing their flower-buds. Less ventilation
and a temperature by night of 60° with artificial
heat must be afforded them. Let the plants be
watered carefully at the roots with diluted liquid-
manure obtained from the soaking of sheep drop-
pings, and continue with this liquid until the
flowers are nearly developed. The use of the
syringe overhead must be dispensed with, but
the stages containing the plants should always
be kept in a moist condition by syringing between
the pots.

September 10, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

215

Begonias Winter Cheer, Ensign, Mrs. John Heal
and others of this type must be afforded the very
best conditions of light obtainable. Avoid an
excess of moisture about the foliage, but continue
to immerse in "Quassia Estraet," and fumigate
not less than once a week with XL-All Com-
pound. A temperature of 65° by night will suit
them.

Colensthyrsoides. — To prevent the foliage turning
yellow and unhealthy, it will lie necessary to
remove the plants to warmer quarters as the
nights becomes colder. This should be done
gradually, or otherwise, if placed in a very warm
house, the plants would soon attain a drawn
appearance, and, becoming less dwarf, they would
not be so useful for general purposes.

Gesnera exoniensis. — Let the pots be well filled
with roots before commencing to feed the plants,
keeping them as near to the light as possible in a
considerable degree of heat.

Vallota purpurea. — This is one of the most
useful bulbous flowering plants for the green-
house, and during the month of August can
always be relied upon to furnish a bright display
of flowers. At no time should water be withheld
entirely from the roots, but after the flowering
period a less quantity will suffice. The plants
are seen to the best advantage when the bulbs
are crowded together in an 8-inch pot, and in
this condition they will remain robust for a
long time if liberally fed with diluted sheep
manure or artificial manure. A cool greenhouse
temperature suits them at all times. The bulbs
are not likely to flower freely until the pots have
become well filled with roots, and frequent
potting is unnecessary. If it is desirable to increase
the stock by division, let this work be done
without delay.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By \V. A. Miller. Gardener to Lord Hknky C.
Bentinck, M.P., Underley Hall, Westmoreland.
The Rock QarJen. — Oxalis corniculata rubra is
a dwarf plant suitable for growing in rough,
rocky places. Seeds of this plant should be col-
lected as soon as opportunity occurs. Silene
Schafta is a hardy rock plant that flowers at the
present season. It is adaptable for any position
in the rock-garden, where its purplish-rose-
coloured flowers furnish bright patches of colour.

Cuttings of Bedding Calceolarias should be
secured for propagating purposes before the
advent of frost. Choose growths of medium
strength, about 2 or 3 inches in length, and insert
them in G inches of soil in a cold frame and at
about 2\ inches apart. The frame should possess
a well-drained bottom, and on this should be
placed a compost composed of two parts leaf-
mould, two parts sand, and one part loam, the
whole being surfaced with a layer of pure sand.
Press the soil firmly before inserting the cuttings.
Do not allow them to flag, and shade them from
bright sunshine till they are rooted, when they
can be more freely exposed to light and air, until
eventually on mild days the sashes can be
entirely removed. See that no "damping"
occurs, and do not allow the temperature to fall
below freezing-point. Some varieties of Calceo-
larias produce flowers so freely that it is difficult
to procure suitable cuttings, but this difficulty
can be surmounted by growing surplus plants in
a reserve garden and by not allowing these plants
to flower, by which means suitable growths will
be obtained.

Violas. — Towards the end of the present
month preparations should be made for the
propagation of these useful bedding plants. The
cuttings should be inserted in frames facing
south. Some sand mixed with ordinary light
garden soil, with a surfacing of river sand, will
be found a suitable propagating medium. At
this late season healthy " btccky " growths are
produced in the centres of the plants. These
root freely, and give the best results in every
respect. Prepare the cuttings about four nodes
in length, and insert them two together at about
2 inches apart. Give sufficient water to settle
the soil. Keep a close atmosphere in the frame,
and afford shade on sunny days to prevent the
cuttings from drooping. When rooted give
abundance of air on all favourable days.

Hedges. — The trimming of Yew, Box, and
other hedges should be finished forthwith.
Broad - leaved shrubs, such as Bay, Laurels,
Hollies, &c., should be pruned with a knife.
Keep the soil round about the roots clear of
weeds to promote healthy growth. The planting
of Holly hedges may be commenced.

Border Carnations should be planted in their
quarters as soon as the layers are sufficiently
rooted. Make the border firm by treading when
the soil is in good order. They should be planted
firmly in beds t feet across at a distance of
12 inches from plant to plant, allowing a suitable
alley between each bed. Sever the layers from
the old plants carefully, and preserve as much
soil as possible about the roots.

Paffodils should now be planted in beds of any
ordinary garden-soil that ha3 been well stirred
by deep digging. Do not place rank manure
about the bulbs. Daffodils do admirably on grass
where the soil is of a loamy nature, and will
thrive in partial shade as well as in the open.
Scatter the bulbs broadcast, and cover them where
they fall, thus preventing their growth in formal
lines. The bulbs should be planted at an average
depth of 2 to 3 inches.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H. Youso, Orchid Grower to Sir Fhederk k
Wiuan, Bart., Clare Lawn, East Sheen, S.W.

Watering and Shading. — The amount of light
and natural heat being now much lessened,
damping should be less frequent, and when re-
sorted to should be performed carefully; while in
houses that are naturally damp there will be
wholedays on which no damping will be necessary;
especially is this so in the case of cooler com-
partments. Spraying overhead should be limited
to plants that are not injured by water lodging
in their growths, and even then it must only be
permitted on the most favourable occasions. The
matter of watering will also need careful con-
sideration, for should mild damp weather prevail
growing plants will not suffer nearly so much from
moderate dryness as from a saturated condition at
the roots. Sunlight should be made the most of,
and as the late season has been a moderately
sunny one, the plants will by now be well fitted
to withstand a moderately strong light without
injury. Shading of a semi - permanent nature
that has been used in conjunction with other
shading should be removed entirely, as the lath
or other blinds will now afford sufficient
protection. Shading should not be given for a
minute longer than strong sunshine prevails.
During fitful weather, and when only broken
spells of sunshine occur, only those houses con-
taining the more delicate-leaved subjects need be
shaded.

Fire-heat will be necessary for the maintenance
of the day temperatures in the warm houses, but
its use should be limited to the least amount
necessary. In the cool-houses the employment of
fire-heat should be postponed until climatic con-
ditions render it imperative. Its use in these
houses should at all times be limited in quantity,
allowing only sufficient to promote and maintain
the requisite temperatures, and it must never be
employed to induce rapid or premature growth in
the plants. Abundance of fresh air at this season
is doubly needful for the perfecting of growth
and the prevention of disease. Fresh air does
not necessarily mean draughty ventilation, which
must be avoided as much as the opposite extreme.

Moss used in the culture of such Orchids as
Vandas, which are watered freely during the
summer months, may by now have become rather
long. To prevent mistakes in watering, this
should be trimmed down to its original level. In
many instances, when the moss is carefully pulled
off, a green living surface will again be produced
before prolonged dryness is essential.

Cypripedium Fairieanum. — Most Orchid-growers
will be eager to acquire a plant of this cele-
brated species, which, after being for many
years so rare in cultivation, has again been
re - discovered and introduced to commerce
(see ante, p. 168, fig. 57). It is a matter of sur-
prise to the present generation of Orchid-growers
how, from being at one time so plentiful, it had
almost become extinct in our gardens. I have had

no experience with it as a living-plant, but from a
careful inspection of the one now flowering at
Kew and from other plants I have seen there
appears to be nothing more suggestive of diffi-
culty in its culture than is to be found in a newly-
imported plant of C. insigne. I would therefore-
suggest that plants of this species be placed in
an intermediate-house, along with the latter
species, or with such hybrids as C. Arthurianuin
and C. Niobe, and receive similar treatment to-
these.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. H. Clarke, Gardener to Sir William 1'lowden,
Aston Rowant House, Oxon.

Cordon Gooseberries trained on north and east
walls should by now have had their fruit
gathered. It is good practice severely to prune a.
number of the new growths from these trained
bushes, and where a number of Bhoots have-
formed close together in consequence of close-
pruning and stopping, many of these should be>
entirely removed to allow the light and air to-
reach those shoots that remain. Fruit on cordon-
trained Currant trees will still hang for some-
time, but immediately a tree is cleared of its fruit
it should be pruned as advised for cordon Goose-
berries. Do not leave the prunings lying about
the ground, as they will form a lurking-place for
many noxious insects.

Raspberries. — Manurial waterings and top-
dressings of farmyard manure should be given to
Raspberry canes now that the young growths are-
still active. The roots will revel in it, and it will
strengthen and build up the canes for next year's-
crop. Late-fruiting varieties will need their fruit
protected from birds, and their canes, where
laden with fruit, to be supported to the wires.
The Mahdi, whose parents are Belle de Fontenay
Rispberry and the common Blackberry, will also
need to have its fruit protected from birds. The-
colour of this fruit may be likened to that of a
well-ripened Mulberry, and they will be found
valuable at the present season.

Rubus laciniatns is a decided acquisition to our
autumn fruits, and where growing strongly is
bearing freely. It is of much superior quality to-
the common blackberry. None but the strongest-
growths should be allowed to remain, while a
system of regulating the branches should be-
resorted to, otherwise a tangled growth wilL
result. To propagate the Loganberry it should
be rooted from cuttings, the present being;
a suitable time to prepare them. The cuttings-
should be treated similarly to those of Goose-
berries. They root readily and grow rapidly
during the first season. Shorten unsightly spurs.
This may be done at once on trees from which)
the fruit has been gathered, as the cut heals
much more quickly at this season of the year
than later. On neglected trees, where the spurs-
throughout are of considerable length, only a.
portion on each branch should be operated upon,
leaving the remainder for treatment another
season. Old, dead snags, which offer refuge to-
insects during the winter, should be removed with
the hand-saw.

General Work. — The fruit-grower will have much,
to attend to at the present season, chief amongst
his duties being that of fruit - picking, which
should receive daily attention. Many Apples-
and Pears are attaining considerable size, and
will require supporting with small pieces of fish-
netting. One thickness of netting will be suffi-
cient, otherwise the sun's rays will be interrupted
and the fruit will not colour beneath the meshes,
thus causing a pattern of the netting on the fruitB,.
and producing an unsightly appearance. Extra-
large varieties of Apples and Pears should not be
grown as standard-trained trees, especially in dis-
tricts where they are exposed to strong west and'
south-westerly gales. Some varieties of Apples-
and Pears make very bad and ugly trees when
trained as bushes and pyramids. Young shoots
in an unsuitable position can be regulated and*
drawn into place by attachment to a stake driven,
into the ground ; the branch so tied will retaini
that position naturally after a period of a few
months. The showery weather we are now-
experiencing has caused weeds to grow fast.
Every opportunity should therefore be taken oa.
fine days to ply the Dutch-hoe beneath the trees.

216

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 1G, 1905.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER,
41, Wellington 8treet, Covent Garden, W.C.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens and plant*
for naming, should be addressed to the EDITOR,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London.

Communications should be weitten on one side only of
the papeb, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not bs
printfd, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING DEER.

/Kidderminster and District
I Flower Show.

SATURDAY, Sept. 16

iriTFsruv «»ut id' London Dahlia Union's Exhi-
UUH.&UAY, sept. is^ bitjou at. Earl's Cjurt (2 days).

BALES 'OB THE WEEK.

MONDAY to FRIDAY NEXT-

Dutch Bulbs, at 67 & 68. Chcapside, E.G., by
Protheroe & Morris, at 10.30.

MONDvYand WEDNESDAY NEXT—

Male of Spring-flowering Bulbs, at Stevens's Rooms,
King Street. Covent Garden.

THURSDAY NEXT—

Clearance Sale of Greenhouse Plants, at Anglese%
House. Anglesea Road, Snrbiton, by Protheroe &
Morris, at 12.30 o'clock.

FRID\Y NEXT—

Imported and Established Orchids, by order of
Messrs. Sander & Sons ; Bulbs from S. Africa, and a
choice collection of Established Orchias, at 67 and
t'8. Cheapside, E.U , by Protheroe & Morris, at
12.30 o'clock.
{For further particulars see our Advertisement columns.)

Average TEBrpERATURE for the ensuing week, deduced
from observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswiek
—56 9 .
Actual Temperatures : —

London.— Wednesday, Sept. 13 (6 p.m.): Max. 67°-
Min. 51°.
Gardeners' Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, London.— Thursday, Sept 14
(10 A.M.): Bar., 30-3; Temp., «l\ Weather—
Bright witli fresh breezes.
Provinces.— Wtdnesaay, Sept. 13 (6 p.m.): Max. 63',
East Oast of England ; Min. 52°, West Coast
of Scotland.

The Show at
Edinburgh.

The International Show
that closed at Edinburgh
last night has fulfilled most
of the expectations that were entertained in
regard to it, being very full and good, and
the attendance satisfactory. On another
page will be found a short sketch of the
Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society,
and in a supplement to the present issue
portraits of Lord Balfour of Burleigh
and most of the members of Council and its
officers are given.

It is not necessary for u3 to dwell
further upon the excellent woik the So-
ciety is doing in the northern part of this
Island for the promotion of horticulture,
nor to contrast the International Exhibition
of 1905 with that held in Edinburgh in 1891.
The reasons for again holding such a show
were set forth iu an article which was
published in these pages in 1903, and the
statements that were then made in respect
to the advance and development that have
taken place in most of the branches of horti-
culture during the fourteen years that have
intervened, have their justification in the
amount of popular esteem the pursuit of
gardening now enjoys. Had there been
little or no development in that time, such
as has actually been obtained from the
practice of cross- breeding, selection, and
skilful and careful cultivation, the love of
gardening in this country would not have
become so general as it is.

It is a question whether the Exhibition in
the Waverley Market really afforded an
illustration of all this, or, indeed, whether
any single exhibition could possibly do so.
Certainly, much of the development there
has been is exemplified in Orchids, florists'
Sowers, and particularly in such plants as

tuberous - rooted Begonias, Streptoearpu=,
Cannas, Dahlias, Chrysanthemums, Sweet
Peas, Roses, &e. At no single show can all
these be exhibited at their best, and some
of them, as Orchids and Dewly- introduced
species of plants, were poorly represented
at Edinburgh. But hardy flowers were
exceedingly well represented. Dahlias were
shown well, and Roses as well as they could
be expected to be in September. Honorary
exhibits from members of the trade, and
one from the Corporation of Glasgow, con-
tained most of what was interesting in
the way of plants in pots. Fjr some
reason or another plant cultivation in
Scotland, if judged by the exhibitions, is.
not equal to that common in the South,
and again, the classes in this section were
weakest. We have spoken of some of the
less striking features of the show first.

Turning to the magnificent exhibits of,
Grapes and other choice tender and hardy
fruits, there is nothiog to be said but that
they were excellent in every respect. Mr.
Beisaxt is to be congratulated on having
won the Scottish Challenge Trophy for
Grapes, and with it the Hogg Medal, and
the Cup presented by His Mjjesty The
King for the best exhibit in the competitive
fruit classes. Whilst the first prize exhibits
were of the highest excellence, those which
followed were in most cases very little
inferior to them. Generally speaking there
were no poor exhibits.

The Vegetables also were of the very
best quality, and formed a feature that
could hardly fail to have a good in-
fluence upon cultivators. It may be said
that many of the best exhibits came from
districts south of the Tweed ; but in
many instances, and particularly in the
case of hardy fruits, the increased quality
is the direct result of a more genial
climate. Also in other instances, where
the exhibits were brought from the South,
they were cultivated by Scotsmen. The
details of the successes and failures of ex-
hibitors will be found on another page, but
a word may here be said in regard to the
general arrangement and effect of the show.

We heard some criticism from this point
of view, and bearing in mind the way
in which similar exhibitions are minaged
on the Continent, it is disappointing to
find that our own shows cannot be made
more attractive. But in the esse of Edin-
burgh the Royal Caledonian Horticultural
Society had many difficulties to contend
with. In the first place, no more suitable
building could be git for the show than the
Waverley Market, and this building was
used for the purposes of a market up to
10 A.M. on the morning previous to holding
the show. After that lime the building had
to be cleared, the positions for every exhibit
marked out, and the whole arranged. Mr.
Murray Thomson and the members of the
Council worked like Trojans all day and
most of the night, whilst many of the
exhibitors were haid at work until five
o'clock on Wednesday morning.

The judges commenced their work at
6 am., and there was consequently very
little time indeed for artistic arrangement.

We are not surprised, though we regret,
to find that the section for exhibits of a
scientific nature failed to excite much in-
terest. It is alwajs a difficult matter at
such exhibitions to obtain exhibits of

scientific interest, but Dr. Wilson, of St.
Andrews University, showed interesting
hybrids, and gave information of their
origin that was useful to visitors who
inspected the collection.

A deputation from the Royal Horticul-
tural Society of England visited the show
and made a number of awards, as shown on
another page. The deputation consisted of
Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., and Messrs.
H. J. Veitch, J. Hudson, H. B. May, Geo.
Bunyard, A. H. Pearson, and the Rev. W.
Wilks. A very large number of other
faces that are familiar at meetings in
Vincent Square were also to be seen at
Edinburgh.

. The Show was formally opened at noon
by Lord Balfour of Burleigh, who was
supported by the Council and officers
of the Royal Caledonian Horticultural
Society and by the deputation from the
Royal Horticultural Society, with the band
of the 'J ad Highland Light Infantry at their
back.

In the evening a dinner took place at the
North British Station Hotel, at which Lord
Balfour presided. Speeches were made by
the Lord Provost, Sir Trevor Lawrence,
Mr. Harry Veitch, R<i\: W. Wilks, M.
Philippe de Vilmorin, and others.

We cannot close these remarks without
reference to the sad death of Mr. David
Laird, as related on another page. He had
been enthusiastic on behalf of the exhibi-
tion, and his demise was the subject of
general conversation in Edinburgh.

Lastly, we cannot conclude our remarks
without gratefully acknowledging the help
we havd received from Mr. Murray- Thom-
son, Mr. McHattie, and Prof. Balfour.

New Market at Kew Bridge. — Mr.
Leopold de Rothschild will lay a memorial
stone at the extension of the new wholesale
markets on Monday next, the 18th inst., at 5 p.m.

Agricultural Returns — The Board of
Agriculture and Fisheries has issued a
preliminary statement of the areas of crops and
numbers of live stock in Great Britain in 1905,
compiled from returns collected on June 5, and
showing comparisons with 1904. Amongst the
crops which have increased are Wheat, 30'7 per
cent.; Eye, 11 G; B;ans, 08; Potatos, 67;
Mangolds, 131; Cabbage, 4 9; Kohl Rabi, 127;
Vetches or Tares, 64; small fruits, 11;
Orchards, 0 5 ; Hops, 2 4. Tne following crops
have decreased : Barley, 0 9 per cent. ; Oats, 6 2 :
Peas, 0 2 ; Turnips and Swedes, 0 9 ; Ripe, 40 ;
Lucerne, 4 2, and Flax, 21 7.

Henry Eckford Testimonial.— The serious
illness of Mr. Henry Eckford made it imperative
that the presentation arrangements should be
altered. It was decided that the illuminated
address and the gift of a handsome tea and
coffee service on a salver should be taken to
Wem. This was done, and the presentation
made quietly on Saturday morning, the recipient
being in bed and exceedingly weak. Mr. Eck-
ford was most deeply affected, and could scarcely
thank the friends who had subscribed to the gift.
He mtde hU gratitude clear, and also his sorrow
that he could not meet his friends in Edinburgh
according to arrangement. Everyone will desire
to sympathise with the family of Mr. Eckford in
these circumstances. It is satisfactory to know
that he suffers no pain, except during periods of
coughing, and that he knows the members of the
family who tend him at his bedside. The total
s>um of the contributions was JB58 17s. 9<Z.

September 16, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

217

Conference of Fruit Growers.— In con-
nection with the Royal Horticultural Society'*)
great show of British-grown fruit on October 10,
il and 12, 1905, a Conference on fruit-growing
will be held under the united auspices of the
National Fruit Growers' Federation and the Royal
Horticultural Society in the Hall, Vincent Sjuare,
"Westminster. The following preliminary pro-
gramme has been issued : —

Tuesday, October 10. 2.30 p.m. to s P.M —Chairman. Sir-
Trevor Lawrence. Bart., tC.U.V.O., V.M It. (Presiieut oc
the Koyal Horticultural Sofietv). — Subject, "Foreign
Competition and now to meet it."

(A ) Best Varieties to Grow, Mr. Geo. Bunyard, V.M.H. ;
Mr. Jos. Chexi, F.K.H.S.

(n.) Grading, Packing, <L-c, Mr. James Hat per,
{Dublin), Mr. Herbert Pantiu, Dr. Goethe (Ddinrsiadt).

Wednesday, October U, mil. to 1 30 p M.— Chairman,
■F. S. W. Coruwallis. Esq. (President of tliu Royal Agri-
cultural society of England) — AUQ;'ec', " Fungoid aud
Jusect Pests and How to Meel tliem." Professor F. V.
Theobald. M.A (S.E. Agricultural College. Wye). Mr. F.
■Snath (Loddmgton, Maidstone). Mr. Geo. Massee, F.L.S.,
'V.M.H. (Kew). Mr. Cecil Aurburton, M.A. (Zoologist to
the Koyal Agricultural Society).

2 30 I'M. to 5 P.m.— Chairman, Arthur S. T. Griflitli-
flSoscawen. Esq, H.P. — Subject. "Laud Tenure and
Rating Dilliculiies." Mr. Cecil Hooper, Nominee of the
Wisbech Fruit-Growers' Assoeiatiou, Nominee of the
Market-Growers' Federation, Nominee of the surveyors'
.Institution.

Thursday, October 1?, n a.m. to 1 30 p M.— Chairman,
Sir Albert Rollit. H.P.— Subject, " Railway Grievances. '
Mr. W. W. . Berry (Favcisham). Mr. John Idiens

.< Worcester), Mr Geo Mouro (President of ttie National
Federation of Fruits Trades' Association), Mr. T. F.

-Wodaard.

.2.30 p.m. to 5 p M.— Chairman, Colonel Long, M.P.
.<Prcsideut of the National Fruit Growers' Federation).
— Subject,^" Distribution of Iniormatiou in eouueeiiou
with the proposed esiabiishineut of an experimental
Bruil Farm by the Board of Agriculture, and us possible
extension lor demonstration of Commercial Fruit
■Growing." Mr. Spencer Pickering, F.R.S. (Director of
tlie Wohuru Experimental Fruit Farm), Mr. W. A.
Mackinnon (late of the Canadian Government Fruit
farms), Mr. H. F. Getting. ... ,,..,,.„ „ ,

W. WILKS, Secretary.

The Cultivation of Hops.— The Board of
Agriculture and Fisheries has issued a prelimi-
nary statement compiled from the returns col-
lected on June 5, 1905, showing the acreage
•under Hops in each county of England in which
.Hops were grown, with a comparative statement
for the years 1904 and 1903. It appears that
■whilst in 1904 there was less land under Hops by
il39 acres than in 1903, this year the area is con-
siderably greater. In 1903 there were 47,938, in
Q904 47,799, and in 19U5 48,90s acres. All the
counties in which Hops are grown have a greater
acreage under this crop than last year, excepting
those of Salop and Surrey, the former having
135 acres against 110 last year, and the latter
^343 acres against 877 last year.

South-eastern Agricultural College.
— The next session at the South-Eastern Agri-
cultural College, Wye, will commence on Monday,
October 2, when there will be ninety-four students
in residence. The inaugural address of the
•session will be given by Professor Marshall
Ward, F.R.S , Professor of Botany, Cambridge
University.

SOCIETIES.

©bttuarp.

David Laird. — As these pages were passing
'through the press we received the distressing
■intelligence of the death by drowning in Loch
Awe of Mr. David Laird. He was a member of
the council of the Eoyal Caledonian Society, and
•a prominent personage in all horticultural
■matters, as well as in arboriculture. His portrait
■is given on the last page of the Supplement. Mr.
Laird was deservedly very popular with all who
<inew him, and was present in London at tie
dinner of the Gardeners' Orphan Fund in the
spring. His loss indeed threw a gloom over
the proceedings in Edinburgh. Mr. Laird was
un his fifty-third year, and the cause of the
accident is not known. His funeral, on the 13th
inst. was attended by over 1.5C0 persons, including
many prominent horticulturists.

THE EOYAL HORTICULTURAL.

September 12.— The usual fortnightly meeting of
the Royal Horticultural Society was held on this date,
and although the Hall was not filled with exhibits
there was a good general display of flowers, fruits, and
vegetables. The various Committees, in spite of the
impending show at Edinburgh, found plenty to occupy
them in adjudicating upon novelties, and each recom-
mended Awards, the Floral Committee granting
no fewer than seventeen Awards of Merit, of which
eleven were given to seedling Dahlias. Several ex-
cellent collections of these flowers were seen in the
Hill. Messrs. Cannell staged a remarkable collection
of Onions, which evoked much admiration.

A lecture was given in the afternoon by the Rev.
Professor GEO. Henslow on "The Meaning of Natural
Selection."'

Floral Committee.

I'r.'tnt: W. Marshall, Esq. (Chairman); and
Messrs. Chas. T. Druerv, John Green, Wm. Howe,
G. R. Fielder, Chas. Jeffries, Chas. E. Pearson, W. P.
Thomson, E. H. Jenkins, and Chas. Dixon.

Mr. A. Ll. Gwii.lim, Cambria Nursery, New
Eltham, Kent, entirtly tilled one of the side table«
with flowers of single and double varieties of tuberous-
rooting Begonias. They were arranged in bands of
separate colours, and were relieved with commuu
Blackberry foliage. The selection of colours was
excellent (Silver Banksian Medal).

Mr. L. R. RUSSELL, Richmond, Surrey, displayed
some nicely -grown plants of hardy Clematis in small
pots. They were all showy-flowered varieties, and
made a bright group (Silver Banksian Medal).

Messrs. Wm. Bi'll k Sons, King's Road, Chelsea,
set up a collection of ornamental stove and greenhouse
foliage plants.

A good exhibit of herbaceous Phloxes was arranged
by Messrs. Gi'NN & SONS, Olton, Birmingham. The
collection embraced most of the finer varieties. Mention
may be made of Iris, Sheriff Ivory, Josephine Ger-
baud, and Tapis Blanc, the last-named being a new
dwarf-growing variety with large flowers of purest
white colour (Silver Flora Medal).

Messrs. James Ykitch & Sons, Ltd., King's Road,
Chelsea, showed a number of seedling Streptocarpus
nicely flowering, although only eight months from the
time of sowing. They were of the Achimencs flowered
type. The variety S. giganteus has flowers of good
lavender or greyish-blue colour. Messrs. Veitch also
showed a batch of hardy plants, among which was the
new Artemisia lactiflora with Spirrea like and very
fragrant inflorescences ; Aconitum Wilsoni, growing
7 feet high ; Liliuni leucauthum, several forms of
Hibiscus, Ceanothus " Phare," and Aristotelia Macqui
variegata, an ornamental-foliaged plant (Silver Bank-
sian Medal).

Five large plants of Asparagus Sprengeri were shown
by J. Westmacott, Esq., Widbury, Ware (gr., Mr.
Geo. Gumhrell) (Silver Banksian Medal).

Mr. M. PkichahI), Christchurch, Hants, put up a
collection of herbaceous flowers ; the display included
most of the best things now in season. We noticed
Coriaria terminalis with its spikes of yellow fruits :
C.aillardias were a feature in the collection (Silver
Flora Medal).

Mr. Amos Perry, Winchmore Hill, London, N.,
also displayed herbaceous flowers. The whole collec-
tion formed a remarkably fine lot. The Thistle-like
Stobiea purpurea was shown in good form ; also Liatris
pyenostachya and Asclepias tuberosa (Silver Banksian
Medal).

Messrs. J. Feed & Son staged an extensive collection
of herbaceous plants and flowers, interspersed among
which were numerous vases containing Pompon Dahlias.
As stated above, several good exhibits of Dahlias were
shown.

Messrs. CARTER, Page & Co., 52 and ."■::, London
Wall, E.C., staged the best display of these flowers,
having examples of the Cactus, Pompon, aud single
types nicely put up. and in most of the choicer varie-
ties. The Cactus Dahlias were especially meritorious
(Silver-gilt Banksian Medal).

Messrs. Cheal & Son, Crawley, showed Cactus and
single Dahlias. The flowers were arranged in bunches
in exhibition style, the singles occupying the centre of

the display. These latter were especially meritorious
(Silver Banksian Medal).

Mr. J. T. West, Tower Hill, Brentwood, aleo staged
good examples of these flowers. The display was
extensive, and comprised many of the best varieties of
the Cactus and Pompon types (Silver Flora Medal).

Messrs. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, Kent, had, in
addition to a display of Cactus Dahlias, some improved
varieties of garden Pentstemons.

Messrs. Jas. Strrdwick & Son, St. Leonards, pre-
sented several new varieties of Cactus Dahlias,
some of which will be found described under
'Awards."

From the gardens of Sir Tkevor Lawrence., Bart ,
Burford, Dorking, came a plant of Clematis heraclei-
folia.

A dark-foliaged Begonia of the semperflorens type,
named Bronze Beauty, was shown by Mr. G. H.
TOWNDROW, nurseryman, Malvern.

Awards of Merit.

' 'actus DallUa Mrs. F. H. Cook. — Colour
orange-scarlet. A large flower of good substance, with
somewhat heavy petals. Shown by Messrs. J. Cheal
& Sons.

C. D. Starlight. — Medium-sized flower of bright
scarlet colour, and of pleasing form.
■ C. D. Mrs. H. Slinrsmith.—A white variety with
rather stiff petals, but a bold, well-shaped flower with
plenty of substance.

''. /'. H. Shoesmith. See Awards of National
Dahlia Society, p. 22o. The above three from Mr. H.
Shoesmith.

C. D. Primrose. A pleasing sulphur - yellow-
coloured variety of good form.

C. D. Daisy. — A curious and pleasing combination
of colours : the ground is yellow but the florets are
rose-pink for about a third ot their distance from their
apices.

C. D. Peach. — The petals are well incurved, and
form a pleasingly-shaped flower. The colour is orange-
scarlet.

C. D. Mrs. M'lruiiUan. — A large flower of pink
colour ; the bases of the petals and the younger florets
are white, forming a distinct and pleasing centie.

C. D. Tom-Tit. — A miniature form of Cactus Dahlia,
verv bright pink in colour. It received the appellation
of Pompon-Cactus from the grower, a name which
well describes the flower.

C. D. The Pilot.— See Awards of National Dahlia
Societv, p. 220. The above-named six varieties were
shown by HoiiMES, Ltd.

Pompon Dahlia Thorn. — See Awards on p. 220.
Shown by Mr. C. Tcrner.

Chrysanthemum t,'eo. Bowness. — A sport or form of
Madame Marie Massee. The habit is dwarf, sturdy,
and very floriferous. The colour is dull, being a poor
shade of bronze merging to a dull lake.

C. Wells Massee. — Also a form of Madame Marie
Massee, and similar in every respect to the preceding
except in the colour of the flower, which is white.

C. Harrit . — A very free-flowering and bright-
coloured variety, the flowers being orange-yellow with
a slight suffusion of purple. Valuable for furnishing
cut flowers, and likely to prove useful for market
purposes. The three last - named were shown by
Mr. W. Wells.

Sedum spectabile atropurpwrcum. — A form of S.
spectabile with flowers of richer colouring than the
type. The habit is vigorous and erect, with more,
substance in the foliage and stems than has the older
form.

Diervillii (Wciijila) rosea var. Saturne. — A dull red
or reddish-crimson form of this well-known shrub.

Sat/Maria macrophylla. — A variety with large
foliage and tall lax spikes of white flowers. The
foliage develops showy autumnal tints at this season.
(See p. 200 in our issue for last week.)

The three last-named from Mr. Amos Perry.

Orchid Committee.

Present. — J. Gurney Fowler, Esq. (in the Chair) ;
and Messrs. Jas. O'Brien (hon. sec.), De B. Crawshay,
J. Douglas, W. H. Young, W. Cobb, G. F. Moore,
W. H. White, H. Ballantine, J. W. Odell, T. W.
Bond, A. Hislop, F. W. Ashton, A. A. McBean,
W. Boxall, H. A. Tracy, H. Little, N. C. Cookson, and
F. Wellesley.

There was a very interesting show of Orchids, the
President of the Society, Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bait.

218

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 16, 1905.

(gr., Mr. W. H. White), staging a small group of rare
species, including a fine specimen of Miltonia vexillaria
Leopoldi, Catasetum pileatum Bungerothi, Cypri-
l>edium x Youngianum superbum, and others, which
will be found in the list of Awards.

Major G. L. Holford, CLE., C.V.O., Westonbirt,
Tetbury (gr., Mr. Alexander), showed Cattleya :<
Lord Rothschild Westonbirt variety (Gaskelliana x
Dowiana aurea), a very handsome and fragrant
form ; the fine Cattleya X Iris magnifica, which
secured an Award of Merit ; a plant with one flower of
Cypripedium Fairieanum, and cut examples of L.-elio-
Cattleya x Tunis (L.-C. x cinnabrosa x C. Warsce-
wiczii), an attractive flower with whitish sepals and
petals delicately veined with pale lilac, and tinged
with yellow, and an intensely dark ruby-crimsou lip ;
L.-C. x Baroness Schroder (L. Jongheana x C.
Trianse), with a prettily frilled lip, and colouring of
C. Percivaliana ; Epi-Cattleya x Lilians (C. Gaskelli-
ana x E. costaricense), and the now rare Oncidium
Jonesianum.

Francis Wellesley, Esq., Westfield, Woking (gr.,
Mr. Hopkins), sent Cattleya x Patrocinii Westfield
variety, a fine form with bright rose sepals and petals
spotted with reddish-purple ; C. x vestalis magnifica
(Dowiana aurea x maxima) with sepals and petals
cream-white delicately veined with lilac, and purple
lip having golden lines from the base ; Laelio-Cattleya
x Herman Holmes superba, and Cypripedium x
Baron Schrikler var. punctata with dark claret-purple
dotted lines in the upper sepal, and fine markings on
the petals.

G. L. Palmer, Esq., Lackham, Lacock, Wilts (gr.,
Mr. Bannerman), staged a small group of hybrid Cypri-
pediums, including C. x Shillianum superbum, C. X
villoso-Rothscbildianum, C. x Bryan, C. x Ashbur-
tonise expansum, and several unnamed seedlings.

Norman C. Cookson, Esq., Oakwood, Wylam (gr.,
Mr. Chapman), showed Cypripedium Fairieanum of
the recent importation ; C. x Drurio - Rothschildi-
anum, a singular hybrid with the united lower sepals
rather exceeding in size the dorsal sepal, which is
usually the most important feature (the flowers were
yellowish marked with red-brown) ; and two others (see
Awards).

C. J. Lucas, Esq , Warnham Court, Horsham (gr.,
Mr. Duncan), sent Cypripedium x Edith Lucas
(Clinkaberryanum warnhamense x insigne punctatum
violaceum).

C. L. N. Ingram, Esq., Elstead House, Godalming
(gr., Mr. T. W. Bond), showed L.-elio-Cattleya X
callistoglossa var. fulgens, a large flower with rosy-
lilac sepals and petals and fine glowing claret-purple lip.

H. T. TiTT, Esq., Rosslyn, Stamford Hill, sent
Cypripedium x Grace Pitt (Leeanum virginale x
niveum), a pretty hybrid with white flower with a
rose tint on the lower half of the dorsal sepal and the
upper parts of the petals and lip.

H. S. Goodson, Esq.; Fairlawn, West Hill, Putney
(gr., Mr. G. E. Day), showed Cattleya Harrisoniana
"H. S. Goodson," a fine form with rose-coloured sepals
and petals spotted with purple ; Cattleya x Warnero-
Bowringiana, and C. x Minerva.

Messrs. Sander & Sons, St. Albans, were awarded
a Silver Banksian Medal for a select group, in which
were Lielio-Cattleya :■: bletchleyensis magnifica, very
fine in colour: L.-C. x Purple Emperor (callisto-
glossa x Warscewiczii), with large lilac sepals and
petals, and broad purple lip: Cattleya x Hardyana,
part of the original plant certificated in 1885, and still
one of the best ; Cattleya x Pittiana, Cattleya x Lord
Rothschild, and two fine Cattleya x Iris, for one of
which see Awards.

Messrs. Huoh Low & Co., Enfield, were awarded a
Silver Banksian Medal for a neat group, which in-
cluded two fine Miltonia spectabilis Moreliana, M. Reg-
nelli, and the variety citrina : Phalamopsis violacea,
and the much finer P. v. Low's variety ; a good speci-
men of Cattle3'a x mollis, Lyoaste leucantha, Cattleya
aurea, Cypripedium x Massaianum, and Angr.-ecvim
articidatum.

Messrs. Stanley & Co., Southgate, staged an effective
group, at the back of which wereaselection of fine yellow
Oncidium varicosum, and interspersed were various
forms of Cattleya bicolor, C. Gaskelliana, C. aurea,
C. Harrisoniana, and L;elio-Cattleya x elegans. In
front were several Zygopetalum crinitum, and others
noted were Z. intermedium, Miltonia Candida, Odonto-
glossum crispum, O. x Adrian* and Cattleya x
Tankervillite (bicolor x Rex), an attractive hybrid with
pale yellowish sepals and petals and purple lip.

Awards.

First-class Certificate.
Cattleya x Kienastiana Oakwood variety (Dowiana
aurea x Luddemanniana), from Norman C. Cookson,
Esq., Oakwood, Wylam, Northumberland (gr., Mr.
H. J. Chapman).— A very fiue hybrid bearing a general
resemblance to C. x Hardyana and C. x Lord
Rothschild, but with the rounded, elongate, erect-leafed
pseudo-bulbs of C. Luddemanniana (more commonly
known in gardens as C. speciosissima). The flowers,
which are large and finely formed, had dark rose-
coloured sepals and petals, and rich crimson lip with
gold lines radiating from the base to the centre.

Awards of Merit.
Cypripedium x rilloso-Rothschildianuvi (villosumx
Rothschildianum), from Norman C. Cookson, Esq. —
A strong grower with spikes of flowers produced like
those of C. Rothschildianum. Flowers yellow with red-
brown lines on the upper sepals and petals, and a reddish
tinge on the lip. The plant bore five fine flowers on
two spikes.

Cattleya X Iris masmijira (bicolor x Dowiana
aurea), from Major G. L. Holford (gr., Mr. Alex-
ander).—The plant, which was finely grown and well
flowered, had blooms of good substance. Sepals and
petals honey-yellow-coloured, with a bronze tint ; lip
crimson-purple with rose line3 between the small side
lobes.

Cattleya x Iris inrersa (aurea x bicolor), from
Messrs. Sander & Sons, St. Albans.— In this fine
form C. arrrea was the seed-parent, and resulted in a
dwarfer plant and large flowers with broad segments.
Sepals and petals of a bronze tint with the golden
ground colour showing through at the margins. Front
of lip glowing purplish-crimson, base striped with rose
on blush-white ground.

Stanhopca eonnata, from Sir Trevor -Lawrence,
Bart., Burford (gr., Mr. W. H. White).— A. remark-
ably showy and rare species, a marked feature in
which is the fleshy, globose hypochil of the lip.
Flowers light orange-coloured, with a deep claret blotch
on the inside of the base of the lip, the outside and the
lower halves of the petals being blotched with the
same colour.

Cycnoc/ics perurianum, from Sir Trevor Lawrence.
Bart.— The singular plant bore a pendulous raceme of
male flowers with the sepals and petals greenish spotted
with red-brown, the much divided white labellum
being above the slender curved column.

Botanical Certificates.
Ca/inthc japoniea, from Sir Trevor Lawrence,
Bart.— Resembling a small C. veratrifolia. Flowers
white. Two varieties were shown, the one with a i ed
spot on the lip resembling C. Textori, and the other
with a yellow crest.

Brasswola cwnillata, from Sir Trevor Lawrence,
Bart.— A singular terete-leafed species with white
flowers, the labellum being singularly elongated. The
ovary is G inches in length, and the beaked character
peculiar to Brassavola is highly developed. It was
the original species of the genus (1813) syn. B.
cuspidata.

Oncidium Harrisonianum, from Sir Trevor Law-
rence, Bart.— A small Brazilian species. resembling a
dwarf O. pulvinatum, to which section it belongs. A
profuse bloomer. Flowers pale yellow, marked with
chestnut- brown.

Cultural Commendation

To Mr. W. H. White, Orchid-grower to Sir Trevor
Lawrence, Bart., for Epidrndrum Laucficanum, with
a pendulous raceme of over one hundred flowers.
Sepals and petals copper colour ; lip yellow.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

Present: Owen Thomas, Esq. (Chairman); and
Messrs. J. Arnold, J. Basham, W. Hates, J. Jaques,
Geo. Keif, J. Lyne, H. Markham. H. Parr, W. Pope!
W. Poupart, G. Reynolds, H. Somers Rivers, Jesse
Willard, G. Woodward, and H. J. Wright,

H. F. Walker, Esq., Highley Man.ir, Balcombe,
Sussex, exhibited a dozen dishes of fruits, embracing
Apples, Pears, Plums, .Peaches, and Morello Cherries.
Some well-finished, Exquisite Peaches were noticed.
Magnum Bonum Plums and Cherries were, also of
meritorious quality. Lord Suffield Apples seemed
out of place in a collection of dessert fruit (Silver
Bankslah Medal).'

Miss Adamson, South Villa, Regent's Park (gr.,
Mr. G. Keif), showed a couple of dozen Melons. The-
fruits were not large but were well finished. The-
varieties included Regent's Park, Earl's Favourite,
Hero of Lockinge, British Queen, and Ringleader. A.
box of Coe's Golden Drop Plums looked very tempting.
(Silver Banksian Medal).

Messrs. J. Peeii & Son, West Norwood, staged a.
small collection of Apples, Pears, and Tomatos.

Mr. Geo. Gumbrell, gr. to J. Westmacott, Esq..,
Widbury, Ware, exhibited Pears, Tomatos, and
Potatos. The Pears were of Bplendid quality, Duran-
deau, Louise Bonne of Jersey, and Souvenir du Coagres-
especially so. The Potatos were a clean, well-grown.
lot of tubers (Bronze Banksian Medal).

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Ltd., Chelsea, exhibited,
a number of varieties of Tomatos grown in the open.
The display was intended to demonstrate the cropping,
qualities of the various kinds, the entire plants* being;
shown with the clusters of fruits. The best results,
were seen in the varieties Winter Beauty, Frogmore-
Selected, The Hastings, Comet, Dunn's Superlative
and Chemin. Messrs. Veitch also exhibited a
representative collection of pot - herbs ^Cultural-
Commendation).

Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, showed some
remarkable Onions. The size of the bulbs was mucin
commented upon, and they received the high award of
a Silver-gilt Knightian Medal. The varieties were Ailsr..
Craig, Cranston's Excelsior, The Giant and Cocoanut.
A row of Cannell's Defiance Cabbage was placed at the-
back of the Onions.

Messrs. Harrison & Sons, Market Place, Leicester.,
staged well-grown Carrots, Tomatos, Turnips, Potatos,.
and Beans (Cultural Commendation).

Captain A. E. Sceer, Sandown Lodge, Esher,
Surrey (gr., Mr. R. H. Perry), showed a collection off
Gourds (Silver Banksian Medal).

A box of Belle de Fonteiiay Raspberries was exhibitecft
by Mr. W. A. CtjOK, Leonardslee, Horsham.

Several Melons and Apples were shown for award,
but none was recognised as worthy this distinction.

Award,
Plum September Prolific. — A medium-sized yellow-
coloured liuit, much resembing the variety Gisbornes-
The fruit was exhibited on the branch, which was*
litirally covered with Plums. A cooking variety, ano\
said to be a most prolific cropper. Shown by Mr, W_
POO part, Twickenham.

CHELMSFORD AND DISTRICT

GARDENERS'.
AUGUST 30.- The members made an excursion to-
Halstead on the above date. By kind invitation ofr
Geo. Courtauld, Esq., the magnificent grounds of his-
residence, "Cut Hedge," were inspected under the-
guidance of the head gardener, Mr. Tullet. From,
ihence. the party proceeded to the Halstead Temperance-
HoteL, where they were received and entertained by
Miss Philbrick, to whose gardens, "The Cedars," they
afterwards adjourned for the rest of the day. & ill*. C

NATIONAL DAHLIA.

September 7, 8. — As announced in our last issue by
the aid of the telephone (the first occasion, we believe,,
on which a report of a flower show has been given by
this means), the annual exhibition of this Society, heldS
at the Crystal Palace on these dates, was a success, the-
number.of entries being very large, the quality of the
flowers good, and the attendance of the public more-
numerous than usual. Happily the weather proved
favourable, for although rain anil thunder accom-
panied the opening of the show on the 7th, the un-
favourable conditions soon passed off, and by the after-
noon of that date arrd during the succeeding day the
weather-was bright and enjoyable. Much interest was-
centred in the nurserymen's class for eighteen varieties-
of Cactus Dahlias in bunches of six flowers, the judges-
awarding the 1st place to Messrs. Stkedwick & Son's-
exhibit. As this firm has now won the 1st place in this-
class for three years in succession the Silver Challenge
Cup becomes their absolute property. No fewer than,
fifteen new varieties were awarded the Society's-
Certificate of Merit.

Nurserymen's Classes.
Shoie Dahlias. -As stated in our last issue, Mr. J.
Walker, Thame, Oxorr, won in the class for forty-eight ,
thow varieties, his opponents being Mr. S. MORTIMER*

September 16, 1905.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

219

Tarnham, and Mr. Chas. TURNER, Slough, who
followed in the order named. The premier collection
-contained some excellent flowers, among which may he
mentioned Mrs. Morgan, T. W. Girdleston, John
Hickling, Purple Prince. John Standish (excellent
specimen), John Rawlings, B. T. Kawlings (splendid
in colour), Mr. Glasscock, and David Johnson. Mr.
Mortimer was a good 2nd, one or two of his specimens
lacking size. He showed Imperial, Wni. Kawlings,
Pleasaunce, John Standish, Mabel Stanton, and David
Johnson in first-class style.

The class for twenty-lour blooms of show Dahlias was
/untested by two growers only, Mr. C. Humphreys,

Albany, Emin Pasha, Frank Pearce, Buffalo Bill,
Peacock, John Cooper, Comedian, Comte de la Saux,
Edmond Boston, and Nansen. Messrs. J. Cray k
Son, nurserymen. Frome. were 2nd ; witn Mr.
Humphreys, Kington Langley, Chippenham, 3rd.

Show and Fancy Dahlias Intermixed. — Mr. J. R.
Tranter. Hart Street, Henley-on-Thames, staged the
best dozen show and fancy Dahlias intermixed. Exhi-
bitors in the preceding classes were precluded from
entering in this. Messrs. J. Cheal k Sox, Crawley,
Sussex, were 2ud, followed by Messrs. F. TAYLOR &
Sons, Chipping Norton, 3rd.

FIG. 83. — THE COTTON THISTLE, SOMETIMES CONSIDERED TO BE

THE SCOTCH THISTLE.

vFrom a photograph kindly supplied by Mr. E. Draper, Seaham Hall Gardens, Seaham Harbour.)

Kington Langley, Chippenham, and Messrs. J. Cray &
SON, The Nurseries, Frome. The former was an easy
winner. Prominent flowers in the 1st prize group were
Florence Tranter. Daniel Cornish, Mrs. Gladstone,
Duchess of York, and Ethel Britton.

Fane.il Dahlias. — Competition in the class for
-e ghteen fancy Dahlias was also limited to two
growers, Mr. J. Walker and Mr. S. Mortimer. The
"former, as announced last week, led, his most note-
worthy flowers being Rebecca, Mrs. Mortimer (especi-
ally good). Rev. J. B. M. ,Camm, T. \\r. Girdleston,
•John Forbes, Matthew Campbell, and Dorothy.

Greater competition was seen in the class for twelve
fancy Dahlias. Six growers competed, which resulted
in a good display. Mr. War. TkEsEDEB, The Nurseries,
Cardiff, won the 1st prize for a dozen blooms of splendid
■quality, having Sirs. Saunders, Gaiety, Duchess of

Cactus Dahlias.

Champion Cla.<s. — As stated above, the most valuable
and keenly contested prize is the ten-guinea Challenge
Cup, which carries with it a monetary prize of £2 It)?.,
for eighteen vai ieties of Cactus Dahlias, in bunches of six
flowers. This was again won by Messrs. James Stred-
wick & Son. who now become absolute possessors of it,
according to the stipulations which require three suc-
cessive wins. The display was marked by the refine-
ment of the colours, which were all of the lightei
shades. The varieties were Victorian, Primrose, Mrs.
Gaskell. Ibis J. B. Riding. Mrs. Macmillan, Butterfly,
Twilight, Ella Kt'-mar. William Marshall (new), Diavola,
Geo. Gordon, Lady Colin Campbell, Star, Edward
Drury, Pearl, Florence M. Stredwick, Dr. G. G. Gray :
Messrs. Cheal k Sons were 2nd with an admirable
oolle -tion, that had more brilliant colours than the

premier displav, but lacked the refinement seen in that
exhibit. Columbia, Rainbow, Pearl, Mrs. J. J. Crowe,
and H. W. Sillem were the pick of the varieties.
Messrs. Burrell & Co., Cambridge, were 3rd. Four
growers competed in the above class.

The similar class for twelve varieties only brought five
entries, but some good competition was seen. Mr. H.
Shoesmith, Westfield, Woking, wasawarded the 1st prize
for a good lot of flowers that possessed meritorious
substance and colouring, the variety Mrs. F. C. Stoop
being especially good. Mrs. H. Shoesmith and
Florence Boorman also deserve mention. Mr. G.
Humphreys was 2nd with a display noticeable on
account of being staged against a background com-
posed of dark velvet, and not in accord with the other
exhibits around. Dainty and Ianthe were shown welL
Mr. J. Walker was 3rd.

Forty-eight Cactus Dahlias in Distinct Varieties. —
Four competed in this class, the whole taken collectively
being a very even lot. Messrs. Burrell & Co.,
Cambridge, secured the 1st prize, some of their more
notable varieties being Winifred, Pleasaunce, Epopee,
Mrs. Ed. Mawley, Ronald, Mr. D. B. Crane, and Mrs.
L. H. Brousson. Messrs. Keynes, Williams & Co.,
Salisbury, came 2nd with somewhat smaller flowers,
and Mr.'G. Humphreys, 3rd.

Tii-mtu-four Cactus D ihlias in Distinct Varieties. —
This class,' similar to but smaller than the last-named,
brought more than double as many exhibits, as no fewer
than nine growers competed. Size and colour again
told, and were factors in securing the 1st prize for Mr.
Walker, Thame. His best flowers were Mrs. E.
Mawley, Mont Blanc, Phineas, J. H. Jackson, and
Mrs. L. H. Brousson ; 2nd, Mr. Seai.e, Nurseryman,
Sevenoaks ; 3rd, Mr. S. MORTIMER,

Cactus Dahlias in Vases. — The inclusion of berries,
grasses, and ornamental foliage was permitted for sake
of effect, but the quality of the flowers was to be the
first consideration. Twelve varieties, six blooms of each
variety, were called for, and each exhibit of a dozen
vases made a pleasing feature ; tbere being four
•entries. Messrs. BURRELL & Co., Cambridge, were
awarded the 1st prize, their flowers being of high
quality and the arrangement good. Sprays of berries.
Asparagus, Prunus Pissardi, Rhus Cotinus, &c, set off
tj advantage such varieties as Olivette, H. F. Robert-
sin, Mrs. J. W. Wilkinson, Rubens, &o. Mr. Skale
cime 2nd with a good display, in which berries were
freely used. 3rd, Messrs. J. Cheal k Sons.

Pompon Dahlias.— fir. Chas Turner staged the
best twenty four varieties of this type; followed by
Messrs. Cheal, 2nd; and by Mr. Seale, 3rd. In the
class for twelve varieties of these flowers, Mr. John
Walker secured premier place among five exhibitors.
Messrs. J. Cray k Son being 2ad.

Single Dahlia*.— Hfessfs. Cheal and Seale were
the only exhibitors iu the class for twenty-four
varieties', in bunches of ten blooms each, and they
were placed in the order named. The best flowers in
the premier exhibit were Vesuvius, Columbine (grand
specimens), Miss Roberts, Snowdrop, and Serita.

Messrs. J. Cray k Son were 1st in the class for
twelve varieties in similar bunches to the above ;
Mr. J. Walker being 2nd. These were the only
exhibitors in this class.

Amateur Classes.

The amateur classes were more strongly contested
throughout than in the preceding classes, and the
quality of the flowers was little if at all inferior to
that in the blooms shown by the professionals. As
will be seen from our note last week, the increased
number of entries was remarkable. Limited space pre-
vents us from giving as full a report of the various
entries as we could wish.

Show or Fancy Dahlias.— Tot twenty-four varieties
of show or fancy Dahlias, or the two intermixed, the
Society offered a Challenge Cup with a monetary
prize of three guineas, with substantial prizes for 2nd
and 3rd places. Mr. T. Hobbs, The Cedars, Townend,
Bristol, carried off the trophy with a splendid lot of
flowers; his best examples were Mrs. Hobbs, Mrs.
Foreman, Geo. Rawlings, Imperial, Rev. J. B. Camm,
and Maud Fellowes. Mr. S. Cooper. Hamlet, Chip-
penham, Wilts, was 2nd ; an 1 Mr. T. JONES, Bryn-
per-y-lan, Ruabon, N. Wales, 3rd.

Show Dahlias.— V or the prize for twelve varieties
seven growers competed, Mr. E. T. Matthews, 42,
Almond Street, Derby, taking the 1st prize ; followed by
Mr. T. Jones, 2nd. ' Mr. G. Hood, Langley, Langley
Burrell, Chippenham, was 1st in the class for six
varieties.

Cactus Dahlias.— Two good exhibits among five were
seen in the class for six vases, each containing six
flowers of the Cactus type, and relieved with suitable
foliage, berries, &c, those of Mr. J. Bryant, 5, St.
Martin's Terrace, Salisbury, being adjudged the best.

The ten-guinea Challenge Cup for nine varieties in
bunches of three blooms each, the Cup to be held for
one year, unless won three times in succession, when
it becomes the permanent possession of the exhibitor,

220

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

I September 1G, 1905.

was awarded to Mr. H. Brown, 174, North Street.
Luton, Beds ; and the Gold Badge, presented by Messrs.
Dobbie & Co. for twenty four varieties of this type,
was tjaken by Mr. J. Bryant, 5, St. Martin's Terrace,
Salisbury.

Pompons and Singles.— Mi, H. Brown, Luton, had
the best dozen bunches of Pompon Dahlias, and Mr. J,
Newman. Bell Inn, New Cheltenham, the best twelve
"singles."

Decorative Classes.— These were well contested, the
tastefully - arranged baskets, vases, bouquets. &c,
demonstrating the great suitability of the Dahlia,
when interspersed with suitable greenery, for this class
of work.

Medal Flowers.— Nurserymen : Best bunch of Cactus
Dahlias, J. B. Riding, shown by Messrs. Stredwick.
Amateurs : F. M. Stredwick (Cactus), shown by Mr.
F. H. McGrath, Lindley, Huddersfield. The bronze
medal for the best seedling Show or Fancy Dahlia was
awarded to Mariner (Show), exhibited' by Mr. S.
Mortimer.

non-competitive groups.

Messrs. Hobbies, Ltd., Dereham, Norfolk, put up a
splendid display of Cactus Dahlias, staged in Bamboo
tripods, &c. (Silver-gilt Medal). Messrs. Ware, Ltd.,
Feltham. staged a somewhat similar collection (Silver-
gilt Medal). Silver Medals were awarded to Messrs.
Cannell & Sons, Swanley ; Mr. J. T. WEST, Tower
Hill, Brentwood ; and Mr. J. E. Knight, Tettenhall
Nurseries, Wolverhampton, for exhibits of cut Dahlias.
Mr. A. L. Gwii.lim, Cambria Nurseries. New Eltham,
Kent, staged tuberous Begonias. Messrs. Peed & Son,
Upper Norwood, exhibited hardy and alpine plants
interspersed with vases containing Pompon Dahlias.

Certificated Plants.

Cactus Dahlias.
The Pilot.— A commendable flower of bright terra-
cotta colour, with pleasingly incurved petals. The
bases of the petals are yellow, forming a pleasing
contrast. Shown by Hobbies, Ltd., Dereham"
Norfolk.

Nelson.— A large flower with refined petals of a dark
purple colour shading to deep magenta in the older
florets. Shown by Mr. J. T. West.

Iris.— Also a refined flower of light mauve-pink
colour, with long well-shaped petals. The form is
commendable.

Wm. Marshall.— One of the best among this year's
seedling Cactus Dahlias. The flower is of a" light.
yellow-bronze colour. Form and substance are both
good.

Edward Drurn.—A pleasing flower of dark primrose-
yellow colour. The petals are much incurved. These
three from Messrs. Stkedwick & Son.

Mrs. F. Orinsted.—A very large flower with a good
base. The colour is crimson with a magenta reverse.
Shown by Mr. F. Grinsted.

Pink Perfection.— Valuable by reason of its bright
colour, which approximates somewhat to that of its
name. A refined flower. Shown by Mr. S. Mortimer.

Early Fair.— A new type of Cactus Dahlia with
fimbriated petals, giving the flower a somewhat
straggling appearance. The colour is poor yellow with
a suspicion of rose. Shown by Messrs. Keynes,
Williams & Co.

White Lad;,.— A white flower with rather stiff
petals, but having a well-balanced form.

H. Shoesmith. — A good crimson-coloured flower,
with very convolute petals. -The above were shown by
Mr. H. Shoesmith.

Pompons.

Matador.— A well-formed flower of dark crimson
colour, and of medium size.

Thora. — A charming flower of small size. Colour
cream shading to soft rose. The above two were
shown by Mr. C. Turner.

Kitty Barrett. — A new break in this class of flower.
The petals are of a lovely yellow, and are tipped
lightly with claret colour. "Of charming form, a
variety much admired.

Mi, I, ict —A refined flower of pale rose suffused with
a light orange bloom, a difficult colour to describe,
but resembling that seen in the " single" Columbine!
The above two from Mr. J. T. West.

Show.

Mariner.— A well-shaped flower of deep yellow or
orange colour, having the tips of the floret tinged with
claret colour. Shown by s. Mortimer.

RUTHIN FLOWER SHOW.
SEPTEMBER 8.— The second annual exhibition was
held in the beautiful and picturesque grounds of
Ruthin Castle on the above date, by kind permission
of Colonel Cornwallis West. The entries in the horti-
cultural section numbered over 40U in excess of the
previous show — a total of 787.

ROYAL CALEDONIAN HORTICULTURAL.

INTERNATIONAL SHOW AT EDINBURGH,

September

An International Show was opened in the Waverley
Market, Edinburgh, on Wednesday, 13th inst., and
remained open for the two following days. There were
254 classes, and the exhibits numbered 1860. There
were 344 competitive and C>2 non-competitive exhibi-
tors. The extent of the show may be imagined when
it is stated that there were fifty-one judges employed
to adjudicate upon the exhibits. The event was
generally admitted to be a great success.

TABLE AS ARRANGED FOR DESSERT:
This class is similar to the one at the recent show at
Shrewsbury ; but as the "pointing" is a little different
we reproduce the conditions as stated in the schedule,
particularly as the number of points obtainable for
varieties of Grapes in this class are the same in most
of the other classes : —

Table of Desurt Fruit, 10 feet by 4 feet 6 inches.—
To be decorated with plants, in pots not exceeding
5 inches (and) (or) cut flowers (and) (or) foliage. Not
more than sixteen "dishes" of fruit selected trom the
following list: —

Maximum
Number ot
Points for
each Dish.

Two varieties Apples
Do. Apricots

Do. ('berries

Do. Fit's ...

Four varieties Grapes

10

t> on eacli Dish

» do. ...

40 do. ...

» do. ...

2 Black and 2

White (1 buncli to a dish)

Maximum points for each disli of

Muscat fit Alexandria

All other Muscats and Blajk Hamburgh

Any other Grapes a

Two vineaes Melons, single, fruit (uot to

be cut) 8

Do. Nectarines .. tj on each Dish 8
Do. Peaches ... 8 do. ... 8

D >. Pears ... 6 do. ... «

Do. Plums ... 9 do. ... B

One variety Strawberrv .. 4t> Strawberries S

The prizes were as lollows :— 1st, £25 ; 2nd, £io ; 3rd.
£12; 4th., t-t; 5lh. £l.

£.W of the above Prizes is given by the Corporation of
the City of Edinburgh.

There were six exhibits in this competition, and just
as at Shrewsbury the winner of the 1st prize was Mr.
J. H. Goodacre, gr. to the Earl of Harrington,
Elvaston Castle, Derby. He had two ornamental
baskets, each containing two bunches of Grapes, one
bunch of each of the varieties Black Hamburgh,
Chasselas Napoleon. Madresfield Court, and Muscat of
Alexandria. All these were of very good quality.
The other fruits were Figs (apparently Brown Turkey),
Peaches Royal George and Princess of Wales, Nec-
tarines Pineapple and Milton, Apples Washington and
Ribston Pippin, Pears Doyenne du Cornice and Pit-
maston Duchess, Plum Transparent Gage, and Melons
Hero of Lockinge and Countess. The quality of
all these fruits was very high, and no "dish"
could properly be characterised as weak. The floral
decorations consisted of orange-red-coloured Montbre-
tias and white Francos, with foliage of a few elegant
grasses and Selaginellas, Ampelopsis, &c, arranged in
three tall trumpet shaped glasses, and twelve smaller
ones. The 2nd prize remained in Scotland, being won
by Mr. Richard Cairns, gr. to James Martin White,
Esq., Balruddery, Dundee. The Grapes in this exhibit
consisted of the varieties Black Hamburgh. Buckland
Sweetwater, Muscat of Alexandria, and Mrs. Pince.
The bunch of the last-named varietj was extremely
large, and had it been better coloured it would have
been a "champion" specimen. 3rd, Mr. D. Kidd.gr.
to Lord Elphinntone, Carberry Tower ; and 4th, Mr.
Robert Dawes, gr. to the Hon. E. L. Wood, Temple
Newsam, Leeds. A 5th prize was awarded in this class
to Mr. Wm. Smith, gr. to the Earl of Stair, Oxenfoord
Castle, Dalkeith.

COLLECTIONS OF FRUIT.

( 'olleetion of Twelve Distinct Varieties.— In the class
for twelve dishes of Iruit there were as many as six
exhibits, and in this series, as in the class for a table
arranged as for dessert, Mr. J. H. Goodacre won the
1st prize. He had six bunches of Grapes, showing the
varieties Gros Maroc, .Madresfield Court and Muscat of
Alexandria. His other fruits were Peaches Sea Eagle
ami Princess of Wales, Nectarines Pineapple and
Victoria. Apple Cox's Orange Pippin (excellent), Fig
Brown Turkey, Plum Transparent Gage, Pear Doyenne
du Cornice and Melon Taunton Hero. The pointing in
all these classes was done on the same basis as described
i n (' lass 1 for the dessert table. The L'ud prize was won
by the writer of our weekly Calendar on "Fruits under
Class," Mr. F. Jordan, gr. to Dr. Corbet, Impney
Hall, Droitwich, Worcestershire. His Grapes were
Madresfield Court, Gros Maroc, and Muscat of Alex-
andria, all of which were good in quality and appear-
ance, but were not so remarkable for large size

13, 14, 15.

though they were fully large enough for all buW
exhibition purposes. He had excellent Peaches in
Sea Eagle and Princess of Wales, large-sized fruits of
Victoria and pretty fruits of Rivers' Orange Nectarine',
very fine fruits of Souvenir du Congrcs Pear, Jefferson-
Plum, Brown Turkey Figs, and Hero of Lockinge
Melons. 3rd, Mr. D. Murray, gr. to the Marquis ot
Ailsa, Culzean Castle, Perthshire, whose two bunches,
of Cooper's Black Grape were remarkable for high
development and excellent colour. The fruits gener-
ally were of good quality, if not of first-class exhibition,
type. 4tb, Mr. Robert Dawes, gr. to Hon. E. L. Wood,
Temple Newsam, Leeds. In particular instances the
exhibits were relieved a little by floral decorations, but
no attempt was made to make them as effective from.
this point of view as were the collections at the Shrews-
bury show. Consequently the collections required
much less room than would otherwise have been
needed.

Eight Distinct Varieties.— In this smaller class there
were five exhibits, and the 1st prize went to Alloa..
N.B., being won by Mr. A. Kirk, gr. to J. THOMSON
Paton, Esq., Norwood. The Grapes consisted of two-
bunches of each of the varieties Madresfield Court and
Muscat of Alexandria, the former variety being shown,
in the better form ; and the other dishes were otj-
Barrington Peaches, Pineapple Nectarine, rather smalk
but well coloured ; Claplmm Pear, Worcester Pear-
main Apple, and a Queen Pineapple. Mr. D. KlDD,
of Carberry Tower, won the 2nd prize : and Mr. W.
Smith, of Oxenfoord Castle Gardens, Dalkeith, the 3rd.

Orchard-house Fruit. — Prizes were offered for
twelve dishes of fruit grown in an orchard-house. In.
this class the 1st prize was won by Mr. Robert Dawes,
and the fruits consisted of the following varieties •■.
Nectarines Murray and Albert Victor, Peaches Violette
Hative (very remarkable for the degree of colouring)
and Dymond, Fig Brunswick, Pears Doyenne Boussoch
and Durondeau, Apples Washington and Gascoyne's-
Scarlet Seedling, Plums Cox's Emperor and Diamond,
and Apricot Moor Park. The quality was good all
through, but, lacking the Grapes and any decora-
tion, these collections failed to present an effect
at all equal to those of hothouse fruits. Of the
remaining four exhibits, that winning the 2nd prize
was shown by Mr. J. H. Goodacre, whose Emperor
Alexander Apples were extraordinary specimens, being ,
of quite unusual size and colour. The new Apple
Allington Pippin was also very fine indeed, and for the ■
rest they were of good if not superlative quality. 3rd.
Mr. Richard Cairns, gr. to Jas. Martin White, Esq.,
Balruddery, Dundee, who had a dish of Peasgood's ■
Nonsuch Apples, almost as large as Pumpkins. 4th,
Mr. Geoige MacKinlay, gr. to Lady Cowper, Wrest
Park, Ampthill, Bedfordshire.

Six Dishes of Fruit (for amateurs and bona fide gar
deners only). — In this class black and white Grapes-
were allowed as separate dishes, flavour and quality
were first considered. Mr. J. H. Goodacre added the
1st prize to his other gains, and showed excellent speci
mens of Muscat of Alexandria and Madresfield Court
Grapes, Royal George Teaches, Victoria Nectarine,
Ribston Pippin Apple and the Countess Melon; all)
these varieties were of first - class quality in the
different fruits. The only other exhibitor was Mr.
Richard Cairns, gr. to James Martin White, Esq.,
Dundee, who had Mrs. Pince Grapes in place of Mr.
Goodacre's Madresfield Court.

Other Varieties op Fruit.
Pi aches. Figs failing to be remarkable we pass to •
the Peaches, of which a very large number of excellent
fruits were shown. The 1st prize for two varieties,
six fruits of each variety, was won by Mr. J. H. Good -
acre, with the varieties Ray makers and Royal George:.,
and the 1st prize for six fruits of one variety, by Mr.
R. Glen, gr. to J. H. Graham, Esq., Larberfc House,
who had extraordinarily large fruits of Sea Eagle.

Nectarines. — The 1st prize for twelve fruits in two-,
varieties was won by Mr. F. Jordan for exquisite
fruits of Pineapple, anil rather less tempting-looking
specimens of Victoria. The 1st prize for six fruits of
one variety was won by Mr. John M. Stewart, gr. to-
J. Neilson, Esq., Moilance Castle, Douglas, having
capital specimens of the choice variety Pineapple.

Apricots. The variety placed 1st in the class foi
twelve fruits was that of Moor Park, shown by Mr. D.
Rhind, gr., to Miss MlLNE Home, Coldstream.

Plums. — For the best four dishes of dessert varieties,
there were numerous exhibitors, and 1st place was ob-
tained by Mr. -I. Vert, gr. 'to Lord HOWARD DE Walden
Saffron Walden, Essex, with the varieties Cue's Violet,
Late Orange, Jefferson and Coe's Golden Drop. The-
lust exhibit of two dishes was one from Mr. R. Grind
rod, gr. to G. BATES, Esq., v7hitfield, Hereford, he had
Guthrie's Late Gage ami Keuniston's Superb, showing.
both varieties in good stj'le. The display of culinary

September 16, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

221

Plums was equally go id and perhaps of greater extent.
The 1st prize for tour dishes was won by Mr. Jas.
Vert, for the varieties Pond's Seedling Monarch,
Grand Duke, and President. The best exhibit
of two varieties only was shown by Mr. R. M.
Whiting, Hereford, who had Pond's' Seedling and
I Monarch. A further class was arranged for two dishes
of dessert Plums grown under glass, and in this
competition Mr. Vert obtained the 1st prize for very
handsome specimens of Keine Claude d'Altham, and
Coe's Golden Drop.

Melons. — Mr. J. H. Goodacre won the 1st prize for
two distinct varieties, showing Counter and Diamond
Jubilee. The 1st prize for one fruit of a green or
white-fleshed fruit was also awarded to Mr. Goodacre
for the variety Taunton Hero, and the best scarlet-
iieshed fruit was of the variety Blenheim Orange,
shown by Mr. Jas. Day, gr. to the Earl of Galloway.

Pine-apples. — There were classes for two Pine-apples
and for one fruit only. In the former class the only
exhibitor was Mr. D. Murray, gr. to the Marquis
Ailsa, Culzean Castle ; and in the latter class Mr.
Robert Dawes, gr. to Hon. E. L. Wood, Temple
Newsam, Leeds, was also the only exhibitor. The
time has passed when British gardeners are able to
exhibit Pines, for, except in rare instances, the culti-
vation of the fruit has been abandoned, and with much
regret by some at least of those who formerly delighted
to exhibit their magnificent fruits. On this occasion
Mr. Murray had a beautiful specimen of the variety-
Smooth Cayenne, and a smaller fruit of Queen. Mr.
Dawes's specimen was a fair one of Queen.

Fruit-trees in Pots. — This class was one for four
fruit-trees in pots, and bearing ripe or unripe fruit.
The 1st prize was awarded to Mr. Adam Brydon,
Tweedbank, Innerleithen, who showed four Pear-trees
heavily laden with fruit; but the trees themselves were
not of the most perfect form and training. The 2nd
prize specimens were of better training, and had more
variety, there being two Pears and two Apples, but the
crops were less heavy. ;!rd, Mr. D. Kidd, gr. to Lord
Elpiiinstone, Carberry Tower.

CRAPES.
Scottish CHALLENGE TEOPHT.
Eight bunches of Grapes, not more than two bunches
of any one variety. The 1st prize in this class consisted
of the Challenge Trophy, value 30 guineas (to be won
three times), with a gold badge and £15. The < lhallenge
Trophy is presented by Mr. W. H. Massie. Each
collection had to be decorated with flowering or foliage
plants in pots not exceeding 5 inches in diameter ; also
with cut flowers or foliage in glass or ware or loose. The
maximum number of points that could be awarded for
one individual bunch of any particular variety
will be seen from the tables given below. There
were six competitors in the class, and the 1st prize
was awarded to Mr. James Beisant, gr. to Mrs.
jjEORGE ARMISTEAD, Castle Huntley, Longforgan. The
varieties shown and the number of points awarded to
each bunch were as follows : —

No. of
Bunch.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
b.

Vai iety.
Appley Towers
Muscat of Alexandra
Cbasselas Napoleon
Appley Towers
Madresfiehl Court ...
Muscat of Alexandria
Chasselas Napoleon
Madresfield Court . - .

Total

Maximum

Points

No. of 1

ts.

awarded.

... 8

i

... Id

8

... 8

74

... 8

74

... 9

8

... 10

8

... 8

74

... 9

74

bi

It will be seen therefore that in no single instance
was the maximum number of points awarded, at the
same time the bunches of Chasselas Napoleon and
Appley Towers were very nearly perfect from all points
of view. It may be pointed out that not more than
two dishes of any one variety were allowed, and the
number of points obtainable lor each variety was lower
than was the case at Shrewsbury, consequently the
aggregates are not comparable on'an equal basis. In
addition to the 1st prize the exhibitor of this collection
was awarded a " Hogg " Medal by the deputation from
the Roval Horticultural Society, and also the Cup pre-
sented by the King for the best exhibit in the competi-
tive fruit classes. The 2nd prize was awarded to Mr.
A. Kirk, gardener to J. Thomson Paton, Esq., Nor-
wood, Alloa, whose exhibit obtained fifty-three points,
which were awarded as follows : —

No. of
Bunch. Variety.

1. Madresfield Court ...

2. Duke of Buccleuch...

3. Gros Maroc ...

4. Muscat of Alexandria
•r>. Duke of Buccleuch...
b. Ma.liesfield Court ...

7. Muscat of Alexai.d a

8. Appley Towers

Maximum

Points

No. of Pts.

awarded

... 9

... 8

74
64

. 8

7

... 10

6J

8

64

... 9
... 10

74

. 8

64

Again there was no single instance in which
maximum points were allowed. The judges had
evidently set a very high standard. They were Mr.
John W. McHattie and Mr. M. F. Barnes. Mr. J. H.
Goodacre, who was only one-half of a point behind
tile last named exhibitor. His varieties were as
follows — Black Hamburgh, 0\ and (> points ; Muscat of
Alexandria, 74 and 7 points ; Gros Maroc, b and
li points, and Madresfield Court, (14 and 7 points. 4th,
Messrs. D. & W. Buchanan, Forth Vineyards, Kippen,
who were awarded 52 points. The remaining ex-
hibitors were Mr. Jno. Leslie, gr. to Mrs. Coates, Pit-
cullen House, Perth (51 points) ; and Mr. W. J.
Green, gr. to Sir O. M. Palmer, Bart., M.P., Grinkle
Park, Yorks {50 points). It was remarkable that in
this class there was no inferior exhibit. Whilst some
were excellent, all were good.

Other Classes for Grates.

Six Bunehes of (/rapes. — Not more than two bunches
of any variety might be staged, in a space not ex-
ceeding 0 feet G incheB by 2 feet. The 1st prize con-
sisted of silver plate value £12 128., presented by
Messrs. Mackenzie k Moncur. There were as many as
seven exhibitors in this class, and the honour of being
placed 1st among these belonged to Mr. James Beisant,
gr. to Mrs. Geo. Armistead, Castle Huntley. His
varieties and the points awarded to each bunch were
as follows :

No. of Maximum Points

Bunch. Variety. No. of Pts. awarded.

1. Madresfield Court 9 7

2. Muscat of Alexandria ...10 74

3. Kempsey's Alicante ... 8 04

4. Appley Towers ... ... 8 li

5. Muscat of Alexandria ...10 (i4
b. Appley Towers ... ... 8 (i

Totals

53

39

In this class again the competition was exceedingly
keen, as is shown by the fact that t>7 points were obtained
by Mr. W. Ta\ lor. gr. to W. Marsh, Esq., Bath,
who won the 2nd prize. His varieties were as follows :
Black Alicante (two bunches) li, and G points ; Muscat
of Alexandria 114 and <*l points, and Cros. Maroc band
(i points. 3rd, Mr. A. Kirk, gr. to .1. THOMSON Paton,
Esq., Norwood, Alloa, who gaiued 3(1 points ; and 4th,
Mr. J. Leslie, gr. to Mr Coates, Perth, who won
35j points. The other exhibitors were Mr. J. H.
GOODACRE, Mr. Thos. Bradshaw, gr. to the Marquis of
Downshire, Co. Down, and Mr, II. E. Hughes, gr. to
Sir Duncan Hay. lit.. Kings Meadows, Peebles, N.B.
Each exhibit was decorated as in the Trophy Class.

Four Bunches. — The exhibitors in this class num-
bered eight, and the 1st prize was won by Mr. W. .1.
Green, gr. to Sir C. M. Palmer. Bt., M.P., Grinkle
Park, Yoiks. The varieties were Alnwick Seedling and
Muscat of Alexandiia, and the points were awarded as
follows : —

No. of
Bunch. Variety.

1 Muscat of Alexandria

2 Alnwick Saedling

3 Muscat of Alexandria

4 Alnwick Seedling ...

Maximum Points

No. of Pts. awarded.

... 1" 7

8 5

. 1" 7

... 8 li

Totals 3G

25

Total

53

Only one point separated the 2nd prize exhibitors,
Messrs. D. & W. BUCHANAN, who showed Muscat of
Alexandria {two bunches), 6 and li points ; Black
Hamburgh, (i points ; and Alnwick Seedling, 0 points.
3rd, Mr. W. Piiie, gr. to C. W. Cowan, Esq., Dal-
housie Castle, Bonnyrigg ; and 4th, Mr. J. J. Wann,
gr. to Lord Balfour OF Burleigh.

The following classes were for two bunches of
particular varieties.

Muscat of Alexandria. — This was a good class,
there being nine exhibits, and the quality was com-
mendable all through. The two bunches from Mr.
Wm. Galloway, gr. to the Earl of Wemyss, Gosford.
I.angniddry, were, however, much superior to all
the others. The bunches were from moderate to large
size, of excellent form, and were composed of very large
well-developed berries. Taken together, they were
perfect in colour, and there was scarcely a bit of
"bloom "that had been rubbed. The 2nd prize was
awarded to Mr. Jno. Finnie, gr. to A. R. Brown, Esq ,
Summerhill, Shandon : aud the 3rd prize to Mr. W.
Pirie, gr. to C. W. Cowan, Esq., Dalhousie Castle.

Any other While Grape. — There were only five ex-
hibits in the class for any other white variety, and if
we except the 1st prize pair of the Buckland Sweet-
water, shown by Mr. M. Matheson, North Berwick,
the others were onlv very moderate indeed. "Golden
Queen "- was shown perfectly green.

Black Hamburgh.- Among nine pairs of bunches of
this popular variety the best were shown by Mr. Jno.
Andi rson, gr. to E. L. J. Blyth, Esq., Inchgarv,
North Berwick ; these were excellent in size of berry
and in colour. The 2nd and 3rd prizes were awarded
to Mr. M. Taylor, gr. to J. Younger, Esq., St.

Andrews, and Mr. D. Buchanan, gr. to Col. Dal-
Ry.mple Hamilton, Bargany, Dailly, Ayrshire.

Muscat Hamburgh — This variety was not shown
specially well, anil the 1st prize bunches from .Mr.
J. H. Goodacre, gr. to the Earl of Harrington,
Elvaston Castle, Derby, though well coloured ami
possessing capital bloom, were composed of small
berries. Mr. James Day, gr. to the Earl of Galloway,
Galloway House, Garliestown, had the 2nd prize; and
the 3rd prize was awarded to very large, heavy bunches,
only imperfectly coloured, from Mr. M. Taylor, gr. to
Jas. Younger, Esq., St. Andrews.

Madresjiekl Court. — The exhibits of Madresfield
Court were by no means better than are shown fre-
quently in England, and the 1st prize went to Derby
for two moderate-sized bunches of large berries, shown
by Mr. J. H. Goodacre. Thsee were not so perfectly
finished as we have seen them from this famous culti-
vator. The 2ud prize went to Mr. M. Taylor, for
bunches of large size and well-developed berries, but
they lacked finish, and one of the bunches was de-
cidedly ugly in outline. A totally different pair from
Mr. James McNeill, gr. to Major Thorm'RN, Craigerne.
Peebles, obtained the 3rd prize. These were very small
bunches, having exceedingly large berries, very well
coloured, but showing signs of shrivelling. There were
five exhibits.

Black Alicante. — There were seven exhibits in this
class, and the best was one from Bath, being shown bv
Mr. W. Taylor, gr. to W. Marsh, Esq., Bath. The
bunches were less heavy than is often seen at exhi-
bitions, but still they were large enough, and if the
berries were a trifle small, they were at the same time
perfect in colour. The 2nd prize was awarded to Mr.
W. Pirie, gr. to ('. W. Cowan, Esq., Dalhousie Castle,
for very much heavier bunches : and the 3rd prize to.Mr.
J. Leslie, gr. to Mrs. Coates, Pitcullen House, Perth.

Gros CoVmar. This variety was very indifferently
coloured, and apparently the 1st prize was withheld.
Messrs. D.& W. Buchanan, Forth Vineyards, Kippen,
were awardeil the 2nd prize for two bunches of only
moderate size, but having very large individual berries.

tiros Maroc. — Very good bunches of this variety
were shown by Mr. VV. Taylor, from Bath, and the
1st prize was awarded to them. If thinning had been
done a little more severely it would have improved the
si/e of the berries and the appearance of the bnnches.
2ml, Mr. Jas. Beisant, gr. to Mrs. George Armistead,
Castle Huntley, Longforgan. There were six exhibits.

Lady Downes. — There were seven exhibitors in this
class, and the pair of bunches from Mr. D. Kidd, gr. to
Lord Eli'HINSTONE, Carberry Tower, were very fine ; if
they lacked something it was size in the berries. 2nd,
Mr. W. Thompson, gr. to Col. Murray Batllie,
Calley ; and 3rd, Mr. Geo. Scott, gr. to Mrs. Wiiytock,
Seathwood, Dundee.

Any other Black Grape.— rAmong seven exhibits, one
of Alnwick Seedling from Mr. .las. Gordon, gr, to SIR.
H. E. Maxwell, Bt., M.P., Monreith, Whauphill,
gained the 1st prize. The same variety from Mr, NV.
Johnson, gr. to the Dowager l'uehess of Roxburgh,
Dunbar, was 2nd ; and one bunch of Alnwick Seed
ling, with one also of Appley Towers from Mr. J. Leslie,
gr. to Mrs. Coates, Pitcullen House, Perth, 3rd.
( ither varieties in this class included Diamond Jubilee ;
and one from Mr. Thos. Bradshaw, gr. to the Marquess
of Downshire, Hillsborough Castle, Co. Dowo,
described as a new seedling from Black Hamburgh and
Mrs. Pince.

Singh Bunch finises. — The exhibits in the classes
for single bunches were not specially noteworthy. We
indicate the 1st prizes only. The 1st prize for Muscat
of Alexandria was won bv Mr. Geo. Scott, gr. to Mrs.
Whvtock ; for Black Hamburgh by Mr. M. Matheson,
North Berwick ; for any white variety other than
Muscat of Alexandria, by Mr. D. Kidd having Canon
Hall Muscat ; for Madresfield Court, by Mr. James
BEISANT ; for Black Alicante, by Mr. W. Smith, gr. to
Mrs. Douglas, Newtownards, Dumfries ; for Alnwick
Seedling, by Mr. Samuel Gordon; for Diamond
Jubilee, by Mr. J. Leslie, gr. to Mrs. Coates, Perth,
in which the berries were relatively enormous in size ;
for Lady Hutt. by Mr. R. Glen, gr. to J. H. N.
Graham", Esq., Larbert House, who had one of the best
bunches of this variety we have ever seen ; for Duke of
Buccleuch, by Mr. A. Kirk, gr. to J. THOMPSON
Paton, Esq., Norwood, Alloa; for Mrs. Pince, by
Mr. D. Kidd ; for any other Black Grape, by Mr.
Jas. J. Wann, gr. to Lord Balfour of Burleigh
(President), who showed Barbarossa.

Neio Varieties of Grapes. — The only exhibit of one
bunch of any new Grape, introduced into commerce
since 1900, was one shown by Mr. Thos. Bradshaw,
gr. to the Marquis of Downshire, Co. Down. It was
named Marchioness of Downshire, and was described
as a seedling from Muscat of Alexandria. The berries
were large, cone-shaped, being much larger at the base,
and sloping off to apex of berry. Colour pale yellow,
having little bloom, and being semi-transparent in
appearance.

222

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 16, 1905.

In the class for one bunch of a seedling variety of
<irape not in commerce, there appeared to be one
exhibit only, and the variety shown was that already
noticed in a pievious class, trom Mr. Thos. Bradshaw,
gr. to the Marquis of Downshike, Hillsborough Castle,
Co. Down. It was desciihed as a seedling from Black
Hamburgh and Mrs. Pmce's Muscat, the former variety
being the seed-bearer. The bunch was rather long,
had one "shoulder" of the Alicante type, and the
terries were shoit, not round, but approaching that
form, and carried intense colour and bloom.

Flavour in Grapes.— Prizes were offered for the
finest- flavoured bunches of black and white varieties.
That for "black" was won by Mr. J. Leslie, gr. to
Mrs. COATES, I'erth, who bad a reddish-looking bunch
of Muscat Hamburgh. Mr. W. THOMSON was 2nd
with the same variety. The 1st prize in the class for a
white variety was won by Mr. John Fiuuie, gr. to
A. R. Brown, Esq., Summerhill, Shandon, who had
Muscat of Alexandria. The same variety won the 2nd
prize for Mr. J. H UOODacke ; and the" 3rd prize for
Mr. George Scott, gr. to Mrs. Whytook, Seathwood,
Dundee.

drapci with finest "Bloom. "— Gros Maroc was awarded
the 1st prize in this class, which was for develop-
ment of bloom and finish. It was shown by Mr.
W. J. Green, gr. to Sir C M. Palmer, Bart., M.P.,
Grinlde Park, Yorks. The variety Black Alicante from
Mr. W. Thomson, gr. to Col. Murray Baili.ie, Cally,
was 2nd ; and Coopers' Black trum Messrs. Morrison
& Barker, School of Uaideuiug, Corstorphine, 3rd.

Heaviest Bunch of Grope..— In the class for meie
weight in black Grapes a huge bunch of the variety
Barbarossa trom Mr. M. Taylor, gr. to Jas. Younger,
Esq., Mount Melville, St. Andrews, was 1st, but the
exact weight was not stated. An enormous, much-
shouldered bunch of Black Alicante, from Mr. J.
Leslie, gr. to Mrs. Coatks, Perth, was 2nd.

The heaviest bunch of a white Grape was one from
Mr. Samuel Gordon.

Collection op Hardy Faints.

There was only one e> hibit in a class for eigli teen dishes
<>f hardy fruits, distinct varieties, grown entirely in the
open air This exhibit came from Sussex, being from
Mr. Alex. Findlay, gr. to Count A. Munhtek, Mares-
field Park. It contained good specimens of Apples,
Pears, Peaches, Nectarines, Figs, ( iherries, Plums,
Medlars, Mulberries, Quinces, Cob Nuts, WalnutB, and
Red Currants.

Apples.

There were plenty of Apples shown in all the classes,
and whilst the best undoubtedly were those from
England, some from ceruin districts in Scotland were
satisfactory. The largest class was one for eighteen
.lishes of distinct varieties of Apple, four fruits of each
variety, grown in the open-air.

There were numerous exhibits, and the best was one
from Mr. G. Logan, Ballinora, Cork. We may remark
that the fruits were good specimens-, and gave bat very
little indication of the poor Apple year 1905 unfor-
tunately is in most parts of Britain.' Space will not
allow us to give a list of the varieties. The 2nd prize
waB won by Mr. Ludlow Beamish, Ashgrove, Queens-
town, co. Cork; and the 3rd prize by Mr. Robert
G. Sinclair, Congalton, Drem. It should be pointed
out that no exhibitors other than those residing in
Scotland or Ireland could show in the above class.

Eight Dishes of Dessert Apj.l,s.—\n this class the
1st prize exhibit was one fiom R. M. "Whiting, Esq.,
Hereford, the competition in these smaller classes
being open to all cultivators in the United Kingdom.
Th« varieties were as follows— Blue Pearmain, Charles
Ross, Allington Pippin, James Grieve, Ladv Sudeley,
Ribston Pippin, Rival, and Worcester Pearmain. 2nd,
Mr. F. Jordan, Impney Hall Gardens, Droitwich.
3rd, Mr. A. Smith, gr. to Madame Stuart, The
Convent, Roehampton Lane, Surrey.

The 1st piize for four dishes of dessert varieties was
won by Mr. James E. Hathawaj, gr. to J. Brennand,
Esq., Thirsk. The varieties were Washington, Alling-
ton Pippin, Chas. Ross, aid Gascovne's Scarlet
Seedling. There were nine entties.

For a collection of eight dishes of culinarv varieties,
Mr. F. Jordan, Impney Hall Gardens, Droitwich,
won tlie 1st prize with very fine specimens, the size of
them being equal to the best. 2nd, Mr. W. H. Bacon
gr. to Sir Marcus Samuel, Bart., The Mote, Maid-
stone.

In the smaller class for four dishes of culinary
varieties, the 1st prize went to Cheshire, being won by
Mr. Jno. Lke, Kingscroft, Higher Bevington, Cheshire.
The varieties weie Tott's Seedling, Lord Suffield,
Warner's King, and Peasgood's Nonsuch— excellent
and large specimen fruits.

Collection of Six Varieties of Applet Grown in
Scotland. — 'Jbe best specimens in this class for
Scottnh grown Apples were sLown by Mr. D. Murray,
gr. to the Marquis ot Aii.ha. C'ulzean Castle, Perth-
shire. His vari.ties vere P.asgood's Nonsuch. Ecklin-
ville Seedling, Bismarck. Annie Elizabeth, Worcester
Pearmain, and Lady Sudeley. 2nd, Mr. Alex. Dcwar
gr. to Mrs. Mann Thomson, Dankeith. Kilmarnock '

Apple James Grieve. — There was a special class for
six fruits of this variety, and Mr. R. M. WHITING,
Hereford, showed some splendid examples.

Best disk-of Dessert Apples. — The variety of dessert
fruits in a class for one variety that gained 1st prize
was Ribston Pippin, shown by Mr. W. H. Divers, gr.
to the Duke of Rutland, Belvoir Castle, Grantham.

Culinary Variety. — In a similar class for a culinary
Apple, the best variety was Peasgood's Nonsuch, from
Mr. George Scott, Dundee.

Dessert Pears.

The best collection of eight dishes of dessert Pears
was shown by Mr. W. H. Bacon, gr. to Sir Marcus
Samuel, The Mote, Maidstone, who showed the va-
rieties Directeur Hardy, Doyenne Boussoch, Triomphe
de Vienne, Doyenne du Cornice, Dr. Jules Guyot,
Beurre Mortillet. Pitmastou Duchess, and Marguerite
Marillat. 2nd, Mr. Jas. E. Hathaway, Thirsk.

In the class for four dishes, the 1st prize was won by
Mr. John Smith, gr. to Earl De Grey, Coombe Court,
Kingston, Surrey. The varieties were Beurre Hardy,
Williams' Bon Chretien, Pitmaston Duchess, arid
Souvenir du Congres.

The best exhibit of four dishes of culinarv Pears was
shown by Mr. W. H. Bacon, Maidstone.

P. Ctrl gronn in Scotland. — The best collection of six
varieties was from Mr. Robt. R. Greenlaw, gr. to
H.J. YOUNGER, Esq., Benmore, Kilmun. The varie-
ties were Conference, Beurre d'Amanlis, Pitmaston
Duchess, Marguerite, Marillat, Souvenir du Congres,
and Magnate.

Preserved Fruits.

For one dozen bottles of British-grown fruits, Mr.
E. Beckett, Aldenham House Gardens, Elstree, won
1st prize with specimens that, so far as we could judge
from appearance only, were excellent : 2nd Mrs. W.R.
ORE, Pomona House, Loughall, co. Armagh.

In a class for bottled fruits, in which those who sell
such fruits could exhibit, the 1st prize was won bv the
Midlothian Fruit Preserving Company, EyrePIace,
Edinburgh.

VEGETABLES.

Although the finest collections came from England, at
least Scotland could claim the largest share in the single
dish or smaller collection prizes, hence it was seen that,
taken for all in all, honours were pretty well divided.
Certainly in the collections open to all the kingdom
it is doubtful whether at any time more superb
quality was ever seen than in the exhibits of Mr. E.
Beckett and Mr. J. Gibson, whom we are all so
pleased to see once more in vegetable competitions.
The inclusion of these two famous growers in the open
competition made the class literally the most exciting
feature of the show. Greek met Greek, and as a con-
sequence there was a stiff tug-of-war.

Open Collections.

These consisted of twenty-four dishes of not fewer
than twelve kinds. The 1st prize, a splendid display
of twenty-four kinds, was won by Mr. E. Beckett,
gr. to Lord Aldenham, Elstree. He staged superb
white and pink Celeries, very fine Musselberg
and Prizetaker Leeks, Mammoth and Earlv
Giant Cauliflowers, Ailsa Craig and Sutton's Al
Onions, Peerless Cucumbers, New Intermediate and
Long Surrey Carrots, Satisfaction and Supreme
Potatos, Perfection and Golden Queen Tomatos, Duke
of Albany and The Gladstone Peas, Hollow-Crown
Parsnips, Orange Jelly Turnips, Sutton's Black Beet.
Marrows, Prize-winner Runners, and Dwarf Gem
Brussels-Sprouts. His points were 143A. The 2nd
prize was worthily taken by Mr. James Gibson, gr. to
the Duke of Portland, Welbeck Abbey. In his
splendid collection, which obtained 139 points,
were superb white and pink Celeries (very fine), the
Lyon and Prizetaker Leeks, the Sutton Globe
and Ailsa Craig Onions, Autumn Mammoth and
Magnum Bonum Cauliflowers, Alderman anil The
Gladstone Peas, very handsome King Edward and
Superlative Potatos, and Epicure and Peerless Cucum-
bers. Mr. B. W. Harper, gr. to J. R. Richardson,
Esq., Perth, was 3rd ; and Mr. B. Ashton, gr. to the Earl
of Lathom, Ormskirk.Ith. There were 7 collections
staged. It is worthy of note that Mr. Beckett also
won the Veitch Memorial prize of £5, in having, in
solid white Celery, Musselburg Leeks, and Early Giant
Cauliflowers, the three finest kinds as examples of
vegetables in either collection. The Royal Horti-
cultural Society also awarded both Mr. BECKETT and
Mr. Girson Silver-gilt Knightian Medals.

In the class open to Scotland only, for 18 dishes of
not fewer than 12 kinds, there were eight entries. In
this class, oddly enough; a brother of Mr. James1
Cihson, viz., Mr. M. ]!. Gibson, gr. to A. C. Walked, '
Esq., Troon, was hist, having 96 points awarded. His
arrangement was very neat and somewhat diverse from
what is usually seen. His chief disises were Ailsa
Craig and Cranston's Excelsior Onions, Standard-
bearer and Solid White Celeries, Favourite and Lyon
Leeks, Sutton's Ideal and seedling Potatos, Best-of-all
Runner Beans, Peerless Cucumbers, and Intermediate
Carrots. 2nd, with 94 points was Mr. J. Waldie, gr.

to W. H. Dorie, Esq., Dollar, who had very fine
Crofter Potatos, Epicure Cucumbers, Mammoth Cauli-
flowers, Sulham Park and Giant White Celeries, and
red and yellow Tomatos. Mr. R. Stuart, gr. to the
Earl of Lauderdale, Thirlestane Castle, was 3rd.

All the other vegetables in competition were staged
in the open-air on the market roofs, where the sun and
wind rather dried them.

The best dish of Mushrooms was sent by Mr. A,
Rorertson, Loanhead. There were eighteen brace of
Cucumbers, the best coming from Mr. A. Pilling,
Elland, the fruits rather large ; Mr. E. Beckett
having the 2nd best. In most cases the names were blown
away. There were twenty-one plates of Tomatos, Mr.
Beckett coming 1st with handsome Perfection. Mr.
Whiting, Hereford, was 2nd with a similar variety.
Not fewer than fifteen plates of fifty pods of Peas were
staged, Mr .1. S. Balchie, Denny, having fine Alder-
man as 1st ; whilst Mr. Harper had most superb
Gladstone.

There were twenty -two dishes of French Beans,
Mr. Beckett having' the best in Canadian Wonder ;
Mr. J. Gibson coming 2nd with the same variety.
Mr. M. Stuart had the best Cauliflowers. Mr. B.
Ashton the 1st prize Carrots ; and Mr. Beckett was
2nd with unduly large Intermediate.

There were no fewer than seventeen dozens of Leeks,
Mr. Stuart having the best really wonderful sample,
16 inches of blanched stems of the Improved Lyon.
Mr. Hughes, of Peebles, was 2nd.

With twelve Onions Mr. Baker, gr. to Sir Dudley
King, Devon, was 1st with Excelsior. Mr. M.
KNELI.ER, Malshanger Gardens, Hants, coming 2nd
with the same variety.

There were twenty-four lots of four Celery, the best
Giant White coming from Mr. Kennedt, Dumbarton;
Messrs. Pilling and Beckett coming respectively 2nd
and 3rd.

Potatos were largely shown, thirteen lots being
staged in the class for twelve dishes, distinct. In this
case Mr. Donald McPherson, Bridge of Weir, was
1st, having very handsome samples of The
Factor, Just-in-Time, Scottish Triumph, Satisfaction,
Abundance, L'p-to-Date, Jubilee, Mr. Bresee, and
Climax Red, and others. He was veiy closely run by
Mr. Gemmell, Chapelton Hamilton, "whose sampleB
were very fine. King Edward, Purple-eye Kidney, and
Lord Tennyson being specially handsome. Mr.
McRae, was 3rd.

The same exhibitors took exactly similar positions in
the class for six dishes, there being twenty competitors.
Again Mr. McRae was a winner in the class for twelve
kidneys, having very fine Duke of York ; Mr. Gem-
mell coming 2nd with International. With twelve
rounds, twenty lots being shown, Mr. Paterson, Rox-
burgh, was 1st with flatfish Up-to-Date ; Mr. Kerr, of
Langton, coming 2nd with the same variety.

Honorary Collections op Vegetables.

Messrs. Doiibie & Co., Rothesay, put up a very
interesting and beautiful collection of six dishes of
Potatos, which included most of the best varieties in
commerce, and some quite new. Of whites very fine
were Midlothian Early (a first early and remarkable
cropper), The Factor, Southern Queen, Warrior, Sir
J. Llewelyn (quite round). Duchess of Cornwall,
Nobleman, Abundance, Eureka. Dobbie's Favourite,
Superlative. Duke of York, White Hebron, Sir W.
Raleigh, and The Scot, whites ; and of coloured,
Adirondack, Purple Perfection, Ruby Queen, Noroton
Beauty, King Edward, Waverley, Crimson Beauty,
and Queen of the Veldt, amongst others.

Mr. Scarlett, Edinburgh, staged a small collection
of choice varieties, having Sharpe's Empress, Mid-
lothian Early, Diamond, Flour Ball, Southern Queen,
Russet Queen, and Sir J. Llewelyn, all capital
samples.

Mr. James Kerr, Dumfries, showed thirty varieties,
having with others Conquering Hero, Kerr's Seedling,
Duchess of Buccleuch, Kerr's Early, 'Gem, Seedling,
Duchess of Cornwall, whites ; and Purple Robe, Purple
Russet, King Edward, Lord Tennyson, and Leua,
coloured .

From Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Reading, came a
mixed collection of Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatos, and
other kinds. Of Cucumbers very handsome were
samples of Every Day, Pride of the Markit, Lord
Roberts, Peerless, Satisfaction, and Epicure. Of
Tomatos there were were capital samples of Satisfac-
tion, Perfection, Princess of Wales, Eclipse, Best of All,
Abundance, A 1, and Winter Beauty (dark reds) ;
Peachblow (pale red), and Wonder of Italy and Dessert
(small red), also Sunbeam and Golden Nugget (yellow).
With these were fine Capsicums and large purple and
white Aubergines. Of Melons the chief varieties were
Perfection, Al, Best of All, Empress, and Darwin
'Seedling. The whole was most' gracefully and
pleasingly arranged, and attracted much attention.

From Mr. J. Wilson, of Hereford, came a quantity
of fine examples of Excelsior Onions ; also a dish of
Wilson's Market Garden Tomato, a good red of the
ordinary type.

Mr. Charles Page, Liberton, had very handsome
red Tomatos in baskets unnamed, and a few of the
^ ellow Sunbeam.

September 16, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

223

Mr. W. G. Holmes, Tain, sent some exceedingly
fine examples of the Gladstone Pea, of which he
claims to be the raiser.

An interesting and unwonted exhibit for a British
show was the very extensive collection of vegetables
ijust as grown for the Paris market sent by Messrs.
Vilmokin, Andrieux ET ClE, Paris, and which
served to show that whilst variety in edibles of
thja description in the French markets seems to be
much greater than it is with us, the quality is, as
compared with our best examples. low. The
collection, which was liter ally a huge one, u;ih
[aid "ii a bed of moss on the market floor. It was
backed by many plants in pots of Capsicum, Chillies,
Tomatos, kc. in front being various Cabbage, Lettuce,
Kndives, then coming I'otatos, Onions, French Beans,
poinds, Marrows, Cucumbers, Parsnips, Radishes,
Turnips, Beets, Celery, huge Aubergines, and giant
Pumpkins, with other things too numerous to mention.
That such a collection would have a certain amount of
.•ducatioiial value there could be no doubt, but the
majority of onlookers, especially stolid practical gar-
would demur to the cultivation shown by the
samples. It need scarcely be added that in under-
taking to send over so extensive a collection of French
garden vegetables the Messrs. ViLMOBIN & Co. merit
ill praise and thanks.

PLANTS IN POTS.

These were not extensively exhibited, and as a rule,
ffere deficient in size and quality. The chief prizes
ffcre offered in the following classes: —

Group of Plants, arranged on door within a spa<r
10 ft. by 15 ft. The 1st prize in this class was £25 anil
i gold medal. There were five groups, some of
vhicl) were in every respect excellent, and indeed,
mperior to any hitherto shown in Scotland. Mr. Knight,
rr. to Sir W. Lawson, Cart,, Brayton, ( 'arlisle, was a
;ood first, his chief plants being Codi.-eums, very well
;rown and coloured. The flowering plants included
hcliids in variety, with similar and other decorative
ilants intermixed. The 2nd prize of £20 was secured
>. Mi. I. P. Davis, gr. to Col. E. B. S. Richardson,
ilalathie. Stanley, with a nicely arranged lot of
commoner material. 3rd of £15 to Mr. Hughes, gr. to
sir DUNCAN Hay, Part.. Kingsmeadows, Peebles : and
Ith of tin to Mr. Wood, gr. to J. Buchanak, Esq.,

Mvald House, Pdinburgh.

Eight Foliagt Plants, Distinct, excluswt of Palms.

The 1st prize, solid silver tea service, value £12 12i.,
■vas presented by Messrs. Mackenzie k Moncur, Ltd.
There was nothing of special merit in this class, none
if the plants being large. Mr. McMillan, gr. to the
Karl of Home, Douglas, was 1st, an Anthurium
Tystallinum being his most meritorious specimen.
2nd, Mr. Knight, Brayton, with a nice lot of plants,
ird, Mr. McKinua, gr. to Sir K. Usher, Esq., Ratho.

For Six Foliage /'/ants, in pots not exceeding
i inches, there was a keen competition. Mr. .1. Thorn.
;r. to Sirs. Hutchison, Carlowie, secured 1st prize
vith small well-coloured Crotons and Drac.-enas. .Mr.
'otter, gr. to W. PERKINS Moore, Esq., Whitehall,
Cumberland, 2nd ; and Mr. Hugbes, 3rd.

Mr. KNIGHT, with a fine Croton. secured the 1st prize
or one stove or greenhouse plant with ornamental
oliage ; Mr. McMillan being 2nd.

In the class for four stove or greenhouse plants, in
lower, distinct, the specimens were verv poor. Mr.
Hughes won the 1st prize ; and Mr. McKinna the
.'nil prize.

On the contrary, the 1st prize for one stove or
;reenhouse flowering plant, from Mr. Miller, gr. to
f. E. Cree, Esq., Tusculum House. North Berwick,
tfaa a splendid example of Statice profusa, of large size
ind covered with strong flowering spikes.

For six N, if Plants, in six distinct species or
• arieties, sent out by Messrs. William Bull & Sons,
Mew Plant, Seed, and Bulb Merchants, King's Road,
Chelsea, London. — Mr. J. Vert, gr. to Lord Howard
~>K Walden, Saffron Waldon, was awarded the 1st
irize with Davallia lucida, Heliconia illustris, Cero-
>egia Woodi, Drac-ena Victoria, Maranta tigrina, and
Aneimia rotundifolia.

In the class for six hybrid Orchids only two ex-
libitors entered— viz., Mr. A. Findlat, to whom the
1st prize was awarded. Mr. A. Dryburgh, Gogor
Park, having 2nd prize.

The 1st prize for one Orchid was awarded to
A. R. Henderson, gr. to Miss Nelson, Salisbury Green,
for a splendid specimen of Arachnanthe Lowi carrying
six spikes.

The 1st prize for four exotic Ferns went to Mr. R.
Stockdale, gr. to J. J. McLaren, Esq., Ratho Park,
Ratho, who staged four Adiantum Farleyense in very
fine form. Mr. Wood, with four Davallia species, was
2nd ; and Mr. McMillan was 3rd.

For two Adiantums, distinct, there was a good com-
petition, Mr. J. Hermiston, gr. to J. Herdman, Esq.,
Hazelbank, was a good 1st prize winner, with A. Wil-
liamsi and A. cuneatum grandiceps.

Mr. W. Bince, Rockville, Murrar field, was 1st for
"-wo Selaginellas, distinct, a rather poor class.

In the classes for British Ferns the competition was
strong. For four British Ferns, distinct, excluding
dwarf Ferns, Mr. Cn. Pattlson, Linwood, Paisley,
was 1st.

In the succeeding class, that for nine dwarf British
Ferns, distinct, pots not exceeding i'» inches, there was
again a strong competition, Mr. W. ROBERTSON,
Falkirk, being 1st with a beautiful little lot, including
Scolopendrium vulgare Coolingii, S. v. cristatum
tensum, Athyrium filix-fiemina uncum.

Mr. Thom was a good 1st for four Dracaenas, show-
ing well-grown, well-coloured plants.

For two Dratecanas, Mr. McKlMNA was 1st.

Mr. Knight showed a pair of well coloured Crotons
in the class for these ; Mr. Thom being 2nd with
smaller plants, also of good colour.

Table Plants were exhibited of good quality, Mr.
Knl.ht, Brayton, securing 1st prize with a nice even
lot not too large. 2nd, Mr. Smith, gr. to Earl
De Grey, Coombe Court, Surrey.

Tuberous-rooted Begonias made a gay picture, most
of the plants being large and well-flowered. For three
single varieties, Mr. Brown, Dalkeith, won the 1st
prize; Mr. Frasek, Corstophine, being 2nd.

In the corresponding class for double - flowered
varieties, Mr. Brown was again victor with extra-fine
plants. For fibrous-rooted varieties the 1st prize was
awarded to Mr. Fraser.

Furhsias. - There was a large show of Fuchsias, hut
the plants were generally rough, though of large size.
Mr. Heatlie, Galashiels, secured the 1st prize for two
specimens ; and Mr. Aitken. Balerno, had 2nd prize.

For one specimen Mr. Thomson, Dalkeith, was
awarded the 1st prize.

Li/iuin*. Mr. Leslie, gr. to Mrs. CuRRIE, Trinity
Cottage, for three Liiiums secured 1st prize with
grand specimens of L. speciosum in variety. Mr. A.
Johnston, Trinity, was 2nd; and Mr. A. Hume,
Corstorphine, 3rd.

There were also small displays of Pelargoniums,
Vallotas, and Hydrangeas.

CUT FLOWERS
{Open to Gardeners and Amateurs).

Hardy Flowers.

A piece of plate and £10 were offered for a collection
of hardy garden flowers, grown in the open, staged in a
space 8 ft. by 5 ft. There being five competitors, tin \
made a grand display. Mr. ADAH BbYDON, Tweed
bank, Innerlwithen, won the coveted award, which
carried also with it the Royal Horticultural Society's
Silver Flora Medal. Liiiums, Gladiolus, Alstromeria
psittacina, Eucomis punctata, and Lobelia cardinalis
were noteworthy.

Eight Distinct Bunches of Hardy Herbaceous

These were a great feature, no fewer than
nine collections being staged. Mr. D. Christie won
with handsome bunches of Lobelia cardinalis, Pent-
stemon barbatus, Lilium auratum, and Montbretia
crocosm.-eflorr •

To show the value of hanlv hetbabeous flowers for
ttive effect, prizes were offered f"r one
14 inches high, filled with an - 'f\, Liiiums,

Gladoli, and 1 1. ml ile Chrysantheums excluded.

Collect inn of cut I m tin open Borders or
Flower Il>rfs. Those were staged to show effective
arrangement and quality of bloom in a space 5 ft. by
5 ft. A 1st prize of E8 was offered, for which eight
exhibitors entered. Mr. .1. Mackinnon. gr. to R. Ander-
son, Bsq., ESastw i Hdl. Giffnock, won the 1st prize

with good Hoses. Montbretias, Lobelia cardinalis lightly
arranged. .Mr. A. Dickson, gr. to M. (!. Thoruurn,
Bsq., Glenormiston, was 2nd.

Twelve Gladioli, distinct. — 'Hie Society's Silver
Medal and £2 were offered. Mr. ( !. .1. FODERT, Waik
worth, Northumberland, won with large clean flower-
spikes of good varieties. Mr. J. Coulter, Warkworth,
2nd. also staging well.

Six Gladioli. Nine collections were staged. Mr-
A. Brydon won with large blooms of choice varieties •
Mr. R. Laurie, gr. to M. SMITH, Esq., Roseleen, Prest"
wick, being 2nd.

For the most meritorious and decorative arrange-
ment of six vases of Liiiums there was but a poor
display. Mr. W. Veitch, The Cemetery, Carlisle,
was 1st with fair blooms of Harrisii, auratum, and
lancifolium.

Hollyhocks were but moderately staged in six
distinct varieties by Mr. Robertson, Heatherwood,
Ancrum, who received the premier award for short
spikes and moderately good flowers.

Begonia Blooms, double and single, were well
shown. Mr. Thos. Johnston. East Linlor, had the
best in the former class, having clear, well-formed,
handsome examples. Mr. J. Muir, gr. to J. H.
WALKER, Esq., Crosbie Towers, Troon, won in the
latter class with exceedingly fine blossoms, rich in
colour.

Dahlias were shown numerously. For twelve show
or fancy varieties, distinct, there "Were ' twelve com-

petitors. Mr. W. Veitch, The Cemetery, Carlisle,
was 1st with full-sized clean blossoms.

For twelve Cactus varieties, distinct, ten competed.
Mr. B. Martindale, Sinshdl, Cathcart, Glasgow, won
the 1st prize with richly-coloured examples of popular
varieties.

In the class for six bunches of Cactus varieties,
distinct, six blooms in each bunch, there were but two
collections. Mr. H. Rutheiford, gr. to Jas. Dim an,
Esq., Brechin, won the 1st prize with medium-sized
flowers of bright appearance.

Pompon varieties in six bunches, distinct, six blooms
in a bunch, were staged by nine competitors. Mr. W.
Jenkins, Cambuslaug, won with faiily good examples.

Sioeet Peas. — For nine bunches of Sweet Peas,
distinct, shown with their own foliage, there were
eighteen competitors, all of good quality. Mr. John
Ness, gr. to Captain J. C. Aitken, Esq., Nisbet
House, Duns., was distinctly ahead with extremely
fine blooms.

For six bunches, distinct, with any foliage, Gypso-
phila or grasses, there were no fewer than seventeen
entries, making a fine display. Mr. J. Ness won in
this class also with admirable examples of leading
varieties.

Rose*. — For twenty-four blooms, of no fewer than
eighteen varieties, the Hugh Dickson Silver Challenge
Cup and £5 was offered as a memorial prize. Mr.
W. Parlane, gr. to Mrs. DennistowN, Rosslea, won
premier place, having moderately good examples.

For twenty-four blooms distinct in not fewer than
twelve varieties of H.P, H.T., or T, Messrs. T.
Smith k Son, Stanraer, offered a Silver Cup, and a
Gold and a Silver Medal as prizes. Mr. J. Russell,
Newton Mearns. was 1st, with fair flowers

For twelve blooms, distinct, Mr. J. Russell had the
best exhibit, followed by Mr. W. Parlane. There
were eight exhibitors.

For twelve Teas in not fewer than six kinds Mr. W.
Parlane secured the leading award with good blooms
for so late in the season.

Prizes were offered for one vase 12 inches high filled
with any one variety, arranged for effect with Rose
foliage. Mr. A. Tori), Stoneybank, Musselburgh, won
with a handsome bunch of Caroline Testout, amongst
Seven comjietitors.

For six vases, one variety in each, with stems not less
than II inches long, Mr. W. Parlane had the best
exhibit.

"Garden "or decorative Roses in six distinct varie-
ties, not fewer than three trusses of each, made a fairly
good display. Mr. A. Hume, gr. to J. Johnstone,
Esq., Corstorphine House, won easily w ith an interesting
display.

' ,/rie/'"<» growers received considerable encourage

m.ht. Hi ssrs. 1-aing & Mather offered 5 guineas, as

1st prize for six vases of border varieties, distinct, with

not more than twenty fully expanded blooms in each

, ■'; ii. fleet w it li am foliage or Gypsophila.

Mi. a. BRYDON, Twecdbank, Innerleithen, had the

Deal of a good display of eight competitors. Lady

Cadogan, Asphodel, Helmsman, anil Saffrona were

tin. Mr. Innks. Hawick, was 2nd.

I'm six vases of Piiotees with own foliage and buds,

Mr. Jas. StBWABT, dun . Woodcnd Cottage, Whins.

Alloa. «on with Greenow, Lucy Glitters, Mr. Nigel,

and Daniel Defoe.

Pansies. — For twenty-four fancy Pansies, distinct,
no fewer than eleven entered, creating much interest
among the devotees of this flower. Mr. Alexander
Ollar, Kilkenan Cottage, Campbeltown, was 1st ;
Mr. Di NSMAN, Strathloanhead, Avonhridge, 2nd.

I or twelve show Pansies, distinct, Mr. Ollar again
won the premier award.

Violas made a magnificent display. For twelve
distinct varieties, nine blooms in each, Mr. Ollar was
here again successful with a handsome collection. Mr.
J. Johnston, Mrs. Chicoester, Lady Grey, and My
Bonnie Lad were the most noteworthy.

Early-flowering Chrysanthemum* in twelve distinct
varieties^ natural) v grown, not disbudded, eight of
Japanese and four of Pompons, were the best staged by
Mr. A. Livingstone— a disappointing display.

For four vases of early flowering Chrysanthemums,
distinct, not more than six blooms in each, Mr. Thos.
Baird, gr. to J. Younger, Esq., Amsbrae, famous,'
won the 1st prize with ordinary November-flowering
sorts. . ,

Montbretias were an interesting feature of the show.
For six distinct varieties there were four competitors, all
of them staging the old forms, of which crocosmasflora
was mainly conspicuous. Mr. W. Pine, gr. to C. W.
Cowan, Esq., Dalhousie Castle, 2nd.

Pent Unions as a favourite Scotch flower. w<
pected to see grandly shown. For twelve spikes-
distinct, seven competed. Mr. C. Traill, gr. to Col-
Ferguson. Buchanan, Bowling, was 1st. He did not,
however, prove to be very strong in point of quality-
Mr,". Ferguson, Buchanan, and Simplicity were the
most conspicuous varieties. Mr. J. ROWATT, Glasford,
Stratbaven, won 2nd prize.

Hardy "r Half-Hardy Annuals in twelve distinct
varieties, to be effectively' arranged, made a poor

224

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[SEPTEMBER 16, 1905.

displa}'. No attempt at arrangement had been made.
The varieties, too, weie of poor meiit.

Royal Horticultural Society'^ Awards.

(The order in which the names arc arranged

has no signification.)

Gold Medals.
The Corporation of Glasgow (Parks Department, for
interesting Botanical Plants), Mr. David W. Thomson,
for Group of Plants and Shrubs ; Messrs. James Veitch,
k Sons, Ltd., for (.roup of Plants and Fruit.

Silver-gilt Hogg Medals.
The Earl of Haddington, for Fruit ; M. M. Vilmorin,
Andrieux et Cie., for Vegetables.

SitVEK-GlLT Flora Medals.
Sir Wilfrid Lawson, Bart., M.P., Group of Plants;
Messrs. R. Wallace k Co., Hardy Plants, kc. ; Messrs.
.tann's Cocker & Sons, Roses ; Messrs. Charlesworth fit
Co., Orchids ; Mr. John Downie, Group of Plants.

Silver-gilt Kniuhtian Medals.
Lord Aldenham, Vegetables ; Duke of Portland,
Vegetables ;.,.. Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Fruit and
Vegetables.

Silver-gilt BanKsian Medals.
Messrs. Dobbie & Co.. Hardy Flowers; Mr. A. E.
Campbell, Gladioli ; Messrs. Wm. Cutbuah k Sons,
Group of Plants ; Mr. J. Phillips, Group of Plants ;
Mr. A. J. A. Bruce, Insectivorous Plants ; Messrs.
T.(S, Ware' Ltd.,. Begonias; Mr. J. Smellie, Cactus
Dahlias ; Messrs. Cunningham & Fraser, Hardy Plants.

" Silver Hogg Medals.
Mrs. O. Armistead, Fruit ; Messrs. George Bunyard k
Co., Ltd., Apples.

Silver Knigiitian Medal.
I Messrs. Storrie & Storrie, Fruit Trees in Tots.

Silver Flora Medals.
Messrs. Hobbies, Ltd., Cactus Dahlias; Mr. John
Forbes, Dahlias and Pentsteinons ; Mr. A. Brydon,
Herbaceous Plants.

NEW INVENTION.

Silver Banksian Medals.
Mr. Norman Davis, Chrysanthemums ; Mr. R.
Bolton, Sweet Teas (ordinary strain) ; Mr. George
Logan, Apples.

Awards male by the Royal Caledonian Horticultural
Society to Honorary Exhibits.

Gold Medals.
Messrs. Geo. Bunyard & Co., Ltd., for Pot Fruit
Trees, &c. ; Messrs. Charlesworth k Co., for Orchids ;
Messrs. Cunningham, Fraser & Co., for Hardy Shrubs
and Cut Flowers ; Messrs. Dobbie & Co., for Potato? ;
The Corporation of Glasgow ( Parks Department), for
exhibit of ■ Rare and Interesting Plants ; Messrs.
Storrie k Storrie. for Orchard house Fruit Trees ; Mr.
D. W. Thomson, for Topiary Work; Messrs. James
Veitch & Sons, Ltd., for Group of Plants and Exhibit
of Fruit; Messrs. R. Wallace k Co,, for Herbaceous
and other Plants.

Silver-gilt Medals.
Messrs. Blackmore k Langdon, for Begonias, &c. ;
Mr. A. J. A. Bruce, for Sarracenias ; Messrs. Wm.
Cutbuah k Sons, for group of flowering plants ; Messrs.
James Cocker k Sons, for herbaceous flowers anil
Roses ; Messrs. Dobbie & Co., for Dahlias, Roses, &c. ;
Messrs. Dicksons, Ltd., Chester, for plants and cut
flowers ; Mr. John Downie, for group of plants ; Mr.
John Forbes, for cut flowers ; Messrs. Little & Ballan-
tyne, for hardy ornamental trees and shrubs ; Messrs.
T, Methyen k Sons, for group of plants ; Mr. John
Phillips, for stove and greenhouse plants ; Messrs.
Sutton & 'Sons, for fruit and vegetables; Mr. D. W.
Thomson, for plants ; Messrs. Thomas S. Ware, Ltd.,
for Begonias ; Mr. James Wilson, St. Andrews, for
decorative Begonias, &c. ; Messrs. Vilmorin, Andrieux
et Cie., (or vegetables and cut flowers.

Silver Medals.
Mr. Robert Bolton, for Sweet Peas ; Messrs. James
Dickson & Sons, for hardy Shrubs ; Mr. Henry Eck-
ford, for Sweet Peas ; Messrs. Hobbies, Ltd., for
Cactus Dahlias ; Messrs. Stansfield, Bros., for Alpine
Garden.

Rronze Medau
Mr. T. R. Hayes, for Heaths.

SCHEDULES RECEIVED.

Chicaiio HOKiictJLii-RAL Society's Autumn Exhi-
bition in November (preliminary schedule).

Devizes Benevolent Society's Annual Chrysanthe-
mum Show and Bazaar, to be held in the Corn Exchange,
Deviz;s, on Tuesday, November 14, 1UU5.

AN IMPROVED BOX FOR FRUIT TRANSIT.
A new fruit-box has been manufactured by
Messrs. Edward Spencer & Co., London. Each
fruit is contained in a wooden cylinder, to
prevent the fruits being bruised during transit.
A great variety of boxes can be bad to hold any
quantity of the cylinders, which latter are made
in six sizes, from 2^ to 6_[ inches in diameter.

TRADE NOTE.

Mr. R. A. Morris, of Ashley Street, Birming-
ham, Bulb and Seed Merchant, has removed to
225, Bristol Street, Birmingham.

ENQUIRIES.

k

Verandah on Nokth Side of House. — Please
give a list of the best plants for placing on
stages which are being erected for winter work,
such as shrubs or conifers. My employer insists
upon getting stages erected for growing Pelargo-
niums, &o , in summer, and evergreens in winter.
There are two verandahs, one on each side of the
front door (north), there is no glass on the top of
the verandahs. We have now hanging baskets ;
the plants in them do fairly well, but get drawn.
I admit the empty verandahs are not very
pleasant to the eye, but I do not think plants
will do very well.

Coloured Vine Leaves. — Vine leaves very
nicely coloured are sold in London during the
winter months for garnishing, having evidently
gone through some kind of preservation. Can
any reader tell me how it is done ? D. H.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

American Blight : R. T. You had better leave
the pest until the leaves have fallen, when you
should " dress" the tree with caustic solution
made by dissolving i lb. caustic and \ lb.
crude potash in 5 gallons water. Stout gloves
should be used when handling this corrosive
liquid. Petroleum Emulsion is also a good
eradicator of this pest. See that the liquid is
worked well into the crevices of the bark. All
prunings should be taken to the bonfire and
burned.

Azalea : Essex. For outdoor work A. pontica
varieties are the best in point of fragrance.
The so-called hybrids between A. mollis and
A. sinensis are also valuable, but not so
fragrant. Anthony Koster is a tine variety.

Books : Old Book. Is the title of your book
The Gentleman and Gardener's Kalendar, an
edition of which was published by Richard
Bradley in 1718?

Caterpillar : J. A. J. The caterpillar had
escaped. Try dusting the leaves with Pyre-
thrum powder or Hellebore powder.

Fungus : W. B. 8., Junr. The name of the
funuus is Merulius lachrymans, the fruiting
condition of the dry-rot.

Grapes: T. T. Tour fruits and leaves are in a
shocking state, lrom the attacks of both insects
and fungi. You would do well to turn the Vines
out and ttirt afresh. — Horley. The berries are
affected with the spot disease, Glceisporiuiu.
Burn the diseased berries. Use Bordeaux-
mixture next spiing when the berries are about
to set.

Lawn : IV. R. You may destroy the Plantains
by dropping a spot or two of carbolic acid into
the hearts of the plants. At the same time lor
this particular species we think that hand-
weeding has much to recommend it.

Fruit Growing : W. X. E. We do not recom-
mend individual firms. Your better plan is to
advertise in the gardening papers.

Mushroom beds -. X. T. Z. Peat-moss litter is
not a satisfactory material tor making Mush-
room-beds. We do not advise its use for the
purpose.

Mushrooms : B. 8. W. The fungi belong to.
Agaricus naucinus, and must not be eon-
founded with the Mushroom A. eampestris.
The spores of the former are white, in tha
latter they are purple-brown. A. naucinus
may be harmless, but it is not usually given in
the edible lists, and should be considered
suspicious.

Names of Fruits: 8. J. Tonkin. Old Haw-
thornden.— W. J. B. 1, 3, and 4. Williams'
Bon Chretien ; 2, Iris Gregoire ; 5, Knight's
Monarch; G, Jargonelle — Constant Subscriber.
Plum Lite Rivers j Pear Suffolk Thorn; 1,
Early Louise; 2, Early Y..rk.— D. E. 1,
Chelmsford Wonder ; 2, Yorkshire Beauty ; 3,
Stirling Cistle ; 4, Biumann's Red Reinette;
5, New Hawthornden ; 6. Lidy Palrnerston.—
Wilton Lodge. Rotten and unrecognisable.

Names of Plants : G. S. Berberis vulgaris.
It is not our practice to answer by post.—
John McL. 1, Calceolaria chelidonioides : 2,
Impatiens Roylei. — D. R. Specimens not
numbered. Wall plant is Lycium sinense. The
others next week. — F. G. B. Saponaria offici-
nalis.— W . C. Sc S. Serratula tinctoria. —
W. L., Ireland. 1, Pinus exoelsa probably ; 2,
Cedrus atlantica; 3, Picea Morinda ; 4, Abies
grandis ; 5, Cupressus thyoides; 6, Sequoia
sempervirens, Red Wood. — F. L. Pseudotsuga
Douglasi. A Pavia, we cannot tell which
without flowers — J. P , York. Cjrtoceras
reflexum (inultiflorum) and a light-coloured
Cypripedium X Ashburtonse — A. W. G.
1, Coditeum (Croton) Johannis ; 2, C. inter-
ruptum ; 3, C. trilobum; 4, C. cornutum j
5, C. Weissmanni ; 6, C. angustifolium. —
A. C. 1, Cinitoifuga raceinosa ; 2, Abutdon
Savitzi ; 3, Dichorisandra undata; 4, not re-
cognised ; 5, Curculigo recurvata ; 6, Olearia
Haastii. — J. T. 1, Masdevallia Harryana
(mauve) ; 2, Epidendrum fragrans (the striped
lip); 3, Oncidium incurvurn ; 4. Epidendrum
iuversum (the narrow - lipped flower) ; 5,
Marchantia polymorph* ; 6, Corydalis lutea.
Your numbers were detached. — b'. 0. Impa-
tiens Royleana. — E. M. V. 1, Potato we can-
not not name, send to some specialist ; 2,
Columnea erythropbrea; 3, a seedling Conifer,
unrecognisable in this stage, perhaps Cupressus
funebris.

Palms : H. R. We do not advise " topping" the
tree. Can you not exchange your specimen
for a smaller one V Perhaps one of the larger
nurserymen would be able to oblige you.

Plants Cultivated in the South-west : M.B.,
Holland. there have been several articles
lately on this subject, and others will shortly
appear.

Potato Disease: G. C. Your tubers are attacked
with the black scab or warty disease of Potatos.
Gas-lime applied to the soil about May or June
will kill the fungus. Burn all diseased tubers.
You will iind an illustration on p. 259, and full
particulars on p. 257 of our i=sue for April 23,
1901.

Root Pruning: Tooting. Any rich, light,
friable soil is useful for working amoEg the
roots. Old potting-soil is an exo llent medium.
Do not place manure among the roots when
they are root - pruned. Apply this as a
mulching.

Stocks at Flower Show : B. B. D. We are
of opinion that the judges were correct, as the
stipulations required three trusses of Stocks,
and not three plants.

Communications Received.- R. H. P— R. W. A Co.-
K N., Florida (please put sufficient stamps on your
communications, we had lOd. to pay on your letter) -
V. M. W.— II. K.. Marienfeldc. Berlin-W W.— J i).
(glad to sec your handwriting ugaiu)— J S.— J. W. B —
LrttJe & Ba'llantyne-E. M. O- G. H. H. W -C. T. D.
— r. W.— J. G. P., Harrogate (we cannot decipher the
name you enquire about, please write again)— W. G. S.
-Count de K.-F. do Laet, Contich-L. Castle-
Is B. VV— S. C— S. T. D.. Hongkong— A. J H.-S. M.
Verrieres.-A. F.-F. M.-H. C.-W A. C.-C. R.-
H YV -O W.-.I S.-.I. C. (next week). -G. W.. Rugbv.
Ida.-X.Y./.-Guyot.-J.E.-M. McN.-E. S.-FG.N,

'For Markets and Weather, fee pp. x. it- xii.)

Supplement to the " Gardeners' Chronicle," September 16. 1905.

ROYAL CALEDONIAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

<&*

THE

International
Show

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The

President,

Vice-Presidents,

Council,

and

Secretary.

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THE RIGHT HON. LORD BALFOUR OF BURLEIGH. K.T
(President.)

EDINBURGH,

Sept. 13, 14, 15,
1905

J. MARTIN WHITE.

(Vice-President.)

W. H. MASS IE.

(Vice-President. >

Supplement to the "Gardeners' Chronicle," September 16, 1905.

JOHN METHVEN, J. P.
Messrs. T. Methvbn & Sons.)

C. W. COWAN.

(Vice-President.)

J. C. FRASER.

Comely Hank Nurseries.

R. W. E. MURRAY.

ljlackford House.

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Supplement to the "Gardeners' Chronicle," September 16, 1905.

DANIEL KIDD.

Carberry Tower Gardens.

JAMES GRIEVE.

Redbraes Nursery.

A. D. MACKENZIE.

(Messrs. Mackenzie & Moncur.)

JAS. HARVEY.

Mortonhall Gardens, Liberton.

A. D. RICHARDSON.

Late of the Royal Eotanic Gardens, Edinburgh-

Supplement to the "Gardeners' Chronicle," September 16, 1905.

P. MURRAY THOMSON, S.S.C.

(Secretary and Treasurer.)

WILLIAM SMITH.

Oxenfoord Castle Gardens.

D. P. LAIRD.

(Messrs. R. B. Laird & Sons.)

September 23, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

225

THE

barters' Optrmticle

jy0. 978;— SATURDAY, Sept. 23, 1905.

CONTENTS.

Acereriocarpuin ... 233
.Agapanthus umbella-

lus globosus 237

Alpine garden-
Campanula Zoysii ... 228
SaxifragaOuthrieana

variegata 229

Books, notices of -
Insects and Fungi
Injurious to Plants 226
Brussels Botanic Gar-
den 232

Cereus, tlie genus ... 232
Cyclobothra llava ... 235
Cypripedium Fairrie-

anum, sale of ... 233

Dahlias, a trial of ... 237
Eupatorium micrau-

thum 229

Farm aud garden pro-
duce, transit of ... 23."
Forestry—
The Douglas Fir at

Scone 225

Grapes at Longleat ... 228
Hartwell Park, Bucks 133
judgiDg at llower

shows 234

Lily season, the ... 225
Manitoba, horticulture

in 233

Marvel of Peru 235

Obituary-
Mrs. C. T. Druery ... 233

Onions, Albanian

Over-sea supplies

Peach, the. aa a stock
for Plums

Pinus yunnanensis ...

IVrtulacas

Potato experiments ...

Potato-leaf curl

Rosary, the

Roses, manures for ...

Salads, winter

Seedi-, the germination
of

Societies-
Gardeners' Debating
Loudon L/ahliaUnion
National Chrysan-
themum

Royal Caledonian

Horticultural
Royal Horticultural
(scientific Commit-
tee)

United Horticul-
tural Benefit aud
Provident

Strawberries, autumn

Trees and shrubs

Vases and tubs in gar-
dens

Violets, culture of ...

Week's work, the 230,

Zephyranthes, a note
on

233
233

236

22 i
234
235
i'l l
2'tf
232

239
239

238
232

232
225

2:<«
231

237
2i8

210
227

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Agapantlms umbellatus globosus

Campanula Z<»yMi

Eupatorium micranthum

Leaf sections ot Pinus yunnanensis

Pear attacked by Fusicladium deudriticum

Pinus yunnanensis

Vinery at Hartwell Park, Bucks (Supplementary
Illustration).

THE LILY SEASON.

IT was to be expected that, owiDg to the
abnormal dryness of their usual season
of growth, Lilies would have been this
season a comparative failure; but so far as
my observation extends, such has not been
the case. Wherever they received from their
cultivators even moderate attention, espe-
cially in the essential direction of providing
adequate moisture, they have succeeded
remarkably well.

By far the finest display of Lilies I have
seen this year was produced by hundreds
of splendid specimens of the beautiful
Madonna Lily (Lilium eandidum), grown
among pink and crimson Roses, such as
the varieties Captain Hay ward and Mrs.
Sharman-Crawford, in the gardens of Lo.uan
House in this parish, the highly picturesque
residence of Mr. Kenneth McDonall. I have
never seen anything so beautiful else-
where. In my own garden, where oriental
and occidental Lilies are given shelter from
devastating winds, and in most instances
have a congenial soil, such noble species
as Lilium monadelphum Szovitzianum,
which is invariably commanding in its
imposing height and magnificent floral
effect; L. chalcedonicum, the far-famed
Scarlet Mart8gon (which Sir Edwin Arnold
erroneously describes in his Light of the
World as the Lily that Christ blessed, seeing
that, as Mr. J. G. Baker, of Kew, has told
me, it is not a native of Palestine); L. parda-
linum, the wonderfully spotted I'anther
Lily of Calfornia, and its most interesting
and vastly multiplying derivative, L. Bur-
banki ; likewise the stronger-growing va-
rieties of L. auratum and L. speciosum,
invaluable in autumn for the decoration of
our gardens, have entirely surpassed my
most sanguine anticipations.

Lilium monadelphum Szovitzianum is one
of those great Lilies which, when once
strongly established in our gardens, and espe-
cially in a soil largely composed of clay,
assumes gigantic dimensions ; here it seldom
contents itself with an elevation of less than
8 or 9 feet, thereby constituting itself a for-
midable rival of the great L. giganteum.
As much may be asserted of the massive
growth and floral capabilities of that
veritable king among oriental Lilies,
Lilium auratum platyphyllum, whose flowers
are this season of immense size and sub-
stance, many of them being nearly 12 inches
across. A sport from this variety, entitled
virginale, in colour almost pure white, is
without exception the grandest and love-
liest variety I have ever seen. But it has
been found extremely unreliable here, which
may have been partly owing to the some-
what cold and adhesive nature of the soil.
A peaty environment with adequate drain-
age might in this and similar instances
prove highly beneficial. The late Dr.
Wallace, of Colchester, recommended for
such Lilies "a dry clay soil, broken very
small."

The various forms of Lilium auratum
have frequently been described by cultiva-
tors as being pathetically evanescent, but
the only varieties in my own garden which
have hitherto come under this uncompli-
mentary category are those known as rubro-
vittatum and virginale. This characteristic
in such varieties is all the more regrettable,
because they are so highly distinctive.

The various beautiful forms of Lilium
speciosum— the latest, and one of the most
richly fragrant and artistic of all Lilies — are
worthy successors of Lilium auratum. They
have this advantage over their immediate
predecessors, that their fragrance is more
refined. David J!. Williuritson, Kirkmaiden,
Wiglonshire.

FORESTRY.

THE DOUGLAS FIR AT SCONE.

In a former note of mine about the " thinnings "
at Scone in 18^7, I mentioned that my statements
were based upon those which I had from the lite
Mr. McCorquodale himself, the various articles in
the Perthsliire Constitutional, and especially on
those which appeared at that time on the Douglas
Fir in the Gardeners' Chronicle. It seems, how-
ever, that Mr. Simpson still fears that I give my
information on very " loose data." I have looked
over my Douglas papers, and give now the facts
about the " thinnings " at Scone in the autumn
of 1887.

With the good old Mr. McCorquodale I had,
after my several visits to Scotland in those years,
a constant correspondence for some years, and I
may say that he assisted me in the most kind
and liberal way in giving me every information.
I wanted to introduce the Douglas Fir into
Germany, where at that time it was very little
known. Not only did he send me many samples
of different soils at Scone, but he sent me a root-
cut of one of the thinnings, 36J inches high and
25 inches through, from a tree 56 feet high.

To get, however, a clear statement about a
first thinning of a Douglas plantation I sent a
paper to Mr. McCorquodale, asking him to return
it, after having been kind enough to put his
answers to my questions. He complied with my
wishes, and I copy these answers, which were in
his own handwriting.

The plantation at Taymount contained 4,296
stems. At the first thinning, in 1887, 647 were

felled. They were classified for sale into three
sizes, as followa : —

1st size, 106 stems, containing 1,060 cubic feet
2nd size, lt'3 ,, ,, 652 ,,

1,712 Total cu. feet
3rd size, 378 stems (averaging 26 feet long by

3 inches diameter at the

617 small end: this size is

under measurable timber).
" I beg to explain that the cause of such a large
proportion of the thinnings being so small, is,
that as far as consistent with good order, the small
trees were thinned-out to give place to better
tree3, and also from a border runniDg parallel
with the railway, which was burned at an early
age of its growth; most of them are thinned
out now. There are trees 63 feet high, which were
thinned-out in this plantation. The sale of the
thinnings took place on December 23, 1887, and
they sold at about the same rate as Larch. The
largest class sold well at about Is. per cubic foot,
even better than Larch ; certainly better than
any Larch I could saw ! supply] of the same age.
(Signed) William McCorquodale."

I hope this will settle the question about the
first thinnings of a Douglas plantation, with all
the false and legendary notions. John Booth,
Gross Licliterj 'elite, near Berlin, 39, Mozartstrassc.

THE USE OF VASES AND TUBS
IX GARDENS.

There has been an increasing interest for
several years past in the cultivation of plants in
tubs and ornamental stone or metal vases for the
decoration of terraces and other suitable situations.
Having been very successful with plants in tubs
and vases during six years, my experience may be
useful to others. The tubs are the first consider-
ation. Very fine Oak tubs are now sold in various
shapes and sizes to suit all tastes and purses, but
if expense is a consideration, empty petroleum
barrels are excellent makeshifts. If a barrel
be cut in halves it will make two nice tubs. These
should be carefully scorched to get rid of the
oil, and then painted according to the wishes of
the individual ; green with black bands or terra-
cotta with bands of black are suitable colours.
Several holes should be drilled in the bottoms,
and some crocks or clinkers put in to thoroughly
drain the tub. The soil should be prepared
previously and may consist of good loam, well-
rotted manure, and leaf-soil in equal parts, with a
little sand added. If there is any difficulty in
getting such a compost, ordinary soil may be used
if enriched with a little artificial manure.

There is a wide range of suitable plants.
Marguerites have been very successful, and
if these can be placed in a position having
a dark background, such as an Ivy-covered
wall or a Yew or Holly hedge, they appear to
light up the whole place, and will continue to
make a fine show until quite late in autumn,
especially if attention be given to one or
two points in their culture. When the plants
have become well established they must never be
permitted to become dry at the roots, for they are
thirsty subjects, requiring copious supplies of
water. Apply a top-dressing to the roots
occasionally, using some fine soil and mixing
with it a little artificial manure. A handful of
similar manure may also be sprinkled over the
surface of the soil occasionally. At frequent
intervals remove the faded flowers.

Pelargoniums are capital subjects, being very
showy. These do not require so much water, and
if the Ivy-leaved varieties are admired the soil
for these should be made up in a mound, or some
of them trained to sticks, and others in the same
receptacle allowed to droop round the sides of
the tub.

Do not mix many different plants or colours
in one tub, one good colour having a decidedly

22G

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 23, 1905.

better effect. In some cases an edging of drooping
plants may be added— for instance, white trailing
Lobelia with scarlet Pelargoniums, blue Lobelia
with white Marguerites, &e. Myrtles are excellent
shrubs for such cultivation, and are always appre-
ciated, both for the delicate perfume of the foliage
and for the purity of the flowers. Choisya ternata,
Aloysia citriodora (the lemon-scented Verbena),
Orange-trees. Cannas, Begonias, the New Zealand
Flax, Phormium tenax (a fine plant for an
exposed position), Cordyline indivisa, Palms,
Sw. et Bays, and Fuchsias, are all useful. Aga-
panthus umbellatus makes an ideal tub-plant,
both the blue and white varieties thriving and
flowering over a long period in the early autumn
months.

Palms will succeed best in shade, as the foliage
is liable to become burned when brought from
the greenhouse. The plants will succeed best if
they can be put in the tubs early in spring, and
given the advantage of a start under glass, or
failing this, they may be placed in a warm posi-
tion under a wall facing to the south, giving them
slight protection at night. At the end of Sept-
ember or later, according to the locality, the
perennial plants that will be cultivated another
year should be removed to winter quarters, where
frost must be excluded ; but the softer-wooded
plants, as Marguerites, Begonias, &c, are better
renewed every spring.

The successful culture of plants in tubs will
depend upon the attention given to their respec-
tive requirements, that they may not suffer lack
of wat-r, or become impoverished for the want of
a little weak soot-water or artificial manure.
X. T. Z.

PINUS YUNNANENSIS.*

One of Wilson's discoveries in Szechuan and
Eastern Tibet, was at first supposed to belong
to a hitherto undescribed species of Pinus
nearly allied to P. Khasya. The specimens
were submitted to several eminent botanists
familiar with Indian and with Chinese Pines
who happened to be at Kew at the same time.
As opinions were much divided, the drawing
(fig. 86) was sent to Paris, in order that it might
be compared with the P. yunnanensis of
Franchet, of which no specimens exist in our
herbaria. M. Bureau obligingly stated in reply
to our enquiry that the drawing corresponded
exactly (" identique ") with the P. yunnanensis
of Franchet, of which there is in the Paris
" Museum " an unique example. The leaves in
the Paris specimen are almost always in tufts of
three. According to Mr. Wilson's notes the tree
is 30 to 100 feet in height, 8 to 12 feet in girth.
Its timber is hard, very resinous, valued for build-
ing purposes and for making torches. It is rare in
the valley of the Ting river, W. Szechuan, between
3 500 to 5,500 feet. In the valley of the Yalung
river, Eastern Tibet, at an altitude of from
8,000 to 9 U00 feet, it forms forests. In these
circumstances it often remains unbranched for
the 6rst 60 feet. Cones belonging to the growth
of five separate years may often, says Mr. Wilson,
be found on one tree at the same time. This
happens also in a closely-allied species from
Mao ipur, collected by Sir George Watt.

The following description is taken from
Wilson's specimen.

Bark of old branches greyish-brown,
covered with ash-coloured, scaly epiderm ;
leaf-scars only slightly prominent. Bark
of young branches glabrous, shin ing, orange-
brown; leaf-scars conspicuous. Buds, ovoid-
conic ; scales linear lanceolate, acuminate,
chestnut - brown, with whitish fimbriate
margins. Leaves generally in groups of

* Pinus ■ wnnanentia. Franchet, in Journ. <le Bat , ill'.'.:.
W. Szechuan. ad alt,. 3,000—5.010 ped. Tibet orient in
motitihus secus fluvium Yulang, ad alt. 8,000— 10,Ou0 ped.
Wilson, n. 3,000!

three, sometimes in pairs, each very slender,
10 — 23 cent, long, linear, acute, semiterete,
minutely serrulate, concave on the ventral
face, or carinate when there are three
leaves in the tuft, stomata in many rows.
Young sheaths 22 mill, long, tightly convo-
lute, subcoriaceous, lanceolate, pale chest-
nut-brown, with white, slightly fringed
margins. Leaf-section boat-shaped, con-
vex on the dorsal surface, deeply keeled on
the ventral surface when the leaves are in
threes, concave when they are in pairs.
Beneath the epiderm is a double layer
of hypoderm, enclosing the mesophyll, the
cells of which have infolded walls. The
resin-canals are mostly sub-epidermal, but
two or three are more deeply placed in the
leaf substance, so that in this case the
position of the resin-canals is of relatively
little value as a distinguishing character.
The meristele is elliptic, curved when the
leaves are in pairs, or somewhat triangular
when the leaves are in threes. The endo-
derin-cells are apparently about forty, but
not easily to be counted : and the fibro-
vascular bundle is branched, with a wedge
of stereome separating the two divisions.

CJ ChiWv

x .50

CANT- LUC -

FlO. 81.— PINUS YUNNANENSIS.

To the 'eft transverse sections of leaf from a
three-leaved tuft; 10 the right similar
sections from a leaf nf a two-ieaved tult.

{See Text.)

The cones are lateral, shortly stalked,
ultimately subsessile, often in pairs,
spreading or deflexed, larger than those of
P. Khasya. When mature and when the
scales are expanded, the cones measure
about 10 to 13 cent, in length, 10 cent, in
diameter. The cone -scales are shining
brown. The upper border of the convex
apophysis is lancet-shaped and somewhat
pointed, transversely keeled, somewhat
wrinkled, umbo small depressed, four-sided
rhomboid with a very small caducous mucro.
Seeds not seen. The foliage is thicker than
that of P. Khasya and the con°s are larger.
InSir George Watts'Manipur Plant, n. 5954,

Fig. 85.— leaf section ok pinus from maniitr
(Sir e. Watt).

the leaves are shorter than those of
Wilson's plant ; the cones also are shorter ;
the apophysis not lancet - shaped but
rounded, and less angular on the upper
border, smoother, and the umbo slightly

more prominent. The leaf section shows
the resin canals sub-epidermal and the
meristele triangular with a branched
bundle.

In P. Khasya the leaves are in threes,
convex dorsal ly, with a prominent keel on
the ventral face. The resin canals are
sub-epidermal, the meristele three-sided,
and the fibro-vascular bundles branched.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Insects and Fungi Injurious to Plants.

Part II. By G. F. Strawson. (London !
Spottiswood <£ Co.)

AVe are glad to welcome this interesting and
practically important book. The methods of
remedial treatment for insect and fungous pests
are arranged under four heads: — 1, gas processes ;
2, contact treatment ; 3, toxic ; 4, mechanical ;
5, preventive, the latter being of all the most
important, on the principle of putting a lock on
the stable door to prevent the theft of the steed.

In this country we have had previously no one
book as comprehensive as that on the Spraying of
Plants by the late E G Lodeman. We shall
not make objectionable comparisons, but we may
at least say that there are points touched in the
more recent publication which were not so fully
dealt with in the American book.

Mr. Strawson lays great stress on gas processes*
using the term "fumigation" for atmospheric
operations, and " vaporising " for the operations
carried on in the soil. Some objection might be
raised to these terms, but as the author's
meaning is fully explained there is no need to
quibble about the terms employed. The gas-
process is simply the production of hydrocyanic
acid gas by the action of sulphuric acid poured
on cyanide of potassium. Of course, in the hands
of careless operators this is a most dangerous
procedure, but, given ordinary care and reason-
able precaution, there is really nothing to fear,
whilst there can be no doubt as to its efficiency.
Contact treatment is used in the case of insects
which, like green-fly, obtain their food by suction.
Soft-soap, either alone or thoroughly mixed with
kerosene, and used as a spray in the manner
described on p. 53 of this book, will usually
suffice to rid the plants of this pest.

The " toxic " treatment consists in spraying-
with some substance like Paris-green or arsenate
of lead, which is poisonous to the insect. When
spraying was first introduced here, and we from
information received strongly advocated its use,
we remember the difficulty there was in obtain-
ing the necessary ingredients, not so much on
account of their poisonous quality, which indeed
renders the utmost caution necessary, as of the
supineness of the dealers in not advertising their
wares.

The mechanical treatment includes the uproot-
ing or destruction of the affected plants — a-
drastic remedy which would not be called for if
sufficient attention were given to preventive
treatment. The virtues of strict cleanliness,
which cannot be too strongly insisted on, have
been long recognised by gardeners. Very often
nothing more is required ; but as a rule culti-
vators are careless in the matter of overcrowding
their plants and in the use of manure, which
uiay be and often is full of disease- germs. They
do not practise sterilisation of the soil, and they
are unwilling to put themselves to the trouble
and expense of adopting preventive measures.

With regard to soil-sterilisation, Mr. Strawson
has much to say about " vaporising/' by which
he means the introduction into the soil of the
field or garden of a material that is capable of
slowly decomposing and of giving off a noxious
gas, which fills the interstices of the soil without
causing injury to the plant. What this substance

September ,23,, ..1995;]

TEE GARDENERS' -.CHRONICLE,

227

Fig. 86.— pinus yunnanensis, Frtmehet: a Chinese pixe.

Showing cones of various ages : leaves in tufts o£ three, sometimes in pairs ; cone-scales seen from the back, the front, and the side ; from Mr. Wilson's specimen.

(See p. 226.)

228

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 23, 1905.

is Mr. Strawson does not tell us, but he names it
" Vaporite," and alleges examples of its successful
application to soils affected with wire-worm,
phylloxera, and other noxious insects. Whether
it is equally serviceable in the case of eel-worms
we do not know. Mr. Strawson gives numerous
formulas which will be useful for reference,
and he is very careful — which many writers
are not — to tell us the exact proportions in
which the substances he recommends should be
used.

The latter part of the volume is devoted to an
account of the principal insect pests which vex
the minds of the cultivators. This portion of the
book is illustrated with numerous cuts, many of
them from drawings from the pencil of the late
Miss Georgiana Ormerod, the talented sister of
Miss Eleanor Ormerod. Lastly, Mr. Strawson
advocates a method of supplying a plant with
water, as it were automatically, by the use
of a porous cylinder introduced into the soil
within an ordinary flower-pot and kept filled with
water.

We have said enough to show that the book is
one that every cultivator would do well to have
on the most accessible shelf in his office for
convenience of reference.

GRAPES AT LONGLEAT.

For a number of years Longleat Gardens have
been made famous by the success which has
attended the cultivation of Grapes in their
several varieties, and of which perhaps the Alex-
andrian Muscat stands out as the most success-
ful. It was, I believe in the early sixties when Mr.
Wm. Taylor first came to Longleat, and the year
after his arrival found him active in the prepara-
tion for and erection of the famous Vinery. It is
noteworthy that here, as in a few other instances,
the extension system of training has given results
far superior to that obtained from a restrictive
practice. For some forty years these Vines have
continued to yield crops of high -class fruit,
and the crop now rapidly maturing appears
to be as good in quality as any of its prede-
cessors.

The division of the range devoted to Muscats
measures 80 feet in length by 30 in breadth. In
this four Vines are planted, one in each corner of
the structure. These fill the whole space, and
at the present time over 600 bunches are seen, or
an average of just over 150 bunches to each Vine.
None of the bunches weighs less than 1 ! to 2 lb.,
and the largest, which are long, tapering,
well - shouldered clusters, weigh as much as
C lb. It would be a very easy matter to
increase the number to 1,000 bunches if the
grower favoured quantity rather than quality.
In the erection and planting of this vinery provi-
sion was very wisely made for having ample space
above and between the Vine rods and the glass roof.
A large lantern roof, with lights to open con-
tinuously on each side, and other deeper front
lights, which open just above the ground line,
maintain a circulation of air which tends so
largely to the continued success of the Longleat
Grapes. There is never any need for shade,
nor is there ever a sun-scorched leaf, and the
atmosphere of the structure is not in the
least degree oppressive, even in the hottest
weather.

The depth of golden colour which always char-
acterises the Longleat Grapes is due partly to the
fact that ample space is given to each rod and
lateral, and partly to the soil, which seems so
well to suit the Vine. One would scarcely expect
to find exuberance of foliage in Vines occupying
a border for the long space of forty years, but I
observed that young rods, encouraged with a view
to replace the older ones, show ample vigour;
indeed they would extend into many yards were

this permitted or necessary. Mr. Gandy's careful
study has achieved a marked success. In some
stages of their past history artificial manures
played an important part in the maintenance of
the growth and crops, and no doubt this still
supplements the applications of liquid manure
from the farm-yard.

In an adjoining compartment black Grapes are
almost equally satisfactory, th bunches and
berries being large, and the colour in every case
already a jet black. The varieties Black Alicante,
Alnwick Seedling, Gros Maroc, Lady Downes, and
Black Hamburgh are all represented. It is acurious
fact that although almost every other kind of Grape
will succeed to perfection at Longleat, Mrs. Pince's
Muscat, in regard to colour, signally fails. This

ALPINE GARDEN.

CAMPANULA ZOYSII.
The pretty little Campanula Zoysii is one of the
choicest and mo3t distinct members of a genus
comprising flowers of the greatest beauty and of
the highest merit in the garden. It ie among
the numerous species which cannot well be
planted in the border, but which find their homes
more happily in the rock garden. The number
of these is rather large, and some of the smaller
species are almost unrivalled among the host of
alpine flowers prized^for their diminutive stature
and perfect beauty. Among all these dwarf
Campanulas, C. Zoysii always commands notice,

Fig. 87.— campanula zoysii: colour of
flowers blue.

clearly indicates a constitutional peculiarity
requiring a special kind of soil. At Longleat it
was given a long period in which to " mend its
ways," but without avail, and others now furnish
the space it occupied.

For Vines of such an age the main stems have
attained phenomenal girth ; indeed, this was
very marked in their earlier days, and was
encouraged by Mr. Taylor by the retention of
lateral growth developing from the base upwards.
Many visitors in those days remarked the
presence of so much stem growth — some even
considered it a waste of vitality, but it has
been proved that if it did no good to allow
this apparent superfluity it has done no
harm, for having built up a large trunk, there
must be more and better channels for the
transmission of sap, which has to support so
large a leaf surface and heavy weight of fruit.
W. Strugnell.

so pretty and distinct are its blue flowers, so
singularly constricted at the mouth (see fig. 87)
as to give them a character of their own. The
radical leaves are rather obovate, and those of the
stems are somewhat lanceolate and linear. The
whole plant is quite of tufted habit, and its
height rarely exceeds 3 or 4 inches, although
one has met with it almost G inches high.

Campanula Zoysii is one of the species which
like plenty of sun, but it is not particular as to
the formation of rock on which it is grown.
Unlike a few of the genus it has no dislike to
lime, but it should have a sunny chink between
two stones, and a light and gritty soil. Although
it likes a sunny position it must not be allowed
to become absolutely dry at the roots.

While Campanula Zoysii cannot well be called
difficult to cultivate, it has been found that the
stock should be renewed oecasonally by pro-
pagation. The writer has seen some fine plants,

September 23, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

229

which appeared to be in perfect health for some
years, going off during a winter of the normal
character. The species comes from Carniola and
the neighbouring districts, and, although intro-
duced as far back as 1813, it is far from plentiful
in gardens. This is regrettable and surprising,
seeing that it is stocked by mo3t nurserymen
who make a speciality of rock plants. It flowers
about June, and the floriferousness of even a small
plant is an object of remark by all who see it
for the first time.

Saxifraga Guthrieana varikoata.

This very beautiful variegated-leaved Saxifrage
is but little cultivated, and it is only now and
then that one sees it offered by nurserymen
dealing largely in alpine plants. I have never
been able to trace its origin, and it is not men-
tioned in even such exhaustive works of their class
as Mr. George Nicholson's Dictionary of Gardening,
being omitted even from the " 1900 Supplement "
of that invaluable work. The variety has been
known to me for twenty years or so, but unfortu-

EUPATORIUM MICRANTHUM.

This is the correct name of the shrub that is
almost universally known as E. Weinmannianum
(see fig. 88). It is a native of Mexico, and
can therefore scarcely be considered hardy, but in
the south-west it never receives the slightest
injury from the winter frosts, even when grown
in bush form, without wall protection. It is
particularly valuable for its late-blooming habit.
In September, Escallonia montevidensis or flori-
bunda perfects its white pyramids of flower, and
when these have faded Eupatorium micranthum
expands its flat, white, fragrant flower-heads.
The plants flower through October and the greater
part of November, and even in December fresh
flower-clusters are still to be seen. After the
blossoms have faded they are succeeded by grey,
downy seed-vessels which have a pretty effect.
The feathery flower-heads last well in water, and
may be arranged to good effect in tall vases. The
oval leaves are deep green and the shoots Willow-
like. There is a variegated form known as
tricolor that is a handsome plant, having its

[From a pluiloyrapit u;i Mr. i-tt-..~i ^.

Pig. 88.— eupatorium micranthum: flower-heads white and fragrant.

nately it is hardly possible to retain it in my
garden because of the fondness of the blackbirds
and thrushes for pulling the plants out of the
ground. This has been observed in other gardens,
and may account for the scarcity. The typical
S. Guthrieana appears as scarce, but as it is very
like S. Andrewsii, also said to be a hybrid, this is
of little consequence. It is different, however,
with the variegated- leaved form, which is so
beautiful that it ought to be well cared for.

The leaves of S Guthrieana variegata are its
chief attraction, being of a pretty glaucous grey.
and each having a bruad band of rather pale gold
colour, giving the narrowish.ligulate leaves and the
rosettes which they form a charming appearance.
Prom these rosettes rise in summer the panicles
of white, purple-dotted flowers, which, when seen a
little distance away, look rather pinkish in general
effect. There is no difficulty in cultivating this Saxi-
frage, provided that the birds will leave it alone ;
but if they do attack it, means must be taken
for the protection of the plant. Ic is cultivated,
among other places, in the Royal Botanic Gardens
Edinburgh, and plants are at present being
offered in some British catalogues. S. Arnott,
Carsethorn-by- Dumfries, Scotland.

leaves prettily mottled with rose, white and
yellow colours. Eupatorium micranthum grows
into a thick, rounded bush, and assumes large
dimensions. The accompanying illustration shows
a shrub that is about 8 feet in height and the
same in diameter. 8. W. Fit:herbert, Devonshire.

KEW NOTES.

Blakea gracilis, Hemsley. — A small specimen
of this extremely rare Melastomad was rtcently
in flower at Kew. The genus consists of about
twenty species, all of which are shrubby in habit.
They are natives of the West Indies and Central
America to Peru. The only other species in
cultivation at Kew is B. trinervia, which is a
much larger-growing species than the one under
notice. B. gracilis makes a compact shrub with
a height and dipmeterof from 2 to 3 feet. The
leaves are opposite, elliptic-acuminate, glabrous,
and entire on the margins. They are coriaceous
in texture and about 3 inches in length by
1' inch in breadth. The solitary flowers are
produced in the axils of the leaves, on erect
pedicels 1| inch in length. Close to the calyx
are four foliaceous bracts, two of which are about

half the size of the leaves, and two much smaller.
The flowers are six-petaled, 2 inches in diameter,
white, with a blotch of light pink on each
petal. The petals are deltoid in form, and thick
and waxy in texture. There are twelve stamens
with short filaments, and large, yellow, oblong
anthers which are united by the margins and
form a oirele around the slender style. The
anthers dehisce by minute pores at the apex.
The flower is beautifully scented, and in
general appearance may be said to be
like a glorified Apple - blossom. The Kew
plant was obtained from Lemoine et Fils, of
Nancy, who do not appear to have catalogued
this species, possibly owing to the possession of a
limited stock only. B. gracilis succeeds well in
an intermediate temperature, and potted in a
peaty compost.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

AUCUBA GRAFTING.
The male Aucuba japonica is a common plant
in many gardens, but the berry-bearing or female
is much less common. Of this there are many
— viz., A. aurea marginata, A. sulphurea, A. sali-
cifolia, A. latimaculata, A. mscropbylla, and
others. In order to obtain beriies on the latter,
various J devices are adopted ; for example,
placing a plant of A. japonica in the vicinity of
the females, so that the pollen may be distri-
buted by the wind over the female blossoms;
grafting branches, or rather budding them on
the female bushes"; or what is suier, as the
plants do not synchronise in the time of flower-
ing, secure pollen of the male Aucuba flowers,
and apply [it] with a camel's- hair pencil. The
pollen will^ retain its potency (or a rronth or
longer [much longer ] if kept < ry in a glass tul e
or tinfoil. Grafting may be cariied out in this
month and onwards to February in waimth. A
few striking male Aucubas are found in the
varieties bicolor, maculata, marmorata, sulphurea
(with yellow-blotched leaves), and A. japonica
viridis, macropbylla, and himalaica, with green
leaves. F. M.

Tamarix pallasii var. rosea.
Under the name of T. hispida var. sstivalis
this Tamarisk was sent out frcm the nursery of
M-lLeonJChenault, of Orleans, some four or five
years ago. When it first flowered at Kew it was
found to belong not to T. hispida, but to T.
Pallasii, although, according to M. Chenault's
account of its origin, it first appeared in a seed-
bed of T. hispida. Dr. Stapf however, our first
authority on the Tamarisks, has definitely
identified it as a form of T. Pallasii. However
erroneous a name may be, it is always a long
time before a plant loses the name under which it
is first distributed.

As a hardy shrub this Tamarisk has proved to-
be a most valuable acquisition. It flowers in
July and August, and a new shrub which blooms
in those two months is three times more valuable
than if it flowered in May. In habit it has all the
delicate grace of the Tamarisks, the plume-like
branches being of a delicate pale green colour. The
flowers come in short cylindrical racemes, which
themselves are borne in large compound panicles,
and on strong growths 1^ to 2 feet long. The
colour is of a beautiful pale rose. The individual
flower is, in this as in all Tamarisks, very small.
This shrub can be propagated pretty much in
the same way as Willows and Gooseberries are
propagated, that is by putting in stout cuttings
of the previous summer's wood in sandy soil as
soon as the leaves have fallen. A group planted
in a bed near the Cactus-house at Kew has been
very beautiful for some weeks past.

Flowering of Bamboos.
For some few years past hardy Bamboos have
been flowering more or less over the whole

230

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 23, 1905.

country. This season I am afraid We are seeing
the culmination of the disaster (for it can only
be described as such). At Kew every plant of
Arundinaria Siinoni that had not previously
flowered is doing so now. And the same has to
be said of Phyllostachys Henouis, perhaps the
most beautiful of hardy Bamboos. P. fulva (of
Mitford) is flowering also. Last year we lost all
the fine plants of Phyllostachys Castillonis and
P. Boryana, and what few remained of P. nigra
punctata are now going the way of the rest. All
these kinds of Phyllostachys as they have flowered
have been examined by Dr. Stapf, and their floral
characters prove them all to belong to one
species — P. nigra. It would be interesting to
know from some reader in Japan (whence all
these Bamboos came) if they are flowering in
that country at the present time. Unless the
Phyllostachys are ripeniDg seed better else-
where than at Kew we shall have to look to
Japan to renew our stock. But it would not
be worth while to import plants of the present
generation, which, if not already at their flower-
ing stage, will, I should think, soon reach it.
Seedlings raised at the present time will not
flower for probably another thirty years at least.
W. J. Bean.

or mixed with, the smaller and simpler conidia
which are characteristic of Cladosporium.

At present no effective means have been dis-
covered for preventing or destroying the mould,
but it may safely be stated that when the black
spots appear and the disease is in full vigour, it
is too late to attempt to hold it in check. How-
ever, it must be urged that it is advisable to
collect and burn all blackened haulms and foliage,
since the spores may persist through the winter
on all fragments of diseased leaves and stems,
and reappear on the young plants of the following
spring.

Spraying with a solution of ammoniacal copper
carbonate, or dilute Bordeaux-mixture, may check
the disease, if commenced sufficiently early. It
is uncertain whether any " sclerotia " are formed
in this disease, but if so the spraying would be
likely to prevent their formation.

It is not at present clear to what extent this dis-
ease will affect the tubers. Hitherto we have seen
it only from Nottinghamshire, but it is well that
Potato growers should be on the alert. M. C.
Cooke.

The Week's Work.

POTATO LEAF-CURL.

Although this disease has a place in Massee's
Text-Book of Plant Diseases, it is the first time
that it has been brought to our notice as a real
pest in this country. In the work above named
it is characterised as a " well-known disease of
the foliage of Potatos known as ' leaf-curl,' which
attacks the stem, usually close to the ground at
first, and gradually creeps up, first causing the
leaves to curl and finally the stem also collap-es.
When the leaves first curl there is usually no
external sign of the fungus, but at a later stage
the stem and leaves become more or less studded
with blackish, minutely velvety patches."

This fungus apparently first made its appear-
ance in the United States, and specimens were
sent to us in 1883 on Datura and Tomato, when
it was described and named as Macrosporium
Solani (Cooke). Afterwards it was discovered by
Saecardo that a species had already been named
M. Solani, wherefore he called the present species
Macrosporium Cookei (Saecardo). Although it
had been hinted that this mould had appeared in
this country, it was not until this season that
we became aware of it as a virulent pest.

The genus Macrosporium has some of its
members which are exceedingly troublesome in
gardens, especially the black rot on ripe Tomatos,
and a black mould on the leaves of Carnations.
In this instance the leaves become bullate, and
covered with somewhat circular or confluent
blackish spots, rather velvety on the under
surface, which at length bears the rather short
and slender flexuose brown hyphte, and these at
length produce the conidia of a species of Clado-
sporium, at first simple, slightly coloured, then
uniseptate or biseptate ; shortly afterwards these
are accompanied by Macrosporium spores which
are clavate, four to six times septate, with longi-
tudinal septa?, so as to become niuriform, at first
hyaline, soon becoming coloured (60 — 70 x 10 ,u).
Tnese conidia are much smaller than those of
Macrosporium Tomato. The other Macrosporium
Solani (Ellis) is also a native of the United States,
but it occurs on the dead leaves of the Potato,
and would therefore be a saprophyte, with conidia
nearly twice as long (120—140 x 15 — 18 /i), with
more numerous septie, and pointed at the apex.

It would appear that for some time, in the
British species, the only conidia to be seen are those
of the Cladosporium form. What is the exact
relationship of the Cladosporium to the Macro-
sporium has not yet been determined, but it is
certain that in other species of Macrosporium the
true clavate, muriforin conidia are preceded by

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H YOUNG, Orchid Grower to Sir Fredet.'K k

Wioan, Bait., Clare Lawn, East Sheen, S.W.

Dendrobiums. — These plants, almost without
exception, will have reached, or be approaching
the limit of their growth, and in consequence
they will now need very different treatment to
that which has been accorded them during their
gro »ing season. D. Phalajnopsis, D. bigibbum,
D. Goldei, D. Leeanum, D. formosum, and other
species which produce their flowers as the
growths near completion, will need all the heat
and light obtainable in the East Indian-house;
but the rooting medium and atmospheric sur-
roundings should be kept much drier. When
the flowers have faded a very restricted supply of
moisture at the roots will suffice. D. nobile and
the many hybrids from it require an intermediate
temperature, plenty of light, and moderately free
ventilation in order that they may ripen the
newly -made pseudo-bulbs ; while to prevent dis-
figurement from the disease known as "spot," both
cold draughts and a " stuffy " atmosphere must be
avoided, although for some considerable time after
the limit of their growth is reached, and during
the period they are occupying their resting quarters,
the rooting medium must be again moistened
soon after it has become dry. As the year draws
to a close water at the roots will only be needed
when signs of shrivelling appear in the younger
pseudo-bulbs. It' red spider is feared, an occa-
sional spraying; with an approved insecticide
should be applied when conditions favour such a
proceeding. Species of a deciduous nature, such
as D. Wardianum, D. crassinode, D. primulinum,
&0 ,will need verylittle water after the leaves have
fallen. Place plants of the first named species in
a cool, well-ventilated house, where the young
growths on be held in check for as long a period
as is reasonable. D Falconerii gives the best
results when grown in a cool position, and from
now onward through the winter and early spring
months an occasional spraying of its pendent
growths will be sufficient to keep them in perfect
condition. D. , Venus, a hybrid from I). Fal-
conerii X D. nobile, also needs cool treatment, but
it will not stand such protracted drought as the
first-named parent.

Dendrobium thyrsiflorum, D. Farmirii, and

others of this section need a cool temperature,
with a light dry atmosphere and very dry basal
conditions, but not such as will ctuse shrivelling,
when at their period of rest. D. fimbriatum, D.
moschatum, D. suivissimum. D. chrysotoxum, D.
clavatum, &c, may be allowed to rest where they
have grown, but their supply of water must be
limited to very small quantities. D. M'Caithiie
and D. luteolum are difficult to cultivate through
many winters in succession, as they proceed to
grow late in the seasoD, and thus have little
chance to mature thtir growth. Place these

plmts in the lightest and warmest quarter of
the stove and keep the rooting materials
just moist. D. Devonianum is another species
that does not take kindly to ordinary treat-
ment. Tne plants are deciduous, and after
the leaves have perished very little water is
needed to keep the long pendent psuedo-bulbs
from shrivelling. Another difficult subject to
succeed is D Bonsonioc. This needs much heat
and light to mature its deciduous pseudo-bulbs.
It should be all >wed a good position in the stove,
and when the ' leaves have dropped further
watering will seldom be required. D. Dearei
differs from most species in needing; very little
rest, though a much restricted supply of water
should be given during the dull season. It
thrives best grown in a ba-ket suspended on
the shaded side of the warm house durinst the
summer and the lightest side in winter. Water
must be kept from entering the points of the
young growths.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F. Jordan, Gardener to Dr. OoijnET, lnipney Hall
Gardens, Droitwioh.
Muscat of Alexandria — For some reason this
valuable Grape has not coloured so well this
season as might have been expected. The tem-
perature of houses in which the Grapes are
ripened must be gradually reduced, and the
amount of atmospheric moisture lessened. At the
same time a constant circulation of cool, dry air
must be allowed. Eemove any decayed berries
or leaves.

Early Vineries — Continue to carry out the
work of root-lifting and replenishing the borders
where necessary while the weather is still favour-
able, aecording to the directions given in the
Calendar for August 12.

Mid-season Grapes. — Allow a little warmth in
the pipes by night and by day to dispel any
moisture present in the atmosphere, giving a
little top and front ventilation whenever the
weather is favourable. Endeavour to keep the
foliage healthy for a Ion,' period, and allow the
bunches to receive as much li^ht as possible.
See that the Vines do not suffer from lack of
water at the roots, and when water is to be
given, choose a fine day for its application,
removing the mulching for the purpose and
replacing it again to prevent the moisture from
rising.

Late Grapes. — If the Vines have received
careful treatment during the summer months
the Grapes should be thoroughly ripened by the
end of this month, after which artificial heat only
sufficient to expel damp and prevent the tem-
perature from fallmer below 50° in the morning
will be necessary. The process of damping the
paths and borders should only be resorted to on
bright mornings. The paths must be very care-
fully swept in order to prevent the dust from
rising and settling on the berriHS. The lateral
growths on late Vines of GrosOolmar which have
been allowed free extension should now be
removed. Recent weather has not been favour-
able to the finish of this Grape, which should
be given almost the same treatment as that
afforded to Muscat of Alexandria, and it requires
as lonjr a season of growth as that variety. Feed-
ing with stimulants should now be discontinued,
but tepid water should still be given, as the
bunches will hang for three months before being
bottled.

Pot Vines intended for starting into growth in
November, and whose wood should be quite
ripened by now, should receive what little pruning
is necessary, in order to allow the Vines as long a
period of rest as possible. Apply styptic to the
out surfaces, and keep the Vines in a cool, dry
place, where little water should be given them,
and only sufficient to prevent the soil shrinking
from the sides of the pots. Young canes grown
from ejes inserted during the beginning of the
year, and which are iutemli d fur cut-backs or for
planting nexr, spring, should shortly be removed
to a fully- ventilated house, or placed against a
south or west wall. Secure the canes to prevent
their being damaged by the wind, and do not
allow them to suffer from want of water at the
roots.

September 23, 1905/

THE GARB ENER S ' CUR ONI CL E.

231

THE KITCHEN GARDEN".

By W, Fyke, Gardener to Lady Wantage, Lockinge
Park, Wantage.

Green Herlis. — To procure a supply of green
herbs during tbe winter cut the plants down
close to the ground as soon as the present growth
is ripened. Some time before the herbs are
required lift the plants from the beds, using a fork
for the purpose and without disturbing in 're of
the soil about the roots thm is nectssary; put
them closely together in a fiame or pit upon a
bed of leaves covered with fine leaf-soil. Place
2 inches of fine leaf-sod ahout the plants, and
water sufficiently to settle the soil amongst the
roots. Afford a mild bottom-heat, and abundance
of joung serviceable shoots will soon be produced.
Ventilation must be given in order to keep the
plants sturdy. Sorrel and Chives should be lifted
with a ball of soil and planted in earth of a stiff
character. Marjoram should be grown in pots in
a temperature with fire-heat of 45°, and must be
given abundance of air to prevent damping. More
difficulty is experienced with such tender herbs
as Sweet Bisil, which requires to be grown in a
forcing-pit or near to the glass in a Cucumber-
house. Sow the seeds on the surface of the
soil, and cover them with liyht shading until
germination takes place. Hardier herbs for
winter use, such as Chervil, should be sown in a
■warm, sheltered corner out-of-doors.

French Beans.— On the 12th, Kith, and 1 Ith
inst. we had sharp frosts which have blackened
French Beans and Vegetable-marrows. Beans
growing in pits heated with hot - water and
that are now coming into bearing will be in no
danger from frost, but if the heat is derived from
dung-linings the danger from damping is great;
consequently care must be exercised in affording
water. Beans in heated pits should be frequently
syringed forthe purpose of destroying red spider.
Sowings of this vegetable should be made at
intervals of three weeks.

Seakale. — Plants grown for the purpose of early
forcing will soon need lifting. Seakale naturally
sheds its leaves very late in the season, and
similar to all other plants forces best after a
period of rest; hut well-matured plants, even if
some of the leaves are present, if ptrtially lifted
some time previous tof orcing, wil 1 give good results.
A Mushroom-house or a cellar in which a tempera-
ture of G5° to 70° can be maintained will answer
admirably for forcing the plants, aud it must be
understood that total darkness is essential to
secure proper bleaching and tenderness in the
produce.

Olobe Artichokes. — All flower-stems should be
cut down clo.-e to the ground, the exhausted soil
about the roots removed, and replaced by 0 inches
of farmyard manure, covered with the same
depth of well-sifted coal-ashes. Liter in tbe
season protect the plants with similar material,
placing it in pyramidal form in and around the
plants.

THE FLOWER GARDEN".

By W. A. Mim.fr. Gardener to Lord Henry C.
Bentinck, M.P , UnderJey Hall, Westmoreland.

Bulbous and other Flowers — Crown Imperials
(Fritillaria impenalis) — These succeed best
planted in loamy soil in an open position. The
present is a suitable time for planting the bulbs,
which should be placed from -i to 0 inches deep,
and on their sides, in order to prevent water from
lodging in their centres. Varieties of tbe Snake's-
head Fritillary are excellent subjects for planting
in grass in moist, shady places. Alstroemerias
should be grown in quantity, as their flowers
travel well and remain in good condition for a
long period when cut. A sunny border having a
good depth of sandy soil suits them. Plant the
roots 9 inches deep, and afford the plants pro-
tection until they have become established.
Lilium eandidum requires a good depth of heavy
loam. When once the bull's have been planted
they should not be disturhed. Dust the bulbs
with flowers-ofsulphur before they are planted,
in order to prevent disease attacking them.
Englifh and Spanish Irises thrive well in
ordinary garden soil. The planting of these
should not be longer delayed. Dog's-tooth Violet
(Erythronium dens-canis) and the American
varieties are useful spring-flowering bulbs,

showing well on rockeries and when naturalised
in grass. Plant the roots 3 inches deep in a little
sand. Snowdrops, Scillas, Muscari, Ornitho-
galums, Chionodoxas, and Winter Aconites, should
be planted soon. Anemone fulgens does best in a
well-drained, rich, warm soil with a sunny and dry
aspect. A. apennina is also a desirable variety.
A. St. Brigid is an extra fine strain, having stiff
fliwering stems developed well above the foliage.
The arrangements for next year's planting should
be decided upon whilst the beds are full of bloom.
Herbaceous Borders will now be showing un-
sightly bare spots. These can be largely filled by
spreading out the shoots of such plants as Chrys-
anthemums, Helenium autumnale cupreum, and
the many beautiful herbaceous Asters. The
Japanese Anemones are useful border plants, as
they withstand the effects of heavy rains. A.
iaponica alba is difficult to surpass for all pur-
poses. Queen Charlotte is one of the finest of the
newer varieties ; it has large flowers of a soft
shade of pink colour, and is a robust grower.
Prince Heinrich has double flowers of a rich pink
colour. Japanese Anemones succeed best when
planted in rich soil of a light nature, with
which is incorporated plenty of leaf-mould. They
will grow in half-shady places, and may be
easily propagated by division of their roots.
Cuttings of Lavender and Rosemary about
li inches long should now be inserted in sandy
soil under handlights. Choose healthy shoots for
this purpose. Phygelius capensis is a very showy
autumn-flowering plant when grown in a warm
situation. If cuttings be inserted in a cold
frame at the present time they will furnish good
plants for next season.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W, H. Clarke, Gardener to Sir Wn i [AM Pi owuv.n,
Aston Rowant House, Oxon.

Apricots. — These, like the generality of trees
producing ston? - fruits, do not like severe
cutting of their branches, especially after the
trees have become denuded of leaves. Where
disbudding and pinching have been practised
during the summer, in accordance with the advice
given in these columns, there will be little re-
maining to be done, but the present is the time
to perform any necessary pruning. Apricots
bear principally on spurs, whose formation
em be largely induced by the cultivator.
Oa trees who.-e young growths have been
pinched back to four or five leaves, and
the subsequent growths pinched again to
two or three leaves, several small shoots will
have been formed. These various axillary
growths should be shortened back to the third or
fourth leaf made at the first growth, or in cases
where there is a cluster of eyes, to the third or
fourth bud. From these spurs which have been
so formed the fruit crop will be developed next
season. Shortening these spurs at the present
time induces the buds to become strong, plump,
and well ripened, and capable of producing strong,
healthy blossom. The extension shoots, and
those required for replacing those which have
become barren or which have died, should be cut
back to the length required. If short, close-
jointed shoots have been developed, severe cutting
will not be necessary; but too great a length of
vigorous shoots must not be left, otherwise
fruiting spurs only will form towards the end of
the branches, leaving two-thirds of the shoot
barren as long as the branch remains. Clean
cuts heal quickly at the present time, and
gumming is seldom occasioned by them. All
shoots should as far as possible be nailed close to
the wall so as to fully ripen and harden the young
growths.

Peaches and Nectarines. — Mid-season varieties
are now ripening fast ; in fact, many trees are
already cleared of fruit, and the latest varieties
will soon be ready for gathering. Fruits when
in a condition for gathering will part easily from
the shoots, and if placed on cotton-wadding over-
lying a sheet of glass, or on the shelves of a cool
fruit-room, will keep for some days. Peaches and
Nectarines are of superior flavour when gathered
in this way, and should not be allowed to drop
into nets improvised for catching them. All
trees as they are cleared of fruits should have
their surplus shoots removed, and growth of the

present season regulated, and exposed to all the
sunshine possible.

Red Spider, S(c. — Trees infested with red spider
should be treated with a suitable insecticide, for
at this season the pest can be easily eradicated.
A strong aud powerful application of the insecti-
cide can be applied at the present time. I have
used the following mixture with success. Place
in a -t-gallon can one handful of flowers-ofsulphur
and 2 oz. of soft-soap to each gallon of water ; fill
up the can with warm water, and mix the whole
thoroughly together. Every particle of foliage
and wood should be wetted, likewise the wall and
the crevices, wherein many insects hibernate.
After allowing this to remain on the foliage for
three days an occasional syringing with clear
water will benefit the trees.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bullock, Gardener to E. J. Wythes, Esq.,
Cupped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Zonal Pelargoniums. — Plants that have been
grown as advised in a previous Calendar should
now be transferred to suitable quarters for the
perfection of their flowers. Choose a light, well-
ventilated structure and place the plants as near
to the glass as is possible, allowing sufficient room
between them to permit a free circulation of
air. During cold nights a little fire-heat should
be given for the purpose of preventing "damping"
in the plants. A teaspoonful of guano to a
gallon of water forms an excellent stimulant, and
should be given each time the plants require
water.

Leonotus leonur»s is a suitable subject for
furnishing a cool conservatory. It is easily in-
creased, and a succession of flowers may be main-
tained by propagating at intervals. Plants that
have passed out of flower should be cut back,
placed in a warm house, and syringed frequently.
Young growths quickly develop, and when these
are of a suitable length they should be inserted
five or six in a pot and plunged in a mild bottom-
heat. When rooted, pot them off singly into
small pots and place them near the light in a
warm house.

Primula kewensis. — Plants that are well rooted
should be afforded light and air in order to ripen
them. On very bright days only should a light
shading be given, gradually dispensing with it
entirely. Plants intended for flowering in
January should not be allowed to develop blooms
until required.

Chrysanthemums. — Plants with prominent
flower-buds should be placed under glass to avoid
damage from rains or heavy dews.

Roman Hyacinths, Early Narcissus, $i\— Re-
move to a cold frame and shade for a tew days
those that have started into growth.

Tuberous-rooting Begonias. — As these pass out
of flower stand them in a cold frame or in a cool-
house, in order to thoroughly ripen their growth
and thus ensure the tubers remaining in a sound
condition whilst in a dormant state. Water at
the roots should be given sparingly, and as the
foliage dies off moisture must be withheld
entirely. Tbe pots containing the tubers should
be turned on tbeir sides beneath the staging in a
house where the temperature is not allowed to
fall below 40°.

Lobelia tenuior. — Another sowing should now
be made for a successional batch, and the seed-
lings treated in the same manner as advised in a
previous Calendar.

Mignonette —Afford these plants a position as
near to the light as possiole, and allow free circu-
lation of air to pass between them. Afford suit-
able support to the plants, using thin stakes for
the purpose.

SAL1CORNIA HERBACEA. — In the Calais
market recently we met with this vegetable for
sale. It was formerly used like samphire for
pickling in this country, but we have not seen it
so utilised for many years. Samphire, by the way,
still grows in some abundance on or close to
Shakespeare's Cliff, Dover, and in such circum-
stances that it is not likely to be extirpated.

232

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 23, 1905.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Letter! for Publication, as well as specimens and plants
for naming, should be addressed to the EDITOR,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London.

Ocmmunications should be wbitten on one bide only of
thb papeb, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The Editor does net
undertake to pay for any contributions or illustrations, or
to return unused communications or illustrations, unless by
special arrangement. The Editor does not hold himself re*
sponsible for any opinions expressed by his correspondents.

Illustrations. — The Editor will be glad to receive and to select
photographs or drawings, suitable for reproduction, of
gardens, or of remarkable plant it, flowers, trees, dec. ; but he
cannot be responsible for loss or injury.

Newspapers. — Correspondents sending newspapers should be
careful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

/Roval Horticultural Society's
Committees meet: National

I Rose Society's Autumn Show
TUESDAY, Sept. 26 -' (i days) : and National Dahlia
Society's Committee meet in
Royal Horticultural Hall,
Vincent Square, Westminster.

FRIDAY,

Sept. 29 -Michaelmas, Quarter Day.

BALES FOR THE WEEK.

MONDAY TO FRIDAY NEXT-

Dutch Bulbs, at 67 <fc f8. Chcapside, E.C., by
Protneroe & Mirris. at 10.30.

MOND\Yai.d WEDNESDAY NEXT—

Sale of Dutch Bulbs, at Stevens's Rooms, King
street Covent Ua.rdeu.

WEDNESDAY NEXT—

81,000 Fruit Trees. 5.(00 Roses, Ornamental Trees
and Mhrubs, &c. ar TneNursery. Downham, Norfolk,
by order of Messrs. Bird, 'Vallance <Si Co.. by
Protheroe & Morris, at 11.— Lilium Harrisii from
B'iriiiiida, al-o L. candidum. Narcissus. &c, at 3 ;
Oruamental and Decorative Palms and Plants, at fi.
at 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C., by Protheroe &
Morris.

FRIUlY NEXT-

Imported and Established Orchids from various
sources, at la. 10 o'clock, at 67 and 68, Cheapside,
E.C , by Protheroe & Morris.
(For further particulars see our Advertisement columns.)

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
— 55'5'.
Actual Temperatures :—

London.— Wednesday, Sept. 20 (6 p.m.): Max. 62";
Min. 49°.
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, London. — Thursday. Sept. 21
(10 a.m.): Bar., 30 :<; Temp., E9". Weather-
Bright sunshine.
Provinces.— Wednesday. Sept. 20 (6 P.M.) : Max. 60",
S.W. Coast of England ; Min. 51°, North
Ireland.

Manures for
Roses.

At the recent Rose Congress
in Paris M. Georges Truf-
fatjt spoke of the exper-
iments which had been made with reference
to the use of artificial manures in Rose-
culture.

A special Committee had been organised
at a previous meeting to enquire into the
question of manuring Roses, and to ascer-
tain what are the fertilising substances most
beneficial to them. M. Cochet, the well-
known rosarian, made some investigations
into the chemical composition of the Rose
Madame Ulrich Brunner. M. Hubert and
M. Trui fait also analysed plants of the
same variety, supplied by M. Cochet, and
arrived at almost identical results.

Roses, according to these experiments, are
not very exacting as regards the nature of
their food. A plot containing 40,000 Roses
to the hectare (about 2| acres) yielded about
6,000 kilos, (nearly 55 tons) of branches and
leaves, and these contained nitrogen 46 kilos.
(92 lb.), potash 19 kilos. (3s lb.), phosphoric
acid 15 kilos. (30 lb.), lime 51 kilos. (102 lb.),
and magnesia 31 kilos. (62 lb.). It may be
seen from this that Roses require a large

amount of nitrogeD, which is the most
important constituent in their food. A new
and unexpected result to be noted is the
importance of magnesia as a constituent of
the food of Roses. Magnesia, indeed, seems
to some extent to replace potash, and
experiments have further confirmed this
idea.

Speaking broadly, it is found that nitro-
genous manures mixed with the soil, even
when slowtodecompose,yield results that are
only slightly favourable. Roses apparently
prefer the application of liquid manure to
the use of solid food, the latter being slow in
undergoing nitrification. Thus the applica-
tion of manure in composts containing 30
per cent, of dried blood and 51 per cent, of
burnt horn has sometimes given unsatis-
factory results.

According toM. Cochet's experiments, the
Roses grown in a soil mixed with a double
supply of ': complete manure "' did the worst,
and those grown with potash only also
yielded bad results. Toe plants grown
without nitrogen did fairly well in soil, but
very indifferently in sand. Therefore, accord-
ing to M. Cochet's experiments, the use of
fertilisers containing nitrogen and phos-
phoric acid were the most satisfactory, and
those that contained potash only were the
least so.

The work of the experimenters brings out
the fact, as the result of five series of experi-
ments in as many districts and in soils of
various quality, that Roses are plants especi-
ally requiring nitrates; even three times
more nitrates than phosphates. Potash
alone seems of but little use and may even
be injurious, while magnesia seems to serve
as a substitute for potash as a food for
Roses. '• We think,' continues M. Tkuffaut,
"that this fact is established for the first
time. Magnesia and manganese appear to
play an important part which we must try-
to elucidate by continuing our experiments.
Meanwhile it is as well to bring this fact
to the notice of rosarians, as it is the more
remarkable because potash has hitherto
been generally considered as of paramount
importance in the cultivation of Roses."

Royal Horticultural Society.— The next
meeting of the Committees -will take place on
Tuesday, September 26. In conjunction with
this meeting will be held the Autumn Rose Show
of the National Rose Society, the latter display
extending over the following day. The Com-
mittee of the National Dahlia Society will also
meet in the Royal Horticultural Hall on the 20th
inst., to grant Certificates to seedling Dahlias.

A Revision of the Genus Cereus.— Mr.

Alwin Berger is employed by Sir Thomas Han-
bury in his famous garden at La Mortola to look
after the botany of the collections, and he has
seized the opportunity presented by the large
number of Cacti cultivated there to study the
characters of some of them. With the assistance
of Dr. VV. Trelease he has just published, in the
Sixteenth Annual Report of the Missouri Botanical
Garden (May, 1905), some interesting notes on
the genus Cereus, which he wishes to be con-
sidered as an attempt only to group the various
species under sub genera, in the hope that it will
draw the attention of other botanists to an inte-
resting and difficult order of plants, t'je forms
of which are very numerous, wh Is; the charac-
ters relied upon by some botanists who have
studied them are decidedly open to question.
Attention is being specially devoted to the plants

of this order by Mr. N. E. Brown, who has
in the large collection cultivated at Kew excep-
tional facilities for studying them. Many of the
so-called species have been made by horticul-
turists, who have given new names to plants un-
known to them perhaps, but which had already been
named by botanists. The difficulty of preserving
Cacti in herbaria adds to the labour of the bota-
nist who undertakes their study. However, good
work of this kind is being done by the botanists
of the United States, and we are indebted to the
Germans Forster and Schumann for exhaustive
monographs of the order. Mr. Berger has not
attempted more than to group the various species
(there are over 200 of them !) according to certain
characters which he sets forth. He may be inte-
rested to know that Cereus giganteus has flowered
several times recently at Kew ; that C. trian-
gularis fruits there, and that the big Cereus in
the gardens at Monte Carlo, represented in his
Plate V., is no doubt what is grown at Kew as
C. peruvianus. We note that he follows
Schumann in preferring the name speciosus for
the plant generally known as C. speciosissimus,
and that he has removed Pilocereus senilis from
the other species of that name, placing it in
Pfeiffet's Cephalocereus along with C. columna
Trajani, &c. He follows Bentham and Hooker
in including under Cereus the Echinocereus,
Echinopsis, Pilocereus and Leptocereus. C.
Wittii, a Brazilian epiphytic species with
climbing flat stems and large flowers, he con-
siders " a beautiful connecting-link with Phyllo-
cactus." We have always looked upon . C.
speciosus (speciosissimus) as affording this link.
This plant has, as Berger notes, had a share in
the origin of many of the much admired garden
forms of Phyllocactus. W. W.

Autumn Strawberries. — Messrs. W.
Paul & Son, Waltham Cross Nurseries, Herts,
sent us (September 19) a box containing excel-
lent fruits of three varieties of autumn-fruiting
Strawberries. One of these is the well-known
variety St. Joseph ; another is La Constante
Feconde, similar in form and size to the fruits of
St. Joseph, tut having less prominent seeds.
The best variety of the three, however, is one
named Oregon, having much larger fruits,
which are more or less wedge - shaped.
As showing the size of these fruits, it may be
useful to state that six of them together weighed
just under 3 oz , and several exceeded half-an-
ounce each. la flavour they are very agreeable,
and may be fairly described as among the beat
fruits of this type of Strawberry we have seen.
Messrs. Paul state that all of the fruits were
gathered from plants grown under the ordinary
conditions of field cultivation.

United Horticultural Benefit and
Provident S0Ciet», — We are ioformed that the
annua! dinner will be held at the Holborn
Restaurant (Royal Venetian Chamber), High
Holborn, on Tuesday, October 10, 1905, atG 30p m.
William Marshall, Esq., the first President
of the Society, has consented to take the
chair on this occasion. It is hoped that all
members and friends of the Society who can
possibly attend will endeavour to do so. Tickets
may be had of the Secretary, W. Collins,
9, M&rtindale Road, Balaam, S.W.

Brussels Botan'C Garden. — A very

striking feature in the Bjtanic Garden, Brussels,
is a clump of Bamboos which may be well seen
from the adjoining boulevard. The plants are
some 14 or 15 feet high, and the stems, especially
in the case of Phyllostachys sulphurea, are of a
golden-yellow colour. Less highly coloured are
P. pubescens and Batnbusa rnitis. Of late years
a great deal has been done in these gardens to
illustrate the "adaptations" of plants to their
environment. The " siries ttholopques," both in

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September 23, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

233

and out-of-doors, serve to show not only the vary-
ing morphological features of plants, but also the
''reason why." A well-devised system of labelling
renders these collections very instructive. They
are well adapted to stir the imagination and pro-
mote the intelligence of the "sight-seer." A
well-arranged Wood Museum has been opened
since our last visit, and will prove very useful to
the students of forestry and of the diseases and
injuries of trees. A bust of the late Director,
M. Crepin, has been placed in the herbarium. It
is a successful likeness, and represents the
pleasant smile with which he greeted his
friends.

Farm and Garden Produce by Rail. —
The reader has long been conversant with the
disputes between cultivators and carriers, both
•complaining of the treatment meted to them by
the other. The Board of Agriculture and
fisheries appears to be well adapted to act as
a go-between in any case of dispute, and
having already done good service, holds forth
a promise to do more whenever required. Much
misapprehension on the part of cultivators has,
we are assured, been dispelled, and railway
■companies are also invited to seek the aid of the
•Government department in Whitehall. Aggre-
gation of produce required to be conveyed is
.asked from their clients by carriers, in fact,

■ co-operation in seeking to reach a market.
Organisation on the part of the cultivators —
farmers, market gardeners, fruit-growers, and
•others — might soon be made to make things
work smoothly. Chambers of Agriculture or
local societies can easily approach traffic managers
through the medium of the Board of Agricul-
ture, who now propose to organise conferences,
local or otherwise, to settle disputes, attended by
.a Government representative. Mr. T. H Elliott
the Secretary of the Department, has just issued
a circular in terms covering all this, and we are
certain that much good will follow the general
acceptance of the proposal. For years the
Gardeners' Chronicle gave publicity to the work

■ done by the Great Eastern Railway Company
in its endeavours to familiarise the subject with
the cultivator— the half-yearly returns of the
parcels carried by the railway company proved
how much could be done in this direction.

Cypripedium Fairrieanum.— The 170 nice
healthy little plants of this charming Cypripe-
dium catalogued in Messrs. Protherok it
Morris's sale on Friday, September 13, brought
together a gooily company of orchidists bent on
business, with the result that by fair competition,
without reserve, the whole realised about £530.
Three guineas seemed to be the general price for
fair specimens, though some were sold for as low
a price as 30s , while in the case of a few extra
plants, or plants in bud, 5, 7, 13, and 14 guineas
were paid for a plant, and in one instance
21 guineas was realised.

Acer Eriocarpum.— This Maple, known as
Sir Charles Wager's Maple, is not used as a
town tree so often as its merits demand. It does
well as a change from the universal Plane. We
have long been familiar with it as a town tree,
and were pleased to see it in use largely in the
magnificent new streets with which Antwerp has
been endowed. In the Zoological Garden of that
■city, moreover, is a specimen of a variety of this
tree with very graceful, pendulous branches. Its
elegantly cut foliage is silvery-grey on the under
surface. Lovers of trees should take note of this
variety.

Horticulture in Manitoba. — From the
recently - issued annual report of the progress of
things agricultural and otherwise in Manitoba,
we get the information that the Western Horti-
cultural Society is proving a success and a boon
to the cultivators of the soil in that far off land

of promise, where there are still 25,000,000 acres
of arable land unappropriated — this out of a total
of 30,000,000! The Society noted is in great
demand for the supply of information on all
matters relating to horticultural garden plants
and flowers and fruits suited to the climate.
This information is ungrudgingly supplied, as
also are such seeds and plants as can be raised
at headquarters, where we are told that nearly
300 plants of the Carolina Easpberry were sent
out in the past twelvemonths, as also were scores
of the perennial Phlox and of Rosa rugosa.

Oversea Supplies: August. — We have of
late become so used to what is known a-<
" breaking the record," as scircely to be prepared
for the record of a still more astonishing trade
feat such as that recorded in " The Trade and
Navigation Returns " for the month of August,
from whose pages we gather that the valuj
of the imports for that peiiod is placed at
some £4G,8G2,99I, the figures for the same term
last year being £42,439 913 Thus, the differerci
or gain is £4,423,048. We look, of course, for
a corresponding increase in the matter of
exports, nor are we disappointed. The value
of last month's export of British and Irish
produce is placed at £29 517,836, against
£2(>,359,880 for the same period in 1904, or a
gain of £3,157,930. The value of the foreign and
colonial produce exported is £6,427,636. There
is but one Agricultural subject recorded in the
Returns — that relating to the import of fresh
flowers ; this for last month was £1,423, against
£l,52b° for the corresponding term in 1901 — a loss
of £ ID'S. We connect this item with the endeav-
our now being made in Kerry to place Iiish-
grown spring flowers on the market before those
from the Cnannel Islands, Scilly Isles, and the
South of France. This is now being dune to a
limited extent, but properly fostered the trade may
even enable us to forestall the French productions
in the Paris matket. The influence of the Gulf
Stream and the effect of the proximity of the
Atlantic on vegetation in Kerry is very marked.
The summary stitement respecting the import of
fruits and vegetables follows: —

Imports— Aucusr. , 1904.

I

Fruits, raw— S.

Apples 55,734

Apiicots and Peaches 2,2.9

Cherries 8,191

Currants 7,9 8

Gooseberries i 131

Grapes 131.829

Pears 223,5.0

Plums 253,314

Strawberries 2J1

1905. Difference.

£

4. ',726

5,402

2,410

5.87U

26

112.312

154,542

315,545

17

Vegetables, raw —

Onions bush. 72,874 78 990

PotatOS CWt. 57.063 ' 27,044

TomatOS 167.827 148.558

Gross total, including
varieties of
and vegetables
enumerated iu this
Table ..

udiDg)

fruit-

s not > 1,312 845

1,333,887

£

— 12.998

+3,173

—5,781

-2.1. ".J

-lio

—19 517

, - bj8

+63 231
—104

+6 11H
—30,019
—19.239

—8,958

Albanian Onions. — A good crop is reported
by Messrs. Weichsel A Co , of Magdeburg, as
regards quantity, but the Onions are generally
only of small or middle size. Therefore the large
expoit Onions will probably be scarce, and rather
high prices are expected for this type. The
quality is satisfactory. The Dutch crop is said
to be similar to ours, whilst in Spain the crop is
not so good as last year.

MRS. C. T. Druery. — We hear with much
regret of the death, on the 19th inst., of Mrs.
Druery, wife of our valued correspondent,
Mr. Charles T. Druery, of Shaa Road, Acton.

11 ART WELL PARK, BUCKS.

[See Supplementary Illustration.]

Hartwell Park, the seat, of Col. E. D. Lee, is
situate! in the centre of the Vale of Aylesbury, two
miles from the county town of Bucks. The mansion
is an ancient stone structure in the Tudor style
with oriel and mullioned windows, with enlarge-
ments of a later period. Owing to the absence of
creepers it presents a somewhat severe ap-
pearance which detracts from its picturesqueness
although its setting is exceedingly beautiful.
The house has many interesting historical associa-
tions, being celebrated as the residence of King
Liuis XV III. of France during the greater part
of his sojourn in England at the time of the
great French Revolution, after the execution of his
nrother Louis XVI , and the death of his nephew
Louis X VII. in prison, and the rise of the First
Empire. The consort of the exiled French King
also died here. Dr. Lee, well known during the
earlier and middle portions of the nineteenth
century for his scientific attainments, also lived at
Hartwell House, indications of his work being
visible everywhere in gardens and park. The
demesne is enclosed for some two miles on the
high road from Aylesbury to Thame by a
wall built of stone quirried on the estate, and
in the portion constructed by Dr. Lee are
embedded some remarkable fossils, thus forming
a museum of considerable geological interest.

The entrance to the park is guarded by hand-
some iron gates, and a wide roadway with a fine
avenue of trees with broad grass verges conducts
to the mansion. The park is some 130 acres in
extent, and, like other old English woodland, is
rem ukaMe for its sense of harmony and repose.
During the long course of years everything
nn-uitable hs>s been eliminated either by Nature
or by the hand of man, so that what remains is
an apt example of the survival of the fittest and
of the persistence of the best. Very beautiful
alleys are formed by the trees, at the ends of
which are to be found in splendid environment
classical statues, columns, and ruined Gothic
arches. The trees in the park consist of those
usually found in the Midlands in similar situa-
tions, and many of which may be regarded as
specimens — Beech (for which Buckinghamshire
is famous), Hombeam. Spanish Chestnut, Horse
Chestnut, Walnuts, Thorns (white and red),
Laburnums, Oak, Pin us in several species,
Abies in variety, Sycamore, Elm, Ash, Liquid-
ambar, Cedar, &e. Under the trees flourish and
bloom in their season Snowdrops, Crocuses, and
Violets in sheets, together with Winter Aconite,
Wild Hyacinths, Anemones, &e. In the park is
a splendid old - world pleasaunce called tie
" Shepherd's Bower," a rustic summer-house
situated in romantic and harmonious surround-
ings, near which are some of the finest specimen
trees in the park. I put a tape round two good
specimens of Cedrus Libani, and found they
measured respectively 5 feet from the ground

12 feet 9 inches and 12 feet 8 inches in circum-
ference, and one especially had a splendid head,
la the summer-house was a quaint inscription of
three verses, the last of which I quote —

" Then say why seek the lofty tower,

From scenes like these shall courts detain ?
Peace loves to haunt the rural plain.
And pleasure wonnes in Shepherd's Bower " —

of which it may be observed that if the poetry is
indifferent the sentiment is beyond reproach.

On leaving the park I was shown the fruit-
houses, which are suven in number, occupying a
lange over 300 feet long. The first contained a
splendid crop of Tomatos ; the fruits hung in
ropes ; very few of the blooms could have failed
to set, and although the quantity was great, the
size of the fruits was uniformly large — many
above average. One fruit examined turned the
scale at 14 ounces, and was 13 inches in circum-

234

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Sbptembek 2:>, 1903.

ference. The variety was Sutton's Perfection.
Other houses were devoted to Peaches and
Nectarines, which, I was informed, had borne
enormous quantities of fruit, the varieties grown
being — of Peaches, Barringtnn, Dymond, Dr.
Hogg, Grosse Mignonne, Violette B;Uive, Hale's
Early ; and of Nectarines, Lord Napier, Humboldt,
Darwin, Dryden, Elruge, Victoria, and Eivers'
Early Orange.

The Grapes looked well and were in thoroughly
healthy condition. In a late vinery good bunches
were developing of the varieties Black Alicante,
Lady Downe's Seedling, Gros Colmar (does not do
very well at Hartwell), and Syrian. In another
house were young plants of Muscat of Alexandria,
Black Champion, and Madresfield Court, which
were growing vigorously, having made 22 feet of
growth this season. The seventh house contained
the Vines which form the subject of our Supple-
mentary Illustration. The house is 50 feet long,
the length of rafters being 18 feet. The varieties
are Foster's Seedling and Black Hamburgh.

In one of the houses was a remarkably good
specimen of Cestrum (Habrothamnus) elegans,
which was furnishing a quantity of bloom, that
is used for decorative purposes. In the Cu-
cumber - house were some good plants of the
variety Telegraph ; while the Melons were well
netted and were furnishing a good crop, the
principal varieties being Sutton's Best of All and
Hero of Lockinge.

Hartwell does not possess a conservatory, but
two large greenhouses aie employed to produce
plants and flowers for decorative purposes.
They contain good plants of the tenderer Roses,
Lilies, Palms, Caladiums, Celosias, Fuchsias,
Pelargoniums. Araucarias, and a splendid
collection of Begonias and Gloxinias of Sutton's
superb strains. I also noticed some pretty little
Palms raised by the gardener from Date seeds,
which he will find useful for decoration later in
the season. The trees in the outside fruit garden
looked well, but were carrying very meagre crops.
The disastrous frost late in May proved terribly
destructive, which is rather surprising, consider-
ing the position of the trees, sheltered by the
park on the one side, and by a magnificent Tew
hedge on the other. Fruit is grown on trees
trained in the standard, espalier, cordon, and
bush forms, mostly the last-named. Of Apples,
among many others were the following varieties:
Cox's Orange Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Blenheim
Orange Pippin, Irish Peach, Quarrenden, Beauty
of Kent, and Small's Admirable, which I was
told bears on alternate years immense crops of
splendid fruits. Of Cherries there were the varie-
ties Morello, May Duke, and Napoleon ; while of
Pears were Williams's Bon Chretien, Louise Bonne
of Jersey, Knight's Monarch, Winter Nelis, Marie
Louise ; and of Plums, Victoria, Transparent
Gage, Pond's Seedling, Goliath, Kirke's Blue,
Ac. I was informed there had heen a good crop
of Gooseberries and Currants, the B ack Currants
having been entirely free from the destructive
Bud-mite, though the pest has appeared in the
neighbourhood. Tbe Strawberry crop was almost
a failure. Fig Lee's Perpetual is producing a
fine crop in a congenial situation. Here were to
be seen hundreds of Chrysanthemums of the best
varieties growing strongly in pots, promising
good blooms for exhibition and for decorative
purposes.

In the kitchen garden, three acres in extent, the
crops were looking as well as could be expected
this dry season. Asparagus has proved satisfac
tory, while Peas have done and are doing well.
The following are the varieties principally grown :
William Hurst, Sutton's May Queen, Duke of
Albany, Autocrat, Champion of England, Daisy,
and Duke of York.

As the park is severed by a public road, the
two parts are connected by a tunnel, which is
rendered interesting owing to the fact that

fragments of the corbels, cornices, and capitals
of the old dismantled church were used in its
construction, and it is closed at one end by the
old oaken church door. On passing through this
archway one reaches the grounds immediately
contiguous to the mansion and the mansion
itself.

From the frontof the house a magnificent pano-
rama extends. Tothe leftisthe church, separated
from the lawn by a slight iron fence only,
while to the right lies a magnificent lake,
crowded with water - fowl (it would form an
admirable site for choice Nymphieas), the upper
and narrow arm of which is crossed by a pictur-
esque bridge, the span of which is composed of
one of the arches of the Kew Bridge recently
taken down, while immediately in front are two
noble avenues of Oak, Walnut, Elm, &c, beyond
which the horizon is bounded by the distant hills
forming the south-western boundary of the Vale
of Aylesbury — a scene exquisitely beautiful and
typically English.

The windows of the other side of the house
look over a spacious lawn, flower-garden, and
park. On the lawn are planted good specimens
of Sequoia [Wellingtonia] gigantea, Crypto-
rneria elegans, a fine clump of Ruscus, with
other interesting subjects ; also were placed
Oranges in tubs, very floriferous, and bearing
good fruits ; with a collection of Japanese
pigmy-trees, including, among others, miniature
Cedars, Larch, Bambusa, Oak, and Cerasus, the
last-named of which, I was informed, had flowered
during the spring.

In the flower garden the formal bedding system
has been superseded by the employment almost
entirely of a choice collection of herbaceous
perennials. It would be difficult to discover a
better collection, the result being a constant
supply of flowering subjects all the year round.
At the time of my visit there were in bloom mag-
nificent clumps of Tritoma, Phloxes, and Delphi-
niums, in splendid variety ; Asters, Nicotiana
Sandera\ Helianthus, and many others too
numerous to mention. Although much may be
said in favour of this system of bedding it has
the disadvantage of appearing somewhat untidy
as the various plants discontinue flowering and
die down. There wa3 also a good collection of
Boses, grown in bush and standard forms, also on
pillars and arches, many trees of which were
still bearing good flowers. Among a great number
I noticed Mrs. John Laing, Charles Lefebvre,
Ulrich Brunner, Caroline Testout, Marquise
Litta. Augustine Guinoisseau, Ben Cant, Duke of
Edinburgh, General Jacqueminot, Devoniensis,
Alfred Colomb, Crimson Rambler, Pink Rambler,
and many others.

I must not forget to mention two interesting
rockeries, one constructed many years ago by the
present head gardener, in which are planted a good
collection of alpine plants and other rock-loving
species, including specimens of Hyperi mm,
Aralia, Gentian, Potentilla Tormentilla, Daphne,
variegated Strawberry, Osmunda regalis, Scolo-
pendriums, Lastreas, Polystichums, Sedums in
variety, &c. The second rockery was designed by
and erected under the superintendence of Mrs.
Lee, and is a monument to her taste and skill.
There is also a snail pond in which is cultivated
a collection of Nympbieas and other water-plants.

The gardens and lawns, which occupy an area
of some 10 acres, have been under the care of Mr.
Robins for thirty-two years, and are a testimony
to his cultural ability. He is well known to the
horticultural world, though he does not exhibit
so much as formerly ; he is secretary to the
Stone and District Horticultural Society, and
Chairman of the Vale of Aylesbury Chrysanthe-
mum Society, being esteemed by all who know him.
His portrait is shown in the Vinery in the Supple-
mentary Illustration, which is from a photograph
by Mr. A. T. Burr, of Aylesbury. R. T. H.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editor does ""t hold himself responsible Jor the
opinions expressed b>i his Correspondents.)
JUDGING. — In respect to '• Exhibitor's "note on
p. 201, 1 should like to say aword aboutthe judging
of groups of plants and flowers for effect Accord-
ing to my experience, there is more difference of
opinion with regard to this class of exhibits than,
there is in any of the others. How seldom, when
competition is keen, would a second pair of judges
if called in give the same awards r* To properly
stage a group of plants for effect is one of the
most difficult things to do in a competition, and
if the exhibitor does not know something of the
judge's taste in this respect, or the arrangement
he favours best, he is severely handicapped. My
idea of a well-arranged group of plants is one
disposed well from the background to the front,
the whole set well up, possessing lightness, and
affording pleasure to the eye. In addition, it
should not be glaring in effect, nor allow dead
flowers, sticks, or pots to be exposed. Of course,,
if one exhibitor has a nice lot of Orchids and
another exhibitor is without any, the former is-
bound to win if his arrangement possesses any
merit at all. But if other things be equal, the
honours should be given to the one that shows the
best completed group, if tastefully arranged. It
has often occurred to me, Are gardeners always-
the best judges in this class? They may be
excellent critics in the classes for vegetables.,
fruit, and specimen plants, but when it comes to
groups for effect their decisions do not always-
give general satisfaction. H. C, September 11.

half-point judging. — Having been a grower
and exhibitor of horticultural produce for many
years, and a constant reader of the Gardeners'
Chronicle, I should like to state that I fully agree
with point judging (but not with the use of half-
points) At the Edinburgh International Showlast
week I noticed that a fine exhibit of eight bunches
of Grapes was awarded a third prize, being only
1 point behind the second prize exhibit. The
maximum number of points allowed for the whole
was 70. Under such rules I consider | points-
totally unnecessary, and too much like hair-
splitting. T. Lockie, Scnr., Diddington Hal?
Gardens.

PORTULACAS — Those who possess plants of
PortiUacas, and desire to save seeds, should take
up the plants before frost ensues and place them'
on a sunny shelf in a greenhouse or vinery, or in,
a window, to ripen their seeds, which they will
do in ahout one month, whereas left on the plants
the seeds would be destroyed, together with the
plants. For planting as edgings to beds of suc-
culents, or in situations that are too warm and
dry for the generality of flowering plants, they
are particularly appropriate and useful. As
edgings it is best to employ them in bands of
three or four lines, the effect being superior to-
that afforded by one or two lines only. F. M.

THE GEKMINATION OF SEEDS.— It is, I think,.
an open question whether the absence of any sign of"
life above ground is attributable to non-germina-
tion or not, for, as Professor Henslow remarked on,
p. 180, it is probable that certain seeds germinate
underground. Let me give an instance bearing
upon this interesting if disappointing phase
of the subject. In the third week of June last I
sowed a pint of Peas, apparently of excellent
quality, in a position where only a score of plants-
had appeared from a similar quantity sown earlier.
The score or so of plants were lifted carefully and
replanted at one end of the row. A trench of
soil, the latter 2 feet deep, had been originally
prepared and well manured, so that at the last
sowing the soil was merely forked up, a foot-wide
shallow trench opened and the Peas sown. The
soil is very light overlying gravel and sand.
The seed was sown from the bag and was not
hastened by soaking in water, as is often done,
and I think, with indifferent results when late
sowings are made. The sowing was completed in
the early afternoon, and a heavy thunderstorm —
quite a deluge for the time — was experienced
during the evening of the same day. The row of
Peas in the slightly sunken trench received more of
tha rainfall than would have been the case
otherwise, and I imagined the Peas had been
thereby favoured. Within twenty-four hoursv

September 23, rjOo.i

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

235

however, a mole, or perhaps two, had undermined
a good portion of the ow, working it in a direct
line, and consequently a large nuuioer of the
Peas were lifted out. To my surprise, however,
every Pea ha 1 gei-uiinated, the radicle varying
from half an inch to threj-qunrters of an inch in
length. In carefully replacing the Peas, which I
laid in sideways, to avoid iujury to the radicle,
I noticed the ground was more like a hotbed, and
the dty following the storm was very hot, and
sultry. I probibly replanted of the disturbed Peas
.not fewer than 100, and I concluded somewhat
naturally, perhaps, that the outlook was favour-
able for a late dish of Peas ; to my surprise,
however, about a score of plants was the sum-total
in the entire row, and the produce of a pint of
seeds. Examining the row later, I found great
numbers of seeds quite rotten, and had it not been
for the interferen ce of the mole I should of course
have concluded that the seed was bad. My present
•conclusions, with the evidence at my disposal, are
that the heavy ram and subsequent heat, pro-
•ducing conditions almost of a tropical nature,
favoured an altogether too rapid germination,
which proved fatal to growth or existence
•afterwards. I have known instances of failure
through wet and cold in spring, and it is
quite clear to my mind now that an equal
amount of danger exists to vegetable life
in those instances where the extreme opposite
conditions prevail. As the failure now recorded
is but one of two lots both planted in June, the
first failure may have been due to the same
■cause. In the first instance I only saw the
rotting Peas in the soil. Another year I hope
to put this matter to the test, by covering and
shading one portion of a row, while exposing to
heat and watering, in the absence of rain, the
other portion. Professor Henslow further
remarked that it has always been " a puzzle why
so few seeds germinate from the myriads which
-are annually shed in a garden." Is it not
probable that birds and mice would each carry
away a large quantity? In the case of other
seeds, and those which do not as a rule germinate
before the ensuing spring more particularly,
would it not be reasonable to suppose that their
vegetative properties were impaired by exposure
in winter ? Seeds of Laburnums are often found
to have germinated in the pods, but I have no
.personal knowledge that it is usual for them to
do so. E. U. Jenkins, Hampton Hill.

POTATO EXPERIMENTS.— Some very interest-
ing experiments made by Messrs. Sutton & Sons
last year at Reading with their late Potato
Discovery, have led to others of a similar nature
being conducted this year. Thus it will be
remembered that with a view to test tin- results
of planting rooted and potted shoots taken from
tubers sprouted in warmth of the first, second,
third and fourth growths, with also eyes and
whole sets, several hundreds of plants were
grown. This year the trial is a smaller one.
First come a breadth grown from tubers not
sprouted, grown on plants of last year also not
sprouted. These all have very vigorous habit
with no blanks. Then comes a breadth of first
sprouts this year, taken from tubers that were from
first sprouts last year. Toere are a few failures,
but growth generally is good, jNext come second
sprouts from tubers of second sprouts produced
last year. Growth is rather less srrong and there
•are more failures. Then come third sprouts from
the third sprout-produced tubers of last year,
and oddly enough of these there is hara'ly a
failure, and growth is excellent. There were
also fourth sprouts from the same tubers, not
.potted, but with some roots attached dibbled
•direct into the gio md, and also cuttings from
topsroo'e', then planied out. Both have made
very fair growth. Ejes from tubers produced
from eyes only last year, and planted direct,
gave, as might be expected, poor growth. Also
there were whole sets liom which three sets of
sprouts had been removed, yet these produced very
.good growth, but similar sets cut in halves have
poor growih. Generally, it may be inferred that
sprout-propagation as compared with planted
tubers from which sprouts have not been removed
has a weakening effect. Still, that may be less
•or more, just as the conditions under which
propagation took place were cool or hot. A
further although yet small trial had perhaps

more interest, as it had an important bearing
on the question as to why southern - grown
tuliers have much less robustness to produce
plant growth than have northern-grown tubers.
In this case, of several varieties, Abundance,
Magnum Bonuru, and others, rows of immature
or unripened tubers had been planted side by
side with fully - ripened tubers of the fame
varieties, and in each case the unripened tubers
produced much the best growth. The inference
is that southern tubers ripen too completely to
make good seed-tubers. Certainly in the north,
Scotland especially, frosts often cut down the
tops whilst they are still in vigorous growth. The
matter is one that very wide and careful experi-
ments only can elucidate. In the case of tubers
of 5 to 6 oz., 3 oz , and 1 J to 2 oz., planted in
rows side by side, the growth was exactly propor-
tioned to the size of the tubers. That fact, a
well-known one now, also evidences the im-
propriety of constantly planting the small tubers
of any stock instead of the larger ones. It is by
no means improbable that such deterioration as
may exist in Potatos is more due to the common
practice of planting small tubers instead of the
largest. A. D.

CYCLOBOTHRA (CALOCHORTUS) FLAVAS. —
This curious little plant, which is figured in
Botanical Register, vol. 20, plate 1063, as Cyclo-
bothra lutea, and in Swete's Flower Qarden,
plate 273, as Cyclobothra barbata, is now in
n i«er with me under such peculiar circum-
stances that I think a notice of it may be interest-
ing to readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle. For
many years, certainly more than fifteen, possibly
twenty, I have grown a plant under the name of
Rbodostach\s andina, which in leaf is exactly
similar to the plant which I found in Chile three
years at;o, and from which I raised seeds which
have been distributed under tbat name. In the
centre of this plant, which completely fills with a
dense mass of roots a large pot, a single stem of
the Cyclobothra appeared some five or six years
ago, and died down again soon after flowering. I
have no recollection of ever having received the
Cyclobothra, which is a Mi xican plant, and have
not the least idea of how it got into the pot. I
did not see its leaf or flower again until this
year, when it has again come up from the centre
of the supposed Rhodostaehys, which may pos-
sibly be a Mexican plant wrongly identified. As
the majority of the other Cyclohothras are usually
short-lived in cultivation, the persistence of this
single bulb (which, if it has produced unnoticed
lave-, has only flowered twice in twenty years)
in the centre of such a dense mass of roots for so
many years is very remarkable, and points to the
fact that complete dryness in winter is desirable
for it, and probably for other Mexican bulbs,
which are rarely seen for more than a year or two
after their introduction. H. T. Elwes, Colesborne.

MARVEL of PERU.— This year the several
varieties of Mirabilis Jalapa have bloomed satis-
factorily owing to the unusually fine, warm
weather and genial rains, at the least when
planted in sunny situations, and any others are ad-
verse to freedom of flowering, although perhaps
favouring the growth of the plants. It is an old
inhabitant of our gardens, and should be treated
as a perennial rather than as an annual. The
blossoms open in the evening, and emit a
pleasant fragrance. The flowers of the type M.
•I ilapa are of a rosy tint, and of this there are
white and yellow sports. Varieties have been
raised by crossing M. Jalapa and M. longiflora, a
long-tubed flower of great fragrance, the first-
named being employed as the seed-bearer, the
reverse cross being abortive. The crossing of
these two species has been productive of a great
number of new varieties, which cross freely with
each other. I am led to make these few remarks
by observing numerous plants of M Jalapa and
its sports in the flower borders of Battersea Park.
It may be stated that small colonies of the plants
are more effective than single specimens dotted
about, taking the precaution not to crowd them
together, a well-grown plant occupying a square
or circle lh foot across. When frost is likely to
occur the plants should be dug up, and the roots
preserved during the winter in fine coal-ashes,
sand, or charcoal dust, in the manner followed
with Cannas, Dahlias, &0. F. M.

FLORIDA.

U.N CERTAIN FORMS OP ZEPHYRANTHES.

A short time ago a friend of mine spike in
glowing terms of the "Rain Lilies" as he hid
seen them in flower on the Carnegie estate on
Amelia Island, near Fernandine, Fla. I was
asked for its botanical name, but was unable to
answer. The Rain Lily haunted me in my
dreams. From the desciiption I suspected it to
be a species of Zephyrauthes, but I was not
quite certain. S mie time ago a lady friend of
mine near Clarcona, about 7 miles from hi re, a
great lover of plants, and usually well versed in
the botanical names of garden plants, showed me
large clumps of her "Run Lilies," some of which
were fortunately in flower. I recognised the
plant at once as Zephyrantlies carinata, a rat ve
of Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, &c. It grows al ui-
dantly in our garden, forming lar^e clumps in
rich soil. In Jacksonville it is frequently used as
an edging around large beds of Amaryllis (Hippe-
astrum) equestre, A. (H.) Johnsom, and Crinums.
After the first rains have fallen in June, and
again after ea ih rain which follows a dry spell, it
opens its strikingly beautiful flowers in great
pr ifusion. Tne oi lour is of rich deep rose ; each
flower is borne singly on a stem about 8 inches
high. When grown in good soil the bulbs reach
the size of large Hickory-nuts. It is perfectly
hardy here, an 1 an evergreen, with an ab'mlan'.e
of narrow-, d< ep green, slightly channelb d leaves
alou". a foot long. The closely allied Z -phyr-
anthes ros ;a is neither so large nor so lea itiful.
While residing in the backwoods of Teas I heard
the beautiful pure white Cooperia Fruimindi
called the Rain Lily cr Rtin Flower. After a
rain in summer the " postook "-woods are covered
with innumerable white blossoms, which form a
charming sight.

Still more puzzling to me were the names
"Fire Lily" and "Easter Lily," applied to a
certain native plant here. Last spring I was
informed that the flat-woods were ablaze with
E Later Lilies, and a little later news reached me
that certain tracts of the same woods were
covered with " Fire Lilies." I immediately
visited these latter loia'ities, and found the
ground, where the grass had been burned a few
days ago, literally covered with large white
flower- trumpets flushed beautifully with pink in
the unexpanded buds. Each blossom was borne
singly on a stout stem about 10 inches to a foot
high. They emitt id a de'icite, wild - wood
fragrance. These large stretches of woodland,
entire'y destitute of undergrowth and only
covered with tall, long-leaved Pines, formed a
very charming spectacle — there were thousands
upon thousands of white, Lily-like blossoms. The
leaves are very narrow and weak, and the bulb,
which is buried about 3 or 1 inches in the black,
moist soil, is not larger than a small Filbert, and
it must be a matter of surprise that such a strong
flower-scape and su^h a large blosscm can be pr6-
duee 1 by such a tiny bulb. This species proved
to he Zephyrantlies Treatise, na ned in honour of
Mrs. Slary [Teat, its discoverer, well known as a
botanical writer in this count y. It not only
ab indantly at Etster-time, but always
after the grass has been burned ir. the flat-woods
the flower-scapes appear in great abundance. 'I
have transplanted it largely to my garden, where
the sin ill leaves are grown in winter, and the
flowers appear by the middle of April.

While travelling in Florida in April, 1886, I
learned that the beautiful Atamasca Lily (Zephyr-
authes Atamasca) was known in certain parts of
Florida as the "Suwauee Lily." It grows most
abundantly on the banks of that far-famed river,
and t inrists are usually pleased to hear the
pretty flower called by that name. Bouquets of
it are purchased and forwarded to northern friends

236

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 23, 1905.

from the Suwanee region, bearing the inscrip-
tion : •' Way down upon the Suwanee Bibber,"
&c. The flowers are white, flushed with deep rose
colour inside and outside. While in Savannah
on April 4, 1904, a few days after Easter, I saw
large vases filled with Ataruasca Lilies, arranged
with Ferns and sprays of Asparagus Sprengeri,
in the flower-shops, and this arrangement was
very beautiful and pleasing. They were offered
as " Easter Lilies." All the species of Zephyr-
anthes are fine, but those mentioned have the
largest flowers. I grow in my collection, in
addition to the above-named species, the follow-
ing:—Z. Candida, Z. tubispatha, Z. texana, Z.
citrina, Z. Taubertiana, and Z. Lindleyana.
H. Nehrling, Gotha, Orange Co., Florida.

WINTEE SALAD.

Eampion and Lamb's Lettuce. — In England
the want of fresh vegetables during the winter is
so great that it may be well to call attention to
two plants which might easily be more frequently
cultivated, as they require neither hot-bed nor
frame, and yet are available for use all through
the winter. The Ratnpion, or Campanula Eapun-
cuius, also called Jacob's Staff, Lent Eampion,
Grasshopper's Foot, Wild Eadish, and Bishop's
Hair, is a pretty biennial of the genus Cair-
panula, with a white root about 4 inches long
and -\ inch in diameter, with several leaves, either
sessile or short-stalked, the leaves being oval,
and resembling those of the Lamb's Lettuce, but
of a brighter green, and somewhat smaller. The
edible parts are the roots and the young leaves of
the heart. These make an excellent salad, being
firm and crisp, rather less tender than the corn-
salad, but less insipid.

In fresh soil not too recently manured
seeds may be sown in July, but if sown too
early the plents are apt to run to seed the
first year, and so be wasted. The seed, which
retains its germinating properties for five
years, may be sown either broadcast or in rows
of shallow depth about 8 inches apart ; and
to secure an even distribution, as the seed is so
small, it should be mixed with twenty times its
weight of sind or finely-sifted earth. After
sowing, all that is needed is to press the soil
with the back of a spade, to scatter a little
fine soil over the seed, and to protect
from a too-powerful sun with a covering of
litter. For the latter purpose a little Eadish
or Spinach seed is sometimes sown with it. To
stimulate the growth the soil must be in good
heart and the plants supplied with water, but
not so copiously as to wash away the seed. In
eighteen days the plants will appear, and should
the sun not be too strong, the litter may then be
removed. After this but little attention is
needed, as the plants require only thinning when
three or four leaves appear ; to be weeded when
necessary by hand, and frequently watered in
hot weather.

Eampions may be taken up in November, but
are often left for use in January, requiring only
to be covered with litter during hard frost. A
good plan to secure a supply during hard weather
is to take up some roots beforehand and bury
them in sand in a cellar. Some of the best heads
may be left for seed and need not be transplanted.

Corn-salad, or Lamb's Lettuce, is one of the
Valerian family. It is a biennial with sessile
leaves of a greyish-green, and makes a cool-
ing and refreshing salad. Like the Eampion,
it can be sown in corners of gardens which
would otherwise be wasted in the dead season,
and is available during the winter when little
green stuff is to be got to break the mono-
tony of the Potato or the danger of ptomaine
poisoning from tinned vegetables. The kinds
to be recommended are the Eound, the

Etampes, the Green Full-heart, and the Shell-
leaved, the first being the most used. Lamb's
Salad is seldom sown before August, so that
another crop can be taken previously, and little
more cultivation is required than to rake over
the soil to level the surface, and in a small
garden it may even be sown among other vege-
tables. If required during the whole winter,
one sowing may be made in August to be taken up
iu October, a second in September for use during
the winter, and a third in October for use in the
early spring. Seed of two years old is the best
to employ, as the crop comes up more quickly
and regularly than if last year's seed were used ,
and it ceases to germinate alter five years. It
may be sown in rows about 6 inches apart, but is
generally sown broadcast at the rate of about 3 oz.
of seed to the square yard ; and with occasional
waterings will appear in a fortnight with two-year-
old seed, or in a month with last year's seed,
and then needs only weeding. Plants can be
taken up as required, beginning of course with
those which are most advanced or are crowd-
ing one another, and if covered with litter
or straw - matting can be taken up through-
out the hardest frosts. Of the autumn sowing
the fine heads reserved for seed need not be
transplanted, and should be gathered about the
end of May before fully ripe, to prevent shedding
of the seed. The heads should be laid out on
canvas in a shady spot, beaten out when fully
matured, and bagged and ticketed. Lamb's
Lettuce, especially where too thickly sown, is
liable during the winter to a kind of mildew, the
nature of which has not as yet been determined,
and in this case the plants attacked should be taken
up and removed. J. J. Dunnington-Jefferson, Les
Camelias, Wimereux, Pas de Calais, France.

VIOLETS.

The time has again arrived for planting
Violets in frames and in their flowering quarters
in the open. With us in Cornwall Violets com-
mence to flower about the middle of August.
This season, however, we were a week later in
finding a few blooms. The middle of September
is a suitable time in which to make new planta-
tions of these flowers. When taking up the
plants for planting in the frames care should be
taken to keep as much soil as possible about the
roots. The compost which we find most suitable
is composed as follows : — One-half virgin loam,
one-quarter fairly rotten Oak-leaves, and one-
quarter made up of wood-ashes and old hotbed
manure. The soil should be light in composition.
I have tried using it moderately heavy, but the
result has not been satisfactory. However desir-
able it is to get the plants at an angle at which
they may have the maximum amount of light, it
is, if possible, more important that they should
have enough water. This, more frequently than
not, they do not get if the bed is made too sloping.
But at the same time Violets resent a soil that is
heavily charged with water. For the first few
days after planting, a good sprinkling of water
should be given twice a day with the lights
removed, unless there is a likelihood of heavy
rain. Shade from strong sunshine.

Lady Hume Campbell is probably the most
Eoriferous variety ; Mrs. J. J. Astor, De Parme,
Marie Louisa, and Comte De Brazza succeed well
with us. The last-named variety requires a warm
and a fresh soil. It seems to be unaMe to thrive
well in rich kitcben-garden soil, but I find that it
grows luxuriantly in the open field in mould that
was simply upturned with turf only partly rotted.
Given shelter in a frame during the flowering
period and suitable conditions, it should be less
difficult to get this Violet to bloom freely.

The varieties Wellsiana, Amiral Avellan, and
Princess of Wales have already produced flowers

this season. If the Violets are growing strongly
a change of place is necessary, but provided the
plants are in soil which is not too rich or too
light they flower well where the cuttings were
rooted. Incorporate with the soil ra which they
are to be planted in the border one barrowload of
wood-ashes per cubic yard ( 18 by IS feet). A slope
in this case is certainly desirable, and a fair
amount of treading will do no harm. Both in the
frame and on the open border a sprinkling of
superphosphate of lime will help the plants to
produce flowers. There may be enough phosphoric
acid from the wood-ashes, but this is probably
variable in quantity, and a sprinkling of the above
manure will do good. II. Williams, Trevince,
Redruth, Cornwall.

THE ROSARY.

WICHURAIANA HYBEIDS.

M. Metran, speaking at the Eose Congress in
Paris, alluded to the new race of Eoses derived
from E. Wichuraiana. The varieties alluded tc»
are produced by fertilising a Japanese climbing
species, Eosa Wichuraiana, with pollen from
different Tea and Noisette varieties.

These Boses have the exceptional strength of
the mother-plant, and their shining foliage and
luxuriant growth render them useful for growing
over banks and rocks and in similar situations.
The long, pliant branches are often 9 to 13 feet-
long, and will run up trees and cover bowers and
hedges. If stem-grafted they make fine weeping
Eose-trees, and are profusely covered with bloom.

Those varieties are to be recommended which,
furnish in spring an abundance of buds for
outting.

RcneAndrchns undoubtedly the finest bloom. The
flower is 2\ to about 2J inches across ; the bud is>
of deep rosy-red colour ; the petals are bright
rose at the top, orange-yellow towards the base,
passing into white towards the centre, with
carmine veins that grow gradually paler.

Alherie Barbier has a semi-double or double
flower that opens well, attaining a diameter of
21, to 3 inches, of a delicate creamy-white colour,
canary-yellow in the middle; the bud is darker.

These new Eoses are not climbers, but may
certainly be substituted with advantage fos-
certain climbing Eoses with single flowers.

COLONIAL NOTES.

THE PEACH AS A STOCK FOE PLUMS.

In your issue of August 5, p. 112, your corre-
spondent, W. Earley, enquired for information
as to the use of the Peach as a stock for the
grafting and budding of Plums. I may state
that the majority of stone fruits in this colony,
such as Apricots, Peaches, Plums, and Nectarines,
are worked either on stocks of the Peach, Peach
Almond (a cross between the Peach and Almond),
or the Almond. Plums worked on either of the
above stocks make much finer growth, are more
fruitful, and succeed better from all points of view
than if worked on the Plum stock. The only
variety that does not do so well on the Peach is the
Green Gage. The Peach has one great advantage
ia that it does not "sucker up" like the Plum.
Your conespondent is under the impression that
the Peach stock has a dwarfing t ffect on the tree ;
such is not the case. They grow far more vigorously
on the above-mentioned stocks. In some districts
of the dry Karroo, and especially where the land is
constantly irrigated, trees worked on the Almond
are preferable ; they do not suffer from root rot,
as is sometimes the case with the Peach. C. J.
Jowlett, Curator, Botanic Gardens, Graoff Reinet,
Souili Africa.

September 23, 1905.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

237

AGAPANTHUS UMBELLATUS
GLOBOSUS.

At the meeting of the Eoyal Horticultural
Society held on August 15 last, Messrs. William
Bull & Sons, King's Road, Chelsea, exhibited a

ciated with the typical A. umbellatus. It is
found that when grown out-of-doors the plants
lose somewhat the distinctly globular character
of inflorescence, due probably to the less rapid
development of the flowers than is the case
indoors.

Fig. 89.— agafaxhius umbellatus globosus: colour of flowers, blue.

number of plants of an Agapanthus under the
name A. globosus, Hort. Bull. These plants bore
markedly globular- shaped umbels of flowers. As
will be seen on reference to fig. 89, the variety
promises to te a useful addition to those already
existing, and which are so suitable for cultivation
in vases, pots or tubs.

It was sent to Messrs. Bull by a correspondent
in the Orange River Colony. The plant is said
to be deciduous, the leaves dying quite to the
base in winter, a characteristic not usually asso-

ENQUIRY.

• — '

Francois van Sterbeck. — There is a portrait,
dated 1673, of this " savant botaniste et arcbi-
tecte Anversois " in the Museum of Pictures at
Antwerp. He is represented with a Herbal,
perhaps that of Dodoens, in front of him. The
open page seems to indicate that the learned
botanist was a student of fungi. Who was this
Franrois van Sterbeck ? The name is not a
famliar one.

SOCIETIES,

m

THE EOYAL HOBTICULTUEAL.
Scientific Committee.

September 12.— Present : Mr. Massee (in the chair) ;
Mr. Gussow, Mr. Worsley, Dr. Ridley, Mr. Odell and
Rev. G. Henslow (Hon. Sec, pro tern.).

Abies amnbilis, diseased.— Mr, Bartlett, of Pen-
carrow Gardens, Cornwall, sent specimens and a photo
of this tree badly affected by Chermes abietis (see
illustration in our issue for Sept 23, 1893). There is no
effectual remedy, as spraying is practically useless.

Potato* diseased —Mr. G. S. SADNDERS, of Devon,
sent some tubers received from allotment gardens near
Liverpool badly attacked bv Odomyces leproides. As
each tuber contains a mass of spores, which are readily
disseminated, the tubers should be burned, and no
Potatos again planted on the same soil.

Apple, variety. — Dr. Bonavia forwarded some
remarkably dark crimson-coloured Apples. They were
borne by a double-flowering tree, and had the strange
name Pyrus Medzwetz Ryana. It was not stated whence
they came.

Liliaceee Diseased, — Mr. Gcssow showed microscopic
specimens of Botrytis cinerea, which he bad found
attacking the Lily of the Valley, white Lily [Lilium
candidum •], Solomon's Seal, Tulips, and Snowdrops.
The fungus appeared to be identically the same on each
plant, not having developed any " biological forms."

Viola, sp, clt istotjnmous. — Mr. Worsley showed
pods from species of Violets. Mr. Henslow observed
that it is suggested that as the flowering season de-
clines, aud the foliage is developed in the Violets,
flowers are produced on the runners, but tbey bear
no corollas. In warmer regions, as Liguria, Violets
bear no cleistogamous buds, wnile the conspicuous
flowers are fertile, whereas these latter are barren in
England. Hence the presence of the cleistogamous
buds appears to be a matter of compensation — [Origin
of Floral Structures, pp. 552, 503).

Orchids. Mr. Odell showed sprays of two fine
Orchids, one from Suuth Africa, Satvrium carneum ;
thf other from North India. Anthogonium gracile.

Cactus Dahlia Trials at Wisley.

( >n September 15 some Cactus Dahlias at Wisley
were examined by a sub-committee of the floral Com-
mittee. Freedom of flowering in the various varieties,
and their general decorative or garden value, were
among the items duly considered by the judges. The
following varieties were each awarded three points: —

Arab. -A showy criinson-marooncoloured variety.
The flowers are developed well above the foliage on
stiff wiry stems.

.■fx<![ I'hloi (Baxter). — Flowers of a very dark vel-
vet} -maroon colour, the florets being finely pointed,
and together forming a good shapely flower. The plant
dies not exceed 3 feet in height, and is of free- flowering
habit.

D, A. Dwnblr (Clieal). This variety is also dwarf in
habit, being not more than 3 feet in height. The plant
is very free-flowering. The colour of the flower is
reddish-scarlet, and the florets are well incurved.

Dainty (Hobbies). — The flower is rosy-pink with
mauve shading, the base of the florets being cream-and-
buff. A pleasing and distinct flower.

Floradora (Veitch). — A handsome flower of scarlet-
crimson colour with maroon shading. The flowers are
of good shape, and are developed at a height of about
3l feet.

J. H. Jackson (Veitch). — A very fine dark variety.
A good type of flower, with long, narrow florets, well
incurved, and coloured a velvet-crimson with a maroon
centre. One of the earliest of the deeply-coloured
kinds. Height 3 feet.

Mavis (Hobbies). — A very distinct flower, coloured
salmon and buff. Height 3 feet.

Mary Service, — The flower is a rosy-salmon colour,
with the bases of the well-shaped florets of fawn colour.
Height 3J feet.

Mis. F. Goddard (Cheal and Veitch). — A very hand-
some flower, coloured a deep crimson. Height 3^ feet.

Mrs. McKergow (Cheal). — A shapely flower, coloured
fawn and buff, with florets of medium width and
prettily incurved. Height 3^ feet.

Orion (Cheal). — The colour of this flower is a warm
rosv mauve, a good and desirable shade. The florets

238

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 23, 1905.

are leas incurved than usual The habit of the plant
is good, and it is an early and free bloomer. Height
3 feet.

Reliable (Hobbies). — A very pleasing flower, with
long, pointed, incurved florets, that are coloured
salmon ami buff. Height 3£ feet.

Waterloo (Walker). -A scarlet-coloured flower of
shapely form and freely produced. Height 3J feet.

Chinese Aster " Ray" (Carter).- This was awarded
three marks for the strain. The principal colour-
shades in the flowers are violet or purplish- violet*
white with rosv tips, and others nearly white. An
elegant and highly decorative group, the long florets
being much quilled and extremely pleasing.

BOYAL CALEDONIAN
HORTICULTURAL.

INTERNATIONAL SHOW AT EDINBURGH.

. September .13, 14, 15.

(('uric wlrd From p. 221.)
CUT FLOWERS (Open to All).
Roses — These were shown numerously and in
good condition for so late in the season! In the
class for thirty-six distinct varieties a Gold Medal
and £3 was offered as 1st prize. There were five
exhibits, and these made a good display. Mr. HucH
DICKSON, Royal Nursery, Belfast, won somewhat
easily with flowers which in many instances were very
good. The varieties Charles Lefebvre, Caroline Tes-
tout, Hugh Dickson, Olrich Brunner, Madame Charles
Crapelet, Comtesse de Turenne, and Mrs. Theodore
Roosevelt were his best examples. Messrs. J. Cocker
k SONS, Aberdeen, were 2nd.

For eighteen blooms, distinct varieties, Mr. Hugh
Dickson was again successful t.ith neat blossoms of
popular varieties, and Messrs. D. & W. Ckoll,
Dundee, 2nd.

In the class for twenty-four Tea varieties, in which
a Gold Badge ami money prizes were offered, Messrs.
D. k W. Cboll led with small but neat flowers, espe-
cially of the varieties Maiie van Houtte, Catheiine
Mermet, Marechal Niel. and Mrs. E. Mawley. Messrs.
Adah & Ckaiomile, Kubislan, Aberdeen, won the 2nd
prize.

For twelve blooms of any pink - coloured Rose
arranged in a vase, Messrs. Dickson & Co., Waterloo
Place, Edinburgh, won 1st prize with the variety Mrs.
W. J. Grant ; Messrs. T. Smith k Sons, Stranraer,
being 2nd with that of Mrs. J. Laing.

For a similar number of blooms of any white variety,
Messrs. Adam & Cuaio.mile won the 1st prize with
Frau Karl Druschki.

Messrs. J. Cocker & Sons won a similar prize for
any scarlet or crimson - flowered [variety, with
Dupuy Jamain. Messrs. T. Smith & Son were 2nd
with the same variety.

China varieties arranged in a bowl with only Rose
foliage made a pretty class. Messrs. W. k R. Feh-
cuson won the 1st prize with mixed varieties ; Messrs.
Dickson & Co., Edinburgh, being 2nd with the variety
Madame Laurette Messimy.

The class for twelve blooms in as many varieties,
arranged in separate vases, brought numerous exhibits,
and there was a good display. Messrs. J. Cocker k
Sons obtained the place of honour with handsome
examples of Frau Karl Druschki, Killarney,
Caroline Testout, Mrs. John Laing, La France, Captain
Hay ward, and Admiral Dewey. Messrs. Dickson k
Co. were 2nd.

In the class for a collection of Roses, arranged for
effect on a square table 8 by 5 feet, there were no
fewer than five competitors. Messrs. J. Cocker k
SONS were distinctly ahead with grand blooms of the
varieties Caroline Testout, Frau Karl Druschki,
Madame Abel Chatenay, Madame Ravary, 'and Mrs.
K. S. Crawford among others. Mr. Huoh Dickson
showed very, well for the 2nd prize ; ami Messrs. D. &
W. Croll, Dundee, were 3rd.

Dahlias.

In the class for twenty-four show or fancy varieties
a brilliant display of colour was contributed by five
exhibitors. Mr. .1. Smellie, Bushey, N L!., won the
1st prize with full-sized well-finished blooms of popular
varieties, among which the following were conspicuous :
Mrs. Gladstone, Harry Keith. T. W. Girdlestone. Mrs.
Langtry, A M. Burnie. ,1. T. Rawlinga, \\". G Head,
and Dan Cornish. Mr. S. MORTIMER, Swiss Cottage,
Famham, Surrey, was 2nd with smaller but beauti-
fully-formed specimens. Messrs. S. Campbell &
Sons, High Blantyre, were 3rd.

Cactus varieties made a glorious show. The lending
class was for eighteen bunches, distinct varieties, six
blooms in each bunch. Mr. J. SMELLIE again won the
highest award with handsome blooms, arranged with
Gypsophila on black velvet. The best varieties were
J. B. Bryant, Carmen. Pearl, Thos. Parkins, Phineas,
II. .1. Jones, and Mabel Needs. Messrs. CAMPBELL &
Son were 2nd. The last named firm was 1st with
twenty four Cactus varieties, distinct; Mr. Smellie
being 2nd.

Pompon varieties were neatly arranged in six vases
of twelve blooms (distinct) in each. Messrs. Camp-
bell k Son won the 1st prize, and Mr. W. Veitch,
the Cemetery, Carlisle, the 2nd prize.

Gladioli, Carnations ani> Picotees.

Gladioli were splendidly displayed. For thirty-six
spikes, not more than two spikes of any one variety,
there were three exhibitors. Messrs. A. E. Campbell
k Son were distinctly ahead with magnificent spikes
of the following varieties — Bavarian, Honore, Madame
P. Palmer. Gloirede Feu, Gargantua, Exposition de St.
Louis, and Protee. Messrs. G. Mair & Son won the
2nd prize with an irregular set, containing many grand
blooms.

Carnations and Picotees arranged with their own
foliage, with not more than nine expanded blooms, in
twelve distinct varieties, in vases, made a considerable
display. Mr. F. M. WHITEHEAD, Selkirk, won the 1-t
prize easily with fairly good blooms of the varieties
Winnie Russell, Perseus, Anne Boleyn, Duchess of
Westminster, Lady Steele, and Seagull. Messrs. J.
S mi-: in & Sons. Dundee, were 2nd.

Florists' Devices.

The formal arrangements of cut flowers were staged
at one of the ends of the building, where they made a
large and interesting display. The best exhibit of a
decorated dinner-table (10 feet by 5 feet) was one
from Messrs. Felton & Son, 7 to 9, Hanover
Square, London, W. The prineqial feature of this
decoration was the liberal use in the centre
of the table of sprays of Oncidium varicosum
Rogerii, whose deeply - coloured yellow flowers im-
parted a very rich effect to the scheme. Miss F.
W. Molylecx, Swanmore House Farm, Bishop's
Waltham, although quite an amateur, succeeded in
obtaining 2nd nrize with a pretty arrangement in which
only flowers of Odontoglossurn crispum and Lily of the
Valley were used, relieved with a few sprays of
Asparagus, and some leaves of Codiieum and sprays of
Ampelopsis tricuspidata.

Missis. Felton k Sons also obtained 1st prizes in
the respective classes for a Bouquet of Roses, for
brides' and bridesmaids' bouquets, bouquet of Dahlias,
&c.

Miss Alice Todd, Stonybank, Musselburgh, was
awarded 1st prizes for a floral harpandahand bouquet,
whilst Messrs. PERKINS & Sons, Coventry, also ob-
tained good prizes for exhibits in this section.

Sketch-plan by Undeu Gardeners.

There were six plans submitted for the prizes
otfere 1 for the best design drawn to scale (111 feet t.»
1 inch) for laving-out a piece of ground about 20 acres
in extent, the natural features being the same in
each case, and the roads and fences indicated
in a sketch - p'an, which was sent to each
competitor. None but under gardeners were
permitted to compete for these prizes, and the designs
submitted were considered very satisfactory. The
competition will certainly have a good effect in encou-
raging young gardeners to study this important branch
of their profession.

The prizes were awarded asfollows: — 1st, Mr. Frank
Philip. Philiphaugh Gardens, Selkirk. 2nd. Mr.
ANDREW DlCKSOF, Dalkeith Palace Gardens, Dalkeith.
3rd, Mr. E. H. Howard, Barrowash Gardens. Derby.

Awards to Novelties.

Certificates or Awards of Merit were awarded to
varieties of plants, flowers, and fruits, amongst which
were those following : —

Applt Coronation. — a, rather low, round-shaped
fruit, striped or flaked with red on a yellowish green
ground. A dessert variety possessing considerable
flavour. Apple " Rougembnt," a conical-shaped fruit
of dull red colour over green, was also shown. It is a
culinary variety. Both these were shown by Mr.
Geo. Ptne, Topsham Nurseries, Devonshire.

Sarracenia x Crispiana. — A hybrid with purple
" pitchers " about In inches in length, from S. Courtii
x S. Sanderiana. Shown by Mr. A. J. A. Bruce,
Nurseryman, Chorlton-cum Hardy, Manchester.

Seneoio twnquticu-s. Clematis nwntana rubens, and
Aconitum Wilson/. These new Chinese species have
all been illustrated or described in these pages. From
Messrs. JAS. VeITCH .V SONS.

Monibretia " Promcttt us," which has been described
several times recently in these pages. From Messrs.
Wallace & Co.. Colchester.

Rosa terioca "lesGramdes Spines." — An exceedingly
decorative variety, in which the brilliant red spines are
developed to an unusual degree. Shown for Messrs.
Vilmokin, Andrieun et ClE., by .Messrs. Pa; l & Sons,
Cheshunt.

Cuprt ssus Lawsoniana Knowfield.it nsis gTauca. — A
variety with glaucous foliage and somewhat distinct
habit of growth. Shown bjr Messrs. Little &
Ballanty.ne, Carlisle.

T'lhiift.r hispidu var. cestivaUs (T. Pallasii rosea),
sec paragraph on p. 229.

Colchicum speciosum album and C. Bornmvlhri,
from Messrs. Wallace & Co.

B&rberis nilr/on* purpurea mueroph'illa, from Messrs.
Paul & Sons, Cheshunt.

Dahlias Sfarjorie Caseltoii, White Swan, and Silver
Wings, from Messrs. HOBBIES, Ltd.

Dahlia Mrs. R. F. Felton, from Mr. S. Mortimer.

Dahlia " Good Hope," from Messrs. Dobdie & Co.

Honorary Exhibits.

< if the large number of honorary exhibits, three
were especially interesting to the visitors at an
Edinburgh show. .One was from the GLASGOW
Corporation, another from Messrs. Charlksworth
& Co., Bradford, and the third fiom Messrs, Jas.
Veitch k Sons, Ltd., King's Road, Chelsea. That
from the Glasgow Corporation, shown by Mr.
Jas. Whitton, Superintendent of the Parks and
Curator of Botanical Gardens, took the form of
a large group of plants of tall and low stature, and con-
sisting of species that are quite uncommon at exhibi-
tions. A plant of Euphorbia grandiceps was 13 or
14 feet in height, andCereus peruviana, of equalstature.
These were mixed with tall Palms, Diacsenas, Cardu-
lovicas, &c. Smaller succulent plants were numerous,
and represented many interesting species, mixed with
Bromeliads. Insectivorous plants included well-
grown specimens of Nepenthes Dicksoniana, and
N. x mixta, &c, also Sarracenias, Droseras.
&c. There were also Orchids, as C.\ pripediums,
Odontoglossums, and Oncidiums ; water plants were
shown in glasses; then theie were Selaginellas, Ferns,
Lichens, and many other plants, all of which were
exhibited in finely-grown specimens, showing that the
plant-cultivation in the Glasgow Botanic Gardens and
parks is of a very high order.

Messrs. Charlksworth k Co 's exhibit of Orchids
was especially valuable at Edinburgh, because none
worthy of notice was shown in the competitive classes,
and in Orchids there has been such development
since the last international show was held, that is
hardly equalled in any other class of plants. In addi-
tion the hybrid Catticyas that form so prominent a
feature of the Orchids in bloom in September arc
exactly of the class that has been obtained by cross-
fertilisation during that period. In the group we
noticed fine specimens of Lielio-Cattleya gigas-Dig-
byano, L -C. Gottoiana, L -C. x Violetta, I..-C.
Dominiana, I, . -C. Issv : also a number of plants in
flower of the lovely Cattleya x Lis, and C. x F. W.
Wigan, Vanda Sandeiiana, Phalamopsis Rime
stadtiana, &c.

Messrs, Jas. Veitch k Sons' exhibit was composed
of fine foliage plants, ai ranged with delightful effect,
and relieved with a few choice plants in flower, in-
cluding Orchids. The fine foliage plants were all
rare and tender species, and most of them, like the
Codiieums, were those that require a stove tempera-
ture. Nepenthes x Sir W. T Thiselton-Dyer also
was exceptionally good. In addition, Messrs. Veitch
exhibited some of the firm's recent introductions
from China, as Senecio tanguticus. &c, and a
magnificent collection of 100 dishes of choice Apples.
The arrangement of the plants in the group was the
ncre remarkable, because Messrs. Veitch's vans were
delayed for some time at Carlisle.

Mi. David W. Thomson, nurserymen, Edinburgh,
arranged a very effecivg group of plants on the floor of
the hall. There we".' fine foliage plants anil shrubs,
relieved by bold masses of retarded Azalea mollis in
flower, abundance of 1, ilium speciosum, early-flowering
Chrysanthemums] Verbeuas, Ac.

Messrs. Thos. Mkihven & Sons, Edinburgh, also
exhibited a group of considerable dimensions composed
of flowering and line foliage plants.

Mr. Jno. PHILLIPS, Granton Road Nurseries,
Edinburgh, had a very large exhibit of fine foliage
and flowering plants arranged on the floor of the hall.

Messrs. W. CDTBTJSH k Sons, Highgate Nurseries,
London, N., made a brilliant display of hardy flowers
in great variety, including flowers of choice Nymphaas.
A group of fine foliage plants from Mr. Jno.
Downie Nurseryman, Edinburgh, was arranged to
very good effect.

Roses were shown capitally by Messrs. .1. Simpson &
Sons, Dundee, and by Messrs. Cocker & Sons,
Aberdeen, who had also other flowers.

Messrs. R. WALLACE & Co., Kilnfield Gardens,
i folchester, exhibited one of their well-known groups of
hardy flowers, in which choice varif ties of Gladiolus,
Montbretias ami Water-Liliea were attractive features.
Messrs. J. GRIEVE k Sons, Broughton Road Nur-
series, Edinburgh, had a group of flower's composed of
early-flowering Chrysanthemums and Chinese Asters.

The only collection of fruit trees in pots was one
from Messrs. Storrte & Storrie. Gb'ncarse Nurseries,
Perthshire, which deserves special praise, as the
plants were very good specimens freely cropped, and
representative of considerable variety.

An excellent exhibit of gathered fruits was that from
Messrs. Geo. BtTNTARD & Co., Royal Nurseries, Maid-
stone, which included dishes of the fruits now iu
season.

Sw.et Peas were very charming as shown by Mr. H.
Eckeoud. Wem, Salop; and Mr. ROBERT Bolton,
Carnforth.

September 23, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

23»

Of tuberous-rooted Begonias there were a valuable
group of plants in Mower from Messrs. T. S. Wake,
Ltd., Feltham, Middlesex. Messrs. B. R. Davis ,\i
SONS, Yeovil; and Missis. BlaGKJUOBE .v. LaNGDON,
Twerton Hill Nurseries, near Bath, who had fine
bedding varieties in Argus and Gladiateur.

Messrs. W. Bl i.i, £ Sons, New and Rare riant
Nursery, King's Road, Chelsea, exhibited a few
Cattleyas, including a very fine form of Oattleya
Atalanta named chelseiensis, also Odontoglossam
grande, and a small group of plants of the variegated
Hydrangea, H. nivalis.

Messrs. B. H. Bath, Ltd., Wisbech, exhibited
Dahlias and Chrysanthemums j Mr. Jno. Fo
Hawick, Phloxes, Carnations, Pentstemons, Dahlias,
&c. : Mr. Alfred Young, Klgin, Phloxes and
hardy (lowers; Mr. S. MORTIMER, Kowledge Nurseries,
Farnham, a collection of Dahlias ; and Messrs.
CUNNINGHAM, FrassR, & Co, Comely Bank Nurseries,
Edinburgh, a group of hardy flowers ; Messrs. M.
CAMPBELL & Son, High Bdantyre, Dahlias and early-
flowering Chrysanthemums ; Mr. Nohman Davis,
Framfield Nurseries, Sussex, and Messrs. W Wki.i.s &
Co., Redhill Nurseries, Surrey, collections of Chrysan-
themums.

Messrs. Dobbib & Co., Rothesay, N.B., had a very
representative exhibit of hardy flowers.

Mr. Chas. Page, Liberton, showed Tomatos and
early-flowering Chrysanthemums.

One of the largest exhibits of Dahlias was one from
Messrs. Hobbies, Ltd, Dereham, Norfolk, and a
group of hardy (lowers from Messrs. DlOKSONS, Chester,
attracted considerable attention.

Messrs. .1. Stormonth & Sox, Kirkbride. Cumber-
land, exhibited plants of Meconopsis cambrica plena.
the Welsh Poppy.

Mr. T. R. Haves, Keswick, staged manv varieties of
Ericas, including E. vagans grandiHora, E. vagans
alba, and E. vulgaris alba gracilis.

Messrs. Stansfiki.ii & Haves showed specimens of
rock and alpine plants, planted on a rockerj .

Mr. A. .1. A. Bruce, nurseryman, Chorlton-cum-
Hardy, had a good display of Sarracenias, and a few
plants of Maiguerite Golden Sun and M. Queen
Alexandra.

Messrs. Bex Reiii & Co., Ltd., Aberdeen, staged a
good number of p'ants of Lilium Harrisii.

Messrs. Alkx. Cross & So.xs, Ltd., Glasgow, showed
samples of their fertilisers and manures ; as also did
Messrs. W. C'oi.ciiE.vn-.u & CO., Ipswich, and Messrs.
Williamson, Main & Gk.umell, LTO. Argvle Street,
Glasgow.

Messrs. Joseph Bentlbv, Ltd., Barrow-on-Humber,
made a display of their manures, weed destroyers, &c.,
and also samples of Grapes and Carnations .said to have
been grown with their manures.

Orchid and other peats and Mushroom-spawn were
displayed by Mr. U. H. RICHARDS, Borough High Street,
London ; and by Mr. J. Dox, Park Row, Nottinghan .

Mr. John Pinches, :i. Crown Buildings, Cambei «, 11.
London, effectively staged numerous specimens of
his Acme Labels, also the Acme Bloom-protector.

Messrs. MACKENZIE & Moncur, Ltd., Edinburgh and
London, exhibited a large and well executed model of
the buildings the firm has erected in the Royal
Gardens, Windsor, such as glasshouses and offices, new
stables, workshops, and garden bothy, &c. Particulars
that were given .showed that the area covered by the
hot-houses is 3 acres, and there are 115,000 square feet
of glass used. The heating is by six Cornish boilers,
each 22 feet long, and there are 54,750 feet or over
10 miles of piping. The roof water is conveyed into
cisterns in the houses, and there is a reservoir for the
overflow, the latter being pumped into high cisterns for
useas needed. This model was a feature of great interest.

Dr. Wilson, of St. Andrews University, exhibited
some hybrids including Biaseioas, Peas (wrinkled and
smooth), Potatos, Gooseberry and Black Currant
hybrid, &c, all of which were of interest.

Mr. Jas. Wilson, nurseryman,. St Andrews, exhi-
bited a large group of cross-bred, soft-wooded plants,
such as Begonias, Fuchsias, fas., but they were much
past their best.

Several hybrid Veronicas were shown by Mr. Robert
Lindsav, Murray field, and also the parents of same,
and it was interesting to note that in most of the
instances the hybrids were apparently exactly inter-
mediate between the parents.

The Rook Gardens.

The roof of the Waverley Market was rendered
more attractive than usual by exhibits of young
Conifers from Messrs. Little & Ballanttne, Carlisle,
hardy tb.wering plants fiom Messrs. CUNNINGHAM,
Fraser & Co., Conifers, &c, fiom Messrs. Jas.
DlCKSON & Co., Edinburgh, and samples of choice
gravel for use on garden paths were exhibited by Messrs.
Gavin, Paul k Sons, Ltd., 14, Torphigen Street,
Edinburgh.

The Attendance.

On the first day the receipts at the doors amounted
to £427; on the second day, £464, and on the third
day, £224. Total CI. 115. Owing to a misprint in our
last issue the fifty-guinea Challenge Cup for Grapes
was described as of the value of thirty guineas.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

September IS.— On Monday evening last a meeting
of the Executive Committee was held at Can
Restaurant, Strand, Mr. Thomas Bevan presiding.

A letter was read by the Chairman from Mrs. Dean
acknowledging the vote of condolence proposed at the
last meeting.

A communication was read from the Evening News
relating to a Chrysanthemum show to be held mid' i
the auspices of that journal, from which it appeared

•hat?. I children had been supplied with plants of

the Chrysanthemum to grow for a show at which
e irtain prizes will be offered. It was resolved that two

small Silver and two B ze Medals of the National

Chrysanthemum Society be presented to the organisers
for competition amongst the children. We understand
the show will be held in the Horticultural Hall,
Westminster, and that the exhibitors will be divided
into two sections— 1st, those that live within :{ miles of
I 'hating Cross ; and, 2nd, those that live beyond that
radius.

A vacancy occurring on the Executive Committee
the place was filled by Mr. Kybers, and Air. Harrison
was elected to fill a vacancy oil the Floral i lommitti i .
A financial statement to date was submitted, which
the Committee regarded as satisfactory.

Reference was made to the forthcoming conference
on the early varieties. This will take place on the
first day of the October show at the Crystal Palace.
It was pointed out that the papers to be read would be
considerably increased in value if groups or collections
of early-flowering Chrysanthemums c mid be arranged
for in the ( 'onference room. The Chairman thought it
would be very instructive to have plants grown in the
open ground without any special treatment. Mr.
Harrison thought the suggestion an excellent one. He
grew a large number of varieties, and although progress
had bean made, there was still great room for further
improvement. In this country Mr. Shawyei had raised
some good seedlings, while in France M. Aug. Nonin had
also helped to increase the number of good seedlings.

Several new members were elected, and the meeting
closed after the election of the Guildford and Di-triet
Society as an affiliated society.

Conference ox Early Chrysanthemums.

A Conference Meeting will lie held in connection
with the National Chrysanthemum Society's October
Show, on the first day, October 4. at the Crystal
Palace, when the following papers will be read. The
Conference will be open to all, free of charge :

Authors. Tit/:s.

I'. P.. Crane Garden Chr\ smtlinnums.

C. Hak.m AS Payne ... History of Early-flowering

Chrysanthemums.
J. W. Moorman and E. F. Early Chrysanthemums for

Hawks . Town Gardens.

George Gordon, V.M.H. Decorative Value of Early

Chrysanthemums.
E. F. Such Early Chrysanthemums for

the Market.

LONDON DAHLIA UNION.

September 19, 20.— The Union held its fifth annual
exhibition on these dates in the Princes Hall. Earl's
Court Exhibition. The display was equal to any of
the previous exhibitions held by the Union. The trade
exhibits were a notable feature of the show, excellent
groups of Dahlias and other flowers being seen, and
these were arranged in nearly all cases with pleasing
effect, tall Bamboo epergnes and tripods being freely
used by the exhibitors. No fewer than 115 new varie-
ties were presented to the committee for awards, and of
this number sixteen received the Union's Certificate
of Merit. The majority of these have received awards
from other societies during this season, and have
thus been already described in our columns. A
notable feature was a display of Dahlias of the large
decorative type, with single or semi double flowers,
likened by some to single Cactus Dahlias. These
were staged by Messrs. Coci.in & Son, Utrecht,
Holland. By some these were regarded as over-large
and coarse ; still, we were favourably impressed with
some of the varieties shown, notably Baron de Granev,
with a pure white flower ; and Glory of Baarn, whose
petals are of an exquisite shade of mauve-pink.

In the competitive classes Mr. F. W. Seale. nur-
seryman, Sevenoaks, was a prominent prize-winner,
being 1st for the best display of Cactus Dahlias,
occupying a space measuring i2 feet by 0 feet, anil
arranged with suitable foliage ; for three vases of new
Dahlias introduced since 1903-4; for six bunches of
Pompon Cactus Dahlias ; for twelve Show Dahlias ;
and for twelve Cactus Dahlias in distinct varieties.
His display of Cactus Dahlias in Class 1 1 was much
admired. It was arranged in tall bamboo epergnes,
and the Dahlias were of first-class quality. Messrs J.
Cheal & Son, Crawley, were 2nd in the class for a
display of Cactus Dahlias. Messrs. Keynes, Wil-
liams & Co., Salisbury, staged the best six vases of
Cactus Dahlias in Class 2 ; being followed By Mr.

Chas. Turner, Slough, 2nd; and Mr. S. Mortimer,
Farnham, 3rd. Mr. Stephen Walker, Thame, Oxon,
was 2nd to Mr. Si \li; |,„ three vase- of Cactus
Dahlias introduced since I'.io:! 4, among eight compe-
titors ; and Messrs. J, Cheat. & Sons, Crawley,
followed Mr. Seale in the class for six bunches of
Pompon Cactus Dahlias, in which there were six
entries.

Mr. L. McKexna, St. Lawrence, Twyfdrd, BerliP,
won in the amateur class for four varieties of Cacti s
Dahlias, having really excellent, examples of .1. 1;.
Riding, Violetta, F. M. Stredwick, and F. H. Chap-
man. Mr. W. Stephens, Isleworth, was 2nd.

The best twenty (our blooms of show Dahlias were
those exhibited by Mr. Mortimer, and lie had some
splendid flowers, notably John Hickling, Daniel
Cornish, Penelope, Blush Gem. and R. F. Rawlings.

Mi -ssrs. J. Stredwick & Son, St. Leonards, won.

easily in the class for twelve varieties of Cactus
Dahlias in bunches of six (lowers of each variety.

The Hobbies Chalenge Cup offered for the best
nine varieties of Cactus Dahlias in bunches of three
blooms, and open to amateurs only, was won this year
by Mr. W. Lockyer. gr. to Rev. G. Tuentvman,
Greenhill Park, New Barnet.

Other prominent prize winners were Messrs. Siiiney
Cooper, W. E. Peters, Bd, Mawley, H. L. Brousson,
H. A. Needs, and J. Burrbll & < i :

Non-Competitive Exhibits.
As mentioned above, the non-competitive groups of
Dahlias and other flowers from the exhibitors men-
tioned below were excellent : — Messrs. J. BurrellA Co..
Cambridge (Gold Medal) ; Mr. J. T. West, Brentwood
(Gold Medal); Messrs. T. S. Ware & Co. Ltd, Feltham
(Gold Medal) ; Hobbies, Ltd., Dereham (Large Gold'
Medal); Messrs. Bakeis, Wolverhampton (Large Gold
Medal); Messrs. Dobbie & Co., Rothesay ((fold
Medal); Messrs. Cannell & Sons, Swanlev (Large Gold'
Medal) ; Mr. John E. Knight, Wolverhampton (Silver-
gilt Medal) ; Mr. E. F. Such, Maidenhead (Silver-gilt
Medal) ; Messrs. Wm. Artindale & Son, Sheffield
(Silver-gilt Medal) ; Messrs. H. Copiju k Son,
Utrecht, Holland (Silver Medal) ; and Mr. John
Walker, Thame, Oxon. Messrs. S. Spooner & Sons.
Hounslow, received a Gold Medal for a collection of
Apples.

GARDENERS' DEBATING SOCIETIES.

BRIXTON, STREATHAM AND CLAPHAM HORTI-
CULTURAL.— Tlie fi' st paper of this session was given
be lore a good atte dance of the members on Thursday,
September li, by Mr. F Clark gardeuertoMajor-Goneral
W. Carnal I. Westbury, StreaXham High Road. Mr.
Glover (Vice- President) in the chair. Mr. Clark's
subject, was "The Culture of the Peach," and his paper
was chiefly remarkable for its advocacy of annual root-
priming Statistics ot' the bearing and lasting qualities
of the trees under his charge we e given, which spoke
well for the method of treatment he advocated. J. M. U

EGHAM GARDENERS'.- At the last monthly meet-
ing, when Mr. W. Swan presided, Mr. Sturt, of Round
Oak, Englefield Green, Surrey, read an interest
iug paper on vegetable culture. In the course of his
remarks, the essayist poiuted out the value of deep
trenching, ami of thoroughly mixing the manure with
the soil. The good effect of ridging heavy soil during
winter was explained, and useful information was giveu
as bo the best methods of sowing vegetable seeds, Ac.
Exhibits of vege'ahles were made by W. G Rigdm,
Esq (gr , Mr J Lingwood) ; W. A. Stearns, Eeq. (gr..
G. J. Wheeler); Mr. Worsfold. and Mr. Livesley The
winter scs-ion will commence on Wednesday, Oct. 4,
when Mr. Reid. of the Surrey Bee-keepers' AspocUtion.
will give a lantern lecture on modern bee keeping.
The meetings after this date will be held on the first
and third Wednesdays in the month. W.

CRAWLEY AND DISTRICT GARDENERS*. — The
second aunuaJ exhibition of the above Society was held
on Wednesday, 13'h inst., in the Assembly Rooms,
Crawley, being opened by Mrs. JI. II. Finch, of GoJTs
Hill. Mr. and Mrs. Finch kindly provided the Medals
awarded The exhibition generally was of a very
creditable nature Mr. A. B. Wadds, gr.to Sir Wee tin ah
Pearson, Bart, M.P.. Paddockhurst, Worth, put up a
group of choice ornamental and 11 iwering plants, as
well as a collection of Apples and Pears. Mr. JSeal, gr.
to John A. Nix, Esq., C.C, Tilgate, Crawley, showed a
splendid group of liighly coloured Crntons. Draea-uar,
<tec, in addition to a collection of fruit, consisting oj
Grapes, Peaches. Nectarines. Plums, Apples, Pears, &c ,
all mi first-cla^s quality. Both the foregoing exhibitors
were awarded a large Si1ve--gilt Medal. Eleven other
Silver-gilt and nineteen Silver Medals were awarded to
successful exhibitors, whkih included many well known
gardeners, including Mr. vv. Shepherd, gr.to H Hobson
Finch, Et-q., Gods mil, Crawley ; Mr. Daisley. gr. to the
Rev. A. Bridge, Worth Rec orv ; Mr. J. White, gr. to
John Goddard, Esq., J P., The Elms. Crawley; Mr. H.
Brookes, gr to toiss Kawson, Deerwood, Iiield ; Mr. J.
Martin, gr to P. Sailiard, Esq.. Huchan Hill. Crawley :
Mr. G. Coombes, ^r. to L. Morsel. Esq.. Nymans Hand-
cross; and- to Mr. J. Guyatt, gr to F. E Charles, Esq.,
Lowliekl.Heath, *£c Messrs. J. Cheal «& Son?, Lowfield
Nurseries, made a very large display of Cactus, single,
and P"inpon Dahlias, which were unanimously awarded
a Gold Medal.

BATH AND DISTRICT GARDENERS'.-The third
annual meet! ig of the above -Association was held on
September 14, Mr R. B. Cater occupying the chair. Mr.
Miiburn, the Treasurer, presented 'the statement of

240

THE G A R UENER & 7 CUE ONI CLE.

[September 23, 1905.

accounts, which showed (hat (lie receipts were £'ln 6s.,
and there was a balance in hand of £1 14s. Ojd from
1904 : the expenses were £21 '4s. t-!,d., leaving a deficit of
l.s 8d. The report and accounts were adopted. Mr.
Walters moved the re-election of Mr. Cater as Presi-
dent, and of the Vice-presidents, with power to
add to the number. This was carried. Mr. W. P.
Cooling was re-elected Chairman, and the Committee
of Management was reappointed, with the substitution
ot Mr. Thompson's name for Mr. Taylor, who had left
the district. Mr. A. A. Walters was, on the proposition
of Mr. WiltoD, chosen to the new ollice of Vice-Chair-
man. Mr. R. W. Rogerson was re-elected Secretaiv,
and Mr. Milburn, Treasurer.

TRADE NOTE.

Hogg & Bobbrtson, Ltd. — This company has
teen registered with a capital of .£40,000 in 4,000
shares of .£10 each, to acquire as a going concern
the business of a seed merchant, &c, carried
on by James Robertson at 22 and 435, Mary
Street, Dublin, under the style of Hogg &
Robertson, and also the business of bulb
grower, now carried on by him at Rush,
county Dublin. The first directors are Messrs.
James Robertson, J P., Robert Tait Robertson, and
Alexander J. Sinclair, all of Dublin. Registered
office : 22, Mary Street, Dublin.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Books : J. S. The work is what we supposed it
to he, and is not very valuable. Show it to a
seller of second-hand books.

Catherine Pear : A very old Lady. We believe
this old variety, recorded by Parkinson in 1029,
can still be obtained from the nurserymen, but
it is not largely grown. It is a small fruit,
2J inches long, and pyriform in shape. The
skin is smooth and shining, of clear yellow
colour with blushes of red streaked with darker
red on the side next the sun and strewed with
numerous russety dots. It ripens in August.
The poem referred to was written by Sir John
Suckling in his ballad "Upon a Wedding,"
where the mention of this Pear occurs in the
following lines : —

" Her cheeks so rare a white was on,

No Daisy makes comparison

(Who sees them is undone),

For streaks of red were mingled there,

Such as are on a Katherine Pear

(The side that's next the sun)."

Cattleta Leaves Diseased: IV. C. S. The
leaves sent are attacked by a fungus disease
Cut off and burn all affected parts, and change
the situation of the plants.

Canchalaoua: J. O. P. A Californian term
applied to the genus Erythreea, known also as
the Blush-worts. The best garden species are
E. venusta and E. Muhlenbergi. Erythraeas
lorm elegant little plants for the rockery, and
succeed best grown in a sandy loam.

Correction. The Cactus Dahlias Primrose,
Daisy, Peach, Mrs. Macmillan and Tom-Tit,
certificated at the last meeting of the Royal
Horticultural Society, were shown by Messrs.
J. Stredwick & Suns, St. Leonards, and not by
Messrs. Hobbies, Ltd., as was reported on p. 217.

Creeping Plant . E. O. C. D. The name of the
plant is Helxine Soleirolii. It belongs to the
natural order TJrticactae, and is a native of
Sardinia and Corsica. It forms a very pleasing
btove or greenhouse edging plant, and is easily
propagated by cuttings. It soon spreads over
the soil. It much resembles Sibthorpia
europtea in appearance and habit, but the
leaves are asymmetric, whereas in Sibthorpia
they are regular.

Cucumbers: W. J. I. The roots are attacked
by eelworms (microscopic insects). There is no
cure but to turn out the soil and sterilize it,
and plant afresh in fresh soil obtained from
another source.

Glory Pea : A. R. R. This is the common name
applied to Clianthus Dampieri, a Leguminous
plant from Australia and New South Wales.
It produces red flowers with a dark purple
blotch on each, and is somewhat difficult to
cultivate successfully. The plants are herba-
ceous and perennial, and if planted out-of-

doors should be planted in sandy soil in the
warmest position possible.

Grates Diseased: G. F. N. The berries are
attacked with the " spot " disease, Gloeo-
sporium ampelophagum. Burn the affected
berries, and next spring spray the Vines with
Bordeaux-mixture when the berries are about
to set.

Market Gardening under Glass : U. L. B.
This can be followed as successfully in England
as in Guernsey, as is shown by the great
establishments of the Messrs. Rochford, Kay,
&c, in Hertfordshire, and by the numerous
establishments at Worthing. You should
visit these.

Pears Deformed : G. B. The Pears are im-
perfectly fertilised, as you will observe from
the absence of seeds when the fruits are cut.
The Pear is not formed from the carpel, as true
fruits are, but from the thickening of a portion
of the stem, which explains the presence of
buds on your abortive Pears. The fruit of
Louise Bonne of Jersey received is attacked
with a fungus, Fusicladium dendriticuin.
Burn all the diseased fruits, and spray the
trees with the Bordeaux- mixture, first, as the

Fig. 90. — fusicladium dkndriticom, a fungus
disease on pears.

flower-buds begin to open in spring, again,
when the petals of the blossom are falling, and
lastly when the fruits are of the size of Peas
or slightly larger.

Names of Fruits: W. L.,' Ireland. Thank you
for sending such good specimens and so
well packed. 1, Trumpeter ; 2, Feain's Pippin ;

3, Cullen ; 4, London Pippin ; 5, York Pippin ;

0, Royal Russet. — T. 8. Holland bury. —
J.T. H. 1, Wiltshire Defiance; 2, Warner's
King; 3, Sandringharn; 4, Lemon Pippin; 5,
Stirling Castle; 0, Yellow Siberian.— Guyot.

1, Beurre Die) ; 2, Diamond. — W. Morgan. Not
recognised. — lola. 1, Waltbam Abbey Seed-
ling; 2, Quarrenden. — G. W., Rvr/l/y. The
Peach was quite decayed when it arrived. —
F. 8. The large Pear numbered 1 is Madame
Treyve. The small one, also numbered 1, is
Autumn Nelis ; 2, Doyenne Bossouch ; 3, Gra-
tioli of Jersey —X. Y. Z. 1, Both Peasgood's
Nonsuch, not in the least unusual ; 2, Lady
Sudeley. — G. G. There is no reason to suppose-
that the variety of Grape is any other than Gros
Maroc. In the specimen received the charac-
teristics are quite what they should be. The
cracking of some of the berries has been caused
by a detail in the cultivation — possibly by
letting the soil in the border become too dry,
and afterwards flooding it with water. Main-
tain the conditions as regular as possible.

Names of Plants : A. E. G. 1, Maranta bella;

2, Dracaena nigro-rubra ; 3, Cyrtodeira fulgida ;

4, Acalypha marginata ; 5, Saintpaulia ionan-
tha ; G, Selaginella caulescens. — W. B. G.
Datura Stramonium, the Thorn Apple. — J. E.
1, Tradescantia virginica ; 2, Centranthus ruber ;

3, Dracocephalum speciosum ; 6, Heliauthus
decapetalus double fl. ; 5. Monarda didyma j 4,
Helenium autumnale. — M. McN. You greatly
overtax our courtesy. Another time do not send
more than six, and by way of penance send us a
trifle for the Gardeners' Orphan Fund. 1,
Nephrolepis exaltata ; 2, Aspidium angulare
var. bulbifera ; 3, A. (Lastrea) rigidum ; 4,
Asplenium bulbiferum ; 5, Begonia nitida ;

0, B. weltoniensis ; 7, B. prestoniensis ; 8,
Euonymus japonicus variegatus ; 9, Seduru
Sieboldi ; 10, Abutilon Boule de Neige ; 11,
A. megapotamicum ; 12, Veronica salicifolia ;
13, Syringa Josikaea ; 14, Quercus Ilex ; 15,
Q. Ilex latifolia ; 10, Juniperus reeurva. — D. R.
A late growth of Trifolium incarnatum and
Lotus tenuis. — W. L. Hibiscus syriacus.—
W. L. W. Datura Stramonium, the Thorn
Apple.— 77. H. 2, Portulaca grandiBora ; 5,
Gaura Lindheimeri and Salvia coccinea. —
A. P. B. 1, Cornus sanguina foliis aureo-margin-
atis : 2, Viburnum Opulus ; 3, Cornus san-
guineus ; 4, Colutea arborescens ; 5, Escallonia
macrantha ; 6, Cotoneaster microphylla. — W .P.

1, Viburnus Opulus; 2, V. lantana.— ('. W.
We do not undertake to name varieties of
Dahlias. Specimen No. 7 is Saponaria officina-
lis. You should try to produce better colour
in your Grapes, and pack them more carefully
if you intend them for consumption. — H. W.

2, Mesembryanthemum ; 5, Clarkiapulchella. —
W. K. H., Leeds. Miltonia Clowesii.— C. C.
What wretched specimens ! No. 2 is Cupressus
f unebris ; the others you must send again when
in flower. — W. M. Y. Hippeastrumreticulatum.

Peach : T. A. C. and G. F. The stone was never
formed properly, and thus it eventually split
apart. The cause is due to some detail in the
cultivation, but it is difficult to say definitely
what this may be.

Pineapple Culture: C. P. Sf Co. Question : 1.
What proportion of fertiliser analysing 9 per
cent, ammonia should be incorporated with
(a) fresh leaf-mould (A) leaf-mould already
used once for Pine - growing? 2. Would
periodical root-waterings of nitrate of potash
be beneficial 'i If so, strength and frequency
of application to (a) and (6) as above. 3. Any
other recommendations applicable to above
crop.

Answer : 1. (a) A good manurial mix-
ture for Pineapples under conditions mentioned
would be 40 lb. nitrate of soda, 15 lb. bone-
meal, 25 lb. superphosphate (high grade),
10 lb. sulphate potash, and 10 lb. quicklime,
total, 100 lb. ; 1 \ oz. per square yard of surface
might be applied about once a month ; or 8 oz.
of the mixture should be mixed with one
wheelbarrowful of the leaf-mould. The lime
will neutralise the acidity of the leaf-mould
and assist in the nitrification of the same. The
same proportion of any fertiliser containing
9 per cent, ammonia may be used ; (6) to leaf-
mould already used once give 2| oz. of the
above mixture per square yard of surface, or
1 5 oz. per barrowload of the material. A little
wood-ashes if obtainable would be beneficial in
this case in addition to the other fertilisers.
2. (a) Yes, much benefit would be obtained
from the practice, 1 oz. per gallon of water may
be used once a week; (6) add a little quick-
lime to the nitrate of potash and use as above.
The available lime is quickly used up by the
leaf-mould, and requires renewing from time to
time. Chalk powdered finely is a useful
material, and wood .- ashes as previously
mentioned.

Communications Received.— Louis f?entil— P M T ,
Edinburgh— M. T. M.-K. M.— W. J. T.— H. H. T.—
Pitman's Metropolitan Reporting and Shorthand
Writing Agency -\v. H. S.-L.. Brussels— E. S. R.—
J. G. -Constant Reader-A. G. J.— L E.T.— C. M L —
H. W.-G. D. D. W.— P. W. -A. E. H.-Drummond-
P. H.— B. M. & Sons— J. W.-T. S. W— Z. C-S C —
II. F.-E. H. J. -C. .1. E.-W. J. C.-II. W. W.-C ' R.-
W. B. G.-G. B. & Co.-G. B.-H. T.-VV. E. P. - .1. L.
—P. B. & Bros.— C. E. T.

MARRIAGE— Mr. John Osborne Peed, son
of Mr. Thomas Peed, of Messrs. John Peed &
Son, Nurserymen, Streatham, was married on
September 18 to Miss Amy Greenhill, of Heme
Hill.

(For Markets and Wtather, fee p». x. <£• xii.)

September 30, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

24L

-*^rip

THE

No. 979.— SATURDAY, Sept. 30, 1905.

CONTENTS.

Annuals, what are? ... 251

Apiary, the—
Bee Exhibition at
the Crystal Palace 250

Botanists, some old-
time 219

Caslanospermum aus-
trale £44

Chinese vegetables ... 245

C.hrysanthem ums,
early flowering ... 249

Cyclamen, hardy ... 252

Elm-limbs falling from
tree 252

Crafting and its results 248

Grapes, seedling, at
Edinburgh Exhibi-
tion 243

Hole, Dean, memorial
window to the late... 251

Market gardening-
Transplanting Cab-
bages 262

Monstera deliciosa,
fruits of, in market . 249

Motors and market
gardening 249

Oak-tree, a giant ... 249

Orchid notes and
gleanings—
Cypripedium Fair-

rieanum 244

Orchids at Glebe-
lands 243

O t e Hall, Burgess
Hill

Palm, a purple-leaved

Peach Golden Eagle ...

Pear, new, " Roose-
velt"

Pear, a seedless and
coretess

Pear. Catherine

Plant-food, formation
of, in soils

Plants for tubs

Pruning, experiments
on

Roses at the Royal
Horticultural Hall...

Societies-
National Dahlia ...
National Rose
Royal Horticultural

Trillium seed*, the
germination of

Veronica Hulkeana ...

Wedding of Mr. G. L.
Paul

Week's work, the—
Flower garden, the
Fruits under glass...
Hardy fruit garden
Kitchen garden, the
Orchid houses, the
Plants under elasB

Wisley Gardens, the ...

249
251
243

248
25i

241

252

252
219

253
251

252

242
242

24 H

217
247
24 7
24 rt
2lli
248

24 i
249
243
242

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Castanospermum australe

Ote Hall, Burgess Hill

Pear " Roosevelt "

Veronica Hulkeana

Views in the Gardens at Ote Hall, Burgess Hill

(Supplementary Illustration)
Window ertcted to the memory of the late Dean

Hole

FORMATION OF PLANT-FOOD IN
SOILS.

CHEMICAL research has shown that as a
plant nears its floweriDg and fruiting
period phosphoric acid and other con-
stituents pass rapidly into the younger
parts of the plant, preparatory to being
stored in the flowers, seeds, or fruits, to
meet the requirements of rapidly maturing
growth at these periods. Seedling plants
and the youDg parts of plants may there-
fore live for some time on this reserve
supply before they draw to any extent upon
the soil.

The phosphoric acid, potash, proteins,
carbo-hydrates (starch), &c, thus obtained
and stored up in the bud or seed serve to
feed the tuft of young leaves or seedling for
a long time. A similar transfer cf valuable
food constituents takes place before the fall
of leaves in autumn in practically all
deciduous trees.

Importance of Nitrogen.
Of all the essential elements of plant-
food, nitrogen is in one sense of the greatest
importance— first, because no plant can be
produced without it ; secondly, it is the one
that is most liable to escape; and, thirdly,
because it is more expensive to supply arti-
ficially than the mineral constituents It

is the most volatile and elusive of all the
elements; to-day it may be applied to the
soil, to-morrow it may be carried away in
drainage water out of root-range, or it may
pass as ammonia-gas into the atmosphere.

It has been aptly said that nitrogen i3
always trying to 'run away" or to 'fly
away.'' It is also very unstable, which
however is not the least valuable of its
characteiistics when properly understood.
Professor Vooihees says, "To-day it is an
element of the atmosphere or of a manu-
factured product; to-morrow it is a con-
stituent part of the growing plant; the next
day the same element may exist as an
animal product, and the day following it
may be returned to the soil to feed other
plants."

It is more liable to escape than any of
the other plant foods, because it is available
largely in proportion as it changes to a
Litrate, and after it assumes that form it is
less likely tojbe absorbed or fixed in the soil.

Garden soils, lawns, and meadow lands,
which are frequently well supplied with
humus matter,' retain and hold plant-food
constituents in a much greater degree than
do ordinary arable soils, which shows that
the loss of nitrogen through the operations
of the forces of Nature may be reduced to
a minimum by the careful management of
the soil. The presence of suitable amounts
of vegetable humus matter and the practice
of gocd cultivation are conditions that
should be within the power of every gardener
to provide, though it may be sometimes im-
practicable to keep the kitchen-garden plots
always covered with a crop. But the im-
provement in texture, due to the exposure
of a bare turned-up soil to atmospheric influ-
ences, more than balances the loss of plant
food thus caused, particularly through the
winter with its wide changes of temperature.

After a very wet winter, when there has
been excessive drainage, it is usually ad-
visable to apply to the early crops of Peas,
Cabbage, Lettuce, Spinach, Asparagus, &c,
a little readily available nitrogen, which may
take the form of guano, nitrate of soda, or
sulphate of ammonia, about 1 lb. per square
rod being sufficient. A dressing of soot has
also been found to answer well. If rain does
not follow quickly after the application of the
manure, apply a thorough artificial watering.

Nitrogen as a Constituent of Plant Food.
Nitrogen is essential to the formation of
albumen and of various constituents of the
protoplasm or living substance of plants.
It is absorbed from the soil by the plant
largely in the form of nitrates or of ammonia.
The latter when very dilute can in some cases
be directly absorbed by foliage. It has been
used to some extent in this way by placing
carbonate of ammonia on steam-heated pipes
in conservatories. If there is more ammonia
in the air, however, than the plants can con-
vert into proteins, the protoplasm will be
coagulated, and growth will be almost com-
pletely checked ; or in the case of a great
excess the leaves may be killed. An amount
not greater than 3 to 4 parts in 10,000 greatiy
stimulates the development of foliage, thus
retarding flowering or fruiting. Ordinarily
the amount of ammonia in the air is too
small to be of any importance either as a
direct food of plants or as a source of
nitrogen for the roots by accumulating in
the soil. By far the most important source

of nitrogen for most crop3 is afforded by
the nitrates of the soil.

The main source of nitrogen in the soil,
besides that produced by the decay of organic
matter, is the fixation of the nitrogen of the
atmosphere through the agency of bacteria
or other micro-organisms. Though about
75 per cent, of the volume of the air consists
of nitrogen, it does not become available
for ordinary plants, except as it is
absorbed by these micro-organisms and
converted into nitrates or some other higher
nitrogen compounds. Many varieties o
bacteiia and lungi have been found which
can absorb free nitrogen from the air if they
are supplied with suitable food. This is
usually derived from decomposing vegetable
matter or from living roots and cells. In
some cases bacteria and algse are associated
in the process, and in others, bacteria live
on or in the roota of more highly developed
plants, forming swellings or tubercles on
them, as in the Leguminous family. The
great importance of this to all cultivators of
the soil is at once apparent, and the study
of the conditions favouring the growth of
these beneficial micro-organisms is of the
highest practical value.

Explanation ok Nitrification.

Nitrogen in the form of nitrates is gene-
rally regarded as the best kind of nitro-
genous food for plants. They obtain this
food from four sources— (1) from the nitrates
which are already present in the soil ; (2)
from those tbat are carried down to the soil
from the air in rain, snow, and dew; (3)
from those that are applied artificially in
manures; and (1) from the nitrates which are
formed in the soil from the ammonia of other
substances.

As is well known all the nitrogen that is
applied to the soil for manurial purposes,
especially in farmyard dung, sea-weed, or
vegetable composts, is not in the form of
nitrates, and before it can be taken up and
used by the growing plant, the organic
nitrogen must fe changtd, first, into the
form of ammonia gas., and then into nitric
acid. These changes all take place through
the agency of micro-organisms, and that
particular process in which the nitrogen of
the ammonia is changed into nitric acid is
called nitrification. This change is ac-
complished by the joint action of two
separate organisms, one of which changes
the nitrogen of ammonia into nitrous acid,
while the other changes the nitrous acid
into nitric acid.

It is well known that the conditions that
are required for the development of nitrifying
organisms are the presence of certain food
and other elements— heat, moisture, air, and
some mineral base, such as lime or potash,
to neutralize the nitric acid as it is formed.
The nitrifying organisms require certain
substances as tood, among which phosphoric
acid is most important. It has been found
tbat without phosphoric acid there can be
no nitrification. This may be one of the
reasons why phosphates show such beneficial
results when applied to some soils, besides
which they furnish plant food directly. The
three conditions which exert a marked in-
fluence on nitrification, and which in horti-
cultural practice are more or less intimately
associated, are heat, air, and moisture.

The process is most rapid during warm
weather, and in a conservatory or garden
frame in the presence of sufficient air and

242

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE..

[^EniMB-R 30, 19J5.

moisture. Here, then, is one of the reasons
why thorough tillage is so essential in
successful gardening. The looseniDg and
pulverising of the soil allow the admission
of the necessary air, and regulate the supply
of moisture. If the soil is either very dry,
or saturated with water to the exclusion of
air, nitrification is retarded, and may be
permanently stopped. This is a point
requiring attention in pot cultures.

The final product of nitrification is nitric-
acid. But the nitrifying organisms cannot
develop in the presence of a free acid, hence
the beneficial effect of liming sour soils.
Peaty soils, black-coloured garden soils, and
others to which large quantities of coal-
ashes have been applied, are very liable tj
become soured. An application of lime
corrects the sourness of the soil by
neutralizing the free acid, and then, if the
other conditions of heat, air, moisture, and
food are available, nitrification may proceed.

There must be an excess of lime applied
over and above the amount necessary to
correct the acidity of the soil, in order to
neutralise the nitric acid as it is formed.
Basic slag has also been found of great value
in the aid of nitrification. The caustic lime
of the slag may have at first a retarding
effect on the nitrifj ing organisms by render-
ing the soil too alkaline, but it soon gets
converted into a mild form, and then acts
most beneficially.

The organisms found in the tubercles on
the roots of Leguminous plants, such a?
Peas, Beans, Clovers, Lupines, &c., are not
the organisms that produce nitric acid.
Thesa are what are called bacteria, whosg
office is to seize or fix upon the fr.e nitrogen
of the air or the nitric acid of the soil, and
to store it up in the tubercles for the use of
the host-plant. ./. J. Willis, Harpenden.

{To be continued.)

FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE.

GERMINATION OF TRILLIUM SEEDS.

Mr. O. O. Wbiglet (see p. 96) seems to have
tried all ways but the right one to induce the
seeds of T. grandiflorurn to grow. Like very
many North American plants, the seeds are
erratic in their period of germinating, unless they
have first been well frozen. It must be borne in
mind that this is essentially a plant that will stand
cold to any extent in its native woods in the
northern United States and in Canada. Though a
deep covering of snow is present most of the time,
it is not unusual for the soil to be frozen a foot
deep before snow arrives.

Gather the seeds as soon as they ripen, which
in this part is about September 1. Sow them at
once, and place them out-of-doors until a hard
frost has, so to speak, put them to sleep. It will
afterwards be found very easy to induce them to
germinate, either out-of-doors in spring or in
warmth in the greenhouse.

The most suitable way would be to sow them
out-of-doors in moist, shady woods, where with-
out care they ought in two years to produce
plants strong enough to bloom.

It was my privilege at one time to handle many
thousands of T. grandifloruin intended for export
to England and Holland, and as collected roots
are so cheaply obtained here, the raising of plants
from seeds is rarely attempted.

It should perhaps be added that the duration
of the freezing process does not appear to be of
importance, a week being as good as a month.
E. 0. Orpel, Lancaster, Mass , U.S A.

VERONICA HULKEANA.

This is certainly the most beautiful of all the
shrubby Veronicas. Like the majority of the
family it is a native of New Zealand, where it is
found in the mountainous districts. It was
introduced into this country about forty years

When cjltivated in this manner it is a charming-
sight at the close of the month of May, when
its countless bloom-sprays, many of them from
Is inches to 2 feet in length, standing out
from the wall and, slightly drooping, form a cloud1
of delicate lavender colour from the t >pmosfc
shoot to the ground-level, at once attracting the>

Fig. 91.— veronica hulkeana: flowers lavexder-coloukkh.

ago, hut in spite of its loveliness is seldom met
with even in the south- western counties. It is
totally distinct from all other shrubby Veronicas
in appearance, surpassing them in the grace of
its long, branching flower-panicles. If left to
itself the plant will form a loose growing bush,
but it presents a more attractive picture wher.
grown against a wall, the wall being valuable also
for the additional protection it affords the plant.

attenMon and exciting the admiration of eve>-y
beholder. A large plant 5 feet in height and as
much across will often bear as many as 200 flowe--
sprays. The species is frequently reported to be-
very tender, but I have known plants to be
uninjured when other shrubby Veronicas in the-
fa-n garden -vere damaged by frost, and the
reason, for its having, obtained this character
is drubtless to le ascribed to the fact that

September 3 I, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

243

old plants, and in some cases even young ones,
often die off in an unaccountable manner. The
•death of the plants is sometimes attributed to
the strain of flower-and-seed-produetion, but I
have known a plant only 2 feet in height which
bore but half-a-dozen flower-sprays die, and large
examples have flowered and borne seed year after
year in perfect health, only to succumb eventu-
ally.

With the possibility of this sudden collapse in
their minds, possessors of fine specimens are natu-
rally on the look-out for signs of failing vigour in
their plants, for the death of such a shrub is a
serious loss to the garden, depriving it of one
of the most beautiful features in late spring, and
many years must elapse before a small plant can
attain large proportions. In order to prevent an
undue drain on the strength of the plant it is
advisable to cut the flower-sprays immediately the
blossoms wither.

Cuttings from 3 to 6 inches in length, taken off
with a heel during the late summer and early
autumn, strike readily, and plants may also be
easily raised from seed. In the colder districts
this Veronica makes a most attractive conserva-
tory plant. S. W. Fi'/sherbett, Devonshire.

size. Perhaps one of its parents was that variety ;
if so, I fear its future is not a bright one, as White
Tokay has few of the attributes of a good Grape
beyond a vigorous constitution.

Mr. Kirk, from Alloa Gardens, staged Directeur
Tisserand in the class for any other black variety
than those specified, and was awarded the 2nd
prize. I do not remember having seen this ( (rape
before. The bunch was of moderate size and the
berries also ; in shape they were oval with a
blunt end ; the colour reminded one of Mill Hill

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

ORCHIDS AT GLEBELANDS, SOUTH
WOODFORD.
J. Gtjrnet Fowler, Esq , the energetic
Treasurer of the Royal Horticultural Society and
Chairman of the Orchid Committee, is an en-
thusiastic Orchidist, and the many important
additions to the collection contained in the well-
arranged Orchid-houses in his gardens constitute

FRUIT REGISTER.

PEAR "ROOSEVELT."
M. Charles Baltet, the famous pomologist < f
Troyes, sends us an account and illustration (fig, 92)
of this new fruit. '• This Pear," he says, "is
destined to bring about a revolution in our fruit
gardens and orchards. The tree is robust and
fertile when grafted on the free-stock or on the
Quince. The fruit is very large, sometimes measur-
ing 10 inches round, globular or ovoid; skin smooth,
of a pleasing whitish-yellow colour shading into
lemon, with carmine or vermilion spots on the
sunny side. The flesh is snow-white, delicate, sweet
and melting, of an agreeable flavour. It may be
said tj be ripe during the whole of October, as it
really begins at the end of September and
■continues in use to the beginning of November."
M. Charles Baltet. of Troyes, who has intro-
duced this Pear into commerce, after testing it
for years, has appropriately named it after Presi-
dent Roosevelt, whom he designates as the man
of the time, and a prominent advocate for that
peace which is so necessary in gardens as elsewhere.

Seedling Grapes at Edinburgh.

Any new variety of Grape that is likely
to be a worthy addition to existing varieties
is certain to excite interest. It seems difficult
to obtain better varieties than those that
have stood the test of many years' cultivation,
like Black Hamburgh or the Alexandrian
Muscat. Mr. Bradshaw, gr. to the Marquis
of Downshire, Hillsborough Castle, staged fruits
■of two seedling varieties at the late Edin-
burgh show. No. 1 was a seedling from t he
varieties Black Hamburgh and Mrs. Pince. and
certainly in appearance the fruit partook of the
■characteristics of both its parents. In the share
of the berries it was like Mrs. Pince, with the
•colour and bloom of Black Hamburgh. In
flavour it was a combination of the two, being
moderately sweet and crisp. It is a variety well
worthy of an extended trial ; but perhaps its
greatest fault is the want of size in the berries.
This defect might have been owing to some pre-
ventable cause. The 1st prize for any seedling
Grape not in commerce was awarded to it.

No. 2 was named Marchioness of Downshire,
and was staged by Mr. Bradshaw in the class for
any new Grape introduced since 1900. No award
was made. To me the fruit seemed too much like
that of White Tokay in the shape and flavour of
its berries, although they were distinctly larger in

Fig. hi'.— new peak "eoosevelt."

Raised by Messrs. Baltet Frcres, of Troyes.

Hamburgh when nicely hammered, as is so
common in that variety. E. Molynev

Peach Golden Ea.-le.
As a late-ripening Peach for indoor cultivation
there are few better varieties than Golden Eagle, a
variety raised by the late Mr. Rivers. The fruit
attains to a good size, and is of a rich shade of yellow
colour, but on the sunny side deep red. The
flavour is of first-rate quality. J. Murray, Sopley.

it one of the most important in the neighbourhood
of London.

Cypripediums, Cattleyas, Lajlias, and their
hybrids, La;lio-Cattleyas, Odontoglossunis, and
Dendrobiums are all strongly represented, and in
each class are superb specimens of some of the
best in cultivation. Many that have already
been much talked about are enquired after, such
as the unique Cypripedium x Leeanum J. Gurney
Fowler; the beautiful white Cattleya \ Warsce-

244

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 30, 1905. ,'7

wiczii Frau Melanie Bejrodt, for which a First-
class Certificate was obtained at the last Holland
House show; and the superb Glebelands variety
of C. Mossioe Reineckiana, and 1hey are found to
be in robust health. The white Oattleya Warsce-
wiczii had twelve pseudo-bulbs and six flower-
ing shoots, and the C. Reineckiana forty pseudo-
bulbs and ti^ht young growths. It may be re-
marked that throughout the collection the large
proportion of young growths to the old pseudo-
bulbs was extraordinary.

The huge specimens of Vanda Sandeiiana and
V. ccerulea exhibited a few years ago next call
for remark. The V. Sanderiana has had to be
separated in order to shorten the plants, and
they now form parts of a dozen grand specimens
in one of the houses. Pictures representing them
in their original splendour adorn the walls of
the library, together with some large photographs
of Brazilian forest scenery, showing Orchids in
their natural state, brought by Mr. G arney
Fowler from South America.

The first house entered had a good collection
of Cattleyas with Epidendrum radicans and E.
O'Brienianum at one end planted out in sphag-
num-moss, a plan also adopted in several of
the other houses. Here a fine example of
C. Harrisoniana was in bloom. The next, an
intermediate-house, had a vigorous batch of good
Lycastes, Zygopetalums, and allied plants ; and a
choice batch of fine yellow and other named
varieties of Cypripedium insigne, including the
handsome dark-coloured C. insigne Fowlerianum.
Here, also, are four strong specimens of Cypri-
pedium Fairrieanum of recent importation.

The Odontoglossuins occupy a range in two
divisions, and are largely composed of healthy,
thriving plants not yet bloomed, and out of which
some good blotched forms are expected. Some
good hybrids are with them, including 0. Kossii
majus x 0. x Adrians, and a few other
promising crosses, together with several forms
of 0. x ardentissimum, a very pretty and dis-
tinct variety of which, with one large rose-purple
blotch in the middle of each segment, was in
bloom. O. x ardentissimum exquisitum is thriv-
ing well ; 0. luteo-purpureum Vuylstekeanum
has seven pseudo-bulbs and five strong leading
growths, and should be a fine example when next
in flower. 0. x waltoniense and the blotched
forms of O. crispum are in good condition, and,
remarkable for their vigour in these cool houses,
a batch of Lslia Jongheana, a good example
of Oncidium ornithorhynchum album with a
strong spike, a lot of O. varicosum, 0. concolor,
and other Oncidiums ; a strong specimen of Odon-
toglossum coronarium, and a collection of Masde-
vallias, of which several of the form3 of M. Har-
ryana, M.Veitchiana, M. Carderi, M. x Hincksiana,
M. Schlimii, and a few others were in bloom.

The warmerCypripedium-houses contained afine
selection, all equally vigorous, some hybrids, such
as the beautiful C. X Olivia, and the hybrids of C.
Rothschildianum being of very large size. Strong
specimens of C. x Miss Louisa Fowler, C. x
1'Ansoni, forms of C. x Leeanum, including five
plants of the handsome variety "Clinkaberry-
anum," and a like number of C. x Mary Beatrice
"Queen of Ethiopia," and C. Lawrenceanum
Hyeanum. C. niveum, C. x Nandii, and others
were in bloom, and in the same house was seen a
good specimen of Eulophiella Peetersiana, and
another of E. Elisabetba- of the original importa-
tion, which in itself is a good indication of the
unremitting care and skill of Mr. J. Davis, the
gardener at Glebelands.

An intermediate-house contained a good collec-
tion of Cymbidiums, including the rare C.
Huttoni; Camaridium ochroleucum, a pretty
white species not often met with ; a good selec-
tion of Miltonia vexillaria, Oncidium lamelli-
gerum, and O. tigrinum with stout spikes, and
other fine specimens.

The span warm-house range contained a re-
markably good collection of Phaltenopsis with
perfect foliage, principally P. Schilleriana. Here
was a small but healthy collection of Vandas and
Aerides, including a number of strong specimens
of Vanda Sanderiana, and a truly remarkable
plant of V. Amesiana about 3 feet in height, and
with many growths sending up stout flower-
spikes. Also Vanda Liwii, and a good selection
of hybrid Dendrobes, D. x Schneiderianum
having abnormally stout pseudo-bulbs ; a selec-
tion of Lrelia anceps, five plants of the rare L.
tenebrosa Walton Grange, and other good things.

The next cooler house had a nice lot of
Phalamopsis Rimestadtiana, which is found to be
the easiest Phahenopiis to grow, and the freest
in flowering. Some are in bloom, and the large
white, sometimes rose-tinted flowers well bear out
the good character given. Overhead was a good
show of the large white Dendrobium formosum
giganteum, with varying tints of yellow on the
disc of the lip. One side of the house was entirely
occupied with the best hybrid Cattleyas, Ltelio-
Cattleyas, and rare forms of species, including C.
Schruderse Fowler's variety, C. S. Pitt's variety,
and a choice selection of other rare forms of the
C. labiata section. In bloom were a very beautiful
Cattleya x Iris, Ltelio-C'attleya x Nysa superba,
several L.-C. x elegans, &c. ; while the superb
Brasso-Lselia x Edward VII. had just passed out
of flower.

A novel feature in many of the houses, and
one which contributes much to the equal dis-
tribution of the heat and the prevention of
erratic currents of air, is seen in the loose brick
screens or walls built without mortar, and with
openings 1 inches or so between the ends of the
bricks. These are built up from the ground at
the edge of the walk to the edge of the staging,
enclosing the area beneath the staging and the
hot-water-piping, so that the heat has to pass
through the openings in the bricks in order to
reach the middle of tho house. These loose brick
walls become saturated, and give off a regular
degree of moisture. The adoption of this simple
device in some bouses where the plants are often
injured by the excessive and unequal distribution
of the heat from the hot-water-piping would
prove highly beneficial.

The Garden.

The garden at Glebelands is an old one. Orna-
mental flowering and foliage plants, apart from
Orchids, are still well grown, and the houses
devoted to these were gay with bloom, Cleroden-
dron Fallax being especially noticeable.
_ The vines were well cropped, and Roses, which
used to be prime favourites, are still extensively
and well grown both indoors and out.

The lawn has at one end a noble Tulip-tree,
and on and around the lawn are several large
Taxodium distichum and Cedars, while the border
contains a good collection of herbaceous peren-
nials, with an ornamental pond at one end.

Outdoor fruits are said to develop satisfactorily,
Apples being especially good, some of these trees
being heavily laden with fruits.

CYPRIPEDIUM FAIRRIEANUM.

As there is little doubt that the plants for-
merly in cultivation were nursed to death in a
too high temperature a word of warning on that
point will not now be out of place. Being of low
stature the plants should always be kept near the
glass of the roof. For the present they will
succeed best in a temperature of 60' to 65" Fahr.
But during the winter months 55° to 00° would
be better, the lower temperature being observed
at night, for nothing is more fatal to plants
under glass than a too high night temperature.
The plants should be kept in the temperature
mentioned until March, when more warmth and
moisture should be given. When further expe-
rience of the plant has been gained, it will
probably be found to be one of the hardiest of
Cypripediums.

CASTANOSPERMUM AUSTRALE.

In the garden of the " Chalet des Rosiers," at
Garavan, near Mentone, where Queen Victoria
once spent a winter, and which now belongs to a
Russian gentleman, there are but few trees of
interest. Among them I observed, about six or
seven years ago, a young tree of vigorous growth
with large pinnate leaves. Since then I was
informed that it had begun to flower, but un-
fortunately I always failed to see a specimen of
it until I happened to do so this year. The-
gardener could not give me any particulars about
the origin of this stately plant, nor could I
guess from his description of the flower and the
little fruit he presented to me — the first one
produced (see fig. 93, 8) — to which family the tree-
could belong.

Recently I visited again the garden and
found the tree with young buds. It has now
grown into a bush, branched from the bottom,
and is about 6 m. high. Another specimen,
which promised tj form a beautiful tree, had
been destroyed. The flower -bud3 came in
cjuantity from the old wood, but they were-
yet so young that little could be seen from,
them, except that they promised to be some-
thing which I had never seen in any of our
Riviera gardens.

At my request the gardener kindly sent me
over a few flowering spikes, from which I easily
ascertained that the plant in question is Castano-
spermum australe, A. Cunningham. As there is
no figure, so far as I know, except in Hook.
Bot. Misc., t. 51, a publication to which I have
no access, I thought it might be of interest to
all lovers of evergreen trees to make a drawing
of a flower spike and a leaf.

The racemes which I received are 12 cm. long,
and bear 10 to 20 flowers on pedicels of about
3 cm. in length. The rachis is thickened at the
point of the insertion of the pedicels. "She
pedicels turn to one side, the racemes are there-
fore secundiflorous. The calyx is conical at the
base, above broadly campanulate, and like the
pedicels of a dull orange- yellow colour. It is shortly
five-lobed, the two upper lobes being the broadest,
the three under ones are narrower but somewhat
longer. The petals are all free ; on opening they
are, as well as the stamens, of a yellowish-green
colour ; then soon turn to orange, and finally
become a fine deep - red colour, similar to>
some Erythrinas. To these latter trees or
shrubs the flowers have indeed much resem-
blance. But the relationship of Castanospermum
is not with these, and on account of the free
stamens, &c , it belongs to the tribe Sophorere.
The individual flowers at hand measure from the.
bottom of the calyx to the anthers of the much
exserted stamens 5 cm. (= about 2 inches). In
the young state, when the flowers are of an
orange colour, the anthers shed their pollen, and,
as in many other plants, the flowers assume the
deeper and finer colour when the stigma becomes-
mature.

Castanospermum australe is described by
Bentham in his Flora Auslr., ii., 275, as a large
tree, native of Queensland and New South
Wales, where it seems to grow along the
rivers. The genus only comprises one species.
The large globular seeds are eaten roasted like
Chestnuts.

For horticultural purposes it is a very desir-
able evergreen tree for subtropical gardens,
where it can be grown in the open-air. The
individual leaves measure from the base of the
petiole to the top of the end leaflet 30 to 50 cm. >
the leaflets are from eleven to fifteen in number,
and some are over 15 cm. long, giving a total
breadth of over 25 cm. to the whole leaf. It
seems to grow quickly on deep, fresh soil. When
in full flower the tree is sure to be very at-
tractive. Aluin Berger, La Mortola, Ventimiglia,
Italy.

September 30, 1905.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

215

LEAVES FROM MY CHINESE
NOTEBOOK.

{Continued from p. Hi.)
On Chinese Cereals, Vegetables, and
Cdlinary Oil-yielding Plants. — What food
the population of a country lives upon is always of
interest and importance, and of no nation is this
more true than of the Chinese. This nation is
to a very large extent vegetarian, flesh being
only eaten in small quantities except on festival
occasions. Pork, chickens, ducks, and fish
represent the meat, of which the Chinese are
excessively fond, but to the great majority
these are luxuries only indulged in on rare occa-
sions. Eice is to them what Wheat is to us,
only more so. So long as the average Chinaman

Kingdom. Other parts of China have vegetables
peculiarly their own. For example, around
Pekin " Crosnes " (Stachys tuberifera) are com-
monly cultivated, but no mention of them will be
found in these note? since they did not came
under my observation. Again, at the treaty
ports, where foreigners have settled, varieties of
our own vegetables have been introduced and are
cultivated for their use. These, with rare
exceptions, do not come within the province of
this article.

The difficulty of affixing the correct scientific
names to plants long cultivated is a very real
one, and one that can he appreciated by all.
Whilst in the following piges I cannot hope t >
have altogether escaped error in this matter, I

* Verge

Fig. S3 — castanospermum australe. (see p. 244.)

1. Leaf. a. Raceme. 3. Standard. 4. Wing. ft. One of the free keel -petals. 6. Calyx in longitudinal -ection
showirg inserton of stamens and petals and the stipitale ovary. 7. Ovary, longitudinal section, showing
the ovules. 8 A young fruit with a single seed. 9. A well-formed fruit, opiei fro ji Taubert's mooograpli
cf the Legumiuos;c, in Engler and PranU's Katur. Pflamenfami&h n, ill.. 3, fig. Iu3 N. All natural size.

can get rice he is happy ; but this would be
scarcely true of ourselves if we could only get
bread !

Next to Eice, Wheat, Maize, Pulse, and Cab-
bage are the more important food-stuffs. The
Chinese fry most of their vegetables, and for
this purpose vegetable oil is nearly always used.
That expressed from the seeds of members of the
Cabbage family, Glycine hispida, ani Sesamum
indicum, being most in request.

Whilst the Chinese cultivate a great variety of
vegetables the quality of one and all, judged
from our standpoint, is wretchedly inferior.
With the exception of Maize and Sweet Potatos,
it is safe to say that not a single Chinese
.vegetable would command attention in this
country.

In this article I have attempted a fairly ex-
haustive account of this subject, in so far as it
came under my observation during the five
years I travelled in China. These observations
were limited to three provinces, namely, Yunnan,
Hupeh, and Szechuan. The estimated area of
these three provinces is about 372,500 square
miles ; more than three times that of the United

have used every means at my command to ensure
accuracy.

For the purpose of convenience I have grouped
the subjects under several headings, beginning
with —

Cereals.

Amongst these Rice stands pre-eminent.
It is cultivated everywhere in China where
the climate admits, and where the water
necsssary for its culture is obtainable. Tne
methods of cultivating this cereal afford a gocd
insight into Chinese character. They illustrate
well their extreme patience and conservatism.
Eice is an aquatic, and its culture has called for
the elaborate system of irrigation which obtains
in many parts of China, notably the plain of
Chentu. In this system water is conveyed
by every conceivable methol. la undulating
country terraced cultivation is very much in
vogue, the system being most elaborate and
complete. For generation after generation these
same systems have been employed, and much as
one appreciates the vast amount of labour
involved, it is borne in upon one that it is the
brain of a bygone age that devised the scheme,

and all that obtains to-day is mere imitation of
the past.

The cultivation of this cereal — how it is sown
thickly in small nursery-beds, transplanted when
large enough to handle in little tufts into pre-
viously prepared and flooded fields; how it is
made firm by subsequent treading, kept free from,
weeds, and the requisite amount of water main-
tained ; how, as the crop ripens, the water is led
off, and how finally the fields are reaped
by hand, and the grain beaten off there and then
into large wooden bins— i3 too well known to
demand detailed comment here. In Southern
China two crops of Eice are obtained in one year,
but in Central and Western China only one crop
is grown. This occupies the ground from May
till the end of August. The Chinese cultivate
three well-marked varieties of Eice — viz., ordinary,
reel, and glutinose. The first two are grown
lor food only ; the red being the hardiest is
cultivated at higher altitudes than the other, but
is by no means confined thereto. This red Eice
(llung-ur) gets its name from the reddish
colour of the pellicle, which adheres tenaciously
to parts of the grain after milling. Glutinose
Eice does not take the place of the other two as a
food-stuff, being only eaten for a change. It is
valued for the weak spirit which is made from it,
lor sugar which is extracted fruu it, and for
making into cake3 and sweetmeats. It is later to-
lipen than the other varieties, and always
commands a higher price in the market.

In Yunnan the Chinese cultivate a variety
which will grow without water. This upland
Eice jieUs but a poor crop, and is very inferior.
It is probably the same as that cultivated in.
India under similar conditions.

Wheat. — Whilst the Chinese are pre-eminently
a i ice-eating race, it should be borne in mind
\hA~ there are millions of Chinese who save on
lare occasions never eat Eice at all. To these,
\\ heat, Maize, and Buckwheat are the staple
cercale. In the Eice-growing districts of China
Wheat is a winter crop, occupying the ground from
October to early May. In the mountainous districts
and in the colder provinces it is a most important
summer crop. I have noted no fewer than five
varieties, comprising both "red" and "white"
W heat, both awned and awnless. In late Au gust the
mountain sides and valleys in Western Szechuan
present a glorious picture of miles and miles of
rolling grain-fields. In this region 3,000 to
10,500 feet represent the Wheat- growing belt.
The grain is sown by hand in rows, the seeds
being dropped in clusters a few inches apart. In
the Yangtze Valley, if the Wheat-crop is late in
ripening, it is ploughed in to make way for Eice.
In the plains of Central China the grain is
threshed out the moment it is harvested. On the
Tibetan borderland it is tied into sheaves and
stacked, ears downwards, on tall hurdle - like
arrangements until time and weather admit of
its being threshed. These same remarks apply
to Barley, Oats, and other crops. The grain is
ground into flour and made into cakes and
vermicelli. Chinese flour is usually gritty and of
bad colour.

Barley.— This cereal is sparsely cultivated
throughout the Yang-tsze Valley, and it is only
in the mountainous Tibetan borderland that it is
largely grown. The Chinese do not care for the
meal, and the grain is chiefly used for making
spirits, for feeding pigs and other domestic
animals. The Tibetans, on the other hand,
highly esteem it. Eoasted and ground into meal
and mixed with tea and rancid butter it forms
" tsamba," the national and staple food of the
Tibetans. As it is hardier than Wheat its
culture extends to higher altitudes ; the highest
point I noted it was 13,000 feet. Both Chinese
and Tibetans cultivate several varieties, but the
six-rowed variety, Hordtum vulgare var. hexa-
stichum, is most in favour. Around Sung-pan, a

246

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 30, 1905.

variety of the above haying purple paleae is
largely "grown, being considered hardier than the
type. This purple barley is apparently peculiar \
to these parts, being quite distinct from the two-
ranked chocolate Barley (Hordeum cceleste,
Viborg), cultivated in parts of the Himalaya.
Ordinary Barley (H. vulgare) is cultivated in less
quantities by Chinese and Tibetans. In Hupeh
and in the river valleys of Western Szechuan I
met with occasional patches of H. vulgare
var. tegilops, Meyer. This variety is the Mi-me
(Rice-Wheat) of the Chinese.

Oats. — Though these are not much grown by
the Chinese in the parts I traversed, they are
cultivated to a considerable extent by the
Tibetan and other tribesmen in the highlands
of the Tibetan borderland. The Chinese prefer
Avena nuda (which they designate as Yen-me) ;
the Tibetans and tribes-folk, Avena fatua. The
grains are roasted and ground into oatmeal, or
cooked and eaten whole.

Maize. — This cereal [of American origin] ranks
next to Rice and Wheat in importance, and is
cultivated throughout the length and breadth
of China. In the Yang-tsze valley it is always
a summer crop, and two crops are frequently har-
vested. In the mountains of Western China its
cultivation extends up to 7,000 feet, and in excep-
tionally favourable districts even higher. Green
corn is really a delicious vegetable, and ought to
be used in this country. The Chinese, however, do
not employ it extensively in this form. When ripe
■the sheaths of the cobs are folded back, exposing
the grain. They are then tied in bunches and
suspended from the roofs of houses, where they
can be kept dry. The grain is ground up and
made into meal-cakes. It is also used for making
spirit. From the culms sugar is sometimes
extracted, but their chief use is for fuel.

False Millet (Sorghum vulgare). — This is the
Kao-liang of the Chinese, which is largely used in
■China for making wine. It is cultivated gene-
rally throughout Central and Western China, but
not so extensively as in other parts of China,
notably Manchuria. The largest areas I noted
were on the plateaux of Yunnan, the plain of
■Chentu, and the fluviatile areas of the Min and
Fo rivers. Its altitudinal limit is the same as
that of Maize, and, like this latter, it is alwajs a
summer crop. Two varieties are grown, one with
purple, the other with yellowish *' heads." It is
occasionally employed as food, more particularly
in mountainous districts, but 90 per cent, of it
is used for making wine.

Panicum . miliaceum (Chan-tzu) and Setaria
itiilica (Hsiu-ku) are both cultivated, but not in
large quantities. The seeds are used in making
cakes, but the chief use of the latter is for feeding
bird-pets.

Coia; larhryma. Job's-tear3 (Ta-wan-tzti), is
-cultivated in small patches throughout Central
■ and Western China. Though occasionally used as
food in the form of gruel, " Job's Tears " are
•chiefly valued as medicine. They are supposed
to possess tonic and diuretic properties, and are
administered in cases of phthisis and dropsy.

Buckwheat. — Of this two species are commonly
■cultivated — viz., Fagopyrum esculentum and F.
tataricum, the E'u ch'iao me and T'ien ch'iao me
respectively of the Chinese. These constitute a
most important crop, especially in the highlands.
Under favourable climatic conditions two crops
are harvested. A field of the pink Buckwheat
(F. esculentum) in flower is one of the prettiest
sights imaginable. It is most commonly grown
in Western China on terraced mountain-sides,
rhe other species grows twice the height of the
above, and bears greenish-white flowers. The
altitudinal limit equals and possibly exceeds that
cf Barley.

After the seeds are threshed out they are ground
up in water, and the husks are removed by a
fine si3ve. The flour is then made into dough

with a little salt, to which lime is added. This
dough is made into vermicelli, when it is ready
for cooking and eating.

Buckwheat constitutes a most important
article of food amongst the Chinese living in the
mountainous districts, and also with the tribes-
folk of the Chino- Tibetan borderland. It is a
very accommodating crop, for it thrives on the
poorest of soils, requires little attention beyond
sowing and harvesting, and matures very quickly.
E. H. Wilson.

(To be continued.)

The Week's Work.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bullock, Gardener to E. J. Wythes, Esq.,
■ Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Stove Foliige Plants. — Let those plants which are
grown for their richness of colour alone be afforded
all the light obtainable, shading of any kind
being no longer necessary. Maintain a tempera-
ture at night of 70°, using artificial heat for the
purpose if necessary. Let the atmosphere be
kept moist by frequently damping the stages and
walks. The plants may be syringed overhead
twice during the day, once in the early morning,
and again early in the afternoon. If the structure
containing the plants has not been cleansed re-
cently, it should be thoroughlj cleansed now, and
an inspection of the plants made at the same time,
taking every care to remove any signs of mealy-
bug, scale, &c, there may be found. This can
be done without risk of causing injury to the
tenderest foliage by using an application of para-
ffin and water at the rate of a wineglassful of
paraffin to 3 gallons of water. The plants may
either be dipped in the preparation or be syringed
w ith it, but the liquid should be thoroughly and con-
stantly stirred to prevent the oil rising to the sur-
face, for if this be applied to the plants in an undi-
luted condition it will cause them injury. A half-
pint of paraffin to 3 gallons of water should be used
for syringing the biick and woodwork in the
house, and when dry the walls should be whitened
and sweetened with limewash.

Lilium Barrisi. — Let the bulbs be potted up as
soon as they are received, using a compost con-
sisting of t.vo parts loam and one part of well-
decayed leaf-soil, adding a liberal quantity of
silver-sand. Well mix these ingredients together.
In potting the bulbs let them be kept well down
in the pots to allow of a good top-dressing being
applied at a later date. The pots containing the
bulbs may be stood in a cold frame until the bulbs
show signs of growth, and water should not be
afforded until root-action has commenced.

Lilium longifiornm giganteum. — Let these be
treated precisely in the same way as are L. Har-
risii. These will flower at a later date, and form
a useful succession to L. Harrisii.

Early-flowering Tulips, S(c. — These bulbs are now
being received, and should be potted up without
loss of time if they are intended to flower from
Christmas onward. Before plunging them in
ashes afford a good watering ami allow the water
to drain from the pots.

General Work. — After this date plants of a
tender nature are not safe to remain out-of-doors
without protection being afforded them. Let
provision be made for the safe housing of Chrys-
anthemums, Primulas, Cinerarias, eta. Afford
Freesias that have started into growth a light
stake to prevent them falling about.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By \V. A. Miller. Gardener to Lord Henry C.
Bentinck, M.P , Underley Hall, Westmoreland.

The Rockery. — Many rock-garden plants can at
this season be successfully propagated. A layer
of sandy soil 3 inches in depth in a eild frame
will suit the requirements of the majority of these
plants. Artemisia? are of easy culture, and cut-
tings inserted now will develop into good plants
by next seison. The silvery foliage of A. Stel-
leriana, A. ludoviciana, A. sericaa, and A. Villarsii
is always pleasing. Other plants with grey or sil-
very leaves are Achillea argentea, Alyssum argen-
teum, Antennaria tomentosum, Cerastiums, Sea-
biosa parnassi, Senecio argenteus, S. laxifolius,
Stachjs lanata, Othonnopsis cheirifolia, and

Santolina. Cistus maybe easily increased by cut-
tings inserted at the present time under a
handglass ; they will need protection during
severe weather. C. laurifolius is a strong-growing
and hardy variety. The following plants can be
propagated in a similar manner to Cistus : Helian-
themums, Linum perenne, L. flavum, Linarias,
Veronicas, Erigerons, Hypericum Moserianum
tricolor, Antirrhinum sempervirens, A. glutin-
osum. Oaultheria nummularioides, Philesia
buxifolia, and Polygala chama-buxus can
all be increased from cuttings or from suckers.
Cuttings of the following tender rock plants re-
quire to be inserted in a warm frame: — Convolvulus
Cneorum, C. mauritanicus, a trailing species with
blue flowers; Pratia begoniajfolia, this species
bears violet-coloured berries during the autumn ;
Polygonum capitatum, a creeping variety that
colours well, growing against the face of a rock,
and where it is subjected to much heat ; Sedum
carneum variegatum, and Mesembryanthemums.

Ericas are propagated by layers, and can also
be increased by cuttings. Choose half-ripened
growths that are 1 inch in length free from
flowers, and insert them in well-drained pans con-
taining a sandy-peaty compost, placing a finely-
sifted layer of the mixture on the surface. Place
the pans in a cold frame, and cover them with a
piece of glass, but do not allow the condensed
moisture to damage the cuttings. The following-
are all desirable varieties:— E. vulgaris Alportii
flore-pleno, E. v. var. gracilis, E. v. Serlei, E. v.
Himmondii, E. vagans, E. v. grandiflora, E.
Tetralix Mooreana. Menziesia polifolia and its
varieties are similarly increased.

Stock Plants. — Stock plants of tender bedding
subjects mint soon be placed in their winter
quarters. Place the pots containing Lobelia
erinus, Tropaaolunis, and Alyssum (Koniga) upon
a shelf in a light, well-ventilated house. Zonal
Pelargoniums require a dry atmosphere. Helio-
trope, Coleus, Alternantheras, Iresines, Mesem-
bryanthemums, &c, require warmth. A few plants
of Agathaea ccelestis should be potted for the
purpose of providing cuttings for next season.

Seed Collecting should be done on fine days.
Spread the capsules in a dry, airy structure until
the seeds are mature.

Climbers. — Solanum jasminoides and Physi-
anthus [Arauja] albens are rapid growers. Cut-
tings inserted in heat now will develop into useful
plants for next year.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H. YOUNG, Orchid Grower to Sir Frederick
Whiak, Bart., Clare Lawn, East Sheen, S.VV.

Dendrobium Jamesianum and D. infundibulum
need cool treatment. These will continue
growing for some time, but as the conditions are
now less favourable to evaporation the material
in which they are growing should be allowed to
approach dryness before being wetted again.
After the growths have attained their limit
scarcely any water will be needed. D. Brymerianum
is a late-growing kind, and its growth is now
little more than half completed, but if allowed a
light place in a Cattleya-house copious waterings
will not be necessary. This plant is subject to
attack from red spider; sponge or spray the
leaves occasionally to prevent this pe3t.

Cochliodas. — The few species which constitute
this genus produce flowers similar in character
and colour, and since hybrids have be9n raised
from Odontoglossums fertilised with one of their
number their popularity has increased. C. rosea,
C. vulcanica, and C. sanguinea may be grown
under the same conditions as the cool Odonto-
glossumSj except that they require more light.
This may be afforded them by suspending the
receptacles near to the roof glass. In whatever
material they are planted moderately dry
treatment is essential at all times, for pro-
longed saturation is very detrimentil to tl e
roots, which are much thinner than those of
most Orchids. C. Noetzliana produces the
largest and most attractively-coloured blooms
Planted in a mixture containing leaves and
kept near the roof-glass at the warm end of the
Odontoglossun-house, success will be attained by
keeping the material moist when the plants are
growing, and subjecting it to long periods of
drought from the time growth has ceased until

September 30, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

247

the new growths in the following season
have become considerably advanced. Repotting
should only be done when absolutely necessary.
The annual resurfacing or occasional repotting
should be done when the young growths are an
inch or so in length. Press the material about the
r )0ts moderately firmly, and employ a good propor-
tion of peat when merely resurfacing the plant3.

Pachy stoma Thomsoniitnumand Paphiniarristata.
— These two plants of botanical interest are both
in flower. The first-named species is a deciduous-
leaved plant from West Tropical Africa, and
should be grown in small, well-drained pans, in a
mixture of equal parts of fibrous loam, peat, and
sphagnum-moss, with a sprinkling of sand,
staging or suspending the plants near to the roof-
glass in the warmest house. Much water is only
needed when root-action is most vigorous, and
when the small, flattish pseudo-bulbs are made
up the roots must be kept dry. The Paphinias
are natives of the West Indies, mostly tropical,
and, though allied to the Lycastes, need quite
different treatment. The one mentioned and the
still finer species, P. grandis, need very careful
management to keep them alfve and healthy, the
young growths being so very prone to damp-off.
They succeed best planted in small, thoroughly
well-drained pans and a small quantity of peat
and sphagnum-moss, which needs to be kept
moist throughout, but must not remain saturated
for long at a time. It i9 advisable, when young
growths are present, not to wet them at the base,
or to allow water to lodge in the expanding leaves.
Thrips and red-spider must be kept from them by
carefully dipping the plants in an insecticide, and
by fumigating the house occasionally.

Cattleya citrina. — This singular - growing
species is now, after a long rest, making new
growths. Good results are not easily obtained
with this plant unless the position in which
it is cultivated is a favourable one, and
to find this usually requires long and varied
experience. Being a winter-growing species it is
difficult to produce the conditions under which
the plants grow naturally, these being much
moisture, plenty of light, fresh air, and a mode-
rately cool temperature. Their habit of growing
downwards makes it very awkward to fix the
plants in pots or pans, so other methods have
to be adopted. Blocks of hard-wood or teak-wood
rafts are very suitable, fixing the plants on with
copper wire, with a small quantity of peat and
sphagnum-moss between the latter and the rafts.
They should then be suspended, leaves down-
ward, against a partition or wall in an inter-
mediate-house, where they may obtain a fair
share of light and air, and be syringed occasionally.
Those grown in suspended pans must be carefully
watered, always trying to keep the base in a
moist condition without saturating it.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F. Jordan, Gardener to Dr. CORBET, Impney Hall
Gardens, Droitwich.

Melons. — The growth of late Melons this season
has been most favourable. The plants should
be syringed on bright mornings only, and then
but lightly. If conditions permit give a little
ventilation early during each day, taking every
advantage of sun-heat to close the house early.
A warm and somewhat dry atmosphere should be
maintained when the fruits begin to ripen,
as at this late season of the year they are
liable to splitting. Plants grown for supplying
fruits at the end of next month should be afforded
a steady bottom-heat, with a temperature of 70° at
night, falling to C5°in the morning. Syringe the
paths and bordei s of the house, but avoid excess
o? moisture in dull or unsettled weather. Crop
the plants lightly ; do not give heavy applica-
tion of stimulating manures, and see that the
water applied to the roots is made tepid before
use, selecting a bright morning for its applica-
tion. The laterals must be stopped and the
growth regulated in order to allow the fruits and
leaves as much sunlight as possible. More failures
at this season of the year are to be attributed
to badly- constructed houses than to any other
cause, therefore the growing of late Melons
should not be attempted in the absence of
suitable houses.

Pigs. — While the weather continues fine as at
prestnt early pot- trees may with advantage be

allowed to rema'n out-of-doors, and until the
houses or pits intended for their reception are
made ready. la the event of severe weather ob-
taining they should be removed to the warm, end
of a cool orchard-house, or be given a position
where protection can be afforded, as severe
autumn frosts will be prejudicial to them. Fig-
trees are very subject to the attacks of both red-
spider and scale, therefore they should be care-
fully washed with some approved insecticide, and
the house in which they are growing thoroughly
cleansed, and if necessary painted before the time
f( r forcing arrives in November. Keep the roots
moderately moist, and pot or top dress all trees
that require these operations, according to the
directions given in the Calendar for August L'G.
Toe maturing of the wood in late houses must be
aided by removing any small shoots that are no
required, and by allowing those that remain full
exposure to sun, light, and air. Give the trees a
thorough washing with water from the hose, in
order to remove insects, &c , as soon as they have
been cleared of fruit. If any trees are in an
unsatisfactory condition of growth, examine the
borders to ascertain the cause. If the borders
are at fault, remove the old soil down to the
drainage and to within 2 feet of the stem ;
partially lift the roots, cut off all the stronger-
growing, and spread out the fibrous roots in a
fresh compost ; make the soil firm afterwards by
treading. Remove any immature fruits which are
visible on the branches, and give the tree3 a good
watering, sj ringing them daily until the leaves
fall.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By W. l'vi k. GardRoer to Lady Wastage, Lorkinge

Park. Wantage.

Potatos. — From reports in this neighbourhood
the Potato disease is spreading rapidly. With
the thermometer not infrequently falling to :i0°,
digging of the late varieties should not be longer
delayed. Pay careful attention to grading and
storing the tubers, and no better opportunity is
to be had for selecting the medium-sized and
best-formed tubers for seed purposes than directly
they are lifted. The practice of allowing seed
tubers to remain on the ground for a longer
period than can possibly be avoided has nothing
to recommend it. Harvest them, and spread
them out in some dry, cool, airy, dark place that
is free from frost, and at the first opportunity that
can be afforded pack them closely together, stand-
ing them on end in shallow trays or in boxes. The
weakening effect of allowing them to sprout
prematurely by being kept in heaps and in a too
nigh temperature should be avoided. Those in-
tended for culinary purposes will keep well if placed
in small conical heaps resting upon a dry founda-
tion out-of-doors. Do not allow the haulm to
remain upon the ground, but clear it off and burn
it as soon a9 possible. If the land is not
required for planting late Greens, &c, afford a
dressing of air slaked lime, and fork the ground
well with the object of destroying the disease
spores.

Tomcitos. — Fruit grown out-of- doors and gathered
before it is ripened will keep for several weeks in
a temperature of from 45° to 50°, provided the
fruits are placed singly on an open trellis. They
should also be covered with tissue-paper and
be turned occasionally. The present season has
been a fairly good one for Tomatos planted in
the open, if the compost in which they have
been growing was not of too rich a nature. Last
season and again this I have had satisfactory
results under glass with Tomatos planted in a
border consisting principally of ashes. The rods
developed large trusses with fruits of good form and
colour, and without any appearance of disease.

Celery. — Provided an abundant supply of water
is afforded this crop the plants will now be grow-
ing rapidly, and the important operation of "earth-
ing-up" will demand attention when the weather
is fine. In doing this keep the leaves of each
plant close to the crown while the fine soil is
placed round them. The better results will well
repay the trouble of tying each individual plant
so that the soil may not come in contact with the
young and tender centres. While the plants are
growing rapidly it is better to repeat the work at
short intervals than t-> add too much soil at once,
and thus run the risk of c'leckiDg the deve'opment
of the centre leaves.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. H. Clarke, Gardener to Sir William Plowden,
Aston Kowaut House, Uxon.

The Planting Season is now approaching, and
consideration should be given to the questions
what and whore to plant. It is a good practice to
visit the nurseries early, and make a selection of
the trees required from amongst the batches
which are growing there.

Preparing the Ground. — This is an important
procedure. Where aged trees on walls are to be
supplanted by younger ones they may be removed
immediately, and the soil entirely taken away to
the depth of 2 feet to 2 feet 0 inches, and 4 feet
from the wall, afterwards putting fresh soil in
its place. Where turf cannot be spared for this
purpose a good top spit from the kitchen
garden will be a good change. Being rich in
humus, fruit-trees will grow in it well. When
preparing these holes attention should be given
to the subsoil and drainage. If these are un-
satisfactory, a layer of brickbats 1 foot in
thickness should be placed at the bottom of the
holes, and over these a covering of turves, grassy
side downwards. Pyramids and bush trees, also,
standards, will well repay this extra amount of
care and trouble taken in the planting. All
kinds of stone-fruits will be much benefited by
the liberal admixture of mortar - rubble, old
plaster, or bone-meal to the soil.

Bush Fruits — Where new plantations are to
be formed the ground should be prepared. If in
poor condition a liberal dressing of manure
should be given, and the soil afterwards bastard-
trenched. Select a piece of ground as far as
possible from the side of old plantations, so that
the new bushes may not run the risk of infection
from insects, such as the Currant-bud Mite,
where this has been prevalent.

Raspberries. — The preparation of the ground
for these requires much care. A heavy dressing
of well-rotted manure is necessary, and the
ground should be dug at least two spits deep,
placing a good coating of the manure between
each layer — viz., one layer at the bottom of the
trench, previously forkiDg this up. The second
layer of manure may be thoroughly incorporated
with the soil nearest the surface. It is usual
for Raspberries to occupy the same ground for
several years, which makes it imperative that the
preparation should be thoroughly carried out.

Pears which ripen at this season, such as Fon-
dante dAutomne, Souvenir du CoDgies, Madame
Treyve, Beurre d'Amanlis, &c, should be ex-
amined frequently, only gathering those fruits
which by experience can be seen are ready, and
are found to part easily from the stalk when
gently lifted in an upward direction. By gather-
ing the fruits gradually in this manner, although
entailing more labour, a longer succession is
maintained. Standard trees cannot be treated in
this manner, it being prudent to gather the crop
when the bulk is ready.

Plums. — Following the dry months of July and
August, the September rains did much damage to
the Plum crop by causing the fruits to split.
The late varieties should now be well protected
from birds and wasps. Coe's Golden Drop will
hang some time after it has shrivelled, or it can
be gathered when ripe, and wrapped in silver
paper, it keeping well for several days this way.
Iekworth Imperatrice and Angelina Burdett are
much improved by shrivelling ; and Late Trans-
parent, Reine Claude de Bavay, Guthrie's Late.
Green, are all excellent Gages for late supplies-
grown as wall trees.

Mulberries. — Where these fruits are used for
culinary purposes they should be gathered and
bottled a little before they are quite ripe.
Mixed with Apples in tarts they are approved by
some persons ; they can likewise be made into-
delicious jelly.

Quinces. — The fruits will soon be ripening, and
should be gathered when of a rich golden colour,
and the pips have turned a dark brown. Thd
making of Quince jelly and the flavouring of
Apple tarts are the chief uses to which Quinces
are put. Of the three varieties generally
grown, Apple-shaped, Pear-shaped, and Portugal;
the Apple-shaped variety contains more juice
and is the best.

248

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE.

[September £0, 1905.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens and plants
for naming, should be addressfd to the EDITOR,
41, Wellington 8treet, Covent Garden, London.

Communications should be written on one bide only. 07
the papee, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not bs
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.
Special Notice to Correspondents.— The Editor does ntt
undertake to pay for any contributions or Ulust rations ', or
to return unused communications or illustrations, unless by
special arrangement. The Editor does not hold himself re-
sponsible for any opinions expressed by his correspondents.

APPOINTMENTS for OCTOBER.

WEDNESDAY, OCT. 4

("National Chrysanthi

ciety's Exhibition a

' ence at Crystal Pala

liemum So-
andConfer-
■ystal Palace (2 days).
Brixton. Streatham, and Clap-
ham Horticultural Society's
General Meeting.

SATURDAY firx 7 S Society Francais d'Horticulture
SA1UKDAY, OCT. 7, <je Londrcs Meet.

TUESDAY, Oct. 10

TUESDAY,

/"Royal Horticull
Show of Britis
I at the R.H.S.
"j Square.
I National
V mittee J

Horticultural Society's

•itish-grown Fruit,

J.S. Hall, Vincent

Square. Westminster (3 days).

,1 Rose Society's Com-

; Meeting.

WEDNESDAY, Oct. 18— Royal Botanic Society's Show.

TUESDVY Oct 2-1 ' Ro>'al Horticultural Society's
, \ji* .ii-j committees Meet.

n_T ,, I Southampton Chrysanthemum
ucr. <)i| Show (two days).

BALES FOR THE WEEK.

MONDAY to FRIDAY NEXT-

Dutch Bulbs, at 67 & 68, Cheapside, E.C., by

Protheroe & Morris, at 10.30.
MONDAY and WEDNESDAY NEXT—

Sale of Dutch Bulbs, at Stevens's Rooms, King

Street, Covent Garden.
WEDNESDAY NEXT—

Lilium longiflorum. L. candidum. Decorative

Plants, &c , at 3 o'clock, at 67 and 68, Cheapside,

E.C., by Protheroe & Morris.
THURSDAY NEXT—

Clearance Sale of Nursery Stock, by order of the

representatives of the lata Mr. J. Ashby. at The

Royal Nurseries, Ascot, by Protheroe & Morris, at

)2 o'clock.
FRIDAY NEXT—

Orchids in variety, at 67 and 68. Cheapside, E.C.,

by Protheroe & Morris, at 12.30 o'clock.
(For further particulars see our Advertisement columns.)

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
<rom observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
— 54 '1°,
Actual Temperatures :—

London.— Wednesday, Sept. 27 (6 p.m.): Max. 68°;
Min. 51".
Gardeners' Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, London.— Thursday. Sept. 28
(10 a.m.): Bar., 29 s: Temp.. fs°. Weather—
Fair, with occasional sunEhine.
Provinces.— Wednesday, Sept. 27 (6 P.M.): Max. 56°
England. S. ; Ireland, S.E. ; Min. 5i°, Scotr
land, N.E.

Grafting
and Its

The variousgrafting experiments
made by M. Daniel and others,
to which we have from time to
time alluded, may seem at first
sight as interesting only to the physiolo-
gists; but to take this view is to limit our
range very unnecessarily, and to deprive
ourselves of future practical benefit. It
may seem to some mere ingenious trifling
to graft an Iponnea on to a Batatas, or
the perennial Sunflower on to the annual
species, but when the significance of these
experiments is grasped, their potential
practical value becomes apparent. The
Ipomcea purpurea and the Ipomcea Quamo-
clit arc annuals. Their life-cycle is com-
pleted with one complete season. The
chlorophyll and other nutritive substances
which they are enabled to produce
are sufficient for the needs of the plant
during its short existence. The Batatas
edulis, the Sweet Potato, however, though a
plant of the same order, is, in our climate,

a slow-growing perennial, and its tubers do
not attain their full size till after several
years of cultivation. In other words, its
reserve-store of chlorophyll, and specially of
starch, instead of being formed in one
season, is accumulated slowly during several
years, the light and heat of one season not
being adequate for the purpose.

M. Daniel's experiments, as mentioned in
the Comptes Rendus for July 17, 1905, p. 214,
are very interesting from this point of view.
The Professor Ant of all ascertained that
ordinary ungrafted cuttings of the Batatas
(Sweet Potato) produced no tubers at all in
the first season of their growth. But when
grafts either of the Ipomrea or of the
Quamoelit were placed on the shoots of the
Batatas, then tubers were formed imme-
diately on the Batatas stock. In the case of
the I pomcea Quamoelit, which is a less robust
plant than the Ipomcea purpurea, the tubers
produced as a result of grafting on the
Batatas were smaller and less perfectly
formed than were those produced under the
agency of the stronger-growing scion. In
this way the direct relation between the
assimilating power of the leaves and the
production of tubers, in other wordp, the
amount of accumulation of starch, &c, is
plainly evidenced. The greater value of a
hardy scion whose foliage does its work
quickly as compared with a more tender
and less efficient foliage is also manifest.
So that if a particular plant be tender and
slow growing, its hardiness and its rapidity
of development may be enhanced by en-
grafting upon it a scion of more vigorous
habit.

Adverting now to the Helianthus, it will
be remembered that H. multiflorus is a
perennial with tuber-like root-stocks. In
this country it rarely perfects its seeds. The
ordinary Sunflower, H. annuus, is, as its
name denotes, an annual. Its roots are
fibrous, and in ordinary summers it yields
abundance of ripe seed. When H. multi-
florus is grafted on H. annuus, the grafted
plants become stouter and more woody than
the ungrafted Sunflowers do, and their roots
are very freely produced. The graft remains
dwarf, and branches from the base instead
of at the top, as does the ordinary Sunflower.
It forms also short root-stocks, which die in
the winter. Its leaves are more developed,
with a thicker cellular tissue, and the
crystals of oxalate of lime which are con-
tained in the cells are differently distributed.
The flowers are very numerous and produce
abundance of well-formed seeds, which,
however, owing to the lateness of the
blooming period, do not come to maturity.
One perfect seed was, however, obtained
from the grafted plant, and this when sown
produced a plant of Helianthus multiflorus,
showing the modications derived from the
sunflower stock just alluded to. It was
in fact a dwarf sunflower with much devel-
oped foliage, but branched at the base.

Observations will be continued for the
purpose of noting whether the production of
seed, obtained from a scion of an infertile
plant grafted on to a fertile stock, will be
continued in succeeding generations. It is
in any case apparent that we may have it in
our power, by the mediation of grafting, to
obtain seed on plants which do not usually
ripen their seeds, and to establish a kind of
compensatory action between seed produc-
tion and tuber formation.

Marriage of Mr. Gforge Laing Paul.—
On the 19th inst., at St. Michael's Church, Bed-
ford Park, Chiswick, Mr. G. L. Paul, eldest son
of Mr. George Paul, of the Rose Nurseries,
Cheahunt, was married to Miss Pearce, of Bed-
ford Park, Chiswick. The employes of Messrs.
Paul & Son presented the bridegroom with a
handsome hall-clock, with barometer, &c, on this
auspicious occasion. The numerous friends of
Mossts.Paul will gladly add their congratulations.

PiNUS yunnanensis. — In describing this
Pine we omitted to mention that it forms part of
the rich harvest collected for Messrs. James
Veitch & Sons by that energetic collector Mr.
E H. Wilson, though we fear there are no young
plants in cultivation in Messrs. Veitch's
nurseries. For botanical purposes and to ensure
accuracy of record the description should have
been signed by the writer, Maxwell T. Masters.

Seedless and Coreless Pear. — Messrs.
Cherry Bros., of Covent Garden, send us a speci-
men of the Pear advertised by another firm in a
recent number. The specimen sent is not abso-
lutely coreless and seedless, as traces of both may
be seen, but it is so for all practical purposes.
Moreover, the fruit is perfectly Pear-shaped, and
not one of those distorted monstrosities which we
occasionally meet with, and which have been re-
peatedly illustrated in our columns. These distor-
tions are generally absolutely coreless. Coreless,
or practically coreless, Apples and Pears excite
the curiosity and astonishment of the ordinary
observer, but no one acquainted with the real
structure of a Pear-Apple, or even with the
female flower of Cucumber or Melon, will experi-
ence any difficulty in understanding the nature
of the case. The curious thing is that practical
men, so-called, who grow these fruits all their
lives and handle them every day, should be so
ill informed as to the structure of the objects
from which they derive their living. "Nature
study " and " Board schools " may equip the
coming generation with a better knowledge cf
these matters. In the present case it is probable
that the flowers were not efficiently fertilised,
and so the carpels (core) and the seeds were not
formed properly. It must be remembered that
Pears and Apples, though usually producing
bisexual flowers, are sometimes (like the Straw-
berry) of one sex only. In Messrs. Cherry's
Pear we find the stamens were perfect, but we
cannot see a trace of the style, though, as before
stated, there are faint indications of a carpel and
even of an ovule.

Certificated Dahlias.— The Secretary of
the National Dahlia Society informs us that, in
addition to the varieties described on p. 220,
Cactus Dahlia Zoe also received the Society's
Certificate of Merit at the show held recently at
the Crystal Palace, although it was not so
labelled. The variety is described as a large
white flower of erect habit, and was shown by
Messrs. J. Powell & Co., Cambridge.

WiSLEY. — Having recently visited the Koyal
Horticultural Society's Gardens at Wisley, a
correspondent, " E. J.," writes on September 20
as follows: — "Just now a very pretty garden
picture may be seen at Wisley. It consists of a
naturally grown group of the common Holly,
probably 20 feet high, oyer which on the one
side and from the uppermost parts of the
branches the well - known Traveller's Joy (Cle-
matis vitalba) casts a mantle of its silken
seed -heads, while lower down on the opposite side
the Flame Nasturtium (Tropceolum speeiosum)
drapes the outermost tips of the Holly leaves
with scarlet flowers and the pale green of
its meagre leafage, the whole thrown into
greater relief by the pure white clusters of
Aimee Vibert Kose. Beautiful, pleasing, and
lasting, it is one of those garden pictures worth
striving for and waiting some years to obtain.

Supplement to the "Gardeners' Chronicle.'

Views in the gardens at Ote Hall, Sussex, the residence of Herbert Woods, Esq.

Bradbury, Agnew & Co., Ld., Printers, London and Tonbridge.

September 30, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONIC L,

249

Lilium Brownil leucahthum fills an area with
welcome fragrance, and not far away, if long past
flower, the still towering spikes of Lilinm
giganteum, upwards of 7k feet high, bear ample
proof of the dozen flowers each that not a few
bare borne. Gaultheria procumbens makes a
perfect carpet on the soil in these gardens, and
«lose by is a lovely lot of Epigtea repens in perfect
condition is something to remember. Here it is
in company with Shortia galacifolia and Galax
aphylla furnishing a sharp-set ditch-bank shaded
and cool, a rare plant in the best gardens of
Britain. Pretty patches of colour are afforded by
"the now leafless Colchieums and autumn Cycla-
men, the latter chiefly of C. repandum [hederaa-
tfolium] and its white variety.

REV. H. B. Biron.— Calling at Lympne a few
•days since, we regretted to hear of the sudden and
eevere illness of this well-known Eosarian.

DODOENS, DE L'ESCLUSE, DE LOBEL.— We
often meet with variations in the spelling of the
names of these worthies, it may be of intere'st
therefore to note that in the Musee Plantin at
Antwerp, in which several of the works of the old
Flemish botanists were printed, and where the
type and the blocks used to illustrate them are
still preserved, the names are spelt as at the head
of this note. Botanically the Latinised forms
Dodon&a, Clusia and Lobelia, conserve the
memories of these pioneers. In Brussels there is
■a statue of Dodoens (1518 — 1585). We do not
know where to look for one of Grew or Eat or
Robert Brown.

The POTATO Crop.— We have seen some bad
instances lately of the Potato disease, and there
are complaints from many sources, but it is to
be hoped, judging from the tone of some corre-
spondents, that the general condition of the crops
is not so bad as it has been reported to be.

A Giant Surrey Tree. — A correspondei t
wrote in- the Times of September 23 as follows: —
"The biggest tree in the South of England is
said to be the King's Oak at Tilford, which stands
on the village green between two ancient bridges
over the river Wey, and is some 30 feet in cir-
cumference at a height of 6 feet from the
ground. It is mentioned in the charter of
Waverley Abbey, the Cistercian monastery near
by, but now in ruins, which gave its name to the
works of Sir Walter Scott. The new motor
omnibus service between Farnham and Hasle-
mere crosses Tilford Common and passes close to
this giant tree, which is still in vigorous
growth."

Motors and Market Gardening. — In a
recent issue of the Commercial Motor appeared a
long article on the uses of motors to market
gardeners and fruit-growers, chiefly but not
6olely for the conveyance of their produce to the
markets. Numerous illustrations that accompany
the article prove that many growers already
employ this means of traction. Thus, one of the
pictures represents a tractor and one 4-ton
covered van owned by Mr. Joseph Eochford,
Broxboume, which affords holding capacity for
1 ton of Grapes or 4 tons of Cucumbers. Many
other such examples are given from different estab ■
lishments. Messrs. Wild & Bobbins, SipsonFarm,
Yiewsley, Middlesex, have a tractor which can
•take 360 half-bushels of Plums, and is said to
eave JB3 a week whilst doing so. In addition
there are illustrations of motors hauling three
reaping machines, pulling a large Elm tree, and
doing other agricultural work. The writer of the
article compares the cost of horses aDd steam
with that of motors, and according to his figures
the motors are cheapest in the end. Notwith-
standing some of us do not take kindly to the
racing motors which now disfigure the highways
in this country, there can be little doubt that
for commercial purposes the motor will

largely supersede horses and steam. Motor
lawn-mowers have been employed advantageously
for several years past in gardens, and it will not
be surprising if the suburban cultivator of fruitB
and vegetables, harassed as he is in some in-
stances by unsympathetic railway companies,
should eventually find in motor tractors a cheaper
means of conveyance. ,

The Autumn Rose Show.— The Eoyal
Horticultural Hall in Vincent Square, S.W., was
filled with the fragrance of Eoses on Tuesday
last, when the National Eose Society held its
autumn exhibition, and even Mr. Mawley's
anticipations were more than realised. Suih a
show' at the end of September has only been
passible since the advent of the Hybrid Tea
Eoses, which have proved themselves to be
continuous bloomers to a much greater degree
than what have been known as the Hybrid Per-
petuals. It was explained during
the interesting lecture on Autumn
Eases, delivered by Mr. Cooling
at the a'ternoon meeting, that
these autu-nn Eoses are not varie-
ties that will only bloam in autumn
or those that are at their best in
autumD, but varieties that flower
in June and c mtinue to do so until
prevented by the severity of the
weather.

OTE HALL.

[See Supplementary Illustration.]
Ote Hall, the' residence of Herbert Woodr,
Esq , in the parish of Wivelsfield, near Burgess
Hill, Sussex, is interesting to lovers of old-time
places, for its foundations were laid and its
gableB and stacks of ornamental chimneys were
reared at about the time when Raleigh was
returning from America, bringing with him
tubers of the plant that was destined to become
of the highest importance in our vegetable
gardens, and which now has a national society to
wa'ch over and guard its interests. Eemote as
this periol sounds it does not nearly cover the
history of the Ote Hall Estat9, for a family
designated de Otehall lived here aa early as 1341,
in King Edward III 's reign.

The present stately old 1 uilding looks aa if
aiother 300 years will make but little difference

Fig. 94.— ote hall, burgess hill.

(See also Supplementary Illwtration.)

MONSTERA CELICIOSA. — Gardeners who may
have occasion to visit Covent Garden Market at
the present time may be interested in the fruits
of Monstera deliciosa, exposed for sale in the
Central Avenue. We were informed the fruits
are from Portugal, and are sent in small boxes,
which realise from 12s. to 18s. per box. Tney
were labelled " Pine-tree fruits," possibly because
the flavour of the fruit h is some resemblance to
that of the Pineapple.

Conference at the Crystal Palace on
Early-Flowering Chrysanthemums. — The
National Chrysanthemum Society's Conference,
mentioned on p. 239 of last issue, will consist of
two meetings to be held on October 4. The first
meeting will be at 3.30 p m., when it is hoped the
President, C. E. Shea, Esq .will preside. Papers,
as already announced, will be read by Messrs.
C. Harman Payne, E. F. Such, and J. W.
Moorman. The second meeting will be at G 30,
when Mr. T. Bevan will preside, and papers will
be read by Messrs. D. B. Crane, G. Gordon,
V.M.H., and E. F. Hawks. The meetings will
be held in the King's E >om, and there will be
exhibits to illustrate the Conference papers.

to its appearance, although it wa3 first erected
in the year 1000. The girdens of that period
would no doubt have proved extremely interest-
ing could we have been permitted to ramble
round them, as was our pleature t> do in the
present gardens a few weeks since. The environ-
ment of the old house is typical of the beautiful
Weald of Sussex, a most favoured spot, and
studded around with Oak and other British
trees, also numerous Cjnifersand other ornamental
plants.

The present gardener, Mr. Chas. Jones, has had
a large share in the modelling of the gardens as
they now appear, for on all sides can be seen
evidences of his woik in the making of flower-
beds and borders, and in the planting of fruit-
trees, &c. The beautiful herbaceous border seen
in the bottom picture of our Supplementary
Illustration is one of his more recent additions
to the gardening features around the Hall. Th s
border extends for several hundred feet in an
almost semi-circular manner, and encloses the
spacious lawn. Being of considerable width it
accommodates a rich and varied collection of
hardy herbaceous plants, so that some of them
are in fljwer at all seasons of the year. A

250

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 30. 1905.

pleasing background to the border is furnished
by climbing plants on rustic pillars that
are connected by festoons of ropes. Pillar
KoEes of all descriptions, Clematis, and other
showy climbing plants alteirate with each other,
and when these have fuirish;d the poles and
ropes intended for their sv pp >rt, they will present
a delightful sight. The lawn alluded to is ap-
proached from the house through a sunken
garden that was formerly laid out in the Dutch
style, but which now accommodates flower
beds that at the time of our visit were gay
with summer bedding plants. A bed of tuberous-
rooting Begonias, edged with Pelargonium Lady
Plymouth, was especially noteworthy.

A flight of stone steps leads one to the terrace
upm which the mansion has Veen built, and
wh ;re grass plots are intersected with wel'-kept
paths, and surrounded with flower borders, those
in the front of the mansion being planted
with showy annuals. The walls of the old house
are covered with such plants as Ivies, Eoses
Clematis montana, Jasminum and Ampelopsis.
Eoses are plentiful about the grounds, one large
scroll bed being entirely filled with these plants,
which, although not long planted, have borne a
■wealth of flowers and have developed luxuriant
growth.

Pleasing as are these decorative portions of the
gardens, the fruit and vegetable quarters Ere
equally so, and this especially applies to the
fruit-gardens. Mr. Jones is quite an enthusiastic
fruit-grower, and his delight in his well-trained
fruit-trees was readily apparent. The majority
of the fruit-trees in the gardens are of his own
raising, and it must be recorded that nowhere
would one expect to find better examples, whether
bush or pyramid, espalier or coi don-trained
trees, all of them showing the perfection of
training that denotes the master hand.

The older occupants of the fruit gardens have
undergone a rigorous examination, and inferior
or unsuitable varieties either exterminated or
cut down and re-grafted with a first-class variety.
Thus a fan-trained tree of Josephine de Malines
Pear had been "worked" on an inferior kind.
The tree afterwards developed splendid growths,
and fruited freely. Furthermore, the tree was a
perfect specimen of this kind of training.

Bush-trained Apple- trees line either side of one
of the main walks. Each treeisan example of good
training, andthey represent twenty of the very
best varieties. Bush-trained Cherry-trees have
this season borne enormous crops of fruit
Governor Wood, Emperor Francis and May Duke
may be singled out as beiDg specially productive.
Plums are a variable crop this season at Ote
Hall, some of the trees, notably Kirke's, Victoria,
Czar and Cox's Emperor have good crops, but
others are carrying little or no fruit. Goose-
berries and other small fruits have perfected
enormous crops of fine quality. The gardens
also contain an excellent collection of Pears,
and whilst some of the trees are laden
with fruit others have none at all. But
the feature of the fruit gardens is the collec-
tion of wall-trained trees. Wherever there was
the opportunity a fruit-tree has been planted, and
scarcely a foot of bare wall space is to be seen.
Even the low walls of the glass-houses are so
utilised, and although the outside borders of the
vinery have not been intruded upon, still Pear-
trees creep round the walls from other side
borders and make the best of the warm front
walls of the building. The glass structures are
not extensive, and only comprise a small range,
one end of which forms the vinery, the corre-
sponding end being the stove, with a cooler com-
partment, utilised as a greenhouse or conserva-
tory, separating the two. But the lack of
extensive glass-houses is no, deterrent to Mr.
Jones in producing supplies of choice flowers and
fruits. He has resorted to other means, and with

success. By the help of wind screens he has con-
verted warm nooks into suitable places for the
growing of tender subjects, and with the aid of a
few unheated frames produces a goodly supply.

Tomatos growing in one of these sheltered
corners were quite equal to those usually seen in
glass structures, and inverted Sea-kale covers
were doing duty for pots. Thus is the resource-
fulness of the ingenious gardener, who ha? not an
unlimited supply of the best appurtenances, seen.
Hotbeds for Cucumbers and Melons were made as
they should be, with the result that success was
assured with these fruits. The quarters appor-
tioned to vegetables were well filled, and
our description of these gardens would
be incomplete without a reference to these. The
appearance of the crops denoted the all-
round capability of the man in charge ; and
that it does not stop at gardening is testified by
the many excellent views from pi otographs taken
by his camera which appear frc m time to time in
the gardening Press, including tbose of Ote Hall
in our present issue. Tomatos planted- out in
the vegetable gardens were looking well, and
developing good crops of fruits. Interesting were
the beds of Onions. Side by side were seen two
breadths of Ailsa Craig. Wnilst one batch bad
been transplanted from frames durir g the first
week in April from seed sown early in January,
the others were raised from seed sown in the
open during the last week in February. The
transplanted bulbs were more than twice the
size of the others, althtug'i growing under
otherwise similar conditions.

THE APIARY.

THE BEE EXHIBITION AT THE CRYSTAL
PALACE.
Under "Home Industries " the Jovrtia' of the
Society of Jrts for September 22 contained an
article upon the Bee Exhibition recently held at
the Crystal Palace, from which we extract the
following remarks: —

"The Bee Exhibition served a useful purpose in
reminding the many thousands who visited it of the
possibilities of bee culture. With the growth of the
acreage under fruit bees are more than ever necessarv.
One of the drawbacks to fruit-growing is the unfruit-
fulness of trees. It. is due to many causes, and not
least to insufficient bees to fertilise trie blossoms. Bain
very often occurs during the blossom:nj season and
washes the pollen away from the bit ssom«, and insects,
particularly bees, are necessary to fertilise. They are
necessary, too, for the cross-fertilisation of the blos-
soms. Certain fruit-trees are self sterile, that is to
say, they require pollen from other trees to fertilise
the blossoms. And this aelf-sterility is more noticeable
when fruit-trees are planted in large blocks with one
variety of Apple. In California they have found it
necessary to plant other trees, which they call pol-
lenisers, to provide the pollen for fertilisation. They
generally plant these trees in rows among the other
trees, and they have, of course, to select trees that
flower about the same time, so that the insects can
carry the pollen from one tree to another and so ferti-
lise the blossoms. For example, two Apples are grown
very extensively in California, the Bellefleur and the
Winter Pearniain, both very fine Apples. The time of
flowering is twenty-six days for the Bellefleur from the
time the first blossoms open until the last blossoms
drop. In the case of the Pearmain the period is
twenty -four da} s. These Apples planted by them-
selves are very shy bearers : probably only one bud in
ten would set. Therefore they plant other trees as
pollenisers. The one used very extensively is the
Astracban, because it blossoms with the Bellefleur for
twenty-two days, and blooms eighteen days at the
same time that the Feaimain blooms.

The Bee as Fertiliser.
The bee is more useful and effective for carrying
pollen from one variety to another than are other in-
sects,-because in the spring, when fiuit blossoms have to
be fertilised, there are more bees flying than any other
insect. It isieckonedtbattherearetwenty beestooneof

other insects. These might perform the same office,
but they are not on the wing at that particular period.
Nor is it only Apples that are fertilised by th-' bee.
They serve the same purpose with other trees. Pears,
Cherries, Plums, especially Pears. And with small
fruit, too, Strawberries produce much more abundantly
if they are fertilised by bees. The bee has to work
round the Strawberry blossom. There are no fe wev than
200 fertilisations of a large Strawberry to get a perfect-
fruit, and a Strawberry hard and green on one side
shows imperfect fertilisation. It follows that all fruit-
growers should keep bees. Mr. T. W. Cowan, who-
represented the British Bee Keepers' Association, told
the Departmental Committee on Fruit Culture, in bis.
very interesting evidence, that there ought to be at-
least one hive per acre of fruit. Of course wild bees,
are as useful as the others for fertilising the blossoms,
but with cultivation wild bees become exterminated.
When orchards are properly cultivated there are no-
wild bees found in them. The gTound is ploughed up-
and the bees are not able to make their nests in the
ground, so that the mimher of wild bees is reduced,
and there are fewer insects for fertilisation.

Bees at Toddington and Histon.

The fruit-growers as a body are not sufficiently alive
to the necessity of bees for the purposes of fertilisation,
but some have recognised their valup, strikingly proved,
at Toddington, in Gloucestershire, where a large
acreage was put down to friut some twenty years ago-
by Lord Sudeley. The orchards on the property were
suffering from unfruitfulness. The trees were almost,
a failure at one time, until Lord Sudeley introduced
bees, when the trees soon begin to bear freely.
Another illustration of the usefulness of bees in fruit- '
grounds may be taken from the experience of Mr. John-
Chivers. at Histon, near Cambridge. He is the well-
known jam mauuf'actur°r, arid began keeping bees?-
with the object of beiKfitr^g his fruit, and he has
found them directly profitable ppart from their service*
to his trees. In 15)03 he got about 4.000 lb. of honey,
aud made €100; last year he got '.1,000 lb.; probably
this year the product will show still further increase-
so that the bees not only serve a useful and indeed
necessary purpose in fertilising the fruit, they pay
handsomely in honey for the trouble and cost
of keeping them.

Bees a Profitat;lf. Home Industry.
Bees provide a very profitable home industry. A
case is within the knowledge of the present writer of
an agricultural labourer who has been able to buy a
freehold cottage out of the profits of bee-keeping. It
may be interesting to note bow it works out. Take
the most primitive kind of hive, the cemmon straw
hive or skep, which will long be used by villagers from,
its easy make and small erst. The cost of the skep-
may be put at 25., and lO.s. for the swarm to put into-
it. Other charges do not exceed 2s., making 14s. in
all. The cost of feeding is small. Altogether the-
outlay for the year is probably covered by £1. In a.
gooil season on? skep would produce 20 lb. of honey,,
which the villagers would sell retail at 8c?. per lb., say.
15s. Next year the one skep has become three, and
t he revenue has increased from 15s. to £2 r>g., which is-
mostly profit. It will be seen that in four or five-
years, with ordinary good fortune and natural increase.,
the villager would tie putting aside several pounds per
annum as profit. He can always get a sale for' his.
honey. The man referred to above made his own
market by working op a connection iD his immediate;
neighbourhood, but even if competition has to be
reckoned with, the village grocer is always ready to>
buy, and the wholesale price never falls below Sd,
per lb.

If _bar-frame~hives are used, the production an*
consequent, profits are greatly increased. The produce-
from the hives is often from 40 to 00 lb. Mr. Chivers's-
average last year was '•(> lb., and from one hive 150 lb.
was taken. Tut the average at -r>0 lb., and the whole-
sale price at Or? , that means 25s; from each hive, of
which at least £1 would be profit. Bees can be kept iiii
almost any part of the country, but they do best
where they can get at Sainfoin or White Clover. It is-
astonishing that villagers do not more generally add tc.
slender wages by keeping bees. The original outlay,
as has been shown, is trifling, and looking after the
bees is a pleasant occupation, making but slight call
upon exertion, and the profits are large. Bees are
subject to few diseases, " fonl brood " being the most
common and fatal, and it is highly contagious, but it.
it seldom found where the bees are properly cared for,
and kept dry and clean."

September 30 1905.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

2-51

THE LATE DEAN HOLE.

The illustration at fig. 95 represents a window
in"stained glass which has been erected to the
memory of the late Dean Hole, and will he un-
veiled in Caunton Church, Newark, on October 5.

Rose." There are two angels holding a scroll,
upon which are the following words :—" Eight
dear in the sight of the Lord is the death of
His saints." The arms of Rochester and those
of the late Dean appear under the central
light. There is an insciiption running at

Fig. 05.— window erected to the memory of the late dean hole.

The window contains three lights, the centre
one having the figure of St. Andrew (the patron
saint of the church at Caunton), while in the left
light is St. Elizabeth of Hungary, and in the
right one St. Dorothy. There are angels at the
top of each of the lights, the one over the centre
light bearing a scroll, upon which is inscribed
" The desert shall rejoice and blossom as the

the base of the window through the three lights :
" To the glory of God, and in loving memory of
Samuel Reynolds Hole, DD, many years Vicar
of this church, and late Dean of Rochester, this
window is offered by parishioners and friends.
1905."

The woik was designed and executed by Percy
Bacon & Brothers, of London and Edinburgh.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editor does not linll himself responsible for the
opinions expressed by his Correspondents.)

THE PURPLE-LEAVED PALM (LIVISTONA
n\ar\/e ?). — In the Gardeners' Chronicle for
June 4, 1887, p. 731, there is an account of tli3
discovery and introduction of a new species of
Livistona which Mueller had named L. Maria?.
It was found in 1872 by Mr. Ernest Giles in
Smth Australia, near Macdonnell's Ranges, in
lat. 24°, long. 133°, and he wrote: — "Last night
(August 31) was clear and cold ; the thermometer
went down to 24° by daylight, but upon the.
appearance of the sun the temperature rose
rapidly. . . . We had the gratification to discover
a magnificent specimen of the Fan Palm growing
in the channel of a watercourse with the drift of
floods washed against its stem. ... It was
GO feet high. I obtained a quantity of its
leaves for my kind and generous friend, the
B iron von Mueller. . . . Having found in this
glen so many stately Palm trees, I have called it
the Glen of Palms." Plants of this Palm were
distributed from Kew, but they do not appear to
have done well either at Kew or elsewhere,
probably owing to improper treatment. A few-
weeks ago Mr. R. Hoffmann, of Streatham, ex-
hibited at a meeting of the Royal Horticultural
Society half-a-dozen young plants of a Palm
which he had named Livistona Hoffmanni, but
whi( h the Floral Committee had suggested was
Latania rubra. This was clearly an error, as Mr.
Hoffmann's Palm is quite different from Latania
rubra, or, as it is now called, L. Commersoni,
a well-known species from the Seychelles ; but
1 have every reason to believe that it is a
Livistona, and probably Muller's L. Marice. Mr.
Hoffmann kindly presented to Kew one of his
plants, and furnished the following particulars
regarding it:— "The Palms I exhibited a1, the
Royal Horticultural Society's meeting cime from
South Australia. I first siw a specimen of this
Palm in a garden at Bendigo, Victoria, and en
my admiring it its owner offered tj obtain one
for me from his friend in Oxlnadatta, in the cen-
tral part of South Australia. I subsequentl/ re-
ceived a small lot of seed of it, with the information
that there were twenty or thirty fully grown trees
of the same species growing in a sort of oasis.
From these seeds I raised the plants you saw at
the meeting." I have never seen a Palm so highly
coloured as these were, every leaf being of a
dark coppery purple, the colour of the best
form of Purple Beech. When grown in
an ordinary stove and shaded the colour is not
developed, but Mr. Hoffmann found that under
quite cool treatment and exposed to full sunshine
the leaves assume the colour described. So far
as one can tell from a comparison of young plants,
the only difference between Mr. Hoffmann's Palm
and L. Marise as represented at Kew and else-
where is in the colour. Palm cultivators are
much indebted to Mr. Hoffmann for having made
known the qualities of this Livistona, which,
unless I am very much mistaken, is certain to
become a popular plant for the conservatory in
winter, and for the open air in summer. W.
Watson.

WHAT ARE ANNUALS? — In this qu< ry
"A. D." {Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 213) raises
a question which might be discussed at great
length. The plants "A. D." refers to are
not annuals, yet all may be treated as such.
The same may he said of Mignonette, yet
very few gardeners would think of classing it
with perennials, though the same plants may be
kept for years ; and Mignonette may also be pro-
pagated from cuttings, which will make roots
almost as readily as do Verbenas ; and while the
o.-Jinary Verbenas of gardens are perennials
there are species which are decidedly annuals.
There are also some species of Lobelias which
are annuals, and though the ordinary form
of L. erinus, from which we get the blue
Lobelias of gardens, is a perennial, the varieties
may be crossed with the annuals. L. tenuior, so
far as I have seen, is decidedly an annual. While
there may be a diffi cully in defining some
things, there are plenty of subjects which sre
only of annual duration, and those who exhibit in
a class for annuals should avoid anything that is
d ubtful. I have on several occasions been asked

252

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 3ft, 1905.

to enumerate a selection of annual?, biernials,
and perennials, tut though I find no difficulty in
making a good list of the first and the last, it is
difficult to make a list of a dozen biennials that
would be useful for exhibition purposes. In
any case where tlere is a dcubt the iudges
should be guided by the definitions as given in
any of the standaid botanical works. In any
rules for judging that may Ve published, it would
be difficult to give a full list of tbe plants belong-
ing to each class. And again there is the diffi-
culty with hybiids. Our garden vaiieties of
Cinerarias as now grown can hardly le termed
anything 1 ut annuals, yet years ago we had
named varieties which were grown <n from year
to year. Then there are the Calceclarias, those
usually teinied herbaceous. No one ever thinks
of treating these as anything else but annuals;
or perhaps they might re classed as biennials, for
they are sown one year and flowered the next. The
earlier varieties were probably of a more woody
habit, but as we have them now it would be
difficult to regard them in any other way than as
annuals. A. H.

THE WOBURN EXPERIMENTS ON PRUNIr-G. —
The Woburn expeiiments furnish the one record
of real experiments on tte subject that has
appeared s nee I recorded mine in 1680, which
have since been reproc'ueed in Quirk Fruit Culture,
and confiim in a very remarkable manner every-
thing I wrote agaiLst severe pruning, and the
restrictive system, only Woburn has not dealt
with as many subjects as some of us have done.
Tte following extract fiom the repoit in the
Imitate Magazine for September will illustrate my
meaning : —

"As regards pruning generally, some surprising
results were obtained. It is usually considered that
growth follows the use of the knife, tut in this case
hard pruning proved to be inimical to growth. More-
over, the trees which were unpruned bore creps of
three times the va!ue of these on heavily-piuned
trees, and 50 | er cent, greater than on trees moderately
pruned. The increased value depended Dearly entirely
on the increased weight of crop; bit the absence of
pruning did not, on the average, diminish the size of
the fruits. In connection with this experiment the
authors point out that the absence of pinning would
] robably ] roluce less favourable results in the case of
varieties which weie weak growers : and ihey do not,
on the strength of their results, advocate the omission
of such pinning as may he necessary to shape a tne
propeily aid prevent its blanches from crossing anel
rubbing. This warning is very necessary, for in some
eases the emission of pruning leads to trees over-
fruiting themselves, end becoming rermanently sfunted
ingrowth. Simmer pruning was not found to be of
any value — rati er tte reverse, in fret. The experi-
menters remark that it generally results only in the
. growth of weak, imipened wool, which has to be
rtrrovel in the followil g autumn."

J. Snr.j son.

PtANTS FCR C'JLTIVAT OM IN TUES. — In

addition toihe plants mentioned by "X. Y. Z."
on p. 215, there is Hydrangea Hortensia, which,
I think, is one of the best subjects for cultivation
in tubs, for when well grown the plants produce
a fine effect. In these gardens we have several
specimens over o fpet high covered with large
trusses of fluWers. The low er branches are allowed
to hang over the sides of the tub in sufficient
' niml er-s to partly cover tl em. All the irotection
this Hydrangea requires during winter is a
sheltered position outof-diors and a light
mvHiint? in severe weather. J. Murray, Scpley
Parle, Christchurch.

HARDY CYCLAMEN— On the lawn at Gunners-
bury Park, Acton, are two beds or groups of
these beautiful little bardy Cyclamen in the
greatest profusion of bloom. These gems find
a home in most gardens where beautiful bardy
plants are apprec'ated, but generally they are
only to be seen in small pa'ehes in tbe rock
girden or suchlike position, and are often flower-
iag only indifferently, so that to me the sight
i of a dense mass of them spiinging out of a
velvety, green lawn at the base of a giant Elm
tree was a delight. For distant and striking
lawn effect in autumn, such mases as were here
to be seen, with their refined shades of many
colours (white predominating), produce so pleasant
an impression on the mind as few other hardy
flowers are capable of doing. One group was
planted, as already mentioned, at the tase of a

large Elm tree, the aspect beingdue south, but in
such a position that the necessary shade so
requisite to the successful growth of these plants
was secured by the shadow of other lofty lawn
trees growing near by. These I believe were
planted eight or nine years ago, and Mr. Reynolds
is of opinion that continued success is better
secured by the planting of quite small tubers
lather, than larger ones. The natural soil is
taken out to the depth of 2 feet and the void
then filled with light soil such as peat and leaf-
mould and old brick lubble in equal proportion.
This material secures the aeration and warmth of
the soil and perfect drainage— conditions which
are imperative if success is to be attained. 0. T.

THE FALLING OF ELM LIMBS IN SUMMER. — At
p. 134, " E. M., South Hants," very kindly replied
10 my enquiry published on p. 119. He mentioned
the falling of a 1 mb 1 foot in diameter without
warning and without the reason of high wind.
He said that the leaves were quite healthy, and
ihe branch devoid of dead twigs. All this, I
believe, might be, but my doubt is whether the
timber can ever be sound and alive when a limb
falls. It seems to me likely that sound and living
timber is able to bear all the natural strains that
may le put upon it, and I am anxious to have
evidence either for or against this view. The
question therefore is whether the wood was
v holly alive and sound at the point of fracture ?
Living ordeal twis>s l/ntended to refer to only as
evidence of probable lire or death in the timber.
B. I. L.

THE Catherine PEAR (See p. 210).— This is
the most profitable early-iipening variety of Pear
cultivated in this district, and those glowers who
have planted it in large numbeis from year to
year are now reaping their reward, for the old
trees are fast dying out, and where young trees
have not been planted there is nothing to take
their place, for Doyenne d'Ete and Citron des
Cannes are not half so reliable vaiieties. Cathe-
rine «ai the enly eaTly Pear we maiketeel
this year, and even if the fruits are not
of high-class quality the public like them, and
when the cultivator has several tons to sell in a
season when Pears are scarce he is sure of making
a good piice. It has an advantage over other
Pears alto in a plentiful season, for it is the only
variety of Pear that can be gathered when about
half grown with a certainty that the fiuitswill
ripen and not shrivel. Its free cropping qualities
are remaikable, numbers of trees yielding 5 to
S cwt. of fruit each. I may say that such varie-
ties as Jargonelle, Louise Bonne of Jersey,
Beurre d'Amanlis, Duchess Favourite, etc., are
grown, and in comparison Catherine would buy
the land where the other varieties would scarcely
pay the rent. The Hazel [HessleJ only equals it in
cropping, but as other better kinds ripen at the
sane season as Hessle, it sometimes is a slump on
the market, whereas Catherine ripens at a season
when fruiterers ask for Pears and never mention
quality. F. K. Derbyshire, Muldleuich, Cheshire.

MARKET GARDENING.

THE TRANSPLANTING OF CABBAGES.

The present is a good time to make plantations
of good, strong growiDg plants of Carter's Heart-
well or Enfield Market Cabbage in land which
has been up to the present time cropped with
Tomatos. The Cabbages will be fit for niaiketing
and clearing eff in time for the land being
manured, ploughed, and harrowed in readiness for
the planting of Tomatos at about the middle or
end of the third week in May, 1900.

The first step to be taken after gathering the
remaining portion of the ripe and ripening crop
of fruits, and spreading' them outori a" stage under
glass for a few days to colour, is to clear the land
of the exhausted Tomato plants. Remove the
plants to the burning rubbish-heap, and store away
for future use the wires and stakes to which the
plants were secured. The ground should then be
ploughed and harrowed, and if there are any
weeds let them le removed to the tire-heap. This

done, plant the Cabbages in rows 18 inches apart,
and at the same distance from plant to plant in
the rows, setting the plants in each succeeding;
row anglewise to those in the preceding one?,
thereby affording the plants more room to develop
than would be the case had they been set opposite
each other in the rows.

Where tbe plants are raised at home for tbe-
purpose indicated, as is generally the casej it may
be found necessary to use a four or five-tincd fork
in order to get them up with plenty of fibre-
attached to the main roots. Prior to planting
the roots should be dipped in a vessel containing
earth mixed with water to the consistency of thick,
paint, into which a few handfuls of soot have been
stirred. This adhering to the roots will render
them distasteful to wirewrorms, grubs, and other-
creatures which abound in some soils, but especi-
ally so in land which has not been cultivated
for some years. The " puddle " should be freshly
stirred before dipping the roots of each fresh lot
of plants ; several thousand plants may be treated
in the manner indicattd in a few minutes. In,
planting insert tbe plants down to the first
leaves, and make the soil moderately firm about
the roots in doing so.

In the neighbourhood of many large cities and
populous towns Cabbages and other winter and
spring greens become a glut in the market in the
months of March and early April, owing to the
fact that faimers then clear off these vegetables
in order to prepare the ground for other crops.
Therefore in these circumstances breadths of:
Uabbagcs which become fit for marketing during
the month of April and early part of May realise
much better prices than aie obtained for the
earlier crops. H. II'. Ward, Lime House, Eayleigh,
Sej tember.

SOCIETIES,

THE ROYAL EOETICULTUBAL,

SErTKMBEK 26. —On Tuesday last the Hall in Vincent
Square was unusually full of exhibits, and three
Societies were inteiested in them. The Royal Horti-
cultural Society's Committees met as usual, a sub-
committee from the National Dahlia Society joined a
sub committee of the Royal Horticultural Society for
the examination of seedling Dahlias, and in addition,
the National Rose Society held a competitive exhibi-
tion of Roses, which in the extent of the display and.
the quality of the flowers must have astonished alk
who saw it. In the afternoon the Hall was so thronged
with visitors that it became exceedingly difficult for
them to move about and inspect the exhibits.

The Oiicnin COMMITTEE recommended awards which,
included one First-class Certificate, one Botanical
Certificate, and five Awards of Merit. A magnificent
group of Orchids from Messrs. ClIAKl.ESWORTH & Co.,
Bradford, was awarded a Gold Medal.

The Floral Committee recommended a First-class.
Certificate to a variety of Rosa sericea, and Awards of
Merit to Chrysanthemum La Vestale and Cyrtanthus.
sanguineus glaucophj Uus. Seedling Dahlias were in-
spected by a joint committee composed of a deputation
from the Royal Horticultural Society's Floral Com-
mittee and the National Dahlia Society, and awards
were made to seventeen varieties.

The Fruit and Veoetarle Committee made ne>
award to a novelty ; but a collection of pot-Vines anel
other fruits, from Messrs. T. Rivers & Son, and an
exhibit of the new Grape "Prince of Wales," from the
gardens of H. S. BiscnOFFsHEIM, Esq., were note-
worthy.

At the afternoon meeting of Fellows twelve new
Fellows were elected, and Mr. Cooling, of Bath, read
a paper orr " Autumn Roses."

Floral Committee.

Prcxc n<.— W. Marshall, Esq. (Chairman) : and Messrs,
C. T. Druery, Geo. Nicholson, H. B. May, Jas. Walker,
J. F. McLeod, G. Reuthe, R. W. Wallace, Geo. Y&»\.

September 30, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

253

Charles Jeffries, H. J. Cutbush, Chas. E. Pearson,
J. T. Bennett-Pee, W. P. Thomson, W. J. James, Jno.
Jennings, C. J. Salter, R. C. Notcvitt, J. W. Barr, and
R. Hooper Pearson.

Messrs. Wm. Paul & Son, Waltham Cross, Herts,
showed an extensive collection of Roses, utilising
baskets and Bamboo epergnes for their display. The
quality was not so good as is seen earlier in the season,
which is to be expected, but the collection was never-
theless commendable and representative.

Messrs.-W. &J. Brown, Stamford and Peterborough,
exhibited a collection of Roses, with plants of Clematis
grata at the background. The latter were flowering
nicely and upheld the good opinions formed of it at the
time when it received the Award of Merit last season.
Zonal Pelargoniums and others of the Cactus flowering
type, also found a place in the display.

Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond Nursery, Surrey,
exhibited a batch of Clematis similar to that shown
by them at the last meeting.

Messrs. Jas. Yeitch & Sons, Ltd.. King's Road.
Chelsea, displayed a group of Leonotis Leonurus, the
Lion's- tail, whose tiers of orange-scarlet flowers made a
bright feature : and grand specimens of Nerine Fother-
gilli major. The latter were in small pots, with as
many as eight or ten inflorescences. We also noticed
a new Cotoneaster with dark-red berries named C.
appalanta (Silver Banksian Medal).

Messrs. Wm. Bull & Sons, King's Road, Chelsea,
presented the new green-and-yellow-Ieaved Dracama
notahilis in (lower, and Gloiiosa granditlora, with pure
yellow flowers.

Messrs. J. Peed & Son, Mittham Lane, Streatham,
displayed a number of boxes containing flowers of
tuberous rooting Begonias in both the single and the
double varieties.

Mr. C. J. Salter, gr. to Mis. Haywood, Woodhatch
Lodge, Reigate, showed a new Codiamm (Croton)
named Mis, Betty, a variety with dark green margins
mer6ing to a light yellow colour in the petioles, and in
some of the leaves tinged with rose colour.

Messrs. Carter Page & Co., 52 and 53, London
Wall, London, B.C., showed Cactus Dahlias in vases.
1'rettily relieved with trailing spravs of Ampelopsis
•and variegated Privet foliage. The quality throughout
was excellent, size, colojr and form being alike good.
On another table the same firm displayed a number of
Pompon Dahlias (Silver-gilt Banksian Medal ).

Mr. ('has. Turner, The Royal Nurseries, Slough
put up a number of Pompon Dahlias, with a few of the
Cactus type at the background. A very nice display
of these seasonable flowers

Messrs. Cmeal & Sons, Lowfield Nurseries, Crawlev,
showed Cactus and single Dahlias arranged in true
exhibition style in pyramidal bunches. The single
Dahlias were especially pleasing, and found main
idmirers. The Cactus flowers were also a very repre-
sentative and well grown lot of blooms (Bronze Flora
Medal).

Messrs. Wm. Cutbush & Son, Highgate, London, N.,
Kade a pretty display with Cactus Dahlias, having
'xcellent flowers that were staged with good taste
(silver Banksian Medal).

Messrs. Keynes, Williams & Co., Salisburv :
lr. H. Shoksmith, Westfield, Woking; and Messrs.
'• Bubrell k Co., Cambridge, showed a number of
eedling Dahlias, some of which received Awards.

Mr. S. Mortimer, Farnham, Surrey, showed
ighteen new seedling Dahlias, fourteen of which were
> the Cactus type. Two of the "show " varieties are
■onced under "Awards."

Messrs. Thos. S. Ware, Ltd., Feltham, Middlesex
■«t up a well-arranged group of Dahlias on tiers of
tagmg. The display embraced vaiieties of both the

actus and the Pompon types of flowers (Silver Flora
leelal I.

Messrs. Jas. Stredwick & Son, St. Leonards, showed
iany new Cactus Dahlias, exhibited in first class
tyle. Many of the varieties shown have received
.wards this season (Silver-gilt Flora Medal).

Messrs. W. Wells & Co., Merstham, Surrey, showed

batch of summer-flowering Chrysanthemums. The
owers were all cut from the open ground, and were
ipresentative of the best coloured and most floriferous
wieties. Market White, Dolly Prince, and Roi des

anc, are all good whites; Polly (bronze), The
hampion (yellow), and Pe.le Rose are other com-
mendable 8°tts (Bronze Flora Medal I.

Messrs. B. H. Bath, Ltd., Floral Farms, Wisbech,
ft up a semi-circular gioup of pot plants of Chrysan-

themums of the decorative or market type. On an
adjacent table the same firm displayed cut Chrysan-
themums interspersed with vases containing Cactus
Dahlias.

Mr. Eric F. Such, Royal Berkshire Nurseries,
Maidenhead, displayed vases containing decorative
Chrysanthemums cut from the open. The flowers
were bright and of large size for the tj pe.

Messrs. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, Kent, showed a
very handsome Sunflower under the name of Helian-
thus sparsifolia. It may best be described as a
glorified form of H. Miss Mellish.

Messrs. R. Wallace & Co., Kilnfield Gardens,
Colchester, staged a batch of autumn-flowering bulbs
and corms planted in a natural manner in cocoa-nut
fibre and flowering well. C'olchicum speciosum album
was prominent, also C. cilicicum. A batch of Stern-
bergia lutea major occupied the centre of the display.
The graceful Kniphofia modesta was represented by
several spikes of flowers. Other interesting plants
were also shown.

Messrs. Jas. BACKHOUSE & Son, York, also showed
Colchicums. They had the fine ('. autumnale album
in unusually good quality. The flowers of this variety
are not only of largest size but of the purest white
colour.

Messrs. Geo. BUNYABD & Co., Maidstone, Kent,
displayed a collection of hardy flowers, among which
were vases of beehling Chrysanthemums and some good
rose-coloured forms of Anemone japonica. Messrs,
Bustard also presented a hybrid Pb.y88.lis, P.
Bunyardi, the result of P. Franehetii P. Alkekengi.
The calyces are about intermediate- m -i,, between tin-
parents and are of very bright-red colour. Leaves,
flowers ami ripe fruit were noticed on the same
shoots, which are more graceful than those of P.
Franehetii (Silvei Banksian Medal).

Messrs. Geo. Jackman & Son. Woking Nursery,
Surrey, shoved hardy flowers and decorative Chrys-
anthemums {Silver Flora Medal).

Mr. M. PBICHABD, Cbristehurch, Hants, put up a
group of hardy flowers, having in first-class comlition
examples of many of the best soils now in season,
such as improved fen ins of Aster Amellus, a grand
hatch of Kniphofia*, Pyrethrums, ic. (Silver Banksian
Medal).

Messrs. Babb k Sons, King Street, Covent Garden,

showed a small but choice collection of hardy flowers.

Mr. G. H. SAGE, Richmond, Surrey, displayed four
new Michaelmas Daisies. We admired the white
variety labelled Snowdon.

Awards,

Crytanthus sanguineus glaucophylba. — Several va-
rieties of this species were shown by Mr. Jambs
O'Bbies, Marian, Harrow-onthe-Hill. They eliffereil
greatly in the size and form of the flowers, and to
a less degree in colour also. One of the varieties
had slightly glaucous foliage, a flower standing
about 1 foot high anil 3J inches across, each segment
being an inch in width. The flower was of regular
form, suggestive of that of a Vallota, but with the
customary recurving of the petals. The colour was
rich orange-red (Award of Merit).

Chrysanthemum La Vcstale. — An early-flowering
border variety shown by Messrs. R. H. Bath, Ltd ,
Wisbech. The stature of the plants would appear to
be about 3 feet. The whitish or exceedingly pale-
pink coloured flowers are 4 inches across, affid the
centre florets are somewhat twisted. An attractive
variety (Award of Merit).

Rosa sericea " Les Qrandes Epinet. " — This extremely
ornamental Rose, which was mentioned on p. L'.'iS in our
last issue as having received an award at the Edinburgh
show, was exhibited by Messrs. Paul & Son, Ches-
hunt. It produces small white flowers, but its deco-
rative value consists in the brilliant red-coloured and
silky looking spines. It is a plant that will be sure to
meet with appreciation from those who admire orna-
mental shrubs (First-class Certificate).

Dahlias. — Thirteen varieties of Dahlia were described
in our last issue on p. L'.'f? as having been inspected at
Wisley by a sub-committee. Three marks were
awarded to each in order to distinguish them as good
garden or decorative Dahlias, and these marks were
confirmed by the Committee. The marks are not
synonymous with Awards of Merit, nor have the
t'owers been judged from the exhibition point of
vitw

prove

Award3 by the Floral Committee and National

Dahlia Society's Committee.

Dahlias,

Upon this occasion a Committee of the National
Dahlia Society, and a deputation from the Floral
Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society, con-
ferred together upon the Dahlia novelties submitted.
Seventeen seedlings received recognition by the joint
Committee, and in each case the First class Certificate
of the National Dahlia Society and the Award of
Merit of the Royal Horticultural Society were
awarded.

Mrs. '.'. Stevenson (Cartas).— A good "self-yellow,''
well up to exhibition standard, with finely-formed
florets well incurved. From Mr. J. T. West, Brent-
wood, Essex.

Alight {Cactus). — A very notable flower, the pre-
dominant tint being of flame-orange. The florets are
well formed and finely pointed. From Messrs. J.
Buuhki.l & Co., Cambridge.

Faunas (Cactus). — This also came from MessrB.
Burkell. The well-shaped flower is coloureel rosy-
fawn, and is very ilistinct. It promises to
capital exhibition variety.

Tuanhoi (Cttcius).— A shapely and showy flower,
coloureel pale orange and yellow.

Victorian {Fancy Cactus).- One of the striped sec-
tion, to which we may apply provisionally the term
"Fancy." The flower is of good size and form, and
is coloured purple and maroon, with white at the base
of the florets.

Primrose ( Cactus). —A very pleasing yellow self flower,
elegant in foim, with finely incurved florets.

Mrs. Miirmitliin {Cartas).- The predominant tone is
a rich shade of rose, the centre being white or cream.
The form is excellent.

The above four came from Messrs. Jas. Stredwick &
Son, Siherhill Park, St. Leonards on Sea.

Titus {Pompon Cartas). — There is a great probability
that this new section, with its dainty and weli-

foi d flowers, will be much in vogue in the near

future for purposes of decoration. The above is
coloureel yellow at the base and is shaded with buff.
From Messrs. J. Burrell & Co., Cambridge.

Little Fred {Pompon Cartas). A creamy-white
flower, very gooel in form. From Mr. H. Shoesmith,
Woking.

Tom Tit (Pompon Cactus). A pretty flower
coloureel rosy - pink. Exhibited by Messrs. Jas.
StbKDWIOK k Son, St. Leonards-on-Sea.

Delicacy (Show). A flower of moderate size, well-
formed, and coloured rosy-peach with carmine tips.

/■'a ran riti (Show).- The ground colour is soft
yellow or chrome with buff shading on the more
exposed parts of the flower. These two vaiieties came
from Mr. S. Mortimer, Rowleelgt Nurseries, Farnham.
Surrey.

Peacemaker (Pompon). — Nearly snow-white and of
perfectly moulded form. From Messrs. Keynes,
Williams & Co., Salisbury.

Kitty Barrett (Pompon). — A flower of exquisite
form, yellow in colour, with rosy-tipped florets. From
Mr. J. T. West, Brentwood, Essex.

Stromboli f Single). — Crimson-maroon, the
conspicuously blotched with white at the tips.
Messrs. J. C'heal k Sons, Crawley.

Veronique (Single). — Colour rosy-red with scarlet
stripes. The flower is of good form.

Cynthia (Single). — A shapely, distinct and pleasing
variety of a delicate tone of soft pink colour. The well-
rounded florets and the uniform tone of colour all com-
bine to make it a flower of much merit. These were
exhibited by Mr. Seale, Sevenoaks.

Orchid Committee.

florets
From

Present: Harry J. Veitch, Esq. (in the Chair) ; and
Messrs. Jas. O'Brien (Hon. Sec), De B. Crawshay,
J. Colman, W. A. Bilney, N. C. Cookson, H. A.
Tracy, W. Boxall, W. H. Young, J. Charlesworth,
J. Douglas, R. G. Thwaites, W. Cobb, H. Little,
F. J. Thome, F. Wellesley, and F. W. Moore.

There was a very fine show of Orchids. The splendid
group, principally hybrids, for which Messrs. Charles-
. worth & Co., Heaton, Bradford, were awarded a Gold
Medal, was better than any group previous]}- staged
at this season. The centre was composeel of about
forty plants of the showy Cattle}'av Iris, all beautiful,
and scarcely two alike, their colours varying from cream,
white with rose coloured labelium to yellow with rose-

2U

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September :t t, 1903.

purple lip, and bronzy - yellow with variously tinted
purple and crimson labellura. The best form, C. X Iris
" His Majesty," secured the only First class Certificate
awarded (see Awards). At one end was a fine selec-
tion of good forms of La?lio-Cattleya x callistoglossa,
some good and brightly coloured Brassavola Digbyana
crosses, Brasso-Lrelia White Lady being a very

pretty white variety. C'attleya X Chamberlainiana
varieties were well represented ; and at the other end
of the group was a batch of the pretty Cattleya
x Germania of various tints, L.-C. x Gottoiana, L.C.
x luminosa, L.-C. x Dominiana, L.-C. x Alcyone
(L. flava x C. Schilleriaua), Cattleya x Mrs. Pitt, C. x
Elvina, C. x F. W. Wigan, C. Hariisoniana alba, C.
x Adula (bicolor x Hardyana), and other hybrid
Cattleyas and Laelio-Cattleyas. Among a profusion of
other good Orchid-- were noted a nice specimen of
Ancistrochilus (Pachystoma) Thomsonianus var. Gen-
tilii, with pretty white flowers with dark rose markings
on the lip; Miltonia Schrbderiana and other Mil-
tonias ; Odontoglossum crispum and the variety Leh-
manni ; O. x Rolfere. Oncidium incurvum and the
pure white form of it, and others.

Messrs. Sander & SONS, St. Albans, were awarded a
Silver Banksian Medal for a choice group, including
good varieties of Lrelio- Cattleya X bletchleyensis,
L.-C. x Canhamiana, L.-C. x The Pearl, L.-C.
x Antigone, L.-C. x Herga (C. Gaskelliana X
L.-C. elegans), L.-C. x Eudymion (C. Gaskelliana
x L. tenebrosa), Cattleya x rittiana, well flowered.
The handsomest hybrid in the group was Cattleya x
Iris "Sander's variety, a form of which received an
Award of Merit at the last meeting. It has C. aurea
for the seed-parent, crossed with a flue form of C.
bicolor. The plant is very dwarf, and the flowers
large, with bronzy sepals and petals and glowing ruby-
crimson lip. C. Gaskelliana "Princess" is a nearly
white form with slight purple marking in front of the
yellow disc of the lip. C. elongata (Alexandra)
and other uncommon species were included ; also
Cypripedium x Annie Measures, and a very fine form
of Cypripedium O'Brienianum with curious greenish
incurved dorsal sepal, yellowish at the margin, and
broad decurved rose petals with some dark spotting at
the base ; lip tinged with rose. Among species were
a good example of Angnecum Ellisii, Oirrhopetalum
refractum, Hemipilia calophylla, with beautifully red-
marbled leaves and spike of pretty flowers with light
violet-coloured labellums.

Messrs. Stanley & Co., Southgate, were awarded a
Silver Banksian Medal for a good group, in which were
some of the first of the autumn-flowering Cattleya.
labiata, good C. Loddigesii, C. bicolor, C. Acklandise,
Odontoglossum grande, O. crispum, O. Harryanum,
Dendrobium formosum, and other showy Orchids. At
the back were sprays of a fine type of Oncidium vari-
cosum, showing much variation both in the shape and
habit of the plant, two specimens being very dwarf
and bearing iich yellow flowers of unusually fine sub-
stance. Specially interesting was a very strong
specimen of Odontoglossum Duvivierianum, with a
fine spike of six flowers. Miltonia x Castanea, South-
gate variety (? Regnelli x Clowesii), like an enlarged
M. Clowesii ; and a singular Epidendrum ? nocturnum,
with flower-stem and ovary (> inches in length, bearing
a curious flower with greenish sepals and petals, and
long tridentate lip.

Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Enfield, staged a group,
including Cattleya Dowiana, C. Loddigesii alba, Cypii-
pedium x Pollettianum superbum, C. >: Ajax, Good-
yera Rollissouii, with pretty bronze and yellow leaves ;
the dwarf Oncidium Harrisonianum, and the fine
yellow O. oblongatum, Spathoglottis aurea, Vanda
Kimballiana, Odontoglossum grande, Ccelogyne spe-
ciosa, and Miltonia Candida grandiflora.

Leopold de Rothschild, Esq , Gunnersbury House,
Acton (gr., Mr. Hudson), showed Dendrobium for-
mosurn giganteum "Gunnersbury House variety,"
bearing a fine truss of very large pure white flowers
with yellow disc to the lip, all the segments being
broad, and especially the petals, which were almost
circular ; also Odontoglossum bictonense roseum.

Major G. L. Holfop.i , CLE., C.V.O. (gr., Mr.
Alexander), showed La-lio Cattleya ■: crispo-Hardyana
(which secured an Award of Merit), Cattleya xAshtoni
La Belle (Warscewiczii x Harrisoniana), and L.-C.
x Berthe Fournier.

Jeremiah Colman, Esq.. Gatton Park (gr., Mr. W.
P. Bound), showed a fine form of Lselio-Cattleya x
Nysa (L. crispa X C. Warscewiczii) from seeds sown on
June 2(i, 1901 ; also two forms of Cattleya :■ intermedio-
Warscewiczii, and the fine Miltonia Regnelli "Gatton
Park variety " (see Awards).

Mr. H. A. Tracy, Twickenham, showed Cypri-
pedium x Herbert Goodson (Sanderianum Young-
ianumL — A fine hybrid with many of the attractive
traits of C. Sanderianum. The plant had whitish-green
leaves with darker markings and a stout spike of three
large flowers. Dorsal sepal greenish-yellow, edged with
rose-colour and bearing many dark chocolate dotted
lines. Petals arched and long, showing the crenulation
of C. Sanderianum on the upper edge, whitish tinged
with rose and dotted with dark purple. Lip tinged
with brown.

Sir Win. Marriott, Down House, Blandford (gr.
Mr. Denny), sent a flower of Cattleya x Ethel (Rex x
Warscewiczii),

Awards,
First-class Certificate.

Cattleya x Iris "His Majesty," from Messrs.
Ciiari.esworth & Co , Heaton, Bradford. — The
largest, best and brightest-coloured of Messrs. Charles-
worth's fine hybrids of Cattleya aurea and ('.bicolor.
Sepals and petals broad and flat, fawn-yellow tinged
with rose on the edges of the petals. Lip yellowish at
the base, where it clips the fleshy white column, the
isthmus and broad front lobe being of a glowing red-
crimson with an orange shade.

Awards of Merit.

Ladio-Cattleya x luminosa Rosita (L. tenebrosa x
C. aurea), from Messrs. Charles; worth & Co. — A very
fine flower with blight yellow sepals and petals, the
sepals freckled with purple at the backs, and the petals
marbled with rose-purple, the yellow veining showing
through the darker colour. Lip claret-purple, veined
with gold-colour at the base, and lighter rose-purple
at the margin.

Lalio-Cattleya x crispo-Hardyana (L. crispa x C.
x Hardyana), from Major G. L. HOLFORD, Westonbirt
(gr,, Mr. Alexander).— A fine flower of the L.-C- X
Tallas class, but larger. Sepals and petals silver-white
tinted with lavender. Lip rich purple with gold lines
from the base, the front being elongated, spreading,
and crimped at the margin.

Miltonia Regnelli Gatton Park variety, from Jere-
miah Colman, Esq, Gatton Park, Reigate (gr., Mr.
W. P. Bound).— A large and beautiful variety with
light yellow sepals and petals, each with a small
purple base, and broad, flat, purple labellum.

Cypripedium purpuratum Tracy's variety, from Mr.
H. A. Trait, Twickenham.— A very darkly-coloured
form of the pretty and still uncommon species, the
chief difference being in the broader white dorsal sepal
striped with purple, and the darker rose-purple colour
• if the lip.

Cattleya x Maronii Westfield variety (C. velutina x
C. Dowiana aurea), from Francis Wellesley. Esq.,
Westfield, Woking (gr., Mr. Hopkins).- Flowers much
larger than in the original. Sepals and petals golden-
yellow with a slight bronze tint, the showy labellum
yellow at the base, the blade veined with crimson, the
more prominent lines being raised. A pretty and
fragrant flower.

Botanical Certificate.
Stenoglottis fimbriate, from Mis. Bhightwen, The
Grove, Stanmore (gr., Mr. J. W. Odell).— A charming
little South African terrestrial Orchid, with rosettes of
dark-green leaves closely blotched with purple, lying
close to the ground. From the centre of each of the
eight crowns came an elegant spike of pretty white-
and-lilac-coloured flowers, the spikes being i) inches
to a foot high, and bearing flowers on the upper two-
thirds.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

Present Geo. Ibinyard, Esq. (Chairman) ; and Messrs.
Jos. Cheal, A. Dean, H. Parr, E. Beckett, Geo. Keif,
H. Markham, J. Lyne, F. Q. Lane, J. Willard, Geo.
Norman, J. Mclndoe, O. Thomas, H. Somers Rivers,
A. H. Pearson, and Geo. Reynolds.

Messrs. T. Rivers & Son, Sawbridgeworth, Herts,
made an imposing display of orchard-house fruit.
Beautiful examples of pot Vines were at the back-
ground—Golden Queen, Black Alicante, Gros Maroc,
&c, while bunches of Buckland Sweetwater, Madres-
field Court, Black Alicante, and Muscat of Alexandria
were staged on stands. A box of enormous fruits of
Peasgood's Nonesuch Apples, coloured almost beyond
recognition, and baskets of Cox's Orange Pippin and
Ribston Pippin also found a place in the collection.
The fruits of Cox's Orange Pippin were superb. Plums
Late Orange, Golden Transparent, and President were
also of excellent quality ; while a single fruit of Mar-
guerite Marillat Pear must have weighed more than
one pound (Silver gilt Knightian Medal).

From the gardens of the Duke of Fife, East Sheen
Lodge, East Sheen (gr. Mr. R. Mountford), came a
commendable display of hardy fruit, totalling twenty-
six dishes. The quality was uniformly good through-
out, and a Silver-Gilt Banksian Medal was awarded.
The best examples of Apples were Fearn's Pippin,
Lady Sudeley, Gascoyne's Seedling, Bismarck, Lord
Suffield and ( 'ox's Orange Pippin. Among the Pears
were good dishes of Pitmastou Duchess, FondanH
de Cuerne and Brockworth Park. Mr. Mountford also
presented a separate box of Fondante de Cuerne Ptara
to the notice of the Committee.

Mr. G. Norman, The Gardens, Hatfield House,
Herts, staged four bunches of Black Hamburgh Grapes
cut from seventeen-year-old Vines. The bunches were
grown under ordinary treatment and on rods bearing
as many as fourteen bunches of Grapes. The bunches
w*cre large, well-finished and of splendid flavour, and
were awarded a Silver Knightian Medal.

-V stand of four bunches of the new black Grape
Prince of Wales was shown by H. L. BisCHOFFsIiEiM,
Esq., Warren House, Stanmore, Middlesex (gr. Mr.
C. J. Ellis). The bunches were of large size, averaging
5^ lb. in weight, and were the best we have seen of
this variety, which was distributed a few years since
by Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Ltd. It was a sport
from the variety Mrs. Pince, and Mr. Ellis stated that
the Vine requires similar treatment to the other Muscat
varieties. The fruit shown had been cut from YineB
planted only eighteen months ago (Silver Knightian
Medal).

Messrs. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, Kent, showed a
number of varieties of autumn-fruiting Raspberries.
The fruits were exhibited growing on the canes. The
kinds included Perpetual de Billard, Belle de Fontenay,
Noir d'Automne, Golden Queen, and Surprise d'Au-
tomne, the two last named being yellow-fruiting
varieties. Belle de Fontenay may be regarded as the
best of the varieties.

Mr. G. Hobday, Romford, Essex, displayed a
splendid collection of well grown vegetables. The
group was put up in first-class style, and was very
representative. It included Ailsa Craig and Excelsior
Onions, Intermediate and Early Nantes Carrots, splen-
did Cauliflowers (Yeitch's Autumn Giant and Early
London), Runner Beans, coloured Potatos, Tomatos,
Hollow-crown Parsnips (good), Marrows, Endive, Beet-
roots, Lettuce, Globe Artichokes, Musselburg Leeks
(good), Celery, &c. (Silver-gilt Knightian Medal).

The table near to those at which the Committee sits
was, as usual, occupied by numerous individual dishes
of fruits and vegetables submitted for awards, but
none was given.

THE NATIONAL ROSE.

September 2li. — In conjunction with the usual
fortnightly meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society
the National Rose Society held its last show of the
year, and considering the late period of the season the
entries were unusually numerous, and the various
exhibits of Roses of all kinds were of astonishing good
quality, the Hybrid Teas, and Teas and Noisettes
especially ; the flowers from the Northern growers
comparing most favourably with those from the Soutli
of England and from the North of Ireland.

Nl'RSERYMEN.

For tin best Thirty-six Blooms, Distinct. — 1st,
Messrs. Cocker k Suns, Nurseries, Aberdeen, with
perfect flowers in every instance ; and as especially
fine blooms we may mention Suzanne de M. Rodo-
canachi, Captain Hay ward. Prince Arthur, Hainan
Cochet, A. K. Williams, Lady Sheffield, Pharisaer, and
Comtesse de Ludre. 2nd, "Messrs. Adam .y. CRAIG
MILE, Nurseries, Aberdeen, with symmetrically perfect
flowers, including A. Colomb, Comte Raimbaud, I
Brunner, C. Lefebvre. Madame J. Bonnaire (an im
mouse [link-coloured flower with cupped petals of a
round shape, as is the entire bloom), Captain Hayward
and other favourite varieties. In this class in a box o!
flowers shown by the last-named exhibitor, a Silve
Medal was awarded to a bloom of Mrs. J. Laing, il
being the best Rose other than H.T., T. or Noisette
The .'!rd prize fell to Mr. Hccii Dickson, The Roya
Nurseries, Belfast, whose stands contained exceltcn
blooms of much substance; a Silver Medal wt
awarded to a bloom in this collection of Helen (,'uillot
a magnificent white Rose.

For tin1 Best Thirty-sir Varieties Distinct, in a sp&ei
not exceeding ,S feet by 5 feet. — 1st, Messrs. B. R. CAN
& Sons, Colchester, the blooms Vicing set up on a cone
shaped stand. We noted Fairy Queen, Eugene Resal
Beryl, Lady Roberts, Madame Falcot, Prineesse di
Sagan, White Maman Cochet, L'Ideal, he. 2nd
J. Barron, Esq., Belgrave, Leicester, for a well

September 3u, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

255

-octcl pleasing collection of thirty-six varieties,

ostly Teas and Tea Hybrids, although all classes

vre allowed. Very nice were the following — M.

darles (a buff-pink-coloured bloom), Souvenir de

ithciine Guillot (fawn-salmon in tint), M. Falcot,

dy Battersea, Clara "Watson, Madame Ravary,

'istave Regis, and Liberty. The 3rd prize in this

iss was awarded to Messrs. J. Jeffebibs & Son,

rencester, the trusses being in this case set up in

?arf glasses or earthenware pots, and these being

"orded ample space the effect produced was pleasing.

Eighteen Blooms, Distinct. 1st, Messrs. I), k W.

:oll, nurserymen, Dundee. This stand contained

my fine blooms, including the varieties Mrs. E.

iwlt v, Rubens, Enchantress, Lady Roberts, Marechal

el, G. Nabonnand, and Souvenir de Madame Metral.

Silver Medal was awarded the bloom of Marechal

el as being the best Tea Rose in the show. 2nd,

;ssrs. Adam & Craigmii.e, Aberdeen, with a stand of

Morris of Teas and Noisettes of medium size, but clear

:' their tints and uninjured by weather or transit.

1, Mr. GEO. Prince, Longworth, Farringdon, with

pd flowers of well known varieties.

For Tux/ re Distinct Varieties, Seven Bloom* of

eh.— 1st, Messrs. B. R. Cant & Son, The Old Rose

Crden, Colchester. A'ery fine were White Manian

(chet, Mrs. Sharman Crawford, Bessie Brown,

hpuv Jamain, Frau K Druschki, Maman Cochet and

.'s. Mawley. 2nd, Mr. G. Prince, whose best

boms were Mrs. J. Laing, La France, Maman Cochet,

I'S. Mawley, Mrs. Sharman Crawford, Frau Kai 1

Juschki and Alf. Colomb. 3rd, Messrs. J. JEFFBRIES

ISons, Cirencester. There were several other good

■ plays, but owing to their not being shown according
tscheduled rules they were disqualified.

Twelve Blooms of any Hose to be Shown in n singlt
lw.— 1st, J. Jefpebies & Son, with fine massive
tomsof Frau K. Druschki. 2nd, Mr. High DICKSON,
lyal Nurseries, Belfast, with J. B. Clark, a magnifi-
ed crimson-coloured H.T., fine, large, and massive

cinuns, with exquisite fragrance. This variety has
■a previously awarded the Silver Medal of the
1 tional Rose Society at the Metropolitan Show at
1 gent's Park. The 3rd prize was awarded to Messrs.
I'IJreiiy & Son, nurserymen, Portadown, for Frau
1 Druschki, the blooms being large and full.

Decorative Roses.
fur tin best Thirty-six Varieties, Distinct. — 1st, Mr.
I Mattock, New Headington, for a fine lot of clean,
til-grown blooms, including Souvenir de C. Guillot,
) mere, Sulphurea, Madame Charles, Papa Gontier,
1 rcisse, Feace, every bloom being perfect in form
il fine in condition. 2nd, Messrs. Frank Cant ,v
' ., who had Lady Battersea, Gustave Regis, ( 'nallina,
1 dame Abel Chatenay, Safrano, Peace, ami Dr.
] ix Guyon, among their best blooms. 3rd, Messrs.
Iul & Son, Cheshunt. whose stand consisted of
i -sized blooms in bunches, with ample space

1 ween. Among the varieties shown were remarked
l.nyiis Dubreuil (a fine dark crimson bloom),

2 dame A. Mari, General Schablikine, Papillon,
( iss an Teplitz, varieties not known to many of our
r lers, but great acquisitions to our Rose-gardens.

"welrc Varieties Distinct. — 1st, Mr. Chahi.es
'Jrner, The Royal Nurseries, Slough, with fine large
' quets, and among them Mine. Antoine Mari. Mine,
dries, Papa Gontier, Mme. Jean Dupuy, Souv de

Guillot, and Prince tie Bulgarie, &c. 2nd, Messrs,
■Teffeuies & Son. In this stand of twelve bunches

■ re were capital blooms of Perle des Jardins, Papa
t itier, Mme. A. Chatenay, Enchantress, Mme.
I Tibard, &c.

'or the Best Polyantha Roses Distinct, 1st,
3SIB. B. R. Cant & Sons for a pretty lot. "We
ny mention as being unique in tint Aschenbrddel,
Amonette, Schneewitchen, Mme. Levavasseur, Etoile
d'r, Marie Pavie, and Gloire de Polyantha. 2nd,
Sssrs. F. C.ANT& Co., Braiswick Nurseries, Colchester.

< these varieties mention may be made of Lamesch (a
rer of crimson and yellow-colour), Eugenie Lamesch,

vie. E. A. Nolte (of a pinkish-cream tint), and Petite

' istant. This was a class for nurserymen only, as

»"e also the three following classes.
■'<•!■ (In Best ReprcsentativeGroup of Roses in a spaa
txceedingXW square feet. — 1st, Mt.Chables Turner,

"ugh, for a large corner group formed on the floor
lit- Hall. The blooms were stood in water and the

b ties placed in dwarf baskets elevated on pots, the
undwork being hidden with moss, and as the
iiitity of bloom was lavish the effect was all that

< dd be wished. Between the larger baskets smaller
I iches and pots of Roses were placed, and the whole
I i edged with Adiantum.

7or the Best Cut Rose Blooms placed on staging in a
fee not exceeding loo square feet.— The 1st prize

< Tied with it a Gold Medal. It was awarded to Mr. G.
1 ince. for a very fine representative group of all kinds of
' ses. The exhibit was formed on wavy lines and
1 tained many fine varieties in good condition, new
I i and old favourites as well. The 2nd prize and a

er-Gilt Medal were awarded to Messrs. Jackman &

«, "Woking, for a group of Roses staged as a bank,

i blooms being set out in vasts. This group wts of

c maiderable sizs and contained Roses of all classes and
iu mu<t instances excellent of their kind. The front
was bordered with low baskets filled with Roses, pro-
ducing good effect. 3rd, Messrs. Alexander Dickson
& Sons, Newtownards, who were likewise awarded a
Silver Medal.

The best Represcntativi Group on a stage not exceed-
ing 60 s'jintf feet. — 1st, Mr. J. Mattock, with large
bunches of one variety each, and most of them of
superior form and condition.

New Roses, Open.

Rox Irish /..//«. —This is a seedling shown by
Messrs. A. Dickson & Sons, Newtownards, Co. Down.
A single-flowered variety, 5 inches in diameter, of a
saliinn-rose tint, with a yellow stain at the base of the
flower ; anthers of a yellow colour. When the flowers
are quite fullv expanded tiny are clear pale pink in
colour with lemon-coloured centre. This Rose was
shown in some quantity (Gold Medal).

Ron Th ri. llr in is of a pink-andfawn colour,
and possesses a filbert-shaped bud and cupped petals.
The Committee desired to see it again. It came from
Messrs. GARRAVVAT & Co., nurserymen, of Clifton,
Bristol.

Rksi ion a' \ H.T., faint pink in

tint, full, and a filbert-shaped bud, suffused faintly
with yellow. The Gold Medal of the Society was
awarded to the exhibitors, S. McGredi & SON, of
Portadown.

A new seedling Rose named Dorothy Page Roberts,
a beautiful H. T, large, fairly full, pink in colour,
with a faint shade of buff, with petals rellexed at their
tips, thus showing the lighter inner tint, was shown by
Messrs. ALEX. DlCKSON .'c SONS, Newtownards.

Amateurs.

For ih, best Eighteen Blooms, Distinct.— let, F. M.
Flight, Esq., Cornstiles, Twyford, for a stand of
mostly fine blooms, the best being C. Testout, Beauty
of "Waltham, Frau Karl Druschki, Mrs. John Laing.
Robert Duncan, Mildred Grant, Earl of Warwick, and
others of that class. 2ml. Conwat Jones, Esq., with
a well-assorted stand, in which U. Brunner, Mrs. J.
Laing, and Comtesse de Commendo were conspicuous.
3rd, Rev. J. H. PeUBBRTON, Havcring-atte-Bower,
Essex.

Thebesi Twelvi Blooms, Distinct, 1st, En. Holland,
Esq., Silverdale, Sutton, with a good stand, containing
Marquise de Litta, C. Lefebvre, Gustave Piganneau,
Bessie I'.rown, Mrs. J. Laing. &c. 2nd, the Rev. P.
Roberts, Stratbfieldsaye Rectory, Berks.

For the best Tied vi Distinct Varieties, not fewer than
three trusses of each. — lit; Alfred Tate, Esq., Down-
side, Leatherhead, with an effective stepped stand of
blooms, among which we noted Papa Gontier, Reve
d'Or, Marie Van Houtte, White Maman Cochet, and
AugustiueGuinoisseau. 2nd, the Rev. J. H. Femberto.-',
Havering atte-B jwer.

There wen- classes fur bowls of cut Roses, one of
which was for exhibition flowers, and another for
garden or decorative Roses. In nearly all cases
bronzy-rose-coloured shoots and leaves were employed.
Miss B. H. Lancton, Raymead, Hendon, was 1st in
the class for exhibition flowers ; and Mrs. 0. "William-
son 1st in that in which garden or decorative flowers
were use 1.

MARKETS.

— t—

COVENT GARDEN, September 27.
[We cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day, but
only the general averages for the week preceding the
date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate, not only from day to day,
but often several times in one day. Ed.]

Cut Foliage, &c. :

S.li.

Ampelopsis leaves,
per doz. bunches 16

Asparagus plu-
mosus. long
trails, each ... 0 3-

— — medium,

bunch ... 10-1 6

short sprays

per bunch... 0 9-16

— Sprengeri ... 0 6-10

— tenuissimus.. 0 6-09
Adiantum cunea-

tum, do7. bun. 4 0-60
Croton leaves, per

bunch 0 9- 1 6

Cycas leaves, each ii-i»
Fern. English, p.

dozen hunches 10-20

— French dozen
bunches ... 3 0-40

Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d.

0 6

Grasses, hardy, p.
dozen bunches

Hardy foliage
(various), per
dozen bunches

Ivy-leaves, bronze

— long trails,
per bundle ...

— short green,
doz. bunches

Moss, per gross...
Myrtle, per dozen

bunches

Physalis, per doz.

bunches

Smilax, p. dozen

trails

Viburnum Opulus

with berries, p.

dozen bunches

s.d. s.d.

2 0-40
16-20

10-30

10-16

4 0-60

2 0-40

3 0-60

Cut Flowers, &c.
s.d
Asters, 12 bunches
Azalea mollis, per

bunch

Bouvardia, per

doz. bunches 6 0-80
Calla sethioplca,

pr. dz. blooms 3 0-40
Carnations, per

doz. blooms,

best American

vars

— smaller do. ...

— Malmaisons ...
Cattleyas, p. doz.

blooms
Chrysanthemums,
perdz. blooms

— small blooms,
per doz. bchs.

Coreopsis, p. doz.
Dahlias, per doz.

bunelies

Eucharis grandi-
flora, per dozen

blooms

Gaillardias, doz.

bunches
Gardenias, perdz

blooms

Gladiolus Col-
villel, p. doz.
bunches

— brenehleyensis
p. doz. spikes 0 6-09

Gypsophila, per

dozen bunches 2 0-30
LUium auratum 16-26

— lancifollum,
rubrum and

album 10-30

— looel riorum... 2 0-30
-- tlgrinum ... 10-16

Lily of the Valley,

p. doz. bnchs. 6 o-)2 o

— extra quality IS o-.'i u

s.d.
10-40

1-0 1 6

2 0-40
0 6-10

4 0-80

9 0-12 0
10-30

2 0-60

18-J1

10-20

10-20
2 0- 3 0

10 16

0 9-10

Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d
Marguerites, white,

p. doz. bnchs. 2 0-30

— yellow, dozen
bunches

Mignonette, doz.

bunches
Montbretias, doz.

bunches
Odontoglossum

crispum, pr.dz.

blooms

— grande, pdoz.
blooms

Pancratiums, per

dozen

Pelargoniums,

doz. bunches :

— Show

— Zonal, double
scarlet

Roses, 12 blooms,
Niphetos

— Bridesmaid...

— Kaiserin A.
Victoria

— General Jao-
queminot ...

— C. Mermet ...

— Caroline Test-
out

— Liberty

— Mad. Chatenay 2 0-30

— Mrs. J. Laing. 10-16

— Sunrise
Stat-.ee. p. dozen

bunches
Stephanotis, per

doz trusses... 10-20
Sweet Sultan, per

doz. bunches 2 0-30
Tuberoses, per

dozen blooms 0 2-03

— on stems, per

bunch 0 6-10

Violets, l-'bunches 10-16

2 0-30
16-30

3 0-60

a o- 2 s

1 0- 5 l)

2 C- 3 0

4 0-60
3 0-60

10-30
10-20

2 0-30

0 6-10
10-20

10-20
16-20

10-20
16-26

Plants In Pots, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

Aralla Sleboldl, p.
dozen

— larger

Araucaria excelsa,

per dozen
Aspidistras, green
per doz.

— variegated,
per doz.

Asparagus plu-
mosus nanus,
per doz.

— Sprengeri, per
dozen

— tenuissimus
per doz.

Asters, per dozen
Bouvardia?, per

dozen

Cannas, per doz.
Chrysanthemums,

per dozen ...

— coronarium,
double yellow,
per dozen

Coleus, per dozen
Crotons, per doz.
CocosWeddelliana,

per doz.
Cyperus alterni-

folius, dozen
Dracaenas, dozen
Erica gracilis, per

dozen

Eulalia japonica
variegata

s.d. s. d.

s.d. s.d.

Euonymus, per

4 n-12 0 dozen 4 0-90

- i 5 0 Ferns in thumbs,

per loo 8 0-12 0

18 0-30 0 — in 48 's, p. doz. 4 0-10 o

— in 32s, p. doz. 10 0-18 0
21 0-30 0 Ficus elastica, p.

doz 9 0-18 0

30 0-42 0 — repens, per

dozen 4 0-60

Kentia Belmore-
9 0-12 0 ana, per doz... 12 0-18 0

— Fosteriana, p.
6 0-90 doz 12 0-21 0

Latania borbonica,
6 0-12 0 per doz. ... 9 0-18 0

3 0-10 Lilium lanci-
folium, per

6 0-80 dozen 40-80

6 0-60 Marguerites, white,

per dozen ... 4 0-80
6 0-24 0 Pelargoniums,
per dozen,

zonal 3 0-50

3 0-50 — scarlet do. ... 30-40
2 6-40 Physalis. perdoz. 18 0-24 0
12 0-30 0 Privet.golden.per

dozen 5 0-12 0

12 0-30 0 Rose Mad une Le-
vavasseur. per

2 6-40 dozen 10 0-12 0

V 0-24 0 Selaginclla, per

dozen 3 0-60

12 0-15 0 Solanunis. dozen 6 0-12 0

Spirrea japonica,
12 0-18 0 per dozen ... 9 0-10 0

Fruit : Average
s.d. s.d.

App'es, American.

22 .

per barrel

— French, per
barrel ...

— cookiDg. per
bushel

— Dessert, per
bushel

Bananas, bunch .

— Giants, ' per
bunch

— Jamaica

— loose, oer doz.
Blackberries, per

peck

Figs, per dozen ...
Grapes, Alicante,

perlb

— Madresfield
Court, per lb.

— Gros Maroc,
perlb

— Muscats, lb....

— Sweetwater.p.
case

— Mercia, box .

— Alraeria, per
barrel

Lemons, Naples,
per case ... _.

— Messina, case 16 0-20 0
Melons, each ... 1 0- 2 6

— Valencia,

per case ... 6 0-70

15 u-:- 1

5 0 la 0

6 0-13 0

12 0-14 0
3 0- 6 0
10-16

1 9- 2 0

1 6- 2 0

0 6-10

2 6 —

16-20
0 9-30

6 0-80
10-26

Hi C-14 0

30 0-40 0

Wholesale Prices

s.d. s.d
Melon Pears, per

box

Nuts, Cobnuts, ].

]h 0 4J-0 5J

— Walnuts. Eng-

p bushel 12 0-11 0

Grenoble,

per bag ... 7 0-80

Borre. p. bag 9 0 —

French, p

- u-k
Oranges. 1 amaica.

per case
Peaches. A., per
dozen

— B., perdoz. ...
Pears, French,

crate

— Californian,
box

— English, per
bushel

Pineapples, each
Plums, English :
half-bushel :

— DamsonB

— Prunes

— German Bwit-
zen

— Bohemian ...

— Bullace
PoinegiaLatcs, p.

case 8 C-10 0

Quinces, per case 10 (£,—

a Ob- 4 0

18 0-20 0
' IS 6-20 O

8 0-12 O
4 0-60

5 0-12 0
3 6-60

6 0-14 n
2 0-30

3 6
7 0

4 0

5 6
5 0

256

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 30, 1905.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

2 6-30

0 9-

1 3-

s. d. e.d

Artlcbokes.Green,

Fretch, p.doz. 2 6-30

Aubergines, per
dozen

Beans, English,
Scarlet Run-
ners, bushel

Beetroot, bushel

Cabbages, p. tally 2 6-36

— red, per doz . 16-20
Carrots, new, doz.

bunches

— c w t., u n-
washed

— bag, washed...
Cauliflowers, doz.
Celery, English,

doz. bundles .
Cucumbers, doz.

— per flat

Endive, per doz.

Horseradish, for-
eign, p. dozen
bundles

Indian Corn, doz.
Mint, per dozen...
T«eks, 12 bundles
Lettuces, Cos, per
dozen

2 0-30

19-20

2 6-30
10-19

9 0-12 0
16-30

3 0-70
0 6-10

10 012 0
10-20
16-20
16-20

10-16

e.d. e.d.
Uushrooms(house)

rerlh 10-13

— half-bushel ... 3f-4fc

— Buttons, lb. 13-16
Mustard and Cress,

per dnz. pun .. 10-16
Onions, Valencia,
per case

— Dutch, bag ...

— English, bag .
Parsley, 12 bnchs.
Parsnips, per bag
Radishes, p. doz.

bunches
Salsify, per dozen

bundles
Sorrel, half bush.
Spinach, p. bush.
Tomatos. English,

per 12 lb.

— secords. 121b.

— Jersey, 12 lb.

— French, crate
Turnips.doz.bun.

— bags

Vegetable Marrows.

penally ... 3 0

Watercress, per
doz. bunches . 0 6

6 0-70
3 C- 4 6
5 6-60
16-20
2 6-30

.. 0 8-10

2 6 —

1 0 —

2 0-26

2 6-30

1 0 —

2 0-26
2 0-36
2 0-26
2 C- 2 6

Remarks. — Xectniaes may now be said to be over,
hut Peaches are still arriving in considerable quan-
tities; the best quality fruits realise good prices.
Prices for English Tomatos are firm at 3s. per dozen lb.
for best quality fruits, with an average price of ?s. per
dozen for ordinary produce. Bith ripened and green
Bananas are plentiful, consequently they realise low
prices. English Walnuts :ire both plentiful and good.
"Doubles" are worth from ed. to 9<2. per lb. Cobnuts
are somewbat dearer in prices. Trade generally is
quiet.

OOVENT GARDEN FLOWER MARKET.

There is no great improvement in the trade for pot
plants. Good Chrysanthemums in pots were never
more plentiful ; the best of these make very fair prices,
but it is difficult 10 give definite figures, as many are
cleared at low prices after the ordinary trade is over.
Plants of Erica gracilis are of good quality, but there is
tfot yet much trade for them or any Heaths. Solanums
from several growers are also good ; one salesman
was offering his plants at 5s. per dozen, but this
is not the average market price. Some well-
flowered plants of Rose Madame Lcvavasseur
are now seen. Marguerites are good. Asters are still
over plentiful, and good zonal Pelargoniums are still
seen. In foliage plants tome good Codkcums (Crotons)
areseeu. Turnforaensis is a new variety with broad,
golden markings. Ferris are over-abundant. Many
growers send them in in large quantities to make a
clearance lor other stock. Palms vary but little.
Latanias are offered at low juices to clear, while for
Kentias, Coco?, &c, there is little alteration in prices.
Hardy evergreens and climbers are plentiful. Clematis
Jackmani in flover is very pleasing, also Ampelopsis
Veitchi aud other climbers. The old established
firm, Mr. J. Fraser, of South Woodford, has recently
taken stands in the Flower Market, and is sending in
tome useful climbers and other tardy plants, also
Solanums, Bouvardias, &c.

Cut Flowers.
Complaints of dull trade are heard all round, but I
think the fault is in the excessive supplies, for large
quantities find purchasers. Prices are low. The very
finest specimen blooms of Chrysanthemums do not
make more than 2s. 6d. or thereabouts per dozen
blooms, and many go out at a still lower price. Some
of the flowers from the open ground are of very
good quality, but many are inferior. Asters still arrive
u large quantities ; this morning I saw fairly good
white Asters cleared at is. per box of about two dozen
bunches. Roses are not quite so plentiful; there is a
short supply of good white flowers. Supplies of best
Carnations are also short, but small blooms are very
abundant. Some very good Orchids are seen, includ-
ing very fine Odontoglossum grande ; be6t Cattleyas are
scarce. Eucharis, Pancratiums, Gardenias, and Tube-
roses are all plentiful, also Liliums ; the prices for
these last-named keep up fairly well. Dahlias are
seen in large quantities, and sell very slowly.
Michaelmas Daisies of various sorts are abun-
dant, as are al6o other hardy flowers. Violets vary
much in quality, but we are now getting some of good
sample. I have not seen any*'Parmas" from France
this season, but they should soon be arriving ; also the
imported blue variety. Autumnal-tinted hardy foliage
is now good. Quercus coccinea is very bright in colour ;
leaves of Ampelopsis Veitchii are also highly coloured.
There is quite a large trade in hardy foliage, but after
the first frost it is unsatisfactory material to handle.
A. H., Covenl Garden, September i7.

ENQUIRY.

Carmichabl Azaleas. — Can any reader tell
me what are meant by '• Carniichael" Azaleas ?
Where are such plants to be obtained ? L.

Address : G. R. The Horticultural Directory and
Tear Book, 12, Mitre Court Chambers, Fleet
Street. London, E.C. The Garden Annual,
17, Furnival Street, Holborn.

Begonia : W. E. P. The Begonia leaves have no
organic disease. We suspect the trouble may
have been caused by mites. Dip the plants into
Tobacco-water.

Carnations : T. R. P. None of the Carnations is
known to us except Rob Koy, a rose-flaked
variety which has nearly passed out of cultiva-
tion. It was sent out about twenty-five years
ago. The other varieties are probably seed-
lings which have been exhibited under names,
but have not become popular owing to their
lacking sufficient merit.

Chrysanthemum-leaves : J. G. There is no
trace of fungus or other disease. The injury is
due to some check or scorching. The exact
cause could only be determined after full know-
ledge of the treatment that has been afforded
the plants.

Corrections: In the Orchid Committee report
published in our issue for September 16, the
Silver Banksian Medal recorded as given to
Messrs. Low's group was awarded to that from
Messrs. Stanley & Co, Southgate. On p. 240,
col. i., for " insects" read " nematode woims."

Crab-Apples : J. G. It is necessary to include
foliage when forwarding these fruits for
naming.

Decaying Oak tree : H. T. You do not give us
any information as to the cause of the tree
failing to grow. If you can find no insect
pests and no signs of fungus disease, the
presumption would be that the tree having ob-
tained what nourishinentandair there are within
reach of the roots is now unable to continue in
good health. If there are any hollow places in
the trunk, cover them with sheets of lead to
keep out rains.

Fundus: F. W. T. The specimens sent are in-
sufficient to determine the species, but enough
to show that it is a species of resupinate Poly-
porus, now called Poria. If it is over-running
jour woodwork in the manner you describe, it
is acting like a dry rot, and will not cease
till all the woodwork is destroyed. The white
powder, resembling mildew, lying on the
surface of everything doubtless consists of the
discharged spores, the growth of which is
fostered by damp and by the absence of a cur-
rent of air. You should have sent a small speci-
men entire, or a portion of the margin, so that
the botanical name could have been determined.
It will not attack living plants. You should
have affixed stamps to your communication. We
had to pay extra for your package, which is
unfair.

Grape : Vitis. We believe the Grape to be Bar-
baroBsa. Barbarossa, after being severely pruned ,
produces close bunches of medium size. The
big and loose bunches sometimes seen at
exhibitions are obtained by long spur pruning.
Your fruit was presumably ripened in a mid-
season house. We have seen Barbarossa, when
growing in a second early ( Hamburgh) house and
pruned closely, produce bunches exactly simi-
lar to the specimen received. You should have
sent some foliage along with the fruit. — A
Constant Reader. The berries are over-
ripe, and some of them are affected with
the " spot " fungus, Glreosporium ampelo-
phagum, which has been illustrated and de-
scribed frequently in these columns.

Names of Fruits: A. G. F. 1, Peasgood's None-
such ; 2, The Queen ; 3, Williams' Favourite ;
4, Warner's King; 5, Siberian Crab. — C. Best.
1, Ecklinville Seedling: 2, Warner's King; 3,
Yorkshire Beauty ; 4, Emperor Alexander ; 5,
Marie Benoist ; 6, Fondante d'Automne. —
Alfred Tidy. Apple, James Grieve.— J. Howels.
The fruit was quite decayed on arrival. — A. H.,
Eaton. 1, Brownlee's Russet; 2, London Pip-

pin ; 3, Foyal Russet ; 4, Minchull Crab ; 6,
Baddow Pippin ; 6, Lodgemore Nonpareil. —
J. Williams 1, Beurre Clairgeau ; 2, B. Capiau-
mont ; 3, Ribston Pippin; 4, Hunt's Pippin;
5, Claygate Pearmain ; 6, Warner's Kin?. —
Mallard- Sons. Apple, Curl-tail Pippin. — A.F.
1, Jennett Moyle ; 2, Golden Noble.— R.
Wyken Pippin ; 2. Stoke Pippin. — A. P. Apple,
Benoni. — W. W. Pear, Duchess of Oldenburgh.
— Mac. Apple, Royal Shepherd.

Names of Plants : C. M. L. Luffa a^gyptiaca.—
G. D. D. 11'. Pyrus intermedia, also known ai
P. scandica. — P. W. P. torminalis. — J. W. M.
1, Gentiana Amarella ; 2, E uphrasia officinalis ;
3, Lycopodium clavatum ; 4, L. alpinum ; 5,
Pyrus Aria. We cannot help you to dispose of
the seeds. — /. H. Ionopsis testiculata. — L. N.
1, Codiceum ruberrimum ; 2, C. Queen Victoria;
3, C. Mooreanum ; 4, C. variegatum ; 5, C. undu-
latum ; 6, C. Bachii. — E. S. ft. Silphium pet-
foliatum. — C. S. Davallia bullata, and Epiden-
drum fragrans. — A". F. We do not undertake
to name varieties of Michaelmas Daisies nor of
any florists' flowers. Send them to one of the
hardy plant nurserymen who has means of
comparing them with growing specimens. Of
the other specimens No. 1 is Erica vagans ; 2,
next wetk.

Pear leaves : J. G. H. No fungus has developed,
but probably the disfigurement is due to the
commencement of Pear-scab, Fusicladium den-
driticuin, illustrated on p. 240 of the last issue.

Potatos : G. B. The statement made to you
that 28 lb. of Potatos were obtained from
8J ozs. of seed tubers may have been perfectly
correct. But it is necessary to bear in mint)
[and we have fre juently described the proces-
in these columns] that in what is known as tin
"express" system of propagating Potatos i
start is made in warmth at some convenienl
time in the new year. By doing this the firs'
sprouts afforded by the tubers can be remove(
and potted up, and another set of sprouts ma;
be topped and the tops inserted as cuttings it
other pots. Then these rooted cuttings am
the old stools also are planted out in May, b;
which time many " sets " have been obtained
The grower may start with " eyes " als
instead of with tubprs if he wishes to do sc j
We do not know how much of this system you
informant adopted. Look up your issue of th
Gardeners' Chronicle for October 3, 1903, and oi
p. 234 you will find an illustrated article on th
subject, which is also fully explained aud illns
trated in the Calendar of Garden Operation
issued by our Publishing Department, prie
l7\d., post free.

Potato - tumour : W. R. Your Potatos ar |
suffering from the Potato-tumour, (Edomyce
leproides, several times noticed in this Journa
No remedy has been discovered. All disease
tubers should be burnt at once, and the groun
sterilised to prevent an attack next year. 1
will be better not to plant Potatos in the sam
soil again for two or three years to come.

Salvia splendens : J. G. We have carefull
examined the leaves, and cannot find a trace c
any insect. The holes are probably caused b
some fungus, though we cannot detect any i
the specimens received.

Slime Fungus : L. E. T. The slime fungus o
your Strawberry plants is not a parasite, bi)
will attach itself to anything which comes i
its way. It is better picked off and burnt. I
is called Spumaria alba.

Wood lice: W. B. The usual method of ei
trapping the lice with pieces of Potato, Turni)
or other food of which they are fond will 1
effective if followed up persistently. Hollo
out the pieces of tuber and place them hollo
side down in places where the lice are seen 1
congregate. Examine the baits frequently an
destroy all the lice that are found in them.

Communications Received— E. H. W.— D. Ingh*
H. T. M.-T. H.-W. H.-W. H. S.-L. G., Brussels
Bradley Bros.-R. H. D—H. R. W.-H. W.-Vt. C. L. .
J. T.-Ll. E.-J. V.— A. E. B.-C. C.-G. W.-E. J. L. I
O. T.-H W.-J. J. D.-A. W.-H. R.-A. W.-W.
-H. A-B. J. T— R. W. R.-E. W.-F. L., MUf"t
A. D. W.-Amos Perry— Hexham-J. D— W. D. B
Swell-F. J.-B. S. A.-W. D. & S., Ltd.-L. C.-A. K,

October 7, 1905.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

257

THE

No, 9*0.— SATURDAY, October 7, 190.-,.

CONTENTS.

Annuals, what are r ...

£68

Orchid notes and

Aucuba, grafting the .

268

gleanings —

Azaleas, Carmichael...

268

Ionopsis testioulata

268

Books, notices of—

Orchid disease

259

Botanical Magazine .

265

Plants, new or note-

Publicat ion s received

260

won hy—

Cattleya Ilarrisonire...

267

Primula pulveru-

Charities, gardening.

lenta

259

and flower-shows ...

265

Xygopetalum liinoli

258

Chinese vegetables, iic.

266

P o t a t o s in M i d-

Chrysanthemum con-

Lothian

268

ference

270

Prunus Bureiana

265

Chrysanthemum lite-

Rosa Irevigata

260

rature, recent

f61

Rosa sericea var.

Colonial notes

167

pteracantha

26)

Elm-limbs falling from

Societies —

tree

2CS

British Gardeners'

Figs in pots

157

Association

269

Flowers in season

2«5

National Chrysan-

Fruit at WrotbamPark

268

themum

270

Fruit register —

Royal Horticultural

Apple Yellow In-

265

269

gestre

260

(Scientific Commit-

Peaches and Necta-

tee)

219

rines

260

Society Royale Lin-

Horticulture, tech-

neeune de Brux-

nical

£65

elles

269

Inula Royleana

265

Vitis Henryana

265

Judging at flower-

Week's work, the—

shows

268

Flower garden, the

262

Lachenalia liliifiora ...

259

Fruits under glass...

363

NicotianaSandem' ...

262

Hardy fruit garden

263

Nursery notes —

Kitchen garden, the

2«i

Stormonth & Sous, J .

261

Orchid houses, the

262

Plant portraits

265

Plants under glass

263

ILLUSTF

tATIONS.

Cattleya Hanisonhc ..
Fig Bourjassotte grise

267
£58

Inula Royleana (Supplementary Illustration)

Lachenalia liliillori 259

Rosa sericea var. pteracantha 360,261

FIGS IN POTS.

THERE are few gardens in England in
which the cultivation of Figs in pots
receives greater care and attention, and is
attended with more success than in Gunners-
bury House and Gunnersbury Park Gardens.
So greatly prized is this fruit here that
endeavours are made to have a supply ready
as early as passible in spring and as late as
can be in winter; the result being that ripe
Figs are produced for nine months or more
out of the twelve.

In order to furnish this long succession of
fruit, a large number of trees is provided,
and these are arranged in various small
batches for introduction into heat at
different times in winter and spring, the
first early trees being started on or about
November 1, and others introduced at
intervals of a month or six weeks, until the
last batch of trees, which has been retarded
in the coolest position available out-of-
doors, or in open sheds where protection
from frost can 1 >a afforded, is taken under
glass towards the first week in May. Those
trees put into heat on November 1 will
furnish ripe fruit towards the middle or
end of March, and the last batch introduced
into heat will continue the supply after the
successional one3 until well on to Christmas.

One advantage pot trees have over those
permanently planted out is that the supply
of fruit under this system is less intermit-
tent thai is the case when the trees are

planted out in borders. Under the latter
system the first early crop of fruit is often
an uncertain quantity, and after it is over
a long delay has to be endured before the
second crop is ripe. By growing pot-trees
in successional batches a continuous supply
is obtained, and there is seldom a glut at
any time. The fruits are not usually so
large in size grown in this way as when
planted out in borders, but they are of
higher quality and sweeter flavour.

An inspection of late crops eominj on an
Gunnersbury Park suggested to me the
thought that many more might wish to add
this pleasant mode of fruit-growing to the
other pleasures of their gardens, and also
because the present is the time of the year
to make a beginning. To those content with
one set of trees from which two crops of fruit
may be obtained in one year, a small glass-
house, say to hold a dozen trees, would give
a liberal and satisfactory return in the course
of the summer, and after the crop3 have
been gathered the trees could be turned out-
of-doors, and the house utilised for the
growth of some other crop during autumn
and winter, as the Fig-trees would not be
re-introduced until the following spring.
If a new house has to be built, a span-
roof structure would be best, and its size
will be determined by the number of trees
it is intended to grow; but if any other
greenhouse, with provision for effective
ventilation and heating, is available in the
garden the Fig will succeed in such a
structure very well. If continuous crops
are required, as is the case at Gunners-
bury, the question resolves itself into
the providing of the necessary successional
houses. The Fig-tree is the easiest of all
fruit-trees to cultivate under glass, and one
on the cultivation of which the amateur
may venture with confidence, with the
assurance that success will reward his
efforts, provided only that the elementary

Principles of Culture
be faithfully observed and carried out. The
Fig-tree in the first instance is raised from a
cutting or a layer. This is a tedious business,
and is better left in the hands of the nursery-
man, who is a manufacturer of trees and pro-
vides the public with established specimens
forafewshillingsapiece such as it would take
the amateur years to bring about. The pre-
sent is a good time to order the trees for
immediate delivery, and these should be
about four years old, and well established
with roots, and in condition to produce a
decent crop of fruit next year.

Tree3 that are required to produce very
early crops, say, by April 1, have to be edu-
cated up to this standard gradually, and the
process takes some years to accomplish.
Thus trees received from a nursery this
autumn may be started into growth under
glass on February 1, and ripe fruit should
result in June. If it is intended that these
trees should fruit earlier in succeeding
years the only successful way of inducing
them to do so is by starting them each year
a month earlier. Thus, those started next
year on February 1 will bear fruit in June. The
same started the following year on January 1
will beripe in May. The next time they may
ba started on December 1, and will ripen
fruits late in April ; the next time they may be
started on November 1, and ripe fruits may
be gathered about March 31. It would be
useless to attempt to start young trees

just received from a nursery on November 1
next, expecting them to yield ripe fruits in
the following March or April. The result
would be disappointment and failure, as
young Fig-trees require years of training in
forcing to enable them to produce satis-
factory early crops. Fig-trees like a long
period of rest. After the fruit is gathered
the trees should be placed in a warm, sunny
position out-of-doors, and remain there until
the autumn, 'when they should be placed in
a1; open shed or some covered structure
where they will have the advantage of
abundance of fresh air and be protected
from heavy rain and frost during winter.
Whilst in this dormant state they should
only receive enough water to prevent
their roots from shrivelling, and very
little will do this. The end of Septem-
ber is a good time for repotting the trees
should they require it, but I may say
that Fig - trees do not require repotting
so frequently as do other fruit trees in pots.
Too frequent potting of Fig-trees results in
an excessive growth of wood and foliage,
which is not so easy to ripen thoroughly as
that produced under more restrictive con-
ditions. As a rule, once in three or four
years is often enough to repot a Fig-tree.

Top-dressin<;.

Top-dressing is a very important item in
the culture of all fruit-trees in pots, but is
specially so in the case of the Fig-tree, which
forms new roots rapidly when growth is
active. Its root power is quite doul Jed by this
application, and that at a time when it is
most wanted, namely, in the sumn<=r when
bearing heavv crops. I have found that it
is best applied on two or three separate
occasions, namely, the first time when the
trees are introduced into heat. The drainage
material should be examined in all cases,
after having forked out with a pointed stick
2 or 3 inches of the surface soil, or until a
good body of roots is reached.

The second time as soon as new roots
are perceived on the surface of the first
dressing. When finished the dressing will
be about 2 inches higher than the rim of
the pot, the outside consisting of the
roughest pieces of turf, and forming, as it
were, a wall to hold the added soil.

The next and final dressing should be
applied in the same way as soon as the
roots have taken full possession of the new
soil. The top-dressing material should be
pressed down hard with the ramming-stick.
These repeated top-dressings will be filled in
the course of the season with a great body
of minute annual feeding roots, and when
the time comes round for top dressing again,
the inexperienced grower is sometimes per-
plexed as to what to do with these roots, and
is tempted to place the next dressing on the
top of the old one. This must not be done;
the whole of the old dressing, including the
roots that may be in it, should be removed
to the same depth as in the previous year,
namely, down to a good body of permanent
roots, which arc usually found 2 or 3 inches
below the rim of the pot.

Soil and Water.
The compost the Fig delights in most is a
loam of medium texture, neither too heavy
nor too light, adding to each barrowload of
loam the following materials— half a bushel
of old mortar rubble broken small, and one
gallon of bone-meal, and the samequantity of

258

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 7, 19C"

wood-ashes. No organic manure is recom-
mended, the object being to encourage the
production of abundance of roots, which can
afterwards, when bearing heavy crops, be
helped and stimulated by the application of
manure-water. The soil for top-dressing
should be the same as that for potting, with
the addition of a little soft cow-manure,
making it more plastic, and enabling it to
adhere together better.

When the Fig is first introduced into
heat, only sufficient water must be applied
to keep the soil moderately moist, more
being given gradually as growth advances,
until in the height of the summer, when
bearing heavy crops, two or even three
waterings may be necessary. As regards
manure-water, the best, in my opinion, is
that procured from the stable or cow-yard.
It should be applied in a diluted form (at

wards increasing it gradually as growth
advances and daylight lengthens until 75°
in the daytime is reached without the aid
of sun, and from 65° to 70° at night. With
sun-heat after the house has been closed in
the afternoon the temperature may be
allowed to rise as high as 85° or 88° ; this is,
of course, in the summer-time. The Fig
loves moisture whilst it is growing, and this
should be provided by copious syringing
morning and afternoon — in the morning
before breakfast, and in the afternoon at
closing-time, damping the borders and floor
in the meantime several times each day.

Fig-trees grown in pots require little
or no pruning, as ofttimes they produce
less growth in the current year than is
wanted for fruit - bearing the following
year. The summer pruning consists in
disbudding any weak growths which are

Fig. 96.— fig bourjassotte grise.

least half as much clear water being
added), and allowed to stand in a tank
until it is quite clear before being applied.
Trees bearing heavy crops of fruit should
be afforded an application of this every
other day whilst the fruits are swelling,
giving clear water on alternate days. Next
to this 1 favour Peruvian-guano— a good
handful well mixed in three gallons of water
being a safe quantity. Should worms be
troublesome give an application of lime-
water. Water must be added to the lime
the night before it is used, so that it may
be clear. Where plunging material in
the shape of leaves can be provided a great
advantage will be gained as less watering
will be necessary and an extra rooting
material provided.

Summer Culture.

The Fig must be excited into growth

slowly at first, and a temperature of from 45°

to 50" without sun-heat will be high enough

for the first five or six weeks in winter, after-

not likely to develop during the summer
into shoots strong enough to bear fruit the
following season. The new shoots formed
should be stopped at the fifth leaf if inclined
to grow much longer than this, which they
seldom do, and in which case no stopping is
necessary. They practically require no
pruning in winter, unless there happens to
be any dead wood to be cut away. The first
crop, which is always that most prized, is
borne on the young shoots of last year's
growth, and the second crop on the green
shoots of the current year's growth.

The Seeding-time.

The Fig forms its seeds when it is the size
of a small Walnut, and unless the seeds are
properly developed the fruits will not swell
to a good size, and be often deformed and
the quality poor. The only way of finding
out when the seed-forming time has come is
by occasionally cutting fruit. The tempe-
rature should be lowered 5° whilst this
process is going on, and more air admitted

and the atmosphere kept less moist. It
usually takes three weeks from flowering
time to seed-setting.

Varieties.
In the estimation of some, not the least of
the advantages of growing this fruit in pots-
is the fact that as many varieties may
be grown as there are trees. But to the
beginner we should say, do not cultivate
too many sorts, but begin by growing those
varieties only which have been proved to be
good growers, good croppers, and of line
flavour. Amongst these a"re the following : —
St. John's (synonym Pingo-de-Mel) : this is
undoubtedly the best of all the varieties lot-
early forcing, and to succeed this Brown
Turkey is still the most reliable and best ,
and as companion to it, of a lighter colour,
there is nothing better than the White
Marseilles. The next to follow should be
Bourjassotte grise (see fig. 96'), Negro Largo,
Violette Sepor, and for the latest crop
DA gen. 0. T.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS,

ZYGOPETALUM BINOTI, Db Wildeman.*

At the recent monthly meeting of the Royal
Linnean Society of Brussels, Mr. Binot, of
Petropolis (Brazil), exhibited a new speoies of
Zygopetalum found in the neighbourhood of
Petropolis with various specimens of Colax and
Zygopetalum. This new species, Zygopetalum
Binoti, is not a true Zygopetalum ; it is pro-
bably a natural hybrid. The sepals and petals
are green, and the lip is trilobed ; this is not a
character of a true Zygopetalum, but charac-
terizes the genus Colax. The plant which
flowered during the importations possesses three-
flower-spikes. The pseudo-bulbs are ovate, oblong,
compressed, H cm. in length and 4 cm. in width.
The pseudo-bulbs bear two linear lanceolate
conduplicated leaves, 32 cm. long, and 4 cm.
wide. The scapes are shorter than the leaves,
racemose, and bear five to six flowers. The bracts
are foliaceous, ovate, acute, and 1*5 to 2 cm.
long. The flowers are 5 cm. in diameter. The
sepals and petals are uniformly green, 2 5 cm. i
length, and 7 to 10 mm. in width, the sepals
being a little broader than the petals. The lip
is trilobed, the middle lobe lanceolate, oblong
15 mm. long and 6 mm. broad, white tinged with
yellowish-green, and with eight purple ridges at
the base. The lateral lobes are reflexed, 5 mm.
long and 2 mm. in width. The cre3t, horse-shoe-
shaped, is ridged with six intervening furrows,
and is tinged with purple. The column is sub-
cylindric, 12 mm. in length, yellowish-white, the
inside being purple, striated and punctated.

This description reminds us of Zygocolax x , the
artificial genus originated from various species of
Zygopetalum and Colax jugosus, but the two-
species, Zygocolax leopardinus, Veitch (Zygo-
petalum maxillare x Colax jugosus) and Zygo-
colax Veitchii, Eolfe (Zygopetalum Mackayii
crinitum x Colax jugosus) have much broader
sepals and petals and a larger lip. We do not
know the parents of the present species, conse-
quently we hesitate to place this Zygopetalum

; Zygopetalum Binoti, De Wild., nov. spec— CaulibuB in
pseudo-bulhos incrassatis 8 cm. lougis et 4 cm. circ.
latis. Scapi floriferi aphylli vaginati, racemosi. Bracte:c
foliaceae, ovata) acuta, 1, 5—2 cm. longa?. Floribus
clrc. 5 cm. diam. ; sepalis et peialis similibus viridibus,
circ. 2, 5 cm. longis et 7—10 mm. latis; labellum pedi
columnar afflxum trilobatum sessile ; lobi laterales
erecti subfalcati 5 mm. longi et 2 mm.lati, lolius medius
lanceolato-oblongus 15 mm. longus et « mm. latus, albo-
luteus ad basiu purpurato - striatus, discus crista,
transversa carnosa s iustmctus. Columna incurva
suboylindrate circ. 12 mm. louga.— Brazil, Petropolis.
1905 (Pedro Binot !).

October 7, 19f ",.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

259

Binoti in the artificial genus Zygocolax x . We
may mention that the true Zygopetaluni has not
& trilobed lip as our new and very interesting
species shows. E. De Wildeman, Brussels.

Primula pulverulenta, Duthic*
This extremely handsome plant, finer even
than the now well-known P. iapnnica, has this
year been successfully raised by Messrs. Veitch &
Sons from seeds collected on the mountains of
West Szechuan by Mr. E. H. Wilson, who found it
growing abundantly in marshy ground at eleva-
tions between 8,000 and 10 000 feet. It had pre-
viously been collected in the same province by
Henry (No. 8,879), and by Pr^tt (No. 356), whose
specimens are now in the Kew herbarium. It
resembles P. japonica in general habit, but it
may at once be distinguished by its silvery
farinose scape and inflorescence, and by the deep
rose-purple or violet-coloured flowers. A more
important diagnostic character will be found by
an examination of the calyx, the lobes of which
are longer and more gradually acuminate. J. F.
Duthie, Kew.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

OKCH1D DISEASE.

In some Orchid nurseries in Germany and
other countries the majority of the plants of
Vanda ccerulea are just now suffering from a
disease, the causes of which have hitherto been
quite unknown. The leaves develop dark-brown
blotches, which grow larger and larger, and
at last bring about the destruction of the
whole plant. Apart from the actual damage
that occurs, the unsightly appearance of the
plants attacked is a matter of no small import-
ance. By the kindness of Mr. Beyrodt, of the
well - known Orchid nursery at Marienfelde,
near Berlin, I have been enabled to make
some observations with regard to this disease.
I found four different fructifying fungi on the
■diseased leaves that I examined. By inoculating
healthy plants I discovered that one of them, a
species of Glceospoiium, is the exciting agent
of the disease now under consideration. It is
to be assumed that the fungus has been imported,
as fruits of this species have been found upon
mewly-obtained plants of Vanda ccerulea. The
parasitical Glceosporium that appears on Vanda
«erulea differs from other species of this genus
that have hitherto been described in having more
slender and narrower spores (conidia), and this
inclines me to the opinion that this fungus is a
new species. I therefore name it, in honour of
Mr. Beyrodt, Glceosporium Beyrodtii. This is
its diagnosis : — ■

Glceosporium Beyrodtii (Elitzing), a new spe-
cies, appearing as a dense mass upon both
sides of the leaves, sometimes running together ;
the stromata, which break out of the epidermis,
are, when fully developed, from about 150 to
180 micromillimetres in size ; pustules oblong,
cushion-shaped ; spore-masses waxy, from pale
to reddish - yellow in colour. Hymenium smutty

* Primula pulverulenta. Hut/tie. — Kootstock short,
stout. Leaves all radical, membranous, *» — lt> inches
Jong (including the petiole) ; limb obovate or oblanceo-
late, tapering below into the long winged petioles
rounded at the apex, margins irregularly dentate, and
■often obscurely lobed, midrib and veins prominent
beneath. Scape up to 3 feet in height, silvery-farinose,
as also the pedice's and calyx ; pedicels spreading, about
i inch long, elongating in fruit ; bracts about, as long as
the pedicels (in flower), linear. Calyx equalling about
two- thirds the length of the corolla t ube, its tube thickly
packed inside with white wax-like meal; lobes lanceo-
late, acumiuate, valvate round the capsule alter flower-
ing. Corolla about I inch in diameter, deep rose-purple
or violet, with an orange-brown eye; tube tinged with
crimson ; limb deeply divided, its base with ten minute
inflexions, two under each lobe; lobes obcordate.
Capsule elliptic-oblong or subglobose.

in tint beneath. Conidiophores from 20 to
40 micromillimetres long and from 2 to 3 micro-
millimetres broad. Conidia hyaline 10 to 20
micromillimetres long, 2 to 4 micromillimetres
broad, often curved like a sausage ! I gave a
fuller description in Gartenflora, 1905, p. 432.
H. Klitzing, Marienfelde, near Berlin.

Ionopsis testiculata, Lindley.
Flowers of this singular little species were sent
by Mr. J. Harding, gardener to C. Franck, Esq ,

LACHENALIA LILIIFLOEA.

This distinct and pretty white Lachenalii,
though described by Jacquin many years ago,
seems never to have flowered in British gardens
until recently, when it bloomed with Mr. James
O'Brien at Harrow-on-the-Hill, whose daughter
made the sketch from which the illustration
(fig. 97) was prepared. The species known in
gardens having tubularly-arranged segments or

Fig. 97.— i.achenalia liliifloka : flowers white.

Tatton Hall, near Bristol, who states that the
plant was received from Jamaica. The plant is
of tufted habit, with undeveloped psuedo-bulbs
and terete acuminate leaves, resembling those of
Brassavola Perrinii, and 4 to 5 inches in length.
The inflorescence, about 6 inches in height, is
wiry, branched and bearing numerous small
whitish flowers, with rather elongated labellums,
the blades of which are not broadly developed as
in Ionopsis paniculata, the pretty lilac-and- white
species more commonly seen in gardens.

flowers closely arranged, the present species comes
as a novelty, pretty enough in itself, and likely
to prove useful for hybridising with L. aurea,
L. pendula, and other coloured varieties, and
thus securing a new type with coloured and
openly • displayed flowers. It was collected in
the Paarl district of South Africa, and like
the other Lachenalias is a profusely - blooming
cold greenhouse plant, requiring a dry resting
season after flowering. Its leaves are dark green
and pustulate.

260

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 7, 190."*

THE ROSARY.

ROSA L^IVIGATA.
I wish to draw attention to this most lovely
"evergreen" single-flowering Rose, particularly
as single-flowering Roses are very great favourites.
Rosa laevigata has been planted two years out-
side against a wall here, and is unscathed by
frost, &c. One plant under glass planted three
years ago produced three flowers, each of which
was 6 inches across, of the purest white, and
possessing a very delicate and peculiar perfume.
The beauty of this Rose is not apparent until the
flower is fully expanded, and then it is more like
a lovely flower of The Bride, while R. gigantea is
best seen in the bud or as partly-opened flowers. I
can quite understand the appreciation expressed
by " S. W. F. " in the Gardeners' Chronicle three
years ago when he had seen a good plant of this
Rose in Devonshire. Another point is that the fine
foliage of this Rose is immune from mildew, and
is evergreen. W. C. Leach, Allury Park Gardins,
Guildford.

FRUIT REGISTER.

APPLE YELLOW INGESTRE.
In some districts there have been heavy crop9
of this Apple in the present season, and the
supplies in provincial and metropolitan markets
have been larger than usual. It is often con-
tended that the fruits are too small to render it a
profitable variety to grow for sale, but the prices
have been good this year, and the best samples
in the shops are being sold at Sd. and Ad. per lb.
The tree is very prolific and hardy, and in
several seasons, when other Apples have
been scarce, I have had gocd crops of Yellow
Ingestre. As a standard on the free stock,
it comes into bearing earlier than many
other varieties, and on soils of medium strength
the fruits possess a distinct and brisk flavour,
which entitle it to the designation "first-rate "
applied to it by some pomologists. Upon the
heaviest and the lightest soils I have not found
it so satisfactory, though it is more fitted for (he
former than the latter. In many markets and
shops it is sold under the name " Golden Nob," a
curious mistake, as the true " Golden Knob " is a
late Russet Apple of good quality, but scarcely
likely to be confounded with Ingestre. The com-
panion Apple known as Red Ingestre is rarely
seen, though both were Mr. T. A. Knight's seed-
lings and have been in cultivation over 100 years.
It is said the varieties were raised from seeds
obtained from the same fruit, as the result
of one of the earliest crosses made between Apples,
the varieties used being Golden Pippin and Orange
Pippin. L. Castle.

September and October Peache3 and
Nectarines of Modern Origin.
Assuming that scarcely any variety of Peach
is worth eating after the middle of October in
this country, I will jot down the names and
characteristics of the best of the newer varieties,
in view of early planting arrangements in and
out-of-doors this autumn. The Nectarine Peach,
having the smooth skin of a Nectarine, and
melting, richly-flavoured flesh. It was obtained
froma stone of La Grande Noire Nectarine. It is in
season in the middle of September. Radoliffe, a
pale-coloured Peach of excellent flavour ; Septem-
ber and October. Princess of Wales, a very large,
beautiful Peach, rich, melting ; colour creamy-
white with rose colour on the sunny side. Lord
Palmerston, a seedling from the last named ; in
season till the end of September. One of the
largest Peaches, colour creamy-white, and on the
exposed side pink, flesh firm, meltiDg ; rich and
abundant juica. In season at the latter half of
September. A clingstone unless fuly ripe.

Lady Palmerston is another large, melt'n^
variety ; handsome, with pale yellow flesh. This
variety sprang from a stone of the Pine-Apple
Nectarine, and is characterised with the flavour of
that variety. It ripens at about the same date
as the last named.

Of Nectarines desirable in the month of Sept-
ember mention may be made of Byron, a large-
fruited.yellow-fleshed variety ; Victoria, aroundish,
oval fruit of a greenish-yellow tint, rich and sweet.
The flavour is that of the Stan wick. It requires

ROSA SERTCEA, Lindl , VAR.
ITERACAKTHA, Franchet.*
Under the name of Rosa sericea " Les Grander
V. pines," this remark ible plant was exhibited a'j
the last Royal Horticultural Society's meeting-
by Messrs. Paul & Son, of Cheshunt, on behalf
of Messrs. Vilmorin, Andrieux et Cie , and was-
awarded a First class Certificate. Previous to
this it was exhibited at the recent international
shov at Edinburgh by the same firm, anal
received a Certificate of Merit. We have pre

Fig. 98.— rosa sericea var. pteracantha: spines very large,

deckrrent, translucent, blood-red.

From a specimen exhibited by Messr3. Paul and Son. Cheshunt, for MM. Vilmorin, Andrieux et Cie.

a fine warm summer and a position on a south
wall to ripen it thoroughly out-ofdoor3, and is
perhaps better adapted for culture under glass.
Pine- Apple, a large fruit of almost oval shape and
very richly flavoured. There is a large-fruited
variety raised from Pine- Apple and named Hum-
boldt that is worthy of a place as a late
Nectarine. F. il.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. — School Gardening,
George Philip & Sod. Ltd — lenfieti of the Board of Agri-
culture, dealing with Dairy - farming, Bee-keeping,
various Plant Diseases, and Insect Pests, &c— The Uses
"/ British Plant!, by Rev. Professor Geo. Henslow, with
copious Illustrations : Lovcll, Reeve & Co., Covent
Garden, W.C.— Gardening : a Guide for Amateurs in
India, by W. W. Johnson.— Bu'letins and I.coftrh of the
New Zealand Department of Agriculture, dealiDg with
various subjects— rattle Breeding, Codlin Moih, three
species of Fri. 1 1 li >?, Bee culture, Poultry-keeping, <&c,

viously noted its exceedingly decorative character,
and have now an opportunity of illustrating it.
The extraordinary point about this plant is, as its
name suggests, its enormously large, flat, decur-
rent prickles. These vary from 1 to 21 inches in
length, frequently extending the whole length of
the internode. These prickles are thin, trans-
lucent, of a bright blood - red, becoming
brown and woody with age. When young and
viewed with the light passing Ihrough them they
are very beautiful. The parts of the stem rot
covered with the large prickles are densely
clothed with bristles, which are also of bright
red colour when joung. In habit of growth,
leafage, 6hape, and colour of flowers this variety
is very similar to the well-known type or species.

* Rosa aericea. J. D. Hook, in Ftor. Brit. India, ii..
j\ 3d7. Franchet Plant., Velaray, pait. i. (istio, p. ig".

October 7, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

261

In fruit two forms of the variety are distin-
guishable, one with yellow and one "with bright
scarlet-coloured haws. These two forms come
true from seed, and appear each to occupy its
own particular geographical area. The form
with oraDge - coloured fruit occurs in Eastern
Szechuan and Western Hupeb, China; tbe form
■with red fruits in Western Szechuan and
Yunnan. Both forms grow on bare, grassy, or
scrub-clad mountain-sides, between 3,500 and
6,000 feet. The type itself is very common in
the woods and thickets of the same regions, and
extends up to 11,000 feet.

The plant with three varieties is included in

received this same plant from, their collector,
E. H. Wilson. The accompanying illustration
(see fig. £9) shows Wilson's plant, which is now
9 feet high and 10 feet through, growing in
Messrs. Veitch's Coombe Wood Nursery.

NURSERY NOTES.

MESSES. J. STORMONTH & SONS,
KIRKBRIDE, CUMBERLAND.

Among the numerous nurseries now mainly
devoted to the cultivation of hardy border and

Fig. 99.— rosa sericea var. pteracantha.

From a plant growing in Messrs. Veitch's Nursery at Coombe Wood.

Maurice de Vilmorin's Fruiiceium Ti'moriniamim,
1904, pp. 97-99, c. ic.

The plants illustrated differ from Franchet's
type in being nearly glabrous and not woolly,
but two specimens in the Kew Herbarium, col-
lected in Manipur by Sir Geo. Watt in 1881-82,
are exactly intermediate in degree of hairiness
between the extreme forms. The specimens of
Sir Geo. Watt's are of peculiar interest, inasmuch
as they extend the distribution of this variety to
the eastern frontier of India. Specimens of
Rosa sericea itself, in the Kew Herbarium, show
equally varying degrees of hairiness.

Messrs. Vilmorin's plants were raised from
seed sent from Western China by Pt-re Delavay
in 1890. In 1900 Messrs. Veitch, of Chelsea,

alpine flowers, that of Messrs. Stormonth & Sons, at
Kirkbride, Cumberland, is well known by name
at least to cultivators of such flowers.

It had for some time been my intention to
visit this nursery, but it was only in July last that
an opportunity offered, with the result that I
spent a very pleasant time among the many
border and alpine flowers in the hands of the
• firm.

The business is an example of the many which
have had small beginnings, but which have
grown into considerable repute through the
energy and enthusiasm of its owners. Some
thirty years ago it was founded by the late Mr.
Stormonth, in a very small way indeed, but year
by year tbe business steadily increased, and more

land was added to tbe area under cultivation,
until the firm is now well known to a wide circle
of private and trade cultivators of the plants
which are a speciality of the firm. The business
is now conducted by Mr. J. Stormonth and Miss-
Stormonth, the son and daughter of the founder.

The nursery is situated in the rather quaint
and picturesque little village of Kirkbride, on the
Carlisle and Silloth branch of the North British-
Railway Company. On entering one is attracted
by a group of neatly-arranged rockeries on either
side of the roadway and containing a representa-
tive collection of good alpine flowers, which seem-
generally to do well here. This season, an
unusually dry one for the district, has told on
some of the more moisture-loving species, which,
although but recently planted, were generally
speaking in excellent health and condition.

The collection is, as has been said, a represen-
tative one, and on the rockeries and in the
frames and nursery-beds I saw many good old
and new plants. Sempervivums have been
revelling in the sunshine of the summer, and
such species as rubicundum, obtusum, arach-
noideum, Laggeii, Reginse Amalia?, were very
pleasing indeed to those who like these succu-
lents. Sedums were also very happy, such as
dasyphyllum, obtusatum, obtusum, and many
more. There is also an excellent collection
of alpine and other Campanulas. A favourite
of the writer, Campanula haylodgensis, is
in this nursery in unusually large numbers,
and the stock of this Campanula is in excellent
condition. It is very pleasing with its light
blue flowers on its yellowish foliage. Here also
were C. pulla, C. turbinata pelviformis, and the
newer C. t. Isabel and Riverslea. C. Stansfieldr,
a pretty light- coloured hybrid not yet wel)
known, is also here. Both forms of C. G. F.
Wilson were also good ; while among others were
C. Raineri and the fine one now becoming known
as C. pseudo-Raineri, probably a hybrid. Among
other bell-flowers were C. glomerata in several
forms, some nice plants of selected C. rotundi-
folia, with C. r. soldanellseflora and a number
more. One also observed in the rock-garden a
fine plant of Coronilla minima, a species not
easily retained in this country, but which appa-
rently thrives well in the open at Kirkbride.
Another nice plant, with a reputation for tender-
ness, in bloom was Malvastrum Gilliesi, also
known as Modiola geranioides. The creeping
Veronica canescens was doing well, and among
other dwarf Veronicas were the pretty V. Allioni,
V. prostrata nana, and some of the best of the
dwarfer New Zealand shrubby species. An old
plant less frequently seen than formerly in nur-
series, but a good alpine, is the old double form
of Silene maritima, whose white flowers trailing
over a stone remind one of those of the old double
white Pink. The Ramondias seem to do well
here, and besides the ordinary R. pyrenaica,
there is a quantity of the pretty white form,
and of R. serbica and R. s. Nathalise, doing well
also. There are a good number of the dwarfer
Potentillas, including excellent plants of P. nitida
alba, doing unusually well for this species, and
the bright- coloured P. Ton guei— probably one of
the hybrids raised in the forties, but referred by
the Index Keuensis to P. nepalensis. Mazus
pumilio, a troublesome subject with many, does
well at Kirkbride at the base of a rockery. Sisy-
rinchiums are represented by S. bermudianum,
S. grandiflorum, in both varieties ; S. striatum,
and the scarcer S. bellum.

The shy-flowering Eriogonums do not redeem
their character for paucity of bloom at Kirkbride,
but they are pretty rock- plants. Among those
cultivated is the form of E. Jamesii, called flaves-
cens. The important genus Saxifraga is re-
markably well represented in its various sec-
tions, and the collection demands more time
for its careful inspection. Glancing over my

262

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 7, 190."i

notes, I may mention four forms of the fa-
vourite S. Burseriana — the type, major, grandi-
flora, and minor; S. Ferdinandi Coburgi ; S.
csesia, Fortunei, Forsteri, Sturmiana, saneta, caly-
ciflora, luteo-viridis, cochlearis, apiculata, with
the favourite forms of the mossy and other sections
too numerous to detail.

Primulas are also extensively cultivated, a
strong feature being the number of plants of
P. denticulata alba, with P. Heeri, P. helvetica,
P. scotica, P. frondosa, P. marginata. and many
more. The old double Primroses are in consider-
able numbers. These are cultivated in a broad
trench in one of the fields. There is here a good
lemon-coloured hybrid, raised at Kirkbride, be-
tween some unknown species and an Auricula.
The Androsaces are in quantity, among them
being A. chamsjasme, A. villosa, A. Vitaliana,
A. sarmentosa, A. s. Chumbyi, A. lanuginosa, and
A. 1. oculata, with others of more or less difficulty
of culture.

The alpine Dianthi are numerously cultivated,
such as D. calligonus, D. alpinus, D. a. albus,
D. arenarius, the true form of the hybrid
D. Atkinsoni, D. Napoleon III., and several more.
Silenes are also grown, a good stock of S. Elisa-
betha; being seen, and plants of the double
Catchfly, called by some S. bryoides fl.-pl., and
by others S. acaulis plenus, being among them.
It may be said that the collection is a thoroughly
representative one, and that it also includes the
best of the Anemones, Aubrietias, Arabises,
Helianthemums, Artemisias, Anthemises. Alys-
sums, and the host of other plants now cultivated
in the alpine-garden.

Shrubs suitable for the rock-garden and for
small gardens are alone cultivated, and include
several of the dwarfer Rhododendrons and
Conifers. Roses are also grown.

The collection of border plants is a large one,
noticeable being the number of plants giving
flowers suitable for cutting, the firm sup-
plying cut blooms for sale in Carlisle. Great
breadths of Phloxes, Pyrethrums, Potentillas,
Irises, Monarda didyma (of which there are
three or four distinct varieties here), Scabiouses,
Centaureas, such as the Montana forms, C.
macrocephala and others ; Psonias, Helleborus,
Eryngiums, Coreopsis, Helianthus, Geums,
Geraniums, Erodiums, Boronias, Heleniums,
Poppies, and all the most popular hardy
flowers, besides many less frequently met with.
A remarkable feature is the enormous stock of
the double form of the Welsh Poppy, Meconopsis
cambrica, which is quite a speciality at Kirk-
bride, whence thousands are sent away annually.
A fine show in one of the fields was made by a
large bed of Iris Ksmpferi, from plants originally
imported direct from Japan.

It only remains to add that it is impossible to
particularise the many good plants in this collec-
tion, which could only have been gathered
together by one possessing a love of such hardy
flowers apart from purely trade considerations— a
trait not uncommon, however, among the mem-
bers of the great nursery trade of the three
kingdoms. 8. Arnott.

large beds of this annual, with the exception of a
centre row of N. sylvestris, which latter we con-
sider has shown up the new variety to advantage,
as the colour of the flowers are rather dull when
set out alone. Used as dot plants over an under-
growth of Mesembryanthemum cordifolium varie-
gatuui or White Alyssum, N. Sanderaj is very
effective.

Many complain of the poor colour of some of
the flowers, but we have only two plants out of
our batch th-t merit this designation, and prob-
ably next year the seedsmen will have more
decided colours to offer. The plants seed very
freely, and we have gathered a considerable
quantity during the latter part of September.
Next season we intend growing it with N. affinis,
thinking the two varieties will mix nicely to-
gether. N. affinis is a perennial with us, spring-
ing up all over the place when once planted in a
bed, and we are wondering whether N. Sanderae
will do likewise. As yet the flowers are not nearly
so sweetas those of N. affinis, nor as large, but these
qualities may be obtained later by the cross-
fertilisers. Owing to their sturdy habit the
plants required no support before the exceptional
gale in the first week in August, yet it is ad-
visable not to place them in a very exposed
position, as the growth is rather brittle. We
hope to grow some plants in pots another year
and keep them in a shady corner of the house,
where the flowers should remain constantly open.
J. Mayne, Bicton, Devon.

CULTURAL MEMORANDA.

NICOTIA.NA SANDERS.
This plant has been quite a success with us.
It branches very freely, and should be
given plenty of space to develop. In order to
get good specimens by the end of May the seed
must be sown quite early in the year, or it
i late in the summer before the plants begin to
flower. Prick off and repot the young seedlings
a3 occasion demands until they are in 7-inch pots.
Such plants if well cared for before and after
planting in their permanent quarters will com-
mence to flower early in July. We have two

heat. The following figures should be approxi-
mated in accordance with the prevailing conditions
outside: — East Indian compartments, morning 65°,
noon 75°, night (about 10 p m ), 70° ; Cattleya
compartments, morning 60, noon 68°, night 65°;
Intermediate compartments, morning 55°, noon 60,
night 58° ; Cool houses, morning 50°, noon 55°,
ni^ht 53°. It would tie absurd to suggest that
these figures should be adhered to under all con-
ditions and every circumstance, for, as is commonly
known, some houses would be too hot, and others
too cold, even when the thermometer indicated
the theoretically correct degree, and in such
cases nothing but personal experience can
teach one the proper course to pursue. The
above temperatures are for present use,
and should, as the winter approaches, be modi-
fied to suit the prevailing weather. The day
temperatures also may rule higher with sun-
heat, keeping the fires well in hand, but ready
for use immediately more heat is required.
The temperature in the mornings should always
be low enough to allow of a rise soon after day-
light, and should in no case have to be decreased
on account of too much heat, few conditions being
more conducive to ill-health in plant life than
high night temperatures. Once again I would
urge the advisability of utilising sun-heat when-
ever possible as an aid to the maintenance of the
temperatures, only employing tire-heat for the
purpose to the degree that is unavoidable.

The Week's Work.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H Young. Orchid Grower to Sir Frederick
Wigan, Bart., Clare Lawn, East Sheen, S.W.

House cleaning. — Light being so necessary to
health and vigour in Orchids an early commence-
ment should be made in cleaning the glass and
woodwork both inside and out of those houses
situated in more or less shaded positions. Houses
exposed to the full light should be left until later
or the blinds may have to be used on extra
bright days, whereas the unwashed glass will
afford sufficient shade and not obstruct too much
light during dull weather. In preparing a com-
partment to be cleaned, remove all plants out of
the reach of water, and if soft-soap be used some
means should be adopted to prevent the dirty
water running into the store tanks. When
cleaning the shingle, keep a good look-out for
slugs, snails, and other injurious subjects. If
coal refuse is used on the lower stages a sprink-
ling of soot may advantageously be given to act
as a deterrent to the above pests, and afford a
fertiliser to the plants above. In my opinion
coal refuse is the better moisture - holding
material, for it offers less harbour to slugs, &c,
and being dark in colour it affords a better ground-
work for the effective display of the foliage of
the plants. During the execution of this work all
broken panes of glass should be replaced, and
other necessary matters given attention.

Cleansing of Plants. — After the houses have
been cleaned the plants will need attention.
Wash the pots they are in and sponge the leaves,
pseudo-bulbs, &c. Substitute clean pots for the
dirty ones in use as stands. For sponging
purposes no preparation is so satisfactory as
warm water in which a little soft-soap has been
dissolved. Insist on careful handling of the
plants, for bnsides the harm that results from
injury to the leaves the disfigurement caused
thereby is a permanent eyesore for several years.
In the re-arrangement let each be so placed that
all the light available may reach that portion
most in need of it. Plants with developing
flower spikes should be so arranged that the
spikes will incline to the light. After any sub-
sequent handling be careful to place a plant in
the same position, or it may lose its symmetrical
appearance.

Temperatures. — These will now have to be
maintained in more or less degree by artificial

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By \V. A. Miller. Gardener to Lord Henrt C.

Bentinck, M.P., Underley Hall, Westmoreland.

Carnations. — It is advisable to pot up a
proportionate number of layers, say 8 or 10 per
cent, to provide a reserve stock from which to fill
up vacancies that may occur in the beds that are
planted. Use a compoot consisting of turfy-
loam, leaf-mould, and a sprinkling of sand. Pot
firmly and place the plants in a cold frame in
order that they may be sheltered from excessive
rain and snow. Afford shade from bright sun-
shine for a few days, and afterwards let the plants
be exposed to an abundance of light and air.
Strong varieties may be planted in loamy soil in
frames 6 inches apart. They will require to be
lilted carefully next planting season. Use the
Dutch-hoe on the surface of beds which have
been planted recently, and keep a constant watch
in case maggots get amongst the plants.

Alielia rupestris bears delicate pale pink-
coloured flowers in autumn and thrives on a wall
with a south aspect.

Leonotis Leonurus is a rather tender plant, but
one worth trying in a warm corner in summer.
Its whorls of showy bright flowers are very
effective.

Shrubberies. — Before the deciduous shrubs lose
their foliage, carefully examine the shrubberies
and decide what transplanting, grubbing or similar
operations are desirable. Judicious pruning is
often necessary to prevent the strong-growing
plants damaging rarer specimens. Let each shrub
have sufficient space to display itself distinctly,
thus preventing any appearance of confusion and
choking. Remove any branches on choice varie-
ties that are reverting to the type. Clear away
any suckers starting from stocks, and keep the
plant to one leader only, which will gather
strength if the lateral branches are pruned

Transplanting. — Evergreen shrubs and Conifers
may be safely moved at the present time. Tie up
the branches near the base with soft cord, and
dig out a circular trench at a sufficient distance
from the stem. In working from the trench
towards the stem of the tree, remove the soil
with a fork, preserving the roots as much as
possible. Endeavour to lift a reasonable ball of
earth intact with the roots. When the bush has
been placed in position examine the roots, and
make a clean cut where any portion has been
broken. Spread them out evenly, working in
amongst them some fine soil consisting chiefly of
leaf-mould. If the soil is in good condition
tread it very firmly as the work proceeds. Do
not let the plants suffer from want of water, but
make a " saucer " round the tree, and afford the
roots a thorough soaking.

October 7, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

The Propagation of many deciduous shrubs may
now be effected by cuttings of the current year's
wood. Cut just below a j"int, or in some instances
with a heel of the previous year's growth. Make
the cuttings 9 inches long, and insert them for
two-thirds of their length firmly ia the soil of a
sheltered border. Forsythia suspensa, P. viri-
dissima, Cornus sanguinea and the variegated
form, C. alba Spaethii, many Willows, especially
the golden-leaved variety ; and Sambucus race-
mosa serratifolia foliis aureis, the best of the
golden-leaved Elders, &c, may be thus treated ;
Cornus mas elegantissima is best grafted.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. H. Clarke, Gardener to Sir William Plowden,
Aston Rowant House, Oxon.

Root Pruning. — Tree3 growing too luxuriantly,
and in consequence failing to produce satisfactory
crops of fruit, should be root-pruned at the
present time. This operation should be com-
menced as soon as the trees have been cleared of
all their fruit. Ia the case of wall trees an
examination of the soil should be made in order
to determine if it is too dry for the operation,
and if this is found to be the case a free watering
should be given, and the tree allowed to remain
a day or two before being root-pruned. Trees
trained as bushes, pyramids, and cordons, also
those trained on walls, usually require root-
pruning at some period or another, and it often
becomes necessary also in the case of standard-
trained trees which are restricted to a limited
space. The soil at the present time is generally
in excellent condition for early root-pruning, and
of sufficient warmth to favour and assist root
action afterwards. Early root -pruning has the
additional advantage of enabling large roots that
have been severed to become callused over, and
should a warm autumn follow small rootlets will be
produced, thus enabling the tree to re-establish
itself before winter, and often to fruit the following
season. Large trees thathave long been established
should have one-half only of their roots pruned
at one time, the remaining half can be similarly
treated the following autumn. The operation of
root-pruning is a simple one, but requires care.
Commence by throwing out a trench at a distance
of about 3 or 4 feet from the stem— the distance
to be regulated by the size of the tree, gradually
working in towards the stem with a garden-fork,
while in some cases a small 3-tined fork is use-
ful for the purpose. The loose soil should be
thrown out with a spade, and the hole made
sufficiently deep to enable any tap-roots growing
in a perpendicular direction under the ball to be
severed. The soil for a distance of from 2 feet to
2 feet G inches round about the stem should be
left intact, and all strong-growing roots shortened
to the latter distance, cutting the roots obliquely
with a sharp knife from below upwards. In re-
filling the hole, consolidate the soil under the
bole of the tree with a rammer, and well tread
the soil generally as the work proceeds. Spread
the roots horizontally at their proper depths,
shorten with a clean cut any that have been
broken or damaged, and place some prepared
soil about them. If the soil is at all dry, a soak-
ing of water should be given at once, following
this by a mulchiDg of manure containing plenty
of straw-litter. In the case of stone-fruits, such
as Apricots, &c, it is necessary to add a liberal
mixture of old plaster or brick-rubble and lime
sittings to the soil.

Crab Stocks. — Apples worked on this stock
require severe root-pruning in order to keep the
trees fruitful. The kind of stock can in most
instances be determined by the degree of pro-
trusion of the scion over the stock, this in trees
worked upon the Paradise being very pronounced.

Pear Stocks. — Trees grafted upon the Pear
stock require the same treatment as those upon
the Crab, and unless they are severely root- pruned
in cases of unfruitfulness, disappointing results
will follow. Aged trees may sometimes be reju-
venated by the addition of fresh material about
their roots, but in many cases, if in a debilitated
condition, will not even then produce fiist-class
fruit, and the grower will be repaid by planting
young trees in their places, but not upon their
exact sites.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bcllock, Gardener to E. J. Wythes, Esq.,
Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Winter - flowering Carnations. — I have before
remarked that the varieties America and Mrs.
S. J. Brooke are two useful sorts, and can be
relied upon to produce an abundance of flowers
during the autumn and winter months. The
earlier-propagated plants are beginning to develop
their flowers, and their appearance generally
justifies the good opinion I have of them. A
judicious application of a fertiliser changed
weekly is very beneficial, and among these I
include Bentley's Carnation manure, Clay's
Fertiliser, and a fish-manure. Unless it is desir-
able to hasten the flowers the plants should not
be kept in a very moist or close atmosphere,
for if other varieties are growing in the same
house they would be likely to become weakly
and drawn, with the result that the flowers
would become small and the stems spindly. A
temperature of o3° at night with a moderate
circulation of air will keep the plants sturdy and
strong, but the two varieties mentioned above
may be kept at 60° by night, and receive an
occasional syringing overhead, provided they
are placed well to the light. At this season of
the year some of the varieties have a tendency
to throw a few short - stemmed flowers,
which are often very poor and unsatisfactory,
and should be removed. Only the strong
vigorous shoots should be encouraged to bloom,
and as the buds develop, the principal one only
should be retained, care being exercised not to
damage this when removing the side-buds. From
old plants of last year a good quantity of flowers
may be had, in addition to a supply of early
cuttings, if they are picked over and placed in a
gentle warmth. Cuttings propagated this month
will make useful flowering plants in twelve
months' time if the varieties named are selected.

Souvenir de la Malmaison. — It will be neces-
sary now to keep a gentle warmth in the pipes
in the house containing varieties of the Souvenir
de la Malmaison type ; but it is essential that
there should be a free passage of air between
the plants, and on bright, sunny days the
stages should receive a good damping with
water, choosing the morning for the operation,
so that they may become dry again before night.
An occasional examination should be made for
red spider, any appearance of which must be
dealt with at once. Afford water liberally to
the roots while the weather is clear and open.
Let plants that have not been recently potted
be given an occasional sprinkling over the sur-
face of the soil with either of the fertilisers
mentioned above, always bearing in mind that
little doses often applied are safe and effective.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

ByF. Johdan, Gardener to Dr. Corbet, Impney Hall
Gardens, Droitwich.

The Orchard-house. — October is the best month
in which to pot fruit-trees or top-dress those in
pots, but the earliest varieties of Peaches and
Nectarines, which are required for very early
forcing, will have been potted some weeks ago.
The house should now be cleaned and made ready
for their reception, as it will soon be necessary to
place the trees in position, although full ventila-
tion can afterwards be applied, provided pro-
tection can be given when necessary. Care should
be taken to select trees that are in pots of
medium size, and on which the buds are in a
plump condition, showing that the wood is per-
fectly matured. The most forward of the trees
should be treated first, and it will be necessary
to see that the roots are made thoroughly moist
by watering them before they are turned out of
the pots. A much richer compost is necessary for
trees cultivated in pots than for those in borders.
A suitable mixture is one composed of good
fibrous loam four parts, lime-rubble and wood-
ashes one part, and decayed horse-manure one ■
part, with a liberal sprinkling of bone-meal
and a little soot added. Mix these materials
well together, and do not break up the loam
very finely. See that the pots and crocks are
made clean and dry before using them. Employ

plenty of drainage material, and pot each plant
firmly, but not too deeply. Young trees in-
tended to increase in size may be shifted into
pots 2 inches larger in diameter than they are
in at the present time, but in all cases over-
potting should be avoided, for medium-sized pots
filled with roots are much preferable to larger
ones, as top-dressings of rich compost can be
applied when the fruits are swelling. Old trees
that should not be moved into larger pots should
have a quantity of the soil picked away and the
strongest roots pruned ; they may then be put
into pots of the same size as before. When the
roots have been treated thus a good watering
should be applied afterwards, and the trees
syringed each day, affording them slight shade
from sunshine if necessary. In a very short
time new roots will have formed, and the trees
will become established before the leaves fall.
If the processes of disbudding and pinching have
been properly carried out, very little pruning will
now be necessary, but do not leave any young wood
that will not be required for furnishing the trees.
Attend to later trees as they become ready,
bearing in mind that all potting operations
should be completed by the end of the present
month. Apple, Pear, and Plum-trees may be
placed on a good ash bottom in some sheltered
position out-of-doors, packing the spaces be-
tween the pots with Bracken or litter before
severe frosts occur. The trees may remain there
until they are required for placing in a moderate
degree of warmth.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By W, Fvi'E, Gardener to Lady Wantage, Lockinge
Park, Wantage.

Winter Salads. — Lettuce plants raised from
seeds sown early in August should now be in suit-
able condition for planting in pits or frames, or
in a warm sheltered corner out-of-doors. During
the dark days of wiater the plants are very
susceptible to "damping," and in order to avoid
this as much as possible, allow them to be fully
exposed to light, and plant them upon an open,
well-drained bottom in a light, sandy loam. Keep
the plants sturdy by allowing them plenty of
room to develop, and ventilate the pits freely,
removing the lights daily, and replacing them at
night-time. The above remarks also apply to
the culture of Endive, of which the broad-leaved
Batavian is the best variety. Sow seeds of
Mustard and Cress at the present time. Radishes
intended for winter consumption must not be
allowed to remain in a crowded condition.

Late Sown Carrots. — Carrots raised from seed
sown during July should now be of a serviceable
size for culinary purposes. This sowing is less
liable to the attack from grub than if sown three
months earlier. Early- sown Carrots often attain
too large a size to be serviceable. Carrots that
are allowed to remain in the ground to be drawn
as required for consumption present that fresh
appearance and brittle nature which are absent
from roots that are stored.

Winter Spinach. — This useful winter vegetable
should not be allowed to become crowded, there-
fore thin the plants early, and allow each indivi-
dual plenty of room.

Spring Cabbage. — These since removal to their
winter quarters have done well, owing to the
ground being in good condition and to the fre-
quent occurrence of showers when they were
transplanted. They will soon te ready for
" earthing-up." Where the plants are set out in
shallow drills this is a simple process, all that is
necessary being to make them firm by treading
and then to draw the soil well up to and around
them, by which means the plants will be kept
firmly in the soil and prevented from beingtossed
about by autumn and winter winds.

Mmhroom Beds may still be made in sheds, and
may be constructed either flat or ridged-shaped.
They will in all probability fail to yield crops
during the winter, but if they are allowed to
remain they will invariably produce an abundance
of good Mushrooms duriDg next spring. The
beds must be well protected by a heavy covering
of straw or litter.

264

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 7, 1905.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Spjclal Notice to Correspondents.— The Editor does tut
undertake to pay for any contributions or illustrations, or
to return unused communications or illustrations, unless by
special arrangement. The Editor does not hold himself re-
sponsible/or any opinions expressed by his correspondents.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUIN6 WEEK.

TUESDAY, Oct. 10

Royal Horticultural Society's
Show of British-grown Fruit
and Conference on Fruit-
growing in the Royal Horti-
cultural Hall. Vincent Square.
Westminster (4 days).

National Rose Society's Com-
mittee Meeting.

Annual Dinner of United Horti
cultural Benevolent and Pro-
vident Association.

Horticultural Club Meeting.

BALE8 FOR THE WEEK.

MOND VY to FRIDAY NEXT—

Dutch Bulbs, at 67 & 68, Cheapside, E.C., by
Protheroe & Morris, at 10.30.

MONDAY NEXT—

Annual Sale of Nursery Stock, at SunniDgdalc Nur-
series, Windlesham, Surrey, by Protheroe & Morri°
at 12.3).— Bulbs. Roses. Plants, <fcc, at Mr. Stevens's
Rooms, 33. King Street, Covent Garden, W C

TUESDAY NEXT-

Clearanee Sale of Nursery Stock, at the Nurseries,
Ash Vale, Aldersliot. by order of Mr. H. Sleet, bv
Protheroe & Morris, at 12.

WEDNESDAY NEXT—

Plauts, Narcissus. Ac., at 67 and 68, Cheapside. E C
by Protheroe & Morris, at 5.— Annual Sale of Nursery
Stock, at the Old Nursery, Spring Grove, Islewortli
by order of Mr. H. A'liear. by Protheroe & Morris
at la.— Bulbs, Root9, and Lily of the Valley at Mr'
Stevens's Rooms.

THURSDAY NEXT—

Unreserved Sale of Orchids. Greenhouse Plants &c
at Grenaby House, Sydenham Road, N.Croydon bv
Protheroe & Morris, at 12.

THURSDAY and FRIDAY NEXT—

Great Annual Sale of Nursery Stock at the Tunbridge
Wells Nurseries. Tunbridge Wells, by order of
Messrs. T. Cripp3 & Son. Ltd., by Protheroe &
Morris, at 11.30.

(For further particulars see our Advertisement columns.)

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick

Actual Temperatures :—

London. — Wednesday, art. 4 (6 p.m.): Max 58"-
Min. 51".
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street.
Covent Garden, London. — Thursday. OH 5
(10 A.M.): Bar., 29'6: Temp., ft;'. Weather—
Fair, with occasional bright sunshine.
Provinces.— Wtdnesdav, OH. 4 (6 p.m.) : Max 55'
Portsmouth ; Min. 50°, N.E. of Scotland

Recent

On two previous occa-
themum 6i°ns .'? *he Gardeners'
Literature. Chronicle, March 6, 1897,

and August 24, 1901, Mr.
Harman Payne referred to the recently-
published literature on Chrysanthemum?.
Since the last contribution appeared it is
curious to note, says Mr. Payne, that no
matter where the flower is grown and shown,
or to what degree of popularity it attains,
the devotees of the famous autumn flower do
not seem to feel the slightest interest in the
scientific or literary phases of the subject,
and do not offer any encouragement to
horticultural writers and publishers to pro-
duce anything like a high-class monograph
upon its history, literature, or culture. [We
fear this remark applies to most other
genera of cultivated plants. Ed.]

With very few exceptions, writes Mr.
Payne, the whole range of Chrysanthemum
literature includes, so far as independent
treatises are concerned, nothing but sis-
penny and shilling pamphlets, a very re-
markable fact when we consider the way in
which the flower has been grown in this
country as well as elsewhere in Europe,
and the enthusiastic reception accorded
to it during the latter half of the nine-
teenth century. In most of the cases where
a Chrysanthemum book has been published
beyond the price already mentioned, the

venture has not been signalised by that
success which one might reasonably have
expected to attend it.

Chrysanthemum-growing, in spite of
what many enthusiasts may say to the
contrary, is in this country very largely a
selfish and a money-making pursuit. The
grower does not now love the flower for
itself, but for what it will produce. He will
spend his money freely to buy novelties
that enable him to win gold medals, big
money prizes and silver cups, but he cannot
or will not afford anything beyond the
merest trifle for the best book ever written
on the flower which he cultivates with so
much assiduity. The reader will not there-
fore be astonished to find that the record of
the literary output since the last contri-
bution on the subject, is one that does not
contain the names of many books of excep-
tional merit.

The total number of new treatises from
all Gources published since the last article
appeared is sixteen. Seven of these have
appeared in Eogland, four in France, three
in America and two in Italy, and of these
one of the Italian publications is particularly
meritorious.

Dealing first with the English publica-
tions, The Book of the l:Mum" and how to
Groiv them to Perfection, by E. H. Potter,
and the Chrysanthemum and its Culture, by
Thomas Joinson, are inexpensive pamphlets.
Chrysanthemums and hote to Groir them, by
J. B. Wroe, is a handy little cultural
manual of eighty-six pages, illustrated, and
having special regard to the culture for
exhibition. Pictorial Practical Chrysanthe-
mum-culture, by Walter P. Wright, is a
somewhat more pretentious work, is bound
in cloth, runs into 128 pages, is very freely
illustrated, and is described as a plain
guide describing every branch of Chrysan-
themum growirjg. A passing mention may
here be given of two other little cultural
guides which should have been referred to
at the beginning of this paragraph, viz,
Chrysanthemums and How to Grow Them,
by E. Harris; and Chrysanthemums, by
E. Hasler Potter.

The most important English contribu-
tion to the literature of the Chrysanthe-
mum is Mr. D. B. Cranes Chrysanthemums
for Garden and Greenhouse, recently pub-
lished. This is a handy cultural manual of
one hundred and eighty pages, neatly bound
in cloth, well printed, and containing a
large number of illustrations. The special
feature of this look is that it deals with
the Chrysanthemum, not as an exhibition
flower, but more as a decorative subject for
use in the garden and greenhouse. Thus the
early and semi-early varieties, so valuable
at this seasDn of the year in the garden, and
which have been so greatly improved of late
years, are very fully dealt with by the
author, who has devoted much time to the
study of them in every way. Among other
headings we notice : -Stock - Plants for
Propagation, Propagation by Cuttings and
by Division, Early and Semi-early Varieties,
Late-flowering Varieties, Diseases, Insects;
the bock concluding with a most compre-
hensive list of garden Chrysanthemums, fol-
lowed by selected lists for various purposes.

In France, notwithstanding an ever-in-
creasing enthusiasm for the culture of the
Chrysanthemum and a considerable deve-
lopment of the exhibition fever, literary work
outside the orgnns of the periodical gardening

press has not been of any great importance.
Les Differentes Cultures du Chrysanthhne. by
the late Henry L. de Vilmorin, a work that
has hitherto escaped notice in the English
Press, no doubt because of its not being
issued through one of theordinary publishing
houses, contains an interesting resume of
the history of the Chrysanthemum, besides
much cultural matter. Le Chrysanthhne a
Grande Fleur en pleine terre, by Edmond
Eoucayrol, is a mere pamphlet, bearing no
date and published locally. In Maladies et
Parasites du Chrysantheme, by Dr. J. Chifflot,
of Lyons, together with the coloured plate
issued with it, and which have both been
already noticed in these columns, we have
a valuable work for the practical grower, as
with the aid of these two works insect and
other pests can easily be identified, and the
remedies are given. Tha last of the recent
French treatises is M. Anatole Cordonnier's
Abrege du Chrysantheme a la grande Fleur,
which, as its title implies, is an abridgment
from M. Cordonnier's older and better
known work, which has now run into five or
six editions.

American authors have not been remark-
able for literary activity in this special
subject, and we have only to record the
publication, last year, of Smith's Chrysan-
themum Manual, by Elmer D.Smith, formerly
Secretary to the Chrysanthemum Society of
America, a neatly printed little pamphlet of
seventy-eight pages, in paper wrapper, illus-
trated, and of course intended primarily for
Transatlantic cultivators. Particularly in-
teresting are the Proceedings of the first
annual meeting of the Chrysanthemum
Society of America, which contains the text
of papers read at the Chicago Convention in
1902; and also the Proceedings of the second
annual meeting, held in New York in 1903,
which (inter alia) contains a very exhaustive
catalogue of Chrysanthemums cultivated in
ths States, a notice of which has already
appeared in these page3.

We now pass to Italy, and should hardly
have expected to find so important a new
book on the Chrysanthemum as Dario
Formilli's II crisantemo, s'.oria, classifica-
r.inne, deserezione e cultura, published in
Turin two years ago. A volume containing
nearly 300 page?, with several coloured illus-
trations, and others in black-and-white, it
seems to cover the whole field of literary,
historical and cultural matter relating to
the famous oriental Composite. It is un-
fortunate, however, that this author repeats
the error that we have so often tried to
correct, that Bi.anchard was the introducer
of the large-flowering Chrysanthemum from
China in 1789 ; the proper name was long
ago well ascertained to be Blancard.

Of the other Italian book little can be
said. It was not an original work, and was
withdrawn from circulation. From Belgium,
Holland, Germany, and Portugal, whence
we bad already had several contributions to
the bibliography of the Chrysanthemum,
nothing has appeared in the interval since
Mr. Payne last wrote.

Periodical Chrysanthemum literature, to
which reference was made in former con-
tributions, appears to be in a bad way. Les
Annate* de In SociSti des Chri/santhemistes du
Nord de la France were issued fora short time
and then ceased, and it is believed that the
Society has also ceased to exist. Le Soleil
tl'A n'omne, the monthly organ of the Swiss
National Chrysanthemum Society, has

Supplement to the "Gardeners' Chronicle.''

Inula Royleana, yellow-flowered, hardy Composite; Bracts chocolate-brown,

from Mr. Gumbleton's Garden.

Bradbury, Agnew & Co., Ld., Printers, London and Tonbridjic:.

October 7, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

265

■suffered a like fate, and probably the Society
too. II Crisantemo, the quarterly official
Journal of the Italian National Chrysanthe-
mum Society, has not been issued for
about a year, but in this case the
Society is still in active working. I
•have no doubt that the Journal of the
Chrysanthemum section of the National
Horticultural Society of France- is still
supplied to the Committee.

Le Chrysanthhne, the official organ of the
French National Chrysanthemum Society at
Lyons, appears with unfailing regularity,
and is well supplied with news by its many
contributors. Recent numbers are rendered
of increased interest by the inclusion of
instalments of the Society's Official Cata-
logue of Chrysanthemums now grown in
France.

INULA ROYLEANA- (see Supplementary Illus-
tration).—A handsome border plant, if rather
coarse, with the habit of I. Heleniuni, flowerin"
according to Mr. Gumbleton, the third year
from seed. It is a stout herb 1 to 3 feet
high, with the stems grooved, pubescent, or
villous and glandular. Leaves obtuse, denti-
culate, glabrate, pubescent or villous above,
sometimes thickly woolly beneath; radical -
ovate or oblong with a long - winged petiole ;
cauline leaves variable, lyrate auricled at the base,
with a conspicuous red midrib; heads very
handsome, yellow, 3 to 4 inches in diameter on a
stout, woolly or hirsute peduncle j bracts choco-
late-brown, inner involucral bracts slender acu-
! ruinate. For the specimen whence our illus-
tration by Mr. Worthington Smith was
'taken, we are indebted to Mr. Gumbleton. who
thinks very highly of the species as a decorative
[plant. It is a native of the Western Himalaya,
Kashmir, &c. Hooker states that the roots are'
used to mix with those of Saussurea Lappa, a
plant used for medicinal purposes in India, and
supposed to have been the Costus of the ancients.

Royal Horticultural Society.— We may
remind our readers of two important events that
will take place at the Hall in Vincent Square
during the present month. These are the great
Fruit show to be held on Tuesday, Wednesday,
and Thursday in next week, and the vegetable
show on October 24.

"Botanical Magazine."— In the October
number we find illustrations and descriptions of
'the following plants : —

! Brachyglottis repanda, Forster, t. 8037; see
Gardeners' Chronicle, 1895, i., p. 736, fig. 110. A
hardy or half hardy shrubby Composite from
New Zealand.

Skimmia japonica, Thunberg, t. 8038.— The true
plant, as was pointed out in these columns in 1889,
Ae plant commonly so-called, even now, being a
Chinese plant, S. Fortunei, Masters.

Forsyihia europaa, Degen, t. 8039.— The Al-
banian species referred to in the Gardener?
Chronicle, 1904, ii., p. 123, fig. 50. Mr. Hemsley
points out that F. Fortunei, Lindley, in Gar-
dners' Chronicle, 18C4, p. 412, and F. Sieboldi,
Dippel, are varieties of F. suspensa; and F.
intermedia x is a cross between F. suspensa and
F. viridissima. The present plant is of more
compact habit than F. viridissima, but as an
ornamental plant is not equal to F. suspensa.

Colchicum hydrophilum, Siehe, in the Gardeners'
Ohronicle, 1901, vol. i., p. 102, fig. 43, t. 8040.—
Allied to C. libanoticum of Ehrenberg, but with
larrower perianth-segments.

Mormodes buccinator, Lindley, var. aurantiaci,
Rolfe, t. 8041.— Differs from the type in its
orange-coloured flowers.

• Inula Royleana, D.C., Prod, v., 464(1836) ; J. D. Hook,
c flora Brit. India, vol. iii.. p. 292(1883).

Helping the Charities.— We are glad to
hear from Mr. W. D. Skinner, Hon. Secretary of
the Woolton Chrysanthemum Society, that the
Committee of that Society is desirous of helping
the Gardeners' Koyal Benevolent Institution.
Believing that in their district, which is
situated near to Liverpool, a concert in aid
of the funds would not be likely to
yield a profit, the Committee has passed a
resolution recommending all winners of prizes at
the annual show to devote 5 per cent, of their
winnings for the purposes of the Charity. The
Secretary adds that as fully 75 per cent, of the
prize-winners were represented at the meeting,
there is no doubt but that a considerable sum will
be obtained on the day on which the prize-money
is paid out. We are sure that the Secretaries of
the Gardeners' Koyal Benevolent Institution and
the Koyal Gardeners' Orphan Fund would be
glad to hear from other Committees who may be
willing to follow so excellent an example.

Flowers in Season.— Michaelmas Daisies
just now are very much in season, for they are
met with everywhere, and no border of herba-
ceous plants is complete without some of the
numerous forms and varieties of these easily
cultivated and showy flowers. Probably the
most decorative of all is Aster Amellus, of which
Mr. Amos Perry, Winchmore Hill, N., sends us
as many as fifteen distinct forms, many being
decided improvements on the type. A. Amellus
Perry's Favourite has mauve - pink - coloured
blooms. The habit is most floriferous, and the
individual flowers are large and of good form,
the ligulate petals being broad in proportion.
A. A. Nancy Perry possesses a beautiful shade of
lavender-blue colour, and has much the same
habit as Perry's Favourite. Profusion is also a
beautiful variety, with flowers a fine shade of
blue colour. One called Bicolor has the ligulate
florets of two shades, the lighter shade being at
the tips.

Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley,

have sent us specimens of the little- known
Anemone type of Dahlia, in which the centre
florets are quilled and form a cushion, as in
Chrysanthemums. These flowers exhibit im-
provement, and are attractive. With these was a
fine flower of Dahlia Grand Due Alexis, illustrated
in these columns, Oct. G, 1S94, p. 409. It will be
remembered that all the florets in that variety
are of considerable width, and each is rolled from
the sides inwards towards the middle of the
upper surface. Messrs. Cannell state that since
the date mentioned they have raised 10,000
seedlings, but have failed to obtain any satisfac-
tory results until quite recently, when a variety
of the same type but with golden - yellow-
coloured flowers opened into bloom.

From Mr. J. Ma yne, Bicton Garden?, Devon-
shire, wehave received bunches of exquisite Violets
of most of the varieties that were mentioned by our
correspondent in his cultural article published in
these pages on April 22 last, p. 244. The flowers
received so fully prove the value of Mr. Mayne's
cultivation, that readers residing in localities
having at all similar conditions to those existing
in Devonshire would do well to adopt the same
treatment. We may add that the variety Comte
de Brazza does not flower well until January,
and the De Parma is not yet in bloom.

Vitis (Ampelopsis) Henryana.*— Messrs.
James Veitch & Sons send us sprays of Vitis
(or Ampelopsis) Henryiana, which they are
justified in calling " magniQcent." The habit is
that of the common Virginian Creeper. The
young foliage is rich scarlet, the older foliage
has a bronzy tint like that of L9ea amabilis.
The leaf lobes, both in the young scarlet stage
as well as in the adult forms, have a silvery band
along the midrib and side branches.

* Hemsley. iD Joitrn. Linn. Soc., vol. xxiii,, 132.

Ote Hall. — Herbert Woods, Esq., fie
tenant of the pretty estate illustrated in ou^
last issue, reminds us that its owner is Geneial
Temple Godman.

Gardening Tuition in Staffordshire.—
Recently, at the County Education Buildings,
Stafford, the Countess of Lichfield distributed
the prizes to the successful pupils in the practical
gardening c'ass;s that the County Education
Committee lav.} conducted in various villages
throughout the county. Mr. J. T. Horner,
Chairman of the Education Committee, presided,
and there were present the Earl of Dartmouth,
the Earl of Lichfield, Lord Hatherton, Sir
Reginald Hardy, and others. The Chairman
said the gardening classes were commenced in
1890. Ten were started in the year. In 1897
there were twenty, and in 1901 they had increased
to thirty, which was the number now in existence.
The classes were rendered possible by the wise
forethought of the old Technical Institution
Committee, who in 1894 established classes in
horticulture for teachers, so that all along they
had had a number of competent teachers. The
present exhibition was limited to the evening
classes owing to the want of room, and also to the
fact that each pupil sowed the same seeds, making
it possible to ascertain the merits of each. There
were now sixty-four classes in connection with
the elementary schools. Lady Lichfield dis-
tributed the prizes, which consisted of books.

Prunus Bureiana (double-flowered variety)
— Under this name, M. Andre describes and
figures in the Revue Horticole, for August 16, a
purple-leaved Plum with double flowers of a pale
rosy-lilac colour. The tree is evidently a near
ally of Prunus cerasifera var. Pissardi, but the
leaves are larger, more acutely toothed, the
peduncles shorter, the flowers themselves larger.
It is a desirable addition to our spring-flowering
shrubs.

The Edinburgh Show.— We are reminded
by Mr. David W. Thomson, nurseryman, Edin-
burgh, that among the exhibits of Conifers on
the roof of the Waverley Market there was one
from his nursery composed of Conifers and cut
shrubs from 4 feet to 9 feet in height. The other
exhibitors of shrubs were Messrs. Jas. Dickson
& Sons, Little & Ballantyne, and Cunningham,
Fkaser & Co. Mr. Thomson's bright group of
flowering plants in the hall itself was, as wa3
stated in our report, awarded one of the three
Gold Medals given by the Royal Horticultural
Society.

Annual Dinner. — As previously announced,
the annual dinner of the United Horticultural
Benefit and Provident Institution will take place
on Tuesday next, at the Holborn Restaurant.
Mr. W. Marshall will preside.

Horticultural Club.— The house dinners
will be resumed on Tuesday next, October 10, at
the Hotel Windsor. Mr. K. J. G. Read, C E.,
will give an address on " Notes of Trees and
Flowers in Visiting the United States," illus-
trated with lantern-slides.

PLANT PORTRAITS.

Rose Mme. Jules Groi.ez, H.T., Guillot.— Rosen-
Zeitung, July. Bads pointed ; petals deep rose-
coloured, rolled back at the edges.

Hydrangea vestita var. pubescens = H. Bret-
schneideri. — Hardy Chinese shrub. Gartcnwelt,
August 12.

Salix Cottetii X. — A supposed natural hybrid
between S. nigricans and S. retusa. It forms a pros,
trate shrub well adapted for the rockery. Garten-
welt, August 12.

Helianthus salicifolius.— Remarkable for its long
linear leaves and numerous, long-stalked, small, yellow
flower-heads aggregated at the ends of the stems.
Revue de la Horticulture Beige, September.

266

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

[OCTOBER 7, 1905.

LEAVES FROM MY CHINESE

NOTE-BOOK.

On Chinese Cereals, Vegetables, and

Culinary Oil-yielding Plants.

{Continued /rem p. 246.)

Pulse.

Since the Chinese are to such a large
extent vegetarian, this is necessarily a most
important crop. The common Pea (Me-wan-tzu)
and Broad Bean, with the Soy Bean (Glycine
hispida) are the more important. The two former
are winter cops in the valleys and summer crops
in the highlands. The Soy Bean is everywhere a
summer crop.

Peas and Broad Beans are eaten both fresh and
dried. They are also ground into flour and made
into vermicelli. The young shoots of the Pea are
eaten as a vegetable. The Soy Bean (Huang-
tou) is of even greater value than the preceding.
It is planted everywhere — in fields by itself,
around Rice and other field?, and as an under-
crop to Maize and Sorghum. It yields seeds of
three colours, viz. — yellow, green, and black.
The Chinese distinguish three binds of the
yellow, and two kinds each of the green and
black. These varieties yield a succession of
Beans, the black being fully a month later than
the others. This Bean is cooked and eaten as a
vegetable, or ground into flour and made into
vermicelli ; preserved in salt it makes an excel-
lent pickle. It is also extensively used in the
manufacture of Soy sauce and Soy vinegar. A
variety with small yellow seeds is largely employed
for making Bean-curd.

Whilst in Central and Western China the Soy
Bean is cultivated exclusively as a food-stuff, in
Manchuria it is grown almost solely for its oil
and for the refuse-cakes. From Newchuang,
the port of Manchuria, there is an enor-
mous export trade done in this " Bean-
cake," which is in great demand as an agri-
cultural fertiliser in all parts of China.
Bean-oil, the culinary and illuminant oil of Man-
churia, is replaced by Cabbage-oil (Ts'ai-yu) in
the Central and Western Provinces of China.
Phaseolus Mungo (Lu-tou) and P. Mungo var.
radiatus (Hung-tou) are both summer crops.
The seeds of the Lu-tou (Green Bean) are
especially valued for their sprouts. To obtain
these the Beans are put in jars with water and
covered over. Under these conditions they quickly
develop shoots a couple of inches or more long.
These Bean-sprouts are highly esteemed as a
vegetable. Of the Hung-tou (Red Bean) there
are two or three varieties. The seeds of these
are used as a vegetable, or ground into flour and
employed for stuffing cakes and sweetmeats.

Arachis hypogaa (Hua-sheng) is cultivated as
much for food as for the oil it yields. It
prefers very light soil, and is largely grown
as a summer crop in alluvial areas. It occupies
the ground from April till September. The
seeds are roasted and eaten with great relish.
They are also a favourite ingredient of con-
fectionery. The oil which is expressed from the
seeds is used largely to adulterate Cabbage-
oil. The young shoots of this plant are eaten as
a vegetable.

Ervum Lens (Chin-me-wan-tzu) is cultivated
as a winter crop, being commonly associated with
Peas and Broad Beans. It is, however, by no
means an extensive crop. The seeds are eaten
cooked. Oil is occasionally expressed from the
seeds and used for lighting purposes.

Doliclias Lablab (Pien-tou), of which there are
several varieties, CanavaUa ensiformis, Phaseolus
vulgaris (Yiin-tou), and V>gna Catiang are all
commonly and extensively cultivated. Though
the seeds of the first three are eaten, it is more
for the pods, which are sliced, cooked, and eaten
as a vegetable, that these plants are valued. The
cylindrical pods of Vigna Catiang are from

1 1 to 2 feet long, and about the thickness of a lead-
pencil. Though the Chinese esteem it, I have
found it only a very tasteless vegetable.

As a winter-crop in parts of the Yang-tsze
Valley, Melilotus macrorhizus (Yeh-hua-tsen) is
sparingly cultivated. The green shoots are some-
times eaten as a vegetable ; the seeds are used
medicinally for colds.

Cabbage.

Brassica chinensis. — Of these the Chinese have
their own peculiar varieties, all of them very
different to those grown in this country. Their
favourite variety, Peh-ts'ai, or Shantung Cabbage
as we have styled it, is more like a huge Cos
Lettuce than a Cabbage. This is grown every-
where, but attains its greatest perfection in the
colder parts of China. In the Yang-tsze valley
it is best when grown as a winter crop. Another
striking variety is the White-ribbed Cabbage
(Kin-ta-ts'ai), which is said to be peculiar to
Szechuan. In addition to these the Chinese
cultivate some half-a-dozen other varieties.
These Cabbages are eaten fresh or are preserved
by salting and drying in the sun. From a
European standpoint none of the Chinese
Cabbage is worth growing, being so very inferior
in flavour to our own. The Roman Catholic
Fathers have introduced the common European
Cabbage, but though its culture has spread widely
the Chinese much prefer their own varieties.
Whilst the Chinese Cabbages are all really
referable to Brassica campestris it is convenient
to group them under B. chinensis.

As a winter crop green Rale (Kan-kan-ts'ai)
and dark-red Rale (Ts'ai - tai) are cultivated
throughout the Yang-tzse valley. The young
shoots of Brassica juncea and B. campestris var.
oleifera are also used in the same way as Rale.

Cucurbits.

Gourds, Src. — The Chinese cultivate a great
many of these for food, the whole family being
known under the general name of Rua. Some
are eaten raw, and others cooked. The male
flowers, too, are eaten by the peasantry. The
seeds of the Water-Melon are esteemed a great
delicacy. These are slightly roasted, and are
consumed in enormous quantities ; no banquet is
complete without them, and over their gossip in
tea-shops or restaurants scholars and coolies alike
regale themselves with these delicious morsels.
Preserved in sugar these Melon-seeds also form a
favourite sweetmeat.

As a summer crop throughout the Yang-tsze
valley the following are commonly cultivated : —
Cucurbita citrullus (Hsi-kua), Cucumis Melo
(Tien-kua), Cucurbita maxima (Nan-kua), La-
genaria vulgaris rar. clavata (Hu-tzu-kua), Cu-
cumis salivas (Huang-kua), Lagcnaria leucantha
var. longis (Ts'ai-kua), Cucurbita orifera (Sun-
kua), and Benicasia cerifera (Tung-kua). Mo-
mordica Charantia (Eu - kua) is eaten when
young, and when old is used as medicine. Lvffa
cylindrica (Ssu-kua) is eaten when very young,
when old the fibre is esteemed as medicine.
Lagenaria vulgaris (Hu-lu) is cultivated for its
hard shells, which are used for holding water, oil,
wine, &o. In addition to the above several Gourds
are cultivated for their ornamental fruits, which
the Chinese use for decorative purposes.

Root Crops.
Sweet Folates (Batatas). — In the valleys, plains,
and iow hills bordering these throughout the
Yang-tsze valley and Yunnan, the Sweet Potato
(Ipomcea, Batatas) is the most important root
crop. The crop is always cultivated on ridges.
Roots are panted out in May, and cuttings from
the shoots of these are inserted in July and early
August and produce a fine crop in October and
November. The crop from the old roots is ready
in August. Sweet Potatos are eaten boiled,
baked, and fried in chips, and constitute a truly
delicious dish. As they deteriorate by keeping

they are cut into slices, scalded, and then dried
in the sun. The tubers and strips are also
macerated in cold water, and the resultant starcb
dried and made into vermicelli. In Hupeh the
Sweet Potato is known as the " Hung Shao," ia
Szechuan as the " Pen Shao."

Potatos. — In the mountainous districts the»
Sweet Potato is displaced by the Irish Potato,
which has become a most important crop. It was-
introduced by the Roman Catholic Fathers at the-
time of a great famine some thirty-five years ago.
Its culture has spread enormously, and though it-
is despised by the Rice eating Chinese of the
plains it has become a staple article of food witbj
the highland peasantry. In the valleys it is>
cultivated as a late winter crop ; in the mountains-
as a summer crop. Its culture is unfortunately
but little understood ; it is always grown too.
thickly, and seldom if ever properly earthed-up.
Both red and white-skinned varieties are culti-
vated, but the flavour is usually very poor. The>
Potatos cultivated by the Buddhist priests on
Mount Omi are celebrated, but the best I ever
ate in China were grown by Sifan tribesfolk
around Sung-pan.

Tarns. — Three kinds of these are commonly
cultivated — viz , Dioscorea Batatas, D. alata, and
D. Decaisneana. The last is the Ti-kua of the
Szechuanese. It yields Turnip- shaped tubers,
which are eaten both raw and cooked. Dioscorea,
(data, the Chieh-pan-shao, has enormously large,
flat, branching tubers, which, like those of D:
Batatas (Pai-shao).are cooked and eaten. Around
Ichang the tubers of another species (D. zingi-
berensis) are eaten. This species is known as-
the Huang-chiang (Yellow Ginger). The tuber
is bitter, and is valued chitfly as a medicine,
Chinese Yams do not equal the Sweet Potato in.
flavour, and are not so extensively grown.

Ulnte Turnips, both long and round, are culti-
vated everywhere, but the flavour is very poor.
The so-called long red Turnip of the Chinese is
really a Eadish (Raphanus sativus). All three
are cooked and eaten when fresh, or preserved by
slicing and drying in the sun.

Brassica napus var. esculenta (Ta-t'ou-ts'ai) is
very generally cultivated, but I met with it most
frequently on the Chentu plain. The whole-
plant is pickled and eaten with rice. The Szech-
uanese also cultivate most excellent Rohl-rabi.

Colocasia antiquorum and C. antiquorum var.
Fontanesii (Riang-tou) are very extensively cul-
tivated for their tubers, which are cooked and
eaten in various ways. Both are grown on
ridges in flooded ground. The petioles of the
Riang-tou are sliced, pickled, and eaten. The
flavour of the tubers of these plants is similar to
that of the Jerusalem Artichoke, but inferior.

Sagittaria sagittifolia (T'zu-ku) is cultivated in.
Szechuan and Yunnan, and the tubers are cooked
and eaten in the same way as those of the
Colocasia.

The tubers of Scirpus tuberosum (P'ei-chi) and
the fruits of Trapa natans (Ling-chio), two very
common aquatics, are esteemed valuable articles
of food.

Nelumbium speciosum (Lien hua) is cultivated
for its seed and rhizome. Both are used as food,
but being expensive are a luxury enjoyed only
by the wealthy. The fibres of the rhizome are
used medicinally.

/linger (Seng-chiang) is very extensively culti-
vated. It is prepared for the table in various
ways. From Canton, Ginger preserved in sugai
is exported in quantity to this country.

Amorphophallus Konjac (Mo-yii) is sparingly
cultivated throughout the Yang-tsze valley.
The tubers are ground up with water ami
made into a curd-like compound. On Mount Om
this plant is more generally cultivated thai
elsewhere in the west.

October 7, 190,".]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

267

The bulbs of Lilium tigrinum (Chia-peh-ho)
are highly esteemed, and oecur both cultivated
and wild. The white bulbs of this Lily are more
expensive in China than in this country. Properly
cooked these bulbs are not at all bad eating.
They somewhat resemble an Onion, but are
inferior in flavour.

Garliz (Tasaun) (Allium sativum) and Onions
{Ts'ong) (.4. cepa) are cultivated extensively.
Garlic is highly esteemed. Onions are eaten as
("Spring Onions," large buli>s being absolutely
unknown. Allium Jhtu'ositm is the Chinese Leek,
and is very widely grown. The leaves are flattened
and covered with earth to insure blanching. The
blanched leaves (Chin-huang) are considered a
-delicacy. In the mountains Allium odorum (Chiu-
t'sai) and A. chinenss are common. These are
culled and eaten by the peasantry.

Szechuan, especially the more alluvial areas,
produce remarkably fine Carrots. They are
grown in large quantities and eaten with great
relish.

Parsnips (Uen-shui) are cultivated, but the
roots are seldom thicker than a pencil. The
whole plant is cooked and eaten.

Plants Yielding Culinary Oils.

Although in Central and Western China quite
a number of plants are grown for their oil, fully
75 per cent, of the oil used is the product of two
members of the Cabbage family. After a careful
investigation of the subject I have satisfied myself
that the two plants in question are Brassica juncea
var. oleifera and B. campestris rar. olcifera. The
latter is the Ta-yu-ts'ai of the Chinese, the
former the Hsao-yu-ts'ai or Ch'ing-yu. Both are
loosely designated " Rape " by the foreigners
resident in China ; but in my wanderings in
China I never met with the true Rape plant.

Throughout the entire Yang-tze valley during
the winter months enormous areas are given over
to the cultivation of these two plants. Though
the Hsao-yu-ts'ai is the earlier of the two, the
)ther is the more extensively grown. These
plants are in flower in February and March, and
the crop is harvested in April. The seeds are
jrushed, steamed, and the oil expressed. In
Szechuan this use of the oil as an illuminant
;quals its culinary value. It also enters very
argely into the manufacture of Chinese candles.

Oil is also expressed from the seeds of Arachis
lypogcea, Papaver somniferum, Sunflower, Gos-
■ypium herbaceum, Glycine hispida, other members
)£ the Cabbage family, notably the Kales, and
n the highlands Linum usitatissitnuin. These
)ils are all used for cooking and lighting pur-
loses and for adulterating the more valuable
' Ts'ai-yu." With the exception, however, of the
iround-nut and Poppy, they are not much used.

In Hupeh and Szechuan Sesamum indicum is
mltivated sparingly as a summer crop. In
funnan its cultivation is more general. The oil
rom its seeds is very highly esteemed, and com-
nands a high price in the market. Ic is known
is the Hsiang-yu (fragrant oil), and is eaten raw
nixed with cooked vegetables. From the seeds
)f Perilla ocymoides an oil similar to the above
s expressed ; it is used in salads. This plant is,
lowever, but very sparingly cultivated.

In the mountainous parts of Szechuan the
Walnut (Juglans mandshurica) is extremely
common, but nearly always cultivated. From its
■:eeds the peasants extract an oil used for culinary
rad lighting purposes, and also to adulterate the
Ts'ai-yu. E. H. Wilson.

(To be continued.)

TRADE NOTE.

Nurseries (Leamington) Limited. — This com-
pany has been regi-tered with a capital of .£500
in £1 shares, to acquire the business carried on
at RanelagL Street, Leamington, Warwick, by
W. Wells, and to carry <>n the business of growers
bf Vines, Tomatos, fruit, flowers, and vegetables,
nurserymen, market gardeners, &a. No initial
public issue. Registered without articles of

i^ssociation.

CULTURE OF CATTLEYA
HAKRISONLfE.

Gardeners who are called upon to supply choice
flowers for cutting doring the autumn should not
overlook the above-named Cattleya. A few years
ago my employer received about three dozen re-
cently collected plants from South America. They
did not come to us at what I think is the best
time, viz., from the end of February to
April, hence we did not pot them up
until a month or more. Meanwhile we laid
them out thinly on a stage in a house with an
intermediate temperature, being careful not to
let them have much moisture about them. At
that time of the year (January) there was plenty
of moisture in the atmosphere of all warm green-
houses to prevent newly- imported Orchids suffer-
ing from the want of it. Before potting we
cleared away all old shrivelled growths, sponged
over the leives, and then dipped the plants
into a mixture of XL- All insecticide, prepared

I ought to say here that these notes are not
written especially for Orchid-growers, but for that
larger class who love choice flowers and are de-
sirous to grow some at home without being in a
position to make a specialty of their culture. As
soon as the whole were potted up they were stood
on a side stage in a span-roofed plant-stove, care
beiug taken not to give them too much water at
the roots, yet keeping the rooting medium fairly
moist all along. In due time every plant broke
into growth, many of them also giving us flower-
spikes the following autumn. They have con-
tinued to do so each year since. As in the case of
Cattleya labiata imported about the same time,
there is considerable variation in the flowers as
to colour and form. One great advantage they
have is that they will keep fresh for quite
three weeks after they are fully developed.
The deeper - coloured varieties look charming
when used for table decoration along with suit-
able foliage. I am sending you herewith a spike
with eleven flowers upon it ; we have had them

'ITT

Fig. 100.— cattleya haukisoni.v

according to the instructions on the bottles.
Before they were quite dry they were dipped in a
tub of clean rain-water and laid back on the
stage. We then secured some very clean pots,
each from G to 8 inches across, and made up our
potting mixture, which consisted of tough fibrous
peat two parts to one part of chopped sphagnum-
moss, with a slight admixture of nodules of
charcoal about the size of Hazel-nuts, the whole
being well mixed together. We filled each pot
to one-half of its depth with clean crocks, over
which was put a layer of sphagnum, then the pots
were filled up firmly with the potting mixture
to nearly their tops, according to the thickness
of the roots of the plant chosen to go into it,
covering them up with more mixture as firmly as
possible. In some cases where the growths were
somewhat longer than usual, we inserted a piece
of Elder-wood about 1 inch in diameter in each
pot before the drainage was put in, allowing it to
project from 9 to 12 inches. We then looped up the
growths thereto, and have found the stakes very
useful. Had we to begin again, we should put
a piece of Elder-wood to each plant. We make
use of this wood because it is disliked by insects,
and we find the roots take to it's bark very
readily.

with seven and nine flowers, but not more. There is
another spike on the same plant that has a similar
numberon it. Is this unusual ? H . J. Clayton, Grim-
ston Gardens, Tadcaster. [Our correspondent en-
closed a magnificent spike of flowers. Ed.]

COLONIAL NOTES.

PORTj ELIZABETH.

We have here a specimen of the yellow form of
Aloe striata, which is not common, and I have
never seen it published anywhere. A few weeks
back I saw flowering in the public park and gardens
here some fine forms of Aloe speciosa. The
species looks so quaint with the greyish-coloured
buds and reddish opened flowers, especially as
they often expand spirally and form a variegated
inflorescence. There was also at this time a very
fine plant of Doryanthes Palmeri, with an
arching flower-scape some 8 feet long. This
Australian giant, like many other vegetable
forms from that continent, has made itself
quite at home here.

The warm air, laden with the scent of Free-
sias in every garden great and small, makes

268

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[OCTOBEB 7, 19< I

one's thoughts turn to the spring at home, with
the Freesias and Lachenalias making the
flowering house look gay at that time. It does
seem incongruous to have a bed of Narcissus "Sir
Watkin " in flower with an edging of Freesias
also in flower, and Barberton Daisies throwing a
dash of red into the tiny landscape ! Harry
Eabjohn, care of J. A. Chabaud, Esq , Port Eliza-
beth, September 11.

VEGETABLES.

POTATOS IN MIDLOTHIAN.

Having heard so much of the robustness of
Scottish-grown Potatos, and seen in the South
such ample evidences of that peculiarity, I
naturally took occasion, when in Edinburgh
recently, to have a look at the Potato fields. I
was indebted to Mr. T. A. Scarlett, who is one of
Scotland's great Potato- growers and merchants,
for an invitation to go to North Leith, in
conjunction with several other Potato men, to
see his considerable breadths. His soil is a
dark yet not heavy loam, and certainly suited
Potato3 well, as the vigorous tops on the late
varieties and the capital root-produce on earlier
ones showed. Although it was the second week
in September, very few evidences of disease were
anywhere to be seen in the leafage ; indeed, in
most cases the tops were luxuriantly green, and
left the impression that growth would continue
until autumn frosts brought a needful check. But
not a root was lifted of any variety if ever so late
but showed tubers of ample size for all purposes,
indeed large tubers are far from being desired
where such great quantities of tubers are sold for
seed purposes. The culture bestowed was that
usually adopted in fields, and in no case was
there special effort to grow varieties excep-
tionally. Although much later, and therefore
greener, the plant- growth did not anywhere
excel what has been seen on ordinary good
breadths in the South. Certainly the special
robustness the Scotch tubers possess which
renders them so valuable when planted in the
South is not derived from exceptional culture or
from the soil. Climate is doubtless the primary
factor in bringing about a condition of
growth which makes the Scotch - grown
seed tubers so robu3t and profitable. Mr.
Scarlett has a remarkably fine first early kidney
in Mid-Lothian Early. He has also a superior
second early that may be a good successor to Sir
J. Llewelyn in Southern Queen, and in a kidney
oddly named Peacemaker one of the most starchy
or mealy of tubers when properly cooked. A big
breadth of Moneymaker give3 a later variety.
This in its top bears a close resemblance to
Eldorado ; it was selected by Mr. Scarlett from
Northern Star, and because this stock has never
been artificially propagated every plant of many
thousands comes strong and healthy. The tuber
crop, judging by the few plants lifted, should be
a very heavy one. Altogether some forty named
varieties and several fine seedlings were seen.

With the party was Mr. Thompson, Potato
agent for the Dalmeny estate, and that gentleman
kindly gave a general invitation to visit the
Dalmeny breadths next day.

At the Dalmeny Home Farm we were met by
the bailiff, Mr. Sinclair, and we traversed huge
breadths of the varieties associated with Dalmeny.
First were 20 acres of Dalmeny Beauty, then
came a very large breadth of Dalmeny Hero, and
a further one of Dalmeny Regent. Next came
other 20 acres of Dalmeny Acme, followed by
Dalmeny Jewel, a Potato of exceptional excel-
lence; then Dalmeny Radium, Dalmeny Early,
and others. The last-named variety, quite ripe, was
being lifted and stored in long nairow clamps for
the winter. The soil is of a brown loam, appa-
rently of fine quality ; growth generally was
healthy and luxuriant. In another direction
extensive trials were being conducted to test the
merits of manures. Generally the Potato crops
were of the highest excellence. A. D.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editor docs not hold himself responsible for the
opinions expressed by his Correspondents. )
FRUIT AT WROTHAM PARK.— The hailstorm
of Sunday, July 9, will not be forgotten so long
as this season's crop is in hand. Pears are
very much disfigured. All Apples are damaged,
and the pale-skinned varieties appear the worst.
Keswicksnot gathered are covered with black spots.
Morello Cherries escaped injury, and a very fine
crop of particularly fine fruits is still hanging.
Pears are a very heavy, regular crop. Plums
were also good. Apples Newton Wonder, Rib-
ston, and King of the Pippins are very fine on
young, own-worked espalier trees. One old tree
of the variety Bess Pool in the grass orchard
is the largest tree of its kind I ever saw,
and was literally loaded with fruits of good
sizs. Cox's Orange Pippin also bears a good
crop, among such others as Peasgood's None-
such, Mi-re de Menage, &c. Mr. Markham
called my attention to May Queen, a variety
which is in season from February to May, de-
scribing it as one of his very best dessert Apples,
never failing to produce a full crop. I can find
no particulars of this variety, but Mr. Markham
believes it to have been raised by Mr. Crump.
Potato Up-to.-Date was being lifted, and gave a
very useful crop in good condition. In the
vineries the crop of Black Hamburgh Grapes has
been much thinned for consumption ; some
bunches weigh from 3 to 4 lb. each. Muscat of
Alexandria is the best hanging crop I have seen
Mr. Markham produce. Stephen Castle, Sejdember.

GRAFTING THE MALE AUCUBA UPON THE

FEMALE PLANT.— Your correspondent " F. M.,"
in your last issue, made a good suggestion when
he recommended the practice of grafting the male
Aucuba upon the female variety. I have long
felt that some plan was necessary whereby the
two sexes thould be brought more closely together
than it is possible for them to be when grown
separately as distinct plants. It is possible,
when the two sexes are borne together on one
shrub, that their date of blooming would become
simultaneous. In working them together, how-
ever, it would seem to be desirable that either
green-leaved varieties or variegated-leaved varie-
ties of the separate sexes only should be worked
together, else if the green be worked upon any
variegated form, the former would quickly
outgrow the latter. This would be more par-
ticularly the case if the green or male variety
were worked upon the female variegated one.
The original male form is a most vigorous
grower, and probably second to none as an orna-
mental evergreen shrub, but far too free-growing
for normal variegated ones. Your correspondent
suggested that they should be worked together as
small plants in artificial warmth, in which
matter there would perhaps be no difficulty.
What has long exercised my mind, however, is
whether it may not be possible, subject to such
conditions as to the vigour or otherwise of
varieties referred to above, to graft the male
variety upon large existing female shrubs out-of-
doors, after the manner in which old Apple and
Pear-trees are grafted. If this could be done a far
readier way of producing prompt results would
be effected. Has any reader succeeded in grafting
the two sexes under these conditions ? William
Earley.

JUDGING. — I should like to add a little to
what I have already written on p. 204, as I
consider the question of some importance to
exhibitors generally. Now is the time to consider
the matter, and endeavour by the aid of the
Press to effect some improvements. Schedules
will need to be overhauled and re-arranged ere
long, and the subject must therefore be con-
sidered before it is too late. The question I
raised of making point-judging (under Royal
Horticultural Society's code) universal is not a
difficult one to settle ; it only needs to be
intelligently adopted by all horticultural
societies, and the judges to be asked to
judge under the above rules, it would, I
feel sure, help to do away with much of the
mystery and confusion which at present exists,
and should certainly tend to make for quality, in
addition to giving greater satisfaction to ex-
hibitors. The question raised by "H. C." on

p. 231 is an important one, but perhaps it is a
rather more difficult problem to solve, being
governed as it is by individual tastes, which we
all know vary considerably. The following foot-
note appears in some schedules under the classes
for groups of plants: "Quality and effect to be
the leading features." This I commend to the
notice of all schedule-makers. Exhibitor.

ANNUALS. — I am much obliged to you for
inserting my letter signed "Amateur," about
judging and exhibiting annuals, and also to your
correspondents for their remarks upon it. I hope
in future judges and exhibitors will bear in mind
the definition of an annual, as given in the ruka
of the Royal Horticultural Society. The time
is now drawing near when schedules will be
revised for next year's shows. It would be well
if all Horticultural Societies would frame their
schedules according to the hints given by the
Royal Horticultural Society, and also agree that
the judging shall be according to the Society's
rules. Three suggestions I have to make : —
1, that in collections of flowers the word kinds
should be used ; 2, that in collections of flowers
of the same kind the word colours; 3, that some
limit be placed upon the size of the bunches j
sometimes the vases are so massed together that
the effect of any arrangement is lost. Ernest
Brown, The Rectory, Montgomery.

RHODODENDRON IN FLOWER.— A deep-pink-
coloured Rhododendron out-of-doors in my garden^
which usually blooms at Christmas, is now full
of flower in September. The year 1905 has been
one of surprises, and this seems to me to be one
of them. Ch. Heygate, Roecliffe, Loughborough.

ELM TREES. — On this estate, where there are
many large Elm trees, limbs drop frequently.
During July of this year, on a calm, wet night,
when the leaves were heavy with moisture, a
large limb, over a foot in diameter, broke off close
to the main stem, completely spoiling the ap-
pearance of the tree ; and early in September a
similar accident befell another fine specimen. On
this occasion the atmosphere was dry, with a
slight wind blowing. In the former case the
limb was perfectly sound, while in the latter an
old wound had weakened the branch ; but in
most instances that have come under my notice
the branches were quite healthy. J. Murray^
Sopley Park.

"CARMICHAEL" AZALEAS. — Your correspon-
dent " L." asks in the last issue, p. 250, for
information upon these Azaleas. They were
raised by the late Mr. Wm. Carmichael, who
died on April 0, 1904, and interesting particulars
of his life were published in the Gardeners'
Chronicle on April 23, p. 207, and June 4, p. 357,
of 1904. The first account of the Azaleas
appeared in the Gardeners' Chronicle on March S;
1878, p. 310— viz., "The new plants exhibited
to-day — and all received those of the first-class—
were Azalea ' William Carmichael,' clear pur-
plish-rosy colour, one of the results of a cross
with the well-known A. amcena, and now certi-
ficated as a decorative plant, from Mr. B. S".
Williams. In B. S. Williams's Choice Stove and
Greenhouse Plants, vol. i, p. 210, appears the
following: — "AzaleaWilliam Carmichael. Flowers
rich carmine shaded with magenta ; of good
substance ; a charming variety. Hybrid of
A. amcena." Also in B. S. Williams & Sons
Plant Catalogue for 1878, the variety Mrs. Car-
michael is illustrated on p. 5, while a description
of both varieties appeared on p. 9— viz., " Mrs
Carmichael. — The flowers of this variety are
nearly as large as those of the parent Stella, and
of a rich magenta shaded with crimson j tht
upper segments spotted with marginal black.
This is a charming variety." " William Car-
michael."— This is another charming variety
rich carmine shaded with magenta, the
upper segments beautifully spattered ; flower;
round, and of good substance. This variety ha;
also a First-class Certificate." The latest that J
can find about these plants is that they wen
offered in Messrs. Williams's Plant Catalogue foi
1894, on p. 39, and I daresay they may still be off ere<
by that firm. In F. W. Burbidge's The Piopaga
tion and Improvement if Plants, appears th.
following, in the chapter devoted to Ericaceou
plants :—" Azaleas W. Carmichael and Mrs. Caj
michael are varieties raised by Mr. Carmicha*

October 7, 1 905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

269

and are the results of crossing A. indica Stella
with the bright-purple early- flowering A. amewrja.
These bjbiids mide their appearance in 1875,
and were sent out by Mr. B. S. Williams."
W. Smith, Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.

SOCIETIES.

THE EOYAL HORTICULTURAL

Scientific Committee.

September 20.— Present: Mr. G. Massee, V.M.H.
(in the chair) ; Messrs. Worsdell, Gordon, Gussow,
Bowles, Saunders, Worsley, and Chittenden (Hon!
Secretary).

Galls on Willow Leaves.— Hit. Holmes sent some
Willow leaves from Yeovil having galls upon them.
Mr. Saunders reported : "These galls are formed by
the grub of a sawfly, Nematus gallicola. It is a very
common insect, and makes galls on leaves of various
kinds of Willow, Salix fragilis, caprea, cinerea, and alba
being the species it mostly infests. The insect pupates
in the ground. One point of interest about this gall is
that it is of equal size on either side of the leaf, whereas
most galls on leaves are formed almost entirely on one
surface."

Cherry Sawfly.— Mr. Saundebs reported as follows
upon this pest sent to the last meeting from Bourne-
mouth : "The insects attacking the Cherry leaves are
the grubs of the ' Cherry or Pear Sawfly ' (Erioeampa
limacina). The grubs are commonly known by the
name of Cherry or Pear slugworms, according to the
tree they are found on. When the grubs have
attained their full growth they drop to the ground and
bury themselves between 3 and 4 inches from
the surface. The most certain way of destroying this
insect is therefore to remove the soil under the trees to
the depth of 3 or 4 inches, and burn it or
bury it deeply. If this operation is carried out
properly there should be no sawflies next year to lay
their eggs on the leaves unless some come from a
neighbour's garden. To destroy the grubs, the leaves
should be sprayed with paraffin emulsion or 'Paris
green ' (Blunders pasta is the best), 1 oz. kept well
mixed in 12 gallons of water. This should be applied
in as fine a spray as possible, and the leaves not wetted
so tint they diip."

Stocks Dying. - Some Stocks in a very unhealthy
condition with withered leaves and dropping flowers
were shown at the last meeting from Canonbridge,
N.B. Upon these Mr. Saunders reports :— " I find in
the soil in which the Stocks were growing a number of
small worms belonging to the family Enchytrreida>,
which would account for the condition of the plant, as
theie worms are very injurious to the roots of many
plants. They may be killed by soaking the soil with
lime-water. Plants in pots which are infested by these
worms should be very carefully handled when on the
potting-bench, to prevent any of the soil remaining on
the bench, which might contaminate any fresh soil
which might be there or placed there afterwards. The
infested soil should he burnt or baked, or spread where
poultry and other birds can scratch it over anil pick
out the worms."

Diseased Leaves of Sikkim Rhododendron. — Mr-

Saunders reports that these, shown at the last meet-
ing, were evidently attacked by fungus, and were
referred to Mr. ( iussow for examination.

Double Peach.— Mr. Worsdell showed a double
fruit from a purple-leaved Peach which had been grow-
ing in the open in a dry place. Both par';s of the fruit
had split. Mr. Gordon observed that the splitting
of Peaches appeared often to be the result of a sudden
supply of water after a season of comparative drought.
Other members remarked that the splitting of "the
fruit was usually accompanied by the imperfect
formation of the stone. Mr. Worsley said that since
giving a dressing of lime to his Peach-trees, he found
that the stones were always well formed, whereas
before the stones were frequently imperfect.

Remarkable abundance of lentieels on Apple— Mr.
i Saunders drew attention to a shoot of Apple on which
the lentieels were remarkably numerous and of large
size. The trees which showed this peculiarity were
growing in an orchard which had borne little fruit but
had produced much wood.

Brachystelma Barberce.— Mr. F. W. Moore, of the
Royal Botanic Garden, Glasnevin, sent a specimen of
this remarkable Asclepiad from South Africa.

Scilla hcemorrhoidalis.—(Mi. Worsley showed this
and the following plants from Isleworth.) This plant
is a native in the Grand Canaiy, and is remarkable for
its ornamental fruits.

Hymcnocallis senegambica. — This is the only Old
World member of its genus, and appears to be much
more hardy than the American fo' ms.

Pcllionia Daveauana. — A plant remarkably like a
Begonia, but belonging to the Urticacere. Well figured
as Begonia Daveauana in Rev. Hort. 1880, 2!I0.

Variegated Daisy.— Mr. Worsley also showed plants
of Bellis perennis which had hceii cultivated by them-
selves for some years. When first transplanted they
were variegated, but in the fresh soil legained thefr
normal colour ; they have now again become variegated.
It was remarked that the variegation of plants appeared
frequently to be due to the presence of a certain
"enzyme" or ferment in the cells, hut the means by
which, and the conditions under which, this enzyme is
produced do not appear to be accurately known.

Tritonm sp. nor.— Mr. Worsley also showed a plant
which belongs apparently to an undescribed species,
and for which he suggests the name of T. Clusiana. It
appeals to be nearly allied to T. securigera (= Mont-
bretia securigera, Redout e ; = Gladiolus securiger,
Aiton), figured in the Botanical Magazine, t. 3X3, but
"differs in having leaves twice as long and wide; no
obtuse or other indentation on the outer spathe valves,
which are longer than in Redoute's figure, while the
flowers all face one way. The plant was collected in
the district of Greytown, South Africa, by Mr. Layton,
and was cultivated at Isleworth. It seems to form a link
between Tiitonia and Antholyza, being hooded as in
the latter genus. The scentless flowers are produced
in October from the new giowth of September. The
plant is about 1 foot high,"

Diseased Timbt r-trces.—A portion of an Oak branch
attacked by Tona vaporaria, and a specimen of the
fungus of the Beech (Polyporus fomentarius) were
sent from Gerrarels Cross. It was recommended
in the latter case to cut out the fungus and dress the
wounds with tar, and to remove all fallen and dead
timber as a means of checking the spread of the
disease.

Pyrus. — The Pyrus of which fruits were shown at
the previous meeting by Dr. Bonavia was determined
to be P. Niedwetzkvana.

TRIAL OF CACTUS DAHLIAS.

A FURTHER inspection by a deputation from the
Floral Committee of the Cactus Dahlias grown for trial
at Wisley took place on September 28. As at the pre-
vious inspection on September 15, freedom of flowering
and general effectiveness as a decorative plant were
points duly considered when awarding marks to the
individual varieties. Ten varieties received the
high award of three marks, thus bringing the total
number of varieties recommended by the Committee to
twenty-three.

The following is a list of the varieties thus distin-
guished :—Amos Perry (Hobbie3, Ltd.): the rich,
scarlet-coloured flowers are borne on rigid stems well
above the foliage. Height 4\ feet. CanncU's Gem
(Veitch). In this variety the comparative thinness of
the leafage is a good point, for it allows the bright
scarlet-coloured flowers to be seen to advantage ; it is
very floriferous in habit. Height 35 feet. F. A . Wellesley
(Shoesmith). An excellent type of the exhibition Cactus
Dahlia. The florets are narrow, pointed, and coloured
crimson-scarlet, with cerise shading. Height 3$ feet.
King of Siam (Chiswick stock). — A showy variety
the purple-crimson, well-formed flowers appearing to
considerable advantage above the foliage. Height
3i feet. Mary (Chiswick stock). — A flower of mode-
rate proportions of the " Arachne " type, i.e., scarlet
and white. The foliage is exceptionally sparse, with
the result that an excellent effect is secured. The
blossoms are produced on fbort, stiff stems, and are
furnished with buds on each side, which make it valu-
able as a cut flower. Height 3j feet. Mrs. J. H.
Brunton (Mortimer).— A rich yellow self. A good type
of the exhibition Dahlia, and probably the deepest
yellow-coloured Dahlia in the trial. Height 3i feet.
Mrs. John Barker (Chiswick stock).— One of the
largest-flowered varieties in the collection, which,
however, does not detract from its value. Colour
rosy-salmon. 3£ feet high. Peace (Chiswick stock).—
A self cream-coloured flower, moderate in size, well-
formed, erect and produced with great freedom en rigid
stems. Height 3 feet. Spotless Queen.— A pure white

flower of medium size, very freely produced. i

excellent kind either as a garden plant or for producing
cut flowers. Height 2$ feet. ktanda.nl Bearer
(Veitch).— A showy variety of rich scarlet colour, tbo
moderate-sized flowers being produced with mne-:i
freedom. The habit is bushy and compact. Height
3 feet.

SOCIETE ROYALE LINNEENNE
DE BRUXELLES.

Sept. 7.— The second meeting was held on the above
elate in the State Botanic Garden, Bmssels. Theie
were sixteen exhibitors with fifty-eight plants, seven
groups of cut flowers, and three lots of vegetables.

The following awards were made :—

Orchids.
Certificates of Merit unanimously to Cattleya Iris (C.
aurea x C. Leopold!); C. Bowringiano-Schilleiiaiia,
from M. F. Lam heap, Brussels.

Certificate of Merit to Lselio-Cattleya Andreana (1>
elegans x C. bicolor), L.-C. luminosa (( '. aurea x L.
tenebrosa), L.-C. exirnia var. tenebrosa (L. purpurata
x C. Warneri), L.-C. Bertha Foumier (L. elegans
Turnen x C. aurea), L.-C. Andreana flammea, from
M. I. Lambeau, Brussels. Ladia elegans, Cattleya \
Hardyana, from Madame Madoux, Anderghem. Cypri
pedium Nuyeneii (C. Rothschildianum x C. Boxalli)
C. Mahlei.x(C. Lawrenceanum X C. Rothschildianum)
C. argo-Youngi (C. Youngi x C. Argus), C. Spicero
< 'urtisu (C. Curtisii x C. Spicerianum), from W
IJhai's Dom, Laeken. Cypripedium callosum Sander.e
Cattleya Loddigesii var., C. X Firmin Lambeau (( '.
Haywood x C. Charlesworthii), from MM. Duchesne
ET Lanthoine, Watermael. Ladia prrestans alba, Cy-
pripedium Sandctianum var. longipetalum, and a group
of C. Elmeiianum (C. insigne Chantini x C. Charles-
worthii), C. Reygaerti (0. nitens Van Houttei x C.
Lawrenceanum superbum), C. Reygaerti supeibum,
('. callo Veitchii (0. cillosum x C. Veitchii), c!
Elvira (C. Leeanum x C. callosum), from M. Step'man
DE Me.sskm.uxkeu, Molembeek. Cattleya Goossensi
from M. de Bievre, Laeken. Brasso-Ladia Helen
(Brassavola Digbyana x Ladia granelis tenebrosa),
Cypripedium glaucophyllum latipetalum, from M
Pacwbls, Meirelbeke.

Botanical Certificate to Zygopetalum Binoti • De
Wild., from M. Bixot, Petropolis (Brazil). See p. 258
ante.

Certificate of Meiit to the groups of Orchids
exhibited by Messrs. F. Lambeau and Duchesne et
Lantiioine.

Honorary Mentions to Cypripedium Madame
Otterrietb, from M. F. Lambeau. Cattleya Gaskell:
ana x Ladia tenebrosa, C. Aclandbe x C. Gaskelliana,
from Madame Madoux. Cypripedium Lawro-Mastersi'i
(C. Mastersiauum x C. Lawrenceanum), from M.
Draps-Dom. Miltonia vaginalis, Calanthe veratrifolia,
from MM. DUCHESNE et Lantiioine. Cattleya labiata
Mephisto, from M. De Lanche-Veuvaene.

Miscellaneous Plants.
Certificates of Merit by acclamation with felicitatioi s
of the Jury to Croton Fred. Sander, from MM.
Sander et Fils, Bruges. Dracajna Drapsiana, from
M. Draps-Dom.

Certificate of Merit to Dracaena Madame Draps-Doir,
from M. Draps'-Dom. Ficus diversifolia, Sansevieia
Laurentii, from the Botanic Garden, Brusselp.
Begonia Rex var. Alphonse Lauwaet, from M. Lauwaet,
Nivelles. Musa Ensete, from M. Zaburiaux, Brussels.

Botanical certificate to Cyathea canaliculata var.
Congi, of Dr. Christ (tree Fern from the Congo) ; Raphia
Laurentii, Encephalartos Lemarinelianus, Dorstenia
psilura, Bureau (Congo), from the Botanic Garden,
Brussels.

Cot Flowers.

Certificate of Merit to the Cactus Dahlia Charles e?0
Meyer, from M. de Meyer, Nivelles. Begonia mar-
morata picta var. Odette Bokx (double flowers), from
Madame Bokx, Meirelbeke.

Certificate of Merit with felicitations to Chrysanthe-
mum indicum var. Madame Draps-Dom (large pure
white flowers), from M. Draps-Dom. L. G.

BRITISH GARDENERS'
ASSOCIATION.

September 2l>. — This Association, which is confined
to professional gardeners, continues to make steady
progress. At the last meeting of the Executhe
Council, presided over by Mr. R. Hooper Pearsor,
eight new members were elected, bringing the
total up to 1)83. As soon as the rules prepared
by the solicitors have been settled in detai',
they will be published, together with tie
names and addresses of all the members. At present
members in various parts of the Kingdom have ro
means of knowing the British Gardeners' Association
gardeners in their own neighbourhood, and it is hoped
the list will be of great value in remedying this state
of affairs. If every member would introduce at least
one new member before the list is sent to the printer,

270

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 7, 1905.

the Executive Council would feel greatly obliged.
They also wish it to be as widely known as possible that
there is no disire on the part of the British Gardeners'
Association, nor has there ever been, to interfere
between employers and their gardeners. The Associa-
tion will be pleased to introduce professionally trained
men of good character to the notice of ladies and
gentlemen requiting capable men to take charge of
their gardens. J. Weathers, Secretary.

BIBMINGHAM AND MIDLAND
COUNTIES GARDENERS' MUTUAL
IMPROVEMENT.

October 2, 3.— An exhibition of early -flowering
Chrysanthemums and Dahlias, arranged by the above
Association, was held at the Botanical Gardens, Edg-
bastoil, on the above dates, and proved a success. On
the evening of the first day Professor Hillhouse, M.A.,
President of the Association, delivered a lecture on
* The Natural History of the Chrysanthemum," illus-
trated by lantern-slides.

Competitive Classes.

For a group of Chrysanthemums, cut from plants
growing in the open ground, and arranged for effect in
a space of 12 feet by 4 feet. Messrs. Gunn k SONS, of
Olton, won the 1st prize with an exceedingly pretty
collection of flowers, arranged in vases and Bamboo-
canes, the most effective varieties being Goacher's
Crimson, Roi des Blanc, Polly, Mrs. A. "Wills, Golden
Queen of the Ear lies, and Market .White. Messrs.
Impey & Sons, Northfield, won the 2nd prize with a
good exhibit.

In a class for six vases of a yellow Chrysanthemum,
three sprays to each vase, Mr. C. H. Herbert won the
1st prize with the variety Horace Martin. The same
exhibitor won the 1st prize in a similar class for a
crimson variety, Bhowing Goacher's Crimson ; and in
another class for a white variety, showing Cranford
White. The 1st prize in the class for a variety of
any other colour was won by Mr. J. ScEAKET, Harborne.

In similar classes, in which only three vases of a
variety were to be shown, the 1st prize-winners were
as follows : — For a yellow variety Mr. G, STACEY
Harborne, with Horace Martin ; for a crimson
variety Mr. R. Usher, Harborne : for a white variety
Mr. R. Usher, Harborne, with Market White.

Mr. R. Usher, Harborne, also won 1st prize for
six vases of Pompon Chrysanthemums, three sprays in
each vase.

The best group of Chrysanthemums cut from plants
growing in the open ground and arranged for effect in
a space of 0 feet by 4 feet was shown by Mr. T.
Sceanet, Harborne.

In a class for a collection of Cactus or decorative
Dahlias ai ranged for effect in a space of 10 feet by

3 feet, Mr. W. Pemberton, Bloxwich, Walsall, took the
1st prize with a well-arranged group, the best varieties
being Minnie West, Thomas Parkins, George Gordon,
Comet, Ajax, J. H. Jackson, Purple J. H. Jackson,
Charm, and Mr. E. Mawley.

Mr. W. Pemberton had also the best collection of
Dahlias to occupy a space of (> feet by 4 feet.

Honorary Exhibits.

Conspicuous amongst these was one from Messrs.
Bakers, of Wolverhampton, whose tastefully arranged
exhibit of early ■ flowering Chrysanthemums and
Dahlias, coveting a space 52 by 4 feet, attracted much
attention. A Certificate of Merit and Silver Medal of
the Birmingham Botanical and Horticultural Society
was awarded.

Messrs. Simpson & Sons, Birmingham, staged a very
fine exhibit of Chrysanthemums, covering a space 30 by

4 feet, for which a Certificate of Merit and Bronze
Medal of the Birmingham Botanical and Horticultural
Society were awarded.

Mr. C H. Herbert staged a good exhibit of
hardy flowers (Certificate of Merit). Messrs. Gunn &
Sons. The Nurseries, Olton, staged a fine collection of
Asters and Thlox (Certificate of Merit). Messrs. BlCK
Brothers, Acocks, staged an interesting collection of
alpine plants (Certificate of Merit).

SCHEDULES RECEIVED.

Stoke Newinoton and District Chrysanthemum
EOOIBTX'd Report and Schedule of Prizes for their
exhibition to be beld on Wednesday and Thursday,
November 8. 9, 1905.

Newport and District Chrysanthemum Society's
Seventeenth AnDual Showt r be held in t lie Gymnasium
Athletic Grounds. Newport, Monmouth, on Thursday,
November It), I9U5.

Sheffield Chrysanthemum Society's annual show,
to be lull iu the Cor r Exchange, shellield, on Friday
and Saturday, November 10 and 11, 19 15

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

October 4, 5. — The above Society's early autumn
exhibition of Chrj'santhemums was held on these dates
at the Crystal Palace. The show was a decided
success, the general opinion being that it was the best
display of early-flowering Chrysanthemums held by
the Society. This was in a large measure due to the
many excellent non -competitive exhibits staged, and to
the response of those growers who were invited to
contribute examples to illustrate and supplement the
various papers read at a conference on early-flowering
Chrysanthemums, which was held during tire afternoon
and evening. The conference was largely attended by
a representative gathering of persons interested in the
Chrysanthemum, all the available seating - space in
the King's Room being filled during the proceedings.
We publish below extracts from the various papers read
at the meeting.

The Society granted their Certificate to five new
early-flowering varieties of Chrysanthemums.

Open Classes.

Class 1, which called for a group of Chrysanthemums
mixed with suitable foliage plants, to occupy a semi-
circular space measuring 12 feet by 0 feet, was repre-
sented by two exhibits, those from Messrs. John Peed
& Son, West Norwood, and Mr. R. Foster, Super-
intendent, Nunhead Cemetery, S.E., respectivel}*, who
won in the order named, Messrs. Peed being easily 1st.

Twenty-four Japanese Chrysanthemums in not fewer
than Eighteen Varieties. — Not more than two flowers
of one variety were allowed. Although the number of
entjies was but two they were both of high-class
quality, and the 1st prize stand would be hard to
surpass at this season of the year. It was staged by
Mr. Geo. Halsey, gr. to Mrs. Jeremiah Lyon,
Riddings Court, Caterham Valley. His varieties were
Duchess of Sutherland, Australia, Bessie Godfrey,
Gustave Henry, Madame C. Nagelmackers, Mrs.
Geo. Mileham (splendid flower), Miss Elsie Fulton
(excellent), Lord Alverstone, Mrs. Geo. Mileham, Miss
Mildred Ware, Mafeking Hero, General Hutton, Henry
Perkins, Mrs. T. W. Pockett (good bloom), Mrs.
Greenfield, Mrs. A. R. Knight, M. Chenon de Leche,
Mrs. H. Emmerston, Gustave Henry, and Marquis V.
Venosta. Mr. J. Kirkwood, gr. to E. Wormald, Esq.,
Grass Fark House, Finchley, was the other exhibitor,
and he was awarded 2nd prize. Miss Elsie Fulton,
Godfrey's Pride, and Mrs. Geo. Mileham were notable
flowers in this group.

Twelve Japanese Chrysanthemums in Distinct Va-
rieties.— Three exhibitors staged in this class, a very
excellent dozen flowers shown by Mr. Halsey taking
the 1st prize ; Mr. W. Hammond, gr. to Mrs. M. Lewis
Hill, Woodside, Maidenhead, following 2nd, with
Mr. H. Parr, gr. to F. A. Bevan, Esq., Trent Park,
Barnet, 3rd. Mr. Halsey's flowers were again of
excellent quality. He had Duchess of Sutherland,
Miss Elsie Fulton, Henry Peikins, Mrs. Greenfield,
Miss Mildred Ware, Marquis V. Venosta, Bessie
Godfrey, Mrs. Geo. Mileham (excellent example),
Exmouth Crimson, Mrs. H. Emmerton, Gustave
Henry, and Mons. Chenon de Leche. The 2nd prize
exhibit was not far behind the 1st in quality, and the
flowers were of large size, Mme. Gustave Henry being
especially so.

Six Japanese Chrysanthemums in Distinct Varieties.
— Two exhibitors only contested in this class — Mr.
Mark Ravment, gr. to W. Beech, Esq., North
Ockendon, Romford, and Mr. F. Blackitle, The
Gardens, Parkside, Ravenscourt Park, W., who won in
the order named. The examples were but mediocre in
quality, the flowers generally being flat and lacking
substance. Rayonante was shown well by Mr.
Blackitle.

Twelve Bunches of Early-flowering Pompon Chrysan-
themums in not fewer than Eight Varieties, — This cass
was also contested by two growers only, and the
flowers were but mediocre in quality. The 1st ptize
fell to Mr. D. B. Crane, 4, Woodview Terrace,
Archway Road, Highgate, whose best examples were
Wm. Selly, Mrs. Cullingford, Orange Pet, and Alice
Butcher. Mr. Eric F. Such, Royal Berkshire Nur-
sery, Maidenhead, was 2nd. He showed Bronze Pride
and Madame E. Lefort well.

Two Vases of Large-flowering Chrysanthemums con-
taining twelve Blooms in each rase with suitable
Foliage. — Again the entries numbered two. The 1st
prize was awarded to Mr. Kirkwood for a splendid
display, the flowers being large, well-formed, and of
bright appearance. Miss Elsie Fulton and Mrs. Geo.
Mileham were prominent varieties in this exhibit. The
arrangement was also in good taste. Mr. F. Blackitle
was 2nd.

Early-elowering oh Decorative Chrysanthemums.

Two classes were open for displays of early-flowering
Chrysanthemums, being for twelve bunches and for
six bunches respectively. The prizes were given by
Mr. William Sydenham, Tamworth. Six growers con-
tested in the larger class, resulting in Mr. John

Smki.lie, Pansy Gardens, Busby, near Glasgow, gaining
the 1st prize with a splendid lot. There was not a weak
vase in this group. As a selection we may mention
Lillic (splendid vase of floweis), Polly (bronzy -yellow),
and Improved Madame Marie Massee. Mr. I). B.
Crane was 2nd. but his flowers were not comparable
to the 1st prize group ; and Mr. J. Emberson, Grove
Road Nursery, Walthamstow. 3rd.

Iu the smaller but similar class for six bunches, Mr.
John Smei.lie led with a bright display among nine
competitors. He showed The Champion (yellow),
Goacher's Crimson, Cranford White, and Nina Blick,
in good form. Miss C. B. Cole, The Vineyard,
Feltham, Middlesex, was 2nd ; and Mr. Frank
Brazier, Ninehams Nursery, Caterham, 3rd.

Cut Blooms.

Six Bunches of Early-flowering Pompon Chrysan-
themums in Distinct Vanities. — Mr. D. B. Crane was
1st among four exhibitors, having neat, well-formed
flowers of bright colours Filberta, Orange Pet, Mr.
Selly, Auastasia, &c. 2nd, Mr. Eric F. Such. 3rd,
Mrs. F. Brewster, 12, St. l'eter's Street, Canterbury.

Six Bunches of Chrysanthemums from the Open, not
Disbudded. — This class brought as many as seven con-
testants, which resulted in a good display. Mr.
Smellik was again to the fore, eclipsing all other
growers with a magnificent half-dozen vases of flowers,
which embraced the varieties Lillie, Rose de Blanc
(splendid), Jimmy, The Champion, James Bateman,
and Thos. Baird". 2nd, Mr. Frank Bra/.ier ; 3rd,
Mr. E. F. Such.

Mr. Geo. Halsey, gr. to Mrs. Jeremiah Lyon,
Riddings Court, Caterham Valley, staged the best
vase of five yellow-coloured Japanese Chrysanthemums
in the vaiiety Bessie Godfrey — a really splendid
exhibit.

The similar class for five white Japanese Chrys-
anthemums resulted in four entries, all of which were
excellent. There was not much to choose between the
various exhibits. The 1st prize was given to the
variety Miss Elsie Fulton, staged by Mr. Geo. Halsey.
2nd, Mr. Mark Rayment, gr. to" W. Beech, Esq.,
Romford, for examples of Miss A. Byron ; 3rd. Mr. J.
Kirkwood, who had the variety Miss Elsie Fulton.

The best vase of five Japanese blooms other than
white or yellow was shown by Mr. G. Halsey, who
had the variety Mrs. Geo. Mileham in splendid form.

One Vase of Early-Floicering Pompon CJirysanthd

mums with Suitable Foliage. — The best vase of flowers
in this class was that shown by Mr. D. B. CRANE.

Amateurs' Classes.

The Amateur Classes were not strongly represented.
But one exhibit was seen in the class for twelve Japa-
nese Chrysanthemums in distinct varieties. It was
staged by Mr. C. Haselgrove, gr. to W. Bran her,
Esq., 13, Crescentwood Road, Sydenham Hill, S.E., and
was awarded the 1st prize. Some notable flowers were
Mrs. H. Emmerton, Alice Byron, Miss E. Douglas,
Miss Elsie Fulton, and Mrs. Greenfield.

No exhibits were forthcoming in the class for twelve
bunches of early flowering Chrysanthemums in not
fewer than eight varieties, but three growers entered
iu the similar class for twelve bunches of Japanese
Chrysanthemums, and of these Mr. ANDREW Hoggan,
Strathyre, Busby, near Glasgow, had the best ex-
amples'. He showed Polly, Mytchett White, Nina
Blick, Blushing Bride. Goacher's Crimson, Well's
Massee, G. Grunnerwald, The Champion, Cranford
White, and Mabel, in excellent condition. 2nd, Mr.
D. B. Crane. 3rd, Mr. Taylor, Finchley.

Twelve Bunches of Early 'lowering Pompons.— These
were required to be shown in not fewer than six varie-
ties, five flowers to comprise a bunch. Three entries
were staged, but one grower was disqualified for not
complying with the stipulations of the schedule. Mr.
D. B. Crank won with bright, well-formed examples
of J. B. Davis, Yellow Lefort, Orange Pet, Miss Davis,
Filberta, J. B. Duvoir, &c. 2nd, Mr. TAYLOR, East
Finchley.

Decorative Classes.

The table decorations arranged down the centre of
the exhibition, as is usual, made a pleasing feature.
Eight tables were arranged, that staged by Mr. D. B.
Crane being adjudged the best. It was composed of
rustic stands lightly arranged with small yellow-
coloured flowers of the Pompon typeset off by autumn-
tinted foliage. Miss C. B. Cole, The Vineyard,
Feltham, was 2nd. The latter exhibitor arranged
the best hand-basket of Chrysanthemums, the bail
basket of garden flowers other than Chrysanthemums
and Roses, the best three epergnes of Chrysanthe-
mums, and the best basket arranged with autumn
berries and foliage. Miss Jessie Martin, il, Lancaster
Road, South Norwood, had the best single epergne of
Chrysanthemums.

Non-Competitive.
MeBsrs. H. Cannell& Sons, Swanley, staged a miw I
group of Cannas, Celosias, Dahlias, and Chrysanthe
mums (Large Silver Medal) Mr. F. Brazier, nursen

October 7, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

271

man, Caterhara, showed a well-arranged group of
Chrysanthemums, Dahlias and hardy Mowers (Large
Silver Medal). Hobbies, Ltd., Dereham, Norfolk, had
an extensive collection of Chrysanthemums, perennial
Asters, and Roses (Gold Medal). Mr. David Russell,
Brentwood, showed ornamental shrubs. Conifers, Cle-
matis, &c. (Silver Medal). Mr. A. Basile, Woburn
Park Gardens, Weybridge, had a commendable exhibit
of Onions (Large Silver Medal). Mr. Win. Sydenham,
Tamworth, had a good display of Chrysanthemums, in-
terspersed with perennial Asters (Silver-gilt Medal).
Messrs. J. Cheal h Sons, Crawley, showed a collection
of Dahlias of all types (Silver-gilt Medal). Messrs. J.
Peed & Son, West Norwood, displayed exhibits of
tuberous-rooting and of the Gloire de Lorraine type of
Begonias (Silver Medal). Mr. R. H. Bath, Wisbech,
showed an excellent collection of Chrysanthemums
(Large Silver Medal). Messrs. G. & G. Adams, Tun-
bridge Wells, Kent, put up a good exhibit of Chrysan-
themums and perennial Asters (Silver Medal). Messrs.
W. Wells & Co., Merstham, Surrey, showed good
Chrysanthemums, arranged well (Large Silver Medal).
Messrs. Craig, Harrison, & Craig, Keston, Middlesex,
displayed a commendable collection of Chrysanthe-
mums in pots. Messrs. T. S. Ware, Ltd.,
Feltham, Middlesex, showed Chrysanthemums,
Dahlias, and tuberous-rooting Begonias (Gold Medal).
Mr. Norman Davis, Framfield Nurseries, Sussex, set up
a beautiful group of Chrysanthemums and hardy
flowers (Gold Medal). Mr. H. -T. Jones, Lewisham,
showed Chrysanthemums and perennial Asters (Silver-
gilt Medal). Mr. Eric Such, Maidenhead, displayed
some good Chrysanthemums (Silver-gilt Medal).

Certificated Flowers.

Pcrlc Chatillonnaisc. — Of the decorative type, with
medium-sized salmon-buff-coloured flowers. Shown by
Mr. R. H. Bath.

Gfoacher's Pink. — A seedling, somewhat resembling
in habit the variety Goacher's Crimson. Height 3feet.
Very floriferous, the pink-coloured flowers opening
early in September.

Harry. — A dwarf, free- flowering variety, with
reddish-orange-coloured flowers.

The two last named were shown by Messrs. W. Wells
ft Co.

Maxim. — A decorative Chrysanthemum with very
bright reddish-crimson coloured tlowcrs.

M one 11 maker. — An early Japanese Chrysanthemum
with pure white flowers. Petals reflexed. Medium
size, and one suitable for market purposes. The two
last-named from Mr. H. J. Jones.

THE CONFERENCE.

THE HISTORY OF THE EARLY-FLOWERING

CHRYSANTHEMUM.

By C. Ha it man Paynk.

"Early-flowering" Chrysanthemums are generally
understood to include any variety of the race descended
from C. indicum or C. sinense which, when grown in
the open ground, will bloom, without having been
disbudded, before the ordinary exhibition varieties come
into flower.

We know from the writings of Krempfer, whose
description of the flora of Japan has given us much
interesting matter relating to the Chrysanthemum,
that there were some varieties that bloomed at all
seasons of the year when he visited that country. We
know, too, that Thunberg, in his Flora Japonica, nearly
a century later, tells us that the Chrysanthemum was
much cultivated in the gardens of Japan and that "it
blooms in tbe summer and autumn months." In China
also early Chrysanthemums would appear to be
known.

The mention of the Early Crimson and the Early
Blush by Sabine in his papers, written in 1821-2,
merely differentiated them from other Crimson and
Blush varieties, and the term "Early" was only
relative, for he divided the then known varieties into
early, mid-season, and late, and distinctly limits the
period of their blooming, when he says, "they contri-
bute so much to the beauty of our gardens in a fine
uitunin, and of our conservatories in the months of
November and December."

In 1850, M. Miellez, of Lille, is reported to have
listributed some varieties that bloomed in the
oeginniug of August, and others that followed in
September and October. It is not, however, until two
rears later that we have any record of the first Early
Flowering Chrysanthemum making its appearance in
phis country.

In the Midland Florist of 1852 we read, "One of
he great drawbacks to the enjoyment of these
leautiful autumn flowers (Chrysanthemums) has been
he late season at which they bloom. We are glad to
ind that a new variety (originated in Italy) has been
ntroduced, which is very considerably earlier than the
Jhmese varieties already in cultivation." A descrip-
tion of the flower is appended and the name of
lenaersoni given ti it. The next introduction soon

followed, Annie Henderson, a dwarf variety of bright
canary -yellow, blooming in the month of August.

In 1861m V Illustration fforticole was issued the first
coloured plate of Early-flowered Chrysanthemums
(vol. viii., pi. -_V2). In the same volume (pi. 298) is
another illustration of early varieties raised by M.
Lebois. Mr. John Salter, the father of the Chrysan-
themum in England, published his work. The < A
themwn: Its Hitt'n-u and Culture, in 1865.

In 180'J Sceur Mclanie was sent out by Lebois. In
the summer of 18711 Madame Castex Desgranges was
discovered by Mr. Robert Parker, of Tooting. The
origin of this famous variety was due to M. L. Bon-
charlat, aine, of Lyons, in 1873-4. In December. 1873,
Mr. Henry Taylor reported in the columns of the
Gardeners' Magazim .in a trial of summer-flowering
varieties. After several small displays had been held
at the Crystal Palace, the National Chrysanthemum
Society decided in 1886 to hold its first exhibition of
early- flowering varietiesat the Royal Aquarium, which
was continued till the year 1898,

EARLY CHRYSANTHEMUMS.
By E. F. Such.

There are several types of tbe Early-Flowering
Chrysanthemum, the principal being the Japanese.
We must, however, include the Pompon. The
Early Single Varieties are at present but few ; they
are, however, likely to become exceedingly popular.
Cuttings of the Early-Flowering Chrysanthemums
should be inserted during February and March ; they
then make good plants for putting out in April and
May.

In preparing the ground for the plants it is desirable
to have it dug two spits deep, or as deeply as possible ;
but in doing this I do not advise bringing the bottom
spit to the top if it be of a clayey nature. The soil
should be enriched with a little well-decayed manure,
but too liberal treatment tends to develop coarse
growth.

May is undoubtedly the best time to plant. A late
April planting in a warm and less open position answers
admirably when an early batch of plants, well hardened
off, can be had for the purpose. In cold and exposed
situations, planting should be deferred until the third
week of May.

Varieties differ very considerably in vigour and
hardiness. In the Marie Massee group we have
representatives of what a bordei Chrysanthemum
should be. The plants are robust, branching in growth,
rarely if ever exceeding a height of 3 feet, and re-
markably profuse in flowering. The stronger-growing
varieties should be planted 3 feet apart either way. As
a rule the Japanese vai ictus aic represented by" larger
plants than the PomiKins, therefore for the latter.
with but few exceptions, a space of L'.i feet is sufficient.
Plant firmly, and in exposed situations give the young
plants a small stake for support.

Do not make the mistake of severely disbudding, as
the early-flowering varieties are better if left to
develop in a natural manner. The more recent intro-
ductions have flowers on long footstalks, so that the
need of disbudding is scarcely felt.

Water must, of course, be given ; but it is advisable
that the plants be kept rather dry than be over-watered.
Feeding is not to be recommended until the buds are
well set.

EARLY CHRYSANTHEMUMS FOR TOWN

CARD ENS.

By Edelbeet F. Hawes.

The increasing popularity of early-flowering Chrys-
anthemums is no doubt due largely to the fact that
they may be grown in any well-prepared border during
the entire year. It is essential to ensure thorough
drainage in all wet soils. In naturally dry soils, where
the subsoil consists of gravel or other porous layers,
nothing further than good trenching and manuring
are required.

Immediately after flowering is over, if any old
plants or stools are available, these should be planted
out on a well-drained border. When possible, it is
best to allow the old stems and growths to remain on
the plant during the winter, a9 this not only provides
a more liberal supply of food by transmission from
the stem to its base and roots during the winter, but
also serves as protection from cold winds.

About the end of March or early in April, according
to the season, the stems should be cut down to within
(> inches of the soil, and, as the growth of each variety
advances, either cuttings or single offshoots with a
portion of root attached may be taken from the stools.
If a cold .frame is available the cuttings should be
placed therein in either pots or boxes, according to the
means at hand and the quantity grown. A porous
compost is necessary, and although protection from
cold and drying winds is of great advantage at this
period, "coddling" should be avoided. In a few
weeks time the young plants will be rooted, and after-
careful attention they may be transferred to the open
ground, and planted in the positions selected during
April or early May.

For ordinary culture it is advisable not to pinch or
disbud these early varieties, but to let them grow
naturally.

Mr. NORMAN also contributed a paper on 'early
Chrysanthemums for town gardens.

DECORATIVE VALUE OF EARLY
CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

By George Gordon, V.M.H.

If I were asked to specify iir the fewest possible words
the special merits of the blooms of early Chrysanthe-
mums, I should say their merits consisted in the
distinct and attractive colours they afford, the length
of time they retain their freshness when cut, and tin-
facility with which they can be artistically arranged.
I might also add the comparative ease with which
abundant supplies may be obtained even by those who
have a limited space only for indulging their taste for
plant-culture.

In the cultivation of Chrysanthemums for the supply
of blooms for decorative purposes in a cut state, it is
not wise to be unduly prejudiced in favour of either
naturally grown or disbudded flowers. The sprays of
small and medium-sized blooms and the single blooms
of comparatively large size have each their uses, and
those who have supplies of both will lie able to produce
more beautiful and diversified effects than will those
who have a supply of one only. Excessively large
blooms are not desirable, and as is well-known the va-
rieties belonging to the early section do not with
moderate disbudding and ordinary cidture produce
blooms of an ungainly size. I would suggest that
where considerable quantities of blooms are required a
border or bed, proportioirate to the requirements, should
be set apart for them in the kitchen-garden. When
the plants growing in mixed borders are cut from to
any considerable extent, the appearance of the border,
is to some extent spoilt. An endeavour should be made
to maintain the flower garden attractive for as long a
time as possible after the ordinary summer flowers are
past their best.

Irr the selection of varieties, preference should be
given to those belonging to the Japanese section, with
distinct colours that appear to advantage under the
influence of artificial light and have blooms with long,
still, wiry stems.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS FOR THE GARDEN.
By D. B. Cram:.

The Early flowering Chrysanthemums will always be
valued because of their value for brightening the out-
door gardens in the late summer and during the
autumn months.

Contrary to the generally accepted practice, the
early sorts should not be propagated before the turn of
iln year, the only advantage of propagating earlier
being that of producing plants of much larger size than
those that are developed from the later propagation.
It may also have the tendency to encourage the plants
to come into flower- rather earlier.

Cuttings dibbled in light sandy soil in March, in-
variably root quickly, and if they be grown on steadily
right away from the time they first became rooted,
beautiful plants for placing out in their flowering
quarters in May seldom fail to develop. They should
be inserted in boxes or round the edge of small pots,
but the former should be preferred, as quite a large
number may be raised in boxes with little or no
trouble, and the plants are so easily handled.

A temperature of about 45° is ample in which to
propagate these plants, and under such conditions,
within three weeks most of the cuttings will have
rooted.

Place the plants, immediately subsequent to their
becoming rooted, in specially -prepared soil in cold
frames.

Rooted cuttings should be planted-out firmly about
3 inches apart, both between the rows and the plants
themselves. After being kept close for a few days, air
should be admitted, and the quantity increased from
time to time until the frame-lights may be entirely
removed. This of course should take place when all
danger of severe frosts is over, or when the weather is
sufficiently genial to allow one to do so during the
day, drawing the frame-lights across at night, until
the period of planting-out takes place.

For the past eighteen years it has been my practice
to plant outdoors in the third week in May, as by this
time the danger of really severe frosts is past, and
cold and cutting winds are invariably an experience
of the past. Planting out in May should be done in
prepared quarters, but on no account should the soil be
of a rich character. Rich soil promotes rank growth.

The Japanese sorts should lie planted about 3 feet
apart, and the Pompons (> inches to a foot less.

Firm planting is essential. Staking should be done
at once, and subsequently, as the plants attain larger
proportions, large Hazel-stakes or stout Bamboo-canes
inserted for their support.

Only in long periods of drought is it necessary to
water the plants, and then they should have a copious

272

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 7, 19C5.

supply on each occasion. As soon as the bud* are
formed the plants may be treated to an application of
liquid-manure. This should be weak at first, and
the strength gradually increased until the maximum
is attained. Plants treated in this way are kept
dwarf and sturdy, and the application of manure-
water has the effect of causing the buds to develop
satisfactorily, and good flowers to evolve quickly.

(Fur Gardeners' Debating Societies, see p. xiU

',? Jo

Lormpondcnfo

Beech Tkees : A. E. B. From the information
you have supplied, we have no doubt but that
the tree is attacked by a fungus, which will
probably prove fatal. Cut away some of the
bark and send us a piece of the fungus that is
most likely to be found there.

Books: Bedfordshire Seed Company. Sweet Violets
and Pansies, edited by E. T. Cook. The price
without postage is 3s. 6d. Taere are no coloured
plates. Apply to our Publishing Department.

Cactus Dahlia Zoe : B. This variety obtained
a Certificate from the National Dahlia Society
when exhibited by Messrs. J. Burrell & Co.,
Cambridge, on September 7.

Cattleya bicolor pregnyensis: /. W., Geneva.
The species varies very much in tint, but we
do not remember seeing a variety with the
peculiar copper-brown tint on the sepals and
petals shown in the specimen you send. If the
colour is constant the variety is distinct.

Cattleta labiata : A. J. B. We have often seen
similar instances of what is called by some
" trilabellia " in most of the sections of large-
flowered Cattleya, and the variation ha3 proved
tolerably constant.

Conifers : J. G. G. The death and fall of the
branches is a natural process, not due to
fungus or insects. la some seasons the branch
shedding is more obvious than at others.
Sometimes we have seen the whole tree thus
disfigured, and thought it would die, but by
next spring it had recovered itself.

Chrysanthemum : F . J. R. Send to some grower.
We cannot undertake to name varieties.

Circulation in Plants: C. 0. Your require-
ments are extensive, many columns would be
required to supply them. All we can do is to
advise you to procure Sorauer's Popular
Treatisi on the Physiology of Plants (Longmans).
Probably our Publisher can supply you.

Cyclamen : C. If. The grub is that of one of the
weevils. They are most destructive. Insert
pieces of Carrot in the beds, and endeavour to
catch the grubs as they are eating the tooth-
some morsels.

Eryngium Roots : F. L. The specimens were
packed in cotton- wool, which is the worst
possible material for the purpose. They would
have been better packed in sphagnum or other
moss. The only fungus found was the Penicil-
lium upon the surface, the roots being dry and
shrivelled. The tubercles appear to be of the
nature of galls, containing nematode worms
and other organisms.

Gardener's Notice : B. D., Portsmouth. You do
do not tell us all the circumstances, or what
agreement you made when entering upon your
situation. From what you state we are of
opinion that you are at least entitled to one
monlh's wages, but we do not know what your
employer's views may be.

Grvpes: A Constant Reader. Any berries that
show the least trace of disease should be cut
away and destroyed by burning as soon as
it can be detected. Next season let the young
shoots and leaves be dredged with flowers-of-
sulphur, repeating the process at intervals of
about ten days if the disease appears likely to
spread. A small quantity of quicklime may be
mixed with the sulphur on the second applica-
tion, and the quantity of lime should be
increased on each successive application until
the proportions of lime and sulphur are nearly

equal, always keeping just a little more sulphur
than lime. Mr. Massee, in his Text-book of
Plant Diseases, further states that it has been
found of service to thoroughly wet the branches
with a solution of sulphate of iron when the
Vine is resting. The use of rich stable-manure
in excessive quantities would be likely to
render the Vines more susceptible to this and
most other diseases.

Fungus on Grass : Correspondent. The fungus is
Puccinia graminis, the same a3 that which
causes the "Bust" disease of Wheat. The
fungus passes certain stages of its life on
different host plants, one of which is the Ber-
beris. If these plants are eliminated the
disease has little chance of perpetuating itself.

Insects on Chrysanthemums : E. Y. The
insect attacking your Chrysanthemums is the
Cuckoo - spit or Frog - hopper (Aphrophora
spumaria). Dust the plants with Hellebore
powder.

Names of Fruits : C. B. 1, Emperor Alexander ;
2, Old Hawthornden; 3, Pott's Seedling; 4,
Lord Lennox ; 5, Lord Burghley ; G, Sea Eagle.
— J. I). Cox's Pomona — A. Williams. Apple
Yorkshire Beauty.— D. R. Sc Sons. 1, Wilt-
shire Defiance; 2, Norfolk Beefing; 3, Lady
Henniker; 4, Old Hawthornden; 5, not re-
cognised; 7, Warner's King; Pears: 1, Brock-
worth Park : 3, Conseiller de la Cour ; 4, Beurre
d'Amanlis.— Swell. 1, Maltster; 2, King of the
Pippins; others not recognised. The small and
badly-grown Plum was all pulp on receipt.
You should not pick Plums in the same
receptacle with Apples.— 9. S. 1, Not recog-
nised ; it is probably a local variety ; 2,
Pott's Seedling.— F. James. Nouveau Poiteau.—
Subscriber. 1, Easter Beurre ; 2, Winter
Nelis; 3, Doyenne du Cornice ; 4, Conseiller de
la Cour; 5, Beurre d'Amanlis.— B. S. A. 1,
Gratioli of Jersey ; 2, decayed on arrival ; 3,
Marie Louise ; 4, Madame Trey ve ; 5, Kerry
Pippin; 6, Lord Suffield.— W. Leath. 1, Winter
Windsor; 2, Doyenne Gris ; 3, Fondante de
Cuerne; 4, Marie Louise d'Uccle; 5, not re-
cognised; G, Beurre Ranee; 1, Maltster; 2,
King of the Pippins; 3, White Nonpareil; 4,
Winter Greening; 5, Stunner Pippin; 0,
Northern Greening.— B. J. S. Plum Reine
Claude Violette j Peach Stirling Castle ; 1,
Apple Lord Suffield; 2, Domino; 3, Pear
Autumn Bergamot.

Names of Plants : I Y. 2, Comptonia aspleni-
folia — C. W. B. Lycium chinense.— Correspon-
dent, Stockton-on-Tees (no letter). Clivia nobilis.
— A. M. Helenium pimilum and Rhus typhina,
if a straggling shrub.— A. IV. A hybrid Cle-
matis which we cannot name. — Dublin. 1, Abies
Pinsapo; 2, Spiru.' i Thunbergii; 3, Rhus
typhina ; 4, Po'ygonum cuspidatum ; 5, Ve-
ronica Traversi ; 6, Fabiana imbricata; 7,
Pavia rubra. We have sent the stamps to the
Gardeners' Orphan Fund. — E B. Funkia sub-
cordata (grandiflora) — C.B., Braintree. Odon-
toolossum Lindleyanum. — W. P. Cerope<na
Woodii. — G. L. 1, Crinum americanum ; 2,
2, Adiantum tenerum ; 3, A. Williamsii ; 4, A.
Capillus- Veneris', variety ; 5, A. decorum ; G, As-
pidium trifoliatutn. — A. B. R. 1, Asplenium luci-
dum; 2,Oncidium Wentworthianum-, 3, Odonto-
glossum aspidorhinum ; 4, Masdevalliacoriacea;
5, Pleurothallis rubens ; G, Pteris longifolia —
A. Y. L. The small form of Epidendrum um-
bellatum, figured in the Botanical Magazine,
t. 2030. Introduced from Jamaica in 1793 by
Vice - Admiral William Bligh in II M S.
Providence. Much lirger forms are known in
gardens.— V. Z. 1, Epidendrum diffusum; 2,
Lielia longipes ; 3, Oncidium spilopterum —
A. S., Stratford. Ceanothus azureus. You had
better plant the Iris out, and if they have been
grown in pots under shelter, place a few dry
leaves over the crowns after planting. — H. IT.
1. Polygonum molle ; 2, Sedum Telephium ; 3,
Adonis autumnalis ; 4, Hibiscus syriacus. —
/, B. S. Acer Negundo. — Philomathus. 1,
Chrysanthemum segetum ; 2, Matricaria
inodora. — L. C. 1, Juniperus virginiana ; 2,
Buddleia nivea ; 3, Corydali3 lutea; 4, Tamarix'
gallica ; 5, Jacobinia, if rose-coloured J. carnea,
if yellow J. chrysostephana ; 6, Begonia sp. —
G. H. S. G, Ciata^gus coccinea.

ISiymph^a: V. The rhizome and roots are
crowded with fungus-mycelium, of what kind is
not determinable in the absence of fruit, but
evidently it is a true parasite. In all probability
the soil or the water, or both, are infected, and
a thorough clear out and a fresh start appear
to be the only things to be done.

Palm Leaf: Grateful, Salop. The Palm-leaf
shows no evidence of fungus-disease. The
spots appear to have been caused by some
detail in the cultivation afforded the plants.

Peaches : G. W. M. Your gardener's six fruits
of Lady Palmerston Peach weighing 9 oz. each
which he sent to table last Sunday were good
specimens, but not remarkable from the point of
view of mere size. In these pages there appeared
a note on August 27, 1881, describing fruits of
the variety Dr. Hogg, one of which weighed as
much as 18| oz., and several were 15 oz. and
16 oz. each.

Pelargonium : E. B. R. The leaves have been
punctured by some ins?ct, perhaps green-fly,
perhaps mite. Try washing the leaves with
tobacco- water and afterwards with clear water.
We cannot name the Tropa?olum without
seeing the foliage.

Puff Ball: H. A. Your fungus is called
Scleroderma vulgare. Interior black when
fully mature. It is poisonous.

Situation in West or Central Africa:
Forward. Apply to Secretary for the Colonies,
and advertise in these columns.

The Storing of Carrots : Winter Store. Diffi-
culty is sometimes experienced in keeping
Carrots in good condition for winter use after
they have been stored in a covering of sand or
coal ashes, in a position where frost will not
penetrate, even when the roots were not lifted
until the bronzed and purple foliage showed
them to be fully mature, and the foliage was
cut off as close to the crown as possible, with-
out cutting into the skin ; the following prac-
tice may in such a cise be given a trial. Place
upon the floor of an open shed some bundles of
Pea sticks or faggots, so that a free circulation
of air may pass between the floor and the
Carrots. Cover with dry silver- sand similar to
that used for potting purposes, and in sufficient
quantity to prevent the Carrots from baing
affected by sudden changes of temperature.
The faggots may also be used in the open or
under a north wall, but in such positions dry
straw or preferably dry Fern must be used as a
thatch. It is well to allow the Carrots to lie a
day or two on the ground in heaps, after having
been car jf ully lifted and covered with their own
foliage, so as to prevent the possibility of their
getting heated afterwards. Whatever may be
the mode of storing, the roots should not be put
together in great bulk. If any considerable
degree of heat is generated it will destroy the
flavour, and be soon afterwards followed by
decay. In soils where maggots do not destroy
the rooti they are best left in the ground
during the winter months and in severe weather
covered with litter, cocoa-nut fibre, refuse, or
ashes. In market gardens dry sheds are muoh
used as stores.

Violets : W. P. X. It is impossible to examine
your Violets microscopically when the foliage
is so covered with soil, as it was when received I
here. If the leaves have to be washed first I
before examination any mould there may have
been would be cleared away. There is every
appearance of the American spot disease, but
the presence of grit prevents examination.

Wood from Nectarine-tree : B. F., A'ip'ey-
There is no fungus disease present. Probably
the mischief will be found if the roots are
examined.

Communications Received.— R W. R.-W. T. G. L.—
A. Y. L.-D. & R.-W. C. L.-W. B -F. G. B.-E. Y.-
Mi-s R. H.-O. S— W. M. N.-W. D.— K. B.-C. J. E.
(photograph)-W. D. & Sons. Ltd — B. A.— \V. Priest-
N.L.-L. F.— H. R. -J.M., Brussels-H. C. M.-A. P.
E. A. H.-W. C.-F. J.-E. H. J.-O. T.— W. A. C
W. F.-W. W.-W. A. M.-W. II. C— G. D.-S. C.-A. B
— T. Coomber-J. J. W.— E. H. YV.— K. B.— Pies-
Association— U. D., Beilin— Sir T. L.

(For Mark:ls and Weather, see pi>. x. Sc xii.)

OCTOBEB 14, 1905.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

273

THE

No. 981 — SATURDAY, October 14, 1905.

CONTENTS.

Apple Coronation ... 280
Apples, bruited ... 281
Books, Doticcs of —
Hie Book of Garden

Design ... " ... 275
The Uses of British

Plants 280 [

China, plant collect-
ing in 277

Clematis flamraula,
with scented and
scentless flowers ... 282
Cordyline with striped

leaves £80

Elm-limbs falling from

••trees 282

Fruit growing, a con-

p» ference on 284

Fruit show at West-
minster, the 180, 283,
and Supp. pages
Fig-trees planted out 277
Grape Prince of Wales

277, £82
Green, Mr. W. H., pre-
sentation to 281 !

Hardy flower garden—

i Cyclamen 282 \

Jimson Weed, the ... 282
NicotianaSandcrie ... 282
Obituary—

Bidgood, John ... 287 I
Mood. Henry George 287 j
Orchid notes and
gleanings—
Houlletia Brockle-

hurstiaua 275 '

tfelioCattleya x Her-
mioneWesttieldvar 275

Oversea supplies
Peach Duke of York,
271 : P. r.ate Devo-
nian. 17* : P. Wal-
burion Admirable ..

Pea, Gladstone

Plaut portraits

Plants, new or note-
worthy—
Buddleia nivci
Reading University
College, horticul-
ture at

Rock Garden—
Ixiolirion monta-

num

Shot-hole fuugus, the
Societies —
British Gardeners'

Association
Glasgow Seed and
Nursery Assist-
ants'Association...
Horticultural Club..
Manchester and
North of England

Orchid

Royal Horticultural

(and su^jJ* iin/iit
United Horticultural
Benefit aud Provi-
dent (Annual

Dinner)

Trees and shrubs
Vines cleaning
Wasps attacking fruit
Week's work, the 27^.
West Dean Park,
Sussex

283
283

275
280

276

282

2S6

287
287

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Apple Coronation

Buddleia. nivca

Codlin moth, the

Flower-border in the gardens at West De;m

Grape Prince of Wales

Pears : Louise Bonne of Jersey, 283 ; Marie Louise,

285 ; Madame Treyve, p. ii., Supp. ; Marie Louise

d'Uccle, p. iii., Supp.

Portrait of the late Henry George Moon

View of the residence and grounds at West Dean
► Park, Sussex (Supplementary Illustration).
Winter moth, the

287
276
282
281
279

281
275
279
273
277

287
279

WEST DEAN PARK.

£See Supplementary Illustration, and Fig. 101.]

WEST DEA.N is the seat of William D.
James, Esq., and is situated in a
beautiful part of the county of Sussex,
between Midhurst and Chichester. The
London, Brighton, and South Coast Railway
from Midhurst to Chichester being but a
siDgle line, the journey from London to
Singleton, which is the station for West
Dean, occupies considerable time, and it is
better, in some instances, for passengers
returning from Singleton to go further south
to Chichester, where they can join fast
express trains to London. It is fourteen
years ago since Mr. James purchased this
estate, consisting of 10,000 acres of land,
which for the most part is well wooded and
charmingly undulated. The mansion was
built during the reign of James I., mainly
■of flint, but the building has been consi-
derably altered and enlarged before and
since Mr. James came into possession. A
delightful view of grass and woodland scenery
is obtained upon looking from the front of
the mansion which faces the south. The
ground slopes upwards very abruptly from
the back or north side of the mansion, as
shown in the Supplementary Illustration,
and immediately in front of the house there
is little else than grass land, the attractive
gardens stretching mainly away on the east
side. The Singleton hills, north of the house,
are well wooded, and provide abundant
shelter for the West Dean gardens.

The park, which is 400 acres in extent,
contains many fine specimens of Beech,
Wych Elm, Lime, and an exceptionally
handsome specimen of the Horse-Chestnut,
which is one of the largest we have ever
seen. The house is approached by a broad
drive, which winds through the park, and
at the front-door there is a large square
area covered with gravel, and margined by
the grass of the park. On the gravel during
summer huge specimens of an exceedingly
bright scarlet-coloured Pelargonium named
Universe are arranged with other plants in
tubs and pots. The effect of the colour of
the Pelargoniums is very rich, even when
seen from a considerable distance. The walls
of the house are being covered with choice
creepers, planted by the present gardener,

of Gladiolus of the gandavensis type are
planted in March, and these make a gorgeous
display in August and September, a season
when otherwise the beds would be dull.

Lilies of many species are cultivated
well, and are massed together in consider-
able numbers. The somewhat light soil suits
them admirably. Lilium Henryi, planted
but four years, has covered a space of more
than 20 feet by 10 feet, and the flower-
spikes attain a height of 10 feet. We
counted on one stem as many as twenty-
four flowers. L. excelsum, with its pale
yellow-coloured flowers, covers a space of
30 feet by 10 feet. The very choicest of
herbaceous Phloxes grouped in hundreds in
large beds afford a magnificent display in
their season.

Fig. 101.— view of some flower-borders in the gardens at west dean.

Mr. W. H. Smith, which will very greatly
improve its appearance.

The pleasure-grounds extend over (10 acres
of land at least, and they have been designed
and planted with the view of obtaining such
effects as are furnished by masses of colour.
The lawns are ornamented with many spe-
cimens of choice trees, including Conifers.
Cedrus libani and C. atlantica glauca are
extra fine. A specimen of the English Yew,
which is 40 feet in height and as much
as 18 yards in diameter, is noteworthy.
Two instances of the Fern-leaved Beech,
30 feet high and 40 feet in diameter, a Tulip-
tree (Liriodendron tulipiferum), 60 feet in
height; a grand specimen of Cuprestus
macrocarpa, and a tree of Ginkgo biloba,
are others among the more remarkable trees.
.Rhus Cotinus, growing in front of ever-
greens, is one of the most conspicuous shrubs
when in flower. The King has visited West
Dean on many occasions, and a specimen of
Cedrus atlantica glaucj planted by His
Majesty on the lawn marks a visit he paid
in 1903. We have already said that efforts
are made to obtain large patches of colour.
In the beds of herbaceous Peonies quantities

It was very noticeable that the Peonies
were planted together in unusually large
quantities, so that during their season of
flowering the collection must be one of
great interest, for the choicest varieties were
acquired of the tree species, and of the
herbaceous type. In one instance the types
were intermixed in the border, the plants in
one row being of the tree or mountain type,
and those in the next row of the herbaceous
species.

In beds cut out of the gras9 we noticed
some effective combinations at West Dean ;
for instance groups of Turners Crimson
Rambler Rose" were planted at distances of
6 feet apart, and trained to poles, the inter-
vening space being filled with Lavender.
Brightly-coloured Golden Elder in the
centre of a large bed was margined withgolden-
coloured Privet. Acer Negundo variegatum
occupied another bed by itself, and being
near to a dense Yew hedge was very
effective. Prunus and Purple Hazel, Cornus
Spaethii and Crimson Rambler Roses asso-
ciated together were attractive.

Heliotrope President Carnot is cultivated
in the form of large standards, which are used

274

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[OCTOBEB 14, 1905.

among other puposes for planting in a bed,
which measures 20 feet in length. They are
mixed with Ivy-leaved Pelargonium Madame
Crousse. Specimen plants of Calceo'aria
amplexicaulis growing a yard apart last
season had under them a blue carpet formed
of Viola variety Lady Tweedmouth. An
effective method of training Wichuraiana
Koses was noticed in an oval shaped bed
measuring 14 feet by 12 feet. Seven plants
were in this bed, and the stout growths
were trained up poles G feet in height, the
remaining shoots being employed to carpet
the bed under the specimens. Even when
the plants are not in flower beds like this
have a pleasing effect, but during the
blossoming period they are irresistably
attractive. There is a Rose-garden of some
extent. In the centre is a large circular
bed, with numerous other beds, some round,
others half-moon-shaped, around it. In
most instances one bed is filled with one
variety of Rose, such a3 Mrs. W. J. Grant,
Papa Gontier, and Liberty, which pro-
duce a profuse and brilliant display of
flowers.

Not far from the house is a Laburnum
avenue or archway 70 yards long, 12 feet
wide, and about 7 feet high. The Labur-
nums are trained over the top, and the
racemes hang down through the archway,
making a glorious display of gold colour
for the entire length. The effect is that of a
golden arch, and the flowers are just above
one's head when walking through the arch-
way. The sides are of Ivy, and altogether
the arch is one of the most novel we have
seen, and it is one that may be recommended
for imitation in other gardens where per-
golas are to be constructed.

Bamboo and Water Garden.

Not far away from this spot flows a small
stream, known locally as the River Lavant,
and an informal Bamboo-garden and a
semi-wild garden have been made on a
site that was formerly a thick wood. There
is thus an ample supply of specimen forest
trees, and these have been judiciously
thinned and grubbed out by the present
gardener four years ago to admit sufficient
light for the species that were to be planted.
The undergrowth was cleared away and the
stream diverted for the purpose of getting a
better effect. In such manner was the
foundation laid for what is now one of the
most charming features at West Dean. In
the part devoted to Bamboos occur speci-
mens of B. Metake 25 feet in diameter and
proportionately high; B. palmata, Arundi-
naria aurea, 15 feet high and as much
through; A. nitida, 12 feet across ; Bambusa
elegans, Arundinaria stricta, Bambusa
Khasyana, 15 by 15 feet, one of the most
graceful in character and as hardy as any ;
Arundinaria falcata, Bambusa gracilis, and
B. Veitchii all show the suitability of the
site by the luxuriant growth one and all
are making. This semi - wild garden is
some 200 yards long and about 50 yards
wide, quite irregular in outline. Masses
of plants at all likely to flourish in
such a site are encouraged. For instance,
Polygonum cuspidatum, P. sachalinense,
hardy Ferns in quantity, Foxgloves, Nar-
cissus, autumn Crocus (Colchicums), Cycla-
mens, Spirreas, Anemones, Calceolaria
Childsii, Veronica pros'.rata and other
species, Scillas, Crinum Powellii, Hele-

bores, Valerian, Aubrietias, Primula japonica'
Poppies, Verbenas, Iris in variety, especially
I. Krempferii, Campanulas, Potentillas,Diely-
tra, Aquilegias, Lupous, Phormium tenax
8 feet high and in flower — all these and
numerous other subjects are utilised with
effect. It is, indeed, a charming part of the
garden. The informal, zigzag stepping-stones
and ground-rockery with the Saxifragas and
other low-growing plants creeping around
and over the stones, being under the feet as
one is walking, afford a delightful contrast
to the brighter flower-beds near to the
house.

Herbaceous flowering plantsin the kitchen
garden borders are numerous and choice ;
they are massed together for producing
flowers for cutting.

The Fruit Garden.

Fruit-trees, both in the open garden and
under glass, are cultivated with great
success. In addition to standard and pyra-
midal trees, espalier and bush - trained
Apple-trees are a feature, producing fruits
of extra quality and size. Plums are culti-
vated against walls having west and north
aspects ; such varieties as Kirke's Victoria
and Pond's Seedling yield the best crops.
The garden being so near to trees and
plantations, it has been found necessary to
protect many of the trees by wire-netting to
save the buds in spring from the birds.
Gooseberries as standards, also Currants and
Plums, the Japanese Wineberry and the
Loganberry, which are appreciated highly,
all find a place he.-e.

Melons are grown in considerable num-
bers; such varieties as Sutton's Superlative,
Hero of Lockinge and Perfection are
favourites. Early in the season the Melon
plants are trained as cordons, as these
produce a crop most quickly. OE Grapes
there are excellent crops of Muscat
of Alexandria, Black Alicante, and other
varieties. Indoor Cherries constitute a
considerable crop, of which Black Tar-
tarian and Bigarreau arc favourite varieties.
Peaches and Nectarines are, as in most
gardens, among the principal fruit crops ;
many of the trees are grown in pots, and
we counted as many as niuety fiuits of the
Nectarine Peach on one tree. In one house
the Peach-trees are trained on trellises
extending cross - wise, instead of length-
ways, and the results are very satisfactory
by this system, which of course provides a
greater fruiting area. We have remarked
on previous occasions that in districts in
the South of England where in ordinary
seasons no difficulty is experienced in
getting Peach trees thoroughly to mature
their growth, and especially on soils over-
lying chalk or gravel, this system of
planting should be more often adopted.
This view has been endorsed by numerous
correspondents (See Gardener*,' Chronicle,
November 22, November 29, December (i,
and December 20, 1902).

In one house there is a combination of
Vines and Peaches, and the Black Alicante
and Lady Downe's Grapes appear to suffer
no ill effects from their companionship with
the Peach trees on the back wall.

Figs have a house devoted to their culture.
Tomatos are produced in very large quanti-
ties. Autocrat Peas are grown under glass
to yield an extra late crop, and they succeed
splendidly in low houses which are just suited
for the purpose.

The Plant Houses.

These are remarkably well stocked with
choice and well-growa specimens. Mr
Smith, who for some years was foreman to
Mr. Jennings at Ascot Girdens, Leighton
Buzzard, is a capital plantsman, and he can
hardly help making the cultivation of Car-
natioDS a speciality. His employers are
particularly fond of this flower, therefore
there need be no surprise when one sees the
enormous number of plants of all sections,
indoors and out-of-doors. The Souvenir de
la Malmaison varieties are cultivated with
exceptional success, and it may be re-
membered that a batch of excellent plants
was exhibited from these gardens at the
last Temple show. In June last we saw in
one of the houses at West Dean a plant of a
variety of Carnation named Lady Wolverton,
which we may almost describe as being
a perfect specimen. The variety has large
flowers of deep salmon-pink colour, petals
very slightly fringed, and possessing a non-
splitting calyx. The plant was growing in a
pot 12 inches in diameter, had good foliage
to the base, and bore fifty-one flowers.
As many as 1,000 plants of the variety
Princess of Wales alone are grown, and 500
plants of Cecilia. Other varieties include
Miss Alexander James, the yellow Mal-
maison, Lady Hermione, and a large batch
of Mrs. H. J. Jones, which is valued greatly.
The season of flowering at West Dean for
this type of Carnation extends from early in
March until the end of July. Fully 1,0(X»
plants of tree varieties are alsi grown, and
they include such sorts as Mrs. S. J. Brooks,
Mrs. Moore, Empress of Germany, Lucifer,
America, Fair Maid, Mr?. Lawson, Winter
Cheer, President Carnot, and Phoebus.
Coleus thyrsoideus has been welcomed here
as a good winter-flowering plant. The plants
are rooted in June, and being grown close to
the glass constantly in low-roofed houses they
remain of low stature and of sturdy habit
Cyclamens -Sutton's Giant White especially
— Begonias Gloire de Lorraine and the
variety Turnford Hall in extremely small
pots for the siz3 of the plants; Strepto-
carpus, Exacum affine, Crinum Moorei, and
Carex variegata, Sch'zanthus, Canna?,
Primulas, Chrysanthemums, &c, are grown
well and numerously. Madame de Bussey
Heliotropes as standards are especially fine.

Among other plants is a collection oi
Orchids, in which mist of the showier
genera are represented by good specimens.

There is another garden besides those
already referred to, and it is of great interest
in the spriDg of the year. Briefly it consists
of a pinetumand American garden, in which
the Conifers and Rhododendrons, Kalmias
and such like plants are growing together
rather thin as specimen trees. The number
of Rhododendrons is enormous, and as one
walks through thegrass-covered pathsthatin-
tersect the garden in many places, the effect
that is seen reminds one of the pleasure-
grounds at Bigshot Park. Of course there
are many deciduous trees also, and the
flowering Ash particularly is very effective
when its inflorescences can be seen over-
hanging some of the paths. This garden,
which is half a mile at least from the
pleasure-grounds, is situated on a very
steep slope, and is frequently thrown open
to the public.

West Dean, we are glad to add, possesses
a capital bothy for the housing of the young

October 14, 19(5.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

275

men. This has been erected cLitiDg the time
Mr. Smith has been charged with the
management of the gardens, and the build-
ing embraces all the accommodation and
hygienic conditions desirable.

There is sufficient evidence throughout of
the interest Mr. and Mrs. James have for all
pertaining to the pursuit of gardening.

expanded petals measure 7 inches from tip to tips
each petal being nearly 2 inches wide. The sepals
and petals are bright rose coloured (the veining
being darkest), -with a silver-white base. The
base of the lip is white, delicately lined with
purple, the disc sulphur-yellow, and the edge of
the crimped side-lobes and the whole of the
front ruby-crimson, shading to violet towards the
centre.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

BTJDDLEIA NIVEA, Duthie.*
A vert distinct species, easily recognised
by the pure white woolly pubescence which
clothes the under surface of the leaves and the
spike-like branches of the inflorescence. This
handsome shrub was found by Mr. E. H. Wilson
on mountain slopes in Western Szechuan, at
elevations between 7,000 and 8,000 feet. Its
bright purple flowers are shown to great ad-
vantage against the white-silvery pubescence.
It has been introduced into cultivation by
Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, to whom we are
indebted for the specimen from which our
iilustration (fig. 102) was taken. J. F. Duthie, Kew.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANIN6S.

well as much artistic feeling for his subject.
He has considerable contempt for the so-called
garden architect, the spoiler of many gardens
in this country, and points out the common
failures and short-comings of the landscape gar-
dener of the present day, his love of artificial
features in bricks and mortar, his senseless
cutting up of broad expanses of turf by flower-
beds and border.', his ridiculous treatment of

HOULLETIA BROCKLEHURSTIANA.
Flowers of this handsome old species, which
was probably better represented in gardens sixty
years ago than it is atthepresent time.are kindly
sent by Mr. H. Haddon, gr. to J. Neale, Esq.,
Lynwood, Penarth, who states that " the plant
has two spikes of ten and six flowers from the
same bulb." The flower, which is strongly clove-
scented, is 3 inches across. The colour is yel-
lowish tinged with red-brown, the sepals being
densely speckled with a darker red tint. The
base of the lip is white, studded with blackish
warts, and with a narrow curved horn on each
side. The front lobe is trowel - shaped, and
covered with blackish-purple, raised markings. It
is an ornamental plant, with broad oblong-
lanceolate leaves often 2 feet in length, and it
thrives well in an intermediate or Cattleja-house
with the same treatment as Maxillarias.

L^lio-Cattleya -■; Hermione, Westfield

Variety.
The crosses between Ltelia Perrini and the
large-flowered Cattleyas are among the brightest
and most useful of autumn-flowering Orchids,
and their freeness to flower is an additional good
trait. L.-C. X Hermione (C. Luddemanniana x
L. Perrini) is one of the most beautiful, and the
present variety both in size and colour may claim
to be the finest of the class. It bloomed with
Francis Wellesley, Esq.. Westfield, Woking (gr.,
Mr. Hopkins), who kindly forwards a flower. The

* Buddleia nivea, Duthie. — A medium-sized shrub.
Branchlets, under surface of leaves and inflorescence
densely clothed with pure white woolly pubescence;
branchlets cylindrical or more or less flattened at the
nodes. Leaves opposite, petioled, 1 to 9 inches
long, and li to 4 inches in breadth, falcately ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or subcuneate at the
base, glabrous above except on the midrib, densely
clothed beneath with white woolly pubescence ; margins
coarsely serrate, the teeth with callous tips ; midrib
stout : main lateral nerves many, spreading almost at
a right angle, ultimate nerves forming conspicuous
reticulations; petioles i to | in. long, grooved above.
Flowers cymose on the spike-like branches of a terminal
panicle, shortly pedicelled, or the central ones of each
cluster sessile. Floral leaves \, to 1 inch long, obliquely
ovate-acuminate, or the uppermost linear; bracteoles
linear, often exceeding the flowers. Calyx densely
woolly outside, nearly glabrous within ; lobes trian-
gular, one-third the length of the tube. Corolla purple
or lilac. 31in. long; tube tomentose outside (except at
the base), glabrous within ; lobes spreading, sub quad-
rate, slightly emarginate at the apex, edges undulate,
filiate. Stamens attached to the upper part of the
corolla-tube, and protected by a ring of white hairs,
Capsule tomentose, exserted from the marcesccut corolla.

Fig. 102.— bcddleia nivea.
Showing purplo flowers and the curiously shaped pollen-grains, the latter magn. 300 diam. (U\ '.'. Smith.)

BOOK NOTICE.

The Book of Garden Design. By Charles
Thonger. (Published by John Lane : The
Bodley Head, London and New York.)

Or books on gardens there is no end, and we
may assume from the constant stream issuing
from the press that the demand is suffi-
cient to encourage writers in their produc-
tion. This, the latest which has appeared, is
apparently the work of a gardening amateur,
possessed of good taste in most matters apper-
taining to laying-out new and re-modelling old
gardens ; and with an extensive knowledge of
trees, shrubs, and hardy flowering plants, as

streams, lakes, and water generally, his formation
of needless walks, and his all too sparing use of the
abundant deciduous flowering shrubs and trees
ready to his hand, and in his want of repose in
his designs. The author casts doubt on the
dictum of many writers on the subject of laying-
out, that we should turn to nature as the best
guide in the art, and least of all thoroughly wild
nature, seeing that a garden even of the most
natural kind must be far removed from the efforts
of nature. Moreover, the maker of a garden
should be a gardener with abundance of garden-
ing knowledge, otherwise his labours will fail in
affording gratification to himself and friends, or
to those who will com9 after him. He must be
capable of looking ahead, and of conceiving what

276

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 14, 1905,

the aspect of the place will be, say in thirty, fifty,
or a hundred years, and of estimating the effects
of changes in the dimensions of the trees and
shrubs he is now planting.

Nothing remains for any length of time at the
same stage, and the necessary alterations caused
by and resulting from this inevitable state of
growth and decay, afford the possessor of a
garden some of his greatest pleasures.

"To a certain extent the good designer is born,
not made, but much may be done by intelligent
study and a real fondness for the work to make
up for any lack of natural ability in this direc-
tion." The uselessness of stock -plans and
patterns is insisted on, these only leading to
monotonous sameness in gardens all over the
country. Many useful remarks are made on the
formation and directions of garden paths, and on
the evils resulting from attempting too much on
small areas. Clipped hedges and topiary objects
are wholly condemned, the author acknowledging,
however, the importance of the first - named
objects in some old gardens which cannot be
overlooked. In connection therewith he has a
slash at the " office designer, whose thought is
less for the true beauty of the living plant than
for the elegant completeness of his deftly drawn
plan." We think that for an inner hedge in a
garden, Thuya plieata = giganteais a better plant
than the darksome Yew, requiring less pruning,
being of a livelier tint and possessing a less
severe outline. If anything the author favours
the natural grouping of trees, either as isolated
clumps or boundary plantations, and the designer
should have a hand in their disposal, even if they
are situated outside the boundaries of the garden,
the beauty of certain gardens consisting not so
much in their own attractiveness as on the views
to be obtained from them.

There are useful hints to be found in the
chapter dealing with the planting of specimen
trees and other matters. The kitchen garden and
orchard come in for a chapter to themselves as
befits their importance, the latter being the
worn-out one much too often found in old estates,
a thing of beauty probably, but of little value
for its fruit.

The author has some useful observations on the
use of water in garden design, which chiefly indi-
cate, however, what to avoid. Still, it will serve
a purpose if it prevent the perpetration of some
common errors. No mention is made of the depth
of the surrounding banks ; of the inadvisability
of planting trees and large-growing shrubs on
the south side of lakes and streams ; of suitable
waterside trees; or of the means of filling and
emptying lakes and ponds, or their construction —
rather important items all of them.

The book concludes with lists of hardy herba-
ceous perennials ; the plants of the rockery,
aquatic and bog-gardens ; of flowering trees and
shrubs, evergreens, climbers, Roses, Clematis, &c.
— none of them, however, so complete as they
might be, owing, as the author tells his readers,
to the exigences of space.

Should another edition be published, the author
should enlist the services of a botanist or of a
horticultural editor in revising the names of the
various species of plants included in his lists,
specific names being spelled in some cases with a
capital letter when there is the best of reasons for
employing the body type; whilst the popular
names, always a snare to the unwary, need in
some instances correcting. In spite of these
small lapses the book is a suggestive one for
the amateur-gardener or owner of a small estate
who is about to lay out or improve his garden.

THE ROCK GARDEN.

IXIOLIEION MONTANUM.
This Ixiolirion is an improvement on I.
tataricum. The two were grown side by side,
and I. montanum proved superior in all respects.
The flower-stems were 28 inches in height, against
14 inches in I. tataricum, and some of the flower-
scapes held twelve blossoms, whereas the latter
in no case bore more than six. The flowers of I.
montanum were also rather larger, measuring
1J inch across. The purple-blue colour was the
same in both cases. The Ixiolirions, which are
natives of the mountainous districts of Asia
Minor, appear fairly hardy, and are pretty in the
rock garden or in the border when in flower.
They succeed best in very gritty compost, but
should be planted fully 4 inches deep. Where
the flower-scapes are not cut off after the blossoms
have withered, self-sown seedlings sometimes
spring up around the old plants. S. W. Fitzherbert.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

The Food Plants of Japan.— Mr. Unger
is contributing to the Deutsche Japan Post a series
of articles in German on the food plants of Japan,
a subject on which he has special opportunities of
obtaining information.

AILANTHUS VILMOEINIANA.
Among the many interesting new trees and
shrubs in the fruticetum of Monsieur Maurice
de Vilmorin at Les Barres, not the least note-
worthy is this new species of Ailanthus. A small
plant was acquired for the Kew collection last
spring, and this has grown so well during the
past season that we are now enabled to see how
it differs from A. glandulosa and to judge of its
merits. It is, indeed, very distinct from the
latter in more than one respect. The most
noticeable character, perhaps, is the presence of
short spiny excrescences on the bark. Another
is the thick pubescence on the under side of the
leaflets. In A. glandulosa the under surface is
shining green, but in this new species the
pubescence is so plentiful as to make it dull. The
leaflets have the pair of gland-tipped lobes at the
base (one on each side) which are seen also in
A. glandulosa, and which serve to distinguish
these two trees from all other hardy trees with
pinnate leaves. For the rest, M. de Vilmorin's
Ailanthus promises to be quite as beautiful an
ornament to our gardens as the older species, if
not more so. It is interesting to note that,
according to Pere Farges, a decoction of the bark
is useful for curing the cutaneous eruptions
caused by handling the poisonous Khus vernici-
fera. The species is a native of the Szechuen
Province of China.

Ekica mdltifloka.
This is by no means an uncommon plant in
the nurseries and gardens of this country, but it
is nearly always grown under the name of Erica
vagans alba. It is indeed a near ally of E.
vagans, " the Cornish Heath," but is not a native
of any part of the British Isles. In habit it is
compact and tufted, and never develops the
spreading character that is seen in E. vagans. It
does not appear to grow much above 1 foot in
height, its foliage being of a rich green colour,
against which, at this season of the year, the
short racemes of white or pale pink flowers are
seen to advantage. It commences to flower in
July, and continues to do so till the middle of
October. In places where Heaths thrive, and
where a dwarf evergreen shrub is required to
flower in the latter part of the year, this species
may be strongly recommended. Once planted
and established it needs no more attention than
an annual removal of the old flowers, and even
this is not absolutely necessary.

Carta tomentosa.
It is not easy to understand why the Hickories
as a whole have been so little planted in English
parks and gardens. They are assuredly in the

very first rank among ornamental-foliaged hardy
trees. With regard to the particular species
under notice, it is not easy to mention one more-
striking in appearance, although it is scarcely
ever planted. There are a few specimens to be-
seen in the Arboretum at Kew, which show the
species to be one of the noblest of pinnate-leaved
trees. They are not old trees, being 25 to 30 feet
high, and possibly more aged specimens would
have smaller foliage ; but in their present state-
their leaves are strikingly large. There are two-
and a half pairs of leaflets to each leaf, and the
terminal one, which is the largest, is from 12 to
15 inches in length by about half as much in
width, the entire leaf being 2 feet long. The
leaflets are downy beneath, especially on the*
veins, and are somewhat triangular in outline,
pointed, and have serrated margins. At the end
of the present month the foliage turns from dark
green to a beautiful yellow — one of the richest
and brightest yellows to be seen among autumn
leaf-tints. The trees are then extraordinarily
beautiful, giving such a combination of leaf-form
and vivid colouring as is rarely seen in our hardy
trees. W. J. £.

Plane trees.

It will generally be conceded that Plane-trees
have been magnificent this year in the metro-
polis, the abundant rains having given an
impetus to the growth of leaf and shoot beyond what
is usual, and likewise kept the leaves free from
dust and sooty deposits. There is no doubt of the-
various forms of Platanus acerifolia being the
best of all trees for planting in the avenues,.
wide roads, squares, and parks of the metropolis.
P. orientalis, of stately habit and wide-spreading:
branches, is the most admired as a shade tree,
F.M.

Choista ternata.

Although this free-flowering evergreen shrub
is generally cultivated in the greenhouse it is
quite hardy in the western counties, and immense-
bushes are to be seen standing in the open in
many gardens. The foliage alone is effective ;.
its rich glossy leaves showing up well in any
position, but the plants are specially attractive-
when in full flower. It is at its best in July, but
given a warm summer it produces numerous-
heads of flowers again towards the end of
September. We have to use the knife pretty
freely, as the plant grows with great vigour in.
good soil ; but if planted in the turf growth is-
not so robust, and pruning is unnecessary,
although it flowers freely. The plant may be-
eaaily increased at this date, either by cuttings-
made of half- ripened wood or by layers in the-
open. The cuttings can be set out in handlights-
or cold pits, and protected from severe weather
in districts where the plant is not perfectly
hardy. It may also be propagated by cuttings-
in early spring, over a gentle bottom heat in.
a close frame or under bell-glasses. The plant
having been introduced from Mexico in the year
1825, it is commonly known as the Mexican
Orange-blossom. Under pot culture a little peat,
leaf-mould, and coarse Eand added to the loam,
will suit the shrub. After the new growth has
well advanced the plant should be stood in the-
open, so that the growth will thoroughly ripen,
before winter.

COTONEASTER BACILLARIS.

Like the newer variety C. angustifolia this
is one of the best of the genus, making (V
fine display with its large bunches of scarlet
berries during the autumn and early winter.
The plant is of upright growth, growing and
fruiting freely in the arboretum here, and
when planted on the grass as an isolated
specimen it shows to better advantage than
when planted in shrubbery borders. Coton-
easters are easily raised from seed sown in
spring or layered in autumn ; they may also be
grafted on C. vulgaris, and, I believe, are some-

OCTOBEB 14, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

277

times grafted on the Hawthorn, as well as on
the common Quince. J. Mayne, Bicton Gardens,
Devonshire, September 29.

[Excellent specimens of both plants were sent
by our correspondent. Ed.]

LEAVES FROM MY CHINESE

NOTE BOOK.

(Continued from p. 267.)

Miscellaneous Vegetables.

Under this heading I shall group a large
number of plants used as food in various ways.
Some are wild, but most are cultivated, and many
of them are strange and novel to Europeans.

Brinjals (Solanum melongena). — This hand-
some if tasteless fruit is largely cultivated as a
vegetable. The Chinese distinguish at least five
varieties by their colour, shape, and time of ma-
turing. Some of them are truly enormous, often
weighing 2J lb. and measuring a foot in length.
They are in the markets from June till October.
The Tomato has been introduced by foreigners,
and in Yunnan is frequently met with semi-
wild as an escape. The Chinese, so far as my
observations go, do not eat it themselves.

Capsicum annuum (Chillies). — Both long and
round varieties of these are extensively culti-
vated. The "long" variety is particularly
happy in the dry, hot valleys of the Tung and
Min rivers, and is grown as an article of export
for other parts of China. The round (heart-shaped)
form is cultivated in the plains, and especially
the plain of Chentu. These Capsicums constitute
the most important relish used by the Chinese.
In a green state they are fried and eaten with
Rice and Cabbage. When ripe they are pounded
up in a mortar and with water added form a
sauce. Boasted and ground into meal they are
used for seasoning purposes. The whole fruits
are boiled in oil to impart to it their pungent
flavour. Oil so treated will keep indefinitely.

The true Chinese Pepper (Hua-chiao) is the
fruit of Zanthoxylum Bungei ground up. This
thorny shrub is cultivated everywhere in smal
quantities, but it is only in the Min valley that
I have noted it extensively grown for export.

Bamboo Shoots. — The young shoots of P/iyllo-
stachys mitis are eaten both fresh, dried, and
salted. These Bamboo-shoots cooked as a vege-
table or made into a salad are very fair eating,
but it is ridiculous to compare them with
Asparagus, as some writers have done.

In Southern China and Tonkin the young
shoots of the " male " Bamboo (Bambusa vul-
garis) are eaten. These are also an article of
export to other parts of China, and can usually
be bought in a dried state in most of the large
cities. In mountainous districts the young
succulent shoots of different species of Bamboo
are eaten. In the west, one of the commonest of
these is the lovely Arundinaria nitida.

Celery (Ch'ing ts'ai) and Lettuce (U'sen) are
commonly cultivated. The Celery is never
bleached, and it is the stem of the Lettuce
more than the leaves that is in request. The
leaves and young shoots of the following plants
are used as vegetables : — Cedrela sinensis, Pis-
tacia chinensis (Huang-nien-ya), Chrysanthemum
segetum (Tung - hao), Malva parviflora (Mao-
tung-han-ts'ai), M. verticillata (Tung-han-ts'ai),
Chenopodium album (Hui-t'ien-han), Triglochin
chenopodioides (Yeh-han-ts'ai), Ipomcea aquatica
Wcng-ts'ai), Anaphalis contorta (Tak'ing-ming-
ts'ai), Coriandrum sativum (Yen-ts'ai), Taraxa-
cum officinale (Ku-ts'ai), Beta vulgaris (T'ien-
ts'ai), Lactuca scariola (Wo-sheng-ts'ai), Spin-
acea oleracea (Po-ts'ai), Crepis japonica (Huang-
hua - ts'ai), Bastlla rubra (Juan chiang-tzu),
Celosia argentea (Chi - kung - hua) and Amar-
anthus pamculatus (Ya ku). Zisania aquatica
(Kao-sen) is very generally cultivated. Its
succulent stem and very young inflorescence are

cooked and eaten as a vegetable. Prom a
European standpoint it is really very good
eating. From the rhizome of Ptcris aquilina an
arrowroot-like substance called Chueh-fen is
prepared. In the mountains the young shoots of
this Fern are eaten by the peasantry. From the
thick woody root of Piteraria Thunbergiana a
similar " arrowroot" to the above is prepared. It
is, however, in very little request, save in times
of scarcity. The roots of Potentilla discolor and
P. multifida are also occasionally used for pre-
paring a food-stuff similar to the above.

The flowers of Lilium leucanthum (Yeh-peh-ho)
and Eemerocallis flava (Huang-hua-ts'ai) are
eaten. The same is also true of the yellow Pea-
like flowers of Caragana Chamlagu. The seed of
Plantago major (Ch'e-ch'ien-ts'ao) enter into the
composition of a jelly (liang-fen) used in summer.

shape, of a jet-black colour, and they carry a
good " bloom." The flavour is decidedly of the
Muscat type.

The culture afforded the variety here has been
similar to that given to the variety Mrs. Pince,
from which it is a sport. The canes are growing
on their own roots, and I do not think inarching
it on any other variety could possibly improve it.
It has a strong constitution, and its great value
is shown by young canes carrying bunches as
shown in the illustration (fig. 103) eighteen
months from the time of planting, and also from
having carried a couple of bunches each the
first season. The fruit travels well, and keeps
in good condition for several months after being
cut. I believe it to be the finest Grape put
into commerce during the last twenty years.
C. J. Ellis, Warren House Gardens, Stanmore.

[from a photograph by C. B. Park.
Fig. 103.— black GRArE prince of wales.

As exhibited at the Royal Horticultural Society's Meeting on September 25. (See Text.)

The Chinese are very fond of several kinds of
fungi, and distinguish quite a number of edible
kinds. Amongst their favourites are Hirneola
polytricha, Cantharellus cibarius, Agaricus cam-
pestris, and Tricholoma gambosa.

Seaweed (Porphyra vulgaris) is imported in

quantity from Japan, and is on sale in the shops

of all the larger towns and villages. From this

seaweed the Chinese prepare a very nutritious

jelly. E. E. W.

(To be continued.)

FRUIT REGISTER.

GRAPE PRINCE OF WALES.

From two canes planted in March, 1904, in
pots in a newly- made border six bunches of equal
proportion were cut on September 26, 1905. Four
of these were shown before the Fruit Committee
on that date. The Grapes were grown for the
express purpose of testing the value of the
variety, and as it proved to be of considerable
merit, other canes were planted in new borders
made last spring.

I intend showing the fruit again to the Fruit
Committee at a later date to prove its keeping
qualities. The berries are large in size, oval in

Assisting Aged Fig-Trees.

As large and rich borders are not conducive
to the fruitfulness of Fig-trees, they may be
planted with success in very cramped positions
relative to their rooting space, and in positions
in which both the Peach and Nectarine would
fail. Indeed if there is sufficient soil for the
tree to establish itself, as between a flagged
pathway and the back wall of a forcing-house,
it may be maintained for years in the best
fruiting condition by means of what are termed
their stem-roots. Roots are readily developed
from the stems of Fig-trees when they are
covered with soil or manure, and it is these
feeders that keep the trees fruitful.

Having to deal with a tree growing in such a
position, and one in which there was practically
no root run, the stem was treated in this
manner, with the result that full crops of fine
fruits were secured annually. Wire netting was
placed round the stem and secured to the wall,
enclosing a space about a foot in diameter.
This was filled with pieces of turfy loam, cow
manure, and old mortar, the whole being rammed
quite firm. The covered portion of the stem
emitted roots freely in the compost, and each
season developed a mass of feeders. Manure-

278

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[OCTOBEE 14, 1905.

water was freely poured into this while the crop
of fruit was swelling, and by autumn the surface
was quite covered with roots. The wire netting
was removed the following spring, and the mass
of roots considerably reduced, after which the
wire was replaced together with fresh compost.
This may be well termed root restriction, but it
evidently suited the requirements of the Fig tree,
and the method is both easy and simple.
K. Parker.

Peach Late Devonian.
This fine Peach is worthy a place amongst the
many varieties now in commerce. It is, however,
not so late in fruiting as the name implies. A
tree planted against a south wall in these gardens
(Oxon) three season? ago has almost filled its
allotted space, its constitution and growth being
robust, and its fructification free. It ripens its
fruits here about the same time as that excellent
and reliable kind Barrington, and is in season from
the middle to the end of September. The fruit
is greenish -yellow on the wall side, with a
bright crimson co?our on the side facing the sun,
the skin being thin and the flesh juicy and melting,
with a pale yellow tinge. The flesh parts easily
from the stone, thus enhancing its value. One
characteristic of this Peach is its early period of
blooming, the flowers being large and showy.
The leaves possess round glands, and are slightly
serrated at the margins. W. H. Clarke.

" F. M." does well to call attention to the

best late varieties of Peaches and Nectarines, but
he has not mentioned Late Devonian, a com-
paratively new variety, distributed by Messrs. P.
Veitch & Son, of Exeter. This I consider to be
a very fine Peach for ripening at the latter end
of September or early in October, according to
the locality. James Mayne, Bicton, Devon, October 7.
[Our correspondent enclosed two fruits which
had been gathered a fortnight previously, never-
theless they were good specimens, and retained
excellent flavour for the season. Ed.]

Peach Duke of York.
During the short period I have grown this
variety it has proved itself of excellent constitu-
tion, and one likely to become a valuable addi-
tion to early - fruiting varieties of Peaches.
Fruit produced in an early house in May of this
year was of medium size and brightly coloured on
the side next the sun, the flavour being excellent.
As it is the result of a cross between Early Rivers
Nectarine and Alexander Peach, its precocity is
easily accounted for, and from my knowledge of
it so far, it is not affected by bud-dropping.
W. H. Clarke, Aston Rouant, Oxon.

The Week's Work.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F. Jordan, Gardener to Dr. Corbet, Impney Hall
Gardens, Droitwich.

Cucumbers. — Autumn-fruiting plants now in
full bearing should be encouraged to develop as
much healthy growth as possible. Pay careful
attention to ventilation and to atmospheric con-
ditions generally. Avoid overcropping the plants
at this season, or they will soon become ex-
hausted. Remove any damaged leaves before
they decay, and keep the growths properly
thinned by frequently stopping the lateral
growths. Very little if any direct syringing of
the plants will be necessary, as damping the beds
and paths will provide sufficient moisture. Ia-
creased fire-heat will be necessary as the nights
become colder, and should the bottom- heat be
supplied by hot - water - pipes alone care must
be taken that the plants do not suffer from
dryness at the roots. Apply light top-dressings
of a rich compost, which should be warmed to
the temperature of the houEe before appli-
cation, as the roots appear on the surface of
the soil, in preference to giving large supplies
■of liquid-manure at this season. Houses con-

taining Cucumbers that were planted at the end
of last month for supplying fruits during the
winter season should be freely ventilated on all
favourable occasions, for the purpose of en-
couraging healthy and sturdy growth. Pinch
the shoots, but not too severely, and remove all
fruits and male blossoms as they appear until a
reasonable period before the fruits are required ;
but the plants must be cropped with moderation.
Cover the pits at night to economise fire-heat,
and see that the glass is kept clean and the
plants free from red-spider and other pests.

Strawberries. — The earliest potted plants will
by now have finished their growths, and their
crowns will be ripening fast. Moderate feeding
may still be given if required to the end of this
month. Allow the plants plenty of room and
keep the pots clear of weeds to facilitate the
ripening of the roots as well as of the crowns.
The whole batch of plants will be benefited by
being overhauled occasionally and given as much
room as possible, so that light and air may pass
freely amongst them. Later plants are still
making growth and will continue to do so
with the present mild weather. Avoid too late
feeding, as nothing will be gained by en-
couraging late and gross growths which will
not be enabled to ripen thoroughly. St.
Joseph or other late fruiting varieties which
are still cropping should, as the fruits show signs
of ripening, be placed in a cool-house, and be
allowed a freer circulation of air. Plants which are
swelling their fruits will require liberal supplies
of liquid-manure, or the fruits will be of small
size.

Winter Tomatos. — These plants should now be
given more warmth, with less moisture and ven-
tilation generally. A warm and moderately dry
atmosphere should be maintained for the setting
and swelling of the fruits, and the blooms should
be pollinated daily with a soft brush. Later
houses of summer Tomatos will continue to supply
good fruits for some time if the plants are liber-
ally fed, their side growths removed as they
appear, and the plants kept clean.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H. Young, Orchid Grower to Sir Frederick

Wigan, Bart., Clare Lawn, East Sheen, S.W.
Cymbidiums. — Such species and hybrids as
C. Lowianum, C. giganteum, C. grandiflorum,
C. Mastersii, C. eburneum, C. x Tracyanum,
C. x Winnianum, C. x eburneo-Lowianum, and
C. x Wiganianum, are all slowly developing
their spikes. Fortunately these may all be grown
together in a cool compartment, but should the
house in which they have passed the summer be
deficient now in natural heat and light, it will be
advisable to remove such plants as C. grandi-
florum, C. X Tracyanum, and C. eburneo-Lowianum
to a cool compartment having a more open aspect.
Cymbidiums need very careful and restricted
watering through the winter, though absolute
dryness at the root3 must not be permitted.
Pot-bound plants of C. Lowianum and C. gigan-
teum will derive benefit from an occasional dose
of weak liquid farmyard-manure, though if the
latter be of a doubtful character it should not be
applied. C. Devonianum and C. tigrinum should
be placed in a position near to the roof-glass in a
cool house, so that their slowly - developing
growths will not become thin and drawn. These
two species thrive best when the water supply is
limited to just sufficient to keep the rooting
medium moist. The new C. Sander* and C. San-
deri with the old but recently-reintroduced C.
Huttoni, will pass through the winter best in a
house having an atmospheric temperature a trifle
lower than that of a Cattleya-house, but in other
respects they should be treated similarly to the
others, especially in regard to the water supply.
Sponge the leaves occasionally, and otherwise
keep the plants clean and free from insect pests.

Cattleya labiata,<£c. — This showy Cattleya is now
in flower, and a word of warning may be given
against allowing the (xoinded blooms to remain
on the plants until the fliwers decay. Cattleyas
probably suffer more than any Orchid from ex-
haustion due to the development of flowers, and to
prevent this they should be removed soon after
they are fully expanded. Another source of trouble
with this particular Cattleya occurs when the

sheaths decay, for these, if not cut clean off at
their base next to the apex of the bulbs, set up
decay in the latter. The plants should be in-
duced to rest immediately after flowering by gra-
dually decreasing the water supply, until only
sufficient is applied to prevent shrivelling in the
younger pseudo-bulbs. They should occupy a
position in the Cattleya-house, where there is the
most warmth and least atmospheric moisture.
C. Lawrenciana being a late grower, should be
placed in the lightest and hottest position avail-
able in the East Indian-house, returning the
plants to a light and warm part of the Cattleya-
house as soon as their pseudo-bulbs have finished
growth. Be very cautious in applying water if
the materials do not dry very readily.

Miscellaneous. — The Thunias should ere this
have been removed indoors and been placed in a
cool, light position further to ripen their bulbous
stems. As soon as the leaves have fallen
no more water is needed, and if space be
limited, they may be laid under a stage out of
reach of drip, draughts and too much fire-heat.
Bletia hyacinthina also may be laid beneath a
stage in a cool house and have no water applied
until early in the new year. Stenoglottis longi-
folia soon after it has flowered loses its leaves and
needs keeping dry at the root, and in a cool
position. In applying water to Ccelogyne cristata
care must be taken not to wet the advancing
scapes, or they may damp off. A medium supply
is now needed, as the pseudo-bulbs have almost
finished growths. Vanda coerulea after flowering
should be placed in a light position in a house
having an intermediate temperature, and the
water supply must be greatly diminished.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bullock, Gardener to E. J. Wvthes, Esq.,
Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Nerine Fothergilli. — Plants that have passed out
of bloom should be encouraged to make strong
growth in order that the bulbs maybe capable of
flowering another season. L«t those bulbs that
have flowered be placed on a shelf near the light
in a house having a warm, moist atmosphere, and
where they can be frequently syringed overhead.
The plants are liable to attacks of thrip, and if
this past is pre3?nt dip thetn in Quassia-extract
and fumigate the house several tim.93 until it is
destroyed. Afford the plants copious waterings
with diluted sheopminure water, and continue
with it until growth is well establishsd.

Hippeastrums (Amaryllis). — Do not entirely
withhold water from the roots until bulbs that
have flowered have become completely mature
and ripened. At the same time most of the bulbs
will by now be in a condition to be stored away
underneath the stages of a house where the
atmospheric temperature is not allowed to fall
below 45°. In this position they may remain
with safety for a long time without requiring
attention. Plants raised from seeds that have
not flowered will require to be kept in a growing
condition. They should be placed in the lightest
position obtainable, and a little weak manure-
water may be applied to the roots. Keep the
plants free from thrips by fumigating them
occasionally. Let the atmospheric temperature
at night be about 55° in the structure containing
these young plants.

Cyclamen. — Plants that are developing their
flowers should be afforded a po.-ition in full
light, and where a little artificial heat can be
employed during dull, damp weather. Avoid
having an excess of moisture in the atmosphere,
as this condition tends to cause damping of the
flowers and foliage. On all favourable occasions
admit sufficient air to cause a circulation. A
temperature by night of 55" will be suitable.
Seedlings that were raised as advised in an
August Calendar (see p. 12!*) should be placed on
a shelf as near to the light as possible in an
atmospheric temperature that is 00° at night.
This position is an essential one and ensures the
bulbs developing vigorously, and prevents them
damping off.

Herbaceous Calceolaiias. — Plants that were
raised in July should be strong and sturdy by
the present time. Protection from frost must be
afforded, but admit air on all favourable occasions

October 14, 1905]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

279

in order to keep the atmosphere in a suitable
condition. A light shading will be necessary on
very bright days only.

Primulas and Cinerarias. — If these can be
afforded the protection of a good brick pit they
should be allowed to remain there for some time
longer yet, as the conditions of light are more
favourable to them there than if removed to a
house. Bemove any decayed foliage, and stir
the surface of the material forming the base on
which the plants are stood. On all favourable
occasions allow a circulation of air among them.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By W, Fife, Gardener to Lady Wantage, Lockinge

Park, Wantage.

Rhubarb.— The supply of Apples being short
this season forced Rhubarb will be valuable.
Now that the leaves are fast dying down, I am
lifting some of the roots and leaving them for a
week or two fully exposed to the influence of the
weather, as experience has proved when forcing
for an early supply that quicker and better
results are secured after the stools have been sub-
mitted to this treatment. At this season of the
year the roots should be started into growth in a
temperature of 55° either in a greenhouse or in a
Mushroom-house, and where light is excluded, as
this will assist growth. Place the clumps close
together and sprinkle a little fine soil between
them. Use tepid water when watering.

Turnips. — Compared with early sowings the
securing of a crop at this season of the year is a
much less tedious task. The depredations of
birds and other pssts are much less troublesome,
and the showery weather is more favourable to
growth. The practice of making frequent sow-
ings as advised during September has the advan-
tage of ensuring a constant supply of youDg and
tender roots. Even at this late season another
sowing can be ma<ie, for should the roots not
prove of sufficient size for culinary purposes the
tops will be useful in the springtime as a green
vegetable.

Cauliflowers. — Veitch's Autumn Giant Cauli-
flowers are now in the best possible condition.
This variety, with Early London and Walcheren,
followed by Veitch's Self protecting and Sutton's
Michaelmas White Broccoli, furnish a plentiful
supply of this useful winter vegetable. Protec-
tion must be afforded the plants in the event of
frost to prevent the heads becoming injured.
This can be carried out in many ways and before
the heads have attained too large a size. They
can either be removed to frames or open sheds, or
relaid in the open where protection can be
provided, but whatever practice is followed the
plants must not be crowded closely together.

Bex Edgings. — Few plant, if any, are better
adapted for forming an edging to beds and
borders than Box ; its dense habit of growth,
dark green foliage, and the readiness with which
it withstands severe clipping make it especially
valuable. September and October are suitable
months for replanting or renovating such dwarf
varieties as suffruticosa, and no harm will be
occasioned by pulling the plants well to pieces to
ensure the work being done uniformly and well.
Cuttings from 0 to 8 inches long, inserted to half
their length in a fine sandy soil and made firm,
will soon develop roots and form a nice edging of
even thickness. When these edgings are found
to be harbouring insect pests, use air-slacked
lime freely, which will soon disperse them.

itself. This it does under some projecting bark>
or burrows into a safe hiding-place amongst the
lichen, where, spinning a cocoon, in a short time
it becomes transformed into a chrysalis, and in
which it remains until it emerges as the perfect
moth to commence the egg-laying process in the
spring.

The Winter Moth (fiij. 105) is even more disas-
trous than the " Apple-maggot," and indiscrimi-
nately attacks the expanding buds and flowers of
the Apple, Pear, Plum, Cherry, and other fruit-
trees. This moth changes from the chrysalid state
at this season of the year, and ascends the stems of
the trees during the months of October, November,

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. H. Clabke, Gardener to Sir William Plowden,
Aston Rowant House, Oxon.

Grubs in A2>ples and Pears. — These are either
the grubs of the Codlin-moth (Carpocapsa pomo-
nella) or of the Winter-moth (Cheimatobia
brumata). The former is one of the most disas-
trous insects to both the Apple and the Pear.
The female deposits an egg in the inside of the
calyx, and the grub when hatched commences to
gnaw its way to the centre of the fruit. The larvte
increase in size, and when fully grown attack the
" pips " of the fruit, which in consequence soon falls
to the ground ( fig. 104) . The grub leaves the fruit
at this stage, and on finding the tree ascends the
stem, where it selects a position in which to secrete

\b

Flci. 104.-THE COELIN MOTH IN VARIOUS
STAGES OF GROWTH.

FlG. 105 — THE WINTER MOTH.

December, and sometimes in the spring, for the
purpose of depositing its eggs in the crevices of
the bark and on the buds and shoots throughout
the tree, a favourite place being on the ends of
freshly-pruned shoots. As a preventive against
this moth ascending the stems of the trees diverse
methods can be adopted, probably the most uni-
versal and successful being the placing of greased
bands round the stems. These bands— which
may be composed of either brown, oiled, or
grease-proof paper— should be tied firmly about
the stem, allowing the edge of the paper to
project somewhat. Any interstices between the
paper and bark of the tree should be filled up with
clay, after which the whole band should be
smeared with one of the many advertised dress-
ings for the purpose, or one composed of equal

parts of soft-soap and tallow, with a small pro-
portion of resin. Old standard trees may have a
thick coating placed round the bark at about
1 foot from the ground-level. It is necessary to
examine and grease the bands frequently to pre-
vent them from becoming dry, otherwise the
female moths, whose wings are useless for flight,
shown at the right hand of fig. 105, will creep over
the bands to carry out their work of destruction.
Preparations which contain strong soda, potash or
tarry substances, injurious when applied directly
to the bark, must be used over paper or even over
hay-bands.

Stalces supporting young trees are a ready
means of ascent for these insects, but tarring
these supports is a cheap and efficient remedy.
Collect all fallen fruits daily ; select any fit for
culinary purposes, and give the worthless ones to
the pigs. Frequent hoeings round about the
treeB, and where possible the keeping of fowls to-
devour the grubs, all help to keep these pests in
check.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. A. Miller. Gardener to Lord Henry C.
Bentinck, M.P., Underley Hall, Westmoreland.

Pelargoniums.— If it is desired to save the olcB
plants of any scarce varieties, they should be
lifted whilst still undamaged by frost. Do not
bruise the stem, but trim off the large leaves ami
reduce the roots. Plant five or six plants firmly
round the sides of an 8-inch pot, and afford them
an atmospheric temperature of 60° for a few
weeks. When established they can be moved into-
a cool house and kept rather dry all the winter.

Winter Bedding. — The filling of the beds after
their summer occupants have been cleared
away will provide considerable work. Wall-
flowers should be moved with as much soil
adhering to the roots as possible, and be planted
in a rich loamy soil. They like dry positions and
are good plants for cultivating in vases and
baskets. Myosotis Victoria is one of the best
forms of Forget-me-not, growing into compact
bushes and producing flowers of large size. M.
rupicola is veiy dwaif and requires extra good
drainage. M. dissitiflora and M. sylvestris will
thrive anywhere. Varieties of Bellis perennis
(Daisies) are old favourites for massing together.
Alice is a good pink- flowered variety. Arabis
albida fl.-pl. is a splendid free-flowering variety.
Alyssum saxatile and Aubrietias are easy to grow.
The above three associate well together. Sturdy
Carnation plants that can be spared from this j ear's
flowering quarter will transplant successfully,
and when planted close make a fine < Meet all
winter with their glaucous foliage. Saxifraga.
cordifolia set out in large beds produces a good
patch of bronzy colour all winter, and large
panicles of flowers in spring. Other indispensable
subjects are Cerastium tomentosum, Polyanthus,
Ajuga reptans, dwarf Phlox, Valeriana Phu aurea,
Dactylis glomerata, Iberis, Vincas.

Conifers and Hardy Evergreen Shrubs are well
adapted for filling beds and for providing central
plants for other beds. Dwarf, bushy plants are
most useful, and the stock of many varieties can
be maintained by propagating the plants.
Cryptomeria elegans, Cupressus Lawsoniana, and
many of its varieties, such as Allumi, Triomphe de
Boskoop, and Smith's Golden ; Ketinospora
squarrosa, E. sulphurea, E. plumosa aurea, and
Junipers. The following shrubs provide effective
colour — Box, Yews, Tree Ivies, Aucubas, Berberis,
Euonymus radicans variegata, Osmanthus ilici-
folius ; and in sheltered places Ilex cassine.

Bulbs.— Hyacinths require a rich, light, well-
drained soil. Plant the bulbs 5 inches deep and
9 inches apart from each other, using boards to
stand on whilst doing the work. If the bulbs
are placed amongst plants which will provide a
ground-cover, the bulbs may be placed at
greater distances from each other. Tulips require
similar conditions, but may be planted more
closely together. Crocuses, Chionodoxa Lucillioe,
and Scillas thrive in sandy loam enriched with
well-decomposed manure. Plant at 3 inches
apart and cover the bulbs with 4 inches deep of
soil. When planting Anemones place some sharp
sand about the roots, which should be planted
3 inches deep. Erythronium dens-canis, Triteleia
uniflora, and Galanthus should be planted 4 inches,
deep.

280

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 14, 19C\r

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

WEDNESDAY Oct is -' K-oy^l Botanic Society's Show
I at Regent's Park.

BALES FOR THE WEEK.

MONDAY to FRIDAY NEXT—

Dutch Bulbs, at 67 & 68, Chcapside, E.C., by
Protheroe & Morris. atlO.SO.

MONDAY ami TUESDAY NEXT—

Sale of Nursery stock at The Nursery, Blackhorse
Road, St. John's, Woking, by order of Mr. J. Hold-

..„. u- b7 Protheroe & Morris, at 12 o'clock each day.

MONDAY and WEDNESDAY NEXT—

Roses. Lilies, and other Bulbs, at Stevens's Rooms,
King Street. Covent Garden, W.C.

WEDNESDAY NEXT-

Sale of Nursery Stock. Palms, &e., at the Nursery,
Castle Road, Southsea, by order of Mr. T. J Short,
by Protheroe & Morris, at U o'clock.-Liliums.
Miscellaneous Bulbs, Palms, and Plants, at 67 and
68, Cheapside, E.C., by Protheroe & Morris, at
5.30 o clock.

THURSDAY NEXT—

Sale of Nursery Stock at the Royal Gardens, Hamp-
ton Court, by order of Mr. J. Naylor, by Protheroe &
Morris, at 12 o'clock.

FRIDAY NEXT—

Sale of General Nursery Stcck at Hoop Lane Nur-
sery. Golders Green, Hendon, by order of Miss
Dowie, by Protheroe & Morris, at 12 o'clock —
Orchids in large variety, at 67 and 68, Cheapside,
EX.. by Protheroe & Morris, at 12.30 o'clock.

[For further particulars see our Advertisement columns.)

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
— 50'33.
Actual Temperatures :—

London.— Wednesday, Oct. 11 (6 p.m.): Max. 56°'
Min. 49°.
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, London. — Thursday. Oct. 12
(10 A.M.): Bar., 303; Temp., {2'. Weather-
Fair, but dull.
Provinces.— Wednesday, Oct. 11 (6 p.m.): Max 59°
Portsmouth ; Min. 50°, E. coast of Ireland.

The Great
Fruit Show,

No one would think, from a
mere inspection of the Fruit
Show held at the Royal
Horticultural Society's Hall this week, that
there was any scarcity of home-grown fruit
this year. No one would doubt our ability
to produce as fine fruit in this country as
■can be produced elsewhere under like condi-
tions. And yet it would be a mistake to
suppose that our home-grown supplies
this year are anything like proportionate
to the demand or equal to an average crop ;
and it would be a still greater mistake to
suppose that we could get as good fruit
at an ordinary greengrocer's shop as was
shown on the exhibition table. Such dis-
plays as those of Tuesday, Wednesday, and
Thursday last are in that sense misleading.
They show what can be done rather than
what is done. Fruit-shows at best are
•rather monotonous— almost as much so as
Rose shows ; but even as of late years
considerable improvement has been mani-
fested by showing Eoses under more pic-
tural and natural conditions than heretofore,
so surely it would be possible to infuse a
little more variety and taste in grouping
•fruits than was attempted on this occa-
sion. So far as we saw there was evidence
of excellent culture, but nothing novel,
nothing of special interest. The fruit itself
was not so abundant as last year. So far
from the cellars having to be utilised, this
time there were patches of board bare save
-for a covering of green baize. How one
longed for a few Palms or Ferns or Chrys-
anthemums—anything to break the serried
mounds of Apples and Pears. The quality
throughout, as we have said, left little to be
desired. The pot trees of Messrs. Rivers
and those from Messrs. Bunyard were ex-
cellent, and the separate fruits shown by
Messrs. Rivers indicated high culture and
ceaseless care. The system of labelling has
been greatly improved. Each card now

indicates not only the name of the exhi-
bitor and the cumber of the class, but also
the specific nature of the class. The in-
creased comfort to the reporter is incalcul-
able, and even the convenience of the
ordinary visitor is greatly enhanced by this
method. As usual, the officials were most
obliging and did their work in a manner
that insured general commendation.

Of the Conference, which extended over
three days, we can only speak here in
general terms. On Tuesday Sir Trevor
Lawrence presided, and papers were read
by Messrs. Bunyard and Cheal on the best
ways of competing with the foreigner. The
measures proposed have been set forth again
and again, but, as was remarked, the most
obvious truths require to be continu-
ally repeated before any impression is
made upon apathy and long - established
custom. Co-operatioD, organisation, grad-
ing, packing — we have heard of these
panaceas over and again, but there seems to
be nothing to do but to go on " hammering,"
as someone said at the meeting, till improve-
ment takes place. Mr. Cheal's list of sorts
to ba grown generally may be usefully com-
pared with the votes which we published
last j oar from every county in these islands.
Mr. Cue al's Canadian experiences are also
useful, especially as regards spraying, which
is done much more systematically than with
us, and Mr. Cheal tells us it pays. The neces-
sity of adopting means for securing the
fertilisation of the flowers by the introduc-
tion of other varieties was also alluded to,
and the fact that Apples and Pears are
occasionally apt, like Strawberries, to be
diircious should also be borne in mind.
We have throughout done our best to keep
our readers informed as to the practice
in the United States and Canada, but Mr.
Cheal's personal experience will, we hope,
be more effectual.

Much more help is afforded in those
countries by means of Government stations
and experimental gardens than with us,
though it would be an omission not to
mention with due acknowledgment the help
that Lord Onslow and his successors at the
Board of Agriculture have of late years
afforded. Still, much more is needed, and
we may hope rather than expect that our
successors may see such a station with
Government aid established at Wisley for
the common benefit.

Other speakers dealt with the question of
packing, but as the Conference is proceeding
as these pages are passing through the press,
our report must necessarily be much con-
densed ; and a note on the proceedings on
Thursday must be deferred till our next

Apple "Coronation." — This variety of
dessert Apple (see fig. 108) was awarded an Award
of Merit by the Koyal Horticultural Society's
Fruit and Vegetable Committee in 1902, and was
again shown by Mr. Ptne at the recent exhibi-
tion at Edinburgh, when the Royal Caledonian
Horticultural Society awarded it a First-class
Certificate of Merit. The fruit is round and of
good form, with a skin of yellow-ground-colour,
streaked and blotched with red, the streaks on
the side next to the sun being more or less con-
fluent. Stalk, very short and thick, set in a large,
wide, and almost regular - formed cavity, but
having a small swelling on one side. The cavity
is entirely green or partly covered with russet.
Eye partially open, with short segments, in a

wide, rather shallow basin-like depression, which
is very slightly ribbed. The fruit has soft flesh
and rich mellow flavour. It appears to be in
season at about the middle of September, and is
best eaten at that time when still moist and
refreshing.

University College, Reading.— From a
prospectus before us we learn that the work of
the Horticultural Department consists in: —

1. The training of men and women in the practice and

science of horticulture. In addition to the regular
course of instruction held in the College laboratories
and at the garden, short courses of lectures are
given in the neighbouring counties.

2. The contribution to horticultural knowledge by

experiments in the manuring of crops, the im-
provement of plants by breeding, the testing of
new varieties, and the prevention of plant diseases.
During the present year the department is
carrying out, in co-operation with the National
Potato Society, tests as to the relative values of
the chief varieties of Potatos.

3. Advising on matters appertaining to the practice of

horticulture. The department gives expert advice
as to the laying out and maintenance of gardens,
the management of orchards, the use of artificial
manures, and the remedies to be employed in
dealing with plant diseases.

Director.

Frederick Keeble, M.A., Gonville and Caius
College, Cambridge.

Lecturers.

Horticultural Botany. — Frederick Keeble, M.A. ;
B. J. Austin, F.L.S.

Horticulture. — Charles Foster, F.R.H.S. (In-
structor in Practical Horticulture) ; B. P. J. MURRELL,
Associate of University College, Reading, F.E.H.S.

Horticultural Chemistry. — C. M. Luxmoore, D.Sc.,
F.I.C. ; E. K. Hanson, M.A., A.I.C.

Entomology. — Theodore T. Groom, M.A., D.Sc,
F.G.S. Bee-keeping. — J. D. WOODLET. Book-keeping. —
Herbert Tatlor, F.I.P.S.

Registrar.
Francis H. Wright, to whom all communications
Bhould be addressed.

Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Insti-
tution. — The Committee acknowledge with
thanks the receipt of £10 from the Rev. W.
Wilks, M.A., being the amount of offertories at
the Harvest Festival Services in Shirley Church,
on the 1st inst.

"The Uses of British Plants." — Prof.
Henslow has published, through Lovell, Reeve
& Co., a short treatise on the uses of British
plants, beginning with the Traveller's Joy
(Clematis) and ending with the Couch Grass
(Triticum repens). The book is illustrated by
some 288 woodcuts, taken from Bentham's
Illustrations to British Plants. That there is
need for a diffusion of knowledge concerning
good and evil plants is illustrated by a fact which
has recently come under our notice — where some
plants of Aconitum Napsllus were actually
growing in the midst of the Parsley bed !

Cordyline (Drac/ena) Bruanti, Varie-
gated Form. — In the Revue de V Horticulture
Beige for the present month is a coloured figure of
a particularly handsome Dracsena. The ordinary
form is cultivated by the thousand in Ghent, and
is very largely exported. Madame Butsse, of
Meirelbeke, has had the good fortune to secure
a variety with the leaves elegantly striped with
white. At a recent meeting at Brussels it
received a Diploma of Honour.

The Eclipse.— M. Bureau noted in the
Department of the Loire Inferieure during the
recent eclipse of the sun that Acacia dealbata
growing in the open air was particularly sensi-
tive to the diminution of the light, its leaflets
assuming the position they usually affect during
the night, and gradually resuming their normal
position as the eclipse passed off. Other plants
were much less sensitive.

OCTOBEB 14, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

281

Flowers in Season. — Messrs. J. Peed & Sons,
Norwood Road, West Norwood, have sent us some
•cutflowers of tuberous-rooted Begonias, as cutfrom
plants growing in the open ground. They represent
-a strain raised for use in bedding, and the flowers
are of considerable size and substance, and they
have stout stems. The colours are good, parti-
cularly one coloured an orange shade of scarlet.

Oversea Supplies : September. — The
Trade and Navigation Returns issued by the
Board of Trade for the month of September are
again of a highly favourable character, the value
of the imports being £2,65S,6 12 in excess of that
for the same period of last year. The figures
stand : September, 1904, .£43,074,006, against
.£45,732,048 for September, 1905. There is no
necessity for discriminating between the items
or classes of imports ; sufficient for us are the
■values as above given. There is one forlorn little
item — that of fresh flowers — which may be trans-
ferred to this place. The value of the flowers
imported last month was £530, as against £557
for the same month last year — a decrease
■of £21. A little item from Bermuda may
interest some of our bulb -growing readers.
The authorities in Bermuda are striving to purge
this bulb market of worthless stuff by levying a
■high tariff duty, now in operation. Our friends
the Japanese are stated to have been in the habit
•of placing queer products on the market as bulb3
of Lilium longiflorum. The new duty is £10 per
1 ,000 bulb3, which may have the desired "clearing "
effect. Our oversea - supplying friends located
between Sable Island and Vancouver — a long
stretch — have always horticultural news of
interest for their friends on this side of the
Atlantic. Experimental farms on this extensive
locality noted furnish good reading for both
grower and gardener. The latter will learn that
■experiments in the perfecting of bulbs have been
-quite successful under the application of a
double layer of green manure— that the Phlox is
now being grown to great perfection — that
-varieties of all kinds of fruits are being reduced
an number, and perfection in fruiting in the shortest
time is the aim of experimenters — so as to get
■the best fruit with the least sun-warmth. Also
the wholesale growth of hardy trees and shrubs
for the supply of all manner of cultivators is
being rapidly pushed on. As soon as fit the
young plants are ploughed up, examined as to
■condition, and started for their destination. The
plant-plough is stated to be a great success, some
million and a quarter having been provided at the
last " plant harvest " [?]. It is pleasant to think
■that whilst one set of folk are doing their best to
-denude the land of tree-life, others are busily
■employed in the work of restoration. The fol-
lowing is our usual summary table of fruit and
vegetable imports for September r—

Imports— SEprEMBER.

1904.

1905.

Difference.

fruits, raw-

£

£

£

Apples

Apricots and Peaches

117,856
1,526

100,316
944

—17,510
—581

'Grapes

1S3.012

156,309

—26,703

Pears

Plums

119,276

28,609

112,104
55,390

—7,172
+26,581

Vegetables, raw-

Onions bush.

Potatos cwt.

Tomatos

Total of all others ...

98,411
46,002
86,673
340,100

108,076
22,324
79,028

361,607

+ 11,665

—23,678

—7,645

+21,507

Gross total, including-)
varieties of fruits 1
and vegetables not >
enumerated in this
Table J

1,019,064

996,128

—23,536

Irish manufactures —as against £25 928,059 for the
same period last year, an increase of £3,421,801.
The value of foreign and colonial export business
for last month was £5,521,237, against £4,771,996
for the corresponding period last year, or an
increase of £749,241.

WASPS. — Mr. Frederick Roemer, of L>ued-
linburgh, with respect to the recent correspon-
dence in the Gardeners' Chronicle concerning
" Wasps Eating Fruit," calls the attention of
fruit-growers to the attraction possessed by
Sicyos angulata and Bryonia alba for wasps and
hornets. Mr. Roemer, like most other growers,
has suffered severely in past years from the
ravages of these insects, which show a particular
liking for the thin-skinned, early-ripening
Grapes. About 500 feet from the Vines
Sicyos angulata and Bryonia alba have lately
been planted in Mr. Roemee's nursery. From
the time at which the plants began to
flower they proved an irresistible temptation to

their sucker-like white roots can be moved and
replanted if required. In the first year the
Bryony attains to a height of from 6 to 9 feet,
and one of from 16 to 2G feet in the following year.
The plants retain their fresh, green foliage till
late autumn, when they are thickly covered with
small, shiny, black berries. The plants are
thoroughly hardy.

Bruised Apples.— The careless manner in
which Apples are gathered and packed is a
subject of comment at most fruit congresses, but
in spite of the preachers and the teaching of
experience, the same careless indifference still
prevails all too extensively. The bruises afford
an excellent opportunity for fungus spores to
develop and hasten the rotting of the fruit3.
Even where this doeB not happen the fruits
become discoloured and unsightly. A note of
M. Warcollier, in the Comptes Rendus for
August 21, supplies the explanation of the
brown colour and of the phenomena which ac-

FlG. 108.— DESSERT APPLE, CORONATION. (SEE P. 280.)

Exports.— In conclusion, we append the figures
relating to the exports for the past month, which
amounted to £29,350,460— the value of British and

wasps and hornets. Among the Grapes it had
hitherto been no uncommon thing to see ten or
fifteen wasps busily engaged upon one fruit, but
they now turned their attention instead to the
Gourds and Bryony plants, and large quantities
of the pests were caught in traps hung to the
branches. The plants are ornamental and grow
with rapidity. The seeds of Sicyos may be sown
in spring or autumn in the open ground at the
spot at which the plants are wanted. Seedlings
also produce rapid growth. The young plants
are fairly hardy and need no special care beyond
the application of liquid-manure in times of
drought. Sicyos does not produce palatable
fruits. The seeds are flat, oval to round in
shape, from a quarter to half an inch long, and a
quarter of an inch wide. They grow in clusters
of from four to ten. Bryonia alba is a perennial
trailing plant, also well adapted, thanks to its
extraordinarily rapid growth, for the covering of
hedges, verandahs, walls and arbours. The
Bryony will naturally only attract the wasps so
long as it remains in bloom, which is from the
middle of June to the middle of July. Seeds can
be sown in early spring or autumn in the open
ground. The young plants bear transplanting
very well, and in the spring of the following year

company it. When an Apple is thus bruised the
tannin becomes oxydised, the tissues change
colour, and the ripening processes are checked by
the action of the tannin ; the starch, which
should be changed into sugar and other substances,
remaining unaffected, and thus in point of flavour,
keeping qualities, and especially of cider-produc-
tion, there is on the whole a great loss which
might be avoided by more careful handling. The
extra expense entailed would, as M. WARCOLLrER
shows, be much more than compensated for by
the superior quality of the fruit.

Presentation. — We are informed that on
Saturday, October 7, at Mr. II. B. Mat's Dyson's
Lane nurseries, Mr. W. H. Green, who is leaving
the firm, was presented with a marble clock,
given him by the employes as a token of their
respect. Mr. Green, who for several years has
held the position of manager at these nurseries,
writes our correspondent, was highly respected
by those who worked with him, and a feeling of
regret that he is now leaving is felt by all.

PU3LICATIONS RECEIVED. — From the Imperial
Department of Agriculture for the West Indies : Reports
on the Botanic Station, Agricultural School ond Experi-
ment Plots, Dominica, I'.mi 5 The gardens have been
kept in good conditioo, and very useful work is
being carried on at the Station and in the

282

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 14, 1905,

plots.— Reports on the Botanic Station, Economic
Experiments, and Agricultural Education, Antigua,
1901—5. Useful work was done A number
of interesting species were planted out. Much
of the Curator's time was occupied in visits to various
plots of Cotton to give advice to the cultivators. Great
good was done in this way, and the work was fully
appreciated. The year was exceptionally dry. Mr.
A H. Kirby performed Hie duties of Acting Curator
until April. 19J4. Mr. W. H, Patterson arrived from
Kew in April, and took up the duties of Curator.
In January, 19^5, he was transferred to St Vincent,
and M. A. J. Jordan was transferred to Antigua. —
From Cambridge University Department of Agricul-
ture, Guide to Experiments conducted at Burgoyne's
(University) Farm, Impington, and at other centres.— The
Transval Agricu'tural Jounnd, July. Contents: Nur-
sery Treatment of Deodar in Jaunsar, Germination of
Cupressus macrocarpa. Cotton - growing. Bananas,
Pawpaw, &c— Agricultural Journal of the Cape of Good
Hope, Sep ember. Content* : Extra-tropicat Forestry
(continued), by D. E. Hutchins; Rural Cape Colony,
Co-operation in Agriculture, &C.-U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry. Bulletin
No. 81, Evolution of Cellular Structures, by O. F. Cook
and Walter T. Swingle.— Bulletin cLu'Jardin Botanique de
I'Etat, Bruxelles, May.— Bulletin de la Soci^te Botanique de
France, 1902.

FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE.

JIMSON WEED.

In the Gardeners' Chronicle for June 17, p. 3S6,
appeared an enquiry as to " Jimson Weed."
Datura Stramonium answers to this name in most
of the United States from New Jersey southward.
It is very common in waste places, in rich soil
becoming a rank and evil-smelling weed. It is
quite likely, as your correspondent " J. E. P."
enquires, that insects have a great objection to
the odour, but of this no information is at hand.

In Bailey's Cyclopedia of Horticulture the
following account of the plant is given, though
he does not give the name of the book con-
taining the statement regarding the "curious
results " : " Daturas contain strong narcotics.
Large doses are poisonous, small doses me-
dicinal. Separate preparations of Stramonium
leaves and seeds are commonly sold in drug stores.
D. Stramonium is the Thorn Apple or James-
town Weed, the latter name being corrupted into
Jimpson Weed. Its foul rank herbage and large
spiny fruits are often seen in rubbish heaps. At
the first successful settlement in America,
Jamestown, Virginia, 1C07, it is said that the
men ate these Thorn Apples with curious results.
Captain John Smith's account of their mad antics
is very entertaining. It has been conjectured
that this same plant was used by the priests at
Delphi to produce oracular ravings."

If the plant is of any value as an antidote for
plant-lice the same would be a cheap insecticide
here. E. 0. Orpet, Lancaster, Mass, U.S.A ,
September 12, 1905.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN.

HARDY CYCLAMENS.
In a recent note on the above plants, " 0. T."
remarks that young corms are best suited for
planting, and I fully endorse this practice, although
it is, perhaps, not well known or appreciated. Very
old corms of C. repandum (hederuefolium) attain
to a great size when left undisturbed for years ;
and I have repeatedly endeavoured to transplant
corms of this species almost as large as a dinner-
plate, with little or no success. The failure has
taken place although the plants were judiciously
lifted when in a dormant condition, carefully
packed, and replanted in about forty - eight
hours, but in several instances not the slightest
growth was made afterwards. These same corms
had for years previously flowered abundantly.
After all, perhaps this is but evidence of the need
or desirability for raising these plants from
seeds more frequently than is now the case, for
by this means an abundant stock of plants of
youthful vigour is secured. It is quite a common
feature of collected corms of theEe Cjclamen to
remain dormant, so far as top-growth is con-
cerned, for a whole year after being planted.
E. H. Jenkins.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editor docs not hold himself responsible for the
opinions expressed by his Correspondents.)

THE CLEANING OF VINES. — The season is
approaching when the cleaning and preparing of
Vines for another season will be engaging the
attention of gardeners. In this, as in many
other garden operations, different methods will be
practised by different growers. For instance,
some growers will remove all the bark from the
rods before washing them by scraping them with
a knife, while others will be careful to preserve
all the bark possible. To my mind the first-
mentioned method appears to be most injurious
to the health and growth of the Vines, and
should never be practised. The bark is pro-
vided by Nature, and if it serves no other pur-
pose, it certainly forms a protection for the
channels within, through which the food of the
plant must pass, and to remove it exposes the
vessels to the risk of injury. In addition it is
possible that some of the conducting channels are
injured during the process of scraping. Oftenupon
examination of the rods after scraping it will be
seen that the knife has been used much too hard,
and in places not a particle of bark is found.
This must surely be injurious rather than bene-
ficial to the Vines. It is urged by some that it is
the best means of cleansing the rods of mealy-
bug, and this is the only thiDg which can be said
in its favour. I maintain that bug can be com-
bated by careful attention without' removing the
bark year by year, and it is better to give more
time and attention to eradicating this pest than
to subject the Vines to the injurious process of
scraping. Another practice which often follows
the removal of the bark is painting the rods over
with a mixture of clay, soot, lime, &c. I do not
think this is in any way beneficial to the Vines,
but it provides a hiding-place for mealy-bug, as
after it becomes dry it cracks from the rods, and
thus furnishes many crevices in which bug and
other insects may lurk. The rods should be
thoroughly washed with some approved insecti-
cide, but the bark should be carefully preserved.
I am confident that Grapes of higher quality
can be grown by this method than by removing
Nature's covering year by year. A. B.

GRAPE prince OF WALES (see also p. 277).
This variety, judging by the excellent bunches I
recently saw at the Warren Gardens, Stanmore,
promises to make a useful addition to our vineries.
It is a handsome-looking Grape, with nice berries,
that develop a most perfect bloom, and the
bunches are of good shape. It is in addition a
prolific bearer, and the berries set freely. Mr.
Ellis, the gardpner, showed me several bunches on
quite young Vines that were looking in the best
possible condition. W. A. Cook, Leonardslee
Gardens.

CLEMATIS FLAMMULA. — I send you two
bunches of Clematis flammula gathered from two
distinct plants ; the flowers of one are scented,
those of the other are not. Both are seedlings,
but from different sowings. What is the reason
why one is scented and the other is not ? Wm.
Brooks.

ELM TREES.— I read with interest " E. I. L.'s "
remarks on the falling of Elm limbs in
summer. We have here three fine Elms from
which large branches have fallen during the past
few weeks, and, as your correspondent states,
without warning and in the absence of high
winds. In each case the branches were more
than a foot in diameter, one of them being 1 fcot
10 inches, and in each case the branches have
been perfectly healthy at the point of fracture.
The leaves too were remarkably healthy, and
as there was a marked absence of dead twigs for
such fine old trees, I think we must look for
some other cause than unsound timber when a
limb falls. I have noticed that most of the
forest trees here, especially Elms, have made long
growths and large, healthy leaves during the past
season, and I am wondering whether the main
limbs have made a corresponding growth. If
they have not, the balance of growth has been
unequal, from which cause the branches have
been unable to bear the extra natural weight put
upon them. Unfortunately Elms are not the

only trees which have suffered here during the
past season, for on August 6, during a very calm*
evening, a branch of a large Beech tree fell
without any warning* On examination I found*
the whole limb was perfectly healthy, and at the>
point of fracture, but it was carrying an over-
abundant crop of nuts, which as they matured'
became heavy, and their weight I believe caused1
the limb to fall. George Dance, The Gardens,.
South Lytchett Manor.

WALBURTON ADMIRABLE PEACH.— I do not
think any of the newer kinds of late Peaches are-
equal to this variety if the test is based on
flavour. Even if judged by appearance, there is;
something very characteristic and desirable about
a dish of good fruits of Walburton Admirable-
when seen about the middle or end of September.
Eormany yearsan old tree of this variety, growing
on a warm wall facing to the south, furnished nice
fruit about the season I mention. This old tree
was removed, and I decided to supplant it by the
variety Sea Eagle. The latter has fruited
very well, both on the wall and also in a late-
Peach-house, to which I afterwards removed it ;.
and while the fruits are of a good size and colour,
they are more fitted for kitchen use than for
dessert purposes, unless it be for their appear-
ance on the table. I shall replace this tree and
another of the same type this autumn with
Walburton Admirable. H.J.C.Grimston,Tadcastex.

SHOT-HOLE FUNGUS. — In June, 1903, the>
Peach trees in the orchard houses here were>
attacked with Shot-hole fungus, when all the-
fruit and most of the leaves dropped off. I sent
you some leaves and fruit to make sure that it
was this fungus, and we began spraying them
with the mixture recommended in the Gardeners'
Chronicle of June 20 of the same year, and
continued to do so every fourteen days untii
autumn. During the winter the houses were-
carefully cleaned, the trees washed, and the
surface soil removed and replaced with
fresh soil. We began spraying with the same
mixture as soon as the buds began to swell in the
following spring, and continued to do so every
fourteen days, but with no good results, the fruit
and leaves falling off the same as in the previous
year. We thought of clearing the trees out and1
replanting, when we procured one of Campbell's
Sulphur Vaporiser, and used it several times-
during the autumn, again cleaning the houses as-
in the previous year. When the buds began to
swell this year we started with the sulphur-
vaporiser, and continued using it every fourteen
days, with the best results, no fungus appearing
and a nice crop of Peaches set and ripened. We-
left off vaporising jutt before the fruit began to-
colour. The trees are now in perfect health, andl
the wood is ripening, and there is every prospect
of a good crop next year. We continued the-
spraying in one house, but the other houses are
free from the fungus. We also used it in our
vineries for red spider with better results than by
sulphuring the pipes. W. Priest, Eglinton Qarden\
Kilwinning.

NICOTIANA SANDER/E.— This plant has been
employed here this summer in different ways,
and with some success. Planted among Abutilon,
Thompsoni 5 feet high in a large bed in partial
shade besides that afforded by the Abutilons, it
has attained to almost the same height, and the-
bright ruby-pink flowers mingling amongst the-
yellow-and-green Abutilons have made a charm-
ing picture, which has been noted by many
gardeners visiting here. During the very hot
weather the plants in this bed have stood erect,
and showed not the slightest sign of drooping,
nor have the flowers closed or failed to expand -
Another patch also planted in a position where
the plants obtained the shade of a group of trees-
during mid-day was an equal success. They were-
planted out in the second week in June, and have
presented a mass of flower until quite recently.
In another bed that was fully exposed to
the whole day's sunshine there has been a-
notable difference. The plants have drooped
during mid-day, but during early morning and
evening they have been as erect and fresh as the
others. 1 havenever foundtheflowerscloseduring
sunshine (though they flag as does the leaf), but H
would not recommend planting it in a position,
exposed to the full sunshine. There are many

October It, 1905.1

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

283

ways and means of employing this plant to gcod
effect. That we can obtain a mass of colour of
such a brilliant hue for several months together
from plants that can easily be raised from seed
during the late spring months and planted out ia
early summer without the aid of much glass pro-
tection is a boon. C. J. Ellis, Warren House
(hardens, Stanmore.

SUTTON'S SELECTED GLADSTONE PEA.— This
variety is one of the best for autumn. I have
supplied the kitchen for several weeks past with
Beas, a sample of which I enclose you for inspec-
tion [Nice shapely, well-filled pods. Ed.], and I
expect to gather similar produce well into Novem-
ber. Our kitchen-garden is well exposed, and the

SOCIETIES.

British-Grown Fruits at the Royal
Horticultural Hall.

i Si i alio pp. i. to iv. of the Supplement. )

DIVISION VI.

SINGLE DISHES OF FRUIT GROWN IN THE

OPEN AIR.

Choice Dessert Apples.

These classes were open to gardeners and amateurs

only. Quality, colour, and finish in the fruits were

considered before size in making the awards. The

entries were not so numerous as at last year's show,

Among nine entries, the dish shown by R. J. Lambert,
Esq., Dance Hill, Oxshott (gr., Mr. G. D. Reid), was
easily 1st, the fruits being of that exquisite and mellow
shade of colour seen in orchard-house fruit. 2nd,
Capt. Farwell, The Priory, Burnham, Bucks (gr.,
Mr. W. Hutt).

Cornish Aromatic. — Two dishes were presented,
Hon. Justice Swinfen Eadt, Oatlands Lodge, Wey-
hridge (gr., Mr. J. Lock), taking the 1st prize with
a grand half-dozen of fruits 2nd, Col. Archer
Hocblon.

Cox's Orange Pippin. — This popular variety was
shown by no fewer than eighteen growers. The speci-
mens were very diverse in quality, but there was little

Fig. 109. — pear louise bonne of jersey.

ground consists of about 2 feet deep of heavy, cold
soil on a sandstone bottom. Out of the many
varieties of Peas, the most suitable for our soil for
autumn use are Selected Gladstone and Autocrat,
although at the moment of penning this note I
am gathering good dishes of produce from Im-
proved Dr. McLean, but its constitution is not so
robust as that of the two former named. My
latest sowing of Peas, from which I am now
gathering, was made on June 26, and the three
varieties mentioned are all about 4 feet in height.
A. B. Pearce, The Qahles, Kr.niLworth.

PLANT PORTRAITS.

Clematis Bcchaniana, D. C. Syst. i., 140; Henry
in Revue Horticole, September 10. — Half-hardy
climber.

Euphorbia fl'lgens. — A very old friend, better
known as E. jacquiniEeflora, which is occasionally seen
now as a market -plant. It is a stove plant of easy
euHure.—Rerue Horticole, September 10.

but the quality was good throughout, the fiuits
generally being well coloured and excellently finished.

Adam's Pearmain. — Seven dishes were staged, the
best being that shown by Captain Farwell, The
Priory, Burnham, Bucks (gr., Mr. W". Hutt). 2nd, the
Executors of J. K. D. WlNGFIKLD-DlGBY, Sherborne
Castle, Dorset (gr., Mr. T. Turton).

Allington Pippin. — This comparatively new variety
was shown by no fewer than ten exhibitors. The
1st prize was awarded to Mrs. H. St. V. Ames, Cote
House, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol (gr., Mr. W. H.
Bannister), whose fruits were not the largest in size,
but were the most refined and evenly matched. 2nd,
Mr. N. R. Fage, Marine Parade, Clacton-on-Sea.

American Mother. — Four growers competed, the 1st
prize being secured by J. B. Foktescue, Esq , Drop-
more, Maidenhead (gr., Mr. C. Page). 2nd, Mr. A. W.
Metcalfe, Luton Hoo, Luton, Beds.

Blenheim Pippin. — The schedule required fruits of
high colour that would pass through a 3-inch ring.

to choose between the six best dishes. The premier
fruits were shown by Rev. G. H. Engleheart, Dinton,
Salisbury ; followed by Lord TOLTIMORE, Poltimore
Park, Exeter, 2nd.

Duke of Devonshire.— Walter A. Voss, Esq., East-
wood Road, Rayleigh, won among three exhibitors of
this variety.

Egreuwnt Russet.— Four growers entered, the best
dish being that shown by J. B. FORTESCTE, Esq. 2nd,
Mr. John Lee.

James Grieve. — Two dishes only were seen, E. S.
Hanbcrt, Esq., Poles, Ware (gr., Mr. T. W. Church),
securing the 1st prize.

King of the Pippins. — This old variety was represented
by eight entries, a grand half-dozen fruits belonging to
Mr. J. Howard, Benham Fark Gardens, Newbury,
taking the 1st place. 2nd, Captain FARWELL.

Lord Hindlip. — Mr. John Wootten, Byford,
Hereford, showed the only dish of this variety, which
was worthily awarded the 1st piize.

284

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[OCTOBEE 14, 1905.

Margil. — Two entries were seen, H. L. Lutwyche,
Esq., Ksnaston, near Ross, Hereford (gr.. Mr. J. E.
James), being 1st.

Ribston Pippin. — This sterling variety was shown by
thirteen competitors. The 1st prize was gained by Max
Michaelis, Esq., Tandridge Court, Oxted, Surrey (gr.,
Mr. J. D. Simmons). 2nd, by Captain Farwell.

St. Edmund's Pippin. — But one grower competed,
C. P. Wykeham Martin, Esq., Leeds, Castle, Maid-
stone (gr., Mr. D. McAinsh), and he^received the 2nd
prize.

Stunner Pippin. — Among eight'dishes, that belong-
ing to Mr. John Wootton, Byford, '.Hereford, was 1st ;
followed by Mr. E. W. Caddick, Hereford, 2nd.

Any other Variety of Dessert Apple t/tetn those named.
—The classes for single dishes of dessert Apples were
terminated by seventeen dishes of miscellaneous
varieties, all excellent in their way, and it must have
been extremely difficult for the judges to determine
the best variety when all were so inviting. However
the splendid dish of the variety Charles Ross, staged
by F. Pacet Norbury, Esq., Sherridge, Malvern,
won the 1st place ; and was followed, 2ndly, by a
dish of Mabbot's Pearmain, shown by H. H. William.-;,
Esq., Pencalenick, Truro; anil 3rdly, by Gascoyne's
Scarlet, shown by the Exors. of J. K. D. ;Wingfield-
DlGBY, Esq.

Culinary Apples.

Alfriston. — Four dishes were staged. The premier
one was exhibited by H. H. Williams, Esq., Pen-
calenick, Truro. 2nd, Mr. John Lee, {Kingscroft,
Higher Bebington, Cheshire.

Annie Elizabeth. — Three dishes were staged. That
belonging to the Exors. of J. D. Wingfied-Digby, Esq.,
Sherburne Castle, Dorset (gr. Mr. J. Turton), sur-
passed the remaining two in every respect, the fruit
being double the size of that on one of the other com-
peting dishes. 2nd, Col. Archer Houblon.

Beauty of Kent. — Two growers entered, the 1st prize
being awarded to the Exors. of J. K. D. Wingfield-
Digby, Esq. (gr. Mr. T. Turton), for large but poorly-
coloured fruits.

Bismarck. — Half a dozen dishes were shown, the
1st prize being awarded a dish of large, moderately-
coloured fruits shown by H. H. WILLIAMS, Esq., Pen-
calenick, Truro. 2ml, the Exors. of J. K. D. Wing-
field - Digby, Esq., for a smaller, but beautifully
finished dish of fruits.

Blenheim Pippin. — Ten dishes were entered,
Jeremiah Colman, Esq., Gatton Park, Reigate (gr.
Mr. W. P. Bound), winning with large fruits, although
not so highly coloured as were some of the fruits,
notably those shown by Mr. J. D. Simrr.ons, gr.
to Max Michaelis, Esq., Oxted, who secured the 2nd
prize.

Bramley's Seedling. — This was a good class, eleven
growers competing. The best dish was shown by Mr.
A. Basil, Woburn Park Gardens, Weybridge. 2nd,
Jeremiah Colman, Esq.

Dumclow's Seedling. — Mr. Alfred Tidy, Braywicke
Grove Gardens, Maidenhead, secured the 1st place
amongst three competitors. 2nd, Col. Archer
Houblon.

Gascoyne's Scarlet. — Great diversity was seen in the
six exhibits staged. Some were refined, medium-sized
fruits, others large and almost green. The prize was
awarded to the largest examples, and these were shown
by Mr. John Lee, Kingscroft, Higher Bebington,
Cheshire. 2nd, Jeremiah Colman, Esq.

(•'olden Noble. — Nine dishes were presented, that
shown by Jeremiah Colman, Esq. (gr., Mr. W. P.
Bound), taking the 1st prize.

Hormead Pearmain. — Four good dishes were staged,
the best being that shown by Mr. E. W. CADDICK,
Caradoc, Ross, Hereford. 2nd, Exors. of J. K. D.
Wingfield-Digby, Esq.

Lame's Prince Albert.— Seven dishes of this excellent
variety were shown, the prize falling to a dish of large
conical-shaped fruits belonging to Mr. E. W. Caddick;
the Exors. of J. K. D. Wingfield-Digby, Esq., again
followed 2nd.

Lord Derby. — H. L. Lutwyche, Esq., Kvnaston,
near Ross, Herefordshire (gr., Mr. J. E. Jones), staged
the best dish among nine competitors. 2nd, J. B.
Fortescce, Esq. (gr., Mr. Page).

MeredU Menage. — Thsis highly-coloured variety was
represented by nine entries, the fruits varying greatly
in colour. The brightest-coloured fruits won ; they

were shown by the Exors. of J. K. D. WlNGFIELD-
DlGBY, Esq. (gr., Mr. Turton). 2nd, Mr. JOHN LEE,
Higher Bebington, Cheshire.

Newton Wonder. — The prizes in this class were pre-
sented by Messrs. J. R. Pearson & Sons, Lowdham.
Notts. It was divided into two sections, one being
open to growers in Cardigan, Radnor, Shropshire,
Stafford, Warwick, Northampton, Bedford, Cambridge,
Essex, or counties further north. The other was con-
fined to growers living south of the above-named
counties. Three growers competed in the more
northern counties, the fruit in these cases being
smaller than those from the more favoured southern
districts, but they were equally as refined and coloured.
The 1st prize was awarded to Mr. F. Edenborougii,
Elmhurst, Rayleigh, Essex ; and the 2nd to Mr.
John Lee.

Twice as man) growers entered in the southern
section, the 1st prize going to large, well-coloured fruits
belonging to F. Paget Norbury, Esq., Sherridge,
Malvern. The 2nd prize went to Mr. E. W. Caddick,
Caradoc, Hereford, there being but little difference
between the two dishes.

Peasgood's Nonesuch. — Half-a-dozen growers staged
this truly fine exhibition Apple, some magnificent speci-
mens shown by E. S. Han bury, Esq., Poles, Ware
(gr., Mr. F. W. Church), taking the 1st place. The
2nd prize dish also contained grand fruits. It was
shown by R. P. Greg, Esq., Coles Park, Buntingford,
Herts (gr., Mr. Geo. Budd).

Pott's Seedling. — Among four dishes the best was
shown by the Exors. of J. K. D. Wingfield-Digby,
Esq. (gr., Mr. Turton). 2nd, Mr. E. W. CADDICK.

Stirling Castle. — Mr. John Lee was easily 1st among
five entries. 2nd, Mr. E. W. Caddick.

Tower of Glamis. — Two dishes only were presented,
and the fruits in these were but mediocre in quality.
1st, Walpole Ghf.enwell, Esq.

Warner's King. — Good competition was seen with
this variety, a grand dish of fruits shown by Mr. John
Lee taking 1st prize, with Jeremiah Colman, Esq., 2nd.

Any othi r Variety than those named above. — Ten
dishes of various kinds, all of which were of excellent
appearance, completed the single dish classes for culi-
nary Apples. The prize was won by- Col. the Hon. C.
Harbord, Gunton Park, Norwich (gr., Mr. W. Allan),
who staged a splendid dish of the variety Norfolk
Beauty. 2nd, Tyler's Kernel, shown by the Exors. of
J. K. D. Wingfield-Digby, Esq. 3rd, Gloria Mundi,
shown by Mr. John Lee.

CHOICE DESSERT PEARS.

Beurri Alexander Lucas. — Two dishes were pre"
sented, that belonging to the Exors. of J. K. D. Wing-
field-Digby, Esq., being awarded the 1st prize.

Beurri Ha rdy. — This seasonable variety was shown
by seven growers. The prize dish of fruits was promi-
nent, the colour being so pronounced as to resemble
orchard-house-grownfruits. These came from the gardens
of Mr. H. St. V. Ames, Cote House, Westbury-on-
Trym (gr., Mr. W. H. Bannister). 2nd, Col. Archer
Houblon.

Beurri Super/in.— Half-a-dozen dishes were shown,
the best being that displayed by the Exors. of J. K, D.
Wingfield-Digby, Esq. 2nd, Mr. N. R. Page,
Marine Parade. Clacton-onSea.

Charles Ernest. — One dish only was presented, and
this received the 1st prize. It was shown by Lord

POLTIMORE.

Comte de Lamy.—Gol. Archer Houblon was 1st
among four competitors. 2nd, Mr. Alfred Tidy,
Braywicke Grove Gardens, Maidenhead.

Doyenne du Cornice. — Thirteen dishes were staged, by
far the best fruits being those shown by F. Leyerton
Harris, Esq., Camilla Lacey, Dorking (gr., Mr. J.
McDonald). 2nd, Lord PoLTIMORE.

Durondcau, — Col. The Hon. C. Harbord was easily
1st. 2nd, the Exors. of J. K D. Wingfield-Digby,
Esq. Five entries were seen for this variety.

Easter Beurri. — Col. Harbord was again 1st,
followed by the same exhibitors as for the last-named
variety.

Emily d'Beyst. — Again Col. Harbord was to the
fore, having a splendid dish of fruits. 2nd, Lord
Poltimore.

GInut Morccme — This variety was shown by nine
growers. Col. HARBORD won the 1st place, followed
by J. Westmacott, Esq., 2nd.

Josephine de Malinis. — This variety was also>
represented by nine dishes, the best being those belong-
ing to the Exors. of J. K. D. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.
2nd, Captain Farwell (gr., Mr. W. Hutt).

Louise Bonne of Jersey. — Mr. N. R. Page had the
best dish among four. 2nd, Max Michaelis, Esq.

Marie Louise. — This variety was shown by half-a-
dozen growers. 1st, Col. Harbord. 2nd, the Exors.
of J. K. D. Wingfield-Digby, Esq.

Nouvclle Fulvie. — The last-named exhibitor won-
among five competitors. 2nd, Lord Howard de;
Walden.

Pitmaston Duchess. — This was an interesting class,,
no fewer than fifteen dishes being presented. Some of
the fruits were quite ripe, others being quite green.
The best finished fruits were awarded the 1st prize,
and these were shown by F. Leverton Harris, Esq.,
Dorking (gr., Mr. J. McDonald). 2nd. Captain.
Farwell.

President Barabe. — Col. Harbord showed the only
dish of this variety, receiving the 1st prize for the same.

Thompson's. — Col. Harbord secured the 1st prize
among four competitors. 2nd, Exors. J. K. D. WlNG-
field-Digby, Esq.

Winter Nc!is.—J. B. Fortescue, Esq., staged the
best dish among five.

Any other Variety of Dessert Pear not named above.
—The small variety Seckle secured the 1st prize for
the Exors of J. K. D. Wingfield-Digby, Esq. Beurre-
Diel, shown by R. J. Lambert, Esq., Oxshott (gr.,
Mr. G. D. Reid), taking the 2nd prize. 3rd, Jeremiah,
Colman, Esq., with Gansel's Bergamot.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

Present : Mr. Geo. Bunyard (in the Chair) ; and
Messrs. P. C. Veitch, S. Mortimer, W. Pope, H. Parr,
H. J. Wright, E. Beckett, W. Fyfe, J. Lyne, G. Nor-
man, J. Willard, O. Thomas, G. Wythes, A. Dean,
W. Bates, J. Basham, J. Mclndoe, H. Markham,
G. Keif, C. Foster, G. Woodward, W. H. Divers, W.
Crump, T. Coomber, and T. Arnold.

About twenty varieties of Potatos that had been,
examined at Wisley by a sub-committee, and were
recommended for awards, were considered, but the-
question of awards was deferred.

Award of Merit.

Melon Conference.— A green-fleshed variety with soft
flesh of rich flavour. A handsome and well-netted
fruit. From Mr. W. Birkinshaw, Bridehead, Dor-
chester.

Caulifiomr Walcheren (Barr & Sons).— A very fine
and select stock of this old Cauliflower, grown at-
Wisley.

CONFERENCE ON FRUIT-GROWING.

In connection with the Royal Horticultural Society's-
Show of British-Grown Fruit, on October 10, 11,
and 12, a Conference on Fruit-Growing was held in.
the Hall, Vincent Square, Westminster, under the-
united auspices of the National Fruit Grower's Federa-
tion and the Royal Horticultural Society.

Tuesday's Conference.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., President of the
Royal Horticultural Society, presided on the first day
over a very large gathering,

The President in opening the Conference said, " I
think we should at once begin our proceedings because
there are important papers to be read, and we anticipate
some important discussion on them. It has become
recognised on all hands that the provision of a good
fruit supply is one of the most important requirements
of a good dietary. I think it has been contended by
all physicians of eminence that in this country we are
too prone to animal food and do not indulge sufficiently
in a vegetable diet.

You will see by the agenda that the first question to-
be discussed is the subject of foreign competition and
how to meet it, and with a view of showing how-
important that competition is, I have taken out some
figures representing the value of fruit imported into
this country, and which might equally well be grown
here. In 1904 the value of Apples — raw — was
t2,llS,000; Cherries, .€310, OIK) ; Currants, £143,000;.
Grapes, £827,000; Pears, £303,000; Plums, £526,000;
and miscellaneous— Strawberries, Peaches, Apricots,
£102,000, making a total value of fruit which could
certainly be grown in this country, £4,538, 0GO. Then
in addition to the fruit which could .be grown in thi*

OCTOBEE 14, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

285

country there is, of course, an important element in
foreign competition which is not really competitive in
this case, because the fruit could not be grown
in England. But the total of all sorts imported
during 1904 represents a value of £10,237,000,
four-and-a-half millions of which at least could have
been grown in this country. Of course, we cannot
grow Bananas, representing £1,382,000 ; nor can we
grow Oranges, £2,193,000. With regard to Bananas,
I do not know whether any of you have a per-
sonal acquaintance with Sir Alfred Jones. He
is a most energetic man, and I happen to
know what took place on the question of the
importation of Bananas. Travelling on one
of his Company's steamships, the Elder Dempster line,
he landed at the Canaries. He looked round and said
to himself it was a place where Bananas could be
grown. He took on lease a large area, and planted
Bananas. When the time came he told the people of
Liverpool he wanted them to establish places to sell
the Bananas at a penny apiece. They said they could
not possibly do it, and that they could get 2d. or 3cl.
each for them. At the proper time he sent for forty or
fifty costermongers who sold at a penny apiece, and
obviously put those who wanted 2d. apiece out of the
market. Then the Liverpool people said the coster-
mongers obstructed the traffic, but Sir Alfred Jones
sent for a learned K.C., who established the right of
the costermongers to sell. I mention this only to show
what energy will do, and now the trade in Bananas is
well established. In this country we have our troubles,
due to climatic influences, to contend with. Last year,
in the greater part of the South of England, we got
plenty of Apples and Pears, but this year we have a
comparatively poor supply. I may say that on the
whole the Exhibition, whether we refer to amateurs
or to those who make the growing of fruit more or less
a business concern, is eminently satisfactory.

When I was a boy you could not bu3~ a pound of
Muscat Grapes under 12s. or 15*., or even more. Now
we can get excellent Muscats at 2s. lit/, a pound.
That merely shows you what can be done in hot-
houses in this country, and I only refer to this matter
to emphasise the importance of fruit as a food supply.
You can see in the fruit in the Hall below what a
valuable adjunct it is to our national reserve of food,
and it has really come to this, that the fruit-growing
interests of this country form a very important national
industry, and I think the more we can do to further
these home industries the better we shall be doing our
duty to our country.

I should just like to refer for a moment to the report
of the Committee on the Fruit Industry of ( rreat
Britain. It is an alarming-looking document, but it
costs only 4k/., and I venture to recommend it to the
earnest perusal of all who are interested in the fruit
industry, and if the recommendations contained in
that report were carried out, we should find the fruit
industry in this country placed upon a satisfactory
basis all round. I am sorry to say that the recom-
mendations are forty in number, and knowing what
usually happens to recommendations of Committees,
they are not very likely to be all adopted ; but still there
is a large number which fairly claim thoughtful
consideration. I now call upon Mr. Bunyard to read
his paper.

Foreign Competition and How to Meet It.
best varieties to grow.

Mr. Geo. Bdnyard at the outset spoke of the
altered conditions of import. At one time fruit came
to this country in sailing vessels, but the introduction
of steam had entirely altered the aspect of affairs.
Fruit could reach this country now in far less time
than formerly, and could now be brought from
America, the Canaries, South Africa, California, &c.
The home fruit trade was consequently to a large
extent displaced. There was the enormous development
in the Banana and Orange trade. It was very unusual to
have Oranges till just before Christmas, and Bananas
were scarcely ever seen. Besides that, they had to
remember that the soft- fruit trade (Raspberries, Straw-
berries, and Gooseberries) was being replaced by the
importation of a large quantity of pulp into this
(Country. On the Continent the small growers took
every advantage of co-operation in sending their goods
to a central depot, placing the small grower on equal
t_rrns with the big men.

*To meet the foreigner, organisation was therefore
necessary The small grower should try for the retail
trade now that the railway companies found boxes
and offered special rates. As to package, they had

been hammering at the subject for a long time past.
There seemed to be a disposition on the part of the
buyers rather to favour the old-fashioned baskets. He
wished they could introduce the non-returnable boxes,
which could be made for a reasonable price. He men-
tioned this because there, was always a difficulty in
getting "empties " back. There was no doubt that if
the best dessert Apples and Pears were put up in boxes
they would obtain a much better price than at
present. He advised the culture of Pears on the

The best sorts to grow included of early dessert
Apples to pick and consume from the tree — Gladstone,
Quarrenden, Ingestre, Ben's Red, Duchess's Favourite :
store for a short time — King of Pippins, Worcester
Pearmain, James Grieve ; for October to Christmas —
Cox'a Orange Pippin, Allington Pippin, Christmas
Pearmain ; after Christmas — Cockle's Pippin, Beau-
man's Reinette, Gascoyne's Scarlet Seedling.

Culinarii Applesto sell from the tree included — White
Transparent, Julien, Grenadier, Early Victoria, Pott's

FlG. 110. — PEAR MARIE LODISE.

Quince - stock, and Apples on the Paradise - stock.
Pears should be cultivated on the Quince stock where
the soil was suitable. They might be put in 6 feet
apart, which would mean 1,200 plants to the acre, and
they would give good results if properly taken care of.
The trees should not be fed with manures unless they
were carrying a crop of fruit. There was a mistake in
planting trees in large blocks of one kind together.
The Americans had taught them that in this way there
could not be proper cross-fertilisation. In that case a
crop could only be got on the trees at the outside, and
not on those in the middle of the plantation.

Seedling, Ecklinville ; in September and October-
Warner's King, Lord Derby, Tower of Glamis, Bis-
marck, Norfolk Beauty, Lane's Prince Albert; after
Christmas, Blenheim Orange. Bramley'a Seedling,
Newton Wonder, Wellington (where soil suits),
Northern Greening, Winter Queen, Alfriston,
Hambling's Seedling.

Pears (standard)— Hessel, Fertility, Crawford, Pit-
maston Duchess, Williams' lion ehretien; and for
growing on the Quince stock— Williams' Bon Chretien,
Dr. Jules Guyot, Conference, Louise Bonne, Doyenne
da Cornice, Beurre Hardy, Beurre Superfin, Van Greet.

286

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[OCTOEEB 14, 19(5.

Plums. River's Prolific, Oileans Belle de Louvain,
Victoria, Pond's Seedling, Monarch, Deniston's Superb,
Jefferson's, King of Damsons, Worcester Damson.

Cherries. — Early Rivers, Waterloo Heart, Black Eagle,
Black Heart, Tartarian, The Noble, Beaumann's May,
Kentish Bigarreau, Bigarreau Napoleon, Kentish Red
Cherry, and Morellos.

Gooseberries, <fec. — Crown Bob, Whinham's Industry,
Keepsake, Whitesmith, Lancer, and High Sheriff.

Currants. — Knight's Early or Scotch, New Red
Dutch, Black Boskoop Giant, Lee's Prolific, Naples,
and Baldwin's Black.

Raspberries. — Superlative, Norwich, Hornet.
Strawberries. — Sir J. Paxton, Royal Sovereign, Elton
Tine, and Eleanor.

PAPER BY MR. JOSEPH CHEAL.

Mr. Jos. Cheat, impressed upon growers the proper
preparation of the soil if they were to compete suc-
cessfully with the foreigner. A small quantity of land
properly looked after would give far better results than
a larger quantity if neglected, These might seem
commonplaces, but it is absolutely necessary to repeat
them over and over again. To compete with the
foreigner our native produce must be of the first-class
«iuality. Ground for cidtivation must be properly
chosen and properly attended to.

Eight of the best dessert Apples were — Duchess of
Bath, Blenheim Orange, Claygate Tearmain, Cox's
Orange Pippin, Duchess of Gloucester, Mannington
Tearmain, King of the Pippins. There were twelve
ood cooking Apples— viz., Bismarck, Golden Noble,
Newton Wonder, Lane's Prince Albert, Stirling Castle,
Lord Grosvenor, Ecklinville, Lord Derby, Pott's Seed-
ing, Jubilee, Warner's King, Bramley's Seedling.

Pears. — Doyenne Boussoch, Doyenne du Cornice,
Duchess d'Angouleme, Pitmaston Duchess, Made
Louise d'Uccle, Durondeau, Williams' Bon Chretien,
Beurre Hardy, Beurre Superfin, Fertility.

Plums. — Cox's Emperor, Green Gage, Jefferson, Vic-
toria, Monarch, Czar, Early Prolific and Denniston's
Superb.

Mr. Chkal emphasised the importance of keeping
the trees and plantation quite clean. There would
be no success without. The ground should be well
forked and all grass turned in. It was astanishing
how quickly the trees would respond, especially after a
little top-dressing. In Canada this was largely prac-
tised, and spraying was practically compulsory. Over-
crowding was a great evil.

As to packing, the fruit should be placed in boxes
with a little tissue-paper. By this means the fruit
could be sent direct to the retailer, and so on to the
consumer, without being handled, and he had known it
so packed to fetch high prices. It paid far better to
have the first quality alone than to mix it with Beconds
and thirds. Railway Companies were awakening to the
fact that they must make better provision for the con-
veyance of small consignments of fruit. A few varie-
ties and a continuous supply of each were essential now-
adays for customers, and this was where the Canadians
•excelled. He considered that our own Government
might extend a helping hand to the industry, as was
done by the Canadian Government, by assisting experi-
ments dealing with the various varieties and with
practical instruction in cultivation.

GRADING AND PACKING.

Mr. James Harper, Mr. Herbert Pantin, and Dr.
•Goethe (Darmstadt) dealt with the subject of grading
and packing.

Mr. Hakper said the subject was exceedingly im-
portant. Attention had been forced to improved
methods of grading and packing by the superior woik
of other fruit-growing countries, and it had come to
this, that the home grower who desired to make bis
fruit-growing pay must devote more time and atten-
tion to the subject if he wants to hold a placj
in the home market against foreign competitors.
There was no question as to the home-grown produce
being equal, if not superior to most of that imported.
If the home grower would turn his attention to growing
fewer sorts, and these of better quality and more even
in size, he might be able to get a much better return
than at present. His watchword should be "quality,
not quantity," and eventually he would render
much of the present importations unnecessary. Much
good had been done in Ireland by the issue of
a pamphlet of instructions by the Department
of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland.
The general opinion was that those growers who had

adopted the cheap non-returnable boxes and barrels
fcr marketing all best quality fruit, especially Apples,
had been successful in getting better prices in the Irish
and English markets. Careful grading had also been
productive of higher prices. The one and two dozen
"flats " or boxes for the very best dessert and cooking
Apples had been decidedly popular with the best
buyers of the choicest fruit. The use of punnets for
Strawberries and Raspberries where they were to be
used for eating promised to become almost universal
in Ireland. He advocated a standard of non-return-
able packages for the benefit of the user. To the
retailer they saved time; the salesman had no trouble
or expense with "empties;" the carriers — railways
more especially- did not want to be bothered with
empties, and the grower was conforming to the trend of
the times. Fruit culture was already being looked upon
as perhaps the most promising field for effort in agri-
culture. Produce had only to be marketed in an up-
to date, businesslike manner to render success certain,
and to resolve sanguine hopes into tangible realities.

Mr. Herbert Pantin said, as importers of box-
boards, he found a steady increase in the number of
small packages despatched by fruit-growers. It was well
known that fruit suffered in quality every time it was
handled. In the case of Plums it was well known that
when oue fruit was damaged it started the whole box
to decay. The fiuit must breathe, and the Plums
should therefore be packed in one lay er in shallow boxes.
Dr. Goethe, who was unable to be present, said
in his paper, fresh fruit was always more remunerative
than bottled or preserved fruit provided the prices
for fresh fruit were not allowed to fall below a certain
standard. That danger could be avoided by careful
storage. Profits from the sale of fresh fruit depended
on large quantities of the varieties most appreciated
and most in demand being available for market. Small
quantities of fruits of different sizes and varieties did
not pay. Strawberries should be gathered in the
early morning, as they lost flavour in the warm part of
the day. Gooseberries should be gathered before quite
ripe, otherwise they become mouldy, and Currants
should be allowed to become as ripe as possible, so as to
allow the natural sugar of the fruit to counteract as far
as possible its natural acidity. Apricots were best
gathered in dry weather in the morning, so that only
the ripest fruit was taken, and the picking should be
continued for several days. Apricots were extremely
perishable, and should be gather*, d two or three days
before fully ripe if for transport purposes.

The Chairman said he could bear testimony to the
great difficulty of picking fruit. He lived only
25 miles from London, yet it was difficult to get Peaches
on the table in London entirely free from bruises. But
the result would be different if only proper appliances
were used, as exceedingly fine fruit came from the Cape
of Good Hope, Canada, &c, and was landed in this
country in a first rate condition. He would suggest that
Japanese paper would be excellent for packing. It
was verv tough and pliable. He liked to favour home
industries, but in these days they might consider the
Japanese industry as one of them.

Rev. G. H. Engleheart said the question of
Government support was very lightly touched upon.
He was speaking to a Member of Parliament who said
it was largely due to the English character that the
Government did not do more. The people did not
cxre for paternal Government. There was a great deal
in that. There was no doubt that success in all depart-
ments had been largely initiated by individual effort.
He himself had taken a little orchard in South
Wiltshire, but there were in the district many old and
derelict farms, and these were the breeding-grounds for
all kinds of pests — asylums for the American Blight
and Codlin moth, and so far as he could see it would
take several years to do away with them. He thought
the old sharp line between agriculture and horticulture
should be broken down, and that the Minister of Agri-
culture ought to give to these orchards a helping hand,
placing penalties and restrictions upon these asylums of
pests.

The Chairman said the Minister of Agriculture was
also the Minister for Horticulture.

Mr. H. F. Getting said careful study should be
made of the time of blossoming of different varieties.
Unless that was done they would not get the advan-
tage of cross- fertilisation. It had been said that sales-
men were in favour of using boxes. He did not think
that was the case generally. They greatly depreciated
the sale of boxes of fruit, and only took it up because
they wished to confine their clients to themselves. It
was a difficult matter to recommend varieties of good

fruit for growing in this country. A great deal of
harm had been done by recommending certain varieties
because the conditions were not the same in all
districts. The Ecklinville Seedling was good for many
districts, but in parts of Worcestershire it would not
grow at all. A grower had had to cut down some very
fine trees simply because they would not bear. What
was needed for a continuous supply of Apples for the
English market was cool storage.

Mr. F. W. Moore, Dublin, said good and well-grown
fruit was what was wanted. No one would deny
that better Apples were grown in the British Isles than
in America. More bad American Apples were sold in
this country than bad English Apples, and he was
always sorry when he saw people buy the bruised,
mucky stuff from America while discarding our
own fruit. The fault was thrown upon the railway
companies. They were called upon to carry all kinds
of things, and at rates that would not pay. Bad
stuff should never be sent to the market. If the rail-
way companies were guaranteed a constant supply from
a given centre they would meet the trader fairly, and
reduce their rates. Any quantity of Lord Grosvenors
and Lane's Prince Alberts could be sold at good prices.
In the matter, at any rate, of Govenment assistance they
were progressive. As to the protection of trees, he urged
that constant spraying was necessary, otherwise pests
would always be theie. That was where we were so
far behind the Americans. The small grower had the
advantage, and his experience, not only in Ireland, but
elsewhere, had been that better fruit was sent to
market by the comparatively small growers. It was
an industry for small growers, and would prove most
prosperous if woiked on the right lines. If they liked
thev could easily meet foreign competition.

The best var'eti<s to grow in Ireland were Lane's
Prince Albert, Bramley's Seedling, and Newton Wonder.
Mr. John Ckook said certain trees were prone to
canker. He did not wonder that some varieties were
absolute failures, whereas the Annie Elizabeth was a
perfect success. He believed they would never do
what they wished until the people were better educated.
They were muddling on and making great mistakes.

Mr. Bi'NTARD, replying on the discussion, said he
had emitted one thing. When grafting Apples on the
Paradise stock and Ptars on the Quince stock, so many
failuies were made because the junction was not put
below the surface of the soil. When above the soil
the juncture was restricted, whereas if under the
ground the junction swelled. He had been reading
in the Westminster Gazette the report of an inter-
view with Mr. Garcia, of Covent Garden, who
stated that foreign fruit was carried at such a
cheap rate in this country that a 5 per cent.'
duty would strangle the trade ! Well, why should
not' the foreign trade be strangled? and why should
these people not pay something for the upkeep of our
army and navy (The President: "And the Royal Horti-
cultural Society ") ? Something ought to be done. He
would not keep the fruit out of this country, but the
time had come when something should be done for the
home growers. People talked about agriculture as if it
were a worn-out industry. It was still the largest
industry in the country, and yet it was allowed to
suffer by the importation of pulp from Belgium !
Why should not the Belgian pay duty? We had
to pay duty for sugar. As to the best varieties he
agreed with a great deal said by Mr. Cheal, and had
omitted from his own paper several varieties. He
would say it was impossible to fully succeed unless
each grower could have a trial plantation of say half-
an acre, and after experiment use his own judgment.

A question was put as to what should be done where
the junction in grafting would be above the ground.
Mr. Bunyard : In that case earth it up.
On Wednesday a communication was read by Mr.
Theobald on the Insect- pests of Fruit-trees, but further
notice of this and other papers read as these pages are
passing through the press, must be deferred until our
next issue.

{To be continued.1)

BRITISH GARDENERS"
ASSOCIATION.

Plymouth and District Branch.
September 30. — In connection with this branch a
Mutual Improvement Society has been formed, and
the first meeting was held in the Working Men's Hall,
Plympton, on the above date. Mr. A. J. G. Chalice,
of the South Devon Nurseries, Plympton, presided.
Mr. H. Ruse, of Brookfield, Crown Hill, read an
instructive paper on "Gardens and Gardeners,
dealing with some very ancient gardens and methods of
cultivation, also of the changes that have taken place
in tastes for plants, and in the planting and growing
of different species, also of past and present gardeners.
He concluded a very instructive paper by making a
special appeal to all gardeners to join the British
Gardeners' Association and its Mutual Improvement
Society. N. S. E. C.

October 14, 19(5 ]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

287

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF
ENGLAND ORCHID.

September 28. — There was a capital display of plants
at the meeting held on the above date. Groups of
Orchids were shown by Messrs. J. Cypher k Sons, E.
Kogerson, Esq., to whom Silver Medals were awarded.
Messrs. Sanher & Sons and J. Cowan & Co.. Ltd.,
received Bronze Medals for groups. Votes of Thanks
were awarded to Messrs. 0. O. Wkiulet and W.
Thompson, also for exhibits.

A. Ashworth, E«]., AVilmslow, exhibited Dendro-
bium Phalamopsis Schrbderianum var. hololeuca, a
white form, which has already been certificated, also a
form called "Lee's var."

A. Warburton, Esq., Haslingden, exhibited Cypii-
pedium Fairrieanum, the first shown in Lancashire, and
received a First-class Certificate. C. x Germain
Opoix, a very fine hybrid with Fairrieanum as one of
its parents, also received a First-class Certificate. C, X
Baron Schroder was shown from the same collection.

Dr. Hodgkinson. Wilmslow, exhibited a hybrid
between Cattleya Eldorado x C. aurea, and called
C. X " Lady Ingram " (Award of Merit).

J. Cypher & SONS exhibited an interesting hybrid
between Cymbidium Lowianum and a 1'haius (species
or variety not stated). This was awarded a First-class
Certificate. P. W.

UNITED HORTICULTURAL
BENEFIT AND PROVIDENT.

(ANNUAL DINNER.)

October 10. — The nineteenth Anniversary Dinner
took place at the Holborn Restaurant on Tuesday
evening last, and there were present upwards of inn
members and friends. The Chairman was Mr. W.
Marshall, Chairman of the Floral Committee of the
Royal Horticultural Society, who was associated
with the management of the I'nited Horticultural
Benefit and Provident Society immediately after
its foundation. The Chairman was supported on the
right hand by Mr. \V. A. Bilney, and on the left by
Mr, H. B. May. In proposing the toast of the
evening, Mr. Marshall stated that the Society num-
bered 1,200 members, and that 105 new members had
been enrolled during the present year. The Society had
invested funds to the amount of £24,000. Under s-uch
circumstances he (the Chairman) would not indulge in
any criticism, but would say to the Committee, Continue
to do as you are doing. Mr. Marshall then related some
interesting particulars concerning the early history of
the Society and the reasons that led to its inaugura-
tion. It was interesting to learn that the Society was
not in the first place intended to be a benefit society,
but that it was started under the title of the London
Society of Florists and Pomologists, and in direct
opposition to the Royal Horticultural Society. The
Council of the latter Society had got into trouble
towards the end of the year 1804 by its persistence in
requiring the Fruit and Floral Committees to meet on
Saturdays, the day on which the shows were held. The
members of the Committees protested that the day was
a most inconvenient one, and eventually they resigned
in a body. In these circumstances a meeting
was called by an advertisement signed by the late
Shirley Hibberd, J. Newton, and J. Croup. The
meeting took place at 37, Arundel Street, Strand, and
the London Society of Florists and Pomologists was
founded at that meeting. There was no further meeting
until the following March, and in the meantime the
Royal Horticultural Society had settled the difference
with their Committees by making Wednesday their
show day instead of Saturday. At the second meeting
the question of a Benefit Fund was introduced, and
it became henceforth the chief object of the new
Society, whose title was at once changed to that
of the United Horticultural Society. Mr. Marshall
mentioned many details that cannot be given here on
account of the pressure upon our space. The question
of raising funds led to the holding of exhibitions for
the purpose, and considerable money was thus obtained.
In one case where the Society held a show jointly with
another Society in the Guildhall, Mr. Marshall w"as the
means of making an arrangement by which the other
Society was to have all the receipt's, and guarantee
to the United Horticultural Society the sum of
£400, of which £300 was counted their share of
the proceeds from the show, and £100 for ex-
penses. The result was a capital exhibition,
but it was financially a failure, and Mr. Marshall had
some difficulty in getting the cheque for £400, which,
however, was forthcoming in the end. Mr. Marshall's
success in this matter, and his help in framing the
rales, led the Committee of that time to present
him with an illuminated address, which was shown at
the Dinner. But we must refrain from further
following Mr. Marshall's interesting story and merely
idd that he handed over to the Treasurer a proof copy
of the first rules of the Society, also a copv of the
jalance sheet for the year 1868, a remarkable balance
sheet, indeed, for it showed receipts equal to about
t'480, and there was no expenditure at all !

Mr. C. H. Curtis, Chairman of Committee,
•esponded for the Society, and stated that the Com-

mittee had on the previous evening made an important
investment, which would make the amount of invested
funds £27,053. If the Societ}- were to be dissolved at
the present time there would be a sum of £27 available
for each member. He read an interesting letter from
Mr. Baker, Membland Gardens, Plymouth, which was
a striking testimony to the value of Mr. Marshall's
services to the Society7 in its infancy.

The toast of the "Honorary and Life Members"
was proposed b}' Mr. W. Taylor, and responded to by
Mr. W. A. Bilney and Mr. E. A Bunyard. Mr. H. B.
May proposed the toast of "The Chairman," and
other toasts included that of "The Visitors." proposed
by Mr. Jas. Hudson (Treasurer), and responded to by
Mr. Geo. Gordon and Mr. Strugnell ; and " The Press,"
proposed by Mr. E. F. Hawes, and responded to by
Mr. R. Hooper Pearson.

The musical part of the programme was carried out
by the Kew Glee Singers.

GLASGOW SEED AND NURSERY
ASSISTANTS' ASSOCIATION.

October 2. — The inaugural meeting of this Associa-
tion was held in Robertson's Rooms, West Nile Street,
Glasgow, on the above date, Mr. Wm. Leighton in the

The Late HENRY GEORGE MOON.

chair. After an adlress from the Chairman, Mr.
J. H. Parker moved "That the time had now arrived
when an association in connection with the [Glasgow]
seed trade should be formed," and this being the
unanimous wish of the assembly, the business of
appointing office-bearers was proceeded with. The
following were appointed : — Hon. President, A. Cross,
Esq., M.P. ; President, Mr. Wm. Leighton ; Vice-
Presidents, Messrs. J. Cairns and J. H. Tarker ;
Treasurer, Mr. T. B. Kerr ; Secretary, Mr. J. Dobson.
It is intended that lectures dealing with subjects of
interest to the members should from time to time be
delivered, and in all probability outings will be
arranged during the summer months.

GARDENERS' DEBATING SOCIETIES.

CARDIFF GARDENERS'.— The session 1905-0 was
opened a*, Uie Sandringham Hotel, Cardiff, on Tuesday,
October 3. Mr. F G. Tresedtu- p esided. Mr. Shaddick,
representative of the Bristol Gardeners' Association,
delivered aninstruetivehelureon Codueums (Crotons),
and the discussion was taken up by a large number ot
members. A special prize ot" five shillings was offered
by Mr. R. Mayne for the best two dishes of dessert
Apples and two dishes of Pears. Thi« was won by Mr.
J. Dinwoodie, who was also awarded a first-class
Certificate for a dish of Pears var. Catillac, the premier
pear weighing 27 ounces. Mr. K. Mayne was awarded a
First-class Certificate for a line specimen of Miltonia

Candida. Mr. C. E. Collier was awarded a Second-class
Certificate for a non-competitive collection of four
dishes of Ayples. Several new members were enrolled.
CROYDON AND DISTRICT HORTICULTURAL— The
members of this Society met at their rooms, Sunflower
Temperance Hotel, on Tuesday, 3rd inst., when a
"discussion" night was held, and this proved very
instructive. Various inquiries were made, and re-
ceived due attention under their separate Headings.
Among other exhibits at the meeting. Messrs. J. R. Box
& Co., nurserymen. West Croydon, s'aged twenty-'.wo
varieties of Michaelmas Daisies.

SCHEDULES RECEIVED.

Spaldinc; Potato Exhibition, to he held in the
Corn Exchange. Spilding, on Tuesday. November2. 1905.

Woolton and District Chrysanthemum society's
Exhibition, to be held in the church Hal], Woolton, on
Wednesday, November 22, H05.

Hanley Chkysa'^themuji Society's Show, to be
held in the Town Hall. Hanley, on Wednesday and
Thursday, November 1 and 2, 1905.

©bltuarp.

Henry George Moon.— The news of the
death of this accomplished artist on the 6th inst.
at St. Albans will be received with profound
regret. For some time past he had been in
failing health, but his death in his forty-ninth
year is sadly premature. He was born on
February IS, 1857, the eldest son of Henry Mood,
a Parliamentary Agent of Westminster. For
many years he was a student at the Birkbeck and
St. Martin's Schools of Art, and was for some
years thereafter in a solicitor's office ; but Art had
greater charms than Law, and about 1880 he
joined the Art department of The Garden.

He first came to St. Albans in 188i and visited
Mr. Sander's Orchid nurseries to make drawings
for Mr. Wm. Robinson, who was then publishing
The English Flower Garden, &o., and in 1885 was
asked by Mr. Sander to illustrate the Reichen-
bachia, a magnificent work on Orchids which
came out in 1880 and continued until 1890.
Much of his spare time was given to the study
of landscape painting on the Norfolk Broads, &c ,
and at Gravetye, Mr. Robinson's country place in
Sussex, he was often accompanied by Mr. W. E.
Norton, an American painter, who greatly influ-
enced him in his early studies, and to whom he
attributed much of his success in art.

In the autumn of 1802 deceased first cam? to
live in St. Albans, and he much appreciated
being nearer the country, making frequent excur-
sions to places in the neighbourhood.

In January, 1891, he married Mr. F. Smder's
only daughter, and continued to live in St.
Albans, devoting himself more and more to
landscape painting. It was a difficult thing to
get him to send to picture exhibitions, but he
always had a few works on view at Messrs.
Obach's galleries.J [As a judge his opinion was
valued, and he was frequently called upon' to
criticise at the London Sketching Clubs — the
"Langholm," the "Gilbert Garrett," "Poly-
technic," " Birkbeck," &c. There are many young
artists who owe him a debt of gratitude for help-
ing them in their difficulties, and those who had
the pleasure of his acquaintance will mourn the
loss of an amiable and accomplished friend.

JOHN BlDGOOD. — It is with great regret that
we have to announce the death of Mr. J. Bidgood,
at Bournemouth, on October 0, from blood-poison-
ing. He was in his fifty-third year. A keen and
enthusiastic botanist, geologist and bacteriologist,
his scientific researches brought him in close
contact with horticulture in various branches.

Latterly Mr. Bidgood devoted his attention to
colour in flowers, Orchids being selected as
suitable subjects for his researches. It will be
remembered that the first lecture given in the
new Hall of the Royal Horticultvral Society
was given by Mr. Bidgood on this subject. He
was a member of the Scientific Committee of
the above Society, and the Journal of the
Society includes several articles from his pen.
Closely connected with educational subjects in
his own town, Gateshead, and also in N wcastleon-
Tyne, he was widely respected, and his genial
manner will be greatly missed.

The funeral took place at Gateshead Cematery
on Tuesday, the 10th inst. The staff and pupils of
the S ccondary School, of which the late gentleman
was the Head, were present, also the Educational
Committee of the town and a large gathering of
closely-connected friends.

288

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 14, 1305.

&RSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

> —

Carnations : Correspondent. From the appear-
ance of the li aves we believe the plants to be
suffering from eelworms, and in that case all
you can do is to make a fresh start, employing
soil obtained from another source, or soil
sterilised by bakiDg. Send us some of the
roots for examination.

Chrysanthemums Diseased : Anxious. We find
traces of the "rust" disea. e on ;orr plants.
Spray the plants with a weak solution of
permanganate of potash.

Cineharia : J. G. We find some ioo'; aphides.
The only thing we can recommend is to bake
the soil and stait afresh. Mealy bugs do
affect the roots, but these are not mealy bugs.

Creepers : H. C. M. The5e will succeed if
planted in tubs, as jou suggest, providing they
receive due attention in the matter of watering.
With respect to the size of the tub, this is
largely a matter of conven'ence. Yo i can use
one large receptacle or several smaller ones ;
we do not, howei er, advise the use of those
measuring less than 18 inches each way.
Amongst the hardiest and most freely-growing
climbing plants for towns are the Ivy, Virginian-
Creeper, Wistaria, Forsythia suspensa, and the
common Jasmine. Ivy is undoubtedly the
better plant for covering large surfaces quickly.
The varieties sold by nurserymen under the
name3 canariensis, algeiiensis, and Rcegaeriana
are suitable for covering large spaces. " Gold "
and " silver" variegated varieties and the cut-
leaved forms should be employed only when
the space to be covered is of moderate extent.

Dahlias : D. R. We find numerous insects, among
them mites like the bulb-mite, if not the same.
We do not know the conditions under which
the plants have been grown, and what has
favoured the development of the insects.

Grape : A. W. You cannot expect us to name
a rotten bunch of Grapes packed in a thin card-
board box and smashed in the post.

Grapes Diseased : C. F. C. The berries are
attacked by the "spot" disease (Glceosporium
ampelophagum). Burn the affected berries,
and next spring spray the Vines with Bordeaux-
mixture when the berries are about to set.

IIelxine Soleiroli : J. M. You are right in
supposing jour specimen to be one of this
plant. The only other name by which the
species has been known, so far as we are aware,
is Parietaria lusitanica, but it is not mentioned
under either name in the work you mention,
nor in the recently published supplement.

Ivy Growing on Walnut - tree, Yew, Scotch
Fir, &c. : A. P. No tree is improved in con-
dition by the presence of Ivy upon it, although
in appearance it may become more picturesque.
In the end the tree is usually killed by the
Ivy, but it may not be until many years have
elapsed. You should not only cut the Ivy off
at the base but remove it from the tree,
because otherwise it would continue to live for
a considerable period.

Market Measures : L. F. In Covent Garden
Market a bushel of Fears weighs from S«j lb. to
GO lb. ; of Apples 111b. to 48 lb.; of Plums,
56 lb. to 60 lb. ; and of Potatos, 50 lb. In
Worcester a " pot " of Plums weighs 72 lb. ; of
Pears, 72 lb. ; and Apples, 64 lb. A Midland
"strike" of fruit is generally equal to about
14 lb. Some day we may hope lor uniformity
of practice, but it seems a long way eft'.

Names of Fruits : Pertica. Peach Lord Fal-
merston, a useless variety in most localities.
—X. Y. Z. 1, King of Tomkins County.
You sent two specimens under No. 2. One
is Small's Admirable, the other with yellow
flesh is Forfar; 4, Greames Pippin. — G. H. 8.
1, Scarlet Golden Pippin ; 2, Wellington ; 3,
Waltham Abbey Seedling; 4, not recognised;
5, Knight's Monarch. — B. II. 1, Alfriston; 2,
Blenheim Pippin ; 3, Cellini ; 4, Stirling
Castle ; 5, Waltham Abbey Seedling ; 6, Adam's
Pearmain ; 7, Minchull Crab; 8, Dutch Codlin ;
■9, Sturmer Pippin ; 10, Dean's Codlin — J. C. W.
1, Sheep's Nose ; 2, Green Tiffing. — J. E. Reynolds.
A, Hormead's Pearmain ; b, Winter Strawberry.

— Belmont Castle. You greatly overtax our good
nature and should in consequence send us a con-
tribution for the Gardeners' Orphan Fund. 1,
Easter Beurre ; 3, Durondeau ; 4, Maiie Benoist ;
5, Beurre Sterckmans ; 6, Marie Louise ; 7,
Josephine de Malines ; 9, Beurre Bachelier ■, 10,
Vicar of Winkfield ; 11, Glou Morceau ; 12,
Conseiller de la Cour; 13, Duchesse d'Angou-
leme ; a, Small's Admirable ; b, White Melrose ;
c, Minchull Crab; d, Bibston Pippin ; e, Blen-
heim Pippin; F, Bibston Pippin; G, Yellow
Ingestre ; h, Baldwin ; i, Waltham Abbey
Seedling ; ,i and k, Bibston Pippin ; l, Blen-
heim Pippin; m, Eoyal Eusset; n, Fearn's
Pippin ; o, Soarlet Golden Pippin ; r, Brown-
lees Eusset ; q, r, and t, Wellington ; s, Eoyal
Eusset.— R. U. C. 1, Brockworth Park; 2,
Nouveau Poiteau ; 3, Comte de Limy ; 4,
Thompson's ; 5, Conseiller de la Cour ; 6,
Duchesse d'Angouleme; 7, Beurre Superfin ; 8,
Fondante d'Automne ; 9, Comte de Flandres ;
10, Beurre Diel ; 11, B. Hardy ; 12, B. Bache-
lier.— K. J. 1, De Laval; 2, Chaumontel ; 3,
Triomphe de Jodoigne ; 4, King Harry ; 5,
Lord Lennox ; 6, Cheshunt Pippin. — N. S. Pear
Beurre Hardy. — F. H. Doyenne du Cornice. —
W. T. Kindly send fruits that are a little less
ripe. These were decayed at the core.

Names of Plants: W. C. L. Origanum Dictam-
nus. — F. O. B. 1, Hydrangea Hortensia var. ;

2, Chamterops humilis. — M. Buysman, Holland.
1, Tinantia fugax ; 2, Talinum triangulare. —

0. S. 1, Vitis antarctica ; 2, Euonymus euro-
pa;us ; 3, Heeria rosea var. alba ; I, Lotus Ber-
tholeti ; 5, Begonia President Carnot ; 6, B.
maculata Wightii. — A. T. L. Epidendrum
longicolle, a near ally of Epidendrum noctur-
num. — J. S. l.Gesneria elongata; 2, Cupressus
funebris ; 3, Asparagus plumosus, with ciistate
growth; 4, Adiantum Capillus- Veneris Mariesii ;
5, Euonymus macrophyllus argenteus ; 6, Cc-
diaeum (Croton) trilobum.— W. T. G. Z. Ste-
notaphrum americanum and Strobilanthes
Dyerianus. — A. R. A. Eria sttllata and Onci-
dium (Palumbina) candidum. — E. H. II. Es-
calloniamontevidensis. — R.A.B. 1, Miltonia X
Binotii; 2, Oncidium spilopterum ; 3, Lycaste
leucantha ; 4, Cimaridium ochroleucum ; 5,
Selaginella ca'sii ; 6, Adiantum formosum. —
T. B., Bute. Cattleya Eldorado alba syn. C. E.
Wallisii. — Tiuro. 1, Oncidium incurvum ; 2,
Odontoglossum Lindleyauum ; 3, Stelis ophro-
glossoides. — G. B. Escallonia rubra, illustrated
in the Botanical Magazine, t. 2890. — Eortieus.

1, Creeper Ehus Toxicodendron (poisonous) ;

3, drooping tree, perhaps Pioea morinda; 2,
from a "tree that droops down a lot." You
puzzle us ; 4, a variegated form of Lawson's
Cypress; 5, Thuya (?) ; 6, Eetinospora squar-
rosa. Why send such miserable scraps ? Our
time is precious. — J. S. Silene Sehafta, — F. B.
Cycas revoluta, as far as we can tell without
foliage. It is a female inflorescence. — II. R. G.
1, Saxifraga hypnoides ; 2, Cotyledon sp. ; 3,
Pinus parviflora; 4, Cupressus nootkatensis ;
5, C. Lawsoniana ; 6, C. L. var. — B. J. Cen-
taurea calcitrapa.

Nectarine - roots : H. F. The numerous
swellings on the roots are root-galls, caused by
a beetle. You did well in destroying the tree,
as the roots were in a bad condition generally,
and were not of a sufficiently fibrous nature to
produce satisfactory results.

Pelargonium Leaves : J. W. Your leaves have
been injured, probably as the result of insect
punctures. Spray with some approved insecti-
cide.

Pinks : B. A. The dividing of old Pinks is an
unsatisfactory method of increasing the stock,
but it is sometimes done in October. It is
much better to layer a fresh stock in July, and
failing this the next bfst way is to propagate
by pipings in June. Pinks may also be raised
from seeds sown early in spring.

Stocks for Fruit-trees and Eoses : E. D. H-
Btfore purchasing imported fruit-stocks the
buyer should obtain a guarantee that they are
true to name, otherwise much disappoint-
ment may follow. Varieties of fruits require
to be worked on the stocks most suitable to
the particular variety, and unless these stocks
can be got perfectly true the varieties budded

or grafted upon them will fail to give the best
results, and in some cases will not grow at all.
A practised hand used to the handling of fruit-
stocks can discover if a particular stock is true
to description. There are in this country
nurserymen who make a speciality of
stocks for fruit-trees, and such stocks
having been grown in our native soil
they can be lifted and transplanted without
the necessity of " bedding " them for
a season, as is requisite in some foreign impor-
tations. It is generally known what stocks are
in request, and these are produced in large
quantities. Three or four kinds of stock are
used for the purpose of budding and grafting
Eoses — the Manetti, the seedling and cut-
ting Briar, and the De la Grifferaie. These
may be easily distinguished from each other.
Large quantities of the seedling Briar are
imported each season, this stock suiting all
sections of Eoses. Where, however, the Manetti
is used for hybrid perpetuals, and the De la
Grifferaie for such strong-growing Tea Eoses
as Gloire de Dijon, Marechal Niel, Wm. Allan
Eichardson, &c, the stocks can be obtained
in large quantities from many of our nur-
serymen, who grow these by thousands for
supplying the trade. As cuttings of these
make roots so readily, " E. D. H." might raise
his own stock from the growing tops of the
stocks to be budded next summer. If such
tops be taken off during the month of No-
vember, and they are made and planted by
piece-work or by the thousand, the cost of
production will be very little.

Storing Carrots : D. In respect to the advice
published last week, there were no words acci-
dentally omitted. Experience has proved that
the sand does not pass through the wood to the
extent you suggest, and sufficient space is left
for ventilation, the purpose intended. In a
short time you may, if you wish, visit a place
where the system is practised, and if you will
look at the same roots in the months of March
and April you will be likely to admit that the
results of this method are satisfactory. In
many instances greater difficulty is experienced
in storing Carrots than in that of storing Beet-
root.

Tarred Staging : E. A. H. The injury is most
likely due to the tar and paraffin, but if rather
more ventilation can be afforded it may be
found that no further harm will be caused.

Tomato-stem Diseased •. Correspondent. The in-
jury has been caused in the first instance by some
boring insect that has eaten its way through
the centre of the stem near the region of the
" collar." This has set up decay in the stem
and roots. Turn out the soil, and next season
obtain fresh loam from another source, or
sterilise the old soil by baking.

Violet Leaves : A. G. We find no trace of
fungus disease, but red-spider is present on the
leaves in abundance. Spray the plants with
tobacco- water or some harmless insecticide.

Walnuts : W. Cotterell. Thoroughly dry the
nuts by laying them on a boarded floor, and
turn them over frequently until after the
sweating period is past. They may then be
put into bags, and shaken to and fro by two
persons, one at each end of a bag. This should
be done two or three times each week. Some-
times it is necessary to rub each nut with a
dry cloth if they have been allowed to get
mouldy during the time they were sweating.
Do not put them in the fruit-room until they
have been thoroughly dried, and only then if
there is no other suitable place in which to
store them.

Communications Received.— Harrison Weir— WmC.—
Socicte Nationaled'Horticulture de France.— G. EI.W.
Ban- & Sons— A. B. R.— Dr. Bonavia.^F. S.-C. K. (next
weck)-I. W.— S. & Sons-F. W. T — L. E. T.-A. P.-
J. M.— D. E.-.T. C. B.— A. F. R-British Commission
for Milan Exhibition— W. W. P.— W. J. T.-Powell
Wood-Process Syndicate, Ltd.-Headley Gardeners
Society-W. H. S.-F. W. T.-J. M.-A. S.-F. S.-
S. H. Y.— Ollice of High Commissioner for Canada-
K. H.— E H. W.— F. J.— A D. R.— Rev William-on—
W. II., Kew— W. M.— J. M. (2s. for Gardeners' urp'ia_n
Fiiud) — British and Foreign Sailors' Society— W. McN.
(as for Gardeners' Orphan Fund).

(For Markets and Weather, see p. x.)

Supplement to the " Gardeners' Chronicle," October 14, 1905.]

BRITISH-GROWN FRUITS AT THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL HALL.

IT was not to be expected that the Royal Horticul-
cultural Society's Show of British-grown Fruits
this year would be as rich in hardy fruits as was
the case in 1904. The present year was good in its
early promise, but spring frosts and persistent cold
weather ruined much of the fruit-blossom, and a
poor fruit - crop took the place of the expected
abundant one, as the tabulated returns published
in this journal only too well showed. Still, in the
appearance of the Vincent Square Hall the only
evidence noted of poor crops this season was the
paucity of the exhibits as compared with those of last
year. Large size, fine colour, and freedom from
blemish were everywhere apparent in the fruit that
was shown. The collections of hardy fruits and of
orchard-house fruits staged by nurserymen in classes
specially restricted to tradesmen were on the whole
most interesting, and they occupied a very large pro-
portion of the space that was brought into requisition
for this exhibition, which was less in extent than was
necessary last year.

Of indoor fruits, Grapes were represented in greatest
numbers, and there were probably more bunches shown
than were staged in 1904. At the same time it could
hardly be claimed that the Grapes in the Royal Horti-
cultural Hall represented the best culture in this country.
In other words, we think that better bunches could be
found in private gardens than were seen in this exhibi-
tion, and generally those shown were not so good as the
Grapes we saw at Shrewsbury in August or at Edin-
burgh in September. Last year the Royal Horticul.
tural Society had no exhibit in either of the two
largest classes exclusively for collections of Grapes, and
this year, although the classes were represented, there
was no competition in either of them. The reason
may probably be due to the fact that the convey-
ance of large quantities of Grapes to and from
exhibitions is a costly matter, and therefore the prize
money will have to be increased if Grapes equal to
those shown in the provinces are to be seen in London.

Of Peaches and Nectarines there were good examples,
although the season is so late, and among Apples
grown indoors the fruits of Cox's Orange Pippin, from the
Earl of Lonpesborough, and Messrs. Rivers & Son,
also those of Ribston Pippin shown bv Lord HAR-
RINGTON'S gardener, Mr. J. H. Goodacre, will be
remembered for some time.

Mr. S. T. Wright, Mr. Frank Reader, and the
Society's officials generally, carried out the arrange-
ments very satisfactorily and afforded all the parti-
culars the public or press could have desired.

DIVISION I.

FRUITS GROWN UNDER GLASS OR
OTHERWISE.
(Open to Gardeners and Amateurs only.)
Nine Dishes of Ripe Dessert Fruit. — The Earl of
Harrington, Elvaston Castle, Derby (gr., Mr. J. H.
Goodacre), who has won so many 1st prizes this season,
was awarded the 1st prize in the largest class for a collec-
tion of ripe dessert fruit. His Grapes were excellent
bunches of Muscat of Alexandria, and three bunches of
Black Alicante scarcely so good. These latter were
not sufficiently well coloured. Ribston Apples were
superb from every point of view, and Cox's Orange
Pippin were very good, though smaller in size than
the specimens shown in the 1st prize exhibit in Class 2.
Peaches Sea Eagle and Golden Eag e were very good,
also Souvenir du Congres and Doyenne du Cornice
Pears, and Countess Melon. The 2nd prize was
awarded to Lord Biddulph, Ledbury Park, Ledbury (gr.
Mr. J. Dawes). He had heavy bunches of well-coloured
Black Alicante, also small, rather thin bunches of
well-coloured Muscat of Alexandria Grapes, Allington
Pippin Apple, Pitmaston Duchess Pear, and a seedling
Melon. The unusual number of four dishes of
Peaches and Nectarines were included, the varieties
being Humboldt and Victoria Nectarines, and Glad-

(OCTOBER 10, 11, 12, 1905.)

stone and Late Admirable Peaches. 3rd, the Hon.
Mr. Justice Swinfen Eadt, Oatlands Lodge, Wey bridge
(gr. Mr. J. Lock).

Six Dishes of Ripe Dessert Fruits. — In this class there
were three exhibits, the best coming from the
Earl of Londesborough, Londesborough Gardens,
Market Weighton (gr. Mr. J. C. McPherson). His
Grapes were not of unusual weight, but the berries
were perfectly coloured and of good quality, Gros
Colmar being particularly free from blemish. The
Muscat of Alexandria were much stronger than the
specimens of Gros Colmar from the point of view of
size, and the berries were well-coloured, which made it
the more regrettable that the result of handling was
apparent on some from which the bloom had been partly
rubbed away. Excellent and very pretty examples
of Doyenne du Cornice Tears were shown, and even
more wonderful specimens of Cox's Orange Pippin
Apple. Princess of Wales was shown well in
six examples, and the remaining "dish" was one
of a seedling variety of Melon. The 2nd prize was
awarded to Sir Marcus Sajiuel, Bart., The Mote,
Maidstone (gr., Mr. W. H. Bacon). This exhibitor
showed Muscat of Alexandria and Appley Towers
Grapes, the latter black variety in place of the Gros
Colmar staged by the winner of the 1st prize. The
other fruits were Pitmaston Duchess Pear, Wealthy
Apple, Lady Palmerston Teach, and Golden Drop
Plum. 3rd, Lady Tate, Park Hill Gardens, Streatham
Common (gr., Mr. W. Howe).

GRAPES.

If exact comparisons could be made of the Grapes
exhibited at the Royal Horticultural Show last year with
those shown this year, it would probably be found that
on the whole they were slightly better now than then,
but there were more bunches shown, for it may be
remembered that last year there was no exhibit in the
classes for six varieties and four varieties respectively.

Six Distinct Varieties, Three Bunches of Each, —
There was only one exhibit in this class, and it was
from J. W. Fleming, Esq., Chilworth Manor, Romsey,
Hants (gr., Mr. W. Mitchell). He showed the
varieties Black Hamburgh, Mrs. Pince, Gros Maroc,
Muscat of Alexandria, Lady Downe's, and Madresfield
Court. The Black Hamburgh, though not extra heavy,
were excellent in colour, and perfectly plump and
fresh. Generally the exhibit was one of considerable
merit, though the bunches were all of moderate size
only.

Four Varieties, Distinct. — In this class the varieties
had to be selected from Madresfield Court, Mrs. Pince,
Muscat Hamburgh, Muscat of Alexandria, Canon Hall
Muscat, Mrs. Pearson, and Dr. Hogg. The 1st prize
was awarded to the only exhibitor, C. Bayer, Esq.,
Tewkesbury Lodge, Forest Hill, London, S.E. (gr., Mr.
W. Taylor) ; he had the varieties Mrs. Pince, Muscat
of Alexandria, Madresfield Court, Mrs. Pearson, and
Black Hamburgh, which were of commendable merit
in each instance.

In the following classes three bunches were required
of a particular variety : —

Black Hamburgh. — There were four entries in this
class, and the 1st prize was awarded to J. W. Fleming,
Esq., for moderately -heavy bunches, with large, hand-
somely-coloured berries, 2nd, Col. ARCHER Hocblon,
Hallingbury Place Bishop's Stortford (gr., Mr. W.
Harrison) ; and 3rd, the Earl of Harrington, who had
bunches quite [twice as heavy as those which gained
the 2nd prize, but lacking colour.

Mrs. Pince. — The exhibits in this class were only
three in number, and those awarded the 1st and 2nd
prizes were distinctly above the average weight for this
variety, which, as is well known, is not the easiest to
colour perfectly. The 1st Tprize bunches from J. W
Fleming, Esq., were much superior in point of colour,
and the berries were of larger size than those shown by
W. Cooper, Esq., Whittlebury Lodge, Towcester (gr.,
Mr. E. J.'i Squibbs). who'obtained the 2nd prize. At
the same time, we have seen exhibited on former occa-
sions examples of this good-flavoured Grape in which
the coveted colour and bloom were better developed.

Black Alicante. — Of five exhibits in this class,' the
one selected for the 1st prize was shown by George

C. Raphael, Esq., Castle Hill, Englefield Green (gr.,
Mr. H. H. Brown), These were perfectly finished
examples of moderate weight, and having berries of
satisfactory size. 2nd, W. Cooper, Esq. ; and 3rd,
Lady Tate, Streatham Common (gr., Mr. W. Howe).

Madresfield Court. — There were four exhibits of this
handsome variety, and the best were from J. W.
FLEMING, Esq. The 2nd prize was awarded to C.
Bayer, Esq., for very highly-coloured bunches, but
lacking in weight and in size of berry. 3rd, Colonel
Archer Houblon, Hallingbury Place, Bishops Stort-
ford.

Any Black Grape not mentioned above. — This class
was filled much better than was the case last year.
The variety awarded 1st prize was Gros Maroc, shown
by Colonel Archer Houblon ; these were remarkable
for extra size in berry and extra good colour and
finish. The 2nd prize was awarded to J. W. Fleming,
Esq., for an exhibit of the same variety ; and Lady
Downes, as shown by Geo. C. Raphael, Esq., Castle
HilL Englefield Green (gr., Mr. H. H. Brown), was
placed 3rd. The variety Appley Towers was also
shown in this class.

Muscat of Alexandria. — This was one of the best
contested classes, there being eight exhibits, most of
which were of very good merit. The 1st prize was
awarded to three finely shaped bunches of good weight,
shown by the Earl of Harrington. They were almost
perfect in regard to shape, and were heavy individually,
but they contained a number of weak berries and the
colour was uneven. The 2nd prize was awarded to
Major HlBBERT, Ashby St. Ledgers, Rugby (gr., Mr.
Wm. Camm). The bunches in this exhibit were lacking
in form, but they were of good weight, and all the
berries were not only well-coloured and of good size,
but they were in perfect condition at the time they
were shown. Some adverse criticisms were expressed in
respect to the award in this class, and we feel bound to
admit that in our opinion they were justified. 3rd, C.
Bayer, Esq.

Any other White Grape. — The variety Mis. Pearson
was awarded the 1st prize in this class, as shown by Max
Michaels, Esq., Tandridge Court, Oxted. The berries
were rather small, but otherwise, and especially in
colour of berry and form of bunch, the exhibit was
first-rate. The same variety, exhibited with much
larger bunches and berries, but less highly coloured,
was awarded the 2nd prize. These were shown by
E. ASCHERSON, Esq., Pett Place, Charing, Kent (gr.,
Mr. J. Pitts). 3rd, C. Bayer, Esq.

COLLECTIONS OF HARDY FRUITS.
This class was for exhibits of hardy fruits to be
arranged on spaces not exceeding 12 by 3 feet. The
collections were each to consist of thirty dishes of
fruit, distinct, grown entirely in the open, not more
than twelve varieties of Apples or eight varieties of
Pears. Equal 1st prizes were awarded to two exhibitors
in this class. A collection from Lord BlDDULPH, Ledbury
Park (gr., Mr. J. Dawes), was exceedingly rich in
Peaches and Nectarines. Of Peaches there were
Gladstone, Late Admirable, Sea Eagle, Barrington,
Walburton, Prince of Wales, and Raymaekers ; and of
Nectarines, Albert Victor and Humboldt ; President
and Coe's Golden Drop Plums were good, and Apples
and Pears were of commendable quality. The other 1st
prize exhibit in the class was one from Major Powell
COTTON, Quex Park, Birchington (gr., Mr. J. Cornford).
In this case the soft fruits shown consisted of Peaches —
Sea Eagle, Golden Eagle, and Gladstone ; Golden Drop,
Grand Duke, and another variety of Plum, and
Cheshire Damsons. Pears and Apples were good, and
with a dish of Figs and another of Walnuts, they
completed the exhibit. 2nd, Sir Marcus Samuel,
Bt., The Mote, Maidstone.

DIVISION II.
OPEN TO NURSERYMEN ONLY.
Collection of Orchard-house Fruit and. Trees, to
occupy a space of 24 feet by f> feet staging.— The 1st prize
was awarded Messrs. T. Rivers & Son, Sawbridge-
worth, Herts, for a varied collection, the major portion
of which consisted of Pears and Apples, the rest con-
sisting of Peaches and Plums. Most of the trees were
fairly cropped, and among the Pears there were noted

11

SUPPLEMENT TO THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 14, 1905.

small trees under 5 feet high of Doyenne "du Cornice,
Uvedale's St. Germains, Pitmaston Duchess, Durou-
deau," Marie Louise, and Beurre Bachelier. There
were taller trees of Pitmaston Duchess, Magnate,
Marie Louise, and St. Edmonds (Rivers) ; tall trees
were noted of Cox's Pomona, Gascoyne's Scarlet and
Emperor Alexander Apples ; " of Plum - trees, the
varieties were Late Orange, President, and Grand
Duke. One Cherry, Guigne de Winckler, graced the
exhibit. The fruit shown in baskets and trays in-
cluded magnificent specimens of Apples Cox's
Orange Pippin, King of Tomkins County, The Queen,
Peasgood's Nonesuch, Belle Dubois, Gascoj-ne'ji Scarlet,
Wealthy, Lady Henniker, Emperor Alexander, Kibston
Pippin, and Bijou. The gathered Pears were Louise
Bonne of Jersey, Pitmaston Duchess, Magnate,
Duchesse d'Angouleme, Beurre d'Anjou, Parrot,

Grape-vines in pots were noticed. The fruits shown
in dishes, trays, &c, consisted of about sixty distinct
varieties. Very fine, unblemished Apples were ob-
served in Bismarck, Sandringham, Reinette du Canada,
Twentyounce, Gascoyne's Scarlet, Bow Hill, Cox's
Pomona, Baron Wolseley (a large oblate fruit), New-
ton Wonder, Cox's Orange Pippin, King of Tomkins
County, Emperor Alexander, Calville Rouge, Pre'coce,
Belle Dubois, Peasgood's Nonesuch, Byford Wonder (a
flattish, large green euliuary fruit), Ribston Pippin,
Washington, Arlington Pippin (of high colour), Cornish
Gilliflower, The Queen, Stirling Castle, and Mclndoe's
Russet. The Pears consisted of Beurre Alex-
ander Lucas (a fine lot), "Verulam, Beurre Baltet
Pere, Beurre Bosc (very large), Doyenne Boussoch
(extremely good), as were those of Beurre Diel, Beurre
Jean A'an Geert (a long tapering fruit ripening to a

FlG. 106. — PEAR MADAME TREYVE.

Durondeau, Beurre Fouqueray, Doyenne du Cornice,
Conference, Marie Louise d'Uccle, Marie Louise, and
St. Luke (Rivers). The Plums were Coe's Golden
Drop, President, Grand Duke, and Late Orange. The
only Peach was Golden Eagle, a yellow-fleshed variety
with a very downy skin. The whole collection was
illustrative of the perfection to which the glass-house
culture of hardy fruit has been brought by the firm
which originated the so called "orchard-house system."
As show fruits they could hardly be excelled. The
novelties shown were Pears St. Luke (Rivers), and
Parrot (Rivers). The 2nd prize was awarded to Messrs.
G. Buntakd & Co., Ltd., Royal Nurseries, Maid-
stone, whose exhibit consisted of Pears and Apples
chiefly. Of Pears in pots there were President
Drouard, Doyenne du Cornice, Marie Louise, Catillac
(of very fine size), President Osmanville (a fine,
elongated fruit), Emile d'Heyst, Duchesse de Bor-
deaux, Beurre Diel, Durondeau, Charles Ernest (a
large Pear of massive proportions), Le Lectier, &c.
The Apple-trees in pots were Emperor Alexander,
Prince Edward, Hormead's Pearmain, Gascoyne's Seed-
ling, Wismer's Dessert (a handsome highly -coloured
American table variety in use in the month of August).
The showy variety Paroquet was noted on a small tree.
Among Plums were fine fruits of President. A few

rosy-yellow tint), Chas" Ernest, Marie Louise, Winter
Windsor, Pitmaston Duchess (of great size), Doyenne
du Cornice, Uvedale's St. Germains (of enormous
size), Directeur Hardy, Glout Morceau, Durondeau,
Josephine de Malines, Conseiller de Malines, Princess,
Beurre' Dumont, Nouvelle Fulvie, Belle des Arbres,
Ramilies, Winter Nelis, Beurre Superfin, White
Doyenne, and Catillac. A dish each of Coe's Golden
Drop Plum and Golden Eagle Peach were observed.
These two collections were the only ones shown, and
the trees only required more space to exhibit them
with better effect.

FRUIT GROWN ENTIRELY OUT-OF-DOORS.

The 1st prize in the class for a collection covt ring
24 feet by G feet of tabling was awarded to Messrs. G.
Buntard & Co., Ltd. The dishes numbered 175, and
the fruits were large, clear in the skin, and well deve-
loped, and the best for culinary and dessert uses were
as follows. Taking the latter first, we may instance
Barnack Beauty, St. Edmund's Pippin, Swedish
Reinette (a pretty crimson-coloured Apple of middle-
size), Hereford Scarlet Pearmain, Autumn Pearmain,
Pomme de Neige, Reinette d'Osnabruck, Washington,
Wadhurst Pippin, Cobham, Paroquet, Gravenstein,
Barchard's Seedling, Winter Ribston, Fearn's Pippin,

Egremont Russet, Calville Rouge Pre'coce, May
Queen, Duchess's Favourite, Golden Reinette, Summer
Golden Pippin, Christmas Pearmain, Prince Edward,
Mrs. Phillimore, Sanspareil, Reinette Superfin, Mother,
and Cox's Orange Pippin.

Culinary Apples of merit were New Red Haw-
thornden, Emperor Alexander, The Queen, Royal
Jubilee, Blenheim Pippin, Golden Noble, Lord SufHeld,
Annie Elizabeth, Hambling's Seedling, Maltster, Wal-
tham'! Abbey Seedling, Red Hawthornden, Cox's-
Pomona, Baron Wolseley, Gold Medal, Withington Fill-
basket, Lane's Prince Albert, Stirling Castle, Peas-
good's Nonesuch, Lord Derby, Twenty - ounce,
Emperor Alexander, New Winter Nonesuch, The
Queen, and Belle de Boskoop.

The Pears shown consisted [of Catillac, Beurre' Fon-
queray, Fondante de Cuerne, Doyenne' du Cornice, Emile
d'Heyst, Pitmaston' Duchess, Fondante Ferriott, Prin-
cess, Beurre Hardy, Marguerite de Marrillat, Knight's
Monarch, Directeur Hardy, Gilogil, Beurre Superfin,
Glout Morceau, Conseiller de la Cour, Eyewood Ber-
gamotte. Dr. Joubert, and Josephine de Malines.
The collection gave one an idea of what the land
in the Maidstone district is capable of producing.
The 2nd prize in this class fell to another Kentish
firm, that of Messrs. Cannell & Sons, of Swanley
and Eynsford. Here the fruits were but little
inferior in quality or number of varieties to the
winning collection. We observed almost the same
varieties, the same high colour and clearness of skin,
denoting a suitable soil, good climate, and attention to
the use of fungicides and insecticides. Very fine
specimens of culinary Apples were observed in
Cox's Pomona, Bismarck, Bramley's Seedling,
Emperor Alexander, Belle de Pontoise, Lord Bur-
leigh, Norfolk Beefing, The Queen, Peasgood's
Nonesuch, Ecklinville Seedling, Warner's King,
Gascoyne's Scarlet, Pott's Seedling, and Cellini.
Of dessert varieties, very fine examples were noted of
Cox's Orange Pippin, Duchess' Favourite, Duke of
Devonshire, Wealthy, Allington Pearmain, American
Mother, Bess Pool, Yellow Ingestre, Titowka, Lady
Sudeley, Col. Vaughan, Court Pendu Plat, King of
Pippins, Ribston Pippin, &c. Of Pears, we noted
Alexander Lucas, Vicar of Winkfield, Bishop's Thumb-
fa seldom observed variety), Pitmaston Duchess, Hamp-
shire Bergamotte, Beurre Hardy, Marie Louise, Duron-
deau, and British Queen. Red and White Currants,
also Raspberries, Nuts of kinds, and Quinces were
likewise shown in this collection.

Fruit Grown Out-of -Doors, shoicnon Uiblingmcasuriiig
1G by G feet. — The 1st prize in this class was taken by
Mr. John Basham, Fair Oaks Nurseries, Bassaleg,
Newport, Monmouth, for a collection of fruits of Apples
and Pears of great size and varied tints generally.
The finest, taking size as the first consideration, were
Newton Wonder, Ecklinville Seedling, Bramley's Seed-
ling, Warner's King, Peasgood's Nonesuch, Gascoyne's
Scarlet, British Queen, Lord Derby, The Queen,
Hoary Morning, New Hawthornden, Lane's Prince
Albert, Blenheim Pippin, Allington Pippin, Sandring-
ham, Tower of Glamis, &c. Most of the above,
although of fine size, and in many cases of high colour,
are not always of fine quality or heavy bearers. Dessert
Apples included May Queen, Cox's Orange Pippin,
King of the Pippins, Braddick's Nonpareil, Titowka.
Tamplin syn. Cissy, British Queen, and Radford
Beauty. Of Pears mention may be made of Louise
Bonne of Jersey, Princess, Beurre Fouqueray, Con-
ference, Forelle, Beurre Bachelier, B. Bosc, Doyenne
du Cornice, Bonne d'Eztie, Doyenne Boussoch, Marie
Benoist, Beurre Diel, &c. The Hogg Memorial Medal
for fruit was awarded this exhibit.

The 2nd prize fell to the Kinu's Acre Nurseries,
Ltd., Hereford, with an excellent lot of Apples shown in
conical heaps in round, flat baskets, the fruits in many
varieties being of high colouring. There were
observed in fine condition the varieties Wealthy,
Newton Wonder, Lord Hindlip, Lord Grosvenor,
Peasgood's Nonesuch, King's Acre Bountiful (a new
fruit of 1'.I04, a large culinary variety of good
cooking quality, flowering at the same time as
Royal Jubilee, the rind pale green in colour), Frog-
more Prolific, Lord Derby, Lane's Prince Albert,
Bismarck, Emperor Alexander, Crimson Costard,
Royal Jubilee, Allington Pippin, Lady Henniker, and
Hambling Seedling. Pears were not numerous.

The 3rd prize was awarded to Messrs. Paul &
Son, The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt, Herts, for a
collection consisting of Pears and Apples, of which
many of the varieties were of great merit. We
noted the varieties Miles' Cross, Transparent de

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SUPPLEMENT TO THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

1:1

Croncels, Jolly Miller, Bismarck, Lord Derby, Adam's
Pearmain, Col. Vaughan, Wealthy, Cox's Orange
Pippin, New Northern Greening, Lane's Prince
Albert, Tom Putt, Warner's King, King of Pippins,
Newton "Wonder, Sandringham, "Washington. Duke of
Devonshire, Allington rearmain, Lady Henniker,
Bramley's Seedling, Dutch Mignonne, and Olden-
burgh. Of Pears there were good examples of Beurre
Baltet Pere, Pitmaston Dvichess, Beurre Boussoch,
B. Bachelier, Gansell's Late, and Beurre Superfin.

A large and representative collection of Apples and
Pears came from Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Lowfield
Nurseries, Crawley.

Messrs. S. Spooneh & Sons, Hounslow, had a
capital exhibit in Class 15, in which we observed fruits
of Bedfordshire Foundling, Hanwell Souring, Silver
Russet, Barchard's Seedling, Universal, Margil, &c.

Messrs. Laxton Bros., Bedford, showed thirty big
baskets of different varieties of Apples, about eighty
small baskets and dishes, and twenty dishes of Pears,
mostly noteworthy produce.

DIVISION III.

(Open to Market Grower* only)
The market growers were this year allotted a division
to themselves, but their response hardly justified this
innovation. Two classes were open to them, the one
requiring a table space measuring 18 feet by 6 feet,
being filled with market fruits, and the other was a
smaller but similar class, the space to be filled by
each exhibitor measuring 12 feet by 0 feet. Mr.
W. PODPAET, Marsh Farm, Twickenham, staged a
collection of Apples and Pears in the larger class that
would have done credit to a nurseryman. Indeed,
his specimens were excellent and of the quality that one
rarely finds in Covent Garden Market, and it was given
the 1st prize. The}- were displayed in the best style
for exhibition and in a similar manner to those in the
nurserymen's classes. Specially good were Apples
Cox's Orange Pippin, Emperor Alexander, Chas. Boss,
(grand specimens), Gascoyne's Scarlet, Peasgood's None-
such, Beauty of Kent and Pott's Seedling. Durondeau
and other varieties of Pears were also excellent. The
Council awarded this exhibit a Silver-Gilt Knightian
Medal.

The Walpole Orchard Co., Walpole, Wisbech,
Cambridge, also staged an exhibit in the larger class.
It consisted of packed boxes of Apples, all graded
carefully, and a dozen dishes of good market varieties,
such as Worcester Pearmain, Warner's King, Lane's
Prince Albert, Blenheim Pippin, &c.

In the smaller class the only exhibit was one from
Messrs. W. J. Lob.toit & Sons, Heston Farm, Houns-
low. It consisted of boxes of Apples and Pears, which
were packed as for transit, wood-wool being freely used
as packing material. The fruit consisted of well-
graded examples of Apples Ribston Pippin, Tower of
Glamis, Bismarck, King Pippin, Lane's Prince Albert,
&c. ; and of Pears Doyenne" du Cornice, Beurre Bache-
lier, Conference, and Durondeau. This exhibit was
awarded the 2nd prize and a Silver Knightian Medal.

DIVISION IV.

FRUITS GROWN ENTIRELY in the OPEN AIR

(Except Class 31).

(Open to Gardeners and Aiiviteurs only.)

APPLES.

Twenty-four Dishes of Dessert and Cooking Apples,
Sixteen Cooking and Eight Dessert. — There were six
entries, the quality being good all through. There was
little to choose between the 1st and 2nd prize exhibits.
The former was staged by Lieut.-Col. Borton, Hunton,
Kent (gr. Mr. C. Crane), his fruit being somewhat
heavier than those in the 2nd prize collection. Among
the dessert varieties were good examples of Allington
Pippin, James Grieve, Cox's Orange Pippin and
Ribston Pippin. The cooking varieties were especially
good, being not only of large size, but of excellent
finish. Peasgood's Nonesuch, Warner's King, Bismarck,
Tyler's Kernel and Emperor Alexander were among his
best dishes. The 2nd prize was taken by Lord Bid-
DULPH OF Ledbdrt, Ledbury Park, Ledbury (gr., Mr.
Jas. Dawes). The fruit showed excellent finish
throughout. The dessert examples were all highly
coloured, Cox's Orange Pippin, King of Pippins, and
Rival especially so. Among the kitchen varieties was
a splendid dish of Warner's King. The 3rd prize was
awarded Mrs. HAYWOOD, Woodhatch Lodge, Reigate
(gr., Mr. C. J. Salter). Some good produce was staged
by this exhibitor.

Mr. H. Whitelet, 18, Endsleigh Place, Torquay,
had a collection of Apples gathered from trees planted
in February, 1903. Most of the trees were on the

Paradise Stock, and are trained as pyramids. The
fruit was very good considering the exhibit was from
an amateur, who had cidtivated the trees entirely
without other help. .

Eighteen Dishes of Apples, in Distinet Varieties, to
include Twelve Cooking and Six Dessert kinds. — Four
growers contested in this class, the 1st prize going to a
splendid collection staged by Mr. T. Challis, V.M.H.,
gr. to the Earl of Pembroke, Wilton House, Salis-
bury. The fruit in this exhibit showed remarkable
colour and finish throughout, the culinary fruit having
almost as much colour and refinement as the dessert
varieties. The best dishes were (dessert) Cox's Orange
Pippin, Blenheim Pippin (grand dish), Allington
Pippin, (culinary), Bramley's Seedling, Lane's Prince
Albert (splendid finish), Peasgood's Nonesuch, Bis-
marck, and Newton Wonder. 2nd, E. ASCHERSON,
Esq., Pett Place, Charing, Kent (gr., Mr. J. Pitts).
This collection did not approach the 1st prize group in
quality, but some good, useful fruit was seen, notably
Striped Beefing, Peasgood's Nonesuch, Stone's Seed-

Albert, Lord Derby, and Sandringham, were also
shown in splendid condition. The 2nd prize was
awarded Lieut.-Col. BORTON, Hunton, Kent (gr., Mr.
C. Crane). The fruit was below that of the 1st prize
group in size, but was equally refined and finished.

Six Dishes of Dessert Apples.— A similar number of
competitors contested this class as in the former. The
fruit generally showed excellence of finish, although
the colour was perhaps not quite so intense as was
seen last season. The premier prize fell to Lieut.-Col.
BORTON for an even-sized, well-finished lot, among
which the varieties American Mother, Baumann's Red
Winter Reinette, and Gascoyne's Scarlet furnished
plenty of colour. Egremont Russet was also shown
well. W. Cooper, Esq., WhHtlebury Lodge, Tow-
cester (gr., Mr. G. J. Squibbs), secured the 2nd place
for neat and well-grown if small specimens.

PEARS.

Eighteen Dishes of Dessert Pears in Distinet Varie-
ties.— Three growers entered in this fairly extensive

Fig. 107.— pear marie louise d'uccle.

ling, and Brownlee's Russet. 3rd, Duke of HAMILTON,
Merley House, Wimborne (gr., Mr. J. Stevenson).

Twelve Dishes of Apples in distinct Varieties. — The
collections were to include eight culinary and four
dessert varieties. The entries numbered five, the pre-
mier place being awarded to the Rt. Hon. W. H. Long,
M.P., Rood Ashton, Trowbridge (gr., Mr. Strugnell).
Quality and finish were the features of the 1st prize
group. Cox's Orange Pippin. Blenheim Pippin, Jas,
Grieve, Allington Pippin, Sandringham, Warner's King,
Peasgood's Nonesuch, and Rambour Franc, were notable
examples. The 2nd prize was secured by C. A. Morris
Field, Esq., Ashurst Park, Tunbridge Wells (gr., Mr.
J. R. Allan). Good produce was also shown by Mr.
Allan, but was somewhat lacking in refinement. Among
the more notable dishes were those of Warner's King,
Emperor Alexander, and Allington Pippin. 3rd,
Ht. Partridge, Esq., Castle Hill, Bletchingley (gr.,
Mr. J. W. Barks).

Six Dishes of Culinary Ajiples in distinct Varieties.
—Seven collections were staged in this class, the win-
ning collection coming from John R. De C. Bos-
CAWKN, Esq., Tregye, Perranwell, Cornwall. The
variety Frogmore Prolific was as refined in appear-
ance as any dessert variety. Bismarck, Lane's Prince

class, and each entry secured a prize. The 1st place
was awarded Lord Biddulph of Ledbury, who had a
representative collection in good form. Most of the
examples shown were in suitable condition for the
dessert table, notably Durondeau, Directeur Hardy,
Fondante d'Automne, Beurre Superfin, Doyenne de
Merode, Souvenir du Congres, Conference and Doyenne
du Cornice ; examples of Pitmaston Duchess were of
large size. The 2nd prize was awarded Sir Marcus
Samuel, Bart,, The Mote, Maidstone (gr., Mr. W. H.
Bacon). Here again some notable fruit was seen, the
majority being in suitable condition for the table,
Durondeau, Triomphe de "Vienne, Directeur Hardy.
Beurre Superfin, Beurre Hardy (splendid), and Beurre
Jean van Geert were some of the more notable dishes.
3rd, Major Powell-Cotton, Quex Park, Isle of Thanet
(gr., Mr. J. Cornford).

Twelve Dishes of Dessert Pears in Distinct Varieties.
— But two entries were seen in this class, the best
being shown by Mr. A. Basile, Woburn Park Gardens,
Weybridge ; the 2nd prize being awarded the other
collection, which was shown by Lieut.-Col. BORTON,
Hunton, Kent (gr., Mr. C. Crane). There could be no
two opinions as to the merits of the two displays. The
1st prize twelve may be described as superb — Pitmaston

IV

SUPPLEMENT TO THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 14, 1905.

Duchess, Duchesse d'Angouleme, Marguerite Marrillat,
Princess. Beurre Fouqueray, Durondeau, and Coun-
seiller de la Cour, were the strongest dishes. Col.
Borton's group contained good examples of Louise
Bonne of Jersey, and Doyenne du Cornice.

Nine Dishes of Dessert Varieties of Pears. — But
one exhibit was presented in this class, and it was
awarded the 1st prize. It was shown by Rt. Hon. W. H.
Long, Trowbridge (gr., Mr. W. Strugnell). The
exhibit comprised a good, even-balanced lot of fruit,
notable dishes being Beurre Baltet Pere, Marie Louise,
and Beurre Bosc.

Six Dishes of Dessert Varieties of Pears in Distinct
Kinds. — Three growers contested in this class, the 1st
prize being secured by ALFRED Benson, Esq., Upper
Gatton Park, Merstham (gr., Mr. W. Mancey). His
specimens were of large size, th3 more notable dishes
being Louise Bonne of Jersey, Durondeau, and Pit-
maston Duchess. 2nd, C. G. B. Marsham, Esq.,
Beech Lees, Sevenoaks (gr., Mr. R. Edwards). This
collection was not far behind the 1st prize group for
excellence. We remarked an especially fine dish of
Gansel's Bergamot in this display.

Three Dishes of Stewing Pears.— Major Powell
Cotton was the only exhibitor in this class, and he
was awarded the 1st prize. His varieties were Catillac,
General Todleben, and Beurre C'lairgeau.

PEACHES AND NECTARINES.

The best dish of Peaches from the open-air came from
the gardens of the Earl of Harrington, Elvaston,
Derby (gr., Mr. J. H. Goodacre), the variety being
Barrington. Mr. R. Aldenham. Babraham Gardens,
Cambridge, was 2nd with the variety Sea Eagle.

The best dish of Nectarines was shown by H. A.
ATTENEOROUGH, Esq., Catesby House, Daventry (gr.,
Mr. A Child), who had small but exquisitely finished
examples of the variety Pineapple. 2nd, Lord Bid-
dulph, of Ledbury, with the same variety.

PLUMS.

The display of Plums generally was not equal
to that of last year. The 1st prize was awarded for
three dishes of these fruits grown under glass, in
which there was but one entry, that from Lord
Howard de Walden, Audley End, Saffron Walden
(gr., Mr. J. Vert), who showed President, Coe's Violet,
and Coe's Golden Drop.

Three Dishes of Plums in Distinct Varieties.- — Six
growers contested, the best being those shown by the
Marquis of Northampton, Castle Ashby (gr., Mr.
A. R. Searle), who had the varieties Reine Claude de
Bavay, Monarch, and Coe's Golden Drop. 2nd, Lord
Biddulph of Ledbury (gr., Mr. J. Dawes), with
Monarch, Coe's Golden Drop, and President.

Major Hlbbert, Ashby St. Ledgers, Rugby (gr., Mr.
"Win. Camm), staged the best dish of the variety Coe's
Golden Drop out of eleven exhibits.

Lord Howard de Walden had the best dish of any
other dessert variety of Plum, staging a magnificent
dish of the variety Decaisne. 2nd, J. E. Crisp, Esq.,
61, Chelsham Road, South Croydon, with the small
Ickworth Imperatrice.

The best dish of cooking Plums was shown by F.
BlBBT, Esq., Hardwicke Grange, near Shrewsbury
(gr. Mr. J. Taylor). The variety was Monarch, and the
size of the fruit shown was in correspondence with the
name.

Grapes grovm out-of-doors. — Only one basket of
Grapes from the open was shown. It was exhibited
by G. E. Crisp, Esq., Gl, Chelsham Road, South
Croydon, and consisted of fairly good examples of the
variety Black Cluster. The basket contained about
C lb. weight of fruit. It was awarded the 1st prize.

CHERRIES.
The best Cherries were those staged by J. B.
FORTESCUE, Esq., Dropmore (gr. Mr. C. Page). Three
growers entered in the class for Cherries, and all staged
examples of the Morello, but all were mediocre in
quality.

DIVISION V.
SPECIAL DISTRICT COUNTY CLASSES.

(Open to Gardeners and Amateurs only.)
In this Division prizes were offered to exhibitors in
groups of counties for six dishes of Apples (distinct),
four cooking and two dessert, and for six dishes of
dessert Pears.

Open only to Kent Growers.
Apples. — The 1st prize was won by C. G. B.
Marsham, Esq., Beechy Lees, Sevenoaks (gr. Mr. R.

Edwards), for a very superior collection consisting of
Striped Beefing (of great size for this variety), Warner's
King, Bramley's Seedling, Cox's Pomona (large and
grand in colour), Blenheim Orange Pippin, and Ailing-
ton Pippin. 2nd, Mr. W. J. Chaston, 34, Homesdale
Road, Bromley, Kent, 'for Peasgood's Nonesuch,
Warner's King (of great size), Lane's Prince Albert,
Newton Wonder, Cox's Orange Pippin, and King of
the Pippins.

Pears. — The 1st prize for Pears was also won by
C. G. B. Marsham, Esq., who had excellent dishes of
Pitmaston Duchess, Gansel's Bergamotte, Beurre
Superfin, Durondeau, Doyenne du Cornice, and Beurre
Bachelier, the last-named being perfect specimens.
2nd, Mr. E. Phillips, East Street, Sittingbourne, for
Pitmaston Duchess, Conseiller de la Cour, Louise
Bonne of Jersey, Doyenne du Cornice, Beurre Diel,
and B. Bachelier, all rather smaller than those in the
preceding exhibit.

Open to Growers in Surrey, Sussex, Hants,
Dorset, Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall.

Apples. — This was a large class, and the various
fruits were of great size for their varieties. The 1st
prize fell to a Dorset grower, Mr. T. Turner, gr. to the
Exors. of J. K. D. Wingfield-Digby, Esq., Sherborne
Castle, the varieties being Peasgood's Nonesuch,
Warner's King, Mere de Menage, Gloria Mundi, Cox's
Orange Pippin, and Ribston Pippin. 2nd, Max
Michaelis, Esq., Tandridge Court, Oxted (gr., Mr. J.
Simmons), the varieties consisting of Peasgood's None-
such, Blenheim Orange, Beauty of Kent, and Lord
Derby, 'and as Dessert fruits Ribston and Cox's Orange
Piopins. 3rd, Lord GrimthorpeJ Wood Lee, Vir-
ginia Water (gr., Mr. G. Baskett), [the fruits of Blen-
heim Orange, Cox's Orange, and Sandringham being
very fine produce.

Pears. — The exhibits consisted of some of the finest
specimens in the Hall. The winner of the 1st prize
was Mr. W. A. Cook, gr., Leonardslee, Horsham, who
had Pitmaston Duchess, Marie Benoist, Doyenne du
Cornice, Doyenne Boussoch, Duchess d'Angouleme, and
Durondeau. 2nd, Exors. of J. K. D. Wingfield-
Digby (gr., Mr. T. Turton), with Marie Benoist,
Beurre Bachelier, Doyenne^ Boussoch, Doyenne du
Cornice, Durondeau, and Beurre Superfin, the whole
forming a very excellent lot of fruit. Two other
exhibits were shown in this class.

Open to Growers in Wilts, Gloucester, Oxford,
Bucks, Beds, Herts, and Middlesex.

Apples. — 1st, J. B. Fortescue, Esq., Dropmore,
Maidenhead (gr., Mr. C. Page). The finest dishes in
this competitor's exhibit were of Peasgood's Nonesuch,
Loddington Seedling (a rare variety at this show),
Gloria Mundi, Cox's Orange Pippin, and Wealthy.
2nd, E. S. Hanbury, Esq., The Poles, Ware (gr., Mr.
F. AV. Church), with fine fruits of Tower of Glamis,
Warner's King, King of Tomkins County, and Cox's
Orange Pippin. There were four other entries.

Pears. — 1st, J. WestmacOTT, Esq., Wedbury, Wave,
Herts (gr., Mr. G. Gumbrell), with Pitmaston Duchess,
Duchesse d'Angouleme, Doyenne du Cornice, Beurre
Diel (all very fine and large fruits), Brown Beurre, and
Durondeau. 2nd Captain Farwell, The Priory,
Burnham, Bucks (gr., Mr. W. Hutt), with large and
fine fruits of Beurre Baltet, Pitmaston Duchess, and
Marie Benoist. Five other exhibits were found in this
competition, some highly-coloured Doyenne Boussouch,
and Beurre Hardy being shown by Mrs. H. Ames,
Cote House, Westbury-on-Trim (gr. Mr. Bannister).

Open to Growers in Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk,
Cambridge,'|Huntingdon and Rutland.

Pears.— 1st, Col. [the Hon. C. Harbord, Gunton
Park, Norwich (gr. Mr. W. Allan), with very fine fruit
of Durondeau and Marie Louise d'Uccle, Marie Louise
and Pitmaston Duchess, smaller fruits being those of
Doyenne du Cornice, and Emile d'Heyst. 2nd, Col.
Archer Houblon, Hallingbury Place, Bishops Stort-
ford (gr. Mr W. Harrison), with Pitmastou Duchess.
Beurre Diel, Madame Treyve and Doyenne du Cornice
as the finest specimens. One other lot was shown.

Apples. — Thesefruitswere well shown by Col. Archer
Houblon, who ' secured 1st prize* with large, well
developed specimens of Peasgood's Nonesuch, Lady
Henuiker, Hambling's Seedling, iWarner's King,
Washington, and King of Tomkins County. 2nd, Mr.
Nicholas IR. Page, Marine Parade, Clacton. This

exhibit contained very large and bright - coloured
examples of the varieties Emperor Alexander, Pomona,
and Peasgood's Nonesuch.

Open to Growers in Lincoln, Northampton,
Warwick, Leicester, Notts, Derby, Staffs.,
Shropshire, and Cheshire.

Apples. — Mr. John Lee, Kingscroft. Higher Beb-
ington, Cheshire, was 1st with large fruits of Peas-
good's Nonesuch. Warner's King, Gascoyne's Scarlet,
Tyler's Kernel, Ribston and Cox's Orange Pippins.
These fruits were taken from pyramid and bush trees
five to seven years old. 2nd, H. G. Wadlow, Esq.,
Marylands, Dogsthorp, Peterborough, who had excel-
lent Peasgood's Nonesuch, Bismarck, and Blenheim
Orange.

Pears. — 1st, Major Hibbert, Ashby St. Ledgers
Rugby (gr., Mr. W. Camm). The fruit tabled by this
exhibitor was of large size and clear in the skin. It
consisted of Souvenir du Congres, Doyenne du Cornice,
Beurre Superfin, Durondeau, Beurre Bachelier, and
Pitmaston Duchess. 2nd, F. Bibby, Esq., Hardwick
Grange, near Shrewsbury (gr., Mr. J. Taylor).

For Growers in Worcester, Hereford, Monmouth,
Glamorgan, Carmarthen, and Pembroke.

Apples. — 1st, John H. Wootton, Esq., Burford,
Hereford, with very fine large examples of Warner's
King, Peagood's Nonesuch, Mere de Menage, Stirling
Castle, Allington, and Cox's Orange Pippin. 2nd,
E. W. Caddick, Esq., Caradoc, Ross, Hereford, with
fine Nonesuch, Tyler's Kernel, Warner's King, and
Newton Wonder ; Jefferson and Cox's Orange Pippin
being the dessert varieties.

Pears. — The 1st prize for Pears fell to H. L.
Lutwyche, Esq., Kynaston, Ross, Herefordshire,
whose fruits of Souvenir du Congres, Duchesse
d'Angouleme, Doyenne du Cornice, Gansel's Berga-
motte, Doyenne Boussoch, and Mme. Tre3've were
extremely fine specimens. 2nd, W. E. Hyde, Esq.,
The Holt, Ledbury, Hereford, whose examples of
Doyenne du Cornice, Doyenne Boussoch, Pitmaston
Duchess, Marie Louise, and Durondeau, were as good
as any in the show.

For Growers in Wales, excepting in Glamorgan,
Carmarthen, and Pembroke. Six Dishes, Distinct.

Pears. — 1st, Col. Cornwallis West with excellent
Beurre' Hardy, B. Bachelier, Duchesse d'Angouleme,
Doyenne du Cornice, &c.

Apples. — 1st, Col. CornwallisWest, Ruthin Castle,
N. Wales (gr., Mr. H. Forder), with large, clean fruits
of Alfriston, Ecklinville Seedling, Mere de Menage,
and Warner's King ; and as dessert varieties Ribston
Pippin and Cox's Orange Pippin.

Open only to Growers in Scotland.

Apples. — The 1st prize in this competition was
awarded to C. Webster, Esq., Gordon Castle,
Fochabers, N.B. The culinary varieties were Gold
Medal (a green, flat-formed fruit), Byford Wonder,
Peasgood's Nonesuch, and Northern Dumpling ; the
dessert fruits were Benoni and Worcester Pearmain.
The 2nd prize fell to Mr. John Stewart, gr., Castle
Douglas, N.B,, who had King of Tomkins County,
Kerry Pippin, Lord Derby, Ecklinville Seedling, and
Warner's King.

Pears. — 1st for six fruits and varieties, C. WEBSTER,
Esq., Gordon Castle. Among the varieties shown
were Pitmaston Duchess, Marguerite Marillat, Tri-
omphe de Vienne, Durondeau, Louise Bonne of Jersey,
and Doyenne du Cornice. The 2nd prize in this class
fell to Mr. J. Day, gr., Galloway House, Garliestown,
Wigtonshire, with fine large Pitmaston Duchess,
Duchesse d'Angouleme, Fondante de Thirriot, Beurre
Bachelier, &c.

A Class Open to Growers in Ireland.

Apples. — 1st, W. Kavanagh, Esq., Borris House,
Bonis, Co. Carlow(gr., Mr. F. Browne). The culinary
Apples in this exhibit were large, and clear in the rind,
and included the varieties Lord Suflield, Ecklinville
Seedling, Peasgood's Nonesuch, and .Lane's Piince
Albert. Worcester Pearmain and Cox's Orange Pippin
were the dessert varieties in this exhibit.

Pears. — 1st, W. Kavanagh, Esq., Borris House,
with very fair examples of Pitmaston Duchess, Jersey
Gratioli, Nee Plus Meuris, and Josephine de Malines.

(For continuation of Report, sec p. 283J

Bradbury. Agnew 6* Gft» Id.. Printtn. London and Tonknax*.

October 21, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

289

§=1^-

THE

'No. 982 — SATURDAY, October 21, 1905.

CONTENTS.

Book0, notices of —
Beautiful bulbous

plants 294

Chrysanthemum show,

a children's 297

Clematis flamrauln,
with scented and
scentless (lowers ... £97
Cotoneaster bacillaris 297
Florida garden, a, in

the rainy season ... 289
Frost, early, in Devon 297
Fruit-growiog, a con-
ference on 29«

Grape Prince of Wales 197

Gunton Park 296

Judging at the recent

fruit show 297

"Laurent " Prize, the. 29«
J. ilium giganteum ... If6
Mealy-bug In vineries,

introducing ... 294, 297
Merton Hall, Norfolk. 294
M'Hardy. Mr. Peter,

presentation to ... 29fi
Nelson centenary, the 292
Newstead. Mr. Robert,

presentation to ... 297
Palm. a purple -
coloured 297

Obituary—
Bobbie. James
GilUkens. M.
Gollatu. William ...
Leach, W. C

Peats suitable for the
Midland Counties ...

Plants new or note-
woi thy—
Ruhus iuuominatus

Potatos, a lecture on...

Royal Botanic Society,
gilt of plants to the .

Societies —
Gardeners' Debating
Horticultural Club ..
Ro<al Horticultural
(Scxe tincCommiitee)

Suburban garden, an
interesting

Tulips, florists' formsof

Vines, reLov^tiog

Week's work, the—
Flower garden, the
Fruits under glass...
Hardy fruit garden
Kitchen garden, the
Orchid houses, the
Plants under glass

Wilson. Mr. E. II. ...

297
298
298
298

290
293

301
298

298

293
.'01
292

294
29(1

ILLUSTRATIONS.

American Blight, or woolly Aphis

Apple-blossom weevil, the

Currants buds affected with the mite

Flower-bods illustrative of the Nelson Centenary...
Lilium giganteum in the Clarkson Nurseries, Wis-
bech (Supplementary Illustration)

Pear-midge, the

Rubus innoniiuatus

View in a suburban garden at Edgbaston

299
298
298
292

299

29:!

A FLORIDA FLOWER-GARDEN IN
THE RAINY SEASON.

IT is the latter part of August, we have now
fairly entered the second half of the
rainy season, which usually begins early in
•Tune, and ends in the litter part of October.
The rain at this time of the year is not con-
tinuous, and people are preparing to make
their hay for the winter — Beggar-weed and
Crab-grass hay. But we are never sure of
a sudden downpour, not even during the
brightest days. The soft breezes blow, the
air is balmy and salubiious, the young
mocking-birds are singing from all sides,
and the stranger is apt to make the remark
that there will lie certainly no rain to day.
But suddenly a fe w v. hite clouds accumulate
above us. In the distance the thunder rolls,
and a heavy wind begins to blow. In a
very short time the whole sky is covered
with dark, low -hanging, quickly -passing
clouds. We observe the rain in the distance
in long perpendicular streaks — tut it may
not strike us ; there may be a heavy fall
only a quarter of a mile away, and not a
drop falls in our locality. As a rule, how-
ever, we may expect a shower every day,
never during the night, while the rainy
season lasts. Usually it announces itself by
a heavy wind. We observe its approach at
a distance of a mile or rrore as a white,

misty mas3 ; we hear its roaring, and
usually we have sufficient time, when in
the Orange grove or in the Caladium
and Alocasia garden on the lake's edge, to
seek shelter in the house3. No coat and no
umbrella can protect us against such a
deluge. Presently the rain comes nearer
and nearer like a wall. It does not rain— it
pours ! The character of such a rain is
totally different from a rain in the rest of
this country. The first drops fall. They arc
enormous, heavy like hailstones, one being
suffnient to spatter over the circumference
of a plate. The shower roars, so that people
cannot hear each other without shoutiDg.
WThen such a rain is accompanied by a high
wind no roofing seems able to shut out the
cataract. Another peculiarity is that it
appears to rain at the same time from all
directions, so that even on the different
verandahs we do not find shelter. Objects
but a short distance away become invisible
behind the heavy curtain of falling water.
As I have already stated such rains may occur
almost every day during the rainy Eeason,
but there are frequent pauses of a day or
two and even a week. These daily showers
are, as a rule, of short duration, lasting only
an hour or two, and the thunder and light-
ning are not nearly so heavy as farther
north, though the whole atmosphere seems
to be saturated with electricity. After the
rain is over the air is always remarkably
cool and clear, often too cool for us to spend
our evenings on the verandah.

The summer-time in Florida is much
more congenial and much cooler than the
same season in the northern parts of our
country, where days and nights are often
exceedingly hot, and where no breeze
moderates the heat. The early morning
hours and particularly the evenings and
nights are perfection. The nights have a
splendour that seems stiange to northern
eyes. The countless numbers of stars are
very bright, very impressive. The cool
breezes charged with the strange and strong
perfumes of the most deliciously fragrant
flowers from the old and new world tropics,
the outlines of the Palms and Magnolias
frequently covered with masses of pure white
blossoms of the Moonflower (Iporuol bona-
nox, and I. grandiflora), the night song of
the mocking-birds, ody now and then heard
at this season of the year, combine with
other minor details to make this a land of
idyllic loveliness. I would not like to miss
the rainy season of Florida, because it is the
time when nature is in all her beauty, in her
tropical dressing, in her most effective form.
It is never oppressively hot, never too dry,
and the nights are always delightfully cooJ.
The lover of nature never grows weary of
the glorious Florida summer.

Among shrul>3 the Indian Lilac or Grape
Myrtle (Lagers tmniia indica) is the glory
of the rainy season. The abundance of its
flower trusses, their large size and lasting
quality, the brightness of their colours, the
long flowering period from early June to
late August, and the fine form and dense
growth of the specimens, combine to make
the Indian Lilac a most valuable adjunct to
cur sub-tropical gardens. The landscape
effect produced by large specimens in full
bloom is indescribably brilliant. Its only
fault is its deciduous character. A dense
and broad specimen in my garden of the
light rose-coloured variety, standing among

a group of Magnolias (M. grandiflora), Wax
Myrtles, Cypresses (Cupressus torulosa, C.
lusitanica, C. sempervirens), Hollies, Gar-
denias, Michelia fuscata, Illicium religio-
sum, oleanders. Myrtles, Palms, and Cycads
has a most charming appearance when in
flower, adding beauty and brightness to the
dark and glaucous colours of the ever-
greens. There are white, rose - coloured,
scarlet, and purple varietie3 in my collec-
tion. The flowers are slightly fragrant.

The many large specimens of Magnolia
grandiflora are now swarming with birds,
mostly mockingbirds, blue jays, thrashers,
red-cockaded woodpeckers, and the noisy
throngs of fish-crows. These birds are all
very fond of the aromatic, oily fruit of these
trees, which just begins to ripen in abund-
ance. The fruit-cones, in many varieties of
a conspicuous red colour, burst their cellst
and the glossy red seeds are displayed to
our eyes. Palms and Cycads are now
in the full vigour of their growth. Our
indigenous species (Zamia pumila and Z.
tloridana) are perfectly haidy, forming in
time dense masses of elegant, glossy foliage,
t'ycas revoluta and Dioon edule are also
perfectly adapted to soil and climate. Zamia
furfuracea and (eratozamia mexicana suc-
ceed with a little protection. Cycas sia-
mensi?, which I raised from seed, is as
hardy as the common species, and ('. eiijin-
alis endured a temperature of 19° F. last
winter, losing only a part of its foliage. The
lower part of the trunk was banked with
sand and the top was covered with bunches
of Spanish Moss (Tillandsia usneoides).
Cycas revoluta just begins to ripen its
large, somewhat flat, orange-scarlet seeds in
great abundance. Like tne eggs in a nest,
they are snugly hid underneath the woolly
incurved tops of the leafy points, the
petioles of which carry on both sides at
their base the showy fruit. We can only
enjoy the beauty of these closely packed
bright-red seeds when bending the dome-
shaped top of leafy fruits asunder. This
is the first time that I have the opportunity
of admiring perfect fi nit on my large speci-
mens. Two male plants flowered at the
same time with two female specimens. I
shook the pollen in my hand and sprinkled
it over the female cones, with the result
that I shall be able to gather some 400 or
500 psrfect seeds.

Along the verandah the bright-yellow bell-
shaped blossoms of several species of Alla-
manda, the rosy - red flower - clusters of
Antigonon leptopus, the blooms of the
white and blue Thunbergia (T. grandiflora
and T. fragrans), together with Maiechal
Niel, Gold of Ophir, Chromatella, Lamarque,
and Woodland Margaret Roses have been
produced in great abundance from the
beginning of June, but n«-ver in such a pro-
fusion as now. Only the Roses made a
pause during June. Jacobinia coccinea on
the side of the house has made such
■vigorous growth that it is now fully 6 feet
high, each shoot being terminated by a large
spike of giossy scarlet flowers, individually
small, but extremely effective in masses.
On one side of this grows a vigorous
Solanum Rantonnetii, the deep purple
flowers of which pervade the air with a very
pleasant perfume. On the same side of the
hcuse grows a large Brunfelsia confertiflora,
which never has been entirely out of bloom
since the first dajs of January.

290

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[OCTOBEE 21, 1905.

Li3t yaar I planted sevenl tubars of Gloriosa
superba near a dense specimen of Artabotrys
odoratissirnus aud an equally large Tibouehina
■Eemidecatidra (Pleroina maerantha), both growing
side by side in front of the house. The flowers of
-the Artabotrys, here called the Ylang-ylang, are
not very showy, bsing brownish in colour, but
they exhale a very strong and delicious fragrance,
the very ideal of perfumes ; and the Pear-shaped
fruits, the size of a small Plum, which ripen in
abundance in favourable seasons, are also very
aromatic. The Gloriosa has climbed up into it,
and its vigorous shoots have attained a length of
over 10 feet. But here it is not as showy and
effective as in the Pleroma near by, where the
bright yellow and orange-red colour of its scores
of flowers mingle with the velvety deep green
leaves and the very beautiful glossy purpla
blossoms of the Pleroma.

Crinums have been for many years my
favourites, and they appear everywhere around
the house and in the garden. The collection
consists of about thirty different species, and
about ten hybrids. They are always in bloom
from late in March to late in November, but they
are at their best at present, and their strong and
delicious perfume pervades the garden day and
night. The most intense as well as the most
gratifying fragrance is exhaled by Crinum
amabile, of which about twenty large specimens
are now in bloom. Some of the plants are 8 and
10 feet in diameter and 5 feet high, facing
fountains of luxuriant tropical foliage. Their
flower - scapes are as thick as the wrist,
4 to 5 feet high, and of a purplish - crimson
colour, carrying huge umbels of glossy purplish-
crimson buds, which open in succession, the
inside of the expanded blossoms being whitish-
rose. C. augustum almost reaches the same pro-
portions ; the flowers, however, are smaller, and
the buds and scapes are of a greyish brown
colour. C. asiaticum sinicum, the St. John's
Lily, is also a veritable giant, its white, narrow-
petalled flowers exhaling a strong Vanilla like
odour. I have quite a number of crosses between
this species and C. scabrum, C. Moorei, C. zey-
lanicum, and C. longifolium. The following
species are now in bloom around my study t
Crinum zeylanicuin, C. fimbriatulum, C. grande,
C. erubescens, C. erubescens nicaraguense, C.
Kunthianum, C. Commelynii, C. "Elsworthii,"
C. "cappedum," a fine hybrid between C.
asiaticum sinicum, C. americanum, and C. longi-
folium (capense). With moderate attention most
of these Crinums grow to an enormous size.
Being freely found, with Hippeastrum equestre,
in every dooryard, the everyday Floridian does
not care much for them — the *' Lilies," as they
are called by him. They are all at their best and
most redolent in the evening, filling the air with
a most delicious perfume.

The strongest and finest fragrance of the night,
however, is that of the night-bloomiug Jasmines
(Cestrum nocturnum and C. Parqui). The
stranger is enraptured by this perfume, which
fills the entire garden and its environments, and
he always refers to it in superlatives. The Moon-
flower, clambering over a tall Bamboo near my
study, is also in bloom, and its large pure white
flowers are strongly fragrant. During moonlit
nights these fairy -like blossoms, produced in
enormous masses, are particularly charmiDg.
Many of the true Jasmines are overpoweringly
sweet, and beds of Cosmos, particularly C.
" Klondike," lights up the garden wonderfully by
its Urge golden-yellow blossoms. The night-
blooming Cereus (C. njeticalus) clambers up the
trunks of Palms and spreads considerably in
their crowns, where its ivory urns are laid open
to the moonlight, while a myriad of crickets
chirp in one continuous jubilee.

The different species of Cocas Palms push up
flower-spikes after flower-spikes, and their often

enormous buncbe3 of fruit, strongly and agree-
ably fragrant, are lipening continually. The
fruit bunches of Cocos D.itil often weigh 501b.,
and I have counted as many as 1,025 large Plum-
like, juicy fruits in one cluster. C. Gaertneri
has matured bunches containing as many as 1,100
fruits, weighing from 25 to 35 lb. C. Bonnetti,
C. Blumenavia, C. Tatay, C. eriospatha, C. eam-
pestris, and C. " Normanbyana " are all in bear-
ing at present, and in almost all cases the fruit
is very aromatic and edible. It varies in size
from that of a Pea (C. campestris) to that of a
large Plum (C. Datil). Cocos australis and a
number of unnamed kinds also mature fruit-
clusters, but they are much smaller, their stems
are shorter and more delicate, and the fruit is
only loosely arranged in the bunches. These
hardy species of the genus Cocos form the most
beautiful and elegant specimen Palms of our
subtropical gardens. They are all rapid
growers, and begin to bloom and fruit at an
age of five or six years. They are far superior in
beauty and gracefulness to the Phcenix and Sabal
species in my collection. My specimens were all
raised from seeds which I received from southern
Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina, ten
to fifteen years ago. Many have formed trunks
5 to G feet high. The foliage of the majority of
species is of a beautiful bluish-green colour, and
in one unnamed species it is entirely silvery-
white. I do not think that the names as given
above are in all cases correct. The nomenclature
of garden Palms in this country is mostly in a
chaotic condition.

The most interesting and delightful part of my
garden is situated near the lake, the edge of
which is adorned with magnificent foliage plants,
such as Papyrus antiquorum, Thalia divaricata,
Colocasia esculenta, Heliconia Bihai, Xanthosoma
saggittaefolium, Maranta arundinacea, Camias,
and others. Here the soil is constantly moist,
rich and loose, and just suited for most members
of the Aracea: and Scitaminace*. The charm of
my Caladium-bed, occupying about 3,000 squire
feet, is indescribable. There are about 5,000
plants in 400 different varieties planted out.
Many of the plants have attained a height of
from 4 to 6 feet. I often have admired these
most magnificent foliage plants in pots when in
the north, and I have grown them in my green-
house, but I never dreamed of the beauty and
brilliancy as displayed here in the open air
in the half - shade of my lath - house. The
beauty of flowers is not of long duration ;
the brilliancy and the indescribable varied
hues of the Caladiums, however, last from
the beginning of April until November, and
even December. They are far superior to
flowers in many respects, changing their colours
continually and growing more beautiful and bril-
liant from day to day. In the early morning
hours when the dew-drops lie on the leaves like
thousands of pearls and diamonds, and in the
evening when the after-glow of the setting sun is
reflected from the often immense leaves, they form
such a glorious sight that no pen and no pencil
can do them justice, and we have the feeling
of being in an earthly paradise. There is a lustre
in the foliage of many kinds ; even the varieties
mainly of a green colour show golden and
metallic hues under different lights that cannot
be found in any other foliage plant. I have
Alocasias and Colocasia?, Marantas and Phry-
niums, Heliconiis and Poyllotamiums, and many
other foliage plants growing near them, even
among them, but there is absolutely nothing that
can compare with them. They outrival all in
the beauty of their forms, in the distribution,
variety and brilliancy of colour, in vigour of
growth, and in bushy and symmetrical habit.
List year I obtained a small tuber of the
variety Caladium Reine Victoria. It was well
cared for. In December, when I took it up, it

had formed an enormous tuber, the size and form
of a soup-p!a'e. When I cut it up this spring I
obtained over a hunired piec-s, each provided
with an eye. C. Lord Derby, C. Orphee, C. Clio
and others had attained almost as large a size.

In the early morning hours the perfume
of the flowering Alocasias is quite strong,
but is more aromatic than pleasant. The
Colocasias, sush as C. escalenta, C. Fon-
tanesii, and C. illustris push up incredible
numbers of conspicuous yellowish blossoms,
which -exhale a ' s'trong' and rather' unpleasant
odour, most disagreiable early in the morning.
Xanthosomas are also flowering, particularly
Xanthosoma violaceuin and X. sagittasfolium and
its many varieties, but their odour is subdued by
the delicious and strong fragrance wafted from
the large beds of Hedychiuui coronarium and
H. flavosum in full bloom at present. The much-
advertised " Red-stemmed Caladium" is nothing
but a fine and vigorous form of X. violaceum.

One of the most imposing of Aroids in my
collection, a scenic plant of the first quality, is;
Colocasia " grandis," with large, shell-like leaves
(30 by 22 inches) of a satiny-green colour with
golden and bronze lustre and bluish sheen.
The shape of the leaves is not flat but bowl-like.
Its growth is very dense, forming a fine sym-
metrical specimen 6 feet high and 4 or 5 feet in
diameter. Near it stands a huge specimen of
Xanthosoma robustum fully 8 feet high, one of
the most beautiful and refined foliage plants I
ever have seen. The flowers are produced in
great abundance, and they are powerfully and
deliciously fragrant, but not so when they are
fading. This has been largely advertised as the
'•Flowering Caladium" and as Caladium" New
Century." It was introduced in immense quan-
tities from Centra) America a few years ago as a new
species. An account of its flowering at Kew was
first published in the Gardeners' Chronicle, vol. iv ,
Third Series (1888), p. 621. H. Nehrling, Florida.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

KUBUS INNOMINATCJS.*
This decorative species is one of Mr. Wilson's
introductions to Messrs. Veitch's establishment
from the mountains of Central China. It is
of vigorous growth, making shoot3 G to 8 feet
long in a season. The stems are densely clad
with a short, velvety pubescence, with small
and relatively few scattered prickles. The
leaves on the barren shoots are usually pinnately
five-foliolate, and on the fertile shoots usually
only three - foliolate. The leatiets are large,
ovate, acute, sub- cordate at base, with dentate
margins ; the terminal leaflet being much the
longer and occasionally trilobate. Stipule erect,
1 inch long, filiform, with villose margins. Upper
surfaC9 of leaves dark green with few scattered
hairs, the underside covered with greyish-white
felt. Tbe flowers, which are borne in large,
thjrsoid panicles 1 to 1' foot in length, are insig-
nificant, with sepals glabrous or more or less
covered with stipitate glands. In September
the plant is furnished with panicles of orange-red-
coloured fruits whi h have an agreeable sub-
acid flivour. In the accompanying illustration
(fig. 112) the artist has shown too many fruits
ripe at one and the same moment.

The species was originally described by S. Le M.
Moore in the Journal of Botany, 1S75, p. 22G, from
a fragmentary and abnormal specimen collected
at Kuikiang (China) by Shearer. Subsequently
Dr. HeDry collected it near Ichang (Central
C'nina), but so different were these specimens
that Hemsley, in the Index Harm Sinensis, p. 231,
described them as a new species under the name
of B. Kuntzaanus. He however notes the close

" Rubus Innomtnatus, FpBncer Moore, in Journal of
Botany AugUit, 18r-\ p. 2.6. bjn. if. h'unl-taitul, MLpmgr
ley, iff supra.

October 21, 190J.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

291

.affinity with Mooie's i hnt, and suggested that
his plant may, possibly h> only an eglandulsr
taifoliclite variety. As shown above, bath th< s^

"British Tree 3." — We have already spoken of
the illustrations to this work by Mr. Vicat Cole.
To our thinking they are truer to nature than

germination of the Acorn are accurately repre-
sented, and greatly add to the interest of the
book to nature - students. Messrs. Hutchinson

Fig. 112. — ktjbts innominatus : fruit >pike axu florae details, (see p. L'9(V

characters break dowD, and on specimens of
Messrs. Veitch's plant being shown to Mr.
Hemsley he at one agreed that his and Moore's
rlants were one and the same thing.

many artistic representations. It is easy to sse
what is meant, which is not always the case with
impressionb-t drawiDgs. Attent'on is also given
to points of detail— thus, the several stages of

& Co. are the publishers. Part V. is devoted to
the Oak. The text is intended rather for the
use of the general public than for the professed
botanist.

292

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 21, 1905.

THE NELSON CENTENAEY.

The flower-beds in the Darlington Public Park,
of which an illustration is given at fig. 113, are
doubly interesting at the present time, for they
not only represent examples of neatly kept
carpet bedding, but they also serve to remind us
of the celebrations which are taking place during
the present week to mark the centenary of the
death of the greatest English admiral.

For many years the terrace along the bank of
the Skerne in Darlington Public Park has been
devoted to carpet bedding, many unique and
attractive designs having appeared thereon year
after year. The Diamond Jubilee of the late
Queen wa3 celebrated by a striking likeness
of Queen Victoria in 1836, and one of Her
Majesty in 1897, who recognised the tribute
by having a complimentary letter sent to
the curator and parks' superintendant, Mr. J.

CULTURAL MEMORANDA.

RENOVATING VINES.
Growers who desire to renovate their Vines
should lose no time in making preparations for
carrying out this work. Vines which have borne
heavy crops of fruit for several years, and which
now show signs of exhaustion, should be attended
to first. By removing the top layer of soil
annually to the depth of several inches, dressing
heavily with bone - meal, and replacing the
worn-out soil with a fresh, suitable compost,
much help is afforded the Vines to maintain their
vigour and productiveness. Sometimes these
dressings fail to have the desired effect, and
something more has to be done, such as by de-
stroying the old Vines and replanting with fresh
young canes previously prepared for the purpose,
or by lifting the roots entirely and relaying them

trench is next refilled with the new soil, the roots
beingkeptdamp and relayedat their proper depths,
after we have cut off their damaged ends with a*
clean cut. In the case of long, bare roots, in
order to induce them to make fibres, incisions are
made both right and left with the knife at about
10 inches apart along the whole length of the
roots similar to those usually made when layering
Carnations. The soil with which the roots are re-
covered is made moderately firm, more or less so
according to the state and nature of the compc st.
The bed is made up a few inches nigher than
the desired height to allow of the new soil
sinking. When this has been completed the
whole of the border is given a gentle watering
with tepid water, and then a slight mulching of
short manure is applied. The Vines are kept
well shaded, syringed overhead three or four
times daily, the house closed and the temperature-
slightly raised until the Vines have sufficiently

I Frtmdptiotojraphby Sy lueyjr. Wood, Darli

Fig. 113.— floral tributes to the memory of nelson.

Morrison. Other designs, including portraits of
the present King and Queen in the coronation
year, have attracted great attention. This year
Mr. Morrison, again topical, commemorates the
Nelson and Trafalgar centenary by three bold
and striking pictures worked out in carpet
bedding. One is an excellent portrait of our
great admiral, within a life-buoy planted with
Antennaria, and the famous signal, " England
expects every man to do his duty," done in
Pyrethrum. The groundwork is composed of the
pretty Herniaria glabra, and the portrait is an
effective and harmonious blending of Mesembry-
anthemum, P.yrethrum, Echeverias, Alternan-
thera, dwarf blu.9 Lobelia and Iresine ; the large
numerals 1805— 1905 are picked out in Pyrethrum.
Another piciure represents H. M. S. Victory
very boldly, the ropes and masts being composed
of small, neat Echeverias. The third design
shows Nelson and Wellington hand-in-hand and
at full length. All the designs are very realistic,
and will please a large section of the community.

atvariousdepthsinnewsoil. Thislatterplan I have
practised at different times with excellent results.
October is the best month in which to carry
out the work. My method of procedure is to
prepare sufficient soil for the undertaking,
keeping it well covered with a tarpaulin to avoid
saturation from rain. Next a deep trench is dug
at the farthest point from the rods to the full
depth of the border, and the soil gradually
removed towards the stems, every precaution
being taken to avoid damaging the roots more
than is inevitable, clearing away the soil as the
work proceeds. After all the old soil has been
removed and the main roots are made secure by
tying and fixing to stakes or to the rods of the
Vines, the glass is heavily shaded in bright
weather with mats or layers of canvas.

The drainage is next examined and put in
good order, a point of first importance to
the welfare of the Vines. After the drainage has
been made complete, turves are placed close
together with their grass sides downwards. The

recovered from this severe treatment. Air is then
more freely admitted and the shading gradually
dispensed with.

After old Vines have been lifted and re-
planted it is not prudent to force them too-
early and hard the succeeding season, nor should
they be cropped heavily, but the growth of
young rods between the old canes to supplement
root-action should be encouraged. In the case of
aged Vines the complete destruction of which is
not desired, the better plan is to train-in young
rods, as these furnish much better and heavier
crops of G rapes than older canes. I always retain
a few young rods annually to replace those that
have fruited for two or three seasons, and am
more than satisfied with the practice and results.
A good compost for Vines is composed of ten cart-
loads of sweet turfy loam, -1 or 5 cwt. of J-inch
bones, two cartloads of old mortar - rubble, one
cartload of wood - ashes, and one cartload of
horse-manure, the whole well mixed together.
H. Markham, IVrotham Park, Barnet.

October 21, 19(5.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

293

A SUBURBAN GARDEN.

The garden represented in the illustration at
fig. 114, situated in Westfield Road, Edgbaston.
about two and a half miles from the centre of
Birmingham, contains a small but choice selec-
tion of hardy plants. Originally pasture land,
and about an acre in extent, Mr. F. M. Mole, the
present owner, took it in hand twenty-five years
ago as a hobby, and he has succeeded in making
the site into the most interesting of the small
gardens in the suburbs of Birmingham.

on a south-east border by Azileas, Berb^ris,
Spirteas, Daphnes, &c. Specimen Hollies 12 feet
high on the east and north sides of the
pool are a feature. Mr. Mole takes a special
pride in these green - leaved Hollies, and
until recently pruned every specimen himself.
They are perfect pyramids, and screen the
plants growing on the surface of the pool from
winds.

Thousands of bulbs, principally Crocuses and
Snowdrops, are planted on a piece of flat grass
land covering a quarter of an a.ra in the centre

of every plant in his garden, and in order to give>
the latter additional educational value special
iron labels, with name, origin, and other particu-
lars, are attached to most of the permanent
plants. Mr. Mole is a generous supporter of
Midland horticulture. He takes great interest
in the Birmingham Botanical Gardens, and for
many years was an active member of its committee
of management.

In an adjoining garden Mr. Mole, senior, has-
also cultivated pyramidal Hollies in every choice-
variety obtainable, the variegated varieties being-

Fig. 114— view in a suburban garden at edgbaston, Birmingham.

In a pool in the south-west corner (see fig. 114),
hybrid Nymphseas and other aquatics grow freely
and flower profusely. Out of a collection of
upwards of a dozen varieties of Water Lilies,
Mr. Mole considers the undermentioned best
adapted for gardens similarly placed to his own.
Thoy are Nymphiei Marliacea chromatella, N.
Seignoreti, N. Laydekeri rosea, and N. L.
lilacea.

An exceedingly pretty effect along the sides of
the pool 13 created by the use of such plants as
Spirtea palmata and S. p. alba, Caltha palustris
and its double-flowered variety ; also Arundo
conspicua and Eulalias.

In a narrow border parallel with the pool
along the boundary fence having a south-west
aspect, Japanese Irises, Fritillarias, Helleborus,
&c, grow luxuriantly. Shrubs are represented

of lha garden, and during the flowering season
invitations to see the display are issued to friends
interested in spring gardening.

Pear-tree culture is studied, and the skilfully-
trained trees on walls facing to the south
and east demonstrate what can be done in
suburban gardens under proper treatment. The
following varieties of Pears have produced good
crops this season : Doyenne du Cornice, Marie
Louise, Fondante d'Automne, and Beurre Diel.
Of Apples the varieties Annie Elizabeth and
Bismarck (the last-named as a bush tree) have
likewise fruited well.

Like the Hollies, the fruit trees until a year
or two ago were pruned and trained by Mr. Mole,
who also keeps a record of the effects of weather,
ic, on the trees, date of flowering, setting and
ripening of the fruit, &o. He knows the history

quite unusual specimens. Both gardens are
remarkable for the testimony they bear to
Mr. Mole's love for plants, which is of such a
practical type that all the leisure time his Urge
business permits him has been devoted to
the personal training of his much-prized speci-
mens. We have seldom visited a small garden
that was so full of interest, or an amateur
gardener whose enthusiasm was more apparent,
or his efforts better directed.

LUTHER Burbank. — The California State
Board of Trade recently held a banquet in San
Francisco in honour of the great hybridist.
Many of the officials of the State and University
were present.

294

-TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[OCTOBER 21, 19C5.

MERTON HALL, NORFOLK.

Liliuh liiGASTEUM. — Probably in no other
part of the kingdom could such a show
of Liliuni giganteutu be seen as it was the writer's
privilege to see during the summer at Mertcn
Hall, the Norfolk §eat of Lord Walsingham. > .

Merton, or Meretown as it was anciently
known, is situated about 2 miles south of the
small market-town of Watton, and being off the
main line is not generally known by the number
of visitors who yearly find on East Angliap
rivers and broads a delightful holiday." The
special object of my visit was to see the
plants of Lilium giganteum in bloom, and they
were indeed a remarkable sight, there being
hundreds of the glorious spikes of flowers, vary-
ing in height from 8 to 12 feet. Growing in
large clumps on the sides of the woodland paths,
the stately stems backed by masses of hybrid
Rhododendrons, which had themselves but a few
■days previously made an equally brave show of
other colours, they formed a sight not readily to
be forgotten.

The stock is increased by raising annually a
batch of seedlings, and they seem to be quite easily
reproduced in this manner. The seed is sown
dn March, and it does not show itself until the
following year. The seedling plants remain in
the bed for three or four years, when they are
•either pricked- out into nursery beds or planted
permanently.

On the south side of a shady path a border is
retained for raising the seedlings, and from this
bed hundreds of young plants are taken annually
for transplanting all over the woods, where they
readily establish themselves, probably not being
seen by the gardener or anyone else for a year or
more after planting. It is impossible to accu-
rately estimate the number of plants seen in this
seed-border, but certainly it contained many
thousands, varying in age from last year's seed-
lings to plants five years old.

They are as a rule permanently planted out
when about five years old, and they do not flower
until eight years old at the earliest ; but it is far
better, I was informed, to plant at this age, as
older plants are not found to establish themselves
so readily. The soil in which these Lilies were
seen is of sandy peat, and it is evidently exactly
what they like.

In a lake situated to the south of the Hall
many beautiful Nymphseas were noted in full
bloom; the varieties included N. chromatella, N.
Eulphurea, N. Marliacea rosea, N. Leydeckeri ful-
gens, N. Marliacea carnea, N. odorata alba, and a
glorious show of the old white variety. Seen in
the full sunshine, these formed a delightful sight.

Broad herbaceous borders of different designs
on each side of the Hall were making a brave show
■of colour, all the best varieties being included.
CrimsonJtamblerandLeuchstern Roses and other
■climbing plants were in full bloom on a bold
pergola in the garden on the east side of the Hall.

Kitchen Garden.

In the kitchen garden, which is at some distance
from the Hall, evidence of careful cultivation
was to be seen on every hand. What struck an
ordinary Englishman as peculiar was to Eee Yams
growing as a general crop ; the growth is some-
what similar to that of a Scarlet Runner Bean,
and the plants are trained in a like manner. I
was told they always yield well.

Another unique feature was the hedges used as
'■divisions in the outer kitchen garden (the walled
garden is 1 acre in extent, and the outer garden
is about -1J acres) ; the divisions are formed by
trimly-cut hedges of Scotch and Spruce Fir,
about 8 feet high, and cut square on'the top.
I was informed they had been planted over fifty
years, and they are to-day quite dense at the
bottom, and form splendid protection, quite equal
to that afforded by Yew or Beech.

In addition to the usual flowering plants grown
for decorative purposes, Lord Walsingham has
added to his collection many uncommon plants of
great beauty ; included among these I saw
Cleome speciosa, a half-hardy annual with bright
rose-coloured flowers, a suitable subject for small
pots. Angelonia integerrima, also growing- in 'a
.greenhou.se, having flojcers somewhat resembling
those of a Snapdragon in shape, but quite
distinct in growth', is very attractive, and well
worth growing.

In the shrubberies which surround the kitchen-
garden Cytisus elongatus was in full bloom ; this
is a hardy variety ; the flowers are bright yellow,
somewhat resembling those of Cytisus raeeino-
sus. The plants thrive well under trees, and
form glorious sheets of colour; but lest anyone
should be tempted to plant it largely in woods it
should be said that rabbits are €specially fond
of this shrub. In protected shrubberies it is an
excellent plant for flowering in summer.

In the fruit department good crops of Muscat
and other Grapes were seen, and a very choice lot
of stove Orchids and foliage plants, and splendid
Ferns.

For many years a large batch of winter- flower-
ing and Souvenir de la Malmaison Carnations
has been grown, and about four years ago two
span-roofed houses were erected solely for them.
By the appearance of the plants now potted-on an
equally good display will again be furnished.

In the park and skirting the roads as we drove
about, some fine specimen Oaks were pointed out.
Time did not allow for further seeing the woods,
but everything seen testified to the excellent
attention and skill devoted to them by Mr. W.
Riddel], the courteous head-gardener, liberally
encouraged by Lord Walsingham, who is always
most willing to adopt anything which makes for
the improvement of his splendid estate. Norvic.

BOOK NOTIGE.

Beautiful Bulbous Plants. By John
Weathers, F.R H S. (Simpkin, Marshall,
Hamilton, Kent & Co., Stationers' Hall
Court, EC.)

This publication appears at an opportune
season. It is a book of handy size, and deals
with bulbous plants for culture in the open
air. The writer explains the cultivation and pro-
pagation of these useful plants, and mentions
the ways in which they can be most effectively
arranged. The pages before us are occupied
with such important details as soils and manures,
depth of planting, lifting and storing, culture in
grass, under trees, in cool houses, and in window
boxes. Insect and fungoid diseases are mentioned
also. The volume contains several rather crudely
coloured plates, illustrative of over 100 kinds of
bulbous plants. They possess the advantage of
representing" species and forms which are not
commonly figured in works of this character, and
are in consequence less hackneyed than Usual.
The flowers are fairly well represented, but no
guide to their relative size is given. For
instance, the Snowdrops on one page are nearly
as large as the Madonna Lilies and the Gladioli
in other parts of the book, and it is not mentioned
how much the latter are reduced in size to bring
them into the compass of the picture.

The book will be found useful for reference,
.and the hints on cultivation should be studied by
the amateur and beginner. The nature and
function of bulbs in general and of the so called
contractile roots are explained, and display a
more accurate knowledge of plant-structure than
is common in works of this character.

We quite agree with Mr. Weathers' views on
'the advantage for" effect's sake of planting
numbers of some particular kinds in masses ; but
effect is not everything; variety and specially
interest have also to be considered, and the gar-
dener must judge for himself whether he wishes
to produce broad colour effects or variety,
interest, and individual charm.

The Week's Work.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. A Millkr. Gardener to Lord Henry C.
Bentinck, M.P , Underley Hall, Westmoreland.

Roses. — New beds of R >ses may now be formed.
It will be necessary to stir the soil for at least a
depth' of 2 feet hefora planting, and should the
subsoil be not of a sufficiently porous nature to
allow. thorough drainage, ir, must be^proyided by
means^of pipes covered with rubble, as success in
Rose-growing greatly defends on perfect drain-
age. Select the"" top spit "of soil" fro'rh an old
pasture, and with this incorporate some manure.
The roughest portions of this mixture should be
placed in the trench to a depth of about two-
thirds, tbe finer portions being used for the upper
third of the trench, where it will be about the
roots of the plants. Allow the whole to settle
before planting, which should be commenced at
the end of the present month if the soil is in
suitable condition. Shorten the longer growths
of Roses in beds, in order to prevent their be-
coming broken by wind. Remove suckers from
budded stocks. Cuttings of Manetti and Briar
Roses should now be inserted.

Storing Tender Plants. — Heliotropes, Fuchsias,
Plumbagos, Francoa ramosa, Eucalyptus, Agaves,
Sempervivums, and similar tender plants will
require stoiing into their winter quarters.
Tuberous - rooting Begonias affected by frost
should have about half their growth removed.
Dig up the tubers with a fork, shake off some of
the soil, and spread them in a dry, airy, frost-
proof shed. Move the tubers occasionally, and
when they are thoroughly dry and the growths
fall off readily, pack them in lajers in barrels, &a.,
placing some dry leaf-mould or cocoa fibre between
each layer. Store them in a cellar or in a shed in
which a temperature about 50' can be maintained.
Fibrous-rooted Begonias are easily raised from
seed. Directly Dahlias are damaged by frost
sever the stems about 12 inches above the tubers.
Lift the tubers and pack them closely on a shelf
in an atmosphere which is free from damp or
frost. Cannas, Salvia patens, Commelina ccelestis,
and Marvel of Peru should be similarly treated.
The lifting of Gladioli must be proceeded with
directly the foliage is properly ripened and before
severe frosts occur. Destioy all plants affected
with disease. Spread the corms in an airy loft,
and when they are thoroughly ripened remove the
top growth and store the corms in paper bags.

Cuttings of Bedding Plants. — Examine the
frames containing cuttings of Calceolarias,
Gazanias, and Violas, and make good any blank
spaces.

Cuttings of many Hardy Plants may still be
inserted in cold frames. Acrena Buchanani, A.
inermis, Ac, are easily propagated by division, as
are also Achilleas, Antennarias, and Aubrietias.
Dibble the pieces in a sandy mixture in a frame.
Veronica prostrata is easily increased by cuttings,
and is useful for planting about the steps in a
rock-garden. Hypericum Androsoemum aureum,
H. oblongifolium, H. Moserianum, U. M. tricolor
and H. M reptans are all useful subjects for the
flower - garden, -the— tw*- last - named varieties
forming excellent wall plants.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bullock, Gardener to E. J. Wvthes, Esq.,
Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Jacolinia chrysosteph ma »n<Z J coccinea. — These
plants are now forming their flower-trusses. Great
care in their culture is necessary in order to obtain
the best results. All the light that is available
should be afforded them, and if the staging on
which the plants are placed is far removed from
the glass other temporary stages should be em-
ployed, or the plants should be-raised .on pots or
bricks. Any traces of mealy-bug must be eradicated
at once by the same means a3 was advised for stove
foliage plants in the Calendar for September 30i
Judicious feeding of the roots with liquid sheep-
manure will produce beneficial results, but
artificial manures are better avoided. The em-
ployment of artificial heat will be necessary td
maintain a temperature at night of 65°, and this
will necessitate occasional syrirgings with clear
water overhead, but this must be d me early in the
daytime in order to allow the plants to become dry

October 21, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

295

before night. A humid atmosphere, which is
very essential to good culture, can be maintained
by damping the staging and the walks.

Coleus thyrsoides. — Artificial heat must be
given these plants as soon their flowering spikes
appear. A temperature of GO' by night will suit
them. If a higher temperature than this is
maintained the plants soon become " leggy."
Copious supplies of diluted sheep manure-water
or soakage from the farmyard should be applied
in preference to artificial manure.

Mosrhosmi riparium and Eupatorium petiolare
will need similar treatment to Coleus thrysoides.

Begonia Gloire de Sceamc.—A 10 inch pot should
be the largest receptacje used for growing speci-
men plants of this Begonia, which should now be
in suitable condition for their final shift If the
plants are allowed to become pjt-bound before
being put into larger pots they will not root
readily into the new soil, in which case they are
likely to decay at the collar. When potting keep
the top of the ball of the plant level with the
surface of the new soil.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H. Young, Orchid Grower to Sir Frederick
Wigan, Bart,., Clare Lawn, East Sheen, S.W.

Mexican 'Lrnlias. — Plants of the L. ancep3
section having their flower-spikes partially
developed, should be so arranged that the tips
will not touch the glass. To free them from dirt
and other undesirable matter, draw a wet sponge
along them occasionally. The plants do not
require large supplies of water when the pseudo-
bulbs have attained their full size. Prolonged
drought must not be permitted until the flowers
have expanded. Admit abundance of fresh air to
the house whenever the conditions out-of-doors
are favourable and allow a little ventilation
always at night. Plants of the L. autumnalis
section, including L. Gouldei, L. furfuracea, L.
albida, &c , fail when subjected to an atmosphere
that is close and moist, yet they need a moderate
amount of moisture at the roots and in the
atmosphere when making roots or developing their
pseudo-bulbs. Subject the plants to a very long
and complete rest as soon as the flowering
season is passed. L. rubescens needs similar
treatment to plants of the L. ancep3 group, with
a rather warmer atmosphere. L. majalis should
need no further waterings until next season, ex-
posing the plants to all the light and air obtain-
able in a cool intermediate-house. L. cinnabarina
and most hybrids of whioh L. cinnabarina is one
of the parents remain in best condition if subjected
to rather long periods of drought, applying water
however before there is much shrivelling of the
pseudo-bulbs. The plants should be exposed to
all the light obtainable in the coolest part of a
Cattleya-house. L harpophylla requires cooler
conditions and not quite such dry treatment as L.
cinnabarina, but a good rest must follow the com-
pletion of growth. L longipes, L. Lucasiana, and
others of this type, with L. flava and L. Cowanii,
thrive best in shallow baskets or pans, suspended
near to the roof-glass at the cool part of a Cattleya-
house, and subjected to a very dry treatment
when once the pseudo-bulbs are fully grown.

Zcdia Perrinii, S(c. — This species is a useful
autumn-flowering Lselia which has been utilised
in producing several good hybrids. Ic succeeds
under similar conditions to L. crispa, and must
not be given much water at the roots at any sea-
son of the year. Whether grown in pots or
baskets repotting should only be done when abso-
lutely necessary, but a little fresh material may
be afforded as a top-dressing when new roots are
expected. A position in the central part of a
Cattleya-house is generally suitable for this spe-
cies. All hybrids from L. Perrinii should have
a thorough resting when giowth is completed,
and L.-C. Hermione, of which Cattleya Lmdde-
manniana was one of the parents, should be kept
moderately dry when growing and not making
roots. L superbiens, owing to its long rhizomes,
has to be grown in an elongated basket, which
may be suspended near the apex of the roof of
the Cattleya house. When the plants are making
roots they need a good supply of water, but when
growth has ct-ased very dry conditions are
essential. Should any flower-spikes be in course
of development, a small weight rray te attached

to them to keep them away from the glass. If
this be done it will not be necessary to lower the
plant. There is one good hybrid in which L.
superbiens was one parent, and Cattleya Mossiie
the other, named L.-C. Chollettiana which
succeeds well in a leaf mixture, and staged at
the warm end of the Cattleya-house'. Water'
should be applied very sparingly the season
through.

Odontoglossum citroSMum. — As the pseudo-bulbs
near completion, let the supply of water be much
diminished, reducing it to the vanishing-point as
they mature'. Duiing the winter suspend the
plants in alight part of the Cattleya hou;e, where
the amount of atmospherical moisture present
will tend to keep the pseudo-bulbs in a firm
condition. A little wrinkling of the surface
caused by drought at the base is of no consequence
if the pseudo-bulbs have been well matured, as
this will vanish when the roots are soaked in
water after the flower-spike3 have appeared in
the young growths.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By W. Fife, Gardener to Lady Wastage, Lockinge
Park, Wantage.

Storing Beetroot. — The main crop of Beetroot
should be lifted with a fork at about the end of
October. Frost in no way improves this im-
portant vegetable, and if the roots are broken or
scratched during lifting the coloured juice escapes
in cooking, rendering the vegetable unpalatable
and useless. For the same reason it is better not
to cut off the leaves with a sharp knife, but to
rather twist them off close to the crown with the
hand. Store the roots in an open shed, and cover
them with sand in sufficient quantity to keep
away frost. This material will also prevent them
from becoming dry, and will keep the roots cool.
If a shed is not available, Beetroots may be
stored in the same manner as Potatos, covered
with Fern, or straw and soil, with sufficient venti-
lation provided at the top of the mound for the
escape of moisture.

Carrots should not be stored like Beetroot and
Potatos in pits, but when dry should be placed
in an open shed and covered with sand, and in
the event of sharp frost with dry Fern or straw.
These vegetables are the better for not being
stored in great bulk, nor in such a manner as to
be subjected to sudden changes of temperature.

Turnips. — When Turnip3 have reached a
desirable size they should be lifted and stored, for
if they are allowed to remain in the ground after
this period they become woolly. Later succes-
sional batches will still continue to grow and
should be left in the ground. Embrace the
opportunity dry weather affords to draw the soil
well over the roots with a hoe.

Stacy.i taberifera. — These keep well if left in
the ground, for they are quite hardy, and if they
be lifted and stored the chances are that when
the temperature of the store exceeds 50° decay
will take place. If the tubers are left in the
ground cover the soil with long litter.

Chicory. — Lift the roots according to the
demand and place them close together in light
soil in the Mushroom-house. When the young
growths are about 0 inches in length they are in
the best possible condition for the table.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

ByF. Jordan, Gardener to Dr. Corbet, Impney Hall
Gardens, Droitwich.

Pines. — Smooth Cayenne and other late
varieties of Pineapples, the fruits of which are
now swelling, should be allowed a night tempera-
ture of 70°, with an additional 10° or 15° duriDg
the daytime, according to the weather. The
plants require careful attention in the matter of
watering at this season, and it will be better to
feed them with dry manures or weak auano- water
in preference to stable liquid-manure. Less
damping and syringing in the houses will be
necessary as the days shorten, and the application
of moisture should be regulated by the conditions
of the outside atmosphere. Advantage should
always be taken of bright days on which to damp
the paths and sprinkle the surface of the beds
with tepid water. Wherever practicable cover
the pits at night- time, for the purpose of econo-

mising fire-heat, as excessive artificial heat
greatly reduces the moisture necessary for the
plants. Crops of Pineapples generally should"
now receive less heat and moisture. Plants of
earliest (Queens, which are now in their resting
sta^e, will require very little if any water, especially
if the material in which they are plunged is in a
moist condition. . Anight temperature of 58° to 60°,
ov-lowerin very cold weather, with about 70°during
the daytime, will be found suitable. Maintain a
steady bottom heat of 70° to 75°, and allow a free
circulation of air on all favourable occasions.
Plants intended for later forcing may still be
allowed to develop a little growth, and can be
more freely supplied with water and atmospheric
moisture generally than resting" plants." Damp
the paths and beds somewhat freely with tepid
water on fine days until growth is finished.

Suckers. — The more forward of these should not
be encouraged to grow much after this date, and
should be given water sufficient only to maintain
the plants in a healthy condition. Late-potted
suckera should by this time have filled their pots
with roots. Plants plunged near the hot-water-
pipes must not be allowed to become dry at their
roots. Allow the plants as much light and air
as possible, and cover the pita at night should
sharp frosts appear imminent.

Late Grapes. — Late - ripening Grapes should
by this time have perfected their development,
but should any require finishing the pipes must
be kept sufficiently warm, so that a constant
circulation of fresh air can be given on favourable
occasions. A moderate watering applied during
a fine bright morning may also be of some assist-
ance to the surface roots. Place a dry mulching
over the border shortly after watering to keep
the soil damp. Pinch out any late laterals, and
admit as much light and air to the interior of the
house as possible, but take care to collect any
decayed leaves as they fall.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. H. Clarke, Gardener to Sir William Pi.owden,
Aston Rowant House. Oxon.

Peach and Nectarine-trees. — Examine all late-
fruiting trees from which the fruit has been
gathered,, and remove the unnecessary shoots, so
that light and air may have free access to •every
shoot. Any tree that has not fruited satisfac-
torily, but has made extra strong growth, may ba
entirely lifted and replanted— not necessarily on
the same site if a more favourable position can
be found. A tree which has failed to grow satis-
factorily in one position will sometimes improve
and fruit su tcessf ully after its removal to a
fresh site. In cold localities, where fruits of the
varieties Gladstone, Salway, and Golden Eagle
may be still upon the trees, the fruits should be
exposed to all light possible ; a few frame-lights
may be placed in front of the tree3. On cold
nights a double thickness of tiffany or mats will
protect them from frost and damp.

Plums. — We have fruits of a few varieties still
hanging on wall trees. Shrivelling seems to
increase the saccharine matter in the fruits, but
care must be taken that they do not commence to
decay. Pay daily attention to gathering, and
should wet weather set in all the crop must be
taken to the fruit-room immediately.

Hardy Vines.— This has been a bad season for
the ripening of these Grapes out-of-doors, and
where bunches are still hanging they cannot be
expected to lipen. Cut each bunch with 8 inches
of wood attached, and bottle them in the same
way that hothouse Grapes are done, but place
them in a warmer and dryer atmosphere, that
maturation may be quick. All the spur-growths
throughout the Vine should be shortened to three
or four leaves.

Apples and Pears. — Many late kinds will now
require to be gathered. Let the utmost care bo
exercised in the handling of them. Place all
large and perfect fruits by themselves, as they
will keep longest, the small, inferior,and damaged
fruits being placed elsewhere for present use.
Much damage is done to fruits by throwing them
into baskets, which are quite unsuited for the
purpose ; flat baskets are best, and the sides and
bottom can be lined with some soft material, such
as hay or wood-wool.

296

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[OCTOBEB 21, 19(5.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Special Notice to Correspondents.— The Editor does net
undertake to pay for any contributions or illustrations, or
to return unused communications or illustrations, unless by
special arrangement. The Editor does not hold himself re.
sponsible for any opinions expressed by his correspondents.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

TUESDAY, Oct. 24

Royal Horticultural Society's
Committees Meet, and Vege-
table Show at the Royal
Horticultural Hall, Vincent
Square, Westminster.

British UardeneiV Association
Executive Committee Meet.

BALES FOR THE WEEK.

MONDAY to FRIDAY NEXT—

Dutch Bulbs, at 67 & 68, Cheapside, E.C., ly
Protheroe & Morris, at lO.ao.

MONDAY and TUESDAY NEXT—

Unreserv.d Sale of Nursery stock at The Arthur's
Bridge Nursery, Woking, by order of Messrs. W.
Spoouer & Son, by Protheroe A Morris, at 12 30.

MONDAY NEXT—

Buitn, Roses, and Plants, at Stevens's Rooms, King
Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

WEDNESDAY NEXT—

Palms, Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Camellias, Pose^,
&c, at 67 and 68, Cheapside. E.C., by Protheroe &
Morris, at 5 o'clock. - Bulbs. Roses, Ac . at Stevens s
Rooms. King Street. Covent Garden W C

WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, and f'KIDAY NEXT-
Thirty-tirst Annual tale of Nursery Stock at
Hollamby's Nurseries, Groombridge, iTunbridge
Wells, by Protheroe & Morris, at 11.30 o'clock.
(For further particulars see our Advertisement columns.)

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
-481=.
Actual Temperatures :—

London. — Wednesday, Oct. 18 (6 P.M.) : Max. 56° :
Min. :tT.
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, London. — Thursday, Oct. 19
(10 A.M.): Bar., 30 1 j Temp., 46'. Weather-
Bright sunshine.
Provinces.— Wednesday. Oct. is (6 p.m.): Mai. 49%
Cornwall ; Min. 37', Scotland, E.

The Fruit It is alwaJs a question
conference. * "ether the results to ge-
neral horticulture ot exhibi-
tions bear any satisfactory relation to the
time, ability, and money expended in their
management. The benefit to individual
traders and to prize-winners is not to be
gainsaid, nor can there be any question as
to the interest and pleasure derived by a
considerable section of the visitors. But
apart from these it may well be doubted
if the progressive advance of horticul-
tural knowledge is materially promoted by
the ordinary "show."' The case is altered
when a well-arranged conference is held
in connection with the exhibition. The
congresses and conferences held at Chis-
wick resulted in permanent benefit to horti-
cultural knowledge, and the records of those
meetings will be available long after all
recollection of the shows held in connec-
tion with them has passed away. From
this point of view the meetings held
at the Royal Horticultural Society last
week under the auspices of that body and of
the National Fruit Growers' Federation, are
of great impoitance. We were able last
week to give a full report of the Show and
of the initial proceedings of the Conference,
which was held at the same time that this
journal was passing through the press. In
our present issue we are enabled to publish
a pretty full account of the subjects brought
forward, and of the discussions that ensued.
From them it will be seen how varied and
how vitally impoitant were the subjects
treated of. One of the speakers, indeed,
boldly aseited that such "conferences were

of no use at all." There are probably few
who will ei dorse that opinion entirely,
however much they may be disappointed at
the apparently meagre results of such dis-
cussions. The same sense of disappointment
is often experienced by the organs of the
Press, who do their best to make known and
todisseminate information, which apparently
is not acted on, if at all, till long after it
has been made known. The necessity for
continued "hammering" at a subject was
indeed dilated on at the meeting.

It is not surprising that Mr. SrENCER
Pickering's results, as detailed fully in the
reports of the Woburn Experimental Fruit
Farm, should be received with some surprise
by the practical men present. His results,
if substantiated by further experiments, in
some respects run counter to all that gene-
rations of experienced practitioners have
taught us as to the planting of trees. Never-
theless there are the facts, explain them
how we may. Mr. Pickering is so experi-
enced and careful an observer that his
observations must be received with the
greatest respect, and not lightly treated
because they happen to be at variance with
established practice.

Another matter of importance is that of
co-operation or concerted action. What is
the good of one grower taking pains to keep
his trees clean and free from insect or
fuDgus pests, if his neighbour remains
passive ? la the same manner many of the
grievances under which small growers labour
in marketing their produce and obtaining a
reasonable price for it would be removed by
a co operative system, such as our Danish
and Dutch competitors have adopted with
such beneficial results to themselves and,
we must add, with such advantage to the
Btitish consumer. The contributions of
Mr. Bos( auen and of Sir Albert Koli.it on
subjects on which they are such acknow-
ledged authorities will be read with the
attention they deserve.

The Conference, we take il, is a useful
supplement to the Report of the Depart-
mental Commission already alluded to,
which has done much to make clear
exactly the grievances under which the
fruit industry suffers. If it had done
nothing else, that alone would entitle the
Commission and the Royal Horticultural
Society to the thanks of the community for
the opportunity afforded of making clear
the requirements of the growers and dis-
tributors of fruit. It remains now to
concert measures which shall meet those
requirements, acd remove so faras possible
all -artificial restrictions on the progress of
the inoustry. To devise such measutcs is
surely not beyond the wit of man.

L'LIUM giganteum (see Supplementary Illus-
tration and p. 294). — This stately Lily was intro-
duced from the Himalayas as far back as 1852.
Although it cannot be regarded as hardy gene-
rally, it will succeed out-of-doors in many
localities. The flowers are white, slightly tinged
with green on the outside and with purple in the
throat. The bulbs are as large as a good-sized
Apple, with fleshy, ovate, sub-patulous scales. The
accompanying note is from Mr. G. W. Miller,
Clarkson Nurseries, Wisbech, who obligingly
furnished us with the photograph : " The photo-
graph represents a group of Lilium giganteum in a
corner of the Clarkson Nurseries, Wisbech, where
several hundred plants of this Lily are growing
freely in different parts of the grounds. I started

growing L. giganteum as pot plants in houses
many years ago, but they did not succeed well ;
however, on growing them outside without any
shelter I find them perfectly hardy, and they
have done remarkably well. The fine flower-
spikes sometimes attain a height of from 8 to
10 feet, with as many as eighteen flowers on some
spikes. The strong and pleasant odour of the
flowers can often be detected 50 yards from the
beds. Although they do well in prepared bed*
of peat and sand, they also succeed well here in
ordinary soil without any special preparation."

The Laurent Prize.— Soon after the death
of M. Laurent, from fever contracted in the
Congo, it was decided to perpetuate his memory
by the foundation of a prize to be awarded by
the Eoyal Academy of Belgium, so that the name
of M. Laurent might be associated after his
death, as during his life, with the progress of
science. The Honorary President is Baron van
der Bruggen, Minister of Agriculture; the
President, Count Kerchove de Denterghem ;
and the Treasurer, M. L. Gentil, of the Botanic
Garden, Brussels.

MR. E. H. Wilson.— Among botanical collec-
tors few have been more successful than Mr.
Wilson, whose notes on his adventurous journey
in Central and Western China are appearing in
our columns. For some time after his return he
has been engaged in the nurseries of Messrs.
Veitch at Combe Wood, supervising the culture
of the numerous rarities and interesting plants
that he has been successful in introducing to that
establishment, and in arranging and distributing
his extensive collections. Many of Mr. Wilson's
introductions have been described and illustrated
in our columns, and the tale is by no means ex-
hausted. Mr. Wilson is now seeking another
appointment, where his extensive knowledge of
plants and their cultivation would be available.
We trust Mr. Wilson may speedily he installed
in a post commensurate with his abilities and
personal qualifications.

Royal Botanic Society.— The valuable
collection of succulent plants made during his
travels abroad by the late Rev. H. G. Torre, of
Norton Curlieu, Warwickshire, has, says the Times,
been presented to the Royal Botanic Society. It
comprises some 1,600 specimens of the most
ornamental of the class, such as Agaves, Aloes,
Echeverias, Crassulas and Mesembryanthemums.
The rockery in the large conservatory has been
reconstructed for their accommodation and
display.

Gunton PARK.— The Estate Magazine for
October has a bright article on Gunton Park, its
Tioods and gardens, with of course a compli-
mentary allusion to Mr. Allen and his Straw-
berries. The estate is managed by Colonel
Harbord, a sympathetic and progressive land-
lord. The grounds are thrown open to the public
on Thursdays.

National Potato Society.— Mr. Walter
P. Wright, Hon. Secretary of the National
Potato Society, will deliver a lecture on Potatos
at the Horticultural Hall, Vincent Square,
Westminster, on Tuesday, October 2-1, in connec-
tion with the Vegetable Show of the Royal
Horticultural Society. The National Potato
Society's Show will be held in the same building
on Thursday and Friday, November 23 and 21.

The Eoinburgh Show.— A large number of
gardeners and florists of Aberdeen and the- sur-
rounding districts have presented Mr. Peter
M'Habdy, of the firm of Messrs. Ben Reiu & Co.,
Ltd , with a travelling bag and umbrella, as a
token of their appreciation for the excellent
manner in which he discharged the duties of
secretary of the gardeners' and florists' excursion
to Edinburgh, on the occasion of the International
Horticultural Show.

Supplement to the "Gardeners' Chronicle."

LlLIUM GIGANTEUM, IX MR, (.t. W. SllLLER'S NURSERY AT WlSBECH.

October 21, 1905.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

297

Mr. NEWSTEAD. — Lady Grosvenor recently
made a presentation to our correspondent, Mr.
Robert Newstead, formerly Curator of the
"Grosvenor Museum, Chester, and now on the
staff of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.
The gift consisted of a life-size carbon portrait of
himself and a purse of over 20O guineas, sub-
scribed for by his many friends in warm apprecia-
tion of his services to the Grosvenor Museum and
the cause of science generally. Mr. Newstead
began his career as a gardener, has distinguished
himself in the study of insects injurious to crops,
and is the author of the standard work on the
■Coecidse.

The "Evening News" Chrysanthemum
1.EAGUE — This show was held at the Eoyal
Horticultural So iety's Hall on Saturday the
,14th inst. It was estimated that upwards of 25,000
persons gained admission, while fully 10.C00 went
away without getting into the building. Of the
children's show not much can be said. There
were some good examples of what may be done
in a London garden, but mostly the plants were
(not in flower. We understand that about 7,000
plants had been distributed, and a large pro-
portion of these were submitted for judgment.
There were twelve different varieties distributed,
.and these formed distinct classes, so that each
variety was judged separately. A large number
of the trade firm3 supported the 6how. The
plants were supplied by Messrs. Cragg, Harrison
•& Cragg, of Heston, who were largely responsible
rfor the arrangements on Saturday, which, under
Mr. Harrison's management, were well carried out.
The firm also filled up all vacant spaces and deco-
■corated the platform. Among exhibitors were
Messrs. Wills & Segar, Norman Davis, H. J.
-Jones, James Carter & Co., Birr & Sons, T. E.
Russell, T. S. Ware & Co., Ltd., J. Hill & Son,
H. Evans & Sons, P. Ladds, W. Cull, Hobbies,
Ltd., Wells & Co., and others.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

{The Editor docs not hold himself responsible for the
opinions expressed by his Correspondents.)
LIVISTONA M»Ri/C.— The name of this Palm
is a crux for the botanist. F. v. Mueller
identified this Palm at first with his L. Leich-
hardtii ; then he called it L. Maria?. After-
wards he gave a full description, but this was
based upon two different Palms, one from Cen-
tral Australia, the other from N.W. Australia.
Afterwards he separated the N. W Australian
plant from the Central Australian one, and called
■the N.W. Australian L. Alfredi. In this last
(memoir, of which I have only seen an extract in
"the Botanischcs Centralblatt, he for the first time
says that the leaves at the early age of the
plant are of a " rich bronzy colour." Afterwards
Drude published a critical investigation of the
Australian species of Livistona. He showed that
the seeds of L. Alfredi are the largest of all
Australian species, about five or six times as
heavy as those of L. Mariae. and almost nine
times heavier than those of L. Leichhardtii. The
bronze colour of the young plants of L. Maris is
not always to be found. 1 received about ten
years ago seeds of L. Mariae; the young plants
raised from them were glaucous, and had only
purple margins to the leaves. They were charac-
terised besides this by having prickles on the
margins. Afterwards the fan-shaped leaves re-
tained this character, the outer margins being
beset with short prickles. The photograph of the
Kew plant of the purple-leaved Palm shows the
same character. So I think that the Livistona
Mariae F. v. Mueller varies like other purple-
leaved Palm?, i.e., Latania Commersoni, L. Lod-
digesii, Dictyosperma rubra, better known
under the name Areca rubra, &c, some specimens
having bronzy to purple-coloured leaves, others
having more or less glaucous leaves, but both
afterwards having glaucous leaves when full-
grown. At all events the specimens as well as
the photograph of the Kew plant submitted to me
ifor inspection represent the true Livistona Marise
F. v. Mueller. The purple colour generally indi-

cites that the plants are from a wet climate,
whilst the glaucous colour indicates a dry
climate. The Palm glen of the MacDonnell
Ranges certainly had in former times a much
wetter climate, hence the red colour of the
young plants. The glaucous leaves are an
adaptation to the dryer climate. Dr. Udo Dammer,
Dahlem, Berlin.

GRAPE PRINCE OF WALES. — From what I
know of this Grape, and from the specimens so
well illustrated on p 277, I should think there is
a great future before this variety. Prince of
Wales is destined to take the place of Mrs. Pince,
which is exhibited worse and worse each year.
It is indeed an exception now to see a well-
coloured example of this variety. Although at
the recent Edinburgh Show Mrs. Pince was
exhibited seven times, it could not be said
there was a single perfect example. Mr.
Ellis states that he thinks the Prince is the
finest Grape put into commerce duriDg the
last twenty years. This might easily be,
for only three varieties I know of those distri-
buted in that period deserve even a mention.
These are Lady Hastings, Appley Towers and Lady
Hutt. The first of the trio is undoubtedly an
exceedingly good- flavoured Grape, but unfor-
tunately its constitution is so delicate that no one
but Mr. Shingler seems able to manage the
variety well. Appley Towers is an exhibition
Grape, producing good bunches and berries,
which with reasonable treatment colours easily,
but as to its flavour it can hardly be classed, for
instance, with Madresfield Court. The new
seedling black Grapes shown by Mr. Bradshaw
at Edinburgh, the result of a cross between Black
Hamburgh and Mrs. Pince, and referred to by
myself in the Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 243, will be
heard of again, as I am positive it possesses
merit. E. M.

As Prince of Wales seems to be a late

or good keeping Grape it was perhaps unfor-
tunate the variety was not so regarded, and
the bunches allowed to hang on the Vines till
November. That those shown by Mr. Ellis
on September 26 possessed good flavour, and
that members of the Fruit Committee were
much impressed by it even then, there is
no doubt ; but if presented as a late Grape
it was shown too early. It is therefore satis-
factory to learn th*t it is to be seen by the
Committee again. So many new Grapes have
proved indifferent after trial, it is no matter for
wonder if the Committee wish to make no further
mistakes. A. D. [In Mr. Ellis's note last week
on first line " in" pots should have read "from "
pots. Ed.]

COTONEASTERS. — May I inform your corre-
spondent, J. Majne, p. 276, that Cotoneaster
angustifolia is a true species, and that the berries
of C. bacillaris are not scarlet, but of daik brown
or blackish colour. C. angustifolia has not yet been
sufficiently tried in this country to enable us to
say that it is one of the best of the genus, for
there are some very beautiful species other than
those named by Mr. Mayne. T.

THE JUDGING AT THE ROYAL HORTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY'S FRUIT SHOW. — The remarks
in the Gardeners' Chronicle report in reference to
the 1st prize exhibit of Muscat of Alexandria
Grapes were deserved. The judges seemed to
have been led away by the symmetry and size of
the bunches, but had they given a closer examina-
tion they must have noticed that some of the
underneath berries were apparently rotten. In
fact, the bunches gave one the impression of
having teen knocking about for some time
at other shows ; certainly they were wanting in
that splendid finish that was i o apparent in the
2nd prize exhibit. Before awarding the Sherwood
Cup prize I wonder if the judges examined
Messrs. Bunyard's collection of 172 dishes of
Apples and Pears grown entirely out-of-doors ?
In my opinion this collection was the finest
exhibit in the show : and bearing in mind
that we want to encourage fruit-growing for
the million, I cannot understand why pot-grow-
ing of hardy fruits should be encouraged at
the expense (in this casa) of bond fide outdoor-
grown fruit. Messrs. Bunyard had 172 dishes of
fruit, and every one perfect for size and finish,

grown under the most difficult circumstances of
any fruit that is exhibited. I have never found
it very difficult to produce good fruits under
glass, but given plenty of house-room and other
requirements, one can go to bed and sleep in
peace, knowing full well that no wind can blow
off the fruits or birds destroy them. I have
been an exhibitor of pot-grown fruit and of fruit
grown out-of-doors, and know from experience it
is much easier to produce fruit in pots than it is
to grow and exhibit fruit from the open. J. G. W.

EARLY FROST. — An unusually severe frost for
October was recorded here this morning, the
temperature being as low as 20°, or equal to 12° of
frost, which is more than we get throughout the
winter in most seasons. As we were not antici-
pating such severe weather we have suffered
somewhat badly. Usually we can trust such
plants as Salvias, Eupatoriums, Azaleas, and
many other species of a half-hardy nature out-of-
doors quite up to the end of the month. Most of
the fruit had been harvested, but Peas, Beans,
Marrows, &<;.. are now destroyed. James Mayne,
Bicton Gardens, Devon.

WARNING TO GRAPE GROWERS.— May I Call
the attention of readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle
to the enoimous quantity of mealy bug imported
into this country on B mana fruits, as these are
often packed into Grape Hals that are used for
our home-grown Grapes, and the bugs may thus
be conveyed to vineries ? W. T. L.

CLEMATIS flammula. — Your correspondent,
" Wm. Brooks," complains that one of his seedlings
lacks the delicious perfume that is usually found
in the above Clematis. It may be that he has
one of the types of C. flammula or C. viticella
venosa, which we have here under that name,
with flowers very similar to C. flammula, though
laeking the delicious scent of the latter; but the
foliage of C. venosa is much larger and quite
distinct from C. flammula and the plant is a much
stronger grower. If " W. B." will send me a spray
of flowers with foliage attached of each, I will
compare them with ours here, and send you the
result. It is generally the custom to only prune
back C. flammula to within a few inches of the old
wood, but we have a plant here that is pruned to
the ground each winter, and the new growth
flowers very freely towards September. James
Mayne, Bicton, East Budleigh, Devonshire.

©bituarp.

James DOBBIE. — We regret to record the
death of this well-known nurseryman, which took
place at his residence, Clifton, Upper Craigmore,
Rothesay, on the 13th inst., at the patriarchal age
of eighty-eight years. For the long period of
over sixty years the name of James Dobbie has
been intimately associated with horticulture in
Scotland. Like many others who attain to a high
position in the horticultural world, Mr. Dobbie
was not, says the Butem%n, to use a common
phrase, " brought up to the business."

In 1840, while located at his native town of
Gordon, in Berwickshire, he began to take an
interest in growing flowers, and soon after was a
competitor to be reckoned with in the com-
petitions of the local flower shows. One of the
greatest triumphs of his early days was attained
in the year 1850, when he carried off four 1st
prizhS, two in the open c'ass and two in those for
amateurs, for Pansies, at a great show held in
Berwick-on-Tweed in connection with the High-
land and Agricultural Society. Mr. Dobbie's
principal opponent in these days was the
well - known Dr. Stuart, of Chirnside, who
latterly did so much good and original
work with Violas and Polyanthus1. Removing to
Renfrew he continued the cultivation of hia
favourite subjects as assiduously as ever, being
specially successful in the local competitions, and
at Glasgow and Paisley with Leeks, Onions,
Pansies, Phloxes, Marigolds, &c. He was one of
the first in Scotland to practise the plan of raising
Onions in heat, and afterwards transplanting
them to where they were to be grown— a process

298

TEE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE.

[October 21, 1905.

which is now invariably followed by growers for
exhibition. Mr. Dobbie was during all these
years saving and selecting the special strains of
vegetables and flowers with which he was so suc-
cessful in the competitions, and he had so many
inquiries for supplies that in 1805 he resolved to
establish a business as a florist and seedsman.
This business was originally intended for a son
who had had special training for the same; but
unfortunately he died, and in LS06 Mr. Dobbie
resigned his official appointment and went into
the business himself. ' He worked along quite
original lines, confining himself largely to sup-
plying the wants of competitors and exhibitors
with select stocks of flowers and vegetables.
In 1875 Mr. Dobbie removed the headquarters
of his business from Renfrew to Rothesay,
where it has been so largely developed and
become so well Inown. In 1887 the business was
sold to Mr. William Cuthbertson, who had been
Mr. Dobbie 's chief assistant for many years. Mr.
Cuthbertton immediately associated himself with
Mr. Robert Fife as a partner, and latterly with
Mr. Archibald M. Burnie, and under the name of
Dobbie & Co. they have made the business what
it is to-day— one of the first of its kind in this
country.

Although Mr. Dobbie retired in 1887, he con-
tinued to grow, in his retirement at Craigmore,
specimens of all his favourite flowers, continuing
to select and improve the strains to the last.
Mr. Dobbie was a man of strong and marked
individuality, gifted with great determination.
Up to 18S0 he was a eon'stant exhibitor at the
leading shows in Scotland, and occasionally at
important shows in' England. His contemporaries
of those days were men like John Downie, R. B.
Laird, John Laing, William Paul, William Camp-
bell, Charles Turner, Charles Hooper, George
Goodall, William Dickson, and James Grieve, all
of whom, except the last, have been removed
from this world. Mr. Dobbie was very largely
influenced in his hoiticultural work by what
might be termed the ideas of the old-fashioned
class of florists. Foi m and outline were to him
everything. What he did and what his firm has
since done for many of our flowers and vegetables
is too well known to need repetition here.

William Gollam.— We regret to hear of the
death of Mr. William Gollam, the Superintendent
of the Government Gardens, Lueknow. He died
from typhoid fever on the 12 th inst. Mr. Gollam
was, we believe, originally in the Edinburgh
Botanic Garden, whence he went to the Sahar-
unpore Botanic Garden.

M. GiLLEKENS. — We are sorry to have to
announce the death, in his seventy -third year, of
M. Gillekens.late Director of the School of Horti-
culture at Vilvorde. The death occurred suddenly
on the 9th inst. M. Gillekens was well 'knpwn*
and highly respected as a cultivator, and as the
author of sundry treatises on practical horti-
culture. He was a familiar figure at the great
Belgian horticultural meetings.

William Charles Leach. — We deeply
regret to have to lecord the death of Mr. W. C.
Leach, gardener to the Duke of Northumberland,
Albury Park, Guildford, which occurred very
suddenly at his residence in Albury Park. Mr.
Leach had suffered occasionally from weak action
of the heart. On Saturday evening, the
14th inst., he was suddenly seized with faintness,
and a few hours afterwards passed away. Mr.
Leach, who, we believe, was for some years gar-
dener to Sir A. Hodgson, and previously foreman
under Mr. Ingram at Alnwick Castle, Northum-
berland, was gardener at AUury Paik for up-
wards of twenty years. During that time he
has made considerable alterations and improve-
ments in the gardens, pleasure-grounds and
terraces. He was highly estetmed by. the late

Duke and Duchess of Northumberland, and by
the present Duke and Duchess/aswellas by a
large circle of friends and neighbours in Albury
and the surrounding neighbourhood.

For many years he was a frequent exhibitor at
the Royal Horticultural and other London shows,
and was a frequent contributor to the Gardeners'
Chronicle, bis last communication having appeared"
6*n -p. 266 in the issue for October 7. He Was
the first to flower Rosa gigantea in the open
garden in England. Two flowers only were
produced in 1W03, and the first flower was no
less than 6 inches across. In February of 1904
the same plant bore about a dozen beautiful
flowers, the largest being a little more than
5 inches in diameter. It bloomed again last
season, and will no doubt now continue to do so.
The flower was exhibited at the Royal Horticul-
tural Society's meeting, and received a First-
class Certificate in addition to a . Botanical
Certificate. Mr. Leach had been awarded many
other certificates, but none he appreciated eo
highly as those awarded to this very rare and
interesting Rose.

The gardener at Albury previous to Mr.
Leach's appointment was the late Mr. Kemp, who
was well known as a cultivator and exhibitor of
plants.

SOCIETIES.

THE EOYAL HOBTICULTUBAI,.
Scientiflo Committee.

Present: Dr. M. T. Masters, F.R.S. (in the chair).
Dr.f A. B, Rendle, Messrs. Worsley, Bowles, Odell.
Saunders] CPBrieh, Veitch, Sutton, Holmes, Massee.
Gussow, and Chittenden (Hon. Secretary). Visitor.
Mr. Spencer Pickering, F.K.S.

Asparagus jdumosusfasciated — Mr. O'Brien showed
a. specimen of Asparagus plumosus fasciatcd and
cristate, a peculiarity seldom met with in this species,
although common in A. officinalis.

Oyrtanthus Bulbs, <tc— Mr. O'Brien also showed a
bulb belonging to the section Gastronoma of Crytan-
thus. which had been kept dry through the normal
growing season. It hail made an effort to grow by
producing small hnlhs at the end of the stolons. He
also showed flowers of Nerine venusta (N. sarniensisl
and N. O Brieni.

Gourd Diseased. Mr. Odell showed a variety of
Gourd (Cucurbita pepo var.) which was attacked by a
fungus, which Mr. Massee stated to he GlcBOSporium
sanguinolentum, and which caused the appearance of
numerous red spots on the surface of the Gourd. No
other variety but this had been attacked.

Decaying Potato).— Mr. Veitch showed samples of
Potato which had been dug early, and packed so that
air could not freely circulate. The outer part of each
was quite rotttr., and the decay was rapidly spreading.
It was thought that the Potatos when they were du;_'
were already diseased, and that the conditions under
Which they had been stored caused the 'disease to
develop rapidly and spread decay.

Ants Imported mth Fruit.— Mr. Holmes showed
some ants which had been imported with Bananas.
Mr. Saunders will report on them.

Green Dahli.i. — Mr. Holmes also showed specimens
of this, which had a few coloured florets intermixed
with the green parts. Dr. Masters took the specimens
to examine further.

Apple-twig Diseased.— Dr. Lewis Jones sent a shoot
of Cox's Orange Pippin attacked by the canker fungus,
Nectria ditissima.

Plants for Naming.— Mr. C. Watney, of Watford,
sent a splendid specimen of Pinus Coulteri from a tree
IK) to 70 feet, having a girth of \\ feet (i inches at 5 feet
from the ground, the heaviest cone of which weighed
3 lb. (P. Coultcii is figured in Gardeners' Chronicle,
1885, March, p. 415, figs. 73, 74). Mr. Watney also
sent a specimen of Plumieiia bicolor {Botanical BegisU r,
t. 480).

J!i nil trees Diseased. — Speaira&nB of diseased Beech
came from Gerrards Cross, which Mr. Mabsie under-
took to examine.

CONFERENCE ON FRUIT-GROWING.

(Continued from p. 286J
OCTOBER 11. — The Conference held under the*
auspices of the Royal Horticultural Society and of the-
National Fruit Growers' Federation, in connection
with the great Fruit Show reported in our last Issue,
was resumed on the above date in the Royal Horticul-
tural Hall. Mr. F. S. W. Coknwallls, President of
the Royal Agricultural Society of England, presided at
the morning session.

FUNGOID AND INSECT TESTS.

The first subject for discussion was "Fungoid ami
Insect Pests and How to Meet Them."

The Chairman in opening the proceedings, after
some preliminary remarks, said : This morning we

Fig.

115.— BLACK CURRANT HODS AFFECTED"
WITH THE MITE.

have . a paper on fungoid and insect pests — pest»
which do great damage to us as fruit growers, and
any information we can obtain for dealing witlt
these pe3ts will be of great value to us. One of
the things which occurs to my mind is the black
fungus. This has been a source of great mischief to.
us in the Maidstone district. Then there is the Black

FIG. 116.— APPLE- BLOSSOM WEEVIL.

Showing grub, chrysalis, and perfect insect.

Currant-mite (fig. 115), which has worked such havou
What we have to do is to learn all we can individually
about these pests, and then as fruit growers apply our
knowledge collectively, so that the good done by thc-
individual may be imparted for the good of the whole
community. The discussion may also show whether ov
not we think legislation is possible by our combined acts
I was in the room yesterday, and I gathered that some
who read the report of the Committee on Fruit Growing
thought the time was hardly ripe for legislation on the
subject. We may to-day be able to agree upon some
of the lines on which we could work for legislation — if
we are agreed that legislation is desirable. With
regard to the compulsory spraying of trees, one feel*
that we have a precedent in connection with agri-
culture. We have compulsory sheep-dipping — very
much on all fours with tree-spraying. At present in.
certain scheduled areas the law compels people to dip
their flocks. If it is found desirable in one case, there
is no reason wh}' the principle should not be extended
to the growing of fruit. Then we have another pre

£>ctoueb 21, L9rr>.]

.THE GARDENERS'. C-HRO-NICLE.

299

.cedent in the Fact that cattle imjoitstl in-tq .this
■country have to be killed on landing. That I think is
• an analogous case to the demand which has been made
in some quarters for inspection ami the destruction of
diseased fruit trees and other things, such as barrels,
i hat are introducing pests into this country.

THE PEAK Mill

'1, young Pear with grubs ; 2, 3, 4, grubs : 5, per'ect
insect magnilied ; e-9, details of stiucture.

Professor F. V. THEOHALf, M.A., South- Eastern
Agricultural College, AVye, then read a pa] er on the
subject. He said he would refer to only a few of our
<most serious pests, which had a more than local status.
The number of insect enemies that the fruit-grower

3«2

i IflO. lis.— AMERICAN ULIGHT OR WOOLLY APHIS.

X6. this country had was enormous. The most harmful
insect pests of fruit were the mussel-scale, the Apple-
mucker, a number of plant-lice, the winter-moth, and
tortrices, the Codlin-moth, the Apple-blossom-weevil,
and the sawfly, together with the Pear-midge and
the Currant gall-mite. [Some of these were illustrated
in our last issue, while others* figs. 115 — 118, are shown
in the present number. Ed.] The presence of the

mussel-scale was not always readily detected unlessithb
trees were carefully examined, because the scale cover-
ing the insect assumed the colour of the bark. The treat
ment was best carried out by spraying, unless the attack
■ was very severe, and then nothing but scrubbing would
do any good. Caustic wash was of very slight use, as
it had little penetrating finalities, and so did not get
at the eggs during the winter months. -Nor could it
be used with sufficient strength to burn through the
scale without doing serious harm to the tree. There
was no doubt that paraffin was the only certain remedj
for this and other pests. But it had to be used with
considerable care, as no one could tell the effect it has
unless used in a very diluted condition.

The Apple-sucker was really only a serious pest in
'Herefordshire, "Worcestershire, and Kent, but had un-
doubtedly increased during the last twelve years. Its
life history was well known. The eggs were laid in the
autumn on the Apple-trees. They hatched out irregu-
larly in the spring, the larvae very soon entered the
buds and were completely protected by them, and the
adult insects lived unprotected on the trees from .July
until they deposited their eggs in September and Octo-
ber, and even November. The usual treatment had been
spraying with Quassia and soft-soap or paraffin in
emulsion when the young were hatching out. The
best results had been with Quassia and soft-soap, but
at best it was only likely to lessen the amount of
attack, for this wash must come in contact with the
actual insects to kill them, and as they did not all
incubate at once they must keep on spraying for at
least two weeks entirely to eradicate them. This, of
course, would be impossible on a large acreage. An
emulsion of paraffin Would kill many of the winged
insects and thus could prevent egg-laying. This would
prove to be the best means of attacking this insidious
enemy.

The world-wide woolly aphis or so-called American-
blight (fig. IIS) had been very evident this veir, and
had done much harm to both Apple and Pear-trees.
The treatment was best carried out in autumn, after
the crop was picked, when a good spraying of strong
soft-soap solution would soon destroy the lice.

For practical purposes one might place all orchard
aphides under one category. They smothered Apples,
Plums, Cherries, Currants, and Gooseberries. The
Pear was perhaps the least subject to their attack.
The sexual forms which deposited eggs in October and
November could be successfully attacked in those
months by spraying, and so prevent the trees being
attacked in the following year. By this autumnal
spraying they could destroy aphis, Apple-sucker, and
mussel-scale all at once, and at the time they could
use a strong paraffin emulsion, as the leaves could not
then be harmed. At no other time could they cope
with them collectively.

The winter - moth could be subdued by grease-
banding. This would not, however, be effectual with
the winged females, and the only remedy there would
be spraying with arsenites, but Paris green is said to
have failed. On the other hand arsenate of h^ad has
not been found to harm foliage or blossom in the least,
even at a much greater strength than is required to kill
the larvae.

The Codlin-moth was another pest and called for
special comment. Spraying must be done soon after
the blossom fell, and a young plantation might be kept
clean by examining in winter and killing the insect.

But what; was the good of going on and discovering
remedies if wp kept introducing swarms of these
pests from abroad. -American, Canailian, ! Portuguese
and other,Apples were sent over to this country which
swarmed with Codljn-maggots. ' They could be found
on the lids and bottoms of barrels when opened, and so
get distributed all over the country. No other country
would allow such things to happen. Only last year
cargoes of Portuguese Apples were destroyed in Natal
owing to their being infected with the maggot. A few
confiscated cargoes here would soon stop the importa-
tion of what was often refute fruit not fit for sale in
the countries from which it came.

The Apple-blossom weevil was not of such wide
distribution, but it was most annoying. The insects
should be shaken off, and the trees kept clean by
winter washing. The Currant:ny, too, often defoliated
the Gooseberry and the Currant. Complete removal
of the surface-soil fiom beneath the bush in winter
was about the only complete panacea, and filling in the
ground with fresh earth.

Professor Theobald then discussed the relative
merits of vegetable v. mineral insecticides. Among
the former he mentioned Tobacco, Hellebore, and

Pyrcthrum, and said he had obtained excellent results
with Tobacco wash. If Tobacco could be obtained
very cheaply for the purpose, and free from duty, it
would prove a most effective general insect-killer,
and had the advantage of being quite harmless to
vegetation.

Mr. F. Smith (Loddington, Maidstone) dealt with the
winter-moth and small ermine-moth. He said he had
ceased to band trees for winter-moth, except large
or chard-trees, finding it much better to wash anything
within reach, as many caterpillars besides the wiiiter-
moth infested Apple-trees. He had found arsenate of
lead was very effectual, and hail discarded Paris-
green and London-purple. The small ermine - moth
was best hand-picked off small trees, or it might be
treated with lead wash. Having dealt with the
ravages of many other pests, he said he thought birds
were often credited with more good qualities than they
deserved. Sunflowers in sufficient quantities were best
to lure' the birds from the fruit, as the\ preferred tho
Sunflower.

FUNGI'S DISEASES.

Mr. Geo. Masske, F.L S., V.M.H. (Kew), dealt
with fungi. Speaking generally, he said that growers
should not slacken because their neighbours did. If
they did their best they would benefit, for the accounts
that fungus travelled thousands of miles had not been
proved. By means of coloured plates he showed his
audience what results fungus left behind, and said,
generally speaking, spraying was the only preventive.

Mr. CECIL \Varburton,, M.A., Zoologist to the
Royal Agricultural Society, spoke of the Black Currant
gall-mite and the Pear midge, and said that the
greatest care, was. needed, as even the nurserymen
quite innocently might send out affected plants. Four
years ago a whole district in Armagh was infected by
importations of Black Currants from England and
Scotland. The Pear midge and the Black Currant
pest needed constant vigilance. What was done in
America was to dress the trees with kainit, but he did
not know with what results. ' *

In the discussion which followed Mr. "Warisurton
was asked whether a person who owned some beautiful
Currants could assume that they would still be safe
in three years' time?

Mr. Wauulrton said he could not answer that
without knowing the parents they were cut from. If
the parents were infected it was almost certain the
young ones would be. Their own healthy appearance
did not count.

Mr. Walter Wright said he had a number of
Black Currants which were unaffected, aud the best of
them was the Boskoop Giant, which he obtained some
four years ago.

Mr. Bt.VYAiii) said he introduce! that variety twelve
ftr fourteen years ago. It had proved an extraordinary
bearer, arid-wa's practically free from the mite.

Mr. Spencer Pickering, F R S., said he agreed with
Prof. Theobald as to the efficacy of pure paraffin, which
destroyed practically the whole of the eggs. But
different results were obtaine 1 with different orees and
neighbduring trees. He considered the Professor's
suggestion in favour of vegetable poisons a very valu-
able one; ' He would like to know whether there was
any hope of modifying the^ attack of fungi ?
' Mr. Massee said he thought there was every hope,
judging from what had been done already.

LAND TENURE AND RATING.
In the afternoon the Conference resumed work under
the Chairmanship of Mr. Arthur S. T. Griffiths-
Bos'cawen, M.P., when the subject of land tenure and
rating difficulties was discussed.

' The Chairman,' in opening, said : — The branch sub-
ject, or rather I should say the branches of the
subject- because the question of land tenure and the
question of rating are two distinct questio'ns —
the' two branches we are discussing this afternoon
might appear somewhat dry and dull after the
interesting tliscussion which I had the pleasure
of hearing this morning, and that which I am in-
formed you had yesterday afternoon. But they
are both very important questions for the future de-
velopment of our industry, aud therefore they are
questions which we ought to consider, and upon which
We ought to try to come to some right conclusions. I
am one of those — and I gained my experience from the
fact that it was my privilege to preside over the
Government Committee last year — I am one of those
who believe that a great and further expansion in our
fruit-growing industry is possible. I think that for
two reasons. I think the public demand for fruit is a

300

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 21, 1905,

growing one ; and secondly, I believe that if certain
difficulties which the grower in this country has
to encounter at the present time were removed,
we might produce in this country a great deal
of the fruit which is now imported from abroad.
But if there is to be an expansion of the industry two
conditions are certainly necessary. In the first place
we must be able to obtain all that we require for the
purpose of fruitgrowing, and in the second place we
must take care that the occupiers of such land are not
unfaiily treated in the way of taxation, whether it be
imperial taxation or local taxation ; and that they
should be placed upon the footing of equality with the
occupiers of land used for other purposes. For that
reason, therefore, if we are to have any expansion of
the industry, as I firmly believe we shall have, the
solution of these two questions is most impjrtant.
The question of Land Tenure is undoubtedly an
exceedingly difficult one. It must be remembered
that land under fruit, especially land where fruit is
cultivated, and where there has been a great expendi-
ture of capital, that land is in a different position to
the land where you have ordinary farming. In the
case of ordinary farming in this country a great many of
the improvements are permanent improvements, and
are done by the landlord. In the case of the fruit-
grower it is quite different, and to him the value of the
land might be trebled, or quadrupled, or even multi-
plied five times. No improvement which the fruit-
grower can make can be described as absolutely per-
manent, or at all events of a lasting kind, so that
where you have the case of landlord and tenant it is
easy to see that a great part of the value of the land
under fruit is entirely made by the tenants, and the
real difficulty is that we have to so adjust the
questions of landlord and tenant that the tenant
is made secure in his own improvements, and
at the same time see that nothing is done to
make the terms so onerous to the landlord that
he will be unwilling to let his land for the culti-
vation of fruit. I do not doubt myself, and I think it
was also the view of the Committee over which I
had the honour to preside, that the ideal system
lor fruit - cultivation is ownership. If every fruit-
grower was the owner of his land we should not
have our present great difficulties, and the Com-
mittee unanimously recommended that if anything
could be done in the way of encouraging small holdings
by legislation or otherwise it would be most desirable
to do so. But we cannot expect that system to
prevail generally, although in some cases it does
prevail and to great advantage. I need only mention
the Wisbech district of Cambridgeshire, where there
has been a most remarkable expansion of fruit-
growing secured largely by the fact that the growers
havebeenabletopurchasetheirholdings. Butwecannot
expect that system to prevail everywhere, and so we
ought to try to secure that, in the case of tenancies,
those tenancies should be fair to both parties. Now we
have to meet a great many difficulties. In the first place,
the law on this matter is a particularly obscure law.
I am bound to say that neither the landlords, tenants,
nor some of the land agents seemed at all to know
what the law really was. In the next place, we find
that the law is made up of the Agricultural Holdings
Acts, modified in the case of market gardens, which
apparently can be made to include every kind of planta-
tion by the Market Gardeners' Compensation Act, which
secures to the tenant full compensation for what he has
expended on the plantation on the determination of the
tenancy. The object of that law was to do justice to
the tenant. But the operation of that law has been most
deterrent upon landowners, who fear that they may
be called upon on a sudden termination of the tenancy
to find a very large sum of money for the fruit \ipon
the land, which either they cannot work at a profit, or
that they cannot find another tenant to take over.
The Parliamentary Committee considered that that
had a deterrent effect upon the letting of the land, and
therefore upon the expansion of the industry. It
would not do for me as Chairman to enter fully into
the question, but I think myself we must try to find
some mitigation of the present operation of the law.
The Committee over which I presided made one or two
suggestions. We felt that the real difficulty was the
question of valuation. It was said by some that when
a tenancy came to an end the compensation was
to be determined by what was the value to the
incoming tenant. It was said also that such
large amounts were demanded that sometimes it
was impossible to get an incoming tenant. What
is necessary is to take such steps as shall afford a fair
valuation, not merely to the outgoing tenant but to

the incomin: tenant. Wesurgested that it would be
an advantage if the Board of Agriculture, or that
Sub - Department of the Board dealing with fruit,
which we are all happy to see established, were to
appoint certain valuers expert in fruit valuation, who
could determine from time to time upon what particu-
lar principle and methods the valuation of fruit planta-
tions should be carried out. We thought also that to
meet the difficulty of landowners being frequently
called upon suddenly to find a very large sum of
money to pay the outgoing tenant, the State should
be empowered, under proper conditions, to lend
the money to the landowners for the purpose of
providing the necessary cash. We also thought,
loDking to the interests of the tenant, that the
compensation Act should be made retrospective in its
operation. It appears to me that there is no doubt
whatever when Parliament passed the Market Gar-
deners' Compensation Act that it was the intention of
the legislature that it should be retrospective, and that it
should apply to the case of all market gardens which
existed before the Act passed, and to all improvements
which had been made in those gardens before the
passing of the Act ; and as a matter of fact it was so
understood, and for a time compensation was actually
paid on that basis. But in certain cases which were
taken to the House of Lords, it was decided that
though the Act was retrospective in the sense that it
would apply to market gardens existing before the Act
passed, it was only to apply in the case of improve-
ments since the Act passed, and the result is that you
have a real grievance. The man who made improvements
just before the patsing of the Act does not get any
compensation, whereas the man living next door, who
made his improvements immediately after the passing
of the Act gets full compensation. Under the Evesham
system the valuation as between landlord and tenant is
practically avoided altogether, the incoming tenant
paying the outgoing tenant. That might be a solution
of the difficulty. I do not know how far these sugges-
tions meet the views of the meeting. Turning to the
question of rating and taxation— because I think in
calling the subject for this afternoon "Rating
Difficulties " we are rather limiting it - - there
are difficulties in connction with Imperial taxation as
much as there are in connection with local rating.
We find that at the present time fruit plantations are
not fairly treated. In the first place, for the purpose
of Income-tax, an ordinary farm pays on one-third of
the annual rent. That is not the case with a fruit
plantation, because in the latter Income-tax is paid, not
upon one-third of the rent, but upon the whole gross
profits. We think this unfair. It used to be the case
with Hop-gardens, but it was in that case abolished,
and we think it ought to be abolished in the case of
market gardens. It is no doubt the fact that when
fruit-growers have to deal directly with the local au-
thorities the latter are in the habit of increasing
their assessments. We think that is a great griev-
ance, because when the fruit is first planted, so
far from the value being increased for the first year,
there is not an increase in the value, and thus the
industry is handicapped, and people are deterred from
going into it. The Departmental Committee therefore
suggested that in the assessment of fruit-plantations
the assessment should not be raised immediately, but
that in the case of small fruit, which comes into bearing
most quickly, a period of five years should elapse, in the
case of mixed plantations seven years, and in the case
of orchards twelve years. We thought this would
meet the grievance very fairly. Then in the case of
glass-houses the rating is very unfair. It is absurd
that for glass-h*uses, which depreciate, as everybodv
knows, exceedingly quickly, only the same amount of
deductions should be allowed for repairs as in the case
of an ordinary dwelling-house, namely, one-sixth. To
suppose that an ordinary dwelling-house deteriorates
and wants renewing as often as a glass-house is absurd.
There can be no doubt that in the case of a glasshouse
an extra sixth or an extra something should be allowed
in order to arrive at a fair value. Then in regard to
local taxation glasshouses are very unfairly treated, in
the fact that they are not allowed to come under the
provisions of the Agricultural Rates Act, but are
treated as buildings. lTn,ier that Ait agricultural land
pays only on one-half, and buildings pay the full
amount. Glasshouses do not stand to the fruit
plantation in the same position as an ordinary farm
building does to an ordinary farm. The glasshouse is
the shelter under which part of the produce is really
grown, and it ought to come under the head of land
instead of buildings. The -Committee felt that that
was another special grievance which ought to be dealt

with, and we recommended that in the case of glass^
houses the Agricultural Rates Act should be made to
apply. I am very well aware that on both these-
questions a great deal of controversy is likely to be
aroused. I do not suppose for a moment, especially on»
t lie question of land tenure, that we shall in any way
be unanimous, but I do hope that we shall have an
interesting and instructive discussion, and I believe-
that upon the right solution of these questions depends-
largely the possibility of extending this industry, to the?
great advantage of the country generally.

Mr. Cecil HoorKK, F.S.I., then read a paper on the-
subject. He said that land tenure in relation to fruit-
culture was more intricate than in ordinary farming,
and consequently it was more difficult to arrive at.
justice between landlord and tenant. In former days-
there existed a more paternal spirit between the landlord'
and the tenant and between the farmer and his men tham
now generally existed. The present conditions wert?
partly due to greater class independence and to- the-
severer struggle for existence. The British farmer and
fruit-grower now needed to begiven every facility to make
their business profitable, when produce similar to whab
they grew might be brought in free from any country to»
the samemarketsat which the grower sold his produce, te»
the flour-mill in his neighbourhood or to the shops in his-
village. If a landowner did not wish fruft-trees or-
bushes planted on bis land, he certainly had a right to»
prohibit them being planted ; but it was nnjraet and
despicable to want another man to plant his land with*
fruit, thereby to raise the value of the land for sale or-
rental, and 3'et to shelter himself from paying com-
pensation, to add insult to injury, by making the tenant,
pay for the cost of his lease and his landlord's counterpart.
If the landlord was to pay compensation, however, he-
should in fairness have a voice as to the extent of sucla
planting. He had also the right to claim that the land!
should be kept properly cultivated and not neglected1
previous to the end of the lease, for if weeds got
among the roots of trees and bushes, they were-
difficult to clear out, and in doing this the plants were-
disturbed injuriously. He considered that every-
holding at January 1, 180(1, should participate in the-
benefits of the Compensation Act. The cost of a farm
should be either shared between landlord and tenant, or-
{as the stipulations in the lease were chiefly to the-
advantage of the landlord in agriculture) should be-
borne by the landlord, and the tenant should not be?
made to pay all the expenses.

He also heartily agreed with the recommendation*
of the Fruit Committee of the Board of Agriculture on
this subject. The poor-rate pressed unduly heavily
upon the farmer. Land was really the raw material, it-
was the equivalent to the farmer of wool to the cloth*
manufacturer, or corn to the miller. Farmers paid very
much more poor-rate in proportion to income than
did merchants, professional men, manufacturers and
persons with private incomes. He considered that the-
poor-rate should, like the sanitary rate, be only
payable at one-quarter rate on agricultural land,
instead of at one-half ; that the farm buildings should
be included with the agricultural land, and should not-
be assessed with the dwelling-house. Motor-cars-
(excluding those of doctors) should be specially rated
for the repairs of roads. It was for the good of
the nation itself that all unnecessary hindrances be
removed, and that the farmer was given fair-play in
every direction.

Mr. S. H. Cowper Coles, F.S.I., followed on the
same subject, taking the land agents' point of view
It was, he said, very easy to air grievances of both the
parties, but he took it it was the desire of all that fair-
play should be given to the landlord as well as to the
tenant. Among other things, he considered the "retro-
spective " proposal absolutely fair, and he hoped that
some uniformity of the law would be arrived at.

Mr. Langridge, who gave evidence before the Fruit
Committee, said he fully believed that the intention of
that Committee was to do injury to neither party.

Mr. A. H. Matthews, Secretary Central Chambers
of Agriculture, regretted that the Committee's recom-
mendations on the question of taxation were made
apparently in the belief that the Agricultural Rates
Act was to be permanent. He wanted all such matters
as the poor-rate, education-rate, and the highway-
rate — to which glass-houses were rated — to be made-
national charges instead of local.

Mr. Edwin Vinson said he personally was indebted
to Col. Long, M.P., for tho Compensation Act, as he-
had received £1,200, which he would not otherwise have-
recovered.

OCTOBEB 21, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

301

Mr. W. J. Lobjoit (Heston) said the difficulty they
had to face was the fact that landlords did not like to
let land for fruit-growing purposes. Gardeners should
not be allowed to be forced to be contracted out of the
Act. On the question of rating there were so many
astonishing anomalies that even contiguous buildings,
exactly alike, were differently rated.

Mr. Martin (Evesham) said the chief reason of the
success of the Compensation Act was that the out-
going tenant found the incoming tenant. He had
recently disposed of a 100-acre farm under the Act, so
he spoke from experience. As to the methods of the
overseers in the Evesham district, he said they charged
him on the ground that he had made £7011 profit, and
he had the utmost difficulty in persuading them
that he actually that year made a loss of that amount.

The Chairman in closing the discussion said the
various members of the Fruit Committee might feel
very satisfied that the discussion had generally sup-
ported their recommendations. As to the deterrent
effect upon landlords, he said it was the object of
the Committee to mitigate the present conditions in
that direction as much as possible. The Committee did
not deal with the questions as in any way final, but as
practical men they sought to deal with the questions
which were before the country at the moment.

RAILWAY GRIEVANCES.
The Conference was resumed on Thursday, Oct. 12.
Sir Albert Rollit, M. P., presided in the morning
when "Railway Grievances " were discussed.

Mr. W. W. Berry, Faversham, at the outset read an
interesting paper. He said the question of transport
was one of the greatest moment to all traders, and
especially to those who dealt in perishable merchandise.
It was often contended on behalf of the railway
companies that as the quantity of goods consigned
increased, they could afford to reduce the rates charged
for the carriage of them.

If that were the case then fruit-growers certainly
had good claims upon them for consideration, as the
industry was one which was increasing in spite of grave
difficulties. There could be no doubt that a revision of
the existing work of classification would he advan-
tageous. Such a revision might be effected by means
of meetings between the fruit-growers and the com-
panies, with the assistance of the Board of Trade or
the Board of Agriculture in case of any failure to
agree. It was doubtful whether the abolition of
owner's risk rates would be satisfactory to growers
generally. There appeared to be no reason why the
growers should not have the alternative of two rates,
provided that the rates at company's risk were reason-
able in the interests not only of -the companies but of
the growers, and that if the railway companies
adhered to the present owner'srisk conditions, pro-
vision should be made for ensuring in all cases a full
and proper abatement. Another grievance was the
preference given by the railway companies to foreign
produce, while they had not gone out of their way to
encourage any branch of home agricultural traffic." If
the companies would adopt similar tactics with refe-
rence to the fruit industry they would find their
reward, and the growers and consumers also would
benefit. Yet many questions must remain for deter-
mination by the Railway Commissioners, and there
should be a right of appeal against any rate deemed to
be unreasonable, instead of an appeal only where a
rate had been increased or where it was unduly high.
He strongly protested against the suggestion of the
Departmental Committee that the companies should
provide special waggons. If they asked for any such
concessions they would never get reduced rates. Nor
did they want accommodation or consideration in any
way for their business, other than cheap rates and
quick transit. As to the rates he had taken out a few
comparisons. For grain and flour in two-ton lots over
a distance of 144 miles the rate was 8s., whereas for
Plums in two-ton lots, delivered, the rate was 23s. 4rf.
for 140 miles. He gave many similar instances,
and said, seeing that the growers had no storage as in
the case of flour, it was unreasonable to extort such
charges from them.

Mr. John Idiens (Evesham) followed with a paper.
He had not come, he said, to tell them that the
railway companies were the worst enemies to the
Evesham growers. He was pleased to be able to look
upon them as their best friends. Since the inaugura-
tion of the National Fruit Growers' Association, thev
had been able to meet the railway managers on
common ground, and they had been enabled to ven-

tilate their grievances. It was just as well that fruit
growers should recognise the fact that railway com-
panies were trading concerns like their own, and when
they came to consider that the average earnings on
their ordinary stock only amounted to about 3 per
cent., they could not expect them to cany their
produce to all parts of the Kingdom by express
trains at rates unremunerative to their shareholders.
He had never known fruit fit for market pur-
poses wasted, as had been said, owing to the fault
of railway companies. It was pretty generally
agreed that 75 per cent, of the fruit grown in
British grass - orchards was small and common,
undersized fruit, and not good enough to-day to
send to any market to compete with the better-
graded fruit that found its way into our markets.
AVhat was good enough ten years ago for British
markets would not do today. The railway rates from
Evesham were fair and reasonable, with some few
exceptions, and only a revision of the classification was
needed to bring them up to present requirements. All
the British grower asked for at the hands of the rail-
way companies was fair play and reasonable rates.
Among other things, it should be remembered that the
companies had to provide for empty packages being
returned long distances, which must be a loss to them.

A Member : They are paid for it.

Mr. Idiens . No.

Mr. Berhy : Yes, they are, and at a very high rate
too.

Mr. IdIERB said, when they knew that the best fruit
had recently averaged from £25 to £30 a ton, they could
scarcely ask the railway companies to charge the same
rates as for flour.

Mr. Geo. MONRO (President of the National Federa-
tion of Trades Association) read a paper on the same
subject, as representing the salesmen. They felt that
their industry did not get the treatment it deserved.
Their Association rose out of the action of the railway
companies combining and introducing the vexed
question of owner's risk, and refusing liability in
cases of damage and late delivery where they
used feo pay claims, and in all cases making it
more difficult to get fair treatment and suitable service.
The classification generally of horticultural produce
was unfair to the trade, and the Federation had
decided to approach Parliament on the subject, especi-
ally as their trade was not represented when the rail-
way companies got the present rates approved by Par-
liament, with the result that they obtained power to
charge what were now fancy rates. But the com-
panies were often injurious to their own interests, and
as in the case of the traffic from Jersey, they did not
think it. worth while to take off the iniquitous shipping
charge of Id. per basket on all produce, which brought
in about £10,000 a year, until the traders found thev
could be independent of the companies. It was no use
for landlords to grant cheap rents if railway companies
could step in and impose extra rates. Much greater
facilities were given to the trade in France and Ger-
many, while the railway companies in America and
Canada realised that it was to their interest to study-
fruit - gTowers and agriculture generally. Traders
wanted to see railway companies paying good divi-
dends, and that could only be done by encouraging an
industry and not by stifling it.

Mr. F. T. Goddard (Solicitor to the National
Federation of Trades' Associations) next addressed the
Conference. He said that 3 per cent, interest men-
tioned by Mr. Idiens must not be regarded as the only
return to the railway companies. It might appear so
in their accounts, but it did not represent the real
figure, owing to the way the accounts were kept.
Turning to the railway grievances he asked what was
the cause. The first great cause was the fact simply
and solely of the method which had been adopted for
many years in the system of management. The idea
of railways always used to be that the officers should
rise from the bottom. That, he contended, was wrong.
The custom of the present day was to appoint men
from outside, and two of the best instances of the
promotion of professional men to such positions were
Mr. Gibb and 'Mr. Ingles. Many people might say,
"Why do we not see improvements come quicker?"
Unfortunately concerted action on the pait of the
railway companies tended to bring even a good com-
pany down to the level of the worst in the matter of
management. This had hampered those in authority,
and it would require quite a . genius to clean
the Augean stable. The second cause was that
the Legislature unfortunately started railway com-
panies straight off as a monopoly, and it was not

recognised at the time what that might mean. Mono-
poly was founded very much on the idea of competition,
but that idea had gone under since railway companies
had combined, and were bound to work down to
practically the lowest. The next cause was the liti-
gation whereby traders found themselves compelled to
employ expert counsel to meet expert counsel on the
other side, and that was prohibitive except in the case
of some public-spirited traders who would rather be
ruined than be unjustly treated. Except in such cases
litigation had been of slight use. Then, of course1
there was the question of carriers' liability, complicated
by the decisions of the House of Lords, and up to the
present moment a satisfactory conclusion as to what
was the law had not been arrived at. As to ti c
remedies, conferences were of no use. They
needed the law made clearer in order that the
Courts might decide cases without trouble. Parliament
should take up a question of such real and practical
importance to everybody in this country. The traders
needed reasonable rates, reasonaole conditions of
carriage, reasonable facilities, anil power to reclassify
any article. The companies should have the power to
temporarily lower rates in case of merchandise, and
again to raise them when necessary. There had been
many suggestions as to tribunals, departmental com-
mittees, arbitrations, and things of that sort. His
experience was that they wt-re unsatisfactory and
troublesome and ilid not suit trailers. He felt it was
\<i\ much better for the traders to have their
Federation, and to let that body fight their battles. It.
saved money in the end, and although it was not so
good for the lawyers it was the better way of doing it.

Mr. Rout. PlPEB (Worthing) said it was evident
from what had been stated that their grievances were
real. Railway companies thought that their interests
and the interests of the growers were opposed. That
was altogether wrong. Their interests were on
parallel lines, and if the companies would only
acknowledge that, their exchequer, instead of being
reduced, would be increased. But railway companies
woidd do nothing until forced, and the motor services
would quickly bring them to thtir senses.

Mr. BOSCAWEK, M.P., said the subject undoubtedly is
a very difficult one, and is of the greatest importance to
the future of the industry. As 1 have had opportunities
of seeing both sides of the question, I would venture to
make one or two suggestions as to how this subject
ought to be approached by growers and the trade
generally. It is absolutely true that the trade has
grievances against the railway companies, and we
should try to remedy those grievances where we
can ; but I wish to caution all people engaged
in the trade against taking up an attitude hostile
to the railway companies. I am not suggesting
that this has been done in the very temperate
speeches we have heard to-day ; but I have heard a
great deal of evidence given by some people who take
the line that railway companies are their natural
enemies. I would caution them against that attitude
because I do not think it is a fair attitude, and it is no
good overstating youi case if you wish to get redress.
So far as the discussion to-day has gone, there is only
one sentence that I woidd take exception to. I cannot
agree with Mr. Berry in the statement that while
railway companies have gone a long way to develop
imports, they have done very little to develop facilities
for home produce. When we see what the Great
Western and the Midland have done in building new
stations and sidings and providing special works, we
must feel that these companies are now endeavouring
to meet the trade — not out of benevolence, but in self-
interest. Of course, neither Mr. Berry nor I live on
the Great Western or the Midland, but I think even
the South-Eastern and Chatham are waking up lately.
What arc our grievances, and where ought we to seek
remelies? Taking them through and through, and
having regard to the nature of the services, the rates
are not unduly high. By passenger train fruit sent
200' miles works out at three-tenths of a penny
per lb. Where Plums are sent 200 miles, the fare
works out at one-eighth of a penny per lb. Such rates
cannot be said to be unduly high. The real grievance
is that they are based on no principle. The classi-
fication in many cases is entirely wrong. The fact is,
that since that classification was made the fruit trade
has grown enormously, and the present conditions are
entirely different to what they were when the Act and
the classification were made. And that being so, what
we should seek to do is not so much to go about
asserting that rates are too high, but we
should try to remove the anomalies of the

m

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 21, 1905.

rates, which undoubtedly press hardly upon our
particular produce. The Committee hesitated to
recommend a statutory revision because we were not a
large trade, and if classification were reopened on one
question it would have to be done in all. Those of us
in Parliament and are interested in the trade would be
prepared to support a statutory revision, but traders
should try to get it done if possible without going to
Parliament, and that could be brought about under the
Act of 18S8. Companies have altered the classification,
and have assisted the traders in getting the alteration
male. Aluminium at first was put in Class 5, but it
was altered to Class 3. (Jo to Parliament if you will,
'but in the meantime try and get any glaring anomalies
m your classification removed under the provisions of
the Act of 1888 by the assistance of the Board of Trade.
If you cannot get that assistance you would have a
much stronger case when you go to Parliament. But a
question of far more importance than rates is prompt
delivery, because fruit is the most perishable of all
articles, and you want to get into the markets early.
It is in prompt delivery I think that the companies fail
most, and you have got to press for some better
remedy than you have at the present time. I do
not quite know what means we have of en-
forcing this prompt delivery. You will have to get
SOTHe Entirely new definition of the liability on the
put of railway companies, or you will have to get
,*'""e system whereby they can be fined for every
instance of lateness. Owner's risk is a perfectly
absurd thing. Von have to get proof of wilful mis-
conduct on the part of railway officials. . It is
almost impossible to pi. a l that unless there has been
pilfering, and I would" therefore suggest the substitu-
tion of the words "culpable negligence."- It
would be better if there' were no owner's
risk rates at all. There should bs only one
•system of rates — company's risk rates — nut tbev
.must he reduced to such a figure as would simply
•add to the present owner's tisk rates sufficient to cover
the liability of the company. I would suggest that
.5 per cent, be added to owner's risk rates, that the
.rate be made a company's rate', and that there be only
one such rate for the future. - If you availed yourselves
of your power of going before the Board of Trade to
show what you considered unreasonable you would be
able without litigation to remove some of the
grievances f.om which you suffer. To meet the com-
bination of the railways there ought to be a Govern-
ment official to watch over the proceedings of the
railways, and to report to Parliament. I agree that
the companies should have the power to temporarily
lower their rates. They do so in the case of excursions,
why should they not do so when there is a glut of
fruit, which would otherwise ' rot on the ground?
Parliament will not let them do it, because before they
again raised the rate they would have to show a reason
why they should do it. I cannot agree with Mr.
Berry about the special waggons. What we asked for
in our report was not special refrigerator waggons.
What we did say was that unsuitable waggons ought
not to be used. Speaking generally, I would ask you
to try to carry out some of the suggestions which
you will find set out in detail in our report, and to
bring all the pressure you can to get your grievances
removed without going to Parliament. But if the
grievances cannot be removed in that way you must
go to Parliament. But I believe a great deal can be
'done without absolute Parliamentary action, and I
ask your Federation to take this opportunity of
working on the lines I have suggcste.l.

Miss Crooks spoke of her experience when she was
head of Lady Warwick's Cottage Garden Market, and
the prohibitive charges made by railway companies for
the carriage of small parcels. They had obtained very
few reductions, and everything was sent at the
owner's risk rate. Of course if the produce went
all right nothing was heard,, but when a customer com-
plained that a consignment had not arrived in good
condition they got no redress from the companies. She
agreed that conferences were of no use at all, and that
they should take their grievances to Parliament.

Mr. 0. Bettison (Leeds) did not agree that his part
of the country had a good service from Worcester. He
did not think Mr. Idiens spoke for the majority of the
growers— in fact, one would think that he held a brief
from, the railway compan'es for concessions received.

Mr. Iiiiens denied that he had received any con-
cessions, as suggested. He contended that the rates
were fair and reasonable. When Mr. Boscawen was
in the district he was told by the traders that every-
thing was fairly satisfactory.

Mr. Thwaites, Covent Garden, denied that fruit
had reached £30 a ton. He did not think a £2.")

average would he found.

Mr. Cecil Hooper said there was one hardship in
owner's risk, and that was the loss from packages.

-Consignments often arrived short and no claim
could be sustained as they could not prove wilful
neglect against the company. They bad to lose

-the whole consignment before they could sustain a
claim.

Mr. Pehcy V. Cooke, Vice-President of the Jersey
Growers' Association, also alluded to the charge of one
penny per package once made by the G.W. and
L. & S.W. Companies. The time had come when,
especially in the flower business, the owner's risk
should be abolished.

Sir Albert Kollit. M.P. : I should like to say, as
a member of the Council of the Royal Horticultural
Society, that I think it is doing a very good work in
holding these frequent shows, and these Conferences
in connection with them, and certainly the debate
which has taken place to-day, reasonable in tone, is
an illustration of the value of which I have been
speaking. We have had a real Conference — not a
Conference with the railway companies, to which
reference has been made. I think the Conference will
bear good fruit, if not in legislation, at any rate in
some rearrangement by which the undoubted grievances
of the traders -will, I hope, be reduced. I am en-
couraged by Mr. Berry's remarks in reference to
myself. He has reminded me that in 1888 I took an
active part in connection with the railway legislation of
that day. In. fact, I moved for the Committee in the
House, and carried it, which was the precedent for the
Act of 1888. That is now many years ago, and a
great many things have happened since then, and if
any legislator believes that what we did fifteen years
ago suffices for to day. that is misreading the history
of our modem life. We have moved with the times,
and J think the occasion hasarisen for further legislation.
This Conference will be of value, especially to traders,
but I hope that it mav also be of advantage to the
railway companies themselves. I quite ackirowledge
the joint interest we have with the railway companies.
The motto of the trader in all forms should be "Live
and let live," and we want the railway companies to
let us live. We are not the enemies of the railway
companies in any sense of the term. We believe we
have a joint interest, and that the joint interest should
be on the lines of progress and development, not of
strangulation, restriction, and want of facilities. I
remember a railway representative saying in the House
of Commons that a reasonable rate was what a trade
could bear without breaking. But those days are
l>ass< il, and we shall not be content to submit our-
selves to similar conditions again. We wish the
railway companies to realise what greater facilities and
greater cheapness mean to the prosperity of the
companies themselves, and the sooner the railway
companies realise this the sooner it will be better for
their shareholders. We hear a great deal of the want
of facilities and unpunctuality, and we hear also a
great deal of grumbling against the motor, but the
motor, whatever harm it may do in the suburban
districts to individuals, will teach the companies lessons.
One thing, I think, seems beyond question.
As Mr. Boscawen has said, we need relief from
rates, which undoubtedly are most excessive,
and we have beard of a barrel of fruit costing as much
to send from London to Glasgow as to bring from
New York to this country. As a shipowner I know
that water transit is not so expensive as land transit
but it is not one-fifteenth less! Another thing which
I think is clear is that a preference is given to the
foreigner. I am not going to deal with the fiscal
(piestion, but there is one thing about which we hold
one opinion, and that is we do not intend to give a
preference to foreigners in these matters. I think
some reform may be effected there. Fortunately for
them the foreigners have advantages we do not enjoy.
They have State railways, and are not encumbered
with the immense cost of construction and the purchase
of land at an excessive cost, nor have they to sutler
from watered capitals as exist in this country unfor-
tunately. Twenty years ago we had an opportunity to
make our railways State railways, but we let the
opportunity pass, and it may never recur except at
the cost of enormous millions, which the taxpayer
would never submit to. Bates and conditions, however,
are the crux of our Conference. Mr. Vincent Hillonce said
that Parliament fixes the rates. Parliament does nothing
of the sort. Parliament very roughly name3 the

miximum rates, and that is a very different thing.
That is a general rule which, if it were applied in every
instance, would not last for a month. It is a mere
general rule so that there shall not be any great excess.
Parliament does not fix the rates. It is competition.
Railway companies who have a monopoly have fixed
the rates, ami unfortunately legislation has been very
much to the disadvantage of the trader. At first,
railway companies as carriers of goods were common
carriers, with all tire obligations of common carriers',
even to the extent of assuring perishable articles.
Then the Railway and Canal Traffic Act was passed,
which required that all their conditions should be
reasonable. And then came a case in which it was
decided that where there was an alternative rate
offered to the trader he was bound by the special
contract, even though the conditions might he
unreasonable, and that is the source of all
our difficulty to-day. The owner's risk con-
tract, works Ihe greatest injustice to the trader.
Five per cent, on the owner's risk would probably be
eirough to pay the company (Mr. Hervet : A great
tleal too much). We have known cases where fifty
per cent, has been charged. The railway companies
coulil afford to carry at what is the present owner's
risk charge, plus five per cent., but in some cases
they get fifty per cent., or an excess of forty-five
per cent., and that is monstrous. Take other condi-
tions which have been made, non-liability for loss of
markets arrd injury to gootts. I have seen conditions
by which the companies' servants could eat perishable
produce ("So they do "), and not be' liable ! How are
we to try to meet that '! My own opinion' is" that
present legislation is incapable of meeting it. I believe
myself that in many cases you would be better off
without even the maximum rates. If you
revert to the original common law the con-
ditions anel charges should be reasonable. Now
you have got from myself and others an extension of
the County Court jurisdiction in all your districts up
to £100, it would be very easy for a tribunal to say
whether a particular rate or a particular condition is
reasonable or not, and you coulel do it at no great ex-
pense. There are other points upon which.it would be
interesting to touch. . .While we ^re, discussing, these
rates do not let us forget that that.there are many other
things which are very ' material in the. conduct of our
business. If we are asking the companies to be up-to-
tlate', let us take care that we are up-to-date. , Let us
take care, in dealing with the railway companies, that
they cannot complain of bael package, it Arid npw a
word about another point. The presentment of fruit
to the purchaser is a matter of infinite importance in
your own interests. Upon the whole I think the pre:
continent of fruit abroad is more likely to tempt the
purchaser than in this country. In the next place,
knowledge is the basis of modern business, .and we
need technical education applied to the fruit trade. A
knowledge of vegetable physiology, plant - food,
manures, proper varieties — they are all of vast
importance ; and I say that education should
tell more of the railways of to - day than
of the Roman roads of the past. After all, the
great security for persons engaged in the fruit trade is
an active belief in what is. in my opinion, the great
feature of the century — namely, the value of organised
and systematic effort on the part of traders. I have
always done my best with the Chambers of Commerce
with that object, and I believe the more you get into
connection with Chambers of Commerce and similar
institutions for the purpose of conferring and acting
together the better for you. Why has the trade of
Denmark been so, successful? It is owing to organisa-
tion ami the collective system, and owing to care in
the matters of transport ami presentment that theil
produpe, representing 30 millions a year, comes into
this country. AVe have practically the .same-. climate
and similar conditions, and by a properly organised
system a great tleal of that produce .caulds.be
raised profitably in this country. '•'• Of course
there may be other questiops, but. let us get
to know more about these things, ami .in that way we
shall in the end, owing to our national character, beat
and outclass the foreigner.. Some one asked Members
of Parliament to help them. It is a difficult thing. for
Memheje of Parliament to render help in the present
condition of Parliamentary affairs. What is wanted
is a consolidation of our Railway Acts. They are
buried in great volumes so that no one can read them,
and everyone is assumed to know the law, and is
punished if he does not abide by it. I hope the Con-
ference will forward the interests of your most
important trade.

October 21, 1905]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

303

EXPERIMENTAL FRUIT FARMS.
The Conference re-assembled in the afternoon, when
Colonel LONG, M.P., President of the National Fruit
Growers' Federation, occupied the chair ; and the
subject for discussion was the " Distribution of Infor-
mation in connection with the proposed establishment
of an Experimental Fruit Farm by the Board of Agri-
culture, and its possible extension for demonstration
of Commercial Fruit Growing."'

The Chairman said that the subject Unit afternoon
was rather a new one. He drew attention to the sug-
gestipn,'of the Parliamentary Committee that a Bureau
of Information should lie established, because it might
scarcely appear to come under the head of what they
were discussing As a matter of fact, he thought the
establishment of such a department would form a
connecting link between the theoretical and the prac-
tical. Travelling experts going through the country
would come in contact with men practically engaged in
the trade, and they would assist the Department to
work out the answers to the questions put to them.
|To doubt many difficulties would thus be cleared up.
And it should be remembered that the Experimental
Department would not have to wait while their planta-
tions grew up, because they would be able to try experi-
ments with fruit and blossoms from other varieties,
ami give really authoritative decisions as to which
varieties were best for different purposes. Foreign
governments had devoted a great deal of money and
trouble to solving certain questions which traders
could find neither the time nor the money to solve.
Iu England for a great many centuries we had always
gone on the principle of allowing people engaged in a
trade to thrash matters out for themselves, as it would
strengthen their characters. That was all very well in
the past, but now the foreign governments were
stepping in and giving an advantage to their producers,
our Government should do something for our own
g rowers.

Mr. Si-enter PICKERING, F.R.8., Director of the
Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm, then read his
paper. However necessary a central station might
be, it must, he said, always be remembered (indeed,
it was never forgotten by those who sought a cheap
method of discrediting the results obtained
jfchere) that the conditions of soil, position, and
climate in one locality could never be reproduced
exactly in any other, and that the results might not
consequently be of general application. Many of the
results at Woburn had shown the same, and even the
most elementary and widely accepted views as to horti-
cultural practice required investigation, if not revision.
For instance, no more effective way, short of violent
destruction, existed of injuring a newly-planted tree
than by growing grass over its roots, and this fact
alone was sufficient to account for all the miserable
specimens of trees which were tj be found throughout
the country in ordinary farm orchards. Again results
.had proved that in the same soil in which manure was
of vital importance to one kind of fruit, it might
represent so much money thrown away with another
kind.- With the Apple-trees at Woburn manure,
whether artificial or natural, had had practically no
.effect whatever during the first ten years since plant-
ing, the unmanured trees being, as regards growth,
vigour, and cropping, indistinguishable from those
which hail been heavily dressed every year. ( In the
other hand, in the case of Gooseberries, Currants, and
Raspberries, manure, and especially dung, was of such
paramount importance that those plants which had not
been dunged had been practically exterminated. Thus
it had been proved that Apple-trees carelessly
planted in entrenched ground, not trimming the roots,
bundling the roots together into a small hole, and
Stamping the earth roughly down upon them, had done
far better than trees planted alternately with them,
but in the so-called proper way. On lifting them the
reason became apparent. It was found that the check
given, to the roots- of the trees by the maltreatment in
transplanting had bsen sufficient to prevent those
roots from developing properly. In the case of the
wrongly-planted trees, the roots died, but there was
sufficient vigour in the tree to force into growth
dormant buds higher up in the stem, and these had
formed a new root system, each root of which, never
having received any check to its growth by trans-
planting, grew more vigorously than the old roots,
which had been planted under the best conditions.
Much criticism- and proper criticism would follow
he was sure ! But it would be difficult to find a more
striking instance than that afforded by these results on

planting of the necessity for investigation, even in
matters of the most elementary horticultural practice.
Properly organised investigation at a Btation specially
fatted for the purpose was now the only way in whieli
new knowledge could be gained with the economy of
time and money which was essential to the fruit-
growers of England, if they were to hold their own in
the present keen competition with other nations.

Mr. PICKERING illustrated his deeply interesting
paper by the aid of lantern-slides.

Mr. W. A. MAc'KiNNor, late of the Canadian Govern-
ment Fruit Division, followed with a paper in which he
spoke of the efforts of the Canadian Government to
assist the traders of the country by means of experi-
mental farms. Cheap railway excursions were also
organised by local or county agricultural societies for
the purpose 'of ' visiting the farm and studying the
results of various experiments. Then there were tin
free issue of bulletins, conventions, experimental ship
ments, educational exhibits, samples by mail, and
model commercial orchards. Everything was done to
encourage and direct the growers.

Mr. H. F. Getting (Ross) also read a paper. He
alluded to what was done in other countries, and asked
what had our own Government done : There were
County Council lecturers on fruit-growing, but with all
due deference, they were not the men wanted. Fruit-
growers did not want bare statements repeated again
and again without any practical proofs to back them.
It was essentially a work that should be carried on by
the Covemmcnt.

In the discussion,

Mr. Binyarii said the experiments at Woburn had
knocked the wind out of him as an old nurseryman,
and had entirely gone against, all the principles he
had been advocating for the last fifty years ; but he
should be afraid to advise that trees should be
planted in tlie way described. As to the number "I
varieties of Apples, he would be only too glad to get
rid of many of them; but growers had to rater for
their customers. As to grass, there could be no doubt
that it took out of the soil an immense amount of
nutriment, which ought to be replaced, or the ground
would be impoverished. An experimental farm would
no doubt clear up many things.

Mr. Jos. Cheai. said they could learn much from
young Canada, and he had always advocated the
desirability of the establishment of experimental
farms. As to the grass, he said the results might be
due to the extraordinary radiation from grass com
pared with cultivated land.

Mr. Martin (Toddington Orchard Co ) hoped tlu\
would have one of the farms in Gloucestershire.

The Chairman asked Mr. Martin how he had
managed te destroy not only living pests, but frosts.

Mr. Martin said lie got the idea from California,
where they lost not only their crops hut their trees.
There they had a hundred specially constructed lamps
to the acre, each lamp holding a gallon of oil. and
burning four bonis. The} lighted a thirdof the lamps.
He experimented on 1 acre at a time when a 9° f ros\
was on. The temperature rose to 1° above freezing — a
rise of 10° — and the fruit was entirely saved at a Cost
of 30s. for the night.

Mr. Pickering asked whether it would be owing to
the smoke the lamps made.

Mr. Martin replied that it was owing to the heat
alone. A current of warm ail was created.

The Chairman in closing the discussion expressed
the hope that a sub-department of the Board of Agri
culture would be charged with the care of their
industry.

After hearty votes of thanks had been accorded to
all who had taken part, and to the Royal Horticultural
Society for the excellent arrangement they had made
for the Conference, the proceedings terminated.

THE HORTICULTURAL CLUR.

October 10. — The monthly house dinners' of this
Club were resumed at the Hotel Wiudsor on the
above date, under the chairmanship of Mr. Charles
E. Pearson, Sir J. T. D. Llewelyn, the President of
the Club, being unable to attend until later.

An interesting lecture, entitled "Notes on Trees and
Flowers in America," and illustrated by lantern-slides,
was subsequently given by Mr. R. J. G. Read, one of
the Club members. Although the bulk of the slides
exhibited related rather to the engineering side of Mr.
Read's experience than to the botanical or horticultural
departments, which constitute his hobby, his remarks
anent the various plants and trees which appeared in

the numerous views gave abundant evidence of keen
observation. Starting with a plan of New York city,
with its twin rivers the Hudson and East Rivers, a
series of following slides gave a vivid idea of the
immense traffic thereon, and of those extraordinary
structures known as skyscrapers, which have been
evolved by an environment of limited space, high
ground rents and need for great and concentrated
business accommodation. A view of Broadway, witli the
sewer-pipes temporarily suspended in the air to facilitate
the construction of newsubterraneau roadways, afforded
a characteristic glimpse of American "cuteness" in over-
coming difficulties, while a fine view of the celebrated
Flat-iron budding inspired the hope in all a/sthetic
minds that London may long be spared from the out-
come of such soaring architectuial tour* deforne.

Some views of the Central Park led us back to
Nature by .examples of natural rock outcroppings
clothed with beautiful vegetation, anil artificiaffscd as
little as possible compatible with well kept paths and
approaches. Leaving New York and ascending the
Hudson River, some grand views were shown, affording
an agreeable contrast in the shape of rugged cliffs and
wooded heights to the crowded city streets and bare
architectural cliffs previously shown. A series of
views of Niagara appropriately followed, including
views of some of the immense engineering works
devoted to the utilisation of the water power for the
benefit of mankind. Similar work was also displayed
in connection with other great- falls in Canada, in
which connection it is to be hoped that the love of the
magnificently picturesque may not eventually be en-
tired subjected to utilitarian plans. Views of Chi^go
and of the St. Louis Exhibition followed, in the latter
of which, unfortunately, the Horticultural Department
was so far away in the background as to give no idea
of its extent ; the general effect, however, was most
imposing.

The views embraced a number of the most remark-
able bridges in the States and in Canada, and a view
of the St. Louis Botanical Gardens, showing a very fine
specimen of the Victoria Regia Lily growing in a tank
in the open, which, with the presence of humming-
birds in the vicinity, as seen by Mr. Read, points to a
warmer climate than we should have anticipated in
that latitude.

GARDENERS' DEBATING SOCIETIES.

HEAOLEY GARDENERS'.— An interesting paper on
'■Marie Louise Violets audi heir Culture" was read to
the niemfcers of the above Society recently, ,by
Mr. W. Gill, of Wimbledon Park. The lecturer gave
fall details reeardmglhe soil and situation required,
the method of treatment adopted hy himself in growing
these flowers, manuring, the prevenlion and cure of
Violet simit and the ravages of rrd spider. Some
splendid specimen blossoms were exhibited." Mr. T.
Beeson showed several plants of Laurus uobilip, which
had :i peculiarly burnt appearance and a long discus-
sion ensued as to whether this injury was due to
climatic conditions or to a. fungoid growth. //. A. .

, BATH GARDENERS' SELF HELP AND DEBATING.
—The usua1 fortnightly mteti- g was held 'at the
Foresters' Hall. Bath, on Mooday, October 9 Mr. T.
Parrott presiding over a large and crthusiastic attend-
ance. The display of exhibits was the largest that has
ever been Ivel 1 in connection- wi<h .the Society note-
worthy among them being a fine collection of Apples,
exhibited by Mr. C. Adlam : also Mr. It Roper's collec-
tion of Apples and Pears included twenty-eight dishes,
the background being well set oil' with tome beautiful
vases of Chrysanthemum blooms. Mr. "F. Hooper
discussed llie subject of stone' truifs in a very able
manner, demonstrating practically how grafting and
budding should be done. He als<» referred to Apples.
An interesting debate followed. Eleven new members
were elected.

SCHEDULES RECEIVED.

Sheffield Chrysanthemum Socikiy's Exhibition to
be held in the Corn Exchange. Shellield, on Friday and
Saturday, November lOand 11, IS05.

Bhistol Chrysanthemum Society's Exhibition in
the Colston Hall. Bristol, on Wednesday and Thursday,
November 15 and ltf, 1905.

TRADE NOTE.

Mb. H. B. Mat. — As there is an impress ion that
Mr. H. B. May is removing from Dyson's Lane
Nurseries, he has desired us to .say that-this refers
to one department of the business only, which is
now established under more favourable conditions
at his new premises, Endlebury Nursery, Chin>;-
ford, Essex. Mr. May's general business will as
heretofore be conducted at Dyson's Lane Nur-
sjries, Upper Edmonton, where all communic'a'-
tions should be addressed.

ENQUIRY.

Can any reader name a builder of green-
houses that erects roofs having a grooved line
between each pane? Ours are in waiit of repair.
A. R.

304

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 21, 1905.

*#* Editor and Publisher. — Our Correspon-
dents would obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their communications, and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all communications
relating to financial matters and to advertisements
should be addressed to the Publisher; and that all
communications inteuded ior publication, or refer-
ring to the Li'erary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editor. The two
departments, Publishing and Editorial, are quite
distinct, and much unnecessary delay and confusion
arise when letters are misdirected.

Apple Royal George: J. W. T. This variety is
described in Barron's British Apples as being a

. large, conical, angular, purplish-red-coloured
fruit, with soft, white coloured flesh. It is a
culinary variety of the first quality, ripening
about midseason. It was shown at the Apple
Conference of 1883 by Mr. R. H. Poynter, nur-
seryman, of Taunton. We do not find the
variety mentioned in Dr. Hogg's Fruit Manual,
nor can we trace any sj nonyms.

Begonias: J. P. Tae swellings on the roots are
caused by microscopic eelworms introduced

, with the soil used for potting. Turn out the
soil and bake it before using it again. Be
careful where you get new soil from.

Books : Clio. Roses in Pots, by William Paul,
eighth edition, from our Publishing Depart-
ment, price 2s. post free.

Carnation : W. G. W. On cutting open the
stem at the base we find it partially rotten and
with evidence of some insect grub having made
a burrow in the tissue. We cannot find any
insect, but you should look out for some grubs.

Carnation Seedling : H. and S. The flower is
very attractive by reason of the clear, red
colour, and the distinct white margin on the
petals. We do not remember to have seen a
variety of the Souvenir de la Malinaison type
quite like this one. In other respects than
colouring the flower is very faulty, but on
further cultivation the plants may produce
better specimens.

Celery : L. E. T. We can detect no sign of
fungus at the roots, although there are indica-
tions of disease on the leaves. The "heart"
and stem of the plant were found to be quite
healthy. We can only suggest that the roots
may have received a check from the strongly
acid character of the drainage used as liquid-
manure.

Disinfectants: A. E. J. Nearly all those jou
mention are poisonous to plants if applied in
sufficient strength, some of them being exceed-
ingly dangerous. We cannot tell you of any-
thing that you could put in the water that
would be ortain to neutralise the poisons, and
it would be better to prevent them from
getting into the manure-water, or eke cease to
use the latter.

Ffllowship of the Royal Horticultural
Society: A. LI, E. Anyone interested in
horticulture is eligible for election as Fellow.
Forms for proposing new Fellows may be ob-
tained from the office, Vincent Square, West-
minster. The lowest subscription is one guinea
a year, with an entrance lee of one guinea.
BonA-fide gardeners earning their living by
gardening and persons living parmanently
abroad are exempted from the payment of the
entrance fee.

Foreign Nurserymen : E. A. B. In Paris there
is the welltnown fiim of Vilmorin, Andrieux
et Cie, and at Baumschuienweg, near Berlin,
that of L. S| ath, one of the best tiee nurseries
on the Continent.

Gardener's Agreement: J. H. Your agree-
ment was to go as gardener for a month on
trial. Afterthe emplojer had engaged another
man to take the position there was no need for
the trial, which would be thus meaningless.
In these circumstances we think the employer
should give you one month's money at the rate
he had agreed to pay jou.

Gardeners' Notice: B~. D., Portsmouth. The
second agreement as to 25s. per week appears
to have been a verbal one. It will be better
for you to consult a solicitor, especially as your
employer might attempt to raise a counter-
claim.

Glossary of Botanic Terms : G. H. F. We do
not know the book you mentioD. Get Mr.
Daydon Jackson's work, A Glossary of Botanic
Terms, published by Messrs. Duckworth & Co.

Grapes and the XL-All Vaporiser : W. S.
We should preferto remove the Chrysanthemums
to another structure before subjecting them to
vapour containing nicotine. Such vapour
could hardly improve Grapes that are ripe or
nearly iipe.

Names of Fruits: W. Barnett. 1, Court Pendu
Plat; 2, More de Menage; 3, Northern Green-
ing; 4, Round Winter Nonesuch; 5, Sweet
Lading. — F. L. 1, Adam's Pearmain ; 2, Deux
Ans ; 3, Alfriston. — L. if M. We cannot recog-
nise such miserable, poor fruits. — S. ti( S. Marie
Louise d'Uccle. — A. F. Coventry. 1, Barcelona
Pearmain ; 2, Gipsy King. — Neil. 1, Lord
Derby ; 2. Warner's King ; 3, Royal George ;
4, Wadhurst Pippin ; 5, Tower of Glamis. —
W. G. 1, Crimson Quoining ; 2, Bachelor's
Glory.—/. N. H. W. 1, Cullen ; 2, Balchin's
Pearmain ; 3, Lord Lennox. — T. II. Harrauay.
1, Bramley's Seedling; 2, Bascher's Pearmain.
— D. R. S. 1, Flower of Herts; 2, Flower of
Kent ; 3, Royal Red Streak. — J.B. C. 1, Kerry
Pippin; 2, Greames' Pippin ; 3, Dutch Codlin ;

4, Beurre Diel ; 5, not recognised. — D. E. 1,
King Harry ; 2, Newton Wonder ; 3, Gilliflower
(not Cornish); 4, Duchess Favourite; 5, Du-
melow's Seedling (Wellington); 0, Pitmaston
Pine. — J. M. 1, Blenheim Pippin ; 2, Alfriston ;
3, Reinette tres tardive ; 4, Benwell's Pearmain ;

5, Flower of Kent; 6, Brenchley Pippin; Pear,
Spanish Warden [Bon Chretien d'Automne].

Names of Plants: A. K. 1, Apparently a
vigorous shoot of an Amelanchier ; 2, Abies
concolor var. ; 3, Nyssa biflora ; 4, Symphori-
carpus microphyllns. — A. F. B. Anchusa sem-
pervirens. — A. W. Rubus pbamicolasius. —
A. C. B. 1, Cephalotaxus pedunculata var.
fastigiata ; we never heard of the name Podo-
carpus australis j 2, Cupressus funebris, China ;
3, Cupressus torulosa, West Himalaya. — S. W. F.
1, lacsonia mixta var. quitensis; 2, Tacsonia
mollissima. — W. R. 1, Monarda didyma; 2
Helenium autumnale ; 3, Aster Novi-Belgii ; 4,
Rudbeckia Neumannii (of gardens) ; 5, Hele-
nium pumilum var. ; 6, Chrysanthemum sero-
tiniini — Huellia. 1, Ruellia Portelia;; 2, not
recognised, send again when in flower. — N. A.
1, Gomesa recurva ; 2, Maxillaria sanguinea ;
3, Odontoglossum Wallisii. — A. Y. L. Brassa-
vola nodosa. — R. J. B. Piobably Phytolacca
decandra.

Onion : McG. Your query as to the priority in
commerce or of raising of Onions Ailsa Craig and
Cranston's Excelsior is one that might puzzle
eventhe traditional Philadelphialawyer. Whilst
claimants declare each of these Onions to have
had diverse origins, there remains the un-
questioned fact that out of any one stock, no
matter under which name sown, both " varie-
ties " appear. Take the broader yet deep bulbs,
and you have Ailsa Craig. Select those rather
narrower and deeper, and you have Excelsior.
Ailsa Craig has been christened with a score of
other names, but grow them how you will, they
all become Ailsa Craig, or if preferred as being
of prior claim, Excelsior. That we have under
either name a really grand Onion there can be
no doubt. Exhibitors of Onions find it speci-
ally so, as it commonly furnishes at exhibitions
two and even three varieties.

Pears : Gardiner, Manchester. The following
varieties of Pears are recommended for exposed
situations in the midlands and more northern
latitudes: Doyenne d'Ete, Citron cles Cannes,
Jargonelle, Williams' Bon ChretieD, Beurre
d'Amanlis. Louise Bonne of Jersey, Hesele,
Comte de Limy, JerEey Gratioli, Rod Doyenne,
Thompson's, Knight's Monarch, Duchesse d'An-
gouleme, Marie Louise, Beurre Diel, and Beurre
Ranee. The four last named varieties require
to be planted against walls. With regard to

the varieties you name, and of which you
require descriptions, we are not able to dis-
cover what you mean by "Catellias" or by
"Beaumont." Ne Plus Meuris is of medium
size, and ripe from January to March. The ,
tree is a great bearer of late dessert Pears of
good flavour. It should be grafted on the Quince
stock and be planted against a wall. Beurre
Clairgeau is a very large and handsome fruit,
but not of first-class quality. The tree is a \
good bearer. The fruit ripens in November.
Catillac is one of the best culinary Pears, and is
in use from December to April. The tree is i
hardy, of vigorous habit, and a good bearer,
succeeding well either on the Pear or on the
Quince stock. It should be grown as a standard.

Tulips for Exhibition: C.R. The best treatise
on the Tulip is a shilling book, Gardening for
Amateurs, by the Rev. F. D. Horner, M.A.,
third edition (no date). There is no publisher's
name, but we understand that a copy can be
obtained post free for Is. l^d. from Mr. J.
Douglas, florist, Great Bookham, Surrey. The
florists' Tulip is divided into six sections or
classes: 1. Flamed Bizarres. — These have a
yellow ground flamed with red, very dark,
almost black, and chestnut-brown. 2. Feathered
Bizarres. — These have similar colours, but the
yellow grounds are marked or pencilled on the
margin, whereas the flamed flowers have a heavy
" beam " of colour in the centre of the petals.
3. Flamed Byblonnens. — These have a white
ground marked with lilac, purple, and very
deep black - purple colour. 4. Feathered
Byblcemens. — Similar in colour, but with
ftathered instead of flamed petals. 5. Flamed
Roses. — These are flamed with rose and scarlet
colours on the pure white ground. G. Feathered
Roses. — These have a white ground, and are
flamed with rose and scarlet colours. There are
three more classes of what are termed breeders.
Bizarres — Yellow selfs. Byblwmcns. — Lilac and
light to deepest purple selfs. Hoses.— Rose
and scarlet selfs. They are termed "breeders"
because in the course of a few years these self-
coloured flowers become flamed or feathered,
and pass out of the breeder state. The self
flowers become distributed into various collec-
tions. For instance take Dr. Hardy (bizarre)
as an illustration ; it may break into the
feathered or flamed state in one or in half-a-
dozen gardens, but the " rectified " flowers are
not all of equal merit, hence the different breaks
are termed strains : Douglas's strain, Horner's
strain, or Barlow's strain ; therefore it is easy
to see that a person may possess a flamed
Dr. Hardy, and it may be a poor strain j
while bis neighbour may also have a flamed
Dr. Hardy, and it may be a very fine strain, so
that an exhibitor who is anxious to win a high
position must possess the best strains. In the
cutting you send us from the schedule there
are classes for " Fancy " or Border Tulips. The
border Tulips are the Darwin section. The
name " Fancy " is not recognised in any Tulip
Society, and the term " Darwin " was invented
by a Haarlem florist, Mr. Krelage. Dame
Elegante, white, and Elegans lutea, could only
win amongst what in the schedule are termed
" Fancies."

Vine-. B. H., Dumfries. The cause of such
sudden death could only be determined after
examination of the Vine, and the conditions in
which it had been cultivated. At the same
time it would have been useful to send us
some of the roots, also stem and leaves, for
inspection.

Violets Diseased : W. P. N. The plants are
undoubtedly attacked with fungus, which may
have been introduced with the new stock.

Communications Received— A. J. .!. H (we have not
time to decipher your illegible communication)—
G. Summers (lttter has been forwarded)— H. C. M.—
C. J. S. (thanks for Si. lor the Gardeners' Orphan
Fund) Dr Bonavia(with thanks)-Dc B. Crawshay—
W. E. G.-W. P. W -W. G. S.-K. A. R — C. E. P.—
F. W. Church (mat y thanks)— W. B.-J. J. D. J.-G. K.
— Subscriber- C. J. S.-A. E. L.-A. S -Battersea
Borough Council-A. JJ.-E. J. B.-A. A. O.-C. O. W.
-E M-F.J.-C. T. D.-A. C. S. W. B. G.—W. C.-
H.J. C- G. S. - G. F. H.-K. A. N. Co.-G. W. (many
thauks)-W. H.— T. C.-W. W. P. H.-A. J. S. (next
week)-Enquirer-S. H. Y.-G. S.-Old Subscriber—
R. W.R.-H. K— W. J.-Cecil.

(For Markets and Wialher, tee pp. x. and xii )

October 28, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

305

THE

darters' (iptnmtrfe

No. 983.— SATURDAY, October 28, 1905.

CONTENTS.

Afforestation of waste

spaces 313

Ampelopsis, a Dew ... 309
Books, notices of—
Bulletin de la»ocie' e
Francaise d'Horti-
culturedeLondres 310
Stone Gardens ... 310
The Fungus Flora of

Yorkshire 309

British Science Guild 313
Florida, gardening in 314
■Forestry at Cambridge 312
Forestry, Belgian ... 307
Frost, the recent ... 314
Fruit conference, the

recent 312

Fruitculture for profit 314
Gooseberry disease, a

new ... 305

Kew notes 3c8

l.ockinge, the gardens

at 312

Macowan, Dr., resig-
nation of 313

Nelson's monument

decorated 313

NicotianaSandeuc ... 313
Obituary—
D'Om brain, Rev.
H. H 319

Physalis, a hybrid ...

Plant diseases

Plants, new or note-
worthy-
Gent iana Lawrencei
Tricuspidarias

Potatos, a lecture on..

Potatos. warty disease
of

Rating appeal, a

Societies —

Gardeners' Debating

Manchester & North
of England Orchid

Natioual Chrysan-
themum

Royal Botanic

Rojal Horticultural

Trees in Kiugsway ...

Vegetables at West-
minster

Week's work, the—
Flower garden, the
Fruits under glass...
Hardy fruit garden
Kitchen garden, the
Orchid houses, the
Plants under ela^R

Wye Agricultural Col-
lege

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Uentiana Lawrencei

Lockinge Park, view in the grounds at (Supple-
mentary Illustration)

Phyealis. a hybrid

Potatos affected with the "warty " di-ease

Vitis Henryana, leaves of

315
313

307

;•:, »;
318

308
314

319

3'9
319
315

::il
310
311
310
310

311

313

315

.IK

309

THE PRESENT DANGER
THREATENING GOOSEBERRY
GROWERS IN ENGLAND.

IN the year 1900, in recording the fact of
the appearance, in a garden in county
Antrim, Ireland, of the American Goose-
berry - mildew, Spharotheca mors - uva?
(Schweinitz, Berkeley and Curtis)— the first
appearance of the fungus in Europe— I
wrote:* "This new Gooseberry disease, which
has just appeared in Ireland, is capable of
causing the most serious damage on a large
scale. It is therefore a matter of economic
importance that steps should be taken to
stamp out, if possible, the disease at once."

In 1902, when pointing out that the
disease had appeared in several fresh locali-
ties in Ireland, and had been reported from
two places in Russia, I wrote again : f " It
may be well here to draw attention to the
serious economic danger with which Euro-
pean fruit-farmers will be confronted if the
American Gooseberry-mildew is allowed to
establish itself in Europe. In every case
where the disease has appeared it has
assumed a serious character, and tends to
recur annually in increasing severity; and
there is no doubt that Gooseberry growers
in Europe are now face to face with a
dangerous enemy."

* Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, xxv., 139
(19C0).

f L.c, xxvi, 778 : and xxvii., 596 (1902)

Finally, in 1905 I recorded the continued
increase of the disease, pointing out that it
was now established in Ireland in nine
localities in six counties, and that it was
now reported from Russia in ten districts,
and from Denmark in two localities. I
wrote:* "At the risk of repetition I cannot
refrain from urging here that vigorous steps
should be taken at once by the authorities
to stamp out this disease in Ireland. . . . Un-
doubtedly the first step that should be taken
with the object of eradicating the disease in
Ireland is the examination, by an expert, of
the nurseries in the affected districts, as the
existence of any such nursery gardens
containing affected stock must serve as
permanent and prolific centres of infection.
There is no reason why, if the destruction of
the infected stock in nurseries and the
burning of diseased bushes in private
gardens are carried out, the disease should
not be entirely extirpated from Ireland.
But the possibility of the complete eradi-
cation of the disease diminishes as each
year passes, bringing with it the establish-
ment of the mildew in fresh localities.
Already the list of affected areas has grown
dangerously long, and the agricultural
authorities will incur a grave responsibility
if they neglect to take prompt and energetic
measures to stamp out the disease."

The following extract from a Bulletin of
the New York Agricultural Experiment
Station, dealing with the cultivation of the
Gooseberry in the United States, and pre-
pared by Professor S. A. Beach, will show
at once the nature and the reality of
the danger now confronting Gooseberry-
growers in England: "The one great
hindrance to the cultivation of European
Gooseberries in this country is their suscep-
tibility to attacks of the mildew, Spharo-
theca mors-uvse. From the standpoint of
the American fruit-grower Gooseberries fall
into two classes, those which suffer from
the mildew and tho3e which do not. The
former class includes all European varieties
and their American-grown seedlings, or in
other words, all varieties of the species Ribes
Grossularia, Linnaeus. The latter class in-
cludes the cultivated varieties of the native
American species, R. oxycanthoides, L., and
R. Cynosbati, L., and some hybrids between
them and the European species. On account
of their liability to serious attacks of
mildew, European Gooseberries should not
be planted for commercial purposes, except
by those who are prepared to contend with
that disease." In a letter Professor Beach
wrote to me as follows : — " In general it may
be said that because of the ravages of this
disease varieties of Ribes Grossularia are
not grown to any considerable extent in
commercial plantations in this country.
Those who have tried them have generally
abandoned the attempt. It is safe to say
that were it not for the danger of loss from
attacks of Gooseberry-mildew the European
varieties would be largely planted in this
country in commercial plantations, but
because of the ravages of this disease efforts
to grow them on a commercial scale are
usually soon abandoned."

Now, during last June, the disease was
discovered in Sweden. Professor J. Eriks-
son, the eminent mycologist of Stockholm,
at once called the attention of the authori-
ties to it, and immediately the matter was

* Journal oj the R H.S., xxix., 102 (1605).

energetically dealt with by the Swedish
Government. In a publication dealing with
the subject, just received from Professor
Eriksson, he repeats very emphatically the
warning which I had previously given as
to the danger of the situation, and expresses
very clearly and forcibly his views as to the
manner in which such introduced diseases
as the present should be dealt with. Pro-
fessor Eriksson shows further the advisa-
bility of creating an International Bureau
of Plant Pathology, which would deal with
such questions as the control and prevention
of certain plant diseases. The opinions of
so great an authority as Professor Eriksson
on the subject should be widely known, and
with the object of drawing the attention of
all those concerned in plant-culture to the
matter, I propose to give (in translation) the
following extracts from Professor Eriksson's
article, entitled, " Is it wise to postpone
again and again the initiation of an organised
international attempt to combat plant
diseases ? A question addressed to the
authorities concerned in plant-culture in
Europe ": —

"Will the European culture of the Goose-
berry be able to maintain in the future the
high position which it has hitherto possessed?
We have good reason to ask this question,
now that it is known that the American
Gooseberry-mildew has at length appeared
in Europe.

The almost simultaneous appearance of
the disease in widely separated localities
in different European countries, as well as
the rapid spread of the disease wherever
it has become naturalised, reminds one natu-
rally of the earlier immigration of the Potato-
fungus (Phytophthora infestans, de Bary)
and the Vine -mildew (Oidium Tuckeri,
Berkeley) in the middle of the forties, of
that of the Hollyhock-rust (Puccinia Malva-
cearum, Montague) in the beginning of
the seventies, and of that of the False Mildew
of the Vine (Peronospora viticola, de By.) at
the end of the seventies. All these species
of fungi since their appearance have never
ceased to carry on their destructive work.
What will be the results attending the
present immigration of the Gooseberry-
mildew no one can safely predict. But the
historical examples cited above call upon us
to pay special attention to this new invader
and to take strenuous measures against it.

If we ask what has been done in the
present case to check the disease, the
answer will be essentially as follows: In
those countries where the disease has been
observed, a few scientifically interested
investigators have collected information
about the occurrence of the fungus in these
countries, and have recommended measures
for combating it. In the accounts which
have been published, the estates where the
disease has occurred are specified, and the
extent of the outbreak of the disease in each
place is described. The statements are,
apparently, for the most part based on
written communications from the owners of
the gardens. It appears that only in excep-
tional cases has an experienced specialist
visited the infected area in order to investi-
gate the virulence of the disease on the spot
and its distribution in the neighbourhood.
The authorities have neither instituted an
investigation to ascertain in what manner
the disease came into the country, nor have
they put into operation any organised regu-

/

306

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 28, 1905

lations with the object of strenuously com-
bating the disease. It even appears as
though they would gladly allow the veil of
secrecy to rest as long as possible over the
manner of the introduction of the disease.
While the names of all the estates where
the disease has been observed are conscien-
tiously given, the names of the nurseries
from which the diseased plants came are all
carefully omitted, even in the cases where
the names of these nurseries have been
ascertained, I just as though the protection
of private business-interests had been con-
sidered of more importance than the safe-
guarding of the public good.

Unfortunately the protective work had
been commenced too late and carried out too
imperfectly. Thus, if the highest authority
connected with plant culture in Ireland had
sent an expert in the summer of 1900 (imme-
diately the first news came of the occurrence
of the disease in a garden there) to the
locality, to carry out the necessary investi-
gations on the spot, and to employ strong
remedies against the pest, then we should
probably have at once learnt both the distri-
bution of the disease at that time, and also
its source of introduction. And if at the
beginning the nursery or nurseries had been
discovered from which the fungus had pro-
ceeded, we should at any rate have been
able to find out to what other gardens
similar 'plants had been sold by those
nurseries. We should thus have definitely
ascertained the entire distribution of the
disease, and we should have been able, by
means of the rapid destruction of all infected
plants, to suppress the disease from the
first. The contingent loss to the various
private owners would, of course, have had
to be borne by the State.

Where then is one to seek for the true
reason of the indecision and lack of plan
with which the authorities have met the dis-
ease, if not in the faulty organisation of the
existinginstitutionsfortheproteetion against
diseases of this kind ? The requirements in
matters of this kind have for a long time
been spoken of and written about. It has
already been recognised that a well-planned
and well-arranged attempt undertaken by
the various countries to combat the diseases
and enemies of cultivated plants is absolutely
necessary if we wish to see some limit put
to the ever -increasing effects of these
ravagers,and if we wish to have the power of
saving for mankind the millions lost yearly
through these diseases. At the great Inter-
national Congress in Vienna in 1890, at the
Hague in 1891, in Paris in 1900, in Rome in
1903, and again in Rome in 1905, in the
Assembly of Delegates for the founding of
an International Agricultural Institute,
much was written, and said, and resolved,
and always to the advancement of the
subject — and yet what, as a matter of
fact, has been accomplished'-' Practically
nothing.

If immediately after the Paiis Congress
of 1900, one of the European Governments
had taken up the matter in earnest on the
lines laid down at that time, we should cer-
tainly not have had to stand dismayed and
without remedies in the face of an invasion
such as the present one. We should also
have known what ought to be done, and
Europe would certainly not stand, as is now
the case, before the discouraging prospect of
seeing another of her important branches of

plant-culture so seriously threatened, even
if it is not already irretrievably undermined.

In Sweden, immediately after the dis-
covery of the first infected area, the strongest
steps were taken by the authorities con-
cerned, in order if possible to stop the pest
in its progress. The Royal Swedish Academy
of Agriculture at once circulated through
the kingdom a pamphlet, in which the
notice of the public was directed to the new
enemy, and the necessary instructions were
given for dealing with it.

Further, the Royal Swedish Government
has decreed a temporary prohibition against
the import of foreign Gooseberry-plants and
Gooseberries.

I cannot help seeing, in the immigration
of the Gooseberry -pest mentioned above
into our previously-exempt region of the
world, a powerful warning which should
induce those who have the power and per-
ceive the responsibility not to put off longer
or indefinitely the creation of a systematic
international work for the combating of
plant-diseases. Much preliminary work in
the matter has already been settled. It is
now only necessary that a European
Government should take up the matter in
earnest, and carry it to a speedy and
successful solution.''

In conclusion I would point out that
Gooseberry Growers in England may best
realise the danger threatening them by
visiting a Hop-garden overrun by the Hop-
mildew, or a Rose-garden where there is an
epidemic of Rose-mildew. The American
Gooseberry-mildew is a species* very closely
related to the Hop and Rose-mildews, and
would flourish no less vigorously than do
these in the English climate. Where it has
occurred in Ireland it has often caused the
wholesale destruction of the Gooseberry
crop. It is noi too much to say that if once
it is allowed to gain a foothold in the
Gooseberry-growing districts of England, it
will never be completely expelled.

So long as the disease is allowed to
flourish in Ireland, it menaces the English
grower. English Gooseberry growers should
demand of the authorities the prohibi-
tion of uncontrolled importation of Goose-
berries into England or Ireland, and
they should demand further that every
means be taken to stamp out the disease in
Ireland. It has already been ascertained
that the mildew has been introduced into
Ireland by diseased stock imported into
nurseries from America; further action in
the matter lies beyond the power of the
individual, and must be undertaken by the
Government, possibly with international
assistance. Resolutions have already been
passed by the Vegetable Pathological Section
at the International Agricultural Congresses,
and these should form the basis for inter-
national procedure.

In those countries in which the Govern-
ment most fully recognises the economic
importance of vegetable pathology, as in the
United States, New Zealand, and Sweden,
the adoption of precautionary measures for
the avoidance of fungus diseases has been
enforced by legislation. In such countries
the passing of Acts framed to prevent the

" I have given a full description of the fungus (with
figures), together with an account of its method of
attack, and the best preventive measures to he taken,
in vol. xxv. of the Journal of the Royal HoiiiculLwal
Society, p. 139, and in the succeeding volumes.

introduction into the country of certain
plant-diseases have safeguarded the interests-
of the agriculturist and horticulturist in the-
same way as those of the animal-breeder
have for a long time been protected by the
various Acts prohibiting imports of diseased
or suspected animals. E. .?. Salmon, F.L.S.r
F.li.H.S.

[We are sorry to say we have recently
received some badly infected specimens, but
from what source we do not know. — Ed.]

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS,

THE TRICUSPIDARIAS.

When Mr. H. J. Elwes, F.R.S., was in Chili in
1901, he collected bulbs, tubers, and seeds of
many interesting plants, a set of which he pre-
sented to Kew. Among them were seeds of a.
" white-flowered shrub," from which plants were-
aisod, and this year one of the plants flowered)
in the Temperate-house, It proves to be a second
species of Tricuspidaria, better known in gardens
as Crinodendron, and on careful comparison with
the specimens in the herbarium it is found to be
unquestionably T. dependens, Ruiz, and Pawn.,
whilst the plant figured in the Botanical Magazine,
t. 7160 (1891), is T. lanceolata, Miquel in Linncea,
xxv. (1852), p. 650. So far as I can ascertain;
this is the first time that the white - flowered
species has been introduced into English gardens,
and as it is likely to become a popular shrub in.
gardens where Chilian plants thrive we may as
well begin by getting its name right. Already it
is flowering in the garden of Colonel Tremayne at
Carclew, near Falmouth, and I hear of its doing
well in Ireland. At Kew it has formed an
Escallonia-like shrub 5 feet high, but so far it
has not flowered so freely as it does in Chili, dried)
specimens showing shoots with numerous axillary
flowers, forming quite a cluster on the short-
noded branchlets. The names and synonymy of
the two species are as follows: —

T. lanceolata, Miquel (T. dependens, Hort. ; V.
he.vajietala.Turczmmow ; T.Patagua, Miers; Crino-
dendron Hookerianum, Miers ; C. Patagua, Cava-
nilles). — A shrub or small tree attaining the height
of 30 feet in Chili, where it is common ; branchlets,
petioles, peduncles and calyx pubescent, more or less-
horizontal in habit ; leaves narrow, 3 to 5 inches
long, serrulate, with strong nerves beneath j
flowers axillary, solitary, pendulous ; peduncle
2 to 3 inches long, green with red speckles ;
sepals pubescent, greenish - red ; corolla urn-
shaped, over an inch long, very fleshy, grooved,
blood-red. The buds are formed months before-
the flowers are fully developed. The plant has
been in cultivation for at least twenty-five years,
and it is now fairly well known. It requires the-
same conditions under cultivation as Lapageria.
rosea.

T. dependens, Km':, and Pavon. — A shrub 7 feet
or more high, glabrous in all its parts ; branches,
petioles, and peduncles dull red; the branches-
sub-erect ; leaves varying from 1 to 3 inches,
oblong or obovate, crenate, pale green below.
Flowers axillary along the branches, clustered on-
the ends of the branchlets, horizontal rather
than pendulous ; peduncle 1 to 2 inches long ■,
calyx small, toothed ; corolla cup-shaped, § inch
long, composed of five fleshy white petals, each
with three teeth at the apex ; ovary triangular,
glabrous. This plant has grown very freely in>
the Temperate - house at Kew along with
Uimalayan Rhododendrons, Desfontainea, &o. ; it
is therefore probable that where the conditions of
temperature and moisture are suitable it wilJ
form a serviceable shrub for the open air.
W. Watson.

October 28, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

307

GENTIANA LAWRENCEI.*
A handsome Gentian, brought into cultivation
by Herr Max Leichtlin, of Baden-Baden. The speci-
mens from which the description given below is
drawn flowered in the garden of Sir Trevor Law-
rence at Burford, Dorking, to whom we areindebted
for the specimens here illustrated (fig. 110). The
•original seeds were collected by M. Jules Brocherel
on a journey into Mongolia from Lake Baikal.
Gentiana ornata, its nearest ally, i3 a native of the
Eastern Himalaya and South-West China. Genti-
ana ternifolia, Franchet, is another ally which
comes from Yunnan; Gentiana tetraphylla,
Kusnezow, and G. hexaphylla, Maximowicz, are
allies growing in Szechuan. The whole group

cultivation prior to the introduction of G.
Lawrencei.

The flowers of G. Lawrencei are 1J inch long,
upright, and blue above, the lower part of the
tube being pale, with dark blue line3. They
stand solitary on the ends of ascending narrow-
leaved branches. J. H. Burkill, Calcutta.

FORESTRY.

BELGIAN FORESTRY.

(Continued from p. 182.)
Sylvicultural Methods. — In the last article
on Belgian Forestry a short general account of

Fig. Hi).— gentiana lawrencei : flowers deep blue.

consists of plants with showy flowers, but
G. ornata is the only one which has been in

* Gentiana Lawrencei. BurkiU. species nova.— G. ornatre,
Wallich, valde aflinisfoliis autem elongatisdistiDguitur.
Planta perennis ditluse coespitosa. Caules plures, sub-
•decumbentes, nee angvilati, ad 10 cm. loDgi. Folia
nitentia, arcuata, per paria vaginato-connata, iuiima
5 mm. longa, suprema 20 mm. longa, 2 mm. lata, acu-
tissima'; vagina 3 mm. longa. Calycis tubus 12 mm.
Jongus, margine membranaceo integer ; dentes quinque
foliis supremispersimiles, paruni inrequales, 14 — IS mm*
loDgi, CoroUce tubus 40 mm. longus, infra albidus et
atro - cceruleo-striatus, faucibus ccerolescens ; lobi
deltoideo-ovati, aeuti, I:cte ccsruled, 5 mm. longi, 4 mm-
lati; plicarum lobi late dcltoidei, 2 mm. longi, 4 mm.
lati, margine subintegri. Filameuta 30-32 mm. longa,
ad corollam infra medium annexa, violacea. Ovarium
12 mm. longum ; stipes basi rcellifluus fere 20 mm.
longus; stylus 1 mm. longus; stigmata 8 mm. longa.

the condition and extent of the woodlands was
given. A few particulars of the methods of re-
generation and other practical work carried out
in the woods may now be mentioned.

Natural regeneration is only trusted to in the
case of Beech, and only then when there is every
appearance of a successful issue. The old method
was to leave about twenty seed-bearing trees
standing at the final felling of the crop, but
it was found that these trees became stag-
headed, and their bark became scorched by direct
exposure to the sun. Before anything like
a full crop of seedlings appeared, therefore,
the ground was covered with a rank growth
of weeds and rubbish, and planting, which finally
had to be resorted to, was a more difficult matter
than if it had been carried out immediately after

the felling of the old crop. The method now
adopted is to regenerate under a fairly good
canopy, and in groups or clumps. Specimens of
both methods were seen in the forest of Soignes,
near Brussels. With the old method the ground
was being planted up with Scots Pine to begin
with, and after these had attained a height of
8 or 10 feet, Oak and Beech were being introduced
in the form of large transplants ; but the result
was not altogether satisfactory. The idea was
that the Pines would protect the hardwoods from
late frosts, to which the locality is very subject ;
but the hardwoods used were evidently too large
to get properly established, and many were dead
or dying, while they were quite as liable to be
damaged by frost as if planted from the first.

The group system of regeneration was very
successful, and will eventually result in giving
the forest a more natural appearance, very much
resembling what is often found in the Beech woods
on the Chiltern Hills. It is possible, however,
that the returns may not be so good with this
system as with one which deals with larger areas
stocked with crops of uniform ages, as, for
instance, what is known as the compartment
system. This particular forest, which is one of
the finest Beech forests in the country, or even in
Europe, was originally planted on land contain-
ing a growth of Birch, Willows, and other indi-
genous plants. The trees were put in about
7 feet apart, the natural growth acting as nurses
for the first few years. In the best parts of it
magnificent stems with a total height of 100 to
120 feet and with about 80 feet of clear stem may
be found, and the stock of timber per acre often
amounts to 8,000 to 10,000 cubic feet.

In the case of Spruce, Scots Pine, and other
trees, plantirg is always adopted. Plants are
put in with a planting-iron or spade specially
adapted for the purpose ; and in general the
method does not differ greatly from pit-planting
in this country. Where damage from game is
feared, thick planting (2 to 3 feet apart) is
preferred ; but in other cases the plants are put
in rather wider than is usually considered de-
sirable with us. On the whole, however, plant-
ing is carefully done, and plants more than
three years old are rarely used. Where peat or
turf cover the surface, it is either removed
altogether in lines or patches when thin, or, in
the case of thick peat, it is broken up two years
in advance. On a high peat moor adjoining the
forest of Hertogenwald, the soil was prepared for
Spruce by taking out shallow ditches, and de-
positing the peat from these in rows of low
mounds on the interspaces. Three - year - old
Spruce plants were ultimately planted on the
mounds, the roots of each plant receiving a
handful of artificially manured soil at the time of
planting. Various methods had been tried, and
the above was found to be most successful on the
whole.

Another interesting form of soil preparation for
Scots Pine was seen near Yillers la Yille, where
a crop of this tree, about thirty years of age, and
growing on pure sand, was being grubbed up by
the roots by an arrangement of pulleys on sheer
legs. It was stated this could be done at a small
profit, owing to the gain in material obtained
as compared with felling in the usual way, while
other and more important advantages were
the absence of Pine-weevils, and the stirring
up and clearing of the ground, which
allowed the use of small plants in replanting. A
feature of the soil in this forest was the difference
repeatedly occurring on south and west, from
that on north and east slopes. On the former
poor sand prevailed, permitting nothing but
easily satisfied Conifers to be grown, while on
the latter a covering of good loam produced Oak,
Ash, and other hardwoods to perfection.

One of the most instructive examples of re-
clamation of waste land by means of planting was

308

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 28, 1905.

seen in the communal woods of Rochefort. The
soil here was simply loose limestone rubble,
producing naturally nothing but a thin growth of
grass worth about 1«. per acre. The high-lying
part of this land was planted about thirty
years ago with Scots and Austrian Pines, prac-
tically the only trees which could exist there.
After twenty years under Pines the ground is
planted or sown with Beech, and the gradual
accumulation of humus will in time enable a Beech
forest, worth from ten to twenty shillings per
acre as a going concern, to exist on what was
practically worthless land. As regards contour
and the nature of the soil and herbage this land
resembles as nearly as possible that found on the
Cotswolds, and which is generally considered so
difficult to deal with from a forestry point of
view. An interesting fact brought out was the
testimony of old inhabitants that the deposit of
dew in the adjoining fields had been greatly
increased since the planting of the woods,
probably due to their acting as obstacles to wind
currents. A. C. Forbes.

( To be continued.)

WAETY DISEASE OF POTATOS.

I recently received from Mr. Charles Golding.
of Tamworth, a Potato affected with this disease.
It was dug up from a garden there, where such a
thing had never been seen before. The garden,
he says, is formed of " an ordinary light soil with
a gravel bottom, and is on a slightly elevated
piece of ground."

The appearance presented is seen in fig. 120.
The warty outgrowth measured about 1| inch
across by nearly 1 inch in height. It was composed
of a great number of rounded and wrinkled con-
volutions of a brownish-green colour, ultimately
becoming blackish.

On cutting a section the interior was seen to be
composed of the ordinary cells of the Potato,
rather smaller perhaps than usual, but full of the
normal starch grains. The mass had begun to
grow at an " eye," and was not attached to the
Potato except at the centre of its base. Many of
the cells were discoloured, and this was found on
microscopical examination to be due to an im-
mense number of brown spores embedded in
them. Each spore occupied one cell, and they
usually occurred in groups of twenty or more
(fig. 121a).

The spores were oval, densely granular within,
smooth outside, but sometimes closely invested
with the brown angular remnants of the host-cell
in which they had been formed. They measured
on the average 50 by 40 ju, but varied from 30
to 70 m in length. When young they were
smaller and colourless ; when mature, bright
chestnut-brown (fig. 121b). Occasionally a large
guttula or oil-drop was seen in the centre, and
they reminded one singularly of the teleutospores
of Uromyces. I was not able to see them attached
to any mycelium, but there were found in the
neighbourhood some branched colourless tin-
septate hyphae, which were occasionally swollen
at irregular intervals.

The fungus is doubtless the Phycomycetous
fungus called by Schilberszky Chrysophlyctis en-
dobiotica, and is evidently allied to Urophlyctis
pulposa, Schriiter, which causes large, round,
warty growths on Mangolds and other Cheno-
podiacea;. These specie3 belong to that section
of the Pbycomycetes which includes Chytridium,
and both have been referred to (Edomyces
leproides, Trabut, but U. pulposa is described as
having several resting-spores in each parenchyma-
cell of the ho3t, instead of one only as in the
fungus here described, and also has an empty
basal cell usually attached to each spore.

C. endobiotica gains admission to the Potato at
the " eye," and causes a kind of gall like tumour
by stimulating the neighbouring cells to hyper-

trophied growth. If Potatos are planted next
year in the same soil, they will inevitably be
attacked, as the spores described are resting-
spores and are able to survive exposure to
the frosts. If this potato - parasite were the
same as that of Mangolds, as is still maintained
by some, then it would be injurious to plant
Beet or Mangolds on the same ground for
at least a couple of years ; but if they are dif-
ferent, as seems certain, then no harm would
result. I should be glad if anyone who finds
specimens of the warts on Mangolds would send
them to m? at the address given below.

This disease was not certainly known in Eng-
land until 1900, though previously (in 1896)

harm to Potato crops in Cheshire and [North
Wale3. The diseas; - resisting power of tbe
Potato must have deteriorated in later years.
There can be little doubt that this tendency will
manifest itself still further, unless strenuous-
efforts are made to combat it by continually
raising from seed new and stronger varieties.

I hive visited some gardens at Sutton Coldfield
Warwickshire, in which the disease is very pre-
valent. It seems that it was introduced three or
four year3 ago with some " seed " suspected to
have come from Germany. Since then it has
occurred every year with gradually increasing
virulence. This year very few Potatos on the
ground have escaped ; among the infected sorts

Fig. 120.— roTATO tubeb affected with warty disease.

reported on the continent; and the Mangold
tumour was not noticed in Ireland till 1903,
though reported from Algiers as long ago as

ZfO

O-Chron.

v-n^.tUe

being Evergood, Up-to-Date, and King Ed-
ward VII., all badly attacked. Though Beet-root
is grown upon the same ground, no tumours
have been noticed upon that crop. The disease-
has now spread to all the neighbouring villages.

A comparison of the various outgrowths seem
on these specimens makes it clear that they are
composed of the shoots growing from the "eyes,"
which, instead of remaining dormant till next
year, are stimulated to premature growth by the
presence of the fungus. They vary in size from
that of a pea to a tumour as large as the Potato-
itself ; in fact, often the whole Potato (probably
attacked when very young) becomes transformed
into a huge irregular warty mass, which some-
times shows above-ground, and then becomes
green, as the tubers themselves do under such
circumstances. W. B. Qrovi, 53, Linwood Roait,
Hands'jcorth, Birmingham.

Fig. 121.

a, Cells of tumour, four containing resting spores, tbe
others full of starch grains (not shown).

n, Ripe resting-spores, enveloped in the remains of the
cell, which is brown and shrivelled.

1894, and possibly detected in England in 1901,
it is therefore evident that our list of parasites on
cultivated crops is still increasing.

A correspondent, " E. N ," in the Gardeners'
Chronicle for December 19, 1903, says that he
thinks he saw this growth at Upwell, Cambs ,
about 1878, but he is not sure, since at that time
it was regarded as a curiosity, not as a disease.
Since then, howe/er, it has done considerable

KEW NOTES.

Dasylirion quadrangulatum, Sereno IVatson.
— This gigantic Liliaceous plant, with its stout,
pole-like inflorescence reaching to the roof, is now
a feature in the Succulent-house. The plant is
probably the finest specimen of the species in
this country. It has a cylindrical trunk measuring
2 feet in height and 1 foot in diameter. From the
top of the trunk arise a number of slender, horny
four-angled leaves, the oldest being 7 feet in
length, and rather le3s than half an inch wide in
their broadest part. The erect, spike - like
panicle is 14 fe^t in height, and presents a

OCTOBEB 28, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

309

stately appearance. The leaves, which have
large, sheathing bases, are gradually reduced in
size as they ascend from the base of the flower-
stem upwards, until they are ultimately reduced
to large, prominent brown bracts that are pro-
duced in close succession to the top of the
inflorescence. The plant is a native of Mexico.

[jf Xanthorrhoja qoadranqulata, F. Mueller.
"One of the "Grass Gum " trees of Australia,
Xanthorrhoei quadrangulata, is also flowering in
the Succulent-house. Toere are about fifteen
species belonging to this genus, though few are
under cultivation in this country, those that are
being practically confined to botanical gardens.

The Btamens are white, very slender, and com-
paratively long ; the anthers are light yellow
in colour. A period of about six weeks is necessary
to develop all the flowers on the spike, and the
inflorescence remains on the plant for about a
year after opening. W. U.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

VITIS (AMPELOPSIS) HENRYANA.*

(See Fig. 122.)

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons lately forwarded
us a spray of an Ampelopsis, which they justly
qualified as mignificent. In appearance it is

The Fungus Flora of Yorkshire. By

G. Massee and C. Crossland. (London :
S. Brown & Sons, Faringdon Avenue.)
We can imagine some purists objecting to the
use of the word *' Flora " in connection with
fungi. If the objection be that the fungi have
no flowers in the ordinary sense, it may be
replied that, in some cases at least, as much or
more is known of the reproductiveJprocesse3 in
fungi than in the so-styled higher plants.

In some instances, too, we seem to know too
much, if that be possible. At any rate, it is

-^W1. <^%^H.

&?fS*

Fig. 122.— vitis hexryana: heaves richly coloured, with central whitish stripes.

Xanthorrhoeis are very ornamental plants, ard
are excellent subjects for subtropical bedding.
In their native habitat they attain to a great
age, as may be seen by the fine stems exhibited
in the wood museum at Kew.

The plant now flowering has a stem measuring
5 feet in height and about 9 inches in diameter.
From the top of the stem arises a tuft of glaucous,
grass-like leaves, which are quadrangular in shape,
from which circumstance the specific name is
derived. The stiff, erect spike of small flowers is
developed from the centre of the crown of leaves,
and in general appearance is very similar to the
inflorescence of the common Bulrush. The spike
measures nearly 6 feet in height; the small
greenish-white flowers open from below upwards.

very much like the old Virginian creeper, but the
colour is even more gorgeous, and the nerves in the
centre of each leaflet is marked by a puberulou3
silvery band, which .greatly adds to the effective-
ness of the plant. The colour of the young leaves
isbrilliant translucent scarlet, passing as the leaves
get older into rich carmine, and ultimately into
ruddy-bronze with the silvery marking before
mentioned.

. The plant i3 a native of Hupeh and Ichang,
Central China, where it was discovered by Dr.
Henry, and whence it was introduced to Messrs.
Veitch's nurseries by Mr. E. H. Wilson. It is,
we believe, quite hardy.

* VitU Henri/ana, Hemsley. iu Journ. Linn. Soc ,
vol. xxiii., 132.

embarrassing to find that a species we thought we
knew at least by name is now found to have no
right to a separate appellation at all. Thus
Tubercularia vulgaris is now shown to be the
conidial stage of Nectria cinnabarina, and Fusa-
rium Solani is one stage in the life-history
of Nectria Solani. That species is indeed
polymorphous, for in one stage it is a
Monosporium, in another a Fusarium, and in
a third a Cephalosporium. Such instances as
these render the preparation of such a list as we
have before us one of peculiar difficulty. It is,
we are told, a summary of the information ob-
tained in fourteen successive annual " forays " in
various parts of the county, added to a large
number of records made by individual collectors.

310

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 28, 1905.

The total number of records for the county
amounts to 10,700, and the number of species
to 2,026, or more than half the total number
known to be native to Britain, viz., 5,000 species.
"Valuable as the present enumeration is, the
compilers are far from considering it complete.
Paucity of records from any given district implies
lack of investigation rather than absence of
fungi. At any rate the student is here provided
with an excellent list which will serve as the
nucleus around which further information may
in future be concentrated. We specially want
more information as to tho life-history of the
several species. If this requirement be difficult
of attainment except by the trained student with
all the appropriate means at his disposal, the in-
vestigation of the conditions under which the fungi
make their appearance is more within the com-
petence of any observant naturalist. The question
■of the degree of citizenship is also a matter for
consideration. Thus, we find Lepiota licmophora
enumerated from several localities, but in each
•case from a greenhouse. From an ordinary
" Flora " such plants would either be excluded or
they would be marked as aliens. In any case it
would be desirable to specify the original home
•of the species, and point out the probable means
by which it gained access to greenhouses and
ferneries. The list bears all the marks of accuracy
and careful compilation, and reflects credit on the
Union of Yorkshire Naturalists, under whose
auspices it has been published, and who have by
so doing rendered a conspicuous service to
botanical science.

STONE GARDENS : with Practical Hints on the

Paving and Planting of them, together with

Thirteen Original Designs, and a Plan of the

Vestal Virgins' Atrium in Pome. By Rose

Haig Thomas. (Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton,

Kent & Co.)

The title of this book is sufficiently indicative

of the nature of its contents, though we rather

•demur to such structures as it is intended to

illustrate being called gardens. The designs are

such as might emanate from an architect's office.

Some of our readers will remember Mr. Nesfield's

•designs carried out in crushed brick, coloured

glass, and other similar material, which were

eventually laughed out of existence.

A garden of paving-stones arranged in formal
devices might be acceptable in a Persian desert
where no plants would grow, but would scarcely
find favour in the eyes of those who look on
gardens as places in which to grow plants. Some
of the simpler designs might be useful in terrace
gardens of a rigidly formal character, and the
directions for planting are judicious. The names
of plants, however, present peculiarities of
spelling, which indicate the necessity in a future
edition of having the proofs read by some one
conversant -with the technicalities of botanical
science.

Bulletin de la Societe Francaise
d'horticulture de londres.
This interesting annual publication is some-
what late this year in making its appearance,
but it is nevertheless just as welcome as ever.
We are pleased to notice the continued stream
of prosperity that seems to flow towards the
Society, and the sympathetic help that it
draws towards itself from both sides of the
Channel. English and French gardeners were
perhaps never on better terms than they are
to-day, although the relations have always
been cordial. The Society usefully helps any
gardener who wishes to take advantage of the
opportunities offered, and from a language point
of view alone there is no doubt that there are
more French horticulturists who know English,
and more English horticulturists who know
French, than there were a generation or two ago.

We notice a capital 'portrait of M. Philippe da
Vilmorin, who presided at the Society's annual
dinner last January, and also the accompanying
biographical sketch by M. George Schneider, the
devoted and genial President of the Society. The
contents are much the same as usual — viz., lists
of members, financial statement, library catalogue,
reports of the monthly meetings, and papers read
by the members. Financially and numerically
progress has again been made, and we do not
wonder at the large measure of support given by
many of the leading nurserymen and horticul-
turists on both sides of the Channel to so de-
serving an institution, whose watchword is
undoubtedly peace and goodwill to all men on
earth.

The Week's Work.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H. Young, Orchid Grower to Sir Frederick
Wigan, Bart., Clare Lawn, East Sheen, S.W.

Resting Orchids. — All pseudo-bulbous Orchids
at some season of the year pass a long or a short
period in a dormant state, this period generally
coinciding with the dry season of the country of
which they are natives. The pseudo-bulbs and
stout leathery leaves providing a reserve store
of water and liquid nutriment, whilst the con-
ditions are unfavourable to growth. Fortunately
in most instances the resting period is during
our winter season, when the absence of light and
the necessary use of artificial heat produce con-
ditions in which new growth is undesirable. In the
native habitats of these plants the circumstances
are favourable to the process of ripening and
resting the previously made growths, but in our
Orchid - houses the conditions being artificial
are less perfect, and some of the essentials
are altogether lacking. For instance Dendro-
biums in their natural home are subjected to
much light and heat during their resting period,
whilst here there is very little light and the
degree of heat varies much. But knowing the
needs of the different plants, one has to make the
most of cultural devices, employing them with
carefulness and ommon sense. Most growers
recognise the fact that as much or more know-
ledge and forethought have to be expended on
the successful resting of many Orchids as are
required during the growing season. Light we
cannot give [What about the electric light?], but
heat, atmosphere, and moisture can be modified
almost as we think desirable, and it is in the
giving or withholding of these that success or
failure is brought about. Moderation is necessary
to success, though in or near large towns
light is often so deficient that success cannot be
assured even when the other essentials are ful-
filled. The supply of water presents the greatest
of difficulties when the occasion demands its
application, for the quantity to apply and the
method of giving it are questions requiring great
consideration. In the case of Cattleyas and Lselias
it is not altogether prudentto withhold water until
shrivelling is apparent, but just sufficient to pre-
vent this should be given just at the time when
shrivelling is anticipated, and not before. Also,
in the case of the deciduous Dendrobiums, though
no active life be visible, water at the right moment
is needed to keep them from harm. With these
and other deciduous Orchids water, however, is
rarely needed when the pseudo-bulbs have become
thoroughly matured. The resting of Aerides,
Vandas, Angra^cums, Saccolabiums, and other
similar subjects depends more on experience than
on any easily perceived signs in the plants them-
selves, as they have no pseudo-bulbs for the cul-
tivator to study, and if the leaves are allowed to
shrivel at all no amount of watering will retrieve
their health. Much sphagnum - moss should
not be allowed to remain about their base at
this season, and no attempt at keeping it alive
should be made after the tips of the Orchid
roots have become sealed. Bulbophyllums,
Cirrhopetalums, Erias, Coelogynes, and such-
like plants, should all, when growth has ceased,
be carefully examined, and if any doubt arises
as to the wisdom of giving water, its application
should be deferred for another day or two.

Drip from the Bars, Laps of the Glass, S(c. —
When this falls on any plant it is almost sure to

have a deleteiious effect, and when detected the
plant should be moved at once. If the houses
are not provided with " drip-proof " bars and
rafters, it is a wise plan to remove early in the
morning any condensed moisture that may have
accumulated during the night, using for this
purpose a sponge attached to the end of a suit-
able stake. Should moisture condense on the
leaves and remain there well into the morning,
it is evident there is too much evaporation at
night and not sufficient circulation of air and heat
to dispel it. In such a case means should be
adopted to effect a remedy.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F. Jordan, Gardener to Dr, Corbet, Iinpney Hall
Gardens, Droitwich.

Peaches. — Early houses should now be cleaned
and painted, and the plants should receive
any pruning deemed necessary. Old wood
that can be spared, and that was overlooked
after the trees were cleared of fruit, and
any old snags should be removed. Do not
shorten any fruiting wood on either Peach
or Nectarine-trees, unless it be for the purpose of
equalising the balance of growth, although this
should have been regulated during the growing
season by pinching the points of the strongest
shoots. The ties of the trees should be removed,
and the plants carefully washed with a solution
of Gishurst Compound, 5 oz. to a gallon of water,
or with some other approved insecticide. This
treatment is more efficacious than that of using
mixtures of clay, soot, &c, for eradicating red-
spider or brown-scale. Thoroughly cleanse the
house, wash the walls with hot lime-wash, and
top-dress the borders. If any new trees are to
be planted, this work should be pushed forward.
Large trees from outside walls which were
specially prepared for the houses by being
root-pruned last season will have developed good
roots, and be in a suitable condition for removal.
Newly-planted trees should have their main
branches tied loosely until the soil is settled down,
but thesmaller shoots shouldnotbetied until later.
Avoid tying the shoots tightly, as this restricts
growth and checks the circulation of the sap.
Remove the surface soil down to the roots of
established trees and apply a top-dressing of
fairly strong loam, lime-rubble, and wood-ashes,
giving old trees and any that require it a good
sprinkling of bone-meal. Keep the atmosphere
of the house as cool as possible with free ventila-
tion until the time arrives for starting the trees
into growth. Do not permit other plants in the
houses.

Succession Houses. — The old fruiting- wood must
be removed from the trees and proper attention
given to watering and syringing. As the wood
matures the leaves must be allowed to fall natu-
rally. Any root-pruning or renovating of trees
in these and later houses should be attended to
as opportunities occur, and this work should
be finished before the leaves fall, accord-
ing to the directions given in the Calendar of
September 16. Afford all trees a good water-
ing before they are lilted or root-pruned, and
another good soaking when this is finished, in
order to settle the soil well amongst the roots. A
few maiden trees of moderate growth should be
selected annually, according to demand, from
some good nursery to hold in readiness for the
purpose of replacing old or unsatisfactory trees.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By W, Fi-fe, Gardener to Lady Wantage, Lockinge
Park, Wantage.

Asparagus. — The top growths should not be cut
off as soon as they turn yellow, but shouldbeallowed
to become quite withered first. The middle of
November will generally be found sufficiently
early to remove them from the bed. No weeds,
however, should be permitted to grow, as they
tend to exclude light from the crown, of the
plants, and are injurious from every point of
view. It is essential that the crowns should
become perfectly matured. The application of
heavy dressings of decayed farmyard manure at
this season would keep the beds in a rather dark
and cold condition during the winter months,
and therefore it is preferable to apply droppings
from the stables collected as for Mushroom-beds,

OCTOBEB 28, 1905,]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

311

as these are light, rich and warm. Spread thes6
over the beds to a depth of about 2 inches thick.
In addition to this top-dressing', a dressing of
chemical manure, as prepared for Asparagus by
Willis, Brothers, Harpenden, may be given at
the rate of J lb. to the square yard, repeating this
application again in spring.

French Beans. — As there have been 10°, 11° and
12° of frost in the third week of October, these
tender plants have needed a considerable degree
of protection, but owing to bright warm sunshine
during the day it was also necessary to admit air
freely to the structure. Batches of French
Beans that have been removed to heated pits or
houses, should be kept near to the glass in a
temperature which falls to 05° at night. Before
and after the plants have flowered, afford them
occasional syringings with tepid water to destroy
red-spider.

Leeks. — Draw several inches deep of soil
around the stems of Leeks intended for use
during winter, in order to blanch the stems and
bring them into suitable condition. Those that
will not be used until spring should not be
earthed up before the commencement of the new
year. Leeks which have grown to a very large
size- seldom keep well.

Mushrooms. — If in any of the bed3 the heat
has declined below 70°, cover them with some hay
or straw, but if the surface appears dry apply
water at a temperature of S0° before making the
covering. The practice of applying water to
beds before the Mushrooms appear is not to be
commended, moisture in the atmosphere being
much preferable. Collect material for making
beds to come into bearing in January.

Autumn Onions. — A plantation may now be
made in order that the plants may have time to
become established before the weather is more
severe. If plants from this sowing are scarce,
let seeds be sown in a few boxes, which can be
placed in cold frames for the winter. Good plants
may thus be raised for the making of plantations
in spring. The Queen and Ailsa Craig are good
varieties for this purpose, being of quick growth
and good quality.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bullock, Gardener to E. J. Wythes, Esq.,
Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Temperatures. — Owing to the occurrence at pre-
sent of bright sunshine by day and sharp frosts at
night there is need for much more artificial heat
than is usual at thi3 season of the year, but in
order to reduce the amount of fireheat required,
advantage should be taken to conserve as much
of solar heat as possible by closing the structures
early in the afternoon.

Stove Foliage Plants. — Let the temperature in
the plant stove be reduced to 65° by night, but in
other respects treat the plants as advised in a
recent Calendar.

Dadalacanthus parous. — This useful plant may
be had in blcom at different seasons, and if
grouped among other subjects with brighter-
coloured flowers the contrast is pleasing. Plants
may be raised from seeds or by cuttings, but for
raising plants to flower late in the season the
former method is preferable. Let the plants now
coming into bloom be given the advantage of a
warm atmosphere, and afford the roots an occasional
application of manui-e-water obtained from the
soaking of sheep-droppings.

Hymenocallis macrostephamt having fully de-
veloped its foliage, it should be removed to a
structure where the atmospheric temperature is
not allowed to fall below 55° at night. The plants
require less water at the roots than formerly, but
an occasional application will be necessary.

Clerodendrcn fallar. — Plants intended for fur-
nishing a supply of cuttings in early spring
should be rested in a cool-house and kept com-
paratively dry at the roots for some time previous
to being started into growth.

Begonia. — Afford those plants of B. corallina
and President Carnot that have passed out of
flower a period of rest by placing them in a cooler
atmosphere, where the temperature at night
will be 55°. Keep them moderately dry, but
afford an occasional application of much-diluted

sheep-manure water. No attempt should be
made to produce sufficient drought to cause the
foliage to wither. Cuttings of B. Haageana may
be rooted at almost any time. This Begonia is
useful when grown as a pot-plant ; but, as I have
remarked before, in order to see them to the best
advantage, the plants should be grown on a wall
together with Ferns.

Flowers during Winter. — In order to maintain a
supply of flowers towards the end of the year it
will be necessary to introduce to the forcing pits
batches of plants each week or fortnightly, as the
case requires. Such plants are Freesias. Eoman
Hyacinths, &c. Examine occasionally the bulbs
that have been plunged in ashes and are intended
for forcing purposes. Examine occasionally Cin-
erarias and Primulas that are still in cold frames,
and remove any decayed foliage.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By \V. H. Clabke, Gardener to Sir William Plowden,
Aston Rowant House, Oxon.

Strawberry Beds. — Remove any runners which
have been formed, and clear the beds of weeds.
If there are any cess-pits to be emptied let the
contents be poured between the rows. Hoe the
surface of the ground between the plants in
new plantations, and if young plants have still to
be put out no further delay should be permitted.
Plants growing in i',-inch or 5-inch pots will
produce a good crop of fruit next year if planted
at once.

Autumn -fruiting Strawberries. — The varieties
St. Antoine de Padoue, Oregon, and St. Joseph
will yield ripe fruits for some time longer if
protected with a hand-light or bell-glass, other-
wise a box frame may be placed over them to
keep off rains. Keep a sharp look-out for slugs.
Plants of these varieties grown in pots for
supplying fruits from now onward to Christmas
should be placed in frames and protected from
fro3t, removing a few plants into warmth as
occasion demands to ripen the fruits. By such
means some really first-rate fruits can be obtained.

Budding.— Examine buds that were worked
during the present year and remove the ligatures,
not leaving them until spring. Any stocks on
which the buds have failed to grow may be
grafted next spring.

Morello Cherries. — The pruning and retjing of
these trees should be proceeded with as soon as
possible, for if these operations are undertaken
before the cold and wet weather prevails they
can be performed more expeditiously and
with greater comfort to the operator. The trees
should first be entirely removed from the wall
or wires, during which operation all shoots
which have borne fruit during the current year,
and that are not required for extension pur-
poses, should be removed with a sharp knife.
Young trees often require some of their fruiting
shoots to be retained, because growths formed
from these are required for covering the wall.
After all unnecessary and superfluous growths
have been removed, the trees should be tho-
roughly cleansed with Gishurst's Compound,
applied according to the instructions supplied
with the preparation. The prunings and leaves
should be raked up and burnt, in order to destroy
as far as possible any traces of black and green-
fly or other lurking pests. In securing the trees
to the walls clean shreds, nails, and string must
be used. Train the growths made during summer
evenly and thinly at about 4 inches apart, radiat-
ing them so as to form a perfect fan-shaped tree
from the main stem.

Pruning Gooseberry Bushes. — In gardens where
Gooseberries are grown extensively and provided
efficient means of protecting the buds from birds
can be given, pruning is best undertaken early in
the Eeason. Two methods of pruning Gooseberries
are employed, and these are practised according to
whether large fruits are required or an abundance
of berries for use when in a green state. If the
former are desired, the growths must be thinned
out and shortened severely, but they maybe allowed
to grow much more thickly together when it is
intended to use the berries in a green condition.
At the present time the leading shoots require to
be shortened to half their length, and the spar-

shoots proceeding from the main branches shor-
tened in the thicker portions of the plant to one
or two inches, leaving them longer in those parts
of the bushes where a space requires to be filled.
Train the bush so that the centre is open to air
and light, and in no case allow the branches to-
become crowded and thus hinder the operator
when gathering the fruits.

Protecting Gooseberries from Birds. — In these
gardens a single wire supported by stakes is run
over the tops of the bushes. This wire keep3 the
fish-netting away from the shoots and protects
the buds from birds. Other devices that can be
employed for protecting the buds from birds are
those of placing cotton between the bushes by
means of the patent garden webber, and of tying
the branches of the bushes together so that the
bullfinch and house-sparrow cannot work amongst
the shoots.

Gooseberry Cuttings. — Shoots 9 to 12 inches
long, and from which all but three or four of the
top buds have been removed to prevent the for-
mation of suckers, should now be inserted in the
ground for two-thirds of their length. Make the
ground about them firm with the heel of the
boot.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By \V. A. Miller. Gardener to Lord Henry C.
Bbntinck, MP , Underley Hall, Westmoreland.

Lobelia fulgens "Firefly" and other varieties
have very bright scarlet flowers that look well
seen in a mass. When grown in a deep rich soil
containing much humus, the plants develop flower-
ing growths over 4 feet long, 2 feet of which is
clothed with fbwers. This species of Lobelia is
only half-hardy, consequently the plants must be
taken up when the blooms are destroyed by frost,
and stored in a dry frost-proof structure. Reduce
the flowering 6pikes ta 12 inches, after which
lift the clumps with as much soil as possible
adhering, and place them close together in boxes
or in frames. Fill up the spaces between the
roots with leaf-mould. The frame should be
provided with means for obtaining artificial heat
in order that a minimum temperature of 50° can
be maintained. Very little water will be required
by the plants during the winter season, but do
not allow them to become too dry. Remove the
old stems as they die down. L. cardinalis and
L. syphilitica are hardier species than the above,
but thrive well if afforded similar treatment.

Early flowering Chrysanthemums. — The plants
should be lifted when flowering is over. Choose
*' stools " showing a plentiful supply of suckers,
and place these thickly in boxes for wintering in
a cool structure.

Asters. — The choicer sorts of Starworts can be
propagated at this season both by root division
and by cuttings. Insert the cuttings or the
stolons in a cold frame in a compost made of
sandy loam and leaf-soil. Chrysanthemum lati-
foliuin, C. maximum and their varieties may be
increased in the same manner as Michaelmas
Daisies.

Vase Plants. — Summer occupants of vases, such
as Agapanthus umbellatus, Yucca recurva, Dra-
caena australis, Agaves, &c, should now be housed
for the winter. The first-mentioned plant has a
mass of fleshy roots, and when carefully lifted can
be stowed under stages or in a frost-proof shed or
cellar. The vases can now be filled with Wall-
flowers, Saxifragas (Megaseas), Tellima grandi-
flora, Iberis, Helianthemums, &c. Some of the
hardier shrub3, such as Mahonias, Ivies, &c„ are
also useful for furnishing vases in winter.

Daffodils can still be planted in grass and
under trees. Strew the bulbs so that they fall in
groups that will appear natural when flowering.
Cut the turf with a 2i-inch wide bulb-planter,
and if the soil under the turf is of poor quality
or stones are abundant, make the hole 4 or 5 in.
deep with a trowel, and put in some rich compost
(riddled potting-bench soil is admirable for the
purpose), next insert the bulb, finally adding more
soil, and replacing the sod. When planted the
top of the bulb should be 2 to 3 inches below the
surface of the turf. Choose free-blooming and
Strong-growing varieties for planting. Early-
flowering varieties, such as N. minimus, are suit-
able for planting on lawns which are required to-
be mown early in the season.

312

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 28, 19C5.

WEDNESDAY, Nov. 1

APPOINTMENTS for NOVEMBER.

National Chrysanthemum So-
ciety's Exhibition at the
Crystal Palace (3 days).
Hanley Chrysanthemum Show

(2 days).
Cambridge Chrysanthemum

Show (2 days).
Brixton and District Hortieul-
, tural Society's Show.
] Kent County Chrysanthemum
Society's Exhibition (2 days).
/"Colchester Autumn Show.
2-1 Torquay Autumn Flower Show.
I Spalding Potato Exhibition.

THURSDAY, Nov.

FRIDAY, Not.

SATURDAY, Nov.

Show
Societe Franciise d'Horticul-

, ( Derby Chrysanthemu
■>\ (2 days).

1 ture de Londres meet.

, Brighton Chrysanthemum

Show (2 days).
Royal Horticultural Society's

Committees meet.
National Rose Committee

meets.
Croydon Chrysanthemum Show

(2 days).
Belfast Horticultural Show
TUESDAY, Nov 7/ (2 days).

' Birmingham and Midland

Counties' Chrysanthemum

Exhibition (3 days).
West of England Chrysanthe-
mum Show at Plymouth

(2 days).
Highgate Chrysanthemum Show

(3 days).
Bournemouth Chrysanthemum

Show (2 days).

Chrysanthemum Show
ys).
Chrysxnthcmum Show

WEDNE3DAY, Nov. 8

/"Cardiff

(2 days
[Ascot C__
) (2 days).
I Stoke Newington
I Chrysanthemun

on and District
m Show (2 days)

Sheffield Chrysanthemum Show
(2 days).

Eccles, Pendleton and District
Chrysanthemum Show (2 days)

Nottingham and Notts Chrys-
anthemum Show (2 days).
FRIDAY Nov 10' Bra<*ford Chrysanthemum Show

(2 days).

Leicester Chrysanthemum and
Fruit Show (2 days).

Huddersfleld and District Chrys-
anthemum Show (2 days).

Stockport and District Chrys-
anthemum Show.

SATURDAY, Nov. 11 i Burtl™-J ?>}- Trent Chrysanthe-
( mum Exhibition.

TUESDAY,

NOV. 14-

South Shields and Northern
Counties' Chrysanthemum
Show (2 davs).

WEDNESDAY, Nov. 15

i

I Devizes Chrysanthemum Show.
Autumn Flower Show at Wiu-
V cheater (2 days).
Royal Botanic Society's Show

at Regent's Park.
York Chrysanthemum Show (3

days).
Liverpool Chrysanthemum

Show (2 days).
Chester Paxlon Society's An-
nual Exhibition (2 days).
Buxton and District Chrysan-
themum Show.
1 Bristol Chrysanthemum Exhi-
bition (a days).
/Edinburgh Chrysanthemum
I Show (3 days).
THURSDAY, Nov. 16 ( Barnsley Chrysanthemum Show
J (2 days),

NewportChrysanthemum Show.
/"Bradford and District Chrysan-
themum Show (2 days).
Nov 17.I Aberdeen Chrysanthemum Ex-
hibition (2 days).
Bolton Horticultural and Chrys-
anthemum Show (a days).
Nov 18 ' Cheetham Hill, Broughton, and
) Crumpsall Flower Show.
("Royal Horticultural Society's
. I Committees meet.
"I Leeds Paxton Society's Exhi-
l. bitiou (2 days).

WEDNESDAY Nov 22-1 w°oItou and District Chrysan-
I themum Show.

(■National Potato Society's Exhi-
Nov. 23^ biiion in the Royal Horticul-

(. tural Hall (2 days).
Nov. 24-Royal Botanic Society meet.

FRIDAY,

SATURDAY,

TUESDAY,

THURSDAY,
FRIDAY,

Nov.

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswiek
- 457'.
Actual Temperatures :—

London.— Wednesday, Oct. 25 (6 p.m.): Max. 47";
Min. 35°.
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, London. — Thursday, Oct. 26
(10 A.M.): Bar., 30 3; Temp., 42". Weather—
Dull and foggy.
Provinces.— Wednesday, Oct. 25 (6 p.m.) : Max. 4"",
N. of Ireland ; Min. 4i°,N.E. Coast of England

8ALE8 FOB THE WEEK.

MONDAY to FRIDAY NEXT—

Dutch Bulbs, at 67 & 68, Cheapside, E.C., by
Protheroe & Morris, at 10.30.

MONDAY and TUESDAY NEXT—

Sale of Nursery stock, at Cart House Lane Nursery,
Woking, by order of Mr. R. Collyer, by Protheroe &
Morris, at 12 o'clock.

MONDAY and WEDNESDAY NEXT—

Roses, Bulbs, Lilies, &e , at Stevens's Rooms, King
Street. Covent Garden, W.C.

WEDNESDAY NEXT—

Seventh Annual Sale of Nursery Stock, at Short-
lands Nursery, Shortlands, Kent, by order of Mr
.1. B. Bryant, by Protheroe & Morris, at 11 o'clock.—
Liliums from Japan, Spiraas, Narcissus, Lily of the
Valley, &c, at 3; Palms, Azaleas, Rhododendrons,
Boses, &c, at 5. at 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C., by
Protheroe & Morris.

FRIDAY NEXT-

Imported and Established Orchids, at 67 and 68,
Cheapside, E.C., by Protheroe & Morris, at 12.30.
(.For further particulars see our Advertisement columns.)

Professor Eriksson, of
Plant Diseases. Stockholm, writes to us
urging the necessity of
establishing some sort of common action on
the part of the several Governments with a
view to the prevention and arrest of plant
diseases.

Professor Eriksson takes as an example
the case of the Gooseberry fungus (Sphairo-
theca mors uvre), alluded to in another
column. This pest has for more than half
a century played havoc with the best sorts
of Gooseberries imported into America.

In consequence of the prevalence of this
disease American growers are only able to
raise Gooseberries from the native Kibes
oxyacanthoides and R. cynosbati. These
fruits are far inferior to those obtained from
the European Kibes grossularia.

The fungus appeared first in 1900 in
Ireland. It has steadily increased, and has
now spread to Russia, Denmark and in a
minor degree to Sweden, Norway and
Germany. It recalls only too forcibly the
Potato disease, Hollyhock rust, the Oi'dium
and Peronospora of Vines, neither of which
has wholly died out. Practically nothing
has been done to check the progress of this
comparatively new pest. No regulations
exist to compel the publication of the
names of the nurseries in which the diseased
plants are located, and any measures taken to
exterminate the fungus are started too late
and carried out too half-heartedly to be of
any use.

The necessity for State interference in
such a matter as this has long been acknow-
ledged, and at various Congresses since 1800
schemes have been suggested, talked over,
and resolutions made, with no result. In
Sweden the most strenuous regulations are
drawn up by experts immediately upon the
appearance of a pest, such as the Gooseberry
fungus. They are printed upon leaflets
which are circulated throughout the country.
These direct public attention to the disease
and instructions are given concerning the
means for checking it, under the authority of
the Royal Agricultural Academy of Sweden.
Moreover, the Swedish government has for
the time being forbidden the importation
of foreign Gooseberry plant3 and fruits. If
the other European governments would com-
bine in similar work we should soon enjoy
an almost entire freedom from pests of this
sort, and the millions that are now lost to
growers every year would be saved. Mr.
Salmon, who has made a special study of
the fungus, has furnished us with an article
on the subject (see p 305). In the meantime
we do not think that at the present time the
disease is very prevalent in this country ; but
that being the case it is the more incumbent
on us to be on the alert to prevent its exten-
sion while there is yet time.

A View at LOCKINGE.— The Supplementary
Illustration to the present issue represents a
scene in L^dy Wantage's garden at Lockinge
Park, Wantage, Berkshire. The stream of water
depicted runs at only a short distance from the
mansion, and, in association with the undulating
character of the ground on one of the banks, it
has been made a very interesting feature. At the
base of the picture is a rustic bridge covered
thickly with hardy Ferns. The view shown was
taken in the spring of the year, and the leaves
having fallen from the trees, the sun's rays have
shone through the branches, with the result that
the variations in light and shade are very marked.
Every suitable portion of ground near to the
water has been planted by Mr. Fyfe, the gardener
at Lockinge and writer of one of our weekly
Calendars, with flowering bulbs, many of which
are shown to be in bloom.

LlNNEAN SOCIETY.— The first meeting of the
Society for the forthcoming session will be held
on Thursday, November 2, at 8 p.m , when the
Rev. G. Henslow will read a paper entitled —
" Plant Ecology, interpreted by Direct Response
to the Conditions of Life."

The recent Conference on Fruit-
culture. — Sir Albert Rollit writes: — "I
have read in the Gardeners' Chronicle your
report of the Conferences in connection with
the fruit show of the Royal Horticultural So-
ciety at Westminster, and as a member of
the Council of the Society and one of the
Conference chairmen, I feel indebted for the
accuracy of jour account of our proceedings, in-
cluding my own observations, and for your
appreciative comments, all of which must be of
great service to horticulture and to the trade.
I observe from your report that during one of the
discussions, at which I was not present, Mr.
Martin, of the Toddington Orchard Co., said
" he got the idea of saving his fruits from frost
from California, where they lost not only their
crops but their trees. There they had a hundred
specially constructed lamps to the acre, each
lamp holding a gallon of oil, and burning four
hours. They lighted a third of the lamp3. He
experimented on one acre at a time when a 9°
frost was on. The temperature rose to 1° above
freezing — a rise of 10° — and the fruit was entirely
saved at a cost of 30s. for the night." Then " Mr.
Pickering asked whether this rise would not be
owing to the smoke the lamps made " ; and Mr.
Martin replied that it " was owing to the heat
alone. A current of warm air was created." I
have seen a similar plan in Florida applied to the
culture of Pineapples in the open. There, faggot
fires are kept ready to be lighted among the grow-
ing Pines, which are also protected against the
effect of radiation by an open horizontal lattice-
work, the open sections being about 1 foot
square. Thus the fruits of labour and capital
are saved for the market, and the cold conquered,
instead of causing cruel consequences, as in the
horticultural story : " Very cold last night,
gardener." " Yes, master, cruel cold — four
degrees below Nero ! "

Forestry Instruction at Cambridge.—
The syndicate appointed to consider the desira-
bility of establishing in the University a diploma
in Forestry have, says the Times, issued a report, in
which they give in detail the inquiries they have
made and the officials they have consulted. The
Governor of Ceylon states that there is in Ceylon
a need for trained forestry officers. The Lieu-
tenant-Governor of the Transvaal, Sir Henry
Blake, writes after consultation with the Con-
servator of Forests that the scientific part of the
education which men will receive at Cambridge
will be invaluable, but thinks arrangements should
be made for the practical work to be undertaken
abroad. From letters addressed to the various

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•October 28, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

313

Bursars of colleges at Cambridge, it appears that
several colleges might be able materially to
assist forestry instruction in the University by
placing woods and plantations at the disposal of
teachers in forestry. Landowners in the eastern
counties have been approached, and several have
offered considerable areas of woodland for de-
monstration purposes. There are over 1,000 acres
of woods within an hour by rail from Cambridge,
•chiefly in the Newmarket district, but there are
over 200 acres near North Road Station, within a
.few miles, and within easy reach are the Woburn
Woods of the Duke of Bedford, and the Crown
Woods in Northamptonshire. The syndicate is
of opinion that a diploma in forestry should be
established, open only to graduates of the
University.

The British Science Guild.— The Lord
Mayor has consented to preside at the inaugural
meeting of the British Science Guild, at the
Mansion House, on October 30, at -1.15 p.m., when
the following officers will be proposed, including
numerous Vice - Presidents : — President : The
Right Hon. R. B. Haldane, M.P., K.C. Chair-
man of Committees : Sir Norman Lockyer;
K.C.B., F.R.S. Vice-Chairmen : Sir William
Abney, K.C.B., F.R.S. ; Sir Lauder Brunton,
F.R.S. ; the Hon. Sir John Cockbdrn, K.C.M.G. ;
Sir Gilbert Parker, MP. A large General
"Committee will also be proposed for election, in-
cluding the names of the present Organising
Committee. The direct promotion of natural
Knowledge is stated to be outside its sphere.
Its purpose is to stimulate, not so much the
acquisition of scientific knowledge, as the
appreciation of its value, and the advantage
of employing the methods of scientific enquiry,
the study of cause and effect, in affairs of every
iind. Such methods are not less applicable to
"the problems which confront the statesman, the
^official, the merchant, the manufacturer, the
soldier, and the schoolmaster, than to those of the
chemist or the biologist ; and the value of a
scientific education lies in the cultivation which
it gives of the power to grasp and apply the prin-
ciples of investigation employed in the laboratory
to the problems which modern life presents in
■peace or war. Communications may be addressed
"to the Honorary Secretary of the British Science
■Guild, 16, Penywern Road, London, S.W.

South-eastern Agricultural College,
KENT. — A meeting of the Governors of the
-College was held at the Westminster Palace
Hotel on Monday, October 23, Lord Ashcombe,
•Chairman, presiding. The report of the Principal
(Mr. M. J. R. Dunstan) stated that one hundred
students, the largest number yet recorded, were
now attending the College, an increase of twelve
on the number for last session. The special
points in the report were the commencement of
the building extension, a gymnasium and college
hall being included, thanks to an anonymous
•donor of ,£1,000 ; the increase of the College farm
to 400 acres ; the lengthening of the Diploma
courses to three years ; the appointment of a
mycologist to investigate the fungus diseases of
Hops, fruit, and farm crops ; the recently held
•summer course for elementary schoolmasters,
and the appointment by the Colonial Office of
•Mr. E. G. Chamberlains, a College student, as
Agricultural Normal Master in British Guiana.

<TflEE6 in KlNGSWAY — On the recommenda-
tion of the Improvements Committee, it was
resolved to authorise an expenditure not exceed-
ing .£300 in connection with the planting of
.trees in Kingsway and Aldwych. Up to the
present 124 trees have been planted in those
thoroughfares, and it is calculated that 11G will
be necessary to complete the work. The total
cost of purchasing and planting the 240 trees and
providing iron tree-guards will be .£825.

CAPE of Good Hope.— Botanists will learn
with great regret of the resignation of Dr.
Macowan as Government Botanist and Curator
of the Government Herbarium on account of
advancing age. We understand that the post
will not be filled up, but that Miss Treleaven,
who has had ten years' experience in the herba-
rium, will be entrusted with its future conser-
vation.

The Nelson Centenary. — Celebrations
have been more or less in evidence all over the
Empire during the past week, and an interesting
display was seen in Trafalgar Square on Octo-
ber 21 around the monument of the famous
Admiral. Apart from the flags, including the
historical signal, the decorations were wholly
floral. The plinth of the column was entwined by
Messrs. Geo. W. Bellgrove & Co., Hammersmith,
with a festoon of Portuguese Laurel, which did
duty for the true Laurel of the ancients (Laurus
nobilis), and this terminated beneath the capital
in a circle. Wreaths of Cerasus lauro-Cerasus
were hung at either corner of the capital and of
the base, while festoons of the same evergreen
were carried from the latter to the statues of
the lions at the corners. The steps were furnished
with Chrysanthemums, Ericas, Euonymus, and
other evergreens, with here and there a plant of
the true Laurel. Pyramidal Conifers also found a
place on the steps. The base cf the column and
the centre of the steps were almost hidden by
numerous wreaths and other floral tributes,
which were mainly of large proportions, but
cannot be described as of the best taste. There
were, however, some notable designs. Chrys-
anthemums figured largely, while the ground-
works of the designs were in almost all in-
stances composed of the common garden Laurel-
Cherry. One wreath of enormous proportions
was formed with Roses, with the letter "N" in
blue Violets in the centre. It came from the
Devon Rosery and Fruit Farm, Ltd., Torquay.
An anchor of white Chrysanthemums, with
encircling ropes of scarlet Pelargoniums in a
wreath of the true Laurel, came from Man-
chester, and was well designed. A design
in the form of an anchor worked in blue
Violets, with the stock of white Chrysanthemums,
was another good device. A very large floral
anchor was sent by J. C. White, Esq. It was a
bold design and a replica of the old-fashioned
type of anchor, with large ringbolt and stock and
broad flanges. The whole was formed of a bronze
variety of pompon Chrysanthemum with larger
yellow Chrysanthemums interspersed. The Bath
Club of the Navy League, in addition to a large
wreath to the memory of Nelson, sent a charming
wreath in red, white and blue colours, which were
furnished by scarlet Pelargoniums, white Chrys-
anthemums and Violets. It was offered to the
memory of the Spanish and French sailors who
fell at Trafalgar. The Navy League also contri-
buted a wreath to the memory of our gallant foes
at Trafalgar. A charming wreath came from the
Q ueensland United Servicelnstitution. It was small
but one of the prettiest among the many, being
composed of pure white Chrysanthemums with
a knot of Coditeums (Crotons), foliage, Cycad,
&c, at the base. The Royal Society of St. George
sent a wreath of Laurus nobilis with a cross of
red Roses, ribbons, &c. It looked splendid at
the distance of the barrier, but, alas, a closer
inspection revealed the flowers to be artificial,
though even an experienced eye was almost
deceived. The Royal Navy Club sent an oval
device with margin of Bay Laurel and a flat
centre of white Chrysanthemums, on which was
worked in Violets the inscription, " A Tribute to
the Memory of Nelson." Among many more
wreaths were two from New Zealand. These
were enclosed in ice, and naturally attracted much
attention from the crowd of spectators.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED— From the Board of
Agriculture and Fisheries. Leaflets No. 128. Advice to
Beginners in Bee-keeping. No. 13y. A Mushroom Diieate
(Hypomyees perniciosus). No. 140. The Felled Beech Coccus
(Cryptococcwifagi), No. HI. The Preparation of Honey Jor
Market. No. 143. The Turnip Mud-Beetle (Helophorus
rugosus\ No. 147 Fences and Hedges. No. 149. Threshing
of Bailey. No. 153. Storing Turnips.— Proceedings of the
Agri-Horticultural Society oj Madras, April to June.
Contents : CaravoDica Cottons, two remarkable new
hybrid Cottons laised by Dr. Thomatis in North
Queen slat d: Kidtey Cotton (parent of one of the above
plants), Kohl-Kabi, &c— City of Boston : Department
of Parts. Annual Report of the Board of Commissioners,
to January 31, If05. Much improvement was made at
the several parks and playgrounds, but want of funds
has somewhat hindered operations.— Jauriud de laSociCte"
d' Horticulture du Japan, August 5. With articles in
Japanese and many coloured and uncoloured illus-
trations.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editor docs not hold himself responsible for the
opinions expressed by his Correspondents.)

nicotiana SANDER/E. — The cross predicted
for the improvement of Nicotiana Sanderte has
been successfully obtained by Messrs. Cayeux et
Leclerc, Marchands Grainiers, 8, Quai de la
Megisserie, Paris, who have raised seedlings from
a cross between N. Sanderas and N. affinis with
much larger flowers than those of N. Sandene,
and in many varied shades of colour. They have
exhibited these at one of the meetings of the
National Society of Horticulture of France, and
obtained for them an Award of Merit. They
intend offering seeds of this strain this autumn
for next summer's bloom, when I hope to grow it
instead of N. Sanderae. Another fine hybrid form
has been obtained at the Versailles National
Garden by the Director of that establishment by
crossing N. sylvestris with a red-flowered sort,
probably N. Forgetiana. The product is a form
of the tall- growing sylvestris with striped flowers.
This is figured in the Revue Borticole, and should
be very pretty, but will not be obtainable till some
one else raises a similar cross. W. E. Gumbleton.

We have about three dozen fine pot

plants, all of which are now throwing up
strong spikes of flower, ranging from 3 to 4 feet
in height, and judging from their present habit
they will be useful for furnishing the conservatory
next month. The side shoots branching from
the main flower-stem are quite 18 inches in
length, and there are eighteen to twenty of these
on some of the plants. The seed was sown in
March, and the plants have been grown in a
frame facing to the south, where a light shade
has been afforded them during the brightest hours
of the day. Unfortunately there is much varia-
tion in colour amongst them, from nearly white
to the colour we were led to expect in Nicotiana
Sanderte. When the colour has been properly
fixed this plant will undoubtedly be very valu-
able for blooming during the months of November
and December, as the flowers at present expanded
remain open all day. A. C. Smith, Lydhurst
Gardens, Haywards Heath.

AFFORESTATION. — The suggestion of the Rev.
W. Carlisle, of the Church Army, in the Evening
Standard, that a national system of tree-planting
in England would be at once the means of utilising
waste spaces profitably and bringing men back
to the land, leads us to revert to the lecture
of Dr. Henry on this subject, given at the
Horticultural Club on April 8 last, as bearing out
the Rev. W. Carlisle's contention. The simple
fact that in the Landes district of France an
absolute waste, capable only of sustaining a few
sheep and a few shepherds and their families, has
been transformed by judicious and far-seeing
Government action into valuable forest land,
which has brought no less than .£10,000,000 into
the national exchequer since its afforestation
commenced some forty years ago, affords a more
striking example of what can be done. Nor is
it merely a matter of revenue to the State, for
the entire district is now dotted with thriving
and populous villages and towns, supported not
merely by the raw timber industry, but by a
thou3and-and-one offshoots in the shape of manu-
factured articles and bye-products, involving
many trades and many kinds of labour. Here we
have an absolute proof of the Rev. W. Carlile's
argument, and the only question left is whether
climatal or soil conditions stand in the way of

314

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

[October 28, 19C5.

such schemes and enterprises on this side the
Channel. With this aspect of the case Dr. Henry
dealt exhaustively, proving by many lantern
illustrations, and also by forestal maps and de-
scriptions of geological conditions, that both the
peat-begs of Ireland and the wastes of England,
Scotland, and Wales are capable of becoming
forest land of like character, the determining
factor being always and only a minimum rainfall
of 20 inches, which can be relied upon every-
where in Great Britain, while the nature of the
soil, whether rocky or peaty, makes little differ-
ence. One essential point, however, in the eco-
nomical execution of such an enterprise would
appear to be an altogether different system of
forest culture than is here adopted. The
aesthetic aspect of the individual trees is
entirely ignored in the continental cases, the
trees being allowed to grow as closely together as
possible, so that there is bare passage-way between
them, until they reach a merchantable size
for many purposes, when they are then thinned
out. Meanwhile they have formed tall, slender
trunks, devoid — and this is a material point — of
all side branches with their attendant knots, and
consequent blemishes in the eyes of the wood
expert and wood worker. Furthermore, it is
obvious that in this way, area for area, far more
wood is grown, and thus the fullest possible
benefit is derived both ways. Such forests are
systematically thinned and cleared on successive
lines, and in the clearings it is left to the seed-
lings to reestablish the former growth by leaving
them absolutely undisturbed for several years, the
next step being the elimination of the undesir-
ables and defectives, the balance being left in the
closely-congregated condition described to form a
fresh crop of good timber. Here surely is an
invaluable object-lesson for those whose desire
it is to re-people the land and relieve the
urban pressure and distress. Emigration is
preached as the only panacea, while millions
of acres of land, available for afforestation on
continental lines, are lying waste at home, and as
in the case of the Landes formerly, are only sup-
porting on starved conditions a sparse, poverty-
stricken, and discontented peasantry. Dr. Henry's
paper will doubtless appear in the forthcoming
volume of the Journal of the Royal Horticultural
Society, and it is devoutly to be hoped that those
who have the same object in view will study it,
and the continental data upon which it was
presumably partly based, as well as upon personal
observation, and then put their heads together to
see if some practical result cannot be arrived at.
True, the proper starting of such a scheme on a
fair scale means money, and some years of waiting
for a return, but in view of the actual and not
merely theoretical results which have been
obtained elsewhere, it is difficult to believe that
the money could not be found, especially as
probably far more than the needed amount
would be uselessly squandered in bolstering up
futile schemes for the supposed benefit of
the unemployed in the same period of waiting
for a secure return in the shape of re-
deemed land and increased or rather created
prosperity. It seems indeed little less than a
scandal that a nation like Great Britain should
in this direction, as in many others of a kindred
nature, notonly does not take the initiative in such
enterprises, butfails also to profit by the experience
gained therein elsewhere and within range of easy
study, while all the time it is abundantly obvious
that they would constitute a radical cure for
many of the evils resulting from unduly crowded
populations and lack of profitable employment.
From Dublin to Killarney, for instance, there is
one unbroken stretch of waste land capable of
such redemption and consequent occupation by
thousands of contented labourers for every poverty-
stricken family now struggling thereon. Such
land can be but of little worth as it is, but under
the altered conditions would immensely increase
in value by virtue of its products, to say nothing
of the other contingent advantages cited, which
are in every way infinitely greater. Chas T.
Druery, VMM., F.L.S.

GARDENING IN FLORIDA. — There is in the
last issue of the Gardeners' Chronicle a most
realistic description of a Florida lake - side
garden, which should be, as it was to myself,
most interesting to horticulturists. I shall never

forget the pleasure of a visit a year or two ago to
Florida, whose flora and fruits, with its Orange
groves, justify its name as the garden of the
world. This, having seen many of the great
gardens of the Old and New Worlds, is, I think,
quite as deserved as the fame of the hanging
gardens of Damascus, which were to me dis-
appointing. But happily for our people, our
park-gardening is now bad to beat, and makes
London almost a " garden city." Albert K. Rollit,
Powlett Lodge, Twickenham, October 22, 1905.

FRUIT CULTURE FOR PROFIT.— As a constant
reader of your journal, I have perused with
interest the papers read by Messrs. Geo.
Bunyard and J. Cheal at the Fruit Conference.
Having gained a 3rd prize for twenty-four dis-
tinct varieties of Apples shown at the Royal
Horticultural Society's show last year (1904) my
experience may not be without interest to some
of your readers who may contemplate planting
orchards for profit. Doubtless very much may
be done by closely following the advice as to
cultivation, spraying, &c, set forth by these
experienced men, to improve the quality of our
fruit, growth of our trees, &c, but I do not think
we can ever hope to compete against the foreigner
mainly owing to the uncertainty of our English
climate. I suppose that this year there is not
a quarter of an average crop of Apples,
owing to the frosts of May 21 and 22.
My orchard of 1.500 fine bush-trees, twelve to
fifteen years old, with a few standards of older
growth, was completely devastated by the frosts
mentioned, half a bushel of Apples being the total
crop. In 1894 we had an experience exactly
similar, two severe frosts on May 20 and 21
killing almost every Apple, Pear, and Plum. My
produce for that year was one Apple ! The year
1904 was the only one in which I had a good crop,
but unfortunately the fruit was attacked by mil-
dew early in August, rendering three-quarters of
the whole unmarketable. Tons were given to the
pigs or were allowed to rot on the ground. I have
since learned that allowing the fruits to rot was
very harmful, and am now taking all measures
I can to counteract its ill effects under the advice
set forth by the Board of Agriculture. I can
prove by my books that during the fifteen years
that have passed since the bush - trees were
planted I have had no return on my capital,
the fruit sold not paying the annual labour bill ;
and I have not included my own work, for I have
done all my own pruning. I notice Messrs.
Bunyaid and Cheal both advocate the use of
shallow boxes for one, two, or three dozen Apples,
as the case may be ; but are the public prepared
to pay for them ? If any of your readers can
give me the cost of boxes, and their experience
with them, I shall feel grateful. C. 0. Walter,
Ickleton House, Wantage, Berks.

THE WEATHER— The sudden spell of un-
usually cold weather seems to be fairly general
throughout the country. Here we have had
frost on eight consecutive nights, 9° being
registered on three occasions. Fortunately all
vegetation was dry and hard, so that beyond
the inevitable killing of the foliage of all bedding
plants and tender kitchen-garden crops no damage
appears to have been done. I cannot remember
such a dry and fine October. To date we have
not had an inch of rain. A. C. Bartlett, Pencarrow
Gardens, Cornwall, October 24.

The 8° o frost which we had here

on the night of the 16th inst. caused much
injury to our Chrysanthemums, destroying all
the open and opening flowers. This was at a
time, too, when there happened to be a good
demand for white flowers. I am afraid it will
destroy my | acre of plants, which were meant to
afford supplies of fine good blooms well into the
third week in November, of such good varieties as
Soleil d'Octobre, Source d'Or (yellow and bronze),
Lizzie Adcock, &c. A big loss. H. W. W., Essex,

Much damage has been done here by the

unexpected frost, for many tender plants were
still outside. Some fine old standard Heliotropes
seventeen years old which were planted out, with
stems 3 inches in diameter and heads 6 feet
through, with branches sweeping to the ground,
are quite dead. The frost registered from

Ojtobsr 15 to October 23 inclusive was as
follows:— 12°, 0°, 7°, 9', 11°, 14°, 11°, 13°, 11°.
Fred/.-. Bedford, Straffan House Gardens, Straffan-
Station, Co. Kildare, October 21.

drip. — In reply to "A. R." (see p. 303) he
should write to W. Duncan Tucker, horticultural
builder, of South Tottenham. He would send
him particulars of Tucker's Anti-Drip Roof Bars,
which provide a grooved channel for carrying
away any condensation. The channel in this
particular bar is formed a certain distance from
the glass, enabling it to be cleaned from dust,
and leaves sufficient space for painting. J). Swain>
19, Firs Avenue, Muswell Hill, N,

LAW NOTE.

Glass-house Assessment. Rating appeal,

A. M. Kemsley and the Rochford Union
Assessment Committee.

At the Chelmsford Quarter Sessions on the?
18th and 19th inst., an appeal was made by
Arthur Mills Kemsley, of Great Wakering, Essex,
against the Poor-rate Assessment of .£450 gross
and £300 rateable, upon thirty-eight glass-houses,,
boilers, stokeholes, water supply and packing-
sheds, erected by him upon a portion of his farm,
in the parish of North Shoebury.

Mr. Humphreys, coimsel for the appellant, in his-
opening remarks stated that the appellant was
the owner of Crouchman's Farm, comprising an.
area of about 63 acres, 4 acres 3 roods 4 perches of
which were assessed in connection with the
nursery business, and of this area nearly 3 acres-
were covered by glass-houses, packing-sheds, and
stokeholes. The glass-houses, thirty-eight in
number, had been erected in 1897. 1898 and 1902,
at a cost of about ^£5,268, but they had depre-
ciated in value since that date, and he asked that
the assessment should be amended to .£187 10s.
gross and to .£125 rateable. One additional
glasshouse, erected since the property was valued
on behalf of the respondent Union, but before the
rate appealed against was made, was treated by)
the respondents as being included in the rate.

Expert evidence was then called.

Mr. A. Lee Roger, Manager for Mr. W. Duncan.'
Tucker, Horticultural Builder, estimated the
present structural value of the thirty-eight-
glasshouses, with the heating apparatus thereto,
sheds, &c, at .£3,422, and that the same would
cost .£4,472 to erect at the present time.

Mr. C. P. Kinnell, of Messrs. C. P. Kinnell A.
Co., hot-water engineers, had made an inspection
of the heating apparatus and fittings and boilers,
and valued the same at .£96(3 18s. The boilers-
had depreciated very much owing to the action
of the water. He estimated their cost at the-
present time new at .£1,100.

Mr. P. Michael Faraday, of Messrs. Faraday
& Rodgers, rating surveyor, of Chancery Lane,
stated that he accepted Mr. A. Lee Rogers'
figures as to the present structural value of the-
property, and estimated the present annual value-
of the glass-houses at .-£171 gross and .£114 rate-
able. The properties depreciated very much-
each year, and in his opinion .£114 would be a-
fair rental for a tenant to pay, he doing ordinary
repairs.

Mr. J. B. Slade, of the firm of Protheroe &
Morris, was next called. He stated that he had
been instructed by Mr. Kemsley to make a
valuation of his property, and had also been
consults d by a large number of the growers
throughout the Union. He had taken their
cases before the Assessment Committee, but had
failed to obtain any adequate relief. Sir.
Kemsley's thirty-eight glasshouses (excluding
the one recently erected) comprised a total length
of 5,375 feet fitted with about 24,956 feet of
4 and 5-inch hot-water piping, driven by fifteen
tubular boilers in five stokeholes, two packing-

OCTOBEK 28, 19C5..]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

315

sheds, well with two vertical boilers, two pulso-
meters, tanks, and water - service pipes and
fittings. The additional house was 120 feet
0 inches in length by 30 feet in width, with
9 - inch outer walls, and was fitted with
about 532 feet of 4 - inch piping. He
estimated the present structural value of the
thirty-eight houses at .£3,758, and of the addi-
tional house, £150. He had formed his estimate
of the rateable value of the property first, and
-this he considered should be fixed at £125 ; to
•this he added the customary allowance for build-
ings of this character, which would make the
gross annual value £187 IBs. He did not consider
that the one-third allowance off the gross value
was a sufficient sum, as glass-houses decreased in
■value considerably every year, particularly after
the first few years, and became practically worth-
less in about twenty years. A sinking-fund of
3 per eent. should, in his opinion, be allowed in
•addition to the usual one-third.

Mr. Avort then addressed the Bench for the
respondents. The Justices were bound to take
Mr. Kemsley into account as a hypothetical
tenant and to consider what rent he would be
prepared to give for the property. With regard
to the question of structural value, he contended
that the value of the buildings should be taken
at what they would cost to erect, and that their
present capital value could not be taken into
consideration. He would call evidence in support
of his case.

Mr. T. Dinwiddt, of Messrs. Dinwiddy & Sons,
valuers for the Assessment Committee, was first
•called. He had valued the whole of the glass-
houses throughout the Union, and fixed Mr.
sKemsley's property at £403 gross and £309 rate-
able. This was reduced on appeal to £450 gross
and £300 rateable. A new house which had been
•erected was not built when he made his valua-
tion. He had revised his figures, and estimated
the rateable value at £333 and the gross annual
value at £499. The structural value he put down
at £G,500. Of the'fifty-two horticultural pro-
perties which he had valued in the Union only
two small ones were rented by the occupants.

Mr. H. Trustram Eve, of J. R. Eve & Son, of
Bedford, was next called. He considered theEe
houses the best he had ever valued, and he esti-
mated the present rateable value of the property,
including the new house recently erected, at the
sum of £411 10s., and the gross annual value at
£501 10s. In forming his opinion he had taken
Mr. Kemsley into consideration as a possible
tenant.

Mr. J. T. White, of Bedford, estimated that
■the whole of the buildings, with the heating
apparatus and fittings and water service, could
not be replaced under £G,800. He had not
formed any opinion as to the present structural
value.

Mr. Constam, in summing-up evidence for the
respondents, contended that the structural value
is the value at which the buildings could be re-
placed, and what the Court must look at is re-
placement or the amount for which they could be
«rected to-day by a contractor.

Mr. Humphreys then addressed the Court
■briefly.

The Justices allowed the appeal, and reduced
the assessment to £3G0 gross and £240 rateable,
to include the new house, with costs to the
■appellant.

BUNYARD'S PHYSALIS.

At fig. 123 is shown part of a fruiting spray of
a hybrid Physalis exhibited by Messrs. Geo.
Bunyard & Co., Eoyal Nurseries, Maidstone, and
raised from a cross effected between P. Francheti
and P. Alkekengt. The coloured calyces are
much less in size than those of P. Francheti, and
in general appearance the hybrid is about
intermediate between the parents. When the
growths are cut and the calyces fully coloured,
the leaves are still in a fresh condition, and for
this reason as well as for the less stiff character of

FIG. 123.— BUNYARD S PHYSALIS.

the shoots as compared with P. Francheti, the
hybrid may be more valued for use in decorative
purposes.

"Names. — Whilst wincing under the reproaches
tff those who complain of botanical nomenclature,
it is consolatory to find that others are in the
same position as ourselves. The Pharmaceutical
Journal, for instance, recently alluded to a process
for the preparation of a substance known as

" Metaiodinorthooxyquinolinanasulfonic acid."
We should not like to inscribe many labels with
ihat name.

SOCIETIES.

— « —

THE EOYAL HOETICULTUBAI.

October 21. — The usual fortnightly meeting of the
Royal Horticultural Society on Tuesday last, at the
Hall in Vincent Square, was accompanied by a com-
pstitive show of vegetables which failed to satisfy
expectations. It was urged by some that the prizes
offered for competition were insufficient to recompense
the exhibitor for the trouble and expense involved in
bringing vegetables to Westminster, and it is likely
tliat this was one reason for the small number of
exhibitors who took part in making the display.

Apart from the vegetables, the Fruit and Vegetable
Committee had little of special interest before them,
and this body made no awards to novelties other than
Potatos.

Of Orchids there was an excellent show, and
novelties were very numerous and good, especiallv a
new species of Oncidium. The awards recommended
by this Committee included one First-class Certificate
and eleven Awards of Merit.

The Floral Committee was largely concerned with
Chrysanthemums and Carnations, to which several
awards were made. The only other plant so dis-
tinguished was the old Mexican species Antigonon
leptopus.

Iu the afternoon eighteen new Fellows were elected,
and Mr. W. P. Wright read a paper on the subject of
Potatos.

Floral Committee.

Pi-' " i'( W. Mars-hall, Esq. (Chairman), and Mess]
Jas. Walker, W. Cuthbertson, H. J. Jones, W. 1'.
Thomson, E. H. Jenkins, W. J. James, C. T. Druery,
H. B. May, C. E. Shea, C. R. Fielder, W. Bain, Chas.
Jeffries, Chas. Dixon, R. C. Notcutt, W. Howe, R.
Hooper Pearson, O. J. Salter, E. T. Cook, H. J. Cut-
bush, Jno. Jennings, Rev. F. Page Roberts, Ed.
Mawley, and James Hudson.

J. T. Bennett-Poe, Esq., V.M.H., 29, Ashley Place,
S.W., showed a batch of Nerine hybrids. Great
diversity of form and colour was seen in the varieties.
The best noted were those labelled N. sarniensiscorusca
pallida, with good-sized ft wers of light-scarlet colour ;
N. Miss NYillmott, a variety with large flowers of deep
orange-scarlet colour, and a crimson-maroon-coloured
hybrid atro-rubens x elegans carminata (Silver Banksian
Medal).

Mr. C. ENGLEMANN, Honeybrook Nurseries, Saffron
Wahlen, Essex, showed a few pot- plants of Tree
Carnations.

Messrs. Geo. Bunyard & Co., Maidstone, again
showed their new hybrid Physalis (see fig. 123).

Messrs. John Peed k Son, West Norwood, put up
an extensive collection of flowering Begonias of the
varieties Mrs. Leopold de Rothschild, Turnford Hall,
and compacta.

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, King's Road, Chelsea,
contributed a bright display of winter - flowering
Begonias. Arranged at the background were small
Palms, Ferns. 4c, with Salwa Pitched and Leonotis
Leonurus, the two last named being in flower. The
Begonias were dwarf, freely-flowering snecimens. B.
Ideala and Mrs. Heal are excellent varieties of this
type of Begonia (Silver Flora Medal).

Mr. E. Dean, Woodvale, South Norwood, staged a
batch of plants of Primula Forbesii, which carried
numerous flower-spikes, but the individual "pips"
were small.

Mr. H. B. May, Dyson's Lane Nurseries, Upper
Edmonton, showed au extensive gioup of Ferns and
greenhouse flowering plants — Bouvardias, Statice pro-
fusa, improved forms of Veronicas Hendersoni and
speciosa, &c. The Bouvardias were very noteworthy
(Silver Flora Medal).

Messrs. W. Bull & Sons, King's Road, Chelsea,
showed a small batch of stove and greenhouse foliage
plants. Grevillea Banksii was noticed in flower.

Mr. A.mos Perry, Hardy Plant Nurseries, Winch-
more Hill, London, N., showed two dozen well-
flowered plants of Saxifraga Fortunei, with a number
of plants of Chaenostoma hispidum arranged as an
edging to the group.

Messrs. Wm. Cutbush & Son, Highgate, London, N.,
showed hardy flowers, with a few Chrysanthemums in
pots, and some well berried plants of Skimmia sinensis.
Mention must also be made of dwarf pyramidal-trained
Hollies with berries (Bronze Flora Medal).

Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Enfield Nurseries, High-
gate, staged a miscellaneous collection of plants and
flowers. They had, among other things, Clerodendron
fallax in good form, Begonia Gloire de Lorraine, Bou-
gainvillea spectabilis, Acacia platyptera, a collection
of Ericas, including the beautiful E. gracilis nivalis,
coloured Dracsenas, small plants of C.trusjaponici
in fruit, and some remarkably good Carnations.

J. Gikney-Fowlek, Esq., Glebelands, Essex (gr."l
Mr. Davis), showed a number of pot plants of Capsi-
cums that were literally covered with fruits, which
much resembled the small Chilies used in conserving
pickles, &c. (Silver Banksian Medal).

Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, Surrey, brought a
quantity of berried plants of Aucuba vera and
Skimmia Fortunei. The plants were not more than a
foot in height, and made a very bright show with their
pleasing scarlet berries.

Mr. E. Potten, Camden Nursery. Cranbroo'i, Kent,
displayed a number of pot plants of a form of Cupressus
Lawsoniaua, named Potteni.

Sir H. B. Samuelson, Bt., Bray wick Grove,
Maidenhead (gr. Mr. A. Tidy), staged a dozen plants of
Cyclamen.

316

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 28, 1905.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, Kent, showed
bunches of Zonal Pelargoniums in the style and quality
for which this firm is famous. Adjoining the Pelar-
goniums were vases containing single blooms of
Japanese Chrysanthemums. The display included such
handsome varieties as Rosy Morn, Amateur Conseil,
Sappho, Mrs. T. Dunn, Mrs. A. T. Miller, Beatrice
May, &c. Some large flowers of the single-flowered type
found a place in the collection, one labelled Autumn
Glory being of a good clear yellow colour and of com-
mendable form (Silver-gilt Flora Medal).

W. G. RlGDEN, Esq., Queenswood, Englefield Green,
Egham, showed a new incurved Chrysanthemum
named Maud Fowes.

Messrs. W. Wells & Co., Merstham, Surrey, staged
four exhibition boxes containing large blooms of
Japanese Chrysanthemums, at the back of which were
bamboo epergnes containing examples of the charming
single type of these flowers. The exhibition blooms
were a meritorious lot, the best examples being Mrs.
D. Willis James, E. J. Brooks (grand flowers), A, L.
Stevens, Sappho, Madame Gustave Henri, Valerie
Greenham. Several unnamed seedlings were included
in the display. Among the singles were such fine
varieties as Merstham Beauty, Mrs. C. Curtis, Dis-
tinction, and Early Queen.

Seedling Chrysanthemums were also shown by Mr.
H. Perkins, Greenlands, Henley-on-Thames; Mr. W.
J. Godfrey, Mr. Mileham, gr. to A. T. Miller, Esq.,
Emlyn House, Leatherhead ; Mr. H. J. Jones,
Ryeeroft Nurseries, Lewisham, and Mr. Fairweather,
Bifrons, Canterbury.

Awards.
Awards of Merit
were recommended to the following plants : —

Antigonon leptopus (see illustration in Gardeners'
Chronicle, June 2!), 18115, p. 707).— This i* an old
Polygonaeeous climbing plant or trailer, which was
introduced to this country from Mexico in 18C8. The
flowers are of rich rose colour, and when produced freely
as in the specimen shown by Lieut.-Col. Basil Spragce,
Hoddom Castle, Ecclefechan, N.B., they are exceed-
ingly attractive. The plant is not common in English
gardens, and it appears that some cultivators have
ceased to grow it because it will not produce flowers if
grown out-of-doors during summer, and is rather shy
even indoors. Nevertheless, the species is very well
worth cultivation by those having a large warm green-
house or stove, where the plant may ramble freely and
have its growths well exposed to the sunlight.

Chrysanthemum Mrs. Frank Pcnn. — A large
Japanese flower of a deep yellow colour. The florets
are not extremely long, and they droop but little. In
shade of colour the flowers are rather deeper than
other yellow exhibition varieties. Shown by Mr.
Fairweather, Canterbury.

C. Mrs- A. T. Miller.— A white Japanese incurved
flower, with broad florets having spoon-shaped tips. A
flower of considerable promise. Shown by Mr. H. J.
Jones, Hither Green Nurseries, Lewisham.

C. Mrs. R. Hooper Pearson.— A large but refined
yellow Japanese flower, with broad drooping florets of
great length. The colour is deep golden-yellow, and on
later buds considerable bronze colour is developed in
the centre florets.

C. Norman Davis. — A crimson-coloured Japanese
flower with bronze reverse, which shows to a con-
siderable extent. The two varieties above were shown
by Mr. Norman Davis, Framfield Nurseries, near
Uckfield.

C. Rimmel. — A single-flowered variety, coloured
yellow. The flowers have more than one row of florets,
and are scarcely refined ; but the habit is very free,
and the variety will make one of considerable value
for use in decorations. Shown by Messrs. H. C'ANNELL
& Sons, Swanley.

C. Terra-rotta Soleil dVOclobrc.— Like Bronze Soleil
d'Octobre, this variety is a sport from the well-known
yellow October-flowering variety, and is a shade of
colour that will meet with appreciation. Shown by
Messrs. G. Prickett & Sons, Tottenham.

Carnation The Cardinal. — A very deeply-coloured
crimson Tree Carnation with fringed petals. Shown
by Mr. C. Engelmann, Saffron Walden.

C. Victory. — A good tree variety, with flowers having
a yellow ground and edged with deep-rose colour.
Shown by Messrs. Geo. Botes & Co., Leicester.

Orchid Committee.

Present : J. Gurney Fowler, Esq. (in the Chair)
and Messrs. Jas. O'Brien (Hon. Sec), De B. Crawshay,
W. A. Bilney, E. Ashworth, R. G. Thwaites, J. Col-
man, J. Charlesworth, A. A. McBean, H. Ballantine,
G. F. Moore, W. H. White, F. J. Thorne, J. W.
Odell, H. A. Tracy, W. H. Young, W. Boxall, F. W.
Ashton, F. Wellesley, and H. J. Veitch.

There was quite a revival in Orchid exhibits, and a
fine show was the result, the Committee voting one
First-class Certificate, nine Awards of Merit, and two
Botanical Certificates.

Baron Sir H. Schroder, The Dell, Egham (gr., Mr.
H. Ballantine), was awarded a Silver-gilt Flora Medal
for a group of great variety and interest. The group
was made up of fine Cattleyas, including showy-
varieties of C. labiata, C. x Mantini nobilior (one
specimen bearing three spikes of thirty flowers), C.
Bowringiana (one of the original masses obtained in
1888), good C. Dowiana aurea, and others. Among
them were many graceful sprays of Dendrobium I'ha-
laenopsis, Odontoglossum crispum, O. grande, and its
variety aureum. Specially fine among the Cypripe-
diums was a pan of C. x Maudire " The Dell " variety ,
with three very large and finely-formed flowers of a
clear emerald-green and white ; others were two plants
of C. Fairrieanum, C. purpuratum, C. x Baron
Schroder, C. x H. Ballantine, C. x Deedmannianum,
and a pretty hybrid resembling C. x triumphans. The
most remarkable plant was a sturdy specimen of the
large and curiously-formed Angrrecum infundibulare
with large white labellum and remarkable spur.

Jeremiah Colman, Esq., Gatton Park (gr., Mr.
W. P. Bound), secured a Silver-gilt Flora Medal for a
very fine group. At one end was a batch of Cypri-
pedium x Arthurianum of a very large type ; another
of a number of C. insigne Sandene, all propagated
from a plant with four leaves since 1900 ; good Cattleya
labiata, including a plant of the blue-tinted C. 1.
cierulea. A batch of Ladia pumila and L. prrestans
occupied the centre, and included some very richly
coloured forms, and the white L pnestans Gatton
Park variety, which has a slate-blue front to the
lip, &c.

Messrs. Charlesworth & Co., Heaton, Bradford,
again staged one of their fine groups of showy hybrids,
which secured a Silver-gilt Flora Medal. The best of
the hybrids were Cattleya x Iris, C. x Vulcan, C. X
Fernand Denis, C. x Weedoniensis var. Kubelik, Ladio-
Cattleya x Haroldiana, the pretty L.-C. X Alcyone
(L. flava x C. Schilleriana), and other LadioCattleyas ;
hybrids of Brassavola Digbyana, Masdevallia X
Imogen, and others. The species were represented by
several Vanda cierulea, good Cypripedium insigne,
Odontoglossum crispum (one nicely spotted variety),
good Dendrobium Phah-enopsis, including a white
form ; and various others.

Messrs. Stanley & Co., Southgate, were awarded a
Silver Flora Medal for a group containing very good
forms of Cattleya labiata, two/>f them named " Dawn "
and "Coldreyi" having white sepals and petals, the
disc of the lip yellow, and with rose-pink markings on
the front. At the back of the group were fine sprays
of Oncidium varicosum.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford (gr., Mr.
W. H. White), showed a fine basket of the vermilion-
scarlet Habenaria militaris ; an interesting collection of
Miltonias, including M. Candida grandiHora and its
variety violacea ; M. Clowesii, M. Regnelli superba,
M. x Binotii, M. x Lamarckeana, and others, all
being finely grown and flowered.

Messrs. Sander & Sons, St. Albans, showed Cvm-
bidium x Gammieanum with four spikes of pretty
yellowish flowers striped with red-brown ; Cypripedium
insigne "D. S. Brown," a massive and finely marked
variety ; Vanda Sanderiana, &c.

Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Enfield, staged a group in
which were good Dendrobium Phaloenopsis, Cypri-
pedium x Baron Schroder, C. insigne varieties, C. X
Henry Graves, Lselio-Cattleya x Lady Rothschild, the
singular Epidendrum floribundum, and several hybrid
Miltonias, together with a selection of Dendrobium
Phal.-enopsis Schroderianum.

The Right Hon. Lord Rothschild. Tring Park (gr.,
Mr. A. Dye), showed a cut inflorescence of Laelio-
Cattleya x luminosa superba, a large flower with
purple-veined petals and rich claret-purple lip.

J. Gurnet Iowler, Esq., Glebelands, South Wood-
ford (gr., Mr. J. Davis), sent Cattleya >: Lord Nelson
(Harrisoniana x Mossiae picta), Cypripedium x bingley-
ense iEneas, and the new and pretty Cymbidium x
Maggie Fowler (see Awards).

The Right'Hon. the Earl of Tankerville, Cbilling-
ham Castle, Northumberland, showed Sophro-Ladia x
heatonensis of a bright purplish - red colour, and'
Cypripedium x Lord Ossulston.

W. M. Appleton, Esq., Weston-super-Mare, sent
two varieties of Ladio-Cattleya x bletchleyensis, and
Cypripedium Charlesworthii Weston variety.

Elijah Ashworth, Esq., Harefield Hall, Wilmslow
(gr., Mr. Holbrook), showed Dendrobium Phala?nopsis-
var. E. Ashworth, and D. P. alba.

C. J. Lucas, Esq., Warnham Court, Horsham (gr.,.
Mr. Duncan), sent Ladio-Cattleya X Duncani (L.-C.
x Gottoiana x C. x Hardyana).

Francis Welleslet, Esq.. Westfield, Woking (gr..
Mr. Hopkins), showed Cypripedium x Hopkinsianum
(bellatulum x Mastersianum), a good cream -white
flower tinged and densely spotted with purple ; a plant
of C. tonsum Westfield variety with six flowers ; C. x
De Vere (Charlesworthii x aureum, C. x Baron'
Schroder var. punctatum ; C. x Gaston Bulteel"
(V Harrisianum superbum x Fairrieanum), a very/
distinct hybrid.

J. Buchanan, Esq., Savington Park, Petworth (gr..
Mr. Ely), showed a selection of hybrid Cypripediums.

Mrs. Collingwood, Lilburn Tower, Alnwick (gr.,.
Mr. Lovett), sent a spike of Dendrobium Statterianunu

C. K. Wild, Esq., Eltham (gr., Mr. Usher), sent
Cattleya Bowringiana.

A. E. Bainbridge, Esq., Lynwood, Newcastle (gr.,
Mr. Bell), again sent the Odontoglossum grande Lyn-
wood variety brought to the Hall a fortnight ago, when
there was no meeting. The plant had two spikes oi'
eight and seven flowers.

Sir John Edwards-Moss, Bart., sent a flower of i
variety of Cattleya aurea with much yellow on the lip.

F. G. Gledstanes, Esq., Taplow (gr., Mr. Milson),
sent a good specimen of Vanda Sanderiana.

E. Lowther, Esq., Tindels Park, Bristol, showed
Oncidium prretextum Gravesianum.

Awards.

First- class Certificate.
Oncidium Leopold ianum, from Elijah Ashworth,.
Esq., Harefield Hall, Wilmslow (gr., Mr. Holbrook), a*
very handsome and remarkable species not previously
shown. The plant has the habit of the 0. macranthum.
section, and bore along flexuose, branched inflorescence
of many flowers. The flowers, which are about an.
inch and a half across have nearly equal, broadly ovate
sepals and petals, white near the margin and light
rose in the middle, a broad labellum, with a
nearly circular purplish crimson blade, and yellow
callus on a light ground at the base. The flowers bear a.
slight resemblance to those of the hybid Odontonia x
Lairessii, but are much handsomer ; a very remark-
able species nearest to Oncidium corynephorm Lindley,.
only known by dried specimens.

Awards of Merit.
Cypripedium x Germainc Opoix (Madame Cofhnet-
x Fairrieanum), from Francis Welleslet, Esq. (gr.
Mr. Hopkins). — A very massive and beautifully marked
hybrid, pronounced by many to be the finest Fairrie-
anum cross. Upper sepal broad and flat, white above,
greenish-yellow on the lower half, all but the margin
having fine spotted lines of dark-purple. Petals and
lip broad and finely displayed, yellowish tinged with
purple, the petals having dark-purple spots at the base.

Cypripedium x G. G. Whitclegge (Euryale x bella-
tulum), from Messrs. Sander & Sons. — A fine addition
to the C. bellatulum crosses of the C. William Lloyd
class. Flowers tinted with rose and spotted with
chocolate-purple.

Cymbidium x Maggie Fouler (giganteum x elegans),
from J. Gurnet Fowler, Esq. (gr., Mr. J. Davis).— A
very elegant and charmingly-coloured natural hybrid,
with flowers nearest to those of C. giganteum. Flowers
cream-white, with closely arranged lines of light reddish'-
brown on the sepals and petals, and blotches of the
same colour on the lip. The flowers are also very
fragrant.

Cattleya X Lord Rothschild var.' Fairy Queen
(Gaskelliana alba x Dowiana aurea), from Messrs.
Charlesworth & Co. — A very pretty and finely-
formed flower ; white with a yellow disc to the lip, and'
an irregular band of rose-purple in front.

Cattleya X Marie Hcnricttc de Wavrin (Loddigesii
x Rex), from the Marquis de Wavrin, Chateau de
Rousele, Belgium (gr., Mr. De Geest).— An attractive-

OCTOBER 28, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

317

andfloriferous hybrid with creamy-white flowers, having
an orange-coloured disc to the lip, in front of which is
a narrow purple blotch.

Cypripedium x Lord Ossulston (Leeanum virginale
x C'harlesworthii album), from the Right Hon. the
Earl of Tankerytlle. — Resembling an albino of
C. Charlesworthii, the fine dorsal sepal being pure
white with a small greenish base.

Masdevattia cucullata, from Jeremiah Colman,
Esq., Uatton Park (gr., Mr. W. P. Bound). — Flowers
dark claret-purple, each being furnished with a hooded
bract. The finely-grown plant had six flowers.

Dendrobium Phalosnopsis "Miss Louisa Deanc,"
from G. F. Moore, Esq., Bourton on-the-Water (gr.,
Mr. Page). — A model flower, blush-white with clear
pale rose markings on the lip.

Laiio-Caltlei/a x Clivc Appletons variety, from
W. M. Appleton, Esq., resembling a good form of
L.-C. x Ingrami. Sepals and petals rose coloured ; lip
deep claret - purple, with gold lines at the base
(Botanical Certificate).

Epidcndnm tricolor, from Sir Tbevob Lawrence,
Bart, (gr., W. H. White). — A very singular species of
slender growth, and hearing a dense raceme of pretty
creamy-white flowers with red labellums.

Seraphyta iitultiflora, from Sir Trevor Lawrence,
Bart. — Inflorescence branched ; flowers greenish.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

Present : Geo. Bunyard, Esq. (in the Chair) ; and
Messrs. John Wright, Jos. Cheal, W. Bates, J.
Mclndoe, S. Mortimer, A. Dean, W. Pope, H. Parr,
W. Fyfe, H. J. Wright, Geo. Keif, H. Somers Rivers,
W. H. Divers, G. Reynolds, Ed. Beckett, John Lyne,
F. Q. Lane, J. Jaques, Geo. Norman, J. Willard,
O. Thomas, H. Foster, W. Poupart, and A. H. Pearson.

From Mr. J. H. RIDC.EWELL, The Gardens, Histon,
Cambridge, were shown specimens of a vegetable
obtained from crossing the Winnigstadt Cabbage with
Cambridge Champion Brussels- Sprout, the Cabbage
being the seed-bjarer. The plants pro luce large, very
hard Cabbages, almost equal to Winnigstadt, and
sprouts grow from the axil of every leaf also. It is an
attempt to get two crops from the one plant, and may
possibly be favoured by some airuteurs. In any case
the progeny is intermediate between the parents.

The Chinese Cabbage, Brassica sinensis variety " Pe-
t-sai Improved," was shown by Jas. Brown, Esq.,
Knockbrex, Kirkcudbright, N B. (gr., Mr. T. Bennett),
who exhibited several "heads.11 These had an appearance
more like that of a Lettuce than of a Cabbage. Each leaf
had a broad white stem and veins, but there was very
little "heart " development, and as shown this vege-
table would not appear to be of great use in this
country as a variety of Cabbage. A description of the
several varieties of this Cabbage was published in the
Gardeners Chronicle for May 19, 1888, p. 619, also a
few particulars of its behaviour under cultivation at
Kew, where it has been since the year 1887. (See also
notes in the Gardeners' Chronicle, December Hi, 1899,
p. 457, and December 23, 1809, p. 474.)

Several seedling Apples were shov. n for the Com-
mittee's inspection, also tubers of a large Potato named
Glory of the West. These latter were shown by
Messrs. Garaway & Co., Bristol. No award was made
to any of these, or to a seedling Melon from another
exhibitor.

Messrs. Hcgh Low & Co., Enfield Nurseries, High-
gate, staged a collection of about forty dishes of Apples
and Pears. The display included some good Apples,
the varieties Chas. Ross and Allington Pippin being
magnificent specimens. We also noticed good dishes of
Mere de Menage, Norfolk Beauty, Jas. Grieve and
Gascoyne's Scarlet. The remainder of the Apples and
the Pears did not call for any special mention (Silver
Banksian Medal).

Mr. Jas. Lawson, Superintendent of the Practical
Department at the Horticultural College, Swanley,
staged two dozen seedling Melons. They were all of
the yellow, reticu'ated-skinned type, and showed good
culture, the fruits being well finished and of splendid
colour (Silver Banksian Medal).

Mr. Robt. Holmes, Tuckwood Farm, Norwich,
showed a variety of Rhubarb named Burbank's
Crimson Winter. There appeared to be nothing
remarkable about the petioles, which were small, save
that tbey are in season at a time when there is little
demand for Rhubarb.

Messrs. Vilmorin, Andrieux et Cie, 4, Quai de la
Megisserie, Paris, sent a collection of Potatos com-

prising eighteen kinds, and said to be the more popular
varieties in France. They were an incongruous-
looking lot of tubers, misshapen, small, scabbed, many
with deep seated "eyes," and such as in this country
would not find favour. However, they had yellow
flesh, and the Superintendent was requested by the
Committee to have them cooked and report on their
culinary merits.

Messrs. Dobbie & Co , Rothesay, sent three new
Potatos, named respectively Table Talk, Dalmeny
Early, and The Provost. They were recommended by
the Committee for trial at Wisley.

Mr. T. A. Scarlett, Market Street, Edinburgh,
brought four Potatos for Certificate, including a black
kidney Potato named Trochie Grant. This variety is
said to have been grown continuously since 1745, ami
that no tuber has ever been known to contract disease.

Messrs. H. Canneli. & Sons, Swanley, showed
fifteen heads of Cabbage Cannell's Reliance, pointed,
full hearted, and having but little waste leaf. They
were of medium size.

Awards.

The following varieties of Potatos received an Award
of Merit after trial at Wisley, and after the Committee
had tasted them when cooked : — The Qardener
(Sinclair), Dalhousie Seedling (Kent & Brydon),
Duchess of Cornwall (Dobbie & Williamson), and
Forbes's Sensation (FORBES).

The following variety was highly commended :
Forbes's Marvel (Forbes).

THE VEGETABLE SHOW.

The show of vegetables was of much less extent than
was expected. The collections of vegetables formed
the chief centre of attraction to the visitors, especially
to the professional class. Extravagance in the size of
the productions shown was not much in evidence, if
we except the Parsnips, Celery, Totatos, and Cauli-
flowers. Some of the Parsnips were 3 feet long,
tapering like Carrots, and such roots are most wasteful
in use, the lower half being too watery to be edible.
Celery was too gross and hard to be pleasant eating to
most persons ; and of what use are Potato tubers
weighing three-quarters of a pound and measuring
6 inches in length, or Cauliflowers 9 inches In diameter '.'
Collt ctionof \'"i- tablt $ arran t> dona spuc> of not m >>•■
than QOsquan ft i t. "/" " to tin Tradt only. — 1st, Messrs.
Canneli. & Sons, Swanley, Kent. The whole of the
exhibit was embedded in Parsley-leaves, including the
bankattherearof theexhibit. Into thislastwere inserted
thirty-six heads of Cannell's Autumn Giant Cauli-
flower, the bank topped with heads of Kales in
variety. In tiie front were placed dishes of Potatos to
the number of twenty-two, among which were very nice,
not over large tubers of Sutton's Discovery, School-
master, Early Puritan, Up-to-Date, Windsor Castle,
Early Bird, The Factor, and Snowdrop in white
varieties, and of coloured, Edgecote Purple, Early
American Rose, Herd Laddie, Pink Perfection, Pro-
fessor Wolthmann, Flourball, and selected Russet, all
capital produce for such land as that at Eynsford, where
these and the other vegetables were grown. The speci-
mens of Ailsa Craig, Selected Giant, and Cranston's Ex-
celsior Onions were very good, as were Cannell's Winner,
New Red, and Market Favourite Carrots. There were
also Beetroots, Turnips, Brussels-Sprouts, and Pars-
nips (Silver-gilt Knightian Medal).

Collection of Vegetables arranged on a spitccofnot more
than 20/ce£, open to tin Trail* only. — 1st, Messrs. J.
('heal & Sons, Lowfield, Crawley, with a varied
collection, extra good be'ng Totatos Up-to-Date,
Ninetyfold, Triumph, Windsor Castle and Sir J. D. T.
Llewelyn ; Carrots, Scarlet Model, Early Shorthorn,
French Shorthorn, Early Nantes, St. Valery and
Champion Scarlet Horn. Excellent Turnip-rooted
Beets, and Onions of a useful size, viz., James's,
Keeping and specimen bulbs of Magnum Bonum and
Cocoanut were likewise shown. A nice Cabbage-
Lettuce named Continuity was observed. Cauliflowers
Autumn Giant and Mammoth were shown too large for
ordinary table use. The Wroxton and Dwarf Gem
Brussels-Sprouts were of moderate size and firm. There
were also Leeks, Parsnips and Tomatos (Silver Knightian
Medal).

Collection covering not man than 36 feet [Amateurs
and Gardeners). — 1st, Right Hon. Lord Aldenham
(gr., Mr. E. Beckett), Aldenham House, Elstree. This
was a very superior collection and most varied.
Celery Aldenham Perfection and Carter's Solid Ivory
were both very good, the first-named more especially ;
Cabbage Winnigstadt and Early Dwarf Ulm Savoy,
and the various forms of Autumn Giant Cauliflowers

were the purest white ; Lett ice Giant Cos was good
for the season, as were the Turnip-rooted and long-
rooted Beets. Canadian Wonder, French and Runner
Eea is, Scarlet Wonder, Ailsa Craig, Holborn Exhibi-
tion, and Carter's Record Onions were of the largest
size. Some fine, long, red Carrots, and such Potatos
as Sir J. D. L'ewelyn, Breeze, The Dean, Windsor
Castle, Cigarette an I Goldfinder, house-grown Mush-
rooms and Tomatos in variety, Salsafy, Cardiff Castle,
and Carter's Ideal Cucumbers were as good as possible.
The Maltese Parnsips were of very fine growth and
clear in the skin, and ran less to a taper than some
others we noted. Scorzonera roots were rather above
the usual size ; Distinction and Stagshorn Lettuces,
and the various Cap-icums, and Stachys tuberifera
(Crosnes) the Endives, Carter's Model and Batavian
were well worthy of notice for their perfect blanching.
Collection to occupy not more than twenty-four feci
(Amateurs awl Gardeners). — 1st, John Kebr, Esq.,
M.P., Gaddesden Place, Hemel Hempstead (gr., Mr.
H. Folkes). This was a very fine exhibit and as
varied in its contents as is possible at this date.
Very fine Carrots were remarked in Carter's Red
Elephant, Golden Ball, James, Intermediate, and
Long Red Surrey ; Veitch's Red-Topped Parsnip, a
neat-looking bulb ; Carter's Lily were looking nice,
and slightly bigger bulbs ; Champion Runner and Cana-
dian Wonder ( Red Flageolet) Beans were very fine. The
only Pea shown was Aristocrat, and the pods appeared
to have been touched by frost. Onions were of the
giant kinds, and Shallots and Garlic were of unusual
size. Tne Tomato3 Duke of York, Trophy, Sunbeam,
and Perfection were unsurpassable. The Potatos num-
bered six dishes, and there were Lettuces, Capsicums,
Artichokes, &c , in the exhibit. The Veitch Memorial
Medal goes with the 1st pine in this class. 2nd, the
Earl of Wilton, Hackwood Park, Hants (gr., Mr. J.
Bowerman). In this exhibit the finest things were the
Tomatos Lord Roberts, Hackwood Success, Eclipse,
and Perfection ; the Ailsa Craig and Excelsior Onions,
Blood rr I r.rrts, The Factor, Up-to-Date and Satis-
faction Potatos : the Lyons and International Leeks,
the Rochford, and Rival Cucumbers, Gladiator Peas,
Runner Beans, Wroxton Brussels-Sprouts, Michaelmas
White Cauliflowers, and Scarlet Perfection and Snow-
ball Turnips. The specimens of Tender- and-True
Parsnips ran too much to ustdess tail ends. The
Model, a short-horn variety, and Matchless Carrots ;
Wright's Giant Celery, and Flower of Spring Cabbage
left nothing to be desired.

( >i>kn to Gardeners and Amateurs Onlt.
Tic nty-four Dwirf or Climbing Scans. — 1st, Mr. E.
Beckett, with Canadian Wonder. 2nd, H. Partridge,
Esq , Castle Hdl, Bletchingley (gr., Mr. J. W. Barks),
with the same variety.

Twenty-four Scarlet or White Runner Beans. — 1st,
Mr. E. Beckett, with Runner Bean Carter's Scarlet
Emperor, the p ids 12 inches in length. 2nd, Mr. J.
Bowerman, with Hackwood Success, having rather
shorter pods than the foregoing.

Six Sound Beets —1st, Mr. W. Tope, gr., Highclere
Castle, Newbury. 2nd, Mr. E. Beckett, with roots
of much larger size.

Six Beets. — Of long-rooted Beet there were seven
lots shown, and the 1st prize fell to Mr. E. Beckett;
2nd to Mr. S. Cole, gr. to Lord Spencer, Althorpe
Park, Northampton. Mr. H. Folkes had the best
green-topped Beet, and Mr. E. Beckett had 2nd prize.
Three Heads of Boreccjle— 1st, Mr. E. Beckett.
with Sutton's Al, a variety having a much-curled leaf.
2nd, Mr. J. W. BARKS.

Three Heads of Cauliflowers or Autumn Broccoli. —
1st, Mr. E. Beckett, with Autumn Mammoth Cauli-
flowers. 2nd, Mr. S. Cile. 3rd, Mr. H. Folkes, with
Sutton's Autumn Broccoli, very large and very compact
in the curd.

Three St, ins of Brussels- Sprouts. — 1st, Mr. E.
Beckett, with Dwarf Gem, a small hard sprout on a
2-feet-high stem. 2nd, Mr, H. Folkes, with Exhibition,
which has as short a stem as the foregoing, but the
sproats are more loose in form.

One Dish of Sixty Sprouts.— 1st, Mr. Bowerman :

2nd, Mr. W.Pope, both showing the variety Exhibition.

Three Heads of White Cabbage .—1st, Mr. E.

Beckett, with Improved Winnigstadt. 2nd, Mr. J.

W. Barks with Ellam's Dwarf.

Three Heads of Savoys. — In this class Mr. Hobday
was 1st with very large and compact Drumhead
Savoys ; whilst Mr. E. Beckett was 2nd with a strain
of Dwarf Green-curled.

318

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[CcroBEE 23, 1905.

Sac Stump-rooted Carrots - 1st, Mr. H.Folkes, with
Carter's Golden Ball. 2nd, Mr. E. Beckett, with
Sutton's Favourite, of large size.

Six Long-rooted Carrots. — The prizes were taken in
the order of their names by Messrs. H. FOLKKS, W.
Pope, and J. Rushbiiooke, Esq.

Three Heads of Celery, Red.— In many instances the
produce was .either too grossly grown or imperfectly
blanched, and the prizes were awarded to those heads
which in some instances had begun to start the flower-
head. 1st, Walpole Gkeenwell, Esq., Marden Park,
Godstone (gr., Mr. W. Lintott). 2nd, Mr. H. Folkes.

Three Hcaels of White Celery.— 1st, J. Bushbkooke,
Esq., with well-blanched heads, which had started to
push up the flower-stalk. 2nd, Mr. W. Pope, very
good produce. 3rd, Mr. H. Folkes, well blanched,
but too coarse.

One Brace of Cucumbers.— 1st, Mr. E. Beckett,
with fruits of Carter's Ideal, a dark green, spineless
variety, nearly 2 feet in length. 2nd, Mr. J. W.
Barks.

Six Leeks. — 1st, Mr. E. Beckett, with finely
blanched stems of Perfection. 2nd, Mr. G. Hobday.

Mr. E. Beckett was 1st for Cabbage Lettuce (three)
with Ideal (Sutton's), and he took a 1st prize for the
only dish of Mushrooms shown.

Six Onions, White or Brown.— 1st, Mr. J. Bower-
JMAN with enormous and shapely bulbs of Ailsa Craig.
2nd, Mr. G. Hoiihay, with bulbs quite as large, but
suffering from an indifferent setting.

Six Bed-ski mad Onions.— 1st, Mr. E. Beckett, with
Crimson Globe ; and Mr. T. W. Herbert 2nd with
Blood Bed.

Mr. E. Beckett took 1st prize for Pickling Onions
with the variety Que»n.

Parsnips.— Of the cxibitors of six Farsnips, five
showed the long Carrot form, Mr. S. Cole was
1st ; Mr. H. Folkes 2nd, and Mr. G. Hobday 3rd.
The produce in every case was smooth and free from
side rootlets, and several of the roots measured 3 feet
in length.

Peas. —Mr. E. Beckett was 1st for a dish of twenty-
five pods of Peas with the variety Gladstone ; and Mr.
T. "VV. Herbert had 2nd prize for Autocrat.

Potatos.— Three dishes of Totatos, six tubers each,
distinct. 1st, Mr. T. W. Herbert, with the varieties
Up-to-Date, Cole's Favourite, and Sir J. D. Llewelyn.

One Dish ofTomatos, six Fruits.— 1st, Mr. W. Popf,
with Sutton's Perfection. 2nd, Mr. W. Lintott with
Best-of-AlI.

Six Yellow-fleshed Turnip*. -1st, Mr. E.Beckett,
with Sutton's Perfection.

Two Vegetable-Marrows. — 1st, Mr. E. Beckett,
with Sutton's Perfection, a small, almost globular
fruit ; dark green with light green stripes.

There were also classes for Artichokes, Colewort,
Red Cabbage, Celeriac, Endive, Shallots, Salsafv, and
Spinach.

Co/lection of Saladings, Distinct. — 1st, Mr. E.
Beckett, whose collection consisted of two Cucumbers
three of Carter's Oval Band, a variety of Batavian
Endive, three heads of Lettuce Distinction, some heads
of Chicory, punnets of Mustard and Cress, Badish
Dehcatesse, Sunrise Red Tomato, and Perfection Beet.

Collections of Pot-herbs were shown by Mr. E.
Beckett and one other gardener. Mr. Beckett gave
the botanical as well as the English names.

Collections of Eighteen Varieties of Potatos, Open
only to the Trade.— No 1st prize was' awarded, but a
2nd prize fell to Mr. R. W. Gp.een, Wisbech, for
produce grown in a wholesale manner, and under the
usual conditions of field cultivation. The collection
included Eldorado, Sir John Llewelyn, Duke of York,
the last two being first earlies ; Challenge, Snowdrop',
and Royal Kidney, second earlies ; King Edward VII.,
Evergood, Goodfellow, Langworthy, The Factor!
Chas. Fidler, and Green's Favourite main crop
varieties (Silver Knightian Medal).

Collection of Twelve Varieties of Potatos, Sir Tuhcrt
of each.— 1st, Mr. S. Cole (gr. Althorpe Park, North-
amptonshire), with tubers grown under garden con-
ditions. All were of large size, and carefully selected
tubers, shown with clean skins. We may name the
rounds, Duchess of Norfolk, Sensation, Duchess of
Cornwall and Up-to-Date ; and the kidneys, Discovery,
Duchess of Buccleuch, King Edward VI[., Factor and
Supreme. 2nd, Mr. W. ]'OPE(gr. at Highclere), a good
exhibit of not over large tubers, and comprising several
novelties, all more or less of the kidney shape.

Lecture on Potatos.

At the meeting held in the lecture-room during the
afternoon, under the Chairmanship of Mr. Alex. Deau,
and subsequently of Mr. G. Massec, Mr. Walter P.
Wright, Hon. Secretary of the National Potato So-
ciety, delivered a lecture on Potatos. At the outset
he deprecated the idea that the formation of the
National Potato Society had as the object of its for-
mation the placing of large varieties of this vegetable
before the public. Mere size of tuber was of very little
importance compared with other qualities, such as
flavour, cropping capabilities, and hardiness to resist
disease. Unfortunately large size cannot be combined
with high flavour, and growers have scarcely succeeded
in obtaining a happy medium between the two. AVhen
varietiesare first introduced they may possess certain good
points, but when improvement is undertaken in other
directions they often lose some of their original desir-
able features. However, improvement is possible, as
is seen in that sterling variety Up-to-Date, which,
althougn when first introduced was only deemed a
variety suitable for field culture, has since lost its
coarseness, and has become an excellent table Potato.
Although many persons consider the interest in these
vegetables to have abated, it is not so, although the
days of the " boom " are now at an end.

The Six Best-Flavoured Potatos.
One of the first points to consider in a Potato is
flavour, and it may be advisable to tabulate the six
varieties that in the lecturer's opinion are pre-eminent
in this respect. These were : —

The Factor. — A variety that may be described as
one of the section represented by Up-to-Date, and
with relatively large tubers.

Golden Wonder.— This variety resembles the well
known Main-crop in general habit of growth. The
flavour is of perfect quality. At present the stock is
small, consequently the prices for it are high.

Peacemaker. -This was shown last year, when much
was said as to its merits, and these have been
fully confirmed in the lecturer's experience. It is of
the Up-to-Date section, and is not a heavy cropper.

Windsor Castle. — Although this variety has not
proved a good disease-resisting Potato and is somewhat
a light cropper, it is worthy a place in the garden for
its good flavour.

Up to-Date. — The lecturer included this sterling
variety in his list of the six best-flavoured Potatos and
one that has improved with age. It closely resembles
Duchess of Cornwall, thus in small gardens both these
need not be grown.

Langworthy.- This vaiiety was raised in the North
of Scotland, but was not known to any extent for some
years. Its chief fault is its light cropping
capabilities.

Early Potatos.
With regard to varieties for use early in the
season, the time of ripening will of course differ
according to the soil, climate, &c, in which
they are grown. The lecturer therefore did not
furnish a list of the more suitable for every locality,
but gave the result in his own garden. He "had found
May Queen the very earliest Potato with himself, his
garden being situated in Kent, and composed of a
strong clayey loam overlying clay. Duke of York
followed May Queen. The yellow skin of this variety
caused the public to discard it, but it was nevertheless
an excellent Potato. Of the newer varieties, Mid-
lothian Early promises to become a good and standard
variety for early digging. Sharpe's Express was also
mentioned.

The next class he had to deal with was the so-called
second earlies, ami of these be would mention Sir John
Llewelyn, by no means the earliest Potato ; Royal
Kidney, a heavy cropper, and valuable in almost every
respect ; and Nobleman. As a main crop variety he
would recommend any of the Up-to Date section,
which includes The Factor, Duchess of Cornwall
Dalmeny Beauty (a good cropper and of excellent
flavour), The Highlander, and Sensation. The better
plan for selecting one or more varieties as maincrops is
to study the gardens in the district and find out what
kinds furnish the best results, as a variety which
succeeds in one locality is often a failure in another.

Points influencing cropping and flavour include tho-
roughly good seed, which is essential. Seed Potatos are
treated in a most irrational manner. All seed Potatos
should be "greened " and all boxed. Seed tubers taken
from the clamp are often shrivelled and weakened
by growths pushing, &c. The better plan is to use

whole tubers for seed purposes, and any weighing less
than 2 oz. are not to be recommended. However, good
results can be obtained from portions of cut tubers,
provided they are large enough, but the practice is
desirable. From experiments at Reading harm
followed the use of cut tubers to two varieties only,
these being Sir John Llewelyn and Conquest.

Manures.
When manuring land for Potatos place the manure
well under the ground, and at quite 1 foot in depth ;
also place artificial manure well under the soil. Scab-
bing is largely the result of contact with manure. Farm-
yard manure is excellent for this crop, a suitable
dressing being two barrowloads to a square rod of land.
A good artificial manure is composed of 4 lb. super-
phosphate, 1 lb. steamed bone-flour, and 2 lb. sulphate of
potash to the rod. It is better applied late in the
winter, during January or February. An excellent
plan is to draw the furrows weeks before planting, and
to spread the artificial manure along the rows.
Infinitely better results are obtained by this treatment.

Diseases.

The question of disease is a most important one to
the Potato cultivator. With regard to disease-proof
varieties these probably do not exist, but it may be
recorded that of all the varieties noted the two best
disease-resisting were Sutton's Discovery and Find-
later's Evergood. Of Discovery, it may be remarked
that the growth is rampant ; in fact, the plant does
not know when to cease growing and mature. How-
ever, it cooks remarkably well, and is not a bad
cropper. Of Evergood it has been remarked that a
more suitable name would be "Nevergood" or " Ever-
bad." However, this variety must not be condemned
too hastily, for many such as Evergood have become
valuable acquisitions.

The chief diseases of the Potato are those due to
fungus attacks. The most disastrous are the blight
(l'hytopthora infestans), the curl (Nectria Solani), and
the black scab or rot. With regard to these, the most
virulent is the curl. This is an old disease that has
made rapid strides of late years, rrobably the hot,
dry seasons of recent years have lessened the cycle of
growth in the tuber and favoured the disease. Thus
we find that Scottish stocks of seed-tubers are superior
to our own ; this may be due to the cooler climate,
with the consequence that the tubers are more or less
immature and unripe, for it has been proved at
Reading that unripened or immature seed gave the
best results in vigour and in growth.

As a preventive against black-rot the lecturer
recommended dusting the tubers with flowers-of-
Bulphur. A dusting with lime when in the seed-boxes
will also do good ; it will dry and absorb moisture
present — a necessary condition for the development of
fungus growths.

Raising new varieties from the true seed is always
interesting, as the offspring always differs very
materially from their parents. It is claimed that
Up-to-Date does not bear fruit, but that it does so
occasionally is proved by its being one of the parents of
Sutton's Superlative, also of The Factor. With regard
to Northern Star it must not be condemned too soon,
as such excessive vigour as this variety shows often be-
comes toned down later, and results in a valuable acquisi-
tion. With regard to the best varieties for furnishing
the largest percentage of show Potatos, one early, the
other late, he mentioned Sir John Llewelyn and Up-to-
Date.

In the discussion which followed, Mr. Deal men-
tioned the interesting fact that a seedling raised
during 1904 produced over 9 lb. weight of tubers, and
the plant measured 13 feet in circumference.

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OP
ENGLAND ORCHID.

October 12. — A magnificent display of plants was
made at the meeting on the above date, which might
be called the opening meeting of the autumn session.
The hall was filled with plants, and there was a good
attendance of members.

G. W. Law-Schofield, Esq., Rawstenstall (gr. Mr.
Shill), exhibited one of the finest groups of Orchids yet
shown at the Society's meetings. The plants consisted
principally of Cypripediums, species, varieties and
hybrids. All these plants, notably a fine lot of Cypri-
pedium insigne var. Sanderre, were fine examples of
cultivation. At either end ot the group was staged
batch of that most useful plant Cattleya labiata var.
autumnalis. A Gold Medal was awarded for the group.

Messrs. ClIARLESWORTH & Co., Bradford, also made
a very good display of plants, nearly all hybrids. Av

October 28, 1905.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

319

charming form of Cattleya granulosa named C. g.
var. aurifera was specialty noticed. Some beautiful
forms of Cattleya x Iris and many varieties of
Cattleya x Mantini, also a pure white form of
Cattleva Harrison.-e, made a beautiful ensemble (Silver-
gilt Medal).

Messrs. J. Cypher & Sons, Cheltenham, exhibited
charming forms of Dendiobium Phakenopsis var.
Behroderae, rare Cypripediums, some grand forms of
Phakenopsis Rimestadtiana, &c. (Silver Medal).

Messrs. Sander & Sons, St. Albans, staged a good
collection of plants, including a few charming hybrids,

Messrs. A. J. Keeling & Sons exhibited a small
group of plants, Cypripedium Fairrieanum being
particularly noted in this group.

FlKST-CLASS CBRTIFIOATKa
were awarded to Cattleya x Mrs. J. Whitelev
Leemann's var., from J. Lekyiann, Esq. ; 0. granuloma
var. aurifera and C. Harrisona? var. alba, from Messrs.
Chableswom h & Co.

Awards of Merit
were awarded to Cypripedium X Hoyleanum var.
superba, from Messrs. John Cowan & Co., Ltd. ;
Lffilio-Cattleya x Ella, from Z. A. Ward, Esq. ;
Cattleya x Lady Ingram var. inversa, from J.
LEEMANN, Esq. ; Cypripedium x grandirlorum, from
Messrs. H. Low & Co. ; and C. Niobe Westonbirt var.,
from S. Gratrix, Esq.

In the report of the meeting held on September 28,
the plant shown by A. Warburton, Esq., and which
received a First-class Certificate, should have been
described as Cypripedium x Germaine Opoix var.
Gaston Bultel. P. W.

ROYAL BOTANIC.

October 18.— The autumn exhibition was held on
this date. The displays were not numerous, and
several growers of Dahlias and other herbaceous flowers
who had intended exhibiting were unable to do so
owing to the early advent of frost. The gardens
appeared in excellent condition. The large conser-
vatory, which was bright with a display of Chrys-
anthemums and Michaelmas Daisies, afforded an
additional attraction. In this structure is the new
rock-garden, that has been planted with some of the
plants given by the late Rev. H. G. Torre. The Roval
Botanic Society staged an exhibit of economic plants.

Mr. Eric F. Such, Royal Berkshire Nurseries,
Maidenhead, staged a collection of decorative Chrys-
anthemums interspersed with perennial Asters and
relieved at intervals with spikes of Cortaderia, Phy-
salis Alkekengi, &c. Mr. Such staged a new Chrysan-
themum, "Coral Queen," the flowers of which wtre
somewhat of a coral shade of colour (Silver-gilt Medal),

Messrs. John Peed & Sons, West Norwood,
London, set up a large batch of well-grown pot-plants
of Begonias (Hoire de Lorraine and Turnford Hall
(Silver-gilt Medal).

Mr. R. H. Bath, Floral Farms, Wisbech, presented
a collection of Chrysanthemums, relieved with
of perennial Asters, the whole being staged in Bamboo
epergnes and vases. The new Chrysanthemum Perle
Chatillonnaise was prominent (Large Silver-gilt Medal).

Miss ADAMSON, South Villa. Regent's Park (gr., Mr.
Geo. Keif), staged an imposing exhibit of stove and
greenhouse plants. The collection occupied a consi-
derable portion of the corridor, and was composed of
well-grown plants of Begonias, Codia?ums (Crotonst.
Ferns, Palms, Dieffenbachias, Selaginellas, and similar
ornamental foliage plants, suitably relieved with
Chrysanthemums and flowering Begonias (Gold Medal).

Miss Adamson was also awarded a Silver gilt Medal
for four stands of Black Alicante Grapes. These fruits
were remarkably well finished for produce grown in
such an environment as Regent's Park.

Mr. S. Mortimer, nurseryman, Rowledge, Farnham,
Surrey, showed Tree Carnations. He had some of the
bcstvarietiesofthe.se flowers, includingMiss Alice Roose-
velt, whose blush-rose-coloured flowers are as handsome
as those of a "Malmaison" Carnation ; Lilian Pond, an
excellent white variety ; and Fair Maid, also white
(Large Silver-gilt Medal),

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

October 23.— The Executive Committee held its
usual monthly meeting at Carr's Restaurant, Strand,
on Monday last, when the Chair was taken by Mr.
Thomas Bevan. Mr. Gerald R. Dean, the Secretary
for the time being, presented an interim statement of
accounts, which showed a satisfactory balance in hand.
It was also reported that the prize-money awarded at
the October show was rather less in amount than that
actually offered in the Schedule.

A sub-committee of six members was then elected to
carry out the arrangements for the Society's annual
dinner, which it was resolved should be held on
Tuesday, November 28 next, at the Holborn Res-
taurant (Royal Venetian Chamber). The President,
Mr. C. E Shea, has promised to occupy the chair on
that occasion. With regard to the November show,
stewards were appointed to assist in the necessary
details of organisation, the following gentlemen being

elected : — Messrs. Trickett, Want, Foster, Gilks,
Simpson, Wooderson, Cuthbert, and Oliver.

Mr. C. H. Curtis reported on the recent Conference
on early -flowering Chrysanthemums that was held on
the first day of the October show. At the afternoon
meeting there was a large attendance, and in the
evening the number of persons present was also satis-
factory. The papers were all in the printer's hands,
and he hoped they would shortly be published in inde-
pendent form. If this plan were adopted he proposed
that the booklet containing the record of the Con-
ference should be supplied to members gratis, but that
a small charge should be made for it to outsiders.

Mr. Witty wished to know what the National
Chrysanthemum Society was going to do in connection
with the great International Chrysanthemum Show to
be held in Paris on November 4. The Foreign
Secretary, Mr. Harman Payne, replied that the officers
and the Society were giving five Medals to be placed at
the disposal of the jury, that a deputation from the
National Chrysanthemum Society would visit the
show, and that the gentlemen composing the deputa-
tion had been invited to serve on the jury.

Mr. Hiehle was warmly welcomed by the Chairman
on his first attendance as delegate from the French
Horticultural Society of London, which is now affiliated
to the National Chrysanthemum Society.

Obituary.

REV. H. H. D'Ombrain.— As these page3 are
pissing through the press, news has reached us
of the death, on Monday last, of the Kev. H. H.

The Lite Rev. H. H. D'OMBRAIN.

D'Ombrain, aied 87 years. Deceased, who
was Vicar of Westwell, Kent, was for very many
years Secretary of the National Rose Society, of
which he was also one of the founders. As " Wild
Rose," Mr. D'Ombrain was a frequent contributor
to these pages over a long series of years. We
must defer further remarks on the deceased
florist until our next issue.

GARDENERS' DEBATING SOCIETIES.

READING AND DISTRICT GARDENERS'.— The usual
fortnightly meeting was held on MODday, the 9th inst ,
and was largely attended. Mr. W. J. Townsend occupy-
ing the chair. The subject for the evening was"Ex-
verimeutal Hybridisation of the Rose as practised by
the late Lord Penzance and the Lecturer.' Mr. G.
Baskett. Wood Lea Gardens, Virginia Water, de-
scribed io a most interest in ■ manner the principal
crosses carried out dating the fifteen years lie was with
his late employer. He also gave descriptions of the
varieties of Roses used a? parents, information with
regard to the obtaining of pollen, the preparation of
tie blooms (seed bearers), seed sowing, and the suitable
s'.ock for budding.

BRIXTON, STREATHAM AND CLAPHAM HORTI-
CULTURAL.—U the meeting of this Society, held ou
0:tober 19, a paper on the Chrysanthemum was given
by Mr. Gover, of Messrs. Peed A Son. Mr. Bryan
presided. Mr. Gover said that individual varieties of
Chrysanthemums io the matters of thetakirg the buds,
stopping, &ci, required spcial treatment, which will
also vary according to the season. To prolong the
freshness of any blooms they should be cut early in
the morning, and the leaves from the stalk removed
immediately. J. M. B.

LOUGHBOROUGH AND DISTRICT GARDENERS'. -

The usual fortnightly meeting of the members of this
Association was held in the Town Hall, Loughborough,
on Tuesday the 17th inst. Mr. J. T. Smitli presided.
There was a good attendance of members to hear Mr. J.
D. Pearson's lecture upun "Daffodils and Narcissu9."
At the out-et of the address the lecturer referred to the
classification of the Daffo Jils. Wfcere these bulbs were
planted in mixed borders, the production of bold
clumps of massive appearance should be the aim of the
cultivator. They should be inserted from I tort inches
deep. Soils and preparation of the sites were fully
described in a practical manner. Organic manures were
to be avoided. Wood ashes, bone meal, or basic slag
were the best manures for these bulbs. Bulbs planted
on cultivated land require periodical lifting to obtain
success, three years being the outside limit of time to
permit bulbs to remain without replanting. On grass
the bulbs will succeed for years v it bout disturbance.
All bulbs requiring replanting should be lifted in
June and replanted in September, commencing witli
the Poeticus section, following with the short cup
section, and finishing with the trumpet varieties. The
subject of diseases was also referred to. D. R. P.

BOURNEMOUTH AND DISTRICT GARDENERS' —
The meeting of the above Association hold re-
cently assumed the form of a concert arranged by
Hie Committee in aid of the Royal Gardeners' Orphan
Fund. About ion members and their wives and friends
were present. Mr. Charles Stewart. Dean Nurseries,
presided, and he explained the objects of the Fund,
and Led for a liberal collection. A capital programme
of a miscellaneous character was listened to by an
appreciative audience. The collection realised £2 10«.

CROYDON AND DISTRICT HORTICULTURAL. —

A lecture on "The Wild Flowers and Gardens of
Japan " was given by Mr. Reginald Fairer to the mem-
bers of this Society on Tuesday the 17th inst. The
lecture was the outcome of Mr. Farrer's own experi-
ences in the land of the Chrysanthemum. In Japan
one meets witli a style in gardening entirely unique,
and what would otherwise be a barren waste is
beautified by a charming on argement of dwarf trees,
shrubs, and comparatively few flowers. Their garden
is an exact representation of a famous landscape of great
magnitude, reduced to only a few yards of space, yet
fashioned in accuracy and true perspective of the
scene copied.

REDHILL, REIGATE, AND DISTRICT GARDENERS
—The above Society held tbeir fortnightly meeting on
Tuesday. October 17. Mr. W. P. Bound in the Chair.
Mr. Wells, the well known Chrysanthemum gtower,
read a paper on the "Cultivation and Value of the
Early-Flowering Chrysanthemum."' The lecturer gave
a long list of early-flowering varieties, also the best
methods of their culture. Some of the varieties
should be grown in a natural way and without dis-
budding, while, others needed to be disbudded Mr.
Wells made reference to the now very popular single
forms and to tbeirvalue from a deccrativepoint of view.
A special invitation was given to the members to visit
the Merstham Nurseries, where mary thousand Chrys-
anthemums of all kinds arc in flower at the present
time. /•'. C. L.

CHELMSFORD GARDENERS'.- At the meeting of
thi- Eociety, held on October 20, a paper on "Irises "
was read by Mr. Mallett, of Colchester. The lecturer
showed examples of the roots of the various Irises, and
detailed their requirements as to soil and situation. It
was claimed that the Iris rivalled in form aud colour
the more expensive and troublesome Orchid. Mr.
Mallett anticipated that the Japarcse Irises will be
extensively planted inthe near future. The commoner
varieties of Iris can be forced into bloom in Februaiy
and March with ease. It was suggested that Spanisli
Irises should be planted in dry situations, and the
English varieties in damper parts of the garden.
W. E &

SCHEDULES RECEIVED.

West ok England Chrysanthemum societvs Exhi-
bition, to be held in the Plymouth Guildhall and
Square, on Tuesday and Wednesday, November 7 and S,
191 ".

Wantage Chrysanthemum and Frcit Society's
Fifth Annual Exhibition, to be held in the Victoria
Cross Gallery, Wantage, on Tuesday, November 2, 1905.

The North Lonsdale Bum-; Society, in conjunction
with the National Sweet Pea Society, will hold an
Exhibition of Sweet Peas at Diversion, on Friday,
July 2o, 1906.

Chester Paxton Society's Annual Exhibition of
Fruits and Chrysanthemums, to be held in the Town
Hall. Chester, on Wednesday and Thursday, November
15. 16, 19D5. Hon. Sec, Mr. G. P. Miln, Grosvenor
Museum, Chester.

West of England Chrysanthemum Society's Exhi-
bition, to be held in the Plymouth Guildhall and
Square, on Tuesday and Wednesday, November 7 and 6,
lvus. Hon. Sec, Mr. Chas. Wilson, 4. North Hill,
Plymouth.

PARIS. — An international exhibition of Chrys-
anthemums and of fruits will be opened on Nov. 4.
A luncheon will be offered to the jury on the day
mentioned, and in the evening a reception, to
which ladies are invited, will be held in the rooms
of the National Horticultural Society of France,
SI, Euede Crenelle. The Pomological Congress
will open on November 6 at 9 a.m. ; and at
11 30 a m. the meeting of the Nursery and Seed
Trade Association of Prance.

320

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 28, 1S( 5.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Me. R. H. Cockhukn, late of Luft'oess. and of Messrs.
Methven's Nurseries. Edinburgh, as Gardener to
Sir Charles Cayzer, Bart., M.P., Gartniore House,
Perthshire.

Mr. .Tno. Hauoett, for some time Gardener to H. L. C.
Brassey. Esq. Apclhorpe Hall, Wansford, North
Hants, as Gardener to the Right Hod. the Earl of
Guiliord, Waldershare Park, Dover. Kent.

Mr. J. C Lunnon, for the past two years Foreman at
Beechwood Park, Dunstable, as Gardener to Dr.
Hillier, The Ceil, Markyate, Herts.

Mr. Welcome J. Hatfield, 'or the past six and a half
years as Second in Thwaitt* House Gardens, Cotting-
ham, East Yorks. as <-ardeuer to D. H. Thornton,
Esq , Oakroyd Hall, Birkenshaw. Bradford.

Mr. S. J. Hussey, for the last, three and a half years in
the Gardens at Dutnbleton Hall, Evesham, and
previously in the Gardens of the late T. W. Webley,
Esq.. The Uplands, Selhy Hill, as Gardener to R. E.
S. Thomas, Esq., Wormington Grange, Broadway,
Worcestershire.

ENQUIRY.

Clifton. — A subscriber wisbos to know tbe
average minimum temperature of Clifton in mid-
winter.

am\\rm

to
Lormfoondent

Apples Disqualified: A. B. The whole question
as to what constitutes a dessert or a culinary
variety of Apple is arbitrary. Many persons may
consider a variety valuable for dessert purposes
which others would regard as only suitable for
the kitchen. But there are some varieties of
Apples which are unquestionably suitable either
for dessertor for culinary purposes, and of these
we may instance Blenheim Pippin. Gascoj lie's
Scarlet would, in our opinion, also come under
this catfgory ; indeed, it is included in both the
lists of dessert and of culinary -satieties in the
schedule of the recent fruit show of the Royal
Hoiticultural Society. Therefore, unless the
schedule of the pa ticular society, at which this
variety was shown by your friend, stipulates to
the contrary, he was. in our op nion, justified
in exhibiting Gascojne's Scarlet as a culinary
Apple. The fruits of Annie Elizabeth which
you send are affected with a fungus (Fusicla-
dium dendriticum). Burn all the diseased
fruits and spray the trees with the Bordeaux-
mixture first as the flower-buds begin to open
in spring again, when the petals of the blossom
are falling, and lastly when the fruits are of
the size of Peas or slightly larger.
Arranging Plants for, Effect at an Exhibi-
tion : E. J. B. We believe that it is generally
understood that groups of miscellaneous plants
are arranged 1 y the exhibitor or his assistants,
but in most schedules there is nothing to
prevent the exhibitor employing a temporary
assistant. If the idea is that the exhibitor or
his regular staff shall do the work, words should
be inserted in the schedule to that effect, for
failing this an exhibitor might employ a skilled
florist for the purpose.
Arums Diseased: W. N. The plants are attacked
by the " soft rot " disease of Callas. See p. 9
in our issue for January 7, 1905.
Carnations Diseased: A. D. The diseased
appearance of the leaves is due to the presence
of celworms. These pests are microscopic in
size, and cannot be seen with the naked eye.
You must thoroughly sterilize the soil in which
the plants are grown by bakiDg it. Burn all
the diseased plants, and if the plants are grown
outside, select a fresh site in the garden for
planting.
Daffodils and other Plants for a Partially
Shaded Situation : S. H. T. You give no
particulars as to the site in which you intend
to grow the Daffodils and other plants, whether
beneath the shade of trees or that of a house or
wall, neither do you inform us if it is a border or
grass-land. One of the best plants for a shaded
situation is the Periwinkle Vinca major. We
have seen this Bucceed beneath the shade of
trees as a carpet to Narcissi, Bluebells, Snow-
flakes (Leucojum), Winter Aconite (Eranthis
hyemalis), Anemones, &c., and the whole
bordered with Hypericum calycinum and an

edging of clipped Ivy. The list you send
contains plants of widely different habits.
Some are annuals, othei'3 are perennials ; some
are tall-growing subjects and others again do
not attain more than a foot or so in height.
Probably you would find thefollowing species the
more suitable of those you mention : — Achillea
ptarmica fl. pi., Anemone japonica, Campanula
persicifolia, Heuchera sanguinea, and Scilla
campanulata.
Echeverias : C. J. S. These plants will rf quire
very little water during the winter, but should
not be subjected to absolute drought. Alter-
nantheras require considerable warmth, and
must be watered occasionally. Alonsoas are
propagated by seeds, which may be sown in
March, and by cuttings taken in August.

Fern Fronds : Subscriber. The Ferns are in-
fested with thrips, and are in poor condition
generally. It will be best to cut away the
fronds and let the plants make a fresh start.

Gardeners' Orphan Fund: IV. A. Many
thanks for 10s. received. The sum has been
placed in our collecting box.

Gloxinia: W. D. C. Not better than others
already in cultivation.

Gooseberry Mildew : Question. " Enquirer '
will be grateful for advice as to whether a
course of treatment with ammoniacal copper
carbonate in spring, and with sulphate copper
now is likely to be worth tryiDg for disease on
enclosed shoot from Gooseberry. Every bush
in a large plantation is mildewed, and unless
success is likely to follow, the owner objects to
the expense of the experiment.

Answer: The fungus sent is the American

Gooseberry - mildew (SphrerOtheca rnors-uvse
[Schweinitz], Berkley and Curtis). The young
wood is covered with the persistent mycelium
of the fungus, in which countless numbers of
perithecia or spore- cases are embedded. This is
the winter form of fruit j each perithecium
contains eight ascospores, which carry the
fungus in a dormant condition over the winter
months. About May or June the ascospores
will be set free, and germinating on the berries
and leaves will produce the conidial or summer
form of fruit, which is a white powdery mildew.
This conidial stage can be controlled by spray-
ing with potassium sulphide (1 ounce to 2 gallons
of water). It is doubtful if the winter stage
could be destroyed by fungicides; the diseased
young wood should be cut off and burnt. In
the present case it would be well to burn the
whole plantation, and not replant in the same
ground for a season or two. The present
disease is illustrated and fully described in
vol. xxv. of the Journal of the Royal Horticul-
tural Society, p. 139 (1900), and succeeding
volumes. (Will jou kindly send your name
and address, not necessarily for publication ?).
Insects Destroying Roots of Dendrobium:
E. Young. Not the Dendrobium beetle, but
the larval stage of a comparatively large exotic
beetle belonging to the Elateridaj, and related
to the common wireworm. The pest was in
all probability imported with the plants. You
might possibly trap the insects by placing a
few thick slices of Carrot or Mangold round
the plant, and in order to protect the flowering
stems, tie barriers of cotton-wool round them.

Insects on Chrysanthemums: R. W. Richards.
A species of plant bug belonging to the Antho-
coridaj, probably Anthocoris nemorum, but the
specimens were immature. You could reduce
their number by shaking the plants over a
tarred tray or cloth ; but if the plants are not
in bloom fumigate with Tobacco-smoke, as the
insects readily succumb to the fumes.

Insects on Cinerarias : A. F. R. Not the
larval form of Forficula, but immature stages of
the common greenhouse thrips. Fumigate
occasionally, and do not allow the atmosphere
to become too dry.

Lobelia : G. K. C. A temperature of 45° at
night will be sufficient. Do not afford much
water during the winter, but keep the roots
just moist.

Names of Fruits: W.J.Q. Quarrenden Apple.
— W. U. 1, Prince Napoleon; 2, Glou Mor-

ceau ; 3, Beurre Diel ; 4, Marie Louise ; 5,
Doyenne Boussoch ; 6, Fondante d'Automne ;
7, Beurre de Capiaumont; 8, Chaumontel. —
C. W. S. Thompson's, a most delicious Pear. —
Ruellia. 1, Court pendu Plat ; 2, Lord Raglan ;
3, Fondante de Malines ; 4, Autumn Josephine.
—If.B. 1, Maiie Louise; 2, Astcn Town ; 3,
Winter Thoin; 4, Beurre Diel; 5, Gansel's
Bergamot. — Wheeler <fc Son. 4, Herefordshire
Red Streak ; 5, Cat's Head ; 6, Round Winter
Nonesuch. — H. B. Apple Alfriston. ^ ,__ , „

Names of Plants : E. C. C. D. Gentiana pneu-
monanthe. — Cecil. Rhamnus catharticus (not
poisonous). — A. J. P. 1, Coditeum (Croton)
undulatum ; 2, unrecognised, possibly a seedling
variety. — Old Subscriber. Mirabilis Jalapa, the
red flower ; Abelia triflora, the shrub. —
O. II. P. 1, Cattleya labiata ; 2, Acalypha
Macfeeana ; 3, Abutilon Savitzii ; 4, Di acoena
Godseffiana ; 5, Strobilanthes Dyeriana ; 6,
Nephrolepis exaltata— V. A. R. 1, Masdevallia
amabilis ; 2, Restrepia maculata ; 3, Oncidium
barbatum ; 4, Pleurothallis macroblepharis ; 5,
Selaginella Wildenovi ; 6. Pteris longifolia —
Correspondent. 1, Veronica Andersoni var. ; 2,
V. salicifolia ; 3, V. epacrioides ; 4, V. glauca
roerulea ; 5, Diplopappus chrysophyllus ; 6,
Veronica diosmaefolia ; 7, V. pinguasfolia ; 8, V.
cupressoides. — H. C. Parkwood. 1, Liquid-
ambar orientale ; 2, Acer rubrum. — Collector.
It is impossible to name your plants in the
seedling stage. No. 2 is probably an Abutilon.
No. 3 is a Solanum. Send again when the
plants aie in flower. — .Land. 1, Chenopodium
polyspermum ; 2, C. album var. ; 3, Lepidium
Draba ; 4, Carlina vulgaris ; 5, Sisymbr um
Sophia.

Paper for Glazing: B. C. The address of the
firm is Willesden Paper and Canvas Works,
Ltd., Willesden Junction, London, N.W.

Pelargoniums Injured by Insects : J. S. The
insects you sent were a species of plant bug
(Phytocorus viridis). Dust the infected plants
with Pyrethrum powder ; this is a better foim
of insecticide than Keating's insect powder. It
should be applied in dry weather. "The
white frothy stuff" on the Tamarix is caused by
Philrenus spumarius, and has nothing whatever
to do with the occurrence of the first-named
insect on the Pelargoniums ; it is highly
probable, however, that the Tamarix may
harbour both insects.

Slug : G. S. The specimen you send is not a
slug, but one of the leeches.

Testimonials : One in Doubt. An employer is
not obliged to give his servant a testimonial,
but should he do so, the law expects him to
furnish one that is truthful.

Violets Diseased : Anxious and F. L. The plants
are attacked by a fungus, Ascochyta viola?.
Spray them with potassium sulphide, 1 ounce
to 3 gallons of water, every fortnight. Select
new soil for a future plantation, and obtain
fresh plants from a distance.

Water Lilies Injurhd by Insects : J. C. The
leaves are attacked by a somewhat uncommon
beetle (Galeruca nympheae). As it would be
practically impossible to apply an insecticide
owing to the nature of the habitat, we fear
that your only course is to capture the insects
by placing a water-net under the leaves and
disloging the inserts. We find no traces of
insects on the foliage from the Lime tree.

Communications Received.— E. S. S— H. Corrtvon —
C C— R. L. C. (letter will follow) — Udo Daniiiier.—
S, w. T.— D. E. II., Cape Town.— E. J. A., Cambridge —
A W.— W. D. C.-L C , Orleans (your letter has. been
forwarded)-.!. C. & Co.-Mac9.-A. A. H.-J. R. J.-
A. Berger, La Mortola-J. W.-A. E. S.- H. W. W-
W. R. F. (with thanks)-G. W. B. & Co.-R. S.—
G, H.-Cecil-W. J -Enquirer-ll. K— J. P.- kings
Acres Nurseries. Ltd.-W. ,1. ll.-De B. Crawshay-
A. S — B. S. W.-F. J. C.-G. W. F , Michegan-H. M.—
F. M.— J. A. Mc. (Mexico)— A. D. W.-F. J.- E. II. J.-
J. R. J.-C. Ruse-A. C. B.-W. H. C. E. J. A.-
w. D. C— Hon Walter R. -Sir A. K. R.-T. H.-W. 11.
J. P.-C. W. S.-B. P.-W. Y. N.-J. P. A.-T.T.-
W. D. & Sons— W E. B.-Horticus.— R. P.-R. W. R.
-S. W.

(For Markets and Weather, see p. x.)

November 4, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

321

THE

^Hrbcucrs'dlbronicle

/y0. 984.— SATURDAY, November 4, 1905.

CONTENTS

Apples, packing

Books, notices of—

Poultry-farming

The Four Gardens
British Gardeners' As-
sociation
Carnations, winter

flowering

China, plant -collecting

in

Chinese plants

Chrysanthemums
Cook, Mr. T. H.
Cotoneaster frigida and

C. bacillaris

D'Ombrain, the late Rev.
Dracaenas, ornamental
Drip in glasshouses ...
Elms in Kensington

Gardens

Fruit buds developed on

an injured shoot

Jordan, Mr. F

Kew notes

Kitchener, Lord, as a

gardener
Magnolia glauca
Obituary —

Armiston, George ...

Mitchell, James

Phillips, William
Oddhtoglossum with ab-
normal infloresence
Onions, Ailsa Craig and
Excelsior

331

326

3'2li

331

323
330
330
329

331
328
330
331

331

381
327

325

329
325

335
331

Orchid notes and glean-
ings ... ... -

Oxford Botanic Gardens

Plant ecology

Plant food in soils, for-
mation of

Plants new or note-
worthy—
Ismene festalis x ...
Spiraea pachystachys X

Potato Exhibition, the
Coming

Puff-ball, fascination in a

Rock garden — The
Galanthus octobrensis

Science Guild, British...

Seed: . <>'lour in

Seeds, the vitality of,
when buried ...

Selborne Society, the ...

Societies-
National Chrysanthe-
mum . .

Natii >nal Rose

Royal Horticultural ...

Scientific Committee ...

Tobacco, Turkish

v\ 1 , I 5 work, the —
Flower garden, the ..
Fruits under glass
Hardy fruit garden
Kitchen garden, the
Orchid houses, the ...
Plants nii.il 1 1

Yucca filamentosa

329

329
LLUSTRATIONS.

Lilium myriophyllum (Supplementary Illustration)

Odontoglossum x Lambeauianum

Portrait of ihe late William Phillips

Puff-ball with confluent growth

Spiraea pachystachys

324
321

321

322
322

32!)

325
328
381

329
330

332
329
329
332

326

3211
327
827

327
327
325

324
331
326

THE BOTANIC GARDEN, OXFORD.

Plant-lovers may always pay a profitable
visit to the Oxford Botanic Gardens. On a
recent inspection I was chiefly concerned with
the trees, and though the collection is neces-
sarily a small one, several fine old specimens
command attention, both on account of their
size and beauty. Near the main entrance,
one of the most conspicuous trees is a grand
Sophora japonica, its widely-spreading
branches covering a space of 30 yards in dia-
meter; the stem is fully 6 feet in diameter,
and from this arise five large limbs, each
one of which is equal in size to an average
tree. This Sophora has evidently thriven
well, as it has done in other gardens where the
soil is not of remarkable depth or richness,
and it is regrettable that the tree has not
been more frequently planted in parks. The
foliage is attractive and very distinct in tint,
often with quite a bluish shade, and the flow-
ers are produced abundantly. Loudon repro-
duced a statement made by Du Hamel con-
cerning this tree, to the effect that the pecu-
liar odour of the bark causes colic in those
engaged in pruning the shoots in a green
state; but I have never heard it confirmed
here, and in an ordinary way very little prun-
ing would be needed, so that circumstance,
if true, should not be a deterrent to intending
planters.

Another unusually handsome tree is the

cut-leaved Beech, Fagus sylvatica var. as-
pleniifolia which is about 50 feet high,
finely proportioned, with widely spreading
branches. It is in healthy, vigorous growth,
with abundance of its elegantly cut long,
narrow leaves, which are scarcely recognis-
able as Beech foliage. This is one of the
finest examples of the variety known to me,
and well shows what a useful addition it is
to the list of ornamental deciduous trees, yet
it is too seldom seen. Like the typical
species, it will thrive in town parks with
ordinary care; but I know some trees,
which have been planted long enough to
make good specimens, that are poor, stunted
examples, owing to their being overcrowded
or overshadowed by other trees. Loudon
adopted the name heterophylla for the
variety, which has been adopted in the
Kew arboretum ; while the names comp-
toniaifolia, incisa, laciniata, and salicifolia
are all considered as referring to the same
form.

Fraxinus excelsior var. parvifotia is the
name borne by a vigorous and graceful tree,
which must be nearly 60 feet in height, the
branches spreading freely, and well clothed
with long leaves distinguished by narrow
pinna;. A good deal of confusion exists
amongst the varieties of the common Ash in
nurseries and gardens, and the variety under
notice has puzzled me somewhat as regards
the nomenclature. No form of F. excelsior
is given in the Kew list with the name parvi-
folia, nor have I succeeded in finding one
in the garden itself, but there is one named
angustifolia, which was also described by
Loudon. F. parvifolia is given as a species
in the Kew list and in Loudon's work, but
as far as I have been able to judge, the
Oxford variety is distinct from both these.
In fact, it very closely resembles several large
trees on one of the islands in Victoria Park,
East London ; they are about the same size
and apparent age as the Oxford Ash, and all
have been grafted at 3 or 4 feet above the
ground. The variations of the common Ash
are numerous. I have notes of twenty-eight
well-marked forms at Kew, and as there are
at least twenty-four synonyms for these, any
attempt at identification is difficult without
careful comparison of leaves in different
stages.

The Hop Hornbeam, Ostrya carpinifolia,
is represented at Oxford by one of the largest
and oldest trees in public gardens. It is a
distinct tree, of free growth when raised from
seed, but it appears to have been the custom
early in the last century (according to Lou-
don) to graft this Ostrya upon the common
Hornbeam (Carpinus Betulus), and as the
stock has seldom kept space with the scion,
it no doubt accounts for the stunted state of
some old trees. The specimen at Oxford is
rendered more remarkable by the huge clus-
ters of Mistleto growing upon the branches;
there are nearly twenty of these tufts, and
the plant seems particularly happy. I do not
remember ever seeing this parasite growing
upon the Ostrya or the Common Hornbeam
elsewhere.

The herbaceous plants and the various
inmates of the glasshouse are very attractive
and interesting, and the whole condition of
the garden is creditable to the management.
R. Lewis Castle.

FORMATION OF PLANT-FOOD IN
SOILS.
(Continued from p. 242.)
One of the most important of the practical
problems presented for solution by agricultural
and horticultural chemistry is, according to
Professor H. D. Wiley, the conservation of
plant-food. With an abundance of plant-food
and a favouring climate it is difficult to place a
limit to the power of the earth for supporting
life. In this connection it may be of interest
to refer to the favourable action of lime in a
great many soils in regard to its power of in-
creasing the ability of a soil to hold the soluble
plant-foods and prevent their removal by water.
This favourable action is particularly shown in
manv soils by the power of lime to increase their
capacity for holding potash.

The manner in which rain-water continually
acts upon the soil in the removal of certain
soluble plant-foods has been strikingly demon-
strated at the Rothamsted Experimental Station.
It might be inferred from this that all cultivated
soils exposed continually to rainfalls or frequent
heavy waterings would soon be exhausted of all
valuable soluble plant-food. But it is well
known that certain constituents of the soil have
the faculty of absorbing and retaining materials
which are soluble in water under ordinary con-
ditions. It must not be forgotten also that the
rain-water which descends upon the earth is not
pure. Rain-water and snow bring to the land a
certain amount of valuable plant-food. Not only
do they absorb and hold 111 solution ammonia
and nitric acid, which may be formed by the
electrical discharges in the air, but they also
collect and bring to the surface of the earth
vast quantities of meteoric dust containing
valuable fertilising principles. The rainfall
at Rothamsted has been found to contain
7.26 lb. of nitrogen per acre, equal to 46$ lb.
of nitrate of soda, with almost 6 lb. of sulphuric
acid per acre ; while in the vicinity of manufac-
turing towns, Glasgow for instance, as much as
70 lb. of sulphuric acid per acre has been found
in the rain-water during one year only. The
average of many experiments on the continent
gives 10.18 lb. of nitrogen per acre. Thus
we have constantly entering the soil water
which contains more or less of the materials
necessary to plant-growth. The economies of
nature, therefore, are so happily adjusted as to
provide a means of gradually returning in some
form or other, to the needs of the cultivator of
the soil, the plant-food which has been appa-
rently removed.

In the economy of nature there is no such
thing as absolute and permanent waste of any
valuable material ; for example, we are inclined
to look upon the sea as devoid of useful veget-
able growth, but the gardens of the sea are no
less fully stocked with economic plants than are
the gardens of the land. The sea-weeds of all
genera and species are constantly separating
valuable materials from the waters of the ocean
and placing them again in organic form. The
analyses of several varieties of sea-weed show
that in the green state they are quite equal
in point of plant-food ingredients to the best
farm-yard manure. In fact in Jersey the
Potato-growers depend very largely upon sea-
weed for their supply of available plant-food.
The extent of cultivated lands bordering on the
sea is so great as to render the commercial
importance of this matter of the highest degree
of interest.

But sea-weeds and other vegetable products of
the sea are not the only vehicles in which the
plant-food that is soluble in the waters of the
ocean may be returned to the uses of man. The
animal life of the ocean is not less important
than that of the land. In the animal economy
of the ocean are gathered immense quantities of
valuable food material which are thus placed in
a condition to be at least in part restored to the
land in the form of manure. Relatively, phos-
phoric acid and nitrogen are restored in much

322

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 4, 1905.

greater quantities than potash. The composi-
tion of fish in general shows that relatively
larger quantities of phosphoric acid and nitrogen
are found than of potash. It is thus demon-
strated that the ordinary fishes of the ocean
collect especially the two great elements of plant-
food, phosphorus and nitrogen.

Through the ages of the past the rich stores of
plant-food have been steadily removed from our
gardens and fields, and apparently for ever lost.

return to organic life shows the patience rather
than the wastefulness of nature.

Professor Wiley remarks that as a result of
this general review of the migrations of plant-
food, the reassuring conclusion is reached that
there is no danger whatever of the ultimate con-
sumption or waste of the materials on which we
live, or that are required for the production of
crops. Circumscribed localities, where once
luxuriant crops grew, may through carelessness

CJAi'dchron
FlG. I25. SPIRAEA PACHYSTACHYS : COLOUR OF FLOWERS I

But in point of fact no particle of this food has
been actually destroyed ; for electricity, decom-
position, and the activity of certain micro-
organisms found in the soil and in the rootlets
of leguminous plants are able to recover and
again make the apparently lost substances
available for use.

The fact that a few thousand years may super-
vene before the particle of plant-food that is
carried off to-day in crop or by waste may

A PINKISH SHADE OF PURPLE.

or ignorance become sterile, but the great source
of supply is not exhausted. In fact, as the rocks
decay and nitrifying organisms increase, the store
of plant-food at the disposal of vegetation may
continue to be formed, and thus accumulate in
the soil. When we join with this the fact that
the skill of man in growing crops is rapidly in-
creasing, we find no danger ahead in respect of
the quantity of human food which may be pro-
duced.

At the Rothamsted Agricultural Station it has
been found in one field, where a portion of land
was left in a wild condition for twenty-five years,
that there has been an accumulation of nitrogen
equal to 100 lb. per acre per annum in the top
27 inches of soil, and in another field left to
itself for a corresponding period a gain of 25 lb.
per acre per year in the top 27 inches. So great
an accumulation of nitrogen is manifestly diffi-
cult to account for in the present state of our
knowledge, but the facts show conclusively that
fertility does not diminish when land is left in
a state of permanent grass, as in a prairie, but
that the formation of plant-food is continually
going on, even in soils that are constantly under
cultivation. /. /. Willis, Harpenden.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

SPIR<3£A PACHYSTACHYS.*
From Mr. Gumbleton's garden we have received
a specimen of this new hybrid Spirsea. Mr.
Gumbleton obtained his plant from Herr Sprenger,
of Naples. It is said to be the result of a cross
between S. corymbosa and S. Douglasi. The
flowers are densely crowded in terminal coryn.bs,
and are of a pinkish purple colour. It has the
great jnerit of flowering a second time in the
autumn, both on the youns shoots from the base
and from side-shoots of stems [which flowered in
early summer.

ISMENE FESTALIS x
(A Bigeneric Hybrid with Elisena). t

It is now nearly eleven years since I first had
an opportunity of examining the fruit of Elisena
(Ismene) longipetala, and I expressed in your
columns my opinion that it was impossible any
longer to separate the two genera. Herbert, who
is responsible for the genus Elisena, had never
seen any living or dead plant belonging thereto,
for he tells us that the genus was only known in
his day by a single drawing and description by
Ruiz or' a garden plant. Mr. Baker, when he
compiled his Handbook of the Amaryllideoe, had
not seen the ripe fruit. Hence Elisena was,
until recently, rather a name for something
imperfectly known than a botanical fact. Thus I
was not surprised when I succeeded in crossing
the two genera, and in producing the stately and
beautiful plant exhibited at the last Temple
show.

Some years ago Col. Trevor Clarke recorded
the same hybrid, which Mr. Baker identified
with the Ismene defiexa of Herbert in Bot.
Reg., 1839, Misc. No. 142 However, the hybrid
raised by me differs materially from this
latter species, although they have also some
points in common. One of the parents (Ismene
calathina) has such an extended geographic
range in the warmer parts of America that the
varieties comprised within this one species differ
considerably from each other, so that great
differences must also be expected in the hybrid
offspring thereof, according to parentage. The
female parent of rny hybrid was a specially fine
form of I. calathina, raised from seed in this

* Spir.t.a x pachystachvs. Hort. Sprcnger.

t Ismene fcstalis x — Leaf-stem ih foot high, from the upper
two-thirds of which issue nine leaves, between 2 and 3 feet
in length, by from 2 to 2J inches or more in width. Scape
central, solid, sharply two-edged, 4 feet high, bearing a
sessile (or nearly sessile) umbel of four flowers carried
horizontally, and expanding successively. Flowers pure
white, with a small clearly-defined green base, 6 inches
(or under) across. Almost as strongly fragrant as is
calathina. Tube curved, ii inch long. Segments curved,
4 to 4* inches long, the inner i inch wide, the outer more
deeply channelled and g inch wide. Cup at first perfect but
becoming longitudinally oblong, at first 2j inches in dia-
meter, then 2 by 2% inches, length 2 inches, toothed as in
calathina, but the teeth ultimately reflexed. Stamens pro-
jecting ih inch (or less) beyondthe cup, at first converging",
but ultimately variably disposed, and the three upper
suddenly refracted downwards and inwards. Anthers J inch
long. Pollen vellow. Style stout, exserted 3 inches beyond
the orifice of the cup. Stigma obscurely capitate. Ovaries
and ovules norma] in appearance, but the plant is apparently
a sterile mule.— A . Worslcy.

November 4, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

323

garden, and the male an imported E. longipetala.
From the moment of germination the hybrids
showed extraordinary vigour, and flowered just
three years after impregnation, the usual period
in I. calathina being four or five years under
similar conditions. At the time of flowering the
plants had attained a height of 4 feet above
ground-level.

Of the six divergent characters displayed by
the parents, the hybrid resembled the female in
one, the male in two, and in the remaining three
was fairly equipoised between the two. Roughly
speaking, the foliage and inflorescence (with the
exception of the cup) resembled the male more
nearly than the female, and the hybrid is supe-
rior in beauty to either parent.

It is interesting to observe that all the hybrid
Ismenes yet raised have been raised from one
species — viz., calathina. These are, (1) festalis ;
(2) sulphurea [ x Amancaes] ; and {3) macro-
stephana [ x Hymenocallis speciosa]. All are
beautiful and easy to cultivate, if their simple
requirements are granted them. A. W or shy.

HERBACEOUS BORDER.

AUTUMN OR LATE-FLOWERING PHLOX.

Phlox decussata is very easily cultivated, a
good depth of soil, with a liberal supply of well-
decayed manure, and a good top-dressing of
manure applied during the summer months,
being all that is necessary to produce fine spikes
of flowers. The propagation of these plants can
be effected either from seed or from cuttings.
Propagation from seed is very interesting, and
often produces good results. The seed when
well ripened should be sown at once in boxes or
in pans in some good open loam, and lightly
covered with fine sandy soil. The young seed-
lings, if sown in a warm greenhouse or in a hot-
bed, will make their appearance in February or
March. They should be planted out as soon
as they are large enough to handle, and kept in
a close atmosphere for a short time, when they
should be gradually hardened off. They will
flower the same year, but not until the second
year will they be at their best. Seed saved from
the varieties described below will almost be cer-
tain to give good results. Cuttings can be taken
at all seasons of the year ; but I find by experi-
ence that spring cuttings are the best, and root
freely in a cold frame. Care must be paid to
the watering and shading, and, when rooted,
the plants may be placed directly in the open,
and in many cases they will produce good spikes
of flower in the late autumn. Propagation by
division is a very simple method ; it consists
simply of dividing the old roots into small
pieces, which is best done when the plants are
beginning to grow. It is advisable to sprinkle
the crowns lightly with lime in order to protect
them from injury by snails, which often com-
pletely destroy the young shoots.

After carefully studying the qualities of several
hundreds of varieties, I have chosen the follow-
ing as the most desirable ones to possess : —

Anatole le Braz, flower with a purple-violet-
coloured centre, shading to lilac at the edges ;
Antonin Mercie, centre half of flower white, the
margin greyish-lilac ; Croix de Lorraine, rich
carmine, with rays of pure white colour ; Dewet,
colour coppery-rose, carmine centre and yellow
eye ; Daniel Lesueur, light violet centre and
white edges ; D. Bois, cherry-coloured flowers,
shaded purple ; Edouard Lockroy, velvety-violet,
enormous flowers ; Etna, bright orange-red,
maroon centre ; Eclatant, bronzy-scarlet, with
purple eye ; Faust, white, with rosy eye, a very
fine flower ; Francois de Neufchateau, greyish-
rose coloured, with a metallic-copper shade and
purple eye ; Hermione, pure white, perfect
shaped flowers ; Henry Regrault, brilliant car-
mine-lake ; Louis Blanc, violet, with white eye ;

Lady of the Lake, very light salmon, with a
purple centre ; Martinique, light rose coloured
with a large " eye " ; Maximilian, orange-scar-
let, very fine indeed ; Matilda Serac, colour pure
white ; Offenbach, a light shade of violet-mauve,
with a white centre ; Pierre Loti, deep salmon,
tinted rose ; Richesse, clear magenta colour,
with a carmine eye ; Sylphide, a pure white
variety of dwarf habit ; Salvator Rosa, lilac
coloured, with large white centre ; Tragedie,
colour blood-red, with a darker centre. /. Edgin-
ton, Nether Green, Sheffield.

LEAVES FROM MY CHINESE
NOTE-BOOK.

(Continual from p. .77.1

MOUNT OMI.
This sacred and lofty eminence is situated in
long. 1030 41'E., lat. 2au32'N., one day's journey
west of the city of Kiating. It rises sheer from
the plain (alt. 1,300 feet) to a height of nearly
11,000 feet. From the city of Kiating a magni-
ficent view of the mountain is obtainable in clear
weather, the mirage of the plain seeming to lend
it additional height.

Viewed from a distance, it has been aptly
likened to a "crouching lion decapitated close to
the shoulders, the fore-feet remaining in posi-
tion." The down-cleft surface forms a fearful,
well-nigh vertical precipice considerably over a
mile in height. Mount Omi is one of the three
sacred mountains of China,* the origin of its
sacred character being lost in antiquity. It was
in a monastery here that the patriarch P'u (a
historical personage) served Buddha during the
Chin dynasty (a.d. 265 — 313). P'u-hsien P'u-sa,
its patron saint, descended upon the mountain
in the form of an elephant with six tusks. In one
of the temples is a life-size elephant of splendid
workmanship cast in magnificent bronze which
commemorates the manifestation. The fane
which encloses this elephant is even more re-
markable, being a hollow cube covered with a
hemisphere and roofed with a pyramid. It is
truly an architectural wonder. Baber, its dis-
coverer, considers it over fifteen centuries old,
and to be next to the Great Wall the oldest
Chinese building of fairly authentic antiquity.

On the mountain are upwards of seventy Budd-
hist temples or monasteries, either word being
applicable, since they are really a combination
of both. On the main road there is a temple
every English mile, and near the summit they
are even more numerous. These temples con-
tain over 2,000 priests and acolytes. The whole
of the Mount is, or rather was, church property.
Much of the land suitable for cultivation on the
lower slopes has been sold. Voluntary subscrip-
tions are the chief means of support for all the
temples, though some have money endowments
as well.

Thousands of pilgrims annually visit this
mountain from all parts of the empire. At the
time of my visit there were several pilgrims who
had walked all the way from Shanghai, some
2,000 miles distant. Tibetans and even Nepalese
make pilgrimages here.

The images, etc., are numberless, and several
are made of pure bronze or copper. Two mum-
mified holy men, lacquered, gilded, deified, and
set up as images, and a tooth of Buddha's about
a foot long and weighing eighteen English
pounds, are amongst the more interesting sights.
The tooth is an elephant's molar, and very simi-
lar to the one discovered by Fortune at Fu-chau.

On the extreme summit, the Golden Summit as
it is called, are the ruins of an ancient temple
built of pure bronze. It is said to have been
erected by the Emperor Wan-li (a.d. 1573 — 1620),
and destroyed by lightning in 1819. Since its
destruction nine or ten generations of head
priests have come and gone, but they have been
unable to collect enough money to rebuild it.

* Wutai-shan in Shensi, and Putai-shan in the Chusan
Islands, being the others.

From the summit, when the sky is clear above
and clouds of mist float in the abyss below, a
natural phenomenon is observable similar to
that of the spectre of the Brocken. Rain fell in
torrents all the time I was on the summit, so
that I saw nothing but mists. The phenomenon
is described as being a golden ball surrounded
by a rainbow floating on the surface of the mist.
Devotees assert that it is an emanation from the
aureole of Buddha, and an outward and visible
sign of the holiness of Mount Omi. The appear-
ance is known as the " Fo Kuang," or " Glory
to Buddha."

The edge of the precipice is guarded by chains
and wooden posts, but pilgrims in a state of
religious fervour occasionally throw themselves
over. From this reason this point is called the
" Suicides' Cliff." This point is the highest and
most vertical part of the precipice, which ex-
tends for nearly two miles in a more or less
southerly direction. The first foreigner to ascend
this famous mountain was the late Mr. E. C.
Baber, in July, 1877. I would refer anyone in-
terested to his accurate and incomparable de-
scription,* to which I am much indebted.
The Flora.
In the summer of 1884 it was ascended by
Mr. Alex. Hosie.t Neither of these gentlemen
paid much attention to the flora. It was not till
1887 that any plants were collected on this
mountain. In that year it was visited by a
Rhenish missionary and distinguished botanical
collector, the late Mr. Ernst Faber, of Shanghai.
During a fortnight's stay he made an interesting
collection, which included no fewer than seventy
novelties. In 1890 a naturalist, Mr. A. E.
Pratt, visited the mountain and collected a
few plants there. t Since Baber's visit many
foreigners have ascended this mountain, but
beyond Faber and Pratt we have no record of
anyone having collected plants there.

It was on the morning of October 13, 1903,
that I set out from the city of Kiating on a trip
to this interesting mountain. Traversing the
plain, which is intersected here and there by
low hills charmingly wooded, the little town of
Omi-Hsien (alt. 1,270 feet) was reached at the
close of the day.

The flora en route is identical with that de-
scribed in my note on Kiating. Three rivers —
Tung, Ya, and Omi — traverse this plain. Irri-
gation by means of tiny affluents, canals, Per-
sian wheels, etc., is complete. This plain,
particularly around the base of Mount Omi, is
one of the most fertile spots in China. Owing
to the lateness of the season the crops were
nearly all in, and the inhabitants were busy
tilling the soil and planting winter crops of
Beans, Peas, Wheat, and " Rape." The sides
of the streamlets were yellow with Senecio
clivorum, which, though not so fine as in the
mountains of Hupeh, makes a good display.
Anemone japonica, with its variously coloured
flowers, made a worthy companion. Miscanthus
sinensis and a broad-leafed form, with their
myriads of silvery-pink plumes waving gently in
the breeze, enlivened the river banks and sandy
places. Small trees of Gordoma anomala, with
large white, Camellia-like flowers, and numerous
bushes of Crataegus pyracantha and Meliosma
.^p. with their scarlet fruits, added much to the
beauties of the route. Occasionally a Banyan
(Ficus infectoria) is passed, with the usual small
shrine beneath its shade, and often an itinerant
huckster's small stall as well, with sweets,
cakes, sugar-cane, etc., so dear to the heart of
every coolie, temptingly exposed for sale.

The next day, after journeying some three
miles across the plain by a road shaded by
Alder-trees and Bamboo, we reached the village
of Liang Ho-kou, situated at the base of the
sacred mount. Here the road bifurcates, though
both routes lead eventually to the summit, and

* Royal Geographical Society's Supplementary Papers,
vol. i.

t See his Three Years in II". China.J

J See Through China to ihe[Snows 0 ' Tibet.

32 -L

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 4, 1905.

are paved with stone blocks throughout. This
paving must have cost much money and labour,
but without it or something similar it would be
impossible to traverse some of the steeper places.
I ascended by one path and descended by the
other, in order to see as much as possible of
the mountain and its flora.

Between Omi-Hsien and Liang Ho-kou are
some truly magnificent Banyans, shading tem-
ples now fast' falling into decay. I measured one
which appeared to be the largest of these trees.
It was about 80 feet high, trunk 12 feet, with a
girth of 48 feet five feet from the ground.
Several fine trees of the Chinese Oak (Quercus
chinensis) and Liquidambar formosana also
occur. The sides of the Rice-fields are studded
with thousands of pollarded trees of the Ash
(Fraxinus chinensis), en which the wax-insect
deposits its valuable wax. The ditches are gay
with spikes of cream-coloured fragrant flowers
of a species of Hedyehium, in addition to our
friends of yesterday. Near the village occurs a
fine clump of that curious Cornaceous tree,
Camptotheca acuminata. This tree, which is
quite common on the lower spurs of Mount Omi,
has a straight trunk with few branches. I mea-
sured one 50 feet high, girth i\ feet, the trunk
being clean for fully 30 feet. The wood is soft,
white, and of very little value. The Chinese
designate it the Ch'ien Chang tree.

Leaving Liang Ho-kou we commenced the
ascent, but it was only after three days' hard
climbing that the summit was reached. For our
purpose it is convenient to divide the mountain
into two parts, viz., base to 6,000 feet, and
from 6,000 feet to summit (10,800 feet). Thus
divided the flora falls into two well-defined alti-
tudinal zones. The lower zone consists of such
plants as enjoy a sub-tropical or warm temperate
climate. Evergreen trees and shrubs largely
predominate, and in the shady glens and ravines
Ferns and Selaginellas luxuriate (in one day I
noted no fewer than sixty-odd species). So far
as individual species are concerned, Cunning-
hamia sinensis preponderates.

The upper zone consists entirely of plants
requiring a cool, temperate climate, and with
the exception of the Rhododendrons and Silver
Firs nearly all the trees and shrubs are decidu-
ous. The belt between 4,500 feet and 5,500 feet
we may term the hinterland. Here the struggle
for supremacy is keenest, and the fusion of the
zones complete. Evergreen Oaks and Castanop-
sis form a peculiar feature of this narrow belt.
At 6,000 feet the boundary line is unusually well
defined.

Cultivation extends up to 4,000 feet, Maize and
pulse being the principal crops, Rice being rele-
gated to the valleys and bottom-lands. The
cultivation of the Wax-tree (Fraxinus chinensis)
extends up to 2,600 feet.

The foot-hills around the base of the mountain
are covered with Pine (Pinus Massomana), Cy-
press (Cupressus funebris), and Chinese Oak
(Quercus chinensis), and the sides of streams,
which meander amongst these hills, with Alder
and Pterocarya stenoptera, Nanmu trees and
Bamboos (Phyllostachys mitis) are abundant,
shading temple and houses, and Gleichenia
drchotoma and G. longissima form impenetrable
thickets on the more exposed hillsides. Ony-
chium japonicum, Melastoma Candida, and Mus-
sasnda pubescens are common roadside plants.

At 3,000 feet the Pine, Cypress, Alder, and
Gleichenias die out. Cunninghamia sinensis,
which occurs sparingly in the valleys, gradually
increases in numbers, and between 2,500 and
4,500 feet large areas are covered solely with
this invaluable conifer. Leaving aside the
Cunninghamia, the natural order Lauraceas
forms fully 75 per cent, of the arborescent vege-
tation between 2,000 and 5,000 feet. This
Lauraceous zone, as we may call it, is composed
rhiefly of Evergreens, and the genera Machilus,
Lindera, and Litsaea run riot in numbers of
species. Machilus Nanmu is common in groves
and around temples. This is one of the hand-

somest and most valuable timber trees in China.
Within this zone the following remarkable
genera occurs: — Tapiscia sinensis, Carrieria
calycina, Toricellia angulata, Emmenopterys
Henryi, the latter is rare, but the others are
quite common. Idesia polycarpa, with its lax
thrysoid panicles of scarlet fruits, is very strik-
ing. The evergreen Himalayan Viburnum
coriaceum is also abundant. No fewer than five
species of Berberis, viz., B. Fortunei, B. Xepa-
lensis, B. gracilipes, B. vYallichiana and B. acu-
minata also occur. E. H W.
1 To he continual I

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

GRAM.MATOI'HYLLUM SPECK ISUM
The " Giant Orchid ' ' (Grammatophyllum speciosum)
has, says the Tropical Agriculturist, been in flower at
Peradeniya since the middle of July, and is a most
striking and handsome object when in full blossi irr>.
It is a native of Malaya, and fully justifies its name,
being without a rival as regards size in the orchid
family. The individual flowers, however, are
not beautiful, having a greenish
yellow ground, thickly spotted
with reddish -brown, each being
five to six inches across. The
scrapes or flower-stalks issue
from the base of the stem and
grow rapidly to about six feet
in length, each bearing from 100
tn 130 flowers, the lowest pair
ol which are always abnormal,
possessing no lip and only a
rudimentary column. An inter-
esting peculiarity of this plant is
that though by nature an epi-
phyte or " air plant,'' it readily
adapts itself to terrestrial treat-
ment and even grows to largest
proportions when grown on the
ground As a water-plant, tun,
it flourishes, as max have been
seen from a specimen growing
in the Victoria House in Kew
Gardens. Its date of introduc-
tion to Peradeniya is not known,
but it was always treated as
an epiphyte until 1896, when it
was removed to .1 specially pre-
pared mould on the ground.
The result was that it flowered
twelve months later and almost
every year since

ODONTOGLOSSCM x LAMBEAUIANUM
Garden Hybrid

(CRISPUM X ROLFE-E) (CrAWSHAY).
This grand addition to hybrid Odontoglossa
has recently bloomed at Uccle, Brussels, where
it was raised by M. F. Peeters, who aslis me to
dedicate it to M. Firmin Lambeau, of Brussels.
Its parents were O. crispum Madame Falcke •}
and O. Rolfeae ardentissimum s ; this latter,
one of the two first O. Rolfeae. shown by M.
Vuylsteke at "The Temple" on May 23, 1900,
when it was awarded an Award of Merit, and was
purchased by M. Peeters. It is an interesting fact
that the hybrid has become the parent of a
secondary hybrid (or cross) bloomed in Lss than
4^2 years. Though this seedling itself has
taken longer, the first of the batch took a much
shorter time to bloom. The record is, " Crossed
May, 1901 ; seed sown June, 1902 ; bloomed
March, 1905." The sepals have a white ground-
colour, the dorsal one with a mid strips of rose
mauve-purple posteriorly ; the lower ones simi-
larly suffused over the whole posterior surface ;
all marked with crimson-brown spots. Petals
white, without any suffusion of rose ; spots of
the same colour. Lip white, with spots of a

deeper brown, as in sepals. Column much
stained and spotted. Substance firm, like that
of O. Harryanum.

The dimensions of the flower were as follows :
Sepals if X 1 inch, petals li X r inch. Lip
ij x 1 inch. Extreme diameter 3J inch.

M. Peeters is much to be congratulated upon
this fine acquisition, de B. Crawshay.

" DICTIONNAIRE ICONOGRAPH1QUK DES
ORCHIDEF.S. '
The September issue completes the seventh
series. The thirteen Orchids illustra ed are
with few exceptions well-known kinds of good
reputation iii gardens, nine of them being figured
from the impcrtant collection of the Baron von
Furstenberg, of Hugenjjoet, Rheinland, viz.,
Dendrobium a?mulum, D. Dearei, D. secundum,
Epidendrum dichromum, E. nemorde, Masde-
vallia Arminii, M. X Measuresiana, 1. '-caste
costata, and Cattleya x Krameriana, described
by the late Professor Rexhenbach in the
Gardeners' Chronicle, September 22, 1888, p. 323,
as a natural hybrid between C. interm:dia and
('. Forbesii, t e parentage being the same as

iph bj [E. Cuikc. Sevenoaks,

FIG 126 0EONTOGLOSSUM X LAMBEAUIANUM :'_FLOWEKS,''wHITE,
WITH ROSE AND PURPLE COLOURED MARKINGS.

his previously described C. X Isabella. Others
illustrated are : —

Ancistrocheilus Thomsonianus var. Gentilii,
commencing the new genus Ancistrocheilus, es.
tablished by Mr. Rolfe on Pachystoma Thomson-
ianum, Rchb. f., a species which does not agree
with the true Pachystoma. The type was figured
in the Botanical Magazine, t. b.171, and the
variety Gentilii of De Wildeman was illustrated
from the Botanic Gardens, Brussels. The flowers
bear a siight resemblance to those of a small
white Laeiia anceps, and have an acuminate
front lobe to the labellum, which is marked
with rose-purple. The plant illustrated has four
flowers on the spike, which is stronger than in
the type. Tropical Africa.

Volystachya myUacoida, De Wildeman. —
Another discovery of M. L. Gentil from the
Congo region, and very dissimilar from other
Polystachyas, its growths being long, pendent,
having the flattened appearance seen in some of
the aporum section of Dendrobium and bearing
thick, equitant leaves. The flowers are about
an inch across, yellowish striped with red-brown,
the lips being dark reddish-purple.

Cytripedium X Enid (bellatulum X Spicer-

November 4, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

325

ianum), raised some years ago by the Hon.
Walter Rothschild, M.P., at Tring Park, is illus-
trated from the collection of M. J. Ginot, Saint-
Etienne, France. Flowers of a peculiar reddish-
rose, with clear white margins to the dorsal
sepal and petals.

Cvpripcdium X Mrs. Fred. Hardy (superbiens
X bellatulum), also figured from M. J. Ginot's
specimen, has white flowers with a green tint
on the middle of the dorsal sepal and petals,
purple lines on the dorsal sepals, and dense
spotting of purple on the petals, the face of the
lip being tinged with purple.

Caltleya Skinneri, Lindley, is well illustrated
from a specimen grown by Messrs. Van de Putte,
Ledeberg, Ghent.

ODONTOGLOSSUM GRANDE, Lv.NWOOD VARIETY.

A noble variety of this fine old species, follow-
ing the typical form in most respects, but with
larger flowers and broader segments. The in-
florescence bore eight blooms, each 6 to 7 inches
across. The sepals are bright yellow regularly
barred with chestnut-brown ; the broad petals
chestnut-brown on the basal half bordered with
yellow, the outer half being lemon-yellow. A
peculiarity of the variety is that there is an
occasional red-brown blotch on the outer yellow
half. Lip whitish-yellow with numerous pale-
reddish blotches arranged round the fleshy
orange-coloured crest. The finely-grown plant
was sent by A. E. Bainbridge, Esq., Lynwood,
Jesmond, Newcastle-on-Tyne (gr., Mr. Thomas
Bell), to the Royal Horticultural Society, Octo-
ber 10, when the Orchid Committee had no
meeting.

THE ROCK GARDEN.

GALANTHUS OCTOBRENSIS.
It may be interesting to mention that the first
of my flowers of a small group of one of these
autumnal Snowdrops, grouped frequently under
the name of G. octobrensis, was fully open here
on October 12. Some of these forms appeared
to have shown a tendency to fall into line with
the winter and spring bloomers in point of time
of flowering, but I hope this one will prove an
exception. I anticipate that it will, because the
plant came to me from a very keen lover of the
Snowdrop in the far north of Scotland, with
whom it flowers regularly in October. There
are many who depreciate these autumn-flowering
Snowdrops, but it must be remembered that the
Galanthus is very beaut. ful at whatever time it
may appear, and that as a plant for the rOck-
garden it is of great value in October, when
flowers are comparatively few among its deni-
zens. We might as well condemn the use of the
lovely autumn Croci as of the chaste Snowdrops
of the Mediterranean, which naturally bloom at
this time, and which have only retained their
natural habits when cultivated in our gardens.
Some of the forms are not very enduring with
us, but this one seems better than most. My
plants came from Dunrobin, and I am applying
to them at present the name of G. octobrensis
Dunrobin variety. S. Arnott, Sunnymead, Dum-
fries.

KEW NOTES.
Nepenthes " Sir W. T. Thistelton Dyer
x ." — This beautiful hybrid Nepenthes, with its
handsome pitchers, may now be seen in excellent
condition in the Nepenthes-house. It was raised
by Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, of Chelsea, and was
exhibited by them before the Royal Horticul-
tural Society in the year 1900, and was figured
in Gard. Chron. on Oct. 6, p. 257 of that year.
N. Northiana and N. Rajah are the cnly species

that rival it in the size of the pitchers, but
neither of these is as robust under cultivation
as this hybrid. The Kew plant has developed
three very large pitchers and several smaller
ones. The largest measures 13 inches from the
base to the point where the lid is attached, and
will hold nearly a pint and a half of water.
The rim of the pitcher is extremely beautiful,
and is \\ inch across at its broadest part. The
lid measures 3^ X 2!, inches. The wings are
very prominent, the margins being furnished
with stout red-coloured hairs nearly an inch in
length. The colour of the pitcher is of a yellow,
ish-green heavily blotched with deep-red. The
blade of the leaf is not exceptionally large, those
now carrying these large pitchers being only
about 15 inches in length. W. H.

Spir.ea digitata var. nana. — This pretty
little plant was still, in the middle of October,
in full flower in the rock-garden at Kew, having
produced a succession of bloom for the past two
or three months. There have been at various
times queries in the Press regarding the origin
and correct name of this plant, and in the Gar-
deners' Chronicle, December 10, 1904, p. 413, Mr.
Arnott mentions it under the name of S. lobata,
but at the same time asks for further informa-
tion, as he correctly infers that the North Ameri-
can S. lobata is a tall-growing plant. On p. 431
Mr. Cutbush replied that it was distributed from
Kew under the provisional name of S. digitata,
but that it had been n 1 mod from various other
sources under the name of S. lobata. The cor-
rect history of the plant is that it was collected
in the central 'mountains of Japan by Mr.
Maries, at an elevation of from 2,000 to 7,000
feet, one of his specimens having been pre-
sented to the Kew herbarium by Messrs. Veitch
in the year 18S0. Plants received from the
same source first flowered at Kew in the year
1886, and have been in cultivation there ever
since.

It is of very dwarf habit, rarely exceeding 6
or 8 inches in height, with compact, somewhat
flat heads of rosy-pink flowers. The foliage
resembles that of S. digitata in everything but
size, and it may, in short, be described as a
miniature form of that species. It is, however,
a more refined plant, and the name nana is
proposed as suitable for it in order to dis-
tinguish it from its larger relative.

Other herbaceous Spiraeas belonging to the
same section of the genus as this plant bear a
certain resemblance to each other, and include
our English Meadow-sweet (S. Ulmaria), which
is well known by the river-sides.

S. lobata, the name which has been applied
wrongfully to the dwarf plant under notice, is an
American plant, and is known in the States as
the Queen of the Prairies. It is of tall habit,
reaching a height of from 4 to 6 feet or more,
with interruptedly pinnate leaves and loose
panicles of pale pink or rose-coloured flowers.

S. digitata, a Siberian plant, is of similar
habit to the preceding, but differs in having
fewer stamens and more rounded seed-pods.
There are both pink and nearly white-flowered
forms of this. The plant known as S. venusta
is a synonym of this species. S. digitata var.
nana is the dwarf Japanese form of this species,
with the same kind of foliage but with heads of
flowers more resembling those of S. palmata.
This is one of the prettiest of the genus and
easy to grow, doing well in any good soil.

S. camschatica (S. gigantea) is a giant from
North-eastern Asia, growing from 8 to 10 feet
high, in strong soil with plenty of moisture. It
is an effective plant for the water-side, although
the flowers are not showy, being of a dirty-white
colour.

S. palmata, a native of Japan, is one of the

most elegant species. It differs from all others
in having few or no side lobes to the leaves,
the terminal one being very large and palmately
lobed. It grows about 2 feet high, with large
trusses of deep-rose-coloured flowers.

All the above plants love moisture and delight
in a situation where their roots can reach water,
but S. digitata var. nana is also adapted for the
lower parts of the rock-garden, where it is one
of the few plants in flower in the autumn. W.
h ''nig, Kew.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

MAGNOLIA GLAUCA (THE SWAMP LILY).
This Magnolia is not often met with in
gardens, although during the latter half of
July and the greater part of August it forms a
very desirable feature in the garden. The
flowers are not showy, but are attractive by
reason of their sweet scent, which strongly re-
sembles that of Marechal Niel Roses. With age
the plant forms a small, round-headed tree, with
an irregularly branching habit, about 20 feet in
height by nearly the same in diameter. The
white flowers are borne singly on the ends of
the branches, and when fully expanded are
about 4 inches across, with a sweet powerful
scent, readily discernible at a distance. The
leaves are 5 to 6 inches in length by about
2 inches in breadth, and are oval in shape, being
dark shining green above, and highly glaucous
beneath. When ruffled by the wind the contrast
between the dark upper surface and the lighter
underside of the leaves forms a very pleasing
picture, more especially when the sun is shining.
The tree is deciduous as a rule, but in a mild
winter the leaves often hang until the spring,
and occasionally plants are met with that are
nearly, or quite, evergreen. It is a difficult plant
to cultivate in a dry situation, and is rather slow
of growth, but if given suitable conditions it
will be found to thrive. Here we have it planted
in a moist spot at the foot of a slope in about
4 feet of sandy peat, fully exposed to the sun,
but sheltered on the north and east. The wet
nature of the ground has much to do with its
success, as this Magnolia is found in swampy
districts in the United States, and therefore re-
quires plenty of moisture at the root. It is
easily propagated by seeds or by layering.
Yucca filamentosa.
Yuccas are not so generally met with as they
deserve to be, and this species is rarely seen in
any quantity, but of the dozen or so that are
hardy in this country, Y. filamentosa is one of
the best to grow. It is not, perhaps, so stately-
looking as Y. gloriosa or Y. recurva, but it
flowers more freely, and in a much younger
state, than any of the others. It blooms well
every year here, even quite small plants throw-
ing up spikes of flowers that seem almost too
much for the plants to carry. It grows freely in
a light loam, and also does well in a mixture of
peat or leaf-mould. Although moisture is not
altogether essential to their well-being, Yuccas
thrive best in a fairly moist situation fully ex-
posed to the sun. Y. filamentosa is practically
an acaulescent plant, forming but a very short
stem. The strap-shaped leaves are about 2 feet
long by 2 inches broad, stout and thick, rough
to the touch, armed with a sharp terminal spine,
and covered on the edges with thread-like fila-
ments. The latter, together with the glaucous
hue of the leaves, give the plant a distinct and
attractive appearance. The pendulous flowers
are of a creamy-white colour inside, tinged with
green outside, campanulate in shape, and com-
posed of six thick, fleshy segments. The flowers
are borne on panicled, branching spikes, 5 to
6 feet in height, the latter standing erect in any

326

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

[November 4, 1905.

ordinary weather, but needing support from
high winds. Planted in clumps of a dozen
plants or so, they form a striking feature during
August, especially when seen against a back-
ground of dark evergreens. Propagation is
effected by means of the rhizomes, which can
be detached with a few roots and planted just
below the surface of the ground, when they will
form small plants in a couple of years. Old
plants can also be taken up and pulled to pieces,
or the growths can be partly cut through at the
base, and covered with soil to induce the forma-
tion of new roots. /. C, Bagshot.

The Schipka Laurel-Cherry (Prunus Lauro-
cerasus var. schipkaensis).
This variety from the Balkans is distinguished
from the common Laurel-Cherry by its smaller
size, deeper green leaves, and dense flower-
•spikes. Its compact habit renders it suitable for
culture in pots, for which it is recommended by
M. Andre. It is also stated to be as hardy if
not more so than the common form.

CONFLUENT GROWTH IN
STARRY PUFF-BALL.

A

A few weeks ago a correspondent directed
■attention to a confluent growth in an [Agaricus.
Such growths are very frequent in that genus.
They are much less so in other genera. An illus-
tration of fasciation in a Starry Puff-ball (Geaster
fornicatus) is shown to a reduced scale in fig. 127.
This is taken from a sketch in the Department of

Fig. 127.-

-CONFLUENT GROWTH IN A STARRY
PUFF-BALL.

Botany, British Museum, Cromwell Road, where
the original is also preserved. It was sent to the
■Gardeners' Chronicle for'a name, but without locality
■or the real name or address of the sender, There
is a llarge collection of drawings of abnormal
growths of fungi in the British Museum, arranged
in sequence of families and genera. Some of these
are very instructive, quite as much so as are the
abnormalities found amongst flowering plants.
Any botanist working at these'unusual growths
should consult the national collection. W. G. S.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

THE FOUR GARDENS. By Handasyde. (T.N.
Foulis, Edinburgh and London.)
A pleasant* little book-this~for those who""iike
to read descriptions of gardens with which a thread
of sentiment is interwoven. The four gardens are
the Haunted Garden, the Old-fashioned Garden,
the Poor Man's Garden and the Rich Man's
Garden. The first of these is the children's
enchanted play-ground, so unlike the gardens of
our later life. In the Old-fashioned Garden were
" Pinks, almost hiding their own bluey-green
leaves with a snowy drift of soft white flowers ' ' ;
there were Love-in-a-Mist, pink and purple
Columbines, Shepherd's Purse, pot-herbs, and

other plants of many sorts. The Poor Man's
Garden is the patch of Potatoes and other vege-
tables and the blaze of flowers, with which he is
generous ; the Rich Man's Garden is an Earthly
Paradise, which he is conscious of having no right
to enjoy wholly by himself. The human element
is not made too conspicuous in this little volume,
and the author loves flowers so much that it is a
pity more knowledge does not accompany the
enthusiasm. The popular names of the plants
mentioned here prove a snare both to writer and
to reader. The Four Gardens, it should be
added, are situated in Scotland.

POULTRY FARMING. SOME FACTS AND
SOME CONCLUSIONS. By " Home
Counties." (London: John Murray, Albe-
marle Street, W.)
A book addressed to " the would-be poultrv farmer
who is open to conviction . . . and written largely
in the interests of the townsman." It discusses
in plain language under what circumstances
poultry farming is or is not profitable, and the
reasons for the different reports concerning the
industry. The writer concludes that : — " as far as
can be seen at present, the future of poultry
keeping is chiefly dependent on the intelligent
farmer's intelligent daughter." The experience of
this gifted person, and the stores and conveniences
to which she has access at comparatively small
expense, give her the advantage over poultry
women who must buy all the food and hire all the
land required by their stock. We need not, here,
follow the author of this book through all his
chapters. He discourses on the profit and loss of
egg and poultry traders, of the bogey of foreign
competition and, in detail, of species of varieties
of birds. The practical information is accom-
panied with various illustrations of poultry and
the accessories connected with them. All those
interested in the subject should give careful atten-
tion to these pages.

The Week's Work.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. A. Miller, Gardener to Lord Henry C. Bentinck,

M.K, Underley Hall, Westmoreland.

Galtonia candicans forms a stately plant for the
border, but the flowers are also useful for indoor
decoration. Well-grown spikes of this flower will
often measure from 3 feet to 6 feet in height and
are at their best condition during July and August.
These plants flourish in a deep soil that has been
enriched with much leaf-mould. They should be
planted in groups of from twelve to twenty bulbs,
and at about 5 inches below the surface of the soil.
The plants are hardy and can be allowed to remain
undisturbed for several years, but it is advisable to
place a covering of some protective material over the
bulbs during the first winter after they are planted

Ranunculus can be planted at the present season
and also later. Plant them at a depth of 2 inches and
at from 2 inches to 4 inches apart, placing the claw-
like portion downwards and covering them with
sand. Protect them in severe weather with boughs
of trees or with cut branches of heather.

Leucoium aestivum should be planted 3 inches
deep. Zephyranthes Candida may also be planted
at the present time. Large tufts of this plant can
be divided and the pieces used for forming edgings
to walks.

The Wild Garden. — Gunnera manicata and G.
scabra should have some dry leaves, fern fronds
or dried grass spread over their roots and crowns
to protect them from frost. Kniphofias also
require protection which can be given by working
leaves amongst the growths, followed by a suitable
thickness of straw, and finishing with a layer of
soil made firm and smooth for the purpose of
throwing off the water from heavy rains. Corta-
deria argentea and Arundo donax should be pro-
tected during winter with a good dressing of long
manure. Phormium tenax should also receive
some slight protection. The curious Colletia
horrida requires shelter in hard weather, or it
may be lifted, potted and wintered in a cool house.
Teucrium fruticans, which has ornamental and
grey coloured foliage, needs to be removed indoors
for the winter in all but the most favoured
localities.

Wintering Various Plants. — Any useful sizedplants
of Eucalyptus growing in the borders, also
Ophiopogon jaburan var. and Echeveria secunda
glauca, should be taken up and potted for use for
another season. Tropseolum tuberosum has showy
red and yellow flowers that are useful for furnish-
ing walls facing to the south. They are also
effective when the plant is allowed to climb over
strong branches of shrubs. Lift the tubers and
place them in a sandy soil for wintering in the
cool house, unless in localities where the species
is hardy. Boussingaultia baselloides should also
be lifted and stored in sand. Let Senecio pulcher
be potted and removed to the houses. Propaga-
tion may be effected from root-cuttings. Eucomis
punctata has handsomely spotted foliage and waxy
white flowers. Lift the tubers now and store them
in dry soil.

Autumn Tints. — The following is a shortlist of
trees and shrubs whose foliage develops rich
autumnal tints : — Acer rubrum, and Japanese
varieties, Amelanchier botryapium, Andromeda
arborea, BerberisThunbergii, Gordonia pubescens,
Itea virginica, Liquidambar styraciflua, Pyrus
nigra, Quercus coccinea, Q. palustris, Rhus
Cotinus. R. glabra var. laciniata, Sassafras
officinale, and Vaccinium corymbosum. The
evergreen Andromeda axillaris colours well in
autumn in sunny situations.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F. Jordan, Gardener to Dr. Corbet, Impney Hall '
Gardens, Droitwich.

Pot Vines. — If these are required to furnish
ripe grapes by the end of April, preparations
should now be made for starting them into
growth. The vines should receive a top dress-
ing of good fibrous loam and wood-ashes, with
a sprinkling of Kirk's vine manure, removing
a little of the old surface soil for its accommo-
dation. Stand the pots on bricks or on inverted
flower pots and in the spaces between them fill
to the rims with leaves, pressing them mode-
rately firm. Well ripened plants only should
be selected, and of such varieties as Black Ham-
burgh, Madresfield Court, and Foster's Seedling,
as these are all adaptable for very early forc-
ing. Avoid giving the plants too much heat
and moisture in the early stages of forcing, but
maintain a moderately moist atmosphere by
syringing occasionally the vines and borders
with tepid water, this work to be regulated ac-
cording to the weather. A night temperature
not exceeding 500 for the first fortnight, until
the buds begin to swell, will be suitable, in-
creasing to 55c as the buds increase in size.
Very little, if any, water will be required at the
roots until the buds break, providing fresh leaves
are used for plunging purposes. Tie the canes
in a horizontal position, and use no fire heat
for the first two or three weeks, unless severe
weather sets in.

Early Pcrmant Vines. — The vines in the earli-
est house should by now have been pruned,
the vinery well cleansed, and the borders top
dressed and made ready for starting the vines.
The wood on succession vines should now be
well matured, the pruning and cleansing of the
vines in these houses can, therefore, be carried
out as opportunity affords, in order to give the
vine as long a rest as is possible. Should it
become necessary to stand other plants in
these houses, see that they are made clean
before entry. The walls of the vinery should ba
well washed with hot limewash — in fact, the
cleansing of the vines and houses cannot be too
carefully carried out. Carefully eradicate any
traces of red spider or mealy bug. Do not use
mixtures of clay, lime, &c, or too strong in-
secticides, as these injure the vines. Remove as
little of the loose bark as is possible round the
spurs, and well wash the vines with a strong
solution of Gishurst compound. A suitable pro-
portion is 8 ounces to a gallon of water — a
quantity which is safe and effective. Vines that
are clean will only require to be well washed
with a stiff brush and some soft soap, and none
of the loose bark need be removed. Clear away
all the old mulching material and the surface
soil from the borders, and top dress them with
some good fibrous loam, lime-rubble, and wood-
ashes, incorporating a sprinkling of bone-meal
and a small quantity of an approved vine man-
ure, according to the age and vigour of the vines.

November 4, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

327

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. II Young, Orchid Grower to Sir F. Wigan, Bt.,
Clare Lawn, East Sheen, S.W.

Masdevallias. — Although Masdevallias differ
from other Orchids, inasmuch as they have no
pseudo-bulbs, the treatment they require during
the resting period is essentially the same as that
afforded those of the pseudo-bulbous section.
With very few exceptions, they may be grown
in the same compartment as each other, which
should be one which is not much exposed to
direct sunshine at any season. The atmosphere
should be of an equable temperature, ranging
from 530 to 580. Ventilate the structure very
carefully during changeable weather, in order to
prevent fluctuations in the degree of heat, and
also draughts. A moderate amount of atmo-
spheric moisture must be provided, but if the
floor and stage coverings consist of coal refuse,
dampings will not be needed very frequently to
promote what is necessary. The plants will
pass better through the winter in a moderately
dry state than if kept supplied with water when
signs of dryness first occur, for it is when sub-
jected to wet conditions, either of the base or
atmosphere, that the disfiguring spot disease at-
tacks their leathery leaves. M. Harryana, M.
ignea, M. Lindeni, M. macrura, M. cucullata,
M. torta, M. Mooreana, M. melanopus, and
others of this group, usually grown as pot
plants, are best arranged on a stage, fixed at
a distance of about 2 to 3 feet from the roof-
glass. Plants of M. tovarensis, now developing
their flower-scapes, should be placed in the
warmest part of the house and be watered very
sparingly, as the least excess of moisture at
the base would cause the leaves to fall off.
sin mid the flowers not be needed for cutting,
the scapes should b3 allowed to remain, as
they usually produce another crop of flowers
in the following season. The same remark
applies to several other species, notably M.
Trochilus, M. maculata, M. Hincksiana, and
several of the " chimaera " group. The latter
group, which includes, in addition to the species
named, such others as M. Carderi, M. vesper-
tilio, M. erythrochaete, M. Nycterina, M. Ilout-
teana, &c, thrive best in baskets, for which
they are also more suited than for pots. Dur-
ing the winter months it is advisable to sus-
pend them at about a couple of feet from the
glass in an atmosphere a few degrees warmer.
Danger from cold or even frost will thus be
prevented. The material about the roots may
be allowed to remain dry for several days with-
out any harm being feared, and when about to
afford "water, dip the basal half of the baskets
only in the water. Sponge the leaves of all the
plants several times during the season, as they
are subject to the attacks of red spider and
thrips. Pleurothallis Rcezlii thrives well with
the Masdevallias. Suspend the plants well up
to the light, keep them well on the dry side,
taking care, however, to supply water before
they suffer from drought.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. H. Clarke. Gardener to Sir William Plowden,
Aston Rovvant House, Oxon.

Planting Fruit Trees. — If the holes have been
prepared for the trees or the ground got into
readiness as previously advised, the work of
planting may be pushed forward. Success will
depend on the manner in which the planting is
performed. Remember not to plant the roots too
deeply. The mark surrounding the stem of the
tree when received from the nursery will show the
depth at which the tree was planted formerly,
and this depth should not be exceeded. Do not
permit the topmost root fibres to be laid at
more than three inches under the surface that
will be formed after planting has been done.
In all cases the holes must be made wider than
will accommodate the length of the roots, so
that they can be spread out to their fullest
extent, first cutting the ends off all bruised
and broken roots with a sharp knife. Let a
barrow-load of fine soil be worked amongst the
roots, and shake the tree slightly in an upward
direction, that the soil may settle amongst the
fibres ; these should be laid out in layers at
right angles from the stem. Make the soil firm
by treading with the foot if the weather is dry,
but in wet weather this operation must be done
less severely. When the trees have been

planted, apply a mulch of rotten or partially
rotten manure over the roots of each and make
each tree secuie to a stake as the work pro-
ceeds. In cases where there are many roots,
the stake can be placed between them and
driven into the solid ground before filling in
the soil. Do not shorten the branches until
next spring.

Planting Wall Trees. — Espalier Apple, Pear,
Plum, and Morello Cherry trees, growing upon
the free stock, should be planted at from r8 to
20 feet apart. While Apricots, Sweet Cherries,
Peaches and Nectarines, trained in the fan
shape, also horizontally trained Apple trees on
the Paradise stock, and Pear trees on the
1, inline stock, 12 to 15 feet apart. Cordons only
require a space of 18 inches to 2 feet. Let any
holes already in the walls be filled with Port-
land cement, coloured to match the wall, and
applied by means of the whitewash brush.

Wiring' Walls. — Wires provide the most eco-
nomical and convenient methods of securing the
trees. Excepting for Peaches, Nectannes, and
Morello Cherries, which need wires at 6 inches
apart, the wires for other kinds of fruit trees
in id not be placed closer together than from
10 inches to 1 foot. Allow sufficient spice be-
hind the wire- that there may be a free circula-
tion of air at the back of the tree.

Top Dressing. — If any established trees appear
debilitated, let tin. soil be carefully worked
away from the runN to the depth of 12 to
18 inches, replacing this with some good turf,
ilinp[>ed up finely, and containing a 5-inch pot
full of bone meai to each barrow-load.

Quicklime is ne. ess 11 v for all fruit trees and
particularly for tho e which are known as
1 .in- fruits. In preparing land for planting,
a proportion of lime should be mixed with the
soil. On land in which lime is deficient apply
nit -half to one pound per square yard every
autumn, spreading it evenly on the surface,
thereby allowing the rains to carry it to the
mots of the trees.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

Bj W. I-'vfe. Gardener to Lady Y\ »\ i u.i I 01 kinge Park,
Wantage, Berks.

Roots and Tubers. — Assuming that the roots
and tubers grown during 1005 have been stored
in accordance with previous directions, it is now
time to make preparations for next season's
crops. The advantage to be gained by working
the soil thus early can hardly be overstated.
Such advantages include the better destruction
of insects, the increased fertility of the soil
brought about by its exposure to the action of
the weather during winter ; the better condition
of the soil when it becomes necessary to sow
the seeds or to plant out the crops. Old
garden soils that, year after year, have been
afforded animal and vegetable manures will be
benefited by a good dressing of lime at
this season and again during the month of Feb-
ruarv, and with an application of soot or artifi-
cial manure in the spring. Such soil, if free from
large stones, will be suitable for Potatos, Car-
rots, Beetroot, Parsnips, Salsafy, Scorzonera,
and Chicory. If a plot of ground can be pre-
pared large enough to accommodate them side
by side it will be found the most convenient
arrangement possible. A position where there is
a good depth of moderately light soil should be
chosen, and if this was well enriched in the
previous season at z. considerable depth by
double digging, or, better still, by trenching, all
that is now necessary will be ordinary digging.
Drive the spade in a perpendicular position to
the full length of the blade, but do not do this
work when the soil is in a wet, sticky condition,
or frozen.

Broccoli. — The early and severe frosts in Octo-
ber have once more forced upon us the advisa-
bility of heeling-over at least some of these
plants as a means of preventing them from mak-
ing extra strong growth, which is sometimes the
result of planting them too early or in soil that
was too rich and loose. If the plants have
made sturdy growth with leaves close to the
ground, injury by frost is much less likely. It
might almost be said that when Broccoli is
planted at a sufficient distance apart in a firm,
not over rich soil, the plants become frost-
proof after growth is completed and the soil has
been drawn round the stems. The heeling-over

process reduces very considerably the amount
of produce, but if only some of the plants are
saved there is gain from the practice, even after
allowing for the extra labour involved. The
process includes the removal from the north
side of each plant of about two spadefuls of
soil. The base of the hole thus caused is left
in a sloping position for the plant to rest upon,
bringing it to such an angle as will prevent rain
water lodging on the centre. Insert the spade
its full length of blade on the south side of the
plant, about a foot from the stem, and force
the plant towards the north, so that the base
of the head may rest on the top of the ridge.
Cover the stem with the soil that is taken from
the north side of the next plant, and repeat
the process.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. BuLLOCK, Gardener to E. J. WytheS, Esq.,
Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Conservatory. — If the necessary provision
has been made, no difficulty need now be ex-
perienced in keeping this structure gay with
flowers from the present time until the end of
tin year. Chrysanthemums, of the earlier
flowering section, which are now at their best,
will require little attention beyond that of afford-
ing water to the roots, but it will be necessary
to keep the atmosphere of the house dry without
being hot Any damp that may condense on the
floors or walls of the structure may be dispersed
by means of a circulation of hot water in the
heating apparatus, and of air admitted through
the ventilators when the weather is favourable.
An atmospheric temperature of 45" at night will
be suitable for the Chrysanthemums and for
most of the subjects contained in this structure,
including the Creepers overhead, most of which
will now require to rest for a period. Lapagerias,
that may still be carrying a profusion of
flowers, will require copious waterings at the
roots, but. a lessened supply should be given to
plants that have finished their growth and have
few or no flowers remaining upon them. Cassia
corymbosa also should be afforded less water at
the loots, having passed out of flower, and any
growths that will not be required to furnish the
plant may be removed entirely.

1 'amellias that are planted out against a wall
or otherwise, and that are in a good condition
of health, may be benefited by an occasional
dusting with Clay's Fertilizer, and they will not
need to be disturbed at the roots. If, however,
the appearance of any of the trees is sufficiently
bad to warrant an examination of the roots being
made, this should be done at the present time.
In such a case remove the soured or poor soil
by means of a fork ; take away the defective
drainage, and replace it with fresh materials.
For replanting the Camellias use good peaty
soil, together with some coarse charcoal and
silver sand. Water should be afforded spar-
ingly until the trees have shown signs that they
are becoming re-established. Syringe the trees-
overhead occasionally with clear water.

Temperate or Intermediate Conservatory . — Alla-
mandas, Passifloras, Bougainvilleas, Ipomeas,
Clerodendrons, etc., growing on the roof and
pillars of this structure having, in most cases,
completed their growth, should be kept compara-
tively but not absolutely dry at the roots. Remove-
any superfluous or weak growths, and shorten the
others before tying them in. A temperature by
night of 55° will be suitable during the time
these plants are resting, and for the more tender
species of plants now in full flower in this
structure.

MR. F. JORDAN.— The estate of Impney Hall.
Droitwich, having been leased recently by its
present owner, Mr. F. Jordan, the head gar-
dener and writer of our weekly calendar
" Fruits under Glass," will shortly be at
liberty to take up another situation. During the
time Mr. Jordan has been at Impney, he has
maintained the gardens in first-rate condition, as
was shown in an article published in our issue
for February 20, 1904. His successes at the best
exhibitions of fruit during the same period have
shown him to be an unusually skilful fruit
grower. We hope Mr. Jordan may soon hear
of another opening for the exercise of his prac-
tical ability.

328"

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 4, 1905.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

SATURDAY, Nov.

TUESDAY, Nov, 7|

WEDNESDAY, Nov. 8

FRIDAY,

SATURDAY,

Society Francaise d'Horticulture

de Londres meet.
' Brighton Chrysanthemum Show

(2 days).
Royal Horticultural Society's

Committees meet.
National Rose Committee meets.
Croydon Chrysanthemum Show

(2 days).
Belfast Horticultural Show (2

days).
Birmingham and Midland Coun-
ties' Chrysanthemum Exhibition

{3 days).
West of England Chrysanthemum

Show at Plymouth (2 days).
Highgate Chrysanthemum Show

(3 days).
Bournemouth Chrysanthemum

Show (2 days).
Cardiff Chrysanthemum Show (2

days).
Ascot Chrysanthemum Show {2

days).
Stoke Newington and District

Chrysanthemum Show (2 days).

Sheffield Chrysanthemum Show
(2 days).

Eccles, Pendleton and District
Chrysanthemum Show (2 days).

Nottingham and Notts Chrysan-
) themum Show (2 days).

Bradford Chrysanthemum Show
(2 days).

Leicester Chrysanthemum and
Fruit Show (2 days).

Huddersfield and District Chrys-
anthemum Show {3 days).'

Stockport and District Chrysan-
themum Show.

Nov 11 { Burton-on-Trent Chrysanthemum
1 Exhibition.

Nov.

ActualSTemperatures :—

London. — Wednesday, Nov. 1 (6 p.m.) : Max. 53 ; Min.
<!ffiT°* 46 ■

13 Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,

Covent Garden, London. — Thursday, Nov. 2 (10

a.m.): Bar., 29-3; Temp., 53°. Weather— Dull.

Provinces.— Wednesday, Nov. 1 (6 p.m.): Max. 51"

Guildford ; Min. 45°, N.E. Coast of England.

SALES FOR THE WEEK.

MONDAY NEXT—

Bulbs^at Stevens's Rooms, King Street, Covent Garden,
W.C.

MONDAY TO FRIDAY NEXT—

DutchiBulbs, at 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C., by Protheroe
& Morris, at 10.30.

MONDAY, TUESDAY, AND WEDNESDAY NEXT—
Sale of well-grown Surplus Nursery Stock, at Otter-
shaw Nurseries, Chertsey, by order of Messrs. Fletcher
Bros., by Protheroe & Morris, at 12 o'clock each Day.

WEDNESDAY NEXT—

Palms, Plants, Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Roses, &c, at
67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C., by Protheroe & Morris, at 5.

FRIDAY NEXT—

Sale;of Fruit Trees and other Nursery Stock, at Belling-
ham Nursery, Bromley Road, Catford, by ordei of
Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, by Protheroe & Morris, at
11.30 o'clock.

At a meeting held under the
The British • , r n t j

«=„:„..,. r- -i presidency of the Lord
Science Guild.

Mayor at the Mansion
House on October 30th a very important step
was taken. Everj one wonders at the revela-
tions of science, especially during the last half
century, but there, too often, the impression
ends. As a nation we are slow to change our
haphazard and antiquated methods. We do
not, as a community, sufficiently recognise the
vast importance of scientific methods in all the
pursuits of life, from the details of imperial gov-
ernment to street cleaning. We do not allude to
abstract science so much as to its application.
What was the prime cause of the success of
the Germans in their war with France ?
Scientific method. What has contributed espe-
cially to the rise of Japan among the nations?
What to her unexampled success in her contest
with^Russia? Again, scientific method. Why
arej certain industries so flourishing in other
countries as compared with our own ? The
answer is the same, scientific method and
organisation. In our own department we have
some^excellent colleges, but they are few and
punyas compared with the corresponding in-

stitutions in the United States and in Germany.
We are not wanting in leaders of science.
We more than hold our own in the supply
of great captains. Our deficiency lies in the
imperfect education of the rank and file,
their want of appreciation of the practical
significance of scientific discoveries, and their
consequent inability to avail themselves of the
power which the scientific explorer puts at
their disposal. The daily papers reported
the speeches at the meeting pretty fully,
so that it is not necessary for us to enter into
detail. We may, however, express our surprise
that so little was said as to the progress of
biological science during the last half century.
Whilst the world has been in most depart-
ments almost revolutionised by the adoption
of the principles of evolution, we doubt if any
one of the speakers so much as mentioned
the word !

It was only possible for us

The late in our last issue to record

Rev. H. H. the death of the Rev. H-

D'Ombrain. Honywood D'Ombrain and

to insert the portrait of this
well-known gardener. Some further allusions
to his career will be acceptable to those who,
perchance, knew him only by name. He was
of Huguenot extraction and for a time wrote
his name in English fashion Dombrain. reverting
in later years to the original spelling D'Ombrain.
He was a student at Trinity College, Dublin,
and in his early days showed indications of
that love for natural history pursuits which
remained with him as an abiding passion to the
last. His abilities as an organizer and founder
of societies was also shown at this period. In
the year 1838 he and a fellow student in-
augurated the Natural History Society of
Dublin. Its history, as he told us on more
than one occasion, was this : Two University
students were, in the year 1838, entomologis-
ing in the neighbourhood of Dublin, when the
idea was started of a society for the investiga-
tion of the Natural History of Ireland, where
less advanced naturalists might obtain inform-
ation and become better acquainted with one
another. Of these students D'Ombrain was
one, and his friend the Rev. B. S. Clarke the
other. The idea was taken up with a good
deal of spirit. The founders commenced in a
very quiet way. Their apartments were at
first at a rope and twine shop on D'Olier
Quay, although the first gatherings were at
Glenan's, the bird-stuffer, in Suffolk Street.
The first year's income was £37 10s. In
the following year the members migrated to
commodious rooms in Great Brunswick Street.
Some of the most eminent men of science
in Ireland joined them. Archbishop Whately
took them by the hand ; Mr. (afterwards Sir
William) Wilde, Professor Allman, Robert
Ball, David Moore of Glasnevin, the Lord
Lieutenant, the Provost of Trinity College,
became members, and at the end of the second
year the society had a balance of £80. In
1841 D'Ombrain resigned his secretaryship,
Entering the Church of England. D'Ombrain
took an active part in missionary and other
church work. It is, however, with his career
as a horticulturist that we are here concerned.
For many years he laboured at Deal and,
during this period, he devoted his leisure to
the study of Florists' Flowers, making himself
a name as a cultivator especially of Auriculas

and Gladioli, and writing much on these and
others flowers in the Journal of Horticulture
over the once familiar signature of " D. Deal."
For some time he edited the Floral Magazine, a
periodical devoted to the special flowers in which
he took such interest. After some years'
sojourn at Deal he became Vicar of Westwell,
near Ashford, Kent, and held that position for
thirty-seven years. Here his love for Florists'
Flowers continued without abatement, and he
became widely known as an enthusiastic rosa-
rian, visiting Lyons, Paris and other Rose
centres, and making friends of the principal con-
tinental growers of Roses and Gladioli. His chief
achievement, however, in connection with the
Rose was the formation of the National Rose
Society. The foundation of this Society has
been attributed to the late Dean Hole, but this
was a mistake. We well remember the meeting
in Adelphi Terrace on a typically wretched
November day, when the contrast between the
climatal conditions outside and the spirit
animating the founders within was marked
indeed. As we often heard our late friend
assert, he felt assured of success when Mr. Hole
— he was not, if we remember rightly, then a
Canon — entered the room and took the chair at
the inaugural meeting. On the subsequent
progress of the Society we need not here dilate ;
it is enough now to say that its success has been,
in a very large degree, due to the labours of its
founder. For many years also Mr. D'Ombrain
acted as the editor of the Rosarian's Year
Book, an interesting and valuable record of
matters interesting to Rosarians, and was also
the author of a useful treatise on the Gladiolus.
As an organiser of exhibitions, and often as a
judge at these gatherings, D'Ombrain took a
leading part. Our readers were for many
years indebted to him for intelligence on mat-
ters connected with the Rose and for the
expression of opinions, above the signature
" Wild Rose," which as the outcome of length-
ened experience and keen judgment were
highly appreciated. To him also horticultu-
rists are indebted for the establishment of the
Horticultural Club, which has pleasantly and
fittingly supplied a means of intercommunica-
tion between those interested in the pursuit of
horticulture. Mr. D'Ombrain's portrait, with
that of Mr. John Lee. the first president of the
Club, hangs on thewalls of the meeting room,
and will aid in perpetuating the memory of the
services of one of the most ardent, efficient,
and sympathetic leaders in horticulture. Very
appropriately he was one of the first to
receive the honour of V.M.H.

LILIUM MYRIOPHYLLUM. (Sec Supplementary
Illustration). — This is a new and a very elegant
Chinese species of Lily, introduced into cultivation
by Messrs. Veitch, through their collector Wilson.
Itsleavesare narrow linear, acuminate, one-nerved,
with deflexed apices, and are thickly crowded on
the stem. The flowers are of reddish-purple
colour without, ivory white within, suffused with
rich canary yellow in the tube. Although, horti-
culturally this, together with Franchet's L. for-
mosum and Baker's varieties, chloraster and
leucanthum, are abundantly distinct for garden
purposes, there can be no question but that
botanically they are all forms of L. Browni.
They are all really only geographical forms
of one polymorphic species, their distribution
being as follows : — In the glens and gorges
around Ichang the type, or rather the form,
known in gardens as L. Colchesteri, abounds. In

Supplement to the "Gardeners' Chronicle.*'

LlLIUM MYRIOPHYLLUM, A CHINESE LlLY INTRODUCED BY MESSRS. JAMES VEITCH AND SONS.

BrflHhurv. Airnpw St To. I.H.. Primers. London jiid To.ibriJsS.

November 4, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

329

the mountains around Ichang this is displaced by
the variety chloraster. The variety leucanthum is
very rare in Hupeh, but common in Yunnan, and
especially in the mountain valleys of Western
Szechuan, where the type is rarely, and the variety
•chloraster never seen. In the north-west of
Szechuan L. myriophyllum displaces the other
forms, though leucanthum occurs very sparingly.
In north-west Szechuan L. formosum is the com-
mon form. This also occurs sparingly in the
mountains of Hupeh.

All these varieties or forms affect stony and
rocky ground, and, with the exception of the type
which affects lower altitudes, are common between
3,000 and 4,500 feet. L. myriophyllum was named
by Franchet in Morot Journal tie Botanique, vi.
{1892), p. 310, from dried material sent to Paris
from Yunnan by Pere Delavay. See also Hems-
ley in Journ. Linn. Soc, xxxvi., p. 132.

HORTICULTURAL CLUB.— The next House
Dinner of the Club will take place on Tuesday,
November 7th, 1905, at 6 p.m., at the Hotel
Windsor. After dinner the Rev. Canon Horsley
will speak about "The Influence of Flowers
amongst the Poor. ' '

.NATIONAL ROSE SOCIETY.— A meeting of
the General Purposes Committee will be held on
Tuesday, November 7, at 1.45 p.m., in the rooms
of the Horticultural Club, Hotel Windsor, Victoria
Street, and a meeting of the General Committee at
the same place on the same date.

MR. T. H. COOK, Head Gardener to the King
at Sandringham, will shortly return home from
16, Fitzroy Square, London, where he has under-
gone a serious operation for an affection of the
ears. Mr. Cook, who has been absent from home
for almost a month, has recovered very satisfac-
torily, and it is anticipated the effect of the operation
will be all that was desired.

BRITISH GARDENERS ASSOCIATION.— A

meeting of the Executive Council of this Asso-
ciation was held on October 24 at the R.H.S.
Hall, Westminster, Mr. R. Hooper Pearson in
the chair. The Secretary submitted the appli-
cation forms, credentials, etc., of 66 new candi-
dates. They were elected unanimously, thus
bringing the total membership up to 749. The
Secretary also reported that applications for
membership had been received from several in-
dividuals, but they were unable to fill in the
official form stating what experience they had in
the cultivation of plants of any kind. Applica-
tions for gardeners had been received from
several ladies and gentlemen since the last meet-
ing, and members of the Association had already
been selected by the employers for some of the
situations, including one at Johannesburg, South
Africa, and the others were also likely to be
filled. For the benefit of prospective members,
it may be stated that members joining after
October 1 in any year, shall, on payment of the
registration fee and the first annual subscrip-
tion, be entitled to the privileges of the Associa-
tion until the end of the following year Without
further payment. The rules are being very care-
fully considered by the Executive Council, and
it is hoped that they will be issued, with a com-
plete list of the names and addresses of all
the members, some time in December. John
Weathers, Secretary.

THE NATIONAL POTATO SOCIETY'S
SHOW, which promises to be the most remark-
able exhibition of Potatos on record, will be
held in the Horticultural Hall, Vincent Square,
Westminster, on Thursday and Friday, Novem-
ber 23rd and 24th. Schedules may be had from
the hon. secretary, Mr. Walter P. Wright,
Postling, Hythe, Kent. Entries are now due.

LORD KITCHENER AS A GARDENER.— From
Indian Gardening and Planting we learn that
" Lord Kitchener is an enthusiastic gardener.
He has built a conservatory in which Orchids
from Burma and plants from Kashmir, Mysore,
and the neighbourhood of the Pamirs are being
experimented with. The unofficial residence of
the famous soldier is ' Wildflower Hall,' which
lies at a height of 8,200 feet about six miles out
of Simla en the road which leads towards Tibet.
The view from the grounds is magnificent, show-
ing upon one side the snowy range which is the
source of the Ganges, and upon the other the
Sutlej, rolling in flood to the plains of the Pun-
jab. Wildflower Hall is Lord Kitchener's
week-end retreat, and it is rarely that he allows
the cares of business to interfere with his weekly
pilgrimage there. It is there that he chiefly in-
dulges his gardening taste. At first he tried
flower-raising, but he soon found that the cli-
mate of Simla was not suited to ordinary
English flowers, and more especially bulbs ; so
he turned his attention to landscape-gardening.
Now he has turned the grounds into a fairy
bower with banks of Periwinkle and Rose-
gardens, diversified with sloping grassy lawns."
It is at Simla that most English flowers can, be
grown to perfection.

FLOWER-PANICLE WITHOUT FLOWERS.—
Mr. Stockdale, of the Gardens, Ratho Park,
Ratho, sends us a loose straggling branched in-
florescence of an Odontoglossum in which the
bracts have developed as leaves, whilst the flowers
are not developed at all. Such a state of things
is not uncommon in Odontoglossum cirrosuni,
where the inflorescence is sometimes produced
very slowly. The plant, if we may so say,
starts to form an inflorescence, but owing to
some climatal or other conditions, the nature of
which we do not know, the flowers are not
formed, and leaves and leaf-buds take the place
which should be occupied by bracts and flower-
buds.

ONIONS: AILSA CRAIG AND EXCELSIOR.—

A correspondent has invited some explicit state-
ment as to the priority in commerce and naming
of Ailsa Craig and Excelsior onions. Can any of
our readers help to clear up the doubt which
hangs over this matter ? In the south it has been
common expei ienceto find AilsaCraig onion shown
in broad deep form, and in its earlier stages in-
variably having on one side at the base of each
bulb a slight bulge. That bulge, by means of the
severe selection the variety has generally under-
gone, has been largely, if not entirely, eliminated ;
hence large bulbs, whilst still broad, are more
shapelv than was the case formerly. Excelsior
as exhibited is more egg-shaped or globular,
being rather deeper and narrower with tapering
tops or necks. A few years since we were favoured
with a few bulbs of this variety from an eminent
grower ; these were planted and the seed saved
with care. The next generation of bulbs, however,
included some that were broad and others that
were narrow. We are also aware that many
growers of fine bulbs select for exhibition the
broader bulbs under the name of Ailsa Craig and
the deeper and narrower bulbs under that of
Excelsior. For these reasons the conclusion
seems inevitable that the two names apply to
one variety only. At the show at Edinburgh
recently where huge onions were exhibited,
the owner of one lot remonstrated when large,
broad bulbs were termed Ailsa Craig, and
not as he claimed them to be, Excelsior. They
exactly resembled Ailsa Craig as shown by others.
Our correspondent, who hails from Cheshire, holds
that the broad bulbs are Excelsior, and the
narrow ones Ailsa Craig, but, that is not the
southern rule. It is a point which someone may
be able to make clear.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. — A

deputation from the Society visited the Inter-
national Horticultural Exhibition held in Paris in
May last, and on their return the Council of the
Society unanimously decided tooffertoM. Loubet,
President of the Republic, a token of their appre-
ciation of his and Madame Loubet's kind reception
of their delegates, and the cordiality of their wel-
come during their stay in the French capital. A
large Flora medal was therefore struck in pure
gold and forwarded to the President, through M.
C ambon. The following letter from the Secretary
of the French Embassy was read at a recent meet-
ing of the Council of the Society : — " Monsieur le
President de la Republique has been pleased to
accept the medal and letter which were presented
to him by the ' Royal Horticultural Society,' and
has directed this Embassy to convey his sincere
thanks to your Society."

In connection with the recent Conference

on the Fruit Growing Industry of this country, in
conjunction with the National Fruit Growers'
Federation, a letter has been received by the
Society from the Federation, stating that their
" Council desires to express its warmest thanks to
the Royal Horticultural Society for its cordial and
effective co-operation in carrying out the late
Conference on Fruit Growing, the success of which
was so largely due to the excellence of all the
arrangements at the Hall and the courteous
hospitality extended to visitors and members of the
Federation."

PLANT ECOLOGY. -The following is a sum-
mary of Professor Henslow's paper read at the
I.innean Society on November 2 : — Part I. : Plant
Geography and Plant Surveying(Phytotopography) ,
comprising Records of the Fluctuating Distribu-
tion of Species within definite areas (Association,
&c), the Resultof Natural Selection. Definition. —
The Struggle for Existence, and the Survival of
the better adapted under the circumstances. Vari-
ous Applications of Natural Selection. Examples :
1, Perennials with perennials; 2, Annuals with
perennials ; 3, Perennials with dry and moist soils ;
4, Reversals of perennials; 5, Inability to con-
tend with others, &c. Part II. — Ecology proper,
or the Physiology of Plant Geography, implies —
" The Study of the Vital Relations of Organisms
to their Environment " (Tansley). These include
the Origin of Adaptive Structures (i.e., varietal,
specific, and generic characters) by means of the
Protoplasmic Response to "The Direct Action of
the Conditions of Life, leading to Definite Results,
whereby New Subvarieties arise without the aid
of Natural Selection" (Darwin). Illustrations of
Ecological Adaptations shown by Induction and
Experiment.

THE VITALITY OF BURIED SEEDS:— We

. take the following extracts from a report by Mr.
Duvel to the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
The experiments were undertaken in order to
determine the length of time that seeds of different
species of plants will retain their vitality when
buried at various depths. Seeds of both cultivated
and wild plants were used, but special attention
was given to weed seeds in order to ascertain what
weeds can be eradicated by deep ploughing and how
long the soil must remain undisturbed before the
vitality of the seeds will be entirely destroyed.
The results of the first year's experiments show-
that the noxious character of weeds is closely
associated with the length of time the seeds will
remain viable in the soil, and that many weeds can
be eradicated by ploughing. Much additional infor-
mation is given, showing the relative resistance of
the seeds of cultivated plants and of those
commonly designated as weeds, and the influence
upon the preservation of vitality of the depth of
burial, of hard seed coats, and of hulled as com-

330

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 4, 1905.

pared with unhulled seed. Mr. Duvel sums up
the results of his experiments as follows : — " The
length of time that seeds will retain their vitality
when buried in the soil is of much importance in
the extermination of weeds. The seeds of many
of cur pernicious weeds can be destroyed by deep
ploughing if the soil is left undisturbed for some
time. Seeds of the cultivated plants, with but few-
exceptions, lose their vitality when buried in the
soil. Seeds of the plants commonly designated as
weeds retain their vitality remarkably well when
buried in the soil. In general, the pernicious
character of weeds is directly proportional to the
length of time the seeds will remain viable when
buried in the soil. The deeper seeds are buried,
the better is vitality preserved. Hard seeds of the
same species retain their vitality much better than
those with softer seed coats. Unhulled seed,
especially of the grasses, is more resistent than
hulled seed, and the vitality is always better pre-
served. Seeds of plants from the same genus often
retain their vitality in a very different degree.
Vitality is best preserved, even in weed seeds,
when the seeds are carefully harvested and stored
in a dry and comparatively cool place.

TURKISH TOBACCO.— Dr. Alexandre Tzou-
N'is, of Naples, has published a monograph of the
varieties of tobacco grown by the Turks in the
interior of Macedonia. Dr. Tzounis has traversed
the whole of the province, and by his familiarity
with the language has been enabled to collect
a large amount of information concerning the
cultivation and preparation of the tobacco so
much appreciated by smokers. All the varieties
belong to Nicotiana Tabacum, of which there are
two primary groups, one with sessile the other
with stalked leaves. It may be added that,
according to Professor Comes, the best Turkish
tobaccos are the produce of a cross between the
varieties Havanensis and macrophylla. The first
supplies the delicate perfume, the second the
exquisite flavour. When the characters of the
two varieties are equally balanced the result is of
typical excellence, but if one variety predominates
the balance is disturbed. If Havanensis be
dominant the tobacco will be more highly per-
fumed, but less agreeable. If macrophylla be
dominant a tobacco will be produced more delicate
but less aromatic. The publication may be had
from the Royal School of Agriculture of Porticir
Naples.

THE SELBORNE SOCIETY.— The Selborne
Society, founded to perpetuate the memory of
Gilbert White and with the object of encouraging
nature-study, has now been in existence for
twenty years. It continues to do good work in
preserving from destruction and ill-treatment scarce
and wild animals and plants, and in protecting
places and objects of natural beauty or antiquarian
interest. The Society endeavours to act with
discrimination, and not toencouragesentimentality.
The now well-known meetings and excursions in
connection with the Association introduce a social
element which many enjoy and by which they
benefit. The members are numerous, and con-
stantly increasing in numbers. The President is
the Right Hon. Lord Avebury, I) C I. , F.R.S.

ORNAMENTAL DR AC/EN AS.— These plants,
the correct name for which is " Cordyline," are
very useful for indoor and garden decoration. A
recent issue of the Revue de V Horticulture Beige
contains a note by M. Charles Pvnaert on some
of the best-known varieties. _These are classed in
twoj;roups the one including greenhouse varieties
with green or variegated leaves, the other coloured
leaved kinds. All are grown in vast numbers in
Belgium for home use and for export.

The hardiest species are Cord) line australis and
C. indivisa, which have produced many varieties ;
notablj C .1 aureo-striata, with leaves of dark

shining green streaked with clear green and golden
yellow ; C. a. Rigoutsi, a splendid and somewhat
similar kind ; and the familiar C. canna^folia.

Two varieties with prettily marked leaves and
brought out about ten years ago are C. aureo-
striata and C. variegata. These are lesshardv than
the type and the leaves are less persistent.

Among the varieties of C . indivisa are C . Doucetti
and C. Prince Albert ; the latter the less familiar
and distinguished by more regular markings.
C. lentiginosa is of similar habit to C. indivisa,
the leaves are yellowish when young and turn to
deep russet brown.

C. lineata has large leaves; C. Veitchi only
differs from the type in having foliage which is
dark red at the base and at the back of the veins.

The leaves of C. striata are very narrow. This
is an interesting species, but one rarely met with.
It is the parent of many valuable varieties includ-
ing C. congesta. with broader leaves, and C
discolor, with leaves that are violet underneath.
C. rubra, rubra compacta, Bruanti, Danelli.
Toeffaerti, Eekhautii are all largely cultivated. C.
Bruanti is the most commonly used as a room
plant. It is hardy, dwarf and keeps its leaves
well. The Ghent growers in especial cultivate
this variety extensively and every autumn thou-
sands of specimens of it are exported by them.

CHINESE PLANTS.— Messrs. Veitch inform
us that the Herbarium material numbering some
14,000 specimens collected by Wilson during his
second journey on their behalf, has been sent to
the following botanists and institutions : — The
most complete set to The Herbarium, Royal
Gardens, Kew. General sets to The British
Museum; Musr'um d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris;
Professor Dr. E. Zacharias, Hamburg ; E. H.
Wilson; Professor C. S. Sargent; Arnold Arbore-
tum, Boston, U.S. A. .specimens of ligneous plants.
Dr. H. Christ, Bale, specimens of Ferns; Dr.
Maxwell T. Masters, Conifers ; and Lieut, -Col. D.
Prain, Calcutta, Papaveracese and Pedicularis.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS IN THE OPEN.

The infusion of Japanese blood into the race
of early flowering varieties has done much to
encourage the cultivation of the plants in bor-
ders. Delaux and Vertuzes, about twenty years
ago, made the first real advance in this respect,
but in later days M. Aug. Nonin, of Paris,
has evidently acquired a keen perception of
those qualities necessary for a hardy border
Chrysanthemum. Most of this gentleman's new
seedlings are bushy, dwarf plants having good-
sized flowers of the Japanese type, clear and
bright in colour. Mr. W. Wells, Mr. Shawyer,
and one or two other English raisers have also
raised some desirable novelties, and of these we
have seen a number during the present season.
Of M. Nonin's I recently saw at the Merstham
nurseries a large collection, in the open, grown
in lines at an interval of about a foot apart, of
many of these new sorts, which seem to be well
adapted for the purpose •of out-door culture.
All of them were neat little bushy plants, vary-
ing from a foot in height to about 18 inches.
They included Clothilde, rosy-flesh coloured
tipped white ; Flambeau, salmon red ; Mr. W.
Hubert, delicate salmon rose ; Dame Blanche,
large but rather heavy blooms, colour white ;
Rene Rose, a very fine flower of rosy mauve,
and of good size ; Glacier, white, and Blanc
Precoce, another excellent white.

Of English raised varieties Polly is a capital
orange yellow-coloured flower. Perfection is
white with a faint shade of blush. Kuroki
crimson scarlet, a very dwarf and neat little
plant. Claret, as its name implies, is of rich

wine colour and very good. Whitepoint is a
distinct flower of reddish lilac colour and tipped
white. Jenny is orange-coloured and a nice
little flower. The Champion, deep yellow.
Orange, a warm orange bronze or terra cotta,
and Goacher's Pink, very bright and effective,
are also desirable varieties.

SINGLE FLOWERING VARIETIES.

During recent visits to the various autumn
shows I have met with many old favourites of
this type whose merits are well understood, but
there are several newer varieties that appear to
be premising and which it may be serviceable
to place on record.

Merstham Beauty is a pretty flower of medium
size, colour very deep rose with yellow centre.
Gladys Hemsley has flat florets of lilac rose
colour and a yellow centre. Pride of Merst-
ham is of deep ruby red colour. Mary Richard-
son is a warm shade of golden terra cotta, free
flowering and very pretty. The flowers are of
large size and have yellow centres. Nonin's
single is of a pure yellow and flowers early in the
season. Distinction is a pretty shade of rosy
lilac with yellow centre, and has florets of
medium size— centre yellow. Morning Star,
pure white, except for the yellow centre, is quite
an exhibition variety, having very long florets.
Uimmel, pure yellow, is rather a small flower
with flat florets, and was recently awarded a
Certificate of Merit. Autumn Glory is an im-
mense Japanese Single with great length of floret
colour, pure golden yellow. King Edward VII.,
aiso a single of the Japanese type, with very
long florets — a big flower — colour rich ruby red
with yellow centre. Sylvia is a Japanese form
with flat florets, coloured rosy lilac. Miss
Runchmati, pale yellow, is a large bloom with
flat florets. Eureka is another of the Japanese
type of single blooms, of very large size, and hav-
ing long white florets and a yellow centre. Rosea
is also a large-sized Japanese flower ; it has im-
mense florets of a peculiar shade of lilac blush.
Blushing Beauty is of extra large size with
medium florets of pale blush colour and yellow
centre. Princess Eva, a nice-looking flower,
with flat florets, a pretty shade of blush. Pro-
gress, bronze coloured ; Innovation, rich crim-
son ; and Decorator, pure golden yellow, are also
attractive varieties of fairly recent introduction.
C. H. P.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS IN BATTERSEA
PARK.

The hipped roof of one of the larger glass-
houses at Battersea Park gives shelter to a col-
lection of Chrysanthemums in pots consisting
almost wholly of Japanese varieties. It was
a sense of relief to turn one's back on the
scene of devastation outside, the result of the
unusually severe frosts, and enter on an inspec-
tion of the fresh-looking, healthy, and vigorous

plants arranged in a serpentine bank — now
against the front, and then against the back
walls of the house. The collection appeared to
be amply diversified by new varieties.. Some of
the finer flowers were sufficiently expanded to
disclose their peculiar beauties, and we may men-
tion Madame Gustave Henry, a white, rather
flatly formed, incurved flower; Mrs. H. Weeks,
with curled reflexing florets ; and Mermaid, with
florets confused, and likewise white ; Leocadie
Gentils, a hairy yellow flower, a sport from
White Louis Bcehmer, whose flowers were just
about to expand ; Mrs. T. W. Pockett, a well-
known yellow-flowered variety ; Bessie Godfrey,
the flowers massive in build ; Lady Byron, a fine
white flower ; Mrs. Coomber, mauve-coloured
with reflexing florets ; the immense Mrs. J. C.
Neville, of the purest white ; the lavender-pink
coloured Ernest Penfold, the florets incurving
at the tips ; Willie Bullimore, a showy flower,

November 4, 1905.]

THE (i Mi DENE US' CHRONICLE.

331

with flat florets, rosy carmine, with silver re-
verse; Henry Perkins, a reddish crimson and
orange, a large and beautiful flower ; John
Shrimpton, a bright crimson flower ; the creamy
white Miss Stopford, having long thread-like
florets and a greenish centre ; Mrs. Duckham,
with fine thread-like florets, the flower full and
incurving ; Vicar of Leatherhead, having narrow
florets of a light yellow tint, and reflexing ; Mrs.
Claude Beckett, a fine large flower of pure
white, and said to be of good bushy habit ; Mrs.
Judge Benedict (new), white; N.C.S. Jubilee, a
fine tint of mauve colour, build and florets of
great massiveness ; the bronze form of Soleil
d'Octobre; William Cursham, a fine orange
and bronze-coloured flower ; President Nonin,
orange coloured ; and Descartes, a reddish-
brown coloured showy flower. The above-
named are Japanese varieties exclusively. F. M.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the
opinions expressed by his correspondents. 1

WINTER FLOWERING CARNATIONS.—
There appears to be a feeling among growers that
the time has arrived when an exhibition of Winter
Flowering Carnations is a consummation to be
wished. I venture, therefore, to appeal to all
those holding this opinion to kindly communicate
with me forthwith, stating what amount of support
they are willing to contribute to such a scheme, so
that data may Ik- at hand to prove whether a show
held early 111 December would receive sufficient
support to make it a practical proposition. In the
event of adequate subscriptions being forthcoming
I have already been promised the assistance of
several growers in formulating rules and drawing
up a schedule that would be acceptable to both
private gardeners and the trade, and in making
such arrangements as to ensure a reasonable mea-
sure of success to the movement. That the
American Carnation has come to stay is an
undoubted fact, and its adaptability to all purposes
of decoration, as well as the individual beauty of
the blooms, seems to indicate that an exhibition
of these attractive flowers could not well fail to
gain the approbation of the general public as well
as that of the enthusiastic gardener. Hayward
Mathias, Medstead, Hants.

FRUIT BUDS FORMED AS A RESULT OF
INJURY. — I send the two shoots enclosed from a
Plum tree growing against a wall in my garden.
I have for several months watched with great
interest their development. The tree was dis-
budded in the spring in the usual manner, and
the young shoots were stopped according as
was deemed necessary. In order, however, to
fill a gap, two shoots were allowed to ex-
tend, but during June one was partially broken
by the wind. The injured part was not re-
moved, but hung down in front of the tree,
while the other shoot remained intact and grew
erect. Now that the leaves have fallen, there
is a striking difference in the formation of buds.
The shoot which was damaged is thickly studded
with fruit buds |~spurs, Ed.] , while on the un-
injured one there are no fruit buds at all. The
sap was partially arrested in the one shoot, result-
ing in the production of fruit buds. I regard it as
a practical and interesting object lesson in fruit
culture, and one showing that a tree that is grow-
ing vigorously to prove fruitful may, under careful
management — either by restricting the roots, or
by judicious summer pruning and stopping — be
encouraged to develop fruit buds. Richard Parker,
Horsham.

COLOUR IN SEEDS.— Has anyone ever sug-
gested the use of colour in seeds ? In flowers we
are told that the colours serve as guides to insects ;
but I do not feel sure that we have got to the
bottom of that matter. In the Scarlet Runner the
best seeds are beautifully coloured, but they are
quite concealed till they fall ripe to the ground.
There are many seeds beautifully marked, but
almost requiring a microscope to see their beaut v.
I want to know in what way these colours are
necessary to the life of the plant. H.E.

COTONEASTERS.— I am much obliged to T.
for the information that C. bacillaris has dark-
brown berries instead of red, as penned by me.
The plant has been cultivated here for many
years under the name of C. bacillaris. The
berries are larger and brighter than those of the
variety known here as C. frigida. I have sent
the two varieties to Mr. W. J. Bean, Royal
Gardens, Kew, and he says that both are un-
doubtedly forms of C. frigida. Mr. Bean kindly
sent me a few berries of C. bacillaris, the colour
of which I do not appreciate. James Mayne,
Bicton Gardens, Devonshire.

NICOTIANA SAN DER/E.— Plants raised from
seed that was sown the first week in February, and
were potted on until they were in 8A and 10-inch
pots, commenced to flower early in Jun3, and have
continued to come into flower at short intervals
Even now I have a few plants that are only just
throwing up their flower-spikes. It seems curious
that they did not all come into flower nearly
together, because they each received the same
treatment. I at first thought it was be-
cause I had afforded them a too liberal treat-
ment, but happening to call on a friend at
Kingston I found that the same circumstance
had happened there in plants grown in 5-inch
pots. I have seen many splendid beds of this
plant growing during the summer, especially on
ground over a subsoil of chalk, but I have not
noticed any out-of-door plants failing to throw
up their flower-spikes at one time. A. Ethering-
ton, The Gardens, Ncthcrby, Weybridgc, Surrey,
October 22.

APPLES IN SHALLOW BOXES.— In the last
issue a request appears from Mr. Walter as to
marketing apples in shallow boxes. I think
much might be done in this direction, and shall
therefore exhibit sound, hand-picked fruits of
Cox's Orange Pippin in such boxes at the Royal
Horticultural Society's Hall on November 7.
This year my Cox's Orange Pippins are
very fine, and worth at least 30s. a bushel.
Consulting Horticulturist.

DRIP. — In the system "ofj'roofing known as
Becker's Simplified' Roofing all condensation of
moisture is arrested by the horizontal bars upon
which the glass rests. The water runs along
the groove in this bar until it meets the rafter
at right angles, when it follows a downward
course in a groove made in the rafter, and
ultimately empties itself into the gutter outside
the house. I have read with interest the various
accounts of drip preventives, but the majority
of these are only theoretical, for although they
provide means of carrying away such condensa-
tion as gathers upon the rafter and the bar,
they do not provide for that which runs down
the panes of the glass, and this is the greater
evil. H. Becker, Jersey.
[This matter was discussed in these pages earlier

in the year, and illustrations appeared in the

issues for February 11, March 4, March 11,

and April 1, 1905. — Ed.]

ELMS IN KENSINGTON GARDENS.— Some
hundreds of the old Elms in Kensington Gar-
dens have been marked for lopping or removal,
and greatly as such attention was needed, the
work appears to have been set about in a rather
wholesale fashion. It is to be hoped that the
greatest care will be taken that a well-intended
improvement may not result in a widespread
disfigurement which would remain for years.
The case is a difficult one when the trees are in
avenues like that in the Broad Walk, wherein
there is always a tendency to postpone needful
thinning as long as possible, often too long in
fact. This may be seen in many English parks,
for avenues of Elms seem to have been favourites
with planters in former times. Yet the common
Ulmus campestris lias serious defects which un-
fit it for the purpose, not the least of which is
the loss of branches referred to by a corre-
spondent in a recent issue of the Gardeners''
Chronicle. Varieties that might be more fre-
quently planted with advantage is the Jersey
Elm (LJ. campestris sarniensis), the Cork Elm
(suberosai, ana the strangely-named U. antarc-
tica. Of the Wych Elm (U. montana) there are
more forms adapted for the same purpose, but
the Exeter Elm (U. montana fastigiata) is one of
the best, and it thrives well in towns, even
under very adverse circumstances. C.

tSHu'tuarg).

WILLIAM PHILLIPS. — The death of Mr.
William Phillips took place at his residence in
Shrewsbury, on October 23, 1905, at the age of
83 years.

Born in Radnorshire, he went to reside in
Shrewsbury in 1832, so that most of his life was
spent in that town.

He was one of those all-round naturalists who
derive pleasure from the study of nature in many
ways. Astronomy, Geology, Ornithology, all
interested him, but it is with Botany that he has left
his mark. Possessing a sound knowledge of the
phanerogamic flora, not only of his own county
but also of Britain generally, he early turned his
attention to Cryptogams. A neighbour and friend
of the Rev. W. A. Leighton, he became interested
in lichens and studied them for many years with
keen zest under that able instructor. His know-
ledge of this little studied group of plants was
both wide and accurate, and lie acquired an
extensive herbarium of them, especially rich in
the species of the West of England and of North
Wales.

It was as a fungologist, however, that he did his
best work . A correspondent of the leading myco-
logists of his day — Messrs. M.J. Berkeley, C. E.
Broome, F. Currev. M. C Cooke, W. G. Smith,
in England; the Rev. Dr. Keith, and the Rev
John Stevenson, in Scotland; I' A Karsten

llll LATE WILLIAM 1'HILLIPS.

(Finland) ; E. Boudier (France) ; Rehm (Germany) ;
Messrs. Peck and Harknen, in America, and many
others — he acquired an extensive knowledge not
only of British but also of exotic species. He
took up the study of fungi in 1869-70, at first with
the Hymenomycetes, but he soon specialized with
the Discomycetes. After 18 or 19 years' work
with them he published his Manual of British
Discomycetes. He bestowed great labour upon
this book , verifying descriptions and spore measure-
ments, so that it remains a monumental study of
the British species. He had previously published
from fascicles of dried specimens Elvellacei
Britannici, 1874-1881.

He was a frequent contributor to Grevillea, the
earlier volumes of which contain many papers by
him on lichens and fungi.

In 1881 he published a " Revision of the Genus
Vibrissea " in the Transactions of the Linnean
Society. Communications from his pen appeared
from time to time in the Gardeners' Chronicle,
which in those days was one of the few periodicals
whose columns were open to mycological subjects.
It was here, for instance, that Peziza Misturcs, P.
araneo-cincta and PhacnUum tetrasporum were de-
scribed and figured. (Sep. 4, 1880, p. 308.)

Amongst other botanical papers he published
the following in various places : —

The Filices of Shropshire, Californian Fungi,

332

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 4, 1905.

Fungi of Dwelling Houses, Hymenomycetes of
Shropshire, British Lichens, The Breaking of the
Shropshire Meres, Luminosity of Fungi, Mon-
strosities in Fungi, as well as a long series of
papers for association with the present writer on
"New and Rare British Fungi " Of a retiring
disposition, he was an indefatigable worker, and
has left behind him hundreds of coloured figures
of fungi made from nature, with microscopical
details and notes and his herbarium. Disliking
controversy, he held his own opinions firmly, but
never obtruded them upon others. ■

He was never known to say an unkind thing
nor impute an unkind motive to others who
differed from him in scientific matters. During
the latter years of his life, when he had to a great
extent to abandon the use of the microscope, he
devoted much time to archaeology, but his interest
was always aroused by the sight of a fungus, and
he was ever ready to give whatever help he could
to learners.

He was one of the original members of the
Shropshire Horticultural Society, a Guarantor of
the 1875 Show, and one of the Honorary Treasurers
to the time of his death. Charles B.Plowright, M.D.

GEORGE ARMISTON.— Thisrecently deceased
gardener commenced his career under the late
Mr. Pillans, Floors Castle Gardens, Kelso. From
there he went to the late Mr. Shearer, of Yester,
who, after deceased left for Killeren, invited him
back to become foreman. Mr. Shearer sub-
sequently recommended deceased to Messrs. Veitch
& Si ms, and this firm sent him to Packington
Hall Gardens. Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons also
recommended him to Mr. Coleman, of Gatton
Park, and Ditton Park. He died in his 65th year.

SOCIETIES.

THE ROYAL' HORTICULTURAL.
Scientific Committee.

October 24. Present: Dr. M. T. Masters, F.R.S.
(in the chair); Rev. W. Wilks, M.A. ; Dr. W. I
Russell, F.R.S. ; Messrs. Bowles, Pickering, Sutton,
Worsley, Gussow, Holmes, Massee and Chittenden
Hon. Secretary).

Ants Imported with Fruit. — Mr. Saunders reported
on these shown by Mr. Holmes at the last meeting.
" The ants belong to the genus Camponotus. I do not
think that there is any likelihood of their becoming a
pest in this country, as probably only a few workers
would from time to time be introduced, and even if
both sexes, or a pregnant female, which is most un-
likely, should reach these shores, it is highly improb-
able that they would find suitable quarters to breed in
or proper focd."

Green Dahlia. — Mr. Masters reported that the
malformation was due to the growth of the paleae,
which had greatly enlarged and had become green,
replacing the greater part of the florets.

Quince Leaves Diseased. — Mr. Massee reported that
these, shown by Mr. Worsley, were attacked by
Podosphaera Oxyacanthae.

Diseased Beech Bark. — Mr. Massee also reported
that there was no fungus present in the Beech Bark
shown at the last meeting that could be identified as
the cause of the exudation which covered the bark.

Silver Leaf in Apple. — Mr. SPENCER PICKERING,
F.R.S., showed a shoot of Apple affected with the
silver leaf disease. The disease appears rarely to
attack the Apple, but it is too common on the Plum,
Peach, Portugal Laurel, &c. Prof. Percival con-
siders the disease is caused by the fungus Stereum
purpureum, since branches inoculated by him with
that fungus develop silver leaf beyond the point of
attack, and the fruits of that fungus are subsequently
developed on trees affected by silver leaf disease.
Mr. Pickering showed a specimen of the fungus that
had developed on such a tree. He pointed out that
the mycelium of the fungus evidently permeated the
whole of the woody part of the tree, since a shoot of
Plum that had grown from a piece of root left in the
ground from a tree which had suffered from an attack
of the disease developed the silver leaf.

Variegated Cockscomb. — Mr. A. Sutton showed a
specimen of Cockscomb, part of the inflorescence of
which was white, part red, but the region in which the
colours occurred was clearly defined ; in the basal part
of the stem the red colour of the flowers was restricted
to one of the four sides, while higher up it was seen

only on the opposite side, about one-fourth only of the
terminal |inflorescence being red, the remainder white.

Fruits. — Mr. Worsley showed a fruit of Cucurbita
ficifolia, which, he said, was edible, and possessed no
bitter flavour. He thought since the plant was hardy
and^produced fruits up to 71bs. in weight, that it might
prove an'lacceptable addition to the edible plants
grown in this country. He also showed a large fruit of
a 'variety of Capsicum (Columbus), which members
recognised as the Pabrika, iwhich is largely grown
on the Continent, 'and which has no hot taste. The
Capsicum could be used green or pickled.

Orchid Disease. — Mr. Massee showed aspecimenof
the fungus, Hemileia americana, attacking leaves of
Epidendrum, and known also on Cattleya. He stated
that the disease was becoming very prevalent in the
country.

Vine Leaves Injured. — Mr. Lynch sent specimens of
Vine leaves, upon which were numerous pustules
covered with a hairy growth. These were referred to
Mr. Saunders.

Petals 0/ Pelargonium Streaked. — R. COOKE, Esq.,
F.R.H.S. sent petals of Pelargonium, Soldier's Tunic,
which had a colourless streak running down them.
Dr. Masters took them to examine.

Potato Tubers with Fungus. — \Y. Curtis, Esq., of
Rainham, sent tubers of Potato w'hich had upon them
patches of a reddish network, consisting of the inter-
lacing mycelium of a fungus. The fungoid growth was
entirely superficial, and could easily be rubbed off.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 1-2.

HRYSANTHEMUMS an- once
again the premier flower in sea-
son, and their popularity is still
such that there are very few, if
any, gardens in this country
where a display of greater or less
degree may not be seen. The
National Chrysanthemum Soc-
iety opened its great Autumn
Exhibition onjWednesday last, at the Crystal Palace,
Sydenham, which has been its home since the Society
was compelled to leave the old Aquarium, at West-
minster. In past years it has frequently happened
that this exhibition has been held at a time when Lon-
don was visited by fog, but on this occasion there was
instead of fog a heavy downpour of rain during most of
Wednesday, and this circumstance must have prevented
many from visiting the exhibition who had intended
to do so. So far as the exhibition itself was concerned
there was not apparent any falling off in interest on the
part of the cultivators, and in most of the classes the
amount of competition was quite up to the average.
Nevertheless, it was noticeable that new varieties do
not possess such distinction as novelties had years ago
when development was more rapid. It is difficult at this
date to raise varieties of better quality, or even of larger
size than those already in cultivation, and for this
reason those which obtained First-Class Certificates on
Wednesday last appeared to excite less interest than
could be desired. In only one respect have we noticed
that novelties seen this year are better than former
ones, and that is in colour, especially of yellow or
bronze coloured flowers with overlay of rich orange-
red colour. The two varieties of yellow incurved
flowers, certificated on Wednesday, may prove to be
valuable for exhibition purposes ; they are of very large
size, and are broad at the base, but, as at present shown,
have not the conical shape that admirers of this type de-
light to see. It is evident that they have descended
from crosses in which Japanese varieties have been
parents at some time, and are far removed from the
style of Queen of England. It has also to be remarked
that flowers of any other type than Japanese and
Incurveds become fewer at exhibitions year. by year,
and the Chrysanthemum plants shown have become
so unimportant that their exclusion would scarcely be
noticed.

Once again the effect of the Japanese flowers
arranged in vases demonstrated the superiority of this
method of display, and if the exhibition boards were
discarded altogether, the effect of the exhibition would
be further enhanced.

The displays of Chrysanthemums and foliage plants
arranged in circular groups were a good feature, and
are described below. In addition to the competitive
classes for Chrysanthemums, there were some excel-
lent honorary exhibits that included much of interest,
also competitive classes for fruits and vegetables.

The arrangements were carried out by a sub-committee
of the Society, assisted by three members of the
family of the late Mr. Richard Dean, and by the cour-
teous garden superintendent of the Crystal Palace, Mr.
George Caselton.

Classes Open to All.

Display of Chrysanthemums . — This class (open to
all) was for a floral display of Chrysanthemums and
suitable foliage plants in pots, with the addition of cut-
blooms and appropriate foliage, occupying an area of
300 square feet. There were only two competitors.
The judges had evidently placed good quality of the
flowers in general before effect as a whole, and awarded
the 1st prize to Mr. Norman Davis, Chrysanthemum
Nurseries, Framfield, Sussex. The individual blooms
were of so good a quality as to entitle them to high
honours in the best classes for exhibition flowers, and
they were in the finest condition in most instances.
The main idea consisted of a central mound of mixed
varieties of diverse colours, light tints predominat-
ing, and on the apex of the mound was a Palm of
moderate height. Around this were arranged at
wide intervals, slender Palms and bright Codiaeums,
Ferns, Eulalias, Sec. The surrounding area was
furnished with four handsome urn-like vases, each
filled with large Japanese blooms of one variety of
distinct colours. Between and behind each urn there
stood a bamboo flower-stand containing single flowered
Chrysanthemums of diverse tints, and between each
pair of urns there were distributed cut blooms of
Japanese varieties, which were stuck into pots of
Adiantum ferns. It will be observed by the reader
that the plan was simplicity itself, and the effect was
so good as to grow on the beholder after a brief sur-
vey. Very superior blooms observed were those of
Algernon Davis, Mrs. R. Hooper Pearson, Sapho,
Mdlle. Anna Debono (a fine white variety), J. H. Sils-
bury, M. Paul Wattine (of rich golden yellow), Mr. F.
S. Vallis, Mrs. Guy Paget, &c. The second prize fell
to Messrs. John Peed and Son, nurserymen, West
Norwood, for a fuller group, and in which there were
perhaps too few foils to the great amount of colour in
the flowers. Moreover, the individual blooms were
neither so finely developed nor of such good quality.
Instead of vases or urns tall Chrysanthemum plants
were employed — yellow, white, pink, &c. The
central mound was brought down to within four feet
of the edge of the group, the intervening space being
rather closely dotted over with cut blooms of Japanese
and decorative varieties. The foliage plants consisted
of Codiaeums, Myrsiphyllum, small Palms, Rex
Begonias, &c, and the outside line of Isolepis gracilis.
We remarked good blooms of Mutual Friend , Kimberley,
Bessie Godfrey, Mr. A. H. Lee, Miss Stopford, Mrs. W.
Knox, Beatrice May, Lady Conyers, Miss I. A. Miller,
Mafeking Hero, E. J. Brookes, &c. The highest
awards in the foregoing class were ten guineas and a
gold medal, and eight guineas and a silver gilt medal.
The expressed desire of the Society was the getting
away from the old style of exhibiting Chrysanthemums
in groups, and that this has so far been attained success-
fully will not be contested by anyone who sawr them.

Cut Blooms Exhibited on Boards.
incurved varieties.

Thirty - six Incurved blooms, distinct varieties. —
Three exhibits were staged, Mr. W..Higgs, gr. to
J. B. Hankev, Esq., Fetcham Park, Fetcham, was
easily 1st, his flowers possessing much more substance
than those in the two other displays. The quality was
good generally, but especially fine were the flowers in
the back row. These were Duchess of Fife, Miss
Nellie Southam, G. W. Matthew, Mrs. G. Denyer,
Embleme Poitevine, J. R. Mileham, Mrs. J. Seward,
Lady Isabel, W. Biddle, Mrs. F. Judson, Pantia Ralli
and Buttercup, the variety last named being a mag-
nificent specimen. The other flowers were Ellis,
Topaze Orientale (nice flower), Iolene, R. B. Burge,
Annie Hills, Chrysanthemum Bruant, W. Pascoe,
Doris Rayner, Boccace, Margaret Brown (neat bloom),
C. H. Curtis, Mrs. C. Crooks, Triumphe de Montbreen,
Frank Hammond, Major Bonnaffon, Fred. Palmer,
Chas. Bacque, Miss E. Holding, Miss E. Seward (nice
specimen), J. Agate, Madame Vemblerg, Globe d'Or,
Madame Verneuil, and Mrs. A. H. Hall. There was
not much to choose between the 2nd and 3rd prize
groups, the flowers in both these exhibits appearing
flat compared to those from Mr. Higgs, but they
possessed refinement, the colours of the flowers being
especially well developed. The 2nd prize was awarded
Mr. W. Mease, gr. to A. Tate, Esq., Downside,
Leatherhead, his more notable flowers being Mrs.
F. Judson, Topaze Orientale, Mrs. Bryce, Buttercup
Mrs. Crooks, and J. Agate. Mr. G Hunt, gr. to
Pantia Ralli, Esq., was 3rd.

November 4, 1905]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Twelve Incurved blooms, distinct varieties. — Five
exhibitors competed in this class, and each grower
was awarded a prize. Mr. Higgs had by far the largest
flowers and won premier honours. His examples of
Duchess of Fife, EmblemePoitevine, Buttercup, Mrs. F.
Hudson, and Mrs. J. Seward were his best flowers.
The 2nd prize exhibit was shown by Mr. W. Mease,
gr. to A. Tate, Esq., Downside, Leatherhead, who
had smaller but more refined flowers than those in the
1st prize group. The flowers also showed excellence
of fiim; Buttercup, Topaze Orientate, Pantia Ralli,
C. H. Curtis and Mrs. Crooks were the more notable
examples.

Nm Incurved blooms 0/ one variety. — Among three
displays, that shown by Mr. C. J. Salter, gr. to Mrs.
Haywood, Woodhatch Lodge, Reigate, was adjudged
the best. The variety shown was VV. Biddle. Mr.
Geo. Halsey followed with Chas. Curtis; and Mr.
Silas Cole, gr. to the Rt. Hon. Earl Spencer,
Althorp Park, Northampton, won 3rd prize with Mr,
G P Bryce.

Japanese Varieties.

Forty-eight blooms, distinct varieties. — This was a
v.rl) 1 ontested class, there being no fewer than eleven
exhibitors. Mr. HlGGS was again winner of the 1st
prize with a most evenly balanced lot of blooms,
colour, refinement and form being alike good through-
out. His examples were Valerie Greenham, Sensation,
Madame C. Nagelmackers, Mrs, J Hadaway, Madame
VValdeck Rousseau, Louis Remy, Mrs. Guy Paget, Souv.
de Madame d'Or, Mdlle. Anna Dobono, Duchess of
Sutherland, J. H. Silsbury, Marquise Vicomte Venosta,
Mrs. H. A. Allen, F. S. Vallis, \Y. R. Church (good
flower), W. A. Etherington, label Fitzroy, Madame
Paolo Radaello, J. R. Upton, Mafeking Hero, Maud
du Cros, George Lawrence, Marquis V Venosta, Mrs.
C, Beckett, Chrys. Montigny, Godfrej 5 Pride, Miss
Stopford, Mrs. Barkley, A. 1. Stevens (grand flower),
Princess Mafalda, Lady Mary Conyers (nice specimen),
Mrs. A. K Knight. Mrs. G. Mileham (beautiful
specimen), Capl Percy Scott, Miss Olive Milter, Mrs

J. Dunn, Bessie Godfrey, Ernesl I' id, Mrs. H.

Weeks (lovely flower), Mrs. F. W. Vallis (also a grand
spei mien), Mrs.W. Knox, Edith Smith, Mrs. T. Dalton,
Henry Stowe, Lieut. -Col. Ducroiset, Mildred Ware,
Mary West and President Viger. The adjoining exhibit
belonging to Sir C. SwiNFEN EADY, Oatlands Lodge
Weybridge, (gr. Mr. James Lock) was awarded 2nd
prize. The flowers in this exhibit were displayed in
taller " cups " than those in the 1st prize group and
were seen to better advantage. Some exceptionally
large flowers were seen in this group: as those of
Madame Carnot, Walter Jinks, Ethel Fitzroj , Madame
Nagelmackers. Godfrey's Pride, Edith Smith, Duchess
of Sutherland, Florence Penfold and Emily Mileham.
3rd, Mr. A. Jeffries, gr. to John Balfour, Esq.,
Moor Hall, Harlow, Essex. Taken collectively this
was a fine lot of blooms. 4th, Mr. G. Hunt.

Twelve Japanese blooms, distinct varieties. — Com-
petition again ruled high in tins class, and among
seventeen exhibitors the judges must have had a diffi-
cult task to determine the best display. The 1st prize
was given to Mr. Stevenson, gr. to E. Mocatta,
Esq.,Woburn "lace. Addlestone, for twelve meritorious
flowers, including the varieties : Henry Perkins, Mrs.
W. Mease, Mrs. F. W. Vallis, F. S. Vallis, Bessie God-
frey, Lady M. Conyers (charming bloom). General
Hutton, Mrs. G. Mileham, Mrs. J. Dunn, Mrs. A. H.
Lee (splendid flower), Edith Smith (good specimen),
and Duchess of Sutherland. Mr. James Lock, gr. to
Sir C. Swinfen Eady, followed with rather smaller
flowers. He had Ethel Fitzroy, Mrs. F. W. Vallis,
Duchess of Sutherland, and Walter Jinks among his
best specimens. 3rd, Mr. Geo. Halsey, gr. to Mr.
Jeremiah Lyon, Riddings Court, Caterham Valley.
Twelve really good flowers were included in this dis-
play. The specimens were perhaps a trifle coarse in the
petals, but colour and form were both excellent. 4th.
Mr. William Tebay, gr. to COLIN F. CAMPBELL, Esq.,
Everlands, Sevenoaks.

Twenty-four blooms, distinct varieties. — The Presi-
dent, C. E. Shea, Esq., offered a prize of five guineas
for the best display in this class, and this was secured
by Mr. Thomas Stevenson, gr. to E. Mocatta, Esq.,
Woburn Place, Addlestone, with two dozen magnifi-
cent blooms. The colours in the flowers were grandly
developed, and the quality was excellent throughout
the whole of his collection. He had no easy task,
however, for no fewer than 15 displays were presented
in competition with him, and the majority of these
embraced flowers of high quality. His specimens
were of the varieties; Henry Perkins, Mrs. J. Hadda-
way, Henry Stowe, Mafeking Hero, General Hutton

Valerie Greenham, Miss Mildred Ware, Mrs. F. W.
Vallis. Edith Smith. Lady M. Conyers, Harrison Dick,
Princess A. d'Monaco, Miss Olive Miller, Mrs. A. H.
Lee, Sensation, Mrs. W. Mease, Bessie Godfrey, W.
R. Church, Mrs. J. Dunn, J. H. Silsbury (these four
last named were all excellent), Kathleen Stoop (a large
white seedling), Duchess of Sutherland (weak), Mrs.
Geo. Mileham, and K. S. Vallis. The 2nd prize was
secured by Mr. Thos. Waller, gr. to A. C. Hammer-
i i i Abney House, Bourne End, Bucks. His back
row of flowers was excellent, especially the examples
of Mrs. F. W. Vallis, Madame Carnot, Bessie Godfrey,
and Henry Perkins. The front row flowers were a
trifle small and coarse in petal. Ethel Fitzro Mafe-
king Hero, W. Duckham, and Madame Paolo Radaelli,
are other flowers deserving of mention in this exhibit.
The 3rd prize was seemed by Mr. Geo. Hall, gr. to
the Dowager Lady ASHBURTON, Melchet Court, Rom-
sey, Hants, for a commendable display. 4th, \l
James Lock.

Flowers Shown in vases.

Those who have seen Chrysanthemums exhibited in
vases all agree that this is by far the more effective
manner of displaying the flowers, and one in which
the full beauty i>i the blooms can be readily appre-
ciated. This is evident to the growers themseh < , foi
probably the best Rowers in the show, taken collec-
tively, were contained in the single vase classes.

For Twelve I ases oj Specimen Blooms of Japanese
Chrysanthemums, each containing fire blooms of one
variety, the winner of the 1st prize was Mr. W.
[gguld] i ock Hill Nurseries, Frome, who also
took the special First Prized 12 guineas. The blooms
in every ease were excellent, and consisted ol thi
varieties Mis F. S. Vallis, Madame P. Radaelli. Mrs.
Berkeley (a grand lot oi blooms), Miss ) Fulton,
H. Perkins, Eleanor Duchess of Northumberland
(perhaps the weakest blooms in the exhibit), I St
Godfrey, \ i enham, Souvenir de CaJvert

Pen , Gei eral Hutton. and President Viger. I
prize was awarded to Mr. Chas. Beckett, gr. to sir \\
PEARCE, Barl Chilton Lodge. Hungerford, and

capital hi ns, and but twi unsatisfying colours. His

best comprised Genera] Hutton, Mrs. T. Dalton (a
fine chestnut crimson), Miss Elsie Fulton, Mrs. J.
Haddaway, Mr. F. S. Vallis, Mrs. Barclay, and The
Lion. The 3rd prize fell to Mr. C. J. Ducker, gr. to the
Hon. Mrs I vNNING, Frant Court, Sussex, whose
liner blooms were those of Madame P. Radaelli,
Marquess Venosta (a crimson and lilac flower) Loi
Ludlow, Mrs G. Mileham Mrs [. Lewis, and Madame
W. Rousseau.

Si* Vases oj Specimen Blooms of Incurved varieties,
each containing si* blooms, facing allround. — 1st, Mr.
W. Higgs, gr to J B HANKEY, Esq., Fetcham Park,
Fetcham, he also taking a Special Prize Trophy given
by the lchthemic Guano Co., Ipswich. In this exhibit
very fine blooms were noted of Mrs. C. Crooks, Mrs.
J. Seward, Topaze Orientate, Buttercup, and Lady
Isabel. The 2nd prize was awarded to Mr. G. Hunt,
gr. to Pantia Ralli, Esq., Ashstead Park, Epsom,
whose flowers of Mr. W. Biddies, bronze-yellow, Mrs
C. Crooks, Lady Isabel, and C. H. Curtis were all
that could be desired. There were money prizes as
well as the Challenge Trophy awarded to the exhibitors
in this class, but only two competitors entered the
lists. The Trophy must be won three times I not
necessarily in succession) before it becomes the pro-
perty of the holder.

One Variety of White Japanese. — The flowers were
displayed with foliage, but this was on other growths
and wired to the flower stems. Mr. H. Perkins,
gr. to the Hon. W. F. D. Smith, M.P., Green-
lands, Henley-on-Thames, won 1st prize, with five
grand specimens of the variety Edith Smith. About
this decision there could be no two opinions, but the
awards to the 2nd and 3rd prizes were questioned by
some. The 2nd prize flowers, shown by Mr. A.
Jeffries, were certainly better in point of petals and
of centre of flowers than those belonging to Mr. Chas.
Beckett, gr. to Sir W. G. Pearce, Bart., Chilton
Lodge, Hungerford, who was given 3rd prize, although
the last-named exhibitor's flowers were of larger size
than those in the 2nd prize vase.

One Vase of a Yellow Variety (Japanese). — Ten
exhibits were shown, the best being that from Mr. A.
Jeffries, who had the variety F. S. Vallis, the
flowers being excellent in every respect. Mr. M.
Rayment, gr. to W. BEECH, Esq., North Ockendon,
Romford, won 2nd prize, with, the variety Bessie
Godfrey, and Mr. H. Parr, gr. to F. A. Bevan, Esq..
Trent Park, New Barnet, 3rd prize, with Hon. Mrs.
A. Ackland.

One Vase of a Variety other than White or Yellow '
(Japanese). — This class brought a dozen excellent
exhibits. All the flowers were of high merit, the best
being those shown by Mr. M. Rayment, gr. to W.
Beech, Esq., North Ockendon, Romford, the variety
being Henry Perkins. Mr. A. Jeffries was 2nd,
with the variety Mrs. Barkley. having magnificent
flowers. 3rd, Mr. J. SIMON, with the variety Mrs.
Geo. Mileham.

Other Ta pi

Twelve Large Flowered Reftexed Chrysanthemums. —
These were shown on boards, ^the best dozen being put
up by Mr. T. Carver, gr. to A. G. Meissimer, Esq.,
Weybridge ; 2nd, Mr. C. Brown, gr. to the Misses
Henty, Abbots Langley ; 3rd, Mr. J. A. Humphreys,
gr. to J. T. Burgess, Esq., Maisey Hampton, Glouces-
tershire.

Market Chrysanthemums. — Only one exhibit was
seen in the class for six vases of Chrysanthemums of
the market type It was shown by Mr. Humphreys,
and was given the 1st prize.

Anemone Flowers. — The largest class in these flowers
was that for 24 blooms in not fewer than IS varieties.
The Japanese forms were admissible in this class, and
the flowers were required to be shown on Exhibition
boards. Two growers only competed, Mr. C. Brown,
gr. to the Misses Henty, Langley House, winner of
the 1st prize, with much larger flowers than his
opponent and Mr. J. A. Humphreys, gr. to J. T. BUR-
i s, Esq., Hill House, Maisej Hampton, Gloucester.
In the smaller similar class, but with the Japanese flow-
ers excluded, Mr. Brown was again first, and was again
followed by Mr. Humphrey I hi me exhibitors

won all thi prizi in the i \nemone

lli iwered t) .

Pompon ami Snieiei hrysanthemums —Three growers
competed in the class for nine varieties, distinct. The
flowers were required t" be shown in vases, six flowers
of one variety m each vase Mr. T. Caryer, gr. to
A (, MESSIMER, Esq., Aldenholme, Weybridge,
ured the 1st prize foi an even-balanced and well-
grown lot of flowers. He had the varieties Madame
E. Dordan, President. La Vogue, and Wm. Westlake in
especially good form. Mr. Brown, gr. to the Misses
Henty. was the other exhibitor, and he was awarded
the 2nd prize, and J. A. HUMPHREYS 3rd.

Six Anemone Flowered Pompons. — Mr. J. A. Hum-
phreys took 1st place in competition with one other
exhibitor. The best examples in the 1st prize group
were the varieties Emily Rowbotham, Antonius and
Marie Stuart.

Six Varieties oj Single chrysanthemums in Bunches
of Six Flowers.— Mr. • BROWN was the only com-
petitor. The flowers were a commendable lot, and
worthily deserved the 1st prize, which they received.
We were pleasingly impressed with the varieties
Eureka, Florence Owen, Edith Pagram and Miss
G. C. Warden.

Competition of Affiliated Societies.
This class is one reserved for affiliated societies.
The schedule required a display of Chrysanthemums
on a table measuring 18 feet by 3 feet. Any sections
of the flower were admissible, but not fewer than four
sections were to be included in the exhibits. The
flowers were arranged in vases with appropriate foli-
age. Quality and general effectiveness in the displays
were the main features to be considered by the Judges
in making the awards. Two Societies alone competed.
The 1st prize was won by Mr. J. Hunt, of the Epsom
and District Chrysanthemum Society, for seven
large vases of Japanese varieties, four of smaller size
containing incurveds, and seven vases of single-flow-
ered and decorative varieties, the Japanese and incur-
ved varieties being especially fine flowers. The 2nd
prize fell to the Wanstead and District Chrysanthemum
Society, the blooms being contributed by Messrs.
G. Fisher, Runcieman, T. Smith, W ."Jones, R. Place,
N. Crone and J. Croft. In this exhibit the finer flowers
were Japanese and incurved varieties, more especially
the latter. A Challenge Trophy goes with the 1st
prize.

Decorative Classes.
These classes, as is usual, made a pleasing addition to
the show, and contrasted greatly with the more formal
displays seen in the classes for cut flowers. Rustic
flower holders were used in all the exhibits in Class 26
for three epergnes decorated with Chrysanthemums and
with suitable foliage. A great similarity was seen in all
five displays in this class, but that shown by Miss
Cole, the Vineyard, Feltham, Middlesex, was adjudged
the best. It was arranged with a yellow "single"
Chrysanthemum, and with sufficient autumn-tinte ^

334

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 4, 1905.

foliage and grasses to make it appear light and graceful
in appearance. Miss J. Fairweather, Bifrons, Can-
terbury, won 2nd prize in this class.

Two vases 0/ Pompon or Anemone Pompon Chrysan-
themums.— Of three exhibits one was much superior.
It was staged by Mr. A. Robertson, gr. to F. J. Yak-
row, Esq., IS, Abbey Road, St. John's Wood, N.W.
The material with which it was composed was not of
high-class value, but the manner in which the grasses,
Croton leaves, coloured oak foliage, &c, were blended,
was excellent.

Basket of Autumn Foliage. — The best basket of
natural autumn foliage and berries was arranged by
Miss Cole. A magnificent specimen of the florists'
art. Fruits of Iris, Euonymus europoeus, Cotoneaster
frigida, Honesty, Clematis vitabla, &c, with bracken
fern, oak and other foliage comprised the principal
features. Miss Jessie Marten, 9, Lancaster Road,
South Norwood, won the 2nd prize.

The Best Basket of Chrysanthemums suitable for a
table decoration, and open to lady members only, was
arranged by Miss C. B. Cole, and was another
triumph of the florists' art. Single Chrysanthemums,
and a few Pompons with light foliage formed the prin-
cipal contents of the basket. Mrs. A. Taylor, 5,
Vernon Place, East Finchlev, won the 2nd prize.

Trained Plants.
The displays of trained Chrysanthemum plants
become weaker year by year, and this year they were
very meagre indeed. In the class for six bush speci-
mens of large-flowering varieties, only three exhibits
were staged. Mr. H. RUNCIEMAN, Nurseryman,
Nightingale Lane, Wanstead, was 1st with plants that
were of but mediocre quality. The best specimens
were Lady Hanham and Nellie Pockett. The 2nd
prize lot was brought by Mr. C. Haselgrove, gr. to
W. Brandon, 13, Crescent Wood Road, Sydenham
Hill. We noticed a good specimen plant of Mrs. M.
Fox in this group.

New Varieties.

First class certificates were awarded to the varieties
following : —

Chrysanthemum Mrs. Walter Jinks. — A rosy-purple
coloured reflexed Japanese variety, of average size.
Shown by Mr. Walter Jinks, Knowle Green House,
Staines.

C. Godfrey's Eclipse. — A large incurved flower of
the type of C. H. Curtis. Shown by Mr. W. J.
Godfrey, Exmouth Nurseries, Devon.

C. Pricketfs Octobre. — A variety of rather lighter
shade than terra cotta Soleil d'Octobre. The flowers
as shown had very weak centres, which is more or less
common from all the sports from this variety. Shown
by Mr. Prickett, Floral Nurseries, South Tottenham.

C. Algernon Davis. — A large-sized Japanese flower
with drooping florets, colour yellow, overlaid with
deep orange or even red colour. May be likened to a
bronze coloured F. S. Vallis, but it has broader florets
than that variety. Shown by Mr. Norman Davis,
Framfield Nurseries, Uckfield.

C. Reginald Vallis. — A Japanese flower of very large
size, with reflexed florets of a vinous shade of red
colour. Very full, and of considerable substance.
Shown by Mr. Martin Silsbury, Providence,
Shanklin, I.W.

C. J. G. Shrimpton. — An incurved flower of deep
yellow colour, the older florets exhibiting slight
colouring of red. In form, broad, but, as shown,
insufficiently good, and full in centre. Shown by
Mr. W. Seward, Hanwell.

Amateur Classes. — Section A.
The entries in these classes were heavy, and the
quality of the flowers [high, without being sacrificed
to mere size.

Eighteen blooms, distinct varieties, Japanese. — The
1st prize was awarded to Mr. W. Trowell, gr. to D.
Fink, Esq., Fairlight, the Avenue, Beckenham.
Especially fine were the blooms H. Perkins, Miss E.
Fulton, Lady Conyers, The Princess, Bessie Godfrey,
Mr. G. Debril (an incurved of the palest flesh tint), and
W. Duckham, of the same section (an exquisite lilac
tinted flower). F. Molyneux and W. H. Lees were
capital blooms ; 2nd, Mr. C. Bellis, gr. to Mrs. G. M,
Faulkner, Fonthill Lodge Forest Hill, S.E., his
best blooms being Marquis Venosta, Beauty of Sussex,
Mafeking Hero, Bessie Godfrey, and Millicent Richard-
son ; 3rd, Mr. F. Cordell, gr. to A. Blades, Esq.,
Brookfields, Reigate. This stand contained some
very good blooms, for example, Ethel Fitzroy, (a rich
gold), Gustave Henry, Mrs. F. A. Cobbold, Lord
Ludlow, &c.

Twelve Japanese blooms, distinct. — 1st, Mr. Frank
Fordell, gr. to A. F. Blades, Esq., Brookfields,
Reigate, a fine stand with scarcely one weak bloom.
The following were of special merit — Mr. G. Mileham,
Valerie Greenham, Mrs. W. Knox, Madame Gustave
Henry, Mrs. H. A. Allen, F. S. Vallis, VV. A. Hether-
ington and Merstham Yellow. Mr. A. Robertson, gr.
to F. J. Yarrow, Esq., 18, Abbey Road, St. John's
Wood, N.W.. with fine flowers of Paolo Radaelli,
Mafeking Hero, W. R. Church, Miss Alice Byron, and
G. Lawrence. 3rd, Mr. C. B. Gabriel, Easdale,
Horsell, Surrey, who had of incurved varieties W.
Duckham, Miss E. Fulton, Mrs. T. W. Pockett and
W. R. Church.

Twelve Incurved blooms, distinct. — 1st. Mr. A.
Osmond, gr. to A. Kemp, Esq., 15, Ross Road, South
Norwood, with well finished flowers of moderate size,
the finer being Lady Isabel, Miss M. Lyne, Madame
Marie 'Liges, Globe d'Or, Mrs. Hudson, Hanwell
Glory and Mrs. J. P. Bryce ; 2nd, Mr. J. A. Humphries,
gr. to J. L. Burgess, Esq., Hill House, Maisey
Hampton, Gloucestershire, with among others excel-
lent blooms of W. Neville, Miss E. Seward, Jeanne d'
Arc, F. Palmer and Buttercup.

Section B.

(Similar classes were repeated in this Section the
exhibitors in Section A being excluded).

Eighteen Japanese, varieties [distinct. — 1st, Mr. A.
F. Hill, 10. Oakfield Street, Cardiff, with an excellent
stand of varieties, in which pink of various shades,
white and yellow were the predominant tints, and the
flowers of moderate size and in general in full devel-
opment. We may mention Duchess of Sutherland,
Miss Alice Byron, White Venosta, Mr. C. Beckett,
Lady Mary Conyers, Mrs. Louis Remyla grand yellow
flower!, Mrs. G. Mileham and F. S. Vallis ; 2nd, Mr.
R. E. Mason, Gate House, South Weald, Brentwood,
whose stand contained fine examples of F. S. Vallis,
Lady Hopetoun, E. Fulton, Hy. Perkins, Madame
P. Radaelli, Mildred Ware, Mrs. G. Mileham, &c. ;
3rd, Mr. T. Sharpe, No. 1, Railway Terrace, Stone,
Greenhithe, Kent, with a stand containing several fine
well developed blooms of General Hutton, Mrs. T. W.
Pockett, Australia, H. Perkinsand E. Fitzroy ; 4th, Mr,
A. Williamson, East Street, Haslemere. This was a
very fulTclass.

Twelve Japanese Blooms Distinct. — 1st, Mr. Hill,
10, Oakfield Street, Cardiff, with a stand of extra large
fine blooms ot President Viger, Mrs. L. Remy. Aus-
tralia, Mad. Paola Radaelli, Duchess of Sutherland,
Mrs. Barkley, Henry Perkins, and F. S. Vallis ; 2nd,
Mr. Thos. Sharpe, Railway Terrace, Stone, with a
stand of fine large flowers of which F. S. Vallis, E.
Fitzroy, Elsie Fulton, Godfrey's Pride were better
ones; 3rd, Mr. R. E. Mason. Two extra prizes were
likewise awarded.

Twelved Incurved, not fewer than Sir Varieties. —
1st, Mr. C. M. Collingwood, St. David's Hill,
Exeter, with a stand containing particularly good
examples of G. F. Evans, Ma Perfection, Mrs. Barnard
Hankey, and Cecil Cutts ; 2nd, Mr. Thos. Sharpe,
his examples of Mrs. C. Crooks, Mrs. R. C. Kingsbury,
C. H. Curtis, and Louisa Giles being the finer.

Two Chrysanthemum Bouquets. — 1st, Mr. T. W.
Stevens, gr. to W. H. Stone, Esq., Donnington,
Laurie Park, Sydenham, a group of pompon and
single flowered varieties, with Asparagus depressa
intermingled, and hanging down 2 to 3 feet. There
were two others of this pattern. The 2nd prize was
taken by Miss J. Fairweather,~ Bifrons, Canter-
bury, for a bouquet worked out in single flowered
thread petalled varieties, with Asparagus stems, and
with a single flowered yellow variety. The 3rd prize
was ^taken by Mrs. F. BREWSTER, 12, St. Peter's
Street, Canterbury.

One Vase of Japanese Blooms, one variety. — Mr.
H. Pestell, gr. to F. S. Wigram, Esq., Listed, Bed-
ford, was 1st with a vase full of F. S. Vallis, fine
flowers set off with Codiaeum foliage, Asparagus and
Myrsiphyllum ; and Mr. C. B. Gabrielle was 2nd
with Miss Mildred Ware, set off with dried and green
foliage which might have looked well by artificial light.

There were also classes for small exhibits of in-
curved ^Japanese, and Pompon flowers of which we
are unable to take the fullest notice.

Six Japanese blooms. — (Section A.) 1st Mr. A.
Osmond, gr. to A. Kemp, Esq., 15, Ross Road. South
Norwood, with an excellent stand; 2nd, Mr. J. A,
Humphries, with a stand but little inferior.

Six Japanese, one variety. — 1st, Mr. F. W. Stevens,
with fine large blooms of F. S. Vallis; 2nd, Mr. J. A.
Humphries, with the same variety.

Six Incurveds, distinct. — 1st, Mr. A. Robertson ;
2nd, Mr. A. Osmond, both exhibitors setting up very
symmetrical handsome blooms.

Six Incurveds, one variety, 1st, Mr. A. Osmond, with
beautiful, well-finished blooms of C. H. Curtis. 2nd
Mr. J. A. Humphries, with Topaze Orientale. Mr. A.
Osmond had also 1st prize for six bunches of Pompons
distinct.

Vegetables.

A large number of exhibitors sent vegetables and
culinary roots in response to Mr. R. Sydenham's offers
of prizes, and very excellent were the various things
observed on 'the tables. We may specify Hollow
Crown Parsnips, than which no others were shown,
prodigious Leeks, Onions, Cabbages, Carrots, Potatos,
besides Cauliflowers, collections of diverse vegetables,
hard, small Brussels Sprouts, Celery, both red and
white varieties, Red Cabbage of enormous size, and
most excellent Beetroot.

Fruit.
The best three bunches of white and the best three
bunches of ^black Grapes were shown by Mr. W.
Taylor, gr. to C. Bayer, Esq., Tewkesbury Lodge,
Forest Hill, the varieties being Muscat of Alexandria
and Black Alicante. Mr. W. Iggulden, Lock's Hill
Nurseries, Frome, showed the best examples of Gros
Colmar ; the 2nd prize bunches shown by Mr. Taylor
were heavier, but lacked finish. Mr. W. T. Stowers,
SO, Harold Road, Sittingbourne, showed the' best
culinary and the best dessert Apples, the fruit being
grand produce. No Pears were forthcoming.

Honorary Exhibits.

Messrs. W. Wells & Co., Merstham, Surrey,
staged a number of large flowering Chrysanthemums,
all of excellent quality, intermixed with bunches of
the single type, and with Asparagus, Ferns, Palms, &c.
(Silver Gilt Medal.)

Messrs. Clibran & Son, Altrincham, and Man-
chester, set up a large display of Chrysanthemums,
including flowers of the Japanese, single, and decorative
types. (Large Silver Medal.)

Mr. H. J. JONES, Hither Green, Lewisham, made
an imposing-looking exhibit of Chrysanthemums,
having large exhibition flowers boldly arranged in
bamboo epergnes, with other stands containing flowers
of the single and decorative types intermixed. About
150 of the best large flowering ^varieties were included.
We noticed Lady Lennard, Mrs. A. T. Miller, Mrs.
A. H. Lee, May Carpenter, Lady Harmsworth, Lady
Henderson, Mrs. R. C. Pulling, and a host of others of
the newer and better varieties. This group was
awarded the premier award of a large Gold Medal.

Mr. W. J. Godfrey, Exmouth, Devon, staged a
somewhat similar group to that shown by the last-
named exhibitor. The general design was bold and
well executed. Bamboo epergnes were carrying large
exhibition flowers of the highest quality, and of such
notable varieties as Guy Paget, Sapho, Mrs. T. Dalton,
J. H. Silsbury, E. J. Brooks, Mrs. W. Duckham,
President Viger, &c. (Gold Medal.)

Mr. F. W. Ladds, Swanley Junction, Kent, showed
a beautiful group of Chrysanthemums, all of the market
type. Interesting were the boxes of flowers as packed
for transit to Covent Garden Market. (Silver Gilt
Medal.)

Mr. J. W. Cole, Midland Road Nursery, Peter-
borough, staged large flowering Chrysanthemums
arranged with small foliage plants.

Messrs. G. Prickett & Sons, South Tottenham,
London, N., showed a number of sports of Soleil
d'Octobre.

Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, Kent, ex-
hibited some well-grown flowers of Japanese Chrysan-
themums. The flowers were arranged in tiers, and
were seen to advantage against a background of Fern.
On an adjoining table the same firm displayed a choice
collection of single Chrysanthemums.' Messrs. Can-
nell also showed Cut Zonal Pelargoniums, a group of
Cannas, Celosias, and a collection of about 200 dishes
of excellent Apples and Pears, with a few nuts at either
end of the table. We also noticed fruits of Cydonia
japonica and C. princeps. (Gold Medal.)

A Large Silver Medal was awarded Mr. M. Laksen,
Roebuck Nursery, Enfield Highway, N., for a group of
Chrysanthemums in pots, one feature being of the
variety Le Pactole. Others were'Kathleen Thompson
and Boule de Neige. ,

November 4, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

335

Mr. David Russell, Essex Nurseries, Brentwood,
showed a group of ornamental Conifers and Shrubs
(Large Silver Medal).

Messrs. Thos. Rochford & Sons, Turnford Hall
Nurseries, Broxbourne, displayed a fine exhibit of re-
tarded flowers: Lilies, Azaleas, Lilac, Laburnum, &c,
(Silver Gilt Medal).

Messrs. John Laing & Son, Nurserymen, Forest
Hill, London, staged a semi-circular group of Chrysan-
themums in pots, and bricks of Mushroom Spawn.

Hobbies, Ltd., Norfolk Nurseries, Dereham,
showed bunches of cut Roses from the open of
excellent quality considering the lateness of the season.
(Large Silver Medal.)

Mr. S. Mortimer, Swiss Nursery, Farnham, Surrey,
arranged a table of Carnations. The flowers were
much admired. (Large Silver Medal.)

Mr. C. Englemann, Horneybrook Nursery, Saffron
Walden, showed Carnations and Lily of the Valley.
(Silver Medal.)

Messrs. John Peed & Son, West Norwood, London,
S.F., staged a collection of winter-flowering Begonias,
and another of Carnations. (Silver Medal.)

Messrs. Wm. Cutbush & Son, Highgate, London,
N., showed a well-arranged table of Carnations and a
new variety of a Yellow Japanese Chrysanthemum
named Mrs. Frank Penn.

Mr. H. Lovegrove, gr. to H. Spicer, Esq.. 14,
Aberdeen Park, Highbury, N., staged a group of Cy-
pripedium — C. Spicerianum and C.insigne, and one or
two well-grown specimens of Platyclinis densa, with
Ferns, &c.

Messrs. Geo. Boyes & Co., Aylestone Nurseries,
Leicester, displayed a collection of Carnations, having
pot plants and cut flowers of the same.

THE WEATHER.

At a meeting of the Floral Committee held on
Monday, October 23, First-class Certificates were
awarded to the varieties following : —

Chrysanthemum Warrior. — A deep crimson Japanese
bloom of medium size. Certificated as a variety
suitable for market.

C. Dora Godfrey (single). — Medium sized, flowers
pale-yellow colour. These two were from Mr W. J.
Godfrey, Exmouth.

C. Terra-cotta Soleil d'Octobre.—See description on
p. 316 of our last issue. From Messrs. Prickett &
Sons, Tottenham.

C. Norman Davis (Japanese). — A fine bloom, with
long drooping florets of a bright chestnut-red colour.
An improvement on the well-known exhibition variety
Henry Perkins.

C. Mrs. V. Hooper Pearson (Japanese). — See descrip-
tion on p. 316 of our last issue. These two varieties were
shown by Mr. Norman Davis, Framfield Nurseries,

Sussex.

C. Miss Codrington (Japanese). — Yellow, with narrow
drooping florets. From Mr. H. Perkins, Henley-on-
Thames.

C. Frank Greenfield (Japanese). — A deep flower,
with broad, drooping florets of peculiar shades of terra-
cotta colour and pink.

C. F. G. Oliver (Japanese). — Of the same type as
Mrs. G. Mileham. Flowers of large size and coloured
pink with a silvery reverse ; florets slightly incurved.
These two varieties, were shown by Mr. Geo. Mileham.

' C\Madame Marguerite de Mons (Japanese). — Very
large, slightly incurved flower, of blush-pink colour.

C. Mrs. D. Willis James (Japanese). — The petals
are broad and recurved. The^colour is'deep red with
a pale gold reverse.

C. Beatrice May (Japanese). — White, with a faint
blush tint, very large flowers, with slightly incurved
florets.

C. Mrs. W. Knot (Japanese). — The somewhat

narrow and reflexed petals are of a pleasing shade of
canary-yellow colour.

C. E. J. Brookes (Japanese). — Of amaranth colour
with clear silvery reverse, very large flowers, with
broad, slightly incurved florets. The five last-named
varieties were from Messrs. WELLS & Co., Merstham.

C. Mrs. Frank Venn J Japanese). — See'description on
p. 316.^From Mr. Fairwather, Canterbury.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS taken in the
Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens at Wisley,
Surrey. Height above sea - level 150 feet. The
following are the "mean" readings for the week
ending October 28, 1905 : —

1905.

Temperature
of the Air.

z
0

M

a

h

H
W

H

0
1-1

Tempera-

tvreofthe
Soil at 9A.M.

<

Z

1

At 9 a.m.

>
<

Q

X
0

Z

a
u

o>
n3

O
O

<

0.

01
T3

O

O

r'l

<

a
ai

<u

O
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■It-

<

H
Z

c'J °°

I
</)
Z

D
1/3

w - a

££*
0 f* 0

£ °
O O

n
Q

a

t/j
<o
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DO
£

0

to

V

-a

U

bo
0)

13

ho

0)

—

ho
u

T3

bo

•a

ho

no
u

,9

hr. min.

Means

38

36

50

30

26

4:5

47

50

Tot

0*23

3 54

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

The Following Summary Record of the
weather throughout the British Islands, for the
weekending Oct. 28, is furnished from the Meteor-
ological Office : —

"The weather was mostly fair and bright over the United
Kingdom as a whole, but in the North and East of Sco

and the North-east ol l ngland showers were oi freq 1

occurrence, Thunder was heard on Sunday at Geldi
and on Saturday at Land

"The temperaturt was again below the mean, the deficit
ranging from : in the North and East of Scotland to 1 1
most other districts, and to .is much as 7* in the East, South
and South-west ol I ngland 1 he highest of the maxima was
recorded towards the end of the week, when the thermometer
rose to 59' in England, S , and In land, S., to 58' in the Channel
Eslands, 57 in the Midland Counties and England. S.W.,and
to between 56* and 530 elsewhere. During the major |
of the wirk ih< iii.imiii.iv.i 1, seldom above 50*. Th)
of the minima, which were recorded either on the 22nd and
23rd, ranged from 16' in England, S.W. (at Llangammarch
Welts), ax1 in England, S., and Ireland, N., and 220 in
Ireland, S., to 310 in Scotland, E., and to 350 in the Channel
Islands.

"The rainfall slightly exceeded the mean in England,
X.E., and in Scotland. N. and W., and just equalled it in
Scotland, E.; in all other districts there was a considerable

or large drtnit.

"The bright sunshine exceeded the mean very generally,
the excess being greatest in the south and west. The per-
centage of the possible duration ranged from 54s in England
S.W., 520 in the Channel Islands, and 49° in England S.
to 33* in England N.E. and to 25* in Scotland N.

"The barometer and wind. — During the earlier days of the
week the barometer was highest off our north-western and
western coasts while some shallow depressions overthe North
Sea or the Netherlands affected the winds and weather over
our most eastern districts. After Tuesday, however, the anti-
cyclone in the north-west began to move slowly southwards
over England and finally took up a position over the Bay
of Biscay and France, while depressions from the Atlantic
encroached gradually over the whole of the United Kingdom.
The wind consequently shifted from the N. to the S.W. or
S. and increased considerably in force : on many parts of
our west and north-west coasts it blew a strong breeze and
in a few places a moderate to fresh gale.

THE WEATHER IN WEST HERTS.

At Last a Change to Rather Warmer Weather. — The recent
cold period, after lasting seven weeks, came to an end on
October 29. Since then, however, the weather has been
only moderately warm for the time of year. In fact, on the
warmest day the temperature at no time exceeded 560, and
on the warmest night the exposed thermometer fell to 39'.
On the first night of the past week the same thermometer
showed 1 50 of frost. The ground, both at 1 and 2 feet
deep, is now about 30 colder than is seasonable. Rain fell
on five days, to the total depth of about ij inches, making
it the wettest week since the end of August. For the first
time since the middle of June, or for 4$ months, some rain-
water has come through the percolation gauge, on which
short grass is growing. During the week about 1 gallon
has come through that gauge, and 3* gallons through
the percolation gauge, on which there is no vegeta-
tion. The sun shone on an average for about 3*
hours a day, which is nearly an hour a day longer than
is usual at this season. Calms and light airs prevailed
during the week, the mean velocity in no hour exceeding
10 miles. The average amount ot moisture in the air at
3 P.M. was 6 per cent.' less than a seasonable quantity fr '
that hour.

OCTOBER.

_i Ktmarkably Cold October.— This was the coldest October
since 1S87, or for 18 years— when the mean temperature was
exactly the same. The days and nights were, on the whole,
about equally cold for the time of year. There were only-
two days, and those at the end of the month, when the
temperature in the daytime exceeded the average, and then
only by a few degrees. Indeed, on the warmest day the
highest reading in the thermometer screen was only 570— the
owest maximum I have yet recorded here in October. On

the two coldest nights the thermometer exposed on the lawn
indicated 150 of frost, or greater cold than in any October for
15 years. Rain fell on 17 days, to the aggregate depth of i|
inches, which is ij inches below the average for the month—
usually the wettest in the whole year. Of this total fall more
than half the quantity was deposited during the last four
days, so that the first four weeks were exceptionally dry for
an autumn month. The sun shone on an average for 3J
hours a day, or for five minutes a day longer than is usual.
The first half of the month was very gloomy, but during the
second half the record of bright sunshine averaged 4J hours
a day. This proved a calm October, and during the windiest
hour the mean velocity was only 18 miles— direction west.
The atmosphere was, on the whole, very dry, in fact, there
are only two instances in the previous 19 years of the air in
October being as dry in the middle of the day. E. M.,
Berkkamsted, November 1, 1905.

GARDENERS' DEBATING SOCIETIES.

BECKENHAM HORTICULTURAL. A meeting of
this Society was held at the Society's Library and Reading
Room, Church House. Beckenham. on Friday, October 27,
where Mr. J. Randall presided over a large attendance of
members and friends to hear Mr. T. Crosswell read a paper
on " The Cultivation of the Herbaceous Calceolaria." The
lecturer recommended, if large plants are required, the
sowing of the sued in May. A suitable compost for these-
plants is composed of two parts turfy loam, one part leaf
mould, and one part well rotten manure, with sand. For
the final potting in February, a 48 size potful of bone meal
should be added. The use of soft water when spraying the
plants was very essential. Mr. J. Korthfield exhibited 12
Uvedale's St. Germain Pears weighing 12J lbs., and received
the Society Certificate. F. G. E. d

BATH GARDENERS' SELF-HELP AND DE-
BATING.— The usual fortnightly meeting of this Society
was held at the Foresters' Hall, Bath, on Monday, October 23.
Mr. T. Parrott presided over a large attendance. A good
of exhibits was again seen, chief among them being
a splendid collection of Vegetables staged by Mr. C. Adlam.
Mr. \Y. T. Rich read an interesting paper on "Hardy
Bulbous Flowers," dealing in an instructive manner with the
best varieties of bulbous plants for the garden, and their
culture. A discussion followed. Eight new members were
elected. -_j 1 _ d 6 - P f -«

BRIXTON, STREATHAM, AND CLAPHAM
HORTICULTURAL. At the meeting of this Society,
held on October 26, and before a record attendance of the
members, Mr. W. Roupell ^.nr .1 lecture on "Fruit in
Suburban Gardens," Mr. Thos. Whitford, M.A., presiding.
The lecture was largely devoted to remarks on Apples and
Pears, but Grapes, Tomatos, Peaches, Cherries, etc., were
also touched upon. Mr. Roupell said the drainage of
London, though necessary from a sanitary point of view,
carried to the sea incalculable wealth in the shape of organic
matter. A favourable condition of the weather at the time
the trees were in bloom was the chief agent in determining
the nature of the crop. Fresh fruit was becoming more and
more an article of diet instead of, as formerly, being looked
upon as a luxury. The lecturer advocated the growing for
market of high quality Grapes suitable for invalids, as
Diamond Traube, Duke of Buccleuch, Black Hamburgh
(well ripened), and West St. Peter's. /. M. B.

JAMES MITCHELL.— It is with regret I send
you news of the death, at the age of 72 years, of
Mr. James Mitchell, who for about 15 years was
Head Gardener at Dunrobin Castle, under two
Dukes of Sutherland. Mr. Mitchell began his
gardening career in the late 'forties, at Worsley
Hall, where his uncle was gardener at that time.
He afterwards spent some time at Chelsea at
Messrs. Veitch's, and from there went to Trent-
ham, under the late Mr. Fleming. Among others
who were at Trenlhain at that time was the late
Mr. Taplin, afterwards at Chatsworth. Mr. Mit-
chell's next move was to Drumlanrig, under the
late Mr. Mackintosh, and he was foreman of the
Flower Gardens there. After a few years at
Drumlanrig, he was engaged by the second Duke
and Duchess of Sutherland as gardener at Dun-
robin Castle, a position he held for 15 years, to
the satisfaction of his employers. In May, 1872,
he became tenant of the Sutherland Arms Hotel,
Golspie, with the attached farm, and carried on
both successfully for upwards of 20 years, retir-
ing, in the early 'nineties, to Rostellan, Gols-
pie, where he had built a house, and laid out a
garden and grounds to occupy on his retirement
from business. Mr. Mitchell came of a garden-
ing family, his father having been a gardener to-
the Duke of Manchester, at Tandragee Castle,,
the Earl of Shannon, Castle Martyr, and Lord
Vernon, at Sudbury Hall, Derbyshire. Latterly
Mr Mitchell devoted a good deal of attention to.
the finer kinds of Rhododendrons and Daffodils,
of which he had a good collection at Rostellan.
He was of a retiring disposition, an enthusias-
tic gardener, and was never happier than when
busy in his garden. He was a kindly neighbour,
a true friend, and will be much missed by those
who knew him well, including the present
writer. D. Melville, Dunrobin Castle Gardens.

336

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 4, 1905.

ENQUIRY.

Strawberries. — I wish to procure some varieties
of Fragaria — more particularly Fragaria vesca
multiplex, F. Hagenbachiana, F. v. muricata,
F. viridis, F. Dent de cheval, F. pratensis. I can
find none of these in French or German cata-
logues, nor in those sent out by English dealers.
Prof. Dr. Stall, Royal Pomological Institute, Proskau.

to
Lor respondents

Addresses : Midler, Treves. Your best course is to
procure a copy of the Horticultural Directory,
which may be had from our publishing depart-
[^ ment at a cost of a little more than one mark. —
f S. A. The journal you mention is published
by the Horticultural Printing Company, Junction
St., Burnley.

Begonias : D. W. Better cut off the diseased
leaves and burn them. Dip the healthy leaves
in tobacco water to kill the mite. The stems
appear to be attacked by a fungus.

Books : /. T. We do not know of such a book.

Bulbous Plants. — Essex. Hippeastrums,
Lycoris and Nerines, speaking in a broad sense,
should be started into growth in a frame or pit
with some amount of bottom heat. When the
leaves have developed, and the plants are grow-
ing well, stand them on a staging in a green-
house, where they will develop their flowering
spikes. After flowering reduce the amount of
water afforded the roots until ultimately it is
withheld altogether, and the bulbs allowed a
season of rest. Cypella, Watsonias, Tigridias
and Moraeas are all half-hardy plants. Although
they will succeed out of doors in certain favoured
places in the South of England, they require a
irame with some winter protection, and succeed
best treated as cool greenhouse plants. A cheap
and useful book on bulbs is The Bunk of Bulbs,
by S. Arnott. It can be obtained from our
publishing department, price 2s. gd. post free.

Bullaces : C. W. S. The fruits you send are those
of the White Bullace. They are common in
Kent. The Bullace is Prunus insititia and is
found wild in many parts of Great Britain.
The Bullace and the Damson originate from
the same species. Bullaces are round and
Damsons of oval shape. There are several
varieties of Bullace, of which the following are
the better known. Black Bullace, found in
hedges and woods in Britain ; White Bullace,
as those you send ; Essex Bullace, with fruits
larger but somewhat similar to the last-named
variety ; and the Royal Bullace, whose fruits are
about an inch and a quarter in diameter.

Cattleva Leaf : E. F. It may be that nothing
but natural decay affects your Cattleya leaves.
The leaf received is old and therefore would
decay naturally. These evergreen orchids in
their own habitats must eventually lose the
old leaves. Under cultivation, as plants are not
subjected to the rigours of the climate, the leaves
remain plump long after they would have fallen
off under more natural conditions. Cut away
any damaged leaves and burn them.

Climaii \-,h Vegetation of the Tropics:
M. Buysman, Middelburg, Holland, is desirous
of entering into correspondence with cultivators
with a view to obtain information as to the
climate and vegetation of the tropics. In return
he will give information as to a new source of
India Rubber. - - _ ■

Grapes: F.S L. The varietj is Golden Queen.
You should have sent some foliage as well as fruit.
The few berries received do not give one any idea
of what the bunch may be like in weight or form.

Insects, &c, in Potato : R. W. R. Certainly
not the Eucharis mite but two different animals
widely separated from it. One is a species of
springtail (Podurus), the other a common mille-
pede. Slices of potato are an excellent bait for
the latter pest, especially if the potato is
slightly decayed when used. You might also
try the effect of dipping the slices in a strong
mixture of Paris Green (poison) and water, as
this may prove fatal to the millepedes. Bisul-
phide of carbon is the only agent that can be used
against root-feeding animals. Keep all lights,

matches and the like away from it. To apply it
make three equi-distant holes at the side of the
pot with a stick or pencil, and with a glass
syringe inject a teaspoonful into each hole and
close them up immediately afterwards. Keep
the plant in the shade for two or three days
afterwards. If you wish to treat the Eucharis
in this way, we would advise you to try its effect
on a single plant and carefully watch the result.
Adiantums and some other tender plants are
not injured by this treatment, but we are not
sure that Eucharis would remain uninjured.
Names of Fruits: B.P. i, Autumn Pearmain ; 2,
Brownlees Russet. — Pears. 1, Chaumontelle ; 2,
Easter Beurre ; 3, Josephine de Malmes ; 4, Passe
Colmar. — W.E.B. 1 , Landsberger Reinette ; 2,
Winter Greening. — T.T. 1, Old Hawthornden ;
2, Rambour Franc. — Correspondent . Fruits sent
in a Quaker Oat box. The green apple is Lord
Derby, and the coloured fruit, Flower of Herts.
— G. Monro. Both fruits are Bramlev's Seed-
ling. We have frequently seen specimens like
both fruits on the same tree ; this is charac-
teristic of the variety — H. 1, Cellini Pippin:
2, Lemon Square; 3, Lady's Finger: 4, Fair
Maid of Taunton. — Bry. 1, Warwickshire
Pippin: 2, Crimson Quoining. — COS. 1,
Beauty of Hants; 2, Pile Russet. — Collector
5, Marie Louise. — W.Y.N. 1, Cheshunt
Pippin; 2, Broad End ; 3, Brabant Bellefleur ;
4, Dumelow's Seedling (Wellington) ; 5, Scarlet
Nonpareil. — W.S. We think the small fruit
is the original pear, and the Pitmaston Duchess
a variety that has been budded into it at some
time or other. We have ourselves frequently
inserted buds on pear trees of another variety
where a new spur has been necessary, and
after a few years it has been quite impossible
to detect the junction. By so budding it is very
easy to have several varieties on one branch.
The fact of your finding two distinct fruits on
one branch convinces us that at some time buds
have been inserted. Such buds are intended
to make spurs only and can be put into wood
that is of some appreciable age. — G.H. Comte
deLamy. — Cecil. 1 , Nouveau Poiteau ; 2. Autumn
Bergamot ; 3, Gansel's Bergamot ; 4, Winter
Orange. — W.J. 1, Pear Bishop's Thumb
Louise Bonne of Jersey. — Apples. 1, Melon
(very fine) ; 2, Reinette du Cam

Names of Plants: Hortensis. 1, Juniperus
virginiana ; 2, Cedrus atlantica ; j, Pinus
excelsa; 4, Abies Pinsapo ; 5, Picea Morinda,
or Smithiana ; 6, Abies Nordmanniana. — M .
Buysman. The Fig, Ficus Carica. We do not
recognise the other specimen. — F. E (, The
Red Wood Sequoia sempervirens ; the Spruce
is probably Picea sitchensis 7" A Herts
Euonymus europoeus. — H. V. The fruit sent in
is certainly that of the Black Walnut The
leaves got mixed. Can you send others?—
A. Y. L. The flower from the plant you de-
scribe as being similar to Miltonia spectabilis is
Ornithidiumconfertum, and the other Seraphvta
multiflora. — F. C. Send a better specimen when
in flower. — C. II' T. 1, Cupressus Lawsoniana :

2, Cupressus not recognised ; 3. Cupressus
Lawsoniana; 4, Abies Pinsapo; 5, Cupressus
pisifera var. plumosa; 6, Cupressus (Retinospora
squarrosa) ; 7, Tsuga Sieboldi probabh
Juniperus virginiana. — R.G.H. 1, Dichonsandra
Saundersii ; 2, Begonia subpeltata variety .

3, Leycesteria formosa; 4, Sedum spectabile; 5,
Asclepias curassavica ; 6, Cassia corymbosa ;
7, Asplenium viviparum. Thanks for donation
of 2s. 6d. for Gardeners' Orphan Fund — F. S.
Apparently Medicago lupulina .-- J. A S. 1,
Draca?na amabilis : 2, Dracaena Baptistei ; }.
Dracaena Guilfoylei ; 4. Dracaena Regina
5, Dracaena hybrida; 6, Dracaena terminals

-I Forty Years' Subscriber, a, Cupressus sem-
pervirens , b, Abies balsamea ; c, Abies concolor
var.; </, Abies concolor; e, Picea orientalis ;
/, Pinus ponderosa ; g, Abies Nordmanniana;
h, Picea pungens, so far as we can tell from
small sprays.— J. Pilkington, The Fern (No \)
is Polypodium sepultum synonymous witb
Goniophlebium sepultum of gardens. We
cannot undertake to analyse the chemicals.
You should have sent a whole root of the
Parsnip for examination. Miltonias are not
easy plants to cultivate, unless the cultivator
has had some experience. Follow the directions
given from week to week in our weekly calendar.

Pears for Cultivation against Walls : Lane.
There are several excellent varieties of Pears

which ripen at Christmas time, and are
adapted tor supplying the market. Before
planting any one or two varieties, however, on
the whole of the wall space, careful observa-
tions should be made in order to find out those
varieties which are best suited to the district.
Pear trees are rather fastidious in regard to soils
in which they will thrive well. If there is any
stagnant moisture in the soil, the land must be
drained, otherwise the fruits to be produced
will be rendered unsaleable by the attacks of
Cladosporium and other fungus diseases. Beurre
Clairgeau, and Beurre Diel, are both fine
varieties, of good constitution and cropping
qualities, but the former, although of attractive
appearance for sale, is not of first rate flavour.
Glou Morceau is an excellent Christmas Pear,
which produces fine fruits when worked on the
Quince stock and grown against a wall. Fruits
of the variety Doyenne du Cornice may, with
care, be kept until Christmas, Fondante de
Thirriot is a handsome Pear of large size, and
possesses a rich flavour. It is also a good grower
and free bearer on the Quince stock. The fruits
are sufficiently attractive for market purposes.
If Pear trees are grown on the Pear stock they
need to be root pruned in October. Trees grow-
ing on the Quince stock produce the finest
fruits if high culture is afforded them. If varie-
ties are mixed one with another it results in
better fertilization of the flowers.
Rhubarb : II'. M . See note on forcing Rhubarb,
published on p. 279 of the issue for October 14 last.
Root : E. W. K . Your specimen appears to be of

the common corn-salad, Valerianella olitoria.
Rose : H . II'. We believe your specimen to be a
Banksian rose. Probably it will flower later on.
— B. A.J. Send your specimen to some
Rose grower. We cannot undertake to name
florists' flowers.
Single Flowered Chrysanthemums : Old Wind-
sor. The seedling varieties are not so good as
others of the same colours already in commerce.
Situation in America : D. E. H. Apply to
Messrs. Peter Henderson &Co., New York, and
advertise in the American Florist (Chicago and
New York), the Weekly Florists' Review, Chicago,
or in our own pages.
Sol \ Bean : /. M. The seeds of a Leguminous
plant from which Soy is or was produced. It
will not grow in the open in this country, and
we do not think you are likely to obtain seeds
from our seedsmen. Try Messrs. Vilmorin
Andrieux et Cie., Paris.
Syllabus: G. O. S. Apply to the Secretary,
Science and Art Department, South Kensington,
London, W.
Wallflowers and Brussel-Sprouts Diseased:
A M. The stems have been eaten into by
the grub of a weevil (Ceutorhynchus sulcicollis),
and this has channelled through the centres of
the plants Burn all diseased plants, or give •
them to the pigs, as the disease is not fungoid.
Do not cultivate members of the Brassica family
on the same (and for some seasons to come. Gas
lime applied when the land is clear of crops is '
the best remedy- Meantime apply a dressing
of soot.
Weights lnd Measures : J !-' You will find a
note on tins question on p. 28S in our issue for
October 14 A sieve of solt fruit w-eighs 4.SIV1S .
ieve ol stone fruit or Gooseberries 51 ill-is .,
while a sieve of Apples or Pears approximates
from 40 to 5olbs. Write to Mr. A. Assbee,
Estate Office, Covent Garden, London.
Win 11 Vanda ccerulea : A' G.F. It is impossible
to say whether the variety will prove constant or
not. The blue colour of the type is only surface
colour, and in the one you flowered it may not
have developed. Another year the colour maj
appear.

Communications Received. — Dr. Franceschi, Sant.i Bar-
bara—W. G. S.— M. C. C— C. P.-J O. B.— E. H. W,
— M. B— Muller, Treves-A. C. B.— de B. C— A. C. S —
W. P. W. -J. Veitch & Sons— Sir Danfel Morris Bar-
bados— M. Jarry Desloges, Paris — M. Correvon, Geneva
— G. S. S.— P. W. F.— J. R. J.— Dr. Schonland, Grahams-
town— A. W.— W. B.— G. Horrell.— A. W. (thanks for 1/-
for Orphan Fund) — Bone Meal (next week). — A. S. —
W. J. H.-T. H. C— G. W.— E. E.— H. K.— Enquirer—
G. H. P.— P. W.— City of Birmingham Water Department
—Salopian— S. M. C.-W. S. E.-F. J.-D. B.-H.G. K.—
S. B.-Bellis-Dr. F. F.— S. W. F.— C. Ruse— E. H. }.-
A. D.— R. P.— A. C. B.— National Potato Society -
T. E. W.— W. H.— J. W.— A. G.— G. B. M.— H. W. W.—
W. R. F.— A.D. W.— Pitt— A. E. T.— T. C. B.— Gardener
— S. A.— F. W. P.— H. E.— C. P. S.-Ballyarthur.-F. S.—
A. M. S— X. Y. Z.

November ii, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

33"

THE

No. 985.— SATURDAY, November 11, 1905.

CONTENTS.

Agaves

346

Potatos, warty disease

Allotment gardening at

of ' ...

346

Redditch

345

Reafforestation

345

Anemone blanda and its

Roses, some notable ...

338

allies

339

Royal Botanic Gardens,

Apple, a large

345

Regent's Park

340

Books, notices of—

Scutellaria hirta

338

Forest management...

337

societies-

Chemistry and its rela-

Birmingham Chrysan-

tion to the garden

348

themum

351

Crinodendron Hooker-

Cheltenham Chrysan-

ianum

346

themum

350

Dover House, Roehamp-

Linnean

345

ton

345

Paris Chrysanthemum

350

Eschscholtzias

345

Royal Horticultural ...

347

Foreign correspondence

338

Southampton Horti-
cultural

Fruit growing for profit

346

349

Gardening books, a sale

Torquay Chrysanthe-

of

345

mum

350

Ipomea rubro-ccerulea..

338

Weybridge Horticul-

Miln, Mr. T. E

345

tural

350 1

Nicotiana Sanderse... 338,34

South Af ri ca, the

Nursery notes —

weather in

345

King's Acre Nurseries,

Stangeria paradoxa

346

Hereford

341

Water-Lilies

345

Plants new or note-

Week's Work, the —

worthy—

Flower garden, the ...

341!

Diervilla rivularis ...

339

Fruits under glass ...

343

Oncidium coryne-

Hardy fruit garden ..

343

phorum

340

Kitchen garden, the ...

343

Potato Duchess of Corn-

Orchid houses, the ...

34'2

wall

346

Plants under glass ...

342

ILLUSTR

ATIONS.

Apple, King's Acre Bountiful

341

Chrysanthemums, A Prize Co!

lection of

349

Diervilla rivularis

339

Fernery at Dover House

Roe!

ampton (Supplementary

Illustration)

Oncidium-corynephorum

340

View of the Southampton Chr

■santhemum Exhibition..

349

FOREST MANAGEMENT.*
Mr. Huffel's first volume on Forest Man-
agement appeared last year. It discussed the
utility of forests, the nature of woodland pro-
perty, forest policy and statistics, the whole
being dealt with chiefly from the point of
view of French forests. The author, who is
one of the professors of forestry at the Nancy
Forest School, states in his preface to the
second volume that his first volume has met
with an excellent reception, the success of
which greatly surpassed his expectations, and
he promises the third volume for next year.
The last volume of the series will deal with
the history of forest working-plans in France,
and will give a complete account of the theory
and practice of forest working-plans.

From a perusal of the present volume any
well-educated forester will at once recognise
that the author is singularly well equipped
with the knowledge and experience necessary
for dealing with his subject. Mr. Huffel has
for several years been in charge of the in-
struction in forest management at Nancy,
and this comprises all branches of forestry,
except forest utilization, sylviculture, and
forest protection ; the latter subject, however,

* Huffel, Economieforestiere. Tome deuxieme. Dendro-
metrie. La formation du produit forestier. Estimation et
expertise. Paris. Lucien Laveur, Editeur, 13, Rue des
Saints Peres, 1905.

has never been taught at Nancy as a separate
branch of forestry. The work before us is of
the most comprehensive character, as was
also Mr. Huffel's first volume, and will tend
to raise French forest literature to a level
with that attained in Germany. The book
shows what great advances French forestry
has made since 1872, when I left Nancy for
the Indian Forest Service. Then the theo-
retical teaching of forestry in France was far
too dogmatic and too little based on the
nature of growing woods and on the results
of past European experience in sylviculture,
so that men actively engaged in managing
French forests often found it impossible to
adapt their work to the theoretical teaching
of the professors.

Of recent years, however, there have been
great changes in the recruiting and instruc-
tion of the Nancy forest students. They now
enter the national forest school after ac-
quiring a knowledge of agriculture at the
Ecole Agronomique, in Paris, being thus bet-
ter prepared by a preliminary scientific edu-
cation to follow with advantage the special
course at Nancy. They make longer and
more varied tours than was formerly the
case in the French and Swiss forests, and de-
pend far more on their own observations for a
knowledge of the forests and of the various
methods of exploiting them to advantage.
Besides learning German, as they did in my
time at Nancy, they also learn English, and
are thus enabled to profit by the voluminous
recorded results of observations in German,
Austrian, and American forests, as well as of
forests in India. Information regarding
Indian forests is particularly useful to them,
as some of them are eventually employed in
the semi-tropical forests of Algeria and Tunis,
and in the tropical forests of Tonquin, Cochin-
China, Madagascar, and other French
colonies.

To come to the subject of the present book,
nowhere is dendrometry, or tree-mensuration,
better dealt with. Based on strict mathe-
matical principles, the author's explanations
of the measurement of the bole of a tree and
of the reasons why wood-merchants have
adopted certain arbitrary modes of measure-
ment are excellent. Such a mode of measure-
ment is that by quarter-girth, which still
prevails in England. It originated in the
wood cutters' custom of roughly squaring the
base of a felled tree, leaving the top of its
bole round, and gives a little less than four-
fifths of its volume. Other mercantile
methods are also explained, being still used
in some French forests ; but the method of
measuring the solid cubic contents of wood
over bark, corresponding to measurements
necessarily made by the framers of a forest
working-plan in calculating its annual yield,
is now generally employed in Continental
forests. Descriptions are given of the best
instruments in use for measuring single trees
and logs and of the measurement of stacked
timber and firewood, and the reader is gradu-
ally led on to the methods of measuring crops
of standing trees.

The second part of the book deals with the
production of timber and the comparative
shares taken in it by capital and labour. Huf-
fel says that while in primitive countries,
where capital is scarce, agricultural capital,
chiefly vested in the ownership of land, takes

four-fifths of the produce of the soil, in ad-
vanced democratic countries, such as France,
where there is abundance of capital and in-
terest on money is low, the mitayer, or cul-
tivator of another man's land, gets half the
produce of the soil, and the landowner only the
other half, after paying taxes, rates, and for
the wear and tear of all necessary buildings,
implements, manure, etc. This leaves to the
landowner only about one-third of the net
revenue. Mitayage in France is now giv-
ing way to fermage, or farming on the
English principle of the payment of rent to
the landowner by the cultivator ; but then the
latter provides a considerable part of the capi-
tal. There is an estate in Gloucestershire
where the landowner pays for nearly all the
capital charges on his farms, but expects a
return of 7 per cent, on his total expenditure
on manure, drains, and on the original sum
he paid for the farm. It would be interest-
ing to ascertain what proportion of the net
revenue accrues to the landowner in this
case.

The great financial distinction between
forestry and agriculture is in the reduced per-
centage in which labour contributes to pro-
duce forests as compared with its percentage
in producing agricultural crops. In simple
coppice, with a short rotation, osier-beds,
pinewoods treated for the production of resin,
and in woods of cork-oak, the percentage of
labour is probably nearly equal to that usual
in agriculture. In French high-forests of sil-
ver-fir, however, belonging to the State, the
labour employed by the State is not more
than 6 per cent, of the value of the final
crops produced, and 1 1 per cent, of that
" thinnings," before the produce in either case
is delivered to the wood-merchant. In French
State- coppices-with-standards, it is 17 per
cent. The share that labour gets from the
gross revenues of State forests in Prussia is
55 per cent., and in Bavaria, 49 per cent.,
but in those countries the State itself largely
engages in the conversion of the produce
before it is sold to the wood-merchant. All
this is of special interest to us at present,
owing to the proposed planting of our waste-
lands, partly with the object of arresting the
exodus of labour from the country to the
towns.

The r61e that nature plays in the produc-
tion of timber is well dealt with by Mr. Huf-
fel, and the book contains excellent plates
illustrating the form of trees of oak and other
species grown under different sylvicultural
systems. He also gives a clear account of
the methods of estimating the volumes of
timber in woods of the principal forest trees
at different ages, and of their values and the
rates of interest to be obtained on the capi-
tal involved in their production. This capital
he divides into two parts — fonds and super-
fide. It is difficult to coin an English word
for fonds, which comprises the forest soil with
all values that are attached to it after a
clear-felling of the pre-existing standing-crop.
These are : —

(a) Stools, roots, seeds of forest trees

that have fallen on the ground, all
ready to reproduce a fresh crop.

(b) Humus, dead leaves, the physical and

chemical condition of the soil ren-
dering it fit for producing trees.

338

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 11, 1905.

(c) Boundaries, roads and bridges, rides

and lines of separation between
.woods of different ages, drains, etc.

(d) Houses for woodmen and woodcutters,

forest nurseries, irrigation works,
etc.

Most of these items are absent where land
has to be planted that has been waste or
recently given over from agriculture. The
best English phrase to represent all that
enters into the French word fondi appears to
be " forest soil and its appurtenances.'"

The other part of forest capital, superficie,
may be rendered in English by the term
forest standing-crop. This term is quite
peculiar to forests, for a forest standing-crop
H not necessarily, iike a crop of Potatos,
exploitable at any fixed time. We may, for
instance, have planted or sown an area with
Scots Pine, but no one would think of felling
the crop til! it becomes old enough to yield
pit-timber at, say. forty years, or the crop
may be left till it is eighty years old or even
older, to produce large timber. Meanwhile
a large proportion of the produce is cut
out from time to time in the thinnings. Now,
the capital employed in forestry comprises
both fonds and superficie. The former of
these is of fairly constant value for the same
locality, but the latter steadily increases in
value up to a certain age, provided it is pro-
perly treated. The rate of increment of the
superficie also increases up to a certain age,
and then diminishes. Hence it follows that
there is considerable complexity in calculat-
ing the prospective value of the final crop of
trees, and also that of the capitalised value
ot the thinnings, up to the end of the rota-
tion of the wood. The capital value of the
" superficie " at the end of the rotation is
the sum of these two capitals, and the correct
rate of interest obtained from it depends on
the accuracy with which this prospective capi-
tal is calculated.

As regards the capitalised value of thin-
nings taken periodically from a growing
wood in order to improve the final yield, the
author gives an example to show that, owing
to the comparatively early realisation of the
value of thinnings, this may nearly equal that
of the standing-crop. For instance an Aus-
trian pine wood yielded ,£56 in thinnings.
The accumulated interest on these thinnings
amounted to ^31 at the end of the rotation,
making their total value ^87, while the final
crop was sold for £91, only £<\ more than
the capitalised value of the thinnings.

Mr. Huffel is not convinced of the accu-
racy of German forest yield-tables, and says
so plainly on page 248. This statement
has doubtless attracted attention in Germany,
and will certainly be disputed by German
foresters.

The parts of the book dealing with the
mensuration and valuation of woods are well
illustrated by numerous graphic diagrams,
but apparently contain nothing particularly
original, although this is the clearest account
of these important subjects that I have read
in the French language. The production of
limber managed in selection forests of silver-
lir and in coppice-with-standards is probably-
better understood in France than elsewhere,
and this subject is admirably treated in the
jiii sent volume. >

This interesting book concludes with two
'chapters, the first of which is devoted to the
estimation by experts of the compensation to
be paid for any damage done to a forest,
which frequently exceeds that due to the
■mere removal of certain trees, or crops of
trees, in the forest, as the realisation of the
objects of a working-plan may thus be
seriously affected, or frustrated, to the detri-
ment of the owner.

The last chapter deals with the estimation
of the value of forest usufruct, and the just
manner of exercising the latter, and is use-
ful in questions affecting entailed forest
estates.

To the intelligent student of forestry Mr.
lluffel's book is a mine of wealth, rendered
all the more valuable by the clearness and
comprehensiveness with which it is written
and illustrated. W. R. Fisher, Oxford.
October 25, 1Q05.

FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE.

CASTANOSPERMUM AUSTRALE.
At a country place, a few miles from Santa
Barbara, there is a large specimen of this remark-
able Australian tree, about 25 years old. It has
been flowering and fruiting regularly these last
15 years, several plants being raised from it, some
of which are now blooming. We have never been
able to propagate it from cuttings. The flowers,
as described by Mr. A. Berger, are very curious
indeed, but do not show much from a distance,
being borne only on the trunk and main branches.
The illustration published in the Gardeners' Chron-
icle is not ol natural size, but, as stated, consider-
ably reduced. I have had myself " nuts " of two
inches diameter.

BAMBOOS FLOWERING.
Since many years there have been imported to
California under the name of ' ' taisan-chiku ' ' or
"giant Bamboo from Japan " plants of Dendroca-
lamus latiflorus, which are now becoming to be
one of the most conspicuous ornaments of our
gardens. About five years ago a number of the
plants then imported began to bloom and died
after a short time ; one of them, however, has
continued showing bloom until now. without dying,
but without making any perceptible growth. It
allowed the means of identifying the species de-
scribed, as it is in Gamble's classical work on
Bambuseae. The large growing kinds are very
highly prized here, and I have succeeded in
gathering already four species of Dendrocalamus,
one of Oxytenanthera, several of Bambusa proper,
of Arundinaria and of Phyllostachys. Two or
three very large growing species have just been
imported to Santa Barbara from the Philippines,
and they may prove new to science. F.Franceschi,
Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A.

PLANT NOTES.

1POMEA RUBRO-CCERULEA.
Foe a number of years I have grown this
climbing annual for autumn and winter flowering
and for the special purpose of decorating the
breakfast and luncheon tables, for which it is
distinctly adapted. The hardy varieties of these
twiners have been repeatedly" cultivated here for
summer decoration, and with good effect, but not
until this season has the above-named variety
been grown out-of-doors, when the results have
been highly satisfactory. The plants attain a
height of 20 feet, and during September they
were studded with their lovely .sky-blue-
coloured flowers, which will continue until cut
down by host. Plants intended for autumn and
winter flowering are now well established in
their final pots and have been removed to

warmer quarters, in which they are intended to
bloom, which will be from about the first week
in November onwards.

Nicoiiana Sax'i>er/E.
I have seen numerous complaints from dis-
appointed cultivators respecting this addition
to our flower-gardens, but I have nothing but
admiration for it as a bedding plant. The seeds
should be sown early, say in February, and
when the seedlings are large enough to handle
they should be potted singly or pricked off into
boxes. Plants raised here in the above manner
were planted out during the second week of
last May in time to experience the io° and n°
of frost, which the majority of gardeners have
good reason to remember occurred about these
dates, but apparently with no bad effect upon
the plants in question. The bed in which they
were planted measured 19 by 9 feet, and was
fully exposed to the sun, and as I imagined the
plants would reach a height of but z to 3 feet,
1 interspersed standard plants of Heliotropes
4 feet in height as dot plants in the bed. These
latter I grew principally for their fragrance.
Early in June the Tobaccos commenced to show
their brilliant carmine-coloured flowers, and
from the middle of July up to quite recently
they have produced a profusion of blooms of
good size, substance and colour from within a
few inches of the ground-level to a height of
6 feet, 'ihe flowers have not the undesirable
character of afflnis of closing its blossoms by
day [not invariably. Ed.]. The 4-feet-talI
plants of Heliotropes peeping from out this
mass of glowing crimson presented a rather
peculiar appearance. Some little time since I
placed a tew plants of Abutilon Sawitzi round
the edge of the bed, producing a good effect.
Another season I hope to intermix Swainsonia
alba-with Nicotiana Sanderae. W. Fyfe, Lockinge
Gardens.

SCUlELLARiA HIRTA,

Sibthorp {Flor. Grceca, t. 583).
This pretty plant, raised from seeds received
from Cyprus, flowered with me. in September.
The small leaves are agreeably lemon-scented,
and the flowers yellow, with the upper lip red.
I do not think this species will be hardy here.
M. Buysman, Middeiburg, Holland.

THE ROSARY.

SOME NOTABLE ROSES OF THE LAST
DECADE.
Of roses which have originated within the last
ten years one is pre-eminent alike in beauty and
impressiveness : 1 refer to the magnificent Hybrid
Perpetual entitled Frau Karl Druschki, raised by
Lambert in 1900. This is undoubtedly the grandest
of all white roses, enormous in dimensions (I have
had flowers occasionally nearly 7 in. in diameter);
with a habit approximating as nearly as possible
to absolute perpetuality ; and flowering profusely
in summer and autumn. Yet it has its limitations.
It is somewhat lacking, like some of its great con-
temporaries, in central petals ; and it is entirely
destitute of the attribute of fragrance. In those
respects it is strongly contrasted to such varieties
as Kaiserin Augusta Victoria, an empress among
roses ; and the richly odorous Viscountess Folke-
stone. Perhaps the most formidable rival of Frau
Karl Druschki is that famous Newtownards Rose,
Mildred Grant, which was exhibited by Mr.
George Paul, of Cheshunt, with immense shell-
like petals — the admiration of all beholders — at
the last Temple Show. Nevertheless, I shall
always continue to believe that the true rival of
Frau Karl Druschki — at least, in our gardens — is
not Mildred Grant, which is essentially an exhibi-
tion variety, but the almost incomparable Margaret
1 iickson, which, while even more fioriferous and
fuller in the centre of the flower, has at least some
suggestion of the fragrance of its chief parent.

riI.OVE.MBEK II, :

THE GARDES EltS CHRONICLE.

339

Lady Mary Fitzwilliam. Another beautiful variety
of Irish origin is Florence Pemberton, which may
without exaggeration be regarded as possessing
nearly all the finest attributes that constitute the
fascination of a perfect rose. It is, in my estima-
tion, greatly superior to Mildred Grant as a variety
adapted for garden cultivation ; and that is a
qualification which can hardly be overestimated.
Dean Hole is, I doubt not, an effective variety
where it can be successfully grown ; in my own
garden, I regret to say, it has not succeeded any
better than Alice Lindsell, Mildred Grant, or Mrs.
Edward Mawley ; which probably require a finer
climate and warmer soil than Scotland can afford
them. I have given those roses every possible
attention; but atmospheric conditions seem always
to prevent their development. But I have abiding
consolations in Margaret Dickson, Florence Pem-
berton, and the invariably beautiful Gloire
Lyonaisse. Clio, which is perhaps the finest rose
ever given to the world by the firm of Wm. Paul
& Sons, is quite as precious a production, for
garden decoration, as any of these varieties. It
produces its salmon-pink coloured flowers in
clusters like a Noisette ; it aspires not seldom, in
favourable situations, to a high elevation ; and its
artistic effectiveness is therefore supreme. There
is hardly, in short, a grander rose in cultivation;
and it is scarcely realisable that it can ever be
superseded. In my own " Paradisus Terrestris,"
where most roses succeed admirably, Clio and
Margaret Dickson are like similarly endowed
sisters, growing side by side. The former was
raised in [894 ; the latter in 1891.

Other recently-raised roses of great distinction
are Bessie Brown, David Harum, Earl of Warwick,
Etoile de France (Fernet Ducher 1905), a beautiful
variety, whose popularity is ensured; Hugh
Dickson, and J li. Clarke, lustrous natives of
Belfast ; Boadicea, Enchantress and Corallina,
exquisite emanations from Waltham Cross ; Lady
Roberts, a more richly-hued Anna Ollivier ; Mrs.
B. K Cant, Perle des Jaunes, and Souvenir de
Pierre Notting ; the last-mentioned being one of
the most valuable of recent Continental introduc-
tions. David A'. Williamson.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN.

ANEMONE DLANDA AND ITS ALLIES.

No hardy, tuberous-rooted plant is more wel-
come in the early spring-time than Anemone
blanda, the Grecian Windflower, that comes into
blossom while the year is young, and continues
to pioduce a provision of its ever-pleasing blue
Ilov, ers far into the mid-spring-time. As the
pre-ent time is seasonable for planting it, a few
remarks may also be opportune. The plant is
by no means exacting in its requirements, nor is
it fastidious as to soil. It forms a bright and
pleasing subject that should be freely planted in
a variety of positions in our gardens. The
species and its garden-forms are essentially sun-
loving plants, bursting quickly into blossom
under the influence of the sun's rays, but gene-
rally remaining in the bud state or opening only
in a half-hearted manner when the day is cloudy
and sunless. Sunlight and sunheat are both
essential to its success, and this fact should not
be lost s ght of when planting.

As a 'carpet" to Azaleas of the mollis or
allied sections, in the tore-front of the sunny
shrubbery border, crowning or furnishing the
sunny side of a grassy slope, or carpeting the
soil from which presently choice Lilies may
spring, these are some of the many ways in
which it is possible to utilise this bright blue
flower of spring. The plant should be planted
with a free hand, preferably where the early
morning sun will reach it.

With regard to soil it ceitamly prefers a well-
draiix.'.l light ioamy soil, but peat and heath
soils, and such as overlie chalk, also suit the

plant admirably. Indeed, the only soil in which
the plant is not a permanent success is a reten-
tive or water-logged clayey soil. It is worth
remarking perhaps that the established plant
growing and flowering from the nipple-like
crowns of the tuber sends out its leafy growths
at some distance from the central crown, and for
this reason the tubers should be planted not
closer than 8 inches apart, and 4 or 5 inches
deep. Many seedling varieties are now distri-
buted, and these vary not only in the shade of
their blue-coloured flowers, but also in the
length and breadth of their petals. This parti-
cular species has for years been specialised at
Belvoir Castle, and lovely masses are to be seen

with the above. As a garden plant, however, it
is distinct. A. b. bythinica has numerous linear
petals, while A. b. cypriana has fewer petals of
an obovate, obtuse shape, while the plant is
always fully a fortnight later in flowering
Some years ago a well-flowered example of this
form from Belvoir Castle gardens received the
Award of Merit of the Royal Horticultural
Society. Unfortunately, from my experience,
this variety has not a good constitution, other-
wise it would possess a special value for its
lateness in flowering. Seedlings of these
Anemones should be raised periodically. They
flower well in their second year if liberally
treated. E. H. Jenkins.

«

/ * I '.*' 's

FlG. 129. — DIERVILLA RIVULARIS, WITH STRUCTURAL DETAILS : COLOUR OP
FLOWERS CREAMY YELLOW.

there in the spring-time. A. b. atroccerulea is a
dark blue kind, and A. b. alba a pure white
selected form. Other white-flowered forms
appear in collected tubers, and occasionally
some have a tendency to develop flowers of a
pinkish hue.

Quite distinct from the above is A. b. bythi-
nica, with the inner surface of the flower white,
and blue on the exterior. A free group of this,
when buds and blossoms comprise the picture,
is very pleasing. It is more compact in growth
and later to bloom than the foregoing.

A. b. cypriana is in some respects similar to
the last-named ; indeed, in the Kew Hard-List
of hardy plants it is referred to as synonymous

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

DIERVILLA RIVULARIS.*
A pretty flowering shrub native of Georgia, and
stated to be allied to D. trifida. It has pubes;ent
leaves and creamy yellow, Daphne or Lonicera
like flowers, flushed with pink, and crowded in
large terminal panicles. Mr. Gumbleton, to
whom we are indebted for the opportunity of
figuring the plant, speaks of it as extremely fiori-
ferous. We do not find it mentioned in the Kew
Index nor in the Kew Hani-List, nor in Britton &
Brown's " Flora of the United States."

* Diervilla RIVULARIS, Gattinger in Coulter Botanical
Gazette, xiii. (1888), p. 191.

340

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[NOVEMBEH 11, 11,05.

ONCIDIUM CORYNEPHORUM.
About fifteen years ago a handsome Oncidiura
was described in these pages under the name of
O. Leopoldianum, Rolfe (1890, ii., p. 556), from
materials obtained by Messrs. Linden, L'Horti-
culture Internationale, Brussels, these consisting
of added specimen, the collectors' coloured draw-
ing, and some living plants. From these a
coloured plate was prepared (Lindcma, vi.j t. 274),
and as the plants were distributed it was hoped
that flowers would soon appear in our collections.
At length, as was supposed, the long-looked-for
event happened, and a plant in flower, from the

violet-purple, with a bright yellow base. In habit
and in its long twining inflorescence the plant recalls
O. macranthum, but as regards the shape and
colour of the flowers it is distinct from anything
known in cultivation. A few other plants are
known, and it will be interesting to see what they
are when they flower. Such a handsome species
should not be neglected by importers, as its shy-
flowering habit is probably the result of weakness,
owing to its treatment not being properly under-
stood. We should suggest the cool treatment given
to Odontoglossums and to Oncidium macranthum
as likely to prove the most suitable. R. A. Rolfe.

<

Ardchron

wc;.

Fig. 130. ONCIDIUM CORYNEPHORUM, lindley: light rosy purple edged with white.

LIP DEEP VIOLET.

collection of E. Ashworth, Esq., Harefield Hall,
Wilmslow, appeared at the Royal Horticultural
Hall, on October 24, and was unanimously
awarded a First-class Certificate by the Orchid
Committee. Mr. Ashworth had apprised me
of the event, and late in the afternoon I
went to the meeting, and was surprised to
see the quite distinct but equally handsome
O. corynephorum, Lindley, which had previously
only been known from dried specimens. The
discrepancy is difficult to account for, as the plant
is believed to be one of the original ones, and the
respective dried specimens are quite distinct in the
structure of the lip. The probable explanation is
that the two grow together, and, as often happens in
the O. macranthum section, may be confused when
out of flower. The circumstance affords a clue to
the habitat of O. Leopoldianum, which was not
recorded. O. corynephorum is a native of Peru,
and was described by Lindley from dried specimens
collected by Matthews at Moyambambo [Serf.
Orch., sub, t. 25). With these dried specimens
Mr Ashworth's plant agrees in every respect, and
the species is a verj handsome one, as may be
seen from the illustration. The rounded, undulate
sepals and petalsare light rosy purple, with a broad
white margin, and the nearly orbicular lip is deep

ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS.

Evidences of improvement in the Regent's
Park gardens, reflecting credit on the manage-
ment of the present superintendent, Mr. E. F.
Hawes, who is an enthusiastic cultivator, were
apparent on a recent visit. The glass struc-
tures and the grounds showed that progress
is being made, although much still remains to be
done before these gardens can take rank among
the foremost botanical and horticultural' stations
of this country. However, that progress is be-
ing made is encouraging.

The large conservatory presented a tidy ap-
pearance and was gay with decorative Chry-
santhemums, Michaelmas Daisies, and other
flowering subjects that were accommodated on
the staging round about the building or inter-
spersed among the permanent occupants of the
beds and borders. A great part of that portion
of the conservatory known as the Mound has
been re-modelled and has been planted with a
collection of "succulents," forming part of the
gift of plants from the late Rev. H. G. Torre, of
Norton Curlieu, Warwickshire. A few of the
plants noticed were Agave Victoria Regina,
Sempervivum holochrysum, Aloe albispina, A
plicatilis, a grand clump of A. arborescens, and

on the summit a good specimen of Fcurcroya
longsevu. Crassulas, Echeverias, Yuccas, and a
host of other similar plants are included, and
the arrangement is in suitable taste. The plant
of A. arborescens, above referred to, is an
older occupant of the building, and in its scram-
bling method of growth has supported itself on
an old Corinthian capitol. At the foot of this
ornament has been planted, not inappropriately,
a specimen of Acanthus mollis, for this plant is
said to have furnished the old Grecian artists
with the design of this beautiful architectural
ornament. It is said that a basket, on whose
top was a large earthenware tile, having been
carelessly placed on the top of a plant of A.
mollis, the leaves grew up around the basket
and, reaching the eaves formed by the tile, re-
curved in a graceful manner, thus forming a
beautiful object and a copy appealing to the
artistic spirit of the artist. Before we finish our
description of the Mound, mention should be
made of other interesting plants. It accommo-
dates a good specimen of the Traveller's Tree —
Ravenala madagascariensis, whose leaves when
pierced at the base are said to furnish a supply
of clear liquid to the weary traveller. On the
summit of the Mound is also a large clump of
Monstera deliciosa, with several spikes of its in-
teresting and edible fruits. Citrus decumana,
near by, was also fruiting. In another part of
the house was Colletia cruciata in flower, the
xerophytic nature of the plant suggesting a home
on some arid plain of Chili. Sparmannia afri-
cana was also brightening the surroundings with
its flowers, and, near by, Archontophcenix Cun-
ninghami was carrying a good inflorescence.
The two noble specimens of Sabal umbraculi-
fera were looking their best. Other noteworthy
plants observed were the large specimens of
Ficus lutescens and F. elastica.

The Victoria regia house was bright with a
collection of stove plants, while many interest-
ing tropical and economic plants were seen in
Rower. The Victoria regia itself is by no means
past its best, and is at present in flower.
It has eight remarkably fine leaves at the pre-
sent time, and during the past season has de-
veloped the record number of 31 flowers. Hap-
pily, the dreaded disease has not put in an
appearance. The curious Vallisnaria spiralis
was plentifully flowering beneath a clump of
Hedychium coronarium, also In flower. The
Rice plant Oryza sativa was in fruit, the plants
being excellent specimens of this important
cereal, and over 7 feet in height. The beau-
tiful Water Hyacinth gave evidence of its pre-
sence by its perfume before its handsome flowers
were detected. The plants were growing in a
corner of the tank, and by their luxuriance
looked quite at home. The papyrus — Cyperus
Papyrus — was in flowers, the growths being ro-
bust and large. Opposite was the sacred Water
Lily of the Indians — Nelumbium speciosum.
Other interesting plants observed in flower were
Dalechampion Roezlinana, Eichornia azurea,
Combretum purpureum, and Hoya capensis. A
small plant-house is devoted to the culture of
orchids ; we noticed in flower Angrcecum ses-
quipedale, Cypripedium Spiceiianum, Pleione
lagenaria, Zygopetalum Mackayii, Lycaste
Deppei, and Cypripedium barbatum. Other
'nouses were occupied with collections of Chry-
santhemums.

The Economic range has been entirely re-
novated and now forms an admirable structure.
It measures 150 feet by 20 feet and has a height
of 13 feet. It shelters a goodly collection of
economic plants. The Elephant's Foot (Tcs-
tudinaria elephantipes) was in first-class con-
dition. It was finely in flower, and its healthy
appearance indicated that its envin nmeut was
in agreement with its requirements. The Cotton

NOVE.MUER

lyo5.j

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

341

(Gossvpium herbaceum) was seen in both the
flowering and the fruiting stages. Arother plant
noticed in fruit was Sanseveria grandis. Olea
fragans was observed in flower. The interest-
ing aquatic Isoetis lacustris was in grand con-
dition. Another interesting water plant seen
was Mvriophyllum proserpinacoides ; it was
growing in the greatest luxuriance. The beauti-
ful little Ilelxine Soleiroli was spreading itself
as a carpet over the surface of the beds or
hanging in tresses from the sides of the larger
pots. It is an admirable subject for such situa.
tions, and can be recommended as a plant for
hiding bare patches of ground work or for edg-
ing purposes. It spreads like a weed in moist
situations and is almost as hardy.

The cool-fernery has been re-constructed and
re-roofed, and is now almost ready for the re-
ception of the plants. A hurried walk through
the grounds revealed tidiness in the various de-
partments, and we were pleased to observe that
the labelling of plants has been undertaken in a
systematic and legible manner — a point of im-
portance in an in titution of this character.

Three other remarkable specimen trees are
within vieiw as one looks at the Cedar tree,
wondering if its present somewhat impoverished
condition indicates the commencement of decay.
These are of the Weeping Ash, the purple-leaved
Beech, and common Lime, the last-named speci-
men being on ground on the other side of the
roadway. Such trees, together with the lawn and
flower garden, and the very long, broad path
with borders of decorative Conifers on either side,
impart to the front of the Nursery, as seen from
the roadway, an effect quite above the ordinary.

Since Cranston's time the Nurseries have passed
through many vicissitudes, and during the six
years the present firm has controlled them the
management has been directed towards ridding
the Nursery of ill-developed plants, bringing the
soil into a high state of cultivation, and raising on
the ioo acres or so of land nursery stock of the
first quality. Anyone who may have visited the
establishment recently will agree that the quality
of the stock now contained in the Nursery does
the utmost credit to Mr. Charles Seton, the
managing director, and the efficient staff of de-

in the cider industry the cultivation of varieties of
Apple most suitable for the making of cider is a
considerable feature in these Nurseries, and the
stock of such trees numbers more than 40,oco
specimens. The most celebrated of these varieties
in this particular district are known as Medaille
d'Or and Kingston Black. Of ordinary culinary
and dessert Apples a representative collection of
varieties is grown, but those present in greatest
numbers are varieties that are most remunerative
in the district. Allington Pippin and James Grieve
are both numbered amongst the favourite varieties,
but there are excellent stocks of King of the
Pippins, Cox's Orange Pippin, Blenheim Pippin,
Ribston Pippin, and other dessert varieties, and of
Bramley's Seedling, Bismarck, and other culinary
Apples.

Instead, however, of making a list of the popular
varieties, reference may be made to two Apples
that are specially connected with the King's Acre
Nurseries. One of these is a dessert Apple named
King's Acre Pippin, a seedling from a cross
between Sturmer Pippin and Ribston Pippin. The
fruits are of brownish red colour on one side and

FlG. [31. CULINARY APPLE, KING'S ACRE BOL'NTIFl L.

NURSERY NOTES.

THE KING'S ACRE NURSERIES,
HEREFORD.
These Nurseries are situated about three miles
west of the City of Hereford, on the Brecon Road.
Many of our older readers will remember them
when, as "Cranston's" Nurseries, they were cele-
brated over the whole country for the culture of
Roses, and they were a favourite resort for the
Rosarians of that period. It has even been stated
that the idea of forming a National Rose Society
was first discussed under a fine old Cedar that is
now an exceedingly interesting feature of the lawn.
Be that as it may, one thing at least is certain, the
tree had reached its prime long before the estab-
lishment of the Rose Society.

partmental managers, for, whether the Fruit trees
are examined or the Rose trees, all are alike free
growing specimens, that have been given a good
start, and are of the proper size for their respective
ages. In August last, when we were at Hereford,
an examination of the Apple and Pear trees for any
sign of American Blight, and of the Black Currant
bushes for the dreaded Mite, revealed neither of
these pests. Young plants of the Plum that were
planted last Spring had made growths 6 feet long.
Maiden Apple trees had growths 4^ feet long, and
young Pear and Cherry trees similarly testified to
the good condition of the soil and to the excellent
effect of repeated surface cultivation by means of
the Planet, Jr., hoe, an implement of the greatest
utility.
The Hereford district being so largely concerned

green on the other, wtha considerable degree of
russet, and they keep well and are of good flavour
until the following March. The other variety is
shown at Fig. 131, and is known as King's Acre
Bountiful. It obtained an award of merit at a
meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society in
October of last year. This variety flowers late
in the season, is a good cropper, and is in season
until the end of November. The form of the fruit
may be seen from the illustration, but it may be
said here that the stalk is very short and thick, and
is set in a deep basin-like cavity. The eye
remains closed and is inserted in a deep and
irregularly formed depression.

We were particularly impressed with the large
number of fruit trees, trained as espaliers and in
various shapes, which are among the best we have

342

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November ii, 1905.

seen. These include Peach, Nectarine, Apricot,
. Plum, Apple and Pear trees.

Fruit trees in pots, including a considerable
stock of Vines, are likewise a good feature, and
those who visited the Shrewsbury exhibition will
re lumber that this firm showed a number of
excellent fruit trees in pots, which formed a new
and highly attractive feature at that exhibition.
There were 8 Pot Vines, 15 Pyramid Apple, Pear,
and Plum trees in pots, 8 cordon Apple trees, 14
standard Currant and Gooseberry plants, and 9
Fig trees. A few details of the cultivation that
was afforded the Vines may be useful to other
cultivators. The Vines were already established
in pots, and they consisted of four plants of Black
Hamburgh, 2 of Muscat of Alexandria, and 2
of Foster's Seedling. These Mr. Middlebrooke,
the fruit foreman, had trained on flat trellis
frames made with two upright canes and three
crossbars. When the Vine-rods were tied on the
trellis they formed the shape of the letter S, which
he is of opinion is the best shape for exhibition
purposes, as the check thus given to the flow of
sap causes the Vines to break evenly from bottom
to top The Vines were stood on a stage with an
ash bottom, upon which were laid some fresh cut
turves two deep, sandwiched with cow-manure
and dry blood mixed together. A thick ring of
the same material was also placed around the pots,
and the top dressing enclosed by this became
filled with healthy roots three weeks later. In
addition to the provision thus made for extended
root action the Vines were fed from start to finish
with weak manure water made from sheep-
droppings. They were also watered at intervals
of three days with a weak mixture of nitrate of
soda until the stoning of the berries was com-
pleted, when a change of diet was resorted to in
the way of small doses of Colchester's Ichthemic
Guano, which had the desired effect of imparting
a dark cobur to the foliage, and at the same time
tended to assist in the good colouring of the fruit.
The holes in the bottom of the pots were con-
siderably enlarged in order to allow the roots a
more free access through them, but not a single
root penetrated — preferring to feed on the surface
top-dressings which they apparently consumed, for
at the period when the berries started colouring
the whole of the first top-dressing was gone and
nothing but a mass of fibrous roots was left.
Another top-dressing was added and the roots
soon entered this also. The Vines were not
subjected to any artificial heat except .luring the
first five weeks after they were put indoors, which
was in the third week in March. Some of the
Vines- Black Hamburghs -carried seven and
eight large well-coloured bunches each, and were
well furnished with amply developed and perfectly
clean foliage. With such a crop the roots needed
copious supplies of water several times a day
during the three months prior to being exhibited.
Some days, Mr. Mi Idlebro ike informed us, they
had to be watered as many as six times. The
foliage was not syringed from start to finish, but,
instead, was sprayed overnight and morning with
a Vermorel's knapsack sprayer, putting on the finest
jet which delivers the spray in a condition almost
like dew. this being discontinued on the first
appearance of colouring in the berries.

We might have referred more fully to the stocks
of Roses, ol which about 120,000 are raised each
year, and to the ornamental trees and shrubs,
hardy flowering plants, &c, but we must refrain
on the present occasion, ft may be stated, how-
ever, that the linn has ii more acres o I land about
nine miles distant at Birch Mill The site is
situated 600 feel above sea level, and the soil being
of a light and sandy nature, the Rhododendrons
are cultivated there, also 1.1 inetti stocks for Roses,
and other cutting and seedling plants raised.
At 1, High Town, Hereford, is the firm's pre-
mises for the sale ol seeds, horticultural sundries,

&c, and there is another branch at Kyrle Street,
Hereford.

The attractive tints of the cover enclosing the
firm's excellent catalogue, and of the decorations
at the various premises are the straw which
indicates tfie direction of the wind, for Mr. S^lon
has effectively studied art.

lotn should be treated similarly to their parents,
and be saved from a long period of saturation at
the base, and from the lodging of water in the
young growths.

The Week's WorEt.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W, II Yoi NG, Orchid Grower to Sir F. VVlGAN, Dt.,
Clare Lawn, East Sheen, S.W.

Cypripcdium concolor. — Cypripediums of the con-
1 oloi section require to be very carefully managed
during the dull months of winter. Their general
treatment was outlined in my notes in the issue
for June 10th, and the positions there recom-
mended for the plants are suitable also for the
winter season. As most of the plants have
thick succulent leaves, a dry condition at the base
may be permitted without fear of it causing harm
so long as the leaves do not shrivel. When water
is afforded it should be done by immersing the
receptacles to their rims only in rain-water, warmed
to the same temperature as that of the atmosphere
in which the plants are growing. The atmosphere
should be kept in a moderately dry condition, so
that condensed moisture will not collect on the
leaves or on the bars of the roof from which it
would drip on to the plants. If any water is allowed
to settle in the axils of the leaves the consequences
may be serious. Prevent or destroy thnps by
vaporising the atmosphere with the usual nicotine
compounds, as the sponging of the leaves would
be dangerous at this season.

Cattleya Walkeriana. — This brightly - (lowered
species usually flowers in the dull season , and though
not of any great horticultural value, is worthy of
care on account of its rarity. It seems to thrive best
when planted in a teak basket and suspended in a
light position in the Cattleya house. Afford water
infrequently, except just when the plant is making
roots freely, lor scarcely any is needed in the rest-
ing period to keep the pseudo-bulbs 111 a plump
condition, but an over lose might induce disease 111
the basal portion of them The twin-flowered
scapes spring from a small leafless bulb like pro-
cess at the base ol the last made pseudo-bulb. C.
dolosa thrives under the same cultural conditions
as C. Walkeriana, and is hardly distinguishable
from that species in any respect except that the
flowers are produced in the usual manner I nun the
apex ol tiie pseudo-bulbs.

Ada aurantiaca is generally subjected to too
much heat and moisture. At this season the plants
need a position in the warmest part of an Odonto-
glossum house, where they will be secure from
draughts, and j et have the benefit of a free circula-
tion of air. The rooting medium should not be
subjected to too much water, or the surroundings
be kept very moist ; therefore allow the stage
covering to become moderately dry. Sponge the
leaves occasionally to keep them clean from red-
spider, being careful not to slip the young leaves
out in the process.

Phaius Many complaints are made regarding
the difficulties attending the cultivation of most
members of this genus, and yet they are often met
with in good condition in gardens where orchid
growing is not made a speciality. The condition
to be observed is that the roots need to be left un-
disturbed for a very long period. P. grandifolius,
P. Sanderianus, P. Wallichii, P. Blumei. and others
of this section, with the hybrids therefrom, will
now need a warm intermediate atmosphere, and
only sufficient water to keep the soil from becom-
ing dust dry. To prevent rapid evaporation of
moisture from the roots let the pots be placed
directly on the covering of the stage. Should the
mealy bug show itself, spray the plants occasionally
with a solution of the X.L." All preparatu n The
species so long known as P. tuberculosus (now
P. simulans) has finished its growth, and should
be kept moderately dry at the base, spraying the
under sides of the leaves on bright davs to keep
them free from insects. This species requires much
shade during the summer months, but at this sea-
son should be exposed to the light in a warm in-
termediate atmosphere The many fine hybrids
obtained from the above species and P. Humb-

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By \V. A. Miller, Gardener to Lord Henri- C. Bentinck,
M.P., Underley Hall, Westmoreland.

Various Bulbous Plants. — Ixias are useful subjects
either for furnishing a supply of flowers lor cutting,
or for their effective appearance when planted in
borders When planted out, however, they re-
quire a sunny situation on a well-drained and
sheltered border which faces to the south. The
soil in which they are grown should consist of
light loam, and the bulbs should be planted 4 inches
deep and at 2 inches apart, surrounding each bulb
with a little sand Prepare the beds 4 feet in
width with an alley between each bed. Afford the
bulbs protection during the winter with a covering
of some light material. Calochortus also requue
a warm position, and the planting of them must
not be longer delayed. Both established and
recently planted Montbretias should be given
protection during severe weather with some
material such as cocoanut fibre refuse or leaf
mould. Alstromerias are excellent plants lor
furnishing a display in early summer; the r
flowers also remain fresh for a long time when
cut and placed in water. These plants thrive in
a rich garden soil on a border sloping to the south.
Plant the fleshy root, with their crowns 6 inches
below the surface of the soil and afford them pro-
te< Hon during the first winter after planting. They
show to best advantage when grouped in masses,
and are impatient of root disturbance. Tin pro-
pagation can be effected both by division and by
seed. The hardier species are A. aurantiaca, A.
chilensis, and A. lutea.

The Planting Season. — Plants will now be arrivin ;
from various sources and these should at once be
suitably labelled. Choice Alpine and herbaceous
plants are received in pots, and should be place 1
on or plunged in some porous material, in a well
ventilated frame, where due attention can be given
them. Plants which are not in pots, and are of
medium size, can be planted or heeled in in frames.
Strong, hardy species may be afforded the pro-
tection of a wall or a hedge. Plant them in
trenches and cover the soil in which they are
planted with any loose protective material till they
can be placed in their permanent quarters. Should
large plants arrive when the temperature is much
below the ireezing point, place the package con-
taining them in a dark cellarwhich is proof against
fr< 'st

11, 1 baeeous Plants.- Any borders in which the soil
shows signs of exhaustion should now be reno-
vated. Lift fibrous-rooted plants that bear removal
without sustaining much damage, such as Asters,
Phloxes, &c, and " heel " these in a spare piece
of ground. Give the border a liberal dressing of
manure and some new soil of the richest nature
available. Trench the ground not less than 2 feet
in depth. Apply the fork round well-established
clumps of Tritomas, Anemone japonica and other
plants that resent disturbance. Replant when the
soil is again in a workable condition, avoiding a
too formal system of grouping.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bullock, Gardener to E. J. Wythes, Esq.,
Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Plumbago coccinea grandiflora. — As these
plants are now developing their flowers, they
will icquire a slightly cooler atmosphere, also a
less degree of moisture at the roots. The sy-
ringing of the plants overhead must ba discon-
tinued.

Jacohinia chrysosUphana. — To induce the
flowers to develop perfectly a considerable
degree of heat will still be necessary. The
plants being now only in the early stage ol
expanding their flowers, let measures be taken
immediately to thoroughly remove any traces
of Mealy bug, Scale, or other insect pests, in
order that the plants may be clean when in full
flower.

Poinsettias. — Afford these plants a stove tem-
perature whilst they are developing the bracts,
and keep them as near to the light as poss'ble.
Apply to the roots copious supplies of weak

NUYKUUI.K II, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

343

manure water made from sheep droppings, and
syringe the plants freely overhead with clear
water until the bracts have developed to half
their proper size, after which time the manure
water and the overhead syringing must be dis-
continued.

EuphJrbia Jacquiniaejlora. — Well matured
plants that are showing flower buds may be
afforded the same treatment as Poinsettias, if it
is desirable that some of the plants should
flower early, but bearing in mind that the use
of much heat has a tendency to weaken the
flowers.

Thyrsacanthus rulilans, when allowed to be-
come drawn and weakly, owing to the plants
having been crowded together or deprived of suf-
ficient light, is of little service, but if grown
under proper conditions, the plants are useful
for furnishing a temperate house or conserva-
tory. Afford such plants as are already well
rooted an occasional application of Clay's Ferti-
lizer, dusting a little of this over the surface of
the soil. Be careful not to overwater the roots.

Amasonia punicea. — Too much water during
damp and foggy weather, or too little water
would soon render this plant useless. It re-
quires much light and heat, and the roots may
be afforded weak manure water made from
sheep manure if the plants are in a vigorous
condition, but avoid using artificial manure.

Primula x Kewensis. — Let the structure con-
taining the earliest flowering plants of this hybrid
Primula be provided with a little warmth from
the water pipes to prevent damping of the foli-
age and also to induce the plants to expand the
flowers perfectly. Water must be only sparingly
applied to the roots after this date, and the use
of artificial manures may be discontinued.

Marguerite, Queen Alexandra. — This variety is
one to be highly recommended either for cul-
tivation in beds or pots. Plants that have done
good service out of doors during the summer
and were subsequently lifted are now furnish-
ing an abundance of clear white anemone-like
flowers, and promise to continue to do for some
time to come.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By W. Fyfe, Gardener to Lady Wantage, Lockinge Park,
Wantage, Berks.

Cabbages. — Let the soil be earthed up a little
bv means of a draw hoe around the stems as
a protection from frost, and lift any surplus
plants that are still in the seed beds and lay
them 111 some sheltered position, covering the
roots with soil. These will be found valuable
for planting in spring. The leather-coated grub,
which was very destructive here amongst y ung

Elantations of cabbage for three seasons at least,
as been considerably reduced in numbers,
with the result that a large amount of
labour is saved which was previously expended
on replanting. For the destruction of this grub
I am inclined to thank the starlings, which are
numerous and diligent in this neighbourhood.

Forcing of Seakale. — Weekly batches may now
be placed in the forcing quarters. If the crowns
have been lifted and exposed to a few degrees
of frost less trouble will now be experienced in
inducing them to start into growth. Suitable
positions for this purpose may be provided by
covering the hot-water pipes in some of the
sunken tracks, so that there will be complete
darkness. It is essential, also, that the atmo-
sphere be kept close and in a moist condition.
Plants which have been raised from cuttings are
best suited for forcing in this way, and quantities
can be placed in a very small compass when
the thongs have been trimmed off rather close
to the main stem. Put the crowns in moist soil
at sufficient distance apart for the growths to de-
velop properly. Growths ranging from 4 to 6
inches in length are in the best condition for
consumption. A period varying from three to
six weeks is all that is necessary to bring this
vegetable into the best possible condition, if
the crowns are subjected to a temperature of
from 55° to 6o°.

Rhubarb. — Roots that were lifted as previously
advised and given full exposure to the weather
will now be in the best condition for forcing,
and this operation may be carried out either as

advised for Seakale or 111 the Mushroom house.
When forced Rhubarb is required in large quan-
tities it is a good practice to 1 i\ 1 tie plants
with barrels where thev are growing, and then
to cover the barrels with fermenting materials
to provide heat. The greatest portion of these
materials should consist of leaves, as these are
more lasting than manure and provide more
moderate heat. Kxcessive heat must be guarded
against, remembering that about 6o° will be
sufficient to force Rhubarb into condition for
consumption at Christmas time.

Silver or Seakale Bee/. — Varieties of vegetables
for consumption at this season are none too
numerous. Yet how seldom is the Silver Beet-
root included in collections sent to the kitchen.
It is, nevertheless, a striking vegetable when
seen growing, and the large white mid-ribs of
the leaves when cooked compare very favour-
ably with Seakale. Its cultivation is simple,
and the seeds should be sown at the same time
and in the same manner as those of ordinary
Beetroots.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. H. Clarke. Gardener to Sir William Plowden,
Aston Rowant House, Oxon.

Planting Raspbetrics.-~T.hese plants require
much moisture. 1 have seen excellent crops
produced on a north border facing to the north,
but such a site may be reserved for the succes-
sional and later crops. For the main crops, select
an open quarter in the coolest part of the garden,
and although the Raspberry is only a shallow-
rooting plant, deep trenching is recommended,
as it will keep the surface soil in a sweet con-
dition. In heavy soils, incorporate some lime
rubbie, leaf mould, or sand in with that of the
staple. If the land has been already prepared
and the soil is settled, the work of planting
may be commenced. There are many methods
of planting adopted, but the most common-sense
practice, and one that gives the best results, is
that of planting them against strained wires at
a distance of 4 or 5 feet between the rows, and
this will allow of tying the canes to right and left
as they grow, thus exposing the fruits to all the
light and air possible. A distance of 2 to z\
feet should be allowed between each plant. Une
of the best varieties is that known as Super-
lative, the plant.- of whan are vigorous and
very free in bearing. Baumforth's Seedling,
Hornet, and Carter's Prolific are all good red
fruited varieties, while Yellow Antwerp and the
Guinea are excellent yellow varieties. In
making new plantations the canes should be
shortened to 1 foot from the ground, so as to
induce the plants to produce new shoots from
the base.

Black Currant bushes also need a moist
situation, and will often fruit in parts of the
garden where other fruit trees have failed.
When making new plantations, allow a distance
of 6 to 8 feet between the bushes. The best
varieties to plant are Baldwins and Lee's
Prolific (which are very fertile, and haire large
and sweet berriesi. Boskoop Giant, and Black
Naples.

Red Currants need a warmer and lighter soil
than will do for Black Currants, and may be
planted closer together, or as standards and
pyramids. If some be planted against N. and
N.E. walls, trained as cordons or palmette
shape, they will continue the season of ripe
fruits until late in the autumn. The variety,
Fay's Prolific, is well adapted for this purpose,
while Raby Castle, Red Grape, and Comet will
provide excellent fruits for general purposes.

Selection of varieties to plant. — Although it :s
difficult to make a selection of varieties to suit
each individual case, the following are some of
the best .-Standard Apples for culinary pur-
poses: Keswick Codlin, Ecklinville Seedling,
Warner's King, Prince Albert, Dumelow's Seed-
ling (Wellington), Newton Wonder. Standards
for dessert purposes : Cox's Orange Pippin,
Worcester Pearmain, King of the Pippins,
Blenheim Pippin, Irish Peach, Devonshire
Quarrenden. Pyramid and Bush Apples for
culinary purposes : Duchess of Oldenberg, Prince
Albert, Stirling Castle, Bramley's Seedling,
Dumelow's Seedling (Wellington), and Northern
Greening. Pyramid Apples for dessert: Irish
Peach, ("ox's Orange Pippin, King of the

Pippins, Blenheim Pippin, Sturmer Pippin,
Kibston Pippin, and Lady Sudeley. Pears for
planting against walls. — The varieties of Pears
behave so differently in divers districts that a
selection cannot be given of kinds that would
suit all sites and soils. The following selection
will provide a supply of ripe fruits from July
until April: Doyenne d'Ete, Williams' Bon
Chretien, Beurre d'Amanlis, Souvenir du Con-
gress, Marie Louise, Beurre Hardy, Doyenne
du Cornice, Glou Morceau, Josephine de
Malines, Marie Benoist, Easter Beurre, and
Olivier de Serres. Dessert Plums. — The follow-
ing are some of the best, continuing the supply
over a long season: Denniston's Supeib, Jeffer-
son's, Coe's Golden Drop, Kirke's, Keine Claude
de Bavay, Green Gage, and the Transparent
Gages. Cooking Plums : Victoria, Early Prolific,
Belle de Louvain, Czar, Prince Engelbert, and
Diamond.

The varieties under each heading may be
largely supplemented by additional kinds, but I
have found those mentioned to be reliable in
different parts of the country and as good,
croppers.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F. Jordan, Gardener to Dr. Corbet, Impney Hall
Gardens, Droitwich.

The Vinery. — Muscat grapes that are ripened I
and well coloured must receive careful and [ r iper
treatment in order to maintain them 111 £ lOd
condition. They must not be given too much
fire heat, nor must they be allowed to suffer
horn dampness. Of the two evils it is pie. li-
able for the berries to shrivel a trifle from arti-
ficial heat than to suffer damping, which takes
place during the period the leaves fall, conse-
quently, these should be picked up daily and
not allowed to accumulate moisture. The nit-
side vine-borders should receive some sort of
protection, in order to ward off heavy rains,
but the protecting material should be removed
when the grapes are cut. Inside bordis may
be covered with dry hay or with bra. k
for the purpose of preventing damp and u 1

Ihe temperature of the vinery at night
time -hould not exceed 500, with a little veil la.
tion allowed on all favourable occasions. 1
skinned varieties of Grapes will keep bett 1 at
ason in a good grape room than <>n the
vines, while their removal will also allow the
pruning and cleansing of the vines t
ceeded with and afford the vines a lo
son of rest. All -Muscat of Alexandria G
should, by the end of this month, be cut with
as much wood as is possible and placed in
bottles.

Figs. — Trees for early forcing that were pi
or top dressed as advised in a previous ca'
have had a splendid season for ripening their
wood. Should ripe fruits be required by the
end of April or by the beginning of May, these
and other pot Figs for later fruiting should, if
not already done, be at once placed inside.
Cleanse the trees and perform what little prun-
ing is necessary; also see that the house is
thoroughlv cleansed. Make a hot-bed of fairly
dry Oak ' or Beech leaves, adding a portion
of stable litter, for the purpose of furnishing
a steady bottom of not more than 65°. Plunge
the pla'nts in the hot-bed, standing them on
pots to keep their heads well up to the glass, so
that thev may receive the maximum amount of
light. The progress made during Jie early
stages of forcing will be slow, but high tem-
peratures must always be guarded against. A
night temperature of 50°, rising during the day-
time to 550 or 6o°, with sun-heat, being quite
hi»h enough to commence with. Pay careful
attention when watering, and maintain a moder-
ately moist atmosphere by discreet syringing
and damping.

Succession Houses.— -Trees in these houses
should now be cleansed and put in order as re-
commended in the calendar for September 30.
If these plants are used for furnishing fruit in
succession to the pot trees, a month later will
be soon enough to commence forcing them.
Cold houses should be attended to as oppor-
tunities occur. The borders should be kept
moderatelv moist, but if no fire heat is avail-
able these houses cannot be kept too dry dur-
ing the winter months.

S44

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November ii, 1905.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

SATURDAY, Nov. n ■

TUESDAY Nov. 14 J

I Burton - on - Trent Chrysanthe-
mum Exhibition.
[ South Shields and Northern
Counties' Chrysanthemum
j Show {2 days).
Devizes Chrysanthemum Show.
Autumn Flower Show at Win-
\ Chester (2 days).
f Royal Botanic Society's Show
at Regent's Park.
York Chrysanthemum Show (3

days).
Liverpool Chrysanthemum Show

WEDNESDAY, Nov.^ c&^f'p^ton Society.s An.
nual Exhibition (2 days).
Buxton and District Chrysan-
themum Show.
Bristol Chrysanthemum Exhibi-
. tion (2 days).

fEdinburgh Chrysanthemum
Show (3 days).
Manchester ChrysanthemumShow
THURSDAY, Nov. i6<! (3 days).

Barnsley Chrysanthemum Show

(2 days).
.Newport Chrysanthemum Show.
'Bradford and District Chrysan-
themum Show (2 days).
Aberdeen Chrysanthemum Ex-
hibition (2 days).
Bolton Horticultural and Chry-
santhemum Show (2 days).
Blackburn and District Chrysan-
themum Show (2 days).
I Cheetham Hill, Broughton, and
I Crumpsall Flower Show.

FRIDAY,

Nov. 17 <

SATURDAY, Nov. 18

Actual Temperatures:—

London.— Wednesday, Nov. 8 (6 p.m.): Max. 50' ; Min.
36°.
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41. Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, London.— Thursday, Nov. 9 (10
a.m.): Bar., 30-1; Temp., 48°. Weather— Dull.
Provinces.— Wednesday, Nov. 8 (6 p.m.) : Max. 48"
Guildford ; Min. 40* N.E. Coast of Scotland.

SALES FOR THE WEEK.

MONDAY AND WEDNESDAY NEXT—

Bulbs, Roses and other Plants, at Stevens's Rooms,
King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

MONDAY TO FRIDAY NEXT—

Dutch Bulbs, at 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C., by Protheroe
& Morris, at 10.30.

WEDNESDAY NEXT—

Palms, Plants, Azaleas, Roses, Fruit Trees, &c, at 67
and 68, Cheapside, E.C., by Protheroe & Morris, at 5.

WEDNESDAY NEXT-

Annual Sale of 150,000 Fruit Trees and Bushes, and 50
Tons Potatos, at Perry Hill, Cliffe, nr. Rochester, by-
order of Messrs. W. Home & Sons, by Protheroe &
Morris, at 11.30.

THURSDAY NEXT—

1,130 Cases Japanese Liliums received direct, also
Spiraeas, Lily of Valley, he, at 67 and 68 Cheapside,
E.C., by Protheroe & Morris, at 3.

FRIDAY NEXT—

Valuable Orchids, imported and established from various
growers and collections, at 67 and 68 Cheapside, E.C.,
by Protheroe & Morris, at 12.30.

The Recent

Vegetable

Show.

The show held at the
Royal Horticultural Hall
on October 24 was disap-
pointing, not alone on ac-
count of its small extent, but for the almost
■entire absence of novelties in vegetables and
saladings, more especially for the want of
those Continental kinds and varieties obtain-
able at the present season. Of ordinary varie-
ties long grown in this country there were, so
far as we saw, for instance, no Walcheren
'Cauliflowers, although there were numerous
Giants and Mammoths all too large for a
gentleman's dinner table. It may be doubted
if these are as economical to the cultivator as
•the smaller varieties, which may be grown
at ii feet apart, whereas the Giants require
3 feet at the least by 2 feet to grow them
without undue crowding. As they are such
strong growers, with enormous leaves, the
plants take too much out of the land, and
the leaves spreading so much, the heads are
more difficult to protect from sun and frost.
The flavour is, moreover, less delicate than
that of the Walcheren. There were no heads
of Couve Tronchuda, otherwise Braganza
■Cabbage, a delicious vegetable at this season

and onwards so long as no hard frosts occur.
It is of rather spreading growth, requiring to
be planted not less than 2 feet by 2J feet apart ;
but then, as it is not advisable to plant large
breadths, this is of no great consequence in
any garden excepting those of very small
area. The leaf-ribs of this Cabbage, stripped
of the thin portions, make an excellent sub-
stitute for Seakale, which is not readily
obtainable in the early autumn months. The
heart should be cooked like any other Cab-
bage. The Winnigstadt, an old variety of
Cabbage, was noted in two or three exhibits,
its only merit being that the heart does not
readily burst, and as the form is sharply
conical, rain and snow do not easily find an
entrance and cause rotting. That mild-fla-
voured yellow Ulm Savoy was not shown in
the class for small-headed varieties. It is not
particularly hardy, but still a few should find
a place in every garden for use up to Christ-
mas. The plant requires but small space in
which to grow it to its fullest size, say, 1 J feet
by 1 1 feet.

The only French Bean observed was Cana-
dian Wonder, which is too tall for growing
in frames at this season and always so for
pot culture in the winter and spring. No
Butter Beans (which it may be said belong to
the climbing class of French Beans) were
shown, and yet these varieties are excellent
eating and afford desirable additions to sum-
mer and autumn vegetables. The later sow-
ings should be made in frames. Capsicums,
red and yellow, were displayed in several col-
lections, but no Chillies, and not an Auber-
gine nor a Custard Vegetable Marrow was
noticed ; indeed, but few Vegetable Marrows
of other varieties or of Pumpkins.

Cos Lettuces were of poor quality in some
of tiie collections, and the Cabbage varieties
were not good examples of the gardener's art.
Of Celeriac a solitary exhibit was observed.
We do not seem " to take " to this excellent
root as a salad by itself or mixed with Beet-
roots, etc., yet, when cooked till tender, and
served with oil, vinegar, coarse pepper, and
salt, it is very nice with cold meats.

Enough has been written to show that the
exhibition would have been more interesting
had there been greater variety in the exhi-
bits. It was, indeed, too utterly British. Our
gardeners should wake up, and, in order to
assist them so to do, perhaps the Royal
Horticultural Society will extend their list
on another occasion so as to include some
or all those items we have mentioned.

Flowers in Season. — From Messrs. James
Garaway & Co., Durdham Down Nurseries,
Bristol, we have received flowers of Schizanthus
under the name of S. grandiflorus. The flowers
are a good type of this decorative greenhouse
plant, the colours ranging from deep violet to
almost pure white, with the usual marking of
yellow in the throat.

Forestry at Oxford.— We learn from Nature
that St. John's College, by anew statute, is to con-
tribute in and after 1908 /600 a year to the Sib-
thorpian professorship of rural economy. It is
understood that the main subject to be entrusted
to the future professor is pathological botany, so
that he will have an important share in the instruc-
tion of the forestry students. St. John's has also
placed a considerable plot of land near Bagley
Wood at the disposal of Prof. Schlich for the
purpose of starting a "forest garden."

A Fact for the British Gardeners Asso-
ciation.— The English gardener labours under a
great disadvantage, as compared with other occu-
pations. In the past 40 years the wages in Eng-
land of mechanics, masons, and carpenters, for
instance, have increased over 75 per cent., while
the wages ot under gardeners have increased only
about 35 per cent. : tlius, wliile a carpenter or a
mason is able to earn 50 shillings per week, an
under gardener can earn oniy [iS or 20 shillings.
Again, in the hours of labour, the gardener must
work an average of ten or ten and one-half hours
per day, while the mechanic is required to work
only nine hours per day. This state of affairs
offers no inducement to bright young men to enter
the gardening business ; better wages and a more
promising field take them elsewhere. The result
of this is, according to my observation, that in
England gardening as a business is in a decadent
condition. The young men engaged in it must,
under these conditions, average lower in intelli-
gence and ambition than obtained 25 or 30 years
ago. So says Mr. Pettigrew in addressing
an American audience.

Nutritive Value of Fungi. — It appears that
the value of Fungi as articles of food has been
exaggerated, the quantity of albuminoid matter
which they contain being much less than in meat.
According to Mr. Mangin, the average quantity o'f
albuminoid matter required by a man is 138
grammes a day. To supply this amount more
than five and a half kilogrammes of common
mushrooms would be required, fourteen kilo-
grammes of Lactarius deliciosus and 26 kilo-
grammes of the common Chanterelle.

Botanical Magazine. — The plants illustrated
and described in the November number are the
olio wing : — Streptocarpus grandis, N. E. Brown,
t. 8042 — a new species from Zululand, said to
be the largest of the genus so far as size of leaf
and height of flower stems are concerned. It
differs lrom S. Saundersii in its larger leaf, longer,
more slender, and bluer flower tube. — Kew.

Primula tangutica, Duthie, t. 8043. See Gar-
deners' Chronicle, xxxviii. — 1905 p. 42, f. 17.

Lissocheilus Uganda Rolfe, t. 8044. A terrestrial
orchid with long (2-3 feet) narrow leaves and
flower scape 3 J feet high, bearing a dense raceme
6-8 inches long. The individual flowers are about
2 inches long, yellow suffused with purple, brown
at the tips of the spreading sepals; petals hooded,
yellow ; lip one inch long, 3-lobed, with numerous
prominent ridges.

Erica australis, Linnaeus, t. 8045. A hardy, or
probably half-hardy species rare in gardens, native
of S. W. Europe and N. W. Africa. It is a free
grower and " perhaps the most ornamental of the
outdoor species," flowering from April to July It
is allied to our native E. Tetralix and to E. cinerea,
and is distinguished by the crest at the base of the
anthers being deeply serrate on the outer edge only.

Asparagus madagascariensis, Baker, t. 8046. An
erect species with the habit of the Butcher's
Broom, Ruscus aculeatus, but with ternate phyllo-
clades and globular, deeply 3-lobed red berries. —
Madagascar.

Research Stations. — At the Horticultural
Congress of Liege it was pointed out by M.
Michiels that if horticultural industry is not to
deteriorate, properly equipped research stations
under the management of competent .specialists
must be established.

Mandevilla suaveolens. — It is not often
that we see the fruits of this species, but we learn
that at the present time a plant in the garden of
R. H. Beamish, Esq., Cork, is bearing a consider-
able number of pods. The plant is growing in
the open air against a bare rock in an old quarry.
A representation of these pods was given in a
former number.

Supplement to the " Gardeners' Chronicle."

Views in the Palm-House, Dover House, Roehampton, the residence

of Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan,

November 11, 1C.05.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

345

NlCOTIANA SANDER/E. — EUGEN DE DUREN, in

the Revue de V Horticulture, Beige, comments on the
slow progress made by this plant in the first in-
stance, but says that when once the roots have got
established the progress is rapid. The writer advo-
cates the use of this plant at the base of the bare
trunksof large trees, andstatesthat theplants flower
better and for a longer period in partial shade than
in full sun.

Eschscholtzia. — This is a very pretty flower
with, to English-speaking people, a very terrible
name. Hitherto we have been content to re-
cognise ten or a dozen species, but Professor
Edward Greene tells us there are over one hun-
dred ! If we are to go on at this rate, the Index
Kewensis of the future will have to be as big and
voluminous as the Catalogue of the Library of the
British Museum, and of course with no limit to
future expansion.

Water-lilies. — A monograph of the genus
Nympheea has, we learn, been published through
the Carnegie Institution of Washington by Mr.
Conard. As no recent monograph has been pub-
lished we shall look forward to the perusal of this
with great interest.

The Weather in South Africa. — Writing
from Johannesburg on October 15, Mr. James
Hall, a leading florist there, says that " notwith-
standing that we have not had a drop of rain for
six months — since last April — my garden is very
beautiful with tens of thousands of magnificent
Roses, including most of the newer kinds. Dry
days and cool nights, with heavy dews, suit the
Pose, and consequently it is the favourite flower
of our part of the Transvaal . For some days past
we have had reports of great floods in Cape
Colony, the railways being washed away in places,
crops damaged, ami some lives lost, the Grahams-
town and South East districts being generally
affected. Our turn will come, but I am prepared.
One of my first instructions when I came to South
Africa main years ago was always to be prepared
for a flood, and I have borne the maxim in mind
v °ih advantage. New comers should always work
with a view to the time when they may be flooded,
especially in low lands "

Linnean Society. — At an evening meeting, to
be held on Thursday, November 16, 1905, at 8 p.m.,
the following Papers will be read : — Contributions
to the Embryology of the Amentiferae, Part II.,
by Miss Margaret Benson, D.Sc, F.L.S., Miss
Elizabeth Sandy, B.Sc, and Miss Emily Ber-
ridge, B.Sc, F.L.S. ; the Ears of Certain Sharks,
by Prof. Chas. Stewart, F.R.S., F.L.S . &c.

An Allotment Gardeners Association. —

We referred last yenr to a society which had
b.?en instituted at Redditch for the protection
and encovragerr.ent of allotment holders in that
neighbourhood. Lady Windsor, of Hewell
Grange, having had experience of the advan-
tages obtained from such an association at St.
Fagan's, near Cardiff, where Lord and Lady
Windsor have also a residence, was mainly
instrumental, with Lady Margesson, in bring-
ing abour the society at Redditch. Mr. A. A.
Petticrew, head gardener at Hewell Grange,
became hon. secretary, and the first report was
presented at a meeting held on October 31 in the
Technical Schools. It is hoped that the society
will eventually be able to buy such things as
manures at reduced prices for distribution
among the members, and that as a body the
society would be better able to prevent pilfering
from the allotments than heretofore. In various
ways it will seek to encourage a love of garden-
ing in the district, and we wish it and similar
societies all the success possible. At present
only , ne allotment holder in ten has become a
me.n' er, but this experience, although some-
what discouraging, is that of all newly-forn.ed

societies for whatever purpose they may have
been formed. Lady Windsor, in presenting the
prizes won during the current year, encouraged
the members to develop a still greater love for
plant culture.

The Midland Reafforesting Associa-
tion.— This Association, of which Sir Oliver
Lodge is president, started with three tasks
before it ; first, to convince the public that its
plans were reasonable ; secondly, to establish
branches throughout the Black Country ; and
lastly, to plant, and to keep on planting. The
first of these labours is fulfilled, and the idea
of planting pitmounds has become familiar,
while public bodies, as well as private owners,
have been persuaded to plant mounds in their
possession on the lines laid down by the
association. The second is progressing, and
branches are flourishing at Old Hill, Wednes-
bury, and Walsall. The third task has been
begun. Its magnitude may be judged from a
map of " Parks and Spoil Banks, Black Coun-
try, 1904," in which the total waste area shown
is nearly 30,000 acres, and it is estimated that
about 14,000 acres could be planted profitably
without further delay. The work done already
includes a six acre plot planted at Wednesbury,
and a small model plantation formed at Old
Hill in October, 1904. This year's work in-
cludes a 42-acre wood now being laid out at
Moxley, a small wood being planted at King's
Hill, Wednesbury, and further model planta-
tions at Old Hill. The association has con-
tracted to do all the work, preparing the ground
and planting it as well as laying it out, at the
rate of ^5 per acre. Last year this plan worked
well with plantations that were small and easy
of access. This year the work undertaken is
heavy, some sites chosen are difficult of access,
and the charge for labour on a single plot of 42
ai r is is considerable. The association's present
needs are summarised as follow: — (1) More and
larger annual subscriptions, that the increasing
management expenses may be met out of in-
come, and that an efficient organising secretary
may be secured at once ; (2) donations sufficient
to raise a permanent working capital fund of
^200, from which advances may be made to
meet the expense of work undertaken on con-
tract in any part of the district, all such ad-
vances to be repaid to the fund as soon as the
work done is paid for ; (3) more mounds to
plant. All new members should communicate
with P. E. Martinf.au, Bentley Heath, Knowle,
\\ arwickshire.

Accident to Mr. T. E. Miln, Darlington.

— On Tuesday evening, the 31st ult., Mr. T. E.
Miln, of the firm of Messrs. Mack and Miln,
nurserymen of Darlington, had the misfortune to
break his right arm just above the elbow, as the
result of a carriage accident.

Supplements. — Owing to the large rise in our
circulation we regret that some of our readers did
not receive the supplement issued with our last
issue. Steps have been taken to print additional
copies in order to supply the deficiency.

Sale of Gardening Books. — Messrs. Hodg-
son and Co. concluded on November 3 a three-
days' sale of books and manuscripts at their
auction rooms in Chancery Lane. Amongst the
works disposed of and the prices realised were
the following :--" A Second Century of Orchid-
aceous Plants," by J. Bateman, 100 coloured
plates, 1867, £2 4s.; "Filices Exoticae :
Coloured Figures and Descriptions of Exotic
Ferns," by Sir W. J. Hooker, 100 coloured
plates by Fitch, 1S5Q, £1 19s.; " Nova? Hoi-
landitu Plantarum Specimen," by J. J. Labillar-
diere, 265 plates, Paris, 1804-6, £2 14s. ; " Fuci :
or Coloured Figures and Descriptions of the
Plants referred by Botanists to the Genus

Fucus," by Dawson Turner, 258 coloured
plates, 180S-19, £1 iSs. ; "The Rhododendrons
of Sikkim-Himalaya," 30 beautifully-coloured
plates from drawings and descriptions made on
the spot, edited by Sir W. J. Hooker, 1849,
£1 19s. ; another copy of the same in royal
folio, £2 7s. ; " Theatrum Botanicum, the
Theater of Plantes ; or, An Universall and Com-
pleate Herball," by J. Parkinson, numerous
woodcuts, first ed., London, printed by Tho.
Cotes, 1640, £2 12s. ; "The Pinetum Brittani-
cum, a Descriptive Account of Hardy Coniferous
Trees cultivated in Great Britain," h r E.
Ravenscroft. numerous large coloured .lates,
photographs, and illustrations in the tei , three
volumes, 1884, j£io 5s.; "A Description of the
Genus Pinus, and also of many other new
Species of the Family of Coniferae," by A. B.
Lambert, 95 coloured plates, two volumes, 1842,
,£10; "Die Coniferen, nach Lambert, London
und Anderen," by F. Antoine, 53 plates, Wien,
1840-1, £1 8s.; "A Monograph of the Genus
Lilium," by H. J. Elwes, illustrated by W. H.
Fitch, 48 large coloured plates, imperial folio,
1878-80, ^10; "Palms of British East India,"
by W. Griffith, plates, Calcutta, 1850, £2 4s. ;
" A Monograph of Odontoglossum," by J. Bate-
man, 30 beautifully-coloured plates and wood-
cuts, 1874, £2 8s.

A Large Apple. — Mr Lewis Solomon, of the
Central Avenue, Covent Garden Market, has
displayed in his shop window during the past
week a fruit of Emperor Alexander Apple,
weighing 1 lb. 10 oz., and having a circumference
of 17 inches. Our "record" book contains an
entry in 18S0 of a fruit of Mere de Menage,
weighing 2 lb. 2 oz. ; and of another unnamed
variety on June 4, 1859, weighing 2 lb., and
measuring 18 inches round.

DOVER HOUSE, ROEHAMPTON.

(See Supplementary Illustration.)

The Supplementary Illustration to the pre-
sent issue shows two views ill what may be
termed the Palm House, in Dover House Gar-
dens, Roehampton, the property of Mr. J.
Pierpont Morgan. The structure was built by
Messrs. McKenzie and Moncur several years
ago at a point where one of the ranges of
fruit-houses terminated, and, being built up to
the end of this range, the new structure en-
closed the remaining portion of the wall having
a southern aspect, and a greater length of
another wall extending at right angles and fac-
ing to the West. The Palm house was built
with straight glass front and side, and as the
roof was provided with an elegant and commo-
dious lantern there is sufficient head room for
plants of moderate height. There are two
doorways, the one affording entrance from the
fruit-range, and the other from the open garden
at the opposite end of the house. A pathway
extending round the house encloses a large
central bed, and is at a sufficient distance from
the boundaries to allow of moderately wide
plant-shelves being placed on the sides that
are bounded by glass. At first the central bed
was furnished by Palms and other fine foliage
plants in pots, and we remember a magnificent
specimen of Kentia Forsteriana, that worthily
occupied the central position. There w-as a
narrow border under the two enclosed walls,
and this was planted with creeping species for
the purpose of screening the walls and render-
ing them ornamental. About two years ago,
however, Mr. J. F. McLeod, who has managed
these gardens with conspicuous ability for the
past sixteen years or so, being dissatisfied with
the appearance presented by the walls, deter-
mined to effect an alteration which has since
proved to be one of considerab'e improvement.

;46

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November ii, 1905.

T!'*th walls were covered with rockwork, and
pockets were made for containing the roots of
ferns and other plants suitable for the position,
and the degree of heat and moisture maintained
in the structure. At the same time the central
bed was provided with six large rockwork
pockets several feet high, three being on either
side. Each of these pockets contains a fine
Palm, four being of Kentia Forsteriana and
two of K. Belmoreana. Pieces of rock and a
few ground pockets serve to link these larger
p 'ckets with each other, and permits of the
gr. 'Wthof Selaginelias, ferns and other plants to
form a kind of groundwork on which are placed
as many " dot " plants of Palms, Caladiums,
Codiaeums, Pandanus, Cordyline, Anthuriums
or other species as are desirable. The system
allows of alterations being made in the general
effect as the season of Caladiums or Anthu-
riums, etc., comes round, and on several occa-
sions when we have visited the garden the
general effect has reminded us forcibly of that
produced by some of Messrs. Cypher and Sons'
elaborately-arranged groups of miscellaneous
plants at the exhibitions at Shrewsbury and
elsewhere. The walls also are no longer devoid
of interest and effect, for, as will be seen
in the illustrations, they are clothed with
beautiful Ferns and other plants that afford
much more variety of frond than would be the
case if they were covered merely with creeping
plants. The magnificent fronds of Cibotium
Schiedei and Asplenium caudatum, these latter
measuring from 7ft. to Sft. in length, are most
attractive. We will mention a few of the ferns
that have become most effective on these walls,
for they are such that might profitably be
planted by others in similar positions. They
are as follow: — Polypodium Mayii, P. phyma-
todes, and P. aureum ; Asplenium caudatum,
A. Veitchianum, and others; Nephrolepis
Fosteri, N. exaltata, N. Piersoni, and N.
tuberosa ; Denstaedtia, Woodwardia orientalis,
Cibotium Schiedei, Gleichenia flabellata, Da-
vallia fijiensis robusta, and D. elegans. On
the front shelves may always be seen a selection
of pretty and well-grown foliage plants, includ-
ing Palms, and at the present time there are very
nice plants of Phoenix Rcebelim, amongst others.

November is not the best month to visit a
garden, but only a week ago when at Dover
I House there were several matters of unusual
interest in the various houses. In one of the
stoves, for instance, we noticed a plant of
Messrs. Veitch's splendid hybrid Nepenthes
known as N. mixta, which was bearing 15 good
pitchers, the largest being 14 inches long, pro-
bably the largest pitcher yet cultivated. The
plant, which was growing in a suspended
basket, possessed growths from 3ft. to 4ft. long,
and these were secured to wires in a horizontal
position. One growth at least is developing a
very strong flower spike, and when the flowers
expand, the plant already having so many good
pitchers will be doubly attractive. Some bas-
kets containing the popular Begonia Gloire de
Lorraine, in the same house, but which will
shortly be removed to the Palm House, are
excellent instances of successful cultivation.
In another structure, where the Codiaeums are
housed, our admiration was excited by a beau-
tiful plant of the new narrow-leaved variety,
named Mrs. McLeod. The Calanthes were just
coming into flower, and having up to that date
escaped injury from fog, they appeared very
promising. The plants are stronger than form-
erly, and Mr. McLeod attributes this circum-
stance to the use of very fresh cow dung as a
top-dressing, which one might expect to be
capable of causing injury to the roots.

Chrysanthemums are always a feature in
these gardens in autumn, and we saw several
houses which contained good displays. The

best were grouped in a vinery and an adjoin-
ing Peach house. The method of arrangement
was uncommon, and to our mind agreeable, for
the yellow varieties were all grouped together,
also the pink, and the red or crimson flowers,
likewise the white ones. Thus the effect of this
system is such that there is sufficient of one
colour for the eye to rest upon at one time, and
in addition the student is enabled to compare
easily the varieties of different shades of the
same colour with each other. Some of the
varieties, new and old, that appeared to be best
in this well-cultivated collection were as fol-
low:— Sensation, Mrs. W. Mease, W. R.
Church, Mrs. J. C. Neville (pure white and of
great merit, though old), Mrs. Guy Paget, a
new variety of palest blush colour, Mrs. J.
Dunn, George Lawrence, M. Chenon de Lech£,
Viviand Morel (still valued), Mrs. Barkley, F.
S. Vallis, Bessie Godfrey, L. Remy, Maud du
Cros, Phcebus, Mrs. Greenfield, Kimberley, Mr.
T. Dalton, Duchess of Sutherland, Sapho, Roi
d'ltalie, the old Charles Davis, Lionel Hum-
phreys, a fine crimson flower with yellow tips
to the florets, and Mrs. W. Knox. Two flowers
of the last-named variety on one plant were per-
fect in size and development, and we have never
seen this buff-coloured variety in better condi-
tion.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the
opinions expressed by his correspondents.)

Warty Disease of Potatos. — Apropos of
Mr. W. B. Groves' article on this subject (page 308),
my own experience with the disease may be of in-
terest, When I was lecturing at Woore (a village
about six miles north of Market Drayton, Shrop-
shire), in 1901, diseased tubers were brought under
my notice by Mr. J. H. E. Fisher, Head Master of
the Board School there and an enthusiastic amateur
gardener. Mr. Fisher informed me that he had ob-
served a few diseased potatos in the previous year.
In 1902 the crop in one portion of his garden was
seriously affected. I examined the warty growths
microscopically, but with the literature at my dis-
posal was unable to identify the fungus, at the
time. I came to the conclusion, however, that it
wa-, as surmised by Mr. Groves, allied to Chryso-
phlyctis. I failed to detect any mycelium attached
to the spores, but, staining with Congo red,
revealed traces of mycelium in neighbouring
tissue. I. began to experiment with the fungus in
1902, and found that healthy tubers were readily
inoculated with small fragments of diseased tissue,
and large warty growths quickly developed. Cir-
cumstances prevented me from following up the
matter further. C. W . Herbert Greaves, B.Sc.,
County School, Pwllheli, North Wales.

Crinodendron Hookerianum. — I note that
in answer to a correspondent enquiring for infor-
mation as to the above plant (page 204), the edi-
torial note gives its correct name as Tricuspidaria
hexapetala. In Nicholson's Dictionary of Garden-
ing the same statement is made, but in the Century
Supplement of this book this correct name of Crin-
odendron Hookerianum is given as Tricuspidaria
dependens. At the present time, however, it is
held at Kew that both these names are incorrect,
and that the rightful title of Crinodendron
Hookerianum is Tricuspidaria lanceolata. Tri-
cuspidaria dependens is a very different plant, and
I fancy rare in gardens, as I nave only met with it
once, namely, at Carclew, Cornwall. When I
was there early in October the largest of the two
bushes, about 7 feet in height, was still bearing a
few flowers. These are drooping, bell-shaped and
white, with a prettily fringed, open mouth very
distinct from the somewhat closed mouth of the
flowers of T. lanceolata. The last-named plant is
fairly common in the south-west, specimens often
of large size, being met with in all the best gar-
dens. S. W. Fitzherbert, South Devon.

Stangeria paradoxa. — I have been much
interested and surprised with this plant this year.
I have had it from 35 to 40 years, and it as a rule
made each year one leaf only — of medium growth —
but this season it has produced 8 leaves, two of them

between 3 and 4 feet long, with twelve pairs of leaflets
and the others fewer. It has two crowns and one just
showing a cone. From out of the soil amongst
its roots, another cone is showing, a leaf also is
produced ; and on the other side of the plant,
another leaf comes from beneath the roots ; to
me this is a very remarkable thing in every way —
the plant having been in the same pot for 30 yean
at the least. The stem is about 6 inches high. /.
C Didcot.

Agaves. — In addition to the many kinds of plant
cultivated at the present time I think some of the
old ones are even now worthy of notice. There are
others doubtless of the same turn of mind. Amongst
the dwarf kinds of Agave I consider A. Besse-
riana Candida a very beautiful kind with white
leaves and black thorns. A. dealbata nana is
another distinct kind. A. nigra marginata has
black-edged leaves and occasionally some very
minute spines. A. Romanii is a very rare hybrid,
or cross. This is dwarf, broad in the leaf, with
wide margins of chestnut-brown. A. Seemanni is
very rare, I think, and very distinct. Its colour
is very noticeable, being of a yellowish green, with
thorny edges and with a sharp spine at the tip.
Leaf rough and wide in the middle. A. De
Smetii is a very pretty plant, like A. maculata.
with brown spots. A. maculosa is, I fear, lost
to cultivation. I have a small one under the
same name with stiff leaves spotted in the
same way, but a totally different thing. A.
Verschaffeltii with its silvery leaves is a very in-
teresting variety. It flowered with me about 15
years ago, also did A. Ousselghemianapicta.amost
beautiful thing. A Celsiana nana also is very
dwarf and distinct, and last, but not least, is
A. Victoria Regina, a most distinct and beautiful
species. I have two varieties of it. /. C.

Fruit Growing for Profit (see p. 314). —
The returns of the Fruit Crops throughout Britain
and Ireland, published in the Gardeners' Chronicle
some few weeks since, showed the Apple crop
this season to be greatly below the average,
while many places had scarcely any ; conse-
quently it is impossible to judge fruit growing
in regard to Apples by such a season as this.
Speaking from my own experience, which has-
been closely connected with Apple growing for
nearly fifty years, a season of such general scarcity
as this is very seldom met with. In fruit growing,
as in every other occupation, bad seasons occur as-
well as good ones ; the grower must therefore be
prepared to take every precaution against failure,
and must put the good years against the .bad
ones. There is still a splendid market for English
grown Apples if the grower knows how to
take advantage of it. Even in the plentiful season
of 1904 I knew one grower who obtained iod. per
lb. wholesale for Cox's Orange Pippin and is. 8d.
per stone for Bramley's Seedling. A tree of the
latter variety, measuring 16 feet by 14 feet and
about 10 feet high, furnished 25^ stones of fruit;
thus an acre of trees like this would have brought
^251 15s. at an average price of is. 6d. per stone,
which is not a bad return even if it only occurs
once in ten years. Another grower sold 160 tons
of Bramley's Seedling at £10 to ^12 per ton
wholesale. These prices were obtained by good
growers who knew when and where to sell and
who have had a proper training at the business.
This year the first mentioned grower has neither
Cox's Orange Pippin nor Bramley's Seedling, but
he has a splendid lot of Wellington (syn. Dume-
low's Seedling) which will later be worth 3s. per
stone. W. H. Divers, Bilvoir Cast': <~,.r, lis,
Grantham.

"Duchess of Cornwall- Potato. — Two

pounds of these I'otatos were supplied by F.
Williamson, Esq., Summerhill, Mallow, in Febru-
ary last. Oneof the Potatos, weighing 4 ounces, was
given to R. Wilson, Estate Office, Coollattin, who
planted it in his garden with the following result :
The Potato was divided into six sets, and planted
in a line (on March 28), leaving 18 inches between
each set. A fair amount of good farmyard manure
was used when planting and a small quantity of
bone manure. The tubers were taken out on
October 26 and were weighed and numbered as-
under. The sets while growing were sprayed
about the middle of July. The number of Potatos
taken out were 173 (not one black one), and the
weight 3 stone 9 lbs., an average of nearly
4J ounces. It may be interesting to read the fol-
lowing as to the weight of the larger tubers. The-
flavour was very good. One weighed rSJ ounces ;

November ii, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

M7

one 1. (J ounces; one 14 ounces; two 13 ounces
each ; two 12 ounces each ; one 11J ounces ; three
11^ ounces each ; one n£ ounces ; two iof ounces
each ; three 10 ounces each ; oneoj ounces ; three
g ounces; one 8f ounces; two Si ounces; one
8 ounces. — D. Brough, Coollatin.

SOCIETIES.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

November 7. — The usual fortnightly meeting of the
Committees took place on Tuesday last in the Royal
H0rticultur.1l Hall, Vincent Square, Westminster. The
display of flowers, though of less extent than usual,
was satisfactory for the season, and, of the exhibits
generally, the show of Orchids was the most im-
portant feature. To novelties in these plants the
Orchid Committee recommended one First Class
Certificate, and five awards of merit.

The Floral Committee recommended only three
awards of merit to novelties, and these were to single
flowering varieties of Chrysanthemums. Among
groups that came before the Committee there was
one of Chrysanthemums from Mr. Norman DAVIS
that was greatly admired. In arrangement and in
the quality of flowers shown the group was alike
admirable.

The exhibits that came before the Fruit and
Vegetable Committee included a commendable
collection of Apples from Mr. J. Mount, Canterbury.

At the afternoon meeting of Fellows, fifteen candi-
dates were admitted to Fellowship, and a lecture on
" Chemistry and its relation to the Garden" was de-
livered by Professor Voelcker.

Floral Committee.
Present : H. B. May, Esq. (in the chair), and Messrs.
C. T. Druery, G. Reuthe, E. H. Jenkins, W. J. James,
W. P. Thomson, W. Cuthbertson, C. E. Pearson, C
Jeffries, C. Dixon, R. W. Wallace, J. F. McLeod, Jas.
Hudson, C. R. Fielder, Chas. E. Shea, Ed. Mawley,
Ceo. Nicholson, J. Walker, E. T. Cook, and R. Hooper
Pearson.

Chrysanthemums were staged by several exhibitors,
and many good displays were to be seen . One of the
largest groups was put up by Mr. Ellis, gr. to Mrs.
Bischoffmieim, Warren house, Stanmore. The
exhibit embraced both pot plants and cut blooms of
Chrysanthemums, with suitable foliage plants such as
Cocos Weddelliana, Acalyphas, Ferns, &c, interpersed,
the background being furnished with tall Kentias and
other Palms. The whole was edged with Adiantum Ferns.
The flowers were a commendable lot, and for such an
•extensive collection remarkably well grown. Some of
the more notable varieties were Lady Mary Conyers,
Mrs. Geo. Mileham (very creditable specimens), Mrs.
Bischoffsheim, Roi d'ltalie (excellent colour and
very compact flowers), Mrs. W. Knox (the colour is
straw-yellow diffused with terracotta, an excellent
type of the Japanese flower), Bessie Godfrey, &c.
Well-grown bush plants of the varieties Mrs. C. H.
Payne and Mrs. G. W. Palmer occupied a place at
either end of the group. (Silver Gilt Banksian Medal.)

Mr. Norman Davis, Chrysanthemum Nurseries,
Framfield, Sussex, arranged a group of Chrysanthe-
mums adjacent to the wall near the entrance. The
display was extensive, and was arranged with excellent
artistic taste, several handsome vases being well fur-
nished with magnificent flowers of the Japanese type,
■coloured vine leaves and other autumnal foliage
adding additional attractiveness. On a setting of
Adiantum Ferns, single flowers of Japanese Chrysan-
themums formed the main groundwork, the continuity
being pK.ismgly broken by the above-mentioned vases
of flowers and by bamboo epergnes filled with specimen
blooms. A few single and decorative Chrysanthemums
we'e also worked into the group. The quality of the
Chrysanthemums was first-class, and the varieties
embraced some of the latest novelties, such as Norman
Davis, one of the best "crimsons," Mrs. R. Hooper
Pearson, Algernon Davis, Mrs. Chas. Davis, Florence
Penfold, F. S. Vallis, &c. (Silver Gilt Flora Medal.)

Messrs. John Peed& Sons, West Norwood, London,
put up a creditable display of these flowers. The
group was arranged so as to form a bank of flowers,
Palms, Ferns, Codiceums (Crotons), &c, being freely
interspersed for relief. The major portion of the
exhibit was composed of pot plants, but around these
were a number of large Japanese flowers, with plants
of Pompon varieties at intervals, and the whole having
a suitable edging of small Ferns and Isolepis gracilis.
The more notable among the varieties were Maurice
Rivoire, a Japanese flower with a pleasing shade of
igreenish-yellow colour in the petals ; Mr. Sabey, a

neat yellow-coloui ed Pompon ; Captain Percy Scott, a
yellow incurved ; Margaret, a white " single " — a good
type of flower. (Silver Banksian Medal.)

Messrs. H. Cannell & SONS, Swanley, Kent, exhi-
bited a collection of single-flowered Chrysanthemums,
which entirely filled one of the side tables. We noticed
many good varieties in the display, notably Innova-
tion, a neat flower with reddish-coloured florets and a
good centre ; Marguerite, a white variety, with flowers
somewhat resembling its namesake ; F. W. Smith, a
somewhat large and bright rose-coloured variety ;
Cannell's Yellow, of good colour, with long narrow,
quilled petals ; Miss E. Terriss, a bold flower of yellow
colour; Gerbera, bronze coloured, &c. Adjoining the
Chrysanthemums were plants of Salvias, and vases
containing bunches of Zonal Pelargoniums, including
many fine unnamed seedlings. (Silver Banksian
Medal.)

Messrs. W. Wells & Co., Merstham, Surrey, dis-
played new Chrysanthemum flowers, among which
were several single-flowered varieties. There were
also exhibition boards with blooms of the Japanese
type of such notable kinds as Mrs. W. Knox ; E. J.
Brooks ; Mrs. R. F. Felton, a medium-sized flesh-
coloured flower ; Merstham Crimson, a magnificently
coloured variety ; Mary Ann Pockett, the recurved
petals displaying a charming gold coloured reverse ;
Glitter, yellow colour, suitable size for cut purposes ;
Miss Millie Lockett, new, the petals being of rich claret
colour, with a golden reverse, &c.

Mr. H. B. May, Dyson's Lane, Upper Kdmonton,
staged a collection of rare and choice Ferns. On a
tall stand surmounting the group was a noble specimen
of Drynaria quercifolia. Other stands were occupied
by D. conjugata, Asplenium scandens and Davallia
Braziliensis — a very graceful plant. Other interesting
things were Polypodium crassinervum, wl.o^e sori are
arranged with great regularity ; Drynaria micropteris,
one of the smallest species of the genera ; Acrostichum
nobile ; Anemia phyllitidis var. lonchophorum ; an
interesting form of Nephrolepis rufescens ; Polypodium
Xiphias, &c. Mr. May also displayed a collection of
greenhouse flowering plants. (Silver Gilt Banksian
Medal.)

Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, Ltd., Kings Road,
Chelsea, displayed winter-flowering Begonias with
Leonotis leonurus, Salvia Pitcher ii, &c. (Silver
Banksian Medal.)

From the Duke of Fife, East Sheen Lodge, East
Sheen (gr. Mr. Geo. Mountford), came a very pretty
group of Begonias and Primula obconica. At the
background were single Chrysanthemums, Palms,
Dracaena Godseffiana and Eulalia japonica ; next
came Begonias, with a band of Primula obcouica ; on
either side was a pyramidal-shaped clump of Begonia
Gloire de Lorraine, and another of B. Turnford Hall
occupying the foreground, with a row of Primula
obconica and an edging of small Ferns and Panicum
plicatum. The group formed one of the prettiest dis-
plays in the Hall. (Bronze Flora Medal.)

Messrs. Hugh Low& Co., Bush Hill Park Nursery,
Enfield, brought a number of greenhouse flowering
plants, Carnations, Ericas, Begonias, Bougaiuvilleas,
&c. Lotus peliorhynchus hung gracefully in front of
the table. Plants of Citrus sinensis were carrying
numerous fruits. A small group of Chrysanthemums
was formed at the head of the table. These were
dwarf pot plants of such decorative varieties as
A.Seward, Source d'Or, and the peerless " single "
flower Miss Mary Anderson.

P. Purnell, Esq., Woodlands, Streatham Hill, S. W.
staged a group of greenhouse foliage and flowering
plants. (Bronze Flora Medal.)

Mr. J. C. Beck, Henley-on-Thames, showed a scarlet
Zonal Pelargonium labelled Mrs. Peck. It greatly re-
sembled Paul Crampel, a variety that may be regarded
as one of the best scarlet bedding Pelargoniums.

Mr. S. Mortimer, Rowledge, Farnham, Surrey,
again displayed vases of American varieties of Car-
nations.

Messrs. T. S. Ware &Co., Ltd., displayed numerous
pans of Alpine plants. Not many were in flower, how-
ever, and they appeared uninteresting at this season.
We noticed Gentiana acaulis in flower, also flowering
sprays of Parochetus communis — a clover-like plant
with blue Leguminous flowers. Flowers of Schizostylis
coccinea were also displayed. More interesting were
the hardy Ferns in the group and the curious growths
of Mesembryanthemum uncinatum. The same firm also
displayed cut Carnations. (Silver Banksian Medal.)

Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond Nurseries. Rich-
mond, again exhibited berried plants of Aucubas, with
a collection of Eleagnus interspersed, including one
labelled E. macrophylla, a species having broad leaves
with a mealy appearance.

Mr. G. Reuthe, Fox Hill Hardy Plant Nursery,
Keston, Kent, showed several species of Crocus : —
C. Clusii ; C. longiflorus ; C. hermoneus ; C. Tour-
nefortii ; and the comparatively new C. caspicus,
which has pure white flowers with yellow bases to the
petals. At the back of the Crocuses were a number of
Nerines.

J. T. Bennett-Poe, Esq., V.M.H., 29, Ashley
place, S.W. (gr. Mr. Downes), showed a number of
named varieties of Nerines. F. D. Moore has a well-
balanced umbel, with large rich scarlet flowers ; Mrs.
Harrison ; atro rubens ; Lady Dorington, large flowers,
flushed with rose, with a dark central line, &c.

Awards of Merit were recommended to the fol-
lowing plants :

Chrysanthemum Miss Irene Cragg (single). — A very
commendable variety, pure white, the largest flowers
being 3i inches in diameter. The growths were stifl.
and erect in habit, some of them bearing as many as
six flowers. The blooms, which were composed of
several rows of florets, are not comparable with those
of Mary Anderson from the point of view of form,
but this new variety is of much value for decorative
purposes. Shown by Messrs. Cragg, Harrison and
Cragg, Heston, Middlesex.

C. Reine des Roses (single). — A flower of good form,
about Z\ inches across, possessing two or more rows
of florets. Shown by G. Fe rguson , Esq. , The Hollies.
Weybridge (gr. Mr. F. W. Smith).

C. Mary Richardson (single). — A large-flowered single
variety with several rows of florets. The shade of
colour, which approaches to that of terra cotta, is the
principal attraction. Shown by Messrs. VV. Wells &
Co., Merstham, Surrey

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.
Present: A. H. Pearson, Esq. (in the chair); an 1
Messrs. Jos. Cheal, S. Mortimer, W. Pope, Geo. Keli,
H. Markham, F. Q. Lane, Geo. Reynolds, J. Willard
and Geo. Norman.

Twenty good fruits of the culinary Pear Uvedale
St. Germain were shown by Jeremiah Colman, Esq.,
Gattou Park, Reigate. These fruits together weighed
22 lbs. 4 ounces, showing them to be of good average
size, but not extraordinary, as the heaviest fruit of this
variety of which we have record weighed as much as
41bs. 15 ozs. The tree at Gatton from which the fruits
were gathered, covers a wall space of 91 feet long, and
the girth of the tree's stem at one foot from the ground
measures 9 feet. (Cultural Commendation.)

Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Bush Hill Park Nur-
series, Enfield, exhibited fine fruits of the five follow-
ing varieties of new or little-known Apples : Charles
Ross, Norfolk Beauty, Gabalva, King Edward VII.,
and Allingtou Pippin.

An exhibit of about 40 varieties of Apples was made
by Mr. Geo. Mount, Exotic and Rose Nurseries,
Canterbury. They showed the usual high qualn
in fruit from this county, and clearly proved that M .
Mount can grow good fruit as well as perfect Roses.
The fruits of the varieties Chas. Ross and Blenheim
Pippin were superb. Good also were the examples of
Gascoyne's scarlet; Lane's Prince Albert; Newton
Wonder; Cox's Orange Pippin; Allington Pippin;
Court Pendu Plat; Mere de Menage, &c. (Silver
Knightian Medal).

Four boxes- of Cox's Orange Pippin Apples were
shown by W. Roupell. Esq., Harvey Lodge, Roupell
Park, Norwood. The fruit was not of large size, b.;t
was good, clean, useful produce, and worthy the
Cultural Commendation awarded.

Mr. J. H. Ridgewell, The Gardens, Histon, Cam-
bridgeshire, displayed good Cauliflowers, Onions, Car-
rots, and Brussels Sprouts. The Carrots were useful
produce, and not attenuated to the degree often seen
in this vegetable on the exhibition table. The variety
was Sutton's New Red Intermediate. Examples of
Autumn Mammoth Cauliflower were also commend-
able. (Silver Banksian Medal.)

Mr. R. W. Green, Wisbech, brought a collection of
Potatos, in about 30 varieties. Many of the latest
novelties were included, as well as standard varieties
such as Up-to-Date. A good sample of Duchess of
Cornwall was staged, also Langworthy— a large white
kidney variety with shallow "eyes," King Edward
VII.. with red colouring in patches on the skin, &c

O i ii

o4.S

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November ii, 1905.

Interesting were the tubers of Village Blacksmith, the
dark leathery roughened skins reminding one some-
what of Truffles. (Silver Banksian Medal.)

Orchid Committee.
Present: J. Gurney Fowle", Esq. (in the Chair);
ami Messrs. Jas. O'Brien {Hon. Sec.) ; De B. Crawshay,
W I', ixall, VV. H. Young, II. A. Tracy, A. A. McBean,
T. W. Bond, G. F. M: o e, J. Charleswovth, VV. Cobb,
J.Coleman, R. G. Thwaite?, F. Wellesley, J. Douglas,
X. C. Cookson, W. A. Bilney. II. Billantinc, F. W.
Ashton, W. II. White, and ILirry J. Veitch.

The e was a magnificent show of O cliids, both
quantity and quality being beyond the average.

John BraBSHAW, Esq., The G.ange, Southgate
(gr. Mr. G. G. VVhitelegge), was awarded a Gold Medal
for a magnificent group in which the forms of Cattleya
labiata were superb, a collection of white varieties
occupying the middle and including C. labiata alba,
C. 1. R. I. Measures, C. 1. Angel, C. 1. Lows, C. 1.
Etona, C. 1. Penelope, C. 1. Ariadne, C. 1. G. G. VVhite-
legge, C. 1. Amesiana, C. 1. -Ariadne, and others — most
probably the best lot of white labiatas ever shown.
The best of the coloured forms was C. 1. Hercules (see
Awards), L?e,io Cattleya x Decia alba, L.-C. X In-
grami, L.-C. x Hiroldiana, John Bradshaw, and
other L^elio-Cattleyas ; find fo;ms of Lycaste Skinned,
including alba, and Enchant.'ess ; the fine yellow On-
eidium Forbesi Bradshawiae, Lycasle x hybiida, &c.

Jeremiah Colman, Esq., Gatton Park (gr. Mr. \V.
P. Bound), was awarded a Gold medal for a very fine
group ex'endin^ some 50 feet in length. The whole
was made up of smaller groups of fine Cattleya labiata,
including th 2 variety coerulea, hybrids of Laelia Perrinii,
selections of Cypripediums and other showy species.
The cunt e was composed of very handsome plants of
Cymbidium Tiacyanum, C. x Winnianum, and
Oncidium varicosum ; and among leading forms noted
were Cattleya x Mantini ; C. x Portia, Phaio-Cym-
1 1 .mm x Chardwaiense ; selections of yellow forms
ot Cypripedium insigne, the white Laelia Perrini,
Gatton Pa.k var., &c.

Messrs. ClIARLESWORTH & Co., Heaton, Bradford,
weie awa dcd a Silver Flora Medal for a very fine
group, principally hybrids. The centre was of good
examples of Vanda coerulea, and around them were
g tod selections of Laelio-Cattleya x Haroldiana, L.-C.
x calhstoglossa, L.-C. x luminosa, L.-C. X Celia,
Cattleya x Fernand Denis and a good selection of
Cattleya labiata, including the nearly white C. C. Prin-
cess. Others noted were Sophros-Cattleya x Nydia,
Brasso- Cattleya x Digbyano-Warscewiczii, Cypripe-
dium x Leeauum giganteum, C. x Hit:hinsiae, C.
Spicerianum magnificum, and Acanthephippium Java-
nicum var Fletcheri, witn almost wholly dark red
flowers with yellow labellum.

Messrs. I. Cypher & Son, Cheltenham, secured a
Silver Flora Medal for a very well-arranged group of
good hybrids and species. The middle was of Onci-
dium varicosum, O. praetextum, and very fine forms of
Cattleya labiata. Among the large collection of Cypri-
pediums were C. x Niobe VVestonbirt variety, fine in
form and rich in colour, C x Harrisianum superbum x
cenanthum superbum, with the fine shape of Harrisi-
anum and rich colour of cenanthum ; C. x Maudise ;
C. v Pitcherianum ; C. insigne Sanderae, and other
yellow forms; brightly coloured Dendrobium Phalae-
nopsis, &c

A Silver Banksian Medal was awarded to Messrs.
Hugh Low & Co., Enfield, for a group containing
fourteen good specimens of Laelio-Cattleya x Lady
Rothschild, three white forms Cattleya labiata, viz.,
Reedleyensis, King of Greece, and America; Cypri-
pe liums x Leeanum Statterianum, a large and finely
formed flower; good Dendrobium Phalaenopsis, in-
cluding one of the white variety. Oncidium cheiro-
phorum ; O. tigrinum forms of Cypripedium insigne.

M. Chas. Vuylsteke, Loochristy, Ghent, received
a Silver Banksian Medal for a small group of hybrid
< ) lontoglossums, including the magnificent O. x Vuyl-
stekeae. (See Awards.)

Mess.-s. Stanley & Co., Southgate, were awarded
a Silver Banksian Medal for a group including good
Cattleya labiata; a fine dark form being named
Newtoni and a good light variety Stanleyi ; also C. x
Si Gilles, C. OT> ieniana, C. aurea, C. bicolor
Sophronitis grandiflora, Oncidium flexuosum, a good
selection of Cypripediums, and a hybrid said to be
rai ed between Dendrobium Victoria Regina, and
a Harrisoniae, but which the Committee con-
sidi ed to be Lselio- Cattleya, near to L.-C. x
Ciansl

Messrs. William Bull & Sons, Chelsea, showed a
small group of Cattleya x Iris, C. x Clarkiae ; OJonto-
glossum crispum Coronet, a spotted form, and other
Orchids.

Leopold de Rothschild, Esq., Gunnersbury
House (gr. Mr. J. Hudson), showed a basket of the
fine oranga-scarlet, winter-flowering form of Epiden-
drum vitellmum.

Major G. -L. Holford, VVestonbirt (gr. Mr. Alex-
ander), sent Cattleya x Mrs. Pitt var. delicata, a
delicately-tinted sulphur yjllow flower, tinged with
rose colour, &

T.ie Marquis de Wavrin, Chateau de Rousele,
I im (gr. Mr. De Gust), sent Lselia pumila. Queen

Alexandra, a good white flower tinged with lavender
and with slate-blue front to the lip.

Baron Sir H. Schroder, The Dell, Egham (gr. Mr.
H. Ballantine), showed the finely spotted Odonto-
glossum x Bingelianum of the O. crispo-Harryanum
class ; and the richly coloured O. X Vuylstekei Schro-
derianum.

R. Briggs-Burv, Esq., Bank House, Accrington
(gr. Mr. Wilkinson), sent Odontoglossum X Vuyl-
stekei, Bank House Variety, heavily blotched with
chestnut-red, &c.

Franxis Wellesley, Esq., VVestfield, Woking (gr.
Mr. Hopkins), sent Laelio-Cattleya x Miss Gilberta
Blount (C. Mantini x L.-C. X Ingrami), a pretty and
nicely-coloured flower ; L.-C. X Norba and superba
which had already received an Award of Merit ; Catt-
leya labiata Minnie, a large and finely-formed flower of
rich colour; C. x Mantini nigricans, equal to the line
C. x M. colorata ; and C. X Abraham Lincoln (Niobe
X orphanum) with white dorsal sepal, having a green
base and broad purple line.

De B. Crawshay, Esq., Sevenoaks (gr. Mr. Stables)
sent Odontoglossum X crispodinei (crispum X cora-
dinei), a great improvement on O. X coradinei.

Norman C Cookson, Esq., Oakwood, Wylam (gr,
Mr. Chapman), showed Laelia X De Geestiana, L.
flava X L. Jongheana alba) with white sepals and
petals.

F. M. Ogilvie, Esq., The Shrubbery, Oxford (gr.
Mr. Balmforth) sent Cattleya X Portia magnifica,
with flowers nearly equal to C. labiata.

R. I. Measures, Esq., Camberwell (gr. Mr. Smith),
sent cut examples of Cypripedium X Unixia, C. xChas.
Rickman, Odontoglossum crispum with forty-two
blooms on the spike, and various hybrid Cattleyas ar.d
Laelio-Cattleyas.

Messrs. John Cowan & Co., Gateacre Nurseries,
near Liverpool, showed a very fine specimen of a
white form of Cattleya labiata nearest toC 1. amesiana.
The flowers were large and of fine shape, white with a
pale pink front to the broad labellum.

Awards,
first-class certificate.
Odontoglossum X Vuylstekei (parent tge unrecorded)
from M. Chas. Vuylsteke, Loochristy, Ghent. In si. e,
form and colour the finest hybrid Odontoglossum yet
shown. It is probably a development of O. X venus-
tulum (ardentissimum X Harryano- crispum), in
which the glorious rosy-claret colour of O. crispum
Franz Masereel, derived through O. X ardentissum
has predominated, or possibly O. X ardentissimum X
Vuylstekei. The flowers are large and broad in all the
segments, and especially in the labellum, which is
usually the defective feature. Colour rosy-claret with
slight silver-white lines between the confluent blotches
and white acuminate tips.

Cypripedium x truimphans (Sallieri x cenanthum
supe.bum), from R. Briggs-Bury, Esq., Bank House,
Accrington (gr. Mr. Wilkinson). A fine, dark coloured
hybrid with the rich rose and white upper part to the dor-
sal sepal, asinC X cenanthum. The plant received an
Award of Merit when shown by the raiser, M. Jules
Hye de Crom, of Ghent, November, 1894, and the
variety superbum to Major Holford, November, 1904.

Awards of Me kit.
Cattleya X Petersii var. Mrs. Francis Wellesley
(labiata X Hardyana). — A very showy and finely-
coloured hybrid, with h'* winter-flowering properties
of C. labiata and the icn colouring of the other
parent. Flowers of perfect form and fine substance,
purplish rose, with rub> crimson front to the labellum.

Cypripedium x Sanacdera: (Sanactaeus X insigne
Sanderae). — A conglomerate as the name implies, and
very largely composed of C. insigne Sande ae which it

closely resembles. The dorsal sepal, however, shows
no trace of spotting.

Cattleya labiata Hercules from J. Bradshaw, Esq..
The Grange, Southgate. — A gigantic form of typical
coloured C. labiati, broad in all its parts, and a model
flower of the fl jrist's standard.

Dendrobium Phalanopsis Thunder sleyenX} from
Messrs. Hugh Low & Co.. Enfield.— One of thu
darkest in colour, the fljwers being of a rich rose-
purple, darkest on the lip and middles of the petals.

Chemistry and Its Relation to the
Garden.

In the afternoon a lecture on the subject of Chemis-
try was delivered by Dr. J. Voelcker, M.A., Analytical
Chemist to the Royal Horticultural Society. Sir Trevor
Lawrence, Bart., presided, and, in his opening re-
marks, alluded to th.1 resent institution of the British
Science Guild, and said that in the diffusion of scientific
knowledge amongst the people, and by the observance ot
scientific principles in matters of everyday life, would
progress be made in the future.

Dr. Voelcker commenced his discourse by pointing
out the differences there are in respect to the applica-
tion of chemistry to agriculture and horticulture,
owing to the different methods of cultivation that are
adopted in the garden and the greater power possessed
by the gardener to modify the condition of the soil in
which he has to cultivate his crops. It was the special
relation of chemistry to horticulture to which Dr.
Voelcker referred in his lecture. Speaking of the
atmosphere first he described how the plants obtained
some of their food from oxygen, nitrogen, carbonic
acid, &:., present in the atmosphere. Nearly all the
carbon that is necessary is obtained from this source.
Hi explained that plants have a limited capacity for
taking up ammonia through their leaves, and though
nitrogen cannot be taken in this manner, Legumi-
nous plants obtain nitrogen from the atmosphere by the
aid of bacteria at the roots.

Proceeding to speak of the possibility of the atmo-
sphere becoming polluted, Dr. Voelcker said that it was
in the vicinity of factories where sulphur, arsenic, &c.f
got into the atmosphere that the greatest injury was
caused to trees, especially of coniferous species. The
atmosphere of a plant-growing structure was some-
times rendered injurious to the plants by the use of
tar on the hot-water pipes or other surfaces. Some
tar contained carbolic acid and other volatile matter,
and was quite unsuited for use in such structures.

Moisture,

Moisture constituted 90 per cent, of agricultural
crops and 40 per cent, even of timber. Dr. Voelcker
proceeded to describe the ill effects of badly drained
land — cold soil and stagnation ; also the good effect of
proper drainage, &c. The retention of moisture in the
soil was connected with the degree of separation of the
particles, sand was least retentive, then loam, then
clay, and the most retentive was pe it. There were
different samples of water, and when more than one
supply is available for horticultural purposes Dr.
Voelcker said it would be a fitting occasion to consult
a chemist in order that use may be made of that which
was most suitable.

Plant-Foods and Manures.
Reference was made to the principal foods that
plant; obtain by means of their roots, and it was
pointed out that a knowledge of the ash residue was
not sufficient to indicate what particular manures
should be supplied to the soil. Each plant must be
studied as to the power it possesses of getting and
utilising a particular element. Very little nitrogen
may be found in the ash of a certain plant, but it may
be that the plant will have considerable difficulty in
getting and assimilating that little unless it is applied
to the soil in a particular form. Empha; ; was placed
upon the need for lime in all soils to prevent them
from getting into a condition of acidity, as well as for
supplying lime as food to the plants. But iron was
present in sufficient quantities in almost all soils,
After stating that soil may first be regarded as of
service to hold up the plant, and secondly to supply
the plant with food, Dr. Voelcker said that the
process of manuring wis the supplying of elements
needed by the plants, and lacking in the soil.
Hints were given as to the proper use of natural,
chemical and artificial manures, and much praise
was given to farmyard manure, also to Peruvian
guano. He had analysed compound manures sold
under different names, and had found that (1) some
were undoubtedly good, (2) some were of doubtful
value, and (3) some were not worth ne irly the price
at which they were sold.

November ii, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

34«J

In regard to the materials used against insects and
fungi ms pests, and weed -killers, which latter were
most y arsenic c impounds, there was need for the
assistance of the chemist to enable the gardener to
know that he was getting the best materials and dee
from adulteration. White lead, which is largely used
for building purposes, is very frequently adulterated
to a considerable degree.

In answer to questions by Mr. A. H. Pearson, the
lecturer said that nitrate of potash was the best
form of applying potash to plants cultivated merely
for their flowers, or in cases where it was desirable to
promote quick growth, but it was also the most
expansive form. Sulphate of potash should be the
means of supplying potash to fruit trees, because it
would the better promote good quality and rich
flavour. In a garden, and providing that the expense
incurred by the provision of manures was of little
importance, there was no necessity to follow out a
system of rotation in crops. But in having the same
crop on a piece of land year after year, more manure
would be required than otherwise would be the case.

SOUTHAMPTON HORTICULTURAL.

October 31. — The Annual Autumn Exhibition of
the above Society was held in the Skating Rink,
Southampton, and was much the best of the long
series held. Competition was unusually keen, and the
quality of the Chrysanthemums displayed was very
good, cut blooms of these flowers in vases being the
feature of the show. A handsome challenge vase,
value £A0, with a substantial cash prize, was offered
for twelve varieties of Japanese Chrysanthemums, three
blooms of each variety. Eight growers competed,
resulting in a bright display. Mr. G. Hall, gr. to
Lady Louisa Ashburton, Melchet Court, Homsey,
was an easy first prize winner in this class, with large,
shapely, well-coloured specimens (see Fig. 133) ; the
examples of F. S. Vallis, Bessie Godfrey, Sensation,
Mrs. J. Dunn, and Marquise Vicomte Venoste were
especially well developed ; 2nd, Mr. B. Hollis, gr. to
Major G. F. Chichester, Embley Park, Komsey.
with smaller but high class blooms.

For two white Chrysanthemums, three flowers of
each variety, Mr. Hollis, with typical examples of Mrs.
J. Dunn and Madame C. Nagelmackers, won the first
prize, followed by Mr. L. Dawes, gr. to Mrs. Ogilvie,
Rosecroft, Hambledon. For six Japanese Chrysanthe-
mums, of any other colour than white, three flowers of
each variety, Mr. G. Ellwood, gr. to W. H. Myers,
Esq., M.P., Swanmore Park, Bishop's Waltham, was
awarded the first prize with very fine quality flowers
of Mis; Olive Millen and Mrs. F. W. Vallis ; 2nd, Mr.
Stevenson, gr. to the Duke of Hamilton, Wimborne.

Fig. 133.-

-GROUP OF THIRTY-SIX BLOOMS OF JAPANESE CHRYSANTHEMUMS EXHIBITED AT
SOUTHAMPTON, AND AWARDED THE ROYAL CHALLENGE TROPHY.

Mr. Ellwood also won, for four bunches of
flowered varieties of Chrysanthemums, his exhibit
comprising large and handsome specimens of notable

varieties.

In the class for twenty-four Japanese Chry-..
mums, in not fewer than sixteen va-rieties, to be
arranged on exhibition boads, Mr. Hall won quite
easily with full-sized examples that were not disp
to thetr best advantage owing to crowding. For twelve
Japanese Chrysanthemums, distinct. Mi K Hible.gr.
to H.S.H. Prince Hatzkelut. D.aycot Park, Chippen-
ham, won the first prize , the same g owei also winning

fortwelveincurvedChrysantheniiNxus. The quality of the
groups of Chrysantheiii urns seen was above the average.
Mr. C. Hosey, gr. to J. C. E. D'Estj n Esq Elm-
field, Southampton, m the winning exhibit, had dwarf

that were well furnished with he.Uthy le
.hi 1 cai rj m .; handsome bl< lom-s.

The class for naturally grown specimen Chrysan-
themum plants, in four varieties, made quite a feature,
so good was the quality of the specime is staged.
Mr. Hosey was ai a I h premii pri

In the class oup of mis pllaneou? plants

effect, Mr. 1 Wills, Winchester Road
■• i- , Southampton, had much the best of four
exhibits. Miscellaneous exhibits, such as bouquets,
vases of Chrysanth mums, and baskets of autumn
foliage were attractive, Miss Wills had the best
bouquet, Mrs. JEFFERY the bast vases of Chi ysanthe-
mums, while Mrs. Dawes showed the best basket of
foliagt .

Exhibits of fruit and vegetables were numerous and
good. Messrs. Mitchell, Chilworth Manor, and G.
Ellwood secured the leading awards in the Grape
and the vegetable classes respectively (see Fig. 132).

Fig. 132. — view of the Southampton chrysanthemum exhibition,
large {cumber of graphs staged.

SHOWING 1 i:e

CHELTENHAM CHRYSANTHEMUM

November 2. — The annual show of the Chelten-
ham Chrysanthemum Society was held in the Winter
Gardens, Cheltenham, on this date. A fine display of
flowers was made, though in some respects there was a
falling off in numbers. Chrysanthemums and winter-
flowering Bagonias were a feature, and there were also
some good Carnations and Violi t .

The Chrysanthemum groups were fewer this year.
Mr. H O. Lord, M.F.H.,of Lilley brook, had no one
to challenge him in the circular group, 10 feet in
diameter. There was, however, competition in the
group of miscellaneous plants arranged for effect, and
here Mr. LoKD had to take second place to Mr. G. S.
Godsell, of Stroud, who sent a very excellent dis-
play

A grand collection of 24 Chrysanthemum blooms of
the Japanese type was shown by the Dowager Lady
IIindlip, of Hadzor Hall, Droitwich, which took pre-
mier honours in a strong class. Sir Hubert Parry,
Bart., of Highnnm Court, Gloucester, was awarded
1st prize for 12 J panese blooms, and Lady Hindlip
for 36 blooms, while in the collections arranged with
ornamental foliage Mr. Lord's display was the be ;t
of three. The b_-st bloom in the show was a sp cimen

350

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

[November ii, 190s.

of the pale yellow Japanese F. S. Vallis, and this
secured the National Chrysanthemum Society's certifi-
cate. Mr. H. G. Bennett, for the third time, won
the Cup given by the Mayor and Corporation for the
best six incurved Chrysanthemum plants in pots, and
the trophy now becomes his absolute property. Dr.
Ferguson secured the Riron de Ferrieres' prize for
the best specimen Chrysanthemum plant in the show.

Sir Hubert Parry showed the best table plants.
Mr. Fairfax Rhodes was successful with winter-
flowering Begonias, and Sir Brook Kays', Bart.,
exhibit was not surpassed in the the Primula class.

Among the fruit exhibitors Mr. H. C. Moffatt, ot
Goodrich Court, Mr. VV. J. Sheldon, of Pershore,
Mr. S. B. Guthrie, Mr. H. Noorman, and Mr. A.
Barnfield shared the premier awards. Those for
Pears went to Mr. Moffatt, Mr. F. Taylor, Mr.
H. O. Lord, and Nfessrs. J. Hitch and Son. F. P.

two dishes of the same fruit Mr. G. Crabbe was first
with Pitmaston Duchess and Emile d'Heyst. Apples
were not represented. Mr. Watford had the best four
dishes, and Mr. Cavvte was first forthree dishes. Mr.
W. Johns had a good collection of six kinds of vege-
tables, staging Red Celery, Leeks, Tomatos, Onions,
Cauliflowers, and over large Potatos. Cottagers in
the district showed excellent vegetables.

WEYB&IDGE DISTRICT
HORTICULTURAL.

November I. — The seventh annual autumn exhibi-
tion of this Surrey society was held in the new and
elegant Holstein Hall, Weybridge. In the centre of
the Hall .Mr. J. Lock, gr. to Mr. Justice Swinfen Eady,
of Oatlands Park, arranged a superb non-competitive
group of chrysanthemums, measuring some 200 square
feet in area. The collection comprised large and small
blooms interspersed with Bamboos, Ferns, Asparagus,
Codiaeums (CroKms), Cyperus, Alocasias, and many
other plants. The arrangement was thoroughly in-
formal in style and with artistic effect. Other hono-
rary exhibits included a small group of Orchids staged
by Mr. Whittock, gr. to W. A. BlLNEY, Esq. ; a fine
lot of Gloire de Lorraine and Turnford Hall Begonias,
staged by Mr. Watford, gr. to A. Hartmann, Esq. ; a
nice group of Cyclamen and Primulas put up by Mr.
R. Rowe, gr. to Miss L. E. Martineau ; Messrs.
Fisher and Sons, Addlestone, had a group of Chrysan-
themums, and Mr. A. R. Cobbett staged 60 very fine
bulbs of Ailsa Craig Onions.

Competitive Plant Classes. — Mr. W. E. Pagram, gr.
to J. Courtenay, Esq., had the best large group, and
Mr. F. Cawte.gr. to E. Luxmore, Esq., the best small
group of chrysanthemums. Mr. Watford staged the
best three Orchids, Mr. Whittock following very close.
Scarlet Salvias made a fine display of colour ; six large
plants, shown by Mr. Curtis, gr. to Mrs. Marshall,
won the first prize, while smaller, but capital, plants
from Mr. Wyatt, gr. to E. J. Fry, Esq., secured the
second place. Mr. E. Gosden, gr. to R. A. Todd,
Esq., had the best three plants of Salvias. Mr.
Cavvte took the first prize in the class for three berried
plants with neat Solanums. In the class for six
plants of Primulas Mr. WATFORD was easily first with
six plants of Primula obconica. With the same species,
that quite surpassed the Chinese forms shown, Mr. E.
NichoIson.gr. to F. H. Cooke, Esq., had the largest
winter Begonias, and won the first prize, but the second
prize plants, although smaller, were much the better
bloomed. These were shown by Mr. Watford.

Cut Flowers. — For 12 varieties of Japanese chrysan-
themums arranged in vases, Mr. Caryer, gr. to
A. G. Meissner, Esq., was awarded premier honours,
having full developed flowers. In the class for 12
blooms of Chrysanthemums distinctly displayed in
two vases, Mr. VV. Shute, gr. to Mrs. Machin, was
a good first with superb flowers. A very effective
class was that for a shallow box measuring 30 by
36 inches, containing large and small flowered Chry-
santhemums, set up in vases, Bamboos, and with
cut foliage and small plants. Mr. W. SHUTE was
worthily awarded the first prize, his display forming
quite a floral picture. Mr. Wyatt had the best 18
blooms of Chrysanthemums distinct. He showed
well-known varieties. Mr. H. Buckm aster won
the 2nd prize. The last-named exhibitor had the
best 12 incurved Chrysanthemums, but the flowers
required a longer time to develop their best. Mr.
Caryer had the best vase, containing 12 reflexed
blooms of Chrysanthemums having quite good flowers.
The same grower was also first for 6 varieties of
Pompon Chrysanthemums, 6 blooms of each variety
in a vase.

Fruit and Vegetables. — The best pair of bunches of
Black and the best White Grapes came from Mr.
Morgan, gr. to S. J. Du Cros, Esq., with the varieties
Alicante and Muscat of Alexandria respectively. Mr.
Carote was awarded the 1st prize for 4 dishes of Pears,
but his examples included poor specimens of the
variety Uvedale St. Germains. 2nd, Mr. Morgan, with
very fine Pitmaston Duchess, good Doyenne du
Cornice, Marie Louise, and Beurre Bachelier. For

TORQUAY CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 2. — The Toi quay Gardeners' Association
held a most successful show on November 2 in the
great hall of the B.ith Saloons. Not for several years
have the exhibits been so numerous and good, com-
petition being keen in almost all classes, and the
quality of the cut blooms and groups showing a great
advance on former exhibitions.

Cut Blooms.

Thirty-six Japanese Chrysanthemums. — The 1st prize
was secured by Mr. W. J. Godfrey, with an excellent
stand of flowers, including the varieties Miss Elsie
Fulton, Mrs. A. R. Knight, Mrs. Guy Paget and W. R
Church.

Mr. J. N. Whitehead had the best twenty-four
blooms of Japanese Chrysanthemums.

Twelve Japanese Chrysanthemums. — The 1st prize
was carried off by Mr. VV. J. Godfrey.

Col. Toms won for six Japanese Chrysanthemums,
followed by Mr. J. N. Whitehead, and by Mrs.
Trevor Barkley.

Twelve Incurved Chrysaiithemwus.-
Whitehead.

-1st, Mi. J. N.

Mr. J. N. Whitehead won in the class for four
varieties (Japanese) displayed in vases; 2nd, Mrs.
Trevor Barkley; while in the larger similar class
for six varieties in vases Mr. Baynes was successful,
followed by Mr. S. B. Cogan.

Six White Japanese Chrysanthemums, one variety. —
1st, Col . Cary, who had the variety Miss Elsie Fulton ;
2nd, Mr. P. P. Alexander, with Mine. Carnot.

Six Yellow Japanese Chrysanthemums. — 1st, Mr.
J. N. Whitehead, with magnificent specimens of
F. S. Vallis ; 2nd, Mrs. Trevor Barkley, with the
same variety as in the winning vase.

Col. Cary carried off the prize for six Japanese
Chrysanthemums of one variety, of any other colour
than yellow or white, with the variety W. R. Church.
2nd, Mr. J. N. Whitehead, with Mme. P. Radaelli.
Mr. J. N. Whitehead was awarded the National
Chrysanthemum Society's Silver Medal for the high-
est aggregate of points in the cut bloom classes.

The classes for Floral Decorations were well repre-
sented ; Mr. VV. H. Veale arranged the best decorated
table.

Plants.

The prize for a group of Chrysanthemums carried
with it a Silver Challenge Cup. Mr. H. DUNDEE
Hooper won with a magnificent collection.

Dr. Quick staged the best group of single Chrysan-
themums ; Capt. Tottenham the best three specimen
Chrysanthemums, and Mr. W. H. Bulleid the best
three plants of single Chrysanthemums.

Six Flowering Table Plants. — 1st, Capt. Tottenham.

Six Foliage Table Plants. — 1st, Mrs. Trevor
Barkley.

Miscellaneous Exhibits.

Fine Collections of Fruit and Vegetables were shown.
Among nurserymen's exhibits, which added much to
the beauty of the show, were stands contributed by
Mi srs. Robert Veitch & Son, Exeter, who staged
Orchids, winter-flowering Carnations, Scutellaria moc-
ciniana, Statice profusa, cut Chrysanthemums,
Apples, &c.

The Devon Rosary, Torquay, showed specimens of
floral decorations as well as Tuberoses, Acacia platyp-
tera, Salvia fulgens, Begonias, Ericas, &c, and a
handsome stand of fruit — Apples, Pears, Grapes,
Tomatos, Cucumbers, &c, set off with countless
bunches of Violets. Messrs. W. B. Smale and SON,
Torquay, exhibited Zonal Pelargoniums, Cycas revo-
lut.i, Acalypha Sanderiana, Rehmannia angulata,
Bouvardias, and Chrysanthemums. Messrs. Sutton
and Sons, Reading, had an attractive stand of varied
sorts of Tomatos, Capsicums, and specimen vegetables.
Mr. J. Heath, Kingskerswell, showed many varieties
of Violets. Mr. VV. H. Allward, Torquay, supplied a
large stand of flowering plants, and Messrs. J. Tomlin-
son and Sons, Devonport, staged a good collection of
Apples.

PARIS AUTUMN SHOW.

As a complement to the International Horticultural
Show which took place in Paris last May, the National
Hoiticultnral Society of France held, on November 4
to 12 an autumn show of Chrysanthemums, Fruit and
Vegetables at Cowes la Reine. Nowhere can we so ;
the slightest chance of such a site being ever possible
in which to hold our leading London Flower Shows.

At half-past ten on the morning of the first day of
the Show, M. Loubet, the President of the French
Republic, paid a visit and was conducted round by
M. Viger, M. Abel Chatenay and other officials of
the National Horticultural Society of France. Our
correspondent, Mr. Harman PAYNE, had the honour
of being presented to M. Loubet as representing the
English Chrysanthemum growers present on the occa-
sion.

The schedule and prize list was a very compre-
hensive document, liberal provision being made for
almost every kind of exhibitor. Altogether there were
153 classes, of which 74 were for Chrysanthemums
alone, the remainder being divided among other
flowers, Orchids, Carnations, &c, fruit, shrubs and
vegetables, all of which were shown in great variety
and in a high state of excellence. Prizes of honour
were offered by the President of the French Republic ;
several by the Ministers of the Paris Municipal Coun-
cil ; by the French and English National Chrysan-
themum Societies, and by many other public bodies
and private individuals.

The Jury, which numbered many horticulturists of
I uropean repute, was divided into 15 sections, and, in
addition to these, there was a Jury Supericur, com-
posed of Mr. Harman Payne as President, MM.
Charles Baltet, Closon, Luizet, Maxime de la Roche-
terie, Baron de Solemacher, and Stinville, with M. G.
Duval as Steward. A deputation from the N.C.S. at-
tended, and formed part of the Jury, viz., Messrs.
Thos. Bevan, Cragg, Runciman, and Payne.

The approach to the Show, a promenade of con-
siderable length, was lined on each side with numerous
fruit trees trained in every imaginable form. Right
and left Messrs. Vilmorin, Andrieux and Co. had a
pretty display, in pots, of Chrysanthemums, mostly
decorative and Pompon varieties, while a little fmther
on Messrs. Moz£R & Son, <>f Versailles, had a fine
series of groups of Aucubas, as well as of Cupressus,
Junipers, Retinosporas and other Conifers. Similar
exhibits were shown by MM. Laurent, Paillet, and
Gayer.

Fruit trees were an extensive and interesting feature,
the best exhibits coming from Messrs. Nt.mrlot,
CROUX and SON, GEO. Rulchek, and Paillet.

On entering the Rotunda of the Antin Greenhouse a
similar brilliant si^ht presented itself to our vision as
that which we saw last May. All round the walls of
*he Rotunda there were looking-glasses, placed at
intervals with cream-coloured drapery and festoons.
Two geometrically-shaped beds were in the centre,
the whole slightly raised from the ground with a
bevelled edge and a turf border. This part of the
building contained a grand display of Chrysanthemums
in pots by Messrs. VILMORIN, ANDRIEUX & Co., to
whom the Jury SuPerieur unanimously awarded the
Grand Prize of Honour, given by M. Loubet, as a
well-deserved recompense, not only for Chrysanthe-
mums, of which there were several lots, but also to a
superb and thoroughly repiesentative collection of
vegetables arranged on the slept* facing the Seme and
also for various flowers. In the Chrysanthemum groups
we noticed many excellent examples of popular
favourites, such as J. R. Upton, W. Duckham, Mme.
Gustave Henry, R. Hooper Pearson (very rich in
colour). Phoebus, F. S. Vallis, Mme. Carnot, Miss
Alice Byron, Viviand Morel, Mrs. Seward, N. C. S.,
Jubilee, Merstham Yellow (a splendid specimen),
Mousmee (a most delicate shade of soft, n ;y lilac),
W. R. Church, Mrs. Barkley, and large numbers of
novelties, besides varieties that are not well known in
England.

Of the three hundred exhibitors, many of whom
showed in numerous classes, it is of course impossible
to do more than mention a few. In plant classes M.
AUG. NONIN was awarded a prize of honour for several
capital groups, in which M. Ant. Marmontel, a fine
Japanese variety, large in size and of a rich rosy
amaranth colour, with a silvery pink reverse, a most
effective flower, and of good size, was shown in strong
force. Other good things in these groups were Ama-
teur Roziere, Satin Rose, Yolande de Pins, Paris
1900, Le Peyron (a new yellow), La Gracieuse,
Naples (a fine golden yellow, incurved), Sapho, Roi
dTtalie, Miss Ellen Willmot, Win. Duckham, and
scores of others.

November n, 1905 |

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

351

Medals were awarded to Messrs. Piennes and Lari-
galdie, Messrs. Leveque and Son, M. Avarre,
Geraud, Cortin, the Ecole Horticole du Ples-
sis, Piques, and others, for interesting exhibits in the
other Chrysanthemum plant classes.
I Cut Blooms were intensely interesting, especially
when we remember our first visit to a French Chry-
santhemum Show some years ago. Dealing first with
new seedlings, these were finely shown by M. ERNEST
Calvat, to whom a prize of honour and a gold medal
were awarded. He exhibited several blooms of
each variety, 22 big heavily-built Japanese novel-
ties forming his collection. Other seedling raisers
werealsoconspicuous, but in point of quality the blooms
were behind those shown by the Grenoble raiser.

M. Liger-Ligneau showed a pretty incurved
variety called Mme. Depallier, good in form, colour,
pure white. M. Rozain-Bouchaklat exhibited a lot,
of which Pelican Jaune, a huge yellow Japanese, was
the most promising. M. Chantrier, M. Nonin. M
Cavron, the Marquis de Pins, M. Dolbois, M
Heraud, Messrs. Vilmorin, M. Durand, M. De-
cault, M. Jouando, M. Tillier. M. Girardin .ill
showed new seedlings, and between them received no
fewer than 56 first-class certificates from the Jury
specially appointed to judge the novelties. In other
cut bloom classes prizes of honour were awarded
to M. E. Rosette and to M. Paul Oudot.

In the ordinary competitions for cut blooms some
good collections were staged by Messrs. LEVEQUE,
Mommeja, Cavron, Decault, Bigot, Anatole
cordonnier&son, pecquenard, magne.charvet,
Ragueneau, and others too numerous to mention.
M. Pecquenard is only a young grower, but he has
distinguished himself before to-day in the culture of
plants for cut bloom. His collection had some fine
blooms of great size of the following : W. R. Church,
President Viger, Madame L. Remy, M. L. Rum.
Madame Carnot, General Hutton, Marguerite de
Mons, F. S. Vallis, Vierge Montbrunoise, Madame
Paolo Radaelli, in fact, about 100 of the biggesl
blooms in the Show. M. Chakvet's lot was a well-
finished collection, Madame E. Charvet being a pale
lilac mauve Japanese flower of fine form, Madame
Marie Carrere another. Amongst those shown by
Messrs. ANATOLE Cordonnier were some fine blooms
of Zaccharie Bacque, Solange, Souvenir de Cologne,
Luteum, VV. R. Church, Mrs. C. Harman Payne, I
Pilon, Souvenir de Lombez, and others.

Fruit made a grand show, the Apples and Pears being
exhibited in large numbers. The Jury Supiriem
awarded the second grand prize of honour to M
Nomblot Bruneau for a very large collection of fruit
trees, and fruits fresh and preserved. A prize of
honour was awarded to Messrs. CROUX and Son for a
remarkable display of Apples and Pears arranged in a
very effective style. We noticed among the Apples
many German varieties, but beside these then
good samples of Cellini, Cox's Pomona, Reinette de
Caux, Calville Blanche, Lord Raglan, Peasgond's Nmi
such, Emperor Alexander, Reinette du Canada, Jeanne
Hardy, St. Barbe, and how many more it would be
hard to say.

In Pears they were remarkably strong Some fitiel)
coloured well-grown examples were found in Doyenne
du /Cornice, Beurre Dumont, Mane Louise d'Uccle,
Duchesse d'Augouleme, Charles Ernest. Belle An
gevine, Charles Cognee, Beurre Diel, Doyenne d'Hiver,
Fondante du Cornice, Pitmaston Duchess, Beurre
Bachelier, but these form not a twentieth part of the
total on view.

Y Apples and Pears were also contributed by 5i
other large exhibitors.

Messrs. Truffaut and Son, ol Versailles, wen-
awarded a prize of honour for a prettily-arranged
group of greenhouse flowering and foliage plants A
similar'award went to M. C. Maron for Orchids, which
were all displayed in a separate room on the right-
hand side of the long corrider connecting the two large
greenhouses. Orchids were also shown by M. Be-
ranek,,M. G. Lesueur, M. Regnier, and one or two
others.

Table de:orations were charming and greatly ad
mired. *M. Gabrielle Debrie, the famous florist of
the Rue'Royale,;had some bouquets and decorations
for tables "and [drawing-rooms that were triumphs of
the floral , art.

A few remarks [on som i of the other exhibits are
due to exhibitors'1 of [miscellaneous subjects. M(
Geo. Boucher shaved Clematis. Messrs. Cayeux
and Leclerc, Dahlias, 'Asters, &c. M. L. BOIS,
Lilies grown by retarded culture. M. Ledoux showed
Peaches, six nice baskets ,"of Balbet, Salway, Victoria

Blondeau, Bourdine, and Belle Imperiale. Messrs.
VALLERAND had a large bed stretching right across the
width of the further greenhouse composed of simple
Begonias in brilliant array, the bed being edged with
Golden Pyrethrum and a border of turf which showed
up the colours most effectively. Mr. George
Truffaut, the well-known horticultural chemist,
had an object lesson in the use of his new manure
" Biogine."

Grapes were shown in the same room as at the May
Exhibition. A prize of honour was awarded to Messrs.
Salomon & Son, who staged a very comprehensive
collection of fruiting vines in pots and Grapes. A
Gold Medal in two classes was awarded to Messrs.
Anatole Cordonnier & Son, of Bailleul : Canon
Hall Muscat, Gros Colmar and Black Alicante were
the finest bunches in the Show. M. H. Whir
showed a collection of late Grapes, for which he
received a Gold Medal. Carnations were shown in
hue form by several exhibitors.

The Banquet.

At mid-day the Officials, the Jury, and the members
of the French N.C.S. Conference assembled at the
Hotel d'Orsay for dinner. The Chair was taken by
the Minister of Agriculture. There was a very large
gathering, about 200 persons being present, and the
proceedings were of the most cordial nature.

When the time arrived for toasts Mr. Viger pro-
posed the health of M. Emile Loubet, President of the
French Republic, which was duly honoured.

He then proposed the toasts of the exhibitors, the
French National Chrysanthemum Society, which had
arranged to hold its annual conference in Paris in
connection with the Paris Show, the members of the
Jury and the Press coupling with his toast the names
ofM. Maxime de la Rocheterie, President of the
French N.C.S., Mr. Harman Payne, the Baron
SOLEMACHER and M LUCIEN CHAURE of the M oniteur
d' Horticulture. All these gentlemen replied in the
order named. Immediately after the banquet the
members proceeded to the Hall of the National Horti-
cultural Society of France, in the rue de Crenelle,
where the first meeting of the Conference was held at
3.30, and of which a short account will appear in a
subsequent issue

BIRMINGHAM & MIDLAND COUNTIES'
CHRYSANTHEMUM, FRUIT & HORTI-
CULTURAL.

November 7, 8, 0.— The forty-fifth annual Show of

this flourishing Societj was held in Bingley Hall.

Birmingham, on the above dates, and although not

quite so large as on some previous occasions, it ma\

be regarded as a good average one.

Many of the specimen Chrysanthemum plants shown

in several classes were not fully developed, and the

prizes for these were divided between two exhibitors.
\\ -■ observed a marked falling off in the classes for

incurved flowei as veil as in those provided for
[apanese blooms on boards. It is very pleasing to be

able to record the last-mentioned circumstance.

Competition in the vase classes was weak in point of

numbers, and the quality of flowers scarcely reached

the Birmingham standard.

Hardy fruits, especially Apples, were represented by

well-grown and highly coloured examples.

A silver challenge cup offered by Sir John Holder.
Bart., President of the Society, for a collection oi
British grown fruit brought seven competitors, whose
produce was remarkable for all-round excellence.

Tables decorated with Chrysanthemum flowers were
quite a feature of the exhibition. Considerably more
than half the space occupied by exhibits was allotted
to honorary exhibitors, who showed superb displays
of gathered fruit, vegetables, greenhouse plants, and
cut flowers which compensated for the weakness in
some of the competitive classes to which reference
has already been made. The arrangements were
not so complete as they might have been ; for instance,
the classes in certain cases were widely separated, and
special cards indicating where particular classes were
located could not be found, which caused the repre-
sentatives of the Press unreasonable delay at a time
when moments are most precious. It was a pity that
such a magnificent collection of fruit as that staged
by Mr. Goodacre should have been placed in an out-
of-the-way corner amongst vegetables.

Chrysanthemums.

For a group of Chrysanthemums in which quality o f

bloom, variety and general effect were to be the leading

features, and for which a prize of £10 [and a silver

subscription challenge cup (to be held by the w:nner

during'the ensuing year, and, [should he be "successful

in winning it a second time, to become his absolute
property) was gained by Messrs. Sandford & Co.,
Hall Green, Birmingham, whose exhibit of well-grown
flowers was artistically arranged and relieved with
Bamboos, Palms, Codiaeums and Grasses; 2nd, J 'A.
Kenkick, Esq., Berrow Court, Edgbaston (gr. Mr. A.
Cryer), who had an almost equally meritorious display
of plants, but which lost points in arrangement. Last
year's first prize winner, J. Whitfield, Esq., Forest
Row, Moseley (gr. Mr. W. Thomson), was placed third
on this occasion.

For a group of plants covering less ground-space
than the last-named, and arranged as grown, A.
Clarke, Esq., Hagley Road, Edgbaston (gr. Mr. J.
Easom), won the 1st prize for a creditable display, and
Mr. E. Burden, King's Heath, the 2nd, with a nice lot
of flowers but arranged stiffly.

A new class provided for decorative varieties to be
arranged as grown, in a space not exceeding 150 square
feet, and for which a 1st prize of £4 was offered, only
drew two competitors. Thinning was allowed, but
not disbudding to single flowers. 1st, Messrs. Sand-
ford & Co., Hall Green, Birmingham, with an effec-
tive arrangement ; 2nd, Mr. C. H. Herbert, Acocks
Green.

Specimen Plants.

For nine large flowering varieties of Chrysanthemum
(Japanese excluded) dissimilar varieties, six Japanese
varieties (dissimilar varieties), three Japanese varieties
(dissimilar varieties), and one large flowering variety
(Japanese excluded), E. Martineau, Esq., West Hill.
Edgbaston (gr. Mr. O. Brasier), and J. A. Kenrick,
Esq. (gr. Mr. A. Cryiri, won 1st and 2nd prizes
respei too!-.

For one Japanese variety E. MARTINEAU, Esq. (gr.
Mr. O. Brasier), was agon awarded the 1st prize, and
E. Burden the 2nd prize

Cut Blooms (Japanese).

ihii. live exhibitors entered in the leading clas, tor
eight distinct varieties, five blooms of each with stems
at least 18 inches long, to be shown in vases. The
1st prize of £5 10s. was won by H. O. LORD, Esq.,
Lilley Brook, Charlton Kings (gr. Mr. F. May). The
best flowers were those of General Hutton, Miss A.
Byron and Bessie Godfrey. 2nd, H. Rowe, Esq.,
Lansdowne Crescent, Worcester (gr. Mr. W. J.
Meadows), whose flowers of Madame P. Radaelli.
Mafeking Hero, and General Hutton were fresh but
rather small in size. 3rd, Rev. G. Arbuthnot. The
Vicarage, Stratford-on-Avon (gr. Mr. H. Hygate)

The 1st prize for six distinct varieties, same conditions
as in last-named class, was won by Lieut. -Col. Beech,
Brandon H ill, Coventry (gr. Mr. E.J.Brooks), with
Mrs. G. Mileham, Bessie Godfrey, Guy Hamilton, J II.
Silsbury, F. S. Vallis, and Mrs. Clive Miller.

For four distinct varieties, R. Barnes, Esq.. Wych
Road, Malvern, took leading position, with J. H.
Win atley, Esq., Barkswell Hall, Coventry (gr. Mr.
H. Westbury), followin

R BARNES, Esq., was placed first for two distinct
varieties, and F. E. Muntz. Esq.. Umberslade Hall,
Hockley Heath (gr. Mr. H. S. Foster), won the 2nd prize.

The 1st prizes for the best vase of five blooms of any
white variety and for one vase containing the same
number of flowers of any yellow variety went to H. O.
LORD, Esq., Lilley Brook, Charlton Kings. F. E.
Mintz, Esq., Umberslade Hall, Hockley Heath (gr.
Mr. H. S. Foster), won the 2nd prizes in the same
classes.

A prize of 15s. offered for six decorative varieties,
six sprays in each vase, was awarded to Messrs. W.
Sandford and Co., of Hall Green, who were the
only competitors. The varieties shown were Source
d'Or, Mrs. H. J. Hampson, Mons. W. Holmes, Mad.
M. Nonin, Mrs. J. Fletcher, and R. C. Radcliff.

Blooms on Boards.

For twelve incurved varieties : The Earl of
Harrington, Elvaston Castle, Derby (gr. Mr. J. H.
Goodacre), was placed 1st, and Mrs. Armfield,
Edgbaston (gr. Mr. C. Batchelor), 2nd.

In a class for twelve blooms (six incurved and six
Japanese) and in another for 24 blooms, (12 incurved
and 12 Japanese), all to be grown within four miles of
Stephenson Place, Birmingham : Messrs. VV. Sand-
ford and Co. beat all comers.

These special prizes were offered by Messrs. W.
Wells and Co., Earlswood, Redhill, Surrey, for the
best flower of Chrysanthemum Mrs. W. Knox or
Bessie Godfrey, to be shown with, at least, one foot
of stem, 1st, Gold Medal and 10s.; 2nd, Silver Gilt
Medal and 7s. 6d. ; 3rd, Silver Medal'and 5s.

552

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November ii, 1905.

The Judges awards were: 1st, Mrs. W. Knox, from
Mr. W. Iggulden, Frome, Somerset ; Bessie Godfrey,
from H. O. Lord, Esq., Lilley Brook, Charlton Kings
(gr. Mr. F. May) ; 3rd, Mrs. W. Knox, from the Donors
of the prizes.

Miscellaneous Plants and Flowers (Open).

In the classes for single-flowered and double-flowered
Chinese Primulas, J. A. Kenrick, Esq. (gr. Mr. A.
Cryer), won 1st prize in each case.

Messrs. Perkins and Sons, Coventry, won 1st
prize for a Bouquet in a competition limited to
nurserymen; 2nd, Mr. R. Winter, Birmingham;
3rd, Messrs. John Pope and Sons, King's Norton.

Nineteen dinner tables, each 8 feet by 4 feet,
decorated with Chrysanthemum flowers, were inspected
by the Judges, and after a very close contest Miss
White, of Acocks Green, was awarded 1st prize, and
Miss A Davis, Woolashill, Pershore, 2nd prize.

Amateur Classes.

J. A. Kenrick, Esq. (gr. Mr. A. Cryer), won 1st
prize for Chinese Primulas and Cyclamen.

For twelve table plants in not fewer than six
varieties, and for six table plants, distinct, W. Man-
ning, Esq., Dudley, took the lead.

Baskets of autumn tinted foliage and berries were
received from ten competitors, and were greatly
admired by visitors generally. Mr. T. Jones, of
Ruabon, whose dainty basket composed of Ampelopsis
Veitchii, Barberries, Privet Berries, Scarlet Oak and
Larch received the premier award ; 2nd, C. A. Palmer,
Esq., Park Hill, Handsworth (gr. Mr. C. Thomas).

The best bouquet of Chrysanthemums was made by
E. Darby, Esq., Selly Oak, and was composed of the
variety Source d'Or.' E. A. Davis, Esq., Woolashill,
Pershore, beat nine competitors with an epergne of
flowers for the dinner table.

Fruit (Open).
In the class for a collection of British grown fruit,
shown on a space of 40 square feet, the Earl of
Harrington, Elvaston Hall, Derby (gr. Mr. J. H.
Goodacre), easily won the 1st prize, with one of the best
contributions of choice fruit ever seen in Bingley Hall.
Muscat Grapes, Peaches and Melons were very fine,
and of Apples, the varieties King of Tomkins County,
Washington, Gascoyne's Seedling. Cox's Pomona and
American Mother were unusually good. 2nd, Mr. T.
Barratt, Mansfield Road, Nottingham. In this col-
lection the Grapes were small and poor, and the Apples
and Pears indifferently coloured. 3rd, The Earl of
Carnarvon, Bretby Park, Burton-on-Trent (gr. Mr
J. Read).

A prize of £5 and a magnificent silver challenge
cup, the latter kindly given by Sir John Holder,
Bart, (who takes a practical interest in the promotion
of British horticulture), were offered for a collection of
British-grown hardy fruits to be grown by the exhibitor,
and to occupy a table of 12 feet by S feet. The 1st prize
was awarded to the Earl of Chesterfield, Holme
Lacy, Hereford (gr. Mr. W. Humphries), whose Apples
and Pears were very handsome. J. Coreett, Esq.,
Impney Hall, Droitwich (gr. Mr. F. Jordan), won 2nd
prize. In this exhibit Apples appeared to be superior
to those in the leading collection, but Pears were not
so good. 3rd, Mr. J. Basham, Bassaleg, Newport,
Monmouth.

In a class for six bunches of grapes in not fewer than
three varieties (open), 1st prize Earl of Harrington
(gr. Air. J. H. Goodacre); 2nd, G. W. FLEMiNG, Esq.,
CI ilvvorth Manor, Romsey (gr. Mr. W. Mitchell) ; 3rd,
\1 F. NEED, York House, Malvern (gr. Mr. J.

Jones). The three best bunches of black Grapes
came from G. W. Fleming, Esq. (gr. Mr. W.
Mitchell), and the same number of bunches of white
Muscat Grapes were sent by the Earl of Harrington
Mr. J. H. Goodacre).

The Hon. T. F. Halsey, Hemel Hempstead (gr.
Mr. H. Folkes) had the best two bunches of white
Grapes (Muscats excluded).

Liberal prizes were offered for dessert and cooking
Apples.

Vegetables.

Vegetables were shown extensively and well. In a
class for a collection of nine kinds, for which prizes
offered by Messrs. Sutton and Sons, Reading, 12 com-
petitors entered. 1st, Lord Aldenham, Elstree, Herts
(gr. Mr. E. Beckett), with grand examples of Ailsa
Craig Onions, Solid White Celery, Prizetaker Leek
and Perfection Tomatos ; 2nd, Mrs. Denison. Little
Gaddesden (gr. Mr. A. G. Gentle); 3rd, Mr. J. HUD-
SON, Mostyn Street, Leicester. In a collection ..I eight
kinds, for which prizes were offered by Messrs. Webb
and Sons Stourbridge. 1st prize, the Hon T. F.

Halsey, Esq., Hemel Hempstead (gr. Mr. H. Folkes);
2nd, W. C. Alston, Esq., Elmdon Hall (gr. Mr.
C Hayes) ; 3rd, the Earl of Carnarvon, Bretby Park,
Burton-on-Trent (gr. Mr. J. Read).

For a collection of nine kinds, in which prizes were
offered by Messrs. R. Smith & Co., Worcester. 1st,
Mr. R. A. Horspool, Ruabon; 2nd, Hon. T. F.
Halsey (gr. Mr. H. Folkes).

The Silver Challenge Bowl offered by Mr. Robert
Sydenham, Birmingham, to the exhibitor who secured
the greatest number of points in particular classes
was won by Mr. R. A. Horspool, Ruabon, with 37
points ; and the Silver Challenge Bowl, open only to
local exhibitors, was secured by Mr. E. Deakin, Hay
Mills, with 39 points.

Notes on the non-competitive exhibits are held over
until next issue.

ENQUIRIES.

Cloches. — Can any reader state where cloches
similar to those used in France in the cultivation
of lettuce may be obtained in this country ? H . W.

Pelargonium Rosamund Wright : S. A . — Can
anyreader give me information of thisvariety, as to
the kind of foliage and flowers that distinguish it ?
W.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Apples with Mites : M. J. W. The supposed
mites aie Aphis, Green-fly. They will do very-
little harm to the fruit now it has been
gathered. Try brushing them off. They will,
however, soon succumb with the advent of
cold weather.

Apple Shoots Diseased : /. P. The older
shoots are badly attacked with canker. This
is the work of a fungus — Nectria ditissima —
and generally occurs when the tree is injured
by frost or any other condition that causes
a wound. In your case the fungus has probably-
gained an entrance through the punctures
made by the coccus of the American Blight,
which exists in the younger branches you
send. Cut away the affected portion and
burn them, and cover the cut surfaces and
wounds on the tree with tar.

Beetle at the Roots of Auriculas : F.W. Pin,'.
Bembidium pallidipes, a very pretty little species,
usually found under stones at the borders of
streams. It is not known to be destructive to
plant life, but, as many of its allies are pre-
daceous, it is just possible that this species has
the same habits It is extremely doubtful if it
feeds upon aphides — we are of opinion that it
does not do so,

Boni Meal for Peach Tree Border; Castle. Use
raw bone meal and half-inch bones in sufficient
quantitv to be easily seen after they have been
well mixed in the soil, when they are preferable
to steamed bone flour.

Chrysanthemums: A.E.T. If the plants are so
infested with thrips, it would bevery dillicult to
destroy the insects now the plants are in flower,
or approaching that stage. Try a fumigation with
one of the Vaporisers. Before raising fresh stock
be careful to obtain clean cuttings, and after-
wards keep the plants free from the pest whilst
they are making growth next season.

Employment: T. C. B. You should write to
the Superintendent of the Royal Horticultural
Society's Gardens, Wisley, Surrey, and to the
Superintendent of the Horticultural Department,
Reading College, Reading, for particulars as to
admission into these respective gardens. To be
eligible for employment in the Royal Gardens,
Kew, a candidate must have been employed for
a period of five years in approved gardens or
nurseries, and must not be less than 20 nor
more than 25 years of age.

Names of Fruits: C. Best. 1, The Queen; 2,
Graham's, or Kentish Deux Ans; 3, Bergamotte
d'Esperen; 4, Triomphe Jodoigne ; 5, Fondante
de Malines ; 6, Van Mons Leon Leclerc.
— Harold Sadler. Bergamot This is a very
old pear of first-rate quality. — F. Howell. Castle
Major Apple. — Hawkes. 1, Reinette du Canada,

2, Hanwell Souring. — F.Q.S. 1, Hoary Morn-
ing; 2, Jolly Beggar; 3, Beauty of Kent; 4,
Rymer. — Enquirer. Jolly Beggar (delayed). —
G.H.P. 1 , Scarlet Golden Pippin ; 2, Grenadier;

3, Waltham Abbey seedling. — Nut. — E.O. Cory-
lus colurna ; not uncommon.

Names of Plants : Gardener. Datura Stramo-
nium (Thorn Apple). — H. E. 1, Sedum Sie-

boldi ; 2, a species of Begonia; send a better
specimen ; 3, Eranthemum pulchellum ; 4, Iso-
lepis gracilis. — H. G. 1, Garrya eliptica ; 2,
send a better specimen with leaves. — W. C,
Petersfield. 1 and 2, Cattleya labiata; 3, Vanda
tricolor; 4, Maxillaria grandiflora ; 5, Aristolo-
chia elegans ; 6, Cypripedium and probably a
bad form of C. x Dauthieri (barbatum x
villosum). — C.B. 1, Adiantum capillus veneris ;
2, Adiantum Waltoni ; 3, Adiantum cuneatum
mundulum ; 4, Davallia bullata ; 5, Asplenium
bulbiferum. — A.B. Phytolacca decandra. —
R.S.P. The fern is Davallia hirta cristata and
the other Tydaea insignis. — T.M. 1, Cattleya
Forbesi ; 2, Cattleya bicolor ; 3, Laelia longipes ;
4, Oncidium barbatum; 5, Masdevallia Simula ;
6, Odontoglossum Lindleyanum. — A.H. P. We
do not undertake to name varieties of Chrysan-
themums. Send to one of the nurserymen who
make a speciality of these flowers.

Plants for the Rockery: A. Williams. The
period for which you require flowering plants
for the rockery, viz., July to November, is not
one of the most plentiful, for you could not
have selected any season when the number of
suitable flowering plants is so limited. Most
of the showy Alpine plants have completed
their flowering in June. It may be that your
knowledge of this fact has given rise to the
enquiry now before us, and the desire to
extend the period of flowering is certainly a
good one. In July, August, and September
the Campanulas will figure strongly. Of
these C. pumila in variety, C. pulla, C. gar-
ganica, and C. g. alba, C. turbinata, C. G. F.
Wilson, C. carpatica, C. c. alba, C. c. Isabel,
C. c. Riverslea, and C. c. White Star are the
best. Very well suited to your damp situation
are Nierembergia rivularis and Gentiana
gelida, G. semptemfida, and G. Andrewsii.
Cordyalis capnoides and C. thalictrifolia
both flower profusely, but, like Zauschnena
calif ornica, prefer a rather dry situation.
Another good species, when planted in loam
and old mortar rubble, is Androsace lanu-
ginosa, whose flowering period is May to Octo-
ber : the plant is of trailing habit. During
September the hardy Cyclamen, C. repandum
(hederEefolium) and C. cilicicum, are very
beautiful and thrive best in a rather dry posi-
tion where they will receive shelter. The first
of these is worthy of general cultivation for its
well-marked leafage when not in flower. Other
good late-flowering subjects include : Cerato-
stigma plumbaginoides, formerly known as
Plumbago Larpentae, and Polygonum Brunonis
(syn. P. affine), which is one of the most effec-
tive of late-flowering Alpine plants. The daisy-
like flowered Erigeron mucronatum is very late
and valuable on this account. Solidago vir-
gaurea and Aster acris nana are 12
inches and 15 inches high respectively, but
are good and showy withal. Sedum spectabile
and its variety atro-purpureum are of the same
height. Silene maritima fl. pi., Statice bellidi-
folia, and S. incana are also' desirable. In
September and October various Colchicums
and the early autumn crocuses may be had in
flower. The only really hardy Mesembryan-
themum is M. uncinatum, with pink flowers,
but it is only suited to a well-drained situa-
tion in an open and sunny position.

Shrinkage in Timber : Pitt. Thoroughly air dried
wood has usually lost about half its original
green weight in the process of drying. This loss
varies slightly with the species of tree, age of
the timber, and the proportion of knot-wood it
possesses ; while the rate at which it has grown
also hastens or retards the process of drying.
The loss in the weight of pit props stacked in
the open air during one summer of average dry-
ness would probably be from 15 to 25 per cent.,
or about one-fifth of their green weight. This
loss would be affected by the place or method of
stacking, and also by the time of year at which
the timber was cut — spring or summer cut wood
drying faster than that cut in winter. During
the winter the process of drying would be much
slower.

Communications Received. — R. A. R. — J. V. & Sons (many
thanks). ~A. B. R.— E. H. J. - L. R. L.-E. E. Rye.-N. B.
—J. T.— W. E. B., Grenada.— H. V— W. J. B.— C. H. P.—
Dr. F., California.— Zola.— H. A. M.— W. J.S.— R. W. D.—
T. G. K.— W. D. & Co.— Y. Z.—T. C— T. C. (photograph).
— C. T. D.— A. H. B.— Gardener.— A. B. W— G. B. M.—
H. M. -O. T.— R. P.— E. J. A.— F. G. B— A. D.— J. H. G.
— W. C— R. H. C— E. J. H.— E. M.S. A.-E. H. J.—
C. R.— H. W.— H.— L. E. W.— A. D. W.-S. M.— H. H.—
M. Jarry Desloges, Paris— A. Pettigrew (with thanks). .1

November iS, 1005.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

353

THE

#Hrbcncrs'orbroniclc

No. 986. -SATURDAY, November 18, 1905.

CONTENTS.

Amelauchier canaden

Aim rican Universities.. 361

Ajbor day at Eynsford.. 361

Bamboos, flowering oi 3G2

Bananas and mea

Berries, foliage, and
,U ied gi assi • for
vases 360

Bool , notici
Sowerby's English
Botany 361

Carnations, winter -
flowering 362

China, plant collei tin

in 355

ithemums ... 356

Downie, the late John,

■ i.il ti i 356

E jaminations in horti-
culture 363

i ■ i patagi 'i'if. i 3 \\

1 ■ \ , Belgian U58

. ay, Mr. W.,
pre jentation to ... 861

Lamont, Mr. William,
,. . i ntation to I I

:.. ;
>r... 361

i n H in. n y

Si . i I , i i . i 1 1 ■ I Mr.

sandro :;:;7

367
.i Fu

Gar Oners' I3G2

■ i es

Birmin ili I l

themum
Bri tish G 'icrs'

A ssociation ; -;

Cardiff Chrj
Chi sti cfield i hi jrs. ... 366

I Lli ■ h Chrys. ... 365

Dartmouth Chrvs. ... 3l>4

Societies —
Devon and Exi U i

Horticultural
Dumfrii sshin and

Galloway 1 1

tural

. rs' Debating
i rli mi i stersh ire Chrys.
Guildford and District

Chrys.

Hanley Chrys.
Hereford Fruit and

Chrys.

Linnean

Manchester and North

of England u

National Chi v
National Fruit Grow-

,i .■ Fedei ation
.

Congress
Royal Horticultural

(Scientific Com-
mittee)

Royal Botanic

Sheffield Chrys.
Sou t hi nd-on-Sea

C hrj s.

v. i it oi !

( III'.-

. ...
ransplanting oi
. multiplication

of

w ork, the
.ii den, the ...

FruitS iih, In

Hard) I
Kitchen
Orchid 1 1
Plants undei
Rose-beds, the forma-
tion of new

lit 17
367

366

■

.; i ;

.; ■
361

3 I

I ■'

. n

358
359

9

■■
359

36]

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Chrysanthemum, Miss Irene Cragg

1m mi exhibit of, by the King's Acre Nursery Company 8M
Memorial window erected to the late John Downie I >6

Nertnes, a group of

Transplanting of Trees, Diagrams illustrating .. ... 3o4
Vase containing Autumn Berries, Dried Foliage and
Grasses (Supplementary Illustration)

TRANSPLANTING.
TlIEKE is no operation connected with the
cultivation ol trees and shrubs upon whose
prop i p rformance so muchdepends as trans-
planting. To its successful accomplishment
not only the health, the proper placing, but
the very presence of a plant in a garden are
due. It may be said, indeed, that it is only
the art of transplanting that makes a garden
possible. In itself, however, it is an evil,
although a very necessary one. With few
exceptions a tree that is rightly placed and in
proper soil is better left undisturbed at the
root.

To understand the full importance of trans-
. planting we have only to consider the typical
root-system of a plant. If a tree or shrub old
enough to have formed a woody stem be care-
fully taken from the ground and examined, it
will be seen to have a root-system somewhat
as follows: Proceeding from the stem there
will be three, four, or perhaps more radiating
main roots similar to the stem in character;
these arc, of course, developed Irom the first
roots emitted by the seedling and become
woody with age. Issuing from them are

other ramifications becoming smaller with
each sub-division til! at last they cease to be
woody and are invested merely by thread-like
organs. Now it is important to remember
that the nutrition of the plant is entirely
dependent on these hair-like roots. All the
other portions of the root-system serve merely
as conduits from them to the stem, and as
supports and hold-fasts for the plant. In
transplanting it will thus be seen how im-
portant it is that as many as possible of the
fini -i rootlets should be preserved. It is to
its power to renew these rootlets quickly, or
to its capability of existing with little lo
vitality until they are renewed, that a plant
transplanting well or badly. The finer
and less woody portions of the root-system
send out these fine fibres more freely and
quickly than the older parts do. For this
i on tiny seedlings may be transplanted
with safety.

Plants like Rhododendrons, and others
belonging to the Heath family, are <
nan .planted because they produce an enor-
mous quantity of fibrous roots close to the
stem, enabling a much larger proportion of
iii d with the soil

than i le with the majority ot lives

and shrubs.

i i occasional transplantation that young

trees undergo in all well

practised for the same reason. The shorten-
ing of the t d by transplanting
induces thi production oi a large quantity Ol
fibrous roots close to the stem, which are thus

easil} removed \ I plant. The tendency

ol the active fibrous coots is to spread out
farthi i and farther away from ihe stem.
equently the longer the tree remains un-
disturbed the greater ihe proportion of them
that have, perforce, to be sacrificed in trans-
planting, and the greater is the risk involved
in its ultimati n m ivai.

A mistake thai is frequently made by public
I i - = and others who have control of muni-
cipal parks and gardens is to purchase at
cheap rates badly rooted trees and shrubs.
Such plants, with their long, clean, vigorous
shoots appear to the uninitiated to be prefer-
able to the short-jointed, comparatively
stunted growths in trees which the nursery-
man has transplanted every few years, and
lor which, consequently, he requires a higher
price. It is, however, a false economy to
plant the cheaper stuff.

Muthods of Transplanting.

The commonest and most simple method of
transplanting is to take a plant out of the
earth with as many of its roots as can con-
veniently be saved and to transfer it to its
new quarters nearly or quite free from soil.
Trees and shrubs to be sent long distances
have necessarily to be dispatched in this state.
For the great majority of young trees and
shrubs with deciduous foiiage this plan is
perfectly safe. For evergreen shrubs that do
not form close masses of roots, as Rhodo-
dendrons do, it is risky. And with both
deciduous and evergreen plants the risk is
increased the older they become and the
longer they remain undisturbed.
«" Scedliners removed from seed-beds, boxes,
•■ etc., to more roomy quarters rarely fail if
care be taken, but it has* to be remembered
C that the younger and more succulent they an

tin less able are they to withstand dryness,
exposure and delay. Seedlings of important
species or varieties have sometimes to be
transplanted whilst they are growing, and ■in
that case it is a good plan to lay them on damp
moss or canvas as they are taken up. After
they are replanted they should be watered
thoroughly and occasionally sprinkled after-
wards if they show signs of drooping. But
with the seedlings of most deciduous hardy
i < and shrubs it is best (and usuallv most
convenient) lo transplant them in the winter
season at the same time as more fully grown
i 'in s.

It may here be said that the same methods
have lo be adopted, and the same principl
govern, the transplanting of all trees and
shrubs, no matter what their size may be—
whether they are seedlings a few weeks old,
or whether they have attained the largest size
at which it is possible to transplant at all.

When the removal of a plant has to be
done, it will be incumbent to decide whether
a proportion of the soil in which it is gro
sh ill be carried w ilh it, or whether it shall be
taken with naked roots only. Several circum-
t will have to be i o isidered, such as the
nature of the plant, the cost and labour en-
tailed, the distance to which the products
havi to be removed, etc. But, generally, it
may be said that old plants, plants that have
been Ion , undisturbed, and most evergreens
should be transplanted with " balls " of earth
attached. On the other hand, young plant,
and most deciduous plants may be moved
with naked roots.

Transplanting Without Soil. — In trans-
planting a tree or shrub without soil it has
always to be borne in mind that the greater
the proportion of fibrous roots that are
retained the greater will be the degree ol
success. With smali plants up to two or
three years old it is, as a rule, sufficient to
push the spade or fork beneath them and

them bodily from the ground, and then
shake them free of soil. But with older
specimens more care and labour are needed.
Lazy and incompetent workmen should ni
be allowed to take up, unsupervised, trees or
shrubs whose roots have spread, say, 3 feet
or more from the stem. With such speci-
men- it is necessary to commence operations
at a sufficient distance Irom the stem (pro-
portionately, of course, to the size of the tree)
by digging a trench; then, by working
inwards towards the stem with spade and
fork, the roots should be carefully shaken free
from the soil. In the case of large specimens

tally, the work should never be hurried.
Roots that have been taken up may, if
necessary, be kept fresh by bundling them
loosely together and covering them with
damp mats or canvas.

In replanting a tree that has been taken up
in the way described, the first consideration
should be to provide a hole wide enough to
allow the roots to be spread out to their
fullest extent. This applies to plants 3 inches
high, but it is more and more important the
larger they are. Roots should never be
doubled back or made to fit the circumference
of a hole. They should be placed in the earth
as nearly as possible in the same relative
positions as they were when taken out.

With regard to the depth at which tp.es
should be planted, the accompanying diagram

354

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November iS, 1905.

will give a good idea of what is right (fig.
134). The mistake of too deep planting is
nearly always made, especially whero the soff
has been deeply stirred, because insufficient
allowance is made for settling. When the
soil is light and sandy, the evil is not so great,
but in heavy or clayey ground it is fatal to
the well-doing of most trees and shrubs.
After a transplanted tree has settled down to
its permanent level, the so<l should cover all
the roots, but should only reach to the
thickened base of the stem. A convincing
lesson may be learnt in connection with this

VV

o c

'

FIG. 134.— A. THE GROUND LEVEL, SHOWING AT

WHAT DETTH A TREE SHOULD BE PLANTED AFTER

REMOVAL.

question of depth from naturally-sown trees.
It will be noticed that there is always some
tendency — and often it is a very marked one--
for the base of the stem to be elevated above
the surrounding ground.

When rc-arranging the roots in their new
quarters the aim should be to spread them
out evenly in all directions. The soil placed
in immediate contact with them, both above
and below, should be well pulverised and
worked well amongst them. A gentle shak-
ing of the stem and main roots will often
facilitate this, but the fingers should be used
to embed the roots properly Transplanting
:s not work for those who fear to soil their
hands. When once the roots are well covered
the soil may be trodden or rammed firmly
about them, but the planter should bear in
mind that the moister and heavier the soil,
the less of this consolidating process will be
needed, and vice versA. The mechanical
effect of water on the roots of newly planted
things is not generally recognised. Nothing
causes the soil to settle about the roots so
thoroughly. It is advisable always to give a
thorough soaking, and this is most con-
veniently done before all the soil has been
replaced. Soil should be in what gardeners
term a " friable " condition at planting time.

Transplanting with Soil attached to the
Roots. — We have now to turn to the con
sideration of the transplanting of trees and
shrubs that are removed with a mass of earth
about the roots. Whilst this is the most
troublesome and costly method, it is the
safest, and should always be adopted for large
or particularly valuable specimens.

So far as the physiology of the plant is
concerned, the operation preSe'n'ts no
problerrfs, for the aim ts lo transfer trie plant
with it*, root-environment practically undis-

turbed. Such difficulties as arise are chiefly
mechanical. With the necessary appliances
and mechanical skill, trees hundreds of years
old can be transferred to new quarters, as
witness the removal of the famous Yew in
Buckland Churchyard, near Dover, by Mr.
Barron in 1880. (See Gardeners' Chronicle,
fig. 18. J But in the everyday routine of
garden work one has rarely to deal with
masses of soil weighing more than one ton.
Below that there is every gradation down to
the seedlings with an ounce or two of soil
attached. Whatever the size may be, the
object is the same, viz., to transfer intact
the " ball " of earth with the roots that per-
meate it. With small plants the task is
easy. The " ball " may be kept together
with the hands; often it may be carried from
one place to another on a spade or fork, or
on a wheelbarrow or truck. But, the larger
the " balls " are and the less matted be-
come the roots, the more careful has the
planter to be. Still, the main object is
always the same, and that is to keep the
"ball" from breaking. With Rhododen-
drons and such-like plants with dense masses
of fibrous roots, it is often self-supporting,
but usually artificial support is necessary.
This is best afforded by shaping the " ball "
to a cylindrical form and binding it together
with two cords, one near the top, the other
near the bottom. The " ball " should first
be wrapped in stout canvas or matting, and a
few thin boards should be inserted between
it and the cords, so as to prevent the latter
cutting into the soil. It is very important
that the cords should be made as tight as
possible. This is done by making a noose at
one end and after threading the other end
through the noose, giving a man's strength
to the work. An instrument called the
tourniquet is sometimes used for the purpose
of tightening the cords.

After the soil has been supported in some
such manner as that described, the ball has
to be partially undermined, first on one side
and then on the other, and a pair of stout
lifting boards inserted. The plant is then
ready to be lifted out of the hole and carried
away to its new position. When the weight
is greater than can be managed by a few
men, mechanical appliances have to be used.

In the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew the
removal of plants weighing (with soil
attached) 4 to 5 tons is commonly practised,
and with not more than 3 per cent, of
failures. Most of them are transplanted with
the aid of machines.

There would be no profit in attempting to
explain the working of these machines. An
intelligent labourer can learn to use them in
a very short time. But, as a matter of fact,
the great majority of gardens have nothing
of the kind, and the operator has to rely on
such simple appliances as an ordinary estab-
lishment affords. It is not easy at once briefly
and clearly to describe the transplanting of
big trees. It is an operation in which a little
experience counts for more than pages of
print. But the following explanation is
offered as an aid to the reader who has not
had the opportunity of assisting at the re-
moval of a heavy plant, and who has no
transplanting machine at his disposal. A
little thought should be given to the method
of carrying out a plan of operation before the
w ork is started.

To remove a plant weighing, say, from 1
ton to 4 tons, the following material is neces-
sary : A stock of stout planks of various
lengths and thicknesses, three or four wooden
rollers, a lifting-jack, sufficient stout canvas
(or matting), and soft cord to lie up the ball,
and the ordinary garden-too' s.

The following is the routine for trans-
planting a tree or shrub with a mass of soil
4 feet or more square. However the method
may differ in detail it is sufficiently obvious in
its chief points. The ball of earth must be
supported and kept from breaking; it must
be particularly undermined to admit of lifting
planks being placed beneath it; it must
be elevated sufficiently to allow of rollers
being placed beneath the lifting planks and
for planks to be inserted beneath the rollers
for them lo run on; it must then be hauled
out of the hole and taken to its destination;
Given in more detail, the routine is as
follows : —

Tie up all branches that would be liable to
be broken or interfere with the work.

Mark out the outline of the mass of soil lo
be moved. (This, of course, is a matter for
individual judgment, and depends on the size
and character of the tree.)

Dig out a working trench at each end, but
for the present leave the sides intact. Then
remove the soil carefully with a fork back to
the marked outline so as to preserve the
fibrous roots.

Now undermine the " ball " evenly from
end to end exactly in the middle and at suffi-
cient depth to preserve most of the roots.
The tunnel should be large enough to admit
two stout planks being pushed through. They

r

1 1 — ir— 1 pj.

6

n

A

■

1

C

{

1

-i I I) 1 l^H

FIG. 135.— ARRANGEMENT OF PLANKS FOR PLACING
BENEATH THE "BALL" OF A TREE WHEN LIFTING
FOR TRANSPLANTING.
A. A .—Lifting planks. B. B.— Board at each end of
"ball" resting on the lifting planks A. A. C. C — Slighter
boards at the sides.

are the lifting planks, and will have to bear
the entire weight. They should project at
least 6 inches from each end of the " ball."
(See fig. 135, AA.)

Hitherto the sides have been left undis-
turbed because the soil can be more safely
undermined, but the trench should now be
carried round the whole of the "bail." Sup-
port it by binding cords and canvas in the
way described above. Strong boards from i£
to 2 inches thick should now be inserted one
at each end of the ball, above (and resting on)

November 18, 1905]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

::.».,

*he lifting planks. No more soil than is just
sufficient to make room for them should be
removed. (See fig-. 135, B.)

Above these again at each s;de must be in-
serted another board of similar or rather less
thickness. (See fig. 135, C.)

The tree is now ready for removal either
by a machine or by rolling. In the latter case
the ball must be elevated by means of the
lifting boards, using a jack for the purpose.
It will have to be elevated sufficiently to
allow of stout wooden rollers being placed
beneath, also planks beneath the rollers for
them to run on. An inclined plane has to be
made, up which the mass can be hauled, and
then taken to its destination-

In replanting the tree the processes de-
scribed above are simply reversed, but the
following reminders may be useful to begin-
ners : The depth of the hole should be care-
fully made to correspond with the size of the
"ball," and allowance must be made to
correct any tilt the tree may have had, by
making the hole deeper at one end or side
than the other. A trench running along the
hole from end to end must also be made to
allow space for the lifting-boards to settle
down and be easily extracted. IV. ]. Bean.
(To be continued.)

LEAVES FROM MY CHINESE
NOTE-BOOK.

.Mount Omi : —
(Continued from page 324.)

In ascending any high mountain, especially in
these latitudes, it is always instructive and
interesting to note the aggressiveness of the
temperate flora. Mount Omi offers special
facilities; for obs:rving this phenoninuii. Every-
thing looks so smiling around us fiat nature
seems to be always at pe ce. Howe er, 111 the*;
days everyone is alive to the fact that a relent-
less war is being continually waged on all sides,
and every inch of ground is contested. It is well,
perhaps, plants cannot speak, or the groans
around us would be too much for poor humanity !
But to note the struggle. Cornus macroph, 111
manages to get nearly to the base. It is followe 1
closely by several species of Maple, Acer Davidi
being particularly prominent, and a Birch —
Betula alnoides var. pyri folia— several species of
Viburnum, Pyrus, Rubus, and Cerasus, are also
well to the fore. However, it is in the hinter-
land (4,500 to 5,500 feet) that the main battle
between the zones is fought. This narrow belt
is one of the richest I have been privileged to
botanise in. Of plants peculiar to it, I may-
mention Halesia hispida, jEsculus chinensis,
Euptelea Davidiana, Pteroc.irya hupehen<is,
Decaisnea Fargesii, and the monotypic Terra-
ceatron sinense, and Davidia involucrata. At
least five species of Maple occur, viz., Acer
laetum var. tricaudatum, A. Francheti, A.
Davidi, A. Oliverianum, and A. reticulatum.
There are many fine specimens of e^ch of these
species. I measured one tree of Acer Oliveria-
num, 50 feet high, girth 11 feet, five feet from
the ground. Akebia quinata and several species
of Euonymus and Ilex are common. The bulk
of the larger evergreen Lauraceae have given up
the struggle, and evergreen Oak and Castanopsis
have taken their place. Monkeys are common,
and they seem very fond of the fruits of the
Decaisnea, the seeds of which, however, I note
they cannot digest.

Emerging suddenly from a dense thicket en to
a narrow ridge 6,100 feet above the sea level,
a magnificent view presents itself. Above,
gigantic limestone cliffs, which ultimately cul-
minate in the Golden Summit ; below, valleys
and plains filled with a dense cumulus of fleecy
clouds, the higher mountain-peaks jutting out
like rocky islands in the ocean ; to the west, the

mighty snow-clad ranges of the Tibetan border,
80 miles distant as the crow flies, stretching
north and south as far as the eye can range

The contrast in the floral zones is equally
startling and grand. Below, until lost in the
clouds, one mass of rich smbre green ; above,
autumnal tints of every hue, from pale yellow to
the richest crimson, relieved with clumps of
magnificent Silver Fir ; the whole bathed in sun-
light, with the gentlest zephyr moving the air,
and gorgeous butterflies flitting here and there
seemingly unconscious of winter's near ap-
proach. The stillness and quiet are most im-
pressive, broken only by the warbling of an
0 casional songster in some adjicent tree or
bush. The unspeakably glorious autumn >1 tints
are principally due to the foliage of numerous
Species of Viburnum, Vitis, Pyrus, and Acer,
together with Enkianthus himalaicus, which
outdoes tiiern all in the richness of its crimson
leaves.

At 0,200 feet Cunninghamia sinensis gives up
the struggle, having fought gamely til it is
reduced to the dimensions of an insignificant
dwarf. Abies Fargesii now assumes the sway,
and right royally does it deserve it, for no finer
Silver Fir exists in all the Far East. Its lare,e,
handsome, bluish-black cones, at first erect,
bend as tiiey ripen to the horizontal. The tem-
ples on the higher parts of the mountain are
constructed almost sol \ • of this timber. It is
known as the "Leng-Sha" (Leng meaning co'.d,
and Sha is a general term for all Conifers save
Pines). It occurs on the higher peaks of the
Ta-Pa-shan range in Ilupeh, and is common on
all the high mountain, about here, and as far
west as Tat en-lu. On Mount Omi its lowest
limit is 6,000 feet, where it is a miserable-look-
ing plant ; yet at 6,500 feet it is a handsome
tree. However, it is between 8,500 and 10,000
feet that it reaches its maximum. In this belt
it is a simple matter to find sc res i f trees 60 t )
100 feet high, with a girth of 10 to 12 feet.
Tsuga chinensis (Tit h Sha = iron Sha) occurs
but sparingly, and an occasional Yew, Taxus
baccata, with a dwarf Juniper on the summit,
completes the list of Conifers noted on the
higher parts of the mountain. At 6,200 feet the
ascent, never easy, becomes more and more
difficult. Having at length ascended a formid-
able staircase of 800 feet, we were glad to rest
at the temple of Hsi Hsiang Chub. All the
temples are situated in lovely and romantic
spots, and none more so than this, which on one
side abuts on the edge of a precipice, and is
surrounded by a grove of Silver Fir on the other
three.

While the priests regaled up with tea and
sweets, we questioned them, and learned much
that was curious and amusing. It seems that it
was on this particular spot that P'u-hsien P'u-sa,
in the form of an elephant, first alighted on the
mountain and proceeded to wash his feet in a
pool of water close by, the particular spot being
marked to-day by a large cistern. Immediately
on leaving the temple, another steep staircase
was encountered ; this over, we rested again. On-
ward 0,003 more. Another staircase, then a slight
descent, and we meandered across a small pla-
teau shelving away on one side with a vertical
precipice on the other. Familiar deciduous trees
and shrubs surrounded us, inviting investigation.
Pyrus microphylla was particularly common,
and its corymbs of white fruits very conspicuous.
Hydrangea scandens here ascends to the tops
cf the highest trees. Several ether species of
Hydrangea grow epiphytically on the large tr es,
and so also do two or three species of Pyrus,
including P. Aucuparia. Herb^ were over for
the season, though an occasional late flower of
Delphinium, Calth 1 and Epilob.um angnsti-
folium enlivened the path. Three species of
Primula (not in flower) occur hereabouts, viz.,
P. ovalifoha, P. argutidens and P. Veitchii.

Rhododendrons, the first bush of which I
noted at 4,800 feet, were now! fairly abundant,
especially on the edge of the precipice. Alto-
gether I noted thirteen species on this mountain.

Hi wever, compared with the sister mountain
(Mount Wa), Mount Omi is poor in Rhododen-
, and the same remark applies to the genus
Primula.

Ai 0,000 feet the worst staircase of all was en-
countered, and I was fairly exhausted when the
top of it was reached (alt. 10,100 feet). Winter
had laid his stern hand more heavily here, and
most of the trees and shrubs were leafless. At
10,000 feet a dense scrub of dwarf -Bamboo puts
in an appearance, and increases as the summit is
approached, until finally it crowds out nearly
everything else.

From the top of the last staircase (10,100 feet)
an easy path leads to the summit, which we
reached just as the sun was setting behind the
snow-clad ranges of the Tibetan border, illumin-
ating everything in a wealth of gold for a mo-
ment or so before it finally disappeared.

A brief twilight, and a rapid fall in the ther-
mometer caused us to hurry inside the temple
to supper and an early bed, and to sleep a
dreamless sleep.

A perfect night succeeded the day, and my
hopes were high for the morrow. Alas ! a thick
fog and drizzle of rain is what I awoke to find.
The terrible precipice in front and a more or less
gradual shelving away behind are all one can
make out of the lay of the land. To find out what
the summit is really like a walk through the
dense Hamboo scrub was undertaken, and re-
sulted in a thorough drenching. The precipice
extends in a more or less southerly direction for
ne irly two English miles, and the top of the
mountain shelves away towards the .west by
quite an easy gradient. The summit is covered
with dense scrub of dwarf Bamboo, with a few
bushes of Willow, Birch, Pyrus, Berberis,
Rhododendron, Spiraea, and Uosa sericea inter-
1. Near watercourses the shrubs were
particularly abundant. CI mats nontina was
abundant trailing over the shrubs. It was in
fruit, but I had a vivid recollection of what it
was like on the summit of Mount Wa last June.
At least five species of Rhododendrons grow on
the summit, but, judging from the paucity of
issels, they flower but sparingly. Fine
groves of the Silver Fir occur in places sheltered
from the winds. In fully-exposed places the
Silver Fir is very stunted, as likewise is the
Juniper, which only occurs on the summit.

Around their temples the priests cultivate
small patches with Cabbage, Turnips, Radish
and Irish Potatos. The drizzle of the morning
developed into a heavy downpour, which con-
tinued unceasingly for three whole days, and
on the fourth it still rained. However, having
exhausted our provisions, we were forced to
ml, and we and our baggage arrived
drenched at our resting-place for the night. The
next morning the sun shone. The rest of our
stay we enjoyed splendid weather, and added
quite a considerable number of things to our
collection.

The cultivation of the Chinese medicine
" Huang-lien " (Coptis chinensis) is largely
carried on on this mountain ; between 4,000 and
5,000 feet large areas are devoted to this plant.
It is grown very thickly in beds some 4 feet wide
shaded from the sun's rays by thick layers of
brushwood supported on a frame-work 3 feet
from the ground. It takes four or five years for
the plants to mature from seeds. The flowers
are small, yellow, and appear in late February
and early March. It is the rhizome which is
used in cases of ophthalmia and diseases of the
eee generally.

At intervals in the ascent of Mount Omi stalls
are passed on which the products of the moun-
tain are exposed for sale. These consist chiefly
of a few medicines, quills of the porcupine,
crystals of felspar, sweet tea, and staves for
pilgrims. These latter are made out of the wood
of Alnus nepalensis, and are carved to represent
fantastic dragons and Buddhas. Sweet tea is a
peculiarity of Mount Omi, and is made from
the leaves of Viburnum phlebotrichum. E. H. W .
(2' o be continued.)

356

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November iS, 1905.

JOHN DOWNIE.

There are still among us many who cherish re-
collections of this eminent nurseryman, the head
of the firm of Downie, Laird & Laing (all now
gone before), and trading afterwards in his own
name. He was a true Scot ; kindly, cautious, up-
right, well informed — a florist of the old type.

It is only recently that a memorial window has
been placed in the church at Corstorphine, by Mr.
Downie's widow, who availed herself of the oppor-
tunity offered by the restoration of the church to
erect this memorial of her husband and their son.
The window tells its own tale. The work was
designed and carried out by Mr. N. Bryson, of
Edinburgh, who has long acted as Assistant Secre-
tary to the Royal Caledonian Horticultural
Society.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

HALF-POINT JUDGING.
I think few persons will agree with Mr.
Lockie that half points in judging are not de-
sirable. I find them extremely useful when
judging Chrysanthemums, Fruit, and even
Vegetables. A Chrysanthemum bloom may not
receive justice with four points, but is not de-
serving of five points : the half point then is
most useful. I think if Mr. Lockie were to
practise the use of half points he would change
his opinion. What is his remedy? I would ask.
Because 70 points were allowed at Edinburgh in
one class as a maximum number, that is no
reason why half points are not desirable. The
total of points as arranged in many schedules is
much too high. Why is it necessary to allow 10
points for Muscats, and so on? Would not 7
points be sufficient? E. Molyneux.

CHRYSANTHEMUM " DAZZLER."
This is one of the newer varieties, and pos-
sibly is of no use for supplying large specimen
blooms ; but some bush plants of it which I
saw a few days since at Belton Park bore a re-
markable quantity of rich red-coloured flowers.
The variety is similar to S. T. Wright when
grown as a bush plant, but it flowers earlier,
and is much brighter in colour, being of a
shade that will have good effect when seen under
artificial light. It is the best variety I have seen
among these dark red flowers for growing in
bush form. The specimen blooms at Beltun
Park were also remarkably fine, especially those
of F. S. Vallis, which is one of the most grace-
ful flowers when well grown. Miss E. Fulton
was also very good. Mr. Emerton, the gar-
dener, may be congratulated on his success,
which would have placed him in the front rank
at many of the shows if he had exhibited his
flowers. II'. H. Divers, Belvoir Castle Gardens,
Grantham.

MI'S. W. KNOX.
This new Japanese variety is a distinct addi-
tion to any collection, no matter how small.
Full-sized blooms measure 9 inches in diameter,
and are fully 6 inches in depth, having a well-
built-up centre. The broad florets are semi-
d looping, while in colour the flower is of
cinnamon shade on a yellow base, with an
edging and splashings of purple. A most
attractive variety. E. .1/.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS AT LEIGH PARK,

IIAVANT.
The name of Charles Penford would be of
popular interest even had he raised no other
Chrysanthemums than the famous Duchess of
f utherland in the Japanese section, and the in-
mrved variety, Buttercup, so well shown by
Air. Higgs at the last Crystal Palace Show. But
many other of our be>t Chrysanthemums do we
ewe to the skill- of this inctefatigabk raiser.

Many readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle will be
surprised to hear that Mr. -Penford is an octo-
genarian, and has grown Chrysanthemums for
well-nigh half a century. As an exhibitor he
gained his laurels at the Southampton, Ports-
mouth, and Brighton Shows twenty years ago,
when these Societies were among the leading
ones of the day. Of late years, however, Mr.
Penford has turned his attention more to the
raising of seedlings, with results all exhibitors

copious notes of as parents for future genera-
tions.

Of varieties raised at Leigh Park, Duchess of
Sutherland, Leigh Park Rival, Beauty of Leigh,
Mrs. Chas. Penford, Florence Penford, Mrs. Guy
Paget, Mrs. Chas. Beckett, Duchess of Bedford,
and Miss Mona Davis are all well represented.
They have, however, been so recently exhibited
throughout the country that it is not necessary
to repeat their descriptions here.

Fig. 136.-

-MEMORIAL WINDOW RECENTLY ERECTED I'O THE MEMORY OF THE
LATE JOHN DOWNIE.

of Chrysanthemums know well. Not very many
of the old standard varieties are now grown at
Leigh Park beyond those of Mr. Penford's own
raising. A few novelties from other sources arc-
tried every year, but unless they possess some
characteristic, either in form, size, colour, or
habit, likely to lead to improvements when
crossed with other varieties, they are discarded.
In the general collection I noted grand blooms
of both F. S. Vallis and Mrs. F. W. Vallis,
General Hutton, Mile. R. Oberthur, Madame
Anna Debons, W. A. Etherington, J. S. Sils-
bury, Chrysanthemisle Moritigny, and Mdlle.
Paolo Kadaelli, all of which Mr. Penford has

In the house devoted to novelties there are
many examples of crossing, and among those
named for distribution were those following:--
Sidney Penford, a reddish terra-cotta coloured
llower, after the style of Mrs. F. W. Vallis;
very fine. The variety Mrs. R. Hooper Pearson
was raised by Mr. Penford last year, but the
stock passed to Mr Norman Davis, who has ob-
tained awards Doth from the National Chr\ s in-
themum Society and the Royal Horticultural
Society. The colour is a pleasing shade of lemon
yellow, overlaid more or less with orange and
bronze colour. Leigh Parle Wonder is of im-
mense size and of the deepest crimson colour.

UBEE

'9°5J

THE GAUD EXE US' C II ROM CLE

The Mik ido has rather narrow florets, but of
great length, and of a velvety crimson. Miss
M. Paget is pure golden yellow, like Duchess
of Sutherland, but of different formation. W.
Watson is also a very large flower, ground
colour pale yellow, overlaid with bright red, and
a plant of splendid dwarf habit. Another house
is filled with seedlings of the current season.
Here are represented many new and distinct
types and colours. Many very promising
varieties for the future were to be seen. Others,
agam, bove huge, mop-like blooms, altogether
too coarse for distribution, but presenting some
characteristics for further experiments. Wan-
derer.

1TIE NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM
SOCIETY'S SHOW.
At the recent Show held at the Crystal Palace
there was more comment than formerly on the
way the blooms were staged on the stands by
some exhibitors in the Japanese classes. On
/. 04 of the National Chrysanthemum Society's
Annual Report it plainly states that all exhibi-
tors must have their stands of a uniform size,
viz., 7 inches high at back and 4 inches high
at front for Japanese blooms, and, to add to the
general effect, the blooms in the front row of a
stand should be just clear of the board. I suggest
that the members of the committee in attendance
at the time the flowers are being staged should
instruct the exhibitors to observe the rules of
the Society. What is the use of making a rule
that stands should be of a certain height, and
yet allow some exhibitors to put their blooms
on zinc tubes of extraordinary length? At
the recent Show one set ol stands in par-
ticular had the back row of flowers just 2 feet in
height, measured from the table, and the front
row was a great height from the boards, instead
ot the florets just clearing them. Another prac-
tice which is becoming fashionable is to peg
the lengtheners which hold the water tubes at
such an angle that the top part of the blooms
show to the best advantage, and any defects of
the lower petals on the large blooms are hidden,
so that only judges with plenty of time at their
disposal can properly gauge the merits of each
individual flower that they are expected to
scrutinize. I hope other members of the Society
may have something to say on this subject.
One very notable improvement was that in most
cases a space was allowed between each set of
stands, which is much better than having each
exhibitor's stands staged closely against his
neighbours'. A Member of the N .C.S.

THE CULTIVATION OF NERINES..

These beautiful bulbous plants were introduced
into this country from the Cape as far back as
the year 1767, and it is astonishing, considering
how valuable they are for flowering in a cool plant-
house during the late summer and early autumn
that they are not more extensively cultivated
Among the best varieties in cultivation are Nerine
undulata, N. flexuosa, N, coruscans, N. Sar-
niensis (the Guernsey Lily), and N. Fothergillii ;
but the best f jr all general purposes is a variety of
the last-named — N. Fcthe.-gil! i major.

In these gardens (Blenheim Palace) is a batch,
numbering over 160 plants of this variety, recently
in flower, the individual specimens occupying pots
varying in size from 5| iiches to 10 inches in dia-
meter, and containing from three to thirty bulbs
in their respective sizes. The plants, which have
produced close upon 1,000 flowering s| -ikes this
season, commenced blooming at about Septem-
ber 19, and were at their best condition during
the second week of October. The flowers are
developed in an umbel, on a moderately long
1 1 ver stalk, and average from ten to sixteen indivi-
dual flowers on an inflorescence, according to the
: tli of tie bulb. The colour is a brilliant
;h 1 le bl orange-SGarlet. The accompanying illus-
tration {fig 1 \~), affords some idea of the splend d
effect ^produced by a group of these flowers. At

this season of the year, when flowers ol
quality are scarce, their value is readily apparent
especially to cultivators who are required to furnish
plants extensively for decorative purposes in the
residence. As pot-plants for embellishing rooms,
brightening the conservatory, or for utilising in
groups, they are well adapted, while for table
decoration, relieved with fronds of Nephrolepis
fern, or with spikes of Eulalia, they are admirably
suited.

One specimen plant here carried twenty - five
flowering spikes with an average number of twelve
flowers to a spike. This plant is growing in a
lu-mch pot and has over thirty bulbs.

With the exception of the above the best speci-
men I have seen, taking a bulb average, was one
grown by Mr. John Crook, Forde Abbey Gardens,

into larger-sized pots, or for dividing thoroughly
established plants, is about the third week in
August ; in either case the plants should rei 1
thorough soaking of water before operating.
tes are similar to Vallotas in that they resent
frequent shifting at the roots, and they remain
with advantage for years undisturbed 111 the same
pots. They produce new bulbs very quickly, and
this fact should be borne in mind when potting, and
a suit ible sized pot allowed. Thus, plants from a
si-inch pot should be shifted into one measuring
8£ inches in diameter. When potting divided plants
select the largest bulbs and plant these by them-
selves, pressing the soil about them firmly with the
fingers. Keep the bulbs well up to the surface of the
soil, and, providing the soil is in a moist conditu n,
thev will require no water for some time after

Fig. 137. — group of serines in Blenheim palace gardens.

Chard. It was growing in a 9-inch pot. and had
eleven bulbs, of which ten had developed flower-
ing spikes that averaged thirteen flowers to the
umbel ; some of the larger spikes carried eighteen
flowers. N. undulata was also flowering well
with Mr. Crook.

"A few remarks on the culture of these plants
may be of interest. The most suitable compost
for Nerines is a good, strong, fibrous loam, with
which is incorporated sand, adding about half a
peck of charcoal or crushed bones to each barrow-
ful of loam. Nothing further is required, pro-
viding the loam is of good quality, but if it is not
the addition of a little dried cow dung will be
"beneficial. The most suitallj time for shifting

planting. A slight spraying occasionally over
and about the plants will suffice. Afford shade-
when necessary, and admit air freely, as a too
moist and close atmosphere in the plant-house
will induce the foliage to push rapidly, thereby-
causing weak growth. Place the plants in a
position that is close to the glass. During the
growing season they should be kept as c 1
possible, but frost must be excluded By tin
of April the plants will show signs of resting, w hen
water must be withheld gradually, as the 1
ripening of the bull s forms one of the chii i s icrets
of success. Toward the end of May water should
be withheld altogether, and the plants allowed
full exposure to the sun, and the freest circulation 1 if

858

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November iS, 10,05

air possible ; in fact, a thorough roasting is what
they require To sum up, Nerines require but little
heat in their growing season, are free flowering
subjects, remain for years without disturbance,
and for practically three months in the year
require no attention whatever. I may add I
have never seen them attacked by any insect

.P- St. Pilli:'

FORESTRY.

BELGIAN FORESTRY.
[Concluded from page 308.)

Financial Results. — According to the figures given
to the members of the Royal English Arbori-
cultural Society the prices obtained for timber
and the yield from the various kinds of land under
forest are remarkably good. Beech, for instance,
which is often difficult to sell at any price with us,
sells in most parts of Belgium at over is. per cubic
foot when of fine quality ; while the best class of
timber goes as high as is. 6d., and this in the
forest itself. In the case of Oak there seemed to
be less difference between the prices of the two
countries, the quality of much of the Belgian
timber being very high

Spruce and Scotch Pine, being sold mostly for
pitwood, are more difficult to calculate per cubic
foot, but apparently made about 4d., which is
much al.i ut our own figure for similar stuff where
a market exists for it at all. With the exception
of Beech, therefore, prices in both countries may
be considered much the same. When one comes to
consider the yield per acre, however, it is apparent
that the Belgians can surpass us, owing, in great
measure, to their superior climate, the larger areas
devoted to timber, the few species grown, and the
cheaper railway rates which prevail throughout
the country. As regards climate, it was apparent
that the rate of growth of all species was much
more rapid than that seen, say, north of the Mid-
lands. In the Mnwart domain, the forests of
which have been managed by Dr. Schlich for some
years past, Scotch Pine of about thirty years'
growth was seen, which was from sixty to seventy
feet high. It was certainly growing in ground
better than that usually associated with the culti-
vation of this tree here; but, after making every
allowance for that fact, it was evident that it would
be extremely difficult to find as fast growing a crop
m many part:, of England. Not far from St.
Hubart a crop of Spruce was pointed out about
thirty years of age, which was said to be worth as
many pounds per acre. This crop was being
cleared, and it was stated that the ground before
planting was worth practically nothing; but alter
clearing, root grubbing, &c it could be let at
something like 24s. per acre for agricultural pur-
poses. Whether this was only a temporary rent
for what may be termed the accumulated fertility
of the soil, or a permanent increase in value, was
not quite clear, but allowing for any reasonable
reduction being made in the figures given, it would
appear that climate compensates for soil fertility to
a much greater extent than would be the case
with us

Value of Large Plantations.

But of equal importance with climate in giving
good returns must be reckoned the great ad-
vantage of growing one species of timber in
large masses. This point cannot be too strongly
ed upon those who plant for profit. The
Lble returns made by small woods are not
ulu lly connected with the greater expenses of
growing the timber, but are quite as much due to
the small and insignificant quantity it is in the
ol liif "wner to offer at any one tunc
Willi timber of low value per cubic loot this is
illy the case, for a charge of 2d. or 3d per
cubic fool for haulage, &c, in timber worth not
more than ;,'.! or 6d, when delivered, does not
enable the timber merchant to handle small
ties with any advantage to himself or the

grower from whom he buys it. In the case of
valuable timber, such as Larch, Oak or Ash, small
quantities are more saleable, as there is a wider
margin for profit, and it is only such kinds of
timber that can be profitably grown in small woods
or in small quantities.

Railway Rates.

The question of railway rates is a complicated
one, and much might be written about it which
fcannot be said here. But there can be little doubt
that Continental countries are able to convey their
produce by rail at a much cheaper rate than is
possible at present on British railways. It is a
well-known fact that foreign timber is given an
enormous advantage over British timber even in
this country, although the railway companies
assert that no preference is shown the former.
There is probably a good deal to be said on both
sides, but there can be little doubt that large
quantities, whether it be timber or anything else,
economise handling and transit, and it is difficult
to understand how the miserable samples which
are often seen on railway sidings and trucks can
ever pay for the cost of carting and loading, leave
alone that of freight.

Government Attitude.

In concluding these few notes on the comparison
between British and Belgian forestry, not altogether
to the advantage of the former, it may be permis-
sible to contrast, once more, the attitude of the
Belgian Government towan's forestry and that of
our own. It has often been urged that Great
Britain depends so much upon those immense
industries connected with coal and iron that she
can afford to neglect a slow-paying industry such
as forestry, which can have but an insignificant
influence upon the prosperity of the country as a
whole. Then, again, it has been said that our hill
ranges do not need a forest covering in the same
way that precipitous mountain sides require it.
But the same might be equally as truly said of
1 lelgium, which, for its size, is far more industrial
than Great Britain, equally adapted for the im-
portation of foreign produce, and does not require
forests for soil protection or climatic considerations
to a greater extent than this country. Yet if
Belgium can spend from £20,000 to £30,000 in
reclaiming her waste lands, one would think
Great Britain might do as much, if not more,
without seriously imperilling her financial position,
or taxing unduly her resources. Time has proved,
one would think, that the private landowner will not,
or cannot, take up the work of waste land afforesta-
tion on a large scale, and that if it is to be done at
all it must be done pro bono publico by the State.
It might, at any rate, be expected thai the Crown
woodlands of Great Britain would be as well
managed as those of Belgium. Whether they are
so or not may be a matter of opinion, but facts
speak for themselves. A. C. Forbes.

The Week's Work.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H. Young, Orchid Grower to Sir F. Wigan, Bt.,
Clare Lawn, East Sheen, S.W.

Phalamopris. — The process of leaf formation
is completed, and most of the showy species are
now developing their flower spikes. If the
plants are suspended it will be necessary to
lower them as the spikes continue to elongate,
otherwise they would touch the glass. As much
atmospheric moisture is maintained in the
structure where these plants are growing, per-
manent saturation of the rooting medium would,
if insisted upon, cause harm to the succulent
leaves. Superfluous moss should be picked or
trimmed off, so that an excess of moistur
not be retained around the crown of the plants,
and the affording of water should be by means
of ihe finger tips, when dipping would afford
an over-abundance. Fluctuations of tempera-
ture must be avoided as much as possible, allow-
ing a range of variation equal to 8 or to degrees,
when temperatures outside are at the extremes

during day or night When it becomes necessary
to heat the pipes to an extraordinary degree to
promote a temperature of 70 J, it is preferable to
be satisfied with a much lower temperature, at
the same time keeping the plants and surround-
ing atmosphere drier. A temperature of 5^-"
early in the morning during severe weather will
cause no harm if at the same time the atmo-
sphere is somewhat dry ; otherwise, one of 62-30
would be preferable. The flower spikes should
not be pinched from weak plants until the buds
are developing, or a second spike will be pro-
duced

Pleiom s. - These deciduous Orchids need but
little space for their cutivation, which is easy
providing a few simple cultural details are
observed. The floral scapes are developed from
the young growths, which appear soon alter
the parent pseudo bulbs attain their full dirr.en-
sions, and the flowers push up soon after the
leaves have fallen away. These young growths
make steady progress throughout the winter
months, and early in their career new roots are
projected, hence the necessary re-potting should
be done as soon as the flowers have past, that
the roots may enter at once into the new
material. The most suitable receptacles for
them are pans which measure from eight to ten
inches in diameter, and four to five inches 111
depth. These should be made fully twe -thirds
full with drainage material. The compost we
use here consists of one-third each of peat,
fibrous loam, and sphagnum moss, adding a
good sprinkling of coarse silver sand, small
crocks, and a dusting of dried cow dung. These
ingredients should be mixed well together, and
be made as warm as the atmosphere of the house
before the work of re-potting is commenced.
Soon alter the flowers have faded, shake the
peeudo bulbs free of the old materials, pick off
the membraneous covering, but retain the old
roots, as they are useful together with some
sphagnum moss in forming a small "ball" to
aid 111 the potting operation, the pans being
crocked, [dace a layer of rough moss over the
drainage material, and proceed to fill in with the
prepared mixture, so fixing the flattened pseudo
bulbs evenly and regularly in the mixture that
the young growths will have room to develop,
without crowding each other, and so firmly that
ordinary handling will not dislocate them. The
centre should be slightly raised above the level
of the pot rim.

Position and Treatment. — The potting opera-
tion being finished, the pans containing P.
maculata should be given a position near to the
roof glass in the coolest part of a Cattleya house,
and P. lagenana, P. praecox, P. Wallichii, and
P. Keichenbachiana, a similar position in a cool
intermediate compartment. Xo water should
be applied to the roots for fully six weeks after
re-potting, but at the expiration of that period
immerse each pan to the rim in a pail of tepid
iain-water, so placing the thumbs that the com-
post will not rise out of the pans. Following
this another similar period should elapse before
Water is again afforded, but afterwards more
frequent applications will be needed, if care is
exercised to avoid over-saturation of the roots
during the early stages of growth. As growth
advances and root action becomes vigorous,
copious supplies will be essential, until the
pseudo bulbs are nearing completion and the
leaves decaying.

Pleimie humilis does not flower until the end
of February, remaining dormant through the
winter, consequently nothing should be done
with this until the flowers are over. The pans
may be placed with the other cool-growing
species, and the roots will need no water until
they are re-potted.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. A. Miller, Gardener to Lord Henry C. Bbntinck,
M.P., Underley Hall, Westmoreland.
Lawns must be frequently swept and rolled,
and the present is a good time to level any
portions that are uneven. In order to do
this, cut the turf into pieces of con-
venient size and lift them evenly. If
possible, carry the turves off and spread them
on bare ground, as they spoil if stacked up
together for any length of time. Make the
ground level and firm, and when this has been
done relay the turf and beat it level. I. awns
that are mossy should be raked heavily that the
moss may be dragged out. Then spread on a

November 18, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

359

mixture composed of two parts rich soil and one
part powdered lime. If the grass is thin and the
lawn bare, harrow over the surface and apply a
dressing of lawn manure mixed with fine loam.
Sulphate of ammonia is sometimes mixed with
soil and strewn 01. lawns to destroy fleshy and
broad leaved weedj.

Creepers and oilier Wall Plants. — On the
approach of severe weather, protection should
be afforded these by using mats or branches of
Spruce Fir tied firmly to the wall. In cold dis-
tricts plants such as Abelia rupestris, Buddleias,
( eaiu thuses, Desfontainea spmosa, Magnolia
grandiflora, Smilax aspera, etc., require branch
protection and a mulching over the roots.

Tender Trees and Shrubs. — Bamboos : Mulch
these well with littery manure, the richer the
better, because large plants of Bamboo are the
most decorative. Paulownia imperialis and
Ailanthus glandulosa should be protected about
the roots and stem in the event of hard frost
<>o urring

Alpine Plants. — Androsace lanuginosa and A.
sartnentosa require shelter by having rocks so
placed that heavy rains and snow will be warded
of the woolly foliage. The rosettes of A. sar-
mentosa should be pegged to prevent them (rim
being blown about by wind. Let Morisia
hypogcea be afforded a top-dressing with a com-
post of leaf mould, loam and grit, which should
be worked well underneath the foliage. Keep
.1 -i ens rupicola an. I Onosma tauricum as dry
as possible during its period of rest. Examine
Saxifragas, Sempervivums, and other plants, and
replai e the soil it it has got washed away from
the roots Keep all plants clear of falling
leaves..

Bedding Plants in frames. — Calceolarias,
Violas. Phloxes, Pentstemons, etc., having
rooted, may be afforded air on all favourable
occasions. Remove dead leaves from the plants
and any flowers that may show. Stir the surface
of the sand to prevent moss growing and aid
aeration. Calceolarias are susceptible to injury
by frost, therefore coverings, mats, or tarpaulins
should be in readiness lor their protection.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By VV. H. Clarke, Gardener to sir William Plowden,
Aston Row ant House, Oxon.

The Planting of Fruit Trees. — Continue this
work whenever the weather is suitable, but when
the ground is in ,1 very wet condition it is better
to suspend it for a time, as the necessary solidi-
•ficatioii of the soil about the roots is detri-
mental if earned out under such circumstances.
1 irv Trees require a good loamy soil, free
from stagnant moisture, and of a calcareous and
gritty nature. In planting young trees select
those which are free from " gumming " and that
have no visible injury upon bark or branch. Mix
plenty of mortar rubble and lime into the soil
that is placed about the n ots, and cut back any
loots which have a tendency to grow in a down-
ward direction. Manure, whether in a fresh
condition or rotten, is injurious to the Cherry,
but burnt refuse i i leaf mould may be used in
Us place. Make the soil linn about the roots,
ami in the case of standard or other trees need-
ing support affix suitable stakes at the time of
planting. Varieties of sweet Cherries growing
on walls should be planted 15 feet apart, and
Morellos at 20 feet apart. Orchard standards
require a distance of 25 to 30 feet ; bushes and
pyramidal trees, 12 to 15 feet.

Mahalel and Cherry Slocks. — Cordons, bushes,
and pyramids of the Duke class, also those
varieties having the Morello race in them, grow
and fruit more freely on the Mahaleb stock than
on the common Cherry stock, especially so where
the soil is shallow. Trees on this stock that
have their roots pruned when this is necessary
soon become very fruitful, and they can be
grown in a much less space than other trees.

Selcetion of Varieties. — Those for orchard
standards should be chosen for their hardiness,
such are Kentish Bigarreau, Bigarreau
Napoleon, Emperor Francis, Bigarreau de
Srhrecken, St. Margarets, and Early Rivers.
Other varieties suitable for cultivation against
walls or as pyramids include Governor Wood,
Black Tartarian, Guigne de Annonay (on wall:;
Noble, Frcgmore Early, May Duke, Morello, and
Reine Hortense for culinary purposes. We
grow many more in these gardens, but I have
only mentioned those likely to prove most
r: liable.

Prunin;.. — Cherry trees must not be pruned

1111 ie than can be avoided. If a tree is growii g
t< 0 strong, let the roots be pinned rather than
the branches The fruit is produced on spur;
and on wood made in the preceding year. If the
spurs an- too long they should be shortened to
an inch < 1 their base, and the leading shoots on
young trees should be shortened back as may be
required to induce the formation of other shoots
for the furnishing of the bush or pyramid.
Where young growths can be laid in on older
trees to fill a bare wall space this should be
done.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bcllock, Gardener to E. J. Wythes, Esq.,
Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.
Tree Carnations. — From now onward for
several weeks to come is a most critical time for
the " tree " or perpetual flowering Carnation.
Do not lose a favourable opportunity to afford
structures containing these plants a little outside
air. In the case of those plants that are
developing their flowers a temperature of 550
should be maintained at night, and a rise of
50 allowed during the day. Air may be admitted
on bright sunny days, and just sufficient to
I excessive damp and prevent the atmo-
sphere becoming close and unhealthy. Syringe
the plants with clear water on favourable occa-
sions, but not when the atmospheric con-
ditions outside are such that the plants cannot
become dry before darkness sets in. Apart from
America and Mrs. S. J. Brookes, which I
have mentioned in previous calendars as being
particularly good and reliable varieties for
flowering early in autumn and winter, the
following varieties, Fair Maid, (.'. J. Thornton,
and Enchantress, are also worthy to be
grown. P rom cuttings rooted early in the spring
of this year we are cutting well developed
flowers of good form ; the plants themselves are
strong and free from disease, and I am favour-
ably impressed with the adaptability of these
varieties for early forcing. Curl
able, will easily make roots if inserted at the
present time in small pots, which should be
plunged to the rims in cocoanut fibre or tine
ashes in handlights placed on a stage near the
lie,lu where the temperature does not <
6q°. Plants which are intended to bloom early
in the spring must not be coddled at this stage,
but the i.se of artificial heat is essential on dark,
dull days, to prevent the atmosphere becoming
too moist, and if a free circulation of air is
allowed to pass among the plants, there will be
no danger of them becoming drawn or weakly.
On bright days admit full top and side ventila-
tion.

Souvenir de la Malmaison Varieties. — Where
artificial heat is necessary in order to obtain
early flowers, an occasional inspection of the
plants should be made for red spider, which
must be removed by the use of a syringe and
1 teat water. These plants should be afforded
more moisture at the roots and between the
pots and about the stages than is beneficial for
plants that are growing naturally at this time of
the year, which should be treated strictly
according to my remarks in the calendar for
March 11.

Lilium candidum. — The first batch of bulbs
for flowering from February onward should be
introduced to moderate heat. (See my calendar
for August 12.)

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F. Jordan, Gardener to Dr. Corbet, luipney Hall
Gardens, Droitwich.

Strawberry Plants in Pots should now be removed
to pits or frames for the winter, as they n^ed pro-
tection from heavy rains and severe frosts. The
lights need only be placed on the frames when the
above adverse conditions prevail. If the pots can
be plunged up to their rims in a bed of ashes it
will be better, even after their removal to the
frames. Severe frosts have sometimes the effect
of destroying some of the tender roots, and many
failures may be attributed to this cause. The
variety Royal Sovereign, being tender, suffers
most, and therefore needs a little extra care in
storing. In gardens where pits or frames cannot

' be had for this purpose the pots had better be
plunged up to their rims in ashes out of doors,
leaving sufficient space between the beds so that
bracken or a light covering of straw can be
quickly placed over the plants in severe weather.
Unless a few fruits are wanted very early the

, first batch of plants need not be introduced
to heat before the beginning of December :

but plants should be selected for this purpose
before they are stored, choosing those with bard,
red coloured, single crowns as most likely to re-
spond to moderate forcing. If there are
thousand plants to be forced, a special hou
necessary, in which the plants can be placed near
to the glass. In such a house the forcing can be
done slowly and draughts of cold air prevented.
In many gardens no such provision is made, and
the first plants are introduced into the Early 1 'eai 1]
house as soon as this house is closed for forcing
Take every care to clear the drainage, wash the
pots, and make the plants clean from red spidei
before they are placed in the houses. The plants
will require to be carefully watered, and they
should be syringed regularly, but not excessively.
Let the temperature at night be 400 to 45",
and ventilate the structure freely in favourable
weather. In mild weather, when no fire-heat may
be necessary throughout the night, a little hot
water should be turned into the pipes early in the
morning before water is afforded the plants.

Tomatos. — Plants in lull bearing will now require
a warm and moderately dry atmosphere, with a
temperature at night of 6o° in mild weather,
" employing a little ventilation on all favourable
occasions. Pollinate the flowers daily, and keep
all side growths removed. Apply a top-drf
the plants as maybe necessary, and before they
show signs of becoming exhausted. Pay 1 ireful
attention to the affording ol water and see that the
plants are kept clean and in a good growing
condition.

1

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

I'.'. W. Fvi 1 , Gardi m c to Ladj Wantai i , Lockinge Park,
Wantage, Berks.

Globe Artichokes. — Having removed the surfaci
oil down to ill, in 1 roots and applied a heavj
mulching of good farm-yard manure, we havi
removed the suckers to a place of saletv lor the
winter, and are now pining around the plant-
good mounds ol cinder ashes which we have found
to be the most suitable material for prole, tin ■ 1 hi
plants , I in ne; winter. There need belittle difficulty
in the cultivation ol this vegetable, but at the same
tune there are lew vegetables that show more
clearly the better return obtained by the pain
taking grower. The fleshy scales surrounding the
flower head are the only edible portion, and these
are almost useless unlessproduced under high culti-
vation. Preservation from injury during w inter, and
a proper bleaching of the crowns, are the principal
points to be observed. The best variety is ( Ireen
Globe, anil the proper means of increasing the
stock is by lifting the suckers during the months of
October .uid November.

Endive. — Young plants of Endive are perfectly
hardy, but when the hearts of the plants begin to
develop they are soon injured by sharp frosts.
Any plants that are three parts grown should be
lifted and placed in frames, houses, or boxes.
Boxes are convenient for containing a few roots, to
be placed in darkness, as required, to bleach.

Lettuce. — It will now be apparent that upon the
great majority of soils there is much advantage
to be gained by making successional sowings
during August and September. Large plants
seldom or never pass through the winter satis-
factorily. If the plants are but large enough to
handle when they are transplanted, the more
likely will they be to pass safely through the
winter, whether they are in frames or in the
open ground. Take care of the plants still re-
maining in the seed beds, for these may be of
much value for use early in the year. Afford free
ventilation to plants in frames and prevent damp-
ness by frequently stirring the surface of the
ground and by the removal of all decaying
matter.

Potatos. — It may appear somewhat premature to
think of planting Potatos at this date, but if a
supply of new tubers is required during March and
April attention must now be given to the sets, and
the work of planting cannot be long delayed. If
early varieties are stored too thickly, or in too
warm an atmosphere, the tubers will soon show
signs of growth. Choose the healthiest-looking
tubers for early planting, standing them on end in
shallow trays or boxes in a light, well-ventilated
structure, and when the "eyes" begin to sprout
no difficulty need be experienced in the selection
of one or two of the strongest and best situated at
the upper end of the tuber. In order to be success-
iv}. commence to force very slowly, whether the sets
are planted in pots or frames. The object should.
be to secure short and sturdy growths.

THE GARDENERS CHRONICLE.

[.November i8, 1905.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

SATURDAY, Nov. 18 \

TUES1

WEDNESDAY, Nov. zz

THURSDAY, Nov.

FRIDAY, Nov.

SATURDW, Nov.

Cheetham Hill, Broughton, and
Crumpsall Flower Show.

Royal Horticultural Society's
Committees meet.

Leeds Pax ton Society's Exhibi-
tion (2 days).

Meeting of Council of the British
Gardeners' Association at Royal
Horticultural Hall, 4 p.m.

1 and District Chrysan"
th .-uiuni Show.

National Potato Society's Exhil-i-

23 < iton in the Royal Horticultural

I, Hall, Westmiustej u days).

24 — Royal Botanic Society meet.

, Morley and District Paxton Chry-
5 1 santhemum Society's Show.

-Actual Temperatures :—

London. —Wednesday, Nod. 15 (6 p.m.)- Max. 44"; Min.

36".

Gardeners1 Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,

Covent Garden, London. — Thursday, Nov. 16(10

a.m.): Bar., 29*8; Temp., 40°. Weather — Dull.

Provinc -. — Wednesdxy, Nov. 15 (6 p.m.): Mas. 430

asl o: Ireland; Mm. 54* N.E. Coast of

England.

SALES FOR THE WEEK.

MONDAY NEXT—

■ of Bulbs, Plants, &c, at Steven's Rooms, King

Street, Covent Garden.
MONDAY TO FRIDAY NEXT—

Dutch Bulbs at 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C., by Protheroe

& Morris, at 10.30.
TUESDAY NEXT—

Clearance Sale of Nursery Stock and Greenhouses, at

the Bedford Nursery, Haverstock Hill, by Protheroe

& Morris, at 12.
WEDNESDAY NEXT—

Sale of Palms, Azaleas, Bulbs, &c, at Steven's Rooms,

King Street, Covent Garden.

WEDNESDAY NEXT—

Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Roses, &c, by Protheroe &
Morris, at 67 St 68, Cheapside, E.C., at 5.

WEDNESDAY NEXT—

Third Annual Sale of 30.000 Fruit Trees and Bushes, at
Piatt Nurseries, Borough Green, Kent, by order of
Mr. J. W. Todman, by Protheroe & Morris, a't 11.30.

FRIDAY NEXT—

Capital Freehold Property, Reliance Nursery, or Jude
Farm, Binstead, Alton, Hants, with Residence, I
low, Buildings, Greenhouses, and 21 Acre-, at the Mart,
Tokenhouse Yard, EC, by Protheroe & Morris, at 2.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

V Editor am. Publisher. -Our Correspondents would
obviate delay in obtaining answers to their communica-
tions, and save us much time and trouble, if they
kindly observe the notice printed weekly to the effect
that all letters relating to financial matters and to
advertisements should be addressed to the Publisher;
ami that all communications intended for publication, or
referring to the Literary department, and all plants to be
■I. should be directed to the Editok. The two
departments, Publishing and Editorial, are quite distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise when
letters are misdirected.

We have received the following

Royal communications, with the request

Botanic, ^

Society. that we should make them public.
We offer no comment on them at
the present time beyond pointing out that when
the Royal Horticultural Society was, some
years ago, in a similar position to that in which
the B >tanic now is, rescue was secured by
the adoption of a strictly horticultural policy,
by the strenuous efforts of many who had
the interests of horticulture and the welfare
of the Society at heart, and last, not least,
by the lowering of the rates of annual subscrip-
tion. It cannot be said that the reputation
and status of the Horticultural Society have
been lowered by this reduction of the subscrip-
tion-rate, whilst, on the whole, at no period
has a greater amount of valuable work been
accomplished than at present: —

" A meeting of this Society has been summon* .1
for Friday, the 24th inst., at four o'clock, to vote
on a proposal to be submitted by the Council to
raise the Fellows' annual subscription from two to
three guineas, on the ground that this increase is
5 essential to keep the Society in existence, as the
liabilities now exceed ^30,000.

"This proposal is so drastic and the financial

position of the Society so serious that many of the
Fellows have embodied their views in a com-
munication they intend to submit to the Council,
a copy of which I enclose.

" While the Council are able to use and are
using the whole organisation of the Society to
obtain support for their motion the Fellows have
to act more or less singly. The future of the
Society is a matter of such public concern that I
venture to ask you to allow me through your
columns to invite Fellows to communicate with
me if they desire to know the non-official views
as distinct from those put forward by the Council.
"J. S. Rubinstein.

" 76, Addison Road, Kensington, W., November 10,
1905. ■ •

" To the Council, Royal Botanic Society.

" We the Fellows of the Royal Botanic Society
whose names are appended hereto desire to place
on record the reasons for which we are unable to
support the pending proposal to be brought for-
ward by the Council at the Fellows' Meeting to
be held on the 24th inst., to alter the bye-laws in
order to increase the Fellows' annual subscription
from 2 to 3 Guineas.

" We are fully aware of the fact that if the
Society is to go on the present annual income
must be largely supplemented, but in our view the
proposal now made is futile as a method of
meeting our present financial difficulties or of
securing a larger income in the future.

" It is exceedingly doubtful if the increased
subscription can legally be claimed from the
present Fellows. If we are right in our view it
can only be claimed from new Fellows. You have
repeatedly enlarged on your difficulty in obtaining
an adequate number of new Fellows, and it is
obvious that an increase in the subscription must
add to this difficulty.

" We take this opportunity of indicating plainly
what in our views are the causes that have brought
about the Society's present deplorable condition
and the steps that must in our opinion be taken it
the Society is to be rescued from extinction

" The present critical condition — critical because
our liabilities have been increasing yearly until
they now reach a total of over £30,000 — is in our
opinion due solely to mismanagement and to an
attempt to restrict the use of the Gardens to the
personal enjoyment of a comparatively few in-
dividuals not specially interested in the science of
Botany. Instead of holding at arm's length those
who are engaged in the pursuit of horticulture
in this country the Council should, we consider,
have encouraged or welcomed them. Had this
policy been pursued there is not the least doubt
that tne Royal Botanic Society would have been
as it ought to have been identified with the recent
universal revival of interest in horticulture.

" The Charter which was granted in 1S39 author-
ised the formation of a Society ' for the promotion
of Botany in all its Branches and its application to
Medicine, Arts and Manufacture, and also for the
formation of extensive Botanical and Ornamental
Gardens within the immediate vicinity of the
Metropolis. ' It vests the management in a Council
of 32 Fellows, eight of whom were to be removed
and eight elected by the Fellows at each annual
Meeting in August, and power is given to the
Council to make Bye-laws not ' repugnant ' to the
Charter.

"The Bye-laws made by the Council for the
regulation of their own election are in our view
wholly ' repugnant ' to the Charter, and cannot be
sustained belore any tribunal, They give the
Council the right to select the 8 retiring Members
and to nominate the 8 Members for election. The
names are to be brought forward at a Meeting in
June, and they are then binding on the Society
unless within seven days after this Meeting at least
6 Fellows give notice of other names. The Mem-
bers are thus elected or re-elected by the Council
itself in June, the names on the two Lists being
nearly always identical. The Fellows at the
Annual Meeting in August have no option but to
endorse the June lists. The result is that the
general lines of management are confined within
the narrowest of traditional grooves — grooves that
are wholly repugnant to the Charter and quite
unsmted to the changed and changing character of
the times.

" You have thus not only kept the selection of
new Members of your own body entirely in your
own hands but you have systematically denied to
the Fellows the right to say an effective word, For
instance even at Fellows' Meetings no one is
allowed to move a Resolution of any kind, not

seven by way of recommendation to yourselve.
Recently on three occasions at the Fellows' Meet-
ings on the 23rd June, the 28th July and [at] the
Annual Meeting on the 10th August you refused to
allow a Resolution to be discussed for the appoint-
ment of a Committee of the Fellows to consider the
position and to confer with you as to the best
methods of improving the condition of the Society.
It is proposed to bring this Resolution forward
again at the Meeting on the 24th inst., and in the
best interests of the Society it is sincerely to be
hoped that you will then allow it to be considered
and voted upon.

"We would ask how it is possible in these days
for any Society to exist managed as ours is on such
archaic and unbusinesslike lii

" The only hope that in our view the Society
has of surmounting its present difficulties and
entering on a new life of usefulness and vigour
is for it to adopt an enlightened policy framed to
attract new Fellows and secure the support of
those engaged in education and in horticulture
and of the general public. Such a policy would
doubtless involve many innovations. The funda-
mental changes that must in our opinion be made
include :

" 1. The election on the Council of an adequate number
of persons (a) of botanical or horticultural attain-
ments tli) 1.1! I .1 tni ss aptitude.

"2. The division of the scientific and administrative
branches of the Society's work, a competent Manager
being found to supervise each branch.

"3. The provision of greater facilities for students and

t)i. ise engaged in horticulture as a pursuit.
" 4. A thorough revision of the Bye-laws.

" If the first suggestion is adopted the many
ils for reform that have for years past been
rejected or ignored can be reconsidered and dealt
with on their merits. These include : —

" ti) The expediency of encouraging Horticultural So-
cieties and arranging for their Flower Shows be-
ing held in our Gardens.
The re-institution of Fruit Shows.
The institution of Musical Promenades on the days
the Gardens are open to the public.
The erection of a large Flora] Hall to serve as a
Winter Gardens wherein Exhibitions and Receptions
could be held in any weather.

'• With regard to the second suggestion anyone
who has been brought into touch with the work oi
the Society knows how very far the Office manage-
ment falls short of what it should be. The entire
reorganisation of the Office work is we consider a
matter of urgent and vital importance.

" You have frequently urged (without any justi-
fication) that a Section of the Fellows desire to
turn the Gardens into a place of amusement
similar to the Earl's Court Exhibition. We do not
know any Fellow who entertains this view, On
the contrary we believe the desire of the general
body of Fellows is that the intention of the Charter
shall be fully carried out. The provision of bands
at Exhibitions and Shows in fact at any time
cannot be considered as in any way contrary to the
Charter.

The Gardens are so delightfully situated and can
be so easily made to serve their proper educative
purposes that we view with dismay the prospect of
the Society coming to an end. We have we believe
equally with every Member of the Council its
welfare at heart.

"The Fellows being denied the right to give
practical expression to their opinions we are
impelled by means of this communication to bring
our views to your notice.

" Dated this 10th November, 1905."

'(2)

'(3)

>M

Decoration of Dwelling-rooms in Win-
ter. (See supplementary illustration.) The autumn
foliage of trees and shrubs, with its beautiful tints
and rich colours, will soon be unavailable for use
in the decoration of dwelling-rooms. In these
circumstances the magnificent vase of skilfully
arranged and carefully selected species of grasses
and other plants, shown in the supplementary
illustration to this issue, may afford hints to thoiie
of our readers who have to economise in respect
to the use of cut flowers, or who desire to obtain
greater variety combined with good , lasting qualities.
The Vase is one arranged for Lady Wantage, and
was photographed in one of her ladyship's apart-
ments at Lockinge Park, Wantage. Some ol the
principal plants in the arrangements are Ph\ ~,ilis
Francheti, P. Alkekengi, Clematis vitalba. Hnmea
elegans, Gypsophila paniculata, Eulalia zebnna.

Supplement to the "Gardeners" Chronicle."

A Vase of Ornamental Grasses, etc., as used for Winter Decoration
by Lady Wantage at Lockinge.

Bradbury, AgneW & Co., Ld., Printers, London and TonU'idgo.

November i!>, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

3(J1

Arundo Donax variegata, Typha angustifolia, T.
latifolia, Gynerium argenteum (Pampas Grass),
I.unaria biennis (Honesty), and a selection of the
most ornamental of British grasses. Some of the
vases utilised at Lockinge by Mr. Fyfe in the
manner shown in the illustration are 6 feet or
more in height.

Fitzroya patagonica. — The flowers of this
handsome Chilian tree have hitherto been de-
scribed as dioecious. Kent, in Veitch's Manual,
ed. 2, p. 199, says that none of the " Chilian Fitz-
i.iv mg in Great Britain, so far as they
have been observed, produce staminate flowers,
hut ovuhferous strobiles are produced in great
profusion from an early age of the tree." Mr.
A \ Pettigrew now sends us from Hewell
tershire, specimens showing the
and female spikes on the same branchlets,
so that the tree 1 , occasionally, at lea
The male flowers are like those of Podocarpus or
: 1, in short cylindric spikes about 1 cent.
Bang, pla< ed at the ends of the branchlets. the
litems with the leaves, each scale
ng two rounded anthers at the base.

Presentation to a Nursery Manager. —
Mr William Lamont, manager to Mr. John
Downie, Beechhill Nursery, Murray-field, was
tly presented by a number of gardening and
other friends with a gold albert, travelling bag,
and umbrella on the occasion of his leaving the
district.

Eynsford Areor Day. — The following is the

programme to be carried out in this Ki

tillage to-da; -.member 18th, 1905: n a.m.,

lather permitting) in various parts

pi the village. Noon, Meeting ol school children

to assist in planting a lime tree in the centre of

the village. Part-Song " God Save the King."

p m., Dedication Service in the New Drill

1 3.30 p 111 . Meet;;:;, at which The Right

Hon. Sir William IIu:j Dyke, Bart., M.P., ac-

1 'lie d by Lady Emily Dyke, will declare the

Hall open. The Chrysanthemum Show will be open

in the evening and also on Monday. November 20th.

The Rev. David R. Williamson, F.N. CM.,

lent of the British Guild of Musicians, has
been elected a Vice-President and Member of the
Council of the Society of British Compose 1
the nomination of Dr. Lendon Bennet, D.C.L.

National Chrysanthemum Society. — The

annual dinner will take place at the Holborn
Restaurant, High Holborn, W.C., on Tuesday.
November 28, 1905, at 6.15 p.m. sharp. Charles
E. Shea, Esq. (President of the Society), will preside.
The Committee particularly request the presence of
exhibitors at the November Show entitled to re-
ceive cups or medals. The presence of ladies is
specially desired The Challenge Trophy, the
Holmes Memorial, and other cups and medals
will lie presented to the winners during the evi
Tickets 5s. each (exclusive of wine). G. R
Secretary.

The International Botanical Congress,
Brussels, 1910. — The death of Professor
V.kkera has necessitated the election of a new
President of the Organising Committee. Count
Iverchove de Denterghem replaces Professor
Errera. With the Count is associated M.
I Iurand, the Director of the Brussels Botanic
Garden.

American Universities. — The total amount
of private benefactions to University Education in
the United States during the last 30 years, says
Nature, was 40 millions sterling, irrespective of
Government and State grants. For the same
period in Great Britain the amount was 5 millions.
There are about as many professors and teachers
in America as there are students here. It must be
remembered that our population is about 42
millions, as compared with about 77 millions.

Varieties. — " If the money, time, and labour
expended in the growing, maintenance, and ad-
vertising of these three hundred different varieties
were concentrated on the development of better,
truer stocks of say twenty or even fifty of the most
distinct and desirable sorts it would be of adva I
to the seedsmen and of immense benefit to their
customers." These words were spoken by Mr.
Tracy of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
at a meeting of the Society for Horticultural
Science. They were uttered in connection with
Lettuces, but it is obvious that they apply with
equal force to Potatos, Apples, Peas and other
vegetable products in which the differences at
slight as to preclude exact definition.

Presentation to Mr. W. Greenaway. —
On the occasion of the 43rd Show of the Oxford-
shire Chrysanthemum and Fruit Society, the
Secretary, Mr. W. Greenaway, was presented
with a cheque foi i a testimonial to his

twenty-five years n that capacity. Mr.

Greenaway. who i of age, has been

or less connected with floral societies in Oxford
for a period of 40 years.

A Mayoral Nurseryman. — Mr. A. E. Town-
send, head of the linn n I. Jarman & Co.,
nurserymen, Chard, lias been elected to fulfil the
duties of Mayor of that town for the ensuing year.

Sowerby s " English Botany."
thirteen volumes of this in

by the late Dr. BoSWELL and by Mr. X. I
Biiuwn, are now offered by the Caxton Publish-
ing Co., 84, Chi ■ l . ne, on the instalment
plan. An immediate payment of one guinea,
and a subsequi n talment of a like

amount, will en sun the delivery of the work at
once. For m oi British plants the

is invaluable.

Sterilising Soil. — The Joui
°f Agriculi, tembei quotes the foil

account of a n I ilising soil given in a

recent Bulletin of the United Stati D lartment
of Agriculture: — "Sterilisation can be carried
on in boxes 12 to 15 inches or iS inches d
the bottom of which are steam pipes with per-
fi 1 itions ever) 2 inches, the perforations being
about one sixteenth of an inch in diameter, and
so placed that they are on the under-side of the
pipe. The pipes are arranged in coils and dis-
tributed far enough apart to allow the blade of a
spade to be worked between them. A lid to lift
the top of the box should be provided, and the
box sh iuld be made to hold one or two cartloads
impost After subjecting the soil to the
in tion of the steam a sufru iently long time to
cook a Potato buried in it, the soil will have
become thoroughly sterilised."

Royal Horticultural Society. — /, Ci
Examination in Horticulture. — The Society's annual
examination in the Principles and Practice of
Horticulture will beheld on Wednesday, March 28,
1906. The examination will be held simultaneously
in as many different centres in Great Britain and
Ireland as circumstances may demand. The
Society is willing to hold an examination wherever
a magistrate, clergyman, schoolmaster, or other
responsible person accustomed to examinations
will consent to supervise one on the Society's
behalf. A copy of the Syllabus maybe obtained
by sending a stamped and directed envelope to the
Society's offices. Intending candidates should
send in their names not later than March 1. A
Scholarship of £2$ a year, for two years, is offered
by the Worshipful Company of Gardeners in con-
nection with this Examination. Copies of the
Questions set at the Examinations 1893-1905 may
also be obtained from the Society's offices, Vincent
Square. Westminster, S.W., price is. 9d., or 10s.
adozen.

//. School Teachers' Examination .—The Society
will hold an Examination in Cottage and Allot-
ment Gardening on Wednesday, April 11, 1906.

This Examination is intended for, and will be
confined to, Elementary and Technical School
Teachers. It has been undertaken in view of the
increasing demand in country districts that the
schoolmaster shall be competent to teach the ele-
ments of Cottage Gardening, and the e
absence of any test whatever of such competence.
The Society's Certificate will be issued after the
Examination to all who shall, in the judgment of
the Council, have shown sufficient acquaintance
with a knowledge of the subject to warrant their
teaching it to their scholars. Teachers and assis-

desiring to sit for the Examination should
apply at once for a copy of the Syllabus to the
Secretary, K. H. S . Vincent Square, Westmii
S.W. ,V stamp should be sent to cover posta [e
The general conduct of this examination will be
on similar lines to that of the more general
Examination.
///. Public Parks Examination. — This Examina-

specially intended for Gardeners em pli
in Public Parks and Gardens belonging to County
ly Corporations, and similar bodies,
and will be held on Thursday, January n, 190G, in
the Royal II irticultural Society's Hall, Vincent
Square, Westminster, S.W.

inclination, which will commence at 10
.1 111.. will be partly written, partly viva voce,

ill occupy three hours for the written por-

ind about twenty minutes each candidate's
viva voce. A Syllabus, with entry form attached,
can be obtained on application to'the Secretary,
R, H. S., Vincent Square, Westminster, to whom
intending candidates should send in their names
1 as possible. No entry can be accepted
after Dei 31, 1905.

g. — The third revised edition of
the Society's Code of Rules for Judging and
tions to Scheduli 1 fudges and Ex-

hibitors, for use at Horticultural Exhibitions has
just been issued, and can be obtained Irom the

offices, Vincent Squat
price 1

THE ROSARY.

THE FORMATION OF ROSE BEDS.
The preparation of new Rose beds and borders
should now receive attention. It is important,
when selecting a site for a new bed or border for
Roses, to choose an open position, with a south
aspect, and one that is sheltered from strong »
Should the construction of a complete Rosary be
desired, its style will, of course, depend upon the
owner's taste, but it will also have to be in accord-
ance with the site, &-c. The beds in any case
should not be of too large a size to enable the
Roses in the centre to be examined and
gathered with ease. Generally speaking, the
simpler the outline of the beds the better will
they appear in effect. Much may be claimed for
the practice of planting Roses of one colour only ■
in each bed. Rose beds can also be formed on
lawns, and in the borders by the side of walks in
the kitchen garden, Climbing varieties of Roses
may be used as wind screens, or for hanging in fes-
toons, &-c. The most suitable soil for the Rose is
a rich, turfy-loam, provided with good drainage
It frequently happens that the soil in a garden is not
suitable for Rose culture. Where this is the case
it should be removed to a depth of two feet, and
made up with a suitable compost, consisting of
good fresh loam mixed with well-rotted manure,
Should the soil from an old vine border be avail-
able, this will answer admirably, but it should be
trodden before the Roses are planted in it. When
planting, spread the roots horizontally, cover them
with soil, and tread about them to consolidate the
soil. When planting standard Roses secure them
to stakes, After planting, mulch with stable
manure, and if the soil is dry give the ground a
thorough soaking with water. C. Ruse. Munden
■:., Watford.

THE GAJiJJENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November i8, 1905.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the
opinions expressed by his correspondents.)

Bananas and Mealy Bug. — " W. T. L.," on
p. 297, warned Grape growers of the fact that
imported bunches of Bananas teem with mealy
bug. May it not also be said that unseen myriads
of fungoid germs gain a footing in the British Isles
in much the same way ? Who shall say that
the germs of the dreaded Cucumber and Melon
disease were not introduced with fruits from abroad ?
Melons in quantity, and of a kind, are, in season,
distributed broadcast through town and village ;
the packing-cases and material may be even more
widely diffused ; and only by some such universal
distribution can the equally universal spread of
this disease be accounted for. E. H. Jenkins,
Hampton Hill.

Royal Gardeners' Orphan Fund. — May I

again direct the attention of horticulturists to the
above-named Fund, and ask for annual subscrip-
tions or donations thereto ? As will be known to
many readers, this Fund was originated in the year
18S7, as the horticultural method of celebrating
the first Jubilee of Her Majesty Queen Victoria. Her
Majesty Queen Alexandra is patron of the Fund.
The objects of the charity are to give some support
to orphans of horticulturists of all grades who may
need it. This is done mainly by granting allowances
of 5s. per week to each child elected, until they
are fourteen years of age, when the committee may
also make a further grant of £10 to fit them for a
start in life. From the commencement it has done
good work, but it has now more claims for its help
than the funds enable it to satisfy. The committee
is composed of eminent men , and they have all along
given freely to further the objects of the charity.
There are numerous cases to come before the com-
mittee, one from Yorkshire being a very sad case.
The Secretary writes me quite recently that it
is disappointing to find so little support in the
shape of subscriptions from this county of broad
acres, and adds that unless Yorkshire horticulturists
acquire more voting power before the annual
election in February, there is but little chance of
our child being elected. Apart from other kind-
hearted persons who may see fit to help, I would
appeal especially to the more than 500 non-sub-
scribing Yorkshire gardeners, who, I feel sure,
are able to spare a trifle more than one penny per
week each, and thus become annual subscribers
of 5s with one vote at each election. Life sub-
scriptions of £5 give the same privilege. The
secretary, Mr. B. Wynne, 30, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C., or myself will gladly
receive donations or subscriptions and give any
information deemed necessary. H. J. Clayton,
Grimston Gardens, Tadcaster, Hon. Local Secretary.

The Flowering of Bamboos. — A great loss
has been sustained in gardens owing to the flower-
ing of Phyllostachys Henonis, the most beautiful
of all the Bamboos. This commenced to flower
in some gardens last year, and was in flower
in every- garden I visited this year. The
majority of the clumps are flowering on every
culm, and will therefore in all probability die.
Even Arundinaria Simoni, which is said to survive
flowering, dies, according to my experience, if it
flowers on every culm, as most clumps of this
Bamboo have done. The roots of plants that
have been dug up a year after flowering in my
presence, were, to all appearance, quite dead. In
one case, where A. Simoni was flowering, the
owner cut all the canes at the ground level.
Subsequently a thick sheaf of young growths,
ranging in height from 6 inches to 4 feet, sprang
up from the rootstock, and every one of them
flowered, and for the past year the plant has
shown no sign of life. Many fine clumps of
P. Henonis are quite brown and apparently dead,
this being .1! so the case with young plants, having
only one culm about 5 feet in height, planted last
year. In a Cornish garden that I visited last
month, where numerous species of Bamboos are
grown, two splendid clumps of P. Henonis, the
finest specimens in the collection, considerably
over 20 feet in height, did not show a single green
leaf. In one garden where P. Henonis was
flowering, but not on every culm, many hours
were spent in cutting off the seed-spikes in order to
save the plant, but without effect, it eventually
flowering on every culm. P. Henonis appears. 1,1
some instances at least, to produce little seed, for
I have gone through a bushel basket of seed-pod ■
and only found one perfect seed At Meaabilly

Phyllostachys Castillionis, P.Boryana, P. Henonis
and A. Simoni were flowering, but A. Simoni
variegata was not in flower. The history of the
finest Bamboos at Menabilly, grown by the late
Mr. Rashleigh under the name of Arundinaria
nobilis. is interesting. Seed was originally secured
from North China in 1838, and the next year the
seeds germinated. In 1872, after a life of 33
years, the plants flowered and died, and the
present clumps are the produce of seed saved at
that time. As these plants are now 33 years old
it would be expected that they should be showing
signs of flower, but fortunately there is, as yet,
no appearance of blossom, though the time is pro-
bably not far distant when they also will flower and
die. They are splendid clumps, the tallest about
28 feet in height. At Fota Island, Co. Cork,
large masses of Arundinaria Falconeri, growing
on an island in the lake, were in flower at the end
of May last year, and, I am informed, have since
died. S. W, Fitzherbert, South Devon.

Amelanchier (Mespilus) canadensis. — The

autumn tints of the foliage on this excellent tree
have been very fine here this season. This species
flowers well early in the summer and in the
autumn. Its foliage change to the most lovely
tints. It should certainly be planted more ex-
tensively. L. E. Walker, Barton 11. ill Gardens, Bury
St. "Edmunds.

Winter Flowering Carnations (sup 331).
— No doubt there is an increasing interest in winter
flowering Carnations, and before long none of the
more important gardens will be without a house
specially devoted to their cultivation. But why
create a new Carnation Society ? Have we not in
our " Carnation and Picotee Society " one i>t the
oldest societies of its kind in the world ? II the
Committee of this Society were approached, I
have no doubt they would be willing to hold,
besides their summer show, another winter
show, where these invaluable flowers might
be exhibited, not trimmed and collared, but
in a more up-to-date style, with long stems
arranged in vases, and where special prizes
would be awarded for good home-grown novelties
in order that we mieht regain the ground which
we have lost, and in due time equal, if not beat,
the Americans All Carnation growers should
combine and co-operate, not separate and split up
into two or three different societies. As regards
the date of a winter show, I should like to see
one held in the early part of February, for that is
the time when we can see the value of a real Tree-
Carnation. In the autumn up to December
we have more than enough shows all over
the country, and doubtless as the popularity of
the Tree-Carnation increases many ol the
Chrysanthemum societies would be willing to
have a special class for Carnations at their shows.
I consider May too late for a winter-flowering
Carnation Show, for any of the Bonier Carnations
can easily be flowereJ at that time, besides we are
then full up with shows, of Daffodils, Tulips,
Auriculas, the Temple, etc. But from Christmas till
April there is nothing of importance, and a Carna-
tion Show about the beginning of February would,
I believe, be appreciated. C. Engelmann, Homey-
brook Nursery, Saffron Waldtn, lia 1

SOCIETIES.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.
Scientific Committee.

November 7. — Present: Mr. G. Massee, V.M.H.

(in the chair) ; Dr. Masters, F.R.S. ; Messrs. Douglas,

Saunders, Gussow, Veitch, Bowles, Boulger, O'Brien

and Chittenden (Hon. Sec).

Phylloxera on Vine, — Mr. Saunders reported as
follows on the Vine leaves sent by Mr. Lynch from
Dublin : " The Vine leaves are attacked by Phylloxera
vastatrix. This is one of those aphides whose life
history is rather complicated. An egg is laid by one of
the true females under the barkof the Vine, from which
in due time a wingless insect is hatched, which makes its
way to a leaf on which it lays its eggs and forms a gi.ll
such as those on the leaf examined. Later on the
young hatched from the eggs leave the galls and
descend to the larger roots, where they multiply vivi-
parously very rapidly for several generations. They
then pass to the smaller ones, where they form small
pear-shaped galls, from which individuals emerge
which become winged and fly to the leaves, whe:e
having become fully developed the sexes pair, and the
female having found a suitable place in the I lai k

deposits her egg, which is almost as large as herself.
There the egg remains unhatched until the new leaves
are formed. No trouble should be spared in destroying
this pest. If it is attacking the roots the best remedy
is bi-sulphide of carbon injected into the soil among
the roots in various places : £oz. is said to be - i
for one Vine. All the infested leaves should be }
burnt as soon as they are noticed, but probably the ;
most satisfactory thing to do would be to take up the '
Vine and the earth near it and burn them."

Pelargonium Petals disfigured. — Dr. Masters re-
ported that the streaked appearance of the Pelargonium
petals shown at the last meeting was probably caused '
by " drip."

Curious Growth on Apple. — Dr. Masters also (
reported on a curious growth on a spur of an Apple
sent by Rev. M. C. H. Bird, which had assumed the
form of a small Apple, but consisted simply of a ,
swollen " spur " about an inch in length. The shoot
which had swollen bore no :race of a flower or seed.

The Web-like Covering on Potato. — The Secretary
said that the curious web-like covering on the Potato
from Rainham was due to the growth of the fungus
Rhizoctonia violacea. This fungus is well known on
the Continent and in America as the cause of a disease
of Lucerne and Clover, and attacks numerous other
plants, among them Potatos, Carrots {Gardener?
Chronicle, xxxvi., 373), and Asparagus. Cereals are
not known to be attacked by it. In this case the fungus
had attacked Potatos, following a crop of Lucerne,
antl was confined to a strip down the field where the
soil was damper than the rest, and where a much
larger amount of decaying vegetable matter was
present in the soil than in the remainder of the field.
As Mr. Gussow remarked, there wei-e numerous small
sclerotia present under the webbing which would carry
the disease over to the next year. The Potatos so
attacked rapidly decayed,

Cucurbita fici/olia. — Mr. ODELL, supplementing the
remarks made at the last meeting by Mr. Worsley on
the fruit of this plant, stated that it was edible only
when young. As it became older the rind became
very hard, and the placenta became much developed
and pulpy, and of no use whatever as a vegetable.

St rep toe dtp us lagosevsis, (C. B. Clarke). — Mr.
ODELL showed a specimen of this species recently
raised by Mr. O'Brien for the first time. It is a
native of West Africa, and has a tall stem, and the
habit of an Impatiens. It appears to be a near re-
lative of S. Kirkii {Hot. Mag., 6782). It bears
numerous flowers of a dark purplish colour on slender
pedicels. On germination two cotyledons are pro-
duced, which become separated by an internode, the
lower cotyledon remaining small, while the upper de-
velops to a large size; the internode grows upwards,
and becomes fused with the developing epicotyl. On
the proposition of Dr. Masters, a botanical certificate
was awarded to this interesting plant.

Lcnticels in Potato Evergood. — Mr. Massee showed
some tubers of the Potato Evergood which had been
grown in sterilized soil to draw attention to the lenti-
cels, which in this variety are very large and con-
spicuous. This characteristic renders the entrance of
the fungi present in the soil very easy. Once in, the
plant, in response to the irritation set up, forms a
corky growth around the attacked spot, which leads to
a warty appearance on the tuber such as is often seen
on this variety.

Crossing of Primulas. — The following letter sent by
P. Murray Thompson, Esq., to Prof. Henslow, was
read: — " For the last few years I have been interest-
in.; mysell as to the influence which each of the parents
have upon seedlings, and have used Primroses as the
basis of my experiments. I had the idea that the
pollen parent influences the colour, and this I fin 1
to be the case in all my experiments. In the first
generation I did not get one plant beariiiL' double
flowers, although I had used pollen from double
flowers. Saving seed from these single seedlings,
without any artificial fertilisation, I was surprised
to find a good percentage of doubles, some of them
very fine indeed; but what pleased me more was the
great vigour with which they grew compaied with the
■ .Id doubles which have been in comme.ee so long. I'
a repetition of my experiment should be followed by
similar results, it seems to me that we ought to havea
very much extended range of colours and improvement
m growth of our double Primroses." Mr. Douglas
stated that his experience coincided with that of the
writer so far as the colour of *.j flowers of cross-bred
offspring was concerned.

Hybrid Nepenthes.— Dr. Masters showed a consider-
ab'e numb-, of pitchers of hybrid Nepenthes recently

November 18, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

363

raised by M. Jarry Desloges, and commented on their
peculiarities.

Abies Mariesii fruiting. — Dr. Masters also showed
a cjne of Abies Mariesii, the first he had seen grown in
this country.

" Polarity" 0/ Growth in Seakale.— Mr. CHITTENDEN
showed a root-cutting of Seakale which had been
planted in the soil in an inverted position. Two buds
had grown out from the lower end, and the resulting

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF
ENGLAND.

October 26. — There was a moderate display of
plants at the meeting on the above date. Awards
were made as follow : —

First Class Certificates.

Odontoglossum X Waltoniense, from W. Thomp-
son, Esq. ; Cypripedium X Niobe. Westonbirt var.,
from A. Rogerson, Esq. ; C. Fairrieanum, from VV.

hro n

FlG. 138. — CHRYSANTHEMUM, MISS IRENE CRAGG : FLOWERS WHITE.
(See description on page 347 ante.)

shoots had curved upwards, elongating until they
reached the surface of the soil. From the other end
roots had been produced which had curved downwards.

"Phyllody" in Antirrhinum. — Mr. Chittenden
also showed an inflorescence of Antirrhinum, in which,
instead of bearing flowers, each pedicel bore a con-
siderable number of small bracts. The plant bearing
these had heen found among a batch grown for seed.

Gigantic Polypori. — Mr. Baty sent several very
large specimens of Polyporus fomentarius, measuring
IS inches in diameter, found growing upon Ash trees at
Gerrard's Cross, Bucks.

Farrer, Esq. ; Oncidium Leopoldianum, from E.
Ashworth, Esq.

Awards of Merit.
Cattleya labiata variety " Dawn," C, 1. variety Col-
dreya, from Messrs. Stanley and Co. ; Cypripedium
xcenanthum X nitens var. superba, from W.
Farrer, Esq. ; C. X Trafalgar, C. X Olga, Bagshaw,
from Messrs. Sander and Sons ; Laelia X nigrescens
var. albescens, from Messrs. A. J. Keeling and Sons ;
Cattleya X Vigeriana, and C. X Hardyana Hazel-
burn var., from E. Rogerson Esq. ; Dendrobium
Phalamopsis Schroderianum var. E. Ashworth, from
E. Ashworth, Esq.

Silver Medals.

Messrs. Cypher and Sons for a nice display of plants,
in which were several good Cypripediums ; and to
G. W. Law-Schofield, Esq., for a collection of
Cypripediums.

Messrs. Sander and Sons displayed a nice group of
plants, also Messrs. Keeling and Sons, for which votes
of thanks were awarded. P. W.

BRITISH GARDENERS' ASSOCIATION.

Plymouth and District Branch.

October 28. — The Mutual Improvement Association
held its second meeting in the Corn Exchange, Ply-
mouth ; Ernest W. Hawker, Esq., of Ivybridge,
presiding.

An interesting paper was read by Mr. J. E. Tuplin,
of the Floral Nurseries, Newton Abbot, on " The Car-
nation." Mr. Tuplin first described the chief distinc-
tion between a Carnation and a Picotee ; and explained
the classification of Carnations and the points that went
to constitute excellence in the flowers. Mr. Tuplin dealt
principally with Border Carnations, describing the
different modes of propagation and planting, also the
dressing and staging of the blooms for exhibition. A
discussion ensued as to the means of destroying wire
worms, and the benefit of shading the blooms. E. VV.
Hawker, Esq., exhibited specimens of flowering
shrubs, &c, and Mr. Farley, gr. at Seven Trees,
seed pods of Stephanotis floribunda. II'. S. E. C.

HANLEY CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 1. — The Hanley Chrysanthemum
Society was recently affiliated with the Borough Horti-
cultural Society. The first show under the changed
regime, also the 23rd exhibition of Chrysanthemums
in the town, was held on the above date in the Vic-
toria Hall, Hanley. Although the aggregate of
entries fell below that of some previous years,
the exhibition was one of general excellence. In
the cut flower division of the amateur class, the
blooms were better than usual, and the display
evidenced improved taste. The groups of Chrysan-
themum blooms from the Duke of Sutherland s
Trentham estate (gr. Mr. Peter Blair), from Lord
Grosvenor, Tittensor Chase (gr. Mr. Scotney), and
those from Mr. Ruff, from The Hayes Stone, all
included magnificent blooms.

HEREFORD FRUIT AND CHRYSAN-
THEMUM.

November 1, 2. — The above society held us an-
nual show on these dates in the Shire Hall, Hereford.
The displays of fruit were excellent, Apples, as is to
be expected, being a leading feature. Pears, generally,
were not up to the standard of quality, nor so nu-
merous as in former years. The classes devoted to
collections of fruit and also to Grapes were well
filled, the examples generally being of good quality.
Excellent collections of Vegetables were staged and
competition was keen. Groups of plants and cut
blooms of Chrysanthemums were also of good quality.
Open Classi s.
apples and ri

A Collection of Fifty Dishes 0/ Apples— Not more
than twelve nor fewer than five fruits were to comprise
a dish of any one variety. Five exhibitors staged, and
of these the King's Acre Nursery Co., Hereford,
took the lead. The first prize fruit was remarkably
clean and brightly coloured, especially good being
their new variety King's Acre Bountiful. C W.
Caddick, Esq., Caradoc, Ross, was second, with highly
coloured, well finished fruit, including Crimson Queen-
ing Adams' Pearmain, Jefferson, Cox's Orange Pippin,
Court pendu plat, Stirling Castle, &c. Five ex-
hibitors staged in this class.

A Collection 0/ Thirty Dishes of Apples— Mr. R. M.
Whiting, Credenhill, Hereford, was awarded chief
honours for a splendid lot of fruit of both culinary and
dessert varieties, including James Grieve, Braddick's
Nonpareil, Ribston Pippin, Alliugton Pippin, Emperor
Alexander, Stirling Castle, &c.

Twenty-four Dishes of Pears— Only two exhibitors
staged in this class, Mr. Humphries, gr. to
Chesterfield, Holme Lacey. Hereford, being easily
1st with clean good fruit, though not over large. He
had amongst others, Beurre Superfin. Doyenne d'Alen-
con, Ramillies, Durondeau, Doyenne du Cornice,
Beurre Hardy, and Duchesse d'Angouleme.

Twelve Varieties of Pears.— This class was won by
Mr. Bayley. but he was closely followed by Mr. Kick,
gr. to G. H. Hadfield, Esq., Morastou House, Ross,

oh i

THE GARDENERS' CHROXICLE.

[I'JO'Vc-ilflF.R iS, 1905.

who won 2nd prize. Six exhibitors staged in this class.
There were twenty-one open classes for single dishes
of leading varieties of Apples and Pears, and these
were all strongly contested, some of the best fruits in
the show being seen in these classes.

Collection of Fruit, Eight Dishes. — Five entries were
made in this class. Mr. Hyde, gr. to VV. Maynard,
Esq., The Holt, won the 1st prize, with good bunches of
Muscat of Alexandria and Gros Maroc Grapes, Pit-
inaston Duchess Pears, Blenheim Pippin Apples, a
Melon, and Coe's Golden Drop Plums.

Mr. Parrott, gr. to A. W. Foster, Esq., Brock-
bamptbn Court, Ross, was 1st for three bunches of
Gros Colmar Grapes, having medium-sized bunches,
with large, perfectly-coloured berries. For three
bunches of any other black variety of Grapes Mr.
Svkes was placed 1st, for excellent bunches of Gros
Maroc.

Amateur Classes.

Apples. — For twelve dishes of culinary and the same
number of dessert varieties of Apples four growers

Miscellane'OuS Exhibits.
Prizes were offered for the best exhibits of" plants or
fruit or flowers, or these combined, arranged in a space
of 70 square feet. In this class Mr. Fox, gr. to Sir
H. S. COTTRELL, Garnons, Hereford, deservedly took
the lead with a beautifully-arranged group of well-
grown miscellaneous plants. Messrs. Pewtress Bros.
were 2nd, with an ornamental exhibit of fruit and
flowers, and the King's Acre Nursery Co. 3rd, with
Apples and miscellaneous plants more tastefully ar-
ranged than usual. (See fig. 139.)

Chrysanthemums.

The King's Acre Nursery Co. were placed 1st
for a group of Chrysanthemums occupying a space
12 feet x 7 feet.

For Four Vases of Chrysanthemums, Three Blooms
in Each Vase. — Mr. SIMMONS was awarded the 1st
prize, having the varieties F. S. Vallis, Mafeking
Hero, Mad. Gustave Henry, and General Hutton.

For Six Vases of Chrysanthemums not Disbudded. —
Mr. Grindrod was awarded chief honours.

Fig. 139.— view of \ portion of an exhibit of fruit shown by the king s \ck
nursery company at hereford.

1 npi ted, Mr. Jones, gr. to C. W. Hazlehurst. Esq.,
the 1st prize with a capital exhibit. Mrs. WOOD-
house, Burghill Court, (gr. Mr. J. Nume), won premier
honours for twelve culinary varieties, but she was
ciosely followed by Mrs. Blashill and Mr. Rick, in
I le order named. Dessert varieties. — The eight
dishes of dessert varieties staged by Mr. S. Jones,
gr. to J. Comer, Esq., Hill Side, Hereford, won the
1st prize in that class, being followed by Mr. Rick
and Mrs. BLASHILL, in the order named.

Pears. — For eight dishes of these fruits there
were four good lots seen. Mr. R. Curiae, gr. to the
KEV. G. H. DEVONPORT.led with a fine set of dishes,
including Doyenne d'Heyst, Beurre Bosc, Pitmaston
Duchess, Durondeau, Easter Beurre, &c . 2nd, Mr.
W. Foster, gr. to the Rev. H. Brierlev, Bridston,
Ross; 3rd, Mr. Trever, gr. to S. H. DEAKEN, Esq.,
Win End, Ross.

YEGt I M ■ ■

A collection of ten dishes, forwhich Mr. Wilson, Com-

ial Street, Hereford, offered special prizes brought

qood collections, Mr. Grindrod taking chief

irs with an excellent stand, comprising Leeks,

. .. r-iiio. Carrots, Brussels Sprouts, Onions,

and Celery. Fourteen dishes1 of To
staged in .1 plass foi these fruits: 1st, Mr. C.
i ■ ■ to W. J Hum ;, 1 q.

The 1st Prize in the Class for 24 Japanese varieties
of Chrysanthemums was awarded to Mr. Simmons, Mr.
Parrott following. This order was reversed in the
similar class for 12 blooms only.

LINNEAN SOCIETY.
November, 2. — Professor W. A. Herdman, F.R.S.,

President, in the chair.

The Rev. George Henslow delivered an address
on " Plant Oecology, interpreted by direct response to
the conditions of Life." He remarked that Plan!
Geography and Plant Surveying — that is, Phytotopo-
graphy — comprise records of the fluctuating distribution
of species within definite areas, Associations, the result
of Natural Selection, which he defined as the Struggle
for Existence, and the Survival of the better-adapted
under the circumstani es

Oecology proper, or the Physiology of Plant-geographv,
implied what had been defined by Professor Tansley as
"The Study of of the vital relations of Organisms to
their Environment." These include the origin of
adaptive structures, as varietal, specific, and generic
characters, by means of the protoplasmic response
to what was formulated by Darwin as " The Direct
Action of the Conditions of Life, leading to definite
results, whereby new subvaneties arise without theaid
of Natural Selection."

DARTMOUTH CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 3. — The Dartmouth Horticultural Society
held its annual show on the above date. The exhibition
was in every way a success, the cut blooms in the
winning stands being especially fine. Plants were
shown well and the displays of fruit and vegetables
were also of high quality. The principal prizewinners
were Lady Freake and Mr. Godfrey.

For a group of plants arranged for effect the 1st
prize was awarded to Lady Freake, who also won the
classes for a group of Chrysanthemums, for Ferus,
for six foliage table plants, for six Primulas, and for a
specimen Chrysanthemum.

In the sections for fruit and vegetables almost all
the 1st prizes were carried off by Mr. T. B. Bolitho,
other winners being Lady Freake, Mr. F. C. Simp-
son, and Mrs. Llewellyn.

Classes were also provided for floral decorations.

PARIS CHRYSANTHEMUM CONGRESS.

November 4. — The annual congress of the French
National Chrysanthemum Society which was estab-
lished in conjunction with the International Horticul-
tural Show in Paris, on the above date, held its first sit-
ting in the Hall of the National Horticultural Society,
Hue de Grenelle, at 3.30 p.m., when M. Viger presided.
Before the proceedings were opened M. Maxime de
la Rocheterie presented, in the name of the French
National Chrysanthemum Society, a bronze statuette
to M. Viger in recognition of his valuable services in
connection with the gatherings of the French National
Chrysanthemum Society during the past few years.
M. Viger responded in appropriate terms.

Papers were read by Dr. Chifflot of Lyons, on the
damping of blooms and the best means of preserving
them from this injury ; on the results of the use of
the ' ' repertoire des couleurs, ' ' from the Chrysanthemum
grower's point of view, by M. Dauthenay, and two
on the best means of developing a taste for the
culture of the Chrysanthemum. A very lengthy and
lively discussion ensued upon the last-named subject-
There were three candidates for the Congress Medal
which is annually voted to the person who is con-
sidered to have rendered the greatest service to the
cause of the Chrysanthemum during the past year.
M. Choulet, of Lyons, was successful in gaining the
Award for 1905.

The second sitting of the conference was held on
Sunday morning, at 9 a.m., when other papers were
read and discussion ensued. The text of these papers
and the consequent discussions will appear in the
journals of the two societies under whose auspices the
Show and Congress were organised.

NATIONAL FRUIT GROWERS-
FEDERATION.

November 6. — The monthly meeting of the Council
was held at the Royal Horticultural Hall, Vincent
Square, on the above date. Col. C. W. Long, M.P.,
President of the Federation, occupied the chair ; and
there were also present Messrs. F. S. W. Cornwallisr
A. Miskin, G. E. Champion, W. Idiens, S. Boorman.
A. H. H. Matthews, T. Waghorn and A. T. Matthews,
Secretary.

At a meeting held on October 12 the following reso-
lution was passed : " That this Council expresses its
agreement with the recommendations of the Depart-
mental Committee on Fruit Culture, and respectfully
urges upon His Majesty's Government that action
should betaken upon them at an early date." This
resolution was forwarded to the Prime Minister, the
President of the Board of Agriculture and the
President of the Board of Trade, from all of whom
formal acknowledgments of receipt were read. At the
same meeting a resolution was passed cordially
thanking the Royal Horticultural Society for its
valuable assistance and co-operation in carrying out
the late very successful Conference on Fruit Culture.
It was found that the full report of that Conference
would form a very bulky document, but in view
of its important character to growers it was decided to
have a good number of copies printed, one of which
the Council hope to be able to supply to each member,
as many of the papers being the work of well-known
authorities will be found extremely useful lor
reference, especially on the subject of plant-disi
and insect-pests. Communications were then read,
amongst which was one from Mr. Geo. Bunyard,
V.M.H., announcing a donation of £5 to the funds of
the Federation from the Fruiterers' Company. Mr
T. Waghom, Barrister-at-Law, who ha- rendered the
Federation such excellent service as a witness before
the Departmental Committee on Preferential Ra

November iS, 1905 ]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

365

Rates and Services, then reported to the Council his
labours in that capacity, and made several valuable
suggestions for improving the transit of fruit and
delivery to market and the securing of the rebai
large consignments to which growers are entitled.
The next meeting will be held on December 4 at
2.30 p.m.

WEST OF ENGLAND CHRYSAN-
THEMUM.

NOVEMBER 7. — This society held a most successful
exhibition in the Guildhall, Plymouth, on the above
date. Cut blooms were shown in large numbers, all
the classes were well filled, and the quality of the
winning stands has never been higher. Even in the
Amateurs' section this excellence was maintained, and
Mr. A. F. Hill's winning stands of 12 and 6 Japanese
were well worthy of the open classes. The practice
of showing Japanese blooms singly in vases with
foliage was much appreciated by the public, as the
form of the flowers can then be seen, whereas when
the regulation boards are used and the flowers are
of gigantic proportions the petals are so crowded
together that the form of the individual flowers is
entirely lost. Chrysanthemum groups were decidedly
above the average, that which took the 1st prize being
especially remarkable for the size of the blossoms.

Fruit and vegetables were well shown, and the 1st
prize, for a collection of Salads exhibited by the Earl
OF Morley, was one of the most attractive things in
the Exhibition, which was largely patronised by the
public.

For Forty-eight Cut Blooms, Japanese. — The 1st prize
was gained by Mr. F. S. Vallis, who was easily first,
this being the fourth year in succession that he
has won the premier award with an excellent stand of
enormous blooms. He again showed Montigny, which,
though fine, did not approach the size of the gigantic
bloom of this variety that he showed last year, which
was awarded a special certificate as the finest exhibit
in the show. Other exceptional blooms in this stand
were W. A. Etherington, Mrs. F. W. Vallis, Mrs.
J. Hadaway, Mme. Waldeck Rousseau Mrs* J. Lewis,
and Magnificent

The 1st prize for a group of miscellaneous stove and
greenhouse plants in the open division was won by
Messrs. J. WEBBER & SON, and 1st prize for a similar
group confined to Devon and Cornwall was awarded to
Capt. M. Browning, R.N. Messrs. J. Webber &
Son carried off the 1st prize for a group of Orchids.

In the classes confined to residents within 15 miles
of Plymouth, the competition was keen. The 1st prize
for a group of Chrysanthemums was won by Mr. G.
Soltau-Symons. The classes for Primulas, Cyclamen,
Roman Hyacinths, zonal Pelargoniums, Orchids,
Begonias and table plants were well filled. There
were also classes confined to amateurs and to cottagers
and artisans, which were well supported.

Non-Competitive Exhibits.

The Nurserymen's stands formed a welcome addition
to the exhibition. Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Reading,
made a very attractive display of brilliant crimson
Capsicums, Tomatos, golden and red, of many varieties
and sizes, ornamental Gourds and prize vegetables, for
which they received a Gold Medal and the certificate
of the Society. Messrs. Robert Veitch & Son,
Exeter, showed Correa cardinalis, C. magnifica, Orange
trees in full fruit, Eupatorium Weinmannianum, winter-
flowering Begonias Mrs. Heal, Winter Cheer and
Gloire de Lorraine, tree Carnations, Nerine Fothergillii
major, Bouvardias, Pancratium fragrans, Statice pro-
fusa, Scutellaria, Tremandra verticillata, Grevillea
alpina, Physalis Francheti, Ericas, Hollies and large
collections of Apples and cut blooms of Japanese
Chrysanthemums. Messrs. T. Chalice & Son,
Plympton, contributed masses of Ruellia macranthain
fall bloom and the scarlet Bouvardia President
Cleveland, interspersed with foliage plants. Mr.
Vincent Slade, Taunton, staged a large collection of
^onal Pelargoniums, the trusses making a brilliant
• lisp!. iy and showing every shade of scarlet, crimson,
orange, pink, flesh and white. Mr. N. Lewis, Bridg-
water, exhibited cut flower-sprays of a large number
of the best perennial Asters or Michaelmas Daisies.
Messrs. J. Tomlinson & Son, Devonport, showed
Apples in quantity as well as a general collection of
miscellaneous stove and greenhouse plants. Messrs.
Rossiters, Paignton, contributed fruit and a selection
of flowering and ornamental shrubs ; and Messrs.
WEBBER & SON, Plymouth, were also represented.

CHUDLEIGH CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 7. — The annual show of the Chudleigh
Chrysanthemum Society, held on the above date, was
a distinct success. Entries compared favourably in
number with those of last year. In the first two
divisions the Rev. T. She EPSHANKs(gr. Mr. Dunkley)
secured the principal prizes, while Mr. C. J. Stevens
was a prominent winner in the Amateur Classes. The
Cottagers' section filled well, while the exhibits in
the section devoted to Dairy Produce were of high
quality.

Honorary exhibitors at the Show included Lord
Clifford, Mrs. Yarde, Miss Buttress, Mrs. F.
Hevwakd, Messrs. Whiteway & Son, Mr. H. St.
Maur, Messrs. Fuller & Son, Messrs. Jarman &
Co., and Messrs. Wright Bros.

SOUTHEND-ON-SEA AND DISTRICT
CHRYSANTHEMUM SOCIETIES.

November 7, 8. — The seventh annual autumn ex-
hibition of the above Society was held in the banquet-
ing hall of the Kursaal, Southend-on-Sea, and was
the best hitherto held by the Society.

Groups of Chrysanthemums in pots were arranged
by Mr. E. Bines, Mr. J. Buries, gr. to J. Tabor, Esq.
The Lawn, Rochford, Mr. E. Boosey, and Mr. S.
Hansen, who were awarded the prizes in the order
in which their names appear. Mr. C. H. Scott,
The Nursery, Leigh-on-Sea, was awarded 1st prize
for a neatly arranged group of miscellaneous plants,
including brightly coloured Codiaeums (Crotons),
Dracaenas, Ophiopogon Jaburan aureo-variegatus,
Palms, he.

Cut Blooms.

Mr. J. Burles won the 1st prize easily for 24 blooms
of Japanese Chrysanthemums, in not fewer than 18
varieties, with, among others, excellent blooms of
F. S. Vallis, Godfrey Bride, Bessie Godfrey, and
Duchess of Sutherland. Mr. Burles was again to the
fore with a dozen excellent Japanese blooms, in dis-
tinct varieties. In the corresponding class for incurves,
in not fewer than eight varieties, Mr. Epps was first,
Mr. BURLES had the best stand of six Japanese Chry-
santhemums, the best blooms being examples of Mrs.
Barkley, W. R. Church, Mr. F. S. Vallis, and Godfrey's
Pride. Mr. Burles also secured 1st prize for six
blooms of Japanese Chrysanthemums, one variety,
with grand blooms of the variety F. S. Vallis.

The Amateur Classes were well filled ; the blooms
on the winning stands being of a high order, and com-
pared favourably with those shown in the open classes.
Mr. H. E. Campkin, Meldreth, Boscombe Road,
Southend-on-Sea, secured six 1st prizes with large,
fresh blooms, of fine depth.

Fruit.

Apples, both dessert and culinary varieties, were
shown extensively and in fine form. Mr. C. Weigh,
Ashingdon, Essex, was placed 1st with six dishes of
dessert varieties, staging good, clean, well-coloured
fruits of Ribston Pippin, Adam's Pearmain, Golden
Reinette, Stunner's Pippin, Cox's Orange Pippin, and
Blenheim Pippin; 2nd, Mr. E. Boosey, his fruits of
Beauty of Eastwood, King uf the Pippins, and Winter
Pearmain being well coloured. Mr. Murrell, Bar-
ling, won the 1st prize in the corresponding class for
culinary varieties with even well-coloured fruits.

Mr. EPPS won the 1st prize for two bunches of white
Grapes, having medium-sized bunches of Muscat of
Alexandria. Seven stands of black Grapes were
staged, Mr. E. Boosey being a good 1st, with medium-
sized bunches of black Alicante. Mr. Epps was 1st
for three dishes of Pears among four exhibitors.

Non-competitive exhibits were staged by Messrs.
Gardner Brothers, York Road Nurseries, Southend-
on-Sea; Messrs. Martin Ray & Sons, the Leigh Road
Nursery, Westcliff; Mr. Hatch and G. F. Jones,
Esq., M.R.C.S., Westcliff House, The Cliff, Southend.
Mr. Boosey and Mr. Herbert staged Apples and
Pears of good quality.

BIRMINGHAM AND MIDLAND COUN-
TIES CHRYSANTHEMUM FRUIT
AND HORTICULTURAL.

(Concluded from page 352.)
Honorary Exhibits.
November 7, 8, 9. — Messrs. Bakers, Ltd., Codsall
and Wolverhampton, exhibited 60 varieties of Decora-
tive Chrysanthemums. The flowers were arranged on
the ground in large vases, which afforded visitors an
opportunity of inspecting each variety with comfort.
On a table uear by flowers of single and double zonal
Pelargoniums were shown, and of these the Sirdar,
Zenobia and Grace Darling were' particularly gord.
(Large Gold Medal.)

From the 1. i'ly Warwick Collei.i
Warwickshire, came gathered fruit, bottled fruit,
jellies, and cut Chrysanthemums. (Silver Medal.)

The Misses Hopkins, Mere, Knutsford, sent a
plants suitable for Rock and Alpine gardens. (>
Thanks.)

Messrs. W. Wells & Co., Merstham, Surre\
tributed an exhibit of large Japanese Chrysanthemum
flowers on boards. The varieties Mrs. W. Knox,
Merstham Crimson and J. Harrison Dick were much ad-
mired. A number of good single-flowered varieties
were displayed in vases. (Silver Medal.)

Messrs. John Waterer & Sons, Bagshot, Surrey,
sent a large group of hardy shrubs consisting prin-
cipally of variegated Hollies and well-coloured Coni-
fers. (Large Gold Medal.)

Another group of hardy shrubs, more repr.
tive, but not quite so meritorious as the last-i
came from Messrs. Richard Smith & Co.. St. John's .
Nurseries, Worcester, who also staged a collection of
Apples and Pears. A Silver Gilt Medal was awarded
for the hardy shrubs and a Silver Medal for the fruit.

Messrs. J. M. Johnston & Son, Sutton Coldfield, .
put up a bank of decorative Chrysanthemums in many
varieties, and about eij;ht dishes of Potatos., ("Silver
Medal.)

A Silver Gilt Medal was awarded to G. E. Bellis,
Esq., The Dell, King's Norton (gr. Mr. T. Bowers), .
for 36 superbly-flowered plants of Begonia Gloire de
Lorraine, interspersed with graceful Palms, Dracaena :
Sanderiana, and Ferns.

Mr. G. H. Towndrew, Malvern Link, brought an
exhibit of zonal Pelargonium Beauty, with large
bright scarlet single flowers. (Bronze Medal. )

Messrs. W. Cutbush & Sons. Highgate Nurseries,
London, showed winter-flowering Carnations as grow-
ing plants and cut flowers. A stand of the new yellow-
flowered Japanese Chrysanthemum Mrs. Frank Penn
was well shown. (Silver Medal.)

Another group of winter-flowering Carnations,
arranged in vases and tall Bamboo stands, came from
Messrs. Geo. Boyes & Co., Leicester. (Silver Mi

Messrs. Webb & Sons, Stourbridge, exhibited about
80 varieties of Potatos, six dishes of large shapely
Onions, and a large number of small well-flowered
plants of Begonia Gloire de Lorraine and its white
variety Turnford Hall. (Large Gold Medal.)

Messrs. Sanford & Co.. Hall Green, Birmingham,
staged a pretty collection of single-flowered Chrysan-
themums in bold masses. (Silver Medal.)

Single Chrysanthemums and a number of very good
incurved varieties came from Messrs. Clibran a
Sons, Altrincham. (Silver Medal.)

Mr. H. Woolman, Tysley, Acock's Green, had a nice
lot of Japanese Chrysanthemums arranged in vases.

Undoubtedly the best display of Chrysanthemums
came from Mr. W. J. Godfrey, Exmouth, whose
flowers of F. S. Vallis, W. Gooding (light purple), G.
Montigny (soft yellow), Miss Dorothy Oliver (lovely
shade of pale pink), Mrs. T. Dalton (deep crimson),
and G. F. Evans were unusually good. Sprays of a
few varieties of zonal Pelargoniums were included in
the award of a Large Gold Medal.

Messrs. Bick Bros., Olton, Birmingham, sent an
interesting group of Alpine plants in which wee
several uncommon Saxifragas and Sempervivums.
(Silver Medal.)

A small Gold Medal was awarded to Rev. H. -
Buckston, Derby (gr. Mr. A. Shambrook), for a
wonderful display of well grown and profusely-
flowered Cyclamen in small pots. The thick leathery
leaves were beautifully marbled and the flowers large
and substantial.

A similar award went to the King's Acre Nur-
series, Ltd., Hereford, for a meritorious collection of
Apples.

Messrs. W. B. RoiVE, Worcester, showed a repre-
sentative collection of Apples and a lew good Pears.
(Silver Gilt Medal.)

Messrs. Pewtress Bros., Tillington, Hereford,
filled a table 12 feet by 8 feet with an assortment of
Apples of average size and merit. (Silver Medal.)

Mr. John Basham, Bassaleg, Newport, Monmouth,
also occupied a table similar to the last-named, with a
collection of Apples and Pears. (Silver Medal.)

From the Experimental Gardens of the Wor-
cestershire County Council, at Droitwich (Supt.
Mr. J. Udale), came an instructive collection of
gathered and bottled f;uits, and vegetables grown
under particular conditions. Some good-sized bunches
of outdoor Grape Gamay Noir, used for wine, were
also included in this exhibit, for which a -.silver Medal .
was awarded.

366

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November iS, 1905.

Messrs. Thompson & Co., Sparkhill, Birmingham,
exhibited a large group of comparatively uninteresting
foliage and flowering plants indifferently arranged.
(Silver Medal.)

The Leamington Nurserymen and Florists Co.,
Leamington, sent a nice collection of hardy shrubs.
{Silver Medal.)

Mr. John E. Knight, Wolverhampton, also sent
a group of hardy shrubs in which variegated hollies
were the principal feature. (Bronze Medal.)

Messrs. Hewitt & Co., Solihull, showed a choice
collection of well-grown hardy shrubs. (Silver Gilt
Medal.) In another part of the hall Messrs. Hewitt
staged a beautiful group of winter-flowering plants,
comprising Tree Carnations, Bouvardias, Begonias,
and Cyclamen. (Silver Medal.)

Messrs. James Simpson & Son, Court Oak Road,
Harborne, sent a group of small, sombre-looking
Conifers. (Bronze Medal.)

Messrs. Gunn & Sons, Olton, Birmingham, had a
very pretty and costly exhibit of Floral Designs.
Messrs. Gunn also staged a grand collection of Deco-
rative Chrysanthemums in large vases, each vase
containing nearly 100 flowers. (Large Gold Medal.)

Messrs. Perkins & Sons, Coventry, also had a large
collection of Floral Designs. The same exhibitors
staged a collection of zonal Pelargoniums in pots, but
owing to the quantity and unsightliness of the white
sticks supporting the flowers much of the effect of the
latter was lost. A large Gold Medal was awarded for
the two exhibits.

Messrs. Pope & Sons, King's Norton, had a collec-
tion of Floral Designs and a few plants of Primula
©bconica, with deep rose purple-coloured flowers.
(Silver Medal.)

A similar award went to Messrs. H. J. & A. Hughes,
Water Orton, Birmingham, for an arrangement of
cut flowers and plants of Begonia Gloire de Lorraine
laden with flowers.

From Mr. R. Winter, City Arcades, Birmingham,
came floral designs and choice fruit. (Silver Gilt
Medal.)

Messrs. Child & Co., Acock's Green, had a large
group of decorative Chrysanthemums in which
Comtesse Fouchier de Cariel, White Quintus and
Pluie d'Or were noteworthy. (Silver Medal.)

The Vineries, Ltd., Acock's Green, also showed
decorative Chrysanthemums, for which a Silver Medal
was awarded.

The only non-competitive display of Vegetables
shown at Birmingham this year came from Messrs.
V'ates & Sons, Old Square, Birmingham.

It is doubtful if a more representative or finer all-
round collection of Vegetables has ever been seen in
Bingley Hall. (Gold Medal.)

Certificates of Merit
were awarded to each of the following Chrysan-
themums : —

Chrysanthemum Mrs. W . Knox. — A fairly well-known
Japanese variety.
C. Mary Richardson. — Described on p. 347.
C. E. J. Brooks. — A Japanese variety with large
substantial flowers, composed of purplish crimson
florets with a silvery reverse. The three varieties
named above were shown by Messrs. W. Wells &
Co., Merstham, Surrey.

C. Melba. — A shapely single flower of medium size
with two rows of florets. The colour is claret-crimson,
passing to a lighter shade with age. Shown by Messrs.
Clibran & Son, Altrincham.

C. Mrs. J. Luxton. — A handsome Japanese
variety with long drooping deep crimson florets with a
paler reverse.

C. Dorothy S. Eady.—h medium-sized Japanese
flower of good form ; colour pale orange yellow with a
sulphur yellow reverse.

C. Mrs. Hinckley. — A large, handsome, white Japa-
nese flower, with drooping florets.

C. Godfrey's Eclipse. — Beautiful incurved flowers
with substantial deep yellow florets.

The four varieties named above were shown by Mr.
W. J. Godfrey, Exmouth.

%* We should have stated in the report published
last week that the 1st prize in the Class for a vase of
V it<- Chrysanthemums was won by Mr. R. BARNES,
St. Andrew's Nursery, Wyche Road, Malvern, who
li.'id good flowers of the variety Mrs. J. Dunn.

Grimsby (gr. Mr. Jackson), with his exhibit easily beat
the two other competitors. For incurved blooms, how-
ever, Mr. Jackson was placed 2nd to Mr. Wood, of
Derby.

The group classes are always a prominent feature at
Chesterfield, and no fewer than five prizes are offered
for a class devoted to large blooms and foliage plants
arranged for effect ; and five also for a group of
Chrysanthemum plants — decoratives, singles, Pom-
pons, &c. — which have not been disbudded.

In the former class Mr. Bloxham, gr. to R. F.
Mills, Esq., Tapton Grove, won the 1st prize among
four competitors, while the best group of Chrysanthe-
mums among four was shown by Mr. Nelson, gr. to
E. E. Barnes, Esq., Ashgate, Chesterfield.

The Cup class for 18 blooms shown in vases, open
to local exhibitors, wras won by M. Deacon, Esq.,
Whittington House (gr. Mr. Durham).

The Five Guinea Cup in the Amateurs' section was
won by Mr. W. Packard, of Dronfield.

The schedule embraced classes for Salvias, Bjgonia
Gloire de Lorraine, Roman Hyacinths, Lily of the
Valley, Table decorations, decorated Baskets and
Vases, Orchids, &c. All were keenly contested. A
stall in aid of the Gardening Charities was well sup-
plied with plants and cut flowers, while one lady con-
tributed a bunch of Barbarossa Grapes, which reali • d
over 30s. A local auctioneer very kindly disposed of
the plants, &c, remaining unsold at the closing time.
The ladies who managed the Charity stall were the
wives of the officials and committeemen. \V. P.

GUILDFORD AND DISTRICT
CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 8, 9. — The twenty-first annual exhibition
of this Society was held on the above dates. Among
the many successful shows held by this Society none
has reached in magnitude or in standard of
excellence the results achieved this year. The entries
numbered over 200. The President's Silver Challenge
Cup for the best collection of plants was won by Mr.
W. Foreman, gr. to J. S. Budgett. Esq., Stoke Park.
Mr. J. Lock, gr. to Sir C. Swinfen-Eady, OaJIands
Lodge, Weybridge, won the Silver-Challenge Cup given
by Lady Pirbright in the Class for 36 Japanese blooms.
Mr. Lock also repeated his former success in the com-
petition for 27 cut Chrysanthemums flowers, and was
awarded a special prize for the best Japanese Chrysan-
themum in the Exhibition, the example being Duchess
of Sutherland. The premier incurved was shown by
Mr. R. Turvey, gr. to Lord Alverstone, Winterfold,
Cranleigh. The trade exhibits formed a notable
addition to the display.

CHESTERFIELD CH RYSANTHEMUM.

November 8, 9. — The twelfth annual show of the
above Society was held on these dates in the Stephen-
son Memorial Hall, Chesterfield, and was a success.

In the open class for 24 Japanese Chrysanthemums
in not fewer than 18 varieties, Aid. J. Sutcliffe, J. P.,

DUMFRIESSHIRE AND GALLOWAY
HORTICULTURAL.

November 8. — The third Chrysanthemum show,
held by the above Society took place in the Drill Hall,
Dumfries, on the above date. The attendance of
the public was considerably greater than on any former
occasion of the kind at Dumfries. The quality of the
exhibits showed improvement, and never before have
Chrysanthemums been so well shown in Dumfries.

Messrs. Jas. Service & Sons, Maxwelltown, Dum-
fries, were the only competitors in the class for a
circular group of plants, and they were awarded the 1st
prize, their plants being well grown and their flowers
of high quality, but staged a little too flat. In the
classes for plants open to gardeners some excellent
specimens were exhibited. The principal winner in
the Chrysanthemum classes was Mr. Jas. Henderson,
gr. to J. D. Minto, Esq., Elmbank, Dumfries
Noticeable in his exhibits were good plants of a white
single named Ewan Cameron, a variety which was
much admired by the judges. For stove or green-
house plants Mr. C. M'lver, gr. to Mrs. Young,
Lincluden, was awarded the 1st prize. The same
competitor won for table plants, but in the class for
Palms Mr. Stewart won the 1st prize.

Cut flowers were, as a whole, very superior to those
of former years, and in some classes the competition
was very close, only a few points separating the first
group from the second. In the Open Classes the com-
petition was not as keen as in the Gardeners' Classes,
and Messrs. Jas. Service & Sons led in the classes
for twenty-four, twelve, and for six Japanese Chry-
santhemums respectively.

A close competition resulted for the Challenge Cup,
presented by the Town Council of Dumfries, and offered
for twelve blooms of Japanese Chrysanthemums. It
was awarded to Mr. J. Houston, gr. to the Trustj is
of the Crichton Royal Institution, for a stand of
fresh and even bloomsof high quality. Mr. J. Duff led
in the cut bloom classes, with the exception of that for
the silver cup presented by Messrs. Se vice and Sons

for three white and three ye'low Japanese, this being
won by Mr. J. Henderson. The fruit classes were
limited in quantity, but some excellent fruit was
shown, the Apples being particularly fine. Mr. J.
Culton.gr. to C A. Phillips, Esq., Dildawn, won the
first prize for white Grapes and for culinary Apples.
Mr. J. M. Stewart, Mr. J. Duff, and Mr. J. Smith,
gr. to Mrs. Lawrence, Ernespie, Castle Douglas,
were the leading prize winners in the vegetable
classes.

CARDIFF AND DISTRICT CHRYSAN-
THEMUM.

November 8, 9. — The seventeenth annual show held
in connection with the Cardiff Chrysanthemum Society,
took place in the Park Hall, Cardiff, on the above dates.
The exhibits were quite up t j the standard of former years
both in point of quantity and quality, and the interest
which the society has roused among growers and the
general public is steadily increasing, as was evidenced
on both days by the crowded state of the halls, which
made it difficult for visitors to view the exhibits with
anything like comfort.

Open Classes.
Mr. J. Duff, gr. to Mrs. Williams, Bryn Glas,
Newport, was successful in carrying off the 1st prize
and a Challenge Cup, offered for eight vases of
specimen blooms of Japanese Chrysanthemum.;, dis-
tinct, each vase containing three blooms of one
variety. The blooms were exceedingly fine, and
consisted of the following varieties: M. Louis Remy,
Mrs. J. Bryant, Mrs. F. W. Vallis, F. S. Vallis, Nellie
Pockett, YV. R. Church, Bessie Godfrey and President
Viger. Mr. F. May, gr. to H. O. Lord, Esq., Charlton
Kings, Gloucestershire, won the 2nd prize. Two of the
best varieties in his collection were W. A. Etherington
and General Hutton.

For 24 blooms of incurved varieties, not fewer than
1_' distinct varieties, nor more than two blooms of
any one variety, Mr. G. W. Drake won the 1st
I 'lace with a beautiful collection of flowers con-
spicuous amongst which were the varieties Madame
Kerlat, Miss E. Seward, Ma Perfection, Mrs. F. Judson,
and Nellie Threlfall. Mr. Pitt, Abergavenny, and
Mr. F. May won 2nd and 3rd prizes respectively in
this class.

Mr. W. Treseder, Cardiff, was awarded the 1st
prize and a silver cup for a group of Chrysanthemums,
arranged for effect in a space of 60 square feet. The
quality of the flowers staged was good, and the arrange-
ment of colours in the best of taste.

Prizes were also offered for Bouquets, Widths,
and Crosses, composed of Chrysanthemums. The
principal prize winners in these classes were Messrs,
Ellis & Son, Cardiff, Mr. W. Treseder, and
Mr. Baggesen, Caidiff.
Amateurs and Gentlemen's Gardeners'

Section.
For a stand of 24 blooms (Japanese) in not fewer
than 18 varieties, Mr. J. Grahame, gr. to A. T.
Stevens, Esq., Sully, Cardiff, took the premier pos-
ition with excellent blooms. The most striking
varieties on this stand were : F. S. Vallis, Marquis V.
Venosta, Mad. P. Radaelli, Mrs. J. Dunn, Chrysan-
theme Montigny, and President Viger. In addition to
the 1st prize and a challenge cup, Mr. Grahame was
awarded a special prize on account of this collection
containing the premier bloom in the show. This was
a bloom of the variety F. S. Vallis, which for three
years in succession has at Cardiff met with similar
: . :ognition. Mr. E. Parsons, gr. to E. J. POOLE, Esq..
Cardiff, won the 2nd prize, some of his best blooms
being Mrs. J. Lewis, W. R. Church, and F. S. Vallis. Mi.
H. Farmer, gr. to the Marquis of Bute, who exhibited
Chrysanthemums for the first time, won the 3rd prize
with a very creditable collection of flowers.

For a collection of 12 Japanese blooms in not fewer
than six varieties the 1st prize was awarded to Mr.
Webber, gr. to F. Primavesi, Esq., Cardiff. The
most noteworthy varieties of these were Madame P.
Radaelli, Nellie Pockett and Mrs. Barkley. The 2nd
prize was taken by Mr. H. Woodward, gr. to E.
Watts, Esq.

For a stand of 12 incurved blooms in not fewer than
six varieties Mr. H. Baker, gr. to Dr. Cropper,
Portskewett, won the 1st prize, and the National
Chrysanthemum Society's Silver Medal. Mrs. J. B.
Bryce, Pantia Ralli, Mrs. B. Hankey, and Ralph
Hatton were among the best varieties shown.

Mr. H. Edwards, a member of the City Police Force,
and a well-known exhibitor at this show, was awarded
the 1st prize and a Silver Challenge Cup for a stand
of 12 blooms (Japanese) in not fewer than four vane
ties. Three of his be^t blooms were Duchess of
Sutherland, Chrysantheme Montigny, and Bessie
C xlf.ey.

November 18,

iqus

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

367

Mr. Binden, gr. to Dr. Wallace, Cardiff, showed
six bunches of distinct single varieties arranged in
vases, for which he was awarded the 1st prize.
Miscellaneous Exhibits.

A very fine collection of Orchitis was staged by the
well-known local Orchid grower, J. J. Neale, Esq.,
Penarth. Although this was a non-competitive ex-
hibit the Society paid the owner a thoroughly deserved
compliment by awarding him a silver medal.

Messrs. James Cypher & Sons, Cheltenham, were
awarded a gold medal for a large group of Orchids.

Fruit and vegetables again formed a very pleasing
feature of the show, and competition was satisfactory
in all the classes. Some very fine bunches of Grapes
were staged, which added variety to the tables, while
the various collections of Apples produced a very
bright display.

GLOUCESTERSHIRE CHRYSAN-
THEMUM.

Nov. 9. — The forty-second annual exhibition of the
Gloucestershire Chrysanthemum Society was held in
the Shirehall, Gloucester, on the above date i I
in many respects was a record in the annals oi the
Society. The Chrysanthemum classes, in pm.it 1 1
quality, were generally admitted to have been far in
advance of previous years. Sir Hubert Parr i
Bart., of Highnam, near Gloucester, was the premier
prize winner for a display of cut blooms, and also for
18 Japanese blooms of distinct varieties, the latter
prize bemggiveii by the Mayor and Corporation. Mr.
James Horlick, of Cowley Manor, was 1st for 18
Japanese blooms of distinct varieties. Sir Wll LIAM
w ! dderburn, Bart., Mr. K. S. Godsell, o\ Stroud
and Mr. W. Meath Baker, of Harfield Court m ai
Gloucester, also figured prominently in the
list, and Mr. E. S. GODSELL was placed fil
the judges for an ornamental basket of flowi i ,
arranged for effect. In the first classes the prihcip I
prize winners were : — Mr. W. < /ORDON Canning, Hail
pury House, Hartpury (winner of the Terrell Cup foi

st number of point-). [AMES Hitch & SON
ShurdingtoD ; Col Henry Capt, W. S. R i i
Ross; A. W. G. Wright; J. R. Bennett, Chaxhill ;
J. D. Birchall, Upton SI l onards ; T. A. Po
Ross; J. Cave, Tibberton ; D. Phelps, ribbevton
J. H. Wootton, Hereford; Morris & Ellis; and
E. F Haine, Churcham, F. P.

DEVON & EXETER HORTICULTURAL.

NOVEMBER 9, 10. — The Chrysanthemum and Fruit
show of this Society was held in the Victoria Hall,
Exeter, on tit. i dati 5. Entries were fewer, and in
many of the leading classes competition was less keen
than usual.

The Silver Mo lal of the N.C.S. in the professional
gardener class was won by Mr. \V. Rowland, gr. to
Mr. W. Brock, Exeter, who also was awarded the
N.C S. Certificate and the 1st prize for Chrysan-
themums arranged in a space measuring 25 feet by
6 feet, his best blooms being those of F. S. Vallis.
The Silver Medal for Amateurs was won by Mr.
C. M. COLLINGWOOD, Exeter, to whom also was
awarded the Bronze Medal for the best incurved bloom
in the show ; the winner of the Medal for the best
Japanese bloom being Mr. <".. !.■ ck, gr. to Mr. B. H.
HILL, Crediton, the variety being F. S. Vallis. A
Certificate of Merit was awarded to a seedling Apple,
Star of Devon, shown by Mr J. GARLAND, Broadclyst.
The variety is said to be a late keeper and suitable
either for cooking or for dessert purposes. In size and
appearance it resembles Beauty of Bath.
Chrysanthemum Classes.

The prize for a group of Chrysanthemums measuring
12 feet by 6 feet, the plants to be grown in 6$ inch
pots, was awarded Mr. C. M. Collingwood, who dis-
played some fine plants. For a miscellaneous collec-
tion of plants, Mr. Brock won the 1st prize. In the
class for 36 Chrysanthemums of Japanese varieties,
three blooms of one variety ; arranged in vases with
suitable foliage, Sir DUDLEY D. King was awarded
the 1st prize for a grand lot of blooms, including the
varieties F. S. Vallis, Madame Paolo Radaelli, Madame
Carnot, Louis Remy, Duchess of Sutherland, &c. Second
prize went to Mr. Collingwood, his best examples
being Bessie Godfrey, President Viger, W. Duckham,
Godfrey's King, and Alice Byron.

The best 24 Japanese Chrysanthemums in not fewer
than 18 distinct varieties were staged by Mr. H. R.
Harrison, Barnstaple (gr. Mr. C. J. Mearles), includ-
ing good example; of Sensation, Henry Perkins, and
Mrs. H. R. Harrison. Sir Dudley King was awarded
2nd prize for very fine blooms of Madame Paolo Radaelli.
Waldeck Rousseau, Madam z Carnot. &c. The award in

this class was warmly discussed, many expert growers
maintaining that the awards should have been re-
versed. A quarter of a point only separated the two
exhibits !

The best 12 Japanese Chrysanthemums were
shown by Mr. LUXMORE Jones, Exeter, his best
Rowers being the examples of Mrs. F. W. Vallis,
Bessie Godfrey, and Duchess of Sutherland. Sir
Dudley King was 1st in the class for six white Chry-
santhemums, having half a dozen good flowers of
Madame Carnot. For six yellow, Mr. J. A. Gulson,
Teignmouth (gr. Mr. F. E. Brinicombe), won 1st prize
in a similar class for six yellow Chrysanthemums, the
variety being General Hutton; and for six flowers of
any other colour than white or yellow, the same exhi-
bitor was 1st with Mad. Paolo Radaelli. Mr. Gulson
and Mr. COLLINGWOOD were respectively 1st for
twelve and for six incurved Chrysanthemums, the
latter exhibitor's flowers 1 ing very good, especially
the examples of Souvenir de W. Clibran and Mrs
F. Jul m,

In the Amateur Classes fine blooms were shown on
the winning boards of Mr. CHARLES Ham and Mr.
Luxmore Jones, of Exeter, Mr. E. J. T. Prici
Taunton, and Mr. COLLINGWOOD.

Fruit.
The class for 24 varieties of Apples to include 12
culinary and I ! de ert caused spirited competition.
Mi B. H. Hill, Crediton, won the 1st prize, but he
was hard pressed by Sil JOHN FERGUSON-DAVIE,
Creedy Park, 2nd. Amongst the finer examples in
these two exhibits .■ ■ Gas oyne's Scarlet. Nancy
Jackson, Peasgood's Nonsuch, Bismarck, Cornish
irhatic, &c.
SIR D, King was awarded the 1st prize for dessert
with Red-ribbed Greening, Cox's Orange
Pippin, Adams' Pearmain, Ribston Pippin, Cornish
Pippin. Mr. J. R. Gulson
gained similar honours for six culinary varieties,
having Kentish Fill ". arner's King, Peasgood's

■ ' i , &c.
i tcepti i illy fi was shown in the single

dish classes, frequent winners being Dr. SAMWAY'S
Clyst St. G \ C. Williams), and Lord

POLTIMORE (gr. T Slade). The last-named exhibitor
■ j hue fruit.
Mr. B II HILL, Crediton, won the 1st prize for nine-
varieties of Pears;, six dessert and three culinary, with
fine specimens of Pitmaston Duchess, Duchesse
i ulume, Beurre Baltet, Doyenne du Cornice and
Did.
Trade exhibits wore limited to two, a large and
ext« nsive one of Fruit, Chrysanthemums, and rare
shrubs by Messrs. R< »BJ R I VEITCH & SON, of \
and a smaller one of Fruit, Onions, &c, by M
JARMAN ..V. Co., Chard.

SHEFFIELD CHRYSANTHEMUM.

Ntovember10. 11. — The annual autumn show of the
above Society was held in the Corn Exchange and was
a success. The entries were numerous in most of the
, while the quality of the blooms, and especially
of those in the open classes, was quite equal if not
superior to anything seen this year.

Cut Flowers. — Open Classes.

In the Class for eight varieties of Japanese Chi
themums, three blooms of each variety, arranged in
vases with Chrysanthemum foliage only, four growers
competed, resulting in a good display. Mr. C. Crooks,
gr. to Lady Hindlip, Hadzor House, Droitwich. won
won the 1st prize with exceedingly heavy blooms. His
specimen of Henry Perkins was fully 9 inches in
diameter and as much in depth, F. S. Vallis was of
similar dimensions, while Valerie Greenham and Lady
Mary Conyers were even larger. 2nd, Mr. A. Chandler,
gr. to A. James. Esq., Coton House, Tingley.

In the Class for 24 Japanese Chrysanthemums, in
not fewer than 18 varieties, nor more than two of any
one variety, competition was keen. Mr. Crooks was
again successful winning with a handsome set of
blooms of which the following were conspicuous : H.
Pel kins. Lady Conyers, F. S. Vallis, and Mrs. E.
Beckett.

Six growers staged in the Class for 12 Japanese
Chrysanthemums in distinct varieties, Mr. Crooks
again surpassed all other competitors.

Incurved varieties of Chrysanthemums made a
magnificent display. Four growers entered in the
Class for 24 blooms, in not fewer than eighteen
varieties, nor more than two or any one variety. Mr.
G. W. Drake, 44, Cathays Terrace, Cardiff, secured
the leading award with large, even, fresh blooms,
that were well staged. The varieties Nellie Threl-
fall, Madame Ferlat, Miss E. Seward, B. Hankey, Ma
Perfection and Pantia Ralli were some of the more

notable. 2nd, Mr. Higgs, gr. to J. B. Hankey, Esq..
Fetcham Park, Leatherhead, whose blooms in a few
instances showed a want of finish and freshness. W r.
Higgs was easily first for twelve incurved Chrysan-
themums, with large, even, solid, well finished
examples of Miss A. Hills, Pantia Ralli, Buttercup, &c.
Distinct classes. '

Mr. Alderman was first for six varieties of Japanese
Chrysanthemum, three blooms of each, arranged in
vases with handsome examples of W. A. Etherington,
F. S. Vallis and Mrs. Barkley.

The 1st prize for 12 specimen Japanese
blooms, distinct, with long stems arranged with small
Ferns, Paims and any kind of foliage to illustrate the
value of large Chrysanthemum blooms for decorative
purposes, was taken by Mr. W. Redmill, gr. to Isaac
Milner, Laverack Bank, Shanon, the flowers being
arranged in bottles among small Ferns and Panicum
plicatum, producing little effect.

The best incurved flowers were shown by Mr.
Alderman, gr. to J. D. Ellis, Esq., Worksop.

Mr. H. Freeman, with 52 points, was first w?$h aa
artistic arrangement of cut Chrysanthemums arranged
with foliage, grasses, or berries for effect, to occupy a
table space measuring 4 feet by 2% feet.

Exhibits in the Amateur and Cottager Classes made
an extremely fine display.

Plants were not numerous. In the class for a group
of Chrysanthemums interspersed with flowering and
foliage plants arranged for effect in a space of I0»
square feet there was but one exhibit. This was shown
by Mr. C. E. ABBOTT.

Mr. W. J. Godfrey, Exmouth had a fine display
of cut Chrysanthemums.

UNITED HORTICULTURAL BENEFIT
AND PROVIDENT

November 13. — The monthly committee meeting
was held at the Royal Horticultural Hall, Vincent

Square, Westmiri ter, S.W., he above date. Mr.

C. II. Curtis in the chair. Seven new members were
I The amount paid for sickm ii the last
meeting was £26 16s.

Ten members are on the sick fund at the present

time. A sick member was granted £l from the

i hi fund. It is hoped that many more

members will contribute a small amount annually to

this fund.

<EHutuari>.

Alessandro Scalarandis. — On October ji
last Alessandro Scalarandis, formerly Head
Gardener to King Humbert, died at Stupinigi, at
the early age of 44 years. We have many plea-
sant recollections of our old friend, who, since
King Humbert's death, has been the Head Gardener
in charge of all the Royal Gardens in Piedmont,
During my visit to Turin last year, I saw his
curious reproduction of an old Italian garden,
and were shown over the gardens adjoining the
Palace of Stupinigi, the summer residence of the
Dowager Queen Margherita. Mr. Scalarandis
was one ol the founders and also for a time the
President cf the Italian N.C S. He was a
member of the French and English N.C.S. and
several leading Continental Societies. Mr. Scala-
randis was a widower, and leaves a family behind
him to whom deep sympathy will be extended ia
their loss. C H. P.

M. de Reydellet, the raiser of Chrysanthe-
mum La Triomphante and many other varieties
well known to our growers fifteen to twenty years
ago, recently died at Valence (Drome). He was
one of the most delightful of old men, greatly
respected by bis colleagues for his genial, patri-
archal manners. He was a member of the French,
English and Italian Chrysanthemum Societies, and
a Knight of the Merite Agricole.

GARDENERS' DEBATING SOCIETIES.

BECKENHAM HORTICULTURAL.— At the meet-
ing of this society, held in the large hall, Church Hou&ft,
on November io, presided over by W. Atkinson, Esq., Mi
H. Langford read a paper on "Specimen Chrysanthemums
for Exhibition and Conservatory Decoration." The lecturer
gave a list of varieties suitable for growing as pyramid and
standard plants, with full details of culture, &c> Mr. Lang-
ford exhibited plants, especially good being the varieties
Guy Hamilton, Maynall and W. Dunkham.

CHELMSFORD AND DISTRICT GARDENERS1.
— At a meeting held on Friday, November io, Mr. Hammond,
of The Gardens, Trueloves, Ingatestone, read a paper on
" Winter-flowering Begonias," andexh-ibited several varieties
suitable for flowering in winter, including that known as
Mrs. Heal. The popular variety Gloire de Lorraine wa?
shown well by Mr. Elcock, oi Boreham, who also de-
scribed the cultural details, and supported Mr. Hammond
in claiming further attention for these useful flow iring
plants.

368

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November is, 1005.

■* ENQUIRIES.

Apple (The Spencer). — Can this variety, which
I believe was raised in Columbia, be procured
from English nurserymen? A".

C' "• es. — Can any reader state where cloches
simiiai to those used in France in the cultivation
of lettuce may be obtained in this country? H. W .

to
. > (orncjpondenfo

Apple, Green Balsam Tooting. This is the
correct name for a culinary Apple cultivated
chiefly, if not exclusively, in the northern dis-
tricts of Yorkshire. Hogg, in his Fruit Manual,
describes it as "The farmer's wife's apple."
The fruits are about 2^ inch wide and if inch
high. The flesh is described as crisp, not very
juicy, and possessing a pleasant acidity.

Arsenate of Lead : H. G. K. If used as a spray
this substance should not be employed at greater
strength than 30Z. to 10 gallons of water,
and other substances as treacle, or soft soap
should be added to make the liquid adhesive. If
you use it on Vines having no foliage, and you
are careful not to get any of the dressing into
the points of the buds, the strength may be con-
siderably increased.

Calanthe Leaves Spotted: W.H.L. Thesmall
clearly - defined marks are probably due to
punctures by green-fly or other insects made
when the leaves were young, the injury develop-
ing into that now seen. The larger blackish
markings are probably due to natural decay of the
leaf after maturity. It is seldom that a batch of
hybrid calanthes are seen without some of these
disfigurements being present after the leaves
are matured. Sometimes indiscriminate water-
ing with liquid manure will cause similar damage
even when the leaves are young. It is better to
> nt off mature leaves that are so disfigured and
burn them.

Carnations Diseased: A. S. We believe the
tsed appearance to be due to eelworm.
Kindly send examples of the roots for con-
firmation or otherwise. Meanwhile burn all
plants similarly affected, and sterilise by baking
any soil used for potting purposes.

Celery ; /. T., Dartford. The heart-rot of celery
is caused by an eelworm, Tylenchus devastatrix.
Diseased plants should be removed and deeply
buried, or better still, consumed by burning to
prevent further infection. The soil is un-
doubtedly infected with the pest, and should be
treated with gas-lime.

Covent Garden Measures: J.F. A South-
ampton basket should contain 61b. of Straw-
berries; a punnet may contain from one-half to
2lb. ; a peck, i2lb. ; a barrel of Apples about
i2olb. ; a French crate is variable; aCalifornian
box should contain 401b. Raspberries are sold
by the sieve of 481b. We do not know how
many lbs. are contained in a French basket of
Black Currants.

Currant-bud Mite : E. J. II. Burn all growths
that are badly affected with the mite. Hand
pick the swollen buds on the other branches and
burn them. In addition to these practices you
should scrape the surface soil from beneath the
bushes, and burn this also. After this has been
done apply a top dressing of soil from another
portion of the garden. If the bushes are very
badly affected, it may be well to burn them, and
replant, but not on the same site, a variety such
as Boskoop Giant, which is less liable to the
attacks of this pest. You will find an illustration
of some affected buds and a note on the pest in
the C\i Garden Operations, to be obtained

from our rul.li-.lnng Department, price -;d.
post free.

Daisies on Lawn-: Bellis. The best cure for
these is to eradicate them entirely by means of
one of the spuds sold for the purpose. If the
w-ork is done carefully the lawn need not be dis-
1 greatly, and the growth of the grass
would .^.iii hide the bare spots if a little good
soil lie put on the spot from which each root is
removed, If you do not wish to adopt this
'ii in. iv apply lawn-sand (manure),

re (mended for Old Readet , vim h,

by ivncoiir.i ring 1 J trn growth,

will help to smother any moss there may be pre-
sent, and hinder at least the growth of Daisies,
which, after considerable time, would be
destroyed.

Gardener's License: W. P. For a head gardener
paid by the week, but employed constantly by
one employer, his master has to pay an annual
license. Respecting the amount of notice neces-
sary to terminate employment see reply on this
page to IV. H. S.

Gardeners' Notice : W. H. S. In order to suc-
cessfully claim a month's notice it would be
necessary to prove that you were not engaged
by the week. That you are paid by the week 1
presumptive, but not conclusive evidence in
the absence of an agreement that the engagement
was by the week also. Head gardeners in every
case should ask for an agreement on this matter
at the time of accepting service.

Grapes: Correspondent. We believe the variety
received is that known as Kempsey Alicante.
But readers who send grapes for identification
should always observe the rule to send a little of
the wood, and some foliage when this is possible,
for this attention makes the task before u
difficult than it would be otherwise.

Insects : Countess Cecilia Lurani : The insect is
Pyrrhocoris apterus of Linnaeus. It belongs to
the Hemiptera Heteroptera or " Plant Bugs."

Large Pears for Christmas: Gardener, Shcring-
ham. The Pears recommended on p. 336 to
a correspondent for use at about Christmas were
such as may be expected to bear a remunerative
crop, and were recommended for gn
against walls. They were as follow : Beurre
Diel or Magnifique, a very large fruit with a
pale yellow skin spotted with russet. The flesh,
when ripe, is white, very rich and melting,
and the variety is one particularly adapted
for colder soils than that most Pears will succeed
on. Glou Morceau is also a Pear of consider-
able size and when fully ripe, the flesh is melt-
ing and of rich flavour, the skin is a greenish
yellow, but when grown against a wall and
the roots afforded an occasional dressing with
potash, the skin of the fruits develops a
slight colour. This variety is a heavy bearer
on the Quince stock, but requires to be
planted against a wall, or in an otherwise
sheltered spot. Fondante de Thirriot is a large
handsome Pear, with a green skin slightly
covered with russet. The flavour is first rate,
and the flesh very sweet and melting. It is
highly recommended for market purposes, and
is exceedingly prolific, growing well on the
Quince stock. To connoisseurs requiring a highly
perfumed Pear at Christmas, Hacon's Incom-
parable is recommended. It is of rich flavour
and bears well. Beurre d'Anjou is another large
and excellent Pear with a green skin turning to
yellow when ripe, and if exposed to the sun
develops a dull red colour. The flesh is white
and of excellent flavour. A large, handsomi
and highly-coloured Pear is Beurre Clair
geau, but the flavour is not of the best. The
fruits find a ready sale on account of their
attractiveness. The variety is a free cropper
on the Pear stock, and in the district where you
reside (Norfolk) should ripen at or about Christ-
mas. Jargonelle is a fruit of from medium to
large size, ripening during August, and is on,- oi
the best dessert Pears ripening at that
Very fine fruits can be grown against a wall,
but the variety will also succeed well as a stan-
dard tree. It requires a considerable length of
stem on account of its long pendulous branches.
As a bush, or pyramid, it makes rather an ugly
tree, but is very prolific when worked upon the
Quince stock. All the varieties mentioned above
are dessert Pears. — [See also an article on
"Christinas Pears," by Mr. George Wood-
ward, in the issue for December 24, ig .,
P- 437 ]
Lawn : Old Reader. We assume that you require
the Lawn sand for the destruction of moss, and
would, therefore, advise that you apply a mix-
ture of sulphate of ammonia and sulphate of
iron, three parts of the former to one of the
latter, and use three ounces per square yard of
Lawn. A little soot, applied in early spring,
would also be found beneficial, or some dry and
finely sifted fowls' manure. These dressin
spring should be applied during moist weather

Nami s of Fruits: Ballyarthur. 1, Tippet's In-
comparable; 2, Calville Malingre; 3,- Crimson

Queening; 4, Granny Gifford. The Pears were
over-ripe— F. S. 1, Beurre de Jonghe ; 2, fruit
decayed ; 3, Conseiller de la Cour. — A. M. S.
I, Leon Leclerc de Laval; 2, Swan's Egg; 3,
Sturmer Pippin; 4, Niton (Seaton) House; 5,'
Lord Burghley ; 6, Reinette Van Mons.— C. P,
Shipston. 1, Radford Beauty ; 2, Stirling Castle ;
3, Ashmead's Kernel ; 4, Duchessed'Angouleme.
— A'. Y.Z. i, Sweet Lading; 2, not recognised;

3, This certainly is not Kentish Pippin nor
Colonel Vaughan, but a very well-grown
specimen of Alfriston, a grand fruit ; 4, Fon-
dante de Malines; 5, Bergamotte Esperen. —
D. K. S. 1, Vicar of Wmkfield ; 2, Beurre
Diel ; 3, Annie Elizabeth ; 4, Northern Green-
ing—IK. J. Snell. Pear, Huvshes Prince of
Wales ; Apple, Gilliflower, not Cornish Gilli-
flower.— II. A. M, 1, Pitmaston Duchess; 2,
Beurre Leon Leclerc; 3, Hacon's Incomparable;

4, Beurre Diel. — F. G. Kemp. Apple Queen
Caroline— R. W. D. 1, Tower of Glamis ; 2,
Castle Major. The large green fruit (No. 3) is
Alfriston, the Conical fruit (also No. 3) Clay-
gate Pearmain ; 5, Kentish Deux Ans.— Zola.
1, Knight's Monarch, Apple, Gilliflower, not
Cornish Gilliflower.

Names of Plants: M. Sprengto . The plant from
Basutoland, is Haplocarpha scaposa of Harvey.
— IV. S. Jacobinia (Sericographis) Ghiesbregh-
tiana.

Orchids for Mixed Greenhouse : F. E. F.
Orchids suited to your purpose are, Cypripe
dium insigne, Cymbidium Lowianum, Coelogj ne
cristata, Lycaste Skinncri, Zygopetalum Mack-
ayi and Oncidium prastextum, O. varicosum, O.
Forbesi, or others of that class.

Phvllocactus : F. de L. The Phyllocactus is
perfectly free from fungus disease or insects. The
cause will be found in some cultural defect ;
probably excess of moisture in the air or at
the roots of the plants.

Planting Young Vines : R. H. C. Canes but
one year old arc the most satisfactory to plant
Such c;ines can be fruited in the first season, bu*
the practice is not a commendable one. It would
be much better to plant double the number oj
canes, and allow every alternate plant to fruh for
the first two years or seasons. After that period
the canes that have fruited should be cut out to
make room for the permanent vines, for by that
time these will be in proper condition for perfect-
ing several bunches of fruit each.

Rose: T. C . Worcester. The variety Crimson
Rambler is very subject to rose mildew. Just
after the leaves appear in the spring, dredge
every part of the plant with flowers of sulphur
mixed with one third its quantity of quicklime.
At the present time remove all diseased branches
that can be spared, and apply with a small
brush, rubbing well into the mildewed spots on
the branches, a mixture of equal parts of paraffin
and water, a wineglass full to a ga'lon, well
mixed with a little soft soap.

Seakale: /. G. The "crowns" you purchased
are, no doubt, in a suitable condition for forc-
ing Place them in boxes or in pots in soil of
a light nature, and plunge them in some suitable
material. Cover them with inverted pots or
baskets, and over the whole place a covering of
leaves or straw. This is necessary in order to
produce etiolation, as the seakale is worthless
if not properly blanched. Maintain a tempera-
ture of from 55c to 6o° when forcing. See nolo
in the Kitchen Garden Calendar on p. 343.

Winter Dressing for Vines : Salopian. \\
have not used a mixture of caustic soda, and
pearlash or potassium carbonate for Vines ; but
if you employ about 1 lb. to il lbs. of socii
and an equal amount of pearlash, together with
J lb. of soft soap, to ten gallons of water it v ill
not be likely to injure the canes. The operation
of dressing Vines in winter to kill mealybug,
&c, will shortly be described in the Weekly
Calendar.

Communications Received. — F. M. — Sec. R.PI.S. — de B.
Crawshav, with thanks- Rev. G. H.— J. R. J.-R. P. B.—
R. I. L.-G. E. W.— J. H. V.— Rev. D. W.— Rev. G. H.—
W. P. W.-C. Branson-Lancley Dale— J. W. -T. G
Baker— W. I. V.— N. D.— J. Lewis-A. R. B.-F. P. M.—
J. S.-J. H.— G. H.— National Potato Society— Mi.ll.m I—
I laffodil Society— T. B. D. & Co.— J. D.— A. H.-F. J.—
W. A. C— W. \V.— J. J. W— W. H. C— T. H.— W 1 1 -
W. \V. P.— W. H.TV- T.B.J.— W.B.— S.W. F.— Adolphus
-Mac— B. S. — Butt— Reader — Fern Lover— S.S.—F. F

For Markets, seepage v.- /bi Vfttlhtx Report, s«#«g»*i.

.\. iVKMHKS

25, 19.15.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

3G9

THE

(Siirbcncrs'CbronicIc

No. 987.— SATURDAY, November 25, 1905.

CONTENTS.

Adiantum cuneatum,

Pear tree, a fine

372

cultivation of ...

374

Pears, a selection

380

Arbor 1 »aj at Eynsford..

:S7s

Plants for tubs and

Arundinaria Simoni, the

vases

3 0

flowering of

380

Potatos, cause of varia-

Belgian and British

1 1 i

S7fi

Forestry

3S0

Potatos, a census of

Books, notices of—

earl} varieties ot 37 >

377

I Go a Walking

378

— midseason varieties S71 .377

The Advertiser's Year

-«>ri< 1 j< IS

Book

378

Bradfoi 'I Chrj s

382

Carnations, a winter ex-

Chester Paxton

:>:\

hibition of

3 J0

Devizes Chrys^

3V2

Dunbar and its Potatos

37 ^

Manchester Botanical

Fern, a rare British

374

ami Horticultural ..

383

Foreign correspondence

374

Mam hester and North

Hill Lodge, Enfield ...

380

of England 1 h chid

988

Hollies, lecture on

389

Royal Botanic

3 3

Kew Notes

:i7n

Royal Horticultural ...

:isi

Manuscript, a garden ...

377

Scottish Horticultural

3! 3

Narcissus poet icusorua-

Wiih hester Chrys. ...

383

tus, forcing of...

384

Suhiiin r (li iwers in the

Nepenthe?, hybrid

:i;;t

South w est

3 !i

NymphsaZanzibarensis

in. .M ansplanling oi

37.1

var. rosea

377

Weathi i in Devonshire

Obituary —

and North Cmiiu.ill377.3MJ

Ford, G. F

384

\\ eek's work, the

Marslen, H

3S4

Flower garden, the ...

375

Pierre, M

384

Fruits under glass ..

375

Tremayne, Col.
Odontogfossum x Vuyl-

334

I i.n dy fruit garden

:i:r>

K iti hen garden, the ...

375

stekeae

379

1 li ■ lid houses, the ...

374

Palm, a coloured

374

Plants under glass ...

374

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Nymphaea zanzibarensis rose t (Supplementary Illustra-
tion)

Odontoglossuiu Vuylstekeae 37.)

Pear tree bearing three hundred and twenty-seven fruits 372

Potato, a bicolor 370

Transplanting a large tree in Kew Gardens 373

SUMMER FLOWERS IN THE
SOUTH-WEST

'■PHE
lis

[E reports that we are privileged to pub-
lish from time t<> time concerning the
gardens of Devonshire and Cornv all and
their occupants are read, as we know, with
a feeling of interest not unmixed with envy by
those resident in less-favoured localities. The
geographical position of these counties and their
sheltered aspect are of course sufficient to
account for a native flora approximating in
some eases more or less closely to that ol
Western France or even ol Spain. The
residents, too, in these equable districts know
how to avail themseh es of these favourable con-
ditions. It must not. however, bethought that
all the south-west coast is equally fa\ i mred, i a
that experiments in adaptation arealways suc-
cessful. Parts of Devonshire and Cornwall an-
as bleak and unfavourable for garden experi-
ments as any places further north, and we
know, on the contrary, that many places in
south-west Ireland, and even in the north
east coast of that island, the Isle of Man, and
Western Scotland can rival the south-western
counties in their vegetation. Dr. Lands-
borough's experiments with various Euca-

lyptus in Arran rise to the mind, whilst an
illustration of an opposite character may be
cited from Dorsetshire, where Dr. Alfred
Wallace was, as he told us recently, quite
unsuccessful in his attempts to grow Cape
Heaths in the open in the mild climate of
the district between Poole and Bournemouth.
We do not know until we try what plants
can adapt themselves to our climate. We
should not have supposed that the Brazilian
Passionflower, Passiflora coerulea, would be
hardy near London, nor that the common J. is
mine, from the Himalaya, would survivi
ni"sl severe winters. Instances like these
should encourage our planters to experiment
with judgment even in the casi of plants
that, from their native locality or othei
circumstances, appear ill adapted to sur-
vive the vagaries of our fickle climate. For
it is indeed to its ordinary fickleness and
not to its occasional severity that we must
generally attribute the greater measure of our
want ot success. Still a" grand w inter." or a suc-
cession of such as we experienced in 1878-9, 1 38o
81, and again from [886 to 1891, and in 1893,
1S94, and 1S95, make havoc with our cherished
plants. In mentioning these particular winters
we have had the neighbourhood of London in
view, but we have no d mbl thai the very low
temperatures expei ienced in or near the metro-
polis in the years in question were shased by
the whole country to a greater or less degrei .
according to circumstances. Foi a general
statement of the effects of the great frosts in
some o) the yeai s ab ive mentioned we maj
refi 1 to the elaborate rcpoi t presented to
the Scientific Committee bj the Rev. Prof.
Henslow, and published in the Journal of
the Royal Horticultural Society for vol. viii,
1887. No doubt the losses were severe, but we
are sine all plant lov ers will echo Tennyson's
lines and -as h uii 1.1111 : —

" 'Tis 1 etter to have lov'd and lost
Than aevei 1 1 have loved at all."

Moreover we think that those who peruse the
following list, wi li which we have been oblig-
inglv furnished In Mr. Fitzherbert, of plants
which flourish in the south-west will endorse

the ten .111 1 Hernial ion : —

" Let those love now who never Lived liefore;
1 < i th< >s ■■ i a iv - 'l in iw love the more."

" Summer Flowers in Hie South-West. — Abelia
floribunda, usually trail cd against a wall, suc-
ceed perfectly in bush form, and has flowered
profusely. Abutilon megapotamicum bore for

many weeks its drooping yellow and crimson
Flowers, and A. vitifolium produced its largi
lavender or white Id ssoms. Tins Abutilon,
when it reaches a fair size, often dies ofl un-
accountably. Agapanthus umbeHatu-. grown
in the open, forms great clumps 5 feet and
more across, and blooms grandly in August,
and Alonsoa Warscewiczii, which also pj
perennial i: 1 ardens, has been a spot "I

vivid colour. Alstroemeria pelegrina and its
white form, rarely seen in the open, have
flowered well, the South African A:.
Ecklohis has carried its small, starry gentian-
blue nower- on its branching shoots, and
Arth'ropodium cirratum has perfected its white
bloom-sprays. Asclepias tuberosa, a rarely-
seen though strikingly handsome plant, has
borne its large orange-scarlet flower heads, and
A. Douglasi hasa noble aspect. The Dropmore
variety of Anchusa italica was a sheet of blue
for many weeks, and Argemone grandiflora
rivalled Romneya Coulteri in its beauty. The
Mexican Bessera elegans, with its slender
stems set with bright red flowers, made a

pretty picture in a narrow border, where the
yellow-flowered Chlidanthus fragrans, Bravoa
geminiflora, and Cypella Herberti also bloomed
well, and where lately the first of the Zephvr-
anthes, Z. Candida and Z. Andcrsnni. wen'
blossoming. Berberidopsis corallina has per-
fected its red. pendent berry-like blooms, and
in August Bignonia speciosa, against a south
wall, bore several of its long, trumpet-shaped
lavender blossoms. Boronia megastigma and
B. heterophylla have also been in flower in the
open border. Bowkeria triphylla has borne its
white. waxy Calceolaria-like 1.1 u ms,and Budd-
Colvillei has flowered. lie- apparently
does not bloom until it attain a lit of

7 feet or more. Of Campanulas, C. pelvi-
formis has been line, .is have C G. F. Wil-
-011 .mil Cpulloides; the last raised by Mr.
Archer-Hind and is in every way an im-
provement upon G. F. Wilson. 1". isophvlla
alba has been pretty hanging over a rock-
and the rare ('. punctata has (lowered,
while the charming little Wahlenbcrgia ser-
pyllifolia has also bloomed well. Candollea

tetrandra has borne its clear yellow flowei .

1 corymbosa commenced its floral dis-
play early in August, and was a sheet of
gold, which it retained in iiiniv weeks, and
s nne flowers may last till the end of the year.
The Lily of the Yallev tree. Clethra arborea,
has plentifully borne its branchlets of drooping,
white bell-shaped flowers. Cbdonopsis ovata's
lavender blossoms, beautifully marked within
with orange and purple, have been admired, as

have the crimson b ittle-brushes of Callistemon
salignus and the blue veil of Convolvulus
mauritanicus, shrouding a rocky bank. Cras-
sula coccinea has been a brilliant object, and
1 v ananthus lobatus has clothed a shaded nook
with lavender-purple. Desfontainea spin
Holly-like foliage has been spangled with
trumpet-shaped scailel blossoms tipped with
yellow, and tin slender, arching flower-wands
ot Dierama, formerly Sparaxis pulcherrima,
■ specially the pure white variety, have been
very lovely. There isa pale flesh-coloured form
thai is also preferable to the type. Digi-
talis obscurus, from Granada, has produced
its chestnut and yellow blooms, the rare
Escallonia pulverulenta has borne its white
ik ."< ' 1 ml at ihe commencement of

June Embothrium coccineum was clad in a
robe of vermilion. Fremontia californica, a
shrub that has an unfortunate habit of collaps-
ing suddenly when it readies .1 large size.
was studded with its deep yellow cupped
blooms for many weeks, and Gerbera Jame-
soni has borne its large, scarlet Daisy-like
flowers. This is a capricious plant th.it often
fails in the hottest and driest spots, but suc-
ceeds in others that would appear far I. -
suited to its requirements. Geranium grandi-
florum has flowered well, and Gladiolus Saun-
dersii and G. princeps have been bright, while
a fine specimen of the Chilian Nut. Guevina
avellana. over 20 feet in height, was in Sep-
tember covered with hundreds of flower-
spikes 4 inches in length, bearing about two
dozen small ivory-white blossoms with nar-
r iw. twisted-back petals and stamens half-an-
inch long. Habranthus pratensis, a veryrarely
seen plant, has been bright with its scarlet
Vallota-like flowers, and Hunnemannia fuma-
riaefolia, which lives out through the winter, is
yellow with bloom. Indigofera decora alba.
now bearing its white flower-panicles, is far
more attractive than I. Gerardiana. Inga pul-
cherrima. against a south wall, has
it- scarlet tassels, and the large pale blu<
flowers of Ipomasa rubro-cosrulea, spangling
the glossy foliage of Rosa laevigata against .1
high wall, created a charming picture. The
little-known Jaborosa integrifolia has borne its
white blossoms, strongly resembling th ise of
Nicdtiana affinis, through several weeks. I a
tera maritima bicolor, grown in the south-
under the incorrect name of L. assurgentiflora,
has produced its large, flesh-white purple-
blotched flowers, and Lathyrus pubescens its
lavender-blue bloom-sprays. The fine Louicera

37U

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 25, 1905.

Hildebrantiana has flowered well at Torquay,

and the beautiful Mandevilla suaveolens,

on high wall and balcony, has been covered

with its large, white, sweetly-scented flowers.

Malvastrum lateritium, in the rock garden,

1 b • numbers of its salmon-pink blossoms

and Sphaei J ea Munroana, formerly Malvas-

ti inn Munroi, has covered a ten foot bank with

its foliage and red flowers. Mimuluscardinalis,

a branching herbaceous plant 4 feet in height,

seld mi seen in gardens, has been bright with

its crimson blooms, and M. glutinosus and its

red - flowered variety have been flowering

tsebj in the open. Mitraria coccinea

has been brilliant with its scarlet mitre-

sli [ill Bowers. Manettia bicolor has been

'in and nt the Montbfetias, G. Davidson,

I I .ind Germania have been

tivi \; i lecurn climbing through Ber-

corallina, has produced numbers of

;ht orange blossoms, but Ostrowskia

tfica, sadly damaged by the gale of

Ap it ;i, madi but a poor show. Pardanthus

chilensis, Pentstemon cordifolius, the little-

l.n iwn P. tubiilorus and the lovely Philesia

ilia, with its pink Lapageria-like blossoms,

Im flowered well. Plumbago capensis lias

commenced to bloom. Salvia dichroa, 8 feet

in height and 5 feet through, has been the

glory of the garden, being covered with

hundreds of long purple and white flo

spikes. This plant comes from the Atlas

Mountains and is practically unknown. S.
leucantha and S. G rah ami have also bloomed
well. Of Sisyrinchiums S. chilense has been
by far the most attractive; from the end of
June Sollya heterophylla has been blue with
flower, and Traehelospermum jasmin
quite hardy in the south-west, has covered
wall and summer house with its scented,
white bloom-clusters. Tricuspidaria dependens,
better known as Crinodendron Ho ikeri, was a
bright picture early in June. Tulbaghiaviolacea
1 1 ire its lavender-pink flower-heads for many
weeks and Veronica Gauntletti proved a valu-
able acquisition, its flower-heads, though not
being salmon-pink as stated, being of a clear
rose-pink that renders it the most beautiful of
the shrubby Veronicas with the exception of
V. Hulkeana. Watsonia O'Brieni produced
its tall white flower-spikes in July. 5. II'.
Fitzherbert, South Devon"

KEW NOTES.

Cymbidio.m Gammieanum. — There is a good
example of this Cymbidium in flower now in the
Royal G Kew, where it has been grow/.

for some years along with the Cattleyas. It is
figured in King and Pantlings' Orchids of the
Sikkim Himalaya, where it is said to be common
in Sikkim and a possible natural hybrid bet
C. giganteum and C. elegans. It was first im-
ported and distributed seven or eight years ago

by Messrs. F. Sander and Sons. Mr. O'Brien
noted it in the Gardeners' Chronicle 1899, xxvi,
p. 409, and Mr. Rolfe in the Orchid Review 1900,
p. 107. I see no difference between this plant
and one shown at the meeting of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society on October 24th last, by Mr.
Gurney Fowler, under the name of C. Maggie
Fowler, when it obtained an Award of Merit (see
p. 316). Probably its previous appearance under
the name of its discoverer. Mr. Gammie, of
Darjuling, had been overlooked. W. W.

Lissochii.us Milanjianus. — Rendle. — This is
certainly one of the most beautiful species, belong-
ing to a rather large genus of terrestial Orchids.
According to the B Magazine (t. 7546) it

was origin lly discovered by C.J, Meller, Esq.,
when accompanying Dr. Livin 'stone in his second
expedition to the Zambesi in [861 Since that
it has been found by several collectors at
various times. The tubers of the plants now
ing in the Orchid-house, were seut to Kew
by Mr. J. Mahon from British Central Africa
about four years ago. It has proved to be rather
easy to manage under cultivation, and has flu
annually. It has very rigid fleshj leaves, and the
flower scape is from 2 to 4 feet in height, with
usually a dozen to eighteen flowers, arran
intervals of about an inch towards the apex of the
scape. The flowers are ii inches across the
(Continued on page 372.)

THE MOST SUITABLE POTATOS FOR PARTICULAR DISTRICTS. (See page 376.)

EARLY VARIETIES.

Total Number of Varieties

mentioned —

48

Scotland

N.

No. of

Returns

3

Scotland
E.

No. of

Returns

16

Scotland

W.

No. of

Returns

12

England
N.E,

No. of
Returns

8

England

E.

No. of

Returns

16

England
Midland

Counties

No. of

Returns

43

England
Southern
Counties
No. of
Returns
50

England
N.W.
No. of

Retiu n 3

5

England
S.W.

Ri turns
31

Wales.
No. of
Returns

8

Ireland.
No. of
Returns

9

Channel
Islands.

No. of
Returns

2

Isle of

Man.
No. of
Returns

2

Total
No. of
Returns

205

American Early Rose

Ashleaf (Myatt's)

Ash leaf (Rivers' Royal)

Ash! iaf [Sutton's Royal)

Ashleaf (Veitch's Early)

"i

1

2

1

"1
1

4

1
2

2

3

2

2

6
2

5

i'6
3

1
8

"i

1

1

4
3

5

2

1

"i

2
1

Total Votes

2
31
16

1
39

Beauty of Hebron

Beauty of Hebron (White) .-..

a Premier _.

British Queen

2

1
2

i

2

3
2
2

1

Campania (Sharpe's)

Covent Garden Perfection

"i

1

1
1

Duchess of ( ornwall

Duke of York

1

12

5

2

7

19

16

2

1

16

3

1

1

78

Early Giant ...

Early Julv -..'

Early Market

Early Puritan

Early Rose

Epicure ... ... ...

Express (Sharpe's)

i
2

1

"i

3

i

"4

3

9
2

3

"i

1

1
1
1
21
5
2
1

First and Be-i

First Crop (Carter's)

Flounder

Forerunner

"i

i

1

1

2

2

1
2

1

Harbinger

1

2

3

1

7

International

1

1

1

3

Jersey Kidney

1

1

May Queen

Mona's Pride

1

1

s

5

14

1

3

1

1

31
1

Ninety-fold

2

2

1

3

_

1

1

10

Prolific (Myatt's)

Puritan ...

Puritan (White)

1

1

"3

1
1

"i

~

"2

"1
4

2
9
4

Queen ol the I arlies

1

1

Reading Giant

Regent (Sutton'si

1 ...

Royal Kidney

"i

1

10

8
1

i

1

1

8

"2

2

1

2

. 33

Satisfaction

Sir John Llewelyn

Snowdrop

Star of ft ading (1 U ink \ ortli 5)

Sutton's No. 2 Kidnej

"i
2

:::

"i

"i

1
3
1

1

8

i

i

'2

3

1
26
3
1
2

The Dean

The Sirdar ...

1

"i

1
1

Victor (Sharp* 1

Victory (Brinkworth' 1

2

12

4

4

3

16

1

12

1

3

2

1

1

61
1

Walker's Seedling

•

...

1

1

NOVEMISEK

2S- '9°5-]

THE GA RDENERS C 11 A' ONI CLE.

371

THE MOST SUITABLE POTATOS FOR PARTICULAR DISTRICTS. (See page 376

MBDSEASON VARIETIES.

Sci 'i land,

N.

No. of

Scotland,

E.

No. of

Scotland.

W.

No. of

Englai d,

N I
No. of

England,

E.

No. of

England,

Mnl and

Counties.

Nn. of

Return s

England,
Southern
Counties.
No. of
Returns

England,
N.W.

No. of

Englanc
S.W.

Xo . of

' Wales.
No. of

Ireland.

\,.. of

We of

Man.
No. of
Returns

Total
No. of

Total Number of Varieties mentioned—
80

Returns

Returns

Returns

Retui ns

Returns

Returns

Returns

Returns

Returns

Returns

3

16

13

8

15

40

50

8

26

9

6

2

186

Total Votes

Abundance

2

3

5

1

1

13
1

Ashleaf (Rivers' Royal)

1

Alma

"i

1

American Rose

1

1

Beauty of Bute

1

1

2

Beauty of Hebron

"i

i

5

4

9

"i

1

2

24

Beauty of Hebron (White)

1

4

4

"1

1

11

British Queen

8

6

3

7

10

8

6

3

3

2

1

57

Buller

1

1

Burton Constable

i

1

Centenary

2

2

Challenger

i

1

Chester Favourite

1

1

2

i In w 1 k Favourite ...

i

1

2

Cigari tie

"l

1

Conquest

1

1

Columbian Queen ...

1

1

Covent Garden Perfection

1

1

Dalmeny . .

1

1

Devon Early Round .-

1

1

Devonian

1

1

Duchess of Cornwall

1

1

Duke of Albany

i

"l

2

Duke of York

1

3

2

4

3

2

15

Early Regent

1

1

1

1

4

Early Rose .

i

3

4

Empress Queen

1

1

2

Epicure

1

1

Evergood

1

"i

2

Favourite (Cole's)

1

1

2

Favourite (Sutton's)

1

1

Flounders

1

1

General Roberts

1

1

Harbinger ...

1

1

2

Idea] 1 -utton's)

1

2

1

1

5

Impi rator

1

1

Jenny Deans

2

1

3

King Edward VII

1

1

Lord Rosebery

1

1

Magnum Bonuin . . ...

1

May Flower

1

1

IS i '\ 1 iuardian (Webb's)

1

1

Ninety Fold

1

1

i

1

4

Northern Star

1

1

tion (Toogood's)

1

1

Pierremonl Seedling .

i

1

Fink Eyed Flatly Don

1

1

Pioneer

1

1

Pride of Tonbridge

1

i

2

Prolific (1 >i nmmond's)

1

1

Prolii c IMyatl s)

1

1

2

Puritan ...

1

2

"2

1

6

Reading Russet ...

1

1

Re 1 Kidney

i

1

Regi .'i

i

...

1

Reliance (Sutton's)

"i

1

Royal Kidney

1

1

1

2

5

5

15

Royalty

1

1

Satisfaction

1

1

2

Schoolmaster

1

1

2

Sensation ... ...

1

1

2

■Scottish Triumph'

'l

1

2

Sirjohn Llewelyn ... ....

1

4

7

id

1

3

2

28

Snowball ... ' ... ... . .

1

1

2

Snowdrop

3

"i

1

1

10

9

"l

4

"i

2

33

Snov.'flake

1

1

Supreme (Sutton's)

1

"i

i

1

i

8

Sutton's Seedling

"l"

1

1

2

1

6

Syon Hou-e l'rolific ...

"i

1

2

The Crofter

1

1

2

The Factor

2

1

2

i

6

The Gentleman

1

1

The Myatt

"1

1

2

The Wonder

1

1

Up-to-Date ... _

1

1

4

1

7

Victor (Sharpe's)

2

2

White Elephant

1

1

White Round (Paul's)

i

1

Windsor Ca't'e ..

i

1

3

2

19

18

"2

16

'1

1

65

Woodstock Kidney ...

1

'•

1

o/_

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

|_i\UVli.v

'y°s-

{Continual from page 370.)
spreading petals, which are the most showy and
prominent parts, are almost orbicular in form,
golden-yellow without, and carmine-red on the
nner surface, the lip is small, yellow, and tipped
with red. It has a funnel-shaped spur, which is
pale yeilow on the outside, and marked with red
lines on the inner surface. The sepals are small,
brown in colour, and rather inconspicuous. This
species succeeds well in a house having an inter-
mediate temperature ; and should be grown in
pans in a mixture of fibrous loam, peat, leaves,
and sand.

Ixora stricta alba. — Now in flower in the
Stove this is a very distinct variety, and one that is
rarely seen. It is a charming variety, and should
be grown by all lovers of this showy genus. The
leaves are lanceolate in form, usually about 6
inches in length, and much undulated on the
margins. The trusses of flowers are freely pro-
duced, and are 4 inches in diameter on the
small plant now flowering. The individual flowers
are of pure white, and are rather smaller in size
than those of I . coccinea ; they are densely arranged
in the inflorescence, and are sweetly scented. The
corolla tube is rather more than an inch in length,
the lobes are recurved on the margins, and are
spathulate in form. II'. II.

Sl'ARTINA CVNOSUROIDES VAR. AUREO-MARGI-

nata. — A native of North America the Marsh
Reed Grass (Spartina cynosuroides) is usually
found growing by the sides of streams and in
marshy places. It is a tall-growing, elegant plant
from 5 feet to 6 feet high, with long, broad, arching
leaves, eminently suitable for growing by the
water's edge. The above variety is a distinct
addition to the group of ornamental subjects

belonging to this family, and has golden bands
running the entire length of the leaves. Although
more at home where it can obtain unlimited
moisture, it may be grown in drier places, such as
in isolated positions on lawns, where a group of it
is very effective. The genus is represented 111 this
country by S. stricta, which grows by the edges of
tidal water near Southampton. It is also a hand-
some grass, but does not grow so tall as its
American relative. S. cynosuroides var. aureo-
marginata was received at Kew from the New
York Botanic Gardens in 1904. II'. Irving,

Callipsyche Kewensis X. — This hybrid is a
very interesting addition to a genus containing
but few species. C. eucrosioides, C. mirabilis and
C. aurantiaca are the species in cultivation at Kew,
the two last-named being the parents of the Kew
hybrid, of which there are about a dozen bulbs
now flowering in the Begonia-house The stout
erect scape is about 2 feet in height, surmounted
by 15 to 18 large flowers arranged in a circle,
this number being about twice as many as are
usually contained in an inflorescence of C. auran-
tiaca, but rather fewer than in C. mirabilis. The
perianth is about intermediate in size and colour
between that of the two parents, being of a pale
yellow. The stamens are 4 inches in length,
having the prominent upward curve lor about one-
third of their length, which is such a distinctive
character in G. mirabilis ; the style is fully 6 inches
long, and is curved upwards to a greater degree
than are the stamens, which combined characters
give the inflorescence a circular, brush-like appear-
ance.

The cross was effected in [898; the bulbs
flowered for the first time in the autumn of last

year. They were then about the size of a small
Hyacinth bulb. Callipsyches make their growth
in the early spring, the leaves dying off late in the
summer. After resting for a time the flower scapes
are then developed. They should be potted in a
strong loamy compost and afforded stove treat-
ment until they begin to lose their leaves, after
which they should be placed near to the glass in
an atmosphere of intermediate temperature to
ripen the bulbs. When in flower a position in a
greenhouse is most suitable. II'. H .

A FINE PEAR TREE.

The excellent specimen of a horizontally-trained
Pear tree, illustrated at fig. 140, is one growing in
the gardens of R. Brocklebank, Esq., Haughton
Hall, Tarporley, Cheshire. It is trained to a wall
which faces to the south-east, and is 12 feet in
height, the tree having been planted 10 years
since. From the illustration, it may be seen that
the tree affords an instance of good training as
well as fruitfulness, for the horizontal branches
are at almost equal distances from each other ;
they are all perfect, not failing at half the
proper length, and there are fruitful spurs over
the whole tree, The figure will serve to
illustrate some of the directions given by Mr.
Clarke in his weekly calendar on p. 375
and indicate to beginners the kind of tree they
should seek to produce if this system of training
is adopted Of the variety Louise Bonne of Jer-
sey, we need say little, its popularity is such that
it is cultivated in most gardens.

Mr. T. Winkworth, gardener at Haughton Hall,
to whom we are indebted for the photograph, has
also sent us one representing a good specimen of
the variety Durondeau bearing 304 fruits.

1 i ■.. 140. — PEAR TR1 I OF THE VARIETY LOUISE BONNE OF (ERSEY. BEARING THREE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SEVEN FRUITS.

NOVEMBEK 25, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

o73

TRANSPLANTING.

(Concluded from page 355.)

Preparation of Large Trees for

Transplanting.

Reverting to the method of transplanting
a tree with a " ball " of earth four feet or
more square, it may be added that it is often
advisable with large trees to dig the trencli
six or even twelve inches outside the marked
square outline, and to remove the soil care-
fully as far as this outline and thus to pre-
serve an additional number of fibrous roots.
The hall should be supported by cords in
the manner described. Finally, before re-
moving the tree four " guy " ropes should lie
strained from the sreni of the tree to the ends
ol the boards B and C, fig. 135, p. 354. These
will not only prevent the head of the tree
from swaying unduly but will also afford
some additional support to the " ball."

\\ here it is desired to transplant particu
larly valuable or important trees, especially
trees that have long been undisturbed and are
known to have their feeding roots so far
spread out from the stem as to make il im-
possible to take a necessary proportion of
them with the tree, it is ofti n desirable to
prepare the " ball " six months, a year, or
even two years beforehand. It is done in this
ivav. The dimensions of the ball to be re-
moved (whether round or square) are marked
out, and then a trench is dug out rather
nearer the stem than the marked line and as
deep as ihe roots go. All the roots, of course,
are roughly severed in the process, and these
should be cut clean back. It is imporiant
that lap-roots if they exist should be severed
also, and to do this half the " ball " or less
should be undermined and then filled in again
before another section is dealt with. After
all this is done the trench should be filled in
again with tin- same or, if necessary, with
better soil, rammed firmly and watered.

The object of this process is to provide the
tree with a stock of fibrous roots so near to
the stein that they, or most of them, can he
taken away with it at the time of transplant-
ing, that thus the tree may be enabled
to take hold of the soil at once in its new
quarters.

One growing season at least must inter-
vene between the preparation of the tree and
its ultimate removal. Some trees may be
prepared in the early spring and removed in
the autumn of the same year. With most a
full year should be allowed. In some cases
it may be well to prepare half the " ball "
one year and the other half the next. This
is to avoid the check caused1 by removing .ill
the roots at one time.

The accompanying reproduction of a
photograph at fig. 141 shows an Ever-
green Oak .about 30 feet high being removed
in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. The
mass of soil (7J feet square and 2h feet deep),
with the pl.-mt itself and lifting tackle,
weighed nearlv 6 tons. It was taken nearly
a mile, and required five horses to draw it.
The tree has been planted near Kew Palace,
where extensive alterations are being made.
It was required to block our a view of the
unsightly gas-works at Brentford.

Time for Transplanting.

The most convenient time for the removal
of trees and shrubs is during the winter
months, say from the middle of October to
the middle of March. With very few excep-
tions, all deciduous trees and shrubs may be
transplanted with safety during that period.
Still, the earlier part of the time is better than
the latter part. As far as possible all
deciduous plants should be planted after the
leaves have changed colour, but just before
they fall, ihe roots are not yet inactive, and
they get a grip of the new soil and become
settled down before the winter sets in. The

period, however, is so short that this must be
regarded rather as a counsel ol perfection
than as being always practicable.

The worst time for the work is during the
period of dry east winds in March and early
April. But after that again there frequently
comes a lime when, if the work has not been
done before, it may still be safely accom-
plished. This is during soft or showery
weathei when the buds are bursting. The
rools have by now become active again, and
if the plants can be kept moist for a few days
(natural rain showers, of course, are best, but
watering and spraying- are a great help) they
start growing again almost immediately. In
trade nurseries, much transplanting has per-
force to be deferred till the end of the selling
season.

Evergreen Plants are much more difficult
to transplant safely than deciduous ones are.
The reason of this is that the leaf-bearing

cannot he done, as in the case of a Holly
hedge, or where plants have to be sent long
distances. Consequently they have to be
removed with little or no soil attached to the
roots. It is in such cases that it becomes very
important that the proper time be chosen.

It is essential with such evergreens as
those named above that the plants, although
not in the full vigour of their growth, should
nevertheless not be in their most inactive
state. The best times, therefore, are in
autumn before growth ceases ; or in late
spring just after growth recommences.

With regard to autumn planting, warm
moist days in late September and early
October are particularly advantageous to the
work in the South of England. In the cooler,
moister north a few weeks earlier are better.

In spring planting the work should be de-
ferred till the drying east winds are over.
Showery warm days in May are best.

[From .1 (h • .;> 1, h in E. J. Wallis.
Fir:. T41. — TRANSPLANTING A LARGE TREE AT KEW.

part of the plant is never so independent of
the root-system. Even in midwinter the
leaves both breathe and transpire, so that a
cessation in the supply of moisture from the
root, however partial, is felt much more than
it is by a leafless plant.

In the case of Rhododendrons and many
other evergreen members of the Heath family
the fine roots are so numerous and get so
complete a grip of the soil that the whole
root-system can practically be removed intact.
But in their rase the problems of transplant-
ing scarcely arise ; with ordinary care it can
be done at almost any season of the year. It
is with such evergreens as Hollies, Evergreen
Oaks, Cherry and Portugal Laurels, Arbutus,
Evergreen Magnolias, and all those (which
form the majority) with a more or less
rambling root-svstem, that difficulties appear.
They can, of course, be moved with safety if
the ''balls " of earth in which they grow are
tied up and taken with them. But it
frequently happens, from considerations of
convenience, cost in labour, etc., that this

Many discussions have been held as to
whether the autumn or the spring plan-ting
of evergreens is preferable. But we may say
that, with suitable weather and smart work-
manship at the time, and with <kie attention
to watering during the following summer,
success is equally probable in either season.
Just as a hard winter setting in very early
might prejudxe one against autumn planting,
so might a long dry time in May and June
prejudice another against spring planting.

This much, however, is certain : from mid-
winter onward to early April is the most
dangerous time. In the case of the most
susc ptible of these evergreens it is better to
be earlier in autumn or later in spring than
the reverse.

Evergreen Oaks transplant better in June
than in April. Bamboos, if planted at all in
the autumn, should be moved early, but in
their case experience proves that mid-May is
best.

I am conscious that much of what I have

374

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 25, 1905.

advocated, especially about the method of
transplanting, may appear to involve an un-
necessary amount of care in the operation. In
practice, it may be said, it is impossible to
give so much attention to detail ; it may not
(■ven be necessary. In whatever one does,
however, it is always best to aim at perfec-
tion, however much circumstances may pre-
vent one getting near to it. A good deal of
gardening must of necessity be of the rough
and ready sort, but there is a great deal of
difference between the rough and ready
methods of a man who knows what the ideal
conditions should be and those of another
who is ignorant of, or indifferent to, them.

Certain experiments, the results of which
have lateiy been published, are stated to have
gone to prove that, with some fruit trees,
more successful results had been produced by
careless planting than by what we consider
good planting. We shall soon be saying about
experiments what has so often been said about
statistics, that they can be made to prove
anything. In my experience of trees and
shrubs, now a fairly lengthy and extensive
one, I have seen, not one, but scores of
instances where careless planting of trees has
produced ill-health and often death, especially
where the carelessness has been in the form
of too deep planting. A Willow or a Poplar
may not object to such treatment, but my.
experience is that most trees thrive best when
they are well and carefully planted in the
way 1 have endeavoured to describe. And
that experience I believe to be backed by that
nl many generations of gardeners before me.
IF. /. Bean.

THE FERNERY.

A RARE RRITISH FERN.

When spending afew days at Gwydyrlately I was
shown several strong clumps of the forked Spleen-
wort (Asplenium septentrionale) growing within a
few yards of a spot where hundreds of tourists
pass during the summer months when exploring
the beautiful valley of the Conway and onwards
to the pass of Llanberis. I counted about a score
of plants nestling cosily in the crevices of an old
wall, and subsisting merely on lime, rubbish and
an accumulation of decayed vegetable matter —
little, indeed, of the latter. The original discovery
of this Fern is curiously interesting, for it occurred
many years ago when the Chester Naturalists'
Society visited Trefrew and Llanrwst. Mr. Mc-
Intyre, agent of the Gwydyr property — a keen
naturalist and observer — after having piloted the
Chester Society over the more interesting parts of
the estate, was returning home, and in crossing
some fields espied the forked Spleenwort in the
crevices of the wall referred to.

There were only two or three plants at that
time, so the increase has been moderately rapid,
and I need hardly add that the sanctitv of the spot
is carefully guarded by the tinder. A.D. Webster,
Regent's Park.

CULTURE OF ADIANTUM CUNEATUM.
In the culture of this and other species of
Ferns I have been very successful. In giving a
description of my treatment I shall be pleased
to see in the valuable columns of the Gardeners'
Chronicle any methods used by other readers
that may lead to still better results. In the cold,
cheerless days of November the Fernery is still
a reflection of summer, the stages being covered
by a mass of delicate green fronds of the
"Maiden Hair." My treatment refers mainly
to old, pot-bound plants. In December I strip
every plant of its fronds, and leave the plants
in a dormant state, in an atmospheric tempera-
ture of about 450 or 500, till about the be-
ginning nf February. When the young fronds
begin to appear I then soak the roots of every
plant individually in lukewarm water, once in
the first week, twice in the next week, and so
■n until a few of the fronds have lull, de-

veloped. At this stage a little manure in liquid
form has proved to be of great benefit, and the
strength is increased in proportion to the con-
stitution of the plant. At Midsummer the plants
are afforded, three times a week, diluted farm-
yard wash. Shade from sunshine is afforded
from April until the end of September. The
treatment is simple, but it has good results. I
shall be glad to read the views of others in-
terested in Adiantums, for I have heard of other
methods, but have not practised them. A Lover
of Ferns.

FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE.

CYCLOBOTHRA FLAVA.
Mr. H. J. Elwes, in the Gardeners' Chronicle
for September 23, is correct in supposing that
complete dryness in winter is desirable for this
bulb. For the benefit of all cultivators of Mexican
bulbs I will state that all such bulbs require a
period of rest in winter, and these include
Amaryllis (Hippeastrum) formossisima, Bessera
elegans, Cyclobothras, Milla biflora, and Tigridias,
also the Dahlias, which are native of this country.
Not only do they require dryness, but in the
growing season, in their native habitats, we find
them in perfectly drained situations on the edges
of ravines or side hills, so that the excessive
amount of water that falls in the rainy season does
not cause the bulbs to rot. /. A . M, 1
M, tico.

LIVISTONA MARDE [see pp. 251, 297.]
In 1S99 I raised a good number of plants of this
rare Palm, of which very little was known, even in
Australia, none of the Botanic Gardens there
having it in cultivation at that time Some of my
plants were sold and distributed in different places,
and many died, as it appears to be one of those
Palms very hard to manage in small pots and under
glass. After the first two or three years it grows
tolerably fast, and a very remarkable Palm it is
for the very unusual colour of its leaves. These
are green when opening, but soon assume the red
(or purple) hue which, however, gets duller with
time. Another peculiarity is that the leaves in-
stead of standing flat or partially drooping, as those
of other Livistonas, are often turned upwards in a
slightly cucullate shape. The same happens at
times with our "blue Palm" Erythea armata,
belonging like this "red Palm " to an exceedingly
dry country. Since 1899 I have not been able to
gel good germinating seeds of Livistona Maria:',
and do not wonder that it is still scarce. Under
separate cover I send you a thoroughly developed
leal (from my specimen plant) and a couple of
fruits (from Australia). F. Franeeschi, Santa Bar-
bara, California, U.S.A.

The Week's Work.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H. Young, Orchid Grower to Sir F. Wigan, Bt.,
.Clare Lawn, East Sheen. S.W,

Treatment Daring Fog. — During the winter
months, in or near large towns, fogs often obscure
the light, and are in other respects exceedingly
injurious to plant life under glass In order to
lessen the evil caused by such fogs it is customary
to aim at having the plants and atmosphere in a
fairly dry condition, the temperatures moderately
low, with very little ventilation. It is an utter
impossibility to exclude these fogs, and I am in-
clined to think that to attempt to exclude it by
keeping the ventilators closed only increases the
injury suffered by the plants Flowers that
are open have a better chance of preservation if
the surroundings are fairlv diy. but should a visi-
tation of fog be accompanied by a low external
temperature, the mere fact that much fire heat has
to be used necessitates damping and watering,
and this promotes atmospheric moisture. After
every severe fog the outside of the roof-glass
should be washed, in order to remove the sooty
deposit that is left behind in urban districts, as is
thi ' isi hen 1 In more than one occasion during

most winters the glass of our houses has an
appearance similar to that of slated roofs, and but
for the subsequent washing little light would reach
the plants.

Protection from Frost. — When cold winds or frosty
weather prevail, the roofs of the various houses
should have some covering material placed over
them at night, if this is convenient, so that less
fire-heat may be needed, and ice will be prevented
from forming on the inside of the glass. A very
slight covering will fulfil the latter condition, and
prevent icy cold drip from falling on the plants.
The lath-roller blinds afford considerable protec-
tion, and should be used at night whenever the
need arises.

Cattleya Triana, &-c. — In many instances the
floral scapes are now to be seen in the sheaths of
the above species and those of C. Percivahana
and C. chocoensis, which, though distinct, is
generally considered to be a variety of C. Trianae.
The two first-named species have been kept
moderately dry, but from the time the scapes begin
to develop the rooting medium should be kept
moist until the flowers expand, when the rest-
ing conditions should be resumed. C. chocoensis
should never be subjected to dry treatment, although
much less water is needed when the pseudo-bulbs
have matured, a few days' drought causing the
pseudo bulbs to shrivel inordinately. New import-
ations of C . Trianae are now arriving, and where this
species is grown a few plants should be acquired to
replenish the stock, or for the purpose of securing
new varieties. Newly-acquired plants should be
thoroughly cleansed to rid them of any insects that
may be present, taking care, however, not to rob
the basal buds of their natural covering. The
• ' pieces ' ' should then be stood upright on a moist
stage and be kept covered with sheets of paper for
a time, for if exposed to strong light immediately
on arrival the leaves will fall away. When root
action is noticed the plants should be potted into
suitably-sized receptacles, and the materials be
kept moderately dry until the season of growth
arrives.

Cattleya Grub. — This is the grub of a small fly
that infests the roots of various Cattleyas and
Ladias, their presence being made manifest by
-.mall globular swellings on the roots, in which
the evolution of the grub to the fly state occurs.
Little actual harm is done by these, but whilst
going over ihe plants at this season it is advis-
able to pick out as many as possible with the
point of a knife, so that a decrease in their
number may be anticipated next season.

The Deciduous Calanthcs are now commencing to
flower, and for the better preservation and appear-
ance of the blooms the plants should be staged in
alight, warm intermediate compartment amongst
Adiantum ferns. The atmosphere shouldbemode-
ratelydry, but the rooting com post allowed to remain
moist until the scapes have fully expanded. When
the spikes have been removed, place the pots on
an exposed shelf in a warm house, and afford no
further waterings. Those of the C. Turned and
C. Regnieri sections may still be growing, and
therefore absolute dryness at the base should not
be permitted.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bullock, Gardener to E. J. Wythes, Esq.,
Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Roses. — In order to obtain a succession of bloom
throughout the winter months, it is necessary to
have suitable structures, fitted with proper venti-
lators and heating apparatus, in which the
plants will be under the influence of a sufficient
degree of light. To maintain an unbroken supply
of flowers two or more such houses must be de-
voted to the cultivation of Carnation plants. A
house having a span roof and running north and
south is most suitable, as it affords the plants the
full benefit of the sun's rays. Probablv the best
results are obtained from plants that were planted out
in the spring and what were recently rooted cut-
tings. By this method of cultivation it will be
necessary to make a border composed of good
turfy loam, adding a little rotten dung and lime
rubble, bearing in mind that, light being essential,
the borders should be made as near to the glass as
convenient. Plants intended for supplying cuttings
for this method of culture should now be placed
in a moderate degree of heat to start them into
growth. When growths measuring 5 to 6 inches in
length have been made, detach them with a good
" heel " and place them in a small pot, plunging

N'OVEMBEH 25, IU05.J

THE GA R I) E NERS ' CHR ONI CL E.

■> 1 0

the pots to the rim in cocoa-nut fibre over a con-
siderable bottom heat. They will soon make
roots, and when ready should be planted out in
borders to furnish a supply of flowers for the
following winter. At any season of the year the
first appearance of mildew in the plants should be
checked by the use of a little solt soap and sul-
phur in water, sprayed over the foliage, repeat-
in-; the application if necessary. Remove the
Bower buds as they appear until such time as it is
desirable the plant should Bowei Very great
necessary in the matter oi affording water
roots. Choose lor forcing only those
varii ties that have proved themselves suitable for
il" method of culture, such as the Bride and

■ maid, &c.

S 111 Pots. — Let those plants that have been
ed in ashes during the summer months, and
are intended to furnish blooms from March on-
ward, be overhauled before removing them to a
warm atmosphere. If the plan:
recently re-potted, let the surface soil be i<
bj iaeans of a sharply pointed sin I,, repli 1 ing it
with good turfy loam to which a little bom meal
has been a. Med. This should be made firm
Examine tie drainage material and re that

the water >wll be able to pa - av ayeasilj I
an) weaklj shoots and ihorten growths made
din in- the past season to within a few buds ol the
bat - Afford water sparingly until -the roots have
become active.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By W. Fyfi , 1 ..)i denei to Ladj W

Wantage, Decks.

Seakak. — The entire crop of this ve
should be lifted at the first favourable oppor-
tunity. The work is best performed b\
mem ing at one end of the plantation, as it for
' ng the ground. Turn the soil over with
steel forks to the full depth at which the roots
have descended, in order to remove everj particle
of the root, as the smallest remaining portion ..ill
develop and assert itself during the next summer.
The "thongs" are now in the best possible con-
dition for making into sets, which should he taken
from the crowns after the latter are lifted, when
there is less danger of breaking the best sets.
Crowns intended foi forcing during this season
should, after being divested ol loots, be thickly
inserted in some light material, such as leaf-soil,
and covered with litter, from which they can be
conveniently taken as required Portions of the
roots from four to six inches in length, cut at their
lower ends in a slanting manner, and tied in
bundles of 25 or 50, should be buried in sand or
in ashes ; these will form the sets for next season's
crops. If the soil is thoroughly broken up by
digging, and exposed to the influence of frost and
air, Seakale may be grown successfully upon the
same ground for several seasons in succession.

Cauliflower. — Although disap] anient was

caused, earlier in the season by numbers of these
plants becoming "blind." the abortive plants
that were allowed to remain have furnished
from three to five small cauliflowers, each about
the size of a breakfast-cup and of the finest table
quality. The seeds of these plants were sown
about the middle of June, the varieties being Early
London, Walcheren, and Extra Early Forcing.
The " heads " are developed near to the ground,
and are thus well protected by the foliage from
frost. I intend, another season, to stop or remove
the centres from a number of young Cauliflower
plants, in order to se;ure a crop of this vegetable
by this means, as a larger number of "flowers,"
each of a more suitable size for culinary purposes
than the ordinary heads, is the result. Cauli-
flowers as a rule are grown much too large.
At this season of the year vegetables that are the
more likely to suffer from frost should be used
fust , for example, early Coleworts and Savoys
will often become damaged, while Kales and
Brussels Sprouts will escape uninjured. Pickling
Cabbage will now be in suitable condition for use.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F. Jordan, Gardener to Dr. Corbet, Impney Hall
Gardens. Droitwich.

Cucumbers. — A temperature of 65° to 70" at
night, according to the weather, will be suffi-
cient for these plants. Employ a little ventila-
tion daily whenever the weather is favourable,
if only for a short time. Direct syringing hav-
ing been discontinued, sufficient atmospheric
noisture should be induced by frequently damp-

in,, the paths and other available spaces in the
house. Vigorous plants will continue freely
to show units, but do not overcrop them'.
Afford s.nall rich top dressings of warmed 1 om-
p 1 applied in a very rough condition. If the
same plants are required tc produce fruits at the

[ring of next year, do not pinch the lai
so frequently as previously reco

■ 1 tyed leaves from the plants, but
avoid 1 n ery many at one tin

sere check II greenfly
is troublesome, fun ig tt the plants I
nights in sui 1 and syringe v 1

eailj on the followi
the 1.' 'tt. in heat be supplied from
pi] the drain ige 1 in g d 1 on-

the planl I 1 ruir< mu< h 1

at the roots than would otherwise be thi ci
All i. 1 the presem

be weak and 111 a clear conditi

is, win. h were set 1 I
should In- treated carefully and kept gi
v until the turn of the year ; m

h in obtaining fruit di

and March. I:
lly, allowing plenty of spa-

:e to develop propeil '

t thi 1 -on of the
the 'I- . I covei the rool

pics eai h ni hi w ttb a its if this can be
com

The r, ; ,,, p , ,

lies will have In

VI,, us c.ll.

be lost in ]
iter variel ill be

t, but protection fn
rains and 1 herrj u is should be

given simil 1 Lpple, l' 1

Plum tri e i an '" ,; I plai ed in si n
position, thi be cone and 11.

be well protected from frosts with bracki
other material. Push forward all pruning and
cleaning operations in Liter houses.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. A. Miller, Gaol, a< 1 :
M.P., LTnderley II. 1

Lord Henry C. Bentinck,
\\ - -imoreland.

Deciduous Creeping and Climbing Plants
should now be pruned, afterwards tying the
remaining _ 1 1 atlj to suitable su]

Vitis Coignetaj has a gr 1 in autumn

with its wealth of finely coloured leaves. The
mam shoot- should be trained at 12 in. to 15 in.
apart, and the laterals be cut back to 2 or 3 eyes.
Ceanothus azureus, Aristolochia Sipho, Wistaria
:-. and Indigofera gerardiana should be
treated similarly. Clematis of the Jcckmanni type
may have its giowths of the present year cut
back to about half their lengths. Other types
of Clematis should be left unpruned. Clematises
require good soil and plenty of manure. Do net
allow any strong and coarse growing climbers to
rob the moisture and nourishment from them.
Roses are apt to get "leggy" when growing
against walls ; therefore, maintain a constant
supply of new growths from the base upwards.
Prune these back to a well-ripened bud.
Remove tiny hidebound stems and thin out the
weakly shoots ; after which afford the roots a
top-dressmg with well lotted manure. Amongst
the many climbing roses \V. A. Richardson is
still a favourite. Dorothy Perkins is a worthy
companion to the Ramblers. Philadelphia
Rambler is brighter and richer in colour thin
Turner's Crimson. Lady Gay is a glorified form
of Dorothy Perkins, and is destined to take a
leading position.

Lilium tigrinum and its varieties, alsi
bulbiferum if growing strongly, bear quantities
of bulbils in the axils of the leaves. These can
be easily collected when matured, and if care-
fully planted in a border of rich, light soil where
they will not get disturbed will make useful
flowering bulbs in a few seasons.

Value of Fallen Leaves. — Make an effort to
harvest as many forest tree leaves as possible,
especially those of Oak and Beech. Throw out
any sticks and weeds and then store the leaves
in low heaps, where only moderate fermentation
will take place. These leaf heaps will afford
excellent materials for the making of hot beds
for use in the propagation of bedding plants
next season. Lei the store made last year be
turned over to hasten decomposition, as leaf
mould is an important ingredient in all p

composts for the encouraging of root action, be-
sides which decaying leaves possess consul
nutritive value. Humus possesses the pov
rbing and retaining moisture. In pi
proportion with inorganic soils, humus or
d vegetation is a valuable asset. As
1 quaintly says: "A rotten mould is a
land Id."

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Bj W. H. C 1. all, , 1 lardi 1 1 wdbn,

..ni House . 1
ning AppU .—To carry out

thls work ly, it is necessary for the

to j some knowledge 1

"| the diffi i..nt varieties. If the

duri lie- summer

lendar, the

little. Yon, 1 , . . 1 ,.. branches

ilder t

■ . tin- .
alier, and
' case, where the trees are
■ i old, tie- leading shoots may be

can be s<

ent foundation of the

oe someti.

: ■ form hi
wall space; conse-
I1" tly I 'ii ban Vari< ties formin

their branches, viz.,
W

m Chretien,' ami

not so generally

se, should have their shoots left at full

I3 long, but the leading or

tree having a fruit

hud at the end sh iuld be pruned back to a

h bud if lurther extension is

' ' " fig. 140]. — If the

have not i> , , ,,|i or

1 : tl 1 back

to tin buds, win, h .ue r 'ji.ni d for i
lateral sho 1 . gei rail) allow ing

' li! " 'S, or a correspondm
that at which tie other tiers have been tra
so that symmetrical and evenly tra

be formed; at the point of pruning 1 tie

necessary on either side of the branch for

ling horizontal shoots, and a terminal bud

1 1 upward extension; strong side shoots may be

left 1 feet Ion-, but weakei growths be pruned

a little more severely.

Fan-trained Trees should have their bra
so shortened that the resulting growths there-
from will, in the opinion of the operator, form
at certain places, and make when trained a
symmetrical and evenly balanced tree. Trees
which have filled their allotted space will only
require to have their growths formed during the
current year shortened.

Treatment of Spws.—ln young trees this is a
simple matter, where the growths were stopped
during the summei to 5 r 7 leaves, and in
some cases a subsequent stopping to 2 leaves.

These summer shoots should now be

sh rtened to 2 cr 3 buds. In some cases, after
frequent stoppings, young vigorous trees will
form a bunch of spurs, which at the present time
should be thinned, reserving the most prominent
fruit buds.

Old Tnes may have long unsightly and use-
less spurs, which, in consequence of their being
so crowded, smother the fruit. In such a case
a certain number of these spurs should be
removed annually, leaving others to furnish
the branches. If the saw has to be used, let
the rough cut be smoothed over afterwards with
a sharp knife.

Standard Trees. — Young trees in various sizes
require their branches to be so shortened that a
sufficient number of shoots may be formed to
make a good head to the tree. Older trees wall
require little pruning beyond the removal of
any cross branches, which must be spurred
back. Let the centre of the trees be kept well
open.

Miscellaneous Work.— Remove all ties, shreds,
and other fastenings from the trees and burn
them. When re-tying young trees, leave suffi-
cient space for the shoot to sw-ell. Nails and
ties should be used in preference to shreds,
which harbour insects. Trees infested with scale
must be well cleansed with a strong insecticide
or an application of caustic soda and potash,
h more will be said at • latei date.

876

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

[NOVEMBEB 25, 1905.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

SATURDAY, Nov

I Morley and Dislrict Paxton Chry-
2-> 1 santhemum Society's Show.

TUESDAY,

I National Chrysanthemum Society
] Annual Dinner, Holborn Restau-
rant.

Actual Temperatures: —

Lohdon.— Wednesday, Nov. 22 (6 p.m.): Max. 48°; Min.
32"-
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, London.— Thursday, Nov. 23(10
a.m.): Bar., 297; Temp., 52°. Weather— Much
rain.
Provinces.-^ Wednesday, Nov. 22 (6 p.m.): Max. 50"
Portsmouth; Min. 48° N. Coast of Ireland.

SftLES.

MONDAY TO FRIDAY NEXT—

Dutch Bulbs, at 67 & 68, Cheapside, E.C., by Protheroe
& Morris, at 10.30.

WEDNESDAY—

2,468 cases Japanese Liliums, received direct ; 90 cases
Spiraeas, Iris, &c, Lily of Valley, &c, by Protheroe &
Morris, at 67 & 68, Cheapside, E.C., at 3.0. Palms,
Plants, Roses, Azaleas, Fruit Trees, &c, by Protheroe
& Morris, at 67 & 68, Cheapside, E.C., at 5.0.

FRIDAY—

Choice Orchids, in large variety, from well-known
growers, by Protheroe & Morris, at 67 & 68, Cheapside,
F.C., at 12.30.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

Editor and Publisher. — Our Correspondents would
obviate delay in obtaining answers to their communica-
tions, and save us much time and trouble, if they would
kindly observe the notice printed weekly to the effect
that all letters relating to financial matters and to
advertisements should be addressed to the Publisher ;
and that all communications intended for publication, or
referring to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editor. The two
departments, Publishing and FMitorial, are quite distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise when
letters are misdirected.

Who could have thought, says Roze,
in his elaborate H.istoire de la Pomme
de d'nv, that the Potato, having its home in Chile,
naturalised in Peru, where it was cultivated
from time immemorial, introdviced into Europe
in the sixteenth, despised in the seventeenth,
slightly esteemed in the eighteenth, would have
taken so important a place in commerce and
form a subject of such absorbing interest to
almost all nations in the nineteenth century ?
Roze joins with Claude Gay in esteeming the
potato as the most important acquisition that
Europe has obtained from the new world.
Had the talented French botanist lived to see
in the twentieth century the establishment of
the National Potato Society, the exhibitions
conducted under its auspices, and what is still
more important, the trials and experiments
carried out by its members, he would have
found his impressions materially strengthened.
M. Roze's book is very complete up to the time
of publication in 189S. It includes allusions
to the exhaustive articles in our columns by
Mr. W. S. Mitchell in 1886, the papers of
Baker. Arthur Sutton and others, and the pro-
ceedings at the tercentenary conference. The
important discussions on the alleged degene-
ration of older varieties of potato carried on
al the Scientific Committee during the present
sprint;, would have been full of interest to him.
Equally important would he have deemed the
experiments with Solanum Commersoni as
detailed in a pamphlet now before us.*

Solanum Commersoni, one of the tuber-
bearing ipecies, is a native of Uruguay, with
very fragrant flowers, and is sufficiently dis.

* Roze, Histoire de la Pomme de terte, &c. Paris, Roths-
11-11. I "i 1105,1896.— Le Solanum Commersoni
1 .in. in. .11 , pat [. Labergerie, Paris, Rue Jacob 26.

tinct to be treated as a separate species even
by Mr. Baker in his well-known paper in the
Journal of the Linnean Society. Not un-
naturally considerable difference of opinion
prevails among botanists in their estimate
of what constitutes a species. Some would
consider as a species any variation, however
apparently trifling, provided it was con-
stant and capable of perpetuation by seed-
Others, considering the immense degree of
variability of the plants, the way in which
they differ according to circumstances, and the
manner in which a more or less continuous
chain may be traced between the extreme
forms, are inclined to regard all or most of
these tuber-bearing Solanums as bt longing
originally to one and the same species. Some,
for instance, consider Solanum Maglia to be a
distinct species from S. tuberosum, whilst
others look upon it as a variety only. Dis-
cussions of this character may be thought to
be of no practical importance, but that opinion
is contradicted at every stage of the enquiry.
The study of the variations met with in the
Potato, their causes and limitations, is really of
the greatest importance to the cultivator. M.
Noel Bernard, it may be remembered, attri-
butes the formation of tubers to the irritation
and enhanced growth consequent on the pre-
sence of a fungus. If this be true we have to
find out what are the conditions which favour
the growth of this fungus.

The history of Solanum Commersoni is
another case in point. This was originally de-
scribed by Dunal.niil was well figured by Sabine
in the tenth volume of the Transactions of the
Horticultural Society* plate x. (1822). It was
introduced into cultivation by M. Heckel, of
Marseilles, and grown on a large scale by
M. Labergerie. The most important facts
relating to it are die perfume of its flowers, its
productiveness in the matter of tubers, and its
immunity from disease (Phytopthora). More-
over, it has been found especially suitable for
growth in damp or even marshy soil, where its
haulm and foliage may be used for purposes of
forage. From 1896 onwards at M. M. Vilmorin's
trial ground at Verrieres, and elsewhere, no
variation was observed, and all attempts at cross-
ferrilisation and hybridisation proved unsuc-
cessful ; but with M. Labergerie the case was
different. With him a whole series of varia-
tions, not only in the tubers but in other parts
of the plant, made their appearance, not
suddenly, but gradually, and these variations
are carefully enumerated and described in his
monograph. The general tendency was, we
are told, in the direction of greater hardihood
and increased pi iwei of resistance to the fungus.
even to the extent of complete immunity
from its attacks. Among these numerous
forms, one in particular, a violet variety, known
in France as the Uruguay Potato, made
its appearance in 1901, suddenly, and pre-
sented various characteristics different from
those presented by the parent plant — dif-
ferences fully detailed by the author but
which need not be repeated here. The prac-
tical points are the increased producth em
the nearly smooth tubers, and the absence of
; 1 1 1 > bitter flavour. Assuming M. Labergerie's
observations to be correct, the Uruguay Potato
would furnish an example of what De Vries
calls mutation. It must be said, however,
without in the least degree impugning M.
Labergerie's good faith, that some doubts

have been expressed as to the identitv of the
spurt. Some think it may have been the result
of cross fertilisation, but this is denied by M.
Heckel. Some, who have seen both growing
and are competent to express an opinion, see
little or no difference between the Uruguay
form and tin variety known as Blue Giant.
M. Labergerie contests this view and assigns
reasons for his belief. This state of things
brings us back to the notion that all tin-.
varied forms have had a common origin —
belong in fact to one species, from which they
have branched out and are still branching out,
and to which they may occasionally revert.
Some of the new varieties are adapted to one
set of conditions, others to a different " environ-
ment." M. Ed. Andre, on the other hand, who
found wild potatos growing in Colombia and
in Peru, contends that the potatos as we now
know them are the descendants not of one
but of several species, from which thev have
" sported " or are the results of cross-fertilisation.

It is admitted by M. Heckel, after an
inspection of more than ten thousand plants
which are known to have originated from the
violet Uruguay Potato, that it was impossible ti 1
make any distinction between them when grow-
ing and the known produce of S. tuberosum.
M. Philippe de Vilmorin has arrived at this con-
clusion from his trials at Verrieres. This being
the case, it is no wonder that differences of
opinion arise, and that some who have se< ri
M. Labergerie's variety consider it as iden-
tical with others like Giant Blue, known to ha\ e
originated from S. tuberosum. This opinion,
as we have already stated, is repudiated by M.
Labergerie, who adds to his memoir several
llustrations of his violet variety of S.Corn 11
soni. In this connection we may refer to the
" Trochie Grant " exhibited by Mr. Scarlett at
a recent meeting of the Royal Horticultural
S01 iety (see p. 317). This was a very dark
violet variety, which has retained its characters
unchanged since 1745, and is stated to be
absolutely free from disease.

Mottled potatos are common enough and may
be taken as evidences of mixed parentage.
One of the most remarkable cases of the kind
which we have seen was furnished us by
Messrs. Carter, wherein half of the tuber
showed the characters of Myatt's Ashleafand
the other half those of White Elephant. The
occurrences of sport and variations of this kind
should induce caution informing an opinion as
to the true nature of particular varieties.

Fig

\ 1.1 ( . iLiu: ! ITATO.

In any case, these circumstances show how-
necessary it is for well-directed experiments to
be carried out in order to get at the truth,
and at the same time to enhance the quality,
productiveness and p iwer of resisting dise ise
of the potato.

Supplement to the "Gardeners' Chronicle."

Nympplea ZANZIBARENSIS, VAR. ROSEA, FROM T

the Hon. Walter Rothschild, M.P

Temple Press Ltd., 7-15, Rosebery Avenue, E.C.

November 25, 1905.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

'Ml

A Potato Census. — In connection with the
forthcoming exhibition of the National Potato
Society, of which we shall give a report in our
next issue, we now present a list of the most
popular early and mid-season varieties of
Potatos (see pages 370 and 371). These details
have bsen obligingly furnished us, in reply to our
enquiries, by our correspondents in all parts of
Great Britain and Ireland. Next week we shall
complete the enumeration by giving a similar
list of the late varieties. It must be borne in
mind that the votes have been given by cultiva-
tors in no way commercially interested in the
Potato. Hence, no doubt, the list is different
from that which would be forthcoming from
dealers or professional growers. Some of the
newer varieties are less well known than they
will be in a few years' time, hence the present
record will be an interesting subject for com-
parison in the future. Whatever differences
there may be in individual opinions and in
other circumstances, the very large proportion
of votes cast for a few varieties shows
quite clearly the high opinion generally en-
tertained as to their merits. In the list
of early varieties, Duke of York heads the
list with 78 votes, and this variety is followed
by Sharpe's Victor with 61 votes. But it
may be pointed out that the votes given fur
Ashleaf are divided under the names of Mvatt,
Rivers, and Veitch : and if these votes for forms
of Ashleaf be added together the total is 78, or
exactly equivalent to the votes recorded for
Duke of York. In the mid-season varieties,
Windsor Castle heads the list with 65 votes,
and Beauty of Hebron follows with 57. It may
be useful to state what the exact question was
which we submitted to the courtesy of our cor-
respondents. They were asked to enumerate
the best two of early mid-season and late varie-
ties in their particular district. This has re-
sulted, in the case of mid-season varieties, in
making a table of 98 different sorts, though of
early sorts only 48 are mentioned. This greater
degree of unanimity is due to the preponderance
of the Ashleaf and Duke of York. It will be
obvious to the reader that, although the voting
was for the two best varieties for garden pur-
poses, it is just as easy to select from the lists
published a collection of the six best, twelve
best, and so on. Some of the varieties may be
considered to be synonymous, but we take the
names as supplied to us.

NVMPH/EA ZANZIBARENSIS VAR. ROSEA (See

Supplementary Illustration). — The flower shown
in our Supplementary Illustration was exhibited
at a meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society
on August 29, by Lord Rothschild, when the
Floral Committee recommended it a First Class
Certificate. In rtgard to this handsome variety
the Hon. Walter Rothschild. M.P., obligingly
sends us the following communication: — "This
very distinct variety was raised at Tring some
three years ago from a packet of seed sent as
Nymph asa z.m/.ibarensis, var. violacea. Out of
about 100 plants raised only one flowered true
to name, and the rest were either ordinary N.
zanzibarensis (flowers blue) or else very small
flowered pink varieties, with the exception of two
plants, which, instead of flowering in the seed
tubs, grew into much larger and stronger plants
than the rest. These two plants were planted out
in the large tank, heavily manured. When the
plants flowered one proved to be a pale blue form
more than twice the size of N. zanzibarensis,
which 1 propose to call var. grandis, and the
second one was the fine variety figured on the
accompanying plate. The colour is a beautiful
shade of rose-pint with a slight tinge of mauve.
The leaves are at least a fourth larger in the
varieties grandis and rosea than in typical N.
zanzibarensis, and the flowers stand at least
6 inches to a foot above the leaves and water.
The house in which the tropical Nymphreas are

grown at Tring is a low, span-roofed forcing
pit, with the staging and fittings replaced by
a tank about 5 feet deep, 8 feet wide and 46 feet
long, divided into three compartments : in the
largest one (23 feet long) these two varieties
of zanzibarensis are planted. The soil is
about 2i feet deep and the water above is
about the same depth. There are two rows of
pipes running through the centre of the house
in the water and also running round the house.
The bottom ventilators are mostly used, as
the temperature of 700 to 750 necessary dining
the growing season could not always be main-
tained if the top ventilators were opened. In
the winter the water is run off and only il to
2 inches depth is maintained. The plant of N.
zanzibarensis rosea has this season produced over
50 flowers and is still in full flower. In addition
to the two forms described above, the following
Nymphaeas are cultivated in the same house.
Species.- -Nymphaeamexicana, N. blandaFenzliana,
N. I'arkeriana, N. Rudgeana, N. gracilis, N. g.
var rosea, N.elegans, N. lotus dentata, N. 1. rubra,
N. 1. aurea, N. Columbiana, N. amazonum, N.
ampla, N. coerulea, N. stellata, N. s. var.
pulcherrima, N. s Berlin variety, N. zanzibarensis,
N. z violaceus. Hybrids. — Nymphaea x O'Marana,
N. x William Stone, and N. x George Husten."

Books. — Messrs Wesley & Son. of Essex
Street, Strand, call our attention to their classified
catalogue of works and pamphlets on various
branches of Botany, Horticulture, Foresti |
Agriculture. The catalogue is a very ricli one,
well arranged, and containing many entries, which
will appeal to those who desire to add to their
g irden libraries.

Frost in Devonshire.— We have been very
lucky here 111 the" way of frosts. Although it has
been general throughout the whole of the south-
west, here at Kingswear, just over the salt water at
the mouth of the Dart, the thermometer, on the
worst night, only fell to 32", and even Dahlia foli-
age is quite uninjured. In a garden I have, higher
up the hill, Fuchsia procumbens and Anthericum
variegatum were a little cut. Arctotis aspera
arborescens, A aureola, Calceolaria Burbidgei ;
Correa cardinalis, Sollya heterophylla, Agathaea
. .1 lestis are all in bloom. We are, however, sadly
behind in the rainfall for the year, and want
12 inches in the six weeks to make up the aver-
age. S.W F.

M. Laurent: Collections from the
Congo. We note the appearance of Fascicules
1 and 2 of the descriptions and plates of the plants
collected in the Congo by the well-known traveller
M. Emile Laurent in 1903-4. The results of the
explorer's valuable labours are brought out by
M. E. de Wildeman, who is so well qualified for
this important work, and the volumes form a most
acceptable addition to our knowledge of the rich
flora of the Belgian Congo. The illustrations are
of their usual excellence.

Violets. — The American Florists' Revi
answerable for the statement that Violets reach
the New York market at this season in boxes
holding from one thousand to two thousand five
hundred blooms, so that the total daily supply-
is a million and a half. They do things on a large-
scale in America.

The Rights of Property in Plants. — A
very curious case has lately been decided in a
Northern Court of Law. The plaintiff, till lately
a manager in the employ of a firm of nurserymen,
sued his former employers for /ioo, the alleged
value of certain seedling plants detained by the
defendant nurserymen. The plaintiff had himself
collected the seed and now claimed that the seed-
ling plants were his property, although it was not
denied that they had been grown'in the defendants'
nursery, presumably with their pots and soil, and
that for the time, attention, and skill required in

the cultivation of the plants, the plaintiff had been
duly paid by his employers. The point to which
we wish to draw attention is the claim made by the
servant, because we often hear of similar cases in
which the gardener considers as his own private
property what really belongs to the master. It is
a pity in such cases that some understanding is
not come to between employer and employee.
In the absence of such agreement we imagine
that in all cases the plants, if grown upon
his premises, belong to the employer. At any
rate, this was the opinion of the judge irJ
the case to which we are referring, which was
terminated by the judge dismissing the plaintiff' s
claim with costs. A counter claim on the pan oi
the defendants was also dismissed with costs, so'
that neither side has gained anything by invoking,
the aid of the law, and the only persons to be
benefited are the lawyers.

Liege Horticultural School. — The tenth
annual Bulletin of the Association des Amiens
de I'Ecole d' Horticulture de Liige contains
portraits of the late Leo Errera, of MM. George
Schneider and Emile Laurent. Articles are in-
cluded on the following subjects : Botany and the
20th Century, by M. Louis Gentil ; Cultivation of
Vegetables from Seed. M. R. Fassin ; Appreciation
ol \[ G. Schneider, by M. Louis Gentil; and
Florists' Flowers, M. F. Delfosse. The Bulletin
contains several illustrations.

A Garden Manuscript. The most important
volume in the sale of the Earl of Cork's library,
disposed of on Tuesday last at Christie's, says the
Times, was a French manuscript of the 15th century
of Petrus de Crescentiis " Le Livre les Prouffits
Champestres et Ruraulx," beautifully written on
293 leaves, 17m. by T3in , richly illuminated with
12 large miniatures, with borders in gold and
colours of leaf and scroll work, and with many
thousands of initial letters; the MS. is divided
into 12 books, each of which commences with a
miniature, and the subjects include building, plant
ing and pruning trees, ploughing and threshing
corn, flower and fruit gardening, country sports, &c.
At £2,600 the lot fell to Mr. B, Quaritch. The
work itself is a very famous one, and was frequently
reprinted during the latter part of the 15th and the
earlier half of the 16th century. The first edition
in Latin was printed by ScHUszLERin I47i,in folio
and on 209 leaves ; an editio altera appeared in 1474,
"impressum per Ioannem de Westphalia," who
issued two other editions, all three of which are
very rare. The first French translation, corre-
sponding to the manuscript sold yesterday, was
published by A. Verard, Paris, July ro, t486, and
extends to 226 leaves ; according to Brunet, the
translation from which Verard's edition was printed
was writtenin T373. An Italian edition was pub
lished at Florence in July, 1478, and the work
continued to be reprinted in Italy down to 1784.

Ootheca Wolleyana. — The third part of
this work is now issued, and deals with Col-
umbae and Alcae. The title of the complete work
indicates its scope : "An Illustrated Catalogue of
the Collection of Birds' Eggs formed by the late
John Wolley, Jun., M.A., F.Z.S. ; edited from the
original notes by Alfred Newton." Specialists,
who remember the former two parts will know
what to expect from the bulky tome now ready.
The illustrationsare excellent. It is published by
R. H. Porter, 7, Prince's Street, Cavendish
Square.

How to Increase the Quantity of Seed
from Shy-bearing Plants. — An interesting
paper which appeared in the Bulletin de la Societe des
Agriculieurs de France for October, 1904, seems, says
Mr. Henslow, to supply a valuable hint to florists.
It is by M. H. Hitiek, on the cultivation 01 the
Beetroot. The part to which he refers descrili- the

578

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[NOVEIISEH

1905.

metliod adopted for securing an abundance of seed
of the best sorts of sugar-beet. It is notorious that
as flowers are "improved "to a high standard from
a florist's point of view the power of producingseed
diminishes. For example, a florist told me that he
had secured a remarkably fine strain of Primulas,
but the seed ultimately entirely failed, so that he
lost all his stock. Another was an expert in Cy-
clamens, but the production of the seed from
the best varieties was so precarious that he
kept a small stock of " weedy " plants, as he
described them, for the express purpose of raising
seed, as they bore plenty. Then by seed
selection he was always able to keep a good
supply of marketable plants. Now, M. Hitier
observes that of 20 to 30 Beetroots selected
for exceptional qualities and destined to form
races, it is very rare for the cultivator to
be able to preserve one or two in which the
qualities prove hereditary. This is why the value
of a race is so great if the seed can be trusted to
come true. After describing the method of cultiva-
tion and the way in which analyses are made to
test the sugar qualities, &c. , the processes being long
and costly, he observes that if the plants selected be
planted, say, in 1904, they bear seed the following
autumn, 1905. Those sown in 1906 will be planted
out in 1907. Then, finally, a commercial supply of
seed may be looked for in 1908. Notwithstanding
this careful selection, anomalies, are often found in
a race thought to be well fixed, the amount of
sugar- varying from 14 to 19 per cent. Regarding
the shoots issuing from the top of the Beetroot as
"individuals," and cultivated separately, they
give seed without the undesirable admixture
of characters. Hence the practice is to take a
number of shoots, buds, and portions of the remain-

• ing roots, and grow them together and then select
for homogeneity. In that way a much greater
number of seed-bearing plants will be procured.

"They give shoots producing 250 to 300 grammes

* of seed, buds 200,' and fractions — i.e., portions of
the root — 150. Thus, finally, from the same Beet-
root in one year 12 to 15 kilogrammes of seed
may be obtained. The wider application of this
method seems desirable ; at all events, if not
practised, it might be worth while to try it wherever
the seed begins to fail in exceptionally fine flower-
ing plants.

Arbor Day at Eynsford. — Tree-planting
commenced in various parts of the village at about
n o'clock on Saturday, November 18, under the
supervision of Mr. Henry Cannell and Mr.
James Lawson, of the Horticultural College,
Swanley, while four sturdy young lady students
from this excellent college took an active part in
the tree-planting operations. Ornamental as well
as forest trees were planted ; and on the site of
the old Eynsford stocks in the centre of the village
was planted a silver Birch, and not a Lime (as was
originally decided upon), it being considered by
arborists that the Birch would be more suited to
the soil.

"The Advertisers' Year Book." — Messrs.
Dawson & Co. have published a very handy
little book full of useful information and sensible
hints as to the value of judicious advertising.
5. Dawson do not mention the subject,
nor do we in the remarks we are going to make
in any way allude to their firm, or indeed to any
firm in particular. The point we wish to em-
phasise is that an advertisement is an advertise-
ment, and that an editorial comment or a notice
contiibuted by a correspondent is an entirely
different thing. Some 'advertisers, and especi-
ally some advertising agents, seem to think that
because they forward a certain number of ad-
vertisements and pay for them, therefore an
editorial paragraph should follow, as a matter of
right, whether the editor knows anything about
the object advertised or not. They not infre-
quently as': that this should be done. We would

ask these enterprising agents whether, as busi-
ness men, they think that such procedures are
fair to other advertisers, and whether they would
not very soon cease to hold in esteem any
journal which adopted their suggestions. We
would ask the advertisers themselves, who
presumably know what sort of reputation a
journal has, whether it would answer their
purpose in the long run to pay for advertise-
ments at all in a journal which it is known
would on occasion insert them without payment,
and thus act unfairly to others. A journal has
its reputation for good faith to its subscribers
and to its readers to maintain, and it owes its
success as an advertising medium or otherwise
to the jealous care it exercises in supervising
both its editorial and its advertising matter, and
in keeping the two separate.

" I Go A-walking." — Under this rather
awkward title Mr. T. N. Foi Lis, 5, Frederick
Street, Edinburgh, and London, is publishing a
book upon natural history. The first part, con-
taining thirty illustrations, is " I go a-walking
through the Country Lanes," and subsequent
parts detail peregrinations " through the mea-
dows," "by stream and lake," "through the
woods," "o'er the mocr," and " homewa
The letterpress is avowedly compiled from
British Birds and their Haunts, by Rev. C. A.
Johns, and from other standard books, and
the pictures are from photographs by Cham ES
Read Wishaw. These illustrations show yi ung
thrushes, blackbirds, hedgehogs, and other
common species of birds and animals in and
out of their nests and homes, and are ex-
amples of the present fashion for showing
wild life as it really is. This is a vast improve-
ment upon the often woodeny drawings with
which earlier generations had to be content,
and everyone must admire these pretty studies
of familiar favourites seen at their best. The
publication is especially useful to youthful and
other readers who have not access to larger and
costlier volumes on bird-life. Further parts of
the issue will treat of other wild creatures of
our country-side.

Publications Received.— The Cape Times, Oct.
4th. — Circulars and Agricultural Journal of the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Ceylon: Notes on Dioscoreas (Yams),
H. F. Macmillan; April. — Chemical and Physical
Properties of Soils from Tea Plots, Peradeniya,
A. Bruce; May. — Ornamental Climbers and Creepers,
H. F. Macmillan ; July.— Properties of Soils from Cocoa
Plots, Peradeniya. A. Bruce; July. — Indian Corn (Zea
Mays) in Ceylon, Herbert Wright ; July.— Para Rubber
in Ceylon, H. Wright and A. Bruce; July. — Adminis-
tration Reports for 1904; July. — Green Manures,
Herbert Wright; August. — Composition of Soils lor
Fodder Growing and Crazing, M. Kelway Bamber ;
September. — Cottage Gardens: Practical Hints ,,n
Cultivation and Management, by Colonel the II. .11.
R. Stapleton-Cotton. This contains useful hints written
by one who claims to have had thirty years' interest in
gardens and much practical experience in that time.
The proceeds of the sale of the booklet are to be given
towards the foundation of a Scholarship at the 1 1 1 .
Adams College, for the benefit of the sons of bona-fide
agricultural labourers or other working men. — The
Forbidden Fruit, by Mrs. John Lane. A description
of how to serve and eat the Shaddock, which Mrs.
Lane considers is not appreciated in England as it
deserves, though well-known over here. It is difficult
to overcome popular prejudice, especially in this case,
where the fruit needs sugar and other added flavours

l"i it can be considered really palatal, le. —1 hirty-

sixth Annuel Report of the Fruit Growers' Association
of < Ontario, ]')()(. With over ten million apple trees in
Ontario it is not wonderful that new markets are re-
quired for the fruit. The Association is doing good work
in watching the trade and in assisting growers. — Thirty-
fifth Annual Report of the Entomological Society ,<i
Ontario, 1904. — Eleventh Annual Report of the Fruit
Experiment Stations of Ontario, 1904. It is the inten-
tion of the Board to enter at once upon some new lines
of work, such as the best means of winter protection
for the roots of Peach trees at the G. W. Station, and
more extended trials of the adaptation of the best
commercial varieties of all fruits to the various sec-
tions of the Province.— Agricultural Bulletin 01 the

Straits and Federated Malay Straits, edited by H. N.
Ridley, August. Contents: Results of tappings of
Hevea brasiliensis ; History of Agriculture in the
Malay Peninsula ; and Forestry in Malay in 1904. —
Report on Botanic Station, Grenada, 1904-5. The
Cotton grown in the Experimental plots obtained first
prize at the local Agricultural Exhibition. The general
conditions of the Station are satisfactory. — From the
Michigan State Agricultural College : Some Bacterial
Diseases of Plants prevalent in Michigan, by W. G.
Sackett. This deals with Pear Blirh'., Bacteriosis of
Beans, Black Rot of Cabbage, Wilt of Cucumber, Soft
Rot of Sugar Beet, and Blight of the Potato, Tomato,
and Egg Plant. — From the United States Department
of Agriculture ; Division of Entomology : Bulletin No.
50. — The Cotton Bollworm, by A. L. Quaintance and
C. T. Brues ; Bulletin No. 51.— The Mexican Cotton
■rm, by W. D. Hunter and W. E. Hinds ; Bulletin
No. 53. — Catalogue of the Exhibit of Economic Ento-
mology at the Lewis and Clark Cenleuu1.1l Exposition,
Portland, Oregon, 1905, by Rolla P. Currie. — From the
Imperial Department of Agriculture for the West
Indies: Reports on the Botanic Station, Agricultural
School, Experiment Station and Plots, St. Lucia,
1904-5. Improvements have been effected and inter-
esting plants added. The report on the work done at
the Station is satisfactory. — From the Cornell Univer-
sity College of Agriculture: Announcement of Courses
of Instruction for the Academn Year 1905-6; Bulletin
No. 227. — Mushroom Growing for A mateurs, by Geo. F.
Atkinson and Robert Shore ; Bulletin No. 228. — Potato
ing in New York, bj J. L.Stone: No. 229. — An
Apple Orchard Survey of Orleans County, under the
direction of John Craig, by G. F. Warren; No. 230.—
Quality in Potatos, by John W. Gilmore— 1- rom the
iltural Experiment Station, California ; Bulletin
No. 171. — Commercial Fertilizer.*, by George Roberts,
and Circular No. 15: Recent Problems in Agriculture.
From a lecture by Prof. L. H. Bailey.— From the
Bureau of Agriculture of the Philippine Islands ; '
Bulletin No. 6.— Soil Fertility, by W. C. Welborn —
Annual Report of the Board of Agriculture and De-
p.ntiiicnt of Public Gardens, Jamaica, for the year
ended March 31. 1905, The work .0 omplished in-
cluded the starting of eight school gardens, and many
practical experiments with cotton growing, and with
other tropical agricultural industries. — Annalcsde I'ln-
stitut Central Ampelologique Royal Hongrois, publiees
sous la Direction du Dr. Gy. de [stvanffi ; Tome III.,
livraisous 3 and 4. Contains an illustrated account of
the Institute and its work, and various articles of
viticultural interest. — 77ie Journal of Agricultural
Science (Cambridge); Vol. 1, Part 2, May, 1905, and
Part 3, October, 1905. — Report on the Administration
of the Government Botanical Gardens and Parks, the
Nilgiris, Madras, August, 1905. The plantations afford
a wide range of climatic conditions, making them
almost uuique and most valuable for experimental
purposes. — Botanic Gardens and Government Domain,
Xew South Wales. Report for 1904. Mr. J. H. Maiden
reports that spells of dry weather rendered the se.iM.n
unfavourable. Nevertheless, great progress was made.
— From the United States Department of Agriculture ;
Bulletin No. 54 (Entomological). Miscellaneous Results
of (he Work of the Bureau of Entomology. — Proceedings
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
A; ml to August.

DUNBAR AND ITS POTATOS.

Travelling by one of the splendidly appointed
trams which leave King's Cross several times daily
for Edinburgh, Dunbar is passed about half-an-
hour before the northern capital is reached. The
lit ;top made by these express corridors is at
Berwick. From Berwick to Edinburgh the scenery
is very grand on the seaward side, but there is not
much time to observe it, as the travelling is very
rapid II the traveller can catch sight of Cocks-
burnspath, in less than ten minutes he will have
passed through Dunbar and left behind the
famous tract of land that produces the potatos
which always top the London market. It is a
strip of country about ten miles long by two to
three in width. These 20,000 acres or so are
blessed with the so-called red soil. It is singular
that this red soil should be so clearly demarcated.
It begins at Cocksburnspath on the south, and
stops two miles west of Dunbar, giving place in
both cases to grey soil, which is less valuable for
potato culture, and consequently less remunerative
to the landowners. Tin- red soil varies hum iS to

NuVEMI

*5> ":"^J

THE GARDEXERS' CHROXICLE.

379'

30 inches in depth ; it is a rather sharp loam over-
lying the old red sandstone formation. In many
fields stones are numerous, they of course being
genuine red sandstones.

Potatos grown on the land in question have a
bright appearance unattainable in other soils, but
that is not all. The cooking quality of the pro-
duce is always good, and after being conked
genuine " Dunbars " remain white long after
getting cold This quality alone makes them
especially valuable to restaurant keepers in Lon-
don, who no doubt serve up " cauld tatties het
again," and the demand on their part for Dunbar
potatos is not infrequently greater than the supply.
In vears when crops are light the London trade
will accept consignments as Dunbars coming off
the intermediate land in East Lothian but in
seasons when heavy crops are the rule only genuine
red soil Dunbars obtain the coveted 20s. per ton
above others.

In a district such as this, where rents are high —
often £j, an acre— the grov^ , are up-to-date men,
and the holdings are all large — 60 to 150 (in one
case 300) acres of Potatos being quite usual on the
various farms. Potatos in most case> come in
rotation every four years; in some farms they are
worked every three, as follows: — Wheal sown
down. Hay, Potatos, Turnips, Barley, Potato and
again Wheat. Dunging is practically all done in
autumn, never in the drill in spring, as this latter
method spoils the quality of thi tubers Artificial
manure is liberally applied in sp
time Each farmer has his own formula . but it
may be said that sulphate of potash of a high
grade enters into all of them, it being found that
potash .1 tin Form ;ives quality. For the same
:- 1-..111 sulphate ol ammonia is preferred to nitrate
ol -.11,1.1, The usual width for planting is 26 inch
drills and 10 to 12 inches between the sets Plan!
ing is usually commenced about the third week in
March. Then, it may be remarked, the tubers
an- still dormanl in this part of the country, The
growers do not want the growths to appeal above
ground before the middle ol May, otherwise the)
would most likely be blackened by cold frost)

If one looks at the map it maj b
that the Dunbar coast is quite open to the North
Sea For this reason no early varieties are grown,
and only comparatively lew second early sorts. If
1I1 ■ starting is late the finishing is also late 1 think
it is a feature of this district that Potato-tops are
green and grow well on into September, and it
is also most noticeable that the tops finish off in
a russety-brown or dark yellow shade of colour
instead of the almost black colour assumed in dam-
per district . K lising or lifting is not usually in full
w ing before October. The majority of the growers
spray once Twenty years ago Magnum Bonums
and Maincrops were largely, almost exclusively
grown. Magnums have long ago entirely dropped
out, and the same may almost be said of
Maincrop now. Following Magnum came The
Bruce, and Langworthy succeeded Maincrop.
These are still grown to a limited extent. Doubt-
less the reason for these varieties being aban-
doned was the small tonnage per acre they pro-
duced. If 12 tons can be got from the new
varieties instead of six or seven from the old,
the Dunbar men are not the ones to stand on
sentiment or ceremony. Up to Date came
along to " fill the bill," and to-day it is more
largely grown than any other sort ; but the
most enterprising growers are already looking
ahead ; several large fields of The Factor have
been planted, and Mr. James Hope, of East
Barns, is impressed with Warrior, which he is
growing for the se:ond year. Small trials are
also being made of Superlative, Radium, The
Laird. Premier, and Table Talk, no doubt with
the object of discovering something which will
produce 20 tons per acre, and in the course of
lime oust the standard ones of to-day ! I saw all

these new sorts raised on one farm ; they were all
good, but I intend to keep my eye on Table
Talk. "Dunbars 20s. per ton above all others"
is a statement we have all long been familiar with.
I have tried to show the reason why this is so.
It is clearly not so much a question of variety as it
is one of soil and climate. William Cuthbertson.

ODONTOGLOSSUM X VUYL-

STEKE.E.
Our illustration (at fig 143) represents a flower
of the fine hybrid Odontoglossum of unrecorded
parentage, for which Mons. Chas. Vuvlsteke, of
Loochristy, Ghent, was awarded a First cla
Certificate at the Royal Horticultural S01
meeting held on November 7. It was thought
that the hybrid might have been derived from
O. X venustulum (ardentissimum x Harryano-
crispum), or from O. x Vuylstekei crossed with
O. x ardentissimum ; but it was generally agreed
it is the most beautiful and richly-coloured hybrid
Odontoglossum yet exhibited. In colour the
flower is of various shades of rosy claret with
silver-white tips to the segments, and slight mark-
ings of the same tint between the colour on all the
segments. A great attraction in tin ti-
the colouring varies in tint when seen 111 dii
lights.

It was raised by crossing .V. Tiveyi X with K.
Morganiat X.

It should be noticed that the influence of N.
lanata and N. Curtisii, ancestors of N. Vallierae,
is strongly manifested in several of the hybrids ;
the effect of N. lanata is especially dominant in
the form and colouring of the collar. I send
also several other seedlings from the same two
crosses. Many of these seedlings have, doubt-
less, a fine future before them. The plants for
the most part are still undeveloped, and none
have yet been pinched. The pitchers in the
future will, therefore, be much larger, as some
of the plants are still small, and bear pitchers
only from 4 to 5 centimetres (ijj to 2 inches) in
length. All were sown in May, 1902. I have
other seedling Nepenthes from different cross-
ings. Unfortunately, female plants are rare
and are not easy to cultivate. Jarry Desloges,
Sj, Boulevard Hausmann, Paris.

[Accompanying this communication was a
-.- containing a large number of pitchers,
. which those mentii ned below were the_
nil -st noteworthy : —

.V. Vallierae X (Le Jardin, 1905, p. 136, c.ic:
cull, remarkable for its greenish pitchers, de ti-
tuU' <.! -ii"ts i,n the outside, but marked with
purplish blotches within ; opening of the throat
collar deepl) revolute, irregularly lobed,
finely ribbed, golden-yellow with occasional
5 ol purplish red ; lid 1 n at .- point -'1. ^reen-

Fig. 143.— odontoglo 51 m vuylstekei ; colour of flowek rosy i

and silvery white.

HYBRID NEPENTHES.

I HAVE sent you a box containing pitchers of
seedling hybrids raised by me at Remilly. Five
of these have received 1st class certificates of
merit from the Societe Nationalt d' 'Horticulture
de France, a society which awards but one cla^s
of certificate.

A', Vallierae X is noticeable for its yellowish
throat and the rose-coloured spots inside the
pitcher.

N. Remilly X has a large collar, spreading
widely horizontally, as in Nepenthes lanata.

A7. Dcslogeii X has a wide, blackish collar,
spreading horizontally, as in X. lanata and
N. Curtisii.

N . Gamerii X is interesting in form and mark-
ings. These four hybrid seedlings are the re-
sult of crossing A' Tiveyi X and K. mixta X :
the fifth seedling is A'. Boisiana X : the colour-
1 and form of the throat of this are peculiar.

ish with few or no spots, relatively few glands"
on the inner surface and with a shallow keel.

N. Remilly x. — A very handsome pitcher, 25:
centimetres long, 18 centimetres in circumfer-
ence, bin idly cylindric, dark green with, red-
dish-purple streaks anastomosing to form a net-
work, wings deep laciniate at the margins ;
opening >>f the throat broadly ovate acute, sur-
rounded by a broad, spreading, reddish collar,
deepest above, gradually narrowing below, and
marked by numerous uniform radiating ridges ;
lid ovate, oblong obtuse gresnish spotted, only
slightly keeled on the inner surface and with
relatively few glands.

N. Dcslogeii X (Le Jardin, 1905, p. 136, c. tab.
col.), a cross between N. Tiveyi X and N.
mixta X, pitchers 24 centimetres long, 16 centi-
metres in circumference, greenish, with numer-
ous reddish-purple streaks and with deeply
laciniate wings. Opening of the throat or mouth
ovate acute, surrounded by a broad, deep,
purolish-red, spreading collar, with recurved
edges and uniform closely set ridges ; lid cordate
ovate acute, finely spotted, inner surface glandu-.

380

THE GAR 1) /.NEKS' CHRONICLE.

[NOVEMBEK 25, 1905.

lar, keel narrow with a large obtuse projection at
the base.

A'. Gamerii x .—Pitcher elongate, greenish
with a few scattered purplish blotches, deeply
winged, wings laciniate ; mouth ovate acute,
much prolonged above and surrounded by a
deep, blood-red, undulate, lobed collar much
recurved and uniformly marked with numerous
fine ridges; lid oblong acute greenish Hushed
with red. Inner surface glandular and with a
row of glands on the slightly projecting keel.
The presence of glands on the keel is unusual.

A'. Boisiana X, a cross between N. Tiveyi
(itself a cross between N. Curtisii and N. lanata)
and N. Morganiai. In this the pitchers are
cylindric elongated, heavily blotched with red
on a greenish ground and with fringed wings ;
the mouth of the throat is oval elongate, collar
reddish with a recurved margin marked with
numerous, closely set, uniform ridges. The lid
is ovate, covered with red spots, glandular and
deeply keeled on the inner surface, the keel
ending in a large blunt prominence. Ed.]

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

{The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the
opinions expressed by his correspondents.)
Pears — A Selection. — Having recently
undertaken to lecture to the Kingston gardeners
on Pears, their selection and culture, I thought
interest might be added to what otherwise might
be a dry discourse, by obtaining from a few pro-
minent Pear-growers their estimate of the best
twelve varieties for wall or open culture. Neces-
sity compelled me to restrict my constituency to
half-a-doxen. I went so far north as Notts, where
Mr. Gibson, of Welbeck Abbey gardens, gave his
opinion; east, to Mr. Wallace, Gunton Park;
south-east, to Mr. G. Woodward, Barham Court ;
home, to Mr. T. Smith, Coombe Court, Kingston ;
south, to Mr. Bowerman, of Hackwood Park,
Hants ; and south-west, to Mr. Turton, the
Castle Gardens, Sherborne, Dorset. Thus a very
wide area of country was covered. Each voter
grows Pears largely and well, and none had
any interest in advocating any special variety,
It affords conclusive evidence of the great ex-
cellence of our garden Pears generally that the
six electors sent in the names of no fewer than
40 varieties in all. It also evidences an important
fact in relation to the making of individual selec-
tions, that varieties good in one place, or district,
may not be so elsewhere, hence such selections
may have value only for limited areas. The large
number of 40 varieties was, however, partially
due to the liberality of two correspondents, who
feeling, perhaps, the difficulty of picking out a
best dozen from so many that are good, added
several over the required number, thus com-
pelling me to select from their lists their first-
named dozen, and admitting these only to the
election as voted upon. In that way the selected
varieties still numbered 30, quite a large list, and
for my purpose a little perplexing. However, I
present the votes in the following note, and it
would be a matter of interest to learn how far the
selected 12 meet with general approval or other-
wise:— Doyenne du Cornice, 6 votes; Williams'
Bon Chretien, Louise Bonne, Josephinede Malines,
5 votes; Marguerite Marillat, Marie Louise, Glou
Morceau, Winter Nelis, 4 votes ; Fondante d'Au-
tomne, Jargonelle, Doyenne d'Et<>, 3 votes ; Beurre
Diel, Marie Benoist, Triomplie de Vienne, Emile
d'Heyst, Durondeau, Olivier des Serres, Conseiller
de la Cour, 2 votes. Twelve other varieties had 1
vote each. No doubt the first 12 varieties include
too many that are early ripeners. These are Doy-
enne d'Ete, Jargonelle, Fondante d'Automne, Wil-
liams' Bon Chretien, and Marguerite Marillat. If
the first two were replaced by Marie Benoist
and Olivier des Serres as late varieties the list
would be strengthened. It is interesting to note
how generally that grand Pear Doyenne du
Cornice is held to be the best, although it does
not anywhere rank amongst the finest croppers.
The old Bon Chretien also still ranks amongst the
very best earlies. Louise Bonne is one of the most
reliable croppers, and Josephine des Malines ranks
very high as a late variety. It is possible that
somi eli tors may not be familiar with the newer
' erhaps, may distrust them. In any
casi , it is oh ious we have really a grand lot of
- II ti :ted varieties of Pears; and il those who
want the 1; best will obtain and plant 20 to
1 varietii they may find in them all tbej need
A. D.

Hill Lodge, Enfield. — This is the residence
of the Rev, R. J. Campbell, the busy preacher at
the famous City Temple. When not engaged in
his many duties he finds much pleasure and relief
in his garden. His garden is not large but com-
pact. The house is partially covered with climbers,
which are flourishing. On the lawn are some fine
specimens of Conifers and other trees, which are
growing well. Amongst some of the best is Lirio-
clendron tulipiferum (Tulip Tree), 13 feet girth by
40 feet high and 42 feet spread, an Araucaria
35 feet high and 6 feet in girth, a Sequoia gigantea
45 feet high, a Silver poplar 60 feet high and
14 feet girth , a pair of fine Cypresses 55 feet high
and 12 feet girth; other notable examples are
growing well. In a greenhouse were a splendid
batch of Gloxinias, as fine a batch as one would
see anywhere, and in fine health and vigour.
The flower beds in front of the house were well
filled with a choice selection, and in Mr. Parker,
the gardener, the reverend gentleman has a keen
observer and grower of all things beautiful for
the garden. W. A. Cook.

[With this communication came a photograph
which was unfortunately unsuited for reproduc-
tion.— Ed.]

Plants for Tubs and Vases. — In addition
to the plants named by your correspondent,
X. Y. Z., p. 225 of the Lriiidauis' Chronicle, for
furnishing tubs and vases, may I draw attention
to Hydrangea Hortensia, which is, I think, one of
the best subjects for tub furnishing, and when
well grown produces a magnificent effect. In these
gardens we have several specimens over five feet
in height, covered with large trusses of bloom.
Some of the lower branches are allowed to hang
over the tubs in sufficient numbers to almost
cover the tubs. All the protection the Hydrangeas
reejuire during winter is a sheltered position, with
a light covering in very severe weather. When I
took charge of these gardens, some three years ago,
the collection of Chrysanthemums was infested
with the rust, but this year, I am happy to say,
there is scarcely a sign of it, either indoors or out.
In previous years I tried all kinds of so-called
remedies without success. This year I simply-
picked off any affected leaves when the plants
were in the cutting stage, I may mention that I
grow my plants on the "cut-down" system,
cutting them down to within three or four inches
of the pots from May 26 to 28, and by thus in-
ducing the plant to make new growth I consider-
ably reduce the power of the rust J. Murray,
Sopley Park, Ckristchurch.

A Winter Exhibition of Carnations. —

It would almost appear that the promoters
of a separate exhibition for the American
winter flowering Carnation have for the moment
lost sight of one of the greatest attributes of these
justly popular flowers, viz., their perpetual flower-
ing habit, ft is because of this and that the plants
give part of that flowering during the dullest
months of the year that a single exhibition would
be quite inadequate to meet the case. If the
Royal Horticultural Society were a myth and if
there was no such meeting place as the Royal
Horticultural Hall, Vincent Semare, wherein such
exhibits could at all times be staged, there would
be some reason for the proposal to hold a special
exhibition of Carnations. As the case stands,
however, the fortnightly meetings of the above-
named society offer the best possible facilities to
all who may desire to exhibit these beautiful
flowers and that over a greatly extended period,
and surely, if to exhibit is an attempt to popularise
the flower would not this end be more perfectly
attained by a series of exhibitions than by one?
Moreover, would not a series of exhibitions better
prove the true value of Carnations for flowering
in winter and demonstrate to the visitors the fact
that the flowers are obtainable for months together?
That some of the leading growers have not lost
sight of this important matter recent shows have
afforded ample proof. E. II Jenkins.

The Flowering of Arundinaria Simoni. —
My experience with this Bamboo coincides with
the remark of Mr Fitzherbert, on p. 362 — " if it
11 iwers on every culm .... the plant dies."
Three years ago last spring a plant here did not
appear so vigorous as formerly, and fearing it was
about to flower I shifted the plant to a moister,
warmer position, hoping that tins change would
induce 11 to make fresh growth and Forego flower-
ing But the experiment only resulted in slightly
delaying this fatal period. Before the year was
out it, in common with all other plants of its

species, had flowered and died. Knowing that the
roots of many Bamboos remain dormant for a
year or more after being moved. I carefully dug
around this plant over a year afterwards, but
found no signs of life in any of its roots. Recently
— at about the end of July last — at Menabilly, Mr.
Bennett showed me a clump of Phyllostachys
Henonis, which was bearing fruits, and still grow-
ing, and had a quantity of green fly on the fruiting
culms! A. C. Bartlett, Pencarrow Gardens, Corn-
wall.

The Weather in North Cornwall. — The

Aurora Borealis was visible in all its glory for a
little over half an hour at about 6.30 p.m. on the
evening of November 15. The next morning 9°
of frost were registered, and during the day the
thermometer ihel not rise above 42" Fahr. On
Friday 9° were again registered : on Saturday
morning the temperature was 2° lower, and the
day maximum was 40". On Sunday morning the
thermometer showed 30 of frost, and during the
day barely reached 360. This morning (Monday,
November 20) we had 120 of frost. During this
period a bitter E. or N.E, winel has been blowing.
and there are every signs of a continuance of cold
weather. A. C. Bartlett, Pencarrow Gardens.

Belgian and British Forestry. — In the

concluding paper of Mr. A. C. Forties's interesting
series on Belgian Forestry there are two or three
points which I feel it difficult to apprehend.
"When one comes to consider the yield per acre,"
he says, " it is apparent that the Belgians can sur-
pass us, owing, in great measure, to their superior
climate, the larger areas devoted to timber, the
few species grown, and the cheaper railway rates
which prevail throughout the country." I am
afraid we shall delude ourselves if we attribute the
inferiority of our own forest results to anything
except mismanagement and want of system. For
instance, "their superior climate": show me a
single element in the British climate which is
adverse to the production of first-class timber.
Gales ? Of course we suffer more than the Belgians
elo from gales, for we court disaster by disposing
our woodland, for the most part, in strips, clumps,
and blocks of 20 to 50 acres, There is probably
no country in the world better adapted by soil and
climate for the production of timber than that of
Great Britain and Ireland ; but agriculture gives
such far quicker returns that, in the days of
its prosperity, we sacrificed the forest to the
field, "Cheaper railway rates." Mr. Forbes
does not supply comparative figures, but he may
rest assured of this that if the traffic in home-
grown timber were regular and capable of
classification according to the nature and size of
timber to be carried, competition would secure
quite as favourable terms on British railways as
on the State railways of Belgium. But my
experience of fifteen years as a railway Director
has shown me how difficult it is to carry at any
profit stuff of all sizes and lengths consigned at
irregular intervals of time. Moreover, how can
railway rates affect the "yield" of timber per
acre ? They affect the net profit per acre, no
doubt, but that is a different question. Mr.
Forbes goes on to say that " as regards climate, the
rale of growth of all species was much more rapid
than that seen, say, north of the Midlands." Why,
a chief objection to British grown coniferous
timber is that it is grown too fast. Can anything"
in Belgium surpass the eight acres of Douglas
Fir at Taymount, for which, notwithstanding early
mismanagement, gd. a foot was offered at 40 years
of age, equal to £200 an acre, or ;£i,6oo for the
wholecrop ? I can show Mr. Forbes Pinus insignis,
21 years planted, (ii feet high ; Pinus monticola, 29
years planted, 00 feet high ; Pinus laricio, 30years
planted, 50 feet high ; sessile-flowered oak, nine
years planted, 12 feet high ; ash, six years planted,
10 feet high, and larch, six years planted, ro feet
high ; and this in Scotland, far north of the Mid-
lands. I agree entirely with Mr. Forbes that no
satisfactory prospect exists for British forestry
until the system of planting in massive areas is
adopted. As regards the price of beech in this
country, I cannot doubt that it would be higher
were the supply more regular. But you cannot
expect a merchant to offer the same terms for eidd
lots at uncertain intervals as he would for a crop.
As for quality, I am assured by a large manufac-
turer in the 'North that he would never take
( , reman beech if he could get Scottish, so
greatly superior is the quality of our native
trees \\ e lai k in tins country one most
remunerative outlet for inferior timber which
our Continental rivals enjoy, namely, pulping

November 2;

1905.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

38]

mills. I am told that it costs from .£50,000
to /8o,ooo to build and equip one of these.
Who is likely to attempt such a venture
without assurance of a full and regular supply to
keep the mill running ? In Germany there are
600 such mills, all established since 1854, consum-
ing annually about 30,000,000 cubic feet of soft
wood — Willow, Poplar, Birch. Spruce, &c. Under
present circumstances we have to look on at this
magnificent industry, or rather, we have to put
our hands in our pockets as customers, importing
in 1902 paper, mostly from wood-pulp, to the tune
of £j,, 500, 000, and paper materials, mostly wood-
pulp, to that of £3, 300, 000 — £7,800,000 worth of
material, every hundredweight of which, under
wiser conditions, might have been grown at home,
to the manifest advantage of our rural population.
Herbert Maxwell, Monreith, Nov. 20.

SOCIETIES.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

November 21. — The display made on this date
in the Royal Horticultural Hall, Westminster, on the
occasion of the fortnightly meeting suffered in some
degree from the advent of very severe weather.
Nevertheless, a number of cultivators risked the con-
veyance of tender Orchids and other plants to and
from the hall, and the building was therefore furnished
to about one half its capacity.

The Orchid Committee
recommended awards which included one First Class
Certificate, two Botanical Certificates, and seven awards
of Merit.

The Floral Committee
recommended only one award, this being an Award of
Merit to a new variety of tree Carnation.

The Fruit and Vegetable Committee
.recommended Awards of Merit to a new Apple, a
variety of Savoy, and several varieties of Potato.

At the afternoon meeting, 20 new Fellows were
elected, and a paper by Mr. E. T. Cook on " Hollies "
was read by the Assistant Secretary.

Floral Committee.

Present: H. B. May, Esq., in the chair, and Messrs.
Geo. Nicholson, G. Reuthe, J. F. McLeod, W. Cuth-
bertson, W. P. Thomson, W. Baker, M. J. James,
Charles E. Shea, J. T. Bennett-Poe, Jno. Green, E. H.
Jenkins, W. Howe, Jas. Hudson, Jas. Walker, Geo.
Gordon, Chas Blick, Jno. Jennings, R. C. Notcutt.
Charles Dixon, and C. T. Druery.

Mr, H. B. May, Dyson's Road Nursery, Uppei
Edmonton, made a fine exhibit of groups of Begonia
Gloire de Lorraine, Turnford Hall, Masterpiece,
Mont Blanc, a somewhat taller growing variety,
white; Marie, Rosea crispata. Most of these varieties
are sports from Gloire de Lorraine. Choice ferns
were interspersed between the groups of Begonias.
(Silver Flora Medal.)

Messrs. JAMES VEITCH & Sons, Royal Exotic Nur-
series, King's Road, Chelsea, made a capital exhibit
of their strain of winter-flowering Begonias, obtained
from crosses between tuberous and fibrous-rooted
species. The varieties shown on this occasion in-
clltded Success, Mrs. Heal, Winter Perfection, Ensign,
Julius, Winter Cheer; and among the small-flowered
type was John Heal, the first hybrid from B. Socotrana,
and Agatha, (Silver Flora Medal.)

Messrs. W. Bull & Sons, King's Road, Chelsea,
exhibited a group of Stove foliage plants, in which
the handsome Dracaena Victoria, with its broad yellow
and green coloured foliage; several varieties of Co-
diaeum, Aralia, Cordyline, &c, were included.

Mr. G. REUTHE, The Fox Hill Hardy Plant Nur-
sery, Keston, Kent, exhibited varieties of Nerines in
pots, also several species of Crocus, &c,

From Mr. H.J. JONES, Ryecroft Nurseries, Hither
Green, Lewisham, came some fine bunches of
decorative and single-flowered Chrysanthemums,
.arranged in vases and bamboo stands. Some of the
brightest and best Chrysanthemums were Glory, a
yellow decorative variety; Ryecroft Belle (single
flowered) ; Mr. Will Jordan (single, pink crimson),
Delicatissimum, straw co'oure.1 and pink, semi
double, and Ryecroft Star, sin,",]-, pink, &c. (Silver
Banksian Medal.)

Messrs. Cragg, Harrison, and CRAGG, Merrivale
Nurseries, Heston, Middlesex, showed a very bril-
liant group of flowers of sing'e-flowered Chrysan-
themums, the variati ms in which were very numerous.
Of several good white varieties one of the best was
Miss Irene Cragg, which was illustrated in our last
issue. (Silver Banksian Medal.)

A pretty single-flowered Chrysanthemum named
Queen Aurantia was shown by G. FERGUSON, Esq.,
The Hollies, Weybridge (gr. Mr. F. W. Smith). The
flowers were of bronzy red colour, with a ring of
yellow around the centre. (Silver Banksian Medal.)

Mr. Geo. Carpenter, West Hall Gardens, Byfleet,
exhibited a Japanese Chrysanthemum of red colour,
with bright buff reverse, apparently a good decorative
variety.

Lord Aldenham, Aldenham House, Elstreefgr. Mr.
E. Beckett), showed a collection of Chrysanthemums in
vases. The display well illustrated the value of these
seasonable flowers for decorative purposes, especially
when of not too large a size. The Pompon, decorative
and single types, were all included in the exhibit, many
of the older varieties being staged in addition to
of more recent introduction. We may mention as
being especially pleasing the varieties William Sabey,
with flowers of jfellow colour ; Scarlet Gem, the small
flowers have scarlet ray florets and apleasing cushion-
shaped, yellow disc, &c. (Silver Flora Medal.)

Messrs. W. WELLS & CO., Merstham, Sum-. , sfa
a collection of Chrysanthemums of all types. Many
new seedling varieties were included in the exhibit.
Especially fine were the vases of single and of decora-
tive flowers, but many good things were also noticed
among the large Japanese blooms that were interspersed
singly throughout the group in vases, or displayed on
exhibition boards in the foreground. We noticed a
yellow sport from the well-known Mrs. F. W. Vallis.
The variety Mr. J. A. Miller has large lax flowers of a
pale terra-cotta colour. This flower won the Silvei
Medal at the recent Edinburgh Show as being the best
novelty shown there. The colour is somewhat
"washy." (Silver Banksian Medal.)

Messrs. H. Cannell A: Sons, Swan ley, Kent, also
exhibited Chrysanthemums extensively. In addition
to large Japanese blooms, there were many vases of
the single and decorative kinds, and others containing
the curious fimbriated flowers, known as the threatl-
p< stalled type. The variety Sam Caswell is a pink
coloured form of this last-named class. Bacchus is
another with crimson florets, whose yellow bases form
apleasing combination of colouring with the d
shade. Maud Jefferies is a new white Japanese flowei
of great promise. Messrs, Cannei i also displayed
b inches of zonal Pelargoniums, that formed one of
the brightest features in the Hall. As a sele tion <>f
the finest of these flowers displayed we may include
Ascott (salmon); Blenheim (scarlet); Chatsworth
orange scarlet); Frogmore (crimson); Goodwood
(white); Hatfield (pleasing pink) : and Sir T. Hanbuxy
(crimson i i Silver B mksian Medal.)

Mr. PHILIP LADDS, Swanley Junction, Kent, dis-
played a grand collection in vases of Chrysanthemums
of the most approved varieties for market purposes.
They were arranged in flat market bunches of a dozen
flowers each. About 30 varieties were represented,
and the whole formed a brilliant display. The more
noteworthy were Crimson Quintus, Mrs. Lionel Hum-
phreys (medium-sized flowers with dark red petals).
Matchless (of a much darker red colour than the last-
named), White Star, Lizzie Adcock (yellow), Framfield
Pink, W. Holmes. Pearl Palace (a pink coloured in-
curved), Framfield Beauty (single), A. J. Balfour
(pink), Mr. F. Greenfield (deep yellow), and Mabel
Morgan (pale sulphur yellow. (Silver Gilt Banksian
Medal.)

Messrs. John Peed & Son, West Norwood, London,
showed a seedling Chrysanthemum named John Peed.
The flower is a very large Japanese, but the colour is
poor — a suffusion of pale rose merging to white in the
upper florets. Messrs. Peed also exhibited pans and
boxes of Alpine plants, few of which, however, were
in flower.

Messrs. Thos. Ware, Ltd., Feltham, also showed
pans of Alpine plants, and a few Carnations in vases
at one end of the Alpines.

Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond Nurseries, Richmond,
showed a collection of hardy ornamental foliage and
berried plants — Ivies, Eleagnus, Conifers, Box, Eurya
latifolia variegata, Skimmia oblata, Aucuba vera, &c.
We remarked a richly-coloured Viburnum labelled
V. " awafurki."

Mr. A. F. DuTTON, the Nurseries, Iver, Bucks.,
showed a number of varieties of carnations, arranged in
i ill glasses in a very tasteful and effective manner.
The flowers were excellent in colour, development, and
the best of known varieties and some novelties were
included. (Silver Banksian Medal,)

Mr. S. Mortimer, Rowledge Nurseries, Farnham,
exhibited flowers of winter-flowering Carnations,
arranged in about twenty vases, also flowers of the

double-flowered white Stock, All the Year R Hind,
and the variety of Carnation known as Fair Maid was
magnificent. (Silver Banksian Medal.)

Messrs. Hugh Low&Co.,Bush Hill ParkNurserii
Enfield, exhibited a number of varieties of winter-
flowering Carnations as plants in pots ; also plants it
flower of their attractive Cyclamen, Low's Salmon,
Acacia platyptera, Ericas; decorative and market
Chrysanthemums, flowering in 5-inch pots, and a few
small Cactaceous plants in pots. (Silver Banksian
M.Mai.

AWARD OF MERIT.
Carnation. Xmas Evi

This is another of the favourite winter flowering
type. The flowers are of moderate size,
have non-splitting calyces andfimbi The

colour is a shade of crimson. It was shown bj M
A. F. DUTTON.

Orchid Committee.

tit: Harry J. Witch, Esq. (in the chair1), and
i James O'Brien (Hon. Sec), De B. Crawshay,

K Brooman-White, Francis Wellesley, J. Charles-
worth, F. W. Ashton, W. Thompson, A. A. McBean,
I W. Odelh. W. II Young, W Boxall, H. Little,
G. F. Moore, W. H. White, R. G. Thwaites. W. A.
Bilney, H. A. Tracy, ami J. Douglas.

Messrs. CHARLESWORTH & Co., Heaton, Bradford,
wereawarde 1 a Silve- Flora Medal for a bright group,
in the centre of which were three fine plants of
Cattleya X Portia, a finely-c > loured Lselio-Cattleya
X luminosa. the pretty white Cattleya labiata
Louise, with purple front to the lip margined with
white; Brasso-Laelia x Digbyano-purpurata Haakon
VII., a beautiful and distinct flower ; two nicely
spotted forms of Oiontoglossum crispum, &c. Others
noted were good Trichopilia suavis ; a selection pi
hybrid Cypripediums including C. X Gravesiae ; the
rare Zygopetil urn Lindena?, of the Z rostratum sec
tion, whitish, with rose lines on the lip; Cattleya x
Chambeflainiana, and other hybrids. Messrs. Jas.
Veitcii & Sons, Chelsea, received a Silver Flora

Medal for a select group in which were several g I

examples of Cypripedium insigne Sanderas ; on
C. i. Harefield Hall variety ; two very fine form
C. Fairrieanum, and several of its hybrids including
C. X vexillarium, C. X Thalia, C. X Violie magnificuni,
C. X Arthurianum pulchellum, and C. x Little G sm
(Baron Schroder x Harrisianum superbum), which
belies its name, for it is a large and fine!} shaped
flower of dark colour.

M. Chas. Vuylsteke, Loochristy, Ghenl
awarded a Silver Flora Medal for a collection of hybrid
Odontoglossums, including a finely coloured O. X ar-
dentissimum ; a very large yellow and purple brown
O. X Vuylstekei, good O. x Harryano-crispum, a fine
O. X Wilckeanum, and several unnamed hybrids

Hugh Low & Co., Enfield, secured
Silver Banksian Medal for a compact group in which
were a collection of yellow fori I i pripedium

insigne, including C. i. Chantini Lindeni ; also I
Madame Jules Hye, and othi * diums, I caste

Skinneri, and two very finely-coloured C ittleya labiata,
that named "gloriosa" being the better.

Messrs. Stanley & Co., SouthgAte, were awarded
a Silver B mksian Medal for a group, in the centre oi
which was a magnifice it specimen of Cattleya bicolor,
with fifteen spikes of flowers. With it were the dark
coloured Cypripedium x Bookeri, and various other
hybrid Cypripediums ; a large variety of EpidendrUm
nocturnum ; the pretty E. ciliare and s;.r,ie bright
Sophronitis, &:.

Francis Wellesley. Esq.. Westfield, Woking (gr.
Mr. Hopkins) showed Cypripedium insigne, Mitchell i-
anum with brown tinge in the unspotted dorsal sepal,
C. insigne aureum, a fine yellow (lower with white
upper half to the dorsal sepal ; C ■ Hiero superbum
(Lawrenceanum x Chamber! ainianum) ; C. x Cassandra
Westfield variety, and I.avlio-Cattleya X Phryne
superba (C. Warscewiczii X L. xanthina), a pretty pale
yellow flower with rose front to the lip.. ^

Sir Frederick Wigan, Bart., Clare Lawn, East
Sheen (gr. Mr. W. H. Young) showed Brasso-Cattleya
X Heatonensis (B. Digbyana x C. X Hardyaua), one of
the finest Brasso-Cattleyas. Flowers large, rosy-lilac,
with light disc to the finely-fringed lip; and Cypripe-
dium X Marjorie (insigne Sylhetense X Do mum
superbum) a large and finely-formed flower.

H. S. Goodson, Esq., Fairlawn, Putney (gr. Mr.
G. E. Day), sent Cypripedium X Lily Blanche
(Charlesworthii X Niob.M, a pretty flower with rose-
tinted dorsal sepal; C. ■ Padgeni (Leeamim sup
bum X Charlesworthii), with the upper sepal prettily
spotted with rose-purple ; and I i io-Cattle; Good-

sonias (L. Perrini X C. Schrodera:-), an attract!

tinted flower with ruby-crimson front I md

closelv resembling L. C. X Semi

382

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 25, 1905.

Messrs. Sander & Sons, St. Albans, showed L-e'.io.
Cattleya X The Duchess (L. C. X Hippolyta X C.
Hardyana), an attractive orange-coloured flower with
ruby-purple front to the lip ; and Cypripedium X The
Baron (Hitchinsise X nitens Sander's variety). (See
Awards.)

R. I. Measures, Esq., Camberwell (gr. Mr. Smith),
showed a small selection of cut Orchids.

Mons. L. Cappe, Le Vesinet, France, sent Laelio-
Cattleya X Schneideri (L.-C. X Amelia X C. Dow-
iana aurea), resembling L.-C. X Charlesworthii,
orange-yellow with dark purple front to the lip, which
is broader than in others of its class, and another
variety of a uniform yellow colour.
AWARDS.
First Class Certificate.

Cypripedium X The Baron (Hitchinsias X nitens,
Sander's variety), from Messrs. Sander & SONS,
St. Albans. A showy hybrid of good shape, and of
the fine substance imparted to it by the strong ele-
ment of C. insigne in its composition. Dorsal sepal
large, white with a small green base and a profusion of
rose-coloured spots. Petals and lip yellowish tinged
and marked with purple.

Award of Merit.

Cypripedium X Thalia giganteum (insigne Chantini
X Baron Schroder), from Francis Wellesley, Esq.,
Westfield, Woking (gr. Mr. Hopkins). A good flower
with broader and rounder dorsal sepal than in the
original. Dorsal sepal, white with a pale green base,
and evenly distributed blotched line of rose-purple
colour. Petals yellowish with purple lines and re-
ticulation, lip tinged with purplish-red.

Disa pulchra, Tring Park variety, from the Right
Hon. Lord Rothschild, Tring Park (gr. Mr. Dye).
A handsome and remarkable species, with pale rosy lilac
flowers nearlyas large as those of D. grandiflora. The
inflorescence bears a resemblance to that of one of
the species of Gladiolus. It first flowered at Tring
Park in 1896, and was illustrated from a specimen
sent by the Hon. Walter Rothschild in The Gardeners'
Chronicle, December 26, 1896, p. 785. The variety
shown has broader segments than the type. It was
imported from Griqualancl East, S. Africa.

Mormodes badinm, from the Right Hon. Lord
Rothschild. This is the type plant, with ruby-red
flowers borne on a stout ascending spike. The yellow
varietyshown from Tring Park, January 12, 1897, was
given an Award of Merit on that date.

Caitleya x Mrs. Pitt var. nagnifica (Harrisoniana
x Dowiana aurea | from Major Holford, Weslonbirt,
Tetbury (gr. Mr. Alexander). The plant was shown with
immature pale flowers at the last meeting, and referred
for development. The flower now showed marked'
improvement, and is the best of its section. Sepals
and petals rose-pink ; lip orange coloured, darkest at
the base.

Odontoglossum X Hallio-crispum Theodora (Hallu x
crispum) from De B. CRAWSHAY, Esq., Rosefield,
Sevenoaks (gr. Mr. Stables). Flowers in size equal to
those of a good O. crispum and of fine shape ; primrose
yellow, prettily spotted with red-brown.

Odontoglossum X Phabe (cirrosum x crispum). —
From Messrs. Charleswortii & Co., Bradford. An
elegant hybrid which may be best described as a great
improvement on O. cirrosum, with a compact spike of
white flowers slightly tinged with pink and spotted
with reddish-purple. Broader in all its parts than
O. cirrosum.

Cypripedium x Actceus chardwarense (insigne ■ Lee-
anum). — Flowers equal to a good C. insigne, but with
paler tint and a broader dorsal sepal white on
the upper half and pale green below with some
brownish spotting.

Botanical Certificate.

Dendrobium striatum. — From Sir Trevor Law-
rence, Bart., Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr. W. H. White.)
A very remarkable species imported from the same
region in the Philippines as D. Victoria Regina.
Pseudo-bulbs a foot in length and closely set with
pairs of singularly-formed flowers, each an inch or
more in width. Sepals and petals narrow and nearly
equal ; labellum as long as the petals, narrow with the
sides folded back, whitish tinged with rose.

Disa pulchra, from The Right Hon. Lord Roth-
schild. Flowers produced on erect spikes, segments
over an inch in length, pale rosy lilac. Leaves linear,
stiff ; scape furnished with leafy br;

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

Present: Geo. Bunyard, Esq., Chairman, and
Messrs. S. Mortimer, Ed. Beckett. Alex. Dean, W.
Pope, Jas. Cheal. H. Parr, H. J. Wright, J Lyne. ].
Jaques, Geo. Wythes, Owen Thomas, ai d II. Somers
Rivers.

A collection of 56 dishes of Apples and 1'

was shown by Mr. B. H. Hill, Newcombes, Credi-
ton (gr. Mr. G. Sock). The varieties included some
of the very best for kitchen use and for dessert, and
the specimens were of first-rate quality. Very high
colour was developed on many of the fruits, all of
which were of creditable size. (Silver-gilt Knightian
Medal.)

Mr. J. H. Ridgeweli., Histon, Cambridgeshire,
showed three new varieties of Brussels Sprouts,
which the Committee recommended to be sent to
Wisley for trial.

AWARDS OF MERIT.

Apple, Star of Devon. — This is a seedling variety
exhibited by J. Garland, Esq., Broadclyst, Devon.
The fruits are of moderate size, richly coloured, with
red on the side next to the sun, and streaked with red
over yellow on the other side ; flesh soft, sweet, and
possessing agreeable flavour.

Drumhead Kale. — A very handsome type of Kale, the
leaves being of a pale green colour merging to yellow
in the centre, and possessing deeply crenated margins
of a deeper green colour. The outer leaves are
escalop shaped and enclose a well-defined heart of
good substance. A section of the heart shows rather
much stalk, and the leaves are arranged in almost
parallel rows. The leaves are fleshy and crisp, and are
said to possess unusual flavour. Shown by Messrs. ].
Carter & Co., High Holborn.

Potatos. — The following varieties of Potatos were,
after trial at Wisley and after having passed a culinary
test, given an Award of Merit: British Hero (G.
' vi' ilk), Denbigh Giant (WlNNARD), Hurst's
Favourite (Hurst), Southern Star (J. Veitch and
Crampton), Cigarette (Barr), Peckover (Bover).

The six best Hollies for all purposes are the varieties
Shepherdi. Gold Queen. Handsworth Silver.Platyphylla,
Camelliaefolia and Compacta aurea.

LECTURE ON HOLLIES.
At the meeting held in the afternoon under the
chairmanship of Mr. Geo. Bunyard, V.M.H., 20 new
fellows were added to the roll of the Society, after
which a paper on Hollies, written by Mr. E. T. Cook,
was read by the Assistant Secretary.. Of all the
trees available for embellishing our Hardens and our
landscape none surpasses our common Holly, especi-
ally for winter effect, the beautiful blight green ol iN
spiny foliage and tlie rich red of its berries presenting
a glorious contrast with their surroundings. Thi
loves a good, deep, sandy loam, but will sucr. d i a
most soils, especially if favoured with an applii
well-rotted manure, or a mulching of the sami I :
are best transplanted in May, and can be removed
then with almost certain sui i pecially if mulched

with a layer of manure and syringed in the evening
time with waiter. The Holly is suitable foi plai I
many situations— on lawns, in borders, beneath trees,
and among the copse, and they are eminently suited to
the formation of hedge-rows. They are best plantedin
single rows for fen< ing purposes, and can lie clip] ed and
trained into almost anj desiredshape. Asuitabledisl n
at which 1. 1 plant l-a hedges is from 1 foot to 15 inches
apart, and they should be well trodden when p
Tli. Holly submits to drastic treatment with the knife.

are best pruned in the spring time, whei
young growths will quickly cove.- up the wounds an. I
any gaps that may be formed. Mr. Cook enume iti i
a selection of Hollies, and referred to tie most
exhaustive monograph, by the late Thomas Moore,
with illustrations of all the known varieties, which
was published in the Gardeners' Chronicle in 1874,
1875, and 1876. The best varieties of Hollies for
hedges or for growing under trees are Shepherdi, I iold
Queen, Handsworth Silver, Piatyphylla, Camelliae-
folia, and Compacta aurea. The Holly possesses all
the virtues of leaf-colouring and the most beautiful
gradations are to be seen in the various golden and
silver-leaved forms.

A selection of the more beautiful Silver Hollies in-
clude— Argeutea marginaia, the old silver Holly, a
variety of quick growth, quite hardy, and one that
produces berries freely. A . pendula. a variety of very
bright colour, and graceful in growth. It forms a
beautiful weeping-tree for the lawn. Handsworth
Silver, a handsome form ; if only one Holly was to be
selected it should be this one. The berries are well
displayed. Argcntea regina, a fine Holly, but does not
approach to the form of Handsworth Silver. Grandis,
a very bright and desirable form, but one little known
in gardens.

Of Golden-leaved Hollies there were Golden
Queen, the gem of the section, strong in growth
and with leaves of soft golden coloui : an.
aurea or Watereriana, a weeping form of the Golden
Queen Holly. There is also a variety of recenl intro-
duction, named Madame Briot. The variegation is
almost as bright in appearance as in thai of G
Queen, while the growth is strong and the b.
bright and profusely produced.

BRADFORD CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 17, 18.— The annual exhibition of the
above Society was held on the above date, and was again
a success. The total number of entries was 290, an
increase of 60 on the previous year.

In the premier open class for 24 Japanese blooms,
in not fewer than 18 varieties, competition was exceed-
ingly strong, six splendid stands claiming the attention
of the judges. In the end Mr. Chandler, who has
hitherto seemed unapproachable at Bradford, had to take
second place. The winner of the 1st prize, Mr. W.
Iggulden, of Frome, Somerset, is an entirely new
competitor at the Bradford show. Mr. Iggulden's
blooms possessed great compactness and symmetry,
but Mr. Chandler's collection was also an extremely
meritorious one. The winning flowers included ex-
amples of F. S. Vallis, Mrs. Barkley, Madame R.
Oberthur, General Hutton, Florence Penford, W. R.
Church, J. R. Upton, J. H. Silsbury, Madame P.
Radaelli, Mrs. F. W. Vallis, Bessie Godfrey, &c.

In the class for 12 Japanese blooms, dissimilar, the
positions of Mr. Chandler and Mr. Iggulden were
reversed

The class for six Japanese blooms, any variety,
Mr. F. Ellis, of Heswall, Cheshire, won the 1st prize
with six magnificent specimens of F. S. Vallis. This
grower also obtained the prize for the best Japanese
bloom in the exhibition with a specimen of this variety.
The society endeavours to foster local competition
in the neighbourhood of Bradford, and this year the
inclusion of a new class, for 18 Japanese blooms, in
not fewer than 12 varieties, proved a splendid success.
There were no fewer than five competitors, and the
flowers were all of excellent quality. Mr. Henry
Foster, gr. to Mr. W. Ferrand, of Bingley, took the
1st prize with a collection of large even blooms.

The incurved varieties were not strongly represented,
but the blooms were all of exceptional quality. Mr.
CHANDLER won several 1st prizes, and his collection
ot 24 blooms, in not fewer than 18 varieties, was a
notable one. The varieties were Pantia Ralli, C. H.
Curtis, W Pascoe, Buttercup, Mr. B. Hankey, Mrs.
F. Judson, Miss II Southam, &c. Mr. W. Higgs of
1 .eatherhead, took the 2nd prizi , and also the prize for
the best incurved bloom in the exhibition, with a
b lautiful specimen of the variety Frank Hammond.

In the Local ( la ;se i for this type Mr. THOMAS Bird,
of Windhill, showed some nice blooms. Mr. Bird has
for many years been a successful competitor in the
I ical Amateur Class

I asl year onlj one group of Chry en lemum plants!
v, .. exhibite 1. but (his year the judges had to decide
on the me.itsof five. They had no difficulty in .-uvard-
1114 to Mr T. M. Petch, of Bridlington, the 1st prize
and the Cup given le Alderman W. 1 I; Priestley,
the President oi the Society. Phis group was taste-
fully arranged.

The cias-cs for mis:ellaneous flowers ami for table
plants were again well represented. A class for table
groups of miscellaneous flowers attracted four com-

petil .ml Mr. F. Hmvland, gr. to Mr. T. Irton, of

Rawdon, n 1st prize for a very choice arrangement.

DEVIZES CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 14. — The exhibit; at the annual show
held in the Corn Exchange on the above date were con-
sidered the best seen in Devizes for many years past.
Especially was this the case in Mr. F. S. Vallis' ex-
hibit of 24 Japanese blooms, while but little leso
meritorious were the 24 incurved blooms shown by the
veteran Mr. Mease.

Three circular groups of plants were arranged down
the centre of the building. Mr. Clack, gr. to Col.
Colston, of Roundway Park, was placed 1st
creditable display embracing some fine blooms. 2nd,
R. H. GRUNDY, Esq. (gr. Mr. Hamblen), Hillworth
Gardens. In She class for 24 incurved blooms dis-
tinct, A. Tate, Esq., Downside, I .' athe he id (gi Mr.
Slea I, won the 1st prize easily with I'm blooms of
Duchess oi Fife. Ralph Hatton. May' Philip, It J.
(on. i, Fred Palmer Mrs. Judson. Mildred I. rue,
Buttercup, &c. 2nd, Mr. G. W. Draki: . Cardiff, who
also had a very fine collection, among which Frank
Hammond was especially fine.

Mi. F. S. Vallis, of Bromham, won the Mayor's
Cup with 24 Japanese blooms. He had finely de-
veloped examples of F. S. Vallis, Calvat's 99 Magnifi-
cent, II A. Etherington. Mr. S. Remy, Reginald
Vallis, Mrs J. Lewis. Mrs. F. W. Vallis, I II. Silsbury
e imen) S 2nd A I"a i f ! sq l e ither-

November 25, 1905. j

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

383

head (gr. Mr. Mease). This exhibitor also had an ex-
it collection, his best blooms being Donald
Mi 1 < nd, J. R. Upton, General Hutton, Valeria, Green-
ham, and Mrs. Barkley. Mr. Mease was first for
12 incurved blooms, six yellow and six white, having
Mrs. Judson, Ma Perfection (white), Embleme
Poitevine and C. H. Curtis (yellow). Mr. Bible was
awarded the 2nd prize. Mr. F. S. Vallis was again
1st for six yellow and six white Japanese blooms, show-
in- F. S. Vallis (yellow)and Mrs. J. Lewis and Madame
Oberthur (white.) In the class of 24 Japanese blooms
nly to Wiltshire Mr. Bible was well to the fore,
e of Chrysanthemums was staged by
Mr. Colston Hale, Ingleside, Warminster.

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF
ENGLAND ORCHID.

November 9. — There was a very good display of
plants at the meeting held on the above date.

A. Warburton, Esq., Haslingden (gr. Mr. T.
Raven), exhibited a very fine collection of Cypri-
pediums, including good yellow forms of C. insigne.
(Silver (Jilt Medal.)

G. W. LAW 1 D, Esq., Rawtenstall (gr. Mr.

Shill), also made a fine show of Cypripediums. (Silver
Gilt Medal.)

Messrs. Jas. Cypher & Sons, Cheltenham, made a
very good show with Cattleyas, Dendrobiums, and
Cypripediums. (Silver Medal.)

M. Ch. Yuylsteke, Loochristie, Ghent, exhibited
a few hybrid Odontoglossums, in which the fine > >. ,-.
Yuylsu.1. ;een. (Silver Medal.)

S. BR1GGS-BURY, Esq., Accrington ; Mr. Fielden,
Tadcaster; Mr. S. Allen, of Sale; Messrs. HUGH
Low & Co., Enfield; Messrs. Stanley & Co., South-
gate ; anil S. Gratrix, Esq., Whalley Range, received
votes of thanks for groups.

Messrs. A. J. Keeling & Sons received a Bronze
Medal lor a group of Cypripediums.

Awards were made as follow : —

First Class Certificates.

Odontoglossum X Vuylstekeas (see fig. 143), from M.
Ch. Vuylsteke, and Cypripedium X Leeanum, Tren-
ton Giant, from G. W. Law-Schofield, Esq.
Awards of Merit.

Cypripedium x Longwoodeuse var. superba, from
A. J. Keeling & Son; C. insigne var. E. Skill, C. X
Evelyn Ames (Schofield's var.), C. X Euryades (New
Hall Hey var.), Cattleya labiata var. Schofieldiana,
all from G. W. Law-Schofield, Esq. ; Lycaste Skinned
var. Queen Alexandra, from S. Gratrix, Esq. ; Odonto-
glossum X Vuylstekei (Bank House var.), Cypripedium
X Actaeus var. magnifica, C. X Arthurianum pul-
" chellum var. Harrisi, C. X Niobe var. superba, all from
S. Briggs-Bury, Esq. ; C. X callosum X C. aureum
var. virginale, from Mr. J. Robson ; C. X Isis (C. Io
grande X C. bellatulum), from E. Ashworth, Esq.
P. If.

popular varieties ; 2nd, Mr. G. Hall, gr. to Lady
Louisa Ashburton, Melchet Court, Romsey. Mr.
J. Wasley, gr. to J. B. Taylor, Esq., Shenfield Manor,
Basingstoke, secured the premier award for 24 Japanese
blooms in a strong competion ; 2nd, Mr. H. Dawes,
gr. to Mrs. Ogilvie Hameledon. Mr. G. Hughes,
gr. to A. P. Ralli, Esq., Twyford Lodge, Winchester,
won for 12 blooms, but was closely followed by Mr.
Ransom, gr. to C. A. Linzee, Esq., Braendean.

Incurved varieties. — Two classes were provided for
these flowers. In that for 24 blooms Mr. G. Lane,
gr. to Miss Ridge, Englefield Green, won easily
with full-sized, shapely, fresh examples of leading
sorts; 2nd, Mr. Hunt.

Single and decorative varieties and decorative
Chrysanthemums in bunches and staged in vases were
each represented by a class which produced keen com-
petition. Mr. Stevenson won the premier award in
both classes with really handsome displays of desirable
sorts.

Miscellaneous.

Groups of various plants were an interesting feature
of the show. Mr. E. Long, gr. to E. C. BURCH, Esq.,
Christchurch Road, Winchester, won the 1st prize in
the premier class with Palms, Poinsettias, Orchids,
&c, that were effectively displayed; 2nd, Mr G.
Hughes. Captain Clayton Mitchell was success-
ful with 12 Primulas, which showed much variety.
Mr. J. A. Marsh won for double-flowered varieties of
this flower.

The ii fruit and vegetables were numerous

.... 1 . Mi V, Mitchell, gr. to J. Willis Fleming,
I i| .. Chilworth, showed the Lest black and the best
white Grapes. Mr. T. Hall was first for both dessert
and for kitchen Apples. Mr. Ellwood won the 1st
prize in both Messrs. Toogood's and in Sutton's
Vegetable classes, with high-class produce.

Among the non-competitive exhibits, Messrs.
IIillier & Sun had an extremely fine collection of
Vpples and Pears. Mr. Ellwood staged Chrysanthe-
mums and hardy fruit, and Mr. B. Ladhams, Shirley,
showed wiulei flowering Carnations.

WINCHESTER CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 14, 15. — The annual show of the above
Society, held in the Guildhall on these dates, was
much superior to any of its predecessors. Competi-
tion in the various classes was unusually keen, while
the quality of the exhibits was above the average.

A feature was the class for Conservatory plants,
viz., plants possessing good blooms, dwarf habit and
good foliage. The class for nine Chrysanthemum
plants was won by Mr. H. Gigg, gr. to Rev. R. M.
Moorsom, who showed handsome blooms on dwarf
plants. In a similar class for any white or yellow
variety Mr. G. Adams, gr. to Col. Dicktn, Edgehill,
Winchester, won with examples of F. S. Vallis.

The best six plants of any variety were shown by
Mr. R. Stone, gr. to Archdeacon Haigh, The Close,
Winchester. Three collections of Chrysanthemums,
each arranged in a space S feet by 7 feet, were shown.
Mr. Pitman, gr. to Mrs. J. S. Curtis, Otterbourne.
was successful with dwarf, well-flowered plants, that
possessed healthy foliage.

Cut Blooms.

Displays of cut blooms were both numerous and
g"Od. The leading class was for 4S flowers, half of
Incurved varieties and the remainder of Japanese.
Four growers competed. Mr. E. J. Hunt, gr. to P.
Ralli, Esq., Ashtead Park, Epsom, won, by the
superiority of his Incurved blooms, together with good
examples of the Japanese type. Mr. A. J. Marsh, gr.
to M. A. Hodgson, Esq., Moreton House, Win-
chester, followed closely with a stand of strong
Incurved and rather weak Japanese blooms.

Japanese varieties. — In the class for 36 blooms Mr.
G. Stevenson, gr. to E. Mocatta, Esq., Addlestone,
Surrey, won the 1st prize with handsome specimens of

ROYAL BOTANIC.

NOVEMBER 15. — Many visitors attended the So-
Exhibition held on this date, but the exhibits
were very limited in number. This, however, was
to some extent compensated for by the fine display
of Chrysanthemums grown in the Society's gardens
and well displayed in the conservatory. The
only trade exhibit came from Messrs. T. S. Ware,
Feltham, who put up some good Carnations, also a fine
collection of Rock plants, for which they were
awarded a Silver Medal. Mr. H. Parr, gr. to F. A.
Bevan, Esq., Trent Park, New Barnet, staged about
120 plants of Begonias, the varieties consisting of
Gloire de Lorraine, Turnford Hall, and Mrs. Leopold
de Rothschild, the plants of the latter being specially
well flowered. It would be difficult to find a better lot
of these plants. (Gold Medal.)

Mr. R. Mountford, gr. to the Duke OF Fife, Rich-
mond, made a good display with Begonias, Orchids,
Liliums, and Chrysanthemums, with foliage plants
arranged among them. (Large Silver Gilt Medal.) Mr.
G. Keif, gr. to Miss Adamson, Regent's Park, put up a
large group of Chrysanthemums in pots, chiefly of
large Japanese varieties, with an edging of Begonias
and Ferns. (Silver Gilt Medal.)

SCOTTISH HORTICULTURAL.

November 16, 17, 18.— The Waverley Market, Edin-
burgh, was again the site for the autumn Chrysanthemum
exhibition, which was equal in quality and in the
keenness of competition to any of its predecessors.
Chrysanthemum blooms shown in vases were a feature,
as many as 21 classes being provided for flowers
exhibited in this manner. The arrangements were
excellent, as usual, and were superintended by the
President. Mr. J. W. McHattie, and the Secretary,
Mr. P. Loney.

Cut Blooms in Vases.

Japanese varieties. — The principal class was that
for 15 varieties, three blooms of each, with Chrysan-
themum foliage only. The leading prize was a piece
of plate value £20, and £10 in cash with 2nd and 3rd
prizes of £20 and £15 respectively. Six competitors
produced a good display. The orthodox method of
judging the blooms in this and the three other leading
classes was departed from, the system adopted being
that of allotting paints to each trio of blooms, and
denoting the number of points to each variety on cards
specially prepared along with the ordinary prize card.

As an illustration of the method adopted we append
the names of the varieties staged and the total number
of points given. The blooms were of fair size, in very
fresh condition, and were well displayed. Mr. D.
Niccoll, gr. to J. W. Bell, Esq., Rossie, Forgandenny,
just secured the coveted position by the narrow margin
of one point. His varieties were : — F. S. Vallis, Mrs.
F. W. Vallis, Miss Alice Byron, Ethel Fitzroy, Henry
Stowe, Mdme. Sadbury, Bessie Godfrey, Mdme. P.
Radaelli, Mrs. C. Beckett, Miss M. Ware, Miss E.
Shrimpton, Miss C. Miller, Mrs. J. Lewis, Mrs.
Barkley, J. H. Silsbury. — Total number of points, 106.
Mr. T. Lunt, gr. to Captain Stirling, Keir, Dun-
blane, won the 2nd prize, having excellent ex-
amples of the following varieties : Lady Conyers,
Duchess of Sutherland, Henry Stowe, F. S. Vallis,
Mrs. F. W. Vallis, Mrs. J. C. Neville, Loveliness,
Mdme. Cadbury, Bessie Godfrey, Miss M. Ware, J.
H. Silsbury, Calvat's 99, W. R. Church, Mrs. Barkley,
and Miss Elsie Fulton. Total number of points, 105.

In the class for eight varieties of Japanese Chrysan-
themums, three blooms of each variety, and confined
to Scottish growers, the Scottish Challenge Cup and
£10 were offered. No fewer than 14 contested. The
premier award was made in favour of Mr. G. Stewart,
gr. to Sir James Sievewright, Zulliallan Castle,
Kincardine-on-Forth, for a superior exhibit which
totalled 62 points. The principal varieties were
i:e Penford, F. S. Vallis, Mdme. P. Radaelli,
Miss Elsie Fulton and Lady Conyers. Mr. J. H.
Gumming, gr. to Lady Stewart, Grantully Castle,
secured the 2nd prize, with a total of 53-5 points.

In the clasres, open only to Gardeners and Amateurs,
for six varieties, three blooms of each, Mr. Thos.
Baird, gr. to James Younger, Esq., Armsbrae, Cam-
bus, won the 1st prize. Seven growers competed in this
class. In that for six blooms of any one variety to be
shown in two vases, Mr. Lunt easily won tin 1st prize
with examples of F. S. Vallis in good conditmn.

Decorative and single varieties. — Mr. A. E. TODD,
Stoneybank, Musselburgh, was 1 11 led the 1st prize
for four vases of three sprays of decorative flowers,
partially disbudded. This was an interesting exhibit,
and one well illustrating the value of such decorative
varieties as Souvenir de Petite Amie, La Trioin-
phante, and Mons. W. Holmes. The class for three
vases of single flowers (distinct) brought eight compe-
titors ; Mr. A. Knight, gr. to Sir Wilfred LAWSON,
Brayton Castle, Carlisle, was distinctly ahead with
handsome vases of Purity, Edith Pagram, and Miss A.
Holden. Mr. W. Ferguson, gr. to VV. S0RLEY, Esq.,
Viewfield House, Partick, was awarded the 2nd prize.
Thirteen growers contested in the class for three vases
of decorative varieties, each vase containing not more
than 12 sprays, with any kind of foliage. Mr. J. Kay,
with crimson Source d'Or, La Triomphante and its
yellow sport, won the 1st prize.

The premier bloom in the show was the example of
Mis. F. W. Vallis in Mr. Lunt's 2nd prize exhibit.

An interesting class was that for six bunches of
Chrysanthemums as arranged for market. Messrs.
James Craig & Son, Bamptongate Nurseries, se-
cured the 1st prize with a bright set of really good
blooms.

Plants in pots showed a great improvement on those
of former years. Mr. J. Pulman, gr. to D. R. W.
HlNE, Esq., Holywood, Colivton Road, and Mr.
Michie, gr. to Lady STEEL, were the priucipal prize
takers, staging really excellent specimens.

Fruit and Vegetables.

The exhibits of fruit and vegetables were both
numerous and good. In the classes for Grapes Mr.
J. Leslie, Pitcullen House, won the leading awards
with fruit of good quality, though not of large size.
Mr. Jordan, Impney Hall Gardens, Droitwich, won
the 1st prize for a collection of fruit as well as for
18 dishes of apples. Mr. Beckett, gr. to Lord Alden-
ham, Elstree, secured the leading positions in the
classes for collections of vegetables, winning 1st prizes
for both 10 and six varieties with very superior pro-
duce.

Honorary Exhibits.

Mr. H. J. Jones, of Ryecroft Nurseries, Lewisham,
was awarded the Society's Gold Medal for a handsome
display of Japanese Chrysanthemums intermixed with
free flowering and single varieties in bamboo stands
and the whole effectively interpersed with Palms,
Ferns, &c.

Mr. W. Wells, Earlswood, had an interesting col-
lection of new varieties.

Mr. FORTUNE, Edinburgh was awarded a Silver
Gilt Medal for baskets of flowers, Sec.

384

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[NOVEMBER 25, I905.

MANCHESTER BOTANICAL AND
HORTICULTURAL.

November 16. — The annual Chrysanthemum show
of the above society was held on the foregoing
date m the Botanical Gardens. Old Trafford. The
show was one of the finest seen in these gardens.
Mr. J. Brown, of Heaton Mersey, was awarded first
place in all three classes for plants, and his exhibits
would be difficult to surpass. Equally high praise is
merited by the two stands of blooms shown by Mr.
J. B. Hankey, of Leatherhead, Surrey, which secured
for their owner the Manchesler Challenge Cup, pre-
sented by the Earl of Derby, in the 1 ompetition open
to all comets, nurserymen excepted. As this is the
second year Mr. Hankey has won the cup it now
becomes his own property. His stand of incurved
blooms contaiued splendid flowers, including grand
examples of the varieties Kmbleme Poitevine (yellow)
and Mrs. G. Denyer (heliotrope). There was a good
entry 111 the two classes for local growers.
Cut Blooms.

The best M incurved blooms in not fewer than 12
varieties were shown by W. S. H. Bass, Esq., Byrkley,
Bui ton-on-Trent ; 2nd, J. B. Hankey, Esq.

The smaller class for 12 incurved blooms saw the
position of these exhibitors reversed.

Lady AsHBURTON, Milchet Court, Romsey, won in
the class for 36 Japanese blooms, while the principal
prize in the smaller class for 18 Japanese blooms was
secured by Mr. Bass.

The large class for 36 miscellaneous Chrysanthemum
blooms, to include not fewer than six each of incurved
Japanese and reflexea vaiieties, was won by EDWIN
Jackson, Esq., Hale Road, Altiincham, followed by
F. H. Gossage, Esq., Woolton, Liverpool.

*,* Royal Botanic Society.— As these
pages are passing through the press we have
received a circular letter signed by Mr. J. B.
Sowerby, adverting to the communication pub-
lished in our last issue. It is impossible for us to
give publicity to this document this week, and it
will be hardly necessarj to do so next week as the
meeting was held on Friday, November 24.

M. Pierre. — We regret to hear of the decease
at Paris of this eminent botanist on the 30th ult.
M. Pierre achieved a very high position as a
traveller and a botanist. His fine work on the
forest flora of Cochin China remains unfinished.
He was the founder of the Botanit Garden at
Saigon, and did much in the identification and
distribution of plants of economic importance.

George F. Ford.— On the afternoon of Thurs-
day, November 16, in the small picturesque
churchyard of Silsoe, Bedfordshire, were interred
the remains of Mr. Geo. F. Ford, for sixty-seven
years a resident of the Parish of Silsoe. Mr. Ford
died on Sunday afternoon, November 12, at the
advanced age of 85 years alter a lingering illness.
He came to the neighbourhood as a young man of
eighteen, and was for the long period of sixty-
seven years connected with Wrest Park Gardens.
1 In the death of his un< le, Mr. Seward Snow, in
1869, Mr Ford was appointed Head Gardener, a
position he held till 1896, when he retired on a
pension from the late Karl Cowper. K G. He
acted as Churchwarden up to a few 5 ears before
his death. Mr. Ford was highly esteemed Ivy all
with whom he came in contact. .George Mackinlay.

News has reached us of the dei ea >e of Colonel
Tremayne, of Carclew, and of Mr 11 Marslen, oi

[sleworth A furthe tice will be given 111 our

next is

TRADE NOTE,

G. POCOCK & SON, Ltd.
This Company has been registered with a
Capital of £2, 000 in £1 shares Object, to take
over the business of a florist, fruit-grower, kitchen
gardener, fruit merchant, greengrocer and nursery-
man carried on by G II. Pocock at Smith End
Road, Hampstead. and at the Temple Nurseries,

Hendon, as G. P 1. & Sou No initial public

issue Table A mainlj applies Registered office:
1, Heathurst Road, Hampstead Heath, N W.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Beech Trees: T. H. W. You do not say what
is the matter with your trees. Presuming you
mean the white fluffy Coccus we advise you to
scrub the bark with a wineglassful of petroleum,
1 oz. to a gallon of water and soap suds. If the
disease has made much progress this will not be
effectual,
Calanthe Pseudo-Bulb with Brown Spots :
H. M. The appearance is quite common when-
ever Calanthes of this class are grown, but it is
most common where the plants are cultivated
in unsuitable houses. A sudden fall in the tem-
perature of the atmosphere of the house at
night, having the result of condensing the mois-
ture in the house and producing " drip" from the
roof may originate the misc hief. The pseudo-bulb
itself is perfectly healthy, and the roots at the
base show that it has been tolerably well grown
though not developed up to the best. It is
possible that the affording of water has been
continued too long after the pseudo-bulbs have
reached maturity. Sometimes the use of crude,
artificial manure, such as stable runnings, cause
similar dam ige
Carnations Diseased: Anxious. The diseased
appearance of the plants is due to the presence
of eelworm. See answer to A.D., p. 320 in our
issue for October 28, 1905 ; also p. 135 of the
Calendar of Garden Operations, obtainable from
our Publishing Department. Price, 7^d. post free,
Chrysanthemum Niveum : Langley Dale. This
variety is a pure white Japanese flower, and was
raised from seed by Messrs. Nathan Smith ex Son,
of the United States of America, being first
introduced into this country about the year
1900. Some few years ago it produced both
yellow and pink sports, but the original white
lorm is the one now commonly grown, and even
that is giving place to newer varieties of better
form and habit.
Cucumbers Diseased: J. A. The nodules on
the roots are caused by eelworms. See answer
to Anxious.
Garden Soil : F. P. M. (1) The chemical
analysis you have sent us shows that the soil
is exceedingly poor in soluble plant-food ; there
is only about one-half the quantity of organic
matter that there should be to make a satis-
factory garden soil. The soil would be very sus-
ceptible to drought, as is indicated by the large
quantity of sand and chalk, and the small pro-
portion of humus matter. There is a deficiency
of both potash and phosphates. The nifro 11
content should be nearly three times as high as
is shown by the quoted figures. (2) The first
thing to do is to improve the physical condition
of the soil, which in this case will be best done
by the application of some farmyard or stable
manure; as much as from 8 to 10 cwts per
100 square yards may be applied with advant-
age Peat moss manure maybe used if more
easily procured, but this would not be so lasting
or beneficial in its effects on this class of soil as
the stable or farmyard manure. In regard to
artificial manures in addition to the dung, a
mixture ot superphosphate and Kainit with a
little bone-meal would be the most suitable
3 lb. of superphosphate of 30 percent, soluble
phosphate, 3 lb. of Kainit, and 1 lb. of bone-
meal, may be applied per 100 square yards.
(3) The dung should be put on and dug in
during the winter months, the sooner the better.
In the early spring, sav beginning of March,
according Id weather, apply the artificial manure
mixture, which may be raked in previous to
sowing the seeds or planting out the flowers.
Should you have any difficulty in procuring the
stable manure or peat moss manure, or not feel
inclined to use those materials, you 111 a\
to Messrs. Willis Bros., of Harpenden. or other
firms who supply garden manures specially
adapted to such cases

Indian Ori s: J.H.C. There is a book, by

Sir George King and Mr. Pantling, to be had
from Wesley .V Son, Essex Street, Strand, for
1 ;, 7. It deals with the Orchitis of Sikkim only.
For a general account of the Orchids of the
whole oi India see Sir Joseph Hooker's '• Flora
of British India," vols. 5 and 6(Lovell, Reeve
& Co )
Names of Fruits: Mac. Warner's Seedling.
Quite distinct from Warner's King Dolplms.
Bachelor's Glory. — B. S. 1. Hemic Diel ; 2.
Beurre Clairgeau ; (, Cheshunt Pippin ; 4,
( a Iden Reinette ; 3, Winlei 1 )olmar ; 6, prob-

ably a seedling. There is nothing very re-
markable about the fruit, except its shape.
Names ok Plants: W: S. C. P. Ornithogalum
I u letim. Thanks for the stamps, they will be
given to the Gardeners' Royal Benevolent In-
stitution in accordance with your wish. — D. W.C.
Platanus orient, ibs —J.M. An Iris. Send flower
when the plant blooms— /. H. 1, Cupressus
Lawsouiana erecta viridis ; 2, Cupressus (Reti-
nospora) pisifera aurea ; 3, Berberis nepalensis ;

4, Daphne Laureola ; 5, Daphne indica 1 0,
Berberis dulcis. — A Twenty Years' Subscriber 1,
Cupressus nootkalensis ; 2. Thuyga dolabrata ;
3, Juniperus VirgimanaSchotti ; 4, Juniperus , 5,
Abies, perhaps Nordmanniana ; 6, Thuyga
orientalis. A M. Perhaps Capsicum baccatum.

Nursery in New York: E.A.R. Try Peter
Henderson & Co. The American journals are
mostly purely trade journals. There are several .
Potatos : Butt. The potatos are badly scabbed,
the superficial form of scab caused by Oospora
scabies. It would be risky to use scabbed
potatos for sets. If so, they should be sub
merged for two hours in a solution consistm, oi
15 gallons, of water mixed with half a pint of
formalin. The soil in which the potatos grew
will be infected, and should be treated with
quicklime, or better still, gaslime.
Rainfall at Potter's Bar : J. L : After careful
comparisons our meteorological expert estimates
that the mean annual rainfall of Northaw,
Potter's Bar. is 26£ inches, which is as nearly
as possible the average rainfall in Hertfordshire.
Removal of Flowers of Begonia Gloire de
Lorraine at an Ulster Flower Show: Co.
Down. If the facts were as you state them it
was a contemptible proceeding, and one which
you should have immediately brought under the
notice of the Committee. As you say you know
the offender you should certainly have nothing
more to do with him in the way of challenge or
otherwise.
The Forcing of Narcissus poeiicus ornatus:
A R.B. The ultimate result will depend en-
tirely upon circumstances of which we have
no information. The temperature you name is
excessive at this early period of the season, and
if continued will in all probability produce a
result the very opposite of that you desire. If
artificial heat be too early applied to this variety
it has a retarding influence, and your only safe
guide in the circumstances is the immediate con-
dition and day-by-day progress of the plants
Vou remark " they are now about one inch above
the soil," we presume you refer to the leaf
growth Unfortunately this counts for very
little, and it is possible the foliage may remain
in this condition for a month or even longer If
you have nothing more than leaf growth in
sight you were in error in placing the batch too
early in a strong heat. You must be guided by
the progress ol the flower scapes. Under no
circumstances should much artificial heat be
applied to this variety until it is seen that the
scape has safely emerged from the neck of the
bulb. At this early date such progress is highly
improbable we had almost said impossible
and the entire batch would have made far
greater headway eventually, and have saved you
much fire heat and worry in the meantime had
the bulbs been allowed to remain plunged in
the open air for a month longer at least. Very
early planted bulbs of the ornatus variety are
best left in the plunging bed till the end of
November, alter winch time a preparatory fort-
night 111 a cold house should be given, and then
heat should be gradually applied until it is seen
that the flower scape has emerged. Undue
heat applied prior to this stage of growth is
directly responsible for strangulation. An
atmospheric temperature of 451-' or 50s is
generally sufficient from the start until the end
of December. Read an article on this subject
that appeared in these pages on October 22nd,
1004, p. 286.

* ( (wing to pressure upon our space 'we are com-
pelled to hold over several Society reports, ini bal-
ing one from York and one from Bristol

Communications Received. — S. \v. photographs with

thanks— C. H. P.-F. M J. U. (with thanks) D. I and-

reth, Pennsylvania. -J. R. D.— F. M. G.— J. Vick's 5ons(
Rochester. 1,. I'. nil, Harrogate (with thanks.)— G. W.—
H. A. Pettigrew — C. A. H. H.— A. D. R.— J. R. T. I C,
StCo. I C. I. V. &Sons.- W. M.— J. T.— P. 13, I 1 -

Clapton Readei I. V. C— R. B. W. J. V.— W. H. T

J. T.— G.Hall. W.H.C. E.H.J. B.Ashton C.H.p
C. R 1 I D, I. M.— W. I. 1. L>. VV. C. - I U ■

5. \. 1 M. S I I Mi I V\ II -Flore, Bru; ■
Ills It M I II \\ . I . M

December 2, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

THE

C'nirbcncrs'Cbronirli

No. 98H.SATURDAY, December 2, 1905.

CONTENTS.

Agriculture at Cam-

\ j ini>'i.r 1 , names of ...
Obituary

393

bridge

392

Belsize Court, Hamp-

Billinghurst, I Eenry ..

400

stead ...

389

Marslen, 11

400

Books, a sale of garden-

l"ii tnai Hi i ol.

898

ing

393

Orchid Notes and Glean-

Books, notices of—

ings

388

The Chrysanthemum

394

( Irchids, resl ing of ...

893

British Gardeners' Asso-

Peas, culinary, in No-

ciation, the

392

\ ember

395

Brussels, the Floral

Picea Morinda, a re-

Society at

393

markable form of

395

Chertsey, a charity con-

Plants, new or note-

cert at

893

worthy-

China, plant collecting in

388

Aloe decora

:m;

Chrysanthemum, Mrs. R.

Aloe Orpenae

386

1 1. ..,;.: I 1 f.ll -1 '11

392

Potato, Peckover

395

Chrysanthemums

393

Potato show, the Na-

Clusia grandiflora

339

tional 392

,397

Colonial Fruit Show, a

393

Pi itati i . a census of 33*3

399

Eucharis at Danesbury

Primulas, a monograph

Park

393

of

393

Fern, a rare British

396

Rainwater in Yorkshire,

Flower shows, judging

of

896

at

396

Rhubarb, forcing of,

Forestry —

with ether

893

The Locust-tree

390

I i . ■ msj 'Ian ting ...

396

Fruit buds formed as the

-. icii tit -

result of injury

3<J5

1 i: isti il i"in \ s

399

Fruit trees, transplant-

Linnean

393

ing

886

National Chrysanthe-

Glasgow Parksand Win-

mum ...

398

tei I rardens

335

National Potato

397

Gunnersbury House

Royal Horticultural

Gardens

388

[Si ti ntifii Committee)

396

Leeks, bulbous

394

VorkChrys

899

Mandevilla suaveolens,

, the 390-39

fruiting of

ILLU

395
STR

ATIONS.

Aloe decora

386

Aim 1 i] penaa

986

Chrysanthemum, Mrs.

*. H

Doper Pearson (Supple-

mentary Illustration)

Clusia grandiflora

339

Leek with bulbs developed at

he base of the stem

394

Mussel-Scale, the

LI 0

Picea Morinda with bush-like

labit at Pencarrow

395

GLASGOW PARKS & GARDENS
IN WINTER.

FEW British cities have more need for parks
and open spaces than the great industrial
city of Glasgow, and few town dwellers
are so favoured as those of that busy
centre on the Clyde in having ready access to
so many beautiful and interesting plants at all
seasons of the year. These will shortly be
added to through the generosity of Mr. Cameron
Corbett, M.P., who has recently made gifts of a
park near the city and one in Argyllshire.
Even in dark November; when fog so fre-
quently hangs over Glasgow, and its open
spaces are dull and shrouded in smoke, there
is much to brighten the lives of the dense
population of the city.

In mid-November the writer had the privi-
lege of a glance through some of these gardens,
and a few notes on some of their contents may
be interesting. In one of the worst situations
possible for such a garden, on account of the
growth of the city, the Botanic Gardens, which
for a number of years have been under the
ownership of the corporation, are yet kept full of
interest and beauty, and the constant efforts on
the part of Mr. James Whitton, the superinten-
dent of parks, and his able lieutenants in the
gardens greatly mitigate the evil effects of
smoke and fog.

This year there has been the usual display
of Chrysanthemums in the Kibble Palace.
Grouped in one of the divisions to the right
of the entrance there has been a capital dis-
play of Chrysanthemums with large blooms.
These, having been well grown, have given
great pleasure to the many visitors who go to
see them. For a public park it is not
necessary to add the novelties on their first
appearance, so that many old varieties, not
now seen 0:1 the show tables, are included,
and their retention is fully justified by tin-
excellent blooms they yield. A large number
of plants grown for quantity of bloom are
arranged in a house on the other side of the
main entrance. All reflect much credit upon
Mr. Rorkc, who is in charge of the glass
department, and the Chrysanthemum growers
of his staff.

["he other parts of the Kibble Palace are
always of interest to plant lovers, especially
to those who take pleasure in cool house plants.
Of especial charm is the picture given by a
group in the centre of the building, wherein
a realis ic manner air grouped a number of
tree Ferns, planted out, and thriving splendidly .
The Cyatheas are very tine, including such
species as C. medullai is, dealb ita, and others,
.mil the Dicksonias are verj beautiful, om
having fronds quite nine feet long. Thisgroup,
as an Australian visitor remarked; is more like
a group in an Australian donga than one in the
heart of Glasgow. The Bamboos are also
interesting here, and several are seeding varie-
ties, among the latter being Bambusa gracilis
(Arundinaria falcata) and B. Simoni (Arun-
dinaria Maximowiczii). There are many
interesting plants in the Kibble Palace, and in

the Rhododend a on it is particularly gay

with several -]•< ti< ol these fine shrubs.
Camellias and A 1 e also included among

the flowering shrubs here. Palms and many
other 1 ivi plant i are plentiful.

The main range of houses and its a<
buildings are lull 1 I interesting and valuable
plants. 1 hrchids have always been numerously
cultivated here, but their cultivation is now
attended with serious difficulties, and many
have their flowers soon destroyed by the fog.
Thus Cattleyas have but short-lived beauty,
and the fine 1 . labiata grown here arc not so
satisfactory as could be wished. Odontogios-
sums, Dendrobiums, Phalaenopsis, Masdevallias.
and the othei genera find an appropriate place,
but none do better here than the Cypripediums.
Mr. Whitton finds the favourite C. insigne in
its various forms very useful, and main
superior varieties are cultivated.

Among the plants of value to the student . I
botany and of interest to many visitors are the
aquatics, of which there is a good collection,
these including a number of the smaller
aquatics which helped to make the valuable
group sent by the Glasgow Corporation to the
recent International Horticultural Exhibition
in Edinburgh, and which was awarded gold
medals by the Royal Horticultural Socieh and
by the Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society.
Myriophyllums, Limnobiums, Jussieuap, Ca-
bomba caroliniana, and several others are
grown in small glass tanks, and constitute a
inost interesting group. Among other plants
noticed in this connection was the fineCochlios
tema Jacobianum. which is doing well placed
in a tank of water. 1 luvirandra fenestfalis and
the superior variety O. f. major were also
among the aquatics.

Ferns receive much attention, and main
choice stove and greenhouse species are in the
collection. The Platyceriiuns are especial
favourites of Mr. Whitton, and the collection

is a good one. Grouped in a corner of one of
the houses they form an interesting picture.
Among the species are P. grande, P. asthiopicum,
P. Hilli, P. Ghellinckii. P. alcicbrne, and a few
moreof this quaint class of plants. Hardy] era
are now having the attention they deserve, and
a new and extensive rockery has been set
apart for them and will shortly be a valuable
feature of the place. In the same connection
mention may now be made of the Moss House,
one of the most delightful things in the
garden, which, unfortunately, but for sufficient
reasons is not open to the public, although it
is always willingly shown to anyone inte-
rested in the plants cultivated here. It is
unheated but is slightly protected bv mats in
very severe weather. Here are a number of
the best forms of some of our native Ferns,
together with those of several exotics. Todeas
are doing well, and in their vivid and dull
green setting of mosses and hepaticae look far
more beautiful than when cultivated in the
ordinary way. The back wall is arranged after
the fashion of a rock wall, and the aspect of
the whole house is delightful in the extreme,
even on a dull November day. This is mainly
due to the mosses and hepaticae, of which there
is a wonderfully fine collection, practically all
of native species. The gardens possess a
specialist in these in the person of Mr. Scott,
the propagator, and the collection is one which
might well be imitated in many other gardens,
both public and private. In a warm house are
a number of Selaginellas.

The succulent house, likely to be re-arranged
shortly, contains many good plants ; the Palm
House, too small for its 1 iccupants ; the various
other houses, containing such fine plants as
Marattia Cooperi ; a collection ol Anthuriums,
Strelitzias, Tillandsias, and many more; be-
sides a number of economic p] ints, might be
remarked upon more fully.

In the outdoor department the paths have
all been overhauled; the turf here is as good
as is possible; tin herbaceous plants in the
borders are now fully labelled and their con-
tents largely added to, and the rock garden,
now under the charge of Mr. Hepburn, has
been re-arranged and main- plants added.
S. Amott.

(To be continut

NEW AND NOTEWORTHY
PLANTS.

ALOE ORPEN.^; sp. 11.

As a foliage plant alone this species will be a
decided acquisition to European gardens.

Acaulescent ; leaves, rigid, usually slightly in-
curved, about 20 in a dense rosette, up to
30 centimetres in length, 6-8 centimetres broad
near the base, oblong-lanceolate, slightly convex
on the inside, more so on the back : glaucous
with very marked, interrupted, longitudinal sub-
parallel lines on the face and back. On the
face there are also a small number of whitish
spots, someof which (especially a few near the apex)
bear a small spine in the centre On the back are
are very numerous white spots arranged in irregu-
lar bands. Many of these (especially those near
the apex) have small spines in the centre margin,
with strong, straight or curved spines, brown,
from a white base, about 3 millimetres long,
and separated by nearly straight interspaces
S-io millimetres long. Innoresence sub-termi-
nal, about 55 centimetres long, laxly branched,
branches bearing a number of lanceolate-cuspi-
date, empty bracts, and a dense, terminal,
capitate raceme. Floriferous bracts ovate-cuspidate
about 2-3 centimetres long, membranous, whitish
with 3 dark veins (youngest flowers aborting
and their bracts forming a terminal tufti ; lowest

386

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[DE( EMliEK

1905.

pedicels 3 centimetres long, upper gradually smaller.
Perianth almost cylindrical except in the uppermost
portion, which is sharply turned upwards, nearly
3 centimetres long, tube of corolla about 5 milli-
metres long ; outer petals red with 3 darker nerves
which radiate from the apex, otherwise apex nearly
white ; inner petals with a distinct keel which is
greenish near the apex, reddish lower down and
with almost white wings; filaments, especially the
outer ones, rather broad, white ; anthers pale terra-
cotta coloured, ovary oblong, dark green, style
white. Stamens and style exserted 6-8 milli-
metres long.

FlG. 144. — ALOE ORPEN.I, SCHONLAND.

Fig. 145.— flower of aloe orpen.<e, nat. size.

The flowers are very decidedly proterandrous.
When in the male state they are sharply deflexed ;
in the female state the pedicels straighten them-
selves out and the flowers point upwards.

Received from Miss K. Orpen, S. Clair, Doug-
las. Flowered in Grahamstown, August, 1905.
S. Schonhmd, Grahamstown.

ALOE DECORA, SCHONEAXD, n.sp.

Acaulescent : leaves 30-40 in a dense rosette,
ovate-lanceolate, c. 20cm. long, the older c.
9cm. broad near the base, c. 3cm. thick, curved
upwards, rather stiff, glaucous, slightly convex

on the upper surface, strongly convex on the
lower surface, unspotted, with two or more rows
of spines on the lower surface near the apex,
sometimes reaching below the middle, marginal
spines usually almost at right angles to the mar-
gin, nearly straight, compressed, reddish brown
rising from a whitish base, about 3mm. long,
separated by nearly straight interspices, which
are usually about 10mm. long. Inflorescence
usually simple, subterminal, sometime bifurcated.
Peduncle thick, laterally compressed and without
bracts near the base ; raceme densely multiflor-
ous ; bracts about 20cm. long, ovate-cuspidate,
membranous, whitish with a few darker lines
near the centre ; flower buds subtrigonous, swol-
len near the apex (lower side more so than the
upper), red with greenish tips ; perianth about
3.3cm. long, slightly irregular, enlarging up-
wards and contracted at the mouth, tube a little
over one half the length of the perianth, outer
petals red with a lighter margin and green
centre near the apex, inner whitish with a green
keel and light brown near the apex, filaments
and style yellowish white, anthers yellowish-
red on the back, pale yellow on the face, sta-
mens and style exserted io-i2mm., flowers de-
cidedly proterandrous. The flowers become
much paler at the time the anthers discharge
their pollen, and with the pale yellow filaments
and style the older flowers present a fine con-
trast to the red flower-buds and younger flowers.
The opening of the flowers proceeds more
quickly on the under side of the raceme, which
is always bent downwards. My specimens were
collected by Miss K. Orpen, S. Clair, Douglas,
Griqualand West, and flowered in Grahams-
town, Sept., 1905. Although a dwarf species,
A. decora has altogether the flowers of the
ferox group. S. Schonland. Albany Museum,
Grahamstown, Oct. 7th, 1905. See Fig. 146.

TRANSPLANTING
TREES.

FRUIT

Sk:

The present season being suitable for trans-
planting fruit trees, a few remarks as to the pro-
per method of performing the work may prove
helpful. Holes dug for planting young trees —
say, from three to five years old — should be
made 2 feet in diameter and from 18 to 20 inches
deep. The bottom spit from the hole should
be put on one side of the excavation and the
top soil on the other, the latter to be returned
to the hole after the bottom has been loosened
with a spade or a fork. If the soil is lacking'in
fertility some short manure should be incor-
porated with it This mixture in the bottom of
the hole should be made higher in the centre
before setting the trees thereon, when the roots
can be spread evenly all round with a slight in-
clination downward. All damaged roots must
be cut clean away, straggling roots shortened
and the remaining ones covered to the thickness
of about 6 inches with prepared soil, providing
the original soil is not good enough by itself.
When doing this grasp the tree by the stem and
give it a shake in an upward direction, so as
to incorporate the soil well among the roots. After
the soil :s applied, make it firm about the roots
by treading, regulating the pressure by the con-
dition of the soil with regard to moisture. Care
should be exercised in planting not to bury the
trees deeper in the soil than they were before
transplanting, always assuming, as a matter
of course, that they were at a proper depth
originally. When filling the holes allow sufficient
extra material for the loosened soil subsiding,
and lay on a surface dressing 2 or 3 inches deep
of rotten manure. This mulch will prevent frost
penetrating to the roots, and will maintain the
soil about them in a more equable condition

n

', 1

Fig. 146. — ai.of riFrriR^. wc-honi. \\n.

Decemuer J,

1905.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

387

with regard to warmth and moisture than would
otherwise be the case, and, furthermore, the win-
ter and spring rains will wash the substance of
the manure down to the roots with beneficial
results.

Hr, moving Trees.
The foregoing remarks apply to trees obtained
from a nursery after the leaves have fallen.
Where fruit trees are required to be transplanted
from one part of the garden to another the
sooner the work is performed after the crop of
fruit has been taken the better, as this will
allow the trees so shifted to become re-esta-
blished before the fall of the leaf. The trees
should be taken up with good balls of earth at-
tached to their roots. Dig a trench round the
individual trees required for removal at from 15
to 18 inches from the stem, more or less, accord-
ing to the size of the tree to be lifted. Work
the soil out around and beneath the roots with
a digging fork, until the tree can be lifted buddy
with a good ball of soil on to a strong mat
and then placed on a hand-barrow. The cor-

ners of the mat should be tied round the stem
of the tree, which can be thus conveyed to the
hole previously prepared for its reception. \\ hen
the tree is placed in position, with its suitably
pruned roots and spread out as indicated above,
the prepared soil should be worked well under
and among the roots and the latter covered with
the same preparation to the thickness of 6 inches,
mulched as already recommended, and then
watered to settle the soil.

Ground sloping southward or westward and is
protected from the north and east by a belt of
Fir, Poplar, or such-like trees, and which is
not likely to become submerged at any time,
should preferably be chosen as a site for a new
orchard ; and strong loamy soil is suitable to the
requirements of all kinds of fruit trees.

Pyramid and bush-trained Apple, Pear, Plum,
and Cherry trees should be planted in rows at
from 10 to 15 feet apart and at the same dis-
tance from tree to tree in the rows. Two or
three rows of Gooseberry or Currant bushes may
be planted between taller fruit trees, and the

number of these rows can be reduced as the
fruit trees attain larger dimensions.

Varieties. — Were I limited to 12 each of
Apples, Pears, and Plums I would select the
following: — Apples (Dessert): Irish Peach,
Beauty of Bath, Duchess of York's Favourite,
American Mother, Newtown Pippin, and Cox's
Orange Pippin; (culinary), Keswick Codlin,
Lord Suffield, Lord Derby, Lane's Prince Albert,
Bramley's Seedling, and Warner's King. Pears :
Williams' Bon Chretien, Beurre d'Amanlis,
Souvenir du Congres, Beurre Diel, Durondeau,
Doyenne du Cornice, Glcu Morceau, Mane
Louise, Duchesse d'Angouleme, Beurre d'Arem-
berg, Josephine de Malines and Catillac. Plums :
Bryanston Gage, Old Green Gage, Jefferson's
Washington, Kirk's Seedling, Monarch, Trans-
parent Gage, Belgian Purple, Old Orleans,
Pond's Seedling, Victoria, and Keine Claude de
Bavay. Cherries : Black Heart, Black Tar-
tarian, Royal Duke, Governor Wood, May Duke,
and Morello, //. W. Ward, Lime House, Ray-
leigli.

THE MOST SUITABLE VARIETIES OF POTATOS FOR PARTICULAR DISTRICTS.

(See page 392.)

LATE OR MAIN CROP
VARIETIES.

Total Number of Varieties
mentioned —

56

Scotland,

N.

No. of

Returns

3
1

Scotland

E.

No. of

Returns

16
3

Scotland,

W.

No. of

Returns

13

England,

N.E.

No. of

Returns

8

England,

E.

No. of

Returns

15

I ngland,
Midland
Counties.
No. of
Returns
40

England,
Southern
Counties.
No. of
Returns
50

England,
N.W.
No. of

Returns

8

England,

S.W.
No. of
Returns

26

Wales.

No. of
Returns

9

•2

Ireland.
No. of
Returns

6

Channel
Islands.
No. of
Returns

2

Isle of

Man.

No. of

Returns

2

Total
No. of
Returns

198

Abundance (Sutton's)

Ard Cairn Beauty

1

1

1

4

Total Votes
12

1

Beauty of Bute

British Queen

Brinkworth's Challenge

i

"i

2
2
1

4

i

1

1

3
9
2

Champion

Charles Fidler

Cramond Blossom

2

1

2

1

1

6

9
3

1

Defiance (Daniel's)

Duncraig Castle

Dunbar Regent

Dalmeny Beauty

Dalmeny Hero

Dalmeny Regent ...

Discovery (Sutton's)

"1

1
1

1

1
1

1

3

i
i

i

...

-'

...

i

1
1

1
t

i

England's Glory

Empire Kidney (Findlay) ..

Evergood

1

2

1

1
1
3

2

i

i

1
1
11

Farmer's Glory

Favourite (Cole's)

Flourball (Sutton's)

1

i
1

1
1

1

Garnton

Goldfinder

i

1

1

1

2
2

Imperator

International (Royal lersey Fluke)

...

1

1

4

2

6
2

King of the Russets

1

1

I angworthy

Lord Roberts

Lord Rosebery

'i

2

1

1

1

1

1

9
1
1

Magnum Bonum

Main Crop (Clarke's)...

Masterpiece

Monarch (Carter's)

1
5

1
2

3
2

4
1

1
1

6
1

i

2
3

4

21

15

1

1

Northern Star

1

1

1

1

4

Reading Giant

Reliance (Sutton's)

1
1

3
1

1

4
3

Satisfaction

Schoolmaster

Scottish Triumph

Sensation (Daniel's)

Sirdar

Skerry (Improved)

Snowdrift

Snowdrop

Syon House Prolific

t

1

1

i

i
3

1

1

2

1
1

1

2
4

5

3
1
1

1
3

"i

2
"s

1
1

'1

1
1

"i

7
7

13
4
1
1
1
1

14

The Bruce

The Crofter

The Factor

Tremendous (Toogood si

Triumph

2
2

"i
2 .

1
'1

i
"i

5
1

2

6
1
1

"i

4

"1

1

6

22
2
2

Up-to-Date

2

7

6

5

14

35

41

4

27

3

5

2

151

Village Blacksmith

1

1

White Beauty ..

White Elephant

Windsor Castle

Worm Leighton

2

1

2

1
1
7
1

i

"i

1

1

14
1

588

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 2, 1905.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

CYMBIDIUM x GAMMIEANUM AND
C. x MAGGIE FOWLER.

\Yn:i reference to the suggestion of W.W.,
November 25, p. 370, that the latter may be
identical with C. X Gammieanum, I should like to
state that C. x Maggie Fowler was shown as of
janteum x C. elegans. Members of the
Orchid Committee carefully examined the
flower, and agreed that the parentage was correct,
and moreover that the hybrid had a distinct in-
clination towards C. giganteum in the labellum.
As will be seen by reference to the report of the
Show {Gardeners' Chronicle, October 28, p. 316),
Messrs. Sander & Sons exhibited a fine specimen
of typical C. x Gammieanum as illustrated in
King & Pantlin's Orchids of the Sikkim Himilaya, and
the opportunity was given for comparing at the time,
and it was decided, with the help of the picture of
C. longifolium in the Society's collection, that
3. Sander's plant was of C. longifolium <
C. elegans, a conclusion which Mr. Rolfe had
arrived at long before (Orchid Review, 1900, p. 107).
There is a general resemblance between the two,
but C. x Maggie Fowler is much the handsomer.

As all the species concerned grow together, it
appears that natural hybrids of both sets have
been imported.

VANDA CCERULEA.
Two beautiful and very dissimilar varieties of
this fine cool, or intermediate house, Orchid are
sent by Mr. H. Garnett, gr. to R. G. Fletcher,
Esq., Mount Harry, Brighton, who states that the
twenty-four plants of it in the collection have
afforded flowers for some time past. Seme of
them are still in bloom with Dendrobium Phalae-
nopsis Schroderianum, Cattleya labiata, &c. One
\ ariety is large and beautifully veined and tinted
with bright blue colour, and the other, and rarer
form, has white sepals and petals, and bright violet
coloured lip. Flowers, showing the variation of
Dendrobium Phalsenopsis, are also sent, differing
much in colour, the lightest having white sepals and
petals, the latter slightly tipped with rose and
labellum, with primrose disc, in front of which are
light purple lines. J. 0. B,

GUNNERSBURY HOUSE
GARDENS.

Something out of the common rut is sure to
greet the visitor to this remarkable garden ; be it
the methods pursued in fruit-culture in pots, or
with Nymphjeas under glass, in heated pits ;
autumnal-bearing strawberries treated as annuals ;
Chrysanthemums growing in tubs ; or the fine
specimens of sweet-scented foliaged Pelargoniums
which are employed as decorative objects on the
terrace ; and in many other features. The frost had
made havoc on October 17 and 18 with the more
tender occupants of beds and borders, but the
great tubs, filled each with eight or ten plants of
Chrysanthemums of one variety, made a remark-
able display of colour at the bottom of the lawn at
about 100 yards distance from the windows. The
masses of bloom measured six to eight feet in dia-
meter, and consisted of Goacher's Crimson, Har-
rissianum (a white-flowered variety), Horace Martin,
a deep yellow-flowered sport from the crimson Mad.
Marie Masse, of which there were four tubs full,
most abundantly bloomed ; and Carrie, another
of nearly the same shade of colour, and equally
free in growth and blooming, but earlier. The
whole of these consisted of early, large flowering
varieties. In several Vineries, from which the
fruit is cleared, Chrysanthemums occupy the stag-
ing underneath the vines — President Hardy, a
reddish, orange-coloured flower, early, free and
excellent for cutting at this part of the season. A
large number of this variety is grown. Fleur
d'Octobre is another variety grown in quantity,
and in one of the houses I saw 200 plants of it in

full bloom — a most useful plant for furnishing cut
bloom or other uses..

In the roof garden at the mansion the remains of a
gorgeous display of Salvia splendens Zurich variety
was remarked. The plants are but little more than
half the height of the type, but the spike of
blooms is twice as long. These plants formed a
line along the front, and were met by a curtain of
Tri ip.eolum Fireball, and these latter hung down
t" the groups of Salvia and scented Pelargoniums
standing on the terrace walk in bays.

The Japanese Garden is growing in interest
yearly now that the various plants are become
established, more especially the Bamboos, which
have attained to a great width and height. Lilies,
with which much of the area has been decorated,
where they were afforded protection from over-
hanging trees had still numerous flowers uninjured,
as for instance, L. speciosum, L. auratum.and the
variety platyphyllum, whereas the hardier species
L. tigrinum was quite spoiled by the frost. Plants
of Cimicifuga racemosa were flowering abund-
antly. In this garden Juglans Sieboldiana was
remarked with fine large foliage, almost equalling
in size that of Ailanthus glandulosa; and two nice
young specimens of Sophora japonica pendula
were noted.

The Bamboo garden possesses several fineclumps,
and the following were remarkable for the size of
the clumps or great vigour of growth — B. fas-
tuosa, with canes of one year, 14 feet in height :
B. palmata and Phyllostachys aurea, both fine
masses ; P. nigra — a large clump having numerous
stems 18 feet high, and P. Castillonis, the nodes of
the stems of which are alternately green and
yellow in colour. The curious Kochia scoparia,
whose foliage turns from light green to dull purple,
was used as an edging to rose beds hereabouts.

Several glasshouses were filled with Begonia Mrs.
Leopold de Rothschild, a brightly-coloured sport
from B. Gloire de Lorraine, and from the first-
named another sport was observed having the
name Marie, the plant, of good habit, sturdy, and
distinct, almost standing erect without support.
The colour of the flower is bright pink. The
various plants were shapely, nearly two feet high
and freely flowered.

Orchids have not hitherto been largely culti-
vated, but now a 1 ulcus has been made with
choice hybrid I attleyas and Lselio-Cattluyas ;
Cattleya Trianae, C. Mossia?, Dendrobium for-
mosum giganteum, Odontoglossum crispum, O.
grande, Phalavnopsis amabilis var. Reimstadtiana,
Vanda ccerulea, &c. , all of which are in the best of
health, and several in flower.

The Plum-house still contained trees carrying the
remainder of their crops of fruits, viz., Coe's
Golden Drop. Rivers' Late, and Golden Orange.
A large number of Plum, Cherry, Peach, Nectarine
and other fruit trees which had been denuded
of their fruits were standing in sheds or out-of-
doors awaiting their annual re-potting The
system of successional utilisation of several glass-
houses for different kinds of fruit is well carried
out by Mr. Hudson, the gardener, who in most
of the houses contrives to get three crops
during the year, putting into heat alternately Figs,
Vines, Plums, Strawberries, Peaches, &c. There
were, at the date of my visit, some pot Vines in fruit
of the following varieties: Royal Muscadine, White
Frontignan, Tokay Frontignan, the Strawberry,
Early Auvergne, &c. The vines are fruited once
and then thrown away. The various Grapes are
small of size in berry and bunch, and of exquisite
ila\our and some of them destitute of seeds.

Figs were found in several houses with crops
coming to the ripening stage of D'Agen, Grosse
Violette de Bordeaux, Violet Sepor, and others.
The earliest forced Figs, such as Pingo de Mel
(St. John) will fruit in February, and others will
be introduced successionally, so that practically
the Fig season lasts for nine months.

Two houses were filled with autumn bearing
strawberries carrying nice crops in various
of ripening. Of these the following were observed,
viz. : Pearl, a good fruiting white variety of nice
flavour; St. Joseph, St. Antoine de Padoue, and
Origen, a later fruiting variety. The plants were
derived from the earliest runners obtainable in
June and July of the current year. F. M.

LEAVES FROM MY CHINESE
NOTE-BOOK.

(Continued from page 355.)
WA-SIIAN.

This sister mountain to the sacred Omi is
situated in long. 1030 14'E. ; lat. 290 21 'N.,
six days' (roughly 100 miles) journey from the
city of Kiating. The intervening country is
very rough, wild, and mountainous. The road
is execrable.

Baber, the first foreigner to visit and ascend
this mountain, as well as Mount Omi, gives its
altitude at 10,545 feet above the sea-level ; 4,560
feet above the neighbouring valleys. My readings
give 11,250 feet above the sea; 5,150 feet above
the surrounding country. Allowing for error in
the barometer, I think the mountain cannot be
less than t 1,000 feet high. The flora— always a
fair guide — proves it to be higher than Mount
Omi (io,Soo feet) ; and this agrees with the
opinion of the natives, who assert that it is the
higher of the two mountains.

As seen from the summit of Mount Omi it re-
sembles a .huge Noah's Ark, broadside on,
perched high up amongst the clouds. Viewed
from a near distance it is a succession of tiers
of vertical limestone cliffs, only seriously broken
at one point, with a peculiarly flat top. From
the hamlet of Ta-t'ien-ch'ih (6,100 feet), situ-
ated in a depression at its base, it is remark-
ably square looking, its four sides being more
or less perpendicular. It looks no more than
2,000 feet above the hamlet, and yet it is really
over 5,000 feet. When it was first pointed out
to me, 20 miles or so distant, I could not be-
lieve it was the mountain. It looked like a
huge vertical precipice, its massiveness be-
littling its height. There is something peculiar
about the mountain which detracts from its
height.

As above stated, the first foreigner to ascend
this mountain was the late E. Colborne Baber,
Esq., on June 5, 1878. The description of this
mountain given by him is so accurate and
beautiful that I cannot do better than quote
it: — "The upper storey of this most imposing
mountain is a series of 12 or 14 precipices, ris-
ing one above another, each not much less than
200 feet high, and receding very slightly on all
four sides from the one next below it. Every
individual precipice is regularly continued all
round the four sides. Or it may be considered
as a flight of 13 steps, each 1S0 feet high and
30 feet broad. .Or, again, it may be described
as 13 layers of square, or slightly oblong, lime-
stone slabs, each 180 feet thick and about a mile
on each side, piled with careful regularity and
exact levelling upon a base 8,000 feet high (I
made this base 8,500 feet). Or. perhaps, it
may be compared to a cubic crystal, stuck amid
a row of irregular gems. Or, perhaps, it is be-
yond compare. Some day the tourist will go
there and compose ' fine English ' ; he could not
choose a better place for a bad purpose ; but if
he is wiser than his kind he will look and won-
der, and say very little and pass on." .

The next person to ascend this mountain was
a naturalist— Mr. A. E. Pratt— in May, 1889.
I believe I am correct in saying that one of
Dr. Henry's native collectors accompanied this
gentleman and collected plants for Dr. Henry.
If this is correct, it constitutes the only record
we have of the plants being collected on this
mountain.

It was on the afternoon of June 30, 1903,
that I arrived at the scattered hamlet of Ta-

December 2, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

389

t'ien-ch'ih (6,100 feet), from whence the ascent
is made. I took up quarters in the same inn
that had lodged Baber, and afterwards Pratt.
This tiny hamlet is situated in an oval
depression, locked in by high mountains
on all sides. This depression is about a mile
long and rather less than half a mile
broad at its widest point. A small lake sur-
rounded by a luxuriant greensward occupies
the lower end of this depression. A species of
Delphinium, with lovely blue flowers, is abund-
ant. The Chinese call it "Wu-tzu," and say
that it is poisonous to man and cattle alike.
Around the farm-houses Maize, Peas, Beans,
Buck-wheat, and Irish Potato are cultivated.
The people here mostly profess Christianity, a
Roman Catholic mission-house being the only
decent building in the hamlet.

Having procured a guide, I left the inn at
5.45 a.m on July r to ascend the mountain.
Mists obscured everything as we set out, and it
felt very raw and cold. The path was the
merest track — very sinuous, steep, and difficult.
Pain commenced at 2.30 p.m. and continued
during the whole of the descent. We reached
our inn at 6.30 p.m. drenched through and
through.

At one time a dense forest of Silver Fir
covered this mountain, but this has long since
been felled, and the majority of the trees still lay
rotting where they fell. It is a common sight to
.see bushes of Rhododendrons 20 feet or more in
height growing on the rotting trunks. Some of
these Firs could not have been less than 150
feet in height and 20 feet or more in girth. On
the summit there are still a number of trees
left, but none of great size, and nearly all have
their tops broken off, either by the wind or by
the snow. This mountain, in common with
others I have visited, shows only too plainly
the wantonly destructive nature of the Chinese.
Fifty years more, at the present rate, and there
will not be an acre of accessible forest left
in all Central, Southern, and Western China.
The making of charcoal alone imposes a heavy
toll on hard- wooded trees and shrubs. Potash,
burning is a common industry in the moun-
tains west, and is another means of clearing
away the vegetation in a ruthless manner. It
is to the making of charcoal that I attribute
the marked absence of Oak, Beech, and Horn-
beam in the mountain, and Birch and Hazel
were none too plentiful. Besides the Silver Fir
(Abies Fargesii), the only other Conifers noted
were Tsuga chinensis, Juniperus chinensis, and
Picea sp. nov.

Rhododendrons constitute the conspicuous
feature of the vegetation, and their wood is,
luckily, not esteemed for making charcoal. They
begin at 7,500 feet, but are most abundant at
10,000 feet and upwards. In the ascent I noted
16 species. They vary from diminutive plants
4-6 inches high, to giants 30 feet or more in
stature. Their flowers, also, are of all sizes and
colours, including one pale yellow. It was most
interesting to watch how, as we ascended, one
species gave place to another. R. Augustinii.
with its flowers of various colours, was one of
the commonest species. E. H. W.

( To /'<' continued. )

nation of the branches (see fig. 147). They are
about 3i inches in diameter, both the sepals and
petals are of a fleshy or .vaxlike substance, and are
almost pure white. The stamens are numerous
and form a dense circle around the base of the
corolla. The stigmatic surface occupies nearly the
win ile area encircled by the stamens, and is covered
v.ali a quantity oi gelatinous substance somewhat
hi 1 he consistency ol glue. Only one of the three
flowers on a branch is open at one time. The
plant seldom flowers, I believe, in gardens,
although in other respects it is of easy culture,
ami may be considered worth growing on account
of the bold deep green leaves, which afford a
contrast to the foliage plants usually cultivated in
the stove. E. J I

CLUSIA GRANDIFLORA.

This chapming stove plant, belonging to the
Nat. Order Guttifera, has flowered in the Cam-
bridge Botanic Garden during the past summer,
where it presented a very striking appearance for a
period of several weeks.

The plant is about 6 leet high and well branched.
The leaves are produced in pairs, and are from 8
to 12 inches in length, obovate in form, and about
4 to 6 inches across at the broadest part. The
bases of the petioles are swollen and slightly
winged, and act as a protection to the growing
point during development.

The flowers are produced in threes at the termi-

BELSIZE COURT, HAM1STEAD.

This interesting old mansion with its quaint
gardens is one of the few remaining properties
practically within the London area where poli-
ticians, artists, and the elite of society used to
meet and talk over the events now em-
I in the history of the country. Step by
-1 p the town encroached on the fields around it.
until now it is almost surrounded by dwellings
At all times its irdi were interesting, but

never so inn h thi y are now in the hands

of its present possessor, J. S. Bergheim, Esq.,
who has reconstructed ->r renovated everything
about the garden, and built ne»' houses for the

accommodation of the plants in which he takes
such interest, and the cultivation of fruits suc-
cessfully grown by his gardener, Mr. H. A.
Page.

Mr. Bergheim, whose last journeying was in
the Congo district, has visited many remote
regions, and brings with him a good knowledge
of the plants of different countries. The most
beautiful and the curious are always acquired by
him, and hence the collection of plants at Bel-
size Court is one of the most interesting and
complete. Selections of Orchids, 111 which the
showy and the curious are equally represented,
a remarkable collection of rare Ferns, Sarra-
cenias, Droseras, and other insectivorous plants,
including a good collection of Nepenthes, eco-
nomic plants, greenhouse plants of peculiar
structure, and good selections of the plants de-
nominated " decorative," are a few of the special
features in the Belsize Court Gardens.

Tin: Oechids
are the showiest m tin present inn.-, and in the
matter of cultivation and profusion of flower
they are highly satisfactory. One of the warm
houses has a very fine sin w of Dendrobium Pha-
laanopsis Schroderianum, one side of the house
being decorated with them, their arching sprays
of flowers varying in tint in a remarkable
manner. Among the ordinary rose and rose-
purple tinted forms two variations from those
tints stand out prominently. The one has
flowers of a rich magenta-crimson tint, with

FlG. I47.--CI.ISIA GRANDIFLORA IN BLOWER IN CAMBRIDGE BOTANIC C. \RDhN.

FLOWERS WHITE.

390

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 2, 1905.

purple base to the lip, and the other has several
spikes of white flowers with a very faint and
scarcely perceptible lavender tint on the sepa's
and petals. In this, the lightest variety, the
base of the lip is in colour dark claret-purple, and
the front of the lip is white, it being the only
form without colour on the front of the lip. Ar-
ranged with them are Dendrobium formosum
giganteum, the plant having fifteen flowers, one
spike bearing five large blooms. This plant has
been some years in the gardens, and last year is
said to have had eight flowers on a spike. In the
same house is a selection of Catasetums com-
pleting their growth ; C. callosum, C. macro-
rarpum, and others being in bloom or bud ; and
in another division some Phalavnopsis, one plant
of P. Esmeralda having five spikes ; Calanthe
veratrifolia, Cypripedium Spicerianum and other
Cypripediums, seme Ansoctochili, &c. In this
house Nepenthes are suspended overhead, and
in some of the warm houses Eucharis amazonica
planted under the stages grow and bloom most
luxuriantly.

The cool-houses contain a collection of Odon-
toglossums, Masdevallias, &c, Odontoglossum
grande, the true Masdevallia melanoxantha, and
some others being in bloom. Here are several
fine specimens of Pleione las,enaria covered
with bloom, many of the bulbs giving two
growths each, and the growths two flowers.
This vigour Mr. Page attributes to the method
which he adopts with all deciduous species —
viz., that of giving them a good moist growing-
time and a cold and dry rest. This plan works
well here with the Dendrobium Wardianum and
D. crassinode, which many growers c< mplain of
dying out. Here they have increased in size
for years, and have many strong leading grow ths,
the plants being now suspended in a cold, dry
greenhouse. Their growths were made in the
old warm Lily-tank house, in which also the
Bananas fruit. Other Orchids in blcom were
Cattleya Bowringiana and good C. labiata, &c.
Pinguicula caudata is very vigorous, and in
bud; and Darlingtonia californica and various
Sarracenias are grouped together. The speci-
mens of Sobralia are grown in the stove plant-
house, and in each house are many interesting
and rare plants grown into fine specimens.

In the Fern-house the cushion-like specimens
of the creeping epiphytal Polypodiums are very
handsome objects ; Cero/iegia Woodii is a prett>'
species with slender, pendulous grov. ths; and
in the greenhouses are many interesting old
plants of peculiar structure, as, for txample, the
winged Acacia platyptrra.

In other houses are a fine lot of brightly-
coloured Codia-ums, a se'ection of Tillandsias,
a good batch of Poinsettia pulcherrima, and
F.uphorbia jacquinia'flora ; a large quant ty of
well-flowered Chrysanthemums, a magnificentiy-
flowered batch of Begonia Gloire de Lorraine,
showy Nicotiana Sanderay, Acalypha Sandeii.
Salvias, &c.

Adjoining the dwelling-house is an extensive
rockery-house arranged under the direction of
Mr. Bergheim, in which his knowledge of tropi-
cal scenery has greatly assisted. Winding walks
are arranged among the Fern-clad rocks ; Phi o-
dendro:-s and other climbers are trailing over-
head, and other tropical plants, some cf which
were brought home by Mr. Bergheim, are effec-
tively arranged. In one corner Papyrus ant-
quorum rises nearly to the roof, and here and
there Anthuriums and Begonias give colour and
variety of foliage. To one who knows and likes
plants, the great attraction of the place is the
gre?.t number of species of diverse characters
repri >er,ted. In the adjoining waim-house are
specimens of Musa Cavendishii and other tropi-
cal plants and aquatics, trailing over one side
being Luffa aogyptica, with its large netted fruits.

Fruits
under glass are grown extensively and with great
success, notwithstanding the visitations of the
L»ndon fogs in their season. A large number

of Cherries, Plums, Peaches, Nectarines, &c,
are grown in pots, and extensive vineries and
Peach and Nectarine-houses are provided, all
giving evidence of good management, the Grapes
being remarkably fine. Outdoor fruits are said
to have been highly satisfactory th.s season. B.

FORESTRY.

THE LOCUST-TREE.

Tins tree has had a fair trial as a timber
producer in this country. Here we have cut
down several trees in late years, and all of them
have yielded sound, hard timber of first-class
quality, which has been used for various pur-
poses, and up to the present has given no cause
for complaint. For the making of posts and
fencing we have found it durable, even in
moderatcily wet ground, being equal if not
superior to that of good Spanish Chestnut. Some
of the wood was used three years ago for re-
pairing a cart, one of the sides and a shaft being
made of it, and they are now as good as when
first put in, though for. shafts it is not so good as
Ash, because it lacks that elasticity which makes
Ash-wood so useful for this purpose. A few of
the larger planks were worked up by a carpenter
into panels, &c, and he reports that, though
rather hard to work, it is not specially difficult,
being easier than English Oak ; it is not woolly,
and does not tear or splinter. The finished wood
is of a yellowish-orange colour with brownish
markings, polishes well, and is prettily grained.
For use 111 carpentry the wood of the Locust-
tree resembles Hickory more than any other.
The tree can be grown almost anywhere except
on very wet ground, and is of rapid growth. In
rate of growth it is not inferior to any of our
timber trees, and is superior to many of them.
The spines on young trees are rather against
their being handled, but plants rarely die after
planting, and they do not suffer from any insect
pest or fungoid disease. Propagation is e sily
effected from the suckers, which are produced
in quantity from the eld stools. /. C, B,i

The Week's Work.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H. Young, Orchid Grower to Sir F. Wigan, Bt.
Clare Lawn, East Shoen, S.W.

Angrscum sesquipedale, etc. The leaves of
this species are too often seen in a sickly con-
dition and spotted with disease, this being the
result of the plants having been subjected to
an excessive degree of shade and moisture.
Most members ot this genus need dense shade,
much heat, and moisture during the growing
season, but A. sesquipedale grows best in a
moderately exposed position in a stove, with
ample supplies of water so long as the root
tips are extending. At the present time, how-
ever, and during the winter, dryness at the base
may be tolerated for short periods, taking care
that it does not continue too long, or the leaves
will suffer injury. Other large growing An-
graecums are A. eburneum and A. virens, wdnch
thrive under similar treatment. The dwarfer-
growing kinds that are usually cultivated in
baskets, pans, or on blocks suspended from
the rafters, need very careful management dur-
ing the winter months, an excess of moisture at
the base or a too prolonged period of dryness
being alike very injurious. Overgrown sphag-
num moss should be removed, so that the con-
dition about the pseudo bulbs can be perfectly
gauged, and when the weather is against rapid
evaporation the necessary amount of water
should be applied to the surface by means of the
fingers or through a fine rose, if it can be done
without causing much wetting of the leaves.
Those species having thick leaves like those of
A. leonis or A. Scottianum may be subjected to
a considerable degree of drought without harm
resulting. The new species from the Victoria
Nyanza district, A. infundibulare and A. R. ths.
childianum, are said to grow well in a Cattleva

house, where also the pretty A. falcatum suc-
reeds best.

Brassavola Digbyana was held in little esteem
until its value as an agent in the production of
hybrids was recognised. Importations now oc-
cur mere frequently, and the species is more ex-
tensively grown. It is a native of Honduras, a ;
notoriously hot country, and, therefore, grows
best in the atmospheric temperature of the East
Indian house, either fixed on blocks or in pans
or baskets. The season of growth of this plant
is very short, and it is only during that short
period that an abundance of water is essential.
At other times the supplies should be very
limited and infrequent. B. glauca, an inferior
kind, may be treated similarly, though it may
be grown in a warm position in a Cattleya house.

Hybrids ■from Brassavola Digbyana are moder-
ately easy to grow, and in most instances thrive
and increase their leads surprisingly well in a
leaf mixture. \\ here this mixture is employed,
very careful and judicious watering must be
practised from the time the pseudo bulbs reach
their full dimensions until roots become active
in the following season. With very few excep-
tions, a positiun at the warmest part of the Cattle-
ya house, not far removed from the glass, fulfils
their requirements. Should any plants have
young growths which are immatured, the most
favoured position should be given them to en-
sure proper development. Small or weakly
plants should have their flower-sheaths removed
as early as possible after the}' are observed.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bullock, Gardener to E. J. Wvtiies, Esq.,
Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Cool Conservatory. — Inspect Chrysanthemums
and other plants in this structure daily, in order
to afford water to those requiring it, and to re-
move any plants which have ceased to be effec-
tive. The flowers will last for a longer period
if care is taken to maintain the atmosphere
in a moderately dry condition, and use no
more fire heat than is absolutely necessary.
Any moisture collected on the floors or other
surfaces may be removed each day by means of
a mop or flannel after the operation of watering
the plants has been performed.

In the Warmer Conservatory, where a tempera-
ture of 6o° is maintained at night, the condi-
tions are somewhat different, but even there an
excess of humidity must not be permitted at
this season, but advantage should be taken of
bright days to damp the walls, floors, and
stages. In order to obtain the best effect from
the various plants and flowers, it is necessary
to secure harmony in the blending of colours, or
to mass plants of one colour together. In
groups of plants arranged for effect I prefer to
use sufficient plants of one variety only to con-
stitute a feature for the eye to rest upon in pre-
ference to mixing a variety of colours. For the
guidance of those unacquainted with some of
the later varieties of winter flowering Begonias,
which are now at their best, I can specially
recommend Winter Cheer, Mrs. John Heal, and
Julius. These afford a striking contrast when
arranged in separate groups surrounded with
greenery.

Coleus thyrsoides. — Now that the plants are
developing their first flowers, clear water should
be the only liquid afforded them. If a free
current of air be allowed to pass between the
plants, it will help to prevent the shedding of
the foliage, and the plants will remain sturdy.

Callicarpa purpurea. — The clusters of purple
berries are very effective at the present tin. e. A
considerable degree of heat is necessary to keep
the foliage green and in a healthy condition.

Poinettias. — Sufficient water should be
afforded those plants with well developed bracts
to prevent the leaves from flagging, and a slightly
lower temperature will help to prolong the sea-
son of usefulness. Plants for flowering later
should be still afforded weakly-diluted manure
water at the roots, and a moderate degree of
fire heat is necessary.

Chrysanthemums. — Steps should be taken to
prepare for the propagation of the. plants. The
stock plants from which it is intended to obtain
cuttings should be kept in the lightest position
possible, and if from any cause the young
growths are weakly and drawn, d?fer taking cu;-

December 2, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

39]

tings until better growths are obtainable. It
may be necessary to afford the plants an appli-
cation of a suitable artificial manure, which
should be dusted on the surface of the soil, but
taking care not to allow it to come into contact
w'ith tender growths. A half-teaspooi;ful of
manure for each plant is sufficient for one appli-
cation.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. H. Clarke, Gardener io Sir William Plowden,
Aston Ro.\ant House, Oxon.

Old Orchards sometimes come under the control
of the gardener, and if the age of the trees is not
too great, they may be rejuvenated. Supposing
they are already too old, it will be well to plant on
in I land young trees of about five years old,
which will be growing into a bearing condition an-
nually, so that in time the older orchard may be dis-
pensed with entirely. In renovating old trees both
roots and branches must lie gh en attention. In grass
orchards the turf should be removed and as much
soil down to the roots as there is material at dis-
posal for tilling up again. The fresh soil maybe
composed of road scrapings and other kinds of
refuse which has been thrown together and well
incorporated with lime ; also well decayed farm-
yard manure, if it can be spared. Alter the sub-
stitution of this new soil, the turf may be re-laid,
but a circle measuring 6 feet in diameter should be
left around each tree, and this may be top-dressed
in subsequent years with good farmyard manure.

The Branches and Spurs. — All crowded parts of
each tree should be next thinned out. removing
branches that cross each other, and leaving
only those which are of clean and free growth.
The thinning out of spurs should likewise be done
at the same time. In many cases it is owing to
the over-abundance of these there is no crop, and
not to their absence, The flowers are so weak,
and the fruits which set are poorly nurtured that
they soon fall. The spurs should be so thinned
that the hand may easily gather the fruit through-
out the tree.

Want of Drainage is often the cause of unfruitful-
ness and bad health in trees, causing mosses and
lichen to grow on the branches and spurs. If
the ground is water-logged, means should be taken
to drain it, laying a drain of common field pipes at
about 3 feet from the surface in bad cases, or
placing at the bottom of the trench clinkers or
any porous material which will allow the water to
run away.

Mosses and Lichens. — Where a powerful garden
engine can be had, the branches maybe thoroughly
saturated with liquid manure water; th's will not
only destroy the Moss and Lichen, but will act as
a manurial stimulant to the roots, by this means
killing two birds with one stone.

Fig Trees. — In many parts of the country it is
necessary to afford these protection from severe
frosts. After removing the brandies of very large
trees from the wall they should be tied up in
bunches and thatched with straw, securely fasten-
ing the whole to the wall to prevent it being blown
about. Smaller trees may have their branches
bent down to the ground level, and straw or
other material packed about them. Healthy trees
that are growing very vigorously should be
root-pruned, or entirely lifted if this work has
not been previously done. Such a practice, if
repeated annually or biennially, will suppress
excessive vigour, and result in the growth
of short-jointed, hard shoots, which will bear
crops freely. If the soil is not naturally of a
calcareous nature, small nodules of chalk, mortar,
lime, or plaster rubbish should be freely inter-
mixed with the soil and worked about the roots.
The stations for new trees, preferably on S. and
S.W. walls, need to be well drained. Brown
Turkey and White Marseilles are good varieties
for such positions.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. A. Miller, Gardener to Lord Henry C. Bkntinck,
M.P., Underlet Hall, Westmoreland.

Roses. — Afford protection to Tea Roses before
there are severe frosts. For beds of dwarf plants
a covering of bracken is very effectual, especi-
ally if the fronds were cut just as they began
to turn of a brown colour. If left too long the
leafy parts drop from the steins. Heather or
Spruce branches are also suitable for the pur-
pose Leaves are nature's covering, but they
require to be renewed often. Litter is not so

tidy in appearance or reliable as the protective
materials already menti >ned. Standard plants
of tender varieties must be covered with a hood
made of straw or fern.

Vacant /'/■;.> Beds may now be trenched,
working in a liberal supply of manure during the
process. Fork over the bottom of the trenches,
breaking up the soil there as much as possible.
The surface soil should be left in a rough con-
dition, so that it will the better come under the
influence of frost, which will pulverise the Lumps
into a fine tilth.

Prun ubs. — The pruning of deciduous

flowering Shrubs can be proceeded with as cir-
cumstances permit. Amongst others, the ( blow-
ing Spiraeas should have the vigorous
shortened and old flow ring and weakh growth
n moved. S. Douglasi, S. callosa atn
S. flagelliformis, S. opulifolia, S. o. aurea,
and S. Anthony Waterer. Leggy and over-
grown bushes are best cut over, in order to in-
duce them to make a fresh start. Rhus typhina
and Ailanthus glandulosa should be eul
hard every year. Diervillas, Syringas, Phil
phus, Vibm 1 , should have any u

wood cut away.

II teping Trees and Shrubs are desirable for
affording variety and effect. Amongst the deci-
duous species and varieties the following are in-
dispensable : — Acer dasycarpum \\ ieri, Betula
pendula Youngi, B. alba laciniata, (aragana
arborescens pendula, Cerasus rosea pendula, C.
serotina pendula, C. Mahaleb pendula var.,
Cornus florida pendula, Fagus sylvatica pen-
dula, Fraxinus ex< elsior psndula, Laburnum
pendulum, Morus alba pendula, Populus grandi-
dentata pendula, Salix babylonica, S. 1 aprea
pendula, S. americana, S. rosmarinifolia, So-
phora japonica pendula, Taxodium distichum
pendulum, Tilia europaea Parmentieri, and Ul-
nitis montana pendula.

Evergreen It" eping Plants. — Tsuga canadensis
Sargenti pendula, Picea e.xcelsa inverta, Cupres-
sus Lawsoniana pendula alba, Juniperus vir-
giniana pendula, J. communis oblonga pendula
Ilex pendula argentea var., Taxus baccata L>o-
vastoni, and Sequoia (Wellingtonia gigantea
pendula.

// dges. — Before planting a hedge the ground
should be prepared by trenching. Remove per-
nicious weeds, and add some rich soil, and ma-
nure if needed. For a boundary fence White-
thorn and Beech planted closely when
form an impassable barrier. Hornbeam is ex-
it ; Berbens Thunbergi and Cotoneaster
Simonsii make an ornamental screen and bear
the knife well; Box, Holly, Yew, Arbor Vitae,
I.awson's Cypress, Laurel, and Privet all make
substantia] hedges.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F. Iordan, Gardener to Dr. Corbet, Impney Hall
Gardens, Droitwich.

Early Peaches. — In the calendar for Octo-
ber 28 I advised that the houses containing early
Peach trees should be cleansed, the borders
top dressed, and all made ready for starting the
trees. If sufficient pot trees of early varieties
are available, it is better to force these first than
to subject permanent trees to very severe forc-
ing. The pots can be plunged in a bed of fer-
menting leaves, which will maintain the neces-
sary temperature without any fire heat ; the buds
will then respond quickly to the warm, moist
atmosphere thus produced. If pot trees are not
available and ripe Peaches are required in May
from trained trees, no further time should be lost
before closing the house. It is much better to
close the house in good time and start with a
low temperature and plenty of ventilation than
to have to force hard later on. In a house which
contains sural varieties as Royal George and
Stirling Castle Peaches, Lord Napier and Stan-
wick Elruge Nectarines, a month longer growth
should be allowed than for such varieties as
Alexandra and Duchess of Cornwall Peaches
and Early Rivers' Xectarines. Examine the
borders, and, if necessary, soak them with
tepid water, it being most important to
thoroughly moisten the soil down to the drain-
age. It will not be necessary to apply much if
any artificial heat' for some time, after the house
is closed, or until the buds have made good pro-
gress ; a temperature of 400 to 45° at night and
C50 by day, rising to 6o° with sunheat in the

middle of the day will be sufficient at the com-
mencement. Afford a little ventilation at the
top of the house every day, if the condition of
the weat'ier will permit of this being done.
Syringe the trees in the morning and early in
the afternoon on fine days, and keep the atmo-
sphere of the house moderately moist by damp-
ing the borders and other available spaces, tak-
ing care, however, to always have the buds dry-
before darkness sets in. As the buds increase
in size a little fire heat during the day will be
beneficial, and its use will allow the trees to be
lightly syringed more often, and more outside air
may be admitted. Discontinue the use of such fire
heat when the house is closed for the night. All
houses containing early varieties should be
lightly fumigated oni e or twice when quite drv,
before the flower buds open, in order that there
may be no aphis present when the fruits are
settmg and syringing has to be temporarily dis-
1 ont iiued.

Succession Houses.- -The second house intended
for closing at the New Year should be clei
and made ready for starting, it tins work has not
been already done. Trees started after the turn
of the year may be subjected to a slightly higher
temperature, with plenty of ventilation on all
favourable occasions, lull ventilation should
be given to liaises containing later trees, in
order to retard the buds as much as possible.
The cleansing of such houses may be given at-
tention in bad weather. The best time for the
replanting aiming of large trees having

passed by, any further addition or alteration to
should be carried out whenever
i-O.iditions are favourable, and this work brought
to a close as soon as possible. The matter of
affi rding water to the roots must never be over-
looked ; do not trust to external appearances,
but examine the borders, and apply thorough
soakings when necessary. Apply a top dressing
to the borders. Take care not to tie the shoots
too tightly, and read over again the calendar in
the issue for October 28.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By w. Fvfe, Gardener to Lady Wantage, Lockinge Park,
Wantage, Berks.

Celery. — If Celery will be in daily demand
during the next four months some efficient pri -
tection against severe frosts must be provided.
The practice of lifting the plant in advance of
their requirement for use has little to recommend
it, for the appearance and crispness of C I '
soon changes after it has been lifted. For a
number of seasons past we have adopted the
practice of digging in between the ridges all the
freshly-gathered leaves we can manage to obt tin
and afterwards the ground is also covered with
leaves. In order to keep these leaves from being
blown about, a slight covering of straw or litter
is spread over them. As portions of the Celery
crop are lifted the leaves are covered by the soil
from the ridges, and as our practice is the old
■and successful one of following a Celery crop
by a crop of Peas and Spinach, the decaying
leaves are favourable to these crops whether the
succeeding season be wet or dry. If it is wet,
they accelerate the drainage, and they provide
one of the best mediums for the free ramification
of the roots.

The Rubbish Yard. — This necessary part of
every garden will claim a considerable amount
of attention at this season, when the collecting,
burning, and removing of what to the inexperi-
enced would appear but useless rubbish, needs
to be carried out. If a fire be kept alive during
the greater portion of the year, much valuable
residue is secured for use in the kitchen, flower,
and fruit garden, and after careful selection in
the fruit and plant houses also.

Fallen Leaves. — A considerable amount of time
has to be spent in the gathering of leaves, but it
is time well spent. Large quantities of leaves
in different stages of decay are excellent stores
for the supply of valuable material for many pur-
poses. Newly-gathered leaves are also a valu-
able addition to kitchen gardens in which the
soil is of a retentive nature, and may be digged
or trenched in in considerable quantities.

Parsley. — Do not neglect this valuable herb,
though at the present time it may appear so
plentiful, but protect some of the plants with
frames, lights, trellis-work, mats, or other suit-
able appliance.

I'.l-'

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December z, 1905.

APPOINTMENTS FOR DECEMBER.

SATURDAY, Dec. 2

( Societe Francaise d'Horticulture
1 de Londres Meet.

/Royal Hort. Soc.'s Committees

I Meet and Show of Colonial

Fruits and Vegetable Products

TUESDAY, Dec. 5-1 at :he Royal Hort. Hall (2 days).

British Gardeners' Assoc. Ex.

I Council Meet.

\Hort. Club Dinner.

( Nat. Chrysanthemum Society's
WEDNESDAY, Dec. 6i Exhibition at the Crystal Palace
I (2 days).

Tuirocmv r, - - (Nat. Rose Society's Ann. Meeting
THURSDAY, Dec. 7\ and Dinner.

/Nat. Chrysanthemum Society's
imnMrm.v n Exh. of Market Crysanthemums

WEDNESDAY, Dec. :3j in ,he Floral Market, Covent

( Garden.
FRIDAY, Dec. 15 Roy. Botanic Society Meet.

TUESDAY, Dec. 19 R.H.S. Committees Meet.

Actual Temperati i<ts: —

London. — Wednesday, Nov. 29 (6 p.m.): Max. 48°; Min.
40*.

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, London.— Thursday, Nov. 30(10
a.m.): Bar., 30'i ; Temp., 470. Weather— Dull.

Provinces. — Wednesday, Nov. 29 (6 p.m.): Max. 48°
Plymouth; Min. 41° N.E. Coast of England.

SALES.

MONDAY AND WEDNESDAY NEXT—

Dutch Bulbs, Roses, &c, at Stevens' Rooms, King
Street, Covent Garden.

MONDAY TO FRIDAY NEXT—

Dutch Bulbs, at 67 & 68, Cheapside, E.C., by Protheroe
& Morris, at 10.30 o'clock.

WEDNESDAY NEXT—

Rhododendrons, Azaleas, Camellias, Roses, Carnations,
&c, at 67 & 68, Cheapside. E.C.by Protheroe & Morris,
at 5 o'clock.

We have before us a guide
Cambridge to various experiments car-
University r;eci out Dy, or urK]cr the
Department supervision ofj tne Depart-
Agriculture. merit of Agriculture of the
University of Cambridge.
I'lte institution of such a department in con-
nei [ion with one of our oldest universities is
in itself a welcome sign of progress. The
report gives, in a condensed form, the results
of numerous experiments and trials on
various agricultural and garden crops. We
need hardly say that they are of great in-
terest, but too numerous and intricate for us
to do more than call attention to them.
Those who require to see the document
should apply to Prof. Middleton, St. John's
College, Cambridge.

In the case of Wheat, cross-breeding ex-
periments have been carried out with the
object of obtaining larger yields per acre
and wheat of superior quality. Two hun-
dred different sorts were kept under observa-
tion, but the majority of these have been
eliminated as useless under our climatal con-
ditions. 'The few t li.it h.ive been retained
have each some good quality, and these have
been crossed with Wheats of good "mill-
ing " properties, and thus, step by step,
\\ hi ats 1 lo 1. approaching the ideal set up
have been built up. In the first genera-
tion, whichever ol two varieties be use 1 as the
seed-bearer the offspring are all similar. In
the following generation " a number of dif-
feri ut forms occur of which the characteris-
tics and proportions may be predicted with
considerable accuracy." Continuous selec-
tion is practised, and only those showing
decided improvements are saved for trial.
The results with Mangels are very interest-
ing, but scarcely within our province.

As far as Potatos are concerned, the
points tinder investigation are " the merits
of the leading new varieties, the effect of
' change of seed,' sprouting in trays, size ol
sets, cutting sets, ' greening ' of sets, and
growing in the pits." Dobbie's Factor and
Findlay's British Queen, out of several
others, supplied much the largest yield.
Findlay's Evergood was also very productive.

So far as manures are concerned, the
greatest total produce was obtained where
twelve tons per acre of farmyard manure
were used in association with complete arti-
ficial manure, consisting of if cwt. of sul-
phate of ammonia, 35 cwt. of super-phos-
phate, and ij sulphate of potash.

There is always the fear that experiments
of this character will become weighed down
with detail, and thus made available with
difficulty. Specialisation becomes therefore
increasingly necessary, whilst a repetition of
experiments already made over and over
again, as in the case of the trials of whole
sets or cut sets in Potatos, should be avoided.
These are matters which the practical man
can readily determine for himself. A Uni-
versity station should occupy itself with the
study of general principles and with re-
searches that are beyond the competence of
the gardener or farmer.

Chrysanthemum Mrs. R. Hooper Pear-
son. (See Supplementary Illustration). — The
variety of Japanese Chrysanthemum shown in
our supplementary illustration to the present
issue, is one that was raised last year by Mr.
Charles Penford, of Leigh Park Gardens,
Havant, and has been awarded this season the
first-class Certificate of the National Chrysan-
themum Society, and the Award of Merit of the
Royal lb rti, eltural Society's Floral Committee.
The flowers are of very large size, our illustra-
ti 11 being considerably reduced, and the florets
are unusually long, some of them twisting a
little and having their spoon-shaped tips in-
curved slightly. In colour they are yellow,
with shades of orange and bronze colour de-
veloped as an overlay on the florets nearest to
and around the centre. We believe, however, that
this overlay is developed only in flowers obtained
from second crown or terminal buds, or from
extra well matured shoots. On first crown buds
they would most likely be purely yellow. The
stock has passed into the hands of Mr. Norman
Davis, Framfield Nurseries, Sussex, who ex-
hibited at the 1 rystal Palace the flower
depicted. Owing to a printer's error the photo-
graphers are described on a few of the plates as
Messrs. Rupell and Sons, instead of Russell and
Sons.

The Census of Potatos.— In the present
issue we print the concluding portion of our
Potato census, compiled from information kindly
supplied us by about 200 of our correspondents
in all parts of our islands. The table now presented
has reference to late yielding Potatos only, and
it will be seen that in answer to the request
for the names of the best two varieties, our
correspondents have mentioned 56, as com-
pared with 48 early, and So mid-season varie-
ties in the previous lists. The preponderance of
Up-to-Date amongst late varieties is most
remarkable, 151 voters having mentioned i'
as one of the best two. In the list of early-
varieties the favourite, which was Duke of
York, a variety distributed by Messrs. Daniels
Bros., of Norwich, in 1893, obtained 78 votes,
and 111 the mid-season varieties Windsor Castle

headed the list with only 65 votes. Up-to-Date
has, therefore, a poll of 151 against 78 and 65 ; or
we may put it in another way by saying that
in answering the question as to which were the
two best late Potatos three out of four of our
correspondents named Up-to-Date! The variety
which polled next to Up-to-Date in the same list
was The Factor, which has only 22 votes ; then
follow Magnum Bonum with 21, Maincrop with
15, Syon House Prolific and Windsor Castle, 14,
and Scottish Triumph 13 votes, &c. The new-
variety Evergood has n votes, but some of the
reporters remarked that the tubers are apt to turn
black in the centre. Summing up the results, it
will be seen that the two most esteemed early var-
ieties are Duke of York, with 78 votes out of 205 re-
turns, and Sharpe's Victor, with 61 out of 205, or
taking all the varieties of Ashleaf as one, then
Ashleaf enjoys the same amount of confidence as
Duke of York, viz., 78 votes. For the mid-season
varieties the voting was as follows : — "Windsor
Castle, 65 votes out of 196 returns, and British
Queen (not Beauty of Hebron as stated inadvert-
ently last week), with 57 votes. Of late varieties
Up-to-Date heads the list with 151 votes out of
198 returns, The Factor coming next with 22 votes.

The Potato Show. — Those who examined
the many new varieties shown recently at the
National Potato Society's exhibition, could hardly
fail to notice the remarkable likeness running
through them. The primary reason is that just
as some 20 years ago Magnum Bonum was
a prime agent in the production of new varieties,
so at the present time is Up-to-Date. Themajority
of new varieties do in their tubers show close
resemblance to the tubers of that undoubtedly
famous variety. This likeness in many cases
extends to the tops also, yet each one when
grown seems to have some peculiarity which enables
it to differ from its parent or others of the same
progeny. We have in modern Potatos entirely
destroyed the old line of demarcation which once
existed between round and kidney-shaped tubers.
But, then, what does it matter? If a rose under
any other name would smell as sweet, certainly a
good Potato will be equally good, let its shape be
what it may. Mr. Williamson, the only Irish
exhibitor of Potatos at the Vincent Square Hall
the other day, exhibited the popular variety
Duchess of Cornwall only, as he did at the Crystal
Palace last year. Yet then the tubers were in-
variably kidney-shaped, whilst this year they were
practically all round. Such are the effects of diverse
seasons. Hence we see the folly of keeping up old
distinctions which now no longer apply. How-
ever, out of all this Potato raising, comes one great
fact. We are now very rich in the possession
of a great number of heavy cropping Potatos
of fine quality, and that is far too important to us,
as consumers, to make us cavil because many are
too much alike.

British Gardeners Association. — A

meeting of the Executive Council of this Associa-
tion was held at the R.H.S. Hall, Westminster,
on November 21. Forty-seven new members were
elected, bringing the total up to 797, while the
application of one candidate was declined. To
enable owners of gardens and others interested
in Horticulture, who could not qualify as effec- ■
tive members, to show their sympathy with the
Association, it has been decided to admit honorary
members. Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, F.R.S.Mr.
T. G. Baker, nurseryman, Wolverhampton, and
Mr. H. G. Cove were unanimously elected honor-
ary members. The rules of the Association are
now in type with the names and addresses of all
the members, the branches, and their secretaries;
and the secretary would be glad to receive early
intimation as to any change of address, &c, so
that the first published list may be as complete
and accurate as possible. The next meeting Oi

Supplement tu the " Gardeners' Chrunkle.'

New Japanese Chrysanthemum, "Mrs. R. Hooper Pearson," shown by Mr. Norman Davis,

FLOWERS YELLOW, OVERLAIN WITH BRONZE COLOR.

From a Photograph by Messrs. Russell &> Sons.

Temple Press Ltd., 7-15, Rosebery Avenue, E.C.

December 2, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

393

the Executive Council will he held on Decem-
ber 5, at the same place. /. Weathers, Secretary,
7, Talbot Road, Isleworth, II'.

Show of Colonial Grown Fruit. — The
Royal Horticultural Society will hold an exhibition
of Colonial-grown fruit on Tuesday and Wednes-
day, December 5 and 6. The date has been
specially selected with a view to showing the fruits
and vegetables from the Dominion ol Canada and
from the West Indies in the greatest possible per-
fection. There will be a line display of all the
principal varieties of British Columbian apples and
pears, shown both in the officially recognised com-
mercial packages and in table groups, as is usual
in this country. The exhibitors from this part of
our Empire will number 20 private individuals
and firms, including the Earl of Aberdeen, Mr.
T. G. Earl, and Messrs. Stirling & Pitcairn ;
and although this is the first shipment of any size
to London, the fruit has already arrived in
excellent condition. It is also hoped that Nova
Scotia and other provinces will exhibit. The
West Indies will be represented by the West
India Committee and the British West India Fruit
Company. Economic garden products will come
from Grenada, Barbados, Jamaica ; and proba-
bly other Islands will each make a display of
bananas, pines, yams, Citrus and other fruits in
which they excel. The Society has issued a
schedule for an exhibition of both home and
colonial bottled and preserved fruits and vege-
tables to be held on the same date. Mr. C. Herman
Senn will lecture at 3 p.m., on the first day of
the Exhibition (Tuesday, December 5), on the
Crystallisation of Fruit and Flowers, and on
Wednesday, December 6, Mr. R. M. Palmer, of
Victoria, B.C., will deliver an address, illustrated
by lantern slides, on the Fruits of British
Columbia. The exhibition will open at 2 p.m.
un December 5, and at 10 a.m. on December
6, and will close at 6 p.m. on both days. No
entrance fee or charge lor space is made, and
tabling is also provided free of expense. If
desired any produce may be consigned direct to
the Society and it will be stored in the cellars at
Vincent Square and staged by the Society's
officials, but the Society cannot undertake to
repack and return any exhibits. Medals and other
prizes are offered by the Council in each class.
Copies of the schedule and other particulars can
be obtained on application to the Secretary of the
Royal Horticultural Society, Vincent Square,
Westminster, S.W.

Is a Resting Period necessary for
Orchids? — This important question is raised in
the current number of the Orchid Review by Mr.
W. Watson. This eminent cultivator has been
touring in the North among the great Orchid
growers, where the resting period is not in-
sisted on and where, nevertheless, the results are
most satisfactory. In such discussions it must be
remembered that we grow Orchids for our own
purposes and subject them to a different " environ-
ment " to that in which the plant is subjected in
a natural condition. With the aid of electric
light we might easily dispense with a resting
period, and if the individual suffered, or had a
shorter life, we could easily fill up the gaps
with younger plants. A resting stage may be
necessary under natural conditions, but under
artificial cultivation, where the means at our
disposal are greater and the objects altogether
different, it is no wonder that the resting period is
found in some cases to be unnecessary, or one in
which the disadvantages are compensated for by
other circumstances.

Primulace/e. — A monograph of the entire
order has been published by Messrs. Pax & Knuth,
in Engler's Pflanzenreich, The descriptions are
happily in Latin, the comments in German. Two
hundred and eight species of Primula exclusive of

hybrids are mentioned, 84 species of Androsace
and no of Lysimachia, not to mention other
genera. There are 75 illustrations and a copious
index.

The Use of Ether in Forcing Rhubarb. —

Recently W. Stuart, of the Vermont Station, has
reported results of experiments in forcing Rhubarb
by the aid of ether fumes. In these experiments
the roots were dug in the fall and allowed to
freeze. About mid-December they were put in a
cool cellar, where they thawed out gradually, after
which part of the roots w-ere subjected to the fumes
of ether and part left untreated for comparison.
The roots were etherised for 4S hours in an air-
tight box, using ether at the rate of 10 cubic centi-
metres per cubic foot of space. The method of
applying was to pour the liquid through a small
hole in the cover of the box into a vessel suspended
beneath the opening, after which the hole was
immediately closed. Three other lots of roots were
later etherised in the same manner, one lot January
9, another January 30, and the third February 24.
With the roots treated January 30, 17 cubic centi-
metres of ether per cubic foot of space was used.
This was later found to be too much, as the plants
were injured by the treatment. The etherised
plants gave the largest total yield in every instance.
This is not marked in the case of the lot etherised
February 24. The exception in this case was not
unexpected, since European experiments with other
plants have sh..wn quite uniformly that the later
etherisation is deferred during the resting season
the less effect it bas. Plants that have completed
their renting period have not usually been benefited
at all by etherisation. It early yields are con-
ed, the average of the three lots show-, an
increased gain in earliness of the etherised plants
of 622 per cent, lor the first picking, 86 percent,
for the second, 23 per cent, for the third, and
47 per cent, for the fourth. Florists' Ex
A'. .;.. . //.

Gardeners Royal Benevolent Institu-
tion. Th'- annual concert in aid of this excellent
gardening charity, organised by Mr. A. J. Brown,
was held at the Constitutional Hall, Chertsey, on
Thursday, 23rd ult., and was again a success.
During six \ears the Chertsey district has con-
tributed £60 bv similar means to the funds of the
Institution.

National Rose Society, rbe twenty-ninth
annual general meeting of the National Rose
Society will take place at the Rooms of the Horti-
cultural Club, Hotel Windsor, Victoria Street,
Westminster, on Thursday, December 7, at 3.30
p.m., to receive the report of the committee ; to
pass the accounts ; to elect the officers and com-
mittee for the ensuing year ; and for the trans-
action of other general business. Proposed
alteration in by-law 1. — That the first part of
By-law 1 be altered so as to read "The society
shall hold an exhibition annually in the Metropolis
not earlier than July 1st, and not later than Julj
9th. The day on which the show is held to be
Tuesday.''

Linnean Society.— The next general meeting
will be held on Thursday, December 7, 1905, at
8 p m. Papers : — 1. Dr. Jonathan Hutchinson,
LL.D., F.R.S. — On the /Etiology of Leprosy.
(Communicated by the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing,
F.R.S., Sec.L.S.) 2. Mr. Arthur W. Allen —
Some Notes on the Life-History of Margaritifera
Paneseae. (Communicated by the Rev. T. R. R.
Stebbing, F.R.S., Sec. L.S.) Exhibition :— Photo-
graphs of a luxuriant specimen of Shortia uniflora,
in the rock-garden of Mr. W. T. Hindmarsh,
F.L.S., at Alnwick.

Royal "Flora Society of Brussels. —

This horticultural society, after about twenty
years of inactivity, has lately become endued
with new life. A council has been formed with

MM. de Wildeman and Gentil as Secretaries.
The Administrative Council contains the names
of MM. les Barons van Eetvelde and Lambert,
MM. Stepman, Buyssens, Draps, Durand,
Dr. Capait, and T'SERSLEVENS. The " Societe
Flore " is one of the oldest horticultural socie-
ties, having been founded in 1650 under the name
of " Confrerie de Sainte Dorothee." It is hoped
that it will regain its former standard of suc-
cess now that it is revived under royal pat-
ronage.

Sale of Gardening Books. — In the sale of
the library of the Earl of Cork at Christie's
Rooms, King Street, St. James's, London, on
November 21, 22, and 23, the following were
amongst the lots disposed of, at the prices
appended: — R. Bradley's "Treatise of Hus-
bandry and Gardening," with plates, 2 vols.,
1726, "New Improvements of Planting and
Gardening,'' with plates, 1731, and "Practical
Husbandman and Planter," with plates, 2 vols.,
■ 7)i-4i 17s.; "New Botanic Garden," by
Sydenham Edwards, 1812, with 60 coloured
engraved by Sansom from the original
pictures, 2 vols., £1 is. ; Horticultural Society's
Transactions, vols. 1-5, 1815-24, lis.; Philip
Miller's "Gardeners' and Botanists' Diction-
ary,'' 1807, £1 us ; " Figures of Plants," by
Philip Miller, with 30 copper plates, coloured,
1760, and John Hill's " Natural History of
Plants," coloured plates, calf, 1751, £2 4s. — The
following were included in a sale at the rooms
of Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge,
Wellington Street: — " Cheape and Good Hus-
bandry.' by G. Markham, 1631 (15 pages
missing), 4s. ; "New Illustrations of the Sexual
System of Linnaeus," by R. J. Thornton, with
numerous large and beautifully-coloured plates
of plants, 1807, 19s.; "Gardening Illustrated,"
vols. 1 to 16, 1SS0-1S95, 16s.; "The Profitable

\it ' 'f Gardening, now the third time set forth,
to which is annexed the Marvellous Govern-
ment, Propertie, and Benefite of Bees," etc., by
Thomas Hyll, black letter, published by H.
Byneeman, 1579, £6 12s. 6d. In our next issue
we shall give some particulars as to the sale of
the library of the late Mr. W. Paul.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS IN FRANCE.

No English grower can possibly walk round a
French Chrysanthemum Show without becoming
conscious of two important differences between
that and a show in his own country ( Ine is that
there is a far greater diversity of choice varieties
staged, and the other is the fact that there are so
many varieties which are practically unknown to
English exhibitors.

Ill number of different varieties at the recent
Paris Show was enormous. In England most of
the exhibits in the leading classes are made up of
a selection from a certain number of well recog-
nised exhibition varieties, and no matter whether
the class be for 12, ii>, 24, 36 or 48 cut blooms,
one exhibit i-aries in variety but little from the
others.

J often wonder how it is that so many Chrysan-
themums well known and frequently shown at the
leading French Shows are ignored here in England.
Some of them are very pretty and effective. They
are often seedlings raised by growers who are per-
haps not closely in touch with English importers,
but even that fact does not explain their absence,
because many of these out-of-the-way varieties do
find a place sooner or later in the catalogues of
those French nurserymen who have business rela-
tions with English trade growers.

At the Paris Show, the best and finest blooms,
taken as a whole, would probably be well known
here, but every now and then in passing by the
various exhibits I was struck with something that

3H4

THE GARDE NEKS' CHRONICLE.

[December 2, 1905.

I thought was new, but which on further investi-
gation proved to be a well-known French show-
varietj . A few of these seem worthy of mention.
Let me take, first, Duchess of Orleans, one of
the finest and noblest of white Japanese flowers in
cultivation. It has been grown in France for years,
it figures in all the leading exhibits, but apparently
it has never been introduced into this country.
M.iusmee, a Japanese, and one of the most effec-
tive blooms in the show, is most valuable for a
decorative group, large in size and of a lovely
shade of delicate soft lilac-rose colour, with silvery
reverse. Why is this not in English collections ?
M. Ant Marmontel is another very pretty flower,
a large Japanese ; the colour is pinkish-amaranth ,
passing to white in the centre. This is a most
effective variety in a group. Paris 1900 is of pure
incurved form, a noble bloom of perfect build ;
colour, pale golden-yellow. Mme. Marie Carriere
is a fine white Japanese flower, slightly tinted
green towards the centre. Naples is a noble-look-
ing incurved, deep and solid ; colour, rich golden-
yellow. Emma Bonnefous is a large Japanese,
very pretty shade of soft salmon rose. Ami Nonin.
large Japanese, with long florets, pretty shade of
greenish-yellow. Nathalie Bourseul, an immense
Japanese with long tubular florets, curly twisted
and intermingling ; colour, pure paper white,
just faintly tinged in the centre with pale yellow.
Comtesse de Yanville, a very big bloom, pale
sulphur yellow. The florets are long, narrow and
spreading, and tubular at the base. Gloire Poite-
vine : this is not large, . but for colour has no
equal in its shade. It is a dazzling, brilliant
crimson of the finest tone; the reverse golden.
Charles Bacque ought, if well-known, to make
a fine, deep incurved flower. It is of a deep golden
yellow colour, slightly shaded at the base with
apricot. Mme. Lasies : a very large spreading
Japanese ; long florets ; colour, pearly rose shading
off to a darker tint towards the tips ; centre almost
white. Mme. E. Charvet is also a fine Japanese.
The florets are twisted and curly ; colour, pale
lilac mauve tinged with white. C. H. P.

WHAT IS A SPRAY OF FLOWERS?
Much confusion arises on the correct definition
jf a " spray," and it is a point that crops up annually
at autumn shows at which it is customary to offer
prizes for, say, " twelve Chrysanthemums in
sprays, distinct, three sprays of each." In dealing
with such classes judges have a difficult task in
correctly defining a spray, especially as no informa-
tion is obtainable on this point in any of the prize
schedules that I am acquainted with. Such vague
wording as the above, which is a fair sample of
Class definition in ordinary exhibition schedules,
affords abundant loopholes for exhibitors. Now
that Chrysanthemum shows are over for this
season, committees will soon be arranging their
schedules for the next, thus the time is oppor-
tune for determining this debatable point. Per-
haps readers interested will give their opinion
on such a knotty subject. The dictionary ex-
planation of the word spray affords little help in
defining a spray as applied to Chrysanthemums.
" A small shoot or twig " is the substance of the
term given. What must be determined is whether
the terminal shoot of, say, one foot of growth witli
all the flower buds and with from two to a dozen
blooms constitutes a spray ? I think it does in tin-
true meaning of the word. On the other hand a
branch, say, from one foot to a yard in length, and
cut below the last break, is also a spray. This
break may produce six terminal growths, and the
whole of this collection of growths on one stem
is often shewn as a spray. G. Molynen 1

LEEKS.

The cluster of bulbs shown at Fig. 148 is
a sample of the outcome of several successive
years of experiment in the endeavour to obtain a
race of Leeks (Allium porum) that would yield
a crop of such root-bulbs. I suppose these
root-bulbs are analogous to the produce of
" c •-< dlions,"' so-called, i.e., of thick-necked
Onions (Allium Cepa), that one sometimes re-

plants after they have started green blades in
autumn or winter. But the form of these Leek
bulbs is of quite a different character, and,
when cooked, we find them most delicious. In-
deed, when used in the kitchen in any way they
are most acceptable, being devoid of the strong
Onion flavour, and susceptible of easy diges-
tion, without any of the after-effects which fol-
low eating many sorts of ordinary Onions.

Six or seven years ago, on growing a fine crop
of Leeks, I determined to see, experimentally,
what the ultimate issue would be if one or two
plants were left to grow exhaustively. The
autumn being open, the plants threw up flower-
scapes, which I cut off iust below their junction
with the stem. I then left them to themselves
until the tops died off in a shrunken condition.
Ultimately I dug the roots up, and found one
or two nice-looking bulbs of mo'derate size.
These I took care of, and planted as soon as
they began to project a green shoot, planting
them four inches deep in ground not freshly
manured ; and I realised a nice crop of good
bulbs. On this plan I have proceeded each year
since. They are very hardy, and are capable of
enduring somewhat rough-and-ready treatment.
I may observe that they do not all throw up a
flower-scape, although all of them may be grown
exhaustively. G. Paul, Harrogate.

sections must, in view of the distance and climate,
be accepted as being applicable to Chrysanthemum
culture in America, considering the experience of
the author obtained in the United States, and of
his position as former President of the Chry-
santhemum Society of America. Before going to
America Mr Herrington was a gardener in this
country, and subsequently, for a short period, was
a member of the editorial staff of The Gulden
The principal chapters of the book under notice are
headed "Culture for Exhibition," "Composts,"
"Planting Benches," Boxes or Pots," " General
Cultural Details," Crown and Terminal Buds,"
" Feeding," " ("are of the Buds," Exhibiting and
Judging," in which appears the American scale
of points ; ." Specimen Plants," Commercial Cul-
ture," " Seed Raising and Hybridising," a subject
not often included in such a book, but one of great
importance; "Sports," "Insects," &c. After
having been frequently disappointed with the
behaviour of certain English varieties- in America,
and also with the erratic way in which prominent
American varieties behave in England, we read
in Chapter xvii. the following lines with apprecia-
tive interest: "Only within recent years has
the Chrysanthemum come into special promin-
ence in Australia, but already the Australian
varieties have attained a world-wide reputation. It
is proper that some mention should be made of
them, for it cannot be denied that the Australian

4r. ■$- J^

FlG. I48. LEEK WITH GROUP OF BULBS (TWO ONLY BEING SHOWN) DEVELOPED AT

BASE OF OLD STEM.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

The Chrysanthemum : Its Culture ; for Profes-
sional Growers and Amateurs. By Arthur
Herrington. (New York ; Orange Judd Co.)

This book is described by the author as a
practical treatise on the propagation, cultivation,
training, raising for exhibition and market, hybri
disation, origin and history of the flower which
he undertakes to treat. It will be seen that the
work is comprehensive in its scope, but is really
intended for use by growers on the other side of
the Atlantic, where there are, no doubt, many
difficulties and differences in growing the Chry-
santhemum that are not encountered here. Mr.
Herrington's work is in the form of a hand)'
little cloth-bound volume, running into something
like 160 pages of fairly well printed matter.
Photogravure illustrations are freely interspersed
in the text, and, in a general way. the book is a
decided credit to author and publishers alike.
There are twenty chapters in all, some of these
being sub-divided under various appropriate head-
ings. The cultural directions given in the different

varieties have given an impetus to Chrysanthemum
culture in America within the last few j-ears,
owing to the marked adaptability shown by
tin A 'Stralian varieties to respond and do well
under the conditions of climate and environment

1I1. if prevail here The Australians

' 1 ame and saw and conquered.' " Mr. Herrington
then gives an account in brief of Mr. T W. Pockett's
labours and an illustration of Chrysanthemums
at the Malvern Gardens, Victoria, of which Mr.
Pockett has charge. In a chapter on "Hardy
Chrysanthemums " the writer states that these
were known and grown many years before the
flower attained its present popularity in America.
In some country cottage gardens there are hardy
varieties that have been growing there for over
hall a century. The last chapter deals with the
history of the Chrysanthemum. We do not
wish t" be hypercritical, but in the light of much
that has been discovered and written upon this
subject during the past twenty years we think the
author might usefully have collated his facts and
verified some of his dates, at any rate so far as
the European history is concerned. We will

December 2, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

395

only say, however, that we take exception to the
oft repeated error that Blanchard was the intro-
ducer of the first large flowering Chrysanthemum
into Europe. It is as certain that the real name
was Blancard as that Ernest Calvat was the
raiser of Madame Carnot, or John Salter the
raiser of the Queen of England,

PICEA MORINDA.

In the Pinetum at Pencarrow, North Cornwall,
there are several very fine specimens of the
Weeping Fir of Nepaul. They were planted in
the years 1S49 and 1852 by Cornwall's famous
statesman, the Right Honourable Sir William
Molesworth, Bart., the first Secretary of State
for the Colonies, who, by a noteworthy coinci-
dence, like the late holder of that important
office, occupied his leisure in Orchid growing
and planting new and rare trees.

The soil (a well-drained loam of fair quality)
and situation (a north slope, sheltered from
rough winds), together with Cornwall's moist
atmosphere, have so well suited these Spruces
that, with one exception, they have grown freely,
and are unusually good types of Pinetum speci-
mens— tall and shapely, with a straight bole,
and long, pendulous branchlets, which clothe
the trees to the ground. Their smooth, pale
green, cylindrical cones, which are now fast
changing colour to their mature brown, are but
sparingly produced, and, curiously enough, are
borne only on the south-east sides of the trees.
The male (staminate) flowers, which, for a
Spruce, are unusually large, are freely produced
in the spring, rendering these trees very attrac-
tive. Just before the pollen ripens they are

bright pea-green in colour, and have much the
appearance of young cones. Beginning at the
base of the buds, this greenness gives place to
a pale yellow, and, on the slightest provoca-
tion, the flowers discharge clouds of pollen, so
prolific is tree-nature, which covers the branches
below and ground around with a dense layer
of yellowish dust. The pollen all distributed,
these male flowers, having performed their func-
tions, quickly fade to brown, wither, and drop
off. The tallest specimen tree is 61 feet high,
and has a girth of 5 feet 4 inches at 5 feet from
the ground.

The " exception," although planted at the
same time as the others, and apparently in simi-
lar soil, for it is only 20 yards from the other
tree of the usual form, is a very distinct-looking
tree. It has a very compact, dense habit, and
is broader at the base than the type, forming a
symmetrical, rounded tree only 29 feet in height.
Its leaves are straighter and about three-fifths
the length of those on typical trees. The only
suggestion I can offer to account for this great
difference in habit (it has not yet coned) is that
probably it was raised from a cutting. Conifers
so raised frequently lack the vigour and tree
growth of trees which are raised from seed.
Picea morinda (syn. P. Smithiana) is quite
hardy, and when grown in a good, moist loam,
and sheltered from rough winds, makes a beau-
tiful lawn tree. Good examples have a spread
of from 25 to 30 feet in diameter. For Pinetum
work this tree is more effective and interesting
when planted in a group of not fewer than three,
and should be allowed plenty of room for de-
velopment. .4. C. Bartlttt.

Fig.

I49. — PICEA MOKINDA WITH BUSH-LIKE HABIT, IN THE GROUNDS AT PENCARROW.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the
opinions expressed by his correspondents.)

Fruit-buds Formed as the Result of In-
jury.— The note in the issue for Nov. 4, reminds
me of a practice followed by fruit growers several
years ago, which was called the system of " break-
ing over." A friend of mine who was manager in
an extensive provincial nursery, thought very
highly of this system, and practised it annually in
his own private garden, but I cannot say the results
were satisfactory, compared with those obtained
from trees properly pinched during the summer
months. The practice was as follows : all the
shoots were allowed to grow until the early
part of the month of June, when they were all
partially broken off in a downward direction, and
within about 3 inches of the old wood. The
shoots so fractured hung downwards and were
not removed until the foliage had fallen in the
autumn. The idea was to so check the flow of
sap as to divert it to the dormant buds at the
base of the fractured growths, converting them
into fruit spurs, or buds, as the case may be.
The system is not one I should recommend, for
not only would this injury to the shoots
occasion a great check to the growing tree, arrest-
1 lot action, but the branches hanging in this
untidy fashion would form excellent lurking places
for insects. The main branches were treated in
the same manner, but the fracture was made at
greater distance from the old woods. There is no
better method of keeping trees fruitful than the
practice of pinching back side shoots with the
finger and thumb throughout the summer, and in
protracted cases into the autumn, coupled with
a judicious restriction of the roots. W. H Ci irke,
I ston Rowant, 0 von

Peas in November. — I am sending you a
sample of Peas which were gathered on November
16 from plants raised from a sowing made in
August in the open. The plants are still blooming
and setting freely, although, of course, the late
setting pods will not mature. It may be interest-
ing to readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle to know
that culinary Peas can be grown so late in the
season without any special effort in this favoured
Island. J . R Taylor, Osmomies Nursery, Coutanchez.
G ucrnsey .

[The haulm appears to be in full bearing con-
dition.— Ed.]

Mandevilla suaveolens Fruiting. — Refer-
ring to the seed-pods of this handsome climber in
Mr. R. H.Beamish's garden at Ashbourne, co. Cork,
it is stated, on page 344, that fruits if the Man-
devilla are not often seen. In the south-west it
fruits fairly freely, and I have seen it bearing its
long, narrow seed-pods in at least half a dozen
gardens. I have never, however, seen it fruiting
so profusely as at Carclew early in the month
of October in the present year. The plant was
growing against a wall, and had been hard pruned
to keep it within bounds. It was literally covered
with fruit, the seed-pods, in large bunches, num-
bering some hundreds. Another climber that
fruits very freely in South Devon and Cornwall is
Sollya heterophylla. The other day I picked over
300 seed-pod- of] a plant only about 4 feet in
height. Home-grown seed germinates readily and
the young plants grow very quickly, forming
flowering specimens two years from seed. S. W.
FUzkerbert.

Pelargonium, Rosamund Wright. — (See
enquiry by " S. A." on page 352 ) This variety
was raised by the late Mr. J. R. Pearson. It has
variegated white foliage and rosy pink flowers.
Chas. E. Pearson, Lowdham.

Potato Peckover. — [See illustration in Gar-
deners' Chronicle, October 22, 1904, p. 290. J — This
fine new late or main-crop Potato obtained from
the Fruit and Vegetable Committee, a,t its last
meeting, a higher honour than an Award of
Merit, that award having been made to it
last year, when grown and proved to be so fine
a cropper at Wisley. But this year Peckover
with several other late varieties were cooked at
Vincent Square, and in that form presented to the
committee after obtaining three marks, a recom-
mendation for fine clean crop, at Wisley, and now
Peckover has the honour of receiving unanimously
a F.C.C., a very high compliment indeed for any
Potato to obtain. When cooked, and the cooking
of the various tubers, in their coats, is splendidly
done by the hall-keeper, the flesh of Peckover
was found to be so exceedingly rich and well-

390

THE GARDENERS CHRONICLE.

[December 2, 1905.

tl.n mired that the entire dish - 1 disappeared.

The variety was raised and sent to Wisley by
Air. J. W. Boyce, Weffiey, Cambridgeshire. It
speaks volumes for the excellence of so many
of the new varieties of Potatos as also for the
quality of the Wisley soil that so many of the
varieties grown there this year for trial should at
once turn out such fine clean crop-, and then cook
mirably. Out of several varieties of Potatos
presented to the committee on the 21st ult.,
only one was of inferior quality, and complaint is
now often made that so many of the new varieties
or newly-named ones put into commerce are so
much alike. That it is to be feared is inevitable, for
the Guvious reason that raisers generally work
with similar materials. A . D.

Boycotting Judges at Flower Shows. —

Will you kindly permit me to protest, with all the
at my command, against a reprehensible
practice resorted to by a few, fortunately a very
few, over zealous — or it may be avaricious — exhi-
bitors, in bullying and even boycotting judges
when their decisions have not been favourable to
then exhibits. No exhibitor, be he ever so clever
or successful, can reasonably expect in these days
ol keen and increasing competition to always
■ Mi the first prize. I fully admit that judges
are as fallible as their fellows, also that they
may sometimes unintentionally err in their decisions
— more often through lack of time in which to
perform their duties than from lack of judg-
ment. When such mistakes do unfortunately
occur, or when an exhibitor feels (it may be with-
out just cause) that his exhibit has not received
the award it merits, instead of abusing the
judges, and at the same time making himself
ridiculous, it would be more creditable to himself,
more conducive to his own success and happiness,
and much more likely to promote the prosperity of
horticultural shows, if he were to resort to the
proper and only legal remedy open to him under
such circumstances. The Council of the Royal
Horticultural Society, as well as many other
committees of horticultural shows, select referees,
whose duties consist in adjudicating in similar
cases to those I have mentioned. The example
might, I think, be imitated to advantage bv every
society, whether large or small, throughout the
kingdom. An aggrieved exhibitor should, after
clue consideration, fully and fairly state his
case to the managing committee, who would, of
course, consult with the responsible judges, and
then if the committee thought that the matter
was open to question they would consult the
referees, whose decision would be final, and ought
to be satisfactory to all the parties interested,
without further quibble or question. This
practice if generally adopted would tend to
make judges e\en more careful than they
;ne now, and would also tend greatly to
rectify the evil to which I have referred.
I have not, I am thankful to say, been a great
sufferer from this practice myself, yet I fear that
1 have not altogether escaped converting a few
intimate friends, if not into enemies, at least
into cool acquaintances. It is, however, a
much more serious matter when a judge is
commercially engaged, and where his trade
prospects are thereby endangered. When he
is wilfully and persistently boycotted not only
by an aggrieved exhibitor, but also by those whom
he, in his unwise and unjust zeal, will most prob
ably influence, it then become-, a serious evil
that demands the most ca eful consideration of all
managing committees ot horticultural exhibitions,
T. Challis, Wilton House.

Transplanting.— Mr. Bean's excellent articles
upon transplanting trees have afforded most
instructive reading, and the advice they furnished
is especially needed at the present time. His
■concluding remarks indicate the evils which
arise from inconsiderate statements even in the
best devised experimental work. It has been
widely circulated that bad methods of planting
produce as good results as the careful and
reasonable system which Mr. Bean so well
advocates. Without enquiring into the circum-
stances, some have accepted this and spread it
still wider, to the evident injury of good
gardening, and to the disciedit of men who
have been taught by able masters, and by long
exnerienoe, the absolute necessity for the utmost
care in all planting operations. The investiga-
tion at Woburn, as I understand it, had a special
scientific object in reference to other experi-
ments, and this should have been made
perfectly clear, as well as all the conditions

influencing the results. The . publication of
general conclusions founded upon a few facts is
calculated to defeat the object in view, unless
accompanied by due qualification and. the
fullest description of every point which has a
bearing upon the subject. The misconception
which has been caused is apparently due to not
giving full weight to practical matters of the
utmost importance. F.R.H.S.

A Fine Batch of Eucharis. — Being at
Welwvn a few days ago I paid a hurried visit
to Danesbury Park, the seat of Col. Blake,
where I saw one of the finest batches of
Eucharis grandilkra (amazonica) that I have
seen for many years. There were about 30
pots, 11 or 12 inch; all the plants in the most
vigorous health, with strong, leathery foliage,
and an average of 12 to 15 spikes of very fine
blooms to each pot, the spikes thrown well
above the foliage and presenting a sight one
does not readily forget. Mr. Sawford, the very
courteous head gardener, informed me that the
stock had been increased in a few years from one
potful of plants, and that he flowers them twice a
year, the only stimulant that he uses being soot
and liquid manure obtained from cow manure.
No plunging in bottom heat is practised, but
after each flowering period a short rest is given
the plants in a cooler house, with very little
water for a tune. That this treatment is correct
the plants themselves are the best of testimony.
Associated with the Eucharis were some nice
plants of Begonia Gloire de Lorraine, Ferns,
etc., the whole making a very pretty picture.
B. Ashton, Lathom Gardens, Ormskirk.

A Rare Asplenium.— I observe a note in your
issue of Nov. 25th by Mr. A. D. Webster on the
occurrence of Asplenium septentrionale in an
old wall about Gwydyr. It may be of interest
to know that on certain rocks in N. Wales (the
exact locality of which need not be specified)
the plant is growing wild in profusion, and I
have known of its existence there for about a
dozen years. /. B. Farmer.

Rain Water. — For some time past I have been
under the impression that here in the West Rid-
ing of Yorkshire rain water, for horticultural
purposes under glass, contains an injurious
amount of sulphuric acid. Situated as we are in
the midst of collieries, iron, brick, and other
works, the atmosphere is highly charged with
gases, and as the roofs of glass and other houses
are covered with dust, etc., which are the accu-
mulations of days and weeks, all this filth is
washed into our water tanks. When used for
syringing Peach trees the water naturally hangs
on the leaves some little time before they be-
come dry, and after a fortnight's syringing the
points of the leaves die back. Whether this is
the direct effect of the water on the leaf, or the
wet leaf is more easily injured by the acid
existing in the atmosphere, I cannot tell, but
when the syringing is discontinued the decay
stops. Another circumstance which I attribute
to the water is the killing of sphagnum-moss ;
it gradually becomes brown and dies away. If
some reader can enlighten me on this matter I
shall be greatly obliged. It is possible I may
be wrong in attributing these injuries solely to
the water. A Sufferer. [If you are a Fellow of
the Royal Horticultural Society, you can have
the water analysed by the Society's analyst on
payment of a small sum. — Ed.]

Nymph/eas.— On November 24 I received from
America the very exhaustive monograph of the
genus Nymfhaa, by Mr. Henry S. Connard.
This book necessitates a good deal of alteration
in the names printed by you in the account of
my N. zanzibarensis rosea. I, therefore, should
be much obliged if you will publish the following
corrections. The very large pale blue form for
which I proposed the name N. zanzibarensis
var. grandis already has a name, and so must
stand as N. capensis zanzibarensis var. azurea,
for Mr. Connard has proved that N. zanzibaren-
sis is a local race of N. capensis. Then I find
my so-called N. blanda Fenzliana are true N.
blanda, the real Fenzliana not being in cultiva-
tion. N. gracilis must be altered to N. flavo-
virens, as that is the name under which it was
originally described. N. gracilis rosea is a
hybrid originating from a fertilisation of N.
flavo-virens with N. c. zanzibarensis rosea. The
plant I recorded as N. coerulea is N. stellata ;
while we have not got true N. coerulea at Tring
Park. So-called N. stellata pulcherrima and

the Berlin variety are hybrids of N. coerulea
X >.'. capensis. N. c. zanzibarensis violacea
is true N. c. zanzibarensis. N. William Stone
is a hybrid between N. flavo-virens X N. zan-
zibarensis. N. columbiana and N. X omarana
are hybrids between N. Lotus and N. rubra. N.
X George Huster is a hybrid of the fourth
generation of N., lotus and N. rubra, obtained
by recrossing N. omarana with N. lotus or N.
Sturtevanti. Waller Rothsckild.

SOCIETIES.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Scientific Committee.

November 21. — Present: Dr. M. T. Masters,
F.R.S. (in the chair); Rev. W. Wilks, Dr. Rendle,
Messrs. Saunders, Bowles, Giissow, Sutton, Massee,
and Chittenden, hon. sec.

Mealy Bug in Bananas.— From Las Palmas came
specimens of an insect which "attacks both plant and
I .nit of Bananas, particularly the latter, at the time of
the rainy season, when it seeks shelter from the rain
between the fruits and eats its way into the fruit." Mr.
Saunders said " The insect is one of the ' mealy bugs,'
probably Dactylopus citri. Paraffin emulsion will kill
these insects, but how is this or any other insecticide
to be applied effectually to clusters of Bananas? It
might be possible to tie the bunches of fruit up in
bags and then introduce hydrocyanic acid gas by
means of a tube from some vessel in which the gas was
generated.'*

Fungus on Rose. — Mr. Saunders showed a shoot o
Rose on which was a dense whitish felt of the fungus.
Sphaerotheca pannosa (the common Rose mildew).
The resting spores of this fungus are formed on such
permanent parts of the plants as this, while the fungus
on the leaves produces only spores which germinate
immediately. Mr. Saunders also showed a leaf of
Violet from Burmah, attacked by a fungus which Mr.
Massee took to examine further.

Hardy Eucalypti. — Mr. Bowles showed flowering
specimens of two Eucalypti which had been growing
in the open air for four years at Myddelton House,
Waltham Cross ; Eucalyptus cordata (" Bot. Mag.,"
t. 7835 ; Mueller, " Eucalyptographia," dec. 8, 1), a
native of Tasmania, haviog crenulate leaves and
the calyx rounded at base, and Eucalyptus pulveru-
lenta (" Bot. Mag.," 2087 ; Mueller, " Eucalypti," dec.
8, 7), a native of New South Wales, having entire
leaves, and the calyx tube narrowed at the base.

Variation in Pears. — Dr. Masters showed Pears from
Mr. Roupell, who sent the following communication : —
" Beurre Ranee Pear, which bears well with me as a
standard on the 'free stock,' sometimes gives traces, I
think, of its ancestry by reverting to a form resembling
that of the Catillac Pear with a large open eye, round
form and long stalk, and in some cases a flushed cheek.
This deviation from the usual form occurs with a
second crop which appears in unfavourable seasons
when the first bloom is cut off by spring frosts and the
abnormal fruits are borne upon the extremities of the
new growths. The stalks often have buds on them,
as in the specimen sent, and also thorns upon rare
occasions."

Burrs on Birch. — Mr. Douglas showed a specimen
of Birch from Great Bookham having large burrs
covered with a large number of adventitious buds.
Such growths are common on many kinds of trees.

Solatium tuberosum. — Dr. Masters showed a copy
from the original plate of this plant drawn by Clusius
in 1588, and Gerard's figures of a somewhat later
date, along with plates of the reputed sport from S.
Commersoni found and cultivated by Mons. Labergerie
in France. It was seen that this alleged sport bore a
great'resemblance to the\vell-known variety Blue Giant
much cultivated in Germany. {See Gardeners' Chronicle,
Nov. 25, 1905, p. 376).

Scarlet Runner poisonous. — Mrs. Arnold, of the
Lodge, Dedham, sent roots of Scarlet Runner with the
information that a pony, after having eaten a root of
this plant and another had become seriously ill after
eating a portion of a root. Enquiries make it quite
clear that no other root such as Aconitum had been
mistaken for this Scarlet Runner, and that there could
be no doubt that the roots of the Scarlet Runner were
the cause of the trouble. Mrs. Arnold says : "I want
to make it known as much as possible, as no gardeners
about here seem to know of its being poisonous, and
the roots are being dug up in all directions." Mr. K.
M. Holmes, F.L.S., writes as follows: " I can find no
mention in books, at present, of the P. multiflorus
(coccineus) being poisonous, but a nearly allied species,

December 2, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

397

P. hinatus, with smaller flowers and crescent-shaped
pods, is known to be poisonous to cattle. According to
the Agric. Ledger, 1905, No. 2, p. 13, ' a number of
cases in which cattle had been poisoned as a result of
eating the plant had been recorded in Mauritius,
and in 1S9S Mr. Bonaine showed that the whole plant
produced prussic acid when ground up with water, the
larger amount being obtainable from the seeds.' These
beans have been investigated at the Laboratory of
the Imperial Institute, and it has been proved that
they yield (before being boiled, presumably) an
average of 0009 of prussic acid, but that amount
may vary very widely, the cause of such variation
being unknown (I.e., p. 16. See Bull, of Imperial
Institute, 1903, vol. 1, p. 16-115). The prussic
acid does not pre-exist, but is formed by the
decomposition of a glucoside called phaseolunatin, by
means of an enzyme, probably identical with the
emulsion of bitter Almonds. As the ferment is con-
tained in separate cells, it is only when the plant is
bruised or injured that the contents of the cells come
in contact, and it is necessary that water should be pre-
sent in order for the poison to be developed. The same
arrangement occurs in the Cherry Laurel (Primus
Lauro-cerasus) , so that the leaves may be dried and
then powdered, and no prussic acid is formed until
the puwder is moistened, although it is readily given
off when the fresh leaves (which contain water) are
bruised, as every entomologist knows. This case of
poisoning raises a very interesting point with regard to
this familiar vegetable, viz.: 'will the bruised fresh
pods of the Scarlet Runner yield prussic acid, and will
the air-dried seeds do the same ? ' It is quite possible
that they may be poisonous if eaten before being
boiled, since boiling would destroy the enzyme, or
render it inactive, so that the prussic acid would not be
developed in the boiled pods. I may also point out
that Phaseolus aconitifolius, Linn., is used as fodder for
cattle, although the root is stated by Royle to be
narcotic (Watt, Diet., Ec„ Prod. India, vi., pt.,
1 p. 185), The seeds of P. semi-erectus, Linn., are
used in the West Indies as a fish poison (Rosenthal, PI.
Diap. p. 1019)."

NATIONAL POTATO.

November 23, 24.— The second exhibition of the
National Potato Society, as held on these dates, in the
Royal Horticultural Society's Hall, Vincent Square,
Westminster, was a distinct success. It will be noticed
that the dates on which the show was held are more
than a month later than those of last year's exhibition.

Although the daysof the Potato " boom " have gene,
great interest was nevertheless displayed, and the
numbers of exhibits were substantially increased, this
being especially seen in the competitive classes. The
quality of the tubers was generally of high excellence,
and it was apparent that the judges were not in the
least influenced by mere weight of tubers when deter-
mining the merits of the respective exhibits, but
favoured qualities such as clearness of skin, evenness of
shape, regularity of size, and general suitability for
culinary purposes. To most persons the show affor-
ded no great measure of interest, owing to the
great sameness to be seen in the various exhibits,
and to the stereotyped method of staging that was
adopted. New varieties seemed as plentiful as ever,
and the crop of young seedlings exhibited gave promise
of many more. Doubtless the synonyms sub-committee
found plenty to do in breaking down the new names
which, in some cases, have been given to old favour-
ites, and in assigning them their proper patronymics.

A general review of the prize list shows at once the
great superiority of the Scotch exhibitors' produce
over that of their more southern competitors. This
is, perhaps, in a measure due to the greater keenness of
the Scotch growers in the matter of Potato culture,
although, doubtless, much is due to the northern
. climate. We were pleased to see the Cottagers' classes
so well contested, and the premier exhibit in the larger
class open only to these growers was equal to any six
dishes of tubers in the show. The Llewelyn Cup was
secured this year by Messrs. Dobbie & Co., whose
exhibit was thus adjudged the best display in the hall.
The cup has now to be won three times before it
becomes the absolute possession of an exhibitor.
Messrs. Carter's and Mr. Findlay's Joint-Cup, value
£50, was won by Mr. BEN ASHTON.

A Conference on " Potato Diseases " was opened at
3 p.m. in the afternoon of the first day in on^ of the
committee rooms. Mr. Geo. Gordon presided, and
Mr. Foster read a paper on the disease known as Curl.
In the evening the annual dinner was held at Odone's
Restaurant, Victoria Street. Mr. A. D. Hall. M A .
presided, and there was a company present of about
60 persons

Classes open to Trade Growers.
A udit Class. — This Class was for the 12 varieties
of Potatos awarded the highest number of votes in
the audit held by the Society in 1904. The varieties
were Northern Star, King Edward VII., Sir John
Llewelyn, Duchess of Cornwall, Evergood, Factor,
Discovery, Eldorado, Royal Kidney, Up-to-date,
Lymm or Sim Gray, and Recorder. Four growers
entered, the first prize being awarded to Mr. F.
Pickering, Pinehurst, Woodhall Spa, Lincolnshire.
The tubers in the premier collection formed a hand-
some set of an even size, were free from blemish and
had relatively shallow placed eyes. Moreover they
were of suitable size for culinary purposes. 2nd,
Mr. R. W. GREEN, Wisbech, Cambridgeshire. The
tubers shown by this grower were also a com-
mendable lot, being remarkably clean, but not so
evenly matched a in the preceding exhibit. Mr.
H. Scott, Boreham Road Nurseries, Warminster,
Wilts, secured the 3rd prize.

Six dishes, distinct, any varieties. — Four exhibitors
also staged in this class. Again Mr. Pickering was
to the fore. He had King Edward VII, Sir John
Llewelyn, Duchess of Cornwall, Recorder, a remark-
ably pleasing variety, of Kidney shape, with shallow
eyes and roughened skin ; Eldorado, a round, dark-
skinned tuber, and Discovery, a Potato of good ap-
pearance. Mr. William Deal, Brooklands, Kelve-
don, Essex, followed. The examples of Eldorado
differed greatly in appearance from those shown by
Mr. Pickering, in that they were much paler in colour,
and not possessed of such roughened surface. King
Edward VII. was the best example shown in this col-
lection. Nobleman was also commendable. Third,
Mr. P. Walker, Berwick, Ardross, Elie, Fife, N.B.,
with tubers twice the size of those that were awarded
the 1st prize.

Trade Growers Excluded.

The classes similar to the preceding, but from which
trade growers were excluded, excited far more interest.
In the class for 12 varieties, distinct, no fewer
than 11 growers competed. The three premier
exhibits were found adjacent to each ether, and all
were staged by northern growers. There was not
much to choose between the first three displays. The
1st prize was given to Mr. JOHN GEMMELL, Flake-
field, Chapelton, Hamilton, N.B. The premier
dozen were Britannia, a white oval variety ; Satisfac-
tion, Herd Laddie, a coloured round Potato, with
somewhat deeply set eyes; Gold Mine, Snowdrop, a
white lapstone form; Mr. Bresee, Bountiful, and
Purple Eye, a long kidney variety, whose name well
describes its appearance, the eyes being purple
coloured, the remaining surface being of the usual
Potato colour. Mr. Ben Ashton, Lathom Gardens,
Ormskirk, followed with larger specimens, all well
matched, of good shape and cle;m of skin. Sutton's
Al impressed us as being a desirable variety. It has a
very regular surface, the tubers being of the proper
kitchen type. Ideal, Distinction, and Goodfellow are
other varieties worthy of mention. 3rd, Mr. A. COLE,
The Gardens, Althorp Park, Northampton.

The smaller class of six varieties, distinct, brought
even more competition than the last mentioned, for as
many as 16 displays were staged. Again the premier
award fell to a Scottish grower, the fortunate exhibitor
being Mr. J, Robertson, Smailholm, Kelso, N.B. All
the varieties were of the round or round kidney type.
They included Britannia. The Dean, White Eyes,
Abundance, Bountiful, and Climax, and formed an
admirable selection. The 2nd prize was awarded
Mr. John Gemmell, Flakefield, Chapelton, Hamilton,
N.B., the two front pairs of whose dishes presented
a great sameness of type, being white oval tubers of
Britannia, Scottish Triumph, The Crofter, &c. The
Dean, a coloured form, was included in the back row.
3rd, Mr. Ben Ashton, Lathom Gardens, Ormskirk.

Cottagers' Classes.
Two classes were open to cottagers : one for six
varieties and the other for three. These were both
strongly contested, the number of entries totalling 15
and 19 respectively. The premier prize in the larger
class was taken by Mr. J. Robertson, Smailholm,
Kelso, N.B., with six dishes that would have done
credit to any grower in the country. Indeed the
examples of Reading Russet were awarded the Silver
Medal for the best dish of Coloured Potatos shown
in the Amateurs' and Cottagers' Classes. Duke of
York, Lord Tennyson, a red mottled round tuber, The
Factor, Britannia, and The Dean comprised the other
varieties shown by Mr. Robertson ; 2nd, Mr. Cole-
man, 13. Hunter Street, Buckingham; Mr. H. J.
BAI DOCK, 51, Castle Street, Canterbury.
Mr. Coleman secured the 1st prize in the smaller

class for three dishes, having Dalmeny Beauty, King
Edward VII., and Windsor Castle ; 2nd, Mr. Marshall
Giles, Ramcliffe R.S.O., Yorks.,with large examples
of Evergood, King Edward VII., and Up-to-Date ; 3rd,
Mr. H. Russell, Eccles, Maidstone, Kent. A good
dish of Purple Satisfaction was included in this grower's
exhibit.

Open Classes.

There was a class for the greatest total yield ol

from twelve consecutive roots, to be lifted
he supervision of a nominee of the Committee
led. The sets were required to lie planted at
a not greater distance than 3 feet by is inches. Mr.
GEMMELX won with a total weight of 147 lb^ thi
variety being Scottish Triumph. This was over 1 1
more than the total weight in the 1st prize exhibit of
last year, when the variety was Duchess of Corn
Mr. John M. Bovce, Welney, Wisbech, was awarded
the 2nd prize, but of this exhibit the weight w.i
given. The i influenced by the quality of

the various yields, and weight was not necessarily the
determining factor in awarding the prizes.

Mr. T. A.Scarlett, Edinburgh, offered special prizes
for the produce of one root and one separate dish of
six tubers of the varieties Monev Maker and Table
Talk.

Mi Jmiin Gkmmell won in the former class, hav-
ing _'JJ tubers totalling 43 lbs. weight, and an excellent
dish of specimen tubers. The produce of the single
root formed an even-sized serviceable lot of tubers,
a great percentage of them being of a useful culinary
siae. Mr. A. Lawson followed with 91 tubers weigh
ing 24 lbs.

Mr. Gemmell again surpassed all other competitor^
in the similar competition for Table Talk, having no
fewer than 176 tubers, weighing 39 lbs. The tubers
were small in comparison with those shown by Mr.
J. H. Ridgewell, The Gardens, Histon, Cambridge,
who staged 67 tubers of a net weight of 19 lbs.

Cuf Classics,
Llewelyn Cup.— The "blue ribband" of the show
is the Llewelyn Cup, value 10 guineas. This was
offered by Sir John Llewelyn, the President of the
Society, for the best exhibit in the show, and is
required to be won three times (not necessarily con-
secutively) before it becomes the absolute property of
an exhibitor. Last year, it will be remembered, a
similar cup was won outright by Messrs. Sutton &
Sons, Reading. This season Messrs. Dobbie & Co.,
Rothesay, secured the trophy for a magnificent
collection of 90 varieties. Messrs. Dobbie were
well in the running last year, and were then
awarded 2nd place. The whole were staged in
flat baskets, with a little Parsley interspersed, but
which in no way prevented the tubers from being
well seen. They formed a remarkably clean, even
set of tubers, and older approved kinds found
a place side by side with the latest introductions.
As a selection of the besl (from appi ranees onlyj
we may mention Sir John Llewelyn, Beauty .it
Hebron, Edgecote Purple. YVaverley (red lapstone) ;
The Factor, a magnificent baskel ol tubers ; Sir Walter
Rayleigh, The So it, Warrioi ["able r*alk, Soi
Queen, King Edward VII., and Wind :oi i

Carte R-Findlay Cup. — A cup was also presented
to the Society by Messrs. Carter and Mr. Archibald Find-
lay for the best 12 dishes of nine tubers, each selected
from a list of 20 varieties given, and t<> include not
fewer than three varieties bearing Messrs. Carter's
name. Substantial money prizes weie offered in
addition to the cup. The trophy— which has to be won
three times in succession to become the absolute
pro] erty of an exhibitor — was secured for the first time
by Mr. Ben. Ashton, Lathom Gardens, Ormskirk,
N.B., in competition with one other grower, Mr. J. H.
KiJ- well, The Gardens, Heston, Cambridgeshiie.
Both collections were splendid produce, and not much
difference was observed in the two displays. Mr.
Ashton, showed Evergood, Monarch, Snowball,
Northern Star, Empress Queen, Ruby Queen, Royal
Kidney, Empire, Mr. Ambrose, Advancer, Goodfi
and Klond> ke.

Disease-resisting Potatos.
In the Society's recent election of disease-resisting
sorts, the following eight varieties were prominent: —
Evergood, Discovery, Royal Kidney, Northern Star,
Sir John Llewelyn, King Edward VII., Eldorado, and
The Factor. Prizes were offered in a class for eight
varieties of disease-resisting varieties, to include not
fewer than four selected from this list. Ten collec-
tions were staged, the best being that belonging to
Mr. J. H. Ridgewell, who had grand examples of
Duke of York, Sir John Llewelyn, Webb's Empire,
The Factor, Roya) Kidney, Cigarette, Duchess of

308

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 2, 1905.

Cornwall, and Evergood. Second, Hon. E. Hubbard,
Downe, Kent (gr. Mr. C. Miles), who had Duchess of
Cornwall', The Factor, Warrior, &c.

POTATOS FOR FLAVOUR.

This class was also in accord with an Audit of the
Society of 1904, and was for the best flavoured Potato.
The schedule required four of the principal sorts of
that election to be included among an exhibit of six
dishes. The varieties chosen in the election were
Langworthy, Sir John Llewelyn, Factor, Royal Kidney,
Evergood, Duchess of Cornwall, and Snowdrop. Mr.
Ridgewell was again to the fore with a handsome
half-dozen dishes, the varieties Snowdrop and Webb's
Chieftain being especially noteworthy and good. Mr.
A. Tanner, Grove Ground Cottage, Shanklin, Isle of
Wight, followed with darker-skinned produce, among
which Snowdrop was especially pleasing. Third, Mr.
R. W. Green, Wisbech, Cambs., with smaller tubers
of a yellow appearance.

Affiliated Societies.

A class open to societies affiliated to the National
Potato Society was provided for an exhibit of six
distinct varieties to include four of white and two of
coloured kinds. Nine societies entered, and com-
petition was keen, the whole of the produce being
of high-class appearance. The Cambridgeshire Horti-
cultural Society, represented by Mr. A. Matthew,
20, Trinity Street, Cambridge, was successful.
Quality ran high in the exhibit, Webb's Industry
being especially good. Kerr's Favourite was also well
shown. Mr. Bressee, Up-to-Date, Beauty of Hebron,
and Eastern Star were the other varieties, and these
all contributed to an excellent display. 2nd, The
Sittingbourne and Milton Gardening Society, who
showed Lillie Langtry, a red mottled kind, Scottish
Triumph (a grand dish), Purple Perfection, &c. 3rd,
Boughtbn Monchelsea Society, Maidstone.
Single Dish Classes.

Charles Fidler. — Mr. J. D. Ridgwell had the best
dish among four. Conquering Hero. — Four growers
also contested in this class. Mr. Ridgwell again
won the 1st prize. Dalmeny Beauty. — Half-a-dozen
exhibits were staged, the best being those belonging to
Mr. Coleman. The tubers were not the heaviest
shown, but they were of even size and clean in skin.
Dalmeny Radium. — Mr. J. Gemmell was easily 1st
among six, his specimens being a grand sample, and
light in colour. Diamond. — Again six dishes were pre-
sented, the best and largest tubers being those shown
by Mr. J. Bell, Park Mount, Bunbridge, Ireland. '
Discovery. — Very substantial and numerous prizes
were offered by Messrs. Sutton & Sons for the best
exhibits of this variety. These were eagerly contested,
no fewer than 27 growers competing. Mr. BEN,
Ashton won the premier prize, being followed by
Mr. S. Roberts, Shenley Villa, Hurstpierpoint.
Duchess of Cornwall. — This variety was also largely
represented as many as 19 dishes being displayed.
The tubers differed greatly in point of quality ; the
best were those shown by Mr. J. Bowles, who had
splendid examples, evenly matched. 2nd, Mr. J.
Ridgwell with lightly coloured examples. Duchess
of Norfolk. — Great dissimilarity was seen in the
exhibits in this class. Mr. Ben. Ashton had by
far the finer produce, for which he was awarded the
1st prize. Eldorado. — This famous variety was shown
by 11 growers. As exhibited by Mr. J. BOWLES, who
won the 1st prize, it appeared to warrant much of its
popularity, for the tubers presented a very handsome
appearance. Evergood. — Mr. C. ROSS, Welford Park
Gardens, Ross, had the best dish among 14. The
Factor. — This variety was strongly represented, 20
dishes being seen. The best tubers were shown by
Mr. A. Lawson, Amsfield, Kempkettle, N.B. Golden
Wonder. — The best among three dishes was shown by
£lr. J. Bell. Highlander. — The largest and best
examples were shown by Mr. T. Clayton, Spalding
Marsh, Lines. Six growers contested in this class.
A'jjv !-'_di,-ard VII. — Fifteen dishes of this popular
were shown, the best being the examples
belonging to Mr. A. LAWSOn. Langworthy. — Mr.
J. M. Christie, Scotscraig, Main, Tayport, N.B., had
[li. best dish among five. Lymm or Sim Gray. —
Four dishes were presented, the best being that
of Messrs. D. Macheish & Son. Lamlash. Noble-
man.— Mr. T. Clayton, with a beautiful dish of
even, well-balanced tubers, won the 1st prize.
Northern Star. — A large class, contested by 17
growers, the premier dish being shown by Mr. J. M.
Christie. Many of the examples were badly spotted.
Peacemaker. — The best dish among five came from
Mr. 1' Walker, Berwick Ardross, Fife, N.B. Pearl.
- Mr. J. Bell won, having only one opponent. Re-
corder.—Four entries were seen. Mr. J. Gemmell
being easily nrst with beautiful evamnles. Royal Kid-

ney.— Nine growers competed. 1st, Mr. A. Lawson.
Sensation. — This variety was well represented, ten
dishes being seen. Mr. Ben. Ashton had the premier
dish. Sir John Llewelyn. — This sterling variety was
displayed by 19 growers. Mr. J. Ridgwell won the
1st prize, with large, clean examples. Snowball. — Mr.
H. Rosts, New Hythe, Larkfield, Kent, had the best
dish of seven. Snoivdrop. — Nine growers showed in this
class, Mr. Gemmell winning with large clean speci-
mens. Superlative. — This was a keenly-contested
class, no fewer than 24 dishes being seen. The prizes
numbered ten, the principal of these being of substan-
tial value. Mr. Ben. Ashton was placed first, followed
by Mr. John Gemmell. Warrior— This variety was
represented by five good dishes of tubers, among which
those of Mr. J. H. Ridgewell were adjudged the best.
Windsor Castle — This sterling Potato was staged by
14 growers. Mr. A. Hogarth, New Smailholm,
Kelso, with a magnificent dish, was well to the fore,
and secured the premier prize. Mr. Hogarth also had
the distinction of having the best dish of a white
skinned variety in the Amateurs' and Cottagers'
Classes. The variety was Britannia.

NON-COMrETITIVE EXHIBITS.

These made a good display, although, perhaps, not
such a notable one as at the inaugural show of last
year, as one or two exhibitors who had large collections
then were not represented this year. The exhibits
were in the main composed of varieties of Potatos,
displayed with great similarity on the various stands,
generally in baskets or on dishes, and with little or no
attempt at making them decorative. The only
striking departure from the dish and table method was
the exhibit put up by Messrs. Sutton & Sons. This
consisted of a six-sided kiosk, and in it was arranged a
most interesting collection of tubers representing many
species and novel varieties, including Solanum tubero-
sum S. etuberosum, S. stolomferum, S. Commer-
soni, S. Maglia, the black Congo Potato, various kinds
of Fir Apple Potatos, so-called from their resemblance
to Fir-Cones, and young Potatos from retarded " sets."
(Gold Medal).

Messrs. Daniel Bros., Norwich, displayed a collec-
tion of about 40 varieties of Potatos, including the
variety Duke of York, which was sent out by Messrs.
Daniel Bros, in 1893, and is even now one of the very
best Potatos in commerce. (Gold Medal.)

Messrs. G. Masse y & Sons, 17, Market Place.
Spalding, showed about 50 varieties, including some
grand tubers of Eldoraot). The Leader (a new early
kidney of great promise), Rob Roy (a second early or
mid-season variety), and Midlothian Early, are varie-
ties that attracted attention on Messrs, Massey's
stand. (Gold Medal.)

Messrs. Webb & Sons, Wordsley, Stourbik'gi .
showed a collection of well-grown tubers, all evenly
matched, clean of skin, and of proper culinary size.
They were set up in a tasteful manner, with small
Palms interspersed. (Gold Medal.)

Silver Medals were awarded the following exhibitors
for displays of Potatos. Mr. F. G. Crampton, Gate
House, Sissinghurst, Kent ; Messrs. W. Davie & Co.,
Market Street, Haddington, N.B. ; Mr. WM. Deal,
Brooklands, Kelvedon, Hssex ; Messrs. W. Dennis &
Sons, Kirton, Lincolnshire ; Messrs. Fidler & Sons,
Reading; Mr. R. W. Green, Wisbech ; Messrs. Hogg
& Robertson, Mary Street, Dublin; Messrs. W. \V.
Johnson & Sons, Ltd., Boston, Lincolnshire; Mr.
James Kerr, Dumfries, N.B. ; Messrs. Isaac Poad
& Sons, Walmgate, York ; Mr. T. A. Scarlett,
Market Street, Edinburgh (a tuber was exhibited in
this group weighing 4 lbs. 4 ozs.. the variety being
Table Talk) ; Mr. Henry Scott, Boreham Road
Nurseries, Warminster, Wilts. ; Messrs. J. F. William-
son, Summer Hill, Mallow, Ireland.

Collections were also displayed by Mr. S. M. Thom-
son, 7, Warrenden Park Crescent, Edinburgh ; Mr.
A. W. Pepper, Bridge Farm, Downham ; Messrs.
Alex. Dickson & Sons, 55, Royal Avenue, Belfast ;
Mr. C. W. Breadmore, 120, High Street, Winchester;
Mr. J. W. Boyce, Welney, Wisbech; Mr. R. W.
Pinney, Coleshill, Birmingham; Mr. J. Bettinson,
Parkfield, Outwell, Wisbech; Mr. A. LlGHTON, Junr,.
Kirton, Lincolnshire; Mr. F. PICKERING, Pinehurst,
Woodhall Spa ; Mr. A. FiNDLAY, Mairsland, Auchter-
muchty, N.B. ; Mr. James GARDINER, Perth, N.B. ;
and Mr. Henry Fincham Kent.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 20. — A meeting of the Floral Committee
of this Society was held on the above date, when
the following varieties received the Society's First
Class Certificate: —

Miss Irene Cragi; (single), Phyllis (single); both

from Messrs. Cragg, Harrison & Cragg ; Madame
R. Oberthur (Japanese), British Empire (Japanese),.
Souvenir de Lombraz (Japanese) ; the above three
from Mr. Norman Davis; John Peed (Japanese),
from Messrs. J. Peed & SON ; Kate Palgrave (Ja-
panese), from Mr. Seward ; and Maud Matthews-
(single), from Mr. H. Redden.

ANNUAL DINNER.

The annual dinner of members and friends of the
National Chrysanthemum Society took place on Tues-
day evening last in the Venetian Chamber, Holborn
Restaurant, when there were about 100 persons present.
The chair was occupied by the Society's President,
C. E. Shea, Esq., and he was supported by most of
the more prominent members.

In proposing the Royal toast the chairman made
special referencB to the Queen's well-known love for
flowers, and related how great her interest was in
examining the flowers at the National Rose Society's
Exhibition at the Royal Botanic Society's Show held
at Regent's Park in July last.

Following the musical honours of this toast, Mr. Bal-
lantine made an appeal to those present on behalf of the
Queen's Unemployed Fund, and it was further decided
to send a telegram toH.M. The King congratulating him
upon his recovery from him recent accident, and upon
his third daughter becoming Queen of Norway. Sub-
sequently it was announced that a sum of £3 7s. had
1 sen collected for the Queen's fund for the unemployed.

On rising to propose the toast of the " National
Chrysanthemum Society," the President said one's
thoughts could not but be tinged with a touch
of sadness. He referred to the death of Mr.
Richard Dean, yet he thought perhaps he had
used the wrong word in speaking of sadness, for
the feeling should be rather one of exultation.
Fur all must die, and when one had lived to a
good age, and spent a useful life — useful in the
work he did, and in the example he set — it was hardly
a case for sadness. Passing to the subject of the
toast, and to the Chrysanthemum in particular, Mr.
Shea said the imagination naturally went to the far
East, to the home of one section of the Chrysanthe-
mum. The Japanese had set us many lessons in pro-
gress and in other matters that we should do well to
learn, for men loved change and progress, and it was
necessary for the welfare of that society as for other
institutions and nations. The Japanese called their
Chrysanthemum Festival a Festival of Happi-
ness, and this year it would certainly be held
tinder happier conditions in Japan than could
have been possible for several years past. Inci-
dentally the president said he believed the Japanese
held their first Chrysanthemum show in the year
903, and they had probably all, or most of, the diffi-
culties that are familiar at the present time. Re-
viewing the events of the year, Mr. Shea said the
si tciety had been most successful ; they had maintained
ilii-ir membership and their finances. The society's
committees were most efficient bodies, and " sensitive
to the requirements that proper progress necessitated."
The shows were good, and though ill-health prevented
his (the President's) presence at the October show, he
was just able, by interpreting somewhat liberally his
doctor's orders, to visit the November show on the
third day. He saw many deviations from the beaten
rut. He admired the groups shown by Mr. H.
J. Jones and Mr. Norman Davis. But the
big vase class seemed scarcely so well supported, or
effective as usual. Hewondered if it was not possible
tj get away from this class to something more
accessible to the majority of members. Mr. Shea,
referring to the exhibition of market Chrysanthemums,
to be held on the 13th Last., in the Floral Hall, Covent
Garden, said it was good for the society and the market
growers that the movement in connection with market
flowers was associated with the society's auspices.
Before concluding his remarks, the President re-
ferred to several matters that had been taken up
by the National Rose Society, chiefly in regard
to the literature it publishes, and recommended
that the National Chrysanthemum Society might
do something in the same way. The President cun-
cludad by adviiing the society to have a change of
President at le tst every two years.

Following the celebration of this toast the presenta-
tion of the p: in ipalsp?cial prizes won at the November
show took plac ■. Mr. G. J. Hunt, Ashstead Park
Gardens, Epsom, received the National Challenge
Trophy on behalf of the Epsom Chrysanthemum
Society, and Mr. Higgs, Fetcham Park Gardens,
Leatherhead, received the Holmes' Memorial Cups
offered for the best collection of 36 incurved blooms,
and for a collection of 48 Japanese blooms.

The next toast was that of "The Donors of Special

December 2, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

399

Prizes," proposed by Mr. Tayler, the treasurer, and
n .ponded to by Mr. J. H. Cozens, manager to the
Crystal Palace Company.

Mr. Brian Wynne proposed the toast of "The
President, Vice-President, Treasurer, Secretaries,
Committees, Ac, of the Society," and notwithstanding
the omnibus character of the toast, said something to
the credit of all it included. The toast was responded
to by Mr. R. Ballantyne, a Vice-President, who said
he believed that he and Mr. Prickett were two of the
Oldest members of the society; Mr. Thomas Bevan,
Chairman of Committees, who related interesting
circumstances connected with the Committees, and
Mr. C. Harman Payne, who amongst many other
matters stated that the French National Chrysan-
themum Society was practically started in Soho about
10 years ago.

The next toast was that of the "Affiliated Societies,"
proposed by Mr. D. B. Crane, who after stating that
the society has an affiliated society in Tasmania, four
in New Zealand, one in Denmark, some in France, one
in Jersey, some in Scotland and Wales, but none
in Ireland, made a vigorous appeal to the society
to afford more encouragement to the sections of
Chrysanthemums other than Japanese, which he
rightly declared formed nine-tenths of the exhibits at
the recent Crystal Palace Show. Mr. G. J. Hunt
responded.

The toast of "The Chairman " was proposed by Mr.
J. H. Witty, and that of " The Press" was proposed
by Mr. D. Ingamells, and responded to by Mr. R.
Hooper Pearson.

The musical part of the programme, arranged by
Mr, T. Bennett-Griffin, was unusually good, and the
tables were prettily decorated with flowers, among
which Chrysanthemums were appropriately pre-
dominant. During the proceedings the President
handed the Society's Gold Medal to Mr. Geo. Caselton,-
Garden Superintendent at the Crystal Palace, for
valuable services rendered in connection with the
exhibitions.

BRISTOL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 15, 16, — The above society's annual
show in the Colston Hall, Bristol, on these dates
was the forty - second held under its auspices, and
was one of the best of the series. The classes devoted
to Chrysanthemum flowers were remarkably well filled.
Especially meritorious were the 36 Japanese blooms
which secured for Mr. W. IGGULDEN, Lock's Hill
Nursery, Frome.for the st-o>ri<l seas< m in succession, the
Challenge Vase presented by the Colston Hall Company,
and £5 by the society. It contained the best bloom —
and example of F. S. Vallis— in the show. The quality
of the blooms staged in the Vase classes was also
good, Grapes and hardy fruits were extensively
ented, and though we have seen the former of
better quality at Bristol, the latter, and especially
Apples, were excellent. Exhibits of specimen plants
and Kerns made a prominent feature down the centre
of the hall. Vegetables were numerous and of high
■quality. The arrangements of the show were highly
sati sfactory.

Cut Bj o< >ms

Thirty-six Japanese in not fewer than twenty-four
Varieties. — Mr. IGGULDEN, amongst 10 competitors was
an easy 1st prize winner with large, full, fresh, and
highly coloured blooms, including examples of F. S.
Vallis, Mad. Paolo Radaelli, Maurice Riviere, Presi-
dent Viger, Chrysanthemiste Montigne, J. R. Upton,
Duchess of Sutherland, J. R. Silsbury, Mrs. Barkley,
Sec, Mr. Parsons, gr. to E. J. Poole, Esq., was placed
2nd with good blooms of President Viger, Duchess of
Sutherland, Mons. C. de Leche, Mad. P. Radaelli,
Mrs. F. W. Vallis, &c.

Twenty-four blooms, incurved. — Three growers only
staged in this class, and of these Mr. Drake, Cathays,
Cardiff, obtained the lead with large, symmetrical
blooms of Frank Hammond, Ialene, Pantia Ralli, Ralph
Hatton, Lady Phillips, N. Molyneux, &c. ; 2nd, Mr.
Runnacles, with slightly smaller blooms.

Twelve blooms, incurved — Mr. Baker, gr. to Dr.
COPI'ER, Portskewett, was placed 1st with a good set of
fresh blooms, amongst which were Pantia Ralli, Miss
N. Southam, Embleme Poitevine, and Mis. F. Judson ;
2nd, Mr. Parsons.

Twelve blooms, Japanese. — Here, again, Mr. Baker
took the lead with a good set of full blooms, including
General Hutton, Mrs. F. W. Vallis, Mrs. Barkley, and
J. H. Silsbury. Mr. Carpenter, gr. to Mrs. G. Lame,
followed.

There were 10 entries in a class open only to Ama-
teurs' and Gentlemen's Gardeners for 12 blooms of
Japanese varieties. Mr. A. F. HlLL won the 1st prize
in this class.

Twelve blooms of large -flowered Anemone varieties. —
Two exhibitors staged, Mr. Hack, gr. to Mrs. W.
Pethick, winning with beautiful blooms of \V. Astor,
Mrs. Gardiner, Le Chalonais, &c.

Vase Classes.

These were very attractive, the blooms being dis-
played to great advantage, In the class for six vases
oi distinct varieties, each containing five blooms, Mr.
W IGGULDEN was again the prize-winner amongst

vi n; 2nd, Mr, 1' arsons.

Mr. Iggulden also led in the class for two vases of
three blooms in each of any one white variety, having
splendid examples ol Mad. R. Oberthur ; 2nd, Mr.
Parsons, with the variety Mrs. Lewis. There lyere
seven entries for a similar exhibit of any yellow
variety, Mr. IGGULDEN being placed 1st with the
variety F. S. Vallis, Mr. May following with ex-
amples of Bessie Godfrey. •

Groups.
Three creditable groups were arranged in the class
for exhibits, each occupying an area of 50 square feet,
the best being from Mr. G. F. Harford, gr. to H. Vin-
cent Barnard, Esq. The exhibit possessed plants
with large blooms of good colour, and well clothed
with foliage. The other groups were arranged by Mr.
McCuIloch, gr. to J. COULTHURST Godwin, Esq., who
was awarded the 2nd prize, and by Mr. E. Paple, gr.
to G. W. H. Bt RY, l q

A class was provided for a group of Chrysanthe-
mums, associated with ornamental foliage, plants, and
ferns, the whole to occupy an area of 50 square feet.
Of the two exhibitors who made arrangements in this
class, Mr. Bannister, gr. to Mrs. St. Vincent Ames,
took a good lead with a beautiful collection of well-
grown plants.

In the class for a group of miscellaneous plants to
occupy an area of 50 square feet, two collections that
were similar in character were arranged, the one by
Mr. F. Caul, gr. to Dr. R. C. W. EGAR, who secured
the lead, and by Mr, M< < aill >ch.

Fruit.
A Collection of six dishes. — Amongst five growers
who entered in this class, Mr. Strugnell secured
the lead with good Alicante and Muscat of Alexandria
Grapes, Marie Louise, and Beurre Bosc Pears, Cox's
Orange Pippin Apples, and Coe's Golden Drop Plums ;
2nd, Mr. A. E. Rakes, gr, to W. A. F. Powell, Esq.

Grapes. — The 1st prize for Muscat of Alexandria
Grapes was won by Mr. C. M. Holt, gr. to T. J.
Lennard, Esq., one bunch of which was awarded the
prize given for the best bunch of Grapes in the show ;
2nd, Mr. Hughes, gr. to Major-Gen. Sampson May.
The best Alicante Grapes were staged by Mr. J. T.
Curtis, gr. to Alderman W. Howell Darcis. Mr.
.Spry, gr. to Mrs. F. G. Coleman, was placed 1st.
amongst five competitors, for Gros Colmar.

Fears. — Mr. Bannister staged the best six dishes
of these fruits, having excellent examples of Doyenne
du Cornice and Beurre Bosc. Mr. Strugnell was
awarded the 1st prize for four dishes of these fruits ;
2nd, Mr. Bannister.

In the class for one dish of Pears Mr. G. RUNNACLES
was placed 1st with the best dish in the show, a
really grand one of Doyenne du Cornice.

Apples. — Mr. Bible won the 1st prize for six dishes
of dessert varieties, showing highly coloured fruits.
Mr. Virgo led in the class for four dishes of dessert
Apples with Ribston, Cox's Allington Pippins, and
Gascoyne's Seedling; 2nd, Mr. Paple. Mr. Paple
had the best single dish ot dessert Apples in well-
coloured examples of Cox's Orange Pippin. Mr.
Runnacles showed the best culinary varieties.

Vegetables.

Messrs. Jas. Carter 8t Co., High Holborn, London ;
Messrs, J. Garaway & Co., Bristol; Messrs. Sutton
& Sons, Reading ; and the Ichthemic Guano Co., each
offered liberal prizes for collection of vegetables, for
which remarkable good produce was staged, Messrs.
Bannister, Baker, and Benfield being the prin-
cipal prize-winners.

Trade Exhibits were numerous. Mr. W. J. GOD-
FREY, Exmouth, staged Chrysanthemums. Messrs.
Jas. Garaway & Co., Bristol, had a large collection
of Apples. Messrs. Parker & Son, of Bristol, ar-
ranged floral devices.

YORK CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 15, 16, IT.— The twenty-sixth annua
autumn show of the above Society was held in the
Exhibition Building on these date;. Thirteen groups
of plants arranged down each side of the building pro-
duced an excellent effect, especially when viewed from
the end of the room or from the galleries. The ex-
hibits of cut blooms were arranged on tables down the
centre of the building. Th an ngements of the show
left little to be desired.

Plants.

The leading prize was that for a group of Chrv n
themums interspersed with foliage plants and occupj ing
a space of 100 square feet. Five growers competed, the
collective exhibits making a bold and effecti\e dis-
play. Mr. V. Waterhouse, gr to Mrs. W.T. Owbridge,
The Grange, Cottingham, Hull, won the 1st prize with
a bold if somewhat flat arrangement of good material ;
2nd, Mr. L. Hanchant, gr. to the Hotel Maji
Harrogate, who followed Mr. Waterhouse very closely.
Exhibits of Chrysanthemum plants in groups, each
group filling a space of 80 square feet, were numerous.
Mr. J. Hields, 12, Barlow Street, Acomb, York,
easily won the 1st prize with handsome blooms on
dwarf well-grown plants ; 2nd, Mr. Wilkinson, gr. to
E. Smith, Esq., The Crescent, Selby. The groups
of plants above alluded to are known as pillar groups.
The pillars supporting the gallery are 17 feet high and
these are required to be decorated and furnished with
a base of plants 6 feet in diameter. One class is for
miscellaneous plants arranged for effect. Among the six
competitors, Mr. W. Curtis, gr. to J. Blacker, Esq.,
Thorpe Villas, Selby, was awarded the 1st prize foralight
and effective arrangement of suitable plants in which
Humea elegans was effectively employed on mounds ;
2nd, Mr. G. Cottam, Alma Gardens, Cottingham
Road, Hull. In a similar class for decorative varieties
of Chrysanthemums, interspersed with foliage plants,
seven growers competed. Mr. Cottam mainly used
single-flowered varieties with good foliage plants, and
he secured the leading prize; 2nd, Mr. Curtis.

Specimi n trained plants of Chrysanthemums are
invariably well shown at York. In the class for four
incurved varieties, Mr. Everard, gr. to Mrs. GUTCH,
Holgate Lodge, York, won the 1st prize with well-
flowered examples of the varieties C. H. Curtis and
Topaze Orientale. Mr. Everard also won for one
plant of an incurved variety with C. H. Curtis. The
specimen carried three dozen good blooms. Mr.
Wheatley, gr. to Judge Raikes, Leate House, Norton,
Malton, won, for four plants of Japanese varieties.
Plants of single-flowered varieties were numerous and
good, Mr. Everard won for four specimens, having
the varieties Mrs. E. Roberts, Miss Beattie Rowden,
and Mrs. R. M. Parkinson, all of which were of full
size and carried good flowers.

Cut Blooms.

These were of good quality, but probably not in
such numbers as hitherto. The leading class was that
for 36 blooms, half Japanese and the remainder
incurved. Mr. McPherson, gr. to Lord Londes-
BOROUGH, Market Weighton, won quite easily by the
superiority of his incurved flowers, and his meri-
torious Japanese blooms, all of which were well
staged. Mr. F. W. Jameson. Aston Hall, North
Ferriby, Hull, secured the 2nd priz^, having especi-
ally good incurved flowers. Mr. McPherson also
won for 18 and for 12 incurved blooms, with excellent
examples of popular varieties.

Japanese varieties. — These were extensively shown.
Mr. McPherson again asserted his superiority by
winning the 1st prizes in the classes for 18 varieties,
for 12 varieties, distinct, and for six blooms of anv
white, and for six of any yellow varieties. Mr. D.
Williams, gr. to Earl Feversham, Duncombe Park,
Helmsley, came second in these several classes.

Single and decorative varieties. — Sixteen growers
entered in the class for three sprays of single Chrysan-
themums, Mr. Everard winning with fully developed
flowers of Mrs. Parkinson, Miss D. Bainbridge, Miss
Beattie Rowden, Miss A. Holden, and Mrs. Roberts.

The best 12 bunches of any decorative varieties were
shown by Messrs. Meakstone & Son, Hull Road,
Grimston, York, whose examples included the varieties
Source d'Or, Lizzie Adcock, Lady Selborne, La Triom-
phante, and Soleil d'Octobre.

Mr. W. L. Appleton, Oakville, Melbourne Street,
York, was awarded the 1st prize for a basket of Chry-
santhemums with the variety Source d'Or effectively
displayed in a mass.

Messrs. Meakstone was first among 22 competitors
for a vase of Chrysanthemums suitable for a drawing-
room. This exhibitor also used flowers of Source d'Or.

400

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 2, 1905.

Displays of Fruit and Vegetables were numerous
and good.

Messrs. Sutton & Sons, seedsmen, Reading, were
awarded a Gold Medal for a collection of Potatos.

Messrs. G. Bunyard & Son received a similar
award for 140 dishes of Apples and Pears.

Messrs. J. Backhouse & Co., York, received a
Silver Gilt Medal for a collection of flowering plants,
Cyclamens, Begonias. Ac.

The Edinburgh Chrysanthemum Show. —
In addition to the honorary exhibits mentioned on
p. 3S3, a group of Coniferae and berried plants was
shown by Mr. David W. Thomson, nurseryman,
Edinburgh, and was awarded a Silver Medal.

©i)ttuat|>»

Colonel Arthur Tremayne, of Carclew,
Cornwall, who died on the 14th ult., at the age
of 78 years, was one of the "six hundred" of
Balaclava fame. The deceased gentleman was a
great lover of plants, and introduced, during his
many travels, a great many new and rare half-
hardy plants to Carclew. Even recently his
garden has been noticed in these columns. Of a
very genial disposition, many a poor man and
woman had to thank him for words of encourage-
ment and cheer which made life tolerable. The
loss to the neighbourhood is incalculable. He
was deeply interested in the Spring show of
Daffodils and flowering shrubs. Rhododendrons,
&c. He was buried on November 17 at My lor,
quite close to the blue waters of Falmouth Har-
bour, and in close proximity to the demesne he
loved so well and did so much to beautify.

Mr. Marslen, whose death on the 21st ult.
we noted in our last issue, was manager for many
years to Messrs. Charles Lee & Son at their
nurseries, Wood Lane, Isleworth. He was lately
in the service of Mr. L. Russell, of Richmond. In
these capacities he was widely known, and will be
greatly missed. He leaves a widow, one son, and
three daughters.

Henry Billinghurst. — Many of the older
salesmen at Covent Garden will learn with regret
that Mr. Henry Billinghurst, of Park Nursery,
Selhurst, passed away on Thursday, November
23, aged 72. Although deceased has not attended
the market during the last fourteen years, his
name is well known there, for he was one of the
first to cultivate Cnrysanthemums in pots for sale
in the market, and there are no doubt many market
men who can recall to mind his kindly face and
cheerful disposition, The business will be carried
on by his three sons as usual.

ENQUIRY.

Ecklinville Apple Trees. — Can any of your
readers tell me why my 10 year old trees
of Ecklinville Seedling Apple won't bear fruit.
They are fine clean pyramids that always look
well and are full of fruit buds ; I have tried
different kinds of pruning of both root and
branch, also draining and manuring The soil
is of sandy loam and is not deficient in lime.
From 50 trees I have not had 10 bushels of fruit
in 10 years ; the trees flower freely but no fruits
set. Last year I tried grafting Cox's Orange
Pippin on some of them, but from present
appearances I doubt the success of the experi-
ment. Bismarck, Bramley's Seedling, and Lane's
Prince Albert do well in the same orchard,
Duchess of Oldenburg and Beautv of Bath do
fairly well II'. //. T.

[The failure is no doubt due to imperfect fertiliza-
tion, but whether this is caused by an inherent
deficiency in the flowers themselves, or from lack
of Bees and other fertilizing agencies when the
trees are in flower, or from unsuitable weather at
the time we cannot say. — Ed.]

Communk ltions Received I 1 :-', Reader -A. I J. — J. V. C.
— T. Coomber (tha F.-T. H. Cook-KG.

Confidential— E. H w - II. I-:. -Sec. Linn Soc— E. T. C.

— Rev. H. F. — D. W. T. — Jakernan and Carver — D. P. —
W. G. S.—W.B. and Sons— H. E.— M. Brussels— T.C.—
F. M.-T. H.— J. F. McL— A. P..-P. M. T.— T. H.— J. W.

— H. I. C. — G, P. M.— National Amateur Gardeners As-
sociation— H. A. P. — H. E. P.— J. R. B— W. B. H. & Sons

I C W &Son— ( I D Bliss— W. G. S.— A. H. P.

i 1; II R. M ' L., Nice— A. B.— W.J. V.— J. T..
— T. I. F.— L. R. R.— W. W.-K. J. A. - G. B.— F. J.- j. H.
R W.-E. H. W.-W. J. T.-R. L. C.-J. McC—
lithfield Club— T . H. C. N. D.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Apple Bark: W. W. C. £- A. J. The bark
is infested with the common Mussel-scale —
Mytilaspis pomorum. It may be removed by
thoroughly moistening the surface of the infested
bark with lather of any kind of soap, and then
scraping the surface with a blunt knife. The
following mixture has also been found service-
able in destroying scale : One hogshead of lime-
water (use half a bushel of lime to this quantity
of water), add 4IDS. of flour of sulphur, six
quarts of tobacco-water and 4lbs. of soft soap.
The composition may be applied either by a
brush or by syringing, and should be allowed to
remain on for about a week or ten days, when it
should be washed off with clear water.

Fot MarketanA Weather Reports, set pages x. and xi.

Fig. 150.— the mussel scale, mytilaspis

POMORUM.

Arum Lilies (Richardia .lthiopica) in
Cornwall . /. T, R. Several illustrations have
been given in our pages of these plants growing
in the open air at Trelissick Gardens, Truro,
and as recently as in our issue for May 27, 1905,
p. 324.

Begonia Gloire de Lorraine : /. S. The rusty
appearance of the leaves is caused by mites
invisible to the naked eye. Dip the plants in
tobacco-water occasionally.

Canadian Fruit Farming: H. T. Applv to the
Emigration Department, Canadian Offices, Par-
liament Street, Whitehall.

Celery : R. H. Celery is none the worse for
being left in the ground during severe frost, but
owing to the frost hardening the soil it is some-
times a matter ol considerable difficulty to lift
the plants when required for use Read the
note on this subject under the heading " Kitchen
Garden " on p 391

Chrysanthemum Buds Injured: C. Bios. The
injury to the buds has been caused by frost.

Clubbing in Brassk \s, etc.: G.H. Procure a
copy of The < alendar of Garden Operations, price
7£d. post free, from our publishing department,
and treat the ground according to the directions
given there

Cypripedium Seed: A. B. You will probably
obtain the best results if you sow the seed at
once ; part on the surface of the compost in the
pot containing the plant which bore the seed,
and part on that of another which is kept con-
tinually moist. Place the plants on which the
seeds are sown on inverted flower-pots and ki ep
them under observation until the seeds gei rui-
nate, when the young plants can be picked off
ion as the)- can be handled.

Ferns and Cyclamen Leaves: Hibernia. Both
the Fern fronds and the Cyclamen leaves show
indications of having been subjected to a too
close atmosphere, resulting in attenuated
weakly growth. We notice traces of thrip on
the specimens. The small eruptions on the
Cyclamen leaves have been caused by aphis
punctures when the former were in a young
state. Apply suitable ventilation to the plants,
dip the Cyclamen loliage in tobacco water, and
fumigate the Fernery judiciously with a suitable
vaporiser such as the XL-All Compound.

Fruit Cultivation : W. M . Your questions are
too ambiguous. We are unable to determine
the precise information you require.

Gardeners' Wagi s : G. W . The head gardener
would be considered a domestic servant, but not
the under gardener. We do not think you can
demand full wages during illness caused by an
accident sustained when off your employer's
premises and not carrying out his work.

Gooseberries for Dessert Purposes : A., Clapton.
Half-a-dozen good varieties include Langley
Gage, Langley Beauty, Whitesmith, Yellow
Champagne, Greengage and Golden Gem.

Hyacinth: G.A. M. The plants are affected
with basal rot! Get fresh stock.

Muscat Grapes: II'. L. L. The Canon Hall
variety was raised at Canon Hall near Barnsley,
and is generally considered to be of more robust
growth than Muscat of Alexandria. The ber-
ries are rounder in shape and of larger size,
therefore are more handsome in the long tapering
bunches than those of Muscat of Alexandria,
which, however, have richer flavour than the
Canon Hall variety.

Mushrooms : P. B. We do not know of a book
which deals exclusively with the subject. There
is a small book by Mr. J. Wright entitled
Mushrooms for the Million which you may be able
to pick up at a second-hand bookstall. The
cultivation of Mushrooms and Rhubarb would
not produce specially poisonous gases, but their
cultivation in cellars under a dwelling house is
not to be recommended. Mustard and cress
does not require to be grown in a dark
room. If it is grown under such conditions
the tiny plants will be drawn very weakly, and
they will, ot course, be blanched.

Names of Fruits : S. c~ S. i, Olivier de Serres ;

2. the specimen was decayed. — Miss Hamilton
1, Lanee's Prince Albert; 2, Margil ; 3, Jolly
Beggar. — Carnarvon. 1, Soldat Laboureur ; -z,
Mane Guise. —J. M . S. Cox's Orange Pippin.
— IP. A. B. 1, Wyken Pippin. — C. C. Maltster.
— C, Peterborough. 3, Nee Plus Meuris.

Names of Plants : E. M. S. 1, Codiseum (Croton)
var. Oerstedi; 2, C. Johannis; 3, C. Countess;
4, C. Morti ; 5, C. Emperor Alexander; 6,

' C. Reedi ; 7, C. aucubifolia ; 8, C. Disraeli;
9, C. interruptus. — Carnarvon. The Orchid is On-
cidium ornithorhynchum, and the Fern Davallia
canadensis. — H.J. Clayton. Catasetum Truiki.
— CD. 1, Cedrus probably C. Deodara ; 2,
Cupressuspisifera ; 3, The young state of Cupres-
sus lunebris; 4, Pernettya mucronata ; 5, Thuya
gigantea ; 6, Cupressus Lawsoniana. — II'. T.G.L.
1, Pernettya mucronata; j. Piptanthus nepa-
lensis ; 3, Oleana Haastii. — Hibernian. 1, Adi-
antum capillus veneris var.; 2, A. assimile:

3, A.Waltom ; 4, Sibthorpia europasa ; 5, Chaeno-
stoma hispida. — R . T. II. 0. Chrysanthemums for
naming should be sent to a nurseryman who has
means of comparing them with his named
plants. — G. W. Carnation Winter Cheer, or
one of its newer sports, Winter Cheer is of
relatively dwarf habit ; its progeny are taller in
growth. — A. B 1, Cattleya labiata; 2, Onci-
dium pr.i itextum. — /. B. Crataegus, probably
tanacetifolius.

Souvenir de la Malmaison Carnation : E. L.
1. The plants are attacked by a fungus —
Helminthosporium, ol which the first stages
are now apparent in the leaves. Burn all fallen
and the worst of the diseased leaves and spray
the remainder with a weak solution of Gishurst's
Compound 2 The florists' Exchange, published
at 2, 4, 6, S. Duane Street, New York, and The
Florists' Review, published at 520, Caxton Build-
ing, 334, Dearborn Street, Chicago, would suit
your purpose lor advertising.

Varieiies of Chrysanthemum Suitable
Decoration Under Lamplight: J. D. C.
Varieties selected for use under any artificial
light should be such as have bright surface tints,
which reflect distinctly from the ground colours,
whether such ground colours be of white or
yellow. The colours should not be a mere
suffusion, as in the majority of so-called hi
and pinks, nor should they be so intense that the
ground colour is entirely unreflected, as in deep
crimsons or purples. When we also all'
other considerations of adaptability, there
such a « Hie 1 hi ice as might at first appear likely
The following varieties are the most hkelx to
suit your purpose. In bronze shades: Source
d'Or. Lady Lennard, Souvenir de Lombrey, 1 'In
Gold, and Tuxedo. In pink shades: O. J.
Quintus, Viviand Morel, and Framfield Pink.
The flowering period of these varieties extend;
from early in October until December.

Weed in Turf: W.B. The intruder is Prunella
vulgaris. Heavy dressings of manure, or the
application of sulphate of ammonia, will even-
tually cause its disappearance, but it will be
better to remove the turf inc. supply fresh.

December 9, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

401

THE

No. 989.— SATURDAY, December 9, 1905.

CONTENTS.

Books, notices of —
Botanical Magazine,
Glossary of Botanic

Terms

Future Forest Trees...

The Garden that I

Love

Books, sale of gardening

Carnations, a winter ex-
hibition of

Cattle Show, the Smith-
field

Chrysanthemums

Crystallisation of fruits
and flowers, lecture
on the

Cypripedium.The Baron 405

Dye r, Sir William
Thiselton-, retirement
of

Eleutherococcrs Henryi

Eleutherococcus 1 e u -
chorhizus

Gardeners and colonisa-
tion

Hardy flower border—
Aspilia buphthalmi-
flora

Hemp, the flowers of
the

Kew, Appointments
from

Law note

Mango, the

Nursery notes —
Messrs. T. Rivers &
Sons, Sawbridge-
worth

Obituary —

Jaques, Mrs 415

Fearn ley -Sander, Mrs. 415
Ilchester, Lord ... 408

410

412

404
410

404

408

409
410
409

404

Royal

Orphan Fund,
Gardeners' ... 409

Pears, variation in ... 110

Peas, culinary, in Nov-
ember 410

Phalaenopsis Schilleriana 409

Plants, adaptation of, to
environment

Potato census, £

Rain-water in Yorkshire

Rubber, Para

Seed Trade Assistants
at Dinner

Societies —

Aberdeen Chrys.

Barnsley Chrys.

401
410
409
400

409

413
413

Bolton Horticultural ...

British Gardeners' Asso-
ciation

Chester Paxton

Coventry Chrysanthe-
mum

Leeds Paxton

Liverpool Horticultural

Manchester and North
of England Orchid ...

National Chrysanthe-
mum

Newport Chrysanthe-
mum

National Fruit Growers'
Federation

Putney and Wandsworth
Chrysanthemum

Royal Horticultural

Societe Royale Linn£-
enne de Bruxelles ...

Spray of flowers, What
is a?

Victoria Park, Stafford

Week's work, the

415
410

410
409

406-407

40;.
40S

in.;
4u*

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Cypripedium x The Baron

Dyer, bir William T. Thiselton— Portrait of ,

Eleutherococcus Henryi

Eleutherococcus leuchorhizus

Ilchester, Lord, Portrait of the late

Landscape by a river's bank near Guildford (Supple

mentary Illustration)
Sophro-Cattleya Doris

THE TRUE DARWINISM.

PRESENT-DAY ecologists* on the Con-
tinent, in America, and England, are
discovering that the origin of adaptive
vegetative structures in plants — which
systematists regard as affording varietal,
specific, or generic characters, as the case
may be — is not due to natural selection. They
express the cause by the single word " adap-
tation," implying the fact that structures aker
themselves under changed conditions of life
by means of a responsive power residing in the
protoplasm and the nucleus.

This process is identical with that which
Darwin described as " the direct action of the
conditions of life " upon the organism, " lead-
ing to definite results," namely, those seen in
adaptive structures.

It is this interpretation of botanical geo-
graphy— or, in a word, evolution — which I have
called " The True Darwinism " ; as Darwin
himself first supplied us with it.

It is somewhat rapidly replacing " Darwin-
ism," i.e., " The Origin of Species by means of
Natural Selection."

Darwin's description of his theory of natural

*" Ecology " means "the study of plants at horae," as
"Economy " means " the right ordering of the home."

selection is as follows : — " Can we doubt (re-
membering that many more individuals are
born than can possibly survive) that individuals
having any advantage, however slight, over
others, would have the best chance of surviv-
ing and of procreating their kind ? On the
other hand, we may feel sure that any varia-
tion in the least degree injurious would be
rigidly destroyed. This preservation of favour-
able variations and the rejection of injurious
variations I call Natural Selection." (" Origin
of Species," Ed. i., pp. 80, 81.)

In the introduction of the First Edition
(1859), Natural Selection is described as being
" the main, but not the exclusive means of
modification"; for Darwin says (p. 11) " Some
slight amount of change may, I think, be
attributed to the direct action of the conditions
of life." But on p. 480, in the " Conclusion "
to the first edition, he seems to have forgotten
to add the above, attributing evolution entirely
to natural selection. " Species have been modi-
fied, during a long course of descent, by the
preservation, or the natural selection, of many
successive slight favourable variations."

To this sentence the following is added in a
later edition — " Aided in an unimportant
manner, that is in relation to adaptive struc-
tures, by the direct action of external condi-
tions."

In 1868, or nine years after the "Origin"
appeared, Darwin published his Animals and
Plants under Domestication. In this work he
gives a full explanation of the "Direct
Action of the Conditions of Life," as follows:
"By the term definite- action, I mean an
action of such a nature that, where many
individuals of the same variety are exposed-
during several generations to any change in
their physical conditions of life, all, or nearly
all the individuals, are modified in the same
manner. A new sub-variety would thus be
produce 1 without the aid of selection." (Vol.
II., p. 217.)

In the Sixth Edition of the "Origin" (but
I have not seen any other than the First)
there is added the second paragraph in Chap. I,
containing the following : — " The effects [of the
external conditions] on the offspring are either
definite or indefinite. They may be considered
as definite when all or nearly all the offspring
of individuals exposed to certain conditions
during several generations are modified in the
same manner." (Ed. 6th, p. 6, 1878.)

We thus see that Darwin completely severs
"the definite " results, produced in response to
changed conditions of life, from the " indefinite "
results, which require the aid of natural selec-
tion so that the fittest may survive. Definite
results mean, then, that all the offspring have
" favourable " adaptations, there being no " in-
jurious " ones ; while indefinite results consist
of both ; from which the majority must be
injurious, and a few only favourable. The two
processes are, therefore, according to Darwin,
obviously mutually exclusive.

It may now be observed that, after 45 years,
" the Origin of Species by means of Natural
Selection " still remains an unproved theory.
" No one," said Weismann, has ever seen
natural selection in action " ; nor has anyone
ever seen "injurious" variations among any
large batches of seedlings growing under
" changed conditions of life."

* He here applies the word "definite'
otherwise it applies to the " variations."

for " direct '

One is not surprised, therefore, in reading
Darwin's letter to Prof. Moritz Wagner, of
Munich, in 1876, that he said: — "The greatest
mistake I made was, I now think, that I did
not attach sufficient weight to the direct
influence of food, climate, etc., quite inde-
pendently of Natural Selection. When I wrote
my book, and for some years later, I could
not find a good proof of the direct action of
the environment on the species. Such proofs
are now plentiful." (Life, vol. hi., p. 159.)

Now let us turn to the experiences of
ecologists to-day.

Mr. J. A. Thomson, writing on " Synthetic
Summary of the Influence of the Environ-
ment upon the Organism (Royal Phys. Soc. Ed.,
1888), says : — " No attempt to explain the
Adaptation of the Organism to its Environ-
ment can be complete without recognition
that external influences, in the widest sense
and in various degrees of directness, have,
and have had, an important transforming and
adaptive action."

Dr. W. G. Smith (Leeds), writing to me on
his excellent survey work of plant distribution
in Yorkshire, says:— "It is impossible to do
this survey work without being impressed with
Adaptation."

Prof. Warming, of Copenhagen, in describ-
ing adaptations among Xerophytic plants,
remarks : — " I answer briefly to the question
which arises, namely, whether these adapta-
tions to the medium should be regarded as a
result of Natural Selection, or whether they
owe their origin to the action, in modifying
forms, exercised directly by the conditions of
the medium — I adopt this latter view. . .
The characters of adaptation thus directly
acquired have become fixed."

M. Costantin, speaking of arctic plants,
says : — " We are led to think, so to say, in-
vincibly, that one can only explain the general
characters of arctic plants by adaptation, e.g.,
if all arctic plants are perennials, it is because
they live near the pole. It is the conditions
of hfe which have created this hereditary
character." (Les Vegetaux et Its milieux cos-
miques, p. 85.)

Dr. Weismann also said : — " We are driven
to the conclusion that the ultimate origin of
hereditary individual differences lies in the
direct action of external influences upon the
organism." (Essays on Heredity, p. 279.)

Although Weismann and others might say
adaptations can be accounted for by Natural
Selection, we have Darwin's authority for the
statement that adaptations arise by the direct
action of the environment, without the aid of
Natural Selection.

The evidence lies in two directions, induction
and experimental proofs. Though botanists
often hesitate to accept the first, the accumula-
tion of the latter is so abundant that it is
difficult to understand why " Darwinism " is
still preferred by many.

Numerous other writers and experimenters
confirm the above, as Noll, Schenck, Bonnier,
Flahault, as well as many in the United States.

It only remains to add that Natural Selection
may be seen everywhere in action — to reverse
Weismann's dictum — but it refers to the distri-
bution, not to the origin, of Species. It may
be described as the result of the struggle for
existence between plants, with the survival of
the better adapted under the circumstances.
George Henslow.

402

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December g, 1905.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

AMERICAN VARIETIES.

Nowadays there are but few of our growers who
know much about the American seedling Chry-
santhemums of nearly 20 years ago. Gradually
they have ceased to be imported until very few "I
them are left, but in a few private collections, in
the public parks and in the hands of the French
growers, there are still some that remain.

These are some of the most effective and useful
{or decorative purposes : William Tricker, a dwarf
growing, pretty, bright rosy-pink Japanese, is much
appreciated and still retained in most of the parks.
We have also seen this season J. H. Runchman, a
bright golden yellow which reminds us of the fitcher
and Manda collection that passed into the hands
of Mr. H. J. Jones, Hairy Wonder being another of
the set. Delaware, the Anemone-flowered variety,
is American, as is Mrs. Judge Benedict of the
same section. Mutual Friend, a bjg white Jap-
anese, has also been seen this season in good
form. Louis Boehmer, the hairy novelty that
followed Mrs. Alpheus Hardy, came 10 us
from the States, and is still in the Battersea Park
collection. Good Gracious, one of the most dis-
tinct Japanese in cultivation, is another. Mrs. E.
G. Hill is an old variety, an early bloomer, very
tall, but a useful back row plant for mixed groups.
I have also noticed Simplicity, a white Japanese.
The above are probably all the Americans that now
remain in cultivation here, with the exception of a
few others that may have been past their best at the
time of my visits to the various Metropolitan parks.

NEW SEEDLINGS AT THE PARIS SHOW.

There were nearly 20 exhibitors of new Seedling
Chrysanthemums at the recent Paris Show. An
immense number of novelties of all kinds were
submitted to the jury, and 56 first-class certificates
were awarded. Yet, nevertheless, I was rather
disappointed with the novelties as a whole. Most
of the raisers present showed gains in a state of
development that required great prophetic skill to
decide satisfactorily as to their merits, and it is
curious that upon comparing my notes of these
new varieties with the official list of awards, there
is, from an English standpoint, considerable diver-
sity of opinion, many of those awarded certificates
not being included m my note-, while others that
did not secure such a distinction have been noted
as promising varieties.

M. Calvat's stand was the most imposing,
and his flowers exhibited the highest degree of
cultivation. Of his lot ten received first-class
certificates, and the following is a list of his best
varieties staged, viz. : —

Farfaief. — A very large' Japanese flower with
florets curling at the tips; very full and compact,
a spreading flower in form ; colour golden yellow
tinged with bronze. (F. C. C.)

Lucile Duplcssis (Japanese). — A full, double flower
of excellent form and very large size ; colour,
lilac mauve passing to white in the centre.

Madagascar (Japanese). — Decidedly one of the
1 . of much substance ; a full, compactly built,
grand flower, of a lovely shade of rich, golden
yellow colour.

Mde. Simon Jossier (Japanese). — Of medium size
only as shown, but very pretty in colour, which is
white, slightly tinted and shaded with rosy purple.

Mme. L. M. Cochet (Japanese). — A fine flower of
reflexing form; florets, long and drooping, bright
rosy lilac mauve, with centre slightly tinged
yellow. (F. C. C.)

Camille Desmoulins (Japanese). — Colour reddish
orange and bronze, centre golden ; reverse same
colour. A fairly large variety.

Sergent Lovy. — A very fine Japanese, with good
florets, which are rather broad ; colour deep rich
golden yellow. (F. C. C.)

President Loubet. — Immense in size, and only fit
for the show board, where its size would tell.
Colour dull creamy-white, slightly tinted pink in
the centre ; florets very long, curling at the tips.
(F. C. C.)

Bebi la Neige. — Medium size, close and compact
in build ; colour a pretty shade of paper-white.

Mine. L. Rousscl (Japanese). — This variety hasnar-
row florets of rosy amaranth, and reverse of silver.

Fusee (Japanese). — This is one of the best, a big
spreading flower with long florets that become
shorter towards the centre ; colour pure pale
yellow ; a fine bloom. (F. C. C.)

Etoile Polaire (Japanese), — A large white, solid-
looking bloom, with very good florets.

Ernest Renan (Japanese). — This flower has broad
florets, and is yellowish-bronze in colour.

Mme. E. Muhuard (Japanese). — A very good,
large reflexing flower of a soft shade of pale blush
pink. (F. C. C.)

Mme. E. Safetcs (Japanese). — A very large
flower with florets of medium length ; colour
bright rosy amaranth tinged with white and pass-
ing to white towards the tips. (F. C. C.)

President Gerard (Japanese). — A big globular
flower with grooved and incurving florets, a com-
pact and solid-looking bloom ; colour deep rich
golden bronze. (F. C. C.)

Janssen (Japanese). — A flower of considerable
depth ; white slightly tinted at the tips with
mauve colour, centre pale yellow. (F. C. C.)

M. Loiseau Rousseau (Japanese). — A very large
flower having long, grooved, pointed florets; colour
lilac-mauve with silvery reverse. (F. C. C.)

Opale. — Not large, but a pretty flower of pearly-
white, tinted with lilac-mauve.

Incandescence (Japanese). — A flower of spreading
form ; colour deep rich orange-shaded bronze-
carmine, reverse golden.

Victoria and Albert (Japanese). — A large flower,
very clo e in build, pale golden yellow.

Mr. Rozain-Boucharlat had a very good col-
lection of seedlings; most of the blooms, however,
were small. I think the following are the best : —

Pelican Jaime (Japanese). — A very large flower
with long, twisted and intermingling florets which
are rather broad ; colour rich, deep golden yellow.
(F. C. C.)

Bottle de Laine (incurved). — Of excellent form
but the colour rather against it. Dull creamy
white, tinted. (F. C. C.)

Mr. Liger-Lign-eau is also a raiser of some re-
pute, but there is an art in staging new seedlings
that requires to be studied. Most of this gentle-
man's seedlings were small, but in spite of that I
think there is a future for —

Mine De Pallier (incurved). — A globular flower
of the old show type, florets broad and grooved,
forming an excellent bloom in build, pure white.
(F. C. C.)

The Marquis de Pins was a long way behind
his old form, and even now is a doubtful raiser.
At any rate there were some excellent blooms of
his raising all over the show, but they were less
numerous than we had reason to expect. I say he
is a doubtful raiser, chiefly because his old seed-
lings have not as yet done well in England for
reasons I do not pretend to understand. Among
his novelties were : —

Marie Couillard (Japanese). — A large flower with
rather broad florets, colour creamy-white.

Baron Gerard (Japanese). — Very large with long
florets, a spreading flower, pure white.

Simon Paquerctte (Japanese). — Another large
flower of lilac-mauve, centre white.

Souvenir de Paul Couillard (Japanese). — A large
starry-shaped flower with broad, flat florets, colour
salmon-rose on a golden ground, reverse golden.
(F. C. C.)

Cougris de 1005 (Japanese). — A nice medium sized
flower, not unlike a very big white Christine, very
pure in colour. C. H. P.

CHRYSANTHEMUM GLITTER.
At the early November meeting of the Royal
Horticultural Society, Messrs. W. Wells and Co.,
Ltd., Merstham, exhibited a new variety of Chry-
santhemum bearing the name of Glitter. The
variety was placed before the Floral Committee
as a " market variety," and while I am of opinion
that the majority viewed the variety as one of
much merit, it failed to obtain any award because

.1 ei tion of the committee desired to see a plant.
As this legitimate desire is hardly likely to be
realised this season — the variety in question
more readily exhibited in the cut state — there is
the possibility of an excellent variety not receiving
its due share of notice.

The name " Glitter " is somewhat suggestive of
the glistening richness of the flowers, which are
coloured golden-yellow. The plant, I am in-
formed, is only 33 feet high, the flower-heads
solid and compact, florets comparatively short and
slightly drooping, An important point is the stiff
character of the stems, and the short, rigid char-
acter of the peduncle. I was greatly impressed
with the merit of this new variety, and regard it
as one of the finest of its kind ever exhibited.
E. H. Jenkins. Hampton Hill.

DECORATIVE VARIETIES.
Not only in private gardens, but at all the autumn
shows, are seen numerous examples of the type
known as decorative, or free-flowering, Chrysanthe-
mums. Cultivators and admirers of sections other
than the huge Japanese bloomsand the stiff-looking,
globular specimens of the incurved sorts, realise-
how valuable are varieties that give a wealth of
flower with but a minimum of labour. No one,
not even the exhibiting enthusiast, can deny
the great value of the decorative section and
their utility for cut purposes in vases, or for
grouping as plants. I notice visitors at flower
shows stop and admire this type of flower,
especially when they are arranged in vases with
foliage other than their own. In this section
I do not include the single-flowering varieties,
which form a class by themselves. As a typical
variety of the "decorative" section I name that
universal favourite, Source d' Or. . It is not too.
much to say that this is quite the most popular
Chrysanthemum in existence at the present time.
At Southampton, Cardiff, Birmingham, York,
Sheffield and Edinburgh it was largely employed
in classes wdiere free flowering varieties were
required. The bright orange-coloured florets, with
their gold shading, at once attract attention. Huge
masses of this flower, arranged lightly in baskets
and in vases, at the recent York Show constituted
a notable feature. As many as 26 exhibitors take
part in tliese decorative classes. Other varieties
noted as being extensively employed were, Lizzie
Adcock, a clear yellow sport from Source d'Or;
Soleil d'Octobre, a bright yellow variety;
and the bronze sport from the last named ;
William Holmes, a rich crimson form ; Viviand
Morel, of a blush mauve shade, Niveum, white;
Princess de Brancore, also white, but with green
shading in the centre; Phcebus; Souvenir de-
Petite Amie ; Mm. Louis Remy, a pleasing flower
of chrome yellow colour ; Elaine, still the purest
white Chrysanthemum in existence ; Mrs. J.
Ritson, also white ; Charles Davis, of yellow and
bronzy buff colour; G. W. Chikls, with florets of
a dark velvety crimson shade ; Lady Hanham, rosy
cerise ; Mdme. Phillipe Rivoire, a good white
variety ; N. C. S. Jubilee, a delicate shade of flesh
pink ; W. R. Church, the florets are crimson with
a bronze-coloured reverse ; La Triomphante, lilac.
Yellow Triomphante ; and F. W. Vallis, yellow.
Many other suitable varieties might be added, but
the above-named appear to be popular with ex-
hibitors, which proves their value for furnishing
a profusion of flowers. Classes for groups of
decorative varieties are now provided in several
Societies' prize schedules. E. M .

ELEUTHEROCOCCUS HENRYI.*
Fig. 151.

This curious and interesting member of the
Aralia family forms a shrub 3-10 feet in height.
The stems are brown, somewhat rough, and
more or less clad with stout recurved prickles.
Leaves alternate, digitately 5-foliolate, with
ovate-lanceolate, serrate leaflets. The upper
surface of the leaflet is scabrid, whilst the veins
of the under side are covered with short brown
* Oliver, Hooka's Icon. PI., tab. 1,711.

December

1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

403

hairs. The flowers, which are produced in Aug-
ust, are small, greenish-white, and collected
into numerous terminal, long-stalked, nearly
spherical umbels at the end of the current
season's growth. These flowers are followed by
dense heads of black fruits, and in this stage the
plant is not uninteresting as an ornamental
shrub. These fruits last on the plant until very
late in the season. The species is a native of
the woods and forests of Central China, between
3,000-5,000 feet, and was introduced into this
country by Messrs. Veitch through their collec-
tor, E. H. Wilson. The root-bark of this plant
is valued as a drug by the Chinese, whose name
for the plant is Wu Chia p'i.

committees in the several departments of Botanical
Science to revise these technical terms period u ally,
and to recommend which should be retained ind
which eliminated or ignored. Mr. Jackson's list
would furnish an excellent basis to work upon.
It contains, we see, the latest descriptive terms
in " CEkology " and other departments of the sci-
ence. How terrible some of these names are may
be shown by one illustration, viz., " ergasiophygo-
phyter," a term applied to a plant that has escaped
from cultivation ! There are so many neologisms
already inserted that we hesitate to suggest any
increase in their number, but we note the absence
of the word "ethology," to denote the adaptation
of plant;, to their environment. "Allotrophic " is

This is convenient for the German student, but is
of little value to the botanists and horticulturists
of other nations. We hope that in a new edition
an index of Latin names, corresponding to the
German equivalents, will be given for the benefit
of science generally and not of German students
in particular.

Terms used in a scientific sense should be written
in a language that is common to all educated men
oi science. In the present volume, for instance,
we find " ankdmmlinge " given as the equivalent
of Walson's "Casuals." A German or a French
reader would be as much inconvenienced by the
English word as others by the German expression,
but all would be catered for if a suitable Latin

FlG. 151. — ELEUTHEROCOCCUS HENRYI WITH FLORAL DETAIL?.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

TECHNICAL TERMS.
We are very glad to have the opportunity of
•welcoming the issue of a second edition of Mr.
Daydon Jackson's valuable list of the technical
terms made use of in Botany. * The explanation and
the derivation of each word are given and so many
additional words are inserted that this second
edition comprises some 50 more pages than its
predecessor. How many of these terms are mere
Synonyms, how many are obsoleteor unnecessary, it
was not for Mr. Jackson to decide, butlookingat the
alarming rate at which neologisms are being coined,
it would seem that the application of some law of
priority or of selection was called for. A Botani-
cal Congress would do good work by appointing

• A Glossary of Botanic Terms.
Duckworth & Co.

By B. D. Jackson.

another word made use of in the Brussels Botanic
Gardens to signify plants which derive their
nourishment from other living beings, whilst
" Hydrochoriy " is applied to cases in which the
seed is dispersed by means of water. It is clear
then that finality in these matters is not to be
expected. One imperative duty we have to per-
form is to thank Mr. Jackson for the conscientious
way in which he has performed his troublesome
task.

Mr. Camillo Karl Schneider's book* covers the
same ground as Mr. Jackson's but is in some
particulars more fully developed on the plan of E.
Germain de Saint Pierre's Nouveau Dictionnaire
de Botanique.

It is written wholly in German and the terms in
that language are arranged in alphabetical order.

* Illustriertes handworterbuch der Botanik. Leipsig, W.
Engelmann.

e [uivalent w:ere devised. In the meantime, at the
risk of being deemed inconsistent, we hope the
terrible seven syllable word already alluded to will
not be taken as a synonym for " Casuals." Mr.
Schneider's book is provided with numerous illus-
trations which greatly add to its value.

"The Garden that I Love."

Readers who are fond of reading about gardens,
with a good deal of extraneous matter, will be
charmed with an edition of the much appreciated
book by the Poet Laureate bearing the above
title and just issued by Adam and Charles Black.
It is not necessary to say anything of the text, nor
of the delicate lyrics by which it is graced, but we
are constrained to mention the distinguishing fea-
tures of the present edition, consisting of several
dainty, coloured illustrations by Mr. G. S. Elgood,
which add greatly to the attractions of the book
and, what is letter, give us an idea what it is like.

404

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December g, 1905.

On p. 65 the name of a well known Rose is, as
usual, misspelt. It should be Felicite et Perpetue.

Future Forest Trees. By A. Harold Unwin.
(T. Fisher Unwin.)
Tins, we are told, is a translation from the
German, the object being " to present, in the most
concise manner, the results of numerous experi-
ments chiefly made in Germany with some
American trees, most of which are known as
ornamental specimens, but have not received due
attention in forest plantations here." The author
enumerates many of the North American trees
which have been introduced intoGermany, some of
which excel the German species in indifference as
to soil requirements, in frost-hardiness and in rapid
growth. Hickory, Walnut, Douglas Fir and White
Pine are specially mentioned. The book is replete
with statistical information relating to the im-
portation of timber into Hamburg and other
German ports, and to the exports from Canada
and the United States. An alphabetical list of
the American timber trees is given, with short
references to their value in German forests. In
reference to this latter matter special attention is
called to Pinus Banksiana, which will exist under
the extremest conditions of temperature and is
stated to be superior to all other kinds of trees on
the poorest, driest, sandy and gravelly soils, and
even in swampy districts. It is of high value for
the afforestation of waste-lands, the formation of
protective forest, for fixing the soil of sand dunes
and similar purposes where shelter and protection
are required. On the whole, the most valuable ac-
quisitions for forestry purposes are the Robinia or
false Acacia, the Weymouth Pine, the Douglas Fir,
and the Banksian Pine. Next come Hickory and
Walnut (Juglans nigra). We miss any mention of
Pinus contorta and P. inops, which are therefore
presumably not hardy in Germany. Dr. Unwin's
book is worthy the attention of all engaged in
planting operations.

ELEUTHEROCOCCUS LEUCOR-
RHIZUS.*— (Fig. 152.)

This species is closely allied to E. Henryi, but
is of weaker growth and smaller stature. The
stems are bright green, glabrous, with usually
only an occasional prickle, and this immediately
beneath the base of the leaf-stalk. The leaves
are digitately 5-foliolate, with lanceolate, acu-
minate, bi-serrate leaflets. The leaves are
membranous and covered with bristle-like
hairs, which are strongly developed on the mid-
ribs of the underside. The leaf-stalks are glab-
rous, and sometimes have one or two prickles
on their lower side.

The flower and fruit are smaller than in E.
Henryi, and are borne in the same manner and
at the same time of year. Like the other species,
this is a native of the mountains of Central
China, and is one of Wilson's introductions to
Messrs. Veitch's establishment. The root-bark
is used as a drug, being distinguished as the
White Wu Chia p'i by the Chinese.

THE HARDY FLOWER
BORDER.

ASPILIA BUPHTHALMIFLORA.
Although the genus Aspilia is a somewhat
large one, consisting of more than 40 species dis-
tributed over Central and South America, Tropi-
cal Africa and Madagascar, it has not, I think, been
hitherto represented in cultivation. In affinity it is
closely allied to Helianthus, but cannot be com-
pared to the members of that genus when con-
sidered as subjects for use in the garden. A.
buphthalmiflora is a native of the Argentine region
of South America, from whence seeds were re-
ceived by Mr. Engelmann, of Saffron Walden,
last spring. From these plants were raised which
produced flowers in August. The plants are ot
bushy habit, growing about 18 inches high, with

'Oliver. Hooker's lean. P., under tab. 1,711.

rough hairy stems and lanceolate leaves, having
irregularly toothed margins. The flowers are deep
golden yellow in colour, after the style of those of
Heliopsis laevis, and are 2-3 inches in diameter.
It is evidently only of annual duration , and while an
acquisition from a botanical point of view, it will
hardly, judging from present appearance, make a
first-rate decorative plant. W. Irving, Kew.

NURSERY NOTES.

NOTES FROM MESSRS. T. RIVERS AND
SONS, SAWBRIDGEWORTH.
The Orange in about twenty varieties has
long been cultivated in these nurseries, as well as
several kinds of Lemon and Lime. The visitor to
the nursery at this season will find in the span-
roofed house set apart for the cultivation of
these plants several large trees loaded with
numerous fruits in the ripening stage, and some
of last year's fruits. Those with the heaviest
crops were Brown's, St. Michael's, and Bitten-
court, all of which are growing in the borders.
Others less well cropped this year are the Silver
or Plata — a variety received from St. Michael's,
of delicious flavour ; the White, of good flavour
and white pulp ; the well-flavoured Egg variety,
and Navel or Embiguo, whose fruit has a nipple-
like excrescence at the top. Other varieties
observed were St. Michael's, Tangierine, and
Jaffa. As Messrs. Rivers observe in their
catalogue, " Oranges can be grown in this
country with a portion of the skill and care

that is bestowed upon Grapes." During late
autumn, winter, and early spring, a genial
minimum warmth of 50° to 550 Fahr. is needed
to mature the crop of fruit, and in spring, to
favour the setting of the blossoms. As the
fruits are left on the trees till quite ripe, their
flavour is superior to that of imported fruits,
which obviously must be gathered some weeks
before they are fully ripe.

In an orchard house there were noted the
remaining trees of specimen Apples, dead ripe
and possessing the exquisite colouring of these
fruits when grown under glass. Conspicuous
for size and colour were the varieties — the
Queen, Belle de Pontoise, Gascoyne's Scarlet,
King of Tompkin's County, etc. The potting and
re-potting of fruit trees was in full swing, those
for the former operation being shapely speci-
mens of from 4-6 feet in height, lifted from the
quarters, furnished with perfect "wigs" of
roots and set with plenty of fruit buds, pro-
mising indeed for next year's cropping. The
practice of cutting back the roots is much less
carried out than formerly ; and it appears to be
more in accordance with reason, the reduction
of rooting space by pot culture being a sufficient
check on the over production of wood growth ;
and the timely application of nitrogenous
manure mixed with heavy soil as a top dressing
in the summer affords nourishment to the plants
when that in the potting soil has become some-
what spent.

Fruit trees of all kinds appear to possess
remarkably well ripened shoots, and none

Fig.

I.S2. — ELEUTHEROCOCCUS LEUCORRIII/t's WITH FLORAL DETAILS.

December

•90S-]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

105

showed excessive strength. A novelty in Fil-
berts was remarked in standard trees with stems
from 4-5 feet in height, excellent alike for orna-
ment as for nut bearing. Some half a dozen of
the finer varieties, including the purple leaved
and fruited Filbert. Grafted trees of this form
make most prolific specimens, and require but
little pruning. Some trees in the nursery are
from 12-15 feet in height, and as much in
diameter of the crown. I noticed in the fruit
room the use of fine wood shavings for covering
the shelves on which the fruit is laid, a capital
substitute for straw, paper, or bracken, it being
odourless, damp-proof and elastic— indeed, just
the thing for the purpose. F. M., November-

CYPRIPEDIUM x THE BARON.

The handsome hybrid Cypripedium depicted
in our illustration (Fig. 153) was shown by
Messrs. Sander and Sons, St. Albans, at the
meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society, held
on November 21, when it received a First Class
Certificate The parentage is C. Hitchinsiat X
C. nitens Sander's variety. The flower posses-
ses excellent shape and substance, the latter
being imparted to it by the strong element of
C. insigne in its composition. The petals and
the lip have a groundwork of yellow, and this
is tinged and marked with purple. The large
dorsal sepal is white, with a small green base,
and is marked with a number of bold, rose-
coloured Spots.

MR. WILLIAM PAULS LIBRARY.
At their rooms in Wellington Street, strain],
London, on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday,
November 27th, 28th, 29th, Messrs. Sotl
Wilkinson and Hodge disposed, by auction, oi
the botanical, horticultural and othei bool
the late Mr. William Paul, of Waltham 1 to
(by order of the executors|. Subjoined is a list
of some of the prices realised : — " The Heath-
ery: a Monograph of the Genus Erica," by II. ( '..
Andrews, 0 vols., 1845, ,£3 12s. 6d. ; "A Dia-
logue or Familiar Discourse and Conference be-
tween the Husbandman and Fruit Trees, in his
Nurseries, Orchards, and Gardens," by R,
Austen, 1676 (only one other copy known), £2
2S. ; II. Baillon's "Natural History of Plants,"
8 vols., 1871-88, £1 its. ; (;. Bentham's "Hand-
book of the British Flora," 2 vols., 1S65, £1
5s. ; G. Brookshaw's " Horticultural Reposi-
tory: Delineations of English Fruits," 2 vols.,
l823. £2 as. ; " The Art of Simpling, an Intro-
duction to the Knowledge and Gathering of
Plants," by W. Coles, 1656, ,£1 12s.; "Para-
dise Retriev'd : Method of Managing and Im-
proving Fruit Trees against Walls or in
Hedges," by Samuel Collins, 1717, very scarce,
£1 2s. ; Curtis' Botanical Magazine, from the
commencement in 1787 to fourth series, Vol. 1.,
together 109 vols., besides "Companion to the
Above," by W. J. Hooker, and general in-
dexes, i79.3-i9°5, £%S (Wesley); "Husbandry
Anatomised, or an Enquiry into the Present
Manner of Tilling and Manuring the Grounds in
Scotland," by Jas. Donaldson, Edinburgh, 1697,
£4 (Maggs) ; " A Short and Sure Guide in the
Practise of Raising and Ordering of Fruit Trees,
being the many years' Recreation and Experi-
ence of Francis Drope," Oxford, 1672, 16s. ;
"The New Botanic Garden," by S. Edwards,
2 vols., with 133 coloured plates, 1812, £1 5s. ;
Sydenham Edwards' " Botanical Register of Ex-
otic Plants cultivated in British Gardens," three
series complete, continued by Dr. Lindley, 34
vols., with about 3,000 coloured engravings,
'815-47. £35 (Wesley); "A ryghte profytable
boke of Husbandrye, compyled sometyme by
Mayster Fitz Herbarde," 1534, £3 10s. ; Samuel
Gilbert's " The Florist's Vade Mecum to which
is added the Gardener's Almanack," 1683, £1
is. ; Sir W. J. Hooker's " Exptic Flora," 232
coloured plates, 3 vols., 1823. £4 14s. (Quar-
itch) ; Sir W. J. Hooker's " Botanic Miscellany,"

3 vols., 150 coloured and other engravings, 1830-
33, £2 18s. ; " The American Physitian : or a
Treatise of the Roots, Plants Trees, Fruits, etc.,
growing in the English Plantations in America,"
1672, £y (Quaritch) ; "The Pomological Maga-
zine," by John Lindley, 3 vols., 1S2S-30, £3
(Arthur); "The Fossil Flora of Great Britain,"
by J. Lindley and W. Hutton, 1831-7, £1 6s. ;
Linnean Society of London's Journal and Pro-
ceedings, etc., 57 vols., £4 4s. (Edwards);
"Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum," by
J. C. Loudon, 8 vols., 1838, £3; E. J. Lowe's
" Natural History of British Grasses," 1858,
and " Beautiful Leaved Plants," 1S65, 60 col-
oured plates, £1 5s.; H. C. Andrews' "K
a Monograph of the Genus Rosa," 129 coloured
plates drawn from the living plants, 1805, £14
5s. (Quaritch) ; H. C. Andrews' " Monograph
of the Genus Geranium," 70 plates, 1805 ; an-
other volume on Geraniums, and "Can
Britannica, introduced by Chandler and I
ingham " 1825, £1 18s. ; R. Austen's "Treatise
on Frui Trees," 1657, and Thomas llvll's "The
Profitable Arte of Gardening," black letter,
1568, £1 10s. ; A. Bivort's "Album de 1'omo-
logie," 4 vols., numerous coloured plates, Brus-.
sels, 1847, £3 $s. (Arthur); G. Brookshaw's
"Pomona Britannica," 60 coloured plates, 1817.
£3 (Arthur) ; " An Olde Thrift Newly Revived :
wherein is declared the manner of Planting,
Preserving, and Husbanding young Trees of

divers kindes for Timber and Fuell, and of sow-
ing Acornes, Chestnuts, etc.," by R. Chambers,
1612, black letter. £5 (Quaritch); Piero Cres-
cendo's " De Agricultura Vulgare," Venice,
1511, £S (Arthur); "Traite des Arbres
Fruitiers," by Duhamel du Monceau, 1768,
£1 12s. ; W. Griffiths' "Indian Botanical Works,"
arranged by John Maclelland, being posthumous
papers bequeathed to the Hon. East Indian
Company, Calcutta, 1847-54, £5 2s. 6d. ;
" Herbolario volgare," with numerous curious
woodcuts, Venice, 1522, £7 5s. (Arthur) ;
Robert Hogg's "Herefordshire Pomona," with
numerous illustrations drawn and coloured
from nature by Miss Ellis and Miss Bull, 1S76-
s5. £7 5s- (Wesley); "The Fruitfull Orchard,
showing divers rare new secrets for the true
ordering of all sortes of fruite in their due sea-
sons," black letter, 1609, £3 Ss. ; A. B. Lam-
bert's " Description of the Genus Pinus," 1S32,
£3 -s. bd. ; Conrad Loddiges and Sons' ''Bo-
tanical Cabinet," consisting of coloured delinea-
tions of plants from all countries, with a short
account of each, 20 vols., 2,000 coloured plates
1 ngraved by G. Cooke, 1817-33, £26 (Edwards) ;
"A Booke of the Arte and Maner how to Plant
and Grafte all sortes of trees, how to set stones
and sowe Pepins, to make wyldc trees to Grafte
on, as also remedies and medicines," by Leon-
ard Mascal, 1575, an excessively rare volume,
and one of the earliest English treatises on the
subject, £6 15s. (Leighton) ; B. Maund's "The
Botanic Garden; Hardy Ornamental Flower-

FlG. Ijj. CYPRIPEDIUM A. THE BARON,

which obtained a First-class Certificate at the Royal Horticultural Society's Meeting, held on November 21.

406

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decemiif.r g, 1905.

ing Plants cultivated in Great Britain,'' " The
Fruitist," "The Auctarium," etc., 1S25, £-
(Maggs) ; " Histoire des Arbres l''orestiers de
l'Amtrique Septentrionale," by F. Andre-
Michaux, 3 vols., with fine coloured plates, 1813,
/'5 10s. (Quaritch) ; Joseph Paxton's " Maga-
2ine of Botany and Register of Flowering
Plants," 16 vols., 1834-49, £3 4s. ; Paxton's
" Flower Garden," by John Lindley and
Joseph Paxton, 3 vols., 1S50-53, £1 4s. ; P. J.
Eedoute's " Les Roses, avec le 'lexte par CI.
Anti Thory," 3 vols., with r6o coloured engrav-
ings of roses of their natural sizes, 1817-24,
.£■3° (Bain) ; H. Repton's " Observations on the
1 heory and Practice of Landscape Gardening,"
coloured plates, 1S03, £7 10s. (Quaritch) ; H.
and J. A. Repton's "Fragments on the Theory
and Practice of Landscape Gardening," col-
oured plates and movable slips, 1S16, £g 5s.
(Quaritch) ; Arthur Standish's " New Directions
of Experience for the Planting of Timber and
Firewood," 1613, £4 2s. 6d. ; H. C. Andrews'
" Coloured Engravings of Heaths, the drawings
taken from Living Plants only," 3 vols., large
coloured plates, with descriptions in Latin and
English, 1802-9, £-3 l2S- ; "Catalogue of Trees,
Shrubs, Plants and Flowers which are propa-
gated for sale in the Gardens near London,"
1730, and " Eden, or a Compleat Body of Gar-
dening," 1757, £4 17s. 6d. ; Samuel Curtis'
" Monograph of the Genus Camellia," 1819, £1
iSs. ; William Curtis' "Flora Londinensis : or
"figures and description of such plants as grow
\\ ild in the Environs of London," 3 vols.,
original edition with large plates coloured by
hand, 1777-98, £7 (Bain) ; " Flores a Petro Hol-
steyn ad vivum depicti," a series of 141 beau-
tifully finished water-colour drawings of flowers,
all drawn from nature (17th century), /8 12s. 6d.
(Maggs); "Twelve Months of Flowers," by
Robert Furber, P. Cassteels, and H. Fletcher,
large coloured plates, etc., 1730, rare, £8; "The
Grete Herball, which gevethe parfyt knowledge
and understandyng of all maner of herbes and
there gracyous Vertues, etc., translated out of
ye Frensshe into Englysshe," black letter, " im-
prentyd 111 Sbuthwarke by me, Peter Treveris,
in the yere 1526," £ib (Bain) ; "The Vegetable
System : or Internal Structure and Life of
Plants," by John Hill, 1770-73, ^5 (Wheldon) ;
J. D. Hooker's "Rhododendrons of Sikkim,
Himalaya," edited by Sir W. J. Hooker, 30
large coloured plates, 1849, £ 1 12s. ; William
Hooker's " Pomona Londinensis," 49 coloured
plates, 1S1S, £2 6s. ; A. B. Lambert's " De-
scription of the Genus Pinus," original edition,
47 coloured plates by F. Bauer, 1803, very rare
(only 25 copies of this edition were coloured
for sale), ^6 6s. (Wesley) ; John Parkinson's
" Theatrum Botanicum," 1640, £2 10s. ; a
series of 48 large and beautifully hand-painted
plates of roses, drawn, painted 'and published
by Miss Mary Lawrence, 1796, £11 5s. (Arthur) ;
William Turner's "New Herball," black letter,
'SS'i £2 6s. ; " Musaeum Tradescantianum, or
a Collection of Rarities preserved at South
Lambeth by John Tradescant," 1656, £3 16s. ;
" Nouvelle Iconographie des Camellias," 13
vols., coloured plates, 1840-60, ^5 5s. (Arthur) ;
Robert Sweet's " British Flower Garden, con-
taining figures an'd descriptions of Hardy Her-
baceous Plants," 700 coloured plates, 1823-38,
£- (Quaritcli) ; Robert Sweet's " Geraniaceae :
the Natural Order of Gerania, illustrated by
coloured figures and descriptions," complete with
supplement, 500 coloured plates, 1S20-30, £4
8s. (Quaritch); Robert Sweet's " Cistirieae : the
Natural Order of Cistus or Rock-Rose," 112
coloured plates, 1825-30, ^3 3s. ; Robert
Sweet's "Flora Australasica," 1827, "The
Florist's Guide," and other volumes, ^3 13s. :
James Sowerby's "English Botany," second
edition, arranged according to the Linnajan
Method, 12 vols., 2,580 coloured plates, 1S32-
46, £6 10s. ; J. E. Sowerbv's " The Grasses of
Great Britain," and C. P. Johnson's " The Use-
ful Plants of Great Britain," ^1 4s. ; Speed's
" Adam out of Eden : or an abstract of divers
excellent experiments touching the advance-
ment of Husbandry," 1659, £: '6s. ; " The
English Vinevard Vindicated," by John Rose,
gardener to His Majesty at his Royal Garden
111 St. James'," 1666, £4; "The Scots
Gard'ner, in two parts . . . published for
the Climate of Scotland," by John Reid, with
plates, Edinburgh, 1721, very 'scarce, £1 17s.
I h' Paul library realised altogether about

The Week's Work.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F. Jordan, Gardener to Dr. Corbet, linpney Hall
Gari-lens, Droitvvich.

Earliest Pot Vims. — The buds on the earliest
Vines which were started at the beginning of last
month should now be on the move, and if this is
the case, the atmospheric temperature may be
advanced to 550 at night if the weather is cold and
6o° if the weather is mild. A temperature of 60°
should not be exceeded by day or night until the
Vines approach the flowering stage. Add fresh
fermenting material to that already in use, as this
will afford more warmth , and therefore less fire heat
will be necessary ; see that the bottom heat does
not exceed 700. Ventilate the house a little every
day if the weather will permit of this being done,
always closing the house again early in the afternoon.
Maintain a good supply of moisture in the atmos-
phere when the weather is bright by syringing the
Vines at least twice daily until growth has com-
menced, when direct syringing should be discon-
tinued. In dull and unsettled weather the same
amount of moisture would be inj urious, and at such a
time do not throw water on the hot pipes, which
would cause steam and be injurious to the young
foliage. Tie the shoots of the Vines in position as soon
as growth has commenced, and carefully do what
disbudding may be necessary, leaving only the best
placed shoots, and those required for furnishing the
Vines. Pay careful attention to watering; it is
better to apply too little water than too much until
root action has commenced, after which the soil
must never be allowed to become dry. Any water
that is applied should be warmed to the same tem-
perature as that of the bed.

Early Vines in borders. — If ripe grapes are re-
quired from these Vines in May, no further time
should be lost before closing the house. Small
houses with shallow inside borders give the best
results, but these are not always available, and
where the borders are partly inside and partly out
the outside border should be protected from heavy
rains and severe frosts by a good layer of dry leaves
or bracken. This is preferable to using fermenting
stable manure at this season of the year. Young
Vines which have not been forced before should
have the points brought down to induce them to
break regularly. old Vines may be tied into
position except the points.- Supply the necessary
moisture as advised tor Pot Vines. Examine the
inside borders and, if necessary, afford them a
good watering with tepid water. No fire-heat will
be necessary during the first fortnight unless so ere
frosts occur.

Later Ernes.— Prune and clean later Vines as
opportunity occurs and push the work forward so
as to give the Vines as long a rest as possible.
Cleanse the Vines and top dress the borders as was
advised in the Calendar for November 4th. If red
spider and mealy bug are observed on old Vines,
all holes in the bark should be filled up with pure
Gishurst Compound. Wash the Vines repeatedly,
as well as all parts of the house. Even if this care
and attention be given and the loose soil is removed
from the borders, it will be found that bug is most
difficult to eradicate Persistent attention is neces-
sary, after the Vines have broken into growth,
so that with a small brush and methylated
spirits every bug that is seen may be destroyed,
Ho not put infested plants of any description into
the vinery.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bullock, Gardener to E. J. Wvthes, Esq.,
Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Forcing A zalea indica. — Plants intended for flower-
ing during a period commencing in the middle of
January should be stood in a closed but cool house
for a fortnight, previous to their being placed in
heat ; select for early forcing plants with promi-
nent flower-buds. When the' plants are removed
to their forcing quarters the pots should be
plunged to their rims in a hot bed of leaves. Fre-
quent sprayings with clear water overhead are
essential in order to keepdown red spider, thrip, &c.

Violi is.— During the present month the greatest
amount of care and attention will be necessary in
order to maintain in a healthy condition plants
grown in frames. Ventilation should be admitted
on all favourable occasions, but during the preval-
ence of damp, cold weather it must be admitted
with caution or withheld entirely. Decayed foliage
should not be allowed to remain on plants. Violets

require very little water at this season of the year,
but ll the soil about the plants is very dry, a little
clear water should be afforded them, using a rosed
can for its application. Water should be applied
on a favourable day and in such a manner that the
foliage is not welted during the process.

Mignonette. — Light and warmth are both essential
to the proper development of flower heads,
but the employment of too much he^t, even with
plants that are now developing their inilorescences,
will cause them to become drawn and weakly.
A temperature of 550 at night is suitable, and the
plants should be stood on shelves close to the
glass. Piants intended for successional flowering
must be kept perfectly cool and be placed as near
to the light as convenient. After the llower-buds
appear, the temperature should be gradually
raised.

Herbaceous Calceolarias. — A low temperature is of
advantage to these plants, but they must be
protected from actual frost. Remove all decayed
tohage and apply water sparingly. Fumigate if
aphis is present.

Hitmen eleg.ms. — These plants should be allowed
a temperature of 55" at night in order to maintain
active growth.

Fuchsias. — Cuttings of these plants that were
inserted during September will now be ready for
shifting into larger pots, using a light sandy com-
post as a potting medium. Maintain all the buds
on Fuchsias intended for specimen plants, (ientlu
warmth and the maximum amount of light are
necessary in order to keep the plants strong and
sturdy.

Potting materials. — Unless soil intended for pot-
ting purposes has already been placed together in
well-made stacks, preparations should be made for
protecting it from rains and from frost. Boards,
corrugated iron sheeting, old mats, or similar
material can be used for this purpose. Oppor-
tunity should be taken of wet days tor the cleans-
ing and stacking of flower pots. They should be
placed in their respective sizes, ready tor the time
when they are needed.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H. Young, Orchid Grower to Sir F. Wigan, Bt.,
Clare Lawn, East Sheen, S.W.

Cypripediums requiring eooi treatment. — Few Orchids
give such excellent returns for the small initial
outlay they entail, and are as little troublesome in
cultivating as Cypripedium insigne. These plants
have become very popular, especially since the
importation of the many fine and distinct varieties.
The flowers are not only pleasing in appearance,
but can survive, in a fresh state, the various
climatic influences of our winter, and that without
exhausting the energies of the plants. Whilst in
bloom the plants should be accommodated in a
structure in which a temperature ranging between
530 to 6o° is maintained, and one in which ventila-
tion can be admitted whenever conditions will
allow of the practice. The atmosphere of the
house should be maintained in a moist condition
by damping the floors and the staging of the
structure. The plants will not require copious
applications of water, but dryness at the base
must be carefully guarded against. When the
flower spikes have been removed the plants may
be maintained in a somewhat drier condition, in
order that a short rest may be allowed them before
the potting season arrives ; but absolute dryness
at the roots must not be permitted, or the old
foliage will turn to a yellow colour. In addition to
the above-named species other cool growing kinds
needing similar treatment, such as C. villosum, C.
Boxalli, C. X nitens, C. X Arthurianum, C. x
Niobe, C. X Lathomianum, C. x Godseffianum,
and many another hybrid will furnish a supply
of bloom for a considerable period. The beau-
tiful varieties of which C. x Leeanum is the
type, also the species C. Spicerianum, need some-
what more heat than those mentioned above, but,
with this exception, the above cultural remarks
aDply equally to these and to most other winter
flowering Cypripediums.

Lycastes. — The most important of these is L.
Skinneri, one of robust habit, and which produces
large, handsome blooms that remain in good con-
dition for a considerable period. Providing a
dozen or more of these plants are grown, a supply
of the flowers is generally available during the
winter months'. At this season of the year these
plants should be subjected to moderately dry and
cool treatment, and be given sufficient water only

December 9, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

407

to prevent shrivelling in the pseudo-bulbs. The
foliage usually presents a fresh appearance after the
flowering period has passed, but should it fall away
earlier no fear need be entertained, as in nature
they are more or less deciduous. The true deci-
duous kinds, suchasL.aromatica, L.cochleata, &-c,
should, as soon as their pseudo-bulbs have attained
to their full dimensions, be given a very decided
rest by withholding water for a lengthened period.
As in the case ot the tir-t-named species, a moderate-
ly dry and cool position should be afforded them,
a treatment applicable also to other common
species and to the hybrid L. x Balliae. Slugs
and other pests make their unwelcome pre-
sence known wherever flowering spikes or
new roots are developing. In cool houses con-
taining Odontoglossums ol various kinds on which
the inflorescences are in a forward condition, extra
vigilance will be needed in order to combat these
depredators. The old plan of placing cotton wool
around the developing flowering spike is scarcely
one to be recommended as thoroughly efficacious,
though when this material is loosely placed around
the peduncle it often checks the progress of small
slugs and snails. Active search should be conducted
after darkness has set in, especially on nights
following on wet days. Wood-lice may be trapped
on pieces of Potato or Turnip in which a cavity
has been made, and placed about the house or on
the plants. Cockroaches and crickets can be kept
iii check by placing about the houses at night
" Phosphor Paste," spread on pieces of crocks.
The poison should be collected in the morning,
and placed out of the reach of animals, &c.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By W. Fvie, Gardener to Lady Wantage, Lockinge Park,
Wantage, Berks.

Tomatos. — From a plant of the variety Holme's
Supreme I have just cut 61b. of good fruit
from 3 feet run of stem. These plants have
been fruiting for the past three months, and to
all appearance they will continue to yield for
some time longer. Cold draughts, excess of
moisture in the atmosphere, or at the roots, are
at all times unfavourable to Tomato culture,
and, in consequence, the greatest care is neces-
sary at this season to prevent these conditions.
In an atmospheric temperature of 550 to 6ou the
plants will continue to develop flowers and
fruit. In order to secure the proper fertilisation
of the flowers it is necessary to keep the atmo-
sphere rather dry. Seeds that were sown early
in November should be kept near to the glass
111 an atmospheric temperature of 6o°. Seeds
Of Holme's Supreme and Carter's Sunrise may
be sown at the present time.

Carrels in Frames. — At this season brick pits,
in which leaves can be placed to the depth of
4 or 5 feet and made firm, for producing a
gentle, lasting warmth, will answer for the cul-
tivation of i. arrots, provided that provision be
made to exclude frost by the use of some light,
warm covering. Over the leaves place about 10
or 12 inches deep of light, well-screened soil,
and let the surface of the soil be about S inches
from the glass. The soil should be in a suffi-
ciently moist condition for the seeds to ger-
minate in it, and the seeds may be sown Broa 1-
cast or in drills, and covered very lightly with
fine soil.

Turnips. — I. ate sown Turnips are now in fine
condition, and should be allowed to remain to be
pulled as required. When the roots have grown
to the desired size, those remaining in the
ground may be stored, if desired, in a cool, dry
shed, but if soil be drawn over them and light
leaves are allowed to remain amongst them,
thev will withstand very severe weather even
in the open ground.

Seasonable Work. — Some gardeners are inclined
to neglect the kitchen garden at this season, and
almost until it is time to sow seeds in the spring.
But the advantage to be gained by doing tie
work at the proper season is very great. The
best time for digging is directly after the crops
have been cleared from the ground ; and when
the work is well done, the surface is even, al-
though cloddy, and the clods will fall asunder
in the spring like air-slacked lime. Nothing bet-
ter than this can be desired for the crops. If a
garden is neglected in winter the soil is never
in so favourable a condition for seed sowing
in spring, and in summer the crops appear as
if some detail in the management had been
omitted. High-class crops, with but few ex-

ceptions, are the productions of deep, well-
tilled soil ; and no matter how rich or how poor
the soil may be, it can always be improved by
tillage, which liberates moisture, admits air,
and thus renders the soil a warmer medium for
the roots.

Parsnips may be left undisturbed if the
ground is not wanted for other crops, and the
roots will remain in the best condition possible.
Parsnips succeed best in soil that has been
deeply worked in the previous season and
manure put at the bottom of the trenches, so that
the roots are induced to strike straight down,
and not produce fingered and fanged roots, as is
so olten the case when rank manure is present
near to the surface.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. H. Clarke, Gardener to Sir William Plowden,
Aston Rowant House, Oxon.

Cordon Trained Trees. — Where it is necessary for
the gardener to produce fruit of extra quality and
size for exhibition or other purpose, there is no
better method than by Cordon trees cultivated
either against walls or on trellises extending across
the garden and running parallel with the paths.

Cordon Pears should either be worked upon the
Quince stock or be double grafted on it, and the
trees planted from iS inches to 2 feet apart. By this
means a wall can be covered quickly. The trees
should be trained obliquely, at an angle of about
45°, for then the sap will rise more gradually.
The trees should now be taken from the wall, and
if there are any signs of scale insects, scrub the
branches with Gishurst Compound or other reli-
able remedies. When pruning some varieties the
leading stem will require to be shortened so as to
cause the side shoots to break into growth, but
some other varieties will form these growths
naturally. The side growths formed during the
summer, and which were pinched, will now need
to be pruned back to two or three eyes, and
the spurs if placed too thickly should be thinned
out. Use tarred twine for re-tying the trees
to the wall, and shreds only for securing the
young grosvths, The best varieties for Cordons
are Williams' Bon Chretien, Beurrt d'Amanlis,
Durondeau, Beurre' Superfin, Gratioli, Princess,
Marie Benoist, Emile d'Heyst, Comte de Lamy,
Doyenne du Cornice, President Barabe and Winter
Nelis.

Cordon Apples should be worked on the Paradise
stock, and even on this stock, when grown on rich
-nil, the trees will require occasional root pruning.
treatment required at the present time is
similar to that recommended for Pear trees,
excepting in the case of strong growing varieties,
when four " eyes "should be left instead of two and
three. There will then be less risk of all the eyes
breaking into growth , two generally doing this while
the remaining two near the base will develop fruit-
buds. If mussel-scale is present the insecticide
will require well scrubbing into the different parts
with a stiff brush, and it is often necessary to make
two applications. A great many varieties are
adapted for growing as Cordons, and the following
list may be extended at the grower's desire : — ■
Dessert varieties: Irish Peach, Devonshire Quar-
enden, Worcester Pearmain, Cox's Orange Pippin,
King of the Pippins, Adam's Pearmain, IV ins
Pippin, and Sturmer Pippin. Culinary ,.
Keswick Codlin, Duchess of Oldenburg, Pott's
Seedling, Ecklinville Seedling, Stirling Castle,
Prince Albert, Bismarck, Warner's King, and
Newton Wonder.

Plum aitd Cherry Trees may also be successfully
cultivated as Cordons, but summer pinching of
the shoots must be rigorously followed up. Where
this was done the side growths may now be
shortened to about 3 inches, entirely removing
some of them if they are too numerous. Frequent
root-pruning is necessary. The Cherry should
be worked on the Mahaleb stock if intended for
Cordons.

Labelling of Trees. — Much interest is lost
when trees lose their names, therefore at this
season a general survey should be made of the
trees to see these are intact. The most permanent
label is the "Acme," the names being embossed
on zinc. Wooden labels can be easily made from
strong, stout lath wood, the end which has to
go into the ground being dipped in hot tar. Two
coats of white paint are applied to the planed
surface, and the name printed thereon with a
small brush, using Brunswick black. For future
reference a plan should be kept of all fruit trees,

whether growing against walls or in plantations,
and the names of the varieties indicated on the
plait.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By \V. A. Miller, Gardener to Lord Heni i Bentinck,
M.P., Onderley Hall, Wesfmorelati I

Christmas Roses. — Helleborus niger and its
varieties Madame Fourcade. maxima, and invernis
thrive best in rich, deep loam mixed with leaf-
mould, on a sheltered and shady border. A
temporary frame should be placed over the plants
as soon as the infloresences appear in order to
keep the flowers clean. Single clumps can be
given protection by handhghts stood on brii

Border Clematis. — C. Davidiana and other va
of Clematis planted in borders, can be protei ted
from the ravages of slugs, etc., by strewing coa'-
ashes about the surfaces of the crowns.

Garden Walks. — The present is a suitable time to
undertake the construction of new walks. Mark
out the site of the intended path, remove the
turf and sufficient of the underlying soil, and,
should it be necessary, afford requisite drainage.
After the levels have been properly adjusted,
place the roughest of the stones, 1V1 , in the
bottom of the trench, the quantity of bottom
"ballast" being governed by the amount of
traffic the walk is intended to accommodate. Next
place the finer material on the top, and cover
this with a quantity of soil obtained from the surface
of an old walk or "samel," for the purpose of bind-
ing the whole. Keep the edges of the walk 2 inches
below the level of the grass verge, and have the
centre raised so that the surface is slightly convex
in form. Ensure perfect evenness and firmness by
rolling, and finish with a coating of finely-screened
gravel. Roll the walks and drives after frosts, as
they become loose and soft when thawed.

Pergolas. — These garden ornaments are made of
various materials, including iron, stone, brick and
wood. After the structure has been constructed,
a suitably-formed border about two feet deep and
three feet wide will be required for the accommo-
dation ol the various creepers with which the Per-
gola is to be furnished. Covered-ways are, with
the exception of walls, the most suitable objei 1 for
displaying climbers to advantage. 1 .1 ig
dahs, arbours, &c, are also used for the training
of fragile climbers. Creepers .in , lablished
bowers should now be pruned and the growths
made secure.

The Wild Garden. — The following tall growing
varieties of Phlox decussata are of strong and
robust habit, and valuable for their beautiful effe t
in autumn. They revel in a moist loamy or
table soil. They should receive liberal treatment
in the matter of manure when planting and a
sprinkling of artificial manure during their
growing season: — (White), Josephine Gerbaux,
Madame Cornudet, Svlphide, Snow Hake ; (Pink),
Beranger, Liberie, John Forbes, coccinea, Embra
ment, Jean Bart; (Crimson). Aurore, Coquelicot,
Etna. Moliere, Mrs. Aberdem, Pantheon, Pecheui
d'Islande ; (Purple), Ins, Le Mohri ; (Lilac),
Eug. Danzanvilliers, Javanaise, Paul Bert.

Ornamental Fruiting Plants. — The following is a
list of berried plants that will succeed in most
localities: — Aucuba japonica, Berberis Darwini;

B. Thunbergii.Cotoncasterfrigida; C. microphylla,

C. Simonsi, Crataegus pyracantha Lelandi, Euony-
museuropeus, Gaultheria procumben . G.Shallon,
Hippophoe rhamnoides, Leycesteria formosa,
Hypericum androsjemum, Pernettya mucronata,
Pyrus in variety, Rosa rugosa, Skimmia japonica,
and Symphoricarpus racemosus. The following
herbaceous plants have also showy coloured fruits :
Aralia californica. Ins fcetidissima, Ph;
alkekengi, P. Francheti, and Phytolacca decandra.

" Punch - Almanack. — This publication will
be found quite equal to, if it does not surpass in ex-
cellence, its predecessors. In its own words, far
from being " too old at forty," the sixty-four-year-
old is as amusing and capable as ever. In addition
to numerous black and white illustrations, special
attention must be drawn to a double-page colour-
plate by Mr. Bernard Partridge, which shows a
new idea cleverly wrought out and pleasantly
presented. Mr. Punch is so independent of the
course of time that he has not troubled to give a
daily calendar 1

408

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 9, 1905.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUB-
LISHER, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden,
W.C.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens and finals
for naming, should be addressed to the EDITOR,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London.
Communications should be written on one side onlv of
the paper, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature wilt not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Special Notice to Correspondents.— The Editor docs not
undertake to pay for any contributions or illustrations, or
to return unused communications or illustrations, unless by
special arrangement. The Editor does not hold himself
responsible for any opinions expressed by his correspondents.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

Nat. Sweet Pea Society's Annual
TUESDAY, Dec. 12 ] Meeting at Hotel Windsor, at
3.30 p.m.
Nat. Chrysanthemum Society's
Exh. of Market Crysanthemums
in the Floral Market, Covent
Garden.
Dec. 15 Roy. Botanic Society Meet.

WEDNESDAY, Dec. 13

FRIDAY,

TUESDAY,

Dec. 19 R.H.S. Committees Meet.

Actual Temperatures: —

London.— Wednesday, Dec. 6 (6 P.M.): Max. 50'; Min.
40°.
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, London.— Thursday, Dec. 7 (10
a.m.): Bar., 30'; Temp., 55°.
Provinces.— Wednesday, Dec. 6 (6 p.m.): Max. 54"
S.-W. Coast of Ireland; Min. 42" East Coast
of Scotland.

SALES.

MONDAY NEXT—

Sale of Plants, Bulbs, Lilies, &c, at Stevens' Rooms,
King Street, Covent Garden.

WEDNESDAY NEXT—

Sale of Palms, Plants, Lilies, &c, at Stevens' Rooms,
King Street, Covent Garden.

WEDNESDAY NEXT—

Dutch Bulbs in variety, at 11. Roses in assortment, at
3 and 5. Azaleas, Camellias, &c.,at 5. By Protheroe &
Morris.

THURSDAY NEXT—

1,740 cases Japanese Liliums, Spiraeas, Gladiolus, &c,
at 67 & 68, Cheapside, B.C., by Protheroe & Morris, at 3.

FRIDAY NEXT— , , ,

Imported and Established Orchids ; 200 choice hybrid
Cattleyas and Lailio-Cattleyas, &c, at 67 & 68, Cheap-
side, E.C., by Protheroe & Morris, at 12.30.

NOTES OF THE WEEK.

The Earl of Ilchester. — We greatly regret
to have to announce the death, in his 59th
year, of this nobleman at Holland House,
Kensington, on the 6th inst. Lord Ilchester
was well known in the horticultural world as an
enthusiastic gardener, his establishments at
Holland House being unique, and his collec-
tions of plants at Abbotsbury, Dorset, being
very rich. Lord Ilchester was a member of the
Council of the Royal Horticultural Society, and
the generous manner in which he lent his park
for the summer show is remembered with grati-
tude. The picturesque house and grounds of
Holland House have often been figured in our
columns.

A New Director of Kew. — Sm William
Turner Thiselton-Dyer, whose resignation
of the post of Director of the Royal Bo-
tanic Gardens at Kew is announced, has held
that appointment since 1885, and for ten years —
1875-1885 — before his promotion he was Assist-
ant Director. His successor, Lieutenant-Colonel
David Prain, had a distinguished University
career at Aberdeen and Edinburgh before he en-
tered the Indian Medical Service in 1884. Three
years after his arrival in India he was nomi-
nated Curator of Calcutta Herbarium ; in 1895
he became Professor of Botany at the Medical
College, Calcutta, and superintendent of the
Royal Botanic Garden there, and in 1898 he was
appointed Director of the Botanical Survey of
India. He is 48 years of age. Times.

THE LATE EARL OF ILCHESTER.

The Flowers of the Hemp.— The explana-
tion of the construction of the female Flowers of
the Hemp has occasioned much controversy but
little definite knowledge. Lt.-Col. Prain, of the
Indian Medical Service, has attacked the subject
from the teratological side, and has published the
results of his enquiries in No. 12 of the Scientific
Memoirs, published by the Medical and Sanitary
Departments of India. Col. Prain deals first
with the normal structure of the male and female
flowers, and then proceeds to the study of various
abnormalities in the flowers of Cannabis. From a
careful survey of all the evidence available the
author concludes that the pistil is composed of two
carpels, both of a foliar nature and capable of
developing into leaves. Of these two the posterior
is fertile. The ovule is considered to be axial, not
however terminal, but axillary to the posterior
carpel when it becomes fused and uplifted. The
paper is illustrated by five plates full of detail
bearing out the author's conclusions.

SIR WILLIAM TURNER THISELTON-DYER, K.C.M.G., &C,

whose retirement from the Directorship of the

Royal Gardens, Kew. isannounced

The Smithfield Club Show.— Once again
the Smithfield Club has held an exhibition of
fat cattle in the Royal Agricultural Hall, Isling-
ton, and by this event we are reminded each
year that the Christmas season is almost upon
us. His Majesty the King, as usual, was an
exhibitor, and won many important prizes. The
best beast in the Show came from Scotland, as
has happened on many former occasions, being
in this case the property of Colonel A.
McInroy, C.B., The Burn, Edgell, Kincardine-
shire. The animal was a splendid specimen of
the Aberdeen Black Angus breed, and weighed
16 cwt. 1 qr. 1 lb., although only as old as two
years, ten months, three weeks and five days.
But we shall not reproduce here any further
details of the beasts that were on view in the
Hall, for, important as they are at the present
season, they are not exactly a subject such as is
looked for in these pages. The gardener who
visits this Show soon betakes himself upstairs,
and is astounded at the immense size of the
agricultural roots that are there shown.
Messrs. Sutton and Sons, Reading, had a most
imposing stand, upon which prominence was
given to displays of immense roots of Mammoth
Long Red, Sutton's Prizewinner, Golden
Tankard, Golden Globe, and Intermediate Man-
gels ; Crimson King, Magnum Bonum and First
Prize Swedes ; Favourite, Perfection, Green-top
and Centenary Turnips ; a collection of clear-
skinned tubers of 48 varieties of Potatos,
including the new one known as Gladiator, to be
distributed next season as a First Early variety ;
and seeds of grain and leguminous crops. Men-
tion may be made of a Mangel described as
Suttons' Sugar Mangel — a long, whitish-looking
root, said to be of unusually high feeding
quality, which is largely used by the dairy far-
mers in Denmark. Messrs. J. Carter and Co.,
High Holborn, London, had also a very remark-
able display of roots, among which the follow-
ing varieties were given especial prominence:
Goldfinder, Mammoth Long Red, Windsor,
Golden Tankard, Carter's 1905 and Red Emperor
Mangels, the last-named variety being a new
one for distribution in 1906 ; Invicta, Kangaroo
and Elephant Swedes, etc. They had also an at-
tractive collection of Potatos, Carrots, Onions,
Parsnips, etc., and agricultural seeds. Messrs.
Ed. Webb and Son, Wordsley, Stourbridge,
never fail to make one of the most remarkable
exhibits of roots and seeds at this Show. The
hrm's specialities in the root crops include :
Imperial, Empire, Buffalo and Arctic Swedes ;
New Smithfield, Yellow Globe and New Lion
Intermediate Mangels ; and Invincible, Renown
and Selected Green Globe Turnips. The Kinver
Chevalier Barley occupies an important position
among the cereal crops, which were represented
by the best varieties of each kind, and a selection
of Potatos, Carrots, Peas and Beans was in-
cluded in the display. The stand was orna-
mented by the 100-guinea Challenge Cup which
Messrs. Webb presented at the Birmingham
Show for the best animal in the classes for
cattle, and which was won by the King's Here-
ford steer a week or so ago. Messrs. Gartons,
Warrington, a firm renowned for its new breeds
of cereals, etc., had excellent samples of their
new variety of Chevalier Barley, named Ideal ;
Abundance Oat, Rival, a very fine black-seeded
Oat; New Era Wheat, &c. Also, among the
roots, specimens of their Turnip-Swede named
Pioneer, in which the parentage is equal to two
parts Turnip and one part Swede, although in
appearance the roots mostly resemble Swedes.
Other exhibitors of roots and seeds included: —
Mr. J. H. King, Coggeshall and Reading;
Messrs. Harrison and Sons, Leicester, who, in
addition, had a good display of garden root
crops ; Messrs. Dickson, Ltd., Chester, who also

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

409

exhibited Apples ; Messrs. E. W. King and Co.,
Coggeshall ; Messrs. R. Smith and Co.,
Worcester, whose display also included Apples ;
Messrs. Toogood and Sons, Southampton ; and
Mr. A. Blatchford, Coventry. Two firms that
specially exhibited hardy fruits were Messrs.
W. Horne and Sons, Cliffe Nurseries, Roches-
ter, and Messrs. W. and J. Brown, Stamford and
Peterborough, both of whom had good fruits
of selected varieties of Apples, and samples of
various kinds of fruit trees as lifted from the
ground. Exhibitors of Potato tubers exclusively
appeared to be more numerous than ever, and
the annual meeting of the National Potato So-
ciety was held in the Hall on Thursday as these
pages were passing through the press. Messrs.
Fidler and Sons, Reading, had, as usual, the
largest collection of tubers, and other exhibitors
included: Messrs. W. Dennis and Sons,
Covent Garden Market, and Kirton, Lincoln-
shire ; Mr. A. Findlay, Markinch, N.B. ; Mr.
W. J. Malden, Mr. D. Wilson, East Linton, E.
Lothian ; Mr. R. W. Green, Wisbech ; Messrs.
Isaac Poad and Sons, York ; Mr. S. M. Thom-
son, Edinburgh ; and Mr. T. A. Scarlett, 22,
Market Street, Edinburgh. The display of agri-
cultural and horticultural implements appeared
to be greater than ever ; indeed, they were so
numerous that we cannot refer to them in detail,
but, as we have remarked on former occasions,
anyone who is interested in the tilling of land
and reaping of crops cannot do better than visit
the yearly Shows of the Smithfield Club.

Our Supplement. — The Illustration which
we give with the present issue affords an excel-
lent example of an English landscape. The
Japanese Irises in the foreground form a fine
frame for the beautiful river scene in the middle
of the picture, whilst the flatness is relieved by
the noble Elm in the middle distance, and the
low hills in the background convey a sense of
distance and space, the whole forming a scene
admirable in detail and effective as a whole.
The view was taken near Guildford by Mr.
Mason Good.

Para Rubber. — Mr. Herbert Wright has in
the press a treatise on the botany, cultivation,
chemical history, and diseases of Hevea brazili-
ensis, the tree which furnishes Para Rubber. Judg-
ing from the prospectus before us the book will be
very complete, and in view of the great commercial
importance of the subject, it will appeal to a large
section of cultivators in the tropics. The work
will be issued by Messrs. A. H. & J. Ferguson, of
Colombo, and through their European agents.

The Mango. — It is well known that in most
parts of India the best kinds are not reproduced
from seed, but need to be perpetuated by grafting,
In Burma, however, as we are informed by Sir
Dietrich Brandis, the best-flavoured varieties
may be, and are, perpetuated by seed. This is
not only a fact of great practical value, but is
one of much interest to those who are studying
the problems of heredity.

Amateur Gardening. — The Christmas number
of Amateur Gardening contains, as usual, plenty of
light, seasonable reading. For sixpence the pur-
chaser obtains, also, a profusion of pictures, many
of them from photographs, and a gay-coloured
plate of Roses. The number is temptingly sent
out in a coloured cover, and is sure to find many
appreciative readers.

Appointments from Kew. — The following
appointments in the Colonies and India have been
made during 1905 from members of the staff of
the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, on the recom-
mendation of the Director : —

Colonial Office. — William Robson, curator,
Botanic Station, Montserrat ; Thomas Jackson,
curator, Botanic Station, Antigua ; James Ander-
son, assistant curator, Botanic Station. Aburi.

Gold Coast. E. W. Davy, assistant forester,
British Central Africa.

India Office. — A. E. Brown, probationer gar-
dener, Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta ; E.
Little, probationer gardener, Royal Botanic
Gardens, Calcutta ; W. R. Mustoe, probationer
gardener for service in Northern India.

The Life History of British Flowering
Plants. — Lord Avebury has published through
Messrs. Macmillax a work on this fascinating
subject. For the present we can only acknowledge
the receipt of the book, and defer a notice of its
contents for a future occasion.

Botanical Magazine. — The December num-
ber, just issued, completes the first volume of the
fourth series and is appropriately dedicated to
Lady Thiselton-Dyer, whose grandfather, Sir
William, and father, Sir Joseph Hooker, suc-
cessively edited the Botanical Magazine for three-
quarters of a century, and who has herself con-
tributed many illustrations to the time-honoured
magazine now edited by her husband. Among the
plants figured in the present number are the
following : —

Lissochilus Mahoni, Rolfe, tab., 8047. A very
handsome novelty collected by Mr. Mahon, at
Entebbe, Uganda, and sent by him to Kew, where
it flowered in the Victoria House in the spring of
the present year. It is a terrestrial Orchid with a
flower-scape attaining S feet in height and bearing
numerous large, rose-coloured flowers, the lip is
greenish with purple stripes and marked on the
upper surface with three prominent yellowish
ridges.

Saxifraga apiculata, Engler, tab. 8048, Gar-
deners' Chronicle, 1894, I. 556, fig. 68, a yellow-
flowered species, supposed to be of hybrid origin.

Felicia echinata, Nees, tab. 8049 ; a small
shrub with short, sessile, recurved, oblong acute
hairy leaves and terminal flower-heads, like those
of an Aster. It is a native of South Africa, culti-
vated at Kew.

Sciadopitys verticillata, Siebold and Zuc-
carini, tab. 8050, the now well-known Umbrella-
Pine. The figure was taken from the plant at
Kew, " the second largest recorded specimen in the
country." Where the taller specimen is is not
stated.

Primula Veitchii, Duthie, tab. 8051, Gardeners'
Chronicle, 1905, I. p. 344, Supplement,

Royal Gardeners' Orphan Fund. — We
are pleased to record the fact that the Commit-
tee of the Bradford Chrysanthemum Society has
been again enabled to contribute the sum of £6
to this excellent but insufficiently supported
charity, by means of a flower stall at their late
exhibition. This effurt, made on behalf of the
Fund, shows how much the charity could be bene-
fited by similar means in other places. We
understand that all the flowers sold were con-
tributed by friends — an arrangement which also
shows how many could help the fund without
contributing money at all.

Flowers in Season. — Messrs. Clibrans, of
Altrincham, Cheshire, send us cut specimens of
several well-known flowering plants which bloom
at this season. They are as follow : Eupatorium
petiolare, Luculia gratissima, Clerodendron
splendens speciosissima, Manettia bicolor,
Plumbago rosea coccinea superba ! (an improved
form of P. rosea), Daphne indica rubra, Jas-
minum hirsutum, Salvia Bethelii, and Cyclamen
Papilio.

Edinburgh Seed Trade Assistants. —
Mr. Young, the Secretary, informs us that the
eleventh annual dinner of the Edinburgh Seed
Trade Assistants was held in Ferguson and For-
rester's Restaurant, Princes Street, on Decem-
ber 1. About 100 assistants sat down under
the presidency of the Chairman of Committee,
Mr. A. Scott Denholm, of Messrs. Drummomi
Bros., and the Croupiers were Messrs. P. M.

Greig, W. Tait, John H. J. Young, D. Syme
Webster and J. C. Maclure. The toast of the
evening, namely, " The Seed Trade Assistants,"
was proposed by Mr. H. R. Elliott in a par-
ticularly humorous speech. Mr. J. C. Maclure,
in response, said that the dinner was a very happy
event before the busy season, which would soon be
upon them again. Mr. T. Watson Dods proposed
" The Nursery and Seed Trade," and Mr. Harry
Erskine, in responding, said that the trade had
fallen on bad times, owing to much stock being
sold by auction at a mere fraction of its actual
value. Mr. Tom Alison proposed " Kindred
Societies," and Mr. Jas. H. Parker, represent-
ing Glasgow assistants, responded.

Victoria Park, Stafford. — A correspon-
dent writes as follows: "Visitors from all parts
of Staffordshire and district who know the
ancient Isaak Walton Walk by the river Stow,
by the Stafford railway station, will be interested
tn its extensions into the New Victoria Park.
The design consists of a wide serpentine
promenade by the river, which leads to and
surrounds the bandstand, and terminates with
a charming waterfall. Large beds of Rhodo-
dendrons are by the entrance, and a background
to the wide borders is afforded by what will be
in a few years' time an imposing avenue of
Limes, Elms, Planes, Birch, and otrier forest
trees. Messrs. Tom B. Dobbs and Co., Land-
scape Gardeners, Wolverhampton, on behalf of
the Corporation, are this autumn, planting about
one thousand trees and shrubs in variety, se-
lected for flowering throughout the summer."

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the
opinions expressed by his correspondents.)

Phal/enopsis Schilleriana. — 1 have to daj
measured a leaf on one of our plants, and find it is
17 J inches long and 44 inches broad. Is this leaf
above the usual size for this plant in cultivation?
— J. Easter, Nostell Priory Gardens, Wakefield.

Rain Water in Yorkshire. — In reply to
the note on p. 396, it may be mentioned that
all rain water contains some amount of sulphuric
acid, although in some cases it is only a trace,
but in the vicinity of large manufacturing towns
and of collieries the rain water is especially
charged with this acid, as is shown by the fol-
lowing table. Amount of sulphuric acid in rain
water collected in different districts, in parts per
million :

England, country places, inland ... 5.52

England, towns 34-27

Scotland, country places, sea coast 5.64
Scotland, country places, inland ... 2.06

Scotland, towns 16.50

Scotland, Glasgow 7°-i9

The foregoing figures speak for themselves.
Calculated to the acre, they mean that in Eng-
lish towns about 140 lbs. of sulphuric acid are
contributed each year to land from the rainfall,
and in Glasgow 292 lbs. are so contributed to each
acre of land per year. These facts support the
view that the sulphuric acid is to a great extent
an oxydised product of the decomposition of or-
ganic matter. In determinations of sulphuric
acid in the rain water which falls at Rothamsted,
Hertfordshire, it has been found that the amount
varies very little in different parts of the year ;
in fact, the similarity of the amounts of sul-
phuric acid in the summer and winter rains is
very striking, especially in view of the great
variations which are found in the chlorine re-
sults. About 17^- lbs. of sulphuric acid per acre
is recorded in the Rothamsted rainfall each year.
Sulphuric acid used in excess, even when sup-
plied in low-grade superphosphates, or in very
caustic coal-ashes, or in flue-dust, always in-
jures plant life, consequently there is but little
doubt that the evil effects of the West Riding
rain water for horticultural purposes is due to
the large quantities of sulphuric acid derived
from the collieries and similar works. As a
preventive to the injurious effects it would be
advisable to collect the rain water in tanks into

410

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 9, 1905.

which a good supply of quicklime has been
placed, giving an occasional stirring with a
stick, and then allowing the lime to settle before
using the water. The water should be allowed
to stand until the acid has become neutralised,
which can be ascertained by the slight alkaline
taste which the water will acquire. The lime
must be renewed from time to time as circum-
stances may require. W.

Variation in Pears. — With reference to yo>. r
remarks on p. 306, I may mention that we had
a very similar case here this autumn with an
Apple. A twenty-year-old Espalier tree of
Warner's King had one fruit upon it quite dis-
tinct from the others, being, in shape, similar
to a fine specimen of that old variety Catshead.
In every respect but shape it was perfect, hence
the variation was not caused by insects or any
outside agency. Two or three other gardeners
saw it and were of my opinion as to its simi-
larity to the variety named. Perhaps Catshead
was one of the parents of Warner's King, hence
the reversion. The branch that produced the
fruit in question has been marked with a bit of
lead wire to see if this reversion will be re-
peated. //. /. <:., Grimston Gardens, Tadcastcr.

Peas in November. — Having observed in the
last issue of the Gardeners' Chronicle that Peas
were gathered in Guernsey on November 16, I
may say that in the West Riding of Yorkshire,
out of the Campsall Hall Gardens, we had
several dishes of Ne Plus Ultra Pea in November,
the last having been gathered on November 16.
Campsall Hall, Doneaster.

A Spray of Flowers. — Mr. Molyneux's
remarks on the question " What is a Spray of
Flowers?" (see p. 394) come very opportunely at
this time. I know that the question has been
raised 111 more than one Show in the North this
autumn, and a Society with which I have to do,
when revising that part of their schedule dealing
with " Early Flowering " Chrysanthemums,
proposes to make one class read thus: "12
bunches Chrysanthemums, not less than six
varieties (not disbudded). A bunch to consist
of three unbranched stems not more than 20
inches long." I shall be very glad if, through
the medium of your columns, we may have the
views of competitors and judges on the proper
wording regarding sprays. Undoubtedly the
subject has come to be one which, for competi-
tors and judges alike, requires thrashing out.
F. M. T.

A Winter Exhibition of Carnations.—
I quite endorse what Mr. E. H. Jenkins
stated on this subject (see p. 3S0). But there
should be some special arrangement made for
exhibits of Carnations. I have seen many of
the growers, and find most of them would be
willing to give some financial support for a
series of shows. If those specially interested in
the culture of Carnations would come together
and formulate a scheme to assist the Horticul-
tural Society, and arrange that at some of the
meetings special awards should be made for
Carnations, we should be getting nearer to the
end desired. At the meeting on November 21 there
were some good exhibits of the American varie-
ties, and those staged by Mr. A. F. Dutton and
Mr. Mortimer were fine examples. The awards
made for them, however, were, by many, con-
sidered inadequate. This might be arranged for
in future by offering definite awards, with, of
course, the power of withholding them should
the exhibits prove unworthy. Another point of
interest would be to try and get as many varieties
of each shade of colour together as possible, so
that comparisons could be made, and an award
given for the best in each colour. During the
past year or two there has been at least about
half-a-dozen scarlet varieties shown, for which
awards of merit have been given. The white
varieties have not been quite so successful in
gaining awards, but there are as many sorts,
and it would be of great interest to bring them
all together. When a variety is submitted for an
award a plant should be shown as well as cut
blooms. I am often asked for the names of the
best varieties in the various colours, and though
I have opportunities of seeing most of them
growing, and also cut bloom in the market, I
would not like to say definitely which two
scarlet varieties would prove absolutely the best.
If some definite move were made, growers would
give their support both as exhibitors and finan-
cially. It may be too late to do much this
winter, but a start could be made and one

special show held in February. December, Janu-
ary and February would be the best months in
which to offer special inducements to Carnation
growers, as there would not be much danger of
them being crowded out, and if points were
given at each of the three shows it would en-
courage the same exhibitors to come forward
at all of them. A. Hemsley.

Gardeners and Colonisation. — Many head
gardeners, foremen, first-class journeymen, and
single-handed gardeners are to-day in a most
distressing position. The first three named are
becoming more overcrowded year after year as
there are no places to be filled. The single-
handed gardener is pushed out of his legitimate
occupation by incompetent men, who practically
work for next to nothing, and employers imagine
they are saving by giving employment to this
al.en to hoit cultural instead of to a trained man.
In very many cases the pensioned something or
other potters about for a year or two, working
under the advice or doubtful instruction of the
local florist and seedsman, indeed, until such
time as the employer realises that the bills for
grass seed and fertilizers are unnecessarily
heavy. The gardener is the least complaining
man of all trades and professions in these
times, and is one of the last to apply for
relief to the local charity. There are hundreds
of practical, life-experienced gardeners who
would gladly welcome a scheme of Govern-
ment-aided colonisation that they might have a
substantia! start upon the lands so much ad-
vertised as available and adapted for high-class
cultivation of Fruits, Cereals, etc. What better
man could you have than this man of intelli-
gence, who is resourceful, generally thrifty, and
where, among them, the majority have an ex-
cellent knowledge of the land, system of rota-
tion, forestry, stock, poultry, etc. ? One cannot
entirely separate agriculture from horticulture,
as the subjects certainly run one into the other.
Therefore I believe that a scheme of State-aided
colonisation or emigration, so far as the prac-
tical gardener is concerned, would be a success-
ful and welcome relief to an overcrowded com-
munity. W. J. T. (M.B.G.A.) [Why not apply
to the Agents-General of the several Colonies?
—Ed.]

The Potato Census. — The particulars giv< n
in the last two issues of the Gardeners' Chronicle
respecting the Potatos grown in the gardens of
the United Kingdom are of much interest, and
the value of such elections, when conducted on
the right lines, cannot be over-estimated. They
are applicable to many other occupants of gar-
den-, and it is regrettable that they are not
more frequently arranged for, as they might at
least be taken at regular periods. This would
enable cultivators to keep up with the advance or
change in taste. A similar election to that just
concluded would, if devoted to Potatos for com-
mercial growth (i.e., on market gardens and
farms), furnish important information. In re-
viewing the results given in the issues of Novem-
ber 25 and December 2, the first point which
strikes a reader is the large number of varieties
which are named— 48 cf Earl es, 80 of Mid-s asi n
group, and 50 of Late varieties; while of
these, in the same order, the numbers of varie-
ties which only secured one vote each are 20, 42,
and 28 respectively. The second point is that
experience seems to differ very greatly as to the
season when certain varieties are at their best.
This is not difficult to understand as regards
Early and Mid-season Potatos, or the latter and
Late varieties ; but it seems strange how some
of the last-named should be included under the
first, like Reading Giant, for instance. The
third point is that some varieties, which have
proved of much value to growers for market,
and which are of good general quality, are very
low down in the lists. If the Editor could favour
his readers with another election on the lines
advocated above, though on a smaller scale, the
results would prove of great interest. R. L. C.

LAW NOTE.'

BREACH OF CONTRACT.
This case was tried before Judge Bacon, in the
Bloomsbury County Court, on Friday, Decem-
ber 1. The dispute concerned the sale of
Lobelia Kathleen Mallard, a double-flowered
variety, which, it will be remembered, received
an Award of Merit from the Floral Ccmmittee o!
the Royal Horticultural Society on August 29.

The defendant, Mr. John Osborne Clarke,.
Avenue Road, Regent's Park, London, is a head
gardener, and he agreed to purchase the whole
of the stock from the plaintiff, Mr. A. R. Mal-
lard, Rainham, Kent, for a sum of ^30, with the
stipulation that plaintiff was to share the profits
after defendant had reimbursed himself by the
sales of his purchase money. A deposit of £$
was paid at the time of the sale, and plaintiff
now sued for the remaining portion of the pur-
chase money, producing an agreement, legally
drawn up and signed, in support of his claim.
Defendant refused to complete the contract
owing to the discovery, since the agreement was
signed, of an identical or similar variety in more
than one nursery establishment, whereby the
variety Kathleen Mallard could not be con-
sidered a novelty, although sold as such. The
judge held that, by the terms of the agreement,
plaintiff agreed to sell his stock of Kathleen
Mallard, and not the whole of the double-blue
varieties of Lobelias in existence, over which he
could not possibly have control. Moreover, thev
document stated that his stock was eleven pots :
thus other plants in existence were excluded
from the agreement. As it was not proved that
plaintiff had parted with any of his stock of
this Lobelia to another person, but had delivered
the whole of his eleven pots to defendant, his-
Honour gave judgment for plaintiff, with costs.

SOCIETIES.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

December 5. — The usual fortnightly meetings of the
Committees of this society were held in the Hall, Vin-
cent Square, Westminster, on Tuesday last, and in con-
nection with this meeting there was an exhibition of
Colonial grown fruits, &c. The exhibits taken col-
lectively were sufficient to furnish the hall with a good
display. The Orchid Committee recommended
awards to novelties which included four First-Class-
Certificates, and one Award of Merit. The FLORAL
Committee recommended an Award of Merit to
an incurved Chrysanthemum, and the Fruit and
Vegetable Committee gave a similar awsad to a
new Apple and a Potato. In the afternoon a lecture
was given by Mr. C Herman Senn, on the " Crystal-
lisation of Fruits and Flowers."

Floral Committee.

Present : W. Marshall, Esq. (Chairman), and Messrs.
H. B. May, Geo. Nicholson, J;is. Walker, Jno. Green,
G. Reuthe, Chas. E. Shea, C. J. Salter, Chas. Jeffries,
W. Bain, Chas. Dixon, H. J. Cutbush, Geo. Gordon,
C. E. Pearson, W. Cuthbertson, W. P. Thomson,
E. H. Jenkins, J. F. Mc. Leod, J. Jennings, C. Blick,
R. Hooper Pearson, Chas. T. Druery and C. K.
Fielder.

Leopold de Rothschild, Esq.. Ascott, Leighton
Buzzard (gr. Mr. J. Jennings), exhibited on the floor of
the Hall a magnificent group of Carnations, princi-
pally of the " tree" type, a few plants of Souvenir de
la Malmaison, "Princess of Wales " being also in-
cluded. Those latter were perfect specimens of this
choice variety, the blooms being of extra large size,
and the colour splendidly developed. The beautiful
variety Enchantress was represented by several dozen
plants, all developed to perfection. The variety
Harry Fenn had flowers of rich crimson colour, that
contrasted greatly with the adjacent pure white La
Grandesse and La Purite. America (scarlet).
Marquis (pink), Mrs. Lawson, and Mrs. Leopold de.
Rothschild, a dwarf-growing variety with salmon-pink
coloured flowers, are other varieties that were much
admired. (Gold Medal.)

Messrs. W. Cutbush & Son, Highgate. London, N.,
exhibited a grand lot of winter-flowering Carnations,
some of which were exhibited to excellent effect in tall
stands. The varieties Enchantress, White Lawson.
Fair Maid (pink), Winter Cheer, Cardinal (crimson).
Governor Woolcott (white), Mrs. S. J. Brookes, and
General Kuroki (very bright red colour), and Lord
Charles Beresford were capital. (Silver Flora Medal.)
Mr. S. Mortimer, Rowledge Nurseries, Farnham,
Surrey, made a pretty exhibit of Carnations arranged
in stands of different heights and relieved with' sprays
of Asparagus. The variety Fair Maid was shown in
excellent condition, and Lorna (white), Enchantress,
Ladj Bountiful, and others were very good. (Silver
Banksian Medal.)

E. H. Brown, Esq., Highwood, Roehampton, (gr.
Mr. Bradford), exhibited fifty-six plants of Begonias
Gloire de Lorraine and Turnford Hall. They were in
6-inch pots. »»d we:e trained as small pyramids, about

Df.cembek 9, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

411

2ft feet high. AH were well flowered, and showed good
cultivation. (Silver Gilt Flora Medal.)

Mr. B. B. May. Dyson's Road Nurseries, Upper
Edmonton, exhibited an excellent group of Begonias
of the Gloire de Lorraine type, all the varieties which
were shown at the previous meeting being again exhi-
bited. (Silver Banksian Medal.)

Messrs. Jas. VeitchASons, Royal Exotic Nurseries,
King's Road, Chelsea, made a very hue exhibit of
winter-flowering Begonias, of the type obtained from
B. socotrana, crossed with the tuberous rooled varie-
ties. The varieties Ensign, Winter Cheer and Julius
were capital. Jacobinia chrysostephsna and J. coccinea,
&c, were shown in flower. (Silver Flora Medal.)

Messrs. Hugh. Low & Co., Bush Hill Park, Enfield.
Middlesex, staged a miscellaneous group of green-
house plants and flowers, including Eupatorium
odoratissimum ; also salmon and red-coloured and
white varieties of Cyclamen, a number of Cacti,
Acacias, Roses, Carnations, tic.

Messrs. John Peed & SON, West Norwood, London,
exhibited a large number of Alpine plants, similar to
those displayed by them at the last meeting. (Bronze
Flora Medal.)

Messrs. Thos. S. Ware & Co., Feltham, exhibited
a large collection of Alpine plants in pans — mostly not
in flower; also a few plants of Primula obconica, in
bloom, and flowers of dec. native Chrysanthemums,
Ac. (Silver Banksian Medal.)

Messrs. W. WELLS & Co., Merstham, exhibited a
single flowered, white Chrysanthemum, named Dorothy
Fortescue, of somewhat singular appearance. It has
.a very large, prominent disc:, and widely separated
pure white florets, of varying length, some being more
than 3 inches long. The same firm had a considerable
display of Chrysanthemum flowers of most sections,
and including a number of novelties. (Bronze Elora
Medal.)

Award of MERIT.
Chrysanthemum 7 riomphe de Montbum. — An in-
curved flower oi considerable size and good outline,
with well-developed, high cetxtie. i lie colour is un-
attractive, the older florets being of very faint, rather
washy lilac, and the younger florets of straw colour.
Shown by Messrs. \V. WELLS & Co., Merstham. This
variety was raised by the Marquis de Pins.

Orchid Committee.

Present: J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., in the chair, and
Messrs. Jas. O'Brien (Hon. Sec 1. De B. Crawshay,
W. A. Bilney, R. Brooman White, F. YVellesley, J.
Colman, R G. Thwaites, G. F. Moore, F.J. Thome,
H.A.Tracy. W. H.Young, W. Boxall, H. Little, H.
Bal Ian tine, and Harry J. Veitch.

Baron Sir H. Schroder, The Dell, Egham (gr. Mr.
II. Ballantine), staged a very fine group, for which a
gold medal was awarded. It contained remaikably
fmespecimensofsomei.it the older hybrid Cypripe-
diums, including C. X Pitcherianum with over 20
flowers ; C. X Mrs. Chas. Canham with 24 dowers ;
.and a good C. X Leeanum with 40 flowers. Others
were proportionate!) fine, and C insigne, Haie-
field Hall variety, C. i. Sanders, C. X G:a\ ,e,
C. x Leeanum gigauteum, and other Cypripediums
were well displayed. Of the Odontoglossums of
special merit O. crispum Princess Christian,
a finely blotched form with a suspicion of
O. ■ VVilckeanum ; the purple 0. ioplocon, O x
Wi'.ckeanum : the fine O. X Ruckerianum insigne,
which has been in the Dell Collection about 20
years, were noted. Among hybrid Cattleyas and
Laelio-Cattleyas Laslio-C Lttleya • Bletchleyensis Ruby
King was a grand and richly-coloured rose and ruby-
purple flower; and other fine things wen- Cypripedium
X Baron Schioder with a very handsome purple-lined
dorsal sepal ; C. x Rolfei, Lycaste x Balliana, Oncidium
ornithorhynchum album with, several graceful spikes
of dowers ; Odontoglossum bictonense album, &c.

Messrs. J. Cypher & Sox, Queen's Road, Chelten-
ham, were awarded a Silver Gilt Flora Medal for a
very fine group, in which were a remarkable number of
Cypripediums, the central plant being an enormous
specimen of C. X Leeanum giganteum, with fifty-six
flowers, and for which ,1 Cultural Commendation was
awarded. Among the many forms of C. insigne and
C. X Leeanum, prominent were C. X Leeanum,
Cypher's variety, a model flower of the fine substance
of C. aureum ; five plants of C. insigne, Harefield Hall
variety, a good example of the distinct C. insigne
giganteum, good C. i. Sander, C. i. Sanderianum and
other yellow forms. The showiest of its class was
C. X Charleswoithianum, Cypher's variety (Leeanum
magnincum x Sallied Hyeanum), a yellow-tinted
flower, of fine size and substance, and with a clear
white upper half to the dorsal sepal, which was spotted
.with brown ou the greenish yellow base. Others

oted were C. X triumphans, C. X Tityus, C. X
Fascinator, C. X Memoria Moensii ; the now rare pure
white Dendrobrium aqueum (album), &c.

Messrs. Charlesworth & Co., Heaton, Bradford,
staged a select group, the most remarkable plant in
which was their new hybrid Odontoglossum X Smithii
(see Awards). With it were several other hybrid
Odontoglossums; Cypripedium X Hitchinsia?, with a
fine white dorsal sepal spotted with rose colour ; C. X
Leeanum giganteum and other forms of C. X Leeanum ;
C. insigne, Harefield Hall variety; C. X Rosita
(Charlesworthii x callosum), a fine light purple-tinted
flower; C. X Gravesias and other Cypripediums; the
yellow Laelio-Cattleya x Lydia (Cowani X Gaskelliana
alba) ; Promena?a lentiginosa, the singular little
Caelogyne sulphurea, and a finely-flowered Trichopilia
suavis. (Silver Flora Medal.)

Francis Wellkslky, Esq., Westfield, Woking
(gr. Mr. Hopkins) sent the fine yellow Cypripedium
insigne Mrs. F. W. Moore, the large C. insigne Hop-
kinsianum, C. x Leeanum Mrs. Francis Wellesley, a
very finely shaped and distinctly marked flower, the
dorsal sepal of which had a yellowish green base, the
rest being pure white with delicate dotted lines of rose
colour ; also C. x Niobe Oakwood variety, C. X Juno
magnificum, C. X Prospero Sedeni, and a compact
plant of C. insigne Sanderianum, with six flowers.

Mrs. HAYWOOD, Woodhatch, Reigate (gr. Mr. C. J.
Salter) sent Cypripedium X Lady Tripp (Harrisianum
superbum X Euryades), an intensely dark rosy purple
flower.

Sir Wm. Marriott, Bart., Down House, Bland-
ford (gr, Mr. T. Denny), sent flowers of Sophro-Laelia
x Marriottiana aurea; Cattleya x Armainvillerensis
(Mendelii ■ Warscewiczii), and a form of C. labiata.
Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, showed
1 1 Laelia x Rolfei (L. crispa x B. Digbyana), a

bluish-white flower with an elongated fling* <1 lip.

JEREMIAH COI man, Esq., Gatton Park (gr. Mr. W.
P. Bound), showed Laelio-Cattleya x Cornelia (C.
labial, 1 .< L. pumila), and several cut Orchids.
AWARDS,
First Class Certificates
were awarded as follow: —

I anda Sander tana, Chillingham variety, from the
Right Hon, the fail oi Tankerville, Chillingham
Castle, Northumberland (gr. Mr. Hunter). A very
line variety, with large, almost-circular (lowers, the

Upper pai t ot tt iiiih \-. clear pale rose and the
bronzy yellow heavily netted and tinged with purple
brown. The dwarf compact plant of three growth
bore on two of them five spikes beanm; together 36
It was splendidly grown, and a cultural com-
tion [<> Mr. Hunter was also voted.

Odontoglossum x Smithii (Rossii rubescens X
Harry ano-cri spurn) from Messrs. Charlesworth and
Co., Heaton, Bradford. One of the most remarkable
and beautiful hybrid Odontoglossums yet raised. The
plant resembles an enlarged O. Rossii. The flowers
in size and form approach those of O. X Harryano-
crispum. The sepals and petals, which are fairly broad,
are nearly equal, prominently margined and tipped with
clear rose-purple, the inner portions being white with
a slight greenish tint and a profusion of clearly-defined
dark chocolate-purple spots. The lip is elongated,
slightly twisted, clear rose-purple with a white base
bearing a few dark markings, and a yellow crest. The
little plant shown had an erect spike of three flowers,
and bore evidence of even better things when _str« >n l; .

Lalio-Cattleya x Epicasta, Gatton Park variety (C.
Warscewiczif x L. pumila prasstans). From Jere-
miah Colman, Esq., Gatton Park (gr. Mr. W. P.
Bound). A beautilul flower equal in size to that of
Cattleya Mendeli and of perfect form. Sepals and broad
petals white with a slight yellowish tinge at the
margin and a delicate pink flush over the surface.
Lip broad purplish crimson in front, sulphur yellow
at the base.

An Award of Merit
was awarded to : —

Cypripedium A ctaeus " F. H. Cann" (insignemag-
niftcum x Leeanum giganteum), from G. F. Moore,
Esq., Bourton-on-the-Water (gr. Mr. Page). A hand-
some flower closely resembling a large greenish C.
insigne with a very broad dorsal sepal, the upper
half of which is clear white.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

Present; Geo. Bunyard, Esq., Chairman, and Messrs.
Jos. Cheal, W. Bates, S. Mortimer, A. Dean, H. Parr,
Ed. Beckett, W. Fyfe, W. Pope, J. Lyne, F. Q. Lane,
C. Foster, J. Willard, \V. H. Divers, Owen Thomas,
A. H. Pearson, J. H. Goodacre, Geo. Wythes and
J no. Wright.

A Silver Gilt Knightian Medal was awarded to His
Grace the Duke of Rutland, Belvoir Castle (gr. Mr.

W. H. Divers), for a collection of out-of-doors fruit,
consisting of 31 varieties of Pears and 36 of Apples.
The latter were nearly all the produce of Stan
trees, the blossoms of which were unaffected by the
severe frosts which destroyed those on bushes, espaliers
and pyramids of low growth. Good specimens of Apples
were noted in Gloucester Quoining, Northern Greei
Gloria Mundi, The Queen, Blenheim Pippin, Bram-
ley's Seedling, Ribston Pippin, Betty Geeson, Guernsey
Pippin, Reinette du Caux, Allington Pippin,
The finer Pears were Delices d'Hardenpont, Doyenne
du Cornice, British Queen, Huyshe's Victoria, a fine
Pear rarely seen now ; Doyenne Boussoch and others.
Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley and
Eynsford, Kent, made an extensive and showy exhibit
of Apples — very rich in colour and of large size, for the
varieties. Ofthesethere werellO. Of culinary varieties,
in which the exhibit was rich, very superior fruits were
those of Bismarck, Cox's Pomona, Hoary Morning,
Bramley's and Pott's Seedlings. The Queen. Peas-
good's Nonsuch, Warner's King, Emperor Alexander,
Lord Derby, Prince Albert, Cellini Pippin, and
Gas tie's Scarlet. Dessert varieties in excellent form
were Worcester Pearmain, Ribston Pippin, Lady
Sudeley, Allington Pippin, Chelmsford Wonder, Chas.
Ross, &c. (Silver Gilt Knightian Medal.)

The Hogg Memorial Medal for Fruit was awarded
to Mr. J. H. Goodacre, Elvaston Castle Gardens,
Derby, for a collection of Apples and Grapes. The
latter were in every instance of superb quality, and
there were several bunches of Muscat of Alexandria
and four of Black Alicante. The Apples numbered 28
dishes of well-grown cooking and dessert varieties oi a
high colour generally, and were presumably from trees
grown in pots, though this circumstance was not stated
as it should have been if such were the case.

Mrs. T. Fielder, Grimston Park, Tadcaster (gr.
Mr. H. J. Clayton), showed fruits of Citrus decumana
(the Shaddock). The parent tree, in Yorkshire, is
known to have been growing as far back as the e tt ly
part of the 19th century. (Cultural Commendation, 1

Sir Walter Gilbkv, Klsenham, Essex, showed a
number of highly - coloured examples of Ribston
Pippin Apples. The trees had received a special
manuring in the form of a mixture of super-phosphate
of lime, nitrates of potash and soda, and sulphate of
lime. {Cultural Commendation )

Sir Edmund C. Loder, Leonardslee. Sussex (gr.
W. A. Cook), was awarded a Cultural Comme.idation
for a basket of excellent Mushrooms.
Potatos.
There were several important exhibits of Potatos
observed on this occasion that are deserving ol de
tailed notice in so far as judgment can be passed on
uncooked tubers. One of these came from Messrs.
Dobbie and Co., Rothesay, and it consisted of 60
varieties in as many dishes. The land at Rothesay on
which they were grown is a medium sandy loam over-
lying some kind of rock, and the tubers, as one might
expect from such a soil and its southerly aspect,
were shapely, clear of skin and without scabb
We noted nice samples ot the Dean, Queen of the
Veldt, Eightyfold and Edgecote Purple, with p
skins; of red ones — Mr. Bresse, Adirondack. King
Edward, Selected Russet, Rouge Royal, Mr. Ambrose,
General White, Waverley, Dalmeny Red ; and of
whites — Snowdrop, Royal Kidney, The Crofter. \
Blacksmith. Eldorado, Eureka, Early Puritan, White
Elephant (a light pink), The Factor, Nobleman.
Up-to-Date, and Sir J. Llewellyn, &c. (A Silver
Knightian Medal was awarded.)

Messrs. G. MASsr.v .V Sons, Spalding, Lines., ex-
hibited 36 varieties in considerable quantity in baskets
and heaps, mostly white-skinned tubers that «e:e
getting green, in some instances, from long exposure
to the light. Fine and shapely were Sutton's S
lative, Twentieth Century, Victor, The Leader,
pherson's Early Champion, Myatt's Prolific, A
Northern Star, and Chas. Fidler, both of these being
apparently fine cottagers' varieties ; 1 vergood,
Eldorado, Excelsior, Dalmeny Acme, Dalmeny Early,
and Milecross Early. (Silver Banksian Me

Mr. W. Deal, Brooklands, Kelvedon, Essex, showed
a quantity of tubers of varieties already in commerce,
as well as some at present untried seedlings in
their first year and consisting of the entire prodiKe of
a plant. These were chiefly white-skinned kidneys
and round. Of the older varieties shown the tubers
were smooth skinned and shapely, and among them
there were observed The Factor, Recorder. Sensation,
1 vergood, Royal Kidney, Sir J. Llewellyn, Pearl, Early
Gem, Eldorado, Market King and several others.

A fine lot of Sutton's Ailsa Craig onions, many ol
the bulbs measuring 5 and 6 inches in diameter,
and of uniformly good shape, was shown by Mr-

412

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December g, 1905.

Davison, Little Gaddesden (gr. Mr. A. G. Gentle),
and gained a Silver Banksian Medal.

Prizes were offered for collections of preserved
Fruits, Jams and Jellies. Mrs. W. H. PLOWMAN,
Heath Cottage, Beddington Corner, Mitcham, Surrey,
was awarded a Silver Cup, in the open classes, for a
collection of 26 bottles of preserved fruits, jams and
jellies, and the same lady also won the 1st prize in
that for 12 bottles. Mr. Geo. Pen will, Totnes, Devon,
was awarded the 2nd prize in the open class. In the
smaller class, for 18 bottles, Mrs. E. Beckett, The
Gardens, Aldenham House, Elstree, was placed 1st,
followed by Mrs. Georgina Banks, 102, Park
Street, W.

Awards of merit
were recommended as follow : —

Apple James Kirk. — This is a dessert variety, raised
from Blenheim Pippin X King of the Pippins. It
largely partakes of the characters of the first-named
parent, and is moreover about the size of that variety.
The eye is formed in a shallow basin, and from it
radiate slightly raised ridges. The stalk is set in a
somewhat deep cavity, which is marked with russet-
green. The colour on the side next the sun is flushed
and streaked with red, that on the opposite side being
yellow.

Shown by Messrs. Cross and Son, Wisbech.

Potato Peacemaker. — Shown by Mr. Scarlett, Edin-
burgh.

Colonial Productions.

The Department of Agriculture. Nova Scotia, made
an extensive display of Apples, the whole collection
consisting of not over large specimens, having, in
almost every instance, unusually bright colouring and
spotless rind. Most of the varieties are known by
name on this side of the Atlantic, and some are also
grown in this country. Of these last mentioned
Blenheim Orange Pippin and Ribston differed much in
colour from home-grown fruits. The best of the
Nova Scotia varieties were Fallawater, King of Tomp-
kins' County, Northern Spy, Ben Davis and Stark.

Of varieties finding favour in this country we may
instance Grime's Golden, Newtown Pippin, White
Winter Pearmain, Fall Pippin, Northern Spy, Ben
Davis, Esopus Spitzbergen, and Flushing Spitzbergen.
A model was shown of a fruit of Beitingheimer, that
weighed 2 lbs. Another interesting exhibit on this
stand was a Potato measuring 13 inches in length, and
the same in circumference. The total exhibit of this
province consisted of about 100 bushels of Apples in
boxes and half that quantity shown in flat baskets
and plates.

British Colombia.

The chief districts from which the exhibit from British
Columbia was collected were Okanagan, Lytton, Koote-
nay, Vancouver Island and Spence's Bridge. Apples, it
may here be remarked, form the major proportion of the
fruitcultivated in British Colombia, the produce finding
ready sale in the New North Western territory, which has
a climate too severe for the Apple. The fruit indus-
try is still in its infancy, but the results so far
secured are convincing as to its future importance.
In 1904 the area under fruit had increased to 13,430
acres. Two hundred and fifty thousand trees were
planted in 1903, and 700,000 in 1904. The value of the
fruit of that year was 240,000 dollars.

The West Indian Section of the Exhibition was
organised by the West India Committee, which utilised
many of the exhibits that formed part of the display
lately shown at the Crystal Palace. The collective
exhibits occupied the whole of the west side of the
Hall facing the entrance. Messrs. James Philip &
Co., 4, Fenchurch Buildings, E.C., displayed a group
of miscellaneous products ranging from cigars to
pickles. They had West Indian Fruits in dried,
crystallised, bottled, and sweet-meat form. We
noticed yams, oranges, limes, sugar, cordials, wines,
pickles, sauces, mangos, shaddocks, and a host of
other such like things, the majority of which are
rarely seen in our grocers' shops. (Silver Gilt
Knightian Medal.)

The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company
showed a number of fresh fruits — Bananas, including
the claret-coloured variety. Avocado Pears, limes,
paw-paws, citrons, also bottled specimens ofsoursop,
guavas, chritophenes, peppers, &c. (Silver Gilt
Knightian Medal.)

The British West Indian Fruit Company,
Ltd., showed bunches of bananas and tropical fruits
preserved in bottles. Hon. J. Cox Fillan, Dominica,
was awarded a Silver Banksian Medal for a display of
limes.

From Grenada came spices, cocoa, cotton and
bottled fruits. Dominica sent fruits of the Colony,
•including limes, shaddocks, grape fruit, &c.

Jamaica showed tobacco in the manufactured state,
including cigars, also sugar and a cattle-food made
from the waste products of the sugar industry named
molascuit. From Barbados came sugar, rum,
molasses, cotton, pickles, and other preserves, &c.
Messrs. McDoddies and Co., Finsbury, E.C., showed
desiccated vegetables.

LECTURE ON THE CRYSTALLISATION
OF FRUIT AND FLOWERS.

At the general meeting of the society held the same
afternoon Mr. George Gordon, V.M.H., was in the
Chair. A lecture was delivered by Mr. C. Herman,
senr., on "The Crystallisation of Fruit and Flowers,"
illustrated by samples of crystallised fruit and
flowers, prepared in the South of France, where
the industry thrives. The French appear to have a
monopoly in the business, and although their prepara-
tions are all that can be desired, they also beat all com-
petitors in the way they put up and pack their wares.
The lecturer showed how private persons, as well as
firms, might aspire to perform the work of crystallising
themselves, and besides giving instructions as to what
to do in the several operations of boiling, soaking,
packing, and drying, he showed what to avoid. The
operations of preparing preserves of this description
are lengthy, and require the utmost care from the selec-
tion of the fruit to the arrangement in the boxes when
complete.

Mr. R. Palmer, secretary of the Bureau of Informa-
tion of British Columbia, contributed a lecture on
" Fruit Growing in that Colony," illustrated by lantern
slides.

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF
ENGLAND ORCHID.

November 23. — There was a good display of plants
at the meeting held on this date.

Groups were shown by Messrs. J. Cypher & Sons,
of Cheltenham, which contained a good number ol
choice Cypripediums, such forms as C. X Fascinator.
C. insigne var. Luciani, several good forms of C. X
Leeanum, a fine form of C. insigne, Harefield Hall var.,
and the beautiful but now scarce Miltonia vexillaria
var. Leopoldi. (Silver Medal.)

G. W. Law-Schofield, Esq., Rawtenstall (gr.
Mr. Shiel), again displayed a good collection of Cypri-
pediums, showing evidence of good cultivation and
careful selection. (Silver Gilt Medal.)

J. H. Craven, Esq., Keighley, Yorks (gr. F. Corney),
exhibited a varied group of plants, which were bright-
ened considerably by several nice plants of Epiden-
drum vitellinum, autumn-flowering variety. (Silver
Gilt Medal.)

Walter Laverton, Esq., Nantwich, Cheshire
(gr. Mr. Smith), sent a dozen good Cypripediums,
notable in which was a fine form of C. X Actaeus,
C. X Lathamianum and "yellow insigne." (Bronze
Medal.)

Messrs. A. ]. Keeling & Sons, Bradford, obtained
a Bronze Medal for a miscellaneous group.

Messrs. Charlesworth & Co., Bradford, exhibited
a good form of Odontoglossum crispum, the flowers
being beautifully marked.

Messrs. YV. Bull & Sons, Chelsea, had a few good
novelties, including Odontoglossum crispum var.
Coronet, Cattleya labiata var Amesiana, and

FlG. 154. — SOPHRO-CATTLEYA "DORIS,"

awarded a First-class Certificate at Manchester, when shown by Messrs. W. Bull & Sons. Colour
of sepals and petals vermilion scarlet. (See page 413, col. 1.)

December 9, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

413

S.pliro-Cattleya X Doris, the latter a rich scarlet
Bower.

First Class Certificates
were awarded to —

Sophro-Cattleya X Doris, see Fig. 154 (W. BULL &
Sons) ; Cypripedium X Euryades var. splendens (G.
W. Law-Schofield, Esq.).

Award of Merit.
Cypripedium X Aclaeus, Redclyffe var. (W.
Laverton) ; C. X Leeanum, New Hall Hey var.
(G. W. Law-Schofield, Esq.) ; C, X Bookeri (G.
\Y Law-Schofield).

P. W.

CHESTER PAXTON.

November 15, 16. — The seventeenth annual exhi-
bition of Chrysanthemums and fruit in connection with
the Chester Paxton Society was held in the Chester
Town Hall. The number of entries exceeded that of
any previous show. The chief attractions were the
groups of double and single-flowered Chrysanthemum
plants. Last year the popular President of the
society, Major MacGillycuddy, carried off first
honours in these classes, including two challenge
cups, but this year he had to be content with second
place in both classes. The 1st prize and the Chal-
lenge Cup for the large double varieties were secured
by T. Gibbons Frost, Esq., Mollington Banastre,
(gr. Mr. Thomas Gilbert), whilst the 1st prize and Chal-
lenge Cup for single varieties were gained by Dr.
Lawrence, of Upton Asylum, Chester (gr. Mr. A.
Ellis). Other classes for pot plants were well r< | re-
sented, as were also the classes for cut blot ms, ta-
single varieties being especially beautiful. A feature
of the exhibition was a Table Decoration Com-
petition for ladies, the exhibits being arranged
in the Council Chamber. This year, for the first
time, a Silver Challenge Cup was offered by
Mrs. James G. Frost, of Boughton Hall, and the 1st
prize and this trophy were secured by Miss Nora Smith ,
Pulford, who was closely followed by Mrs. Walter
VVelsby, Liverpool Road, who won in the same com-
petition last year. The prominent feature in the Fruit
Classes was the display of kitchen and dessert Apples.
The principal prize winners in this section were :
Sir George Meyrick, Bodorgan, Anglesey; Mr. J.
Saunderson, Bodnant ; the Rev. L. Garnett, Chris-
tleton ; and Mr. R. Wakefield, Newton Hall. In the
large assembly room a beautiful table of miscellane-
ous fruit and flowers was staged by Mr. N. F. Barnes,
head gr. to Duke of Westminster, to which the
judges awarded a Gold Medal. Trade exhibits were
made by Messrs. Dickson, Ltd., Chester, and Messrs.
Clibrans, Altrincham, both of whom were awarded
Silver Medals ; Messrs. McHattie & Co. and Mr.
F. W. DUTTON, both of Chester, received Bronze
Medals for nun competitive displays.

ABERDEEN CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 17, 18.— The annual exhibition of the
above society was held in the Music Hall Buildings,
Aberdeen, on these dates, and was one of the most
successful ever held in the north of Scotland. This
society continues to grow in popularity, as evidenced
by the large number of entries, which totalled over
700, and by the large attendance of the general public
during the time the exhibition was open. The
courteous secretary is Mr. Magnus H. Sinclair, Union
Stree., Aberdeen.

Pot Plants.

These, with the exception of the groups, were dis-
played in the ballroom, and a splendid show resulted.
The tables accommodating pot plants in groups were
irranged down the centre of the main hall, where
they made a fine show, although the plants were
somewhat lacking in the fullness and freshness which
have characterised them at previous exhibitions.
Premier honours were taken by Mr. J. A. Grigor,
gr. to Sir David Stewart, of Banchory. The group, of
which Ferns and Palms comprised the groundwork,
formed a pleasing picture. Mr. A. Duncan, gr.
to Mr. Adam Maitland, Albyn Place, Aberdeen,
followed with an exhibit that ran the first-prize entry
very closely for supremacy.

In the class for a group of plants some very meri-
torious entries were noticed. Mr. Grigor, Banchory
House, was again to the fore, his decorative Chrysan-
themums being especially deserving of mention. Mr.
Alex. Archibald, gr. to Mr. Gray, Dunalistair, Aber-
deen, had also a fine exhibit in this class.

The leading places in the classes for Orchids, Palms,
Ferns, Primulas, Cinerarias, and Begonias were taken
by Mr. W. Paterson, Balmedie ; Mr. W. Mackie,
Morken ; Mr. Andrew Reid, Durris House; Mr.
John A. Grigor, Banchory House ; and Mr. George
Milne, Langley. Special mention must be made of

a display of winter-flowering Begonias set up by Mr.
A. Hutton, gr. to George Keith, Esq., of Usan
House, Montrose.

Cdt Flowers.
With the exception of the groups of pot-plants, the
beautifully decorated Music Hall was devoted to the
display of cut blooms. The leading exhibit of twelve
vases of Japanese Chrysanthemums, with three blooms
in each, gained the President's handsome Silver
Challenge Cup for Mr. Andrew Hutton, Usan
House, Montrose, who had a magnificent collection
of very choice flowers. 2nd, Mr. E. Goss, Sunnyside
House, Montrose, whose exhibit contained several
blooms of exceptio'. .' ■■ !. In Mr. HUTTON'S entry
were the biggest bii oir, in the show and the bloom of
premier quality. These secured two special prizes.
The prize for the biggest bloom was awarded to a
specimen of the yellow Mrs. F. S. Vallis. The special
prize for the premier bloom was awarded to a
specimen of the variety Madame R. Cadbury. Other
leading prize winners in the cut flower section in-
cluded Mr. John Petrie, Crathes Castle ; Mr.
Andrew Reid, Durris House; Mr. J. Grigor, Ban-
chory House; Mr. J. Tough, Aberdeen; Mr. W.
Paterson, Balmedie; Mr W. Ellis, Ballgreen, 'and
Mr. J. Jenkins. Clifton Road, Aberdeen, the last-
named being an amateur exhibitor.

Fruit and Vegetables.
The display of fruit was a very fine one. Leading
honours went to Mr. W. M. MOIR, Rosehaugh, for
Apples and Pears , to Mr. J. ROBERTSON, Arbroath, for
culinary Apples; to Mr. John Pirie, Stricken House,
for dessert Apples ; to Mr. George Jamieson, Burton,
Loughborough, lor Pears; and to Mr. John Petrie,
Crathes Castle, for Grapes.

The collections of vegetables occupied the whole of
the Square Room. The leading prize winners were
Mr. Joss, Sunnyside House, Montrose, who st
splendid collection of vegetables, among which Brus-
sels Sprouts were especially noticeable; 2nd, Mr.
John Ogston, gr., Bourtie House, Old Meldrum. Mr.
J. Ferguson, Linton House, who carried off the chief
honours for Potatos, Mr. D. McKenzie, Lower Bux-
burn (who had the bast Savoys and Cauliflowers), Mr.
John Thomson, Sunnyside, Abi rdei a iCabbages).
Non-Competitive Exhibits.
A great feature of the Aberdeen show is display of
the groups of plants, &c, exhibited by the local florists
and seedsmen

Mr. A. Burns, jun., New Market, Aberdeen, and
Messrs. Knowles & Sons, Aberdeen, both received a
Silver Medal for .1 magnificent display of plants, &c.

Exhibits of fruit were staged by Messrs. T. Rivers
& Sons, Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire, and by
Messrs. G. BUNYARD A Co., Maidstone, Kent.

Messrs. Wells & Co., Surrey, showed a fine col-
lection of Chrysanthemums.

Mr. W. A. DUSTAN, Aberdeen, had specimens of
Chrysanthemum Autumn Queen.

Messrs. James Strachan & Co., Aberdeen, had a
splendid collection of fruit, for which they were
awarded the Silver Medal of the society.

and a Gold Medal presented by the Mayor of Barnsley ;
and the best 12 incurved blooms in not fewer than
eight varieties.

BARNSLEY CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 16, 17. — This year's exhibition of the
above Society contained a larger number of entries
than at previous shows, and the quality of the exhibits
was better than ever. Further, the public patronage
was quite up to the standard of the past two or three
years.

The total entries numbered 420, as against 350 last
year, and they were grouped into 54 classes.

The Japanese varieties formed an all-round, excellent
show, the Incurveds being, perhaps, a little coarse in
quality. For years past Mr. J. D. Ellis, of Worksop
(gr. Mr. A. Alderman), has won in the principal
classes, but this year Mr. W. A. H. Bass, Burton-on-
Trent (gr. Mr. R. Nisbett), was to the fore with some
magnificent specimens that secured premier honours.

The displays of plants and vegetables were each
above the average seen at Barnsley, while the displays
of Fruit were exceptionally fine.

The Silver Challenge Cup, value 14 guineas, offered
in the class for 24 cut blooms, was carried off for the
third and last time by Mr. B. Fish, Cawthorne.
Awards. — Cut Flowers.

Eighteen incurved Chrysanthemums, not fewe. than
12 varieties.— 1st, W. A. H. BASS, Burton-on-Trent
(gr. Mr. R. Nisbett) ; 2nd, J. D. Ellis, Worksop (gr.
A. Alderman) ; 3rd, J. Harrison, Sheffield.

W. A. H. Bass, Esq., Burton-on-Trent (gr. Mr. R.
Nisbett), showed the best 18 blooms of incurved
varieties, the best 18 blooms of Japanese flowers,
thereby winning the Micklethwaite Challenge Trophy

LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL.

November 15, 16. — The twenty-sixth annual autumn
show of Chrysanthemums, plants, and fruit of this
society was held in the St. George's Hall on the above
dates. The Committee is to be congratulated on the
success achieved. The competition in all classes was
very keen. In the class for 24 incurved and 24
Japanese blooms in distinct varieties, the society
offered a Silver Challenge Cup, value 20 guineas ; this
was won by J. B. Hankey, Esq., of Leatherhead,
Surrey (gr. W. Higgs). This gentleman showed the
finest incurved blooms ever seen in St. George's Hall ;
2nd, Mr. E. Ellis, of Heswall, Cheshire. Alderman
W. H. Watts gained the 1st prize for the best group
of Chrysanthemums and foliage plants. For 18
Japanese blooms Mrs. E. P. Smith was placed 1st ;
while in the class for 18 incurved blooms Mr. A.
Cook gained premier honours. In the Fruit Classes
the competition was very keen, the principal prizes
being won by Mrs. H. A. Bright, Mr. H. Cun-
ningham, Colonel J. I. Blackburne, Mr. J. LEE,
Mr. W. Mackerell, Mr. J. Boult, and Mr. T. B.
Kendall. J. P.

NEWPORT CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 16.— The annual show of the Newport
(Monmouthshire) and District Chrysanthemum Society,
held on the above date, was a very successful one, the
principal prize winners being Mrs. F. S. Williams,
Brynglas ; Mr. J. Duff, who secured five firsts and
two second prizes, including a challenge bowl and
silver cup value 14 guineas; W. F. Dawson, Esq.,
Llantarnam Hall, who took the Challenge and the
Silver Cup value eight guineas ; and Mr. W. H.
Hollingdale, Java Villa, who won five first prizes,
including a challenge bowl, a challenge cup, and the
N.C.S. Silver Medal.

BOLTON HORTICULTURAL AND
CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 17, 18. — The nineteenth exhibition of the
above society was held in the Albert Hall, Bolton, on
the above dates, and was again a success, the number
of entries showing an increase over those of former
shows. Four excellent groups of miscellaneous plants
arranged for effect were displayed, the best being that
put up by Mr. W. Burgess, gr. to J. Harwood, Esq.,
J. P., Woodleigh, Bolton, who thus secures the Chal-
lenge Cup given_by E. T. Cook, Esq., J. P.

One entry only was seen in the class for a circular
group of Chrysanthemum plants arranged with foliage
plants. This was staged by A. H. Drinkwater, gr.
to Herbert T. Parke, Esq., Withnell Fold, who was
awarded the 1st prize.

The Mayor's prize of a Silver Challenge Cup in the
class for a semi-circular group of plants arranged for
effective display was won by Mr. Joseph Abbott, gr. to J.
Musgrave, Esq., Knowsley Grange.

The premier stand of 12 incurved, and 12 Japanese
blooms, distinct, was shown by Mr. J. B. Hankey,
Leatherhead ; 2nd. Mr. E. Ellis, Heswall.

Mr. F. S. Vallis, Chippenham, won in both the
class for 36 Japanese blooms, and in that for six vases
of large-flowering varieties, in distinct varieties. Mr.
J. Horrocks, gr. to Mrs. TlLLOTSON, Hillside, had the
best vases of single flowers.

The President's Cup in the Amateur's classes was
won by E. T. Cook, Esq., J. P., Cleveland, gr. Mr. J.
Wainwright.

Mrs. Tillotson showed the best incurved, and
Rev. G. Teebay the best Japanese blooms in the
amateur section.

COVENTRY CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 16, 17, 18. — The eleventh annual ex-
hibition of the Coventry and District Chrysanthemum
and Floral Society was held on these dates at the
Baths Assembly Hall. Taken on the whole, trie ex-
hibition surpassed that of 1904, the blooms being of
superior quality and the competition keener. The
displays of cut blooms were twice as numerous as on
the last occasion, and superior in quality. The new
class for Begonias and single Chrysanthemums was
well taken up by exhibitors. The only section in
which improvement was not maintained comprised
the vegetable classes, in which there was a falling off
in competition, though there was little wanting in
regard to quality. The groups of Chrysanthemum
plants attracted much attention. Mr. G. SINGER,
Coundon Court, gr. Mr. J. Collier, was awarded first
honours for a well-balanced group, arranged with

414

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 9, 1905.

attention to effects of colour and shape. Two groups of
miscellaneous foliage and flowering plants were shown,
and here again Mr. G. Singer secured the premier
position. Mr. W. FINCH won the 2nd prize in this
class with a group scarcely less attractive. Messrs.
Perkins & Son, Coventry, displayed floral designs
executed with the taste and skill for which this firm's
work is so well known.

The 1st prize for 2+ Japanese blooms was secured
by Col. Beech, Brandon (gr. Mr. E. J. Brooks) ; 2nd,
Mr. G. Singer. The smaller class for 12 Japanese
blooms was also won by Col. Beech, and he also
surpassed all other exhibitors in the class for six
vases of Japanese Chrysanthemums. Mr. W. Finch,
Coventry ; Messrs. Webb & Sons, Mr. H. Sturmey,
Mr. W. F. Bennett, and Mr. W. Howe are other
prominent prize winners.

BRITISH GARDENERS' ASSOCIATION

(Plymouth and District Branch).

November 18. — The members met at the Corn
■Exchange, Plymouth, on the above date, Mr.
Theodore J. R. Chalice in the chair. A paper was
read by Mr. W. G. Edwards, head-gardener at South
Wemburv Gardens, on " Mistakes often made in Pot-
ting, Watering and Ventilating." The lecturer dealt
with his subject in a very able manner, and a discus-
sion followed. Mr. Edwards showed some fine
Chrysanthemum blooms, also good examples of Ailsa
Craig Onion. Mr. H. Ruse, gr. to Messrs. Richard-
son, Crown Hill, displayed sprays of Eupatorium
Weinmannianum, Eugenia Ugni and Benthamia
tiagifera. W.S.B.C.

, SOCIETE ROYALE LINNEENNE DE
BRUXELLES.

November 19. — The weather was very cold but dry,
and the exhibits were numerous. About 120 plants
were shown and two sets of fruit.
Orchids.
Diplomas of Honour. — Cattleya, Leopold II., a won-
derful variety from M. DE Bievre, the King's gar-
dener, Laeken ; 0:lontoglossum ardentissimum lumi-
nosum (well marked, crispum X Pescatorei) from
M. J. HYE, Ghent.

Certificates, of Merit for a splendid plant of
Calanthe Veitchi, with over 20 flower spikes, from
M. DE Bievre ; Cypripedium Helen II. roseum (in-
signe Chantini Lindeni x bellatulum), from M. Lam-
BEAU, Brussels ; Odontoglossum amabile Doris (O.
crispum Franz Masereel X O. Harryo X crispum),
O. Harryo crispum, La Perle (O. Alexandra? X O.
Harryanum), O. Loochristiense eximium (O. tri-
umphans X O. crispum Franz Masereel), from M.
Yuylsteke, Loochristy ; and Odontonia Lairesseae
(O. crispum X Miltonia Warscewiczii), from M. DE
Lairesse, Liege.

Certificates of Merit were allotted to Cypri-
pedium Elmirianum (Charlesworthi X insigne San-
tera;), from MM. Duchesne et Lanthoine, Water-
mael; Ca'/'eya labiata var. Watermaeliensis, from
the same growers ; Cypripedium Spicero - Cham-
berlainianum var. Bievreanum (Chamberlainianmn
X Spicerianum), Laelio- Cattleya Canhamiae (L.
purpurata X C. Moniae), from M. de Bievre ;
X Cattleya X C. Harrisoni, x Laelia praestans
X C. aurea, from Mine. Madoux, Auderghem ;
I.selio-Cattleya x Tecia (C. aurea X L. Perrini), from
MM. Duchesne et Lanthoine ; Cypripedium
Pomone (Spicerianum X Sallierianum), from M. J.
HYE ; C. insigne Sanderae, C. Rolfeae superbum
<Rothschildianum X bellatulum), C. Helen (insigne
Chantini Lindeni X bellatulum). C. insigne Edmondi,
C. Mine. Charles Dietrich (C. insigne Sanderae X
J.eeanum giganteum), C. Fanny (Druryi x superbiens),
•C. Phcebe (laevigatum X bellatulum), from M. Lam-
I'.eau, Brussels; Miltonia vexillaria robusta dulcis
(M. v. gigantea X M. v. Leopqldi), from M. Yi'yl-
steke : a Laelio- Cattleya fC lUrrisoniae X L. flava),
Phalaenopsis sumatrana, Pauwels' variety, from
M. Pauwels, Meirelbeke ; the Laelio-Cattleya
was sown April 12, 1903, and the hybrid, two years
and a half old, has been in flower since November 10.
The Pauwels' variety of P. sumatrana has a longer
flower spike than this type, the flowers are larger and
the ramification of the spike seems to be characteristic.
Botanical Certificates were awarded to Polysta-
•chya Laure-iti and Listrostachys Monteirae, two
splendid species from the Congo, exhibited by the
Brussels Botanic Garden; and Bulbophyllum
-crassipes, a very interesting Madagascarian orchid,
from MM. Duchesne et Lanthoine.

Honorary Mention fell to Cattleya labiata (group),
Cypripedium insigne var. Leopoldi, from M. Draps
Dom, Laeken : a group of natural hybrids of Odonto-
glossum crispum from Colombia (M. Claes) ; Cyp.

John Hamilton (argus Moensii X Charlesworthi), C.
insigne Lindeni, from M. Lambeau, Brussels.

Honorary Mention was awarded for a group of
Platyclinis Cobbiana, Cymbidium elegans, Lindley,
Cypripedium (Paphiopedilum), Lubbersii (P. barbatum
nigrum X P. politum), Lycaste Skinneri roseum,
Masdevallia tovarensis, Rchb. f., Epidendrum radi-
atam, Lindl., from the Botanic Garden, Brussels ;
also to Cypripedium callo-Veitchi superbum (C. Veit-
chi X callosum), and C. hirsuto Leeanum (Leeanum
X hirsutissimum), from M. STEPMAN DE Messe-

MAEKER.

Miscellaneous Plants.

Certificates of Merit (felicitations du Jury) for a
remarkable collection of Coffee plants, natives of the
Congo, exhibited by the Botanic Garden, Bussels,
including Coffsa arabica. C. congensis ubangensis,
C. liberica, C. Laurenti, C. robusta, C. arabica var.
maragogipes, C. canephora, C. c. Kwiluensis, C. sten 1-
phylla, C. Dybowski.C. Dewevrei, and C. Humboldti.

Certificates of Merit (par acclamation) for culti-
vation for a splendid specimen of Lomaria Drap-
siana with 30 fronds from M. DRAPS Dom, Laeken ; for
a fine group of Begonia Gloire de Lorraine et Turnford
Hall var., from M. Stepman de Messemaeker; to
a group of three varieties of Primula chinensis fim-
briata, and splendidly grown, by M. Becquereau,
Laeken ; to Marattia Stanleyana, Linden, a new
species from the Congo from the Botanic Garden,
Brussels ; for Chrysanthemum Souvenir Desmet, a
remarkable sport from Mme. Paolo Radaelli, from M.
Pardon.

A Botanical Certificate to Ceropegia debilis from the
Botanic Garden, Brussels, and Honorary Mention
for eight fine varieties of Pompon Chrysanthemums in
full bloom from M. Becquereau; and for Dracaena
Souvenir dell Patin, from the Botanic Garden,

Brussels.

Fruits.
Honorary Mention.— For Pears. Charles, Ernest, and
Le Lectier, from M. Paras, chief fruit grower to the
King, Laeken. L. G.

LEEDS PAXT0N CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 21, 22. — The seventeenth annual ex-
hibition of the above Society was held in the City Hall,
Leeds, on these dates. The display surpassed all
records at Leeds, both in the quality and in the quan-
tity of the exhibits. Mr. Carter, the energetic secre-
tary, has every reason to be proud of his efforts.
Groups.

Group of Miscellane ius Plants.— Mr. J. Donoghue,
gr. to J. PlCKERSGILL, Esq., B.irdon Hill, Weetwood,
Leeds, won the premier prize with a group of very
attractive appearance; 2nd, Mr. H. Harrison, gr. to
— Beckworth, Esq., Headingley Castle, Leeds.

Group of Chrysanthemums— The best group of Chry-
santhemums, interspersed with six foliage plants and
having a margin composed of Ferns, was put up by
Mr. A. Lupton.gr. to T. GREEN, Esq., Oak Leigh, Adel ;
2nd, Mr. J. DONOGHUE. The last-named exhibitor,
had the best table group of miscellaneous plants. Mr.
C. Dennet, gr. to Tims Winn, Esq., Moor Bank,
Headingley, staged the I m 1 cffawing room or mirror
group of plant-..

Cut Blooms.

The class for IS incurve I and IS Japanese blooms
created keen competition, and the judges must have
experienced much difficulty in awarding the prizes.
However, the first place was given to Mr. Nisbet, gr.
to Hamar BASS, Esq., Berkley Lodge, Burton, Staf-
ford. Tne principal feature of the winning stand was
supplied by the Japanese varieties, but whether they
more than counterbalanced the magnificent examples
of incurved flowers shown in the second prize exhibit
belonging to Mr. Jennings, gr. to F. JAMESON, Esq.,
Ashton Hall, Ferriby, was a debatable point. These
same growers also won in a similar order in the class
for 12 Japanese blooms, but reversed their positions
in the class for 12 incurved blooms.

Other prize winners in the Cut Bloom Classes were:
Mr. C. Shaw, gr. to — Boyle, Esq., Roundhay ; Mr.
T. Leech, gr. to Mrs. WILSON, Roundhay; Mr.
F. NORMAN, The Elms, Weetwood ; Mr. F. Moore;
Mr. A. Coate ; Mr. Wm. MOORE.

Fruit
has never before been exhibited at Leeds of such fine
quality. The following are the principal prize winners
in the Fruit Class: — Mr. A. Dawes, Templenewsam ;
Mr. F. Norman and Mr. E. Hill, Melton Park,
Doncaster.

Amongst the honorary exhibits was a magnificent
group of foliage plants from the City Parks, Leeds.
Numerous trade exhibits of giod quality were
displayed.

BATTERSEA AMATEUR CHRY-
SANTHEMUM.

The Battersea, Clapham and Wandsworth Amateur
Chrysanthemum and Horticultural Society held its
annual exhibition this year in the Battersea Town
Hall, when a much better display was made than that
of last season.

It is a distinctly urban society of most enthusiastic
amateur plant cultivators, and it does not spend all its
energies on the holding of an exhibition, but monthly
meetings are held, when lectures are delivered on gar-
dening subjects, which are followed by debates. This
year, as last year also, the society was appealed to by
tlie Battersea Borough Council to judge the interesting
competitions arranged by the Council in the matters of
window-box and back-garden cultivation by tenants in
the Council's flats and cottages. At the recent Chry-
santhemum show the best collection of IS Japanese
blooms in not fewer than 12 varieties (open class) was
shown by Mr. C. Payne, Sandhills Gardens, Bletch-
worth. There were seven collections. The best
blooms in the section for amateurs were shown by Mr.
W. FORTH, 40, Westover Road, Wandsworth.

There were two good groups of Chrysanthemums in
pots, the 1st prize being won by Mr. H. Kloss, St.
John's Hill, Wandsworth, and the 2nd prize by Mr.-
L. Stringer, 67, Faybridge Road, Lavender Hill, the
society's treasurer.

Mr. R. Bradford, gr. to E. H. Brown, Esq., High-
wood, Roehampton, arrang 'd a very pretty group of
well-cultivated plants of miscellaneous character and
some unusually well-coloured Codiseums (Crotons).

The society is a useful means for the encouragement
of plant cultivation in the district. The secretary is'
Mr. G. J. Ninnes, 57, Montholme Road, New Wands-
worth.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

December 6, 7. The winter exhibition of the
National Chrysanthemum Society was held at the
Crystal Palace on these dates.

The weather on the opening day was glorious, but
even this factor did not induce many of the general
public to visit the exhibition.

Tne display was quite equal to those of former
years ; indeed, the entries showed an advance in
numbers over those at the similar show held last year.
Three new varieties were awarded the society's Certi-
ficate of Merit.

Among the miscellaneous exhibits, outstanding

features were the display of Chrysanthemums shown

by Mr. JONES, and the collection of 48 blooms of

incurved varieties shown by Mr. W. HlGGS,

Open Classes.

Cut Blooms.

Twenty-four Japanese blooms, in not fewer than
eighteen varieties. — Three exhibits were staged in this
class, the best being that -displayed by Mr. G. Hunt,
gr. to PANTIA Ralli, Esq., Ashtead Park, Epsom,
who showed Mary Inglis, General Hutton, Valerie
Greenham, Ben Wells (white), Godfrey's Pride
(an excellent flower of great substance), Mary
Inglis, Dorothy Pywell, Marquis V. Venusto, Duke
of Devonshire, W. R. Church (a variety pos-
sessing crimson petals with a lighter-coloured
reverse). Beauty of Leigh, J. H. Silsbury,
Mad. Cadbury, Algernon Davis (an excellent
example ; the long lax petals are tinged with
crimson on a ground-work of yellow), Mrs. R.
Oberthur (a magnificent specimen ; the colour is
pure white, the ends of the petals recurving, im-
part a pleasing form to the flower), E. Shrimpton, C.
J. Salter, Dora Stevens, Duchess of Sutherland (one
of the richest yellow varietiesj, and Valerie Greenham.
Mr. W. Mease, gr. to A. Tate, Esq., Downside,
Leatherhead, followed with a colle:tion but little
inferior to the 1st prize exhibit. The examples were
a trifle less in substance than those shown by Mr.
Hunt, but they formed a bright lot. The best ex-
amples were Mrs. Thirkell, Algernon Davis, Duchess
of Sutherland, Beauty of Sussex, and Mrs. J. Bryant.
Third, Mr. J. Simon, gr. to W. W. Mann, Esq.,
Ravenswood. Bexley, Kent.

Twelve Japanese blooms, distinct. — This smaller
class was represented by six entries, none of which
was of exceptional merit. The best was adjudged to
be that shown by Mr. H. Parr, gr. to F. A. BEVAN,
Esq., Trent Park, New Barnet. The variety G. J.
Warren was prominent in the winning group ; the
colour of this flower is pale sulphur-yellow. 2nd,
Mr. G. Hunt, gr. to Pantia Ralli, Esq., Epsom.
We remarked a grand example of Algernon Davis in
. this stand. 3rd, Mr. VV. Seward, The Beeches,
Hanwell, W.

Six Japanese blooms, distinct. — Only one entry was
staged in this class. It was put up by Mr. John Aplin,

December 9, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

415

gr. to W. Meath Baker, Esq., Hasfield Court,
Gloucester, and comprised as notable a half-dozen,
flowers as any seen in the Japanese classes. The
examples were Mrs. F. \V. Vallis, Mrs. J. E. Dunn,
Mrs. Swinburne (a superb specimen), General Hutton,
W. R. Church (a notable flower), and Mrs. Barkley.
Mr. Aplin was deservedly awarded the 1st Prize.

Incurved Blooms. — A class was included for 12
incurved varieties in not fewer than six kinds, and this
was contested by seven growers. Mr. Hunt was
easily 1st, his flowers being far superior to the others
displayed, the examples being not only of large size,
but also of good form, and in our opinion equal to the
majority of those seen earlier in the season. The
varieties comprised F. Hammond, Mdlle. Lucie
Faure (grand flower), May Philips, The Major,
Egyptian (nice specimen), Miss A. Dighton, May Bell
and Triomphe de Montbrun ; 2nd, Mr, W. Mease,
who had the varieties Frank Hammond and Ralph
Hatton in excellent form ; 3rd, Mr. John Aplin. -

Twenty-four Bunclu-s of Chrysanthemums, of any
Section, displayed in Vases. — Mr. GEO. Hemming,
Alexandra Park, London, had the best display among
three, his examples being mainly decorative varieties,
although both the Anemone and the single types of
Bowers were included. 2nd, Mr. James Lock, gr. to
Sir C. Swinfen Eady, Oatlands Lodge, Weybridge,
who displayed flowers of all types from pompons to
large specimen Japanese blooms. 3rd, Mr. John
Alpin, who staged Japanese and incurved blooms ex-
clusively. Mr. Hemming won also in the Class for
12 vases of Japanese varieties in not fewer than six
varieties.

Single Varieties. — Two classes were appropriated
to singles, one for six bunches of large flowering
varieties, and another for six bunches of smaller
kinds. Mr. C. Brown, High Street, Abbot's Langley,
Herts., won the 1st prize in both classes, being followed
by Mr. W. C. Pagram, gr. to J. COURTENAY, Esq.,
The Whim, Weybridge, in both cases.

Group of Chrysanthemums and Suitable Foliage
Plants.— Mr. W. Howe, gr. to Lady Tate. Park Hill,
Streatham Common, was awarded the 1st prize for a
good display that was arranged in a semi-circular
manner. It contained a number of commendable
Japanese Chrysanthemum plants, with Poinseltias,
Liliums, Astilbe (Spiraea); Crotons, Ferns, Palms, v.,
interspersed ; 2nd, Mr. Robert Foster, The
Cemetery, Nunhead. Mr. Howe also won in the
class for a collection of plants arranged for effect, and
occupying a table space measuring 9 feet by 6 feet.

Amateur Classes.

The best 12 Japanese blooms in the Amateurs'
Classes were staged by Mr. CllAs. M. CoLLINGWOOD,
St. David'sHill, Exeter, whose examples included Mrs.
F. W. Vallis, Geo. Mileham, Mrs. J. C. Neville, General
Hutton, Dorothy Pywell, Mrs. T. Dalton, Mrs. Thirkell,
Presideut Viger, Mafeking Hero, Elsie Fulton, Mad.
Paolo Radaelli and Mrs. Mease ; 2nd, Mr. C. Ha'sel-
grove.gr. to W. Brander, Esq., 13, Crescent Wood
Road, Sydenham Hill, S.E. Mr. H. Pestell.
Elstow, Beds ; Mr. Osmond, gr. to A. KEMPT, Esq.,
15, Ross Road, South Norwood : Mr. \V. <i. Prudden
Clark, York Road, Hitchin ; Mr. Cook, gr. to X. F.
Fenner, Esq., The Lodge, Horncastle ; and Mr. D. B.
Crane, Highgate, were other prominent winners in
the Amateurs' Classes.

Mr. F. G. OLIVER, 97, Tollington Park, X., had the
best vase of Chrysanthemums arranged with orna-
mental foliage.

Miss C. B. Cole, The Vineyard, Feltham. arranged
the best basket of Chrysanthemums, with suitable
foliage and berries, the best vase of pompon Chry-
santhemums, and the best vase of Chrysanthemums
from which pompon varieties were excluded.
Certificated Flowers.

Mrs. Swinburne. — This variety is by no means new,
having been raised by Mr. Weeks about four years ago.
It is a large Japanese variety, with recurvings while,
petals white. It forms an admirable variety for late
growing. Shown by Mr. H. J. Jones, Lewisham.

Mrs. George Beech. — This flower is a yellow sport
from Mrs. Swinburne. The colour is rich yellow.
Shown by Mr. Norman Davis.

Miss Miriam Hankey.—A very large Japanese in-
curved flower, with pleasing mauve-pink coloured
petals. It is of Australian origin, and is described as
being of robust growth, and easy of cultivation. Shown
by Mr. W. WELLS.

Miscellaneous Groups.
Mr. W. Higgs, gr. to J. B. Hankey, Esq., Fetcham
Park, Leatherhead, was awarded a Gold Medal for a
magnificent collection of 48 incurved Chrysanthemum
blooms.

Mr. H. J. Jones, Lewisham and Keston, Kent, put
up a magnificent group of Chrysanthemums, arranged
in tall tripods with Ferns, Palms, &c, interspersed.
The group was by far the best display in the building.
The Japanese blooms were especially meritorious.
(Large Gold Medal.) Mr. Norman Davis, Framfield,
Sussex, exhibited some well-grown Japanese Chrysan-
themums, with a few "singles" interspersed. A
stand of the variety Mrs. G. Beech was very note-
worthy. (Gold Medal.) Messrs. H. CannelL &
Sons, Swanley, Kent, staged vases of Chrysanthe-
mums, also Begonias, Primulas, and Zonal Pelargo-
niums. (Gold Medal.)

Messrs. W. Wells* Co., Merstham, Surrey, si
a miscellaneous collection of Chrysanthemums. (Silver
Gilt Medal.)

Mr. A. WEEKS, The Green Nursery, Welling, Kent,
showed a group of dwarf plants of market varieties of
Chrysanthemums. (Silver Medal.)

Mr. Robert. Foster, The Cemetery, Nunhead, S.E.,
displayed a semi circular group of plants, including
Chrysanthemums, Cypripediums, Solanums, with
Ferns, Palms, &c, intermixed. (Silver Medal.)

Messrs. High Low & Co., Bush Hill Park Nurseries,
Enfield, N., staged a miscellaneous group of green-
house plants and cut flowers. (Silver Gilt Medal.)

PUTNEY & WANDSWORTH CHRYSAN-
THEMUM.

November 30.— This vigorous suburban society
held its annual dinner at Putney on the abovi
when flic. ut 100 members and friends were present,
and Councillor J. Lindsay presided, Mr. Rawlings
(Treasurer) being in the vice-chair. The Chairman
proposed the toasl of " The Society," and respi
were made to this and other toasts by Messis. Mahood,
Rawlings, Hurtle'., ami the Secretary, Mr. ], Reynolds,
J. K. McLeod, K, Hooper Pearson, &c. It is evident
that the same enthusiasm prevails among the members
as formerly, and there is every indication tint it will
be maintained.

Mr. Rawlings, the Treasurer, said he had been a

member of the Committee of the Society for ten or

ears, and in the first year he joined they had

tomato [lection. This year thej liad not so

'" ini enti as in previous years, but the flowers, in

bis opinion, were considerably better than they had
evei been. The total receipts during the year had
been £125, and there was in hand £'7 I2s.
Bon to £10 16s. 8d. in the Post (Hi 1 ! prize

monej this y< 11 imounted to £50 7s. Od., against
{ 5 Id !, it year.

An excellent programme of music was carried
through under the direction of Mr. J. F. Berry.

NATIONAL FRUIT GROWERS'
FEDERATION.

December 4. — The monthly meeting of the Council
was held on the above date, at the Royal Horticultural
Hall, Vincent Square, Westminster. Colonel C. \Y.
Long, M.P., presided.

The Council appointed Mr. T. G. Rawlins, Chartered
Accountant, as Official Auditor, and Mr. A. Griffith
Boscawen, M.P., and .Mr. Hugh Andrews were added
to the Council. Mr. T. Waghom, barristei it law, a
well-known expert authority on Railway law, was
appointed as Hon. Official Adviser to the' Federation
on all Railway questions.

A long discussion on the subject of rebates on large
consignments of fruit then took place, and as there is
reason to suppose that many cases occur when I
are not allowed for want of claims from senders being
sent in, the Secretary was directed to collect certain in-
formation and report to the next meeting of the Council.

The action of the Fruit and Potato Trades Federation
in the appointment of a Joint Committee on Railway
Grievances and Re classification of Rates was con-
sidered, and it was decided to appoint a member of
this Federation to act as its representative.

Other business was transacted and the next meeting
fixed for January S.

GARDENERS' DEBATING SOCIETIES.

BATH GARDENERS' SELF-HELP AND DE-
BATING. A large attendance of members assembled at the
Foresters' Hall on Monday evening, November 27, Dr. Wilson
Paton in the chair. The Challenge Vase and other Special
Prizes offered at the society's recent Chrysanthemum Show
were presented to the successful exhibitors. Mr. Parrott an-
nounced that the total receipts at the show were £109135. 8d.,
and that they intended holding a similar show next year, at
about the same time. Mr. W. J. Stokes followed with a
paper on "Hardy Herbaceous Plants." A fine display of
exhibits were staged at the meeting. Six new members
were elected.

BRISTOL & DISTRICT GARDENERS'. — The

above society met on Thursday, November 30, when Mr. I.
House delivered a lecture on " A Trip to New Zealand."
Mr. House gave much interesting information concerning
the flora of New Zealaud, and exhibited several mementos
of his visit.

Nursery Imports.— We take the following
figures from the Floiists' Review of Chicago. It will
be seen how very largely Belgium preponderates
in the exportation of plants, and to a less extent
Germany in the case of seeds. The Bureau of
Statistics of the U. S. Department of Agriculture
has published the following table of the total value
of stock imported by American nurseryJBDa in the
years mentioned, with the countries from which,
consigned : —

1902. 1903. 1904.

13 $239,637 8224,357

92.947 93.139 111,871

85,815 99.847 95.513

66,982 61,255 68,584

31,422 49,726 32,954

3. '41 2,671 5,766

1.258 2,070 5,069

4.°72 3.573 4il«

2.9S5 3,594

1,889 5,000 2,970

2,771 4,806 2,714

1,901 2,663 1,648

2,070 4,1:2 1,570

328 439 1,501

378 4^ 1,0:4

1,075 10 113

2,126 3,953 5,222

Plants-
Country.

Belgium

Germanv

United Kingdom ...

Japan

Bermuda

Chinese Empire ...

Colombia

Hong Kong

Brazil

Canada

Italy

British West
Mexico

Cuba

Venezuela

Costa Rica

Other Countries ...

Total $1,172,570 81,373,198 $1,496,427

Seeds. — The U. S. Department of Agriculture
has published the following table of the values
of seeds other than flaxseed or linseed imported
by American seedsmen in the years mentioned,
with the countries from which consigned ; —

Country. 1902. 1903. 1904.

Re™?ni $732,649 $827,250 $1,012,052

Kingdom 609.479 709,130 824,5514

Canada 398,649 133.049 423.219

trance 213,709 367,209 400,023

Netherlands 294,300 290,428 263,203

l!al? - ,. '2,035 45.346 114,^0

I urkey (European) ... 38,236 30,231

Brazil 75,370 67,441 68,314

British Australasia .. 31,453 32,377 44,006

Denmark ... 22,406 27,395 37,389

Russia (European) ... 14,789 29,182 33,600

Spain... 5,390 4,6ol 15.^50

Austria-Hungary 17,470 13,933 14,554

Africa, n.e.s 353 lo.tjo

Belgium 11,095 13,610 10,136

British East Indies ... 8,584 6,964 7,352

Mexico 3,741 441 6,o;>S

Spanish Africa 6,650 9.947 5.8~9

Japan 3.222 4,417

Turkey (Asiatic) 6,35s 3,037

Hong Kong 3,435 ;,,;,: 2,229.

Chinese Empire 2,565 2,703 s

Russia (Asiatic)

Canary Islands 2,270 952 1,680

Haiti 230 1,292

Portuguese Africa 1,183

Chili 3,121 1,865 752

French Africa 1,330 4S7

Malta and Cyprus 1,786 47s

Colombia ... 5,210 32

Argentine 8,010 54 _

Other countries ... ■•■ 1,835 2,061 3,479

Total 82,528,070 82,637,255 $3,386,245

The Journal of the Board of Agri-
culture.— It is a very encouraging sign to see
that the Board of Agriculture is now, and has for
some time past been issuing not only a Journal but a
series of leaflets for the purpose of diffusing infor-
mation on cultural matters. We have oftct>
occasion to note the enormous extent to which the
American Government and the various Sttue
Colleges circulate information of this character.
We cannot hope to overtake our transatlantic
friends, but we may heartily thank the officials of
the Board of Agriculture for the steps they are
now taking to diffuse accurate and useful infor-
mation. In the November number of the Journal'
we note an interesting article on the 4ivbridisation
of wheat, written from a Mendelian point of view.,
and a useful note on the Curl in potato.

Mrs. Jaques. — The sympathy of marry
gardening friends will go to Mr. Jaques, of Wen-
dover (late of Waddesden Gardens), in the death of
his wife, who passed away on the 30th ult., after
a long and painful illness.

Rose Marguerite Fearnley-Sander. —

The wife of Mr. C. Fearnley-Sander, and
daughter of Joseph Autrand, French Protestant
Minister, Avignon (Vaucluse), France, died at
" Les Doms," St. Andrei, Bruges, Belgium, on>
the 25th ult., in her 30th year.

416

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 9, 1905.

THE WEATHER.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS taken in the
Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens at Wisley,
Surrey. Height above sea - level 150 feet. The
following are the "mean" readings for the week
ending December 2, 1905 :—

1905.

Temperature
of the Air.

O
H

TEMPERA-
TURE OFTHE

Soil at 9 a.m.

H

<

M

At g a.m.

>-

<

0

Ss

a

d

d

-J
<

2

a

» «

u

2

«o

13

a*

■a

<u

z

<

z

C/5

ta 0 aa

S-

H
/)

0

0
0

0
0

£ H 2

*-

.j

N

■*

> O

O w

pq

h

Q

pq

Id

bo
'&

0
■J

O

<

<i

3

tJ3 W

no

hr. mill.

OJ

'C

*o

*o

TJ

•a

-d

-o

Tot

Means

44

n

47

38

35

42

44

45

o*6g

1 39

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

The Following Summary Record of the
weather throughout the British Islands, for the
week ending December 2, is furnished from the
Meteorological Office : —

The weather during this period was of a very unsettled
type over the whole Kingdom, but the rain was more fre-
quent and heavy in the west than in the east. Thunder and
lightning were experienced at some Scottish stations on
Thursday.

THE WEATHER IN WEST HERTS.

A gloomy week. — This was, on the whole, rather a warm
week. There, however, occurred one cold day when the
temperature in the thermometer screen did not rise above
37". On no night did the exposed thermometer show more
than 8" of frost. The ground is at the present time about
1" colder than is seasonable at two feet deep, but at about an
average temperature at one foot deep. Rain fell on three
days, to the total depth of nearly half an inch, but on the
remaining four days of the week over two-hundredths of
an inch of moisture was altogether deposited in the funnel
of the rain gauge by fog. About two gallons of rain water
came through the bare soil percolating gauge, and i^
gallons through the gauge on which short grass is
growing. The sun shone, on an average, for only a quarter
of an hour a day. Four days were altogether sunless, and
on the other three days the record amounted to less than an
hour a day. Light airs and calms alone prevailed during
the week. On the calmest day the rate of movement at
30 feet above the ground was only about a quarter of a mile
an hour. The mean amount of moisture in the air at
3 o'clock in the afternoon was 7 per cent, in excess of the
average quantity for that hour.

NOVEMBER.

A remarkably cold month. In the last twenty years there
have been only two colder Novembers. The nights were, as
a rule, more unseasonably cold than the days. In fact, taking
the average night temperature alone it was the lowest I have
yet recorded herein November. The coldest period occurred
in the middle of the month, and lasted ten days. On
one night during that period the exposed thermometer
registered 180 of frost — an exceptionally low reading for
the time of year. Rain fell on seventeen days, to the total
depth of 3I inches, which is about half an inch in ex-
cess of the average for the month. There were a few flakes
of snow on one day. Very nearly all the rainfall came
through the percolation gauge on which short grass is grow-
ing, while the percolation through the bare soil gauge
exceeded the rainfall for the month. This was, of course,
owing to the heavy falls at the end of October. The sun
shone on an average for very nearly two hours a day, or for
about ten minutes a day longer than usual. This was a very
calm month, but on one day towards its close there occurred
the highest wind tor nearly twelve months. The mean amount
of moisture in the air at 3 p.m. exceeded a seasonable quan-
tity for that hour by one per cent.

THE AUTUMN.

A dry, singularly cold, and rather dull season. — The three
autumn months were all cold, and in October and November
the mean temperature was exceptionally low. Taking the
season as a whole, it was the coldest autumn since 1887, or for
18 years. In September and October the rainfall proved light,
but was rather in excess of the average in November — the
total deficiency for the quarter amounting to it inches. The
sun shone on an average for 3 hours a day, which is about
10 minutes a day short of the mean record for the autumn.

Out Underground Water Supply. — Since the winter half of
the drainage year began in October the aggregate rainfall
has fallen short of that for the same two months in the
previous forty-nine years by nearly an inch — which is equi-
valent to alo 1 re in this district of about 20,000
gallons. Berkhamsteadj December6t 1903.

ENQUIRY.

Liability for Injury to Stock. — I rent some
land adjoining a wood where Yew trees grow, and
on going to look at my stock one morning I found
that the woodman had thrown a quantity up the
land where my stock was grazing, with the result
that several were poisoned. The Yew when grow-
ing was out of reach of the cattle. Who is
responsible— the employer of the man, the man
himself, or no one? F. B.

[The case is one for a lawyer, but we should
suppose that the owner of the wood is liable for
damages. Ed.]

Begonia Plants Monoecious : E.&- F. B. The
case is unusual ; but all plants that commonly
produce flowers of one sex only sometimes bear
flowers of both sexes. You should endeavour to
obtain seed from the plants.

Books: R. M.C.L., Nice. We do not know of
such a book.

Bulb Mites: Anxious. No doubt the mites
might be conveyed in the soil. We have seen
them, if we remember rightly, in the packing
material in which bulbs are sent to this country,

Chemical Manure for Apple Trees: I.L. All
kinds of fruit contain plant-food, a considerable
part of which has been derived from the soil, and
many old orchards and fruit trees have been mak-
ing large demands on the soil for perhaps 25 years
or more without obtaining any return in the shape
of manure. It is, therefore, not to be expected that
old trees will respond very quickly to fertilisers.
For a worn-out orchard a dressing of artificial
manure at the following rate per acre may be
applied: — 100 lbs. dried blood, 150 lbs. sulphate
of potash, and 500 lbs. superphosphate. These
may be mixed together, sifted finely, and sown in
January or February. For single trees about
6 ounces per square yard of the manurial mixture
may be applied over an area about two yards
from the trunk of the tree. The next step is to
till the ground by loosening the surface soil, for
tillage is as essential as manure ; it will help the
fertilisers in their work of renovation. In spring
as soon as the blossoms have set, apply 4 ounces
of nitrate of soda per square yard of surface as
directed for the mixture. A little short, partially
rotted farm-yard or stable manure, placed im-
mediately under the trees to insure a winter's
mulch will be beneficial to bring the fibrous-
roots to the surface and away from the clay
sub-soil ; this will induce fruitfulness, and the
ripening process of the fruits will be facilitated.

Cypripedium Leaves : C. S. The injury is due to
a fungus — Leptothyrium discoideum — whose
development is greatly favoured by excess of
moisture condensing on the surface of the foliage.
Sponge the leaves thoroughly with soft soap
dissolved in a rose-red solution of Condy's
Fluid. Keep the atmosphere as free from
moisture as circumstances will admit until the
pest is removed.

Eucharis : F. K. E. Why address the publisher
on such matters? Your flower is a " Siamese
twin," consisting of two completely united,
except the two styles which are free.

Fumigating with Hydrocyanic Acid Vapour :
Buys. The area of house in the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park recently treated
by thisprocess was 34,500 cubic feet. The insects
to be destroyed were mealy bug, red spider,
thrips and common scale. The quantity of
materials used per 1,000 cubic feet were : 1 oz.
sodium cyanide, 130 per cent. ("Poison"), 2
fluid oz. sulphuric acid, i-8 sp. gr., 5 fluid oz.
water. The sodium cyanide was placed in an
earthenware pan, and the dilute sulphuric acid
in bottles, having two V-shaped grooves in the
cork, arranged on a tilting stand just above the
cyanide pan. The bottles were held in position by
a light prop, the top of which was in contact
with the diffusing fans or boards, all of which
were connected together by a string. One
end of the string was outside the house,
and on being pulled by the operator the
bottles fell and gradually empty their contents
on the cyanide. The diffusing fans were worked
10 minutes. The exposure was for 50 minutes.
The atmosphere was dry at the time, and the
temperature 550. The results were satisfactory.
You cannot be too careful in the use of this
substance on account of its poisonous qualities.
The packet should hang just over the dish con-
taining the acid. Close the house and let no
one remain in it. Then when all is ready lower
from tlie outside of the house the packet con-
taining the cyanide into the acid. Keep the
house closed for an hour, then open the doors
but do not enter yourself for three or four hours
afterwards.
Gas Lime : /. T. Apply the fresh gas lime at
once, at the rate of not more than J-lb. to the
square yard, and do not dig it in deeply. We
note that you will not plant a crop on the same
soil for a period of at least seven months. The
lime will destroy insect pests, and eventually
increase the fertility of the soil.

Holly : T. M. We know of no means of deter-
mining the age of a holly other than cutting a
branch and counting the rings, not an easy
matter in a holly. For the rest you must judge
by the size and general appearance.

India Rubber : B. Apply to the Imperial Insti-
tute, South Kensington, London, S.W.

Marguerites: Anxious. The frost is enough to
account for the condition of your plants.

Names of Fruits : /. C. W. &• Sons. Tibbett's
Pearmain. — IP. B. H. &■ Son. 1, Lady Hen-
niker; 2, Beauty of Hants. In some parts of
the country this variety is known as Bastard
Blenheim.— H. G. P. 1, Glou Morceau ; 2,
rotten ; 3, Fondante du Cornice ; a variety
quite distinct from Doyenne du Cornice,
which it resembles in appearance, but not in
quality. — Booth. Pear, Knights' Monarch;
Apple, not recognised ; it exactly corresponds,
in appearance, however, with " Tower of
Glamis," but is much sweeter than that variety.
We suspect it is a local sort, of good quality,

Names of Plants : Old Reader. 1, Diplopappus
chrysophyllus ; 2, Daphne Laureola ; 3, per-
haps Lavandula Stcechas (no flowers) ? — X.
The two mosses on one fern-stem were 1 , Hypop-
terygium Muelleri of Hampe, and 2, Ptengo-
phyllum denticulatum. Mitten. The specimens
were not normal, having been grown under
artificial conditions. — A. C. H. Oncidiums —
1, O. praetextum ; 2, O. Forbesi. Cypripediums
— 1, C. x Dauthieri ; 2, callosum ; 3, C. x
Crossianum. — A. B. 1, Oncidium cheiro-
phorum ; 2, Masdevallia peristeria; 3, Bulbo-
phyllum suavissimum. — W . 1, Calanthe vestita
luteo-oculata; 2, Naegelia cinnabarrma ; 3, Nae-
gelia zebrina; 4, Aspidium aculeatum ; 5,
Ceterach officinarum ; 6, Asplenium adiantum
nigrum. — H. IV . Chlorophytum elatum. —
H. A. P. Catasetum Garnettiani .n figured in
The Botanical Magazine, t. 7,069.

Tulips : A . H. P. You can hardly expect the
plants to submit to such treatment and still
yield the best results of which they would other-
wise be capable. But necessity knows no law,
and as you appear to have forced the plants more
quickly than was desirable, and are now anxious
to delay their flowering until the third week in
the present month, the only thing to be done is
to remove the boxes to a cooler atmosphere.
It is a severe change from 700 to 450, and
might produce a serious check to the opening
flowers. It will be safer to have a temperature
of 500.

Vine Border: A. B. Nine feet in width
will be ample for the border, irrespective of the
length and breadth of Vinery, unless another
set of Vines is to be planted against and trained
up the back wall and. perhaps, hip-roof, in
which case the border should be made the full
width of the house ; doing this, however, in
instalments of 3 feet in width each succeeding
year until the specified space is made up. The
border should be 2 J feet deep at the front wall,
and slope downwards to a depth of 2 feet at the
back wall ; 6 inches deep of drainage is included
111 these measurements. If the Vines are to be
planted in an outside border and taken into the
house through openings left in the brickwork,
the border should, as a matter of course, slope
6 inches in a downward direction, 9 feet out
from the front wall, the depth being as in-
dicated above. One cartload of horse-droppings
to four loads of good loam will be sufficient
manure, and should you add two loads of lime-
rubble or wood-ashesto this a good compost will
thereby be provided for the Vines. If lime-
rubble is not easily obtained, three bushels of
charcoal should be added to each five loads of
the loam and manure. If the Vines are cut-
backs— that is, of this year's growth — the end of
February or early in March will be the best
time to plant them, shaking every particle of
soil from the roots in doing so ; but if Vines to
be rooted in next January or February are in-
tended to be planted the month of May will be
soon enough to insert them.

I OMMUNICATIONS RECEIVED.— B. S. W. — H. J. E.— W. B.

J. S. R. — A. G., with thanks.— S. Sprenger— G. P.,
Harrogate— D. W. T.—G. R.— E. M.— D. B.— Reader—
E. w— W. D. & Sons— J. C. W. & Sons— H. S. B.
- C. B.— W. G.— C. A— H. T. M.— Constant Reader—
H. J. C— J. T.— A. L.— X. Y. Z.-N. D.— W. C— E.H.J.
— C. S.-H. W— C. H. P.— J. H.-H.F.— B.W.-F.G. L.
-T.— L.— C. C.

For Market Reports, see page x.

December 16, 1905]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

41:

THE

# hi btn cr sf CJd to n i cl e

No. 990.— SATURDAY, December 16, 1905.

CONTENTS.

Apple, Warner's King... 429
Apples from British

Columbia 425

Astilbe grandis 426

< arnations, winter-
flowering 429

< lima, plant collecting

in — 420

Chrysanthemums for
market 418

( >. nibidium Gammie-
anum 427

Fig trees in the open,
protecting 428

I; lowers, pin and thrum
eyed 426

Flowers, summer, in the
south-west 429

Fruit register —

Pear Countess of Paris 422

Forestry, Belgian ... 42G

Fruit culture, area devo-
ted to 425

<ilasgow parks and gar-
dens in winter... ... 419

He well Gardens, Red-
ditch 429

Hibiscus hybrids ... 425

Horticulture in Kent ... 426

Klw Gardens, changes
.it 424, 425, 429

OI>ituary —

Kckford, Henry ... 431
Meulenaere, M. de ... 431

Odontoglossum Smithii
Opuntia, a spineless ...
Orchid notes and glean-
ings-
Orchids at Fairlawn,

Putney

Penang, an agri-horti-
cultural show at
Plants new or note-
worthy—
Cymbidium erythro-

stylum

Potatos, old varieties of.

Root-pruning

Societies —
Horticultural Club ...

Linnean

National Carnation
National Chrysanthe-
mum

National Potato

National Rose

National Sweet Pea ...

Royal Botanic

Royal Horticultural ...
(Sci entific Com-
mittee)

Spray, what is a ?
Trees, transplanting ...
Trentliam Hall, a gift for
the purposes of the
higher education
Unemployed, relief for
Week's work, the 42!

ILLUSTRATIONS.

A -lilbe grandis (Supplementary Illustration)

Uiirrow for transplanting trees, a

Chrysanthemum Souvenir de Petite Amie «

Chrysanthemums, a house of market ... —

Cymbidium Gammieanum

Kckford, the late Henry, portrait of

1 I- 'WiT-sprays, forms of

Odontoglossum Smithii

Trentham Hall, North Staffordshire, view of the front
ilower-garden at

427
425

417

427
417
429

431
425
425

430
430
424
431
425
426

430
428
428

425
425

428
419

41H
427
432
428
427

421

OLD VARIETIES OF POTATOS*

IT was gratifying to note among the names
of varieties given in the lists lately pub-
lished in the Gardeners' Chronicle those
of some few that were famous in the
middle of the nineteenth century, which in some
instances have run great risk of being ousted by
the heavier croppers of the present day. These
varieties introduced in bygone times, seeing
that they have survived so long, must be
endowed with a good sound constitution
to have withstood the long course of ill-
treatment to which they have been ex-
posed as " sets," and the almost constant
attacks of disease in and out of the soil.
Otherwise, they must possess qualities as
regards texture of the flesh, fine flavour,
pleasant appearance when cooked, or other
points that mark them as being superior to
other new or old varieties, and at any rate
their continued cultivation does not favour the
current idea that Potatos deteriorate when
properly grown and cared for. There may be
mimed in this connection the several forms of
Ashleaf, such as the " Old," Myatt's, Paver's,
and Sutton's, which are selections from the
original Ashleaf, with, perhaps, the one ex-
ception of the second named. Besides these
there were the walnut-leaved, whose leaves
were shining and smooth, and the Egyptian
Kidney — a tuber with protuberances — a rather

more abundant cropper, but as liable to
be attacked by disease as the foregoing.
Some persons prefer Myatt's Ashleaf to any of
the others, owing to its being a more abundant
cropper. Mona's Pride seemed to have at one
time a good future, its tubers being small,
symmetrical in shape, and of a uniform size ;
and only its light cropping quality has been
against its popularity, for the flavour and other
good points of the tuber could not be gainsaid.
Early Rose or American Rose has been grown
in gardens and fields for about 40 years, and
is a prolific but uncertain cropper, owing to its
liability to attacks of disease ; moreover, the
tuber requires the closest attention when being
boiled. Flounder, an Irish variety of the Lap-
stone shape, ponderous, and of a regular outline,
is an ideal cottager's Potato, good either boiled
or baked; a heavy cropper, and a great
favourite in the sister isle. The pink-skinned
variety of Beauty of Hebron dates from the
late 'sixties, and it is still much grown in some
parts. It is perhaps a mistake to quote
Magnum Bonum as a mid-season variety,
seeing that, as a rule, its proper season is from
December onwards till new Potatos are fit for
consumption. We have had to purchase it at
7s. per cwt. at the end of the month of
February, and it had at that date in cool
cellars and "buries" out of doors scarcely put
forth a sprout. Myatt's Prolific is probably
the same as Myatt's Ashleaf. The absence of
varieties from the list may or may not point
to their entire loss to cultivation, and here
reference may be made to Sutton's red-skinned
Flourball (which fetched 5s. per lb. 30 years
ago), an excellent, well-flavoured tuber, very
much affected by the disease in moist summers ;
Lapstone, a handsome, nice flavoured white
Kidney ; Dalmahoy, a large round, with a
white skin, and of a peculiar, pleasant flavour.
It was highly recommended for field culture,
but it did not come up to expectations and
was superseded by varieties upon which more
reliance could be placed.

Although there are varieties that have not
deteriorated as the years have gone by, be-
cause perhaps of their qualities having become
fixed owing to selection to a certain extent hav-
ing been exercised by gardeners, the raising
of new varieties should be encouraged if only
for the reason that crossbreeds possess more
robustness than others which have been long
under cultivation, but which owing to unskilful
or negligent treatment in stores or cellars have
lost their vigour.

Nothing has such a weakening effect on the
Potato as permitting it to form sprouts before
putting it into the soil, and the produce from
sets so weakened is likely to be impaired like-
wise, and to such an extent as to lead to a
great reduction of the crop, and lessen the
ability to resist attacks of disease.

Many readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle
would welcome any remarks from the senders
of the various reports on such points as the
weight per perch of dug tubers of the different
varieties, the use of whole or cut sets, the
date of planting, together with information
whether the sets were obtained from a distant
part of the country and from a different kind
of soil.

The prices of novelties, as are many of them,
militate against extensive planting, so that
we must wait for more trustworthy information
concerning them till more extensive trials have
been made. F. M.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

ORCHIDS AT FAIRLAWN, PUTNEY.

In new or renovated houses the steadily in-
creasing collection of Orchids in the gardens of
H. S. Goodson, Esq., under the skilful care of
his gardener, Mr. G. E. Day, constantly im-
proves. Cattleyas, Laelias, Cypripediums, and
Odontoglossums form, the bulk of the species
grown, and of these, exceptionally fine varieties
and albinos are most prominent. Hybrids
equal the species in numbers, and of some
of the favourite sections, such as the hybrids
of Brassavola Digbyana, there are large
numbers, embracing most of the forms obtain-
able. Some are as yet undowered, but many
were in sheath at the time of our visit, including
Brasso-Laelia X Edward VII. The flowering of
Brasso-Cattleya x Digbyana-Leopoldi, a very
promising cross, is anticipated with interest.

The show of bloom at the end of the large
Cattleya house was made up of very fine varie-
ties of Cattleya labiata, the dark coloured varie-
ties predominating; some good C. X Mantini
nobilior and C. X John Baguley ; a number of
C. X Portia, varying very much both in the
habit of growth and size and colour of the
flowers ; C. Bowringiana, Laelio-Cattleya X
callistoglossa, Laelia X splendens, which some-
what resembles L.-C. X exoniensis, and a few
others. The handsome Laelio-Cattleya X Mas-
sangeana Harry Goodson, which only a few
months ago secured an Award of Merit, and
large plants of Cattleya Mossiae Wageneri, C.
M. The Pearl, C. M. Reineckiana, and other
albinos were well furnished with flower sheaths.
Two large spare houses are devoted to Cattle-
yas, Laelias, and other intermediate houfe
Orchids, and all were in satisfactory condi-
tion. In one a batch of species and hybrids
of Phaius ; a nice lot of Miltonia vexillaria, in-
cluding the varieties Leopoldi and superba ;
M. X Bleueana, etc., were vigorous and pro-
mised well for bloom. The new Odontoglossum
house suits its occupants admirably. Some five
thousand plants as yet unflowered were ap-
proaching maturity, and among those already
flowered are several very handsomely blotched
varieties ; also O. x ardentissimum, O. X
Rolfeae, and others. In one of the cool houS(
the Cypripediums were good ; Oncidium ornith' -
rhynchum, a showy lot of O. varicosum, O. I
besii, the winter-flowering Epidendrum vitel-
linum, and others were in bloom, with a batch
of varieties of Cypripedium insigne, C. X Leea-
num, and other hybrids in one of the coole t
houses ; Cypripedium Fairrieanum was in
flower, and gave evidence of liking its cool
quarters.

In a warmer range was a good collection
of Cypripediums ; C. callosum Sanderae, C. in-
signe Sanderas ; hybrids of C. bellatulum, and
other favourites being well represented. Th< se
and the specimens of C. niveum and hybrids
thrive well on a shelf near to the glass
of the roof. One of the most beautiful 13
C. X Godefroyas leucocheilum, Goodson's
variety which gained an Award of Merit on
August 29. A number of plants of C. Spiceria-
nium were in bloom; so also C. X Katiienn ,
C. ciliolare, C. X Memoria Moensii, and others.
One of the most prized in the collection is C. X
H. S. Goodson (Sanderianum X Youngianuni
superbum), a very distinct hybrid and a pretty
plant, even when not in flower, its broad leaves
being finely netted with dark green on an ivory
white ground.

All the members of the Goodson family ars
equally interested in Orchids.

In the ornamental conservatory adjoining the
house was a show of Cattleya labiata in five
varieties, and with them were good specimens in
flower of Laelio-Cattleya X Dominiana, L.-C.
X Bletchleyensis, L.-C. X Gottoiana, L.-C. X
Ilaroldiana, Cattleya X Mantini, C. X Mrs. YV.
J. Whiteley, an exceptionally fine C. X Hardy-

418

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December i6, 1905.

ana, a very large and finely coloured C. X
Portia of uniform rosy crimson colour; Cypri-
pedium x Carnusianum, C. x Harrisianum
varieties ; and other Cypripediums, fine speci-
mens of Pleione lagenaria with many flowers ;
a number of good Dendrobium formosum gigan-
teum ; good Odontoglossum grande, one speci-
men having 16 large flowers ; and a large plant
of Lycaste leuconitha with many blooms. B.,
November.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS IN MARKET

NURSERIES.

At Enfield Highway there is quite a colony

of market-growers, and most of them cultivate

some Chrysanthemums. I had recently an

tion for cutting. Western King, grown in large
batches, was very promising. Elaine was nearly
over ; this remains a favourite with most growers.
A few late struck plants of Moneymaker were
flowering well, but properly this should come in
' irlj in October. From all I have seen of it
I feel sure it will prove one of the best varieties
for that season. The variety A. J. Balfour is
grown extensively, and seems to come in a little
earlier than Framfield Pink (or Madame F.
rerrin). Christmas Cheer (the deeper coloured
var;ety) was just showing flower; but Market
Red was nearly past. Putney George is a
favourite, and Source d'Or still holds its place.
A selected variety of a deeper shade of colour
was good ; also the yellow variety, Viviand
Morel, and the varieties C. Davis and Lady
Hanham, though not grown in such large quan-
t'ties, are found very useful. Mrs. Thompson,

was nearly over. Allman's Yellow, just opening
its first blooms, was very prolific. Putney
George is a favourite here also. Nagoya is
found to be one of the best late yellow varieties.
W. Holmes succeeds well. Clinton ChaUont,
A. J. Balfour, Guy Hamilton, Cecil Coutts, and
a few others are grown in large quantities, but
for supplying blooms for catting only. All the
plants are grown in pots, and are kept very
clean.

Mr. M. Larsen,
another grower in the district, does not give
quite so much space to Chrysanthemums, and
grows them only for selling as pot plants. He
cultivates a few sorts remarkably well. The
sorts he has grown so well are La Pactole,
Kathleen Thompson, and Boule de Neige.
Large houses full of Carnations, mostly Ameri-
can sorts, were an interesting feature here One.

.J

Fig. 155. — view of chrysanthemums as grown for market in mr. dillinghurst's nursery.

opportunity of inspecting several of the nur-
series.

At Messrs. Prickett & Sons, who have up-
wards of sixty large houses, mostly 200 feet long,
Chrysanthemums were then the chief feature.
I have previously referred to their success in
securing valuable sports from Soleil d'Octobre,
and they are ever on the look out for sports
from any variety. There lies the secret in
successful culture for market, for even where
no great or distinct variation occurs, there may
be some plants which are more desirable for
affording stock than others, and it is by careful
"election that market growers cultivate the
diffe.?nt sorts to such fine condition. I found
at Messrs. Prickett's that such old sorts as W.
H i nieoln, Cullingfordi and Souvenir de Petite
Amie were among those just coming into condi-

seen in very large quantities, appeared promising
for a late supply. Niveum was more forward.
Tuxedo and Golden Standard (the yellow
Tuxedo) were showing well. Other old and
useful sorts are also grown, and through the
centre of one house was a large collection of
newer sorts which were being grown for trial.
A limited quantity is cultivated of the best
single flowered varieties. In all the varieties
medium-sized flowers and plenty of them are
what is aimed at.

Mr. J. Weir,
who has another nursery close by, does not
cultivate quite so many sorts, and most of
seen were much forwarder than those of Mr.
Prickett. Western King, with the first blooms
just ready to cut, was looking grand. Niveum
was also fine. Dazzler, a good crimson flower,

English variety, Victory, which recently received
a first-class certificate, was worthy of special
note. A large batch of plants just coming into
bloom looked very promising, the foliace
having the beautiful glaucous tint which indi-
cates health and vigour. A. H.

MR. II. BlLLlNGHURST.

An idea of the Chrysanthemums at this
nursery at Selhurst, near Croydon, is afforded
by the illustrations at Figs. 155 and 1 ■
The house includes at the far end a good
group of plants of the variety Pink Ivory,
with 6 or more good blooms on each, and
excellent foliage. On the right is an equally -
group of the variety White Ivory, very useful
by reason of the plants being so dwarf. Adjoin-
ing the variety Pink Ivory is a little batch of

December 16, 1905]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

419

Souvenir de Petite Amie. Next is a group of
the new sport, Kathleen Thompson, a market
favourite. At the extreme back are a few
plants of William Holmes. At the front are
three plants of Souvenir de Petite Amie, all
grown in 48 and 40 sized pots. Chrysanthe-
mums have been grown on the same ground for
over a dozen years, and this without the use of
manures. In such a dry season as the early
part of the past summer, growth was made under
adverse circumstances, yet the plants having

men illustrated at Fig. 156 is only a sample of
the hundreds of plants grown by this successful
cultivator for market. Mr. Billinghurst's plants
stand almost alone in the market, and they have
realised as much as from 24s. to 30s. per dozen.
Stephen Castle.

MARKET CHRYSANTHEMUMS AT THE
EDINBURGH SHOW.
Quite an interesting feature was the class for
a display of cut blooms open to market-growers

Fig. 156. — specimen of souvenir de petite amie chrysanthemum,
as grown for market by Mr. Billinghurst : flowers white.

f jrmed their buds it only required cultured skill
after they were lifted and potted, together with
the best stimulants, to produce the results as
shown. Earlier in the season Mr. Billinghurst
grows the varieties of Mdlle. Massee, Lady
Fitzwygram, Soleil d'Octobre, and others.

Chrysanthemum Souvenir de Petite Amie, as
grown for market by Mr. H. Billinghurst, is
.extremely popular in Covent Garden. The speci-

only. The idea was to display to the public
a typical market-bunch of cut flowers. The
Society offered a reasonable inducement to
growers to compete for six bunches in distinct
varieties as grown for market, arranging them
in vases. There were but three competitors.
Messrs. James Craig and Sons, Barntongate
Nurseries, Davidson's Mains, won the leading
prize with a bright and fresh-looking exhibit ;

but the bunches were rather too tightly tied,
which made them look " squat " in the vases.
The varieties were Soleil d'Octobre, Mr. W.
Holmes, La Triomphante and its yellow sport,
Mdme. August Nonin pink, and another. In the
second prize award Mr. J. Bruce included three
single-flowered varieties, beautifully arranged,
but the flowers of Mary Anderson and its yellow
sport — Annie Holden — weie of irregular quality.

SINGLE-FLOWERED CHRYSANTHEMUMS.
Every lover of the Chrysanthemum for its
winter decorative value will support Mr. D. B.
Crane in his remarks at the recent dinner
respecting the scarcity of the single flowered
varieties at shows, and especially at the Crystal
Palace exhibition. There may be, of course,
some few who admire the Japanese section
eKclusively, and will scoff at the idea of en-
couraging these, to him, " weedy-looking
flowers without a centre." Such have only an
eye for the florist's ideal. If societies were to
offer half, or even a quarter, of the value in
prizes for this section that they now offer for
Japanese varieties, there would soon be an
ample display of them. Instead of that, com-
mittees are content with offering ten shillings
fcr six bunches of single flowers! Give exhi-
bitors reasonable encouragement and we should
soon see single-flowered Chrysanthemums taking
their proper position as one of the most
charming decorative features of the autumn
show. Now is the time for the executive of the
N.C.S. to set an example to other societies by
formulating a class that would thoroughly
enable this type to be displayed as it deserves
to be. E. M.

GLASGOW PARKS & GARDENS
IN WINTER.

(Concluded from page 385.)
Camphill.

In the favourite Queen's Park the glass-
houses at Camphill are always worth visiting,
as besides the more popular flowers in bloom
many interesting plants not generally seen in
public parks are to be found in the houses.
In November, however, the Chrysanthe-
mums are the plants which elicit the most
admiration, their handsome flowers and fine
colours being greatly appreciated by the
visitors to the park. This year the flowers
were generally better than last season, and
the display of large blooms was very fine,
the manner in which they were arranged in
undulating groups assisting the general effect
in a marked degree. In all, some 4,500 plants
are cultivated, the People's Palace on Glasgow
Green being supplied from this park also. The
blooms here were rather later than those at
the Botanic Gardens — an advantage as pro-
longing the display available for the public.
Single-flowered varieties were grouped plenti-
fully; and many plants are grown naturally for
supplying flowers for cutting.

Among the other plants in bloom in the
houses were Zonal Pelargoniums, cultivated
for winter bloom, and giving a welcome bright-
ness in the dull season. Unfortunately, the
fog, that bane of flower-growing in a city like
Glasgow, affects these badly, but as fresh
flowers succeed those destroyed the loss is
not so much felt as it would otherwise be.

Winter-flowering Begonias are also very largely
employed ; and Gloire de Lorraine and its forms
are found to be the best, although such as Winter
Cheer, Gloire de Sceaux, and others are culti-
vated. Primula obconica, and Primula sinensis
are also largely cultivated for winter bloom, and
give great pleasure in their season. Cyclamens are
also in large numbers. A good Amaryllis (Hip-
peastrum), which is being increased for its value
at this season, is Mrs. W. Lee, a pleasing pink
variety which I have observed here before. The

420

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 16, 1905.

white Nerine undulata was also in one of the
houses.

A large bank of stellate Cinerarias give promise
of plenty of bloom in a short time, and a batch of
the Marguerite Carnations are found exceedingly
useful, their bright flowers are much enjoyed
when others are over. Many greenhouse and
hardy Rhododendrons, and Camellias were well
set with buds for a later period of the winter.
The collection of greenhouse Rhododendrons here
is a large and choice one.

Orchids are in great numbers, and these consist
of the leading genera and species, with many hy-
brids, a considerable number of the hybrids having
been raised at Camphill. The Orchids, as a whole,
do very well here, but the Cattleyas, of which
there are a large number, are the least satis-
factory, on account of the dense fogs. C. labiata,
of which there are some fine forms, suffers
greatly, and it was painful on the occasion of my
visit to see the effects upon some fine flowers.
The cool treatment which Mr. Whitton approves
of for Dendrobiums is carried out successfully,
and the plants show its value in the magnificent
growths they have made.

Of Cypripediums, as at the Botanic Gardens,
some hybrids raised here are of considerable merit.
The pretty Masdevallias were also in large num-
bers, and M. tovarensis was particularly good.
Stenoglottis longifolia, an old favourite of mine,
which I used to grow in a cool house, was repre-
sented in several pots, each having some nice
spikes of the pleasing flowers. The Odontoglos-
sums, although only a few were in flower, were a
sight in themselves, so thriving were they, and
many celebrated growers would envy the Glasgow
citizen the plants cultivated for his pleasure. The
whole collection of Orchids reflects credit upon
Mr. MTver and his staff, who have charge of this
park.

At all seasons the succulents, of which there is a
good collection, plaase the Glaswegians, but the
pressure upon the space does not permit of their
having a house to themselves, and a few are not
so happy as one would like to see them. The
collection includes a number of the Phyllocacti,
Echinocacti, Cereuses, Opuntias, Mamillarias,
Aloes, Agaves, Kleinias, Hechtias, Crassulas, and
many other genera. Unfortunately the singularity
of the plants is too much for the good behaviour of
some of the people who come to the park, and
several plants have suffered from the curiosity of
the visitors.

Ferns are largely represented in the houses, and
are generally very fine, although the atmosphere
of the city chambers on festive occasions, when
they are sent there for decorative purposes, is
not conducive to their welfare. Many Adian-
tums. Aspleniums, Pterises, and others, with
some fine specimen Dicksonias and Cyatheas are
cultivated here. A like demand necessitates the
growth of many specimen and other Palms,
Bamboos, Dracaenas, the fine Xanthorrhoea
australis, of which there is a splendid specimen
here, and many other plants of imposing or
graceful appearance.

Mention must also be made of a nice group of
Sarracenias, which, together with several Nepen-
thes attracted notice. Among the Sarracenias are
Drummondi, D. alba, Chelsoni, Patersoni, pur-
purea, Courti, flava, and flava major, Other
plants noticed were Ruellia macrantha, Eupator-
iums, Salvias, Acalyphas, and many others.

Reference must be made to the corridors, with
their foliage plants and their climbers along the
rafters and up the pillars, Among the climbers
was Lonicera Hildebrandti, of which Mr. Whitton
does not think much here. Much more useful
are the Passifloras, and, although deciduous, the
Fuchsias on the rafters in one of the houses. The
more frequently one visits the Camphill houses
the more is one impressed by the immense advan-
tages the plant lovers of Glasgow enjoy.

Tollcross,

Although on a much smaller scale than the
Camphill establishment, the Winter Garden at
Tollcross Park, which is under the charge of Mr.
Wilson, ranks with it in the cultural skill shown
by its contents. In both summer and winter there
is always a good display of flower in addition to
the other plants which are cultivated for their
foliage alone. The houses are, however, fewer
and more limited in size, and in consequence a
smaller proportion of out-of-the-way plants are
cultivated.

The Chrysanthemums, although less numerous
than at Camphill, are very well done, and the

houses in which they have been displayed have
been brilliant. A good group of the single-flowered
variety Miss Rose has been effective, and many of
the popular large-flowered varieties have been
grown with three blooms to a plant.

A notable feature here was a splendid bank of
Gloire de Lorraine Begonias, these including several
varieties, such as Turnford Hall, which seems
synonymous with grandiflora alba, the type of which
is grown here, and Baron Rothschild's variety.
These are exceedingly well cultivated. There are
also a large number of plants of Cineraria Moorei,
Primula sinensis and P. obconica ; whilst there
are also Marguerite Carnations and a large number
of plants, excellently grown, of Salvia splendens ;
but, unfortunately, this is one of the plants which
suffer greatly from fog, and its blooms are soon
destroyed by it. Just going out of flower was the
white Vallota, and a fine lot of Cyclamens will
keep up a display for a long time.

A number of choice Rhododendrons in pots,
well set with buds, were ready to be housed for
blooming by and by. The popular Pink Pearl was
among these.

Here, again, Orchids are largely cultivated, and
new hybrids are being raised in considerable
numbers. Cypripediums are among the most
useful Orchids here, and some of the new hybrids
raised are decided acquisitions. Cattleyas suffer
from fog here also, but their appearance other-
wise gives no ground for complaint ; while Odon-
toglossums are in considerable numbers, there
being among them some very fine forms of O.
crispum. Cymbidiums, Dendrobiums, Zygope-
talum Mackayi, Masdevallias and other species
are well cultivated. The portions of the houses
open to the public are kept attractive throughout
the year with flowering and foliage plants.

Springburn.
At Springburn and at the People's Palace on
Glasgow Green there has also been an excellent
display of Chrysanthemums, and at the former
place Begonias, zonal Pelargoniums, Primulas,
and other winter-flowering plants make a good
display. Mr. Thomson, who is now in charge at
Springburn, has considerably improved this park,
and the winter garden has been attractive all the
season. Mr. Whitton and his able staff deserve
high credit for their work. S. Arnott.

LEAVES FROM MY CHINESE
NOTE-BOOK.

(Continued from page 389.)
ASCENT OF MOUNT WA.
The ascent of the mountain commences a
hundred yards or so from the inn ; cultiva-
tion ceases at 6,200 feet. Above this for
1,000 feet comes a belt, which has been
cleared for cultivation but is now densely
clad with coarsa weeds and quantities of
Rodgersia pinnata alba, Spiraea Aruncus,
Astilbe spp., and Pedicularis spp., with a
few bushes of Deutzia, Fhiladelphus, and
Rhus Toxicodendron interspersed. Above
this, for 500 feet, comes a dense thicket
uf Bamboo scrub (Arundinaria nitida) — a species
of remarkably dense growth with thin culms,
averaging 6 feet in height. Next above this
till the plateau (8,500 feet) is reached comes a
belt of mixed shrubs and herbs, conspicuous
amongst which are Syringa Emodi, Hydrangea
scandens, Hi pubescens, H. aspera, Neillia
affinis, Dipelta floribunda, Ribes longeracemo-
sum, Enkianthus himalaicus, Styrax sp., Deut-
zia (2 spp.), Rubus (s spp.), Viburnum (4 spp.),
Spinca (4 spp.), Acer spp., Pyrus spp., Meco-
nopsis chelidoniaefolia, Fragaria filipendula, Li-
lium giganteum, Trigonotis sp., and the herbs of
the lower belt. A few Rhododendrons occur
chiefly on the limestone cliffs.

The plateau (8,500 feet) is about half a mile
across, marshy in places, and densely clad
with shrubby \egetation and Bamboo scrub. In
addition to those noted for the belt below, we
here found Rosa sericea and Aralia spinosa, also
a species of Caltha, and a few Conifers. Rho-
dodendrons became more abundant as we ad-
vanced.

Crossing this plateau we reached the north-

west angle of the upper storey, and scrambled
upwards by a narrow, rocky, tortuous path
through dense thickets of mixed shrubs, gradu-
ally giving place to Rhododendrons as the nar-
row ledge at 10,000 feet is reached. Rosa seri-
cea, which was past flowering below, was here
a mass of lovely white. Two or three species
of Lonicera and various Labiates occur within
this belt, and on shady rocks at least three
species of Primula, including P. ovalifolia.

From 10,000 feet to the summit Rhododen-
drons account for fully 99 per cent, of the lig-
neous vegetation. A few Conifers, Lonicera
sp., Rosa sericea, Clematis mcntana var., Pieris
sp., and Vaccinium sp. make up the odd 1 per
cent. Amongst herbs, the genus Primula is
the most noteworthy. Of this genus five fresh
species occur, and amongst them, though un-
common, the lovely P. Prattii. A blue-flowered
Corydalis, Cypripedium luteum, with large yel-
low flowers, and two herbaceous species of
Rubus, are other interesting plants. On shady
rocks the curious Berneuxia thibetica abounds.
This plant was first referred to the genus Shortia
by Franchet. Decaisne made it the type of a new
genus. The flowers are small and insignificant,
white or pale bluish in colour. On bare rocks
I gathered the pretty white-belled Cassiope sela-
ginoides.

My attention and interest, however, were
chiefly taken up with the Rhododendrons.
Their gorgeous beauty defies description. They ■
were there in thousands and hundreds of thous-
ands. Bushes of all sizes, many fully 30 feet
in height and more in diameter, all clad with
a wealth of flowers almost hiding the foliage.
Some had crimson, some bright red, some flesh-
coloured, some silvery-pink, and others pure
white flowers. Their huge rugged stems,
gnarled and twisted into every conceivable
shape, were draped with pendent mosses and
lichens, prominent amongst which is Usnea bar-
bata. How they find root-hold on these wild
crags and cliffs is a marvel. Many also grow
on the fallen trunks of the Silver Fir and some
are epiphytic. Beneath them Sphagnum moss
luxuriates, and makes a pretty, if treacherous,
carpet. On bare, exposed cliffs I gathered two
diminutive species of Rhododendron, each only
a few inches in height, one with deep purple
and the other with pale yellow flowers.

Dense mists obscured our view, though
about 10 o'clock the sun tried to break
through and made a rift in the clouds of
mist, disclosing a scene which made one hun-
ger for more. In one place we leant over a pre-
cipice two or three thousand feet in depth, and
could hear the roar of a torrent below. Near-
ing the summit three vertical precipices, each
40 or 50 feet in height, have to be ascended
by means of wooden ladders. Up these I car-
ried my dog, never thinking of the descent. On
returning he got frightened, and, though we
blind-folded him, he struggled much, and 011
one occasion his struggles all but upset my
balance. I was heartily thankful when solid
ground was reached. It required all one's nerve
to mount a ladder, with no balustrade, fixed to.
a cliff 40 feet vertical, and on either side a
yawning abyss lost in the clouds. Baber refers
to more than three ladders, and I did note the
remains of a fourth covered with humus. It
is at 10,700 feet — a narrow ridge not 8 feet
broad— that the first ladder is encountered.
From here to within a few feet of the summit
the path was terribly steep, difficult, and dan-
gerous. Clearing the topmost ladder and the
remains of another, we unexpectedly reached
the summit by the easiest path imaginable — for
all the world like a woodland path at home.

The summit is a slightly undulating plateau,
many acres in extent, with thickets of Rhodo-
dendrons festooned with Clematis montana,
and clumps of Silver Fir, the remnant and off-
spring of giants which once clothed this magni-
ficent mountain, alternating with glades car-
peted with Anemones and Primulas, and tiny
streamlets meandering hither and thither. As

December id, 1905]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

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Baber rightly says: "The most charming
natural park in the world."

In times past several temples existed on the
summit, of which ruins only now remain.
At present there is but one temple, which con-
tains an image of P'u-hsien-p'u-ssa seated on a
plaster elephant. It is built of timber of the Silver
Fir and is in excellent repair. Near the temple is
a small patch of medicinal Rhubarb (Rheum
officinale), cultivated by the priests. A few
Cabbage and a tiny patch of Irish Potatos were
the only other plants cultivated.

The altitude of the temple I made to be
11,200 feet. The thermometer stood at 530 F.
inside the temple, but it felt much colder ; the
mists seemed to penetrate to the marrow of one's
bones.

The partly shrubby Sambucus javanica and
several herbs, including Pedicularis sp., Trigo-
notis sp., Fragaria filipendula, and F. elatior,
range from base to summit. Fragaria filipen-
dula is a new plant and worthy of note ; its fruits
are red, more or less cylindrical in shape, often
more than an inch in length, and of very good
flavour. Later, at Tatien-lu, I enjoyed many a
dish of these fruits with cream from yak's milk.

Two days later I ascended a lofty spur
(10,000 feet) of this mountain and added several
fresh plants to my collection. Of these I may
mention Paeonia anomala, Rubus xanthocarpus,
Clematis Prattii, Ribes pachysandroides, Poten-
tilla fruticosa var., Pyrola rotundifolia, Styrax
-sp. nov., Aristolcchia sp., Acer sp., Anemone
(_ spp.), Pyrus sp., Berberis sp., and Primula
(1 spp.). High up on the cliff Leontopodium al-
pinum, and several species of Anaphalis abound.
Amongst the Sphagnum at least three species of
Lycopodium occur On dripping, .shady rocks
and trunks of Rhododendrons Hymenophyllum
Henryi is abundant.

During the four days I botanised on this
mountain I added some 220 odd species to my
collection. On each of these days the work was
excessively hard, and " drenched to the skin "
but mildly describes our plight each evening as
we reached our inn. On one occasion, through
-treading on some loose debris, I was only saved
from being precipitated over a steep precipice
by the presence of mind of a coolie who hap-
pened to be near me at the moment.

Zoologically, Mount Wa and the surrounding
'wilderness is particularly interesting as being
one of the few places in China where wild
■cattle (Budorcas taxicolor) are to be found. I saw
their foot-prints only ; they were nearly as
large as those of the cow. These cattle are de-
scribed as being both fierce and revengeful.
They are doubtless the " Beyamini " of Marco
Polo.

Ornithologically, Mount Wa is interesting as
being the home of at least five species of Pheas-
ants, including the "Golden" and "Amherst"
pheasants. I have climbed and botanised on
many mountains in different parts of China,
some much higher than this, but none have I
found richer in cool temperate plants, and
more especially in flowering shrubs. Alto-
gether, with its rich flora, peculiar fauna, its
singular formation, and its magnificent natural
park on the summit, this mountain commands
a place to itself. In my mind Mount Wa stands
.apart, unapproached, and unapproachable.

E. H. Wilson.

(To be continued.)

FRUIT REGISTER.

■PEAR— COUNTESS OF PARIS.
A medium sized Pear raised in France. It is
pyriform in shape, with a short stalk inserted
obliquely ; rind yellowish green russetty near the
extremities, and with small scattered reddish brown
spots and blotches diffused over the surface.
Flesh white, somewhat granular, flavour like that
■ of Besi de Chaumontel. The fruit is ripe in
December. The tree does well on the Quince. It
is figured in the October number of the Bulletins
■d' Arboriculture, etc.

The Week's Work.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F. Jordan, Gardener to Dr. Corbet, Impney Hall
Gardens, Droitvvich.

Pines. — Let plants now fruiting be kept in an
atmospheric temperature of 650 to 700 at night,
or in very cold or windy weather 65°. Cover up
the pits at night with mats or other protective
material in order to render less fire-heat necessary,
especially if any difficulty is experienced in main-
taining the temperature required. Allow a rise of
io° or 150 during day with sun-heat, and keep the
bottom-heat steady at from 85° to 900. Examine
the plants once each week, and be careful to afford
water only to those plants whose roots are dry.
Maintain the necessary degree of moisture in the
atmosphere by damping the paths, and on fine
days by spraying water over the surface of the
beds.

Early Queens. — These plants will have been
quietly resting for some time. Examine the plung-
ing material to ascertain if it is so dry that it is
absorbing what little moisture is required for the
plants, in which case carefully moisten the plung-
ing material with tepid water. This applies more
especially to those plants that are plunged near to
or upon the hot-water pipes. As the plants
will not be required to be started before the
beginning of the year, it is much better to apply
tepid water to the tan or leaves if moisture
is required, rather than to the roots at this
season. Preparations should now be made to
have the Pine stove ready for starting by the
beginning of the year, in order that the plants may
ripen fruits by the end of May or beginning of
June, when other choice fruits are scarce.
Thoroughly cleanse the pits and clear out all
the old plunging material, which should be
cleansed and returned together with the necessary
quantity of fresh oak leaves or tan, whichever
are used. Some little delay will occur if much
fresh fermenting material is added, because the
bottom heat will need to fall to 900 before the pots
may be plunged. When the bed has been
made ready, select those plants having thick
collars and a number of short leaves in the centre,
as these will be most likely to produce fruits in the
shortest time. Remove any loose soil from the
surface, and a few of the short, lower leaves
afterwards, top-dressing the plants with a com-
post of rough fibrous loam, bone-meal, and a little
soot added, which should be rammed firmly round
the collars.

Succession plants. — The same temperatures as were
mentioned in the Calendar of October 21 are still
suitable for houses containing these plants, allow-
ing a few degrees more or less, according to the
condition of the outside atmosphere. The plants
must be examined once a week, and any that
require moisture must only be given clear, tepid
water. The plants should never be allowed to
suffer by becoming too dry at the roots. Sufncent
atmospheric moisture will be provided by damping
the paths and walls.

Figs. — The early pot-trees which were placed
in a bed of fermenting leaves at the middle of last
month will soon be unfolding their leaves. Fresh
material should be added to keep up the bottom-
heat to 700. Increase the temperature of the house
at nightto 550 with a further rise of io° or I5°with
sun-heat during the day. Pay careful attention to
ventilation, admitting a little air daily during mild
weather. Syringe the trees moderately with tepid
water in the morning and early in the afternoons
on fine days, and see that the soil about the roots
is kept in a moderately moist condition. Have
the houses containing the permanent, early and
successional trees thoroughly cleansed, the borders
top-dressed, and the trees trained, so that all may
be in readiness for starting the trees when required.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bullock, Gardener to E. J. Wvthes, Esq.,
Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Hippeastrum (Amaryllis). — Plants that were
raised in the early part of the year from seeds
are mostly in a fit condition for the final potting
previous to flowering. Pots measuring 6 inches
in diameter should be employed for this pur-
pose. Good drainage, formed of broken pots
made into suitable sizes, is essential. Employ
similar compost to that advised in my Calendar
for January 14. In transferring the plants into
the larger pots, take great care not to bruise

the roots. Remove a little of the surface soil
so that the bulbs will be about two-thirds clear
of the surface after the operation of potting has
been performed. Afford water sparingly until
the roots are growing freely in the new soil.
Maintain an atmospheric temperature of 6o° by
night in the structure containing the plants.
Thrips are liable to cause much damage to the
plants at this stage and often before the young
growth appears ; therefore, fumigate the struc-
ture once each week with the X.L.A11 vaporiser,
and this will be an effective check to them.

Dormant Bulbs. — Inspect these occasionally,
and let any that show signs of pushing their
flower sheath be shaken out, repotted, and
placed in a warmer atmosphere. (See the Calen-
dar in the issue for January 14 last.)

Richardia Elliottiana. — To provide an early
flowering batch let a few of the stronger bulbs
which have had a long period of rest be started
into growth. (See the Calendar for February 4
last.)

Lilium speciosum (lancifolium) rubrum and
L. s. album. — These varieties are amongst the
most useful Lilies for culture in pots, but they
should not at any time be subjected to hard
forcing. Bulbs may be potted at the present
time.

Bouvardias that have ceased to be effective
should have the water supply gradually reduced
from the roots and eventually withheld alto-
gether, placing them in a cool and dry struc-
ture to ensure a thorough ripening of the wood.

Pelargoniums. — Afford these a minimum atmo-
spheric temperature of 45° by night, with a rise
of 50 by day. If aphis be present, let them be
fumigated with the X.L.A11 vaporiser.

Cyclamen. — Liquid manure should not be
afforded the plants after the flowers begin to
develop. Maintain a dry atmosphere about the
plants, and remove any decayed foliage.

Decorative Chrysanthemums. — During damp
and sunless weather, late flowering plants need
to have a little artificial heat afforded them —
just sufficient to dry the atmosphere around
them.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H. Young, Orchid Grower to Sir F. Wigan, Bt.,
Clare Lawn, East Sheen, S.W.

Maxillarias. — Few of these plants are con-
sidered to be worth cultivation, excepting in
collections where the so-called " botanical or-
chids" are appreciated. There are several, how-
ever, which produce flowers of considerable
attractiveness, such, for instance, as M. San-
deriana. Plants of M. Sanderiana are now pro-
jecting their downward-growing flower spikes,
and if it is not desirable that they should pene-
trate the material about the roots, a small piece
of glass should be inserted beneath the tip of
the developing spike to induce it to grow above
ground. The majority of Maxillarias grow in a
cool, intermediate temperature, and throughout
the winter months only a very limited quantity
of water is needed to keep them in a sound
condition. M. Sanderiana is no exception to
that rule, and should it be suspended along
with Masdevallia chimera, the atmospheric
moisture necessary for the Masdevallia will fur-
nish the Maxillaria with sufficient for long
periods. When water is really needed, give
care to the projecting spikes when dipping the
baskets to the upper bars. M. grandiflora and
M. venusta, both of large growth and vigorous
habit, are now flowering, producing white
blooms of good size and quality. These are
pot plants, and there being a little loam in the
rooting medium, it will remain moist for a
considerable time after the affording of water.
It is unnecessary to specify other common
species, as the above remarks as to watering
will hold good in every case.

Miltonias. — Those of the M. vexillaria section
will now be slowly developing their growths,
and will need frequent examination to see that
the young leaves are not retarded by their edges
adhering to each other. Where they do adhere,
the leaves should be liberated carefully by
means of the handle of a budding knife or
other thin and smooth implement. Keep the
rooting medium moist, but preferably under
rather than over wet. Afford as much air as
is consistent with outside conditions, and keep
the glass above them in a clean condition. To
keep the plants free from thrips, an occasional

December 16, 1905.]

Til E GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

423

bright morning should be taken advantage of
to spray the plants over with some safe and
efficacious insecticide. M. Rcezlii, growing un-
der warmer conditions, may, now that fire-heat
is so much used, be watered freely overhead
whenever it approaches to dryness. Those com-
prising the ftl. spectabilis group, growing in a
warm, intermediate compartment, would suffer
more from an excess of moisture at the base
than from comparative drought. On bright
mornings they may be sprayed with tepid rain-
water to keep them free from their common
enemy, red spider. M. Clowesii, M. Regncllii,
M. Candida, and others of a similar charai ter
need an intermediate temperature, little water,
and all the light obtainable at this season. M.
Weltoni and Al. Schroderiana, both of winch
are probably making growth, need a favoured
position at the coolest end of a Cattleya house.
Much water must not be supplied them, nor
must drought be very prolonged.

Light being so essential to plant life, it is im-
perative that the roof-glass, both outside and
111, should be kept clean. Sooty deposits, re-
sulting from visitations of fog, cannot be washed
off without scrubbing, and to do this efficiently
it is desirable that it be done with an ordinary
scrubbing brush.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. A. Miller, Gardener to Lord Henry C. Bentinck,
M.P., Underley Hall, Westmoreland.

Carnations. — Layers that were planted in Sep-
tember, in beds and borders, should be
examined after frosts, and if any appear
loosened press them firmly into the ground.
Choose a day when the weather is dry tor tins
operation, and lay two light boards down the
alley to stand upon. Reserve-plants in frames
should be kept on the dry side and scrupulously
clean. Afford abundant ventilation on ail
favourable occasions, for a stagnant and damp
environment favours the attacks of Ureao
diai.thi (spot) and Helminthosporium echinula-
tum (rust). If these fungoid growths do appear
on the plants, pick off all affected leaves. Kara
and tender varieties are best wintered on a shelf
in a greenhouse. Maintain a careful watch also
over layers and seedlings, and prevent the
Carnation maggot (Hylemia nigrescens) from
destroying the central growths. rJestroy green-
fly on its first appearance by applying 1'oDacco
powder, or by tunngating the plants. Do not
crush the insects on the leaves, as the juices
contained in them are capable of injuring the
foliage.

Calceolarias, Violas, Phloxes, and Pent-
stemons, &*c. — Admit air to these plants each
day when the weather is favourable. Do not
allow moss to grow on the surface of the soil.
Calceolarias must never be subjected to a tem-
perature as low as the freezing point ; therefore
during severe frosts the coverings used must be
proportionate to the degree of cold, and be kept
on till the frost has ceased.

The Wild Garden.— Blue flowering plants are
always in request, as they appear to be least in
number. Delphiniums flower early in summer,
and in autumn may be had in flower Acointum
autumnale, A. californicum, A. japonicum, A.
longibracteatum, A. stnetum, and A. volubile.
They will thrive in ordinary soil, in a sunny
or partly shaded position. Aster acris and A. a.
var. dracunculoides, also A. Amellus and its
varieties, afford good effect when planted in
masses. Anchusa italica continues in flower for
many weeks, and the flowers are of a rich
gentian blue colour. The Dropmore variety is
an improved form. Tall Campanulas of the C.
latifoha group, C. laetiflora, C. pyramidalis,
and C. elegans are good. Clematis heracleae-
folia Davidiana is distinct. Echinops rutheni-
cus and the handsome Eryngiums require rich,
sandy loam. Elymus arenarius, a blue-grey
grass, thrives in dry places. Galega officinalis
compacta and G. Hartlandi are excellent plants
for any aspect. Gentiana asclepiadea flowers
in late summer, and is very effective. Lobelia
syphilitica is indispensable for cultivation in
damp situations. Meconopsis Wallichii is a
very ornamental biennial. It requires moisture
and shade. Platycodons are interesting plants.
Primula capitata should be cultivated in a
choice nook, and it often flowers in autumn.
St ttice latifolia, S. Limonium, and S. superba

are useful plants for sandy loams. The old
Viola cornuta affords a profusion of blue flowers
over a long period. Amongst purple flowering
plants are Eupatorium purpureum, Lobelia
Milleri, Lophospermum purpurea-cceruleum,
Prunella Webbiana, and Spirara Davidiana.

Tree Pests. — Should the Beech bark-louse
(Cryptococcus fagi) be found, clean the trunk
of the tree with a winter wash such as concen.
trated alkali or dissolve separately one pound
of caustic soda and one pound of crude
potash. Mix the solutions together and stir up
three-quarters of a pound of soft soap 111 the
mixture, afterwards adding water to make ten
gallons,

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

3y W. H. Clarke, Gardener to Sir William Plowdi h,
Aston Rouant House, Oxon.

Cleansing the Bark of Fruit Trees.- 1
fruit grower should give attention to this worx
at the present season. The cleansing can be
best performed after all the pruning ami tying
of the branches has been completed, but 1
the trees are afforded their annual mulching.
The operation may be safely carried out until
within a short time of the trees showing signs of
life in the spring, but at that time other work
is very pressing, and it is best to cleanse the
trees in December or early in January.

S fraying. — The spraying of the trees with a
caustic solution is the most simple and effective
means to employ. This preparation not only
destroys all mosses and lichen, but, if pro-
perly applied, it will eradicate from every part
of the tree all kinds of insects and their
red spider, and aphides. The best means bj
which to apply the liquid is a Knapsack
Sprayer. Vermorel's particular make 1 have
found as good as any ; it has jets of different
size, which can be used to suit various pur-
poses. If a small number of trees only require
to be sprayed, one of the small hand s\
is the best, to which a spraying nozzle can
be attached. Only a fine spray is needed, and
evei . part of the tree should be wetted, likewise
the wall behind it. The liquid is the more
effectual when used at a temperature of i2ou
Fahr., and is quite sat? when so used.

Preparation of the Wash. — Take one pound of
ground caustic soda (Greenbank's 98 per rout.)
and one pound of crude commercial potash.
Dissolve each substance in warm water in separ-
ate wooden vessels, and afterwards [nit them
together into ten gallons of rain water. This
can be safely used for Cherry, Peach, Nectarine,
and Apricot trees, but the addition of half
pound of soft soap, thoroughly dissolved in hot
water and added to the above quantity, will
make the liquid more effective and safe to use
on Apple, Pear, and Plum trees. As this solu-
tion is capable of burning, the hands must be
protected by gloves, and old clothes should be
worn by the operator. Old Apple and Pear
trees which are badly infested with moss and
lichen will need a second application.

Black Currant Bud-Mite.— Although hand
picking will not exterminate this pest, it will
minimise it, and in addition the bushes should
be treated with a solution of half a pint of quas-
sia extract in three gallons of water, to which
a handful of flowers of sulphur and a small
quant. ty of lime have been added. Apply this
liquid by means of the syringe. Afford manure
to the tr-es liberally, as strong growths are not
so liable to aftac!; New plantations should be
made at a considerable distance from the in-
fested trees.

The Gooseberry S'awfly. — If the caterpillars of
this pest attacked the bushes last season, some
of the pupa? will be exposed if the soil under
the bushes be lightly forked over. The buds
will then be likely to devour them. If fowls
are allowed in the plantations they will also
help in destroying them. Another good plan is
to 'remove the surface soil entirely, and char it,
. or make it the bottom spit on some ground which
is being trenched.

Birds. — Wall trees should be protected from
birds by fish-netting, and other trees afforded
similar protection as much as possible.

Fruit Room. — Carefully examine the fruit once
each week-, and remove all decaying or speckled
fruits. Let the atmosphere be kept at a uni-

form temperature, which should never be lower
than 35", and if other means are not available
during severe frosts, a small paraffin stove will
serve to keep the required temperature. Exclude
every ray ot light.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By W. FyiE, Gardener to Lady Wantage, Lockinge Park,
Wantage, Berks.

French Beans in Pals need at this season a
temperature of t:io° to 7oJ, and much moisture in
the atmosphere except when the plants are in
flower. Let the glass of the structure be kept
s. rupulously clean. When the plants have well
filled the pots with roots, apply weal. Liquid
manure to the roots at each alternate watt
Small-growing varieties are the best for forcing,
m winter, and, for these, pots which are 0 or
7 inches in diameter will be large enough. Use
light, turfy loam pulled to pieces by hand, and
add some manure obtained from an old musli-
1 in bed, together with a little half-decayed
leaf soil. Beans require rather loose
through which the water will pass very freely.
The practice of sowing seeds in small pots and
re-potting the plants afterwards has nothing to

mend it, nor has the practice of mi
half filling the pets with soil at the time of
sowing the seeds. Enough seeds should be put
in each pot to ensure getting five good plants. 1 0
the germination of the seeds, place the
pots on the hot-water pipes. Support the plants
in good time by means of a few twigs cut from
birch brooms. A good variety foi sowing at
this season is Veitch's Early favourite.

Mushrooms. — During the winter months the
preparation of Mushroom beds is an important
matter. The manure must be prepared under
cover in a shed exposed to the open on one
side, and when sufficient has been collected,
make it up into ridge form for a few days.
Then turn it, and in doing so bring the centre
of the heap to the outside. After 10 or 12 days
it will be in a fit condition to be placed in the
Mushroom house, putting it evenly in layer-s
from one end of the bed to the other, treading it
with the feet as the work proceeds to make it
equally firm all over. \\ hen the heat has
declined to between 750 and 8oJ, the spawn
may be inserted in pieces about as big as a large
walnut, putting them at about 6 inches apart all
ovei the bed, and pressing them firmly in the
bed. When it has been ascertained that the
rature will not rise above 8qu, the beds
may be covered with about 2 inches of soil and
made smooth by beating it with the back of the
spade. In order to preserve the heat in the
beds, cover them with thick mats.

Broccoli. — The damage done up to the pr<
through severe cold is very little, but when the
hea.'s become fit for use they soon get
blackened by frost, therefore they had better be
lifted and placed in some sheltered position,
when they can be easily covered with mats or
some other material that is light and warm.
Such varieties as Snow's Winter White should
keep up the supply for at least six weeks.

Cauliflowers. — Plants that are wintered in
frames must not be coddled. Admit plenty of
air on all occasions where there is not severe
frost. If the plants chosen were of the correct
size, they will then remain dwart and stocky.
Dampness will be the greatest evil to guard
against. Allow no decaying matter to remain
near the plants. Stir the surface soil occasion-
ally.

Bacterial Disease of Tomatos. — Leaflet
No. 152 of the Board of Agriculture is devoted
to the description and illustration of a disease
caused by bacteria. It begins as a blackish
patch around the base of the style, eventually
spreading till, ultimately, the whole fruit is
reduced to a soft decayed mass. Infection takes
place during the flowering stage by means of
flies which visit the flowers and deposit the
bacteria on the stigma. Destruction of the
affected fruit and the use of an insecticide are
recommended as the only means of preventing,
the malady.

424

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December i6, 1905.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUB-
LISHER, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden,
W.C.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens and plants
for naming, should be addressed to the EDITOR,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London.

Communications should be written on one side only of
the paper, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The Editor docs not
undertake to pay for any contributions or illustrations, or
to return unused communications or illustrations, unless by
special arrangement. The Editor does not hold himself
responsible for any opinions expressed by his correspondents.

Illustrations. — The Editor will be glad to receive and to select
photographs or drawings, suitable for reproduction, of
gardens, or of remarkable plants, flowers, trees, &c. ; but he
cannot be responsible for loss or injury.

Newspapers.— Correspondents sending newspapers should be
careful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see.

Local News. — Correspondents will greatly oblige by sending to
the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matters whichit is desirable
to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

SATURDAY, Deo. 16 1 An£aa\ Meeting of Carnation and
' 1 Picotee Society.

1R.H.S. Committees Meet.
National Dahlia Society's Annual
Meeting.

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced from

observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick — 39'5°.
Actual Temperatures: —

London. — Wednesday, Dec. 13(6 p.m.): Mas. 42° ; Min.
35°.
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, London. — Thursday, Dec. 14(10
a.m.): Bar., 30-5; Temp., 47*: Weather— Dull,
with slight fog.

Provinces. — Wednesday, Dec. 13 (6 p.m.) : Max. 40*
N.-W. Coast of Ireland; Min. 3S" E. Midlands.

SALES.

MONDAY NEXT—

At 12 o'Clock; Dutch Bulbs of all kinds at 67 & 68
Cheapside, E.C., by Protheroe & Morris.

WEDNESDAY NEXT—

At 11 o'Clock; Dutch Bulbs, Miscellaneous and Hardy
Border Plants, &c. ; at 3.0 and 5.0,2,000 Roses in variety ;
at 5.0, Palms, Plants, Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Fruit
trees, &c, at 67 & 68 Cheapside, by Protheroe & Morris.

THURSDAY NEXT—

At 12.30 ; Special Sale of Flowering Orchids, at 67 & 63
Cheapside, E.C., by Protheroe & Morris.

The extraordinary popularity of
The the Rose and the keen enthu-
NjRose siasm of rosarians were exem-
Society. plified at the annual meeting of
the National Rose Society, held
on Thursday, the 7th inst., after our pages
had gone to press. The large room at the
Hotel Windsor was packed, .the speakers
were numerous, and the business of the meet-
ing became so involved as to elicit a striking
amount of skill and good management on
the part of the president, Mr. Shea. The
most important business had reference to the
date on which the Metropolitan Show should
be held, and to judge from the interest mani-
fested, greater zeal could hardly have been
•evinced had the question been one relating to
fiscal policy or to Home Rule. For all that,
it was onlv a question of whether the show
should be held two or three days earlier or
later, as the case might be. This was a
point of interest as regards the conflicting
requirements of North and of South, but one
that is almost wholly dependent on the
vagaries of the weather, and to that extent
beyond the control of any general meeting.
After much discussion, a compromise was
arrived at. It was decided that as a rule the
exhibition should not be held earlier than the

third of July or later than the ninth of the
same month. Thursday, the fifth of July,
was selected as the date for the Metropolitan
Show. The decision was arrived at unani-
mously, n— inly, it would seem, from the
influence of Mr. Mawley's statistics. In the
compilation of these, various factors had been
taken into consideration, the general result
going to show that the best date, all things
considered, is "about the sixth of July." As
to the locality, it was decided to hold the show
in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Regent's
Park. The result of holding the show in
those gardens last year was very satisfactory,
and a great improvement on the show held
in the Temple Gardens. Moreover, there is
every probability that the means of access to
the Regent's Park from central London will
speedily be greatly improved.

The autumn exhibition was fixed for Wed-
nesday, September 19, at the Royal Horti-
cultural Hall, Vincent Square, the show to
last one day only instead of two, as this year.
The annual report revealed a most pros-
perous state of things, no fewer than 422 new-
members having been elected in the year, and
the finances being in a sound condition. The
publication of the little treatise on Pruning
was considered to have contributed in no
slight degree to this result.

The Society's receipts for the year, includ-
ing a balance at bankers of £318 19s. nd.,
and £4 us. id. interest earned on deposit
account, was .£1,851 13s. iod., and the ex-
penditure, for the same period, £1,410
13s. 1 id.

Of course it was not possible to hold such
a meeting without sympathetic allusion to the
decease of the founder of the Society, the Rev.
H. H. D'Ombrain. How well he laid the
foundations of the Society and controlled its
superstructure is shown by its flourishing
stale, a condition for which the Society has
also to thank the present secretary, Mr. E.
Mawley.

A change in the Directorate at
Kew. Kew has as much interest for the

horticultural public as the ap-
pointment of a new ministry in the political
sphere. In the one case scientific attainments
and administrative capacity are alone to be
considered ; in the other, party prejudices and
personal predilections cannot be entirely ex-
cluded.

Sir William Thiselton-Dyer's retirement
from the Directorate of Kew was announced
in our last issue. After some ten years' ser-
vice as Assistant- Director, Sir William Dyer
assumed the Directorate on the retirement of
Sir Joseph Hooker. To have to follow in the
steps of two such very distinguished men as
Sir William and Sir Joseph Hooker might well
have engendered misgivings. The requirements
of the office are as onerous as they are varied.
The general public look on the establishment
mainly as a pleasure ground. To them the
only considerations are the general amenity
of the gardens and the brilliancy of the flower
beds. To gardeners, Kew is much more ; they
expect, in a word, to see there the best of
everything cultivated in the very best manner.
The requirements of the botanists are even
more exacting. They want to see and to study
the most interesting, the most rare, the most
novel, the most economically important plants

accurately named, and grown and disposed in
such a way as to illustrate the affinities of the
plants, their geographical distribution, and
their adaptation to particular circumstances
and requirements. To them the museums,
the laboratories, the herbaria, the library, the
picture galleries are of greater consequence
than the merely decorative features of the
establishment, features which can be seen
more or less in any of the public and private
parks of the country. As a botanical esta-
blishment Kew is still unique. Berlin, New
York, and other cities are striving to emulate
the Royal Gardens, but they have not yet suc-
ceeded in rivalling them. The circumstances
at Calcutta, Buitenzorg, Sydney, or Pera-
denyia are so different that comparison
is not possible. The mention of the names
of these famous gardens serves, however,
to illustrate one other function of Kew,
one of enormous importance to the Colo-
nies and to India, though little, if at all,
known to the general public. Kew acts, in
fact, as a general bond of communication — a
" clearing house," as it were, for all the
botanical establishments of the Empire. It
acts as a distributing centre not only for
ornamental plants which attract the passer-by,
but for the cinchonas, the rubber-plants, the
teas, the fibre-plants and others which are of
such vast commercial importance at the present
time. Again, Kew has become the centre for
the investigation of plant-diseases in the tropics
and elsewhere, and this department will doubt-
less be considerably extended in future.

We mention these matters to show the
nature and extent of the labours that fall on
the Director in his work of supervision and
administration. The glorious record of the
Hookers, father and son, is known to all
botanists. Naturally, since their time the
responsibilities and duties have materially
increased. During the time that Sir William
Thisel ton- Dyer has been in charge even more
attention than before has been paid to the
horticultural department ; the Temperate house
has been completed, and is now by far the
largest establishment in the world. Many of
the other houses have been enlarged or re-
novated, the Herbarium has been more than
doubled in size, the Museums have been over-
hauled, and the Library has been rearranged
and largely added to.

For general efficiency in all departments Kew
never stood higher than it does at present.

All this administrative work has no doubt
to some extent interfered with the literary
output from Kew. The issue of the Bulletin
has apparently ceased definitely. The publi-
cation of the Colonial Floras has been delayed,
but of late great efforts have been made to
hasten their appearance, and even as we write
a new part of the Flora of Tropical Africa has
been issued, and the Flora of South Africa, as
we may call it, has been pushed forward. The.
Hand-Lists that have been issued have proved
of great utility. Sir William Dyer's successor
will have no light task to maintain the efficiency
of all departments of the establishment and to
increase it according to the ever-growing re-
quirements of science and commerce. Col.
Prain's brilliant academic achievements, his
experience in India, and his personal qualifica-
tions offer the best guarantee that in his hands
the noble traditions of Kew will be not only
maintained but extended.

Supplement to the "Gardeners' Chronicle."

,rl

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1

astilbe grandis, a x ewly-introdijced chinese plant, exhibited by

Messrs. James Veitch & Sons.

flowers white, inflorescence 4 feet in length,

Temple Press. Ltd., Printers, 7-15 Fosehery Avenue, London, E.C.

December i6, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

42.")

Kew. — It is stated that the post of Assistant
Director is to be revived, and that considerable
developments may be expected in the departments
of forestry and agriculture, including, as we trust,
the study of plant-diseases of all kinds. Cam-
bridge Cottage on Kew Green has been allotted
for the purposes of the establishment by His
Majesty. This will be a great addition to the con-
venience and efficiency of the garden. Cambridge
Cottage was long the residence of the late Duchess
of Cambridge and her daughter the Princess Mary,
afterwards Duchess of Teck.

The National Dahlia Society. — The
annual meeting is announced to take place at
2.45 p.m. on Tuesday, December 19, in the North
Room, Hotel Windsor, Westminster.

Royal Botanic Society. — Mr. Sowerby
contributes " by order " to the Times a letter
relating to the affairs of the Society and to the
results of the late meeting, from which we ex-
tract the following passage : — " .... The
first thing of all to be done is to get the finances
straight. The council submitted a proposal
with this object (increase of subscription),
which, having received the support of large
majorities of the Fellows, both by postcard
and in person, failed on the 24th ult. to obtain
the requisite and very strict majority of three-
fourths by one vote only. The vote having
been taken, and the result recorded, the council
was called together with the least possible
delay, and at a meeting held on the 2Sth ult.
they passed unanimously the following resolu-
tion, which has since been circulated to all the
Fellows : — ' That a general meeting of the Fel-
lows should be convened, soon after Christmas,
to discuss privately and unreservedly with the
council any grounds of dissatisfaction, as well
as suggestions of a practical character, with a
view to promote the prosperity of the Society.'
This course has the additional recommendation
of being in conformity with the recommenda-
tion made by one of the Fellows at the meet-
ing on the 24th ult. The council hope that ad-
vantage will be taken of this opportunity by the
Fellows, and that, in words used by Mr. Rubin-
stein in his letter published in the Times of
December 1st, they may, 'with the co-operation
of the Fellows, find, if possible, a way out of
the present difficulties.' "

Relief for the Unemployed. — Writing to
the Lord Mayor of London with reference to
the Queen's Unemployed Fund, Lord Carrington
said : — " I wish to subscribe 200 guineas towards
the Queen's fund, but instead of enclosing a cheque
for this sum I propose to spend this amount in
wages for 14 unemployed heads of houses at High
Wycombe (six of whom I have already engaged
and started at work) at the standard rate of wages
for unskilled labour in this district. Thanks to
the Queen's kindly sympathy and promptitude, it
is evident that a large sum of money will be sub-
scribed, but the difficulty of providing immediate
work remains. If landowners could start relief
works on their own estates in the country it might
perhaps diminish the influx of unemployed into
London. Where life-owners are unable to start
such temporary employment out of income, trustees
of settled estates can, under the Settled Land Act,
advance money for permanent improvements, such
as road-making, embanking, draining, &c, which
would provide employment for unskilled labour."
Lord Carrington 's scheme and example is one
which we do not doubt will commend itself to a
large number of landowners, not only by reason
that it may check the influx of unemployed into
the Metropolis, but also because it will tend to
relieve the sufferings of the people with whom the
donor is more immediately concerned, and for
whom he not unnaturally sympathises the most.
And while by the initiation of such relief works the
landowner will have the satisfaction of knowing
that he has mitigated the sufferings of his lowly
neighbours, he will at the same time know that his
estate has benefited. But the great point in Lord
Carrington's letter is this : that landowners able

to provide work should do so now when work is
scarce, rather than postpone improvements until
the summer, when the unskilled labourer is able to
find employment in other directions. The Estate
Magazine.

Linnean Society. — An evening meeting will
be held on Thursday, December2i, 1905, at 8p.m.,
when the following papers will be read : — 1.
Reports on the Vienna Botanical Congress, by
Dr. A. B. Rendle, M.A., F.L.S. ; 2. Cyrtan-
draces Malayans novje, by Dr. Franz Kranzlin ;
3. On Cbaraceae from the Cape, collected by Major
A. H. 1Wolley-Dod, by Messrs. H. and I.
Groves ; 4. Note on the distribution of Shortia,
by Mr. B. Daydon Jackson, Gen. Sec, L.S.

Apples from British Columbia.— We
have received several fruits from the Agent-General
of British Columbia, Finsbury Circus, London,
which are similar to many that were shown at the
exhibition of colonial fruit reported in our last
issue. They have wonderful colour development,
but possess less flavour than specimens grown in
England ; besides which they are deficient in
juices. At the same time the general public is to
be congratulated that at such a season as the
present, when English Apples are almost unobtain-
able, the colonies can send large quantities of such
fruits as were exhibited from British Columbia
and Nova Scotia.

National Carnation and Picotee Society.
— The annual general meeting of the above
society will lie held in the room of the Horti-
cultural Club, Hotel Windsor, Victoria Street,
Westminster, on Saturday, December 16, 1905,
at 3.15 p.m. After the transaction of the business
of the meeting the president of the society proposes
to move the following resolution: — "That this
meeting of members of the Carnation Society is of
opinion that too much encouragement has of late
years been given in the prize lists of the society to
exhibition of 'dressed' flowers, and they would wish
the schedule of Prizes, for the year 1906, to offer
increased opportunities to the exhibitors of un-
dressed flowers. The floral committee is three-
fore requested to take this matter into their
consideration, and at their earliest convenience
to submit to the committee of the society sug-
gestions for a revision of the prize list for 1906
in the direction indicated." We sincerely trust
the members will support the president in tins
attempt to do away with the childish practice of
dressing which has little relation to gardening.

Gift of Trentham Hall for Purposes of
Higher Education. — At a meeting of the Staf-
fordshire County Council on Saturday, as reported
in the Times, Lord HATHERTONsaidaletter had been
received from the Duke of Sutherland stating that
he had decided to give Trentham House to the
Council for the purposes of the higher education.
The council passed a cordial vote of thanks to the
Duke and Duchess of Sutherland for their
magnificent offer, which exceeded anything in the
annals of the county, and the offer was referred
to the Education Committee for consideration.
Trentham House is situated in a magnificent
park about four miles from Stoke-on-Trent, and
has long been in the possession of the Sutherland
family. A short time ago some correspondence
took place between the Duke and the Stoke Town
Council with reference to the alleged pollution of
the Trent, which runs near the hall, by sewage
from the town being drained into it. His Grace
threatened that, unless the nuisance complained of
was abated, he would give up residence at Trent-
ham.. Whilst the Duke's public-spirited action is
universally appreciated, there is a feeling of regret
that the giving up of Trentham House will result
in the severance of ties which have linked the
Sutherland family with the Potteries for very
many years. Trentham has been celebrated for
its extensive and well-equipped gardens for a long
period, and a large number of gardeners now
holding important positions have served for a time
under one or other of the well-known men who

have been head gardeners to successive Dukes.
Their names are almost household words amongst
gardeners, especially those of Fleming and
Stevens. Mr. Stevens was succeeded by Mr.
Peter Blair, the present gardener. Some of the
best-known features of Trentham include the
large formal flower garden in front of the mansion
(see illustration on p. 421) ; the magnificent lake
which stretches over a very large area beyond the
flower garden; the unusually large conservatory,
the numerous fruit houses, some of which arc
extremely long ranges of glass ; and the great
collection of Orchids which was formed to a
considerable extent by the late Zadok Stevens.

Hibiscus Hybrids. — We extract the following
from an American journal : — " A few days ago
I had the pleasure of visiting the nursery of
Thomas Meehan and Sons, and there I saw
one of the finest sights it has ever been my
good fortune to see. They were the achieve-
ments of a modest young Kewite, Ernest Hem.
MING, and the plants operated upon were the
herbaceous Hibiscus. The plants were in full
bloom, 6 to 8 feet high, and the colours
were both brilliant and charming, and in all
shades from pure white to rich crimson. In
most cases a darker colour prevailed in the
centre of the flower, as is the case with most
varieties of the Hibiscus syriacus, the flower-
ing shrub, but, in no instance was there the
suggestion of the purple shades of colouring
too often seen in the species just referred to,
and the flowers were much larger in the new
hybrids, being in many instances 8 inches
across. These valuable hybrids are the result
of intercrossing between Hibiscus Moscheutos,
the marsh Hibiscus, II. militaris and H. coc-
cineus. It is from the latter that the crimsons
come. The plants I saw were two years old
from seed, and they were certainly a thrifty
looking lot. Edwin Lonsdale."

Fruit Culture. — The total acreage in Eng-
land devoted to the culture of small fruit in
1905 is given in the Agricultural Returns as
71,119 acres; orchards occupy 238,021. In the
county of Kent no fewer than 22,050 acres are
given up to small fruit culture, and 29,31 1 '
orchards. Devonshire, Hereford, Won
Somerset come next as regards orchards, but
are very far behind Kent in the culture oi
fruits.

Flora of Tropical Africa. — A new part of
this valuable publication, edited by Sir W. T.
Tiiiselton-Dyer, has just been issued. It
contains an enumeration of the Hydrophyllace;e
and Boraginaceas by Mr. J. G. Baker, with addi-
tions by Mr. N. E. Brown and Mr. C. H.
Wright, and of the Convolvulacea? by Mr.
Baker and Dr. Rendle.

The Genus Eucalyptus. — The seventh part
of Mr. J. H. Maiden's valuable Critical Revi-
sion of the genus Eucalyptus contains four
plates illustrating Eucalyptus regnans, vitrea,
vitellina, dives, Andrewsi, and diversifolia.

Agri-Horticultural Show in Penang.—
A successful show was held in Peuang of agri-
horticultural products last August. There were
many competitors and great numbers of native
visitors. The Agricultural Produce Section
proved most interesting, and in the Flowers,
Fruits and Vegetables Division there were
nearly three hundred exhibitors. Great credit
is due to the president, Hon. J. K. Birch, to
the hon. general secretary, Mr. Walter Fox,
and to the committee and officials in general.

Spineless Opuntia. — Much has been said
lately about Mr. Burbanks' "Prickly Pear"
without prickles. The Rev. E. P. Holton, as
cited in Indian Planting and Gardening, has found a
similar variety in Southern India, and has suc-
ceeded in propagating it. It is supposed to have
been introduced from the Mediterranean shores by
some of the Jesuit Fathers.

426

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 16, 1905.

Betting. — A trusted employee in the service
of a well-known Covent Garden firm was lately
charged with embezzling /613, received on behalf
of the pension fund of which he was treasurer,
and was sentenced to nine months' imprisonment.
Another man in the employ of a Covent Garden
firm was committed for trial on a charge of em-
bezzling money to the extent of ^4,055. Both
these cases are said by the Fruit Trades Journal to
have been due to betting.

Potatos. — Mr. William Deal, of Kelvedon,
Essex, reminds us that he was awarded a Silver
Banksian Medal for the exhibit of Potatos staged
by him at the last meeting of the Royal Horticul-
tural Society.

Pin Eyes and Thrum Eyes. — Since Darwin
drew attention to the long, as contrasted with the
short, style of Primroses and other plants, many
have been the observations and inferences made
from these phenomena. The " florists " had long
been familiar with them, but were content to dally
with their pin-eyed and thrum-eyed flowers with-
out heed to their significance. Mr. Bateson is
one of the latest to take up the matter seriously,
and he has had the advantage of availing himself for
purposes of study of the vast collections of Messrs.
Sutton. In a paper recently contributed by him
in association with Mr. Gregory to the Proceedings
of the Royal Society, November 9, 1905, Mr. Bate-
son suggested that the contrasted length of the
style in Primula might be considered as an illustra-
tion of Mendel's views as to inheritance, and he
shows that in the Chinese Primrose P. sinensis the
short-styled state is "dominant," the long-styled
condition "recessive." "Horticultural experi-
ence," says Mr. Bateson, "as to the production
of long and short-styled offspring is in general
harmony with our results. Fashion has decreed
that P. sinensis shall be exhibited in the long-
styled form alone. This being the recessive,
breeds true, and short-styled plants are con-
sequently absent from selected strains, being even
difficult to procure at the present time, The
florist's Auricula, on the contrary, must be ex-
hibited in the short-styled or " thrum " form, but
as this is the dominant, long-styled Auriculas
continue abundant, In the wild Primrose (P.
acaulis, of Jacquin) , the two forms are about equally
numerous in nature. Experiments with this species,
now in progress, give indications that the in-
heritance of the two types follows the same rules.
From the greater sterility of its illegitimate unions
the Primrose is less easy to work with, and as
might be expected, from the same cause, all
short-styled wild plants so far tested have been
found to be heterozygous in respect of style.
In the case of P. sinensis, by making use of the
fact that green stem and pinnate leaf are recessive
to red stem and palmate leaf, it was possible to
arrange double pollinations in such a way that the
paternity of each resulting seedling would be
apparent, and thus the number of individuals de-
rived from each set of pollen grains could be
ascertained." The paper is not one that can be
conveniently condensed, but is one that should
be carefully studied by experimenters. Cross-
breeding, which up till now has been more or less
fortuitous, is gradually becoming precise in its
results.

Horticulture underthe Kent Education
Committee. — Very favourable reports are issued
concerning the past year's horticultural work
under the auspices of the Kent Education Com-
mittee. The Superintendent, Mr. W. P. Wright,
says that the average number of competitors was
greater than in any past year. He adds that :
"The returns show a very high standard of merit,
and with good work supported by some genial
rains, which did much to counteract the injurious
effects of the May frosts, excellent results are
shown." The crops are a little in advance of last
year. In 1904 the best Cottage Garden earned

243 marks; this year it earns 247. The best
Allotment in 1904 earned 215 marks ; this year
it earned 217. The Champion Centre is Wood-
nesborough, which was second last year. It
has earned £3 is. more than it did in 1904.
Situate in the fine gardening district of Sand-
wich, and supported by a large number of
earnest cultivators (the average attendance at the
winter lectures exceeded 70), it is a centre that is
bound to do well. To secure the championship in
this, its second season, is an unprecedented feat.
The winner of the certificate for the best Cottage
Garden is Mr. G. Waghorn, of Staplehurst, who
was also victorious last year. He is a splendid
worker, and wrestles with his stiff cold clay nobly.
The winner of the certificate for the best Allotment,
Mr. G. Jull, of Sandwich (Woodnesborough
Centre), was second last year. He is a most
earnest and enthusiastic gardener, a regular
attendant at all gardening meetings, and ever to
the fore in competitions. No one better deserves
the honour he has won after several attempts.

The late Lord Leigh. — We regret to hear
that the gardens at Stoneleigh Abbey, Kenilworth,
are not to be kept up as they were until the recent
death of Lord Leigh. In consequence of this, Mr.
H. T. Martin, the gardener at Stoneleigh, will be
open to accept another engagement. An account
of the gardens was published in these pages
October 29, 1898.

Royal Horticultural Society. — The Pub-
lic Parks Examination to be held on January 11,
1906, is specially intended for gardeners employed
in public parks and gardens belonging to County
Councils, City Corporations, and similar bodies,
and will be held in the Royal Horticultural
Society's Hall, Vincent Square, Westminster,
S.W. The Examination, which will commence at
10 a.m., will be partly written, partly viva voce,
and will occupy three hours for the written por-
tion, and about 20 minutes each candidate's viva
voce. A syllabus, with entry form attached, can
be obtained on application to the Secretary,
R.H.S., Vincent Square, Westminster, to whom
intending candidates should send in their names
as soon as possible. No entry can be accepted
after December 31, 1905.

Judging Rules. — The third revised edition of the
Society's Code of Rules for Judging and sug-
gestions to Schedule-Makers, Judges, and Exhibi-
tors, for use at Horticultural Exhibitions, has just
been issued, and can be obtained from the Society's
Offices, Vincent Square, Westminster, price is. 6d.

Varieties of Fruits. — The society has just pub-
lished a new and revised edition of the little
pamphlet on " Varieties of Fruits," useful for
private gardens and for small farmers and cot-
tagers. It is divided into chapters on Apples for
Eating, Pears for Eating, for Orchard, for Cook-
ing, Plums for Eating and for Cooking, Damsons,
Cherries, Raspberries, Currants, Gooseberries,
Strawberries ; Notes on Planting, on Pruning, on
Root-Pruning, on Manuring, on Artificial Manure.
There is further an added list for enthusiastic
amateurs which gives some of the newer fruits
which have thus far promised well, but are hardly
sufficiently proved, or for some other reason not
included in the general recommendations. It is a
useful little pamphlet for 2d., or 25 copies for 2s. ,
50 for 3s., 100 for 4s.

ASTILBE GRANDIS.*

(See Supplementary Illustration.)
This new species is a worthy companion to the
now well-known A. Davidii, being similar in habit
and vigour of growth, but with pure white flowers.
Both species are natives of China, but the plant
here figured is much more local in its distribution.
It occurs sparingly in the mountains of Central
China, at elevations between 6,000 to 7,500 feet.
In the far west of China it is very common on
grass or scrub-clad mountain-sides, the margins

* Astilbe grandis, Stapf. MSS , in Kew Herb.

of woods and the sides of streamlets, between
6,000 to 8,000 feet. Even in a wild state it fre-
quently attains a height of 6 feet, and it is doubtful
if it has yet been seen at its best in this country.
Nevertheless, the plant exhibited by Messrs. Veitch
before the Royal Horticultural Society, on
July 18, 1905, when it received an Award of
Merit, will long be remembered by all who saw
it. Like A. Davidii, it was introduced into the-
Veitchian Nurseries, from Central China, by the
writer when collecting for that firm.

To get the best results from this and all other
species of Astilbe, they should be planted in good
rich soil and afforded plenty of moisture when
growing. Bees are very fond of these flowers,
and unless protected in some way they quickly
spoil them.

Radical leaves numerous, bipinnate or tripinnate,
2 to 3 feet long, i\ to 2 feet wide ; leaflets scabrid,
oblong or oblong-ovate, shortly acuminate, base-
slightly cordate, bidentate, teeth mucronate ;
rhachis clothed with long brownish hairs. Flower-
ing stems 6 feet high,bearing3or4leavessimilarto,
but smaller than, the above. Inflorescence large,.
much-branched, plumose ; panicle, 2to z\ feet long,,
densely clothed with a short reddish-brown indu-
mentum ; lateral branches 3 to 8 inches long,
erect, spreading, very pubescent. Flowers large
for the genus, shortly stalked, and densely crowded
on the branches. Sepals broadly ovate, pale
brown. Petals persistent white, ligulate, 3 times
the length of the sepals. Stamens longer than
the petals, very conspicuous. Carpels glabrous.
E. H. Wilson.

FORESTRY.

BELGIAN FORESTRY.

Sir Herbert Maxwell's perplexity over the
definition of "yield per acre" is probably due
to the fact that I omitted to prefix the word
" nett " to the term. Otherwise, I do not think
my remarks are difficult to understand.

Sir Herbert Maxwell asks if a single element
adverse to the production of first-class timber
can be found in the British climate. I should
be inclined to name one element in particular
which I think is more pronounced here than in
Belgium. This is the element of persistent west
wind in combination with a low summer temper-
ature. I do say that this element necessarily
interferes with the production of first-class tim-
ber, but it certainly prevents, as I stated before,
the same yield of timber being obtained per acre
per annum as would be the case if it were
absent. The rates of growth quoted by Sir
Herbert prove little beyond the fact that
individual trees grow quite fast enough under
favourable conditions. Successful forestry
does not depend upon the rate of growth of a
few individuals, but upon the average rate of
growth of masses of trees growing upon com-
paratively poor soil. If the economic forester
could pick and choose his ground, there would
be little difficulty about getting good results ;
but when he has to take ground which the
agriculturist does not consider worth having,
which he is bound to do if he wants huge and
compact acres, then the question of climate
becomes of great importance.

I do not think occasional gales or even late
frosts retard the growth of hardy trees so much
as long periods of comparatively low tempera-
ture, such as we usually experience in May and
June. Some species, of course, are affected
more than others, and Conifers less than many
broad-leaved trees, but my contention is that
height-growth, which affects the yield per acre
per annum as much as anything, is less the
further north one goes, making due allowance
for soil and situation. If, for instance, investi-
gations are confined to individual trees, it is not

December 16, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

427

-o-

out that C. longifolium and not C. giganteum was
the second parent of C. Gammieanum. What is
the history oi the plant named C. Maggie Fowler?
W. W., Kew.

NEW AND NOTEWORTHY
PLANTS.

CTyM^pCH '

-O-

Fig. 15S. — odontoglossum smithii. (See text.)

difficult to prove that many species attain as
great a girth or circumference at 5 feet from the
ground in the north as in the south of Great
Britain. But if two individuals or plantations
of the same species, the same age, and growing
under exactly the same conditions as to soil, ele-
vation, exposure, etc., climate alone excepted,
are observed, it will at once be seen that the
last-named factor is important enough to affect
both height, growth, and quantity of timber pro-
duced in a given time, even with such hardy
species as Scotch Pine, Silver Fir, or Spruce.
In the case of Larch, I should not like to say
that the climate of the north is far behind that
of the south after the first 20 or 30 years growth
have been made, as a cool, a moist climate ap-
pears more favourable to the development of
this species than in the case of many trees.

As regards railway rates, I can scarcely do
better than refer Sir Herbert Maxwell to the
recent report in these pages of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society's conference on this important
subject, in which numerous cases are quoted to
show the disadvantage under which home-grown
timber labours when it is necessary to place it
on rail for a short distance.

I do not wish to make excuses for bad forestry
in Great Britain, but it is useless to shut our
eyes to the fact that the British climate, when
compared with that of France, Belgium, and a
great deal of Germany, leaves much to be de-
sired when the growth of tall, straight timber
is the object in view, and it is this class of
timber which helps the grower to obtain a pro-
fit nowadays. A. C. Forbes.

CYMBIDIUM GAMMIEANUM.

The illustration herewith represents a plant, now
in flower at Kew, which was purchased in 1902,
along with other Indian Orchids, from Mr. C. A.
Martin, of Ealing. It flowered the following year
and was named C. Gammieanum by Mr. Rolfe,
who agrees with me in saying that it does not differ
from the plant named C. Maggie Fowler. As to
the parentage, I may point out that the authors of
C. Gammieanum stated that "It may possibly be
a natural hybrid between C. giganteum and C.
elegans, as its flowers combine the characters of
these species." They also state that C. Gam-
mieanum varies in shade of colour and density of
raceme, a'ul that some have flowers suggestive of
C. longifolium. Mr. Rolfe afterwards pointed

CYMBIDIUM ERYTHROSTYLUM,
Rolfe, n. sp.*

It is evident that in Annam and the adjacent
territory we have a large comparatively unexplored
area, for the recent collections received by Messrs.
Sander and Sons, through their collector, W.
Micholitz, contain a large proportion of novelties,
as also proved to be the case in the adjacent terri-
tory of Yunnan, where considerable explorations
have been made during recent years. Messrs.
Sander's importations are now known to contain
a handsome new Cymbidium allied to C. Parishii,
Rchb. f., and C. eburneum, Lindl. It has just
flowered at the Royal Botanic Garden, Glasnevin,
under the care of Mr. F. W. Moore, A.L.S., who
has forwarded materials to Kew from which a
plate has been prepared for the Botanical Magazine.
Mr. Moore remarks that the novelty is more
slender in habit than its allies, and that its appear-
ance is very graceful. The leaves are over a foot
long by half an inch broad, and the inflorescence,
which springs from the axil of a leaf at the base
of the pseudo-bulb, produced four flowers. These
are white, with a few rows of purple dots down
the centre of the petals below the middle, while
the three-lobed lip is closely lined with red-purple.
The column is remarkable for its bright, crimson
colour, in allusion to -which the name is given.
Full particulars are given in the accompanying
technical description. It. A . Rolfe.

* Cymbidium erythrostylum, Rolfe. — Pseudo-bulbs
ovate-oblong, over an inch long, several-leaved.
Leaves elongate-linear, acute, 10 to 15 inches long
by about half an inch broad, arcuate, sheathed
at the base. Inflorescence axillary from the base
of the pseudo-bulb, over a foot long, with several
lanceolate acute sheaths near the base ; raceme at
present four-flowered. Bracts lanceolate, acute,
1 to i£ inches long. Pedicels ij to 1 J inches long.
Sepals elliptical, apiculate, concave, if inches long

ODONTOGLOSSUM X SMITHII.

(ROSSII RUBESCENS x HARRYANO-
CRISPUM.)

Our illustration (Fig. 158) represents the fing
novelty in hybrid Odontoglossums for which
Messrs. Charlesworth & Co., of Heaton, Bradford,
received a first-class certificate at the Royal Horti-
cultural Society's meeting on December 5 last. It
is a charming novelty. The sepals and petals are
margined and tipped with clear rose-purple colour.
The central area of the segments is white with a
faint green hue over part of the surface, the spot-
ting being of dark chocolate purple colour. The
yellow crest of the lip is on a white ground and
the lip itself is of rose-purple.

Fig. 159.— cymbidium gammieanum\
as grown in the Royal Gardens, Kew. (See also notes in the issues for November 25 and December 2.)

42S

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 16, 1905.

by 1 inch broad, white, the lateral pair somewhat
keeled behind. Petals obovate-elliptical, apicu-
late, rather shorter than the sepals, white, with
about three rows of minute purple dots down the
centre of the basal half. Lip broadly obovate,
three-lobed at the apex, as long as the petals,
i£ inches broad at the apex, much narrowed
towards the base, side lobes obtusely rounded,
front lobe short, broad and obtuse ; colour, yel-
lowish white, rather deeper towards the apex, and
lined throughout with red-purple, the lines break-
ing up into dots at the margin of the side lobes,
and more or less thickened and somewhat villous
on the disc and front lobe ; disc with five slender
keels, thickened about the middle into a prominent
three-lobed crest, the middle lobe exceeding the
lateral pair. Column clavate, arcuate, an inch
long, and wholly crimson in colour — a striking
feature, in allusion to which the name is given.
Native of Annam. R . A . Rolfe.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the
opinions expressed by his correspondents.)
Protecting Fig Trees Out of Doors
from Injury by Frost. — On p. 391 it is stated
that " In many parts of the country it is necessary
to afford protection to Fig trees from severe
frost, the writer recommending that the branches
of very large trees should be removed from the
wall and tied up in bunches and then thatched
with straw, the whole secured to the wall to prevent
the bundle from being blown about." Speaking
from a long experience in the management of Fig
trees out of doors, I strongly recommend that the
Fig trees be left undisturbed in the positions they
have occupied on the walls since they were
pruned and trained in May last. I will briefly
state my reasons. Some 36 years ago when living at
an old Kentish baronial garden— situate within the
Metropolitan area — a few old Fig trees were annu-
ally treated as recommended by the writer of the
paragraph referred to above. These trees were
uncovered at the end of the following March or early
in April, and the becoddled branches, and in some
instances the blanched young growths, were re-
arranged and secured in position on the wall.
The result in the way of a crop was about
half-a-dozen fruits on each tree ; so much for
protection. Now for "No-Protection." In the
park attached to the same place several large
bushy trees- of the Fig were in the open
and they appeared never to have had any atten-
tion afforded them, nevertheless they bore heavy
crops of fine fruit every year. This was a
conclusive and useful experience for the writer,
who, when he left Kent to take charge of gardens
some 85 miles south-west of London, found some
250 feet run of wall-space was devoted to Fig trees,
and that the practice of drawing the nails and
taking the shoots half-way down the wall on either
side the centre of each tree and tying them
together and then securing the bundles of branches
to the wall and hanging mats over them had
been followed every year on the approach of
winter, and the trees were then left until the
following April. In order to be on the safe side
(that part of the country being new to me), I
allowed all the trees to be protected as before
except one, which was left as it had been all the
season. And it bore a better crop of fruit than the
protected trees did. After this experience, it is
almost needless to say, during the many years that
I had charge of them, no protection of any
kind whatever was afforded, no matter how
severe the winter happened to be. In some severe
winters the points of the unripened shoots were killed
down for a few inches, but that did not signify
in the least, as there were always sufficient young
shoots left to take the place of the older and partly-
barren branches which were cut out early in May
every year. I always made a point of cutting out
as many old branches as I could possibly dispense
with to make space for the younger ones, retain-
ing, as a matter of course, those shoots which were
best furnished with young fruit, a selection which
the cultivator is able to make if he defers the
pruning of his trees till the first week in May.
Another advantage from this practice is that as the
trees are coming into leaf at the time very little
bleeding follows. Ficus Carica.

[The note on p. 3 < 1 1 was written for the general
reader over the whole country and not specially for

those residing in the Metropolitan area or in the
more favoured south-west districts. Ficus Carica
bases his remarks on his experiences in these
localities alone. In my experience, which is less
by eight years than that of the above writer, I
once had charge of some gardens in the coldest
and wettest county in this island, and on a sub-
sequent occasion 200 miles north-west of Lon-
don. Protection for Fig trees in each place
was absolutely necessary. Now I am only about
forty miles from the Metropolis, but I still find it
necessary to give some protection. Here, it is
not altogether on account of the cold weather ex-
perienced, but of the cold, retentive nature of the
soil. The two conditions combined are disastrous
to the Fig When living in a favoured part of the
south-west counties I had excellent opportunities
for visiting many gardens, and I found that protec-
tion was not necessary, especially near to the
coast, and in more than one place do I know of
large standard Figs the size of small orchard trees
which carry good crops of fine fruits. When
serving under the late esteemed gardener, Mr. A.
Pettigrew, of Cardiff Castle, a large standard Fig
tree was growing close to the base of that historical,
Ivy-mantled pile of ruins, belonging to the
order of Monks, the Grey Friars, situated within
the kitchen garden. Excavations of recent years
have unearthed the chapel with its mosaic
floor, and many human remains. This Fig tree,
in a good season, bore small but good edible fruits,
but was not so prolific as the vineyards are
at Castle Coch and Swanbridge. Ficus Carica
states that in some severe winters the points of the
unripened shoots were killed down a few inches,
but if careful disbudding is done when the growth
is sufficiently long to be removed — a great many more
being made than can develop properly — and a sub-
sequent thinning of the branches after the fruit is
gathered, few, if any, unripened shoots remain. Itis
much better to rub off the shoots at an early stage
than to remove a quantity of growths later ; by so
doing just sufficient branches are left as will become
thoroughly ripened and set with embryo fruit, and
there is then no risk of premature growth being
made under the straw protection. W. H. Clarke,
Aston Rowant, 0x011.}

Transplanting. — In most private gardens a
considerable amount of transplanting has to be
done by the gardener, and the article by Mr.
Bean on pp. 353, 354 and 373 was therefore par-
ticularly useful. The gardener has not always
the necessary means to carry out successfully
the work of removing large trees, and I
therefore send a sketch (see fig. 160)
showing a simple and inexpensive ma-
chine, which can be made by any good car-
penter, and is capable of removing trees weigh,
ing upwards of half a ton. It has a solid wood
roller underneath it, and can be used upon grass
lawns without fear of the machine cutting or
seriously marking the grass. I have used it for
many years, and during the last three seasons
have moved successfully hundreds of evergreen
and deciduous ornamental trees and shrubs,

FIG. 160. — A HOME-MADE TRANSPLANTING MACHINE.

including Conifers, fruit trees, etc., which had
balls of earth attached which weighed from
1 to 10 cwt. each. The machine is so arranged
that it has a great amount of leverage, and this
is often useful in weighing down the trolley
when a heavy ball is on the bed. It will be
seen from the illustration that when the ball of
the tree has been prepared for removal, the front
part of the trolley can be almost brought on a
level with the base of the ball, which, if well
secured from falling to pieces, can with ease be
slipped on to the bed of the machine. If a
gentle slope be cut from the bottom of the hole
to the ground level, the machine can be pushed
up this by three or four men without the fear of
its sinking into the soil. The letter A in the
illustration represents one piece of well-seasoned

Ash ; B a roller formed from the trunk of an
Apple tree, a strong spindle or axle being
securely fastened into each end. Two strong
iron supports, in which the axle revolves at one
end, support the trolley at the other, and are
made of the shape shown. C shows two iron
bands, one at each end of the roller, which con-
siderably strengthens them ; D indicates iron
bands round the wheel. W. H. Clarke, Aston
Rowant, Oxon.

The Definition of a Spray. — I am glad
Mr. Molyneux has raised the question of what
constitutes a spray — as applied more especially
to Chrysanthemums. I have often had the same
trouble when acting as a judge at Chrysanthe-
mum shows. The trouble arises not so much
from what really is a spray, but rather from not
knowing what are the intentions of the framers
of the schedules. It generally happens that com-
mitteemen when appealed to are just as much at
sea as the judges. Mr. Molyneux is quite right
as to the lax way in which schedules are often

Fig. 161. — what IS A spray? (See text.)

framed. The idea of the framers would seem to
be, as in the case of the monthly magazines,
to fill as many pages with advertisements as
possible, and the least possible space
with what the public requires to know.
Even the National Chrysanthemum Society
is none too explicit in many instances,
notwithstanding that it has so many affili-
ated societies looking to it for guidance. If
you ask why the terms used are not better de-
fined, you are sometimes told the description is
left to the judges. For myself, I generally pass
the matter back to the committee ; it is the only
way to get a better definition another time. The
secretary will sometimes say, " Oh, we don't
want to lay down any hard and fast lines." I
acknowledge that scope often brings out ideas
which prove of educational value, but I object
that when a special thing is asked for it should
mean anything the exhibitors like to take it for.
I cannot quite agree with Mr. Molyneux that
a terminal shoot of a foot in length is a spray,
I call such growth a spike — as we term it in
Phloxes or Pentstemons. It consists of a num-
ber of lateral shoots, terminating in a cluster of
buds as a last effort. What I should term a
spray is a shoot from a branch having no sub-
division of branches, or from the main growth as
in Sweet Peas. A branch may mean anything,
as Chrysanthemums differ so in growth ; some
are short-jointed and branch again and again.
Others are long-jointed and, in some instances,
make one branch only, which we call a break,
and go right on to the terminal growth without
branching again ; surely such growths are some-
thing more than sprays ! I would define a spray-
as already mentioned, " A shoot having no sub-

December 16, 1915-]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

429

division of branches"; and when something
more is asked for, I would term it a truss, " A
branch shoot terminating in not more than, say,
three or five sprays, all produced from one com-
mon stem." Explanation of figure. — (A) A terminal
growth with laterals, each lateral growth generally
producing more than one flower ; consequently the
whole forms a cluster of sprays. (B) A simple
spray, there being no sub-division of branches.

(C) A branch divided into three sprays or a truss.

(D) A plant showing more than one dividing branch,
and often cut off as at F, the portion being
exhibited as a spray. Norman Davis, Framfield.

Winter - flowering Carnations. — While
the exhibits of cut flowers of Carnations should
do much to call public attention to the value
of the Carnation as a winter flower, the very
handsome group of pot-grown plants from Mr.
Leopold de Rothschild's garden at Ascott, shown
at the last meeting, for which the gold medal of
the Royal Horticultural Society was given, should
go a step farther and afford an additional impe-
tus to cultivation at an opportune moment. Pot
grown examples such as those of the group in
question are not merely interesting, or beautiful
to look upon — they are all this, of course, and
much more — they are educational because
affording that evidence of habit, freedom of
flowering, good or indifferent constitution, and
the like, each and all of which are of the
greatest possible value to the amateur or the
beginner in the cultivation of this type of Car-
nation. Mr. Jennings, the gardener at Ascott,
has exhibited Carnations before in good style,
and readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle may still
recall a splendid group of the variety Miss
Joliffe Improved that years ago made a fine
display in the old vinery at Chiswick. On
the 5th inst. Mr. Jennings contented him-
self by bringing an exhibit chiefly of the
newer American kinds. Special note should
be made of the variety Mrs. Leopold de
Rothschild, the handsome blossoms of quite
exceptional size and fulness, on compact, fault-
less bushes. It was noted that the plants were
grown in glazed pots, the drainage of which is
perfect, and their non-porosity was obviously
not detrimental to the plants. E. H. Jenkins,
Hampton Hill.

The Directorship at Kew. — Although it
was known that Sir William Dyer's time for
retirement was approaching, the announcement last
week must have come as a surprise to many who are
interested in our great national garden. It is not
long since I had the pleasure of hearing him speak
in public, and it was then remarked that his
energetic manner and vigour of intellect seemed as
fresh as in the stormy times of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society, now long past. As one who has
been familiar with Kew Gardens during the whole
period of Sir William's connection with that esta-
blishment, I can hear testimony to the substantial
and well-maintained progress that has been made
under his directorship. Never have the gardens
been in better condition, or the occupants of the
houses shown better cultivation than at the present
time, and the interest of the great collections
increases every year. The director has been ably
supported by skilled assistants in every department,
but that has been largely due to the judgment dis-
played in his selection of men for responsible posts.
A keen, and to some extent, perhaps, a merciless
critic — if he did not spare others he certainly did
not spare himself — he has not only put good
work into his charge, but he has had an irresis-
tible way of extracting the best results from all
those under him. As a far-seeing organiser with
solid scientific judgment of what is required in
such an establishment he leaves a useful record
for a successor to study. The importance of Kew
both in a practical and scientific sense must con-
tinue to advance while horticulture is being raised
to a higher level, and there is ample work before
all concerned in the management. An Old Horti-
culturist.

Summer Flowers in the South-West. —

The interesting note by Mr. Fitzherbert on p. 369
will doubtless, as you say in your leader, "cause
a feeling not unmixed with envy by those resident
in less favoured localities." But all the South-
west coast is not equally favoured. The infor-
mation contributed by Mr. Fitzherbert would have
been more valuable had he mentioned the locality
and described the nature of the soil in which
the many plants he names were growing. I can
quite believe that the neighbourhood of Torquay,

Kingswear, and Dartmouth would be favourable to
the growth of the plants noted. At Mount Edg-
cumbe one may see many plants growing in the open
facing the Channel, which are generally found
cultivated under glass. Cassia corymbosa is
noted in the list. This flowers with us on a wall
between a greenhouse and a stove, but the plant
is really inside the greenhouse, and although the
shoots push through between the wall and the
house, and flower profusely late in summer, all
the growth outside the house is killed every
winter by the cold. I have tried to establish many
plants known to survive the winters in some
parts of Devonshire, but there are very few
which will survive the damp. We have tried
Rehmannia angulata, but the recent frosts
even destroyed a plant growing at the foot
of a west wall. Yet, I believe, at Killerton,
two miles distant, it has survived the winter. We
are about 70 feet above sea level — Killerton is,
perhaps, 50 feet higher — but it is not the degree of
elevation so much as the nature of the soil that
affects the plants. The pleasure grounds at the
last-named place are partly on the rock, and for
this reason many plants thrive there which would
fail at Poltimore. My experience of Devonshire
leads me to think that the soil is the principal
factor in the cultivation of these tender plants,
and I doubt if there is another county in
England where such variation of soil exists.
Three or four kinds may be found in as many
yards, and for valuation purposes an intimate
knowledge of it is necessary. During the
past fortnight we have registered frosts varying
from 50 to 210. Gardeners living in low lying
situations, with heavy soil to work, and a moisture
laden atmosphere, will understand the effects such
weather produces on ordinary vegetation. Our
rainfall for the year to the end of November is
24-40 inches. May was the driest month, followed
by July and February. August was the wettest
with 5' it inches, March 429 inches, November
46S inches. The winter of 1904 and 1905 was
remarkably dry with us, while the land at the
present time can only be described as moist and
just fit for planting. T. H. Slade, Poltimore Park,
near Exeter.

Apple (Warners King.) — I am interested in
the remarks on p. 410 respecting Apple (Warner's
King). This year in these nurseries a fine
young pyramid tree of this well-known variety,
which produced a crop of 20 fruits, has one branch
which bore three fruits which resembled those of
Golden Noble. When they had been gathered
and placed before experts, it was wondered
whether Golden Noble was one of the parents of
Warner's King. Probably Catshead and Golden
Noble are the parents. It is rare after a variety
has been cultivated so long as Warner's King
that it reverts. Our pyramid tree is probably
six or seven years old. It is purposed to propagate
from this branch next March, and in course of
time we shall hope to see if it retains its new
character. John Smith (Keynes, Williams &• Co.,
Salisbury) .

Hewell Gardens, Redditch. — A walk
around these extensive gardens is always
interesting and instructive. I noticed recently
that the late Vinery contained a very heavy crop
of Gros Colmar grapes, very fine in bunch and
berry. In another Vinery were some excellent
specimens of the variety Lady Hutt. The early
Fig house was thrown open,, and the wood of
the trees exposed as much as possible to the
winds and weather, with the object of giving
the trees a thorough rest. The . early Peach
house contained an abundant supply of well-
developed fruit-bearing wood, which will tell
its profitable tale in due course. Mr. Pettigrew
grows a large quantity of particular kinds of
decorative plants both under glass and out-of-
doors, and in autumn under glass are masses
of porcelain-blue and orange-coloured Tore-
nias, scarlet Salvias, celestial-blue Agathsas,
and rosy Jacobinia magnifica. On the outside
borders of a Vinery and a stove aro rows of the
sweet and lovely Amaryllis belladonna (Bella-
donna Lily) ; these I first saw grown in this
manner at Gunnersbury towards the end of the
time that the late Mr. Richards was gardener
there. Calanthes are also grown numerously
and well at Hewell. On a border at the front
of the Fig house was a superb strain of Pent-
stemons, said to have been supplied by Forbes.
Glorious masses of mauve and purple-coloured
Asters (Michaelmas Daisies) appealed to the eye
many yards in advance ; the most beautiful

among which were Aster Amellus, Riverslea
variety ; and close neighbours was the golden-
coloured Helianthus mollis. In the kitchen
garden quarters were the usual liberal sup-
plies for the culinary department of a large-
establishment during the shooting season :
thousands of Broccoli and Endive, Celery and
Chicory, Carrots and Cabbage, Turnips and
Savoys, Kale, Leeks and herbs. Many im-
provements have been made during recent years
in the hardy fruit department; and yet more in
the flower garden and pleasure grounds, a
notable feature being the Water Tower slopes
or terraces. /. V. [See illustration in
Gardeners' Chronicle, April 2, 1904.]

ROOT PIvUNING.

At this season of theyear when there is relatively
little activity in the living cells of the plant the
gardener may perform operations such as trans-
planting, pruning, root-pruning, training opera-
tions, &c, which, if undertaken during the period
when growth is active, would involve a severe
check to the plant, and re-act injuriously upon it.
The gardener cultivates his fruit trees with a
definite object — that is, the production of fruit at
the earliest possible period in the life history of
the plant. It is questionable if this is a desidera-
tum viewed from the standpoint of the plant, for
fructification is not the primary object in the lift-
cycle of the individual, but rather the duration of
its vegetative period, and this is positively short-
ened by excessive fruiting. If it is taken as an
axiom " that when the life of a plant is threatened
it tends to reproduce its -If," then the converse must
necessarily be true, and to anticipate fruiting by
artificial means must induce weakness. That
this is so is easily seen in our present system of
intense pruning, training, and dwarfing fruit trees
for the purpose of inducing early fruiting, which
invariably shortens their lives, so that the
trees wear out at a comparatively early period.
Fruit trees, especially taller growing members
such as Apples, Pears, Plurrs, &c, belong
to a class of plants which, in their natural
habitat, are moderately-sized trees, 20 or more
feet in height. They assume these propor-
tions in order to rear themselves above the
undergrowth, and it is only when fully exposed to
air and sunlight, that they are enabled to properly
develop their fruit, a function requiring the higbest
efforts of the plants. In cultivation we aid the
plant in this direction, from the time it is planted,
and allow it to have the maximum amount of light
and air, and in addition favour it with other desir-
able concomitants, such as an enriched soil, a
warm situation and beneficial maaures, nor must
we forget the influence of the dwarfing stock, which .
possessing only surface growing roots draws its sap
from an area that is warmer and richer in plant
food — in consequence of higher oxydisation and
other disintegrating factors. The food, moreover,
is of a more assimilable nature than that furnished
by the weak watery sap drawn up by the so-called
tap roots. The tap root to the forest tree is
essential : it has to perform a physical as well as
physiological function. It serves as an anchor to
resist the pulling strains of high winds and storms,
and owing to an extended leaf area must draw
large supplies of water to the leaves to meet the
demands of transpiration. This less concentrated
sap is by its nature suited to the development of
strong growth and leafage, and when trained trees
are seen putting on this kind of growth it is an
indication of the presence of deeply plunging
roots — probably a reversion of the stock to its
ancestral character — and that root-pruning is
necessary.

In addition to being strong, the growth is
generally light in colour, has a tendency to grow
perpendicularly, and is usually more vigorous
towards the upper portions of the tree. The
internodes are lengthened and the phyllotaxis is
well marked, the wood has large lenticels, and
there are few or no fruiting spurs developed.
Wrinkled growth, which is associated with fruiting
wood, is entirely absent. The tree may flower
freely, but fails to set its fruit, directing all »U

430

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 16, 1905.

energies to the production of wood. The gar-
dener should have no hesitation in using drastic
measures ; these roots must be severed. Happily
the tree is in a favourable condition for meeting
the loss that this treatment entails, for the growths
which drained the tree in the early season filled
the tissues with large reserve material in the
autumn, and this is ready when growth com-
mences afresh to aid in the development of other
roots and to swell the remaining buds.

When root-pruning has been decided on, open
a trench round the tree at a suitable distance from
the stem — about the distance one would observe
when lifting the tree for transplanting, taking care
to conserve intact all the fibrous roots that are met
with, and to sever with a sharp knife any thick
downward-growing roots. The soil may be
carefully worked from beneath the " ball" of the
tree in order to discover any tap roots that may
be present there. These must also be severed,
and if the tree is not too large it can be tested
to see if any undesirable roots still remain,
by the solidity with which it resists a pulling
strain applied by the operator. Wherever possible
direct the portion of the root remaining toward
the surface, always remembering that a clean cut
heals quicker than one that is lacerated, and is
less liable to form a nidus for fungus spores.
When filling in the trench dispose the roots evenly,
and consolidate the soil about them, which may
be enriched by adding some old potting material.
It is not advisable to place manure in the trench ;
this will be best applied as a mulching. By many
practitioners the plan of root-pruning one half
only of the tree at one time is practised. C. F. T.

SOCIETIES.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

Scientific Committee.

Dece-mber 5.— Present: Dr. M. T. Masters, F.R.S.
(in the chair), Canon Ellacombe, Messrs. Worsley,
Massee, Saunders, Gussow, Holmes, Pickering, Gor-
don, Bowles, and Chittenden (hon sec).

Lindley Library. — Dr. Masters remarked on the
fact that this was the first time the committee had met
in the room set apart for the Lindley Library, and
gave some historical information relating to the
library and to the formation of the committee.

Troublesome Weed. — An enquiry was received from
Las Palmas regarding a weed known as "juncia" or
*'chufas," which is exceedingly troublesome in the
Banana plantations there. The weed has a creeping
rhizome bearing numerous tuber-like growths, and
spreads very rapidly. Mr. Massee said, "This pest
(Cyperus rotundus, Linn.) is found in nearly all tropical
and sub-tropical countries. Like couch grass, this weed
is not eradicated but spread by ordinary cultivation,
each tuber being capable of propagating the plant. It
should be removed with a fork and the roots and
tubers collected."

Fungus on Vine Roots. — Mr. Saunders showed
some soil permeated with the mycelium of a fungus
which had caused considerable trouble in a vine
border, but in the absence of fruit it was impossible to
say to which of the higher fungi it belonged.

Variegation in Hazel Leaf. — Mr. Spencer Picker-
ing, F.R.S., showed a leaf from a Hazel bush, one
side of which bore a large proportion of variegated
leaves. The greater part of the leaf shown was devoid
of chlorophyll. He remarked upon the fact that many
leaves during the past season seemed to be lacking in
chlorophyll ; for example, Apple leaves showed veins
more clearly than usual.

Scarlet Runner Poisoning. — In connection with this
question, which was raised at the last meeting, Dr.
Masters pointed out that Lindley, in the Vegetable
Kingdom, p. 548, states that "the roots of Phaseolus
radiatus are narcotic, and so are those of P. multi-
florus, the scarlet runner Kidney Bean, which is
re-orded to have poisoned some children at Chelsea
who had partaken of the seeds." In the Treasury of
Botany is a reference to the narcotic and poisonous
properties of the plant (1. c. pt. ii., p. 874).

Grapes Diseased. — Mr. Gordon showed some Grapes
which had spots round the stalk. The trouble was
restricted to one house, and the Grapes had become
spotted in a similar fashion for several years, sub-

sequently decaying. There is no trace of red spider in
the house.

Irritation Caused by Leaves of CaUfornian Bay. —
Canon Ellacombe snowed leaves of this plant. Urn-
bellaria californica, and drew attention to the very
pleasant scent which they emit. He stated, however,
that with some people the scent caused violent sneez-
ing and headache. He recounted the experience of
a lady who, after handling the leaves, had probably got
some of the juice upon her handkerchief, and so to her
nose. In the evening she suffered from considerable
tingling in the nose, and in the morning her face had
become much swollen, particularly under the eyes.
Douglas states that he could not sleep near the bush.

Electricity in Horticulture. — Canon Ellacombe
also remarked on some experiments which were being
carried out by a gardener in his neighbourhood with
plants in relation to electricity. Wires were run over
the plots, and at intervals points projecting downwards
over the plants were placed ; through the wires a
current of electricity was passed. An increase of 80
per cent, in the Strawberry crop was reported, and a
similar increase in Tomatos ; but with Broad Beans a
decrease was shown.

Colours of Seeds. — Canon Ellacombe also enquired
whether it was known if the colours of seeds served
any useful purpose in the life of the plant. In cer-
tain cases no doubt, as Kerner points out, the
bright colour such as is seen in Pseonia, Magnolia,
and Euonymus, serves to render the ripe seeds attrac-
tive to birds, and so aid in their distribution, but many
cases remain to be explained.

Oranges from West Indies. — Mr. Worslev drew
attention to the fact that there are two well-marked
varieties of Oranges known as " Tangierines " in this
country, that are distinguished by different names in
the West Indies, the form of the ordinary Orange
shape called the *' Tangierine," and a more pyriform
variety known as the " Mandarin."

Beech attacked by Scale and Fungi. — Mr. Saunders
reported on some specimens from Eccleshall, Notts,
as follows : — " The insect on the pieces of Beech
bark is Cryptococcus fagi. It is one of the com-
monest and most destructive of our British Coccidae,
or ' scale insects' (but this insect and the mealy bugs
and a few others do not form scales). It is widely
distributed, being found in Scotland, Wales, in most
parts of England, and in one locality, if not more, in
Ireland. It only attacks the Beech, and has not
been found infesting any other kind of tree or plant,
but it appears to be spreading rapidly on the
Beech in many parts of England. The females lay
their eggs in July, and the young are hatched in the
autumn or in the spring. They do not, as a rule,
move far from the place of their birth, but make their
way directly into some crevice in the bark and at once
begin to feed on the juices of the tree, covering them-
selves with a white waxy secretion, which forms a
felt-like mass round the insect. The stems of trees
which have been infested for many years are some-
times covered with this white material which has been
formed by many successive generations, to the depth
of an eighth of an inch or more. Owing to its waxy
nature the rain has no effect on it. It is a curious
fact that though this insect is so common, the male is
unknown. It appears to be remarkably free from
natural enemies, and is seldom attacked by parasites,
and the birds do not seem to eat it. When the stem
of a tree is thickly coated with this insect, the best thing
to do is to spread sacking or some similar material on
the ground round the base of the stem, and to scrape
off as much of the coating as possible, and then
scrub the stem with a stiff brush dipped in a paraffin
emulsion, working the mixture well into the inequalities
of the bark. Spraying is of no use, as it cannot be done
with sufficient force to break up the felt-like mass.
This remedy should be applied as soon as any sign of
this insect is seen on a tree. If a stem be only
slightly attacked, there is no necessity to scrape the
bark before scrubbing it." The tree was also attacked
by two fungi — a species of gilled fungus which Dr.
Cooke said was too immature to even guess at the
genus, and by Polyporus spumeus.

Peach Roots Dying. — Some roots of Peach were
received which were in a dying condition. No insects
or fungi were present, and it was thought that the
condition of the border was probably such as to
account for the trouble.

Botanical Certificate. — Flowers ot Chrysanthemum
indicum were shown by Messrs. Cannell, and a
botanical certificate was awarded to this plant, which
has given rise to so many forms of value in the garden.
It was introduced many years ago {1835, or perhaps
prior to that). The history of the plant by Mr.
Hemsley and Dr. Henry has been detailed in the
columns of the Gardeners' Chronicle.

NATIONAL POTATO.

ANNUAL MEETING.

December 7. — The general annual meeting of the
above society was held on the above date, 1905, in the
Prince's Saloon at the Agricultural Hall, Islington,
N., Mr. G. Gordon, V.M.H., in the chair, and was
largely attended.

The balance-sheet showed that the society had a
balance on the year's working of £81 lis.

Mr. A. D. Hall opened a discussion respecting the
society's trials to be made during 1906. He suggested
that the society should enter into an agreement with the
Cambridge University agricultural department. The
secretary stated that he had seen Professor Middleton
on the subject, and this gentleman had given an en-
couraging reply. Several members spoke very highly
of the Cambridge trials of 1905.

The secretary moved that the maximum charge for
testing any one variety be 10s. ; thi was seconded by
Mr. Cuthbertson and carried unanimously.

Mr: W. P. Wright also suggested the appointment of
Mr. G. M. Taylor, of Pinkie Hill, Inveresk, as honorary
assistant secretary for Scotland. Mr. Scarlett made
a formal motion to this effect, which was carried
unanimously.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

December 11. — The Executive Committee of the
above society held a meeting at Carr's Restaurant,
Strand, when Mr. Thomas Bevan occupied the chair.

Most of the business was of a purely routine nature,
such as the fixing of dates for shows and meetings
as mentioned below. A financial statement was read
by Mr. Gerald Dean, the secretary pro tern., and he sub-
sequently announced that prize money to the amount
of £39 5s. had been awarded at the society's December
show at the Crystal Palace, an amount somewhat in
excess of that awarded at the same show last year.

Mr. Harman Payne, the foreign secretary, presented
a copy of the French N.C.S. " Repertoire desCouleurs,"
and explained the intention and use of this interesting
work. It was resolved that a copy be purchased for
use by the Floral Committee. It was also resolved
that the same committee, acting as the Classification
Committee, should meet on the first day of each show
next year. The dates of the Executive Committee
meetings were fixed as follow : — September 17,
October 29, November 19, December 10, 1906, and
January 14, 1907. It was also resolved that the meet-
ings of the Floral Committee during 1906 be held on
September 17, October 3, 15, and 29, November 7
and 19, and December 5.

The Exhibitions of the society for 1906 will be held
at the Crystal Palace as follow : — The early show on
October 3 and 4, the great Autumn Festival oil
November 7, 8, and 9, and the late show on Decem-
ber 5 and 6. The election of new members brought
the meeting to a close. •

December 13. — The second exhibition of market
varieties of Chrysanthemums, held under the au-
spices of the National Chrysanthemum Society, was a
success. The site this year was the French Flower
Market, Covent Garden, the building having been
kindly lent for the purpose by the Duke of Bedford.
Interested persons were delighted with the results, and
it promises to become an annual institution. Many of
the exhibits were not labelled, a fact to be regretted,
as the proper naming of varieties is of great educa-
tional value and a guide to cultivators. That such a
beautiful and varied display of these flowers is avail-
able at this late season is demonstrative of the
enormous strides made in the culture of the Chrysan-
themum in recent years.

MARKET GROWERS.
Cut Blooms.— Collection oe Market Chrysan-
themum Blooms in Bunches, staged in Vases.
Each bunch was supposed to consist of 12 blooms,
and the whole were required to occupy a table space
measuring 15 feet X 3 feet. Three displays were
staged, the best being that shown by Mr. Philip
Ladds, Swanley Junction, Kent. Among three good
collections the premier one stood out prominently.
The blooms were beautifully fresh in appearance, and
the colours well developed. Prominent varieties were
Mabel Morgan (yellow), Lord Brooke (light bronze).
Lady Roberts, Winter Konigin (a remarkably fine
variety, the colour is pale rose shading to white, the
form is also good). Matthew Hodgson (a fine dark
red variety) ; Snowdrift (white) ; Western King; Lord
Ilopetoun (crimson, with a lighter reverse); Tuxedo
(pale bronze) ; Framfield Pink, and C. H. Curtis. (Gold
Medal.)

Messrs. CRAGG, Harrison & Cragg, Merrivale
Nurseries, Heston, Middlesex, were awarded the 2nd

December 16. 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

431

prize. Mrs. F. Judson (white), Tuxedo, Ralph Hatton,
and Mad. L. Charvet are a few of the prominent
varieties in this excellent display. (Silver Gilt Medal.)
3rd, Mr. Joseph Tulley, Rose Nursery, Enfield High-
way. (Silver Medal.)

Twelve Vases of Market Chrysanthemums in

not Fewer than Six Varieties.

The best, and much the best, display was shown by

Messrs. Cragg, Harrison & Cragg. They staged

Mrs. W. Judson, Frank Hammond, Yellow Brook,

W. H. Riemann, Sc, in splendid style. (Silver Gi't

Medal.) 2nd, Mr. Philip Ladds. (Silver Medal.)

3rd, Mr. A. Smith, The Nursery, Enfield Highway.

(Bronze Medal.)

Collection of Market Chrysanthemums, in

Bunches, not Disbudded.
Mr. G. Prickett, Floral Nurseries, St. Ann's Road,
South Tottenham, was awarded a Gold Medal for a
grand display, principally of the small Japanese type
known as decorative Chrysanthemums. We may
mention as noteworthy the varieties Old Gold, Gold
Standard, Snowdrift, Putney George, Christmas Cheer
and Mad. Roger (green) ; 2nd, Messrs. Cragg, Harri-
son and Cragg, who had mostly single varieties.
(Silver Gilt Medal.)

Twelve Vases of Market Chrysanthemums,
in Sprays, not Disbudded.
Mr. Philip Ladds was awarded a large Silver Medal
for a bright collection of well-grown flowers.
PLANTS
Nothing remarkable was observed in the class for
six plants of decorative Chrysanthemums, and only
two exhibits were staged, the best being that shown
by Mr. F. G. Goundkie, Heatherside Nursery, Dart-
ford Heath, Kent, whose plants were dwarf and 'a
5 inch pots. Mr. Goundrie was also first for a group
of pot-grown market Chrysanthemums to occupy a
half-circular space measuring 9 feet by 6 feet. The
variety YV. H. Lincoln was well grown, many of the
dwarf plants carrying 12 to 14 blooms. (Silver Gilt
Medal.)

Mr. WEEKS, The Green Nursery, Welling. Kent,
who also showed in both the last-mentioned classes,
had an excellent group, but confined his varieties to
three — Niveum, Julia, a dark red pompon ; and
Phcebus (yellow.) (Large Silver Medal.)
Classes open to Commission Salesmen only.
Cut Blooms. — Mr. David INGAMELLS, 27, Cathe-
rine Street, Covent Garden, London, was awarded a
Gold Medal for the only exhibit in the class for a col-
lection of market Chrysanthemums, occupying a space
of 12 feet by 3 feet. The flowers were displayed in
vases and formed a choice collection. King of
Plumes, a yellow fimbriated variety, was shown in
grand form ; Madame Ed. Roger, a green form, was
also admired. Mr. Ingamells was the only exhibitor
in this section of two boxes of cut blooms packed for
market. (l.arge Silver Medal.)

OPEN CLASSES.— CUT BLOOMS.
Mr. Tulle Y staged the best three vases of a yellow
market Chrysanthemum, having the variety Nagoya
in fine form. The colour of this variety is deep and
rich, and the quilled petals droop gracefully. Seven
entries were staged in this class.

The best three vases of a bronze variety were shown
by Mr. A. Smith, The Nursery, Enfield Highway,
who had the variety Mrs. Cooper. This variety is'
known as bronze coloured in the market, but it more
nearly approaches a red colour.

In the cl,-!S for three vases of white Chrysanthe-
mums some sp endid exhibits were noticed. The best
were adjudged to be those shown by Mr. A. Smith,
but the judges must have had a difficult task in arriv-
ing at their decision, the majority of the exhibits being
splendid. Mrs. J. Thompson was the variety in the
winning exhibit. (Large Silver Medal.) Other notable
"whites" in this class were Madame Panckoucke,
Western King, Niveum, and Mrs. A. Duncan.

The best three vases of a pink variety were put up
by Messrs. Cragg, Harrison & Cragg, who had la-ge
exhibition blooms of Mad. L. Charvet. (Large Silver
Medal.) Mr. Smith won in the class for three vases of
crimson Chrysanthemums with the variety Exmouth
Crimson.

Messrs. CRAGG, Harrison & Cragg showed the
best two boxes of Chrysanthemums, packed as for
transit to market. (Large Silver Medal.) 2nd, Mr.
\ smith.

The Best Table of one variety only of a market
variety of Chrysanthemums was that shown by Messrs.
B. Siiearn & Son, 231, Tottenham Court Road,
London, who showed the well-known Framfield Pink.
(Large Silver Medal.) Messrs. J. & F. Chatfield,
Southwick, near Brighton, had the fine white variety
Mrs. J. Thompson.

NOVELTIES.

The best new variety was adjudged to be Bronze
Thompson, a sport from the yellow Mrs. Thompson.
The colour is pale bronze or red, suffused on a ground-
work of yellow ; in other respects it resembles its
progenitor. It was shown by Mr. Isaac Godber,
of New Town Nurseries, Bedford. (Large Silver Medal.)

Messrs. W. Wells & Co., Merstham, Surrey,
showed a variety named Old Gold. It is a big
Japanese bloom of colour justifying its name with
a slight suffusion of red in some of the petals. (Silver
Medal.)

Another good thing is the variety Miss Hilda Weeks,
a sport from Niveum, also white, but with fimbriated
apices to the petals, which are narrower than those of
its parent.

NATIONAL SWEET PEA.

Annual Meeting.

December 12. — The annual general meeting of the
members of this society was held at the Hotel Windsor,
London, S.W., on the foregoing date, Mr. Percy
Waterer, President, in the chair. At the commence-
ment of the proceedings the decease of the son. 1
Lite President, Mr. H. Eckford, was touchingly r<
to, and it was decided to forward a letter expressing
deepest regret and condolence with Mrs. Eckford.

In presenting the report and financial statement
for the past year the committee congratulated the
members on the progress that has been made
since the last general meeting. No fewer than
150 new members have joined. The subscriptions
have correspondingly increased, and the general
interest in the society has been maintained. The
exhibition which was held in the Royal Horti-
cultural Hall, in conjunction with a meeting <>f the
Royal Horticultural Society, was a distinct succ.
not only were there more flowers staged, but the
quality of the exhibits was superior, and they were
displayed in a more artistic manner than at previous
exhibitions of the society. The hall on the occasion
of the show was filled with visitors. With a view to
extending the influence of the society, provincial
prizes were instituted in the year 1904. During the
past year prizes and medals were awarded at exhibitions
held at Saltaire, Ulverston and Dublin. In each case
the class was a conspicuous success. As stated above,
the society has largely increased its membership and
subscriptions, but the expenses have also increased ;
yet notwithstanding this, the receipts show an increase
over expenditure of £21 7s. 10d., and this must be
taken in addition to the value of various properties,
&c, worth at least £30. Satisfactory as the first Sweet
l\\i Annual proved to be, the forthcoming issue will
be much superior. Members of the society will
receive a copy free of charge, and the price to other
persons will be Is. 3d. post free. During the coming
year it has been resolved to hold two Exhibitions.
The first of these, and the more important, will again
be held in the Royal Horticultural Hall, the day and
date being Thursday, July 5. Upon this occasion
the R.H.S. does not contribute to the prize fund, but
gives the hall free of charge ; while the society admits
Fellows of the R.H.S. and takes the gate money. The
provincial Show will be held at Ulverston on Friday,
July 20. The balance sheet showed a total receipt
from all sources of £249 17s., with an expenditure of
£228 9s. 2d., leaving a credit balance of £21 7s. lOd.
The report and balance sheet were adopted.

Mr. Alfred Watkins, of the firm of Messrs. Watkins
& Simpson, was unanimously elected president for the
ensuing year, Mr. N. N. Sherwood, V.M.H., treasurer,
and Mr. John Green chairman of committees in
succession to Mr. Breadmore.

Mr. Horace Wright was by acclamation again
elected secretary, and given an honorarium of ten
guineas from the funds of the society.

The retiring committeemen were re-elected with the
addition of Mr. H. J. R. Diggis, Donnybrook, Dublin,
Ireland; Mr. Alex. Malcolm, Townhouse, Duns; Mr.
Thos. Jones, Wales; and Mr. F. J. Foster, Reading
College.

HORTICULTURAL CLUB.

December 5. — The ordinary house dinner of the
members of the Horticultural Club took place on the
above date, when Mr. Harry J. Veitch presided.
There was an unusually good attendance. The subject
of the subsequent lecture was" Bird Life," by Mr. Read,
who delivered a very interesting discourse which was
illustrated by numerous lantern slides obtained from
photographs of birds' nests taken in situ. The lecturer
introduced the subject of ornithology by referring to
the earliest literature dealing with birds, and made a
humorous allusion to the c'.escription in Gerarde's
Herbal of the evolution of the Barnacle from a shell-

fish. Much literature has been written about birds
since those days, and ornithology is now a science
embracing several branches, each of which has its
special devotees, who study it in preference to the
whole science. Mr. Read is primarily an oologist,
and therefore studies birds' eggs rather than birds.
There are as many as 13,000 species of birds now
known to science, and some ornithologists would pro-
bably split them into twice that number of species. In
Britain there are about 130 species that are resident
here throughout the year. During winter the number
is increased by about 50 species, which are winter
migrants, and in summer by from 50 to 60 5]
known as summer migrants. The summer mig
are all of the type known as insectivorous birds, and
they migrate from England in winter, not because the
cold weather would injure them, but that it would cut
off or seriously diminish their supply of food. Many
interesting circumstances connected with the migration
of birds were related, and the opinion was expressed that
the habit of migration was acquired during the glacial
periods. Mr. Read referred to the curious history of
the Great Auk, a bird that was once so common on the
Coast of Newfoundland, and is now believed to be
extinct; also to the Knot and other species, and
explained that birds' eggs usually approximated in
colour to their surroundings, and it is protective, like
the colour of the feathers of the parent, or parents,
which sit during the incubation of the eggs.

The first nests of which photographs were thrown on
the screen m r< ih..se of the Whitethroat and Willc
Warbler, both of which are summer migrants, an 1
wholly insectivorous in their food. It is the Tits that
are prone t.i eat the Peas, and the Whitethroats visit
them solely for the small insects to be found on the
plants. Next were the Chiff Chaff, Wood Waibler and
Bullfinch. The Bullfinch is a seed-eating bird, and, as
every gardener knows, is very destructive to fruit
buds, &c, but the lecturer had a good word even
for the Bullfinch and Sparrow, and said that during
the summer season they destroy an immense
number of green caterpillars, and feed their young
with them or the Cuckoo would never lay its eggs
in their nests, as young Cuckoos must have such
food. Other nests shown included those of the
Robin, Reed Warbler, Sedge Warbler, Moorhen.
Wild Duck, Reed Bunting, Norfolk Plover, King
Plover, Kentish Plover, Lapwing, and Black Headed
Gull, also some very interesting and beautiful
views of nests phot. .graphed in Scotland, prin-
cipally of water fowl, and of less common species-
photographed by the lecturer during a trip to
Norway and Sweden. A few interesting par-
ticulars were related of every species, and
these remarks, together with the excellent photographs,
were much appreciated.

t&fcttttarj;*

M. de Meulenaere. — Yet another well-known
Ghent horticulturist lias passed away in the person
of M. Octave de Meulenaere, a prominent member
of theSociete Royaled' Agriculture et deBotanique,
He introduced the English method of Chrysan-
themum growing into Belgium, and his plants won
him many distinctions every year. He wrote
several interesting papers upon these plants, and
in 1S90 published a descriptive list of winter
Chrysanthemums, which is still of considerable-
interest. He was an intelligent and erudite plant- -
lover. He took a prominent place in municipal,
affairs in Belgium, being first President of tb.es
Cour d'Appel of Flanders, Commander of the Order
of Leopold, bore the decoration of the Order of
the Crown of Prussia, &C. M. de Meulenaere was
an eminent jurist, and had published various legal
works that are held in high estimation. It was he
who published a French translation of the import-
ant work of the great jurist of Germany, Von
Thering. De Meulenaere was born at Ghent,
June 7, 1840; he died on December 7, 1905, at the
Chateau at Gentbrugghe.

Henry Eckford. — We regret to have to record
the death at Wem on the 5th inst. of this venerable
and much-respected gardener. He was born at
Stenhouse, in the parish of Liberton, Midlothian,
May 17, 1823, and in December. 1838, he
travelled by coach from Edinburgh to Beaufort
Castle, the seat of Lord Lovat. The journey
lasted no fewer than three days, during intense
cold and blinding snow-storms. At Beaufort
Castle he was apprenticed to Mr. Joseph

432

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

[December 16, 1903.

and afterwards served in the garden of James
Hogg, Esq., of Newliston, under Mr Gibson, and
in the establishment of Sir Peter Murray, under
Mr. Peter Lome. From there he went to Penicuik
under Mr. Ramsay, and subsequently to the Earl
of Stair, at Oxenfoord Castle, under Mr. Robert
Gardiner. In 1847, on the the recommendation
of Mr. McNab, of the Edinburgh Botanic Garden,
he entered the service of Mr. Low, of Clapton, by
whom he was recommended to Mr. Dodds, gr. to
Col. Baker at Salisbury, famous as a Dahlia
grower. Trentham next secured his services, till in
1S54 he received the appointment of head gardener
to the Earl of Radnor, Coleshill, Berks., where he
remained till 1874. He then became gardener at
Sandywells, Gloucestershire, to Dr. Sankey, a noted
florist at that time. During this period Eckford
raised many Verbenas which were held in high
esteem. Eventually, jn J888, Eckford became

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

THE LATE HENRY ECKFORD, V.M.H.

established in business at Wem, in Shropshire.
Here, as most of our readers know, he became
famous as a raiser of Sweet Peas, and the
favour in which these flowers are now held
is in great measure due to his successful
achievements. Sweet Peas, however, did not
monopolise his attention. Culinary Peas were
also improved by him, as well as various
florists' flowers. His services to horticulture are
shown by this bare enumeration to have been
great. Personally, he secured the respect of all
with whom he came in contact, and the affection
of those with whom he was brought into closer
relations. The business will, we learn, be carried
on without change.

ENQUIRIES.

Protecting Peaches, Nectarines and Apri-
cots on Walls. — Owing to disastrous late frosts
being common when these are in flower, it would
be of general interest to growers if it could be
made known that there is a cheap system of pro-
tecting the flowers. Perhaps some correspondent
could give a description of how this could best be
done other than by the expensive method of erect-
ing glass copings. G. K.

[Has our correspondent tried the use of several
thicknesses of old fish-netting or of thin tiffany ? —
Ed.]

Plants for Azalea Bed. — I shall be glad of a
suggestion of something suitable to plant in a bed
of peat containing hardy Azaleas to bloom at a
different, preferably a later, season, and which
Mould not interfere with the growth of the Azaleas.
A difficulty is that heavy mulchings of manure
seem essential for the Azaleas, but are detrimental
to many bulbs, &c, from which I fear it would be
impossible during wet weather to prevent some
manure reaching. A'. Y. Z.

[Has our correspondent tried Lilium auratum
and L. speciosum ? Lilies succeed admirably at
Kew in similar beds. — Ed.]

Apprentice : T. P. Assuming the circumstances
to be exactly as stated by you, the treatment
you have received has been most ungenerous.
We believe, however, that you cannot compel
an employer to give you a reference, but you
may prosecute him if he does give one which is
defamatory, or in opposition to facts.

Asparagus: C. B. We have not noticed any such
alteration as you allege in the characteristics
of Asparagus. Its action upon the kidneys
is as pronounced as formerly, and we suspect
that those who are not so affected by its
consumption are those who by eating it
repeatedly have become less sensitive to its
influence. Asparagus is a very wholesome food.

Begonias: /. H. W. We do not find either in-
sects or fungi. The appearances are consistent
with those produced by cold draughts or the use
of too cold water.

Books : H. A. We do not know of such a book
as you require. Noms. We do not know who
A. H. B. was. Senilis was J. E. Nelson.

Celeriac turning Black after being Cooked :
W. G. We expect this is due to the roots
having been bruised before cookiug ; or if in
the interior, it may be due to the action of
bacteria. We have no certain knowledge on
the subject.

French Fern : A.H.B. The proper designation of
the plant sold in Covent Garden under this name
is Asplenium adiantum nigrum. It is perfectly
hardy, and though not very common is found
growing wild in various parts of England. The
plants vary considerably under different condi-
tions. As usually seen in England they have short,
thick fronds, while those which come from
France have larger and more distinctly divided
fronds with long stalks. We get such fronds from
France all the year through, but it is during
the winter that they are most appreciated, and
during the past few weeks they have arrived in
large quantities and have been of very good
quality. Some English growers have tried to
cultivate the plant, and, although they have been
successful in raising spores and growing the
plants, we believe they have not succeeded in
getting them to produce the large fronds, or in
making them profitable as a source of supply of
fronds for marketing after they have been cut.
The plants grow very slowly and make neat
specimens for cultivation in small pots. They
last well, but would not be profitable owing to
the long time needed for them to form specimens.

Fumigating with Hydrocyanic Acid Gas : R. C.
Sodium cyanide was first applied to horticulture
as a fumigant by Mr. G. F. Strawson, and has
been employed in all recent experiments at the
Royal Botanic Gardens. Most writers have
advised potassium cyanide and the methods
employed on the Continent, which are unsuit-
able for the safe and satisfactory fumigation of
large glass houses. Potassium cyanide varies
from 35 to 98 per cent, strength, yet all being
apparently the same article. This has often led
to confusing results in the absence of standard
strength. By using the article commercially
termed "Sodium cyanide 130 per cent." a
smaller amount is required, and being com-
paratively new in horticulture it does not vary
so much as potassium cyanide. The latter will,
however, answer the same purpose provided a
standard strength, or its equivalent, is used.
Never forget you are dealing with a most potent
poison.

Hand-Plough : E. W. The instrument you mean
is known as the Planet, Junr., Hoe, and it is
extremely useful for the purpose. It was recently
advertised in our columns by the Four Oaks
Nursery Company, Fernle'a, Sutton Coldfield,
Birmingham. This hoe may be obtained in
several sizes, and varying a little in make.
Horticultural Paper in San Francisco : Cor-
respondent. The Pacific Rural Press, established
about thirty years ago.
Insects on Larch : /. Shaw. The "flies " are a
species of Lachnus (possibly L. pinicolus) ; but
the larva? of the Syrphid fly, which you enclose
with them, had sucked their bodies dry, so that
it is impossible to definitely fix the species.
Mushroom Beds : W. E. R. You will find all
the information asked for if you refer to the
weekly calendar in "The Kitchen Garden,"
which appears on p. 423.
Names of Plants : Ten Years' Subscriber. 1, pro-
bably Pinus Pallasiana ; 2, probably Pinus par-

viflora ; 3, Sequoia sempervirens (very glau-
cous) ; 4, Abies concolor ; 5, Cupressus Lawso-
niana erecta viridis ; 6, Cupressus Lawsoniana
var. aurea. — E. W. 1, Prumnopitys elegans ;
2, Juniperus excelsa ; 3, Cupressus Lawsoniana ;
4, Libocedrus decurrens ; 5, Thuya japonica
alias Standishii ; 6, Juniperus virginiana ; 7,
Cupressus pisifera ; 8, Thuyopsis dolabrata ; 9,
Thuya plicata alias gigantea. These determina-
tions are approximate as it is impossible to name
such specimens with certainty. — T. H. Perhaps
the Myrobalan Plum. Send flowers and foliage
next season. — B. W. G. What you have as
Calycanthus floridus seems to be a Cistus — the
Chimonanthus fragrans is correct. — C. N. I,
Pinus excelsa; 2, perhaps P. monticola. We
cannot tell without the cone ; 3, perhaps Pinus
Pinaster ; 4, perhaps P. insignis, but without
cones it is impossible to say ; 5, Cupressus
sempervirens ; 6, probably a Cupressus. —
A. Y. L. 1, Cypripedium Appletonianum ; 2,
Cypripedium siamense ; 3, Cypripedium Boxalh.
—J. P. 1, Begonia Gloire de Sceaux ; 2, Laelia
anceps ; 3, Begonia Rex hybrid ; 4, Adiantum
pubescens; 5, Adiantum decorum. — V. H. 1,
Oncidium cucullatum ; 2, Oncidium Forbesii ; 3,
Ada aurantiaca ; 4, Maxillaria picta. — A. W. S.
Thuyopsis dolabrata, The Composite next week.
— W. J. W. Retinospora squarrosa of gardens.
It is really a juvenile state of Cupressus pisifera.

Names of Fruits: /. C. W. 1, Sweet Lading ;
2, Scarlet Leadington. — D. W.D.& Sons. 1,
Lord Lennox ; 2, Striped Beefing ; 3, Marble
Pippin. — M. O. Apple-Niton House; Pears,
i.Bergamot d'Esperen ; 2, Josephine d'Malines.

Odontoglossum Leaves Injured : G. C. Odonto-
glossums often have the tips of the leaves affected
in the manner shown by the specimens received,
where the plants are grown in foggy districts, or
in unsuitable houses, in which the atmosphere
is kept at too high a temperature, or wherein the
heat of the house is not allowed to fall five
degrees or so lower at night than in the day-
time. Wash the pots and re-arrange the plants.
Re-pot any which are growing in bad compost,
and prepare them for doing better when the dull
weather has passed. The browning of the tips
of the leaves is not set up by disease; it is a
consequence of something unsuitable in the
surroundings.

Protecting Large Plantations of Fruit
Trees from Spring Frosts: Harvey, S.H. B.
We know of no practicable means of protecting
the flowers over such an area except by the
method commonly practised in continental vine-
yards in the month of May. Recognizing that it is
not so much the frost as the rapid thawing that
injures the plants, the cultivators light huge
bonfires on the side of the vineyard from which
the wind is blowing. They are lit early in the
morning, and are caused to smoulder in order to
produce a large volume of smoke, which the
wind carries over the vineyard, thus preserving
the vines from the influence of the sun, and
allowing them to regain their normal condition
as slowly as possible.

Retarding Lily of the Valley : Valley. We
believe that it is only necessary to have the
temperature a degree or so below the freezing
point.

Vines : A Reader. We are surprised to be asked
at this date if it would be wise to open a Vine
border containing living roots, for the purpose
of putting horseflesh into it ! There are much
better methods of supplying food to the Vines
than) by burying carrion, which, in decaying,
would be almost sure to injure the points of the
tender rootlets. Blood obtained from the
slaughter-house is a powerful nitrogenous man-
ure, but the best way of employing it would be
to pour the blood over some loam, and turn the
loam occasionally, after which it would be valu-
able for use as a top-dressing. Read the direc-
tions given week by week undei the heading
Fruits under Glass, in "The Week's Work,"
published in these pages.

Communications Received. — E. H., Cape Town— A. G. L.
— W. T. T. D.— J. L. E.— A. W. S.— Enquirer, we know
nothing of the plan you describe.— G. A. D. — R. A. R.—
D. D.— J. E. F.— R. J. A.— E. B., often figured.— E. M. H.—
S. W.F.-A.G. L.-J. S. I.-R. N.-P. S. G.-H. J. W.-
Comte de K.— L. L. Brussels.— J. T.— W. L.— W. W. N. B.
— L. F.— H. J.— D. Bros.— G. B.— C. R.— H. J. P.—
W. H W.- J. G.-J. B.— L. H. E.— F. M.— T. B.-W. A. C.
— W. J. B.— F. B. S — F. G. L.— K. M. C— G. W. L.—
S. W. F.— C. T. D— J. Betters -G. Massee— Rev. G. H.—
H. W.— J. Wallis— W..A. Cook— N. D.— W. H.

For Market ami Weather Reports, see pages x. atul xi.

December 23, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

433

THE

(&mlbtmx8%}ixanxtlz

No. 99 J. —SATURDAY, December 23, 1905.

CONTENTS.

Azalea beds, plants for

ground-work 443

Beet, sugar producing... 441
Books, notices of —
English Idioms and

Colloquialisms ... 437

Index Filicum ... 441

Notes on the Life

History of British

Flowering Plants ... 430

Publications received 437

Who's Who? 441

Carnations, winter-
flowering 443

Castanospermum aus-

trale, seeds of 441

Christmas Chrysanthe-
mums ... ' 441

Christmas Pears 443

Christmas Roses ... 444

Cypripedium debile ... 44^
] i kford, Henry, the late 444
F< 1 1'-, a process for pre-

serving 444

Flowers, arranging ... 442
Flowers, summer, in the
south-west ... ... 444

Forestry —
Forestry on small areas 443
The Locust Tree ... 44ii
Fruit, exhibiting ... 444

Fruits, sterile 441

Fungoid diseases and

the need for legislation 433
Gardening in the olden

times 436

Hibiscus, hybrid ... 443
Horticulture, the econo-
mic side of 440

Judges, boycotting ... 444
Kew gardens, the
changes in the directo-
rate at 440

Lynch, Mr. R. 1., honour
conferred on 441

Obituary —

Hislop, Mrs. «.

Pettigrew, Mrs.
Orchid notes and glean-
ings—

Odontoglossum Lam-
beauianum exquisi-

tum ...

Pinus radiata (insignis)

a large tree of

Plant portraits

Planting, seasonable ...
Plants new or note-
worthy—

New species of Cya-

nanthus

Rubber producing plant,

a .,

Trees and shrubs, de-
ciduous

Sandringham, garden at
Societies —

Dublin Seed and Nur-
sery Employees' ...

Edinburgh Market
Gardeners'

Gardeners' Debating

Linnean

Manchester and North
of England Orchid

Royal Horticultural ...

Royal Horticultural of

Aberdeen

Spray, what is a ?
Unemployed, the, and

estate labour ...
Vanda Sanderiana
Worm, a new garden ...
Week's work, the

Flower garden, the ...

Fruits under glass ...

Hardy fruit garden ...

Kitchen garden, the ...

Orchid houses, the ...

Plants under glass _.

443

44S

434

435
441
435

434

4:17
440

447

448
44s
447

447
445

447
444

443
437
434

439

438
438
439
439
439

445
442
4412
436
434
435

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Citrus japonica

( ypripedium debile

Flowers, cut, an arrangement of

Gardening in the seventeenth century

Odontoglossum Lambeauianum exquisitum

Pinus radiata (insignis), a large specimen of

Sandringham, the front garden at Supplementary Illus-
tration)

Vanda Sanderiana, " Chillingham variety " 433

LEGISLATION, AND THE
SPREAD OF PLANT DISEASES
CAUSED BY FUNGI.

IT is well within the mark to state that the
annual loss throughout the world due to
injury caused to cultivated plants by para-
sitic fungi exceeds ^150,000,000 ster-
ling. Probably double this amount would be
nearer the truth. The following specific cases
may be quoted in support of this statement.

According to the Prussian Statistics
Bureau, the losses in Prussia during the year
1S91 from grain rust attacking wheat, oats
and rye, amounted to ,£20,628,147. The
Year Book of the United States Department
of Agriculture for 1S97 estimated the injury
caused by fungi during that year in the
United States as amounting to about
£40,000,000. In Australia, the loss in the
wheat harvest of 1890-91, on account of rust,
was estimated at £2,500,000. Data of a
similar nature for this country are not forth-
coming, but our average annual loss is pro-
bably not less than that of other countries, as
mildew, rust, etc., are always more or less in
evidence.

Can this serious annual loss be prevented,
or reduced in amount? is the question which
naturally suggests itself.

Undoubtedly yes, as proved by results ob-
tained, more especially in the United States
and in some European countries; but, speak-
ing broadly, attempts in this direction have
been confined to checking the spread of

a given disease after its appearance, and
have not touched the root of the matter.
The primary cause must be removed before
any enduring benefit can result. Legislation
has also been called in aid, but again, as will
be shown, minor details have received much
consideration, whereas broad underlying
principles have been overlooked.

How Diseases are Spread.
It is a well-known fact that diseases are
constantly appearing in new localities, and a
point of primary importance is to determine
with certainty by what means such diseases
are conveyed. This subject can be most con-
veniently discussed under two distinct head-
ings, as follows : —

(1) Diseases that appear when the host-
plant is introduced to distant localities,
even to a new continent, where the
fungus was not known to exist previous
to the introduction of its host-plant.

(2) Diseases that spread from an area
known to be infected to adjoining areas
hitherto free from disease.

Instances falling under No. 1 will first be
given.

Previous to the inti eduction of wheat into
Australia, the wheat rust fungus (Puccinia
graminis) was unknown in that country, but
almost at once after the cultivation of wheat
commenced rust appeared in full force; and
at the present day wheat in Australia suffers
as much from rust as in any other part of the
world.

The Hollyhock, imported to Europe from
Chile, was followed by its natural enemy,
Hollyhock rust (Puccinia malvacearum),
which not only at one time threatened to ex-
terminate this plant in Europe, but has also
attacked all European wild species of plants
allied to the Hollyhock.

Quite recently diseased French beans were
sent to Kew for invi stigation from the Botanic
Station, Nairobi, British East Africa. It
was stated that the plants had been grown
there for the first time, and promised to yield
a good crop, when they were suddenly all de-
stroyed by some disease. On investigation
it proved that both the leaves and fruit were
attacked by the same kind of fungus respec-
tively from which they so frequently succumb
at home, the parasite on the leaves being
Uromyces phaseoli; that on the fruit was
Colletotrichum lindemuthicinum.

Lucerne suffers in America, Australia, and
the Transvaal from the same fungus that
destroys it in Europe.

Maize smut is now common in Europe.

Seedlings of Verbena raised in Brisbane
have been destroyed by the same kind of
fungus attacking Verbenas in Europe. These
are a very few of the cases that could be
cited where European plants cultivated in
distant parts of the world have been attacked
there by the same kind of fungus from which
they suffer at home.

A point of importance in connection with
the above examples is the fact that in every
instance the introduction to a new country
must necessarily have been by means of seed.

Methods of Infection.

Next comes the question, How did these
plants become infected in the first instance, in
a new country, with the same kind of fungus
from which they had been accustomed to
suffer at home?

Two possible answers suggest themselves.
Either the fungus was previously present in
the new country, and happened to be growing
in the immediate neighbourhood where the
introducing plants were first grown, or,

secondly, the spores of the fungus were im-
ported along with the seed adhering to its
surface.

The first supposition may be dismissed at
once, as not having a shred of evidence in its
support. The latter supposition is strongly
supported by facts, and may without doubt be
accepted as the true solution. It has Ion-
been known that smut and bunt in cereals
are mainly perpetuated by the spores of these
fungi adhering to the outside of the grain,
and that by proper treatment the spores can
be destroyed, a practice commonly followed.
This method of treating seed before sowing
could be greatly extended with advantage.

Packets of a dozen kinds of seed purchased
at random were carefully examined in the
Jodrell Laboratory at Kew, and in four
instances spores of the fungus well known
as causing a disease on the plant in question
were obtained from the seeds.

The theory that fungus spores may be car-
ried by air currents for long distances, even
from Europe to Australia, cannot be enter-
tained.

Now in the case of seeds, legislation has
played little or no part, yet it is almost cer-
tain that many of the most destructive
diseases have been introduced into new areas
through the spores of the fungus adhering to
seed.

A second source of dispersion of disease,
which in these days of rapid transit is easily
accomplished, is where the mycelium of a
parasitic fungus hibernates in the vegetative
portion of a plant that is used for reproduc-
tion in place of seed. Tubers and bulbs may
be cited as examples.

The Potato Blight.
It is well known that when potatos are
attacked by " Potato blight " (Phytophthora
infestans) the tubers are usually more or less
diseased, the external indication of which is
the presence of brown stains in the flesh of
the tuber. If a browned portion of a tuber
is examined under the microscope, the living
mycelium of Phytophthora can always be
found; in fact, the mycelium of the fungus is
the definite cause of the browning. The
point to bear in mind is the fact that if such
a diseased tuber is planted, the mycelium pre-
sent in its substance grows into the young
sprouts, follows up the inside of the haulm,
and finally appears as " Potato blight " on
the leaves, if conditions are favourable for
its development. It may be argued that
obviously diseased potatos would not be
planted ; perhaps not, but potatos often con-
tain the mycelium of Phytophthora when
there is no evidence in the way of discoloured
blotches on the surface, and but scanty naked
eye evidence when cut. Nevertheless, the
comparatively small amount of living
mycelium present may suffice for continuing
the disease in the way indicated above. It is
more than probable that in many instances
the rapid spread of disease in a potato field,
usually attributed to the conveyance of spores
from diseased to healthy plants by wind, rain,
movements of animals, etc., is in reality due
to the fact that slightly diseased tubers have
been planted; and that under those atmo-
spheric conditions so well known as being-
favourable to the appearance of potato blight,
the disease already lurking in the haulm,
and having originated from the tuber, quickly
manifests itself ; whereas, if such favourable
climatic conditions had not been forthcoming,
the fungus would have remained undeveloped
in the haulm and the crop matured free from
disease. When slightly diseased tubers are
grown for experimental purposes, and ex-

434

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 23, 1905.

posed to those-conditions known to favour the
appearance of the disease— dull light, excess
of moisture in the air, and a fairly high
temperature, special care being exercised to
prevent external infection, the disease almost
invariably appears; whereas if a second por-
tion of the same tubers used for the above
experiment are planted in the open air, and
there is an absence of the exceptional climatic
conditions indicated above, no outward trace
of the disease may appear. However, if a
few of the leaves from the apparently healthy
plants grown Ln the open air are placed in
damp air under a bell-jar in a dull light,
within two or three days the leaves will show
a copious development of potato blight,
proving that the fungus was present in the
tissues, and only awaiting those conditions
favourable for its complete development.
George Massee.

{To be continued.)

NEW AND NOTEWORTHY
PLANTS.

NEW SPECIES OF CYANANTHUS.
Till quite recently this genus was only repre-
sented in cultivation by the Himalayan C.
lobatus, which forms large carpets on the
mountain sides in its native country, Sikkim,
where it is found at an elevation of from 12,000
to 14,000 feet. This plant was introduced into
cultivation in the year 1845, and is still one of
the choicest of our late summer flowering rock-
plants. It forms low cushions of prostrate, wiry
stems, and produces freely its large purple-blue
flowers of campanulate shape, each with a
whitish centre.

Another species which has been in cultivation
from time to time, but never to any great extent,
is the Sikkim annual C. inflatus. It is a high
Alpine plant, reaching an altitude of 16,000 feet,
and is of freely branching habit with small
leaves and small purplish-blue flowers. It is
remarkable for its inflated calyx, from which it
derives its specific name. Owing to its annual
habit and the scarcity with which it produces
seeds, it is seldom or never seen outside botanic
gardens.

The genus is essentially a Himalayan one,
and seven species are enumerated in the Flora
of British India, of which two (C. inflatus and
C. Hookeri) are annuals. Representatives of
the genus, however, extend into Tibet and
Western China, and differ but slightly from
those found on the Himalayas. Species of
recent introducion are: —

C. linifolius, a native of the Kumaon Hima-
layas, where it grows on the banks of rivers at
an altitude of 11,000 feet. The stems are very
slender and wiry, with small entire leaves, and
are produced freely from a woody rootstock
reaching a length of 4 to 10 inches. The flowers
are similar to those of C. lobatus, with a densely
hairy throat, but the spreading segments are
somewhat longer and narrower than in that
plant. It also thrives under the same condi-
tions, but, so far, has not proved to be quite so
free flowering. Seeds of this species were
received at the Royal Gardens, Kew, from
Saharunpur in the year 1900, and the resulting
plants flowered in August, 1903, and annually
since.

C. incanus var. leiocalyx (syn. yunnanensis).
The type of this species is a native of Alpine
Sikkim, where it is found at elevations of 12,000
to 16,000 feet. It has wiry stems, many from
one rootstock, small, nearly entire leaves, and
yellow campanulate flowers of good size. The
calyx is covered with brown silky hairs, and tbe
throat of the corolla is also bearded with white
silky hairs. C. incanus var. leiocalyx is the
Chinese form of this species, and only differs in
having a less hairy calyx. It occurs at high
elevations in Western China and Tibet, and was

found by Mr. Wilson, Messrs. Veitch's collector
in Western Szechuan. Plants flowered in their
nurseries during the summer. It will evidently
prove a suitable companion for C. lobatus.

C. Hookeri var. hispida (Syn. C. micranthus).
The type of this species is also a native of
the Eastern Himalayas. It is an annual with
wiry stems, small, entire leaves, and small blue
flowers. The Chinese variety is more hispid,
and was also found by Messrs. Veitch's
collector, who sent seeds from which plants
flowered this summer. It is only of botanical
interest, as, though freely produced, its flowers
are small. W. Irving, Kew.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

ODONTOGLOSSUM LAMBEAUIANUM
EXQUISITUM.

This grand variety has soon followed its pre-
decessor, and presents some characters which
are not contained in the type plant of this

The type plant was of similar form to its
mother (crispum), except in the lip, where it re-
verted to the grandfather (Harryanum). Our sub-
ject reverts in form to Harryanum even in the
slightly forward position of its petals ; its mark-
ings, too, are all derived from Harryanum, and
conform to those of O. Rolfeae, only they are
somewhat intensified by crispum. In agreement
with this, the column is unspotted on the back
and spotted beneath (the reverse of the type
plant), thus reverting from the coloured column
of crispum Madame Falcke to the white column
of both O. Harryanum and O. Pescatorei. O.
Pescatorei has olten some small spottings on the
underside of the column, and our subject has
this small though important factor in determin-
ing parentage. Following the rest of the flower,
its crest is more like that of O. Harryanum than
the type plant, which tended towards crispum.

M. i'eeters showed this variety at the Ghent
Chambre Syndicale on November 5, 1905. de B.
Crawshay.

FlG. 162. ODONTOGLOSSUM LAMBEAUIANUM EXQUISITUM.

Flower natural size.

hybrid, which appeared in the Gardeners'
Chronicle for November 4, 1905, p. 324.

The sepals and petals have a creamy white
ground, the former having the posterior stripe
of rosy mauve purple. The whole of the mark-
ings are shown upon the backs of these seg-
ments, the actual tips beyond the spotting being
stained on the lower surface with deep mauve
purple. The basal colour of the principal
groups of blotches in both sepals and petals is
rich purple brown ; superposed upon this is a
sheeny layer of crimson ; this superficial layer
is not present in the marginal markings at all.

The lip is white, the spots being rich brown ;
the crest and filaments yellow ; the column
creamy white upon the back, but minutely
spotted on the under side with rich brown, as
upon the lip and channel ; its wings are slightly
lacerate and faintly spotted with very light
brown colour.

With dried blooms and photographs before
me of our present subject, its predecessor, its
parents, and grandparents, it is very interest-
ing to see how certain characteristics predomin-
ate.

CAMBRIDGE BOTANIC GARDENS

A NEW GARDEN WORM.

While at Cambridge recently I availed my-
self of the opportunity of visiting the Botanic
Gardens. So far as I am aware no one has
ever studied the Earthworms here, and I hoped
that I might be rewarded by the discovery of some-
thing new. In this I was not disappointed. In the
absence of Mr. Lynch, the Curator, Mr. Allard very
kindly responded to my request for material, and
in a short time I had collected a goodly number of
specimens. On examination it became apparent
that some good work might be expected, and I am
able to report, as the result of my first investiga-
tion, the discovery of one species new to our lists,
while I am able also to deal with a question about
which a good deal of doubt has hitherto existed.

Let me begin by placing on record the first list
of Cambridge Earthworms. Only one species of
Lumbricus was obtained, the whole of the glean-
ings with this exception belonging to the Genus
Allolobophora. The common Earthworm (Lum-
bricus herculeus) is the largest form we have. I.
often attains a length of six or eight inches,
and may be known by its warm sienna brown

December 23, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

4-j-)

colour, iridescent in sunlight, and its flattened
tail. It is often confused with the long worm
(Allolobophora terrestris), which is usually found
in the same localities as at Cambridge. The two,
however, differ widel j in ,hape and colour, aswell as
in specific details. The long worm is a dirty-looking
worm, the colour varying a good deal. The type
is of a dull, raw sienna colour, and it is cylindrical
in shape, the tail not being flattened as in the true
Earthworm. Next comesthe Brandling (A. fcetida),
well known by its brown bands mixed with yellow
stripes. It is always found in decayed manure and
compost, and when irritated gives off a yellow
fluid with an odour which some liken to cabbage
water, and others to garlic. Another species some-
what nearly related to the Brandling (A. subrubi-
cunda) was found to be plentiful, as was also the
rosy worm (A. rosea). The sixth species was the
green worm (A. chlorotica), a sluggish creature
which varies very largely, and is widely distributed.
All the foregoing are well-known British annelids
and in consequence need no further comment.

I had the pleasure, however, to rediscover a
worm which I named some years ago (A. cambrica),
from material received from Monmouth. It has
one feature in common with the green worm,
inasmuch as the girdle with its peculiar tubercula
falls on the same segments. For this reason some
investigators who have never seen the two species
in a living state imagine them to be only varieties
of the same species. I find it impossible, however,
to identify the one with the other. And if any-
thing were needed to show their striking dif-
ference I would appeal to the following fact,
showing that while the green worm is exceedingly
sluggish, its rival (A. cambrica) is just as active.
My gleanings were placed in a tin box filled with
damp moss, and provided with four good sized
holes for purposes of ventilation. There were
eight different species of worms among the forty or
fifty specimens, and yet, though all except the
largest specimens could easily have escaped, all
remained in captivity save the three specimens of
A. cambrica. These were so restless that they
found their way out of the box on to the table,
then on to the floor, and here they roamed till they
could travel no further, thus showing a peculiarly
vigorous and active disposition. I hope now to
be able to examine the two different species in-
ternally, with a view to noting the differences of
structure, which I believe are as great as are the
external differences of colour and shape.

And now it remains only to call attention to a
new British Earthworm. I had the good fortune
to find more than one in Oxford last year, and it
is therefore all the more gratifying to be able to
enlarge our lists by the addition of yet another
species. The new species has been known since
the days of Savigny ard Duges. The former named
it in 1826 Enterion icttricum, (Savigny.) In 1SS6
De Rosa gave an account of it in his Revision,
from which I take the following : •• The length of
A.ictericum is from six toeight centimetres, and the
largest diameter five millimetres. There are from
140 to 190 segments, and the form is cylindrical.
The girdle, according to Savigny, extends over
segments 35 to 44, according to Duges from 33 to
44, and according to Rosa from 33 or 34 to 42, 43
or 44. There is a similar uncertainty respecting
the segments which bear the tubercula. The first
dorsal pore is between segments 6 and 7, and from
chese pores a yellow liquid is poured when the
worm is irritated. Savigny records it from the
neighbourhood of Paris, and Rosa from Valen-
ciennes and the Piedmontese Alps." Beddard
(Monograph of Oligochaeta, 70S) has a note on
Rosa's account, but did not personally know the
worms. The fullest and best description of the
worm is that supplied by Ribaucourt in his study
of the Worms of Switzerland, 1S96. He collected
a large series, and has been able to give (pp. 57-9)
a very full account, together with an illustration. At
first sight the worm, as found at Cambridge, sug
geststhetrapeze worm (A. trapezoidea) , but tbeposi-
tion of the girdle at once serves to differentiate them.

The following is a list of the worms which my
visit to the gardens yielded, and I hope shortly to

be able greatly to enlarge it : — 1, Lumbricus
herculeus (Savigny) ; 2, Allolobophora terrestris
(Savigny) ; 3, Allolobophora foetida (Savigny) ;
4, Allolobophora rosea (Savigny); 5, Allolobo-
phora subrubicunda (Eisen) ; 6, Allolobophora
chlorotica (Savigny) ; 7, Allolobophora cambrica
(Friend); 8, Allolobophora icterica (Savigny).
Hilderic Friend, Mildenhall, Suffolk.

PINUS RADIATA.

The specimen of Pinus radiata (insignis) shown
at Fig. 163 is the largest of this species that I know ;

Pines ; their rounded heads also contrasting with
the spicate heads of P. sylvestris. P. radiata
revels in a good well-drained soil, but this is not
absolutely necessary. I notice, however, that
those trees which were planted on mounds or
banks on the sides of cuttings usually appear to
be most at home. It would seem that early
planters were diffident becauseof the species making
growth rather late, but this is no detriment here.
We have no rampant disease, and squirrels are the
worst enemy of the Pine. H. IK., Trevince Gar-
dens, Redruth.

Fig. 163. — pinus radiata.
Height 75 feet, girth at 3 feet from the ground 12 feet.

its bright being 75 feet, and its girth 12 feet when
measured at a point 3 feet from the ground ; the
base of the branch nearest the man is 8$ feet in
girth. The tree was planted about 70 years ago
near, if not in, what was then a walled-in kitchen
garden which probably accounts for its rapid growth.
Oddly enough some of the largest branches still
retain some cones near the main trunk. These
cones look singularly out of place, stuck like so
many excrescences upon rough, deeply-grooved
bark.

This species does well in Cornwall if planted
with somelittle consideration ; but the density of its
growth prevents the wind passing through the trees,
consequently isolated specimens in exposed posi-
tions often come to grief. Planted in groups for
shelter they are effectual. In the pi mtation with
P. sylvestris they show up conspicuously their
mellow green colour against the silver of the Scotch

THE PERIOD OF PREPARATION.

It cannot be affirmed, with perfect truth-
fulness, that nature is entirely inactive at this
season of the year. It is, indeed, to some per-
ceptible extent, a period of repose ; the myriad
plants which flowered so luxuriantly during last
spring, summer, and autumn are resting from
their manifold, varied exertions : nevertheless,
they are not inactive ; they are silently yet
assiduously preparing for their future work; their
unseen yet earnest embryonic preparation will
hereafter create the floral splendour of the year.
How many glorious exhibitions are condensed
within those bulbs, patiently growing under-
ground !

Following in the gracious footsteps of nature,
the horticulturist should also now be anticipat-
ing, to some realisable degree, his future activi-
ties. If root-formation, the subtle, mysterious

43ti

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 23, 1905.

process by which plants achieve their adequate
evolution is — as we know it to be — of momen-
tous importance, then in the planting of vernal-
flowering bulbs delays are dangerous. As
early as the beginning of the month of Septem-
ber I added to my already extensive collection
of Narcissi many precious varieties, to be
naturalised in grass, including a Daffodil, partly
derived from Emperor, which bears my own
name. I have also planted for the first time
Victoria, a very effective hybrid, with golden
coloured trumpet and creamy perianth, raised by
the Messrs. Barr ; Madame de Graaff, the queen
of ivory-white Daffodils in dimensions and in
beauty, Peter Barr (somewhat larger but not
more lustrous), Colleen Bawn, of delicate,
silvery-white aspect ; Triandrus albus, or
Angel's tears, another gem, as Thomas Gray
would have written, " of purest ray serene " ;
and the refinedly beautiful N. Johnstoni, Queen
of Spain. To these, with such richly-decorative
varieties of " bicolor " distinction as Empress,
Horsfieldii, and grandis, I have assigned very
prominent situations in the lawn right opposite
my study window, where many grand Narcissi,
including N. poeticus poetarum, the uniquely
graceful moschatus of Haworth, and the Spanish
N. albicans succeeded admirably last year, chiefly
because planted so early as to give them every
chance of success. I have been gratified to
find that the finest Tulips, not less than the
grandest Narcissi, succeed marvellously every-
where in sheltered situations when growing in
grass, unless, indeed, when attacked and de-
stroyed— as they invariably have been at Logan
House in this parish — by the monstrous regi.
ment of rats. My own precious Tulips, with
their environment of Narcissi, have most provi-
dentially escaped this crucial visitation for the
last two years.

To my roses I have recently had the honoir.
and privilege of adding two beautiful name-
sakes of my own ; one from Newtownards, if
Ireland ; the other from Waltham Cross. The
former is velvety crimson in colour, deeply
shaded with maroon, a distinctive complexion
among hybrid Teas ; the latter (of which its
raisers think very highly, and have already ex-
hibited effectively) is a hybrid perpetual of soft
carmine-rose hue, with satin-like petals and
most fascinating fragrance, an important quali-
fication too frequently ignored. Other valuable
additions to my garden are Earl of Warwick,
Dr. William Gordon, Charles Grahame, which
perpetuates in an exquisitely appreciative man-
ner the name of an earnest amateur rosarian ;
Countess Annesley, and that loveliest of recent
Continental introductions, Etoile de France.

In connection with this subject, I would re-
commend early planting, which, like partial
autumnal pruning, is, I fear, very frequently
and fatally neglected even by cultivators who
might be expected to know something from ex-
perience of the requirements of the Rose. I am
ashamed to confess that in previous years I
have lost many varieties of exceptional interest
by delaying their planting till February or
March. I am convinced that the result would
have been widely different had they been care-
fully consigned to their proper positions in the
end of October. Late planting simply signifies,
when the growing season has come, imperfect
establishment, inadequate root formation, and,
consequently, in many instances, premature de-
cay. David R. Williamson.

GARDENING IN THE SEVEN-

- TEENTH CENTURY.
Our illustration (Fig. 164) is taken from a pic-
ture (one of a series) in the Museum at Ant-
werp. It represents a gardening scene in the
early part of the 17th century. The garden is in
the rigid, formal style of the period, and
wielders of spade and rake are shown as busy
in making a fine tilth under the inspection, pr;-

sumably, of the lady of the manor and her
daughter. Nowadays, we should not care to
have the farm-yard or the sheep-pen quite so
near to the flower-garden, or we should plant a
screen of trees and shrubs to separate one from
the other.

In any case, from a gardening point of view,
apart from its formality, we might object to the
too careful preparation of the soil. A somewhat
less fine condition would, for various reasons,
be preferable. A lawn with clipped trees, form-
ing a platform shaded by a tier of branches
and surmounted by a ball-shaped head like a
mop-headed Acacia, indicates the taste of the
times, and the plants in tubs have evidently
been just removed from their winter quarters, in
order to form the central objects in the beds.

Abel Grimmer, the painter of this picture,
is supposed to have been the son (or, more
probably, the grandson) of Jacob Grimmer
(who was born in Antwerp in 15 10). Abel
Grimmer is known to have exercised his art in
160S, and pictures from his brush, dated 1614,
are in the Brussels Gallery.

of the structures observed. The practical appli-
cations, too, of natural history are naturally
increased by the study of the life-history of the
plants we grow and of the insects and fungi
which are for good or ill associated with them.
The great change which has come over biologi-
cal science during the last half century is of
course mainly due to the publications of Darwin.'
He it was who showed us the importance and
significance of many a structure to which
observers had formerly attached no importance.
That some of his followers were led into extra-
vagances and jumped at conclusions from inade-
quate premises is of course true, but that evil
is steadily being corrected.

Lord Avebury, better known under his former
title of Sir John Lubbock, is one of those care-
ful observers who has not allowed his imagina-
tion to run riot. Whether we agree with him
in his deductions or not we can and always do
respect his opinions, because we know them to
be founded on careful and continuous observa-
tion. His present book is largely a summary of
some previous works on the life-history of

FlG. 164. — GARDENING IN SPRING IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
From a picture by Abel Grimmer in the Museum at Antwerp.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Notes on the Life History of British
Flowering Plants by the Rt. Hon. Lord
Avebury. Macmillan & Co.
It is almost impossible to convey to those who
are not naturalists the delight experienced by
the young botanist in his rambles, or the eager-
ness of his search for rare or interesting plants.
Football, cricket, golf, horse-racing have their
attractions for the m.iny, but we question
whether the numerous votaries of athleticism get
so much real gratification out of the objects of
their cult as do the field naturalists ; certainly
the delight is not so abiding. This might have
been said truly enough in olden times, when
collecting was the main object, when the search
for and the discovery of some treasure of a
plant or an insect filled one with joy. At that
time the structure and conformation of the
plant was by no means ignored, but the interest
they excited was subordinate to the gratification
of securing the wished-for prize. At the time
we speak of, the " life history," as it is now
called, was comparatively little studied. This
was the more remarkable as. the interest in the
examination of plants and objects of natural
history generally is vastly enhanced by the
consideration of the meaning and significance

flowering plants, on " Flowers, Fruits, and
Leaves," on " Seedlings," on " Buds and
Stipules," and various others.

The author points out that in the ordinary
British floras, attention is mainly devoted to the
technical details necessary to distinguish one
plant from another, and little space is given to
the why and wherefore of the plant's structure.
Why is the stem of some plants square, of
others round? Why are the leaves lobed in the
one case, unbranched in the other? How is one
plant adapted to thrive in a salt-marsh, another
in an alpine pasture? These are the kinds of
problems which Lord Avebury endeavours to
solve. In so doing he passes in review a large
proportion of our common wild-plants, de-
scribes them lucidly from his point of view,
and illustrates them with numerous and appro-
priate figures. There are still many people who
wonder at Tennyson's powers of observation
when he wrote of the black Ash buds in March.
What they will say to the innumerable similar
facts laid before them by Lord Avebury we can
hardly imagine. In any case, we can assure
them that they will find an unending source of
interest in endeavouring to follow up and extend
; (as it will be easy to do) the author's observa-
tions. To botanists and gardeners the book will
appeal specially, and the more so that it may

December 23, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

437

be taken up at any season of the 3'ear, and that
its interest is by no means confined to the
summer months. The book is not written for
the professed botanist, but it is " popular "
in the best sense of the term, accurate, lucid,
and well arranged. The introduction comprises
an excellent general survey of our present state
of knowledge. The work is well printed, with
very few printer's errors, is abundantly illus-
trated, and possesses a glossary and a good
index.
English Idioms and Colloquialisms.

Under this title Mr. Arthur Burvenich, the son
of the well-known pomologist of Ghent, has pub-
lished through M. Ad. Herckenrath, of Lederberg,
near Ghent, a small book which will be very useful
to those desirous of translating colloquial English
into French or Dutch, or of knowing the equivalent
expression in either of the two languages mentioned.
It is very difficult to draw a hard and fast line
between colloquialisms and good, pure English, for
the slang of to-day may become the correct
expressions of to-morrow. As an instance we may
note the words "awful, awfully" — applied as
they usually are to any or all subjects concerning
which no awe is really felt. So general has the use
of these expressions become that in a very short time
all trace of the original vulgarism will be eliminated,
the words will be used as a matter of course by our
best writers, and find their way as accepted expres-
sions into our dictionaries, like any other reputable
word. We have no doubt the word "dreadful"
used, as it often is, where no feeling of dread is con-
noted, and to which now-a-days no imputation of
looseness of expression or of vulgarity is attached,
had a similar origin. We may mention another in-
stance of a colloquialism which afforded us some
amusement at the time. We were travelling with
a well-educated Tyrolese gentleman, who spoke
fluent English, but informed us that he had a
" beastly cold." Noticing that we smiled at the
expression he hastened to improve matters, as he
thought, by saying "Ah! I should have said a
'beast of a cold.'" Turning to M. Burvenich's
book we find the word " abominable " given in this
case as the French equivalent. It is not within
our province to offer criticism on M. Burvenich's
book, beyond saying that occasionally a literal
translation is given rather than a French or
Dutch equivalent mode of speech, perhaps be-
cause no phrase exactly corresponding exists. In
any case, we can but admire the indefatigable
industry and research which have been bestowed
on this publication, and the remarkable freedom
from errors. Those who are not familiar with
colloquial French (or Dutch) but speak and write,
in stumbling fashion, the French of dictionaries
and grammars, will be glad to possess this book.
On the one hand we must warn the busy reader
to exercise restraint, or he will lose time and be
irresistibly led on from subject to subject away
from the object of his search. On the other hand
there are few more instructive and amusing
methods of passing leisure moments than can be
obtained by the perusal of this excellent little
book.

Publications Received. — Annual Report of the
Government Gardens and Parks, Mysore, 1904-5 : For
garden cultivation the season was favourable, and
various experiments were made with Cotton, Rubber,
and other economic plants. — The Queensland Agricul-
tural Journal ; October. Contents : Native Grasses
and Herbage, H. C. Quodling; Nature Study and
State Schools in Queensland, H. Newport ; Contribu-
tions to the Flora of Queensland, F. M. Bailey ; &c. —
Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture
and Stock, Queensland; 1904-5. Among the most
important contents are the Report of the Colonial
Botanist, Mr. F. M. Bailey, which is a record of
valuable work accomplished under difficulties, and
dealing with the concerns of a vast territory, and
that of Mr. Tryon, the Entomologist, who also
treats of investigations carried on over a large
country where " the enterprise of the inhabitants
identified with the promotion of primary industries
of a rural nature is concerned with such diverse and
important products." — Transactions of the Massachu-
setts Horticultural Society, for 1905. Parts I and II.

contain papers on : Recently Introduced Weeds, M.
L. Fernald ; Forest Planting for Profit, T. F. Borst ;
Bacteria as Fertilizers, Dr. G. T. Moore ; and Reports
of the various Committees. — From the United States
Department of Agriculture : Division of Entomology :
Bulletin No. 45.— The Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil,
W. D. Hunter and W. E. Hinds ; and Bureau of Ento-
mology : Bulletin No. 47. — Catalogue of the Exhibit of
Economic Entomology at the Louisiana Exposition,
1904, by E. G. Titus and F. C. Pratt.— The Agricultural
Gazette of New South Wales ; October. This contains
an article upon Mortality in Cattle, caused by eating the
Poison Tulip, Homeria miniata. The plant has proved
injurious to stock in South Africa, Victoria, and South
Australia, and Mr. Maiden urges all owners of pastures
to at once eradicate the pest when once discovered.
Another paper in the Gazette gives a description and
illustrations of the Queensland Nut, Macadamia terni-
folia, previously figured in our own columns 1S70, p.
1181. — La Vulgarisation Scientifique.Tomell., No. 11.
Among the contents we note a paper, by M. G. Motti t,
on Un arbre singulier. The tree is a weeping Ash in Dr.
Bardet's garden, and it has grown in a singularly dis-
torted fashion, causing it to resemble the artificially
produced abortions of Japanese growers. — Agricultural
Handbook and Di iry, 1906, edited by C. Adeane and
Hichardson Carr. Published by the County Gentleman,
Ltd., Dean Street, High Holborn. Contains useful and
topical information on British and other agricultural
matters, and a handy calendar and diary. — From the
Royal Gardens, Kew. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Infor-
mation. Appendix I., 1906. List of Seeds of Hardy Her-
baceous Plants and of Trees and Shrubs. — La France
Coloniale, November 15. Contains notes on and from
the chief French colonies. — Department of Agriculture,
Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Bulletin
52. Insects Injurious to Grain and Fodder Crops, Root
Crops, and Vegetables. By James Fletcher, LL.D. —
West Indian Bulletin. The following are the subjects
treated of in the recently issued part : Manurial Ex-
periments with Cotton in the Leeward Islands, by
the Hon. Francis Watts, C.M.G., D.Sc. ; Manurial
Experiments with Cacao at Dominica, by the Hon.
Francis Watts, C.M.G., D.Sc, and Joseph Jones ; The
Soils of Montserrat, by the Hon. Francis Watts,
C.M.G., D.Sc, and H. A. Tempany, B.Sc, A.I.C. ;
Grape Fruit and Shaddocks; Cacao Experiments in
Ceylon ; Cacao Disease in Ceylon ; Para Rubber in
Ceylon ; Bud-rot of the Cocoanut Palm ; and Naudet
Patent Process for Extracting and Purifying Cane
Juice.— Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture,
Jamaica, November. The contents of this issue deals
with : Rubber at the Agricultural Conference, Recent
Developments in Agricultural Science, and Palm Oil
and Shea-Butter. — The Woman's Agricultural Times,
Autumn, 1905. This is the official organ of the Mercia,
late Studley Castle, Agricultural Association, and now
appears quarterly. It is published by Messrs.
Simpkin, Marshall and Co., 23, Paternoster Row. —
Proceedings and Journal of the Agricultural and
Horticultural Society of India, January to June. 1905.
The garden (in Calcutta) has been improved and the
whole report is satisfactory.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING SPECIES.

It will be confessed by most unprejudiced
persons who are well acquainted with our gar-
dens, great and small, that the preponderance of
evergreens, as conifers and shrubs, has dis-
placed much of the former floral display afforded
by deciduous species. The ordinary sort of
shrubbery is a very tame, unsatisfactory affair,
in which none but the stronger growers, decidu-
ous and evergreen alike, ever develop as they
should do. The owner and his gardener, if they
yearn after better things, usually feel this, and
make efforts to introduce a lightsome, cheerful
and more satisfying effect by planting among
the masses of evergreens deciduous trees and
shrubs. This method, however, seldom suc-
ceeds, although there may be outer borders of
herbaceous hardy perennials and tender exotics,
annuals, etc.

The results of thus dealing with the sub-
ject are seldom such as commend themselves to
either owner or gardener. The heterogeneous
nature of the mixture remains, and the
monotonous picture is presented as before. As
usually planned, the shrubbery forms a hedge-
like boundary, albeit a wide-spreading one,
a boundary, a screen hiding the ground behind,
a belittling of the spaciousness of a circum-
scribed area, which, in most gardens, ex-
cepting those of great extent, is unde-
sirable. A closely-planted shrubbery along
the boundary of a garden on the sides exposed

to a public road or path may be called for
to ensure privacy, or to serve as a wind screen,
or to afford a warm promenade, or as a means-
of masking outhouses, woodyards, drying
grounds, and other necessary adjuncts to a
country residence. Such shrubberies should,
from the needs of winter as well as of summer,
consist mainly of evergreen trees and shrubs,
and the fewer the species employed the better.
When a garden is of small extent much
space is saved if hedges are substituted for
shrubberies, the plants selected being : Holly,
Thuya plicata (gigantea), Common Yew, Thuya
occidentalis, Thuya orientalis, Portugal Laurel,
Phillyrea angustifolia, Rhamnus Alaternus,
Escallonia of species, Euonymus japonicus, and
Garrya elliptica, choosing such as are suitable
to the climate and aspect Hedges formed ■ :
the species named will, in the course of time,
and with proper attention as to cutting back,
clipping, and occasional manuring and top
dressing, form impenetrable screens of an
ornamental character. The shrubs may be
kept neat and trim by the use of the hedging
shears, whereas subjects with larger leaves must
be kept in shape by the knife — a work, where
there is much of this kind of thing, that takes
much labour, and has to be done twice in
the year. Hedges of the kind here advocated
may have the lawn or strips of turf running
quite close to them, which may or may not be
planted with deciduous and evergreen shrubs,
conifers, groups of hardy perennial flowering
plants, at wide distances apart and in irregular
order ; or a gravel path may be carried along
the front of them.

No garden can be considered well furnished
from which flowering deciduous shrubs and
small-growing trees are banished, or but spar-
ingly employed. Instead of planting them
exclusively among the evergreens in shrubberies,
they may be far more effectively grown as soli-
tary examples, and in small or large groups on
turf in numbers commensurate with the areas of
the several lawns or grass plots. In such positions
these flowering shrubs and trees, if properly
planted in well-prepared soil, and at distances
apart sufficient to allow of the fullest develop-
ment, will flower abundantly and impart niu- li
more beauty to the garden and pleasure grounds
than is possible if they are mixed with ever-
greens in heterogeneous fashion in shrubberies.
For the sake of contrast, conifers and evergreen
shrubs of an ornamental character may be in-
termixed with them in small numbers, as
solitary plants or groups, or as a background,
if such be required. These will afford some
amount of shelter, besides giving a better fur-
nished appearance in the late autumn and win-
ter seasons ; moreover, some evergreens flower
freely, or make agreeable effects with their
fruits, and these should have the preference. I
may mention a few, viz.: — Rhododendrons,
Kalmias, Zenobias, Portugal Laurel, Crataegus
pyracantha, Arbutus Unedo, Viburnum Tinus
and others, Camellias (single and double
flowered varieties), Garrya elliptica, and Aralias,

also Bamboos. M.

{To be continued.)

VANDA SANDERIAXA.

This remarkable species, one of the finest Orchids
ever discovered, was first imported by Messrs.
Sander and Sons from Davao, on the south-east
of Mindanao, one of the Philippine Isles, and
flowered in the collection of William Lee, Esq.,
then at Downside, Leatherhead, in October,.
1S83, the plant being duly recorded and illustrated
in The Gardeners' Chronicle. Other specimens
flowered later and were much admired, but not
until J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., Glebelands, South
Woodford, now treasurer of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society, and chairman of the Orchid

438

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 23, 1905.

Committee, showed his large specimen, for which
a Gold Medal was awarded on October 13, 1896,
was the plant seen at its best. That specimen had
seven growths, three of them 3 feet 6 inches in
height, the other four being shorter and forming
a leafy base. It had twelve spikes, which bore an
aggregate of 137 flowers (127 when shown, the
earliest spike having passed) of large size and
fine colour. The plant had been grown in the
East Indian House, on the centre stage, over a
tank of water, and it was always in good condition
and flowered satisfactorily. Lately the specimen
was divided, and the several plants thus obtained
are still doing well.

Our illustration at fig. 165 represents the fine
specimen of Vanda Sanderiana, " Chillingham
variety," for which variety the Earl of Tan-
kerville, Chillingham Castle, Northumberland
{gr. Mr. Hunter), received a First Class Cer-
tificate, and his gardener a Cultural Commenda-
tion, at the Royal Horticultural Society's meeting
on December 5 last. It is a very fine variety, the
lighter, upper part of the flowers being of a soft
rose -tint, and the lower parts bronzy-yellow
netted with purple-brown. This plant was also
grown in a warm, moist atmosphere, of even tem-
perature. The season of growth of Vanda San-
deriana is from April onward throughout the
summer, and at that period it requires the greatest
degree of heat and moisture. Usually the flower-
buds expand in October, and during the time the
flowers are open a drier air is beneficial to the
colouring and duration of the flowers. The plant
can be grown in any stove-house, as it does not
require special treatment ; but, as for Phalaenopsis,
the temperature should not fluctuate.

inside last month will now have made a start, and
as soon as the flower spikes can be seen the plants
should be moved to the warmest and lightest part
of the house. Afford plenty of fresh air on all
favourable occasions, but prevent draughts, and
let the atmospheric temperature range from 50s to
55°, not exceeding the latter figure until after the
fruits have set. Let the pipes be heated a little
extra early in the morning, so that freer ventilation
may be given, and supply a moderate amount of
atmospheric moisture by damping the floors, &c,
and syringing whenever the weather is favourable.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. H. Clarke, Gardener to Sir William Plowden,
Aston Rowant House, Oxon.

Peaches and Nectarines. — In localities where late
spring frosts often prove disastrous to this crop it
will be well to delay the flowering of the trees by
removing the branches entirely from the walls at
the present time, and securing them at a little
distance from the wall to strong stakes fixed firmly
into the soil. Under this treatment the trees will
flower a day or two later than they would other-
wise, and an additional advantage is that the

The Week's Work.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F. Jordan, Gardener to Dr. Corbet, Impney Hall
Gardens, Droitwich.

Late Grapes. — Preparations should now be made
for the cutting and bottling of all late Grapes.
Have the bottles cleansed and fill them with
soft water, with or without the addition of a
small piece of charcoal. Place the bottles in
position in the Grape-room and fully ventilate
the room afterwards, in order that the atmo'
sphere may become quite dry before cutting the
grapes. Choose a fine, dry day for cutting them
and take every care to avoid rubbing the berries.
Leave as much wood attached below each bunch
as can be spared, and all of that beyond the
bunch. Carefully examine every bunch for any
faulty berries, and keep a sharp look-out after-
wards for any which may have been overlooked
The Grapes will absorb a considerable quantity of-
water during the first few weeks, and it will be
necessary to examine the bottles and refill their
with water when more is required. Keep the
atmosphere of the room free from damp, and let
it be well ventilated ; the temperature should
be about 450. Under such conditions the
Grapes will keep better than on the vines
and be more easily examined. Use a little
first few days to dispel
may have been caused
of housing the Grapes.
After the Grapes have been cut, prune the vines
without delay, for although the borders have been
kept on the dry side, and there is a strong desire
to rush to the hose pipe and afford water, it is
better to get the pruning done first, open the
ventilators, and wait a week before applying the
water. The vines will then be less likely to bleed,
and the borders can afterwards be gradually
brought into a medium state of moisture. If the
outside borders have been protected in any way
from heavy rains, the protection may now be
removed, and a light covering of litter placed over
the borders to keep out frost. If any alteration or
addition is to be made to the borders, this should
be done without delay ; but only one border should
be disturbed this season. Cleanse the vines and
remove the surface soil from the borders, after-
wards applying a surface dressing as recom-
mended in the Calendar for November 4,

i -.berries. — Those plants which were placed

fire-heat during the
any moisture which
during the process

*>um a photograph by J. Gregory.
FlG. 165. — VANDA SANDERIANA "CHILLINGHAM VARIETY."
(See page 437.)

Carefully examine the plants each day, and keep
the roots in a medium state of moisture. Let the
house be fumigated lightly with the XL All Vaporiser
on one or two occasions before the plants come
into flower, to ensure them being free from aphis
at that time. Introduce fresh batches of plants
according to requirements, washing the pots and
examining each plant to see that the drainage is
clear. Let the plants start in a temperature at
night which does not exceed 45°, and prevent the
plants suffering the slightest check by giving
c ireful attention to each detail.

vood will become more thoroughly hardened and
matured. Any of the shoots which will not be
required in spring for tying to the wires, or nailing
to the walls, as the case may be, should be removed,
likewise any that are unhealthy, or that have
much barren wood, retaining only those which are
of medium strength and are in a healthful and
fruiting condition. In warmer localities where this
retarding process need not be practised the trees
may be trained at the present time. Before
commencing the operation, take a general survey
of the tree and remove all branches and shoots

December 23, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

439

which are not required for laying-in. The operator
can do this much better betore the tree has been
unfastened. As a general rule, those shoots which
carried fruits last season, and any that appear
green and unripened, should be removed, but
where it is possible to prune to a wood or growth
bud at the base of these shoots it is advisable to do
si 1, ^"ch bucj should be on the upper side of the
branch. Cleanse the trees thoroughly before re-
training them, using a reliable and safe insecticide.
In some instances the old wood will need to be
scrubbed, but the young shoots should be washed
with a soft hair brush, drawing this along them
from base to apex.

Training. — The main branches should first be
fixed into position, equally disposing them on
either side of the tree. This done, secure the
younger growths in the intervening spaces, allowing
a distance of 4 inches between them, and, keeping
th« shoots as straight as possible. Cut back to a
growth or treble bud any shoots that appear to be
unmatured at the points, likewise those which
have grown beyond their limit of space.

Planting. — Push forward this work as quickly as
possible during mild, fair weather. It is prudent
to have a piece of ground on which to grow a
reserve stock of trees, that can be used for filling
up any vacancies as they occur. Maiden trees of
various kinds can be planted on such ground ami
be pruned back, and subsequently trained in
accordance with the will of the grower. Thus
may a stock of all varieties of fruit be made
available for use when any re-arrangement of the
fruit quarters has to be done.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H. Young, Orchid Grower to Sir F. Wican, Bt.,
Clare I. awn, East Sheen, S.W.

Odontoglossum Edwardi, &-C. — This Ecuadorean
species shares with the rare O. ioplocon the dis-
tinction of being the only member of a large
genus that produces blue flowers. It has also the
additional quality of being sweetly scented, a
character possessed by very few other species.
The plants grow vigorously and develop
strong, numerously-branched flower spikes, and
purplish-rnauve coloured flowers, rather small
in size, but very numerous. Some very old plants
here have become rejuvenated after being culti-
vated in a leaf-mixture, and are now developing
healthy flower spikes. The species requires the
atmosphere of a cool intermediate compartment,
and at the present time, when the pseudo-bulbs
have attained to their full size, very infrequent
waterings will be sufficient to keep the pseudo-bulbs
plump. O. hastilabium is another excellent species
requiring the conditions of the cool intermediate
house. The plants, if in a healthy condition,
should now be pushing forth their flower spikes
from the completed new pseudo-bulbs, and conse-
quently a very moderate supply of water suffices
to keep the plants in proper condition. Excessne
drought must not be allowed, though a few days'
dryness will do more good than harm when the
weather is mild and damp. Weak plants should
not be allowed to develop any flower spike they
may produce, as the process of blooming is long
and exhausting.

Aerides vandarutn. — This distinct plant is now in
flower ; its graceful habit, and the purity of its
blooms render it a very interesting species at this
season. The plants thrive in a cool intermediate
temperature along with Sobralias. &c, being fixed
in a pot with ample drainage and surfaced with
sphagnum-moss, the slender growths being secured
to upright stakes. During the next three months,
small doses of water only will be needed, though
dryness must not be sufficiently prolonged to
cause its terete leaves to shrivel.

Dendrobilim WaiJiaiuim.S-c. — The floral buds are
now pushing from the nodes of the young pseudo-
hulbs of D. Wardianum and of D. crassinode,
and care must be exercised when handling them,
or damage may be done. Young growths are also
appearing, but these circumstances should not
induce the grower to apply more water, nor afford
better growing conditions, or both the floral and
vegetative growths may be ruined. Plants that
have been suspended in a vinery or similar
structure may be removed to develop their
flowers in a Cattleya house, and placed in a
position where they will not be exposed to cold
draughts. If practicable, the flowering pseudo-
bulbs should be allowed to hang naturally, for in
this way more flowers are produced than when
they are staked in an upright position. The above-
named species and other Dendrobiums, now push-
ing their flower buds, will need water occasionally,
but the longer its application can be deferred

without the pseudo-bulbs shrivelling, the better it
will be for their future welfare. Plants of D. Phal-
aenopsis and allied species should need no further
waterings until early in spring, for by the time
they have done flowering the new pseudo-bulbs
should be thoroughly matured. The above
remarks apply equally toD. formosum.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bullock, Gardener to K. J. Wythes, Esq.,
Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Jacobinia chrysostephana. — Plants that were pro-
pagated two years ago and were repotted after
flowering last season, have given great satis-
faction. Ten and twelve trusses of flowers to a
plant may be obtained if suitable plants are
selected for growing on a second year, and tho^e
plants which show a tendency to break into growth
at the base should be chosen for the purpose.
Now that the plants are passing out of bloom,
it should be decided which are to be reserved
for potting-on, and these marked accordingly.
Let the withered flower truss be carefully removed
and the plants thoroughly cleansed. They should
be afforded a period of rest for a few weeks by les-
sening the supply of water to the roots, and placing
them in an atmospheric temperature that does m t
fall below 55° at night. Plants intended for fur-
nishing a supply of cuttings should be thoroughly
cleansed belore the cuttings are taken and treated
precisely as those plants it is intended to grow on.
Winter-flowering Begonias. — Select a few of the
most promising plants of Gloire de Lorraine for pro-
ducing a supply of cuttings for propagating plants
for flowering next year. This may be done from
those that have passed out of bloom. Cut the
growths back to within an inch or two of the base,
and place them in an atmosphere of intermediate
temperature for a few weeks, affording them very
little water in the meantime. If these plants are
grown on for a second year, they are not worth
the trouble taken on them.

Begonia Winter Cheer, Ensign, Mis. John Heal,
and others of this type, when they have ceased to
be effective must not be stood away out of sight
and neglected. Water should be afforded them
occasionallv.and the plants should only be allowed
to become moderately dry at any time.

Begonia Gloire de Seeaux. — It afforded careful
treatment a long season of usefulness may be con-
fidently anticipated from these plants. Sufficier t
humidity in the atmosphere can be obtained with-
out the use of the syringe by frequently damping
the stages, &c. Do not afford them any other
liquid than clean water, and thoroughly soak the
whole of the roots each time water is afforded,
allowing the soil to become nearly dry before
repeating the operation.

Need for light. — Cleanse the outside of the glass
roof and sides of the houses, removing any deposit
that is obstructing the little sunlight there is 1 1
this season.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. A. Miller, Gardener to Lord Henry C. Bentinck,
M.l'., Underley Hall, Westmoreland.
Creeping and Climbing Plants. — The trainiii?,
tying, or nailing of creepers should be com-
pleted if possible before inclement weather sets
in. Spread the branches out at equal distances,
and let the ties be neatly made. Take care that
no old ties are allowed to cut into the bark, and
when making fresh ties leave a good sized loop
to allow of the swelling of the shoot. If there
is much pressure caused when straightening a
branch, slip a piece of old indiarubber tubing
between the string and the bark. Evergreen
climbers of moderate growth are often planted
against walls for producing a good effect in win.
ter. The walls should be such as have a southern
aspect and the border be made 2 feet deep and 3
feet wide, using turfy loam and some well-de-
cayed manure. The following species are dis-
tinct and attractive: — Azara microphylla, Ber-
beridopsis corallina, Euonymus radicans varie-
gata, Garrya elliptica, Lardizabala biternata,
Magnolia grandiflora, Pittosporus tenuifolium,
Teucrium lruticans. Creepers and climbers of
more rapid growth are necessary when imme-
diate effect is required. >mpelopsis hederacea
(quinquefolia) and its varieties, Anstolochia Si-
pho, Lycium europaeum, Polygonum baldschua-
nicum are excellent for such a purpose. Vitis
inconstans (Ampelopsis Ye.tchii) is probably the
most widely-known plant of the present day,
and is a favourite for palace or cottage. It
withstands smoke and heat and is self-clii).
Vitis Coignetae has large foliage of a leal
texture, which in autumn assumes the most

brilliant hues of red, crimson, and golden
yellow. If given ample space, and reason-
able care is taken when planting, the growths
will eventually ramble for great distances.
V. Thunbergii has enormous leaves, V. Thom-
soni has purple foliage and stems of a graceful
contour. Other quick growing creepers are
Wistaria sinensis, Ilumulus, Celastrus scandens,
and Periploca grceca.

List of Evergreen Shrubs for Foregrounds of
Shrubberies.— Abies excelsa clanbrassiliana,
A. e. pygmea, A. e. Remontii, Arbutus, Andro-
meda axillaris, A. floribunda, Berberis dulcis var.
nana, Cotoneaster congesta, C. horizontalis, Cu-
pressus Lawsoniana erecta viridis, Eleagnus of
sorts, Ericas, Euonymus radicans var., Gaul-
theria Shallon, Hedera arbnrea, Ilex cassine,
Juniperus sab :ia tamariscifolia, J. canadensis
aurea, J. Waukegan, Kalmia angustifolia, K.
latifolia, Ledum, Menziesia polifolia and the
variety alba, Osmanthus ilicifolius, Pernettya
mucronata. Rhamnus Alaternus var., Ruscus
aculeatus, Retinospora ericoides, R. filicoides
tetragona aurea, R. obtusa pygmea, Skimmia
japonica, Veronica Traversi, Vaccinium Vitis-
Idaea, Yucca filamentosa, Y. gloriosa.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN. "

By W. Fyfe, Gardener to Lady Wantage, Lockinge Park,
Wantage, Berks.

Forcing Seakalc. — In order to maintain a daily
supply of seakale, constant attention will be ne-
cessary. '1 he " heads " should be cut before they
have grown too long, and fresh batches need to be
introduced to heat in regular quantities that will
satisfy the demand. Keep the atmosphere in
the forcing department in a proper condition,
and take care to provide sufficient moisture.
We make it a practice here to cover the crowns
to the depth of 6 inches with light, clean leaves
after the leaves have been pressed through a
fine meshed sieve. This enables us at times to
afford freer ventilation, which we consider has
the effect of improving the flavour of the Sea-
kale, conserves the heat, and increases the dark-
ness. The length of the Seakale stems ar«
never allowed to exceed the depth of the cover-
ing, and they thus become perfectly bleached.

Asparagus. — A considerable degree of heat,
together with much light and air, are necessary
in order to obtain forced Asparagus of the best
quality. For furnishing these conditions, pits
that are heated with hot water pipes ''nd filled
with leaves to within 12 inches of the glass, are
most useful. A layer of soil should be placed*
on the leaves, and after laying the Asparagus
roots on this, cover the crowns with not moie
than 2 inches deep of light soil. The grass will
then be green throughout its entire length, and
therefore eatable. Let the bottom-heat be 70",
and the atmospheric heat 6o'-\

Rhubarb. — If the roots are lifted in the autumn
and have been exposed to several degrees of
frost, little difficulty will be likely to be experi-
enced in obtaining an early supply of forced
Rhubarb of good quality. Empty barrels or
crates may be used in which to place the roots,
and the whole should be covered by mats and
plenty of leaves, which will supply the necessary
amount of heat. The Mushroom house is also
a suitable structure in which to force Rhubarb.

Trenching. — This work is best performed in
cold weather when the days are short, for th«
amount of work that can be conveniently done
by one man is equal to what he could do on a
longer day if the weather were warm. That
trenching is likely to increase the productive
power of the soil, if the work is well done, say,
once every four or five years, there is abundant
evidence, to prove. The objects are to loosen
the subsoil, and in the garden to well mix with
it manure or any garden refuse of a suitable
character. Bi.t if the ground has not been tienched
before, or if the subsoil is of an undesirable
description, it may be well not to biing the
subsoil or bottom spit to the surface. In some
instances where this has been done, it has
resulted in causing severe injury to succeeding
crops. But if the ground is trenched for the
second time, the bottom spit may advan-
tageously be brought to the surface. In order
to find profitable employment for spademen at
this season, we generally cover a part of the
garden with leaves and litter obtained from
exhausted hotbeds. When this is done, digging,
or trenching can be proceeded with, even during
hard frost or rams, and no injury will be caused
by treading on an ever wet sttil.

440

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

[December 23, 1905.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUB-
LISHER, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden,
W.C.

Letters for Publication, as mil as specimens ami plants

for naming, should be addressed to lite EDITOR,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London.

Communications should be written on one side only of
the paper, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the sigiuiture will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Special Notice to Correspondents.— The Editor does not
undertake to pay for any contributions or illustration:, or
to return unused communications or illustrations, unless by
special arrangement. The Editor does not hold himself
responsible for any opinions expressed by his correspondents.

lllustrations.-T/iL 1 be glad to receive and to select

plwtograplis or drawings, suitable for reproduction, of
gardens, or of remarkable plants, flowers, trees, &c. : but he
cannot be responsible for loss or injury.

Newspapers.— Correspondents sending newspapers should be
careful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to sec.

Local News. — Correspondents will greatly oblige by sending to
tlie Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is desirable
to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

MONDAY, Dec. 25. Christmas Day.
TUESDAY, Dec. 26. Bank Holiday.

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced from
observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick— 37-9°.

Actual Temperatures: —

London.— Wednesday, Dec. 20 (6 p.m.): Max. 49*; Min.

38".

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,

Covent Garden, London.— Thursday, Dec. 21(10

a.m.): Bar., 30-3; Temp., 51°; Weather— Dull.

Provinces.— Wednesday, Dec. 20 (6 p.m.): Max. 52"
W. Coast of Ireland: Mip. 48" Guildford.

On Saturday, December 16, an
Kew. interesting ceremony took place
at Kew. The heads of depart-
ments and the members of the staff took formal
leave of the late Director, and presented him
with a farewell address signed by the whole of
the assistants. In this address mention was
specially made of the numerous improvements
and additions which have been carried out
during the directorship of Sir William Thisel-
ton-Dyer.

On the same occasion the members of the
Executive were presented to the new Director.
Dr. Pram, whose appointment has given so
much satisfaction to the botanical community,
was Lt.-Colonel in the Indian Medical Ser-
vice and, till now, Director of the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Calcutta. His qualifications for the
office were mentioned in issue for the 9th inst,
and from them it will be seen that we have an
excellent guarantee that the traditions of Kew
will be worthily maintained.

In enumerating the claims of Sir William
Thiselton-Dyer to grateful recognition for ser-
vices rendered to Kew, we omitted to mention
the successful efforts he made to restrain the
smoke nuisance in Brentford, which seriously
impaired the health and appearance of the trees
and shrubs in the Royal Gardens. A very
• considerable amendment is now perceptible.

By this means it may be that the Arbore-
tum may be preserved for many years and
that the necessity for establishing another
plantation in the country may be postponed.
In any case, we hope that nothing may be
-done to interfere with the scientific character
■of the collections of trees at Kew.

As population increases in these
Teaching islands farming carried out on

. .... small areas is much more likely

to the J

Masses. to be the outcome of the pre-
vailing economic conditions
than the management of extensive farms.
The spade is likely to take the place of
the plough in the cultivation of the land.
As a means of facilitating this desirable
change from methods no longer fitted for the
people of these densely-peopled islands, the
owners of land will at length perceive the need
of a great and radical change in the system of
land-tenure. That day must come if we are ever
to be more independent of the assistance of the
foreign and colonial grower of those cereals,
fruits, vegetables which can be grown here as
well as abroad. From this point of view
it is depressing to read of the quantities of
foreign arrivals of such productions as
Potatos, Onions, Cherries, Tomatos, Grapes,
Apples, Pears, Apricots, Plums, small fruits
and Horseradish, the quantities of which are
every year mounting higher and higher in
spite of the fact that a large proportion of these
products can be, and should be, grown at home.
Although the conditions under which land is
at present held do not admit of a prudent
tenant launching out into great expense in the
planting of fruit, they do not prohibit the culti-
vation of certain bushes and vegetables that are
either of annual growth or live for 10 to 15
years ; as for example Gooseberries, Currants,
Apples on the Paradise stock, Raspberries, Nut
bushes, Strawberries, Horseradish, &c, so that
though we may have to wait some years for the
needful alteration in the laws that govern land
tenancy and in the restrictions as to cropping,
the occupiers of farms could, were they so in-
clined, commence forthwith to set apart some
portion of their farms for the cultivation and
raising of such productions as we have indicated.
The fact that ordinary farm-land can be readily
made to grow abundant crops, by the aid of farm-
yard manure, and the proper use of chemical
fertilizers as top-dressing during the seasons
of growth, is fairly well understood by farmers.
Were this matter taken in hand by a few men
in every county, we should soon witness a
reduction in the outgoings of our wealth to
the more wideawake foreigner and a corre-
sponding addition to the resources of the farm-
ing fraternity and the working man at home.

Among the results accruing from the much-
needed petite culture would certainly be a check
to the exodus from the country to the towns,
and the consequent overcrowding of dwellings,
the lessening of the frightful struggle for em-
ployment, which has become chronic, and a
betterment in the health of the rural popula-
tion as a whole. How few farmers or their
labourers know the money value of, say, an
acre of Onions, French Beans, early Potatos,
Cauliflowers,Brussels Sprouts, Broccoli, Celery,
Celeriac.Scarlet Runner Beans, Radishes, dwarf
growing Peas, or of Raspberries, Strawberries,
Black Currants ? If they knew, we imagine the
area now laid down with permanent grasses
would soon be curtailed and the labour bill
considerably increased, with great pecuniary
advantage to themselves and to the rural
labourers. In this connection we may state that
from one square perch of flinty soil overlying
the green sand formation in a Hampshire
garden, Onions to the number of 1,225 were
grown at 4 inches apart and 8 inches between
the rows, filling 4-bushels heaped measure,

and of a value, at the least, of 10s. whole-
sale, 12s. to 14s. retail, or £%o per acre retail,
a price not returned by any purely farm crop,
unless it be a very good one of Potatos, and
those of a superior variety. The outlay for
seed, manure and cultivation would be under
sixpence per perch, or from £6 to £S per acre,
according to locality, the entire course beirg
but of five months' duration.

Other vegetable crops cost relative!) )ess to
produce, but none pay better than onions. If
cultivators could be got to co-operate, it would
pay good returns to make the bulk of the soft
fruit into jam or jelly, or to bottle it and sell
to the traders in the adjacent towns. This
trade is at present in the hands mostly of
wealthy firms — is in fact a monopoly. By
buying in bulk, and by use of more or less
pernicious preservatives in the case of some of
them, they are enabled to keep the " stuff" till
winter and then boil it down at their leisure.
Co-operators would be obliged to expend a
little at first in providing a boiling-house,
coppers, steaming apparatus, bottles, jars, &c,
and to secure the services of a few capable
persons to superintend the various operations;
but this done, the subsequent outlay would be
small, and advertising if done judiciously would
do the rest.

*.* Our Almanac. — According to our usual
practice, we shall shortly issue a Gardeners'
Chronicle Almanac for the year 1906. In order to
make it as complete as possible, we shall be obliged if
Secretaries of Horticultural, Botanical, and Allied
Societies, or any of our correspondents will send us
immediate intimation of all fixtures for the
coming year.

Sandringham. — Our Supplementary Illustra-
tion, given by express permission, represents one
of the flower gardens at the King's residence at
Sandringham as it appeared last summer. The
extent of this garden is 80 yards by 40 yards.
The central bed in each of the four por-
tions of the design was decorated with sub-
tropical plants, but all the rest of the plant-
ing was of a strictly formal- type, the object
being to obtain a bright and cheerful-look-
ing picture immediately below the windows on
the west of the mansion. The portion of the
central design almost at the front of the illus-
tration had long stretches of Pelargoniums H.
Jacoby, Salmon Bedder, Mrs. Holden, and
bronze Harry Hieover. Each of these Pelar-
gonium borders was edged with two rows of
Pyrethrum selaginoides and blue-flowered
Lobelia. In the corner beds outside the design,
and in the central bed, Rhododendrons were
massed for effect, but interspersed with them
were some very fine pyramidal plants of green
and golden leaved varieties. These are very
bright in colour and of good shape, as are also
the golden Yews at the corners of the other beds.
In the corner beds, and planted in front of the
Rhododendrons, were Ivy-leaved Pelargonium,
Mad. Crousse, yellow-flowered Calceolarias,
Pelargonium H. Jacoby, and an edging of
iKoniga maritima. The bronze statue of Venus
in the central bed is intended to increase
the Italian character of the garden. On the
right-hand side of the picture can just be seen
a portion of the terrace bank. Since the photo-
graph was taken, the garden has been planted
with bulbs and other spring flowering plants to
furnish an effect in the months of April and
May. Their Majesties usually spend the Christ-
mas season at Sandringham, and they are ex-
pected to arrive there on the day this journal is
published. We have on former occasions re-
ferred to the efficient manner in which the Sand-
ringham Gardens are managed by the present
gardener, Mr. T. H. Cook, whose efforts are
much appreciated.

December 23, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

441

Mr. R. I. Lynch.— We are delighted to hear
that the University of Cambridge is about to
confer the degree of Master of Arts, honoris causa,
on the curator of the University Botanic Garden.
His qualifications are appreciated far beyond the
limits of the University.

Dr. Ewart, of the University of Birmingham,
has, says Nature, been appointed Professor of
Botany in the University of Melbourne, in suc-
cession to the late Baron Sir Ferdinand von
Mueller.

Society for Horticultural Science. —
We understand that the third annual meeting of
this society will be held in connection with the
meeting of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science at New Orleans during the
Christmas week.

Midland Carnation Show.— We are in-
formed by the Honorary Secretary, Mr. T.
Humphreys, that the next exhibition of the Mid-
land Carnation and Picotee Society, will be held
on August 1 and 2, 1906, in the Botanical Gardens,
Edgbaston, Birmingham.

The Garden Album and Review.— This is
the titleofa new monthly magazine to be devoted to
the illustration, description, history, culture, &c,
of the most beautiful and useful garden plants and
fruits. Each issue will contain four coloured
plates, as well as reproductions from photographs
and drawings. The price of the magazine is yd.
for a single number, 7s. 6d. per annum. The pub-
lishers are Messrs. Simpkin, Marshall & Co.,
EC. We wish the new venture every success.
No editor's name is given.

The Surveyors' Institution.— The next
ordinary general meeting will be held in the
Lecture Hall of the Institution on Monday, Jan-
uary 15, 1906, at 8 p.m., when a paper by Mr.
A. T. Walmisley (Fellow), entitled " Modern
Surveying Instruments," will be read.

Castanospermum australe.— In a note re-
lating to this plant in a recent issue it was stated
that the seeds are edible when roasted. AQueens-
land correspondent tells us the seeds are looked
on with suspicion as injurious to cattle. The
natives of Northern Queensland eat them, but
only after careful preparation. It may well be
that the poisonous matter is dissipated by heat.

Parthenocarpic Fruits. — M. Th. Solacolu
publishes, in a recent number of the Comptes
Hindus, an account of parthenocarpic fruits:
that is to say, of sterile fruits developed
without the intervention of the pollen. M.
Solacolu concludes that the reserve materials
accumulated at the base of the flower or
in neighbouring parts, to be used up in the nor-
mal development of the pistil after fertilisation,
are made use of in certain species, even when
fertilisation does not take place. When fertili-
sation does not occur, the plant devotes its re-
serve materials to the production of partheno-
carpic fruits, organs which may be called "mock
fruits" (faux fruits).

Board of Agriculture. — Earl Carrington,
G.C.M.G., President of the Board of Agriculture
and Fisheries, has appointed Mr. F. L. C. Floud
to be his Private Secretary, and Mr. R. Winfrey
to be his Assistant Private Secretary (unpaid).

Planting Fruit Trees, &c. — The Board of
Agriculture has circulated a leaflet (No. 14S)
devoted to the subject of planting Fruit Trees
and to an enumeration of the best varieties to
plant for general market purposes. Copies can
be had free of charge on application to the
Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, 4, White-
hall Place, London.

Sugar Beet. — At the Society of Arts recently,
Mr. Sigismund Stein read a paper in which he
claimed to have grown sugar beet in nearly every
county of Great Britain and Ireland, and to have
proved that we can grow better roots than thev

can on the Continent, and more tons per acre
(from 17 tons to as many as 40 tons per acre),
with an average of 17 per cent, of sugar, an
amount which compares favourably with the
sugar-content of Continental grown beets. The
cost of production leaves a considerable profit
balance now that free trade in sugar production
is ensured by the abolition of the bounties. We
have sent abroad three hundred millions sterling
that might have been retained in the country.
The difficulty at present consists in the fact that
the farmers have no factory to send their beets to,
whilst the capitalists have not erected factories be-
cause, as they say, no beet is grown in the country.
Some of the speakers pointed out that the culture
could not be made remunerative unless the political
and fiscal conditions could be altered. Another
speaker said that sugar beet could be largely
grown to great advantage in India, and that this
country might furnish the seed for the purpose.

Caoutchouc. — Any plant producing this sul -
stance is nowadays invested with special interest.
M. Maheu recently laid before the Academy of
Sciences a note in which he pointed out the exister, e
of this substance in several species of Tinomiscium
— a Menispermaceous genus. The presence of
Caoutchouc has not previously been recorded in
this natural order.

The "Guayule" Plant. — A Composite tree,
native of moderate altitudes in Mexico and adjoin-
ing States, is said, by the India Rubber World, to
furnish "rubber." The plant has been determined
as Parthenium argentatum. That caoutchouc
should be furnished by a tree of this genus seems
improbable.

Index Filicum. — We note the publication of
the 5th Part of Carl Christensen's most useful
Index Filicum. This, it will be remembered, com-
prises an enumeration of genera, species and
synonyms of all known Ferns with full references
to the literature of the subject. The parts are
obtainable from II. Hagerup (Copenhagen), or
from Williams & Norgate. The present Part
extends as far as the genus Gleichenia.

Brisbane Botanic Garden.— Mr. J. F.
Bailey has been appointed Director of the Botanic
Gardens in succession to Mr. P. Mahon who has
been transferred to the Forest Department as
Inspector. Mr. J . F. Bailey has acted for several
years as assistant to his father, Mr. F. Manson
Bailey, the author of the Flora of Queensland, and
is therefore well equipped for the duties of his new
post. Mr. J. F. Bailey has been Secretary to the
Horticultural Society of Queensland for many
years, and holds, or has held, numerous scientific
appointments.

Who's Who, and Who s Who Year-Book.
— Who's Who for 1906 is an even bulkier record
than usual this year. It contains, as before, a list of
the members of the Royal Family, an Obituary for
the past year, and Biographies of living men and
women of eminence. The various tables of names of
Royalty, Ambassadors, Church Dignitaries, Peers,
Magazines, &c, are now crowded out of the larger
volume and published separately under the title of
" Who's Who Year-Book." We note that at the
request of the British Medical Association the
table of leading London specialists which appeared
in the last issue has been deleted. These two
valuable reference-books are issued by Adam &
Charles Black, Soho Square. It should be
added that occurrences of a later date than Sep-
tember 30, 1905, are not recorded ; therefore the
important ministerial and other recent changes
suGh as those at Kew are not chronicled.

Small Holdings.— The Right Hon. the Earl
Carrington, G.C.M.G., President of the Board
of Agriculture and Fisheries, has resigned his
membership of the Departmental Committee on
Small Holdings, and has appointed Mr. R. C.
Munro-Fergusox, M.P., to be a member of the
Committee in his place.

PLANT PORTRAITS.

Tillandsia dianthoides.— Revue Horticole, October i.

Solanum Commersoni, Dunal. — Wittmack in Garten
Flora, September I, t. 1542.

Kalanchoe kewensisx. — A cross between K. Bentii and
K. flammea. Garten Hell, October 8.

Resanthera matutina.— Kevue de I' Horticulture Beige,
November 1.

Heliophila pilosa var. integrifolia. — Icon. Select.
Hort. Thenens, v. t. clxxxi.

Plagiospermum sinense, Oliver.— Icon. Select.
Thenens, t. clxxxii.

Cassia corymbosa, Lamarck.— Icon. Select. Hort. Thenens,
t. clxxxiii.

Eucalyptus occidentals, E.ndlicher.— Icon.
Hort. Thenens, t. clxxxiv.

Townsendia Wilcoxiana. — Icon. Select. Hort.'I ■
t. clxxxv.

Ampelopsis serjanlcfolia, Regel.— Icon, Select.
Thenens, t. clxxvi.

Argvrolobium Andrewsianum, Steudel. — Icon. Select.
Hort. Thcrxns, t. clxxvii.

Cvtisus Hillebkandtii, Briquet.— Icon. Select. Hort.
Thenens, t. clxxviii.

Flueckigera roseo-,cnea. De Wildeman, nom.
Ladenbergia, Lemaire.— Icon. Sc:

Lambertia Formosa, Smith.— Icon. Select. I.
tab. clxxx.

L,tKiitKA Jamesoni, Bolus in Garten Flora, Decen
1905. Garderurs' Chronicle, 1SS9, v. 773, fig.
Schizanthus Wisetonenis, Garten Flora, t. 1544.

FLORISTS' FLOWERS.

CHRISTMAS CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

Often at this festive season of the year a
large demand is made upon the resources of the
gardener for cut flowers, and he is expected to
be ready to supply blooms of the colours re-
quisite for various purposes, in consequence of
which I grow a large stock of plants, among
which the following varieties have proved very
useful, as they possess shades of colouring that
will suit a variety of tastes.

This season I have grown as bush plants the
variety W. Duckham, and have found it to
be very satisfactory ; its colour is of pale mauve,
and it is much appreciated because it is of a deli-
cate shade such as is most suitable for indoor
decorations. More decided and fixed colours are
apt to clash with the surroundings. Another
variety of beautiful soft colouring is Mdme. P.
Radaelli. Flowers of Miss Alice Byron can be
arranged to very good effect in vases. Lady
Osborne is also well adapted for flowering late
in the season and lasts for a long time after
being cut. The variety Glorious (crimson or
scarlet) is particularly beautiful at this season,
and admirably adapted for associating with
white flowers where a striking contrast is de-
sired. In its earlier stages this variety is a
weak grower, and more than ordinary care is
needed in affording water to the plants. Mrs.
Greenfield, of rich yellow colour and having long
stems, rivals the old variety W. H. Lincoln.
It has an elegant appearance when arranged, but
is not a variety to be recommended where much
packing has to be done, the petals being so easily
bruised. I still grow the old incurved Harold
Wells, of pale primrose colour, and it is very
floriferous. Mdme. Louise Charvet is a variety
well worthy of extended cultivation ; the spray*
of flowers are of large size, well supported on
long, stiff stalks, and the colour is of a beautiful
rich rose. Guy Hamilton is a first-class white
variety useful alike for cutting and for cultiva-
tion as a pot plant on account of its dwarf habit
and excellent foliage. Other varieties generally
well known and proving useful now are Francois
Pilan, Mons. C. Molin, F. S. Yallis, Niveum,
and Prince of Pinks. Useful single flowered
varieties are Mrs. Brown Potter, Sir George
Bullough, Golden Star, Star of Honour. W. H.
Clarke, Aston Rowant, Oxon.

[Our correspondent has sent us a large box of
beautiful flowers of the varieties mentioned.
They indicate excellent cultivation. — Ed.]

442

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 23, 1905.

CYPRIPEDIUM DEBILE.*

Messrs. L. Boehmer and Co., of Yokohama,
enable us to give a reduced figure of a curious
Orchid native of Japan, and originally described
by Reichenbach from a Japanese drawing
(see fig. 166). The plant which is in cultiva-
tion is one of that miscellaneous group known
as Botanical Orchids. It has leaves like those

under such conditions as doomed to certain
failure. Nor were the difficulties to be encoun-
tered exaggerated, for the gales are often so
sevete it is almost necessary not only to make the
plants secure but to prevent the garden itself from
being blown away ! Indomitable perseverance,
however, had its reward, and Mr. Broome not
only succeeded in having a garden, but he made

which flowers three times in the year, the hand-
some Pittosporum Mayii, with its black stems-
and silvery green leaves. The Edelweiss
(Leontopodium alpinum) succeeds very well on
the flat rockery, and, together with two of the
wild plants of the district, Veronica spicata and
the Common Bedstraws, affords Mr. Broome
much pleasure. From the very first he took
an especial interest in Orchids, and soon
formed a collection that won considerable no-
toriety. Illustrations from Mr. Broome's gar-
den were published in these pages on October iy
1898, December 22, 1900, and January 25, 1902.

FORESTRY.

FlG. 166. CYPRIPEDIUM DEBILE, FROM A JAPANESE DRAWING, FLOWERS GREEN MARKED

WITH PURPLE.

ef our wild Listera ovata. The slender flower-
stalk is deflex>ed and bears a linear recurved
bract. The solitary flower is about 1} inches
(3 centimetres) across, of a greenish colour
marked with purplish veins and blotches. We
have not had the opportunity of examining the
flower, but, judging from the material before us,
the plant appears to be one which will appeal to
the connoisseur and plant-lover. It would
probably grow in loamy soil with a good admix-
ture of leaf mould and sand, and require the
protection of a frame in this country.

it specially interesting to plant lovers by reason
of the tender species of plants he has cultivated
out of doors to a surprising degree of perfection.
It is curious to note the little artifices and
schemes that have been adopted to provide tiny
"spots" which are sheltered as much as may
be from the *ii,ds, for it is only where such
shelter is provided that good results can be
looked for. A friendly wall, a thick hedge, or
a purposely-made bank have a wonderful effect
on the plants cultivated on the sheltered side,
as is testified by the fine specimens of Ceanothus,
the Tree Paxmies, the Arbutus, Cytisus fragrans,

THE LOCUST TREE.

At the same time that I received your article-
relating to the Locust tree another paper reached
me which corroborated the statements made by
T. C, Bagshot.

In the number for July r, this year, there
appeared an article by Professor Vadas, of the
Royal Hungarian High School of Forestry,* upon
the "Anatomy of the Robinia Wood." This-
article, in analysing the structure, &c, of the wood,
gives the results of certain careful experiments in.
the following words : ' ' The early formation of
heart-wood increases the suitability of Acacia
timber for technical purposes (vine and pit-props,
carpenter's work, railway-sleepers, &c.) to such a
degree that we must allow the Robinia a first and
foremost place among our deciduous trees."

This testimonial is the more conclusive and
valuable as it comes from a country where the-
only successful afforesting of the vast sandy
Hungarian plains can be made by means of the-
Locust tree.

So we see that William Cobbett was right in his.
views, and that he did not at all overrate the good
qualities of the Locust. That this most valuable
tree has not been more generally plaDted in
England is certainly not the fault of Cobbett, nor
of those who followed him in recommending the
Acacia.

It is the same with us in Germany where
forestry is said to be on a high level. It is.
only a very few years ago that I publicly op-

* Naturwissenschaftliehe Zeitschrift von Dr. von Tubenf,
Universitat, Miinchen.

ARRANGING CUT FLOWERS.

At the present season, when most gardeners
have to make arrangements of cut flowers for
the decoration of dwelling-rooms and churches,
the illustration at Fig. 167 may have unusual
interest. So much depends upon the taste ex-
hibited in arranging flowers that it is frequently
the case that the choicest blooms are made
comparatively unattractive. Our illustration
shows an arrangement that was made in one of
the rooms at Mr. Joseph Broome's residence at
Sunny Hill, Llandudno, and has been repro-
duced from a photograph he obligingly gave us
in August when we had the pleasure of inspect-
ing his remarkable garden at the same place.
It will be seen that the flowers arranged in the
jardiniere and in the Venetian glasses at the
sides are of species which flower early in the
summer, such as Roses, Astilbes, Sweet
Williams, Antirrhinums, Pinks, etc. ; but it is
not so much the flowers used as the taste-
ful disposition of them that is needful in the
making of an attractive picture. Mr. Broome is
an enthusiastic amateur gardener, and, as we
have already remarked, his garden is noteworthy
from several points of view. In the first place,
he had it made himself some years ago when he
removed to Llandudno, on a wind-swept site,
almost at the foot of the Little Orme, and but
a very short distance from the shore. Local
people regarded the attempt to make a garden

* Cypripedium debile, Rchb. f., Xenia Orchidacea ii
(1874), p. 223 ; Yokohama Nursery Co. Catalogue (1895), with
coloured figure.

FlG. 167. — A PRETTY ARRANGEMENT OF CUT FLOWERS.

December 23, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

443

posed a head forester and director of a forest
academy when while teaching his pupils he said
that the Acacia is only fit for planting on soil
where the Peach will grow.

I believe it was Lord Avebury who said that
our ignorance cost us more than our education.
John Booth, Berlin.

FORESTRY ON SMALL AREAS.

I was rather surprised to. see a practical
forester like Sir Herbert Maxwell (see p. 380)
endorsing the idea that forestry would not pay,
except on large areas. Why not? As private
estates are laid out in this country, how can
planting be carried out except on comparatively
small areas? There is only one obstacle to
planting small areas, and that is the slightly
higher cost of fencing.

As to culture, timber of the best quality may
be grown just as successfully on one acre as on
one thousand, provided the margins are kept
dense*. The Dutch grow dense patches of
Scotch Fir on allotments of much less than one
acre, and some of these allotments may be seen
stocked to their utmost capacity. There is sel-
dom need, however, in this country to have
such small areas. Numbers of private estates
have woods of 20, 50, and 100 acres and up-
wards. The big area stumbling-block has only
been started since the Continental " climate
and soil," etc., has been disposed of. That
plea of the old school was a failure. /. Simp-

FRUIT REGISTER.

CHRISTMAS PEARS.

Peaks at this season are much in request.
There are several varieties which are at their best
at about this time, or which can be retarded
or hastened as the case may be ; but in either
case the fruits must be such as were fully
matured on the tree before they were gathered,
and the storing must have been done with care.
Pears at this time of the year are always better
after having been placed in a little artificial heat,
but only a day or so before required for the table,
in which case they should be each wrapped in
tissue paper and laid on some white wood-wool,
and they should be taken to the dessert table in
such condition. Only enough to make the
required dishes should be put into heat at one
time, or they will soon get past their best.

Beurrt Alexander Lucas is a nice fruit when
kept back for Christmas. The fruits are above
average size, with tender and juicy flesh. The
tree is a strong and good grower, and succeeds
as single or double cordons.

Beurrt d'Arenierg is a prolific bearer, and the
fruits are of medium size, melting and juicy.
It will succeed well as a cordon or as a fan-
trained tree.

Beurrt Bachclier is a Urge and good Pear, and
succeeds well as a cordon or pyramid. It is an
excellent stewing Pear.

Beurrt Dumonl is an average-sized fruit, with
flavour somewhat like that of Williams' Bon
Chretien.

Beurrt d'Anfou is a fine fruit of good flavour.
It succeeds well as a pyramid, and should be in
■every collection.

Charles Ernest is a large and handsome Pear,
with a crimson colour next the sun. The flesh
is melting and exceedingly juicy. The tree
makes a fine pyramid and succeeds as a cordon
or Espalier.

Crassanc, an old favourite that is very deli-
cious when it succeeds well. It is best when
grown against a wall. The fruits should be
carefully thinned out.

Easter Beurrt. — This is a grand Pear at Christ-
mas time, the fruits being of large size and the
flesh buttery and melting. It succeeds as a

cordon or as a fan or horizontally trained tree
against a south or south-west wall. The fruits
need much sun to develop their true character.

Glou Morceau is large, and when well ripened
is of good flavour, but must be thoroughly
matured. The trees require a wall and a some,
what sheltered spot.

Le Lectier, large, with mottled-green skin,
rich, melting, and juicy, highly perfumed, and
of fine flavour. The tree is a good bearer.

Marie Benoist is a very prolific bearer, of large
size and rich flavour. It is one of the best
keeping Pears, and the trees make fine cordons
or pyramids.

Ne Plus Meuris. — This Pear is best when cul-
tivated against a wall. The fruits should be
thinned early, as the variety bears usually in
large clusters. The fruits are of good flavour,
and by judicious management can be kept till
March.

Nouvelle Fulvie. — This Pear has a melting
flesh of rich flavour. It succeeds as a cordon
against a south-west or south-east wall.

President Barabe. — The fruits are of medium
size, with lemon yellow-coloured skin. The
flesh is melting and juicy, and has a pleasant
aroma.

Princess, a fine Pear that comes into season
in November, but can be easily kept till Christ-
mas. It succeeds as a pyramid or cordon on
the Quince stock.

Triomfhe de Jodcigne, a large and handsome
fruit, which is covered with russet dots; juicy,
and with a rich musky flavour.

Winter Nelis, of medium to small size, but a
delicious Pear when in good condition. It is a
somewhat delicate grower and should be planted
against a wall, and it will grow there very well.
The fruits should be allowed to thoroughly
develop before they are stored. W. A. Cook,
Leonardslee Gardens, Horsham.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the
opinions expressed by his correspondents.)

Winter Flowering Carnations. — Mr.

Ilemsley struck the keynote in his letter on p.
410, when he said that a winter Carnation show
would afford opportunities for comparing varie-
ties. At the present time this is most essen-
tial, but what will it be in three years time?
Every Carnation grower in England and Ameri-
ca has his own seedlings, and few of us can
see faults in our own children, so that unless
there is the opportunity of testing new varie-
ties in a competitive class at an annual winter
Carnation show many will be tempted to buy
new but inferior varieties, while again, this will
do away with the so-called new winter flower-
ing Carnation which appears in the early spring.
We all want the survival of the fittest. The
" Souvenir de la Malmaison " Class is also
growing out of hand, and every grower of this
flower knows that many so-called "Malmaisons"
which have even obtained an Award of Merit
are not " Malmaisons " at all, but merely hy-
brid border varieties. A thoroughly represen-
tative Carnation society should be formed, to
work in conjunction with the Royal Horticul-
tural Society. The committee should be com-
posed of Carnation specialists, whose business
it is to know about all classes ; three shows
could be held — in winter, spring, and in
summer ; one for each class of carnation, so that
if a nurseryman obtained an award or prize for
a new variety it would be of some commercial
value and a guarantee to all horticulturists that
it was an improvement. This society could
work in conjunction with the American Tar-
nation Society respecting nomenclature, and nut
a stop to the reintroduction of old varieties. Mon.

1 1 llwood, Bush Hill Park.
— I have pleasure in informing you that an
informal meeting of Carnation growers was
held at the Vincent Hall on the 5th inst.,
at \vh:ch Messrs. Dutton, Cutbush and others

were present. It was the opinion of those
present, and of those who had communi-
cated by letter, that a society in the interests
of these flowers was desirable, but as the diffi.
culty of reaching the various growers with a
view to gaining a personal expression of opinion
was great, it was decided that with the kind
permission of the Royal Horticultural Society,
growers should be invited to exhibit at one of
the R.H.S. meetings late in February or early
in March, and that the R.H.S. should be asked
to grant medals and certificates for such ex-
hibits. The reason for this decision was that
such an exhibition might reasonably be ex-
pected to bring growers together from all parts
of the country, and that a meeting could be
held at the show for the purpose of forming a
society with a duly-elected executive, and a defi-
nite programme drawn up for the furtherance of
the aims of a Winter Flowering Carnation
Society. As growers must of necessity be more
or less unprepared for competitive classes, it
was determined that no restrictions should be
placed on exhibitors, except with regard to the
amount of space occupied, and that in order to
ensure support from large, medium, and small
growers, three classes should be recognised,
viz., those occupying 5, 15 and 30 feet of
tabling respectively. Exhibitors may show cut
bloom or pot plants, or a mixture of both ac-
companied by any description of foliage or foli-
age plants, but flowers other than Carnations
are not admissible. In order that the general
public may gain an idea of the magnificent
sight afforded by a large mass of Carnations, it
is earnestly hoped that every grower will do his
utmost to support the show, both by exhibiting
and attending personally, and thus accord to
the Queen of Winter flowering plants the honour
that is undoubtedly her due. Date and particu-
lars of show can be had on application. Hay.
ward Mathias, Thames Ditlon, Surrey.

Hibiscus Hybrids. — I have tried for three
years to flower plants of these in the open, but
have not succeeded. The plants make growths
5 feet high every year, with stout stems, good
leaves, and plenty of healthy-looking buds, but
all to no purpose ; they are too late forming to
open their flowers. This year I have had some
at the foot of a south wall in a sunny position,
but with the same result. E. Molyneux.

Relief for the Unemployed. — A fortnight
before Earl Carrington's letter appeared in the
Times Mr. Myers informed me he would spend
the money he had intended sending to the
Queen's fund in labour on his estate and for the
benefit of persons in his own neighbourhood.
Having to cut 8,000 Larch trees this autumn, I
find the labour most useful, and the employment
is appreciated by those for whom it is intended
-—married men with families — who are unable
to find employment elsewhere at this time of
the year. After the Larch has been cleared, we
intend to grub the roots, farm the land, eventu-
ally laying it down to pasture. E. Molyneux,
Swanmore Park, Bishop's Waltham, Hants.

Suitable Plants for Azalea Bed. —

"X.Y.Z." was recommended on p. 432 to plant
L. auratum and L. speciosum in Azalea beds. I
am of opinion the former is not likely to prove a
permanent success, and that its variety, L. a.
platyphyllum, would be much more serviceable
and reliable. With respect to L. speciosum,
there is in all probability no group of Lilies
more admirably suited for the purpose in view.
The red-flowered forms would be of especial
value, and of these L. s. cruentum and L. s. Mel-
pomene are the best. Were I asked to recom-
mend any bulbous plant for a position in which
the free use of manure as a mulch was regarded
as essential, I should unhesitatingly say Lilium
speciosum, which, among Lilies, may be cited
as a gross feeder and, therefore, most unlikely
to be injured by the application of manure.
When planting the varieties of this Lily in this
district, where the light loam overlies gravel
and sand of great depth, I have purposely em-
ployed heavy dressings of cow manure 6-8 inches
below the bulbs, and a further and less liberal
application above the bulbs, or at about 4 inches
from the surface. All the varieties of L. specio-
sum are stem rooters, and the mat of roots pro-
duced annually quickly exhausts the surface
soil unless a mulch of manure is applied each
year. The bulbs of this Lily should be planted
at not less than 8 inches deep, and a good dress,
ing of manure placed well below the bulbs.

444

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 23, 1905.

When covering the bulbs with soil add more
manure, as before suggested. In subsequent
years the annual mulch will meet the require-
ments of the case. Formerly, manure was re-
garded as so much poison for all Lilies, but as
a matter of fact, all the stem rooting species are
benefited by its use. L. auratum and its varie-
ties are of the stem-rooting class, and should be
catered for accordingly. If " X.Y.Z. " has a de-
sire for more variety than is given, this may be
increased by the addition of Lilium pardalinum,
which will be quite at home in company with
the Azaleas and their annual mulch of manure.
E. H. Jenkins, Hampton Hill. [Our correspon-
dent " X.Y.Z." states that he has endeavoured for
two years to grow L. auratum platyphyllum, but
the fungus Botrytis elliptica has rendered the
attempt a failure. — Ed.[

— I have found that the following plants always
succeed well in such a bed, and last for many
years if given protection during winter with a
mulching of leaf-mould: — Tritoma uvaria and
its varieties, Tropaeolum speciosum, Lilium
auratum, and many other Lilies of different
colours, and varieties of Gladiolus. The mulch
is removed in spring. Tropaeolum speciosum
I always planted near to the Azaleas that they
might root amongst the roots of the Azaleas
and grow up and twine about their stems ; they
had thus a most pleasing effect with their beau-
tiful scarlet flowers and small leaves. Wm.
Smythc, 48, New Town Road, Hove.

The Definition of a Spray. — Does not Mr.
Davis take two bad examples in describing a
spike — Phlox and Pentstemon. The former has
panicles of flower and the latter racemes. Mr.
Davis, in his illustration on p. 429, has de-
fined the matter capitally. The next point is
how to word the matter without causing incon-
venience to schedule-makers. How would this
do : " Three sprays, having no sub-division " ?
E. Molyneux.

— As an exhibitor and judge on occasions, may I
suggest that when revising the schedule it should
be made to read "12 sprays, or vases of decorative
early flowering single or pompon Chrysanthe-
mums, three collective stems to be wired or
arranged so as to form one spray, showing not
more than 12 inches of unbranched stem above
the top of the vase." I would suggest that the wire
be placed at the bottom of the stems, not too
tightly, so that when the flowers are in the
vase they would fall slightly outward and have
a pleasing effect. Both exhibitors and judges
would then know exactly what to do, and the
effect would increase the attractiveness of the
decorative part of the show, for we should get
rid of the unsatisfactory arrangements often seen
in some of the decorative classes. I agree with
Mr. Molyneux that in defining the word "spray"
it should be taken to mean the terminal shoot
with all the flower buds and blooms left in a
natural way with about 12 or 14 inches of un-
branched stem. G. W. Lilley, Gaddesby, Leices-
Ur.

Summer Flowers in the South-West. —

As my notes on the above subject were com-
piled from between twenty and thirty gardens
on the south coast of Devon and Cornwall, it
would have been difficult, as suggested by Mr.
T. H. Slade, page 429, to have stated in each
case the nature of the soil in which the plants
were growing. I think that temperature rather
than soil is the chief element of success or the
reverse in the culture of tender plants in the
open air, for in many instances the same sub-
ject was to be seen doing equally well in vari-
ous soils, but, in all these cases, a fall of tem-
perature to many degrees below freezing point
would have been disastrous. Mr. Slade's state-
ment as to the variability of the Devon soil is
well exemplified at Kingswear. The soil of the
steep river banks on either side of the har-
bour's mouth is light and shaly, whereas in the
surrounding country it is heavy red loam.
Cassia corymbosa, spoken of by Mr. Slade as
being grown practically under glass at Polti-
more Park, does excellently entirely in the open
in numbers of gardens. At Trebah a large por-
tion of the front of the house is covered with
it, and at Tregye there is a fine specimen, a
supplementary illustration of which appeared
on April 12th, 1902. This Cassia, which com-
mences its floral display in August, may often
be seen bearing flowers as late as Christmas. A
plant, which I have known for two years in a
Cornish garden, but which I did not allude to '

in my former notes, is Dahlia imperialis.
Though this survives the winter, I have never
known it to perfect flowers. Mr. Slade re-
ports 21,0 of frost at Poltimore Park. At Kings-
wear our severest frost this winter has been 5".
In rainfall we are considerably ahead, having
registered up to the end of November, about
6 inches in excess of the 24.40 inches reported
by Mr. Slade. S. W. Fitzherbert.

Helleborus nicer (Christmas Rose.) —

If several varieties of the above are grown, a
succession of flowers may be obtained through-
out the winter months. All are perfectly
hardy, and will grow well in a deep, moist loam.
A border facing to the north suits them well,
providing the plants are protected from winds
in spring when developing their leaves. Plant
them early in the season, and never allow
them to suffer from drought. They should be
transplanted very seldom. Plants that are
allowed to get thoroughly established flower
much more freely than those which are fre-
quently disturbed. To obtain pure white and
clean flowers, handlights or temporary frames
must be- placed over the plants as they com-
mence to throw up their flower-buds. Good
varieties are H. major, pure white flowers, very
good ; H. maximus, very early, frequently com-
mencing to flower in November, flowers large,
slightly shaded with rose, very free ; H. Madame
Fourcade, of dwarf habit, and having light
green foliage and pure white flowers; H. angus-
tifolius (St. Brigid), flowers pure white, pro-
duced very freely, foliage distinct and light
green ; H. vernalis, of very vigorous habit,
having leaves of deep glaucous green colour, and
white flowers, tinged with purple, fragrant. The
plant is suitable for exposed positions. C. Ruse,
Munden Gardens, Watford.

Apple Warners King. — I gathered four
fruits from a tree planted in the gardens here in
1901, and I don't think an expert could have told
them from Golden Noble. The tree produced
iS Apples. Other gardeners saw them and des-
cribed the fruits as "fine Golden Nobles." T.
Pateman, The Node Gardens, Wclvoyn, Herts.

Preserved Ferns. — There are few persons
who undertake the duty of decorating the
house and dinner table, the making of
bouquets and " buttonholes," who have not
had to lament the too early drooping of
many of the more fragile subjects by rea-
son of heat or close atmosphere, thereby
neutralising to a great extent the effect the
floral designs were intended to produce. Many
expedients have been suggested to combat the
evil, some going so far as entirely to employ
artificial flowers and foliage. At Christmas-
time, when festive and social gatherings are
especially frequent, the difficulty is more acutely
felt, perhaps, than at any other season of the
year ; but with at least two subjects very fre-
quently employed for floral decoration the
trouble seems in a way to be entirely removed.
I was shown some bunches of Adiantum cunea-
tum and a bunch and length of Asparagus plu-
mosus so well preserved that it was very difficult
— especially in the case of the Asparagus — to dis-
cern that they had undergone any process of "pre-
servation." The slight gradation of colour from
the base to the termination of the spray of A.
plumosus is as evident as in the fresh state.
The delicate capillary-like stalks which cajry
the small leaves of the plant are not changed by
the process employed in the preservation, and
the spores show the various stages of develop-
ment ; even the fragile end of the fronds and
the minute leaves are uninjured. There is no
suggestion of rigidity pointing to the use of
gum in solution, the Fern responding to a shake
in a perfectly natural manner. The preserved
Ferns will last flexible for years. I was shown
two specimens (roots and all) of Cyrtomium
falcatum and Lastrea aristata variegata Ferns,
which had rested on a mantelshelf in a
London sitting-room for longer than two years,
and were uninjured, being only covered by a
deposit of dirt, easily washed off. The pre-
served specimens would serve admirably as
examples to a botanical class, being more suit-
able for the purpose than book illustrations or
dried specimens. There is a great future for a
process that will conserve the natural colours
and forms of leaves and flowers ; not only
would it give pleasure in an aesthetic sense, but
it would prove eminently useful in herbaria for

comparison. Experiments should be made
further in this direction. Mr. Groome, of S,
Seckforde Street, Clerkenwell, E.C., owns the
secret of the preserving process, and the profit
of the sale of treated Ferns, etc., are entirely
devoted to the Cripples' Industrial Training
Branch of the Watercress and Flower Girls'
Mission, the Clacton-on-Sea Home, and other
philanthropic institutions. R. T. Heskelh.

Boycotting Judges.— I agree with Mr.
Challis (see p. 396) that judges have much to
contend with. Some exhibitors who " travel
the country," making a business of show-
ing and collecting all the " plums " of the
shows, should know better than to make such
scenes as they do occasionally when they chance
to meet with a more successful rival. Such
exhibitors sometimes depend upon the same
blooms of Chrysanthemums to do duty at a
number of shows, and when they meet a more
formidable opponent, possibly on his own
ground with fresh flowers, they are so chagrined
at the check received that they lavish remarks
right and left, saying " the judging here is as
rotten to-day as it was at ' Smoketown ' yester-
day!" Nowadays, when competition is keen,
owing mainly to the excessive prizes given
to induce exhibitors to visit certain shows,
it very often happens that there are but
a very few points separating the three first sets
of flowers. No man can judge these accurately
by just glancing at them ; each has to be
weighed in the mind, and every weak point con-
sidered before a just decision can be arrived at.
It is an easy matter for an aggrieved person to
collect his friends around a stand of blooms
and ventilate his grievances ; there are always
willing hearers. I have known an exhibitor lodge
a formal protest, even going so far as to deposit
the usual fee required with the secretary, against
the judge's award, solely because the result did
not coincide with his wishes, especially when a
win would have settled in his favour a valuable
challenge cup. Exhibitors enter such competi-
tions with their eyes open, when there is a clause
in which it distinctly states, " The award of the
judges is final." This, of course, applies to the
merit of the exhibit, and not to a question of
disqualification for not conforming to the rules.
Instead of the suggestion that an appeal be made
to a referee, it would be much better if the
secretary were to quote a London policeman's
well-known saying, " Pass along, please." I
have always made a practice, when properly
approached, of giving my reason for any award
to an unsuccessful exhibitor, but from my ex-
perience during the late season I think it will be
more wise in the future to act on a famous
judge's advice to a jury, " Give your decision,
but never give your reason." When you
find a second prize winner asks where he is
wrong, and you point out to him the weak points
in his exhibit, he thanks you and says he is
thoroughly satisfied, and you hear him say
within a few days, " I never saw such judging
as there was at 'Parkinson' the other day,"
and you know he is referring to the award over
which he was so profuse in his thanks for infor-
mation. Such conduct is enough to make one
think harsh things of exhibitors. A Judge.

The Late Henry Eckford. — The late grand
old man of the Sweet Pea world has left behind
one memorial which should be dear to the hearts
of all growers of the beautiful annual, and
cherished by them in memoriam, for all time.
I mean that beautiful variety so worthily
named after himself, and trust at the next ex-
hibition of the National Sweet Pea Society
exceptional prominence and a specially honoured
class will be allotted to " Henry Eckford." D.

Exhibiting Fruit. — Will you allow me to
draw the attention of fruit growers, particularly
of those who are Fellows of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society, to the very one-sided manner
in which the schedule for their autumn fruit
show is drawn up? Out of m classes at this
show 105 are confined to amateurs, and only
two classes are open to market-gardeners. When
so much is being done to encourage our English
growers to compete with foreign producers, it
seems strange that they should be practically
excluded from our most important fruit show.
I do not suggest that special classes for
market growers be added to the schedule, but
that many of the existing classes should be
thrown open, that all may compete on equal
grounds. K. M. Courtauld, F.R.H.S.

December 23, 1905.]

THE GARDEN EUS' CHRONICLE.

445

SOCIETIES.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

December 19. — The last of the society's meetings
for the year, held on this date, was favoured with
glorious weather, so that there was a bright display of
seasonable flowers, including several magnificent
groups of Orchids. Fruit and vegetables were also
represented, and although the exhibition was not the
largest the hall has accommodated, it was equal in
quality to the majority of those that have preceded it.
There was no lack of novelties, for the Floral Com-
mittee recommended no fewer than 5 Awards of
Merit, while the Orchid Committee recommended
1 First-Class Certificate and 6 Awards of Merit.

The two exhibits in the fruit and vegetable section
were notable features, the display of Apples and Pears
staged by Messrs. James Veitch & Sons being highly
meritorious. In the afternoon 24 new Fellows were
added to the roll of the society's members, and a

paper by Mr. John Craig, Professor of Horticulture
at the Cornell University, Ithaca, U.S.A., on " A
Glimpse of the Commercial Side of Fruit Growing in
the United States," was read by the Assistant Secretary.

Floral Committee.

Present: Wm. Marshall, Esq. (in the chair), and
Messrs. Chas. T. Druery, H. B. May, Geo. Nicholson,
John Green, R. C. Notcutt, G. Reuthe, Wm. Howe,
C. R. Fielder, James Walker, Chas. Dixon, C. Jefferies,
H. J. Cutbush, C. Shea, W. P. Thomson, E. H. Jen-
kins, W. James, Geo. Paul, James Hudson, and Ed.
Mawley.

W. S. Laycock, Esq., Oakbrook, Sheffield (gr. Mr.
P. Massey), contributed an admirable display of winter
flowering Begonias of the Gloire de Lorraine type. In
addition to plants of the original variety were others,
including Turnford Hall, and a new one, labelled Mrs.
W. S. Laycock. This last-named possesses somewhat
brighter and larger flowers than the well-known Gloire
de Lorraine, and is of rather stronger growth than its

parent. The whole were admirably grown , and inter-
spersed with flowering spikes of Calanthes, and with
other foils such as foliage plants, &c. (Silver Gilt
Banksian Medal.)

Messrs. Rochford & Sons, Turnford Hall Nurseries,
Broxbourne, Herts, also showed a batch of Begonia
Gloire de Lorraine, with a few plants of the white
variety Turnford Hall interspersed. The plants
were growing in 48-size pots, but they were literally
covered with their pretty infloresences of bright pink-
coloured flowers. Some larger specimens in teak
baskets, adapted for suspending, were accommodated
at the back-ground of the display. (Silver Flora
Modal.)

Another good display of these useful winter-flowering
subjects was staged by Messrs. Cannell & SONS,
Swanley, Kent. Here again were seen plants of the
highest culture, the specimens being perfect pyramids
of flowers. In addition to Gloire de Lorraine and
Turnford Hall were observed small well-flowered
plants of B. Agatha coinpacta. (Silver Flora Medal.)

FlC. l6S. — CITRUS JAPOXICA, FOR A VARIETY OF WHICH AN AWARD OF MERIT WAS RECOMMENDED ON TUESDAY LAST BY THE R.H.S.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.

446

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 23, 1905.

Messrs. Veitch & Sons, Ltd., Kings Road, Chelsea,
showed a grand batch of Jacobinia chrysostephana,
with a few taller plants of J. coccinea at the back,
ground. At either end of the Jacobinias was a group
of winter-flowering Begonias, including the fine semi-
double Winter Cheer, also Julius, Agatha and the
species B. Socotrana, that has contributed largely in
the raising of the many beautiful winter flowering
Begonias. Messrs. Veitch also displayed plants of
the long-fruited Japanese Orange, Citrus japonicus
fructu elliptico. (See Awards). (Silver Banksian
Medal.)

Messrs. Wm. Bull & Sons, Kings Road, Chelsea,
showed a collection of ornamental foliage plants ; all
useful subjects for stove and greenhouse decora-
tion.

Mr. H. B. May, Dyson's Lane Nurseries, Upper
Edmonton, exhibited Ferns and various greenhouse
plants including Camellias, a large batch of Eranthe-
mum pulchellum, Begonia Mrs. Leopold de Rothschild,
and some tiny, well-flowered plants of Daphne indica
alba. (Silver Banksian Medal.)

Messrs. WM. CuTBUSH & Son, Highgate, N., ex-
hibited a miscellaneous group of flowering plants,
many of which had been subjected to the retarding
process. These included Lilacs, Liliums, Azaleas,
Lily of the Valley, &c. Among these were interspersed
such things as Begonias, Ericas, Astilbes (Spiraeas),
Citrus sinensis — with numerous fruits, and a batch of
the fragrant Daphne indica rubra. A number of choice
Carnations completed the display. (Silver Gilt Bank-
sian Medal.)

Mr. H. Mortimer, Rowledge, Farnham, Surrey,
showed vases of Carnations — Enchantress, Nelson
Fisher, Lady Bountiful, Mrs. T. Lawson, &c. (Bronze
Flora Medal.)

Mr. C. F. Waters, Deanland Nursery, Balcombe,
Sussex, in addition to vases of Carnations, showed
pot plants of these flowers. The plants were all of the
variety Pride of Exmouth, but the cut blooms em-
braced several, including Floriana (dark pink), Harry
Fenn (crimson), Mrs. S. J. Brooks (white), Enchan-
tress, &c. (Bronze Flora Medal.)

The Misses HOPKINS, Mere, Knutsford, Cheshire,
showed a number of Alpine plants, including Petasites
fragrans, coloured Primroses, Polygala chaemaebuxus,
and a delightful basket of Christmas Roses. (Bronze
Banksian- Medal.)

Messrs. JOHN PEED & Son, West Norwood, London,
S.E., showed a number of Alpine plants. A small
staging in the centre of the group was furnished with a
collection of hardy succulents. (Bronze Flora Medal.)

Messrs. Thos. Ware, Ltd., Feltham, Middlesex,
showed a number of Alpine plants, Chrysanthemum
flowers, plants of Primula obconica that were flowering
well, and some commendable Carnations. (Bronze
Flora Medal.)

Mr. Geo. Bean, The Gardens, Cheswood, Worthing,
showed a new incurved Japanese Chrysanthemum
named Cheswood Beauty. The colour is deep bronze.
Awards of Merit.

Carnation Aurora. — A flaked variety, the ground
beingpale buff or deep cream-coloured, with bright red
markings. The edges of the petals are slightly
crenated. The flowers are of moderate size, and ap-
pear to possess non-splitting calyces. Shown by Mr.
H. Burnett, St. Margaret's Vineries, Forest Road,
Guernsey.

Carnation Fair Maid. — This variety has enjoyed
great popularity among Carnation growers, and is by
no means a new acquisition. The flowers, which are
developed on long stalks, are rose-pink in colour, and
have fimbriated petals. The calyx is non-splitting.
Shown by Mr. Mortimer, Rowledge, Farnham, Surrey.

Chrysanthemum Dr. Enguehard. — This is a variety
of French origin. that has met with great favour in the
United States of America. The flowers are pink,
of rather stiff appearance, and of medium size. The
florets are tubular for about three-fourths of their length.
The plants are said to be very free in flowering, robust
in constitution, and bushy in habit, and are admirably
adapted for furnishing flowers that, when cut, will
remain fresh for a long period in water. Shown by
Messrs, R. H. Bath & Co., Wisbech.

Orange : Long-fruited Japanese [see fig. 16S] . — An
ornamental greenhouse variety. The small trees, as
shown in pots, were furnished with several dozen of
small oval-shaped fruits, each about 1£- inches in length
and 1 inch in diameter. The plants were about 2 feet
in height, upright in habit, and of a highly decorative
character. Shown by Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons,
Chelsea.

Nephrolcpis exaltata superba. — A crested form of
great beauty, the fronds being plumose for the whole of
their length. The principal bifurcations are in the
apices of the pinnae, which are often divided to the

third and fourth degree. The pinnae are disposed ob-
liquely to the rachis, and the whole frond has the
appearance of a beautiful plume. Shown by Mr. H.
B. May, Upper Edmonton.

Orchid Committee.

Present : J. Gurney Fowler, Esq. (in the chair), and
Messrs. Jas. O'Brien (Hon. Sec), de B. Crawshay,
N. C.Cookson, F. Wellesley, W. A. Bilney, J. Douglas,
W. Cobb, R. G. Thwaites, H. T. Pitt, A. A. McBean.
F. W. Ashton, G. F. M001.. H. A. Tracy, T. W. Bond,
J. W. Odell, W. H. Young, W. Boxall, W. H. White,
R. Brooman-White, and Harry J. Veitch.

There was a grand show of Orchids, Cypripediums
predominating.

F. Menteith Ogilvie, Esq., The Shrubbery,
Oxford (gr. Mr. Balmforth), was voted a Gold Medal
for a noble group extending 50 feet and occupying the
end staging in the hall. Varieties of Cypripedium
insignewere in profusion, nearly 500 flowers appearing,
100 of them being on the central batch of C. insigue
Sanderas. Arrangements of Laelia anceps, including
the varieties Chamberlainiana and Amesiana were
effectively displayed and graceful sprays of Oncidium
varicosum arched over from the back, the whole
being very tastefully arranged with foliage plants.
Most of the best Cypripedium insigne were represented
and other good ones not yet perfected. Also C. X
Venus, C. X Maudiae, andother hybrids; a selection
of good Phalamopsis, Lycaste X hybrida, fine examples
of Masdevallia tovarensis, &c.

Jeremiah Colman. Esq., Gatton Park, (gr. Mr. \V.

B. Bound), was awarded a Silver Gilt Flora Medal for
a very fine group, in which the Calanthes were
splendidly grown and finely flowered, over 200 spikes
appearing. The chief kinds were C. X Bryan, C. X
Wm. Murray, C. X Veitchii and its variety alba, C. x
bella, &c, the perfection of the flowers and their
colouring being remarkable. The Calanthes were
separated into sections by groups of Laelia anceps,
including the true L. a. alba; the darkest and richest
in colour, L. a. Mrs. Jeremiah Colman, and other
leading kinds. Other Laelias were good, L. autumnalis
L. a. alba; and L. Gouldiana. A selection of good
Cypripediums set up with scarlet Sophronitis ; a few
early Dendrobiums, Masdevallia cucullata, with nine
dark purple flowers, &c.

G. F. Moore, Esq., Chardwar, Bourton-on-the-
Water (gr. Mr. Page), was awarded a Silver Gilt Flora
Medal for a fine group of splendidly-grown Cypripe-
diums, including fine examples of C. X aureum virgi-
nale, and other forms of that favourite hybrid ; C. X
Chapmani ; C. X Mrs. Tautz ; C. X Minor varieties ;

C. X Niobe; C. X nitens, of several handsome vane
ties ; the pretty C. X Blanche Moore ; C. X Nandii ;
C. X Amy Moore ; varieties of C. X Leeanum and
C. insigne; and the massive C. X Beekmani, one of
the finest of Cypripediums.

Messrs. J. Cypher & Sons, Queen's Road Nur-
series, Cheltenham, secured a Silver Flora Medal for
a fine group, set in their usual effective manner with
Odontoglossums, &c. Cypripediums were in great
profusion, some of the best noted being: C. X Charlesi-
anum, Cypher's variety, a noble flower ; C. > triuni-
phans ; C. X Tityus ; C. X Alcibiades ; C. X nitens,
Arle Court variety, a showy form; C. x Euryade
and its attractive variety, viride. Most of the best
C. X Leeanum, aureum giganteum, and Cypher's
variety being distinct : C. insigne varieties, including
Luciani, Sanderse, Sanderianum, and the distinct for-
mosum grandiflorum.

Messrs. Sander & Sons, St. Albans, were awarded
a Silver Flora Medal for a very interesting and effec-
tive group, in which were good specimen of Cym-
bidium longifolium and C. elegans ; the singular
Habenaria bonatea, a fine specimen of Ccelogyne
fuscescens, C. Massangeana, and other species. The
hybrids included the very dark and richly-coloured
C. X St. Albans (Antigone X Harrisianum Baron
Schroder's variety) ; C. X Fairrieana-Io (Fairrieanum
X Io), a pretty variety with bluish-rose feathered lines
in the dorsal sepal ; C. X aureum with yellow and
white flower ; C. X Niobe, Shortfalls variety, and
other hybrids.

The Hon.WALTEK Rothschild, TringPark, Tung,
(«r. Mr. A. Dye), was awarded a Silver Banksian
Medal for a very interesting group of rare Orchids,
including Pleurothallis Roezlii with many racemes
of its large chocolate-purple flowers ; the pretty P.
scapha, and the dwarf P. pernambucensis ; Mas-
devallia macrura, with large fleshy yellow and red
flowers ; M. striatella, M. platyglossa, M. cupularis,
M. Mooreana, M. Reichenbachiana, M. triangularis;
the rare and pretty M. trinema, M. bella, M. Simula,
M. tovarensis, Restrepia aspasicensium, Aeranthes
Leonis, and a graceful Epidendrum with a branched

spike of fragrant cream white flowers with downy
ovaries. Probably a larger form of E. lanipes.

Messrs. Charlesworth & Co., Bradford, were
awarded a Silver Banksian Medal for a group in which
the pretty rose and white Trichopilia suavis formed
the centre. Others noted were Cypripedium X Car-
dososianum finely tinted with purple ; C. X Actaeus
magnificum, still one of the best ; C. X Gravesiae, C.
Leeanum varieties, Laelio-Cattleya X Alcyone, Laelia
X Lydia, &c.

Messrs. Hugh Low& Co., Enfield, received a Silver
Banksian Medal for a group in which the yellow forms
of Cypripedium insigne. including C. i. Mrs. F. W.
Moore, were well represented; also varieties of C. X
Euryades, C. X Leeanum, C. insigne, &c.

Francis Wellesley, Esq., Westfield, Woking
(gr. Mr. Hopkins), in a selection of hybrid Cypri-
pediums showed the plant of the day — C. X Thalia
Mrs. Francis Wellesley — which secured the only First
Class Certificate (see Awards). The others were C. X
Mrs. de Vere Beauclerk (ciliolare X Fairrieanum), a
pretty flower of the C. X vexillarium class, and very
delicately tinted ; C. X Hera exquisitum, a large
flower with fine, white, dorsal sepal spotted with
purple, &c.

Baron Schroder (gr. Mr. Ballantine), sent Odonto-
glossum X Wilckeanum Schroderianum (see Awards
O. X Orphanum, a prettily marked flower and O. X
Loochristyense.

Norman C. Cookson, Esq., Oakwood, Wylam (gr.
Mr. Chapman), showed the very fine Cypripedium X
Leeanum Clinkaberryanum with twelve very large
flowers (Cultural Commendation), C. X Sanderas,
No. II., a brighter yellow than in the form shown be-
fore, and C. insigne Sanderae.

Major G. L. HoLFORD, OLE., Westonbirt (gr. Mr.
Alexander), showed the fine Laelio-Cattleya X Clive,
Westonbirt variety (see Awards), and L. C. X Clive
delicata (L. praestans, Cypher's variety, X C. aurea)
with blush white sepals and petals and rich ruby purple
lip.

H. T. Pitt, Esq., Rosslyn, Stamford Hill (gr. Mr.
Thurgood) showed Disa pulchra and Gomesa Barkeri.

Drewf.tt O. Drewett, Esq., Riding-Mill-on-Tyne
(gr. Mr. Renwick), sent Cypripedium x John Heale
(Druryii X Youngianum superbum), a neat flower,
ivory white, with a greenish tinge, and spotting and
marking of reddish purple ; C. X Ruby, a large flower
of the rubens class ; C. X villma (Norma X villosum) ;
C. x Viola Lee (insigne var. x Leeanum), a form of
Actaeus ; C. villosum auriferum, and two others.

Mrs. Holland, Wonham, Bampton, sent several
hybrid Cypripediums.

C. D. Phillips, Esq., J. P., Newport, Mon., sent the
rather rare Lycaste lasioglossa.

J. Bradshaw, Esq., Southgate (gr. Mr. Whitelegge),
showed three fine plants of Odontoglossum X crispo-
Harryanum, one having a. branched spike, and Lycaste
Skinneri armeniaca.

M. Chas. Vuylsteke, I.oochristy, Ghent, sent two
good forms of Odontoglossum X ardentissimum, two
fine O. X Wilckeanum and another hybrid.

Messrs. Heath & Sons, Cheltenham, sent varieties
of Cypripedium X Leeanum.

AWARDS.

First-Class Certificates.
Cypripedium X Thalia, Mrs. Francis Wellesley (in-
insigne var. X Baron Schroder), from Francis
Wellesley, Esq., Westfield, Woking (gr. Mr. Hop-
kins). Seemingly the best possible in its class, a
model in shape, beautiful in outline, and fine in colour.
The dorsal sepal, which is circular and quite flat, is
white, with a small shining green base and evenly dis-
tributed rich purple spotted lines extending almost to
the margin. Petals honey-yellow, tinged and veined
with purple brown, a few darker spots being on the
lower half near the centre of the flower. Tip tinged
with red-brown, staminode yellow.

Awards of Merit.

Odontoglossum x Wilckeanum Schroderianum from
Baron Schroder, The Dell, Egham fer. Mr. Ballan-
tine). A very fine flower, broad in all itsparts, pale
yellow, heavily blotched with red-brown.

Lalio-Cattleya :■■ Clive, Westonbirt variety (L.praestans
magnifica X C. Dowiana aurea). Flowers as large as
those of a good Cattleya labiata. Petals, bright rose,
extending 6j inches, each 2} inches across. Lip-veined
with orange at the base, the broad front crimson.

Schomburgkia rhionodora from Sir Trevor Law-
rence, Bart., Burford (gr. Mr. W. 11. White). A very
pretty and distinct species with pure white flowers.
The rose-purple coloured variety Kimballiana was
also shown.

December jj, 1405.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

447

Cypripedium tessellatum rubens (concolor x barba-
tum grandiflorum), from Messrs. Sander & Sons, St.
Albans. A very attractive and distinct flower, unique
iu colour, it being of a uniform dark red tint with a
shade of yellow and some purple spotting.

Cypripedium insigne "Aberdeen," from Drewett
O. Dreweit, Esq., Riding-Mill-on-Tyne (gr. Mr.
Renwick). A fine flower closely approaching the
variety Harefield Hall, but with smaller and darker
spotting and rose blotches on the top of the dorsal
sepal.

Cypripedium x Mary Lee, Dreivett's var. (Arthuri-
anura x Leeauum), from Drewett O. Drewett,
Esq. A great improvement on the best forms of C.
Arthurianum, the upper half of the dorsal sepal being
white and bearing dotted purple lines.

Cypripedium x Maggie Fowler (giganteum x ele-
gans), andC. X Gammieanum (longifolium X elegans).
In consequence of the remarks by a correspondent in
the Gardeners' Chronicle as to the identity of these two
Orchids, the Committee had before them the Plate of
C. X Gammieanum, from King and Pantlin's Orchids
of the Sikkim Himalaya, and the drawing of C. X
Maggie Fowler, together with other material considered
before, as stated in the Gardeners' Chronicle, Decem-
ber 2, p. 3S8, and they unanimously agreed that there
was no reason for considering the two plants as
identical, and therefore the Award of Merit given to
G. X. Maggie Fowler must be sustained. The plant
in question was, it was stated, obtained from Messrs.
Charlesworth.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

Present: Geo. Bunyard, Esq., in trie chair, and
Messrs. Jas. Cheal, S. Mortimer, Wm. Pope, Alex.
Dean, H. Markham, H. ]. Wright, H. Parr, C. Foster,
Geo. Keif, W. Poupart, A. H. Pearson, and John
Lyne.

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & SONS, King's Road, Chelsea,
exhibited a collection of 118 dishes of well-grown
Apples and Pears. The more prominent dishes in-
cluded, of Apples — Newton Wonder, Alfristou, Cal-
ville des Femmes, King Harry, St. Edmund Pippin,
Belle Pontoise, Hormead Pearmain, Washington,
American Mother, Dumelow's Seedling, Cornish Aro-
matic, Beauty of Kent, and Burnham Pippin (new.)
Of Pears — Beurre Baltet Pere, Winter Nelis, Easter
Beurre, and Olivier de Serres. All the fruits were in a
good condition. (Hogg Memorial Medal.)

The Apple John Kirk, that received an Award of
Merit at the last meeting, has since been found
synonymous with a well-known variety, consequently
the award was rescinded by the committee.

Mr. Foster exhibited a collection of vegetables
from the University College, Reading. These were
of moderate size, and comprised clean, well-grown
produce. Many winter salads were included in the
collection. He had Chicory, Cardoons — splendid
examples of this little grown vegetable — broad-leaved
Batavian Endive, Radishes, Tomatos, &c. We also
noticed well-grown "Albert" Rhubarb, Celeriac and
Onions. (Silver Gilt Knightian Medal.)

THE LECTURE.

At the meeting held in the afternoon, under the
Chairmanship of Mr. Geo. Bunyard, V.M.H., a paper
written by Professor John Craig, of Cornell Univer-
sity, U.S.A., on "A Glimpse of the Commercial Side
of Fruit Growing iu the United States," was read by
the Assistant Secretary. The earlier settlers in the
United States had to rely upon European varieties of
fruits, but the present day grower has evolved a race
more suited to the requirements of the country, for he
has infused the hardy character of the Russian Apples
into his varieties with great success ; and in the matter
of other fruits, such as Grapes and Strawberries',
he has inter-crossed the European with the hardy
native varieties. The fruit industry is making rapid
strides in the United States. In March, 1904, 3,000, 000
barrels of Apples were awraiting shipment, while more
than three million Peach trees were planted in Central
Georgia in 1904-5. Cold storage has proved of in-
calculable value to thegrower. It allows fruit to be sent
in condition 1 ,200 to 2,000 miles ; it lessens the evils of
gluts, and puts an embargo on the avaricious buyer.
The distance of planting the trees, tillage, pruning,
spraying, picking, grading, &c. , were all dealt with in the
paper. An interesting point was that dealing witli
spraying, to which the American fruit grower devoted
considerable attention. The principal spravs used
are the Bordeaux mixture, with which can be added
arsenical compounds, and sulphur wash, the latter
being a boiled composition of lime, sulphur, and salt,
applied during the dormant season.

The following table is the result of experiments
couducted in spraying : —

Average yield. Value in dollars.

Unsprayed 328 103

Sprayed once 346 139

,, twice 374 143

thrice 414 184

,, five times ... 569 211

A series of lantern slides were shown to illustrate
the paper.

Mr. Bunyard offered some remarks on the paper,
and contrasted our Apples to their advantage with
those from America. None of the American varieties
had been found to succeed in this country with the
exception of Mother, King of Tompkin's County and
Wealthy. It was found that the majority of kinds were a
long time before they reached the fruiting stage. The
speaker had waited 21 years before a tree of Northern
Spy had borne fruit, while he had never known Rhode
Island Greening to even form fruit buds in this country.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF
ABERDEEN.

Annual Meeting.

December 2. — The annual meeting of this society
was held on the above date ; Mr. Samuel Pope, vice-
chairman, occupied the chair.

The Secretary, Mr. J. B. Rennett, Advocate, Aoer-
deen, submitted the annual report and accounts, which
showed a deficiency on their annual exhibition, which
was held on August 24, 25 and 26 last, of £77 12s. lid.,
accounted for by the bad weather experienced on the
days of the show, and especially the last day.

A letter was read from the Governors of the Aberdeen
and North of Scotland College of Agriculture, intimat-
ing that they had decided to establish a course of lectures
for horticulturists and all concerned free of charge.
The lectures are to be delivered by Dr. John Wilson,
agricultural department of the University of St.
Andrew's.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
December 7.— Prof. W. A. Herdman, F.R.S.,

President, in the chair.

Mr. W. T. Hindmarsh, F.L.S. sent three photo-
graphs taken by Mr. I. C. Ruddock iu April last of a
plant of Shortia uniflora, Maximowicz, in his rock-
garden at Alnbank, Alnwick ; the plant this year had
60 blooms, more than double the number it had the
previous year.

Mr. H. J. Elwes and Mr. Frank Crisp spoke on the
difficulty of inducing the plant to flower in cultivation,
and Mr. E. M. Holmes also contributed some remarks.

Dr. A. B. Rendle, F.L.S. , showed a branch ot a
Widdringtonia from a farm belonging to the late Cecil
Rhodes in Rhodesia, showing two forms of leaves.

Mr. James Saunders, A.L.S., showed a series of
lantern-slides illustrating the habits of Mycetozoa.
His observations were practically confined to species
seen within a radius of ten miles from Luton. Out
of 207 species catalogued by Mr. A. Lister from the
whole world, no fewer than 96, or 46 per cent., have
been found in the district specified. The species
shown were Badhamia utricularis, Trichia varia,
Chondroderma radiatum and Physarum leucopus, with
remarks on their irregular and uncertain appearance,
and the distribution in certain parts of the world.

The President commented on the exhibition, and
mentioned that a small dried-up Plasmodium had long
served him for demonstration to his junior classes on
the phenomenon of restoration to activity by moisture
and warmth.

Dr. Jonathan Hutchinson, F.R.S., then gave a
resume of his paper "On the .'Etiology of Leprosy,"
which was communicated by the Rev. T. R. R.
Stebbing, F.R.S., Sec. L.S., and in which the author
attributed the cause of the disease to the consumption
of decaying fish.

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF
ENGLAND ORCHID.

December 7. — If the above society may be allowed
to claim a " red letter day," it would be on the above
date, for never before was the dingy Coal Exchange so
beautifully brighteued by the choice products of
Nature.

First and foremost was a magnificent display of
plants, the property of that genial amateur, Mr. G.
F. Moore, of Bourton-on-the-Water, in Gloucester-
shire. When it is known that the collection staged
by this grower required two pantechnicon vans for its
conveyance to Manchester, it can easily be imagined
that a fine show was the result.

We occasionally see some good shows iu our northern
city, and we have amongst us some of the best and

most enthusiastic of cultivators, but, to the credit ol
Mr. Moore be it said, there has never yet been staged
such a well-grown display of Orchids— principally
Cypripediums — as the group shown by him on thi -
date.

The group occupied about 60 feet run of wide tabling
and was most effectively arranged ; in the background
were graceful Palms and a few bright Codiajums,
wink nodding gracefully over the more sober coloured
Cypripediums were some fine plants of Oncidium vari-
cosum var. Rogersii and Dendrobium Phalaenopsis
var. SchrSderiana. Varieties of Cypripedium in-
signe were perhaps the most notable things in the
group, there being dozens of distinct and 1
varieties, a few of which were given awards by the
committee. (See Awards.)

The award of the society to this group was a Gold
Medal and a special vote of thanks.

A. Warburton, Esq., Hazlingden (gr. Mr. T.
Raven), staged a nice group of plants, 111 which were
noticed half-a-dozen good plants of Cypripedium
insigne, Harefield Hall var., several good forms ol
Odontoglossum crispum, Cypripedium X Thalia var.
magnifica, C. x Mary Beatrice, a richly-coloured
hybrid and C. X aureum var. Purity. (Silver Medal. >

R. ASHWORTH, Esq., Newchurch (gr. Mr. Pidsley),
exhibited a collection of Odontoglossums, one being;
of exceptionally nice quality called O. crispum var.
Miss Lucienne Linden, unfortunately the spike had
lisbudded and in consequence the committee
could not deal with it for "honours." (Silver Medal.)

Mi'-srs. James CYPHER & Suns, Cheltenham, put
up an attractive group of plants, one plant alone, viz.,
Cypripedium X Leeanum var. gigantea, with over
50 flowers, received a Silver Medal. Other good tilings;
in this group were several yellow Cypripedes and good
examples of C. Harefield Hall. (Silver Medal.)

Messrs. CHARLESWORTH & Co., Bradford, in addi-
tion to a good show of various plants, sent tin-
wonderful Odontoglossum X Smithii (see p. 427, fig.
158). As an appreciation of good hybridisation and
selection the committee awarded this plant a F.C.C.,
a Gold Medal, and for the group a Silver Medal.

Messrs. Sander & Sons, St. Albans, staged a nice
group of hybrid Cypripediums, several good forms of
C. X Hitchensae being noted. (Vote of Thanks.)

Mr. D. McLEOD, Chorlton-cum-llardy, exhibited a
few Cypripediums, in which were noted the seldom
seen C. X Morgania?, a fine form ol C. X nitens, and
some yellow forms. (Vote of Thanks.)

Other exhibitors included Mr. J. Robson, Messrs.
A. J. Kelling Sc Sons, S. Gratrix, Esq. (-..;
Awards). H. H. CLEGG, Esq., ClI. VUYLSTEKE, G.
\V. I.AW-SCHOFIELD, WALTER LAVERTON, I

R. Bkiggs Bury, J. P., J. Leemann, Esq.
First Ci ass Certificates
awarded to the fi llowing plants : —
Odontoglossum Wilckeanum Hex, from Mr. C. Vuyl-
steke ; Cypripedium Thalia magnifica and C. Mary
Beatrice, from A. WARBURTON, Esq.; Cypripedium

F. H. Cann (insigne montanum magnificum x Leeauum
magnificum) and C. insigne Sylhetense giganteum,
from G. F. MOORE, Esq. ; Odontoglossum Smithii
(Rossii rubescens X Harryano crispum), from
Messrs. CHARLESWORTH Sc Co.

Awards of Merit.
Cypripedium X Westpointense (callosum Sander.e
X bellatulum album) and C. F. Sander, from S.
Gratrix, Esq.; C. x Tityus, Schofield's var.'; from

G. Law-Schofield, Esq. ; C. X aureum var.
Purity, from A. Warburton, Esq. ; C. insigne
var. Leo, C. X Arthurianum, Leemann's var., and
C. X Standard, from J. Leemann, Esq.; C. X
Blanche Moore and C. insigne Kathleen Corser,,
from G. F. Moore, Esq. P. W.

DUBLIN SEED AND NURSERY
EMPLOYEES' ASSOCIATION.

December 9. — The third annual dinner and social
reunion of this progressive association was held on
the above date at the Gresham Hotel, Dublin. Mr.
J. J Egan, J. P., presided.

Mr. Houston, in proposing the toast of " The
Association, ' said it had had a brilliant career during
the last year. The membership had increased, more
employers had come to their aid, they had undertaken
four excursions, held two public lectures, whili
had also inaugurated a series of plant-class lectn
connection with which the members had to di
study, and carry out certain experiments. The junior
members had been particularly earnest in this, and the
average attendance at the classes was the large one
of 40. They also showed great activity in reg;
the competitions. He hoped the next advance t> b
recorded would be the establishment where

448

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 23, 1905.

the members could meet and where they might keep
such collections of plants and grasses as were the
outcome of competitions.

Mr. J. J. Egan, in reply, said that the intelligent
application of the science of botany in regard to agri-
culture and horticulture was essential to the members
of their trade, especially considering the many things
a seedsman was supposed to know.

In proposing " Our Employers," Mr. R. Burn said
the Association could not have done so much had it
not been for the interest of their employers.

Mr. D. MacLeod, in reply, said the Association had
received at the hands of employers support it well
deserved, and the more they saw of its members the
better they liked them. It had been suggested that
they wanted a habitation of their own, and he hoped
the time was not far distant when that would be forth-
coming. In conclusion he strongly urged them to
" go on."

EDINBURGH MARKET GARDENERS'.

December 19. — The annual meeting of the Edin-
burgh Market Gardeners' Society was held on the above
date, in No. 5, St. Andrew's Square, Edinburgh, at 10.30
a.m. The President, Mr. Alexander Douglas, Brunstane
Bank, Portobello, said the past year had been excep-
tional in some respects. They had enjoyed a remark-
able degree of sunshine, and dry weather, and
taken as a whole, the season had been a fair one
to all gardeners. Mr. Douglas referred to their
affiliation with the Chamber of Agriculture, by which
they had an opportunity of ventilating their grievances,
such as the opposing of the lighting of common carts,
the regulating of the speed of motors on roads, and
the apportioning of the upkeep of the roads by taxes
on the motors. He mentioned that in past years the
conveners of the Markets Committee of the Town
Council had given expression to the desire to assist
the gardeners in providing for their convenience and
comfort, and the gardeners had been fairly well
treated in that respect.

The Secretary, Mr. Peter Gemmell, then read the
minutes of the last annual meeting, and also of the
committee meetings which had taken place during the
year, showing that the Waverley Market had been
requisitioned very frequently for various purposes.
The Committee had to be often called together to
safeguard the interests of the Market Gardeners, their
efforts in this direction being on the whole satisfactory.

Mr. James W. Scarlett, the Treasurer, reported that
the income for the year amounted to £73 13s. and the
expenditure to £43 14s. 3d., allowing a balance of
£1D 18s. 9d. to be carried to the capital account. The
reports being adopted, office-bearers were elected,
and thereafter the stances were drawn by ballot,
iuur new applicants being admitted and two transfers^

(SHtttuarj)*

Mrs. Pettigrew. — The widow of the late
Mr. Andrew Pettigrew, who was for many years
gardener to the Marquis of Bute, at Cardiff
Castle, passed away on the 16th inst., after a
few days' illness which resulted from a chill.
Mrs. Pettigrew was in her 74th year, and was
well known by a large number of gardeners, in-
cluding the present writer, who have at various
times been employed at Cardiff Castle, all of
whom will cherish her memory with feelings of
the deepest respect, for her character was uni-
versally admired. Mrs. Pettigrew has not long
survived her husband, who died on April 26,
1903. She leaves three sons, all head gardeners,
and one daughter, with whom much sympathy
will be felt in their bereavement. R. II. P.

Mrs. Hislop. — Friends of Mr. A. Hislop, The
Gardens, Bletchley Park, Bletchley, will regret to
hear of the loss sustained by him in the death of
lus wife, at the age of 61 years.

GARDENERS' DEBATING SOCIETIES.

paper on " Begonia Gloire de Lorraine," of which he has
made a special study. An interesting debate followed.
Four new members were elected.

BECKENHAM HORTICULTURAL.— Mr. R. B.

Leech, F.R.H.S., gave an interesting lecture before the
members of this Society, on Friday, December 8, on the
methods of bottling fruit. The Rector (the Rev. H.
Arnott) presided. For stone fruit fill bottles to within
three-quarters of an inch of the top. Next place half a
pound of cane sugar in a jug and add a quart of hot
water to melt the sugar. This should be poured over
the fruit until the bottles are about two-thirds full, and
then the bottles would be ready to place in the boiler.
Next three parts fill the boiler with cold water, and place
the same on a fire and bring the water to the heat of
160 degrees. The bottles must remain at this heat for
15 minutes, after which they should be drawn to the
side to gently cool. The lid must not be taken off the
boiler while the fruit is being sterilised. For all small
fruit, such as Currants, Raspberries, Strawberries, &c,
they should first be put into an enamel saucepan and
brought to the boil, and let the fruit be placed into the
bottles and then into the boiler as for the stone fruit.
The Rector handed Mr. Webster a handsome eight-
day clock in polished birch case, with an inscribed
plate as follows :—" B.H.S. Presented to Mr. Mark
Webster by appreciative friends on his retirement from
the office of librarian, November, 1905."

BIRKENHEAD AND DISTRICT GARDENERS'.
On Thursday, December 14, in the Y.M.C.A. Rooms,
P.irkenhead, a lecture was given before the members of
the above Association by Mr. Herbert May, Westwood
Gardens, on the " Cultivation of the Cyclamen."
The lecture proved very interesting, and a discus-
sion followed. The syllabus of lectures arranged by
the Association for the session promise some very useful
and instructive gatherings. The next of the series is to
be held on January 4, when the subject is " The Diseases
of Plants due to Parasitic Fungi : with Remedies. H . M.

CHELMSFORD AND DISTRICT GARDENERS'.
—The lecture at the recent meeting of the above Society
was given by Mr. Williams, the subject being " Sweet
Peas, their History, Development, and Culture." The
lecturer referred sympathetically to Mr. Eckford and
his work among this flower. W. C. S.

EGHAM AND DISTRICT GARDENERS'. — At
the meeting of this Society, held on December 6, Mr.
W. Swan in the chair, Mr. Deadman, of the South-
Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, gave a lecture on
" Hush and Small Fruits, including Black and Red Cur-
rants, Gooseberries, and Raspberries." The lecturer
pave useful information on choosing the land, draining
the same, planting, pruning, and destroying insect
pests. In the case of Black Currants, he advised plant-
ing the young bushes in threes, and cropping them as
hard as possible, and when the mite made its appear-
ance to grub them and burn them. Mr. Sturt exhibited
a collection of cut Chrysanthemum blooms, and Mr.
Wilkins, gardener to Mrs. Barber, Park House, Engle-
field Green, exhibited some well-grown plants of
Calanthe Veitchii, among which was a plant with two
flowering spikes, the flowers of one inflorescence being
beautiful flesh-pink colour, while those of the other were
vt the usual colour.

REDHILL, AND REIGATE DISTRICT GAR-
DENERS'.—A meeting of the above Society was held
on Tuesday, December 12, Mr. W. P. Bound in the
chair. About 100 members were present to hear Mr. F.
C. Legge, Patteson Court Gardens, Nutfield, read a
paper on " The Cultivation of Violets for Winter Flower-
ing." The lecturer gave a very clear and practical
description of his method of culture of these flowers.
Several questions were asked, and a capital discussion
followed. The meeting proved to be one of the most
interesting and instructive held by the Society. A col-
lection at the close of the meeting was made on
behalf of Mr. Burdctt, who has become incapacitated
through illness, and in consequence the sum of £4 3s.
will be forwarded to Mr. Burdett by the Secretary. X. H,

BATH GARDENERS'.— Mr. T, Parrot t presided over
the fortnightly meeting of this Society, held at the
Foresters' Hall, Bath, on Monday, the nth inst. There
was a large attendance, and the exhibits displayed were
beautiful and numerous, chief among them being some
fine Primulas shown by Messrs. H. Sparey and A.
Parker. Mr. Butt exhibited a fine collection of
Vegetables, and Mr. Bickerstaff an excellent dish of
" Winter Beauty " Toraatos. The Chairman made a
statement regarding the future plans of the Society. A
good programme of lectures was arranged for the
New Year, and the second annual smoking concert will
b*. held "ii January 8. The Chairman read an instructive

ENQUIRIES.

Mr. C Palmer. — Will this gentleman, who
compiled so many important statistics relating to
the Conifers, oblige by communicating his present
address to the Editor ?

Garden Weed. — How can I eradicate the
Barmido weed [?] , or Wild Convolvulus that has
been growing for a long period in my garden in
the Isle of Wight and has got a firm hold ? J. B.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Australian Flame Flower : Salop. There is no
such name as Pousiana gloria. Perhaps you
refer to Poinciana regia, which, however, is not
Australian, but a native of Madagascar, and
India. If you can give us more particulars we
will try and help you.

Beetle : A. C. The insect is the common Water
Beetle, Dytiscus marginalis.

Begonia Gloire de Lorraine : Failure. The
plant has all the appearances of having suffered
a check, such as would be caused by cold
draughts, or even watering with very cold
water. Each sample of loam appears to be very
heavy and close in texture. The soil should all
be incorporated with some substance such as
farmyard manure, in order to supply humus, and
to make them friable and pervious to the
atmospheric gases,

Books : Perplexed. We expect you refer to
" Gardens, Old and New," a book published by
George Newnes, Ltd., at the office of Country
Life. — b.E.G. "Fern Growing," by E.J.Lowe,
published by John C. Nimmo, 14, King William
Street, Strand, in 1895. A less expensive work,
but a thoroughly reliable one, "Choice Ferns
for Amateurs," by George Schneider, published
by L. Upcott Gill, Bazaar Buildings, Drury
Lane, or it can be had from our publishing
department.
Carnation : /. 0. C, and B. V., Silesia. The plants
are attacked by a fungus, probably Helminthos-
porium. Destroy the affected leaves at once.
Chrysanthemums : Grower, Yorlis. The condition
is familiar enough to cultivators of these plants,
especially late in the season. We have our-
selves frequently seen plants set flower buds in
December, and instead of developing them
normally, in the new year have started into
fresh growth, thus causing the flower buds to
remain dormant. In your case it may be partly
due to the plants having been subjected to more
heat and moisture than was desirable. The con-
dition is physiological and is not caused by mites
or fungus pests.
Hyacinth Bulbs: G.A. We can discover no
disease, neither do there appear to be any bulb-
mites. The failure may be due to some detail
in the cultivation.
Inoculation of Seeds : M. D. We know nothing

of such a practice as you describe.
Monograph of the Genus Geranium: F. B. S.
We have no clue to the purchaser. Apply to
the auctioneers, Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson and
Hodge, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.
Names of Fruits : G. B. Apple, Winter Haw-
thornden ; Pear, Madame Eliza. — W. W. N. B.
Apple, Catshead, a very old sort ; Pear, Winter
Nelis. — L. Foxbrook. The fruits were shrivelled
and partly decayed. They appear to have been
gathered much too soon. — D. Bros. Beurre
Dumont. — W. Lowday. Graham or Kentish
Deux Ans. — W. H. Gooseberry Pippin.
Names of Plants : Iris. Iris fcetidissima, varie-
gated variety. — A. M. S. Cosmos sulphureus.
— if. M. Moschosma riparium. See fig. 13 in
our issue for January 9, 1904. — Stephen Castle.
Melia Azedarach, the Pepper Tree. A native
of India, commonly grown in the Riviera.— T.S.
Essex Common Chickweed, Stellaria media.
Packing Orchids : E. C, Java. The terrestrial
1 in bids should be sent in the resting season, as
resting tubers. Place the tubers in a tin box or
a box made of some other material which will
not permit much evaporation. When the box is
nearly full of tubers run in between the tubers
enough fine, sandy, moist soil to fill the box
when properly shaken down. Then fasten down
the lid and forward at once. The soil must be
moist, but not too wet when used for packing.
Strong-growing Orchids such as Phaius require
nj preparation. All the Phalaenopsis you men-
tion are varieties of P. amabilis, Blume.
Pears : W . H. Your Pears have the appearance
of having been frozen whilst on the trees. We
cannot account for the condition in any other
way.
Pruning : W. F. B. Apple and Pear trees out of
doors should be pruned without delay, also the
out-of-doors Grape vine, and that in the cool
house provided all the fruit has been cut.

Residue from Cesspool : Reader. Assuming
that it is night soil of which you have written,
it will not be advisable to apply it to the soil
until the material has undergone further prepar- .
ation, although it has lain for two months. Mix
with it a quantity of lime, road scrapings, wood
ashes, etc., and turn over the whole mass oc-
casionally, after which it may be used early in the
month of March for any of the crops in the kit-
chen garden that require animal manure.

Turf for Purchase : L. H. E. Apply to the
nearest nurserymen, who will be sure to give
you the information required.

Communications Received. — Comte de K.— S. W. F.— W.
W.— F. C— R. J. A.— J. F. B., Queensland— A. S.— R. N.
— E. B— J. E. T.— G. D.— R. A. R.-Geo. Hansen, Berke-
ley, Califorina— C. T. D.— A. F. G— H. J. E.— W. J. V.—
D. D.— G. B. M.— H. J.C.— J. Mc.D.— W.J.B.-W.H.D.
— D. P.— J. F. P.— G. H.— W. W.— C.— A. C— J. E. S. -
A. E. L.— C. A.M.— J.T.— R.Y.— J.B.— W.J.B.-H.J.B.
— W. E.G.— R. E. F.— D. W.— J.G.— W. H. D.— H.W.T.
—J. J. D.-J. -Quill— T. S.— R. S.

For Market and Weather Reports, see page x.

December 30, 1905]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

449

THE

No. 992.— SATURDAY, December 30, 1905.

CONTENTS.

Suffield,
of the

suitable

Agapanthus umbellatus

globosus
Apple Lord

hardiness

I'lossom of
A/alea beds,

plants for
Books, notices of —

The Italian Lakes ...
Carnation exhibition in

winter, a

Carnation, origin of the

name

China, plant collecting in
Cypripedium flower, an

abnormal

Dickson, Mr. George,
Events of the Year
Fig-trees out-of-doors.
Fungoid diseases, and

the need for legisla-
tion

Galingale, the edible ...
[rises of Russo-Turke-

stan

Japanese Maples
Kew, literary output of

451
455

London markets, the ...

Nile, the flooding of the

Obituary —
Burbidge, F.W.

Orchids at Chillingham
Castle

Plants, new or note-
worthy ... 449, 450

Rain-water in Yorkshire 457

Salvia Pitcheri

Senecio (Ligularia) Veit-
chianus

Shrubberies

Societies —
National Dahlia
Royal Horticultural

Soil, effect of plant
growth and manures
on the

Thalictrura Delavayi _.

Trees and Shrubs, deci-
duous _ ...

Trees, some pyramidal
and columnar shaped

VandaSanderiana, 'Chil-
lingham variety

4G0
456

400

455
457

400
459

455
150

458
467

455

Week's work, the 452-458

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Bullock, A., portrait of

Burbidge, F. W., portrait of the late

Clarke, W. H., portrait of

Cypripedium flower, an abnormal

I-'yfe, W., portrait of

Jordan, F., portrait of

Miller, W. A., portrait of

Senecio (Ligularia) Veitchianus
Illustration)

Thalictrum Delavayi

Yuung, W. H., portrait of

(Supplementary

453
400
453
451
453
452
453

450

452

THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME
"CARNATION."

There seems to have been some difficulty
felt by etymologists in discovering the origin
of the word " Carnation " as a name; though
there is no doubt as to that of the use of the
word to indicate colour. In the 16th century
that meant " flesh-colour," from " Fr. carna-
tion (Littre) — Lat. ace. carnationem, fleshiness'
— (Skeat),

Dodoens, in his "History," uses it in this
sense : — " Some be of colour white, some
carnation or of a lively flesh colour, some be
of a cleare bright red," &c. This is in re-
ference to varieties of the carnation.

In the numerous (about 70) entries of the
names and descriptions of the carnation in
Caspar Bauhin's Pinax (1671), the words car-
neus and incarnatus were never used as
descriptive terms of Caryophyllus (the usual
name) until 1612, by T. Theodorus de Bry
and Emanuelus Svvertius. In the 16th cen-
tury the red colour was always designated
by ruber, purpureus and other words.

The earliest use of the word carnation as
a name for the flower appears to be in an
edition of Dodoens in 157S; hence we must
look for some other origin than caro, carnis,
" flesh for the name."

Referring again to the Pinax, it appears that
Conrad Gesner first added the term coronaria
to Vetonica altilis, a name Dodoens adopted
from Pliny in his De Hortis Gcrmaniae Liber,
1561.

CoronartM refers to the fact that it was one
of the flowers grown in the Area coronalis, or

" border for chaplet-flowers," according to
Carolus Stephanus, in his De Re HorUnsi,
Libellus, 1536.

In a somewhat imperfect edition of Dodoens'
History of Plants, the date being lost, occurs
the following sentence: — " Vetonica altilis and
V. coronaria, in English, garden gillofers; and
the greatest and bravest sort of them are
called coronations and coronations." This
repetition of the last word is clearly a mis-
print ; for in other, doubtless later editions,
it is "coronations or cornations." The first
name occurs in Spencer's " Shephearde's
Calendar" — "Bring coronations and sops in
wine." These stood for varieties of the car-
nation. The date would be about 1570.

Lobel in his Plant arum seu Stirpium His-
toria (1576) figured a double-flowered Carna-
tion under the name Caryophyllus, saying,
Nostrates Caryophylli, an Cantabrica, Plinii?
Authors were divided as to which of the two
plants Vetonica and Cantabrica mentioned
by Pliny meant (if either?) the Carnation.
Lobel then gives as the English names, "Cor-
nations and doble Gillofers, also Gelyflours
and Gelouers." Caryophyllus was the official
name suggested by the scent of Cloves ; for
Gerarde says: "The Clove Gilloflower is
called of the later Herbarists Caryophylleus
flos." This title of Flos Garyophyllorum
appears to have been given to the flowers by
Adamus Lonicerus of Frankfort.

In a work (oblong folio) containing 61 copper
plates, with 120 figures of flowers, fruits, &c,
but without title page or date, the double Car-
nation is figured under the name Garyophyllus
maximus, Angl. " Cornations double." The
Latin text runs as follows: — Cariophyllevs
maximvs inter coronarias herbas, familiam
ducere creditur Caryophylleus flos. This shows
that the flower had acquired a special dis-
tinction as coronarius.

The name " Cornation " would seem to fix
the date as about the same as Lobel's work,
or 1576.

Now, in a copy of Dodoens' History of
Plants, 1578, the sentence I have quoted from
in all probability the earliest edition, is as
follows : — " Vetonica altilis, Carnations, and
the double Cloave Gillofers."

This appears to be the earliest use of " Car-
nations " for " Cornations," and it gives us
the date of the change.

In Gerarde's Herbal (1597) we read: — "TI e
great double Carnation (figured as three inches
in diameter) is called Caryophyllus maximus
multiplex ; but the small variety is called
Caryophyllus multiplex, the double Clove
Gilloflower."

Speaking of the different varieties of " Clove
Gilloflowers" Gerarde says: — "Some whereof
are called Carnations, others Clove Gillo-
flowers, some Sops in Wine, some Pagiants or
Pagion, colour horseflesh, blunket, purple,
white, &c. This passage shows that the name
"Carnation" had superseded " Cornation " and
" Coronation. " Moreover, Gerarde does not
here connect " Carnation " with the colour,
which is described as " horse-flesh."

We now come to the question, how did the
flower acquire the name of " Coronation," to
begin with ?

I offer the following as most probably the
true explanation.

We have seen that no Latin word derived
from caro, carnis (" flesh "), was ever given to
this plant in the 16th century. The first

approach was the descriptive title Corcnaria,
added to Vetonica altilis.

Now, anyone familiar with the way in
which gardeners, fanners and rustics mispro-
nounce the names of plants, will have no
difficulty in suspecting that " Coronation" was
the nearest approach ignorant persons would
make to anglicise coronaria — for strict etymo-
logy does not trouble them. They always take
some familiar word which sounds to them
something like the word misunderstood, as, eg.,
Wooden Enemies (another variant is Wooden
Emilies) for Wood Anemones; Royal Horse-
monger was the nearest approach a rustic
in Devonshire could make to Osmunda regalis !
Greengrocers generally call Asparagus, Spar-
rergrass, or even shorten it to " Grass."

Hence, we presumably get "coronation " for
" coronaria." Then, if it be pronounced rather
fast, the second o vanishes and we got
" cor'nation."

Lastly, that the sound or can be readily
changed to ar is seen to occur in numerous
cases. Thus, " Chorle's Wain," a country name
for the Great Bear, is now " Charles' Wain."
" Chore " has become " char " in charwoman.
Gorge and gargle, gore and char (a fish, red
below), are respectively allied words, while
George is frequently pronounced Gearge by
rustics.

Hence, it would seem to be pretty clear how
" Carnation," as a name, has been derived
through "Cornation," from "Coronation," a
corruption of " Coronaria."

It is a mere accident that it finally arrived at
the same spelling as " carnation," the colour.
George Henslow. (See Ellacombe : Plant Lore
of, Shakspeare ed. II., p. 47. Ed.)

NEW AND NOTEWORTHY
PLANTS.

ERIA GLOBII-ERA, Rolfe, n. sp.*
This is another interesting novelty from Annam,
which has flowered at the Royal Botanic Garden,
Glasnevin, and has been forwarded to Kew for
determination. It is one of the discoveries of Mr.
W. Micholitz, collector for Messrs. Sander and
Sons, and his corresponding dried specimen is
localised as " found at Lang Bian, at 1,400 metres
elevation." The species is allied to E. leiophylla,
Lindley, which its author referred to the section
Trichotosia, and for which Sir Joseph Hooker
proposed a new section , under the name of Pellaian-
thus, though the plant is now better referred to
the section Dendrolirium. It is not a showy plant,
but is distinguished by its globose pseudo-bulbs,
which are borne at short distances apart on a stout
creeping rhizome, and bear a single oblong leaf
at their apex — closely resembling those of E. leio-
phylla— and its single-flowered peduncles of light
yellow flowers, striped with red-purple at the base
of the segments, and covered outside with a very
dense white tomentum. The pollinia are eight,
and quite typical in character. R. A. Rolfe.

• Eria globifera, Rolfe. — Rhizomes creeping,
stout. Pseudobulbs ovoid-globose, 6-8 lines broad,
monophyllous, approximate, or less than their
diameter apart, bearing at their base a pair of
ovate-oblong veined sheaths, which envelop the
base of the leaf and scape, but soon perish.
Leaves oblong to linear-oblong, apiculate, nar-
rowed at the base, coriaceous, 2-5 inches long, 4-6
lines broad ; scapes erect, slender, 1^-2 inches
long, densely white-tomentose, one-flowered.
Bracts ovate, apiculate. about 2 lines long.
Sepals densely white-tomentose outside ; dorsal
elliptical-oblong, obtuse, 7-8 lines long ; lateral

450

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 30, 1905.

oblique and broader at the base ; colour inside
light yellow, with three light red-purple lines at
the base. Petals elliptical-oblong, obtuse, light
yellow, lined with red-purple at the base. Lip re-
curved, about as long as the petals, three-lobed ;
side lobes rounded at the apex, narrowed below,
white, closely striped with red-purple ; front lobe
elliptical-oblong, obtuse, yellow at the margin and
somewhat thickened ; disc white, lower half bear-
ing a pair of broad undulate keels, somewhat
clavate at the apex, with a slender intermediate
keel. Column clavate, three lines long, white, its
foot rather longer. R. A. Rolfe.

BONATEA ANTENNIFERA, Rolfe, n. sp.*
The well-known Bonatea speciosa, Willd. (Bot.
Mag., t. 2296), is one of the most complex in struc-
ture among South African Orchids, if not indeed
in the whole family, for the specialisation of
organs is carried to such an extent that it is diffi-
cult to make out what some of them represent.
Darwin remarked : " I should doubt whether any
member of the Orchidean Order has been more
profoundly modified in its whole structure." An
allied, but very distinct, species has been sent
from Rhodesia by C. F. H. Munro, Esq., and is
now flowering in the collection at Kew. It is much
ta'.ler, being 3 feet high, and has longer leaves,
and a laxer inflorescence of equally large flowers,
with the lobes of the lip and petals much more
slender, about 2 inches long and antenna-like, in
allusion to which the name is given. The colour
shows no difference, being green and white in both
species. Its characters are pointed out in the
annexed description. R. A. Rolfe.

* Bonatea antennifera, Rolfe. — Plant about 3
feet high, with somewhat glaucous stem, leafy up
to the inflorescence. Leaves oblong, subacute,
spreading, with an amplexicaul base, 3-6 inches
long, the upper somewhat smaller, and passing
into the bracts. Raceme lax, many-flowered,
about 9 inches long. Bracts lanceolate, acumi-
nate, convolute round the pedicels at the base, 1-2
inches long. Pedicels 2\ inches long. Dorsal
sepal elliptical, acuminate, very concave, n lines
long ; lateral pair obliquely oblong, acuminate,
recurved at the apex, an inch long, with an acute
tooth on the inner margin near the apex. Petals
deeply bipartite, the posterior lobe linear, acute,
appressed to the margin of the dorsal sepal,
anterior lobe filiform, if inches long. Lip tri-
partite ; side lobes filiform, over 2 inches long ; front
lobe linear, recurved, sharply bent about the
middle, i\ inches long; spur if inches long,
slightly thickened at the apex. Column and three-
lobed rostellum each 4 lines long. Stigmas cla-
vate, 10 lines long. if. A. Rolje.

weeks in this state. Thalictrum Delavayi is a
recent introduction, and the species received the
Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Merit
last summer, when exhibited by Messrs. Wallace
& Co., Colchester. It should be planted or removed
in spring only. G. B. Mallett.

from the axil of a normal bract, Br. 1, and pro-
jecting from the centre of the outer surface was
a second bract, Br. 2, suggestive of the deveJop-
ment of a second flower-stalk united with the
side of the ovary for some distance. The cavity
contained three placentas, which occupied only

THALICTRUM DELAVAYI.

This species, described by Franchet, and known
as the Chinese Meadow Rue, is a very distinct and
showy plant, graceful both in flower and foliage
and distinct from many Thalictrums in having
persistent petals of beautiful colouring.

The rooting system is exceedingly slender and
the plant requires a damp sandy soil in a cool
situation suitably enriched with manures. The
stems are very slender, black, 4 to 5 feet high,
and they are furnished with many pinnuled leaves
that resemble the Maidenhair Fern in shape
of pinnule and leaf. The numerous flowers
are borne in terminal and axillary sprays and
they are coloured pale mauve, cupola-shaped,
with tiny tassels of pale yellow anthers projecting
from each. These flowers bear some resemblance
to those of Solanum Dulcamara, but the central
clusters contain some hundreds of the tiny domes
of mauve. The plant is quite hardy, is very free
'in flowering, refined in colouring, and graceful
in habit. The foliage throughout summer is of a
deep green colour with French grey reverse, but
in autumn the colours change to a bright ruddy
crimson and last in good condition for many

!5- Otl ,<]0jr-
FlG. 169. — THALICTRUM DELAVAYI, FLOWERS LILAC, WITH YELLOW ANTHERS.

, AN ERRATIC CYPRIPEDIUM.

The flower of which a representation and
plan are given on p. 451 was so peculiar in its
appearance, and its conformation so intricate
that, without waiting to dissect it, we forwarded
it to Mr. Worthington Smith, whose drawing at
Fig. 170 serves to give an idea of its peculiarities.
On pulling it to pieces subsequently we found
indications of the existence of three flowers,
more or less amalgamated. The ovary sprang

a portion of the ovary, leaving a relatively large
space devoid of ovules. The standard or upper
sepal, Sep. 1, was normal; the two lower sepals,
Sep. 2, Sep. 3, were disunited, but in their
normal position.

The next whorl was also fairly normal, con-
sisting of two lateral petals, Pet. 2, Pet. 3, and
a lip, Lab. 1. Within these were two other lips,
Lab. 2, Lab. 3. Succeeding these was a con-
fused mass consisting of petals and distorted lips

December 30, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

451

and some segments, partially petaloid, partially
lip-like. These are represented on the plan by
the letters P. 3, P. 4, P. 5, and L. 4, L. 5.
There were indications of two stigmas 1, 2,
and of four stamens, 1, 2, 3, 4. It is clear then
that there was amalg?m of two or more flowers,
but of exactly how many it is not easy to say.
L ■

THE LONDON MARKETS AND
THEIR SUPPLIES.

The existence of adequate and convenient
markets isahighly important aid to the economical
distribution of horticultural produce, and it is of
vital interest in all the large centres of population.
Lord Onslow's Fruit Committee touched upon
this subject so far as it concerned its own special
object, but the evidence offered and the con-
clusions arrived at are equally applicable to vege-
tables, flowers, and plants. The necessity for
large central wholesale markets was fully recognised,
and the advantages they afford are easilj
prehended; in fact.inmany cases their extension
is urgently required. But the provision of more
local markets is also a need of the age, and to
this view the committee gave their strong support.
They recommended that more local markets,
similar to that at Kew Bridge, should be established
in the suburbs of London. That as regards the
large distributing markets in provincial centres.it
is desirable certain of these should be extended and
improved. That retail markets in many country
towrjs are urgently needed, and very good results
would be likely to follow if the council of other
towns followed the example set by Hereford in
establishing a fruit market under their own
authority.

The evidence given by Sir William Thiselton-
Dyer was very interesting in this particular, as
showing " that the formation of a fresh market at
a new centre may supply a decided local want,
and create a fresh demand." The Kew Bridge,
or Brentford Market, originated from the circum-
stance that the carters stopped at that point on
their way to Covent Garden ; and in the course
of about seven years the business in the very
modest market-place first provided developed far
beyond the accommodation. This led to the
addition of three acres, which space is being
covered at a total cost of over £40,000. When
the whole market is completed there is little doubt
that a wide district in the western suburbs of
London will be supplied from that source.

The system which prevails so widely is distinctly
opposed to the interests of producers and con-
sumers, and even the middlemen or shopkeepers
do not reap as much advantage as they might do
under more economical methods. In the Metro-
politan district, as well as in other large cities
in which I have had an opportunity of investigating
the markets, such as Birmingham, Manchester,
Newcastle-on-Tyne, or Gateshead, the same
general plan is in operation. Produce is carted
into the central parts of the towns by the growers,
and conveyed back again by the retailers, often to
within a mile or two of the locality where it was
grown. The cost of carriage is in the first case
deducted from the growers' profits, and both are
added to the price the consumer has to pay. The
amount thus practically lost by faulty distribution
is an exceedingly heavy tax upon fruits and vege-
tables grown within a moderate distance of dense
populations. To many people such products have
become essential articles of diet, and the only
deterrent to extended use is the price demanded
by retailers. The itinerant dealers have done
something to facilitate communication between
pi'oducers and consumers, but the establishment of
an additional number of local markets would assist
the work on a larger scale, while relieving the
central markets of the congestion which frequently
arises under the present system, to the manifest
disadvantage of all concerned.

The facts stated in no respect lessen the import-
ance and necessity of the large wholesale markets,
for without them the distribution of home-grown
and imported produce in bulk would be very

difficult. The requirements of London are
enormous, and to supply six millions of people
with even a portion of their food is a gigantic
business of which only those familiar with the
great markets can form an approximate idea.
Statistics directly bearing on the point are
difficult to obtain. Plenty of official records are
available concerning the gross imports of the

the chief markets of the kingdom would, under
present methods, be a formidable task. Yet having
organised a system of market reports as to prices
from accredited representatives, the Board of
Agriculture might well go a step farther and obtain
records of the proportions assumed by various
imported products in the different centres. R. L.C.
(To be continued.)

FlG. 170. — A SYNANTHIC CYPRIPEDIUM SEEN FROM THE FRONT AND FROM BEHIND. THE
LETTERS AND FIGURES INDICATE THE SEVERAL PARTS ENTERING INTO THE COM-
POSITION OF THE FLOWER, AS EXPLAINED IN THE TEXT.

(See page 450.)

principal fruits and vegetables, but their special
destinations cannot be readily ascertained. For
example, the records published by the Board of
Agriculture, in reference to foreign and colonial
importations of raw fruits and vegetables, convey
the information that in round numbers iSS.ooo
tons of Apples were brought into the United
Kingdom in 1904, and of this total over four fifths
were sent from the United States and Canada;
but beyond that the figures do not take us. To
trace the distribution of this great amount through

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

The Italian Lakes. Painted by Ella Du Cane,
described by Richard Bagot. (Black, Soho
Square, London )
Under this title we find a beautifully printed
and artistically executed work with a large
number of illustrations in colour printing.
Messrs. A. >V- C. Black, the publishers, have
issued a series of beautiful books about Italy,

45

£9

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 30, 1905.

the last of which, dealing chiefly with Lake
Como and LaHe Maggiore, is really a collection
of charming little sketches in colour of many
of the celebrated gardens in and about that
neighbourhood. " The Italian Lakes " is, there-
fore, from our point-of view an incomplete title,
and we are sure that any of our readers who
know what it is to pass a short time in the
region either of Lake Como or Maggiore, and
who have visited some of the gardens there
would regard the book on opening it, and
glancing at many of the exquisite little bits of
colour, as a work illustrative of the horticul-
tural beauties of the la'»es. The text, of course,
is not strictly horticultural, but has a wider
scope, dealing chiefly with the scenery, the
history, . ^nd the artistic traditions of this
interesting district. But, nevertheless, as so
many of the painter's best efforts have depicted
garden scenes and views that are largely horti-
cultural, there is necessarily some verbal
description of such places as the terraced gar-
dens of Isola Bella and Isola Madre, and of
others, not perhaps so open to criticism of an
adverse character. As an instance of which the
writer, in referring to the Isola di San Giulio,
says : " Gardens blazing with red and white
Oleanders, and fragrant with Roses and Mag-
nolias, seem to fill every available spot between
the houses, while drooping willows and purple
blossomed Catalpas, wild vines and flowering
creepers, Cactus and Pelargonium growing to the
very edge of the lake, are reflected in its clear
blue depths." If the author gives us such word
painting, what shall we say of the artist who
has done so much to embellish the book with
so many charming little bits of Italian lake
scenery suggestive of all that the gardens
supply? In fact, by far the greater number of
the pictures may be properly termed garden
views, for flowers and trees and shrubs abound,
without forgetting many of the adjuncts as steps
and terraces and balustrades so frequently met
with in the Italian garden. We can only briefly
direct attention to a few of these delightful little
works of art. The frontispiece is entitled " A
Garden at Cadenabbia." Another is " Menag-
gio." Very exquisite in colour is "Azaleas,"
which represents a fine show of colour by the
side of a garden path on the edge of the Lake
Como. " Pallanza from Isola Bella " is quite
a typical view. " A Garden by the Lake
d'Orta " is another. " Hydrangeas Isola Bella "
will easily be recalled by anyone who has visited
the spot. " A Terrace Wall, Lago Maggiore,"
is strongly suggestive of Isola Bella, the flower
pots and statue being peculiarly characteristic.
"A Doorway at Varenna," with scarlet pelar-
goniums in pots in the foreground, and other
flowers, is essentially Italian in its composition.
" Villa Serbelloni," a pretty garden scene on
Lake Como ; " A Group of Yuccas, Villa
Melzi," and " Villa Carlotta," both on the same
lake, are charming garden scenes, pure and
simple, lake and mountains in the distance being
mere accessories. We could linger still further
over this delightful volume, but have said
enough to give our readers an idea of its con-
tents. Artist, author, and publisher alilre are to
be congratulated on having produced such a
beautiful and interesting book, which has been
got up in excellent style, typographically and
otherwise. Although somewhat expensive in
price, " Italian Lakes " is sure to find a number
of purchasers when once its merits are fully
known.

The Week's Work.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By W. H. Young, Orchid Grower to Sir F. Wigan, Bt.,
Clare Lawn, East Sheen, S.W.

TRADE NOTICE.

Owing to the recent death of Mr. George
Cooper, Seedsman, Bedford, we are informed
that the firm will henceforth be known as George
Cooper & Son.

A review of the year that is now almost at an end
will again force upon Orchid growers the fact
that the meteorological conditions have a verv great
influence upon the welfare of their plants. Speak-
in g generally,
the weather
throughout the
season has been
(air, but so far
as the Thames
valley is con-
cerned it has
been very in-
differen t and
inconsistent.
There basnever
been what
might be term-
ed any ''set
fine " weather.
Throughout
the whole of the summer there was not a single
day which, from beginning to end, was bright and
cloudless. The weather during the early portion
of the year was characterised here by its extreme
changeability, a large number of wet days, and
more or less heavy downfalls of rain. The
summer was not at all genial, though easterly
winds were not very prevalent. On many
occasions there was the prospect in the early
morning of a glorious day, but it was seldom, or
never, realised, and the difficulties of keeping the
proper cultural treatment for the plants inside
were greatly accentuated. The autumn was damp,
cold and rough. The early winter was character-
ised by sudden and severe spells of frost, and bad
fogs, with intermittent mild and damp weather.
To many readers this may appear a very pessi-
mistic account of the weather, but it is true of
this neighbourhood. Fortunately, from a point a
few miles north of the Thames much more favour-
able climatic conditions have prevailed, though
in the northern section of England prolonged
drought and late frosts in the spring did not favour
Orchid culture.

Old methods of cultivation are gradually being
superseded by others of a more or less experimental
nature, but I think the use of decaying leaves,
now largely employed in the rooting medium
afforded most Orchids, will stand the test of time
when the proper accompanying treatment has
been mastered and practised. Its use is not to be
recommended for the genus Cypripedium or Den-
drobium, taken as a whole, but when applied to
most Brazilian and Columbian Orchids the results
are generally satisfactory. For seedling and other
orchids which need to be repotted every year or
alternate year, a leaf mixture may be used to
advantage, but for large specimens, which are
seldom disturbed, leaves should not be used,
because their nutritive value disappears after the
lapse of a season or two, and they afterwards clog
the drainage or otherwise prove detrimental to the
plants. To get the best results from the leaf mix-
ture, the plants grown in it should be well exposed
to the influences of light and air, for when densely
shaded, or otherwise "coddled," the growth made
will be tender and too ill-conditioned to give good
floral results. Plants cultivated in peat and
sphagnum-moss are not now so shallowly potted as
formerly, and where Polypodium fibre is favoured,
the depth of the compost is usually equal to that
where a leaf mixture is employed, A practice
that is gaining in favour is not to admit air simul-
taneously at the top and bottom of a house, many
preferring to use the roof-ventilators exclusively.
I would recommend this practice where no plants
are suspended from the roof bars, but should many
be so suspended, their proximity to the ventilators
would render it extremely unwise to open these
during unfavourable periods of the year. Enough
roof ventilation during the winter months is
generally secured through the laps of the glass,
promoted by heat radiation and a little ventilation
at the bottom of the house.

The popularity of Orchids during the year has been
more than maintained, as evidenced by the large
and diversified exhibits at the various shows held
throughout the country. In the case of the more
generally grown species, the standard of cultiva-
tion thus seen has in most instances been above
reproach.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By F. Jordan, Gardener to Dr. Corbet, Impney Hall

Gardens, Droitwich.

Winter Cucumbers. — These plants will need great

care and attention during the next few weeks, if

a constant supply of fruit is to be maintained. Top

dressings of light, rich soil should be afforded at

short intervals,
or as soon as
fresh roots ap-
pear on the
surface. The
compost to be
added should
consist of
roughlybroken
fibrous loam,
leaf-mould, and
manure from
an old mush-
room bed, with
a few sprin k -
lings of Thom-
^™&=---<- son's Vine

Manure. Crop
theplants lightly, and do not allow the temperature
at night to fall below 650, or if the weather is mild
700. Keep the roof-glass in a clean condition, and
if cold winds or frosts prevail, cover the pits at night
with mats, or some other warm material. Raise
the atmospheric temperature to 75° during the day
with fire-heat, and it may rise to 850 with sun-
heat. Admit a little air each day, whenever the
weather will permit of this being done with safety.
Damp the paths and other available spaces in the
house frequently. Allow the plants to grow freely
in order to encourage fresh root action, and train
the growths out thinly that air may circulate
around them. Where good pits are available
sow some seeds, at the present time, of Tele-
graph, or some other approved variety, to provide
succession plants. Sow the seeds in 3-inch pots,
and plunge the pots in a bottom-heat of So°,
where they may remain until the plants are well
through the soil, when they should be removed to
a position near to the glass. Make preparations
for the planting out of these plants by having the
pits cleansed, and fresh beds made up in them.
If good oak leaves are obtainable, use two parts of
these to one of litter, and over the leaves place
mounds of good compost at about three feet apart.
The surface of the bed should be only a little dis-
tance from the glass. When the soil has become
warmed through, set the plants out if they have
made three leaves, or sow two seeds in each mound
if there are no plants in readiness, The weaker of
the two plants can be removed subsequently. Let the
atmosphere of the pit be kept in a moist condition.
Early Melons. — In prepara'ion for obtaining early
Melons let the house be thoroughly cleansed and
every part of the walls well washed with hot
limewash, Much bottom and a'mospheric heat
will be necessary, and for furnishing the bottom
heat the fermenting material should be composed
chiefly of leaves which should be made firm by
treading. Leaves are more lasting and produce
more equable beat than that furnished by litter.
The beds must be made well up to the glass, and
if the plants are to be grown in pots, let some
12 inch pots be well drained and three parts filled
with a compost consisting of loam of msdium tex-
ture, wood-ashes and lime-rubble, afterwards
plunging the pots in the bed . If pots are not to be
used place some turf on the beds, putting it grass
side downwards, and afterwards make a ridge of
the above compost for receiving the plants. The
soil should be made moderately firm, and when
it has become warmed through sow the seeds one or
two feet apart, selecting some reliable variety which
is likely to grow quickly and set its flowers freely.
Maintain the atmosphere in a moist condition, and
let the temperature at night be 650 to 70°, varying a
little according to thestate of the weather. A rise of
10° may be allowed during the day, and the bottom
heat should remain steady at about S50.

Tomatos. — Plants in bearing will require a warm,
dry atmosphere, and the temperature' at night
should be 6o° in mild weather. Admit a little
ventilation whenever the weather is favourable,
but do not expose the plants to cold draughts.
Pollinate the flowers daily during the brightest
part of the day, and when they are in a dry con-
dition exercise care when affording water to the
plants, and let top dressings be applied before the
plants become impoverished. Sow seeds of the
varieties Frogmore Selected, Carter's Sunrise, or
some other early maturing variety, for fruiting in
spring.

December 30, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

453

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By \V. A. Miller, Gardener to Lord Henry C. Bentinck,
M.P., Underley Hall, Westmoreland.

The Rock Garden. — The present is a good time
to remodel the Alpine garden or make a new
one. Choose the most suitable situation, and
study its character, in order to get the greatest
diversity of site in the
available space. Those
are fortunate who can
obtain mountain lime-
stone with its water
and weather- worn
blocks, which are either
compact or shelly.
These form scars and
inclined, vertical, or
contorted stratifica-

tions, where amongst
the stones may be pre-
pared pockets, level
places, fissures, ele-
vated spots, dry chinks
and crevices, caves,
etc., to suit all kinds of sun and shade-loving
plants. Keep in view the welfare of the plants,
and try to manage that they may derive the full
benefit from rains, etc. To effect this, it is
necessary to place the stones in such a manner
that moisture will drain to the roots. An ample
depth of soil is essential, as roots of many
plants naturally ramble long distances. Make
tne soil firm amongst the stones by ramming,
etc., so that there will be no cavities. Depres-
sions will be available for bog and water plants.
Sandstone, grit, limestone, and peat will be
required for the different species of plants, but
ordinary garden soil will suit many of them.
There must be thorough drainage, or the plants
will fail to thrive. Stone chippings can be used
for top-dressing, as these will impart a finished
appearance, and in addition serve to check
evaporation.

Alpine plants now wintering in frames need
constant ventilation, and for this purpose
" pigeon holes " made' in the sides of brick
frames will answer, and the glass lights can
then be kept in position, thus protecting the
plants from damp and remaining more safe
from damage by wind than they would be if
tilted. Examine all plants frequently, and
remove any decaying leaves.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. H. Clarke, Gardener to Sir William Plowden,
Aston Rowant House, Oxon.

Affording Manure. — When the annual pruning,
training, and cleansing of the fruit trees have
been completed, let all refuse or rubbish be
collected and burnt, afterwards returning the

ashes to the
soil. When
affording man-
ure to the trees
the gardener
must discrimi-
nate between
those which
actually re-
quire manure
and others
which, owing
to free root
action, or the
light crops they
have recently
carried, do not
require it. At
this season
farmyard man-
ure should be
spread on the surface over the roots, choosing a
day when there is not very severe frost for
carrying out the work, as it can then be accom-
plished more satisfactorily.

Manure water may with great advantage be
applied to the roots of all kinds of trees requiring
extra support, performing this work when the
ground is free from frost. The roots of trees
absorb nutriment from the soil, even during the
winter months, except in very severe weather.

Lime is very necessary to successful fruit culture,
especially for trees whose seeds are enclosed in a
hard shell or ' ' stone. ' ' Thus if lime is deficient in
the soil, Peaches, Nectarines and Plums fail to set
satisfactory crops. Soils which are rich in humus
from the continued application of organic manures
will be much improved by the application of

newly slaked lime, at the rate of one pound to the
square yard of ground.

Potash is also essential, and the colour of
the fruit will be increased or lessened according
to the available supply in the soil. In order to
provide Potash, all kinds of garden refuse should
be burnt and the ashes, when they have cooled,
may be applied over the roots of the trees. If
the ashes were allowed to lie in a heap, much of
the value would be washed away by the rams.
Half a pound of potash per square yard is a
sufficient dressing at one application.

Nitrogenous manures, if of chemical origin, give
better results if applied in the spring, when the
leaves of the trees are about to unfold ; the flowers
are thereby strengthened. Liquid farmyard man-
ure, however, is rich in potash, nitrogen, and
organic matter, each of which is of infinite value
to the fruit grower.

Fruit tree borders. — Wall trees should have a
space of at least three feet in width left for the roots
to grow in, and as all fruit trees succeed best in a
rooting medium that is firm the surface of the
border should only be lightly forked over or
pricked up, which is necessary in order that light
and air may penetrate the soil. If the border is
wider than three feet the remaining portion should
be as lightly digged as possible.

Fruit plantations may be afforded their annual
dressing of manure. Any old refuse soil is bene-
ficial to them, likewise any charred refuse. The
ground may be lightly forked over, but where
Gooseberry and Currant bushes are grown between
the trees, care should be taken not to damage the
surface-roots.

Raspberries. — Assuming the canes to have been
trained and made secure, the points may be left
unshortened until spring. Do not dig the ground
between the canes, as the Raspberry is a surface
rooting plant, but apply a heavy dressing of well-
rotted manure. New plantations should be made
without further delay, and the ground about the
plants mulched with short stable litter.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By A. Bullock, Gardener to E. J. Wvthes, Esq.,
Copped Hall, Epping, Essex.

Preparation. — At the close of the old year one's
thoughts naturally turn to the advent of the new.
Much work may even now be done in preparation

for the start to
be made p r e -
sently. Of chief
importance is
the need for a
thorough cleans-
ing of all plant
structures both
inside and out-
side. If this
■work has not
been already per-
formed it should
be carried out at
once. A period
of mild weather
affords a good
^F opportunity
which should not
be lost.

Propagating. —
The means for
propagating
plants should be considered so that the work
may be commenced as soon as this is desirable.
If the frame to be used for this purpose has been in
constant use let it be given a good scrubbing with
soft soap and water, afterwards standing the struc-
ture in the open air for a week or two to sweeten.
The material which has been used for the plung-
ing of pots should be replaced with fresh, or, if
used again, be thoroughly sterilised as was advised
in my Calendar for January 21. Pots of various
sizes should be made ready for use, labels
painted, stakes assorted, etc. The importance of
getting such work done now will be better appre-
ciated later on, vnen the demands upon time are
more pressing.

Chrysanthemums. — Let any cuttings which have
rooted be removed from the propagating frame,
but if the pots have been plunged in ashes or
cocoa-nut fibre they should be stood on the surface
of the material for a day or two, that the little
plants may get used to the altered conditions before
removal to another pit. A good brick pit that is un-
healed, but which can be protected from frost, and
where the plants may be placed close to the glass,
is much better than a pit artificially heated. At

the same time it will be necessary to guard against
sudden changes of the weather that would be liable
to cause the plants to suffer a check. Afford suit-
able protection for the old "stools " that are being
reserved for the purpose of furnishing cuttings at
a later date.

Carnations.— Cuttings that were inserted accord-
ing to the directions given in a recent Calendar,
and that are now rooted, should not be allowed to
become "drawn " by being kept longer in so close
an atmosphere, but it is very important they be not
paced in a draught. Do not pinch out the points
in order to cause plants to break into growth at
the base until they are growing freely, otherwise
the plants would be liable to suffer a check.

Forcing.— Maintain a supply of plants in flower
for furnishing rooms, and for cutting purposes, by
introducing regularly into heat batches of the
various subjects that were provided for the purpose.

Ventilation. — Pay special attention to the venti-
lation of houses, pits and frames. Guard against
cold draughts at all times, but afford air carefully
on every favourable occasion, as a means of keep-
ing the atmosphere in the best condition.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By W. Fvfe, Gardener to Lady Wantage, Lockinge Park,
Wantage, Berks.
Hot-beds in Frames. — The time is near at hand
when preparations for such early crops as Potatos,
Carrots, Turnips, Radishes, &c, will claim atten-
tion; and
much of the
success to be
obtained will
depend upon
the proper
management
of the hot-bed
material. It is
of the greatest
i mportance
that the beds
shall be capa-
ble of lasting
for a consider-
able time, and
if leaves and
stable-litter be
used in well-
proportioned
quantities, tho-
roughly mixed
together and
made moder-
ately firm by
treading, this
result will be likely to be secured, especially if the
pit is in a position that is sheltered from cold
winds, or better still if the ground for the pit is
excavated to the depth of 4 or 5 feet. Put the
frames and soil in position early, to become warmed
and enriched by the rising vapour, and for the
destruction of insects hidden in the soil.

Carrots and Asparagus. — Frames made up earlier
as recommended for Carrots and Asparagus may
be planted at once. Also Potato tubers that have
been brought on as advised and that are now
starting .freely may be planted at a depth of 3 or 4
inches in a moderately light and loose soil. Duke
of York is an excellent variety for this purpose.

Peas. — I neither practise nor advise the sowing
of Peas in the autumn. The time I select is as
early in the new year as the proper working of the
soil on a south border will permit. The ground
should be prepared in readiness to receive the
Peas whether they are sown in the open -or
whether they are planted from pots or boxes.
Over-rich soil is of no advantage in the growth of
first early varieties of Peas. I prefer a light, open,
warm soil that is suitable for growing early varieties
of Potatos one season and early Peas the next
with suitable catch crops between. Carter's
Little Marvel and Mayflower are both excellent
varieties of Peas for early supply.

Cucumbers. — To maintain a succession of fruits,
allow only sufficient of the crop to remain on the
plants as will meet the demand. The fruits should
be cut when in a young state and as soon as they
reach a serviceable size. Allow the lateral shoots
freedom of growth and apply water to the plants
carefully. Pay close attention in the matter of
top and bottom heat, and regulate the atmospheric
temperature of the house according to the weather.
Apply the syringe when the weather is bright and
favourable only. Admit air at every favourable
opportunity, maintaining a temperature of 750
in the daytime, with a drop of io° or 15° at night.

454

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 30, 1905.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUB-
USHER, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden,
W.C.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens and plants
for naming, should be addressed to tlte EDITOR,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London.

Communications slwuld be written on one side only of
the paper, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee 0/ good faith.

Special Notice to Correspondents.— The Editor does not
undertake to pay for any contributions or illustrations, or
to return unused communications or illustrations, unless by
special arrangement. The Editor does not hold himself
responsible for any opinions expressed by his correspondents-

Illustrations. — TJie Editor will be glad to receive and to selec
photograplis or drawings, suitable for reproduction, of
gardens, or of remarkable plants, flowers, trees, &c. ; but he
cannot be responsible for loss or injury

Newspapers.— Correspondents sending newspapers should be
careful to mark tlte paragraplis they wish tlie Editor to see.

Local News. — Correspondents will greatly oblige bysendingto
the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is desirable
to bring under the iwtice of horticulturists.

APPOINTMENTS FOR JANUARY.

TUESDAY,
TUESDAY,

Jan. 2

1 Nat. Amateur Gardeners' Assoc.
I meet.

THURSDAY, Jan. 18

TUESDAY,

WEDNESDAY
FRIDAY,

SATURDAY,

Jan o i Roy^HorticulturalSociety'sCom-
' y 1 mittees meet.

Linnean Society meet.
Annual Meeting and Election of
Pensioners of the Gardeners'
Royal Benevolent Institution at
Simpson's Restaurant, Strand.

Jan 21 i R°yal Horticultural Society's

' ** I Committees meet.
Ian ■,, J Annual Dinner of the Croydon
jan. 24 1 Horticultural Society.
Jan. 26 Royal Botanic Society meet.

(Nat. Auricula Society's (Northern
Section) Annual Meeting, at
Manchester.

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced from

observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick — 37'q".
Actual Temperatures: —

London.— W ednesday, Dec. 27 (6 p.m.) : Max. 43'; Min.
35°.
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, London. — Thursday, Dec. 28(10
a.m.): Bar., 295; Temp., 44°; Weather— Some
rain, with fog.
Provinces.— Wednesday, Dec. 27 (6 p.m.) : Mai. 51*
N.W. Coast of Ireland; Min 3S° Oxford.

SALES.

WEDNESDAY AND FRIDAY NEXT—

Dutch Bulbs, Hardy Border and Herbaceous plants,
Azaleas, Roses, &c, by Protheroe & Morris, at 67 and
68, Cheapside, E.C., at 12 o'clock.

WEDNESDAY NEXT—

Dutch Bulbs, Herbaceous and Border plants, Roses,
Azaleas, Fruit trees, Palms, &c, at 67 and 68, Cheap-
side, E.C., by Protheroe & Morris, at 12 o'clock.

WEDNESDAY NEXT—

2,273 cases Japanese Liliums received direct, also
Spiraas, L. of Valley, &c, at 67 and 68, Cheapside,
E.C., by Protheroe & Morris, at 3 o'clock.

FRIDAY NEXT—

Imported and Established Orchids, at 67 and 68, Cheap-
side, E.C., by Protheroe & Morris, at 12.30.

In the last number for each suc-
1905. ceeding year it has been our
custom to pass in review the
leading events that have occurred during
the previous twelve months. Necessarily,
this review has always had to be a cursory
one. We have been forced to select, and
it is probable that, as time goes on and
events show themselves in their due proportion,
it \\ ill be found that the selection has not
always been so truly representative as it might
have been. If this defect be of general oc-
currence, it must surely be more especially
marked this year. Events of one kind or
another interesting to the gardening fraternity
have been so unusually numerous during the
year that is now at an end that time must
elapse before the due significance of each can
be fully appreciated.

The weather on the whole was not unpro-
pitious to gardening operations. One great
1 ception has to be noted in the havoc wrought

on the fruit crops by May frosts, so that our
report on the fruit crops showed a condition of
things worse than on any former occasion
except in 1903.

Among the many practical matters discussed
have been the cultivation of Orchids, the re-
sults of Hybridisation and cross-breeding, the
growth and choice of Potatos, the cultiva-
tion of Fruit trees, and the improvement of
Forestry.

A large — a very large — proportion of our space
has been occupied with reports of flower shows
which become more numerous every year.
In one sense this is satisfactory as an indica-
tion of the ever widening interest in matters
horticultural. Still, we would urge upon those
who have the management of these exhibi-
tions the desirability of making them of less
ephemeral interest, and of more permanent
utility. To witness the same sort of contest
every year and to see the prizes carried off
by the same competitors, or by a rela-
tively small number of exhibitors, give rise
to the suspicion that the benefit conferred
on horticulture is small in proportion to the
efforts made or to the amount of money
expended. The "shows" have been exception-
ally numerous this year, and some of unusual
importance. In addition to the fortnightly
"meetings" of the Royal Horticultural Society,
we have had shows of first-class merit at
the Temple, in the gardens at Chelsea, at
Shrewsbury, at Edinburgh, at the Regent's
Park, in Paris and Vienna. We have had
special exhibitions of Roses, Carnations, Dahlias,
Auriculas, Tulips, Chrysanthemums galore,
Potatos, Vegetables, of Fruit, British and
Colonial, and we know not what beside.
Looked at as exhibitions only, none of these
claims special comment for they were, for
the most part, repetitions of what we
have had in previous years. Reports of
such functions by telegram have of course
been common for a long time past, but this
year showed a variation in the form of a report
in our colums of a show at the Crystal Palace
by telephone ! It was necessarily short, but we
do not think that brevity will be in the long run
any disadvantage in such cases. Of much
more permanent value than the exhibitions
themselves have been the conferences held in
connection with some of them. The Con-
ference on Fruit Growing, held under the
auspices of the Royal Horticultural Society
and the National Fruit Growers' Federation,
though presenting no great novelty, was of
unusual interest and importance, and will, we
trust, be prolific in good results.

The discussion inaugurated at the Scientific
Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society
on the alleged degeneration of plants propa-
gated by means of their buds rather than by
their seeds was made special in its application
to Potatos and was productive of some very
interesting and valuable comments.

The Vienna Conference dealt especially with
the nomenclature question — one specially im-
portant to botanists, but also one in which
practical horticulturists are deeply interested.
We shall have another opportunity of alluding
to this matter when the full report reaches us.
In the meantime we venture to repeat what we
have so often urged that a name should be a
name and nothing else. The attempt to weave
into the designation of a plant its genealogy
and history seems to us to mix up the distinc-
tive name with other matters which should find

a separate place in the records, catalogues, or
text -books. Now that cross-breeding and
hybridisation take so large a place in horti-
culture, it is most desirable that accurate
records should be kept, but the names them-
selves should be free from the entanglement of
crosses ( x ) and other sources of embarrassment.
To our Orchid friends in particular we would
suggest that the artificially produced cross-
breds should receive some arbitrary but simple
name by which the plant may be known. The
history and parentage should indeed be most
accurately and carefully detailed in the records,
but not made, as they are now, part of the
name.

Before quitting the topic of Societies and their
doings we must allude to the formation of the
British Science Guild, the object of which is
to introduce more method into our practical
work and to further the application of scientific
discoveries to every-day uses. On the eve of
a general election, when matters of the utmost
moment to the nation will be fiercely discussed,
we shall have in all probability another flagrant
instance of the inadequacy and even futility
of our present manner of discussing political
matters. Of course, in these columns, we have
happily nothing whatever to do with party-
politics. We call attention to them only with
a view of showing how ludicrously unscientific,
and often irrevelant are the proceedings on
these occasions and how much scope there is
for the work of the British Science Guild.

Another association whose steady progress
during the year excites our sympathy is the
British Gardeners' Association. When we
compare the lengthened period of preparation
which a gardener has to undergo, the fore-
thought he must exercise, the responsibilities
cast upon him, with the meagre remuneration
offered him, and his inferior social position as
compared with that of other employees ofti 1
far less well equipped than himself and with
much fewer responsibilities, we are not
surprised at the attempt that is now being
made to remedy these incongruities, Con-
ducted with prudence and with a due regard
for the liberties and rights of others, we cannot
doubt but that the new association will con-
fer great benefits both on employer and on
employed.

The visit of the Evesham gardeners to the
market-gardens around the French capital
can hardly fail to be of advantage, and the
courtesies extended by the National Horti-
cultural Society of France to a deputation
from our own Society will, we trust, cement
that feeling of mutual good-will which happily
exists amongst us.

The introduction of many first-class novel-
ties collected for Messrs. James Veitch and
Sons in China by Mr. E. H. Wilson cannot be
passed over even in a brief summary like this.
The re-introduction of Cypripedium Fairie-
anum is also one of the notable occvJrrenci 3
of the year. In the following issue we shall
follow our usual custom of commenting on the
novelties in the way of plants, whether intro-
duced or raised within our own borders, so
that for the present further notice is not
necessary in this place.

The changes at Kew are too recent to nei d
further detailed comment on this occasion.
The great improvements and extensions in the
horticultural department effected under the
regime of the retiring Director are universally
acknowledged, whilst the appointment of

Supplement to the "Gardeners' Chronicle.'

Senecio Ligularia, a Chinese herba< eous plant, exhibited by
Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, flowers yellow.

Temple Press Ltd., Primers, 7-15, Roseberj Avenue, London, E.C.

December 30, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

• >■>

Lt.-Col. Plain has been hailed with acclamation
by those conversant with his capabilities and his
works. One of the very latest, if not the
latest, of his contributions to the literature of
garden-plants is to be found in the valuable
paper on the species of Meconopsis with which
he favoured us in our issue for June 17, last.

The Obituary record of the year is a long
one, and contains many names of men of no
little repute in the horticultural world. While
some, such as Prof. Errera, of Brussels, Bid-
good, of Newcastle, David Laird, of Edinburgh,
Moon, the artist, have been called away, as it
would seem, before their life's work was com-
pleted, so others — the majority — were veterans
whose work we appreciated, and whose persons
we venerated. Among them it is sufficient to
mention William Paul, John Rashleigh, Sir
Hush Low, Neill Eraser, Charles Moore, Henry
Eckford, Honywood D'Ombrain, and Richard
Dean, whilst, even as we write, comes the sad
news of the death of F. W. Burbidge, to whose
labours allusion is made in another column.
A mere glance at these names suffices to recall
the value of the services rendered to horti-
culture by the men who bore them. A
chronicle of their deeds will be found in our
pages, and should form an example to be
followed by the numerous workers striving to
fill their places, and to achieve a reputation as
well earned as theirs.

Senecio (Ligularia) Veitchianus. — (See
Supplementary Illustration) .—This bold and strik-
ing relative of the humble groundsel is a new
species from the highlands of Central and Western
China In those regions Mr. E. H. Wilson tells us
the plant is fairly common in moist and marshy
places, at elevations between 4,000-8.000 feet.
It is a particular feature of the flora of woodland
glades, margins of mountain rills, and streams. A
social plant, it occurs in large numbers, and when
in flower its scores of tall Eremurus-like spikes of
clear yellow flowers, subtended with large, broad
leaves, present a scene not easily forgotten.
The plant is well figured in the accompany-
ing illustration. The radical leaves are numerous,
broadly triangular-cordate, 10-24 inches wide, 8-20
inches long, sharply toothed; petioles solid, ii-2feet
long, deeply channelled on the upper side. Flower
stems 3-6 feet high, bearing a few leaves, smaller
than the radical ones, and with sheathing petioles.
Inflorescence a dense, nearly cylindrical, un-
branched raceme, often more than i\ feet long.
Individual flower-heads 2V inches across, bright
yellow, enclosed when young in conspicuously
large, concave, ovate, toothed, deciduous bracts.
For the waterside, wild or woodland garden,
or any situation where it can enjoy moisture
and plenty of room, this new plant will be
found very effective. It seeds freely, and will
quickly establish itself wherever planted. The
species was, as has been said, introduced from the
mountains of Central China to the Veitchian
Nurseries, together with the now well-known
Senecio clivorum and S. tanguticus, under the
name of Senecio Ligularia var. speciosa. The
specimen illustrated w-as exhibited, under that
name, before the Royal Horticultural Society on
July iS, and received an Award of Merit. Sub-
sequently [Gardeners' Chronicle, vol. xxxviii. (1905),
p. 212] Mr. Hemsley overhauled the Chinese
Senecios of the Ligularia section, and proved this
plant to be very different to the true variety
speciosa, and therefore described it as a new species,
naming it in compliment to Messrs. Veitch.

Vanda Sanderiana "Chi lli ngh am
variety." — Mr. Geo. Hunter, gr. to the Right
Hon. the Earl ofTANKERViLLE, gives the following

particulars of his treatment of the fine specimen
which was illustrated at p. 438: — " We grow Vanda
Sanderiana at the end of a house facing the South,
so that the plants get the benefit of full sunshine.
After the ending of the growing season we pot
the plants (if necessary) in peat and sphagnum-
moss with a little silver sand and leaf-soil added,
and make the surface of Sphagnum-moss, so as to
help in retaining the moisture. The temperature
during the growing season is 750 Fahr. by day
and 70" at night. On bright days in summer we
syringe the plants three times each day, thoroughly
drenching them, so that the water stands in the
axils of the leaves. Owing to the sunny position
in which the plants grow they dry quickly. In
bright weather we shade them from 10 a.m. to
3.30 p.m. Under this cultivation the plant shown
made four pairs of leaves on each of the seven
growths during the last growing season. Air is
admitted exclusively through the bottom venti-
lators. I close the house at 5 p.m. and admit air
by means of the bottom ventilators again at 7 p.m.,
and it remains so all night. In winter the tem-
perature is allowed to fall to about 66° by day and
6o° at night, but I do not allow the plants to
suffer from dryness at the root even at that season,
though care is taken not to apply too much water.
I believe that want of success in the culture of V.
Sanderiana may often be traced to the plants
having been kept too dry whilst making their
growth."

Presentation to a Gardener, — Mr.
Thomas Hogg, who was for many years Gardener
at Woodside, Paisley, and who has now retired,
was waited upon at his house on Saturday after-
noon last by a deputation of friends and presented
with a gold watch. The watch had the following
inscription: — "Presented to Mr. Thomas Hogg
by his well-wishers on the occasion of his leaving
Woodside Gardens, November 11, 1905."

Mr. C. T. Druery. — Many of our readers look
with something like awe on this gentleman as
possessing an amount of knowledge concerning
Ferns, and an enthusiasm in their culture which are
not granted to the commonalty. Those who are
acquainted with him personally know that his
profound Fern-love is accompanied by a keen
sense of humour which relieves the dry technicalities
of life by its sparkling scintillations. It will be a
matter of gratification to many to hear that Mr.
Druery is about to publish in collected form a
series of his humorous papers, if a sufficiently
large public can be ensured. Intending sub-
scribers should send their names to Mr. C. T.
Druery, ii, Shaa Road, Acton. The price of the
book will probably be about 2s. 6d.

Presentation to a Nurseryman. — Mr.

George Dickson, head of the firm of Messrs.
Alex. Dickson and Sons, who has been con-
nected with the Newtownards Horticultural So-
ciety for upwards of half a century, was pre-
sented by the members of that Society with his
portrait. in oils at their annual gathering held in
the Town Hall, Newtownards, on the 13th inst.
An inscription at the bottom of the picture reads
as follows: — "Presented by the committee of
the Newtownards Horticultural and Horse
Jumping Society to George Dickson, Esq., J. P.,
C.C., the worthy and esteemed president of the
society, and the only surviving member of the
committee formed 50 years ago. Newtownards,
December 12th, 1905."

Effect of Plant Growth and Manures
on the Soil. — A recent issue of the Proceedings oj
the Royal Society includes a paper by Mr. A.
D. Hall and Dr. N. H. J. Miller upon the
Effect of Plant Growth and of Manures upon
the Retention of Bases by the Soil. The au-
thors, having superintended many experiments
on the subject, summarise the results as fol-
lows: — "(') Arable soils which contain up-
wards of 1 per cent, of calcium carbonate are

subject to a normal loss of that constituent in
the drainage water amounting to about 8oolb.
to i.ooolb. per acre per annum. (2) The loss
is increased by the use of ammoniacal manures
by an amount equivalent to the combined acid
of the manure. The loss is diminished by the
use of sodium nitrate or organic debris like
farmyard manure. (3) The growth of plants
normally returns to the soil a large proportion
of the bases in the neutral salts, which the
soil provides for the nutrition of plants. (4)
The calcium oxalate and other organic salts of
calcium present in plant residues are converted
by bacterial action in the soil into calcium
carbonate. (5) The return of base by the
growth of plants and the production of calcium
carbonate by the decay of plant residues are
sufficient to maintain soils neutral which are
poor in calcium carbonate, and to replace the
bases which have been consumed in nitrifica-
tion and similar changes."

The I rises of Russo-Turkestan.— Madame

Olga and M. Boris Fedtchenko have published
a descriptive catalogue of the Irises of Turkestan,
with abstracts of the principal literature dealing
with these plants and short descriptions of their
habitats. The paper is included in the Bulletin of
the Imperial Botanic Garden, St. Petersburg, 1905,
and is based upon minute observations of the wild
and cultivated species, and upon an ample supply
of herbarium material. Not only have the authors
studied their own and other collections, but they
have also had access to the rich collection in the
Imperial Botanic Garden of St. Petersburg, which
had, until now, been only partially examined.
Thirty-five species of Iris, three of Gladiolus and
two of Crocus are enumerated. Among the newly
described species are Iris dengerensis. I. Kuscha-
kewiczii, I. naryensis. The descriptions are in
Latin ; the comments in Russian.

The Flooding Nile. — One of our Cairo
correspondents sends us the following interesting
account of the Nile when in flood, and its effect
upon the surrounding country: — " All the water
in Egypt is got from the Nile, which every year
is flooded by the heavy rains and torrents rushing
down the hills in Abyssinia. The Nile courses
down through Nubia, Soudan and Egypt to Alex-
andria and into the Mediterranean. The ancient
Egyptians made many efforts to save the water
instead of letting it run to waste, for in a very short
time the Nile gets low again, and only that
land can be cultivated which has been flooded.
Nowadays, the English dams, barrages, locks, &c,
keep the waters back, and many canals are
cut in the banks of the Nile and governed
by locks. These canals run miles into the
country that otherwise would get no water,
and branch canals conduct the waters back
again to the Nile. It is a wonderful sight to see
all the land covered with water, which is drained
off again very quickly. A few days after this,
seeds, &c, are planted, and in a week or two the
fields are green. We were lately detained for some
hours when travelling by train, as it was found
that a bridge over one of the large canals not far
from Cairo was broken. A lock-guardian had left
his gate open, and the Nile waters rushed in,
covering the lands far and near, washing roads
away (these are always made above water-level),
and breaking more than one bridge. To make
matters worse the lands had all been planted, as
the waters had all been up and left them. It was
a beautiful sight ; the water everywhere, on both
sides of the line, and the Palms, of which there
are hundreds about there, looked so grand stand-
ing in the blue water, which was like glass ; indeed
it was a picture to be remembered. We had to
leave the train and cross the bridge on foot. As
we went over we could look down and see the
water rushing and foaming under. The noise it
made was dreadful. Of course the land there all

456

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 30, 1905.

slopes towards the Nile, so you can guess how it
went along, We went over safely, but the Arabs
were so scared, and several people remained in the
train and would not venture. We had a beautiful
day followed by a lovely night ; starlight, with a
new moon shining through the Palms, which were
reflected in the water. The flood lasted for several
days before all was drained from the land ; only
then could the bridges be repaired."

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

ORCHIDS AT CHILLINGHAM CASTLE.
Previous to the erection of the ranges of
Orchid houses at Chillingham last year, the Earl
of Tankerville had been for some years collect-
ing meritorious plants at Thornington House,
Mindrum. It is not, therefore, surprising that
when visiting the place in the autumn I found
his well-stocked houses practically filled with
the most choice and beautiful Orchids possible
to procure. The situation chosen is enclosed by
the kitcnen-garden walls, in a valley snugly
sheltered from the north and easterly winds, but
having an open aspect on the south and west.
There are nine houses, and the whole of the
outer walls are carried with 9 inch brick walls
to the eaves of the roof, the glass sides being
dispensed with altogether, thus perfectly pro-
tecting the plants from chill arising from out-
side conditions in winter and injury from scorch-
ing and excessive sun-heat in summer. This
system might well be adopted in many Orchid
establishments, especially where lofty houses are
provided, and are so easily affected by strong
winds that an excessive degree of fire heat has
to be used during winter and spring months.

The plants generally were vigorous and in a
clean and healthy condition. The Cattleyas and
allied genera were the predominant feature. Pro-
minent amongst the plants in flower were several
Cattleya Iris (bicolor x aurea), displaying the
remarkable variation of this hybrid from plants
derived from the same seed pod. C. X Mrs.
Pitt (Harrisonae X aurea), a fine variety of C.
Mantinii (Bowringiana x aurea) and a noble
specimen of C. M. nobilior was just coming
into flower, C. Germania, Laelio-Cattleya cal-
listoglossa, L.-C. Gottoiana magnifica, with
deep lilac sepals and petals and rich crimson
front lobe of the lip, Sophro-Laelia Nydia (So-
phronitis grandiflora x C. calummata) with a
scape of three flowers is by far the finest of this
section of hybrids, the flowers being rich scarlet
shading to yellow at the base of the segments,
Sophro-Cattleya Charlesworthii, and S.-C. exi-
mia. These bigeneric hybrids are evidently fa-
Tourites with Lord Tankerville, for he has
nearly a complete collection of the known
crosses.

White-flowered Cattleyas also find particular
favour. They include two very fine healthy
plants of the rare C. Warneri alba, C. Gaskel-
liana alba, C. Trianaa alba, C. Luddemanniana
alba, C. Mossiae Wagneri, C. M. Reineckiana,
C. labiata Amesiae, C. intermedia alba, and the
hybrid albino C. X Mrs. M. Peeters. It is re-
markable to note how the albinos of the Catt-
leya species retain their normal vigour while the
coloured or typical varieties are so often found
to deteriorate under cultivation.

Hybrid Cattleyas and Laelio-Cattleyas are re-
presented extensively. Brasso-Cattleyas include
such exquisite varieties among them as B.-C.
King Edward VII., B.-C. Mdme. C. Maron,
Lady Tankerville's variety of B.-C. Digbyano-
Schroderae, and B.-C. Digbyano-Mossiae, the
v hole of which were producing vigorous growths
and flower sheaths.

I noted a very fine plant of Laelia anceps
Amesiae, " Temple's var." L. autumnalis had its
flower scapes in a forward condition, as also

has the rare natural hybrid L. Finckeniana (al-
bida x anceps Sanderiana).

The East Indian section of Orchids is repre-
sented by several plants of the newly-imported
Phalaenopsis grandiflora, growing finely, as were
also plants of P. Schilleriana, P. amabilis, and
other species. Vandas, Aerides, and Angrae-
cums were making satisfactory progress.

Four of the houses were devoted to cool
house Orchids, Odontoglossums principally,
ranging from recently-imported plants to those
reaching the flowering stage — some 6,000 plants.
One of the houses was filled with large, esta-
blished plants of O. crispum, Oncidiums in
variety, Masdevallias, and other cool growing
subjects. Prominent among the varieties of
Odontoglossum crispum were O. c. Marie, O c.
xanthotes Charlesworthii, O. c. Milky-Way
O. c. Queen Victoria, O. c. Princess Maud, O
c. "The Earl," O. c. Purity, and O. Tanker
villeae. A painting of the last-named plant repre
sents the flower to be of fine shape, with many
small spots over the surface of the segments
The hybrids were also well represented, Odon
toglossum x ardentissimum in its better form, a
grand plant of O. x Rolfeae, O. X excellens,
O. x Hallio-crispum, O. Waltonense, O. X
Harryano-crispum, the whole growing splendidly.
In equally good cultural conditions were un-
flowered hybrids of the following crosses: O.
cirrhosum x O. Pescatorei, O. Hallii X O.
Pescatorei, O. luteopurpureum x Hallii leuco-
glossum, O. luteopurpureum X O. X Rolfeae,
O. x triumphans x O. x Wilckeanum Golden
Queen, O. crispum x 0. x Loochristyense.

The Cypripe Hums have evidently been selec-
ted after keen observation and knowledge of
the desirable characteristics possessed by tins
genus of Orchids. Many of these had their
flower scapes in a forward state. A fine plant
of the recently introduced C. F'airieanum had
three flowers expanded. A small plant of the
same species gave remarkable promise, the
flower bud being one of the darkest I have seen.
The lovely C. triumphans was not so dark as I
have seen it, but this can only be from its early
expanding, as the plant was in fine health, and
the whole stock was derived originally from one
plant ; therefore, there can be only one variety.
The C. Fairieanum section of hybrids were
noteworthy, and included C. Baron Schroder,
C. Niobe, C. Juno, C. Artnurianum, C. insigne
in many of the best types and the leading hybrids
derived from their influence are extensively
grown. Nearly the whole of the albino varie-
ties of the species and the hybrid C. Maudias
(Lawrenceanum Hyeanum x callosum San-
derae) were growing vigorously.

The most remarkable perhaps among the Cyp-
ripediums were the hybrids derived from the
influence of C. niveum and C. bellatulum as
their parents ; these are not met with as a
rule in such vigour as all the kinds were here.
They included such desirable varieties as C. X
Venus, C. X Queen of Italy, C. X Mrs. E. V.
Low, C. X Robert Etty, C. X Dora Crawshay,
C. x Chapmani, C. x Helen, C. X niveo-Ar-
gus, C. X Mrs. F. Hardy, C. X Measuresiae,
and a number of others, so that Mr. Hunter,
who has the plants in charge, is to be con-
gratulated on his successful cultivation of these
generally-considered difficult subjects.

The general collection includes most of the
useful kinds of Cypipediums both of species
and of hybrids and of Selenipediums.

Dendrobiums have a division devoted to their
culture. They include a comprehensive collec-
tion of the species and practically all the hybrids
that are in cultivation. These have made good
progress. Miltonias, Cymbidiums, Epidendrums
and other intermediate house kinds had a divi-
sion set apart for their inclusion, Cymbidium
Traceyanum being in flower, representing one of

the darkest kinds. The rare Miltonia X Peeter-
sii and M. Clowesii were in flower here.

Thousands of seedling Cattleyas and allied
genera, also Cypripediums, and bigeneric
crosses of various kinds, the results of hybridi-
sation, will require considerably more space
than is afforded by the present erections. Every
facility has been provided for the raising of
seedlings and for encouraging growth in the
plants whilst they are in a small state.

In conversation with Lord Tankerville about
two years ago, his lordship remarked that it was
his intention to form ultimately a choice col-
lection of Orchids, but I hardly expected to find
so fine an assemblage. The remarkable health
of the plants should encourage him to acquire
and raise one of the finest series of
Grchids in this country. To-day it compares
favourably with most of the leading collections.
Mr. Flunter has given much energy and close
attention to the cultivation of the plants.
H. J. C.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editor does not liotd Himself responsible for the
opinions expressed by his correspondents.)

Suitable Plants for Azalea Beds (see
p. 443). — My best thanks are given to Mr.
Jenkins and Mr. Smythe for the trouble
they have taken. My note last week explains a
difficulty as to Lilies, and Mr. Smythe appears
to be thinking of much larger Azaleas than
mine, which, having only been planted during
the past 12 months, are too small to admit
Tritoma uvaria or Tropaeolum speciosum, and the
locality being in the North of England, Gladi-
olus gandavensis and Liliutn speciosum and L.
auratum are late in blooming, and dislike bad
weather. Would Ericas or Colchicums be suit-
able? X. Y. Z. [We should think so. — Ed.]

Kew Literary Output. — There is one point
in the very sympathetic article on my retirement
in the Gardeners' Chronicle for December 16,
the kind feeling of which towards Kew and my-
self 1 appreciate deeply, on which I may be
permitted to say a few words in justice to my
late staff. The administrative work which has
been carried out with its loyal co-operation,
often under circumstances of great pressure and
some inconvenience, is no doubt very great. But
I do not think that it has to " some extent," if,
indeed, to any, "interfered with the literary out-
put from Kew." This has, in fact, taking it in
bulk, been greater than at any past period 111
the history of the establishment. The work of
Kew is essentially co-operative. The name of an
individual member of the stall may be attached
to an undertaking of which he has charge and
for the publication of which he is responsible.
But he draws on resources to the organisation of
which many hands have contributed. F'or a
particular purpose 1 had a statement drawn
up of the " output from all sources," i.e., includ-
ing the work of both the executive and scientific
stuff for a single year — 1894. This is printed in
detail on p. 98 of the evidence given
before the Departmental Committee on
Botanical Work presented to Parliament in
191)1. the total for that year amounted to 3,079
pages, with 224 plates. I cannot assent to
the statement that " the publication of the
Colonial Floras has been delayed." When I
became Director in 1885 the immediate and
pressing necessity seemed to me the completion
of the Flora of British India, which Sir Joseph
Hooker carried through with indomitable
courage and tenacity. But it must be remem-
bered that he could only come to Kew from a
considerable distance. For some years all the
available time of the herbarium staff was de-
voted to arranging and sifting the necessary
material into a shape in which he could most
expeditiously use it. As soon as the Flora of
British India was disposed of, the Index
Kewensis was carried through, and then the
two African floras were vigorously attacked.
Starting from 1885, in which the Flora of Ber-
muda and St. Helena were published, I rind
that down to the present year, 15 volumes of
Colonial and Indian Floras, including the three
volumes of the Index Floras Sinensis, have been
issued. Of course, this has been done with a
good deal of outside help, for which I am most

December 30, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

457

grateful. But, considering that our scientific
staff is a very small one, and that its primary
duty is not publication at all, I regard the result
as something a good deal more than creditable.
I am glad, at any rate, to have an opportunity
of saying how much I appreciate the devotion
of my staff, and the way in which each and all
have never failed to respond to my demands.
I have always held that collections, museums,
herbaria and libraries are not ends in them-
selves, but that their real use is as instru-
ments for the advancement of knowledge. We
have always been a united and happy family at
Kew, and my staff accepted cheerfully the ex-
tended view I took of their duties, though they
eccasionally suggested good-humouredly that
the resulting tension of work was rapidly ap-
proaching the breaking point. Perhaps, in my
own case, it has reached it ; but I see no failing
vil ili ty in my late colleagues. I might have
referred to the Botanical Magazine, the Icones
Plantarum, and the profusion of papers on every
branch of botanical science which has flowed
from Kew. But those tell their own story. I
think I may say that every one of my officers
has not been content to be a mere wheel in a
machine, but has identified himself with some
branch of research. Long may it continue to be
so. One word about the Bulletin. It has prac-
tii ally done the work for which it was started;
yet, though for the moment more or less dor-
mant, it is not dead. W . T . Thiselton-Dyer, Kew.
December 23, 1905.

A Carnation Society.— I fully endorse every
word in the letter of Mr. Montagu Allwood,
printed on p. 443, and while a Winter Carnation
Society is being formed, why not co-operate with
the National Carnation and Picotee Society, so
as to have one society to deal with all classes,
in exactly the same way as the National Chrysan-
themum Society does? Why should the Souvenir
de la Malmaison section be left out in the cold?
A' S. R. , Bowdon, Manchester.

Protecting Fig-Trees Out of Doors. —
Mr. t'larke says that his note on this subject
(p. 391) was written for the general reader over
the whole country, and not specially for those re-
siding in the metropolitan area or in the more
favoured south-west districts. My note printed
at p. 428 was also penned for the benefit of
leaders of the Gardeners' Chronicle residing in all
parts of the. United Kingdom who grow Figs out
of doors, feeling sure that if cultivators who have
hitherto followed without question the old-world
method of thatching over their Fig-trees on the
approach of winter will only test the matter for
themselves, as I did, they will never again adopt
protection in this direction. Mr. Clarke says
that he had " experience " in a place in the
wettest and coldest county in this island, and on
a subsequent occasion in a place 200 miles north-
west of London, where, he stated, protection for
Fig-trees in each place was absolutely necessary.
So it was considered to be in the places I referred
to at p. 428, and for no better reason than that the
Fig-trees had been thatched over or protected by
mats during the winter by the several gardeners
in charge of those places for generations back.
Prior to my experience in the old baronial
Kentish garden referred to in my note (p. 428)
I had several years' practice in gardens some
boo or 700 miles north of London, and also in
places nearly the same distance westward from
London ; but it by no means follows that because
Fig-trees were afforded protection out of doors
in some of those places that protection was
"absolutely necessary." On the contrary,
judged by my subsequent experience, I should
say without hesitation that the trees would in
most cases be far better and more fruitful, with,
out protection. Mr. Clarke says, "Now I am only
40 miles from the metropolis, but I still find it
necessary to give some protection." Has he
ever tried non-protection at Aston Rowant? If
not, may I ask how does he know that protec-
tion is necessary? Now is the time to test the
efficacy or otherwise of non-protection of Fig-
trees out of doors. Mr. Clarke stated that it is
more on account of the cold, retentive nature of
the soil at Aston Rowant than of the cold
weather experienced there that protection is
afforded, adding that " the two conditions com-
bined are disastrous to the Fig." I admit that
cold clayey soil is unsuitable to the growth of
the Fig, but I fail to see that the conditions
indicated are necessary conjunctions to disaster
in Fig culture. Are we to understand that the
Fig-trees at Aston Rowant have been planted

and are. still growing in cold, retentive soil? In
gardens in which the natural soil answers this
description prior to planting Fig-trees, or, for
the matter of that, Peach, Nectarine, and Apri-
cot trees, the gardener in charge should excavate
holes, provide good artificial drainage, and a
compost suitable for the trees that are being
planted. With reference to my remark that in
" some severe winters the points of unripened
shoots were killed down a few inches," I should
have said when severe winters followed wet
autumns. The Fig-trees in question (South-
west of Fngland) were trained almost on the
same system as Peach-trees in the way of dis-
budding, laying in the retained shoots and after-
wards stopping them at two feet, and the pinch-
ing out of all foreright growths. We cut out
at pruning time as much of the old wood and
main branches as could be dispensed with, as
the Fig, like the Peach, bears fruit on wood
made in the previous year. Although the main
stems of many of the Fig-trees referred to were
one foot or 15 inches in diameter, the wall space
was furnished from bottom to top with young
shoots, in some cases single trees covering 70
feet run of wall, 9 feet high, every shoot being
trained in its proper place close to the wall at
the correct angle, the trees being gone over by
the head nailer at regular intervals during the
summer and autumn months. I may add that
the Figs from these trees were shown in winning
collections of fruit at the leading shows in the
south-west and at the Crystal Palace. The Fig
tree is not half so tender as many people imagine
it to be. Fiats Carte 1

The Edible Galingale. — This new and
apparently excellent vegetable is described under
" Chronique Horticole," in the second part of the
December number of the Revue Horticole (Paris),
p. 574. It is in the form of tubers produced by a
somewhat scarce native plant, Cyperus esculentus,
also known as C. longus, which is described as a
tall perennial sedge with erect red-brown glumes,
and is sparingly found in the South of England,
Wales and the Channel Islands. The tubers are
said to possess a sweet and pleasant flavour
resembling that of the sweet Chestnut. They are
fully described by Messrs. Pailleux and Bois, in
their work entitled Le Potager d'un eurieux,
pp. 571-2. The tubers closely resemble a goose-
eig m form, and are known in France as Amcmdt
it terre. These tubers are much used in Spain for
making an agreeable flavouring for ices, and a
popular beverage resembling the French Orgeat,
a id known in Spain as Chufa. In other countries
cakes are made from them ; they also furnish an
excellent oil and a good spirit of the nature of
brandy. These tubers should be well worth a
trial by all possessors of a watery or marshy
garden, and should be a welcome addition to our
curious vegetables. IF. E. Gumbleton.

Japanese Maples are very effective in all
styles of gardening when placed in suitable
situations. A warm, sheltered position having a
moderate slope to the south should be chosen, as
they start into growth early, and are apt to get
crippled by late spring frosts. They soon grow
into conspicuous objects if all the conditions aie
favourable. Prepaie the ground by trenching,
and work in some good soil during the process.
The following varieties succeed well at Underley,
Westmoreland. Acer japonicum aureum, A.
palmatum, A. p. ampelopsifolium. A. p. dissectur-,
A. p. roseo-marginatum, and A. septemlobum
atropurpureum. W. M.

Rain Water in Yorkshire. — In reference to
the advice given to Sufferer on p. 409 concern-
ing the addition of lime. This would certainly
destroy the evil effects of the acid, but at the
same time the lime introduced into the water
would be very objectionable to gardeners.
Water is capable of holding in solution very
nearly 100 grains of quicklime per gallon of
water, and water containing such a quantity of
lime is quite unfit for syringing purposes ; the
foliage of plants and trees, as well as the glass,
would very soon be very thickly covered with the
lime remaining after the evaporation of the
water, and gardeners have a very strong objec-
tion to see their plants in such a condition,
as it causes a great amount of work in
the course of a year in sponging the leaves.
I prefer to use rock ammonia for the purpose.
When the wind is in the west, the direction of
the coal-pits, etc., the wind, ladened with
obnoxious gases, sweeps over this locality, and
the rain water collected at these times contains
a dangerous amount of free acid. I have found

in the rain water collected here from westerly

rains, in parts per million: —

Combined sulphuric acid ... 3 to 5 \

Free „ ,, ... 8 to 10 I approx.

Chlorides ii to t,\)

Now 1 part of acid in 1 million parts of water

r, 000, 000

= 1 grain of acid in 14^ gallons of

70,000

water, therefore it is quite easy to calculate the
amount of acid in the water contained in a tank
of known dimensions. Rock ammonia — which
is the sesquicarbonate of ammonia — is some-
what uncertain in its composition, chiefly on
account of the volatility of the carbonate of
ammonia, but for our present purpose lib. of
rock ammonia contains sufficient ammonia to
neutralise n to 12 oz. of the acid, therefore 1
part of acid in 1 million parts of water reqi
1 J grain of rock ammonia for every 14 \ gaMons
of water. Supposing the tank to hold 2,000
gallons of water, and the water is found to con-
tain 10 parts of acid per million parts of water,
the amount of rock ammonia required in order

to neutralise the acid would

M'5

10 = 1,840 grains = 4^ oz. (approx.). It is best
to dissolve the rock ammonia in a bucket of
water, and then throw the whole in the tank so
as to insure a thorough diffusion. IK. //.
Dobson, Stafleton Park Gardens, Pontefract.

Hardiness of Lord Suffield Apple when
in Flower. — Does this variety usually withstand
frost, when in flower, better than most other kinds ?
I ask this because two bush trees of it were the
only bush trees that bore a crop of fruit in the
kitchen garden here this season. We have large
bush trees of forty-two other varieties, and young
trees of many others, all of which are near to the
Lord Suffield trees, and yet they failed to yield acrop.
Of these, Lane's Prince Albert, Gascoyne's Seed-
ling, Newton Wonder, Barnack Beauty, Cox's
Orange Pippin, and others, were, like Lord Suffield,
in full flower when the frost of May 23 caused the
destruction of the crop. Other varieties, including
Bismarck, Emperor Alexander, The Queen, War-
ner's King, Ribston Pippin, St. Edmund's Pippin,
Rosemary Russet, Worcester Pearmain, Duchess'
Favourite, James Grieve, and Red Bietigheimer,
set their blossoms; but they also lost their
crop like the first section, and I cannot account
in any way for Lord Suffield escaping, unle:s
it is naturally more hardy in its flowers than
the majority of varieties. The lowest tempera-
ture registered here on the above date was 19° on
the grass, and 25° fully exposed 4 feet above the
ground. Fortunately we havemany large standard
trees, and were able to secure a good supply from
the tops of these, because they were above the
line of severe frost. The Oak and Walnut trees
near them afforded sure indications how far the
frost reached up from the ground, as their leaves
were all killed up to 12 or 15 feet high, but were
alive above that. Bess Pool was the only Apple
not in flower ; its first flowers opened on May 25,
and some large trees of that kind yielded a goi d
crop. IV. H. Divers, Belvoir Castle Gardens, GrantJtctr.

Shrubberies. — Instead of putting rare and
choice shrubs when received from other localities
at once into permanent stations, it is wiser to
prepare a sheltered border in the nursery or re-
serve garden, and to place the new arrivals there
for a season or so. They thus become acclima-
tised, and make a good quantity of fibrous roots,
and by gaining a little in size are enabled the
better to bear exposure. Let each specimen
have sufficient room for development. Trim
the broken roots with a sharp knife, making tn
upward cut. Use a generous mixture of rotted
leaf mould and rich soil, adding a top-dressing
of well decomposed manure. Prune deciduors
trees so as to keep a well-balanced head and
one leader to each specimen. Cut away suckers
and growths from stocks that hybrid Rhododen-
drons are grafted upon. Collect berries of
Hollies, Hawthorn, Yew, etc., and mix them
with sand until sowing time. Shake off heavy
falls of snow from rare Conifers, etc. X.

Pyramidal and Columnar Trees are pleas-
ing objects in a landscape. The undermentioned
are some of the more effective : — Abies excelsa
pyramidalis, Cupressus Lawsoniana varieties,
Cryptomeria japonica, Ilex madeirensis, Juniperus
chinensis, J. hibernica, J. suecica, Libocedrus
decurrens (some old specimens of these trees form
a quite spiral growth), Pimis Cembra (conical in
shape), Taxus hibernica, T. stricta and Thuva
Lobbii. W. A. M.

458

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 30, 1905.

LEGISLATION, AND THE SPREAD
OF PLANT DISEASES CAUSED BY
FUNGI.

(Continued from page 434.)

Phytophthora has only one form of repro-
duction by means of spores, and these are
produced only on the living leaves of the
potato plant. Furthermore, these are not
n -.ting-spores, but germinate the moment
they are mature, and perish within a very
short period of time unless they happen to be
located on the leaf of a suitable host-plant.
It is thus impossible for the European out-
break of potato disease to have originated
from the spores.

The disease must have come from the New
World under the form of hibernating
mycelium in the tuber, and by the same
means it has unknowingly been sent from
Europe to various parts of the world.

At the present day Phytophthora has spread
from the potato to some allied European wild
plants, a fact to be borne in mind in connec-
tion with the possible means by which a crop
may be infected.

Bulbs.

As regards bulbs. Chionodoxa Luciliae, a
beautiful early spring flowering bulbous
plant came to us from Asia Minor. Some
time after its introduction, a variety of this
plant, described as differing in the possession
of a" black eye, "was imported. The" black
eye " proved to be due to the presence of a
smut fungus developed in the anthers. Fur-
ther investigation showed that a perennial
mycelium of this fungus was present in the
" cushion " or flattened stem from which the
bulb-scales spring. This mycelium grows up
inside the flower stem, and produces its spores
in the anthers. The mycelium also passes
from the parent bulb into the young bulbs
to which it gives origin. Hence every bulb
is infected, and, in the majority of instances,
bears smutted anthers, but not always.
Smutted plants have been under observation
for the past ten years at Kew, and, although
in the majority of instances the anthers have
been smutted, every now and again flowers
free from smut have appeared, although ex-
amination of the bulb in such instances
showed the presence of living mycelium.

Special stress is laid on the fact that tubers
or bulbs proved to contain the germs of a
disease do not necessarily always develop that
disease in their offspring, because potato
growers often discredit the statement that the
potato disease can be transmitted through the
tubers. Their argument is that on occasions
healthy plants have grown from obviously
diseased tubers that have been thrown on
one side, and grown spontaneously. Un-
doubtedly so; a fungus, like every other
plant, has its limitations, and under certain
climatic conditions, favourable to the potato,
and consequently unfavourable for the fun-
dus, the latter would be unable to assert
itself. Notwithstanding, it is not wise to
plant potatos or bulbs known to be diseased ;
as the risk is too great.

It is not necessary to remind those who
have paid attention to the cultivation of
bulbous plants of the danger arising from the
use of lily or snowdrop bulbs attacked by the
fungus called Boirytis.

Legislation has not dealt in any way with
the sources of danger indicated above, neither
is it conceivable how it could do so. If at-
tempted, to secure any prospect of success,
potatos would have to be cut into slices in
search for ■-pecks of browning, and the
cushion of each bulb would require to
be examined microscopically. This state-

ment, of course, does not apply to potatos
and bulbs only.

A third source of danger of introducing
new diseases into distant countries is through
the medium of living plants and ripe fruit.
Importation of Living Plants, Fruits, etc.

In the case of fruit trees, among the most
destructive diseases are " Apple tree canker "
(Nectria ditissima), which in its advanced
stage is very conspicuous, but in its incipient
condition on young trees such as are ex-
ported, it is very doubtful whether its pre-
sence would be detected in a cursory examina-
tion at the port of entry. "Apple tree mildew"
(Sphaerothcca mali) is very conspicuous on
the foliage, but if the foliage is not present it
would not be detected, but would certainly
reveal itself when new leaves appeared, as the
mycelium of this fungus hybernates in the
branches.

Gooseberry Mildew.

Much has been said relating to the recent
appearance of the American gooseberry mil-
dew in Ireland. How was it introduced? No
one knows, or, if they do know, they do not
appear to be inclined to tell. The point is,
was it introduced on living plants in its fully-
developed conspicuous condition, in which
case it could not have escaped the eye of an
official on the look out for diseases? or did it
come under the form of spores adhering to the
plant, which in due season produced the dis-
ease ? In the latter case no official, however
observant, could have detected its presence.
To state that if legislation on the point had
been in force the disease would not have en-
tered Ireland is only the expression of an
enthusiast, and will not bear criticism.
Peach-curl.

Another very destructive disease that has
found its way from one country to another is
" Peach leaf-curl " (Exoascus deformans).
When the diseased foliage is present this
disease is unmistakable, but after the foliage
has fallen, the tree may show no trace of its
presence. Nevertheless the disease is present,
as the mycelium is perennial in the branches,
and would probably reveal itself the following
season. George Massee.

(To be continual.^

TREES AND SHRUBS.

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING SPECIES.
(Concluded from page 437.)
Taking the more beautiful of the deciduous
species in alphabetical order, there are the
Abelias (neat, low-growing shrubs) ; ^Esculus
(I'avia) maerostachva (a white-flowered Horse-
chestnut, growing on an average about six feet
high, spreading to twice that extent in width) ;
Amelanchier canadensis, A. c. florida, A. c.
sanguinea (all of which are most abundant
bloomers) ; the Common Almond, Amygdalus
communis amara, A. Davidiana, A. dulcis (in
variety) ; A. persica (the double-flowering
peach) ; and of other Peaches and species
of Pyrus several very beautiful and flori-
ferous kinds ; Benthamia fragifera, Berberis
(of much beauty in flower or in their
fruits) ; Buddleia Colvillei, B. globosa, B.
Lindleyana, and the magnificent B. variabilis;
Caesalpinia japonica, Calycanthus (several
species with flowers of delicious fragrance) ;
Caryopteris Mastacanthus (with long spikes of
blue-coloured blossoms) ; Catalpa bignonioides,
C. b. aurea, and others ; Cerasus (of many
species, and all of them beautiful when in
bloom); Cercis siliquastrum (having rosy purple-
coloured pea-like blossoms in early spring) and
C. virginica; Colutea arborescens, and one or
two other species; Cornas (numerous species,

very desirable for floral and leaf effects) ; Cra-
taegus (in double and single flowered species
and varieties, with white, pink and scarlet
flowers) ; Cydonia japonica (of many varieties),
handsome in flower, and carrying quaint-looking
fruits, the common Quinces being worthy of a
place in the pleasure grounds on account of the
abundance of their large white blossoms and
handsome fruits, C. Maulei ; the white and the
yellow flowered Broom (Cytisus) ; Daphne
Mezereum (in several varieties, having fragrant
flowers, which appear early in the summer) ;
Deutzias (of many species and varieties, which
are very suitable as solitary plants or small
groups) ; Eucryphia pinnatifolia (a distinct-
looking plant, with large, white, single flowers,
and leaves like those of a rose) ; a Chilian species
(fine for a group or as a solitary plant).
Forsythia suspensa and F. viridissima and
the forms of these are desirable, being very
t-arly bloomers ; Hamamelis (Witch Hazel), with
brown and yellow coloured flowers, which ap-
pear very early in the new year before the
foliage expands, should not be forgotten ; Hibis-
cus syriacus, single and double flowered, are
showy plants, growing to a height of 10 feet ;
Hydrangea Hortensia (excellent free-flowering
shrubs in the milder counties) ; H. paniculata
grandiflora, and other species ; Hypericums
(low-growing shrubs or creepers, of which the
common St. John's wort, H. calycinum, is well
known) ; Kolreuteria paniculata (a small tree,
bearing deep orange-coloured flowers in pani-
cles) ; Laburnum, in many varieties ; Lonicera
(shrubby Honeysuckles, some of them, notably
L. Standishii, flowering in early spring) ; Mag-
nolias in great variety (capital solitary plants,
possessing Tulip-like flowers, and varying from
white to purple) ; Ornus europaea (with enor-
mously long pendulous panicles of greenish
blooms. Paeonia Moutan (Tree Pasony) should
never be left out of south country gardens, the
flowers affording gorgeous effects, especially
when the plants are grouped, as also do the
species of Philadelphus (Mock Orange), P.
coronarius, in many varieties ; P. Gordonianus ;
P. grandiflorus, and its varieties ; the
half-a-dozen hybrids raised by M. Lemoine
of Nancy, and P. microphyllus (a most
profusely flowering species) ; Pyrus (Apple and
Pear, of which there are numerous species and
varieties, including Crabs, Chinese, Japanese
and Siberian), which are indispensable owing to
their beauty ; Rhus Cotinus (the Wig plant),
Rhus glabra, and R. g. laciniata, R. typhina and
others (having quaint forms and beautiful leaf-
age) ; Ribes (flowering Currant) aureum, R. a.
proecox, and R. sanguineum, in its several
forms. The genus Spiraea affords numerous
species of value for their flowers and foliage ;
Stuartia pentagyna and S. Pseudo-Camellia
(Japanese shrubs, with clear white flowers and
Camellia-like leaves, which take on brilliant
tints in the autumn) ; Syringa (Lilac) Emodi,
and S. E. variagata, S. persica, and its white
variety, S. Josikaea ; and the many fine varieties
of S. vulgaris are grand plants when placed in
good soil, apart from trees and other shrubs,
and in soil not too damp. As seen in mixed
shrubberies, their ornamental value is seldom
brought out ; the bushes run to too great a
height, and lose their lower branches, thus be-
coming unsightly objects. The Viburnums
make fine specimen plants, more especially V.
Lentago, V. macrocephalum, V. Opulus (the
Gueldres Rose), and its varieties, nanum and
sterile. V. plicatum is a showy plant, with
large white flower heads, succeeded by black
fruits. I will close my list with Weigela rosea,
of which there are many varieties of much beauty
of flower, and of leaf colouring, especially in
one, namely, W. Looymansi aurea.

Those possessors of gardens who will

December 30, 1905.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

459

adopt group planting and use the more
common subjects for forming shelter shrub-
beries, or dividing the area — in some cases em-
ploying hedges instead of shrubberies — will be
pleased with the enhanced summer effects
thereby obtained, which are due to greater
vigour of growth and beauty of form and flower
of the grouped plants which result from a more
abundant food-supply and freer access of sun-
shine. There are some species of Rose of which
the gardener may make great decorative use,
as solitary or group plants, viz., the various
Ramblers, Turner's, Paul's and others ; beauti-
ful single-flowered species, as R. macrantha and
R. moschata; the Briars of Lord Penzance's
raising, Austrian Briars, Scotch Roses, and the
stronger growing varieties of Hybrid Perpetual,
China, Bourbon, and Ayrshire Rambler, and
Prairie Roses. All of these may be made use
of in the garden and pleasure grounds
as solitary plants, festoons, pillar, climbing,
pyramidal, and other forms, without encroach-
ing on the domain of the " Rose Garden " pro-
per. How and at what season the changes
here advocated in the garden should be carried
out are matters that must be left to the decision
of owners of gardens and their gardeners ; but
I will conclude with the hint that the present
season is the proper one in which to make a be-
ginning, at the least, with the preparation of
the soil, deferring planting till the winter is
past. F. M.

LEAVES FROM MY CHINESE
NOTE-BOOK.

(Continued from page 422,)

WA-SHAN TO FULIN.

July 5TH. — We left our inn at Ta-t'ien-ch'ih
at 5.30 a.m., and struck the main road to Fulin
almost immediately. The morning was fine,
and we got a good view of Mount Wa for the
first time. About 200 yards from our inn we
passed a good-sized tree of Davidia involucrata.
Crossing a narrow gap we left the tiny valley
of Ta-t'ien-ch'ih, skirted the side of a small
lake and entered a long narrow valley. This
valley contained a wealth of flowers, including
those of Hydrangea, Deutzia, Philadelphus,
Spiraea, Senecio, Rodgersia pinnata alba,
Primula pulverulenta, with a host of other
shrubs and herbs which made the scene a very
gay one.

At 8.15 we reached a solitary hut, at an alti-
tude of 8,000 feet, and rested there, having be-
come enveloped in a dense chilly mist. This
quickly cleared, and we continued the ascent,
which became more steep as we neared the head
of the valley. The flora grew more luxuriant
than ever ; Spiraea canescens var. sulphurea — a
lovely plant — was common here ; so also were
Meconopsis chelidoniaefolia and Rodgersia pin-
nata alba.

At the head of this floral paradise we com-
menced to scramble up the steep mountain side
to the So-i-ling Pass. We rested at a salt-likin
barrier, altitude 8,900 feet, where the ground
was simply covered with Primula pulverulenta
in full flower. I subsequently secured seeds of
this fine plant from this locality, and succeeded
in introducing it to this country with others.
We passed many coolies struggling along with
eighty to a hundred catties of salt on their
backs. Salt seems to be the sole traffic towards
Fulin, and at this likin post each load pays a
duty of 16 cash.

Continuing, we reached the So-i-ling at 10 a.m.
I made out the altitude to be 9,100 feet; this
is 300 feet in excess of what Baber gave. The
neck of the pass is only a few feet wide ; and
then comes a very precipitous descent. We
reached some houses at 11 a.m. and lunched
there.

Leaving again, our road became more easy,

and we entered a cultivated area. Wheat and
Barley are grown here, and were then about a
foot high ; t.iese, with Potatos (Irish) and Buck-
wheat, are the chief crops. Small plots of Nico-
tiana rustica were cultivated hereabouts.
* The road, which was there a good one, slowly
but surely descended, and eventually led us into
a magnificent glen with steep limestone cliffs
on either side. The flora is extremely rich, and
I collected many specimens. The plants noted
in the morning were still with us. Of herbs, the
palm must be given to Rodgersia pinnata alba.
All the moist rocky places were one mass of
this lovely plant in full flower ; often a hun-
dred square yards of a sloping bank contained
nothing else but this plant. Hereabouts it takes
the place of Rodgersia aesculifolia. I examined
many of the flowers, and found them all per-
fect ; in this the species differ from R. aesculi-
folia, where the flowers are often polygamous.
R. pinnata alba is also fragrant. At the head of
this glen we found our inn, the place being
called Yin-Kou, altitude 6,600 feet, 20 miles
from Ta-t'ien-ch'ih. The coolies reached here
at 2.50 p.m., but it was 5 o'clock ere I arrived.

Our inn was a large one, built in the form of
a quadrangle with a small courtyard in the
middle, through which the road passed. Doors
at either end barred admittance after dark. The
inn was the darkest, dampest and filthiest I had
seen. A lighted candle only seemed to make
the darkness more intense. How people can
live in such dark holes passes my understand-
ing. Nevertheless they all looked healthy and
strong, though they are exceedingly filthy even
for Chinese. The women all have feet not dis-
torted as in other parts of China, and do most
of the work in the fields.

Our inn was surrounded on three sides -with
a tiny belt of virgin forest. This belt was per-
haps 50 yards deep and 300 yards round. The
trees were of huge size, and gave one a faint
idea of what the country was like before the
forests were destroyed. I walked through and
around it, and noted the following trees : —
Tetracentron sinense (80 feet) ; Magnolia Yulan
(40 feet) ; Davidia involucrata (50 feet) ; Cornus
macrophylla (20-40 feet) ; Cerasus cornuta (60
feet) ; Betula utilis (80 feet) ; Fagus longipes
(80 feet) ; Ulmus castaneaefolia (60 feet) ; Evodia
sp. (50 feet) ; Juglans sp., Salix two species,
.Esculus chinensis, and two large trees with
which I was unacquainted. The size of these
trees, especially of the Birch, Beech, Walnut,
and Tetracentron, quite astonished me. The
Davidia, of which there was only one, was
covered with young fruits ; .iFsculus chinensis
was in flower. A couple of miles before reach-
ing our inn we passed a gigantic specimen of
Magnolia Yulan ; it was fully So feet high, and
had a tremendous leaf area. Large trees of Ptero-
carya hupehensis were common during the day.

The day was not long enough to drink in all
the charms of the journey, and as for being
tired, who could be tired amidst such scenery
and such a flora? Apart from those already
mentioned, the following were perhaps the
more interesting plants noted to-day: — Spiraea
Henryi, Buddleia Veitchiana, Sambucus race-
mosa, Corylus tibetica, Clethra canescens, As-
tilbe Davidii, Acer tetramerum, Picea sp., Ber-
beris sp., Lonicera sp. nov., Populus sp., and a
species of Dracocephalum. E. 11. W.
(To be continued.)

FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE.

AGAPANTHUS.
■ It seems to me that the fine Agapanthus umbel-
latus globosus, figured in your column, page 237, is
the same as my Agapanthus caulescens (figured
in the Gartenflora, 1901, Plate 14S7, page 21), as it
comes from the same country. It is, indeed, a
noble plant, and would be hardy in your country.
In the open air it has not the globose character,
but the single flowers are deeper in colour than that
of the A. umbellatus. It is a good species and not
a variety. It is a very robust plant, C._ Springer,
Vomero-Naflcs.

SOCIETIES.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.
Scientific Committee.

December 19. — Present: G. Massee, V.M.H. (in
the chair), Dr. Rendle, Messrs. Gussow, Bowles,
Odell, Worsley, Douglas, Saunders and Chittenden
(honsec), visitor, Mr. W. M. Webb, F.L.S.

Big Bud in Black Currants.— Mr. de Mont-
morency, of Carrickmines, Dublin, sent specimens of
this well-known trouble. Mr. Saunders said : " The
buds are attacked by the Black Currant mite
(Eriophyes ribis). There are not at present any living
mites in them, as the buds are dead, and the mites
have probably migrated to the living buds. These
mites are so small that they cannot be seen without
the aid of a strong magnifying glass, so that it has
been very difficult to make out their life history, in
fact, there is still something to learn. No remedy for
the use of the fruit grower has yet been diso 1
The mites may be found in the living buds at all
seasons of the year. They appear to migrate from the
buds in which they have passed the winter to the
young buds which are forming at the base of the lea\ es
in June or July. The action of the mites feeding on
the embyro leaves that they contain causes the buds
ell, and become much larger and rounder than
the others. They never open properly. A large-
number of experiments have been made, and remedies
tried without success, and various investigations are-,
now being carried out with the hope of finding some-
method of stopping the ravages of these little mites..
Picking off the swollen buds and burning them as
soon as they are noticed is a partial remedy when the
attack is slight, and if the removal of the infested buds
is properly done. Spraying with the following mixture
has also met with some success. Mix lib of flowers
of sulphur with a little water till it is of about the
thickness of gruel, and dissolve 121b of soft soap in
two gallons of water, stir the two mixtures well
together, then mix in slowly enough water to make 25
gallons. Neither of these remedies, however, will
free the bushes entirely from this pest. Cutting down
the bushes to within 2 inches or 3 inches of the
ground and dressing them with an insecticide has even
proved ineffectual, for though at first the buds seemed
to be all right, in the course of two or three years the
mites again made their appearance. By far the best
thing to do, as far as is known at present, is to burn
the infested bushes, and obtain fresh ones from an un-
tainted source, and to plant them in fresh soil. In cut-
tings it is not sufficient to see that there are no swollen
buds on them, but they must be taken front bushes that
are free from this pest. These mites are easily, ami 1
have no doubt are frequently, carried by birds and
insects from one bush to another ; but if the growers
of Black Currants would combine together, and
destroy every bush that is in any degree infested with
this mite, the pest might be stamped out. If combined
efforts were made by neighbouring fruit growers,
many other pest, both animal and vegetable, might be
practically annihilated."

Pelargonium Attacked by Botrvtis. — Leaves and
flowers of Pelargonium Raspail were sent from Ches-
hunt, and the fungus was said to " attack both old
leaves and new ones as they break. I find it also
attacks the flower. A 90ft. house of the Pelargoniums
up to a fortnight ago looked a picture, but the plants are
uffering from disease." Mr. Massee reported :
"The disease is due to the presence of a fungus,
Botrytis vulgaris, which only becomes a destructive
parasite when an excess of moisture is present. Spray
the plants with a solution of sulphide of potassium,
loz. in 6 gallons of water, and add 4oz. of soft soap.
Admit as much air as circumstances will allow."

Fungus in Greenhouse.— A fungus growing near the
roots of Cycas revoluta, in a warm house, was sent
from Cornwall. Mr. Massee reported : "The fungus
is Clavaria fragilis, Fr., a British species that often
appears among moss, &c, and sometimes crops up in
flower-pots. It is not parasitic nor in any way injurious."

Grapes and Arums Diseased.— Mr. Massee said that
no fungus was present on either the Grapes or
Richarda shown at the last meeting.

West Indian Oranges.— Mi. Worsley said that the
fruit he exhibited at the last meeting under the name
of "Mandarin" Orange does not appear to be the
same as that mentioned by Rivers in Nicholson's
"Gardeners' Dictionary." He treats it as distinct
from the Tangierine. Yet it may be a garden form of
the Chinese Orange, possibly that mentioned by
Rivers as grown in the Azores. This is not improb-
able. The seeds have long, horn-shaped ends, more
developed even than in the Blood Orange of Malta.

4G0

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 30, 1905.

and Palermo. The class of Blood Orange is also
Japanese (or Chinese), and used to be imported 50
years ago to Palermo from Japanese gardens in the form
of dwarf grafted trees only a few inches high. The
appearance of the seeds lends colour to the view that
the specimen of the Mandarin we had is also of
Chinese stock, even if altered in appearance (of the
fruit) by new conditions. The fruit I found juicy, but
more acid than the Tangierine. The amount of seed
points to the tree being a seedling. Nearly all the
Jamaican Oranges are seedlings, and this is why they
are so crammed with seeds. I noted this when in
Jamaica in 1895. When they begin to "garden in
Jamaica they will soon produce very fine Oranges."

Larch Cone with Elongated Axis. — Mr. Webb
showed a cone of Larix europsea in which the axis
had elongated beyond the scales of the cone some
3 inches or 4 inches. The cone was one of several
similar growing on a tree near Burnham Beeches. Dr.
Masters described this condition in Veg. Teratology,
p. 435.

Tomatos in Winter. — Mr. Worsley showed some
Tomatos he had gathered in the first week in October,
and which had been kept in a cellar since then. He
stated that it was easy to keep Tomatos in this way
until the beginning of the new year, if care was taken
to choose varieties which were pointed at the end
where the style grows. Varieties which were open at
that end very soon decay. The flavour, however,
rapidly deteriorates, but the fruits remain quite good
for cooking.

Magnolia Shoot with Fungus. — Miss King, of
Wotton-under-Edge, sent a shoot of Magnolia con-
spicua bearing numerous red spots, the fruits of the
fungus Tuborcularia vulgaris.

NATIONAL DAHLIA.

December 22. — The annual meeting of the above
Society was held on the above date, at the Hotel
Windsor, Victoria Street, Westminster, Mr. E. Mawley,
V.M.H., presiding. The report, presented by the
hon. secretary, was generally satisfactory. The ex-
hibition, held at the Crystal Palace, was a success,
and the classes for amateurs were well represented.
The new members joining during the year amounted
to 32, which is, however, partly neutralised by resig-
nations and deaths. The total income from all sources
amounted to £181 14s. 6d., and the expenditure to
£161 Is. Id. The annual exhibition, in 1906, will be
held at the Crystal Palace on September 6, 7. The
question of the proper naming of flowers at the ex-
hibition was brought forward and it was resolved to
alter the rules to the effect that all blooms must be
legibly named under penalty of disqualification. The
officers of the Society were all re-elected, and included
in tke names of the committee were those of Messrs.
H. J. Jones, E. Doncaster and W. Stevens, to take
the place of 3 members who did not desire re-election.

F. W. Burbidce. — It is with great concern
that we have to announce the death on Sunday
last of this distinguished botanist-gardener.
According to the information we have received,
he died in his sleep, as we may hope, peacefully
and painlessly. Mr. Burbidge is known to have
suffered for some time from an affection of the
heart. To us who have known him from the
time he entered the gardening profession at
Chiswick, and have watched his career ever since
■with sympathetic interest, the sense of loss is
3,'reat. Indeed, Mr. Frederick Moore, who
writes to us from Glasnevin, well sums up the
feelings entertained by Mr. Burbidge's friends
and associates. " When I say," writes Mr.
Moore, " that Burbidge's death leaves a gap in
gardening circles, not only in Ireland, but
wherever gardening is loved and practised,
•which cannot well be filled, it is not mere per-
functory phraseology. It is over 26 years since
1''. W. Burbidge was appointed Curator of
Trinity College Botanic Garden, Dublin, a posi-
tion he has held ever since. During these years
no living man has done more to encourage gar-
dening pursuits in Ireland than he has done, and
no man brought greater love and enthusiasm to
bear on everything connected with his work. I
remember distinctly the first occasion on which

I went round Glasnevin with him, and how
much I was impressed with his minute and wide-
reaching knowledge of plants. By ' minute
knowledge ' I mean knowledge of small struc-
tural details which served to impress the indi-
viduality of each plant on one's memory, and
his knowledge of the history of plants. This
■was subsequently intensified, and I always
loolsed forward to an opportunity of spending an
hour or two in his company in a good garden.
Burbidge became a great favourite in Ireland,
not only with the owners of gardens, but with
gardeners. -Everywhere he was a welcome visi-
tor, and his advice was eagerly sought and
readily arid generously given. It has been my
privilege to have been on terms of intimate
friendship with him since he came to Ireland,
and some of the pleasantest and most interesting
of my gardening experiences have been in his
company. He had a very quick eye for a good
plant, and even in a starved and crowded condi-
tion he would pick out a plant with which he

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Ash : A . M. The disease is due to a fungus
having first attacked the leaves, and from thence
passed into the stem and killed the buds. No

Carnations Diseased : B. V.Sileiii. The plants
are attacked with a fungus, Helminthosporium.
Burn all the diseased stock and start afresh,

Correction: At p. 443, for "Peach" read
" Beech."

Grapes : Vitis vinifera. The atmospheric tem-
perature of the Grape room need not be main-
tained beyond 450, but the atmosphere needs to
be rather dry. Has the shrivelling been caused
by inattention to the refilling of the bottles with
water ? The length of time bottled Grapes may
be expected to keep in good condition varies con-
siderably, but your fruits of Black Alicante bottled
at the end of November should be perfectly good
at the present time. The best keeping Grapes
are those that were best matured before being
cut from the Vine. Read the directions pub-

THE LATE F. W. BURBIDGE, M.A., V.M.H.

was unfamiliar, and gauge its possibilities under
more favourable conditions, detecting at a glance
small details of structure and habit which a
less discerning eye would have passed over.
Burbidge's strong characteristic was his staunch
adherence and devotion to anyone whom he re-
garded as one of his friends, a trait which gained
for him the respect of everyone. He allowed no
evil word to be said in his presence of anyone
he liked. May he rest in peace."

CULTURAL MEMORANDA.

SALVIA PITCHERI

SYN. S. AZUREA GRAND1FLORA.

This plant is not grown so much, nor is it so
well known as its merits deserve. A batch of
plants propagated in February, and grown on,
are very welcome at this season. They should
be grown in a mixture of loam, leaf-mould,
and spent mushroom-bed manure, with enough
silver sand to keep the whole porous. Firm
potting is very necessary. The plants should be
" stopped " once at an early stage of their growth.
During the summer they should be placed outside,
and, as the pots become full of roots, ^\-:>-n
occasional waterings with well diluted manure
water. C. Ruse, Mundcn Gardens, Watford.

I

lished in the weekly calendar on p. 43!, of our
last issue.

Leaves in Shrubberies : Trees. You are quite
right in thinking that the fallen leaves would be
valuable to the roots of the older trees, as well
as of the younger shrubs. The raking out of fallen
leaves for the sake of obtaining tidiness has the
effect of impoverishing the soil. If you dig or
" point " in the leaves, you must take care that
the roots of the trees are not damaged more than
can be helped, and therefore the tool should not
be worked near to the stem of an individual
specimen. Remembering that the only point to
be gained by digging leaves in is that of pre-
venting them being blown away, it will be
apparent that the digging tool need only be
inserted very shallowly. Shrubberies that are
treated in this manner present a very neat
appearance.

Names of Plants : C. A. M. Seedling variety of
Veronica Andersoni.

Wash for Apple and Pear Trees, &c. : W. F. B.
Read the directions given on p. 423, in the
issue for December 16, under the heading " The
Hardy Fruit Garden."

Communications Received.— R. B. W. — Louis Gentil.— H.
C. Browson (too late), J. VV., W. H., J. G. W.— E. H.
W.— F. M.— J. K. K. St Sons (we reqret the misprint).—
W. S.-W. C— J. O. C.-J. E. S.— A. C.-A. E. L.— W.
H. D.— D. W.— H. S. K.— L. F.— Sir H. Maxwell.— H. H.
— R. G. F.-A. D.— T. II. — D. B— T. B.— F. M.
For Market an.l Weather Reports, see page x